CRC World Dictionary of

MEDICINAL AND
POISONOUS PLANTS
Common Names, Scientific Names,
Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology
Umberto Quattrocchi, F.L.S.
CRC Press
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Dedicated to Raffaella, Daria, and Salvatore
“He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking
a fish.”

The Old Man and the Sea

“As soon as I got to Borstal they made me a long-distance cross-country runner.”

The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner

“This is a tale of a meeting of two lonesome, skinny, fairy old white men on a planet which was dying fast.”

Breakfast of Champions
Foreword
Following on the successes of two previous diction- of plant properties from the literature and offers the appro-
ary projects, the CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names priate caveats about medical uses. His linguistic skills are
and the CRC World Dictionary of the Grasses, Umberto evident in his handling of the literature and in the multilin-
Quattrocchi has undertaken this dictionary of economi- gual listings of common names. The derivation of generic
cally important plants. Quattrocchi has again shown a broad names from the standard Greek and Latin are provided, but
grasp of the literature, of botanical nomenclature and of so, too, are those from many other languages.
many languages to produce this guide to plants that are used Having seen the author at work gives me a certain per-
by people around the world in medicine, food, and cultural spective on how this massive compilation could come about.
practices. Gathered from many sources we have here a guide During his several extended visits to the Harvard University
to plants that will bring us the pleasure of quickly finding Botany Libraries for work on this and his previous projects, I
an answer with well-documented sources. Because use in observed the intensity with which he worked. For months at a
medicine is one of several ways in which this book can time he could be found in the reading room among books and
inform the reader, Quattrocchi is clear that this work is not journals of many ilk. Despite the focus on this work, he had
to be done on the authority of these listings alone. Sources time for discussion with those who passed through and those
in some entries are contradictory or missing. In this, one who might have a quick question on the state of the world —
is reminded in the words of Samuel Johnson: “Dictionaries he is as well a professor of political science. His diligence in
are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best compiling his dictionaries is matched by his enthusiasm for
cannot be expected to go quite true.” He has done for these the plants themselves, for the authors of the important and
plants what was so admirably done in his other works — sometimes trivial items that he examined, and for the chal-
brought the vast and scattered literature on plant names, and lenge of ferreting out some of the improbable information he
in this case their uses, too, into coherent order so that the presents in these volumes.
inquisitive scholar can get a foothold.
Who better to undertake this particular challenge? A phy- Donald H. Pfister
sician by training Quattrocchi provides concise summaries Cambridge, Massachusetts

vii
Preface
THE STRUCTURE • Ethnobotany, economic botany, medical ethno-
botany, ethnopharmacological investigations, a
• Genus, species, scientific names, synonyms and medicinal flora, an account of the flora of a region,
related keywords, botany, description, ecology,
data on medicinal uses as recorded from literature,
distribution and habitat, cultivation, history, litera-
information from notes and observations recorded
ture, and author’s names.
locally and/or personally in the region
• Enclosed in round brackets, italicized in alpha-
• Traditional uses, charms, sorcery, magic, black
betical order, you will find not only accepted and
magic, rites and ceremonies, folk medicine, drugs
tentatively accepted names, but also names of no
taken to cure disease, poison to kill the enemy,
botanical standing, names of unknown or of uncer-
witchcraft, and food.
tain application, names not accepted by the authors
as a formal taxonomic category, names published
without a description or inadequately described, This information has been gathered from a wide variety
names invalid and/or not validly published, misap- of electronic, print, and other sources, such as fields, herba-
plied names, rejected names and/or names rejected ria, monographs, libraries, pamphlets, botanical literature and
in favor of a conserved (but later) name, incor- literature tout court, available literatures in the natural history
rect entries, superfluous names, varieties, variety, libraries, floras, local floras and local histories, nomen-
illegitimate names and/or not validly published, clatural histories, ICBN, ICNCP (International Code of
dubious, approved, nomenclatural, lectotype, infra- Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants), International Union for
specific names, homonymic names, homonyms and Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IPNI, refe-
infraspecific taxa, nothomorphs, isonyms, duplicate rence collections, botanical gardens, nurseries, horti, pictures,
records, synonyms (old or dead, in recent or cur- dictionaries, drawings, poetry, journal articles, personal com-
rent use), basionyms, orthographic variants, citation munications, biographies and scientific biographies, British
errors, next higher taxon and synonyms, probable Museum General Catalogue of Printed Books, Missouri
synonyms and possible synonyms for genus and Botanical Garden — w3 TROPICOS, Missouri Botanical
genera and species, incertae sedis, nomen nudum, Garden’s VAST (VAScular Tropicos) nomenclatural database,
nomen illegittimum, nomen confusum, nomen inva- The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Library Catalogue on the
lidum, nomen conservandum, nomen usitatum, etc. World Wide Web and databases, many floras, Methods and
• Reasonably clear scientific plant names, each arran- Approaches in Ethnobotany (S.K. Jain, Ed.]), A Handbook
ged alphabetically. The genera and species that are of Ethnobotany (S.K. Jain and V. Mudgal), and Harrison’s
dealt with in this work are arranged in alphabetical Principles of Internal Medicine (16th Edition, McGraw-
order.  This is very important for the accuracy of Hill), Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis
plant identification and bibliographical references! of Therapeutics (11th Edition, McGraw-Hill), The Merck
At the same time I also recognize that it is impos- Veterinary Manual (Tenth Edition), The Merck Manual of
sible that everyone will agree with the generic and Diagnosis and Therapy (Eighteenth Edition), etc.
specific treatment I decided to follow. Some deci- Descriptions compiled following the patterns and the paths
sions may prove to be incorrect, but this work is and the outlines and the schemes of the great authors and
so full of important and useful information that their works: Linnaeus, Engler and Sir J.D. Hooker, Asa Gray,
perhaps it may be considered worthy to serve as a Torrey, Lamarck, De Candolle, Michel Adanson, Humboldt,
starting point for something better. Charles Russell Metcalfe, Frans A. Stafleu and friends,
• Common names and vernacular names. McClure, M.E. Barkworth, Agnes Chase, H.J. Conert, Kuntze,
• Parts used. Boufford, Grisebach, Henrard, C.E. Hubbard, Hitchcock, R.
• Pharmacology, pharmacy, chemical constituents, Pilger, O. Stapf, Steudel, Trinius, Wallich, L. Watson and M.J.
active ingredients, compound structure, molecular Dallwitz, Constantine S. Rafinesque, William T. Stearn, R.K.
properties, solvent, and physiological action. Brummitt, H. Walter Lack, W.D. Clayton, D.J. Mabberley,
• Therapeutic values, medicine, indications and clini- Dan H. Nicolson, etc. Their work is my cornerstone.
cal uses (primary and secondary uses), and pharma- We have obviously included reference information to
cological effects. denote the original sources of such information and all
• Poisonous principles, toxin, toxicology, toxicity, available descriptions. Every effort has been made to trace
action of poisons, symptoms and lesions, conditions the original source of copyright material contained in this
of poisoning, clinical signs (ante mortem, post mor- dictionary and to ensure the accuracy of the references and
tem) (men, sheep, horses, livestock, etc.), and  pre- other data, but this has not been possible in every case.
vention and treatment. Bibliographic references are listed by year, with the exact

ix
x Preface

titles or in general using the abbreviation recommended by publisher liable for any errors or omissions. Neither the author
Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum. Each entry must be consi- nor the publisher of this dictionary endorses or recommends
dered nothing else than a monograph, more or less complete, the use of these plants. This material is for informational pur-
more or less exhaustive. poses only, not as a guide to home treatment. The informa-
tion is not recommended for use. These statements have not
To err is human! …and any errors are mine alone…. been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose,
cure, treat or prevent disease. Consult a medical toxicologist
The responsibility of all judgments and errors is my own. and/or regional poison center for further assistance.
And if anything is omitted, misstated, misjudged or mis- There is incomplete toxicity information and incomplete
quoted in the text, I hope the reader will excuse my human efficacy information on most of these plants. The information
limitations. This work is always in progress and neverending. concerning edibility is taken from the literature on botanical,
It is impossible to list, illustrate, and describe all the plants. economic, and medicinal plants, and the degree of reliability
This dictionary, just as my previous two, is not meant to be is unknown. We discourage the use of any of these plants for
only and strictly a nomenclatural work. There are many dif- self-medication.
ferent subjects involved: the history of botany and botanists, Many people believe that plants are less toxic, more natu-
ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, systematic botany, taxonomy, ral, and safer than manufactured drugs. The practice of folk
active principles, therapy, diagnosis, travels and botanical medicine is a serious and very personal matter among native
discoveries, magico-religious beliefs, explorations, history peoples, often very sacred. Toxicity studies should be done
of genera and species and their names, history of medicine, to determine their safety. None of these plants will ever be
biography, bibliography, linguistics, history of mankind, his- completely known phytochemically.
tory of ideas, history of science, superstitions, geography, Information is continually increasing and being modi-
plant collectors, etc. fied; it is neither error free nor comprehensive.  This dic-
tionary reproduces information  that sources  believe to be
correct on how people used plants. It is not  the intention
DISCLAIMER/WARNING/CAVEAT to prescribe or make specific health claims for any of the
Repetita iuvant… described species.
The author does not recommend self-diagnosis or self-
These pages are only meant to be informative. Do not con- medication. Please review the information retrieved with
sult these pages unless you agree not to hold the author or your professional healthcare provider.
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to the HUH (Harvard University Herbaria) and Krauss, The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Joe Strummer, Raymond
to the Harvard University Botany Libraries, to all the staff Queneau, Georges Perec, Edmond Jabès, Elias Canetti, Kurt
for their warm welcome, their friendship, and invaluable Vonnegut, Harold Bloom, David Foster Wallace, John Berger,
assistance. Robert Walser, Max Frisch, Karl Kraus, W.H. Auden, Marcel
Proust, Wallace Stevens, Frank O’Hara, Anne Sexton, Jorie
Above all I am immensely indebted to Patrizia Curcio, who Graham, Philip Larkin, Alan Sillitoe, John Betjeman, Douglas
gave me the motivation to complete this work despite many Adams, Dick Brummitt, Rodolfo E.G. Pichi Sermolli, Gerrit
trying circumstances. For her care and support, for keeping Davidse, Truong-Dau (Jardin botanique et zoologique de la
my spirits up, thanks! ville Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam), Robert Laughlin, Siegmund
Seybold, Dan H. Nicolson, Michael Charters, Bernard M.
And thanks to Rosenthal, Ippolito Pizzetti, Angelo Tombini, Silvio Poletto,
Renata e Franco, Juventus Football Club, Jerry Garcia Ferdinando Albeggiani, Cäsar Scaffidi, Pietro Puccio,
and the Grateful Dead, Thelonious Monk, Groucho Lacursc, Annarosa Macrì, Michele Ciacciofera, Francesco Avola,
Patrizia Curcio, Donald H. Pfister, Charles Davis, Dave Francesco M. Raimondo, Joseph Beuys, Peter Pan, Cesare
Boufford, Kanchi Gandhi, Judith A. Warnement, Lisa Pavese and Beppe Fenoglio, Via Don Giovanni Minzoni,
DeCesare, Gretchen Wade, Maureen O’Kelly, Emily Wood, Piazza Generale Cascino, Via Broseta, Via Milazzo, Via
Brian Franzone, Julie McIntosh Shapiro, Anthony R. Brach, Ghislandi, Via Marturano, Kolej Komenského, Via Tavola
E. von Raab-Straube, Debabrata Swain, B K Leena, B K Tonda, Via Ignazio Gioè, Via Giovanni Meli, Irving House,
Nirupama, Miles Davis, J.S. Bach, John Cage, Glenn Gould, Divinity Avenue, Government of Orissa Forest Department,
Marx Brothers, Jacques Tati, Cate Blanchett, John Garfield, and many friendly/unfriendly reviewers for the useful sugges-
Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David & Co., Rahsaan Roland tions that contributed to this manuscript. Om Shanti.
Kirk, John Coltrane, Charles Mingus, W.A. Mozart, Gabriel
Faurè, Giacinto Scelsi, Frances-Marie Uitti, Francis Poulenc, Last, but not least, I would like to thank Jill Jurgensen, Mimi
Kathleen Ferrier, Elmore James, Muddy Waters, Linton Kwesi Williams, Pam Morrell, and John Sulzycki of CRC Press who
Johnson, Robert Wyatt, Bryan Ferry, Little Jimmy Dickens, embraced this project with their personal love and profes-
Roy Acuff, Donna the Buffalo, Dan Tyminski, Alison sional care. Grazie!

xi
About the Author
• I like to walk barefoot. to David Byrne, from Georges Moustaki to Simon
• I like the dark and the sunset. & Garfunkel to Henry Purcell (Dido and Aeneas)
• I like to be an inhabitant of the Reign of Serendipity. to Beethoven.
• I like to play golf. • I like the oboe and piano and violoncello (sorry, I
• I like walking and trekking. don’t play music! damn!!! but I am able to whistle).
• I like the rain (in Sicily is so rare and precious…). • I like Glenn Gould, Alfred Brendel, Sviatoslav
• I like the silence. Richter, Rosalyn Tureck, Arturo Benedetti
• I like the sounds of the world. Michelangeli, Mitsuko Uchida, Grete Sultan,
• I like to drive my (motor)scooter Leonardo - Aprilia. Kim Kashkashian, Anner Bylsma, Janos Starker,
• I like to receive catalogues from L.L. Bean and Frances-Marie Uitti
Lands’ End. • I like to receive catalogues from antiquarian
• I like the perfumes and tastes of my garden. booksellers.
• I like to listen to the radio during the night. • I like to collect books, over 40,000: voyages and
• I like listening music when driving my car. travel, Asia and the Pacific, natural history, medi-
• I like to carry books with me. cine and science, history of science and medicine,
• I like to “navigate” through H.G. Liddell & R. Scott, early science, history of ideas, botany and bota-
Greek–English Lexicon, Clarendon Press/Oxford. nists, early printing, illustrated books, Africa, first
• I like to read German and Akkadian texts even if I editions from the 15th to the 20th century, unusual
really don’t know the languages. books, Americana of all periods, Marxism, phi-
• I like to play football (or soccer..., as you like it...). losophy, social history, English and American and
• I like to be a supporter of Juventus (the most fantas- French and German and all-over-the-world lit-
tic football team in the world! or not?). erature, reference works and books about books,
• I like the perfumes of Balmain, Guerlain and Serge subject and general bibliographies, standard sets,
Lutens (Shiseido). ethnology and anthropology, religion, dictionaries,
• I like to study. linguistics, language, garden history, etc. etc.
• I like to drink tea (Lapsang, Souchong, and • I like to collect rare books from the 16th century:
Darjeeling my preferred, not too hot, without sugar). Aldus Manutius, Giolito de’ Ferrari, de Marnef, and
• I like to listen (at home, I don’t like to go to the Jodocus Badius.
concerts, and because of this I buy CDs anywhere • I like to collect John Gould prints.
and everywhere, at this moment over 7000) and • I like the works of Cuno Amiet (Swiss painter,
study music: from pre-Bach Ricercari to today’s 1868–1961), Sonia Delaunay (painter and tex-
music, from the Beach Boys to John Cage, from Del tile designer, 1885–1979), and Pierre Alechinsky
Shannon (Runaway!) to Muddy Waters, from Erik (Belgian painter).
Satie to Jonathan Harvey to Conlon Nancarrow • I like to collect glass paperweights and elephants
to Morton Feldman, from Fleetwood Mac to Eno, and unusual items.
from the Everything but the Girl to Gabriel Fauré, • I like to take pictures with my Leicas (M3 and M6)
from John Coltrane to Thelonius Monk, from The • I like to collect autographs of Gabriel Fauré (French
Audience to Gaetano Scelsi and J.S. Bach and musician, 1845–1924) and books by and about him.
Francis Poulenc and Guillaume Dufay and Mozart • I like to collect autographs of Alexandra David-
and Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern and Neel (French explorer, 1868–1969; she spent many
Frances-Marie Uitti and Leos Janacek and Alban years in the East and especially in Tibet) and books
Berg and Scriabin and John Gay (“The Beggar’s by and about her.
Opera”) and Darius Milhaud, from Bud Powell • I like to collect autographs of poets and authors and
to Dodo Marmarosa to Charlie Parker to Rahsaan writers and musicians, etc. etc.
Roland Kirk to Sonny Rollins to Bill Perkins • I like to win prizes/awards with my books.
to Charles Mingus to Miles Davis to Art Pepper • I like to have two degrees, in medicine (specialist
to Bill Evans, from Phil Collins to Sam Cooke in gynecology and Chinese Materia Medica) and
to Buddy Holly to Chuck Berry to Sonny Boy political sciences.
Williamson to John Lee Hooker to Willie Dixon • I like to teach at the University of Palermo, Faculty
to The Who to the Grateful Dead to Celia Cruz to of Natural Sciences.
Tom Waits to John Lennon and The Beatles to The • I like to travel (for pleasure and study and pleasure
Velvet Underground to Eric Clapton to John Cale and study and pleasure and study): Indonesia and

xiii
xiv About the Author

Bali, United States, Brazil, Venezuela, Amazon, • I like/liked to be a subscriber of The New York
Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines, Review of Books, Science, New York Times, The
India, Ladakh and Bhutan, Mexico, Maldive, Garden, Down Beat, Gramophone, National
Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Syria, Kew Geographic, Hortus, International Opera Collector,
Herbarium, etc., etc. International Piano Quarterly, Kew Magazine/
• I like to be a member of the USGA, of the Botanical Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, New Plantsman,
Society of America, of the International Palm Richard Strauss Blätter, Cadence, Musica, Musica
Society, of the Royal Horticultural Society, of the Jazz, Australian Geographic, International
International Dendrology Society, of the Society for Journal of Plant Sciences, La Bibliofilia, Pacific
the Economic Botany, of the Australian Geographic Horticulture, Desert Plants (University of Arizona),
Society, etc. The Orchid Review, Veld & Flora, etc.
Contents
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................vii
Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................................... ix
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................................................................... xi
About the Author........................................................................................................................................................................xiii
A..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
B................................................................................................................................................................................................. 505
C................................................................................................................................................................................................. 701
D............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1307
E............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1507
F................................................................................................................................................................................................1713
G................................................................................................................................................................................................1791
H................................................................................................................................................................................................1915
I................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2055
J................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2123
K................................................................................................................................................................................................2157
L................................................................................................................................................................................................2193
M.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2361
N............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2603
O............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2653
P................................................................................................................................................................................................2741
Q................................................................................................................................................................................................3155
R................................................................................................................................................................................................3167
S............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3281
T............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3645
U............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3833
V............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3863
W.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3937
X............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3957
Y............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3975
Z............................................................................................................................................................................................... 3979

xv
 A

Abarema Pittier Fabaceae (Ingeae, 1815 and Blumea 14: 1–251. 1966, Abelmoschus: a taxo-
Leguminosae, Mimosaceae) nomical and cytogenetical overview. In: IBPGR. Report of
an international workshop on okra genetic resources, held at
Perhaps from a vernacular name, see Arboles y arbustos del the National Bureau for Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR),
orden de las leguminosas … Caracas 56. 1927, Ann. New New Delhi, India, 8–12 October 1990. International Crop
York Acad. Sci. 35(3): 101–208. 1936. Network Series 5. International Board for Plant Genetic
Abarema jupunba (Willd.) Britton & Killip (Abarema Resources (IBPGR), Rome, Italy. pp. 52–68. 1991, Verdcourt,
jupunba Britton & Killip; Abarema trapezifolia Pittier; B. & Mwachala, G.M., 2009. Malvaceae. In: Beentje, H.J.
Abarema trapezifolia (Vahl) Pittier; Acacia jupunba Willd.; & Ghazanfar, S.A. (Editors). Flora of Tropical East Africa.
Feuilleea jupunba Kuntze; Feuilleea jupunba (Willd.) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom.
Kuntze; Inga trapezifolia DC.; Inga trapezifolia (Vahl) DC.; 2009. Taxonomical confusion, this genus was previously
Jupunba jupunba Britton & Rose; Jupunba jupunba (Willd.) included within Hibiscus, thus literature has to be interpreted
Britton & Rose; Jupunba trapezifolia (Vahl) Moldenke; with care.
Mimosa jupunba Poir.; Mimosa trapezifolia Vahl; Mimosa
Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) J.M.C. Stevels (Abelmoschus
trapezifolia Roxb.; Pithecellobium jupunba (Willd.) Urb.;
caillei Stevels; Abelmoschus esculentus auct. non (L.)
Pithecellobium jupunba Urb.; Pithecellobium trapezifolium
Moench; Abelmoschus manihot auct. non (L.) Medik.;
Benth.; Pithecellobium trapezifolium (Vahl) Benth.)
Hibiscus esculentus auct. non L.; Hibiscus manihot auct. non
Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree, young parts rusty- L.; Hibiscus manihot L. var. caillei A. Chev.)
pubescent, whitish corolla
West and Central Africa. Erect herb, stout, often woody at
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1067. 1806, base, flowers axillary, petals yellow often turning pink, young
Vahl, Martin (1749–1804), Eclogae Americanae 3: 36, t. 28. leaves consumed as spinach, young immature fruits consumed
Hauniae, 1796–1807, Species Plantarum, ed. 4 [Willdenow] cooked or fried, leaves good cattle feed, often confused with
4(2): 1067. 1806, Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 1. 70. 1810, Hort. Abelmoschus esculentus and/or Abelmoschus manihot
Bengal. 93. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 441. 1825, Journal of Botany, being a See Euphytica 31: 241–252. 1982, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.,
second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(11): 142. 1840, B, Adansonia Sér. 4, 10(2): 138. 1988, African Journal of
London J. Bot. 2: 142. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum Biotechnology 7(10): 1426–1431. 2008
1: 185. 1891 and Symbolae Antillarum 2(2): 257–258. 1900, (Mucilage used as a blood plasma replacement or blood vol-
Trabajos del Museo Comercial de Venezuela (Bol. Minist. ume expander; leaves poultices emollient, sudorific, antiscor-
Relac. Exter. Nos. 10, 11, & 12) 2: 86. 1927, North American butic, to treat dysuria.)
Flora 23(1): 27. 1928, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
59: 155. 1932, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences in English: West African okra, West African okro
35(3): 126. 1936, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden in India: usipak
(Mimos. & Caesalpin. Colomb.) 74(1): 69. 1996
Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. (Abelmoschus cancellatus
(Scraped roots infusion to treat dandruff. Seeds swallowed
Voigt; Abelmoschus hainanensis S.Y. Hu; Bamia cancel-
by young women just before intercourse as a fertility drug.)
lata Wall.; Bamia crinita Wall.; Hibiscus bodinieri H. Lév.;
in English: bread-and-cheese, soapwood Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb. ex G. Don, not L.; Hibiscus
cavaleriei H. Lév.; Hibiscus crinitus (Wall.) G. Don)
in Guyana: huriasa, huruasa, pakuri
South Asia, China. Herb, long yellow hairs, erect, axillary
flowers usually solitary, corolla yellow with a purple spot in
Abelmoschus Medik. Malvaceae the centre, fresh roots edible
Probably from the Arabian abul-l-mosk ‘father of musk, See Species Plantarum 2: 693. 1753, Plantae Asiaticae
source of musk’, referring to the seeds, see Medikus, Friedrich Rariores 1: 39, pl. 44. 1830, A General History of the
Kasimir (1736–1808), Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 480. 1831 and Repertorium
aus der Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse der Monadelphien. Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(317–321): 184.
45–46. Mannheim, 1787, Botanical Magazine 41: sub t. 1702. 1913, Flora of China 153: 37, pl. 8, f. 1. 1955

1
2 Abelmoschus Medik. Malvaceae

(Fresh leaves cataplasm for infected wounds. Tuberous in South and Central America: ochro, okra, quiabo,
roots eaten fresh to cure impotence; root decoction to quilombo, quimbombó
cure diarrhea and dysentery. Veterinary medicine, tubers
in China: huang shu kuei
crushed with seeds of Sorghum vulgare to promote fertility
of sheep.) in India: babniya, bamiya, bamiyah, bawrhsaiabe, benda,
benda-kaya, bendai, bendakaya, bende kaayi, bende kaayi
in China: chang mao huang kui
gida, bende-kayi, bende naaru, bendi, bhajichi-bhendi, bhan-
in India: bana bhindi, bherwakand, bondki phul, kachalu, daka, bhelendri, bhenda, bhendan, bhende, bhendekayi,
kamlya, kapsatta, kondabenda bhendi, bhendo, bhinda, bhindajad, bhindi, bhindi tori,
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Hibiscus esculentus bhindijad, bhindu, binda, darvika, dheras, gandhamula,
L.; Hibiscus longifolius Willd.; Hibiscus longifolius Sessé & penda, pitali, ram-turai, ram-turi, ramturai, tindisha, venai-
Moc.; Hibiscus longifolius Roxb., nom. illeg.) kkay, venda, venda bendi, vendai, vendaik-kay, vendaikkai,
vendaikkay, vendakaya, vendi, venta, ventai, ventak-kaya
Tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions, uncertain
origin. Herb, erect, stout, flowers axillary, petals yellow often in Japan: okura
turning pink, erect capsule, young immature fruits eaten Malay name: kachang bendi
cooked or fried
in the Philippine Isl.: okra
See Species Plantarum 2: 693, 696. 1753, Ueber einige kün-
stliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie 45–46. 1787, in Cameroon: ankoul
Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 1: 617. 1794, Sp. Pl., in Congo: ngaingai, umvumba
ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(1): 827. 1800, Hort. Bengal. 53. 1814,
Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 210–211. in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: gombo
1832, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 521. 1854, G. Binger, in Madagascar: mana
Essai sur la langue Bambara. Parlée dans le Kaarta et dans
le Bélédougou. Paris 1886, Fl. Mexic., ed. 2 161. 1894 and in Malawi: cilunguthando, nathando, thelele la amwenye,
Ignacio Baptista de Moura, ed., Annuario de Belém em com- thelele lobzala (Nyanja)
memoração do seu tricentenario, 1616–1916, historico, lit- in Nigeria: erula, ila, ilasa, ilasado, illa, iroko, irula
terario e commercial. [Pará?] 1915, Rev. David Clement Scott,
Dictionary of the Nyanja Language, being the encyclopaedic in Rhodesia: mandande
dictionary of the Mang’anja language edited and enlarged in Senegal: da guo, kanda, kanda a kob, kanda ala, kandalan,
by the Rev. Alexander Hetherwick. London 1951, New kunégo, sumaré
Botanist 3: 48–53. 1976, William W. Megenney, A Bahian
Heritage. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1978, in Sierra Leone: a lontho, bonde, bondei, okro
Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, in Tanzania: mbamia, mbinda
E) 66: 66. 1979, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 215–223.
1983, Cytologia 51: 753–756. 1986, Maria Helena Farelli, in Togo: gombo
Plantas que curam e cortam feitiços. Rio de Janeiro 1988, Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arn. (Hibiscus ficul-
Systematic Botany Monographs 25: 1–522. 1988, Flora neus L.; Hibiscus sinuatus Cav.)
of Chiapas 3: 1–90. 1990, Flora de Veracruz 68: 1–255.
1992, Celia Blanco, Santeria Yoruba. Caracas 1995, Pierre Tropical Africa, India. Herb, annual, green stem mucilagi-
Fatumbi Verger, Ewé: the use of plants in Yoruba society. nous, corolla white with deep purple centre, leaves and fruits
São Paulo 1995 edible, sometimes confused with Abelmoschus esculentus

(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Dried stalks used for the See Species Plantarum 2: 693, 695. 1753, Monadelphiae
Guinea worm. Root extract aphrodisiac and sex tonic, seda- Classis Dissertationes Decem 3: 147, t. 52, f. 2. 1787,
tive, given for stomatitis, spermatorrhea, sterility, impotence, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 53. 1834
dystocia; root powder taken orally to check discharge of sperm and Taxon 31: 582–583. 1982, Glimpses of Cytogenetics in
with urine and to increase sexual potentiality; roots, infusion India 2: 287–292. 1989, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
or decoction, for cough and syphilis. Fresh washed leaves in 45(2): 75–95, 97–111. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
cataplasm for infected wounds; leaves emollient, sudorific or 107(3): 463–469. 2006
antiscorbutic and to treat dysuria. Leaves and ripe fruits for
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Root paste applied on body
cough; leaves, flowers and unripe fruits for insect sting. Fruit
to cure jaundice, used against fever, diarrhea and other gas-
laxative; cooked fruit given for abortion; unripe fruits decoc-
trointestinal problems; for scorpion bite root paste applied
tion taken orally to cure syphilis. Veterinary medicine.)
on the area of the sting and crushed roots drunk with water.
in English: common okra, edible hibiscus, gobbo, gombo, Seeds in asthma. Leaves crushed with salted water used
gumbo, lady’s finger, okra, okro against diarrhea.)
Abies Miller Pinaceae 3

in English: native roselle Franca, Arabismos. Recife 1994, Quart. J. Forest Res. 21(3):
61–72. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111:
in India: jangil-bhendi, jangli bhendi, janil-bhendi, karu-
313–373. 2007
mancarikam, kattu-vendai, kattuventai, kattuventicceti, mal
bhindi, nelabenda, parupubenda, ranbhendi, tindisa (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Diuretic, antifertility, anti-
inflammatory, stomachic, febrifuge, antirheumatic, aph-
Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. (Hibiscus manihot L.;
rodisiac, digestive, emollient, antispasmodic, insecticide,
Hibiscus papyriferus Salisb.)
fungicide. Fruits for gonorrhea. For headache, rheumatic
SE Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea. Perennial herb or under- pains, fever in children, pound the root and poultice. Leaves
shrub, leaves lobed decoction used for coughs, not recommended for pregnant
women. Roots solution in water used for kidney stone, not
See Species Plantarum 2: 696. 1753, Ueber einige künstliche
recommended for pregnant women; root of Peucedanum
Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie 46. 1787
nagpurense mixed with root of Abelmoschus moschatus
(Root paste applied for treating cuts and for healing wounds. given to increase semen. Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of
Flowers used for dysentery, asthma; the sap for cough, cold; Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies.)
leaves boiled and eaten to treat dysentery, the solution used
in English: ambrette, musk mallow
to bathe a skin rash.)
in Brazil: abelmosco, algália, ambarino
in India: aibika, bambuda, jangali bhendi, jangli bhindi, ran
bhendi, uichhume, usipak in French Guiana: ambrette, calalou musqué
in Papua New Guinea: dahang, maniota in China: huang kui
Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. subsp. tetraphyllus in India: bawrthsaisbe suak, bhinda, bhojraj, cattu-gasturi, gan-
(Hornem.) Borss. dapura, gorokhiakarai, gorukhia-korai, habbul-mishk, habbul-
mushk, jangli bhenda, jangli-bhendi, jangli-bhindi, kaadu
India. Undershrub, flowers pedicellate, corolla yellow with
kastoori, kaattu kasturi, kadu-kasturi, kala-kasturi, kalkasturi,
purple centre, acuminate 5-angled capsules
kantukasthuri, kapukimissa, kapur konda, karpoorabenda,
See Blumea 14: 97. 1966 karpuri-benda, kasthoori benda, kasthoori bende, kasthoori­
bhenda, kasturi-benda-vittulu, kasturi bende, kasturi-bhenda,
(Fresh latex applied externally on cuts and wounds. Roots
kasturi-bhendo, kasturi-dana, kasturi-vendaik-kay-virai,
crushed and the juice given to children for pneumonia.)
kasturi-venta-vitta, kasturibenda, kasturivendaik-kayvirai,
in India: ladipma, popongti kasuturica, kattakasturi, kattu-kasturi, kattuk-kasturi, kattuk-
kasthuri, kattukkasturi, katukasthuri, lat kastoori, lata kasturi,
Abelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medik. (Abelmoschus abel-
latakasturi, latakasturika, latakasturikam, lathakasturi, mishk-
moschus (L.) Karsten, nom. inval.; Abelmoschus moscha-
dana, musakdana, mushak-dana, mushakdana, mushk-bhendi-
tus var. betulifolius (Mast.) Hochr.; Abelmoschus officinalis
ke-jij, mushk-dana, mushk-danah, mushkdana, muskadaana,
Endl., nom. illeg.; Hibiscus abelmoschus (L.) Karsten, nom.
muskadana, muskdana, nagdau, nagdau bhenda, nelabenda,
illeg.; Hibiscus abelmoschus L.; Hibiscus abelmoschus var.
tachusengme, uichhuhlo, varttilai kasthuri, varttilaikasthuri,
betulifolius Mast.; Hibiscus abelmoschus var. genuinus (L.)
vattilai-kasturi, zatakasturika
Hochr.; Hibiscus cardiophyllus Baill.; Hibiscus chinensis
Roxb., nom. nud.; Hibiscus collinsianus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. in Indonesia: bukal, bukol, gandapura, kakapasan, kapas
Gray; Hibiscus moschatus (Medik.) Salisb.; Hibiscus mos- sadeki, kapasan, kastore, kasturi, kaworo, regula, rewulow,
chatus Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Hibiscus moschatus Salisb.) rewulu, waren, waron
Tropics of the Old World. Herb, annual, tall, branches hispid- in Japan: Ryûkyû-tororo-aoi
hairy, flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, corolla bright in Malaysia: gandapura, kachang bende, kapas hantu,
yellow with reddish purple base, prickly capsule, seed musky kapas hutan
See Species Plantarum 1: 696. 1753, Ueber einige kunstli- in Philippines: agukai, dalak, dalupang, daopang, dukum,
che Geschlecter aus der Malven-Familie 46. 1787, Prodr. kalupi, kastio, kastiokastiokan, kastuli, marapoto, marikum
Stirp. Chap. Allerton 387. 1796, Hortus Bengalensis, or a
catalogue … 51. 1814, A Flora of North America: containing in Thailand: chamot-ton, mahakadaeng, som-chaba
… 1(2): 237. 1838, Catalogus horti academici vindobonensis in Vietnam: b[us]p v[af]ng, c[aa]y b[oo]ng v[af]ng
2: 253. 1842, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5):
22. 1852, The Flora of British India 1: 342. 1875, Bulletin
Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 509. 1885, Fl.
Abies Miller Pinaceae
Deutschl. ed. 2 2: 157. 1894 and Annuaire du Conservatoire
et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 4: 151. 1900, Nova Guinea Latin abies, etis ‘the silver-fir, ship’; Greek elate, and Akkadian
14: 165. 1924, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 23. 1988, Rubem elatu ‘upper parts’, gab’u ‘height’; see Flora Lapponica 227.
4 Abies Miller Pinaceae

1737, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- Abies concolor (Gordon & Glendinning) Lindl. ex
tion 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary:… edition seven 110, Hildebrand (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Hildebr.; Abies
2. 1759, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2329. 1838, concolor Lindl.; Abies concolor fo. atroviolacea Cinovskis;
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 3: 596. Abies concolor subsp. lowiana (Gordon) A.E. Murray; Abies
1878 and Bulletin de la Société Dendrologique de France concolor subsp. martinezii (Silba) Silba; Abies concolor var.
1908: 8, 181. 1908, Bulletin de la Société Portugaise des bajacalifornica Silba; Abies concolor var. lowiana (Gordon)
Sciences Naturelles 13(Suppl. 2): 167. 1942, Pietro Bubani, Lemmon; Abies concolor var. martinezii Silba; Abies lowi-
Flora Virgiliana. 11. [Ristampa dell’edizione di Bologna 1870] ana (Gordon) A. Murray bis; Abies grandis var. lowiana
Bologna 1978, Fl. Canada 2: 93–545. 1978 [1979], Antonella (Gordon) Hoopes; Abies lowiana var. viridula Debreczy &
Comba, a cura di, Antica Medicina Tibetana. Tavole miniate I. Rácz; Picea concolor Gordon & Glendinning; Picea lowi-
del Berillo azzurro di Sangye Gyamtso (XVII sec.). Zanfi ana Gordon; Pinus concolor Engelm. ex Parl.; Pinus lowiana
Editori, Modena 1994, Aljos Farjon, World Checklist and (Gordon) Mc Nab)
Bibliography of Conifers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1998,
North America. Perennial tree
Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 18(3): 440–444. 1998.
See Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 5: 210.
Abies amabilis (Douglas ex Louden) Douglas ex Forbes
1850, Gordon, George (1806–1879), The Pinetum: being a
(Abies amabilis Parl.; Abies amabilis Forb.; Abies amabilis
synopsis of all the coniferous plants at present known, with
Douglas ex J. Forbes)
descriptions, history, and synonymes and comprising nearly
North America. Perennial tree one hundred new kinds / by George Gordon … assisted by
Robert Glendinning (1805–1962)… 155. London: Henry G.
See Pinetum Woburnense: or, A catalogue of coniferous
Bohn, 1858, Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereines
plants in the collection of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn
der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens 18: 261. 1861,
Abbey, systematically arranged. 125, pl. 44. London 1839,
A Supplement to Gordon’s Pinetum 53. 1862, Proceedings
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
of the Royal Horticultural Society of London 3: 317. 1863,
16(2): 426, in parte. 1868
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 426.
(Stomachic, expectorant, for stomach ailments, hemor- 1868, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2: 680. 1876,
rhoids, infected eyes, colds, coughs, sore throat, tuberculosis. Cone-bearing Trees of the Pacific Slope, ed. 3 64. 1895 and
Ceremonial, ritual.) Kalmia 13: 3. 1983, Phytologia 68: 11–12. 1990, Journal of
the International Conifer Preservation Society 15: 38. 2008
in English: Cascade fir, Pacific silver fir, white firs
(Antirheumatic, for rheumatism, venereal disease, cuts, sores
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Abies balsamea var. bal-
or boils, tuberculosis, pulmonary troubles.)
samea; Peuce balsamea (L.) Rich.; Picea balsamea (L.)
Loudon; Pinus abies L. var. balsamea (L.) Münchh.; Pinus in English: California white fir, Rocky Mountain white fir,
balsamea L.) Sierra white fir, white fir
Europe, North America. Tree, perennial, aromatic, cones in Mexico: pino real blanco
upright, aromatic resinous pitch eaten raw, fir bark chewed,
Abies densa Griff. (Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach var.
inner bark cooked
densa (Griff.) Silba)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
Bhutan. Tree, spreading branches, forms natural monospe-
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The
cific stands
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 3. 1768, Der
Hausvater 5(1): 222. 1770, Annales du muséum national See Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux - Phanérogames (Tome)
d’histoire naturelle 16: 298. 1810, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, 11: 422. 1842, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 19. 1854 and
Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2339. 1838 and Phytologia Memoirs 7: 10. 1984
Taxon 29: 535. 1980, Memoirs of the Faculty of Education,
(Leaves for asthma, bronchitis and stomach troubles.)
Ehime University, Series e, Natural Science 8: 1–108.
1988, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists in English: East Himalayan red fir, silver fir
Newsletter 25: 9–10. 1995
in Bhutan: dungshing
(Resin purgative, disinfectant, antiseptic, laxative, tonic,
in Nepal: gobre salla
stimulant, analgesic, antiscorbutic, diuretic, diaphoretic, sore
healing, used to treat coughs, tuberculosis, sore throats, colds, in Sikkim: gobre salla
kidney troubles and diarrhea, gonorrhea, taken in excess it is
Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. subsp.
purgative; resin and sap for corns and warts. Bark infusion
fraseri (Pursh) A.E. Murray; Abies balsamea var. fraseri
taken for cough. Contact dermatitis. Ceremonial.)
(Pursh) Spach; Picea balsamea (L.) Loudon var. fraseri
in English: American silver fir, balm of Gilead, balm of (Pursh) Nelson; Picea fraseri (Pursh) Loudon; Pinus bal-
Gilead fir, balsam fir, Canada balsam samea L. var. fraseri (Pursh) Nutt.; Pinus fraseri Pursh)
Abies Miller Pinaceae 5

North America. Perennial tree and leaves burned as incense, witchcraft medicine, used in
purification rites, to chase away bad influences.)
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 639–640.
1814[1813], Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … in English: alpine fir, subalpine fir
Supplément 5(1): 35. 1817, The Genera of North American
Abies pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Royle (Abies pindrow
Plants 2: 223. 1818, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4:
Spach; Abies pindrow Royle; Abies pindrow subsp. gamblei
2340. 1838, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux - Phanérogames
(Hickel) Rushforth; Abies webbiana (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl.
11: 422. 1841, Pinaceae: Being a Handbook of the Firs and
var. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Brandis; Picea pindrow
Pines 179. 1866 and Kalmia 12: 18. 1982
(Royle ex D. Don) Loudon; Picea pindrow Loudon; Pinus
(Used for wounds, venereal diseases, kidney trouble, cough pindrow Royle; Pinus pindrow Royle ex D. Don; Pinus spec-
and ulcers, urinary diseases.) tabilis D. Don var. pindrow (Royle ex D. Don) Vossin Putlitz
in English: Fraser’s balsam fir, Fraser fir, she-balsam, south- & Meyer)
ern balsam fir Himalaya, Pakistan, India. Evergreen tree, monoecious,
Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. (Abies grandis conical crown, branches in whorls, axillary male cones clus-
Franco, nom. illeg.; Abies grandis A. Murray, nom. illeg.; tered, female cones solitary, winged seeds
Abies grandis Hook., nom. illeg.; Abies grandis Engelm., nom. See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
illeg.; Abies grandis Lindl.; Abies grandis (Dougl.) Forbes; Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Fl. Berlin
Pinus grandis Douglas ex D. Don; Pinus grandis Douglas) 1(2): 794. 1824, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 2: 55. 1825,
North America. Penny Cyclop. 1: 30. 1833, London and Edinburgh philo-
sophical magazine and journal of science 8: 255. 1836,
See Companion Bot. Mag. 2: 147. 1836, Flora Boreali- Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains
Americana 2(10): 163. 1838, Cat. Grain. Conif. Mexic. 11. … [Royle] t. 86. 1836, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum
1857, American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 34: 4: 2346. 1838, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 11: 423. 1841 [1842
330. 1862, Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society publ. 25 Dec 1841], The forest flora of North-West and
of London 1863(3): 308. 1863 and Fl. Canada 2: 93–545. Central India 528. 1874 and Handb. Conif. [Dallimore &
1978[1979], Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 18(3): 440– Jackson] 126. 1923, Bulletin de la Société Dendrologique
444. 1998 de France 70: 38. 1929, Taxon 31(1): 72. 1982, Indian J.
(Used for infected eyes, sore eyes, boils or ulcers, sore Exp. Biol. 36(2): 187–191. 1998, International Dendrology
throat, colds, lung hemorrhage, tuberculosis, stomach ail- Society: Year Book 1998: 63. 1999, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 38(4):
ments, rheumatism. Resin infusion taken for whooping 343–346. 2000, Singh, R.K. et al. “Pharmacological activ-
cough; resin rubbed on the throat and chest for colds. Bark ity of Abies pindrow.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 73(1–2): 47–51.
infusion drunk for stomach ailments, tuberculosis. Bruised 2000, Fitoterapia 72(2): 168–170. 2001, Phytother. Res.
needles decoction as an eyewash. Ceremonial, used in puri- 18(1): 73–77. 2004, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 20(1): 15–19. 2007, J.
fication rites.) Int. Conifer Preserv. Soc. 15(2): 44. 2008

in English: balsam fir, grand fir, lowland white fir (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves antiinflammatory, anxiolytic,
analgesic, antidiabetic, for colds and coughs. The leaves of
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (Abies balsamea subsp. Abies pindrow reveal the presence of fatty acids including
lasiocarpa (Hook.) B. Boivin; Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.)
fallax (Engelm.) B. Boivin; Abies bifolia A. Murray; Abies
concolor var. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Beissn.; Abies lasiocarpa in English: Himalayan fir, Himalayan silver fir, silver fir,
Lindl. & Gordon; Abies subalpina Engelmann; Picea lasio- West Himalayan fir
carpa (Hook.) A. Murray; Pinus lasiocarpa Hook.) in India: bodar drewartung, chilla, dodimma, granthiparna,
North America. Perennial tree jhilla, krok, morinda, morinda tosh, rai, raisol, ransula, rao-
ragha, rausla, rei, rogha, span, talisa, talisapatra, toong, tosh
See Flora Boreali-Americana 2(10): 163. 1838, The North
American Sylva 3: 138. 1849, Gardener’s chronicle, in Nepal: thingure
new series 4: 135, 194. 1875, Handbuch der Coniferen-
Abies procera Rehder (Abies nobilis A. Dietr.; Abies nobi-
Benennung 71. 1887 and Le Naturaliste Canadien 86(10):
lis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl., nom. illeg.; Picea nobilis
222. 1959, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 18(3):
(Douglas ex D. Don) Loudon; Pinus nobilis Douglas ex
440–444. 1998
D. Don; Pseudotsuga nobilis (Douglas ex D. Don) W.R.
(Used for infected eyes, sore eyes, boils or ulcers, sore McNab)
throat, colds, lung hemorrhage, tuberculosis, stomach ail-
North America. Perennial tree
ments, rheumatism. Bruised needles decoction as an eye-
wash. Powdered needles made into a paste applied for skin See Flora der Gegend um Berlin 2: 793. 1824, A Description
diseases. Powdered resin for cuts. Ceremonial, young twigs of the Genus Pinus, ed. 3 pp. 144 & 145. 1832, Penny Cycl.
6 Abroma Jacq. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

1: 130. 1833, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2342. Abroma Jacq. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)
1838, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2: 209–213, t.
Greek a ‘not’ and broma ‘food’, referring to the poisonous
49. 1876 and Rhodora 42(504): 522. 1940
nature, see Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis 3: 3. 1776.
(For cold, cough, tuberculosis, wounds.)
Abroma augustum (L.) L.f. (Ambroma augusta L.f.;
in English: noble fir Ambroma augusta (L.) L.f., also augustum; Theobroma
Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Spach (Abies chiloensis Hort.; augustum L.)
Abies chilrowensis Hort.; Abies densa Griff.; Abies spectabi- Tropical Asia. Shrubby tree, spreading branches, large
lis Mirb.; Abies spectabilis Spach; Abies webbiana (Wallich shrubs or small trees, evergreen, lianescent, flowers with
ex D. Don) Lindley; Abies webbiana Lindl.; Picea webbiana purple red petals, calyx light green, fruits winged, bark pro-
(Wall. ex D. Don) Loudon; Picea webbiana Loudon; Picea vides a strong white fiber which makes a good substitute for
webbiana Gordon; Pinus spectabilis D. Don; Pinus webbi- hemp, lowland forest
ana Wallich ex D. Don; Pinus webbiana Lindl.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 782. 1753, Systema Naturae, ed.
India, Himalaya, Nepal, Bhutan. Tree, aromatic, gnarled, 12 3: 233. 1768, Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis 3: 3. 1776,
branches horizontally spreading, spreading needles-like Supplementum Plantarum 54, 341. 1782 and Bulletin of
leaves, buds globose resinous, cones cylindrical, male cones the Botanical Survey of India 11: 454. 1969, Bulletin of the
solitary or in distant pairs, winged seeds Botanical Survey of India 14: 170. 1972
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Fl. Berlin (Used in Ayurveda. Stem bark infusion drunk in menstrual
1(2): 794. 1824, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 2: 55. 1825, Mémoires du disorders. Roots for dysmenorrhea, dropsy and skin diseases.
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 70. 1825, A Description Glutinous sap or fresh root used in dysmenorrhea, venereal
of the Genus Pinus, ed. 2 2: 77, pl. 44. 1828, Penny Cyclop. diseases; for headache, pound the root and poultice; root paste
1: 30. 1833, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2344. with bark of Adhatoda zeylanica, Gmelina arborea and roots
1838, Hist. Nat. des Végétaux - Phanérogames 11: 422. 1841 of Amaranthus spinosus applied on forehead in headache;
[1842 publ. 25 Dec 1841] and Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, root bark paste and some peppers given to a woman who fails
Law Yu-wu, Fu Shu-hsia, Wang Wen-tsai, Chu Cheng-de, to conceive; dry powdered roots with bark of Dillenia indica
Chao Chi-son & Chen Chia-jui. Pinaceae. In: Cheng Wan- and Terminalia chebula given in urinary diseases. Stem sap
chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: with the macerated rhizomes of Zingiber purpureum applied
32–281. 1978 to sprains to relieve pain; oil from the endosperm consumed
in fever and cold, applied externally for ringworm and sca-
(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Resin said to intoxicate
bies. Leaves as diuretic and antidiabetic; an infusion given for
when taken internally. Gum mixed with oil of roses rubbed
gonorrhea; for headache, pound the leaves and poultice; leaf
on forehead for headache. Leaves antiperiodic, astringent,
petioles to cure dysentery. Magic, contact therapy, a piece of
contraceptive, antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant,
root tied round the loin as a relief from dysentery and cholera.)
stomachic, tonic, aphrodisiac, CNS depressant, used in the
treatment of asthma, bronchitis, colds, intermittent fevers, in English: devil’s cotton
rheumatism and nasal congestion, for malaria in infants;
in Bangladesh: ulatkambal
leaves decoction for digestion, cough, asthma and bronchi-
tis; infusion of leaves of Abies spectabilis, Pinus wallichi- in China: ang tian lian
ana and Thymus linearis drunk to relieve bronchitis and
in India: ban kapah (the roots), bon kapahi, bon khopai, chuli,
whooping cough.)
habit phalau, kapsi, kumal, melpundi gida, melpundigida,
in English: East Himalayan fir, East Himalayan silver fir, olaktambol, olat kamal, olat kambal, olatkambal, olutkom-
high level Himalayan fir, Himalayan fir, Himalayan silver fir bul, pisaca karpas, pisaca karpasa, pivari, sanukapashi,
sivapputtutti, uchchata, ulat kamal ki jad, ulat kambal, ulat-
in China: zang leng shan
kambal, ulatkambal lakadi, ulatkambal mool, ulutkambal
in India: badar, bang, barami, chirao, dhatripatra, gobre salla,
in Indonesia: lenga
kanda morinda, kolroi, manduparani, morinda, panchali
tung, raga, rai, raisalla, sala, span, sukodara, taleesapatram, in Malaysia: kayu singa, kuku singa, rami sengat
talis patra, talisa, talisam, talispatar, talisapathre, talispatra,
Abroma fastuosum R. Br. (Abroma fastuosa R. Br.; Abroma
talisapatradya, talisapatram, talispatra, talispatri, tapis patra,
fastuosum Gaertn.; Abroma fastuosum Vent.; Abroma fas-
thaalespathri, tosh, zarnab
tuosum Jacq.)
in Lepcha: daong shying koong, saong koong
Philippines.
in Nepal: gobra salla, gobre salla, talis patra, thingre salla
See Species Plantarum 2: 782. 1753, Systema Naturae, ed.
in Tibet: ba-lu 12 3: 233. 1768, Hort. Bot. Vind. 3 (1776) 3, t. 1. 1776, Fruct.
Abronia Juss. Nyctaginaceae 7

et Sem. Pl. 1 (Dec. 1788) 307, t. 64, fig. 1. 1788, Hortus Abronia maritima Nutt. ex S. Watson
Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W.T. Aiton), ed. 2. 4: 409. 1812
USA, California.
(Root emmenagogue, for dysmenorrhea.)
See Genera Plantarum 448–449. 1789, Geological Survey of
in Philippines: anabo California, Botany [W.H. Brewer] 2: 4. 1880
(Infusion of the outer portion of the root taken to aid in the
expulsion of a torn placenta.)
Abronia Juss. Nyctaginaceae
in English: sand verbena
Greek habros ‘delicate, soft’, referring to the involucre,
see Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 448- 449. 1789, Tableau Abronia turbinata Torr. ex S. Watson (Abronia exalata
Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 469, pl. Standl.; Abronia orbiculata Standl.)
105. 1791, Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky
North America. Perennial herb
Mountains in the year 1842 92, 96. 1843, Hooker’s Journal
of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 5: 261. 1853, Beitr. See Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 285 (t. 31). 1871 and Contr.
Syst. Nyctag. 31. 1897. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 318, 322, pl. 36, 40. 1909
Abronia elliptica A. Nelson (Abronia fragrans fo. ellip- (Crushed leaves made into a paste applied to swellings.)
tica (A. Nelson) Heimerl ex Rydb.; Abronia fragrans Nutt.
in English: transmontane sand verbena
ex Hook. f. elliptica (A. Nelson) Heimerl; Abronia fragrans
Nutt. ex Hook. var. elliptica (A. Nelson) M.E. Jones; Abronia Abronia villosa S. Watson (Abronia umbellata Lam. fo. vil-
nana S. Watson var. harrisii S.L. Welsh; Abronia pumila losa (S. Watson) Voss)
Rydb.; Abronia ramosa Standl.; Abronia salsa Rydb.)
North America. Annual herb, low growing, fleshy, creeping,
North America. Perennial herb sticky, trailing reddish stems, ovate dark freen leaves, spheri-
cal clusters of pinkish flowers
See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
5: 261. 1853, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts See American Naturalist 7(5): 302. 1873, Vilmorin’s
and Sciences 14: 294. 1879, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Blumengärtnerei. Dritte neubearbeite Aflage 1: 862. 1895
Club 26(1): 7. 1899 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
(Plant diuretic. Crushed roots made into a paste applied
29(12): 683–684. 1902, Contributions to Western Botany 11:
to burns.)
3. 1903, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 321, pl. 39. 1909, Great
Basin Naturalist 46(2): 258. 1986 in English: desert sand verbena
(Contact therapy, sedative, to induce sleep.) Abronia villosa S. Watson var. villosa
in English: fragrant white sand verbena, sand verbena North America. Annual herb
Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. (Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex See American Naturalist 7(5): 302. 1873, Vilmorin’s
Hook. var. glaucescens A. Nelson) Blumengärtnerei. Dritte neubearbeite Aflage 1: 862. 1895
North America. Perennial herb, erect, sweet smelling (Plant diuretic. Crushed roots made into a paste applied
white flowers to burns.)
See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany in English: desert sand verbena
5: 261. 1853 and Bot. Gaz. 34(4): 364. 1902
(Plant used for boils, insect bites, gastrointestinal disorders,
Abrus Adans. Fabaceae (Abreae, Leguminosae)
for stomach cramps and stomachaches, bowel troubles, as a
cathartic, an emetic, a sudorific; infusion used as lotion for Probably from the Greek habros ‘delicate, graceful, beauti-
sores or sore mouth. Ceremonial, ritual.) ful, pretty, soft’, the leaves are soft; Akkadian ebru, ibru,
Hebrew haber, Aramaic habra ‘favourite slave, friend’;
in English: prairie snowball, snowball sand verbena
Akkadian habaru, kabaru ‘to become fat, thick’, kabru ‘fat’;
Abronia latifolia Eschsch. see Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Handwörterbuch. 2. Ansbach 1852 and Blumea 10: 607–
North America. Perennial herb
624. 1960, Kingsbury, J.M. Poisonous Plants of the United
See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de States and Canada. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
St. Pétersbourg. Avec l’Histoire de l’Académie 10: 281 N.J., USA. 1964, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25:
[271]. 1826 173–219. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323.
1990, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der
(Tonic, stomachic.)
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 32. Basel 1996, Journal of
in English: coastal sand verbena, yellow sand-verbena Ethnopharmacology 83: 39–54. 2002.
8 Abrus Adans. Fabaceae (Abreae, Leguminosae)

Abrus fruticulosus Wight & Arn. (Abrus acutifolius Blume dense clusters, thick and robust inflorescence, oblong inflated
ex Miq.; Abrus aureus R. Vig.; Abrus bottae Deflers; Abrus pod, very hard seeds bright scarlet with a black spot com-
cantoniensis Hance; Abrus cyaneus R. Vig.; Abrus fruticu- monly used by jewellers as weights, in dry thickets, in the
losus Wall.; Abrus gracilis P. Lima; Abrus grandiflorus R. low rainfall areas
Vig.; Abrus laevigatus E. Mey.; Abrus madagascariensis var.
See Species Plantarum 2: 753–754. 1753, Familles des
dumensis R. Vig.; Abrus madagascariensis var. littoralis R.
Plantes 2: 327, 511. 1763, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 472.
Vig.; Abrus madagascariensis var. parvifolius R. Vig.; Abrus
1767, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootsc-
madagascariensis var. typicus R. Vig.; Abrus melanospermus
hap van kunsten en wetenschappen 5(4): 7. 1790, Species
Hassk.; Abrus mollis Hance; Abrus precatorius var. latifolio-
Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 1053. 1802, Annales des
latus De Wild.; Abrus precatorius var. villosula Miq.; Abrus
Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 9: 418. 1826, Commentariorum
pulchellus Wall. ex Thwaites; Abrus pulchellus fo. latifolio-
de Plantis Africae Australioris 126. 1836, Flora van
lata (De Wild.) De Wild.; Abrus pulchellus fo. melanosperma
Nederlandsch Indië 1: 159. 1855 and Contributions from the
Backer; Abrus pulchellus fo. typica Backer; Abrus pulchellus
United States National Herbarium 9: 171. 1905, Revue de
var. latifoliolata De Wild.; Abrus repens Tisserant; Abrus
zoologie et de botanique africaines 21: 303. 1932, Notulae
sambiranensis R. Vig.; Abrus schimperi Hochst. ex Baker;
Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 14(3): 172. 1951,
Abrus somalensis Taub.; Abrus stictospermus Berhaut; Abrus
For. Fl. Punj. ed.3. 156. 1956, Father M. Hannan, Standard
suffruticosus Boutique; Abrus tenuiflorus Spruce ex Benth.;
Shona Dictionary. Compiled for the Southern Rhodesia
Abrus tenuiflorus Benth.; Hoepfneria africana Vatke)
Native Affairs Department. London 1959, Kew Bulletin
Indonesia, Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, prostrate sub- 24: 240. 1970, Davis, J.H. “Abrus precatorius (rosary pea).
shrub or woody climber, flowers in clusters, fruit oblong to The most common lethal plant poison.” J. Fla. Med. Assoc.
linear-oblong, seeds compressed, species extremely poly- 65: 189–191. 1978, Botanica Macaronesica 7: 67–76. 1980,
morphic, sweet-tasting, in roadsides, along streams, edges of Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 257–263, 265–277. 1983,
lowland rain forest Willdenowia 15: 521–527. 1986, Economic Botany 44(3):
369–381. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48: 131–144.
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5820. 1831–1832, Prodromus
1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55: 119–126. 1997,
Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 236. 1834, Cat. Hort.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, Journal
Bot. Bogor. 282. 1844, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 15(1B):
of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336. 2005
216. 1859, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 2: 91. 1859
and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris (Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. High toxicity. Seeds
14(3): 173–174. 1951, Mémoires de la Société Botanique de poisonous, highly toxic, often used criminally; a single well-
France 1953–1954: 7. 1954, Kew Bulletin 24(2): 250. 1970, masticated seed can kill an adult human; abrin is regarded as
Willdenowia 15: 521–527. 1986, Cell and Chromosome one of the most deadly plant toxins known. Plant antibacte-
Research 12: 22–29. 1989, Novon 10(2): 124. 2000 rial, contraceptive, antiallergic, antimalarial, febrifuge, anti-
inflammatory, expectorant, insecticide, anti-schistosomiasis,
(Used in Ayurveda. Roots used to treat digestive disorders,
molluscicidal. Root said to be emetic and useful in poisoning,
colic, fevers; root juice applied on teeth in dental caries, tooth
an infusion used for procuring abortion; decoction of fruits
decay and toothache.)
of Pedalium murex with the roots of Abrus precatorius used
in India: baga latumoni, bili gulaganji, gaunchi, gulaganji, as oral medicine to cure syphilis. Leaves or roots used for
gundumani, gunja, gunjee beeja, gunji, gurgunji, karanjika, chest complaints, pleurisy; juice of fresh leaves on scabies
kunch, madalavela, olakambal, ullat kambal, vellakundu- and leprosy; dried leaves refrigerant; leaves applied on swol-
mani, venkundri, vidathari len tonsils; leaf juice mixed in water taken for cough. Roots,
stem and leaves for the treatment of flu, cough, fever; roots
in Indonesia: areuy si hayam, daun sambang, saga areuy
used for expelling hookworm; roots infusion or juice used for
in Malaysia: akar kachang inai, saga negri, semelit jalin procuring abortion; soaked crushed roots decoction taken to
treat leucorrhea. Seeds antiseptic, abortifacient, tonic, anti-
in Thailand: kho kiu, ma khaam yaan, ma klam phueak
malarial and antiinflammatory, poultice applied externally
in Vietnam: k[ee] c[oos]t th[ar]o to cure mastitis and galactophoritis; paste of seeds said to
decrease fertility in women, the lady will not get pregnant;
Abrus precatorius L. (Abrus abrus (L.) W. Wight, nom.
seed paste with seeds of Albizia lebbeck given to cure cata-
illeg.; Abrus abrus W.F. Wright; Abrus cyaneus R. Vig.;
ract; seeds ground, brewed and taken as a cure for asthma;
Abrus maculatus Noronha, nom. nud.; Abrus minor Desv.;
seed paste when placed in cotton and inserted in vagina causes
Abrus pauciflorus Desv.; Abrus precatorius var. novo-
abortion, also criminal abortion. Veterinary medicine, whole
guineensis Zipp. ex Miq.; Abrus squamulosus E. Mey.; Abrus
plant extract given orally for retained placenta; the leaves of
tunguensis P. Lima; Abrus wittei Baker f.; Glycine abrus L.)
this plant and the leaves of Calotropis procera are mixed,
(Latin, relating to prayer)
burnt and the ash given to goats after delivery; pounded
India, Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, twining vine, wiry, leaves decoction given for insect bite; leaf paste a germicide
woody, slender flexible branches, pinkish white flowers in to dress wounds in domestic animals; leaves extract given
Abrus Adans. Fabaceae (Abreae, Leguminosae) 9

to cure anthrax, in insect bite, in retained placenta; crushed in South Africa: umKhokha (Zulu)
roots applied to cure white eyes of the cattle; powdered seeds
in Tanzania: kitinutimu, lufambo, lufiambo, lufyambo, oru-
given with water to treat liver disorders, poisoning and ner-
tuti, rufumbo, ufambo, zangaso
vousness; seeds paste applied on yokegall, seed powder fed
to ox to cure galls on the neck. Used in religion and magico- in Togo: dékudjé, denkudjé, djédjinkudjin
religious beliefs and performances, amulet from the roots; a
in Uganda: kasitisiti, osito
piece of root tied round the wrist is believed to prevent skin
diseases; Tantric rituals, rosaries made of seeds; a traditional in Zambia: masoapusi, mupiti, mupitipiti, musolosolo, muzaviji
remedy through plant wreath, stem pieces tied on hand to
in Zimbabwe: muTiti, mu Piti (Shona)
treat fits. Contact therapy, or touch therapy, to cure toothache
a piece or root is tied around the ear.) in Burma (Myanmar): ywe-nge
in English: bead vine, black-eyed Susan, coral-bead plant, in Cambodia: ângkreem, kre:m krâ:m
coral pea, crab’s eyes, crab-eye vine, Indian licorice, Indian
liquorice, Jamaica liquorice, jecquirity bean, jequerity seeds, in China: xiang si zi, hsiang ssu tzu, hung tou
jequirity, jequirity bean, john crow beads, jumbie bead, lico- in India: aainu-ddik, aainuddek, aainuddik, adimaduram, adin-
rice, licorice bean, licorice vine, love bean, love pea, lucky gam, adisamiyai, ain-ed-dik, ali, angaravallari, angaravalli,
bean, Paternoster beans, prayer beads, precatory bean, prec- arakead, arked, aru, aruna, atimadhuram, atimadhuramu,
atory-pea, red bead plant, red bean vine, rosary pea, weather atimaturam, atinkam, atti, avu, bhilabhushana, bhillabusana,
plant, weather vine, wild licorice, wild liquorice bhut kesi, boga lota, cekkunni, chakrashalya, chan-cha-lank,
in Brazil: açacu-mirim, arvoeiro, geriginiti, inqueriti, jer- chanboi, chaning, chanothi, chanothi saphed, chanoti, chanoti
iquiti, juqueriti, juriquiti, olho-de-cabra, olhos-de-pombo, pan, charmoi, charmoli, chashami-khurosa, chashme-khuros,
periquiti, tento-arvoeiro, tento-dos-mudos chashmekharush, chashmkhuros, chashmkuros, chataki,
chhannochi (gumachi) lal, chhannochi (gumachi) safed, chi-
in Mexico: yogoak ramathi, chiramati lal, chiramati safed, chirmati, chirmati
in Venezuela: bejuco de peonia kali, chirmati lal, chirmati safed, chirmi, chirmiti, chormoi,
chua-cha-lauk-li (for a plant with white seeds), chudala, chu-
in Benin: assenounkounman, awinoukouvi, babanyékou, din- damani, chuntli, cinkili, cinni, cinnicanni, ciritakam, ciritam,
din-foudin, djen-gjenkoundjen, djèndjènkoudjèn, odjouéga, cirrilaimanikkoti, citakkanni, citikam, citikamanikkoti, cit-
sindin-foudin, viviman tilaicceti, civappakatitakkoti, civappakatitam, coondumunnie
in Botswana: mpitipiti vayr, coonycooroo, cutamanikkoti, dhala kaincha, dhvank-
shanakha, durmogha, edalagam, egunru, ekunru, etalakam,
in Burundi: umurungarunga galaganji, gaunchhi, gaungchi, ghughuchi, ghumachi, ghum-
in Comoros: karawashone, mbilimbitsi chi, ghunchchi surkh, ghunchi, ghunchu, ghungchi, ghun-
gchi safaid, ghunghachi, gomchi, gonjel, goonja, gueugunji,
in Congo: bembari ngyengye, djekiri, fingu, ikegne, ikenie, gul-ganji, gulagangi, gulaganji, gulagunji, gulagunjie, gul-
makoma koma, mangala, mopingwa, moungouba-kombo, ganji, guliganji, guluganji, gulugunjiballi, gumchi, guncaci,
mudjiri bisaye, muzekezeke, ngiengie, nguieguié, ngy engye gunchi, gunci, gundamani, gundu-mani, gundumani, gunj,
in Ivory Coast: boudonguié, damabo, goassien, gou-bléidi, gunj ratt, gunja, gunji, gunjika, gunjratt, guri-ginja, guriginja,
klékwé, krikpé, laboma, moudié-bi-titi, sanga, sicama gurija, gurivenda, gurivinda, gurivindalu, gurj, guru-venda,
gurugangi, guruganji, gurugiinia, guruginia, guruginja,
in Kenya: banyorboi, motipitipi, mwanga-la-nyuki, ombulu gurugonji, gurugunji, gurunenda, guruvinda, haga, hauga,
in Madagascar: hanana, kelimiefitra, liane réglisse, irattimadhuram, jeshtamadhu, kaheich, kainch, kaincha,
masogaga, masomamboatorana, masonamboatora, kaka, kakachinchi, kakachinchibijam, kakachinchika,
masonombilahy, matora, pater noster, réglisse du pays, voa- kakacincai, kakacinci, kakadani, kakajangha, kakananti,
maintilahy, voamaintilama, voamaintilany, voamantora, kakanantika, kakanantirai, kakani, kakashimbi, kakatikta,
voamason’amboatorana, voamatora, voamena, voamenti- kakatiktam, kakatundika, kakavallari, kakini, kaksha, kallu-
lano, voamina raynci, kalmuraki, kalmurakikkoti, kamapoki, kamboji, kam-
peru, kampocam, kampoki, kampokikam, kanchi, kandam,
in Mali: jiquirity, n’de bleni
kanichi, kanwar, karjain, karjani, karunkunri, karuttanira-
in Nigeria: adagbe, ainya-nwono, ajikana, aladun, anya nwona, malacci, katukali, katukalikkoti, katuku, kawet, kead, kempu
ewe aladun, idon-zakara, iwere-jeje, mako, mesen-mesen, kannu beeja, khaksi, kindumuthan, klitakam, klitakkam,
mesenmesen, mesenmesen itakun, misinmisin, oju eyele, oju koccimancati, koccimancatimani, kollikam, konni, koonch,
ologbo, olatogege, pakun obarisa, tandara, werenjeje koticci, kotipenam, kotiyenacceti, krishnachudika, krishnala,
kuccam, kukkutam, kukkutamu, kunacam, kunakkari, kuna-
in N. Rhodesia: mikube, mukenyenge
pacakkoti, kunca, kuncakam, kuncalakkoti, kuncalam, kun-
in Senegal: ngid fanggool (= snake eyes) caram, kunch, kunch lal, kunci, kuncikam, kuncuram, kundh,
10 Abuta Aublet Menispermaceae

kundrimani, kundumani, kundumuthan, kuni, kunjam, kun- in Hawaii: pukiawe, pukiawe lei, pukiawe lenalena, pupukiawe
juram, kunni, kunni-kuru, kunnikkuru, kunnikuru, kun-
Abrus pulchellus Thwaites (Abrus fruticulosus auct.
niveru, kunri, kunri-mani, kunricceti, kunrimani, kunrivittu,
non Wight & Arn.; Abrus fruticulosus Wall.; Abrus lae-
kunthamani, kuntri, kuntumani, kuruvi, kuruvikakkoti,
vigatus E. Mey.; Abrus laevigatus sensu Breteler; Abrus
kuruvikam, kuruvintakkoti, lahan-gunj, lal geri, lal gunja,
stictosperma Berhaut)
lal kunch, lal rati, lalgadi, latur mani, madhuka, madhukam,
madhukavalli, madhumulam, maghz tukhm kunch, malaik- India. Perennial non-climbing shrub
kuruvi, maniccikai, maturakam, mirintika, mukkirakariyar,
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5819, 5820. 1831–1832 and Bull.
mukkirkariyar, mukkutamu, mulati, nakaciritam, nancarut-
Soc. Bot. France Mém. 1953–1954: 7. [14 Oct 1954], Kew
tanputu, nanci, nancicci, naykattankoti, naykkarantai, nayk-
kattan, nilakkunti, nilakkuntikkoti, nirattakankari, pacalai, Bulletin 24: 1–70, 235–307. 1970
palaccaki, palaccakikkoti, palaccaritam, rakta, raktala, rak- (Used in Ayurveda. Roots used in colic. Seed powder taken
tan, raktika, ranga latumoni, rati, rati badami, rati gulabi, with little goat or cow’s milk to check conception.)
rati kali, rati safed, ratigiri, ratki, ratnalya, rattak, ratti, ratti
safaid, ratti surkh, ratur mani, rauns, runjo, sarmai, saumya, in India: gaunchi, karanjika, kunch, safed gunj,
shangir, shangushtha, shekkunn, shikhandi, shikhandini, shi- vella­kun­dumani
tapaki, shvetabija, shvetagunja, shvetaraktika, shvetkamboji, in Malay: akar kachang inai
shvetochchata, shyamalachuda, sinnaguruginja, surkh, tami-
rakam, tamirikai, tanuve, tatti, tittaparuvan, tukhm kunch,
tulabija, uccatam, uchchatta, uma, umatakiyakkoti, umata- Abuta Aublet Menispermaceae
kiyam, uyar, uyarvukkoti, vaktrashalya, vanya, vayasadini,
venkunri, venkunrivittu A native name for Abuta rufescens Aublet, called abouta
or abuta by the Garipons, French Guiana, see Histoire des
in Indonesia: ailalu picar, akar belimbing, akar saga betina, plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 618, t. 250. 1775 and Mem.
aliwensi, aliweue, gaksagakan lakek, hasobe, idi idi maloko, New York Bot. Gard. 22(2): 1–89. 1971.
idihi maloko, idisi maloko, kaca, kalepip, kaltasi, kandei,
kenderi kundi, kundi, maat metan, mali-mali, parusa, pikal, Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandwith (Abuta concolor Poepp.
pikalo, pikolo, piling-piling, punol, punu no matiti, ratti, & Endl.; Abuta concolor Benth.; Abuta guyanensis Eichler;
saga, saga areuy, saga betina, saga biji, saga buncik, saga Anelasma concolor Miers; Anelasma gardnerianum Miers;
kenderi, saga ketek, saga leutik, saga manis, saga telik, sagai Anelasma guianense Miers; Anelasma laurifolium Sagot;
kai, sago batino, sarmai, seklawan, seugeun, seugew, talam Anelasma martianum Miers; Anelasma pallidum Miers;
punal, tampunal, taning bajang, tella guriginja, tella guri- Anelasma spruceanum Miers; Anelasma urophyllum Miers;
vinda, thaga, walipopo, war kamasan, war kamasin Cocculus grandifolius Mart.; Cocculus grandifolius Perrot
& Vogt; Cocculus laevigatus Mart.; Cocculus urophyllus
in Japan: ahadan, tô-azuki Mart.; Trichoa concolor Endl.; Trichoa guyanensis Klotzsch
in Malaysia: akar belimbing, akar saga, akar saga betina, & Eichler)
saga akar, saga betina, saga kechil Peruvian Amazon. Tree, leaves coriaceous, axillary inflores-
in Laos: khua sa em, makam cence, hard drupes, in secondary forest

in Nepal: lalgedi, ratigedi See Repertorium für die Pharmacie 36: 345. 1830 and Das
Pflanzenreich 4(94): 197. 1910, Index Kewensis 7: 52. 1929,
in Philippines: agaion, aguiang-iang, bangati, bugaiong, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1937: 397. 1937,
bugayong, gikos-gikos, gumaing, kaloo, kansasaga, laga, Krukoff, B. A. & Moldenke, H.N. “Studies of American
manggadolong, matang-pune, oiangia, saga Menispermaceae, with special reference to species used
in Thailand: cha-em-thet, kam-ta-kai, kemkrom, klam in preparation of arrow-poisons.” Brittonia 3: 1–74. 1938,
khruea, ma-khaek, ma-klam-khrua, ma-klam-ta-nu, ma Phytologia 33(5): 323–341. 1976, Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.
khaam thao, ma klam taanuu, mai fai, ta-klam (Bolivia) Com. 10: 32–52. 1990
in Tibetan: ma ru rtse, mda’-rgyus, o la mase dmarpo, ol ma (Leaves infusion febrifuge, effective against malaria
se dkar po, ol ma sedmar pod and fevers; leaves boiled and applied to infected eyes.
Arrow poison.)
in Vietnam: cam sao, cam thao day, cam th[ar]o d[aa]y, cuom
thao, d[aa]y c[uw][owf]m th[ar]o, d[aa]y t[uw][ow]ng t[uw], in Peru: abuta, caimitillo, sanango, trompetero
day chi chi
Abuta rufescens Aubl. (Abuta convexa (Vell.) Diels; Abuta
in Australia: gidee gidee, wild jumble convexa Diels; Abuta heterophylla Miers; Abuta macro-
phylla Miers; Abuta rufescens DC.; Abuta rufescens Griseb.,
in Fiji: diridamu, lele, leredamu
nom. illeg.; Abuta scandens DC.; Abuta scandens Barrère,
in Guam: kolales halumtano nom. inval.; Abuta splendida Krukoff & Moldenke; Abuta
Abutilon Miller Malvaceae 11

wilson-brownei R.S. Cowan; Cissampelos abutua Velloso; Abutilon angulatum (Guill. & Perr.) Mast. (Abutilon inter-
Cissampelos convexa Vell.; Cissampelos tomentosa Velloso; medium Hochr. ex Garcke; Abutilon pseudangulatum Hochr.;
Cocculus abuta (Lam.) Kostel.; Cocculus abuta Kostel.; Bastardia angulata Guill. & Perr.; Sida macrophylla Hils. &
Cocculus macrophylla A. St.-Hil. & Tul.; Cocculus macro- Bojer ex Baill.)
phyllus A. St.-Hil. & Tul.; Cocculus martii A. St.-Hil. & Tul.;
Tanzania. Woody herb, branches very spreading, flowers
Cocculus tomentosa Mart.; Cocculus tomentosus Colebr.;
bright orange-yellow, papery dark brown fruit sections, inva-
Cocculus tomentosus Mart. ex Eichler; Menispermum abuta
sive weed, young leaves and flowers used as a vegetable
L., nom. illeg.; Menispermum abuta Lam.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 683–686. 1753, Nova Genera et
South America. Liana Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 254. 1821[1822], Florae
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 618– Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 65. 1831, Beitrag zur Flora
620, t. 250. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: Aethiopiens … 49. 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 183. 1868,
100. 1796, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 504.
1: 542. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Trans. Linn. Soc. 1885 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques
London 13(1): 59. 1821, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis de Genève 6: 13. 1902, Lundellia 5: 82. 2002
Regni Vegetabilis 1: 103. 1824, Allgemeine Medizinisch- (Roots boiled and the liquid to treat cough, can also be used
Pharmazeutische Flora 2: 501. 1833, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. to ease labor pains.)
sér. 2, 17: 134–135. 1842, Journal of the Proceedings of the
Linnean Society 3: 109. 1858 [1859 publ. 1858], Annales in Tanzania: fiefie, fyefye, fyofyokoe, nyalufungulo,
des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 17: 47. 1862, nyamabumu
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 14(82): 258. 1864 and Das Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sweet (Abutilon glaucum (Cav.)
Pflanzenreich (Engler) Menispermac. IV. 94(Heft 46): 193. Cav., nom. illeg., non Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sweet;
1910, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 68: 241. 1941, Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) G. Don, nom. illeg., non Abutilon
Brittonia 7: 394. 1952, Phytologia 33(5): 323–341. 1976, glaucum (Cav.) Sweet; Sida glauca Cav.)
Phytologia 50(2): 80–111. 1982
Senegal, India. Undershrub, axillary solitary bright
(Bark used for arrow poison.) yellow flowers
in English: white Pareira root See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte …
in Brazil: abútua, abútus 1: 8, pl. 11. 1791, Hortus Britannicus 54. 1826, A General
History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 504. 1831, Flora of
Tropical Africa 1: 185. 1868 and Taxon 28: 274–275. 1979

Abutilon Miller Malvaceae (Used in Ayurveda. Seeds demulcent, diuretic, pectoral,

antimicrobial.)
From the Arabic name for a plant, aubutilun, see The
Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. in English: Indian mallow
1754, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 398. 1763, Ueber einige künstli- in India: bal bij, balbij, karandi, kasili
che Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse
der Monadelphien 28. 1787, Vorles. Churpfälz. Phys.-Öcon. Abutilon grandiflorum G. Don
Ges. 4(1): 244. 1788, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 469. 1824, Gen. Hist. 1: Tropical Africa. Woody-based herb, shrub, yellow-orange
501. 1831, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 114. 1835, Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] flowers
986. 1840, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 21, footnote.
1852, Gray, Asa (1810–1888), Plantæ wrightianæ texano- See A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 504.
mexicanæ: an account of a collection of plants made by 1831 and Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Malv. 141. 2009
Charles Wright, A.M. in an expedition from Texas to New (Leaves and roots for mental disorders, hysteria, fevers.)
Mexico, in the summer and autumn of 1849, with critical
notices and characters of other new or interesting plants Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet (Abutilon arnottia-
from adjacent regions, & c., Washington: Published by the num (Gillies ex Hook.) Walp.; Abutilon arnottianum Walp.;
Smithsonian Institution, 1852, Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] Abutilon asiaticum Sweet; Abutilon asiaticum (L.) Sweet;
Abutilon asiaticum (L.) G. Don; Abutilon asiaticum (L.)
78–79. 1859, Gen. Fl. Amer. Bor. Ill. 2: 167. 1859, Fl. Bras.
Guill. & Perr.; Abutilon asiaticum G. Don; Abutilon asi-
(Martius) 12(3): 366, 369. 1891 and Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small]. 764.
aticum Guill. & Perr.; Abutilon molle Sweet, nom. illeg.;
1903, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
Abutilon molle Baker; Abutilon sordidum K. Schum.; Sida
43(4): 96–108, pl. 5, f. 2, pl. 7, f. 19–27, pl. 10. 1908, Bull.
arnottiana Gillies ex Hook.; Sida arnottiana D. Dietr.; Sida
Soc. Bot. Genève sér. 2, 1: 209. 1909, Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl.
grandifolia Willd.; Sida mollis Rich.; Sida mollis Ortega,
Brit. Isles, 3: 428. 1913, Boll. Reale Orto Bot. Palermo n.s., 1:
nom. illeg., non Sida mollis Rich.)
79–80, 83, 87, 89, 92–94, 98. 1915, Madroño 30(2): 84. 1983,
Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 24–25, 75. 1988. South America. Shrub, petals orange-yellow
12 Abutilon Miller Malvaceae

See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- pettaka, pettaka-putti, pidari, pipidi kaaya, pitapuspa, pitari,
tion no. 1. 1754, Centuria II. Plantarum … 26. 1756, Actes pitikkapattu, rishiprokta, shita, shitapushpa, shreemudre
de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 111. 1792, gida, shrimudrigida, srimudre, srimudre gida, srimudrigida,
Novarum, aut Rariorum Plantarum Horti Reg. Botan. tepari, thurubee gida, thuteribenda, thuthi, thuthi gida, thuth-
Matrit. 5: 65. 1798, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici thi, thuthura benda, thutirichettu, thutthi, thutthurubenda,
Berolinensis, … 2: 724. 1809, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet] 53. thutti, tutiri-chettu, tutta, tutti, tutti gida, tuttigida, tutturu-
1826, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet], ed. 2. 65. 1830, A General benda, tuvatti, uram, vatyapushpika, velluram, ventutti,
History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 503. 1831, Florae vikankata, vikankati, vrishyagandha, vrishyagandhika
Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 67. 1831, Botanical Miscellany 3:
in Tibet: a ti ba la, ba-la, i ta la
154. 1833, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. (Walpers) 1:
324. 1842, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 78. 1859, Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet (Abutilon graveolens (Roxb.
Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 12(3): 406. 1891 and Pakistan ex Hornem.) Wight & Arn. ex Wight; Abutilon graveolens
Journal of Botany 20: 191–199. 1988, Pakistan Journal of (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.; Abutilon graveolens Seem.; Abutilon
Scientific and Industrial Research 32: 387. 1989 graveolens (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Seem., nom. illeg.; Abutilon
(Used in Sidha. Seeds for cough. Leaves decoction and graveolens (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Wight & Arn.; Abutilon gra-
infusion for snakebites, insect sting, juice from the flowers, veolens var. hirtum (Lam.) Mast.; Abutilon hirtum Cordem.;
external use; leaves mucilaginous demulcent. Roots for eye Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Jacob Cord., isonym; Abutilon
diseases, leprosy, an infusion cooling.) hirtum (Lam.) G. Don, isonym; Abutilon hirtum G. Don;
Abutilon hirtum Sweet; Abutilon indicum var. hirtum (Lam.)
in English: hairy abutilon, velvet-leaf Griseb.; Beloere cistiflora Shuttlew., nom. illeg.; Beloere
in East Africa: kifura cistiflora Shuttlew. ex A. Gray; Sida graveolens Roxb.; Sida
graveolens Roxb. ex Hornem.; Sida hirta Wall.; Sida hirta
in Hawaii: ma’o Lam.; Sida pilosa Cav.; Sida pilosa L’Hér.; Sida pilosa Vell.;
in India: botlabenda, chakrabhenda, jhonkapedi, kanagi, Sida pilosa Mill.; Sida pilosa Retz.)
kangori, nugubenda, patappori, patapporicceti, patarpori, Tropical regions of the Old World. Undershrub or shrub,
peddabenda, peruntutti, petari, selamchi-petari, tootea- hairy, viscid, short glandular hairs, corolla orange-yellow, in
benda, tutti, tuttirai, vhadli petari waste places, along roadsides
Abutilon guineense (Schumach.) Baker f. & Exell var. See Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 17. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
guineense (Abutilon indicum subsp. guineense (Schumach.) Botanique (Lamarck) 1(1): 7. 1783, Hort. Bengal. 50. 1814,
Borss. Waalk.; Abutilon indicum var. guineense (Schumach.) Supplementum Horti botanici hafniensis 77. 1819, Hortus
K.M. Feng; Abutilon taiwanense S.Y. Hu) Britannicus [Sweet] 1: 53. 1826, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1852
China. B, 1855, 1858 G. 1829, Fl. Flumin. 280. 1829 [1825 publ. 7
Sep-28 Nov 1829], A General History of the Dichlamydeous
See Species Plantarum 2: 683–686. 1753, Hortus Britannicus Plants 1: 187. 1831, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 7: t. 26. 1831. [1827 publ.
1: 54. 1826, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs 29 Oct 1831], Catalogue of Indian Plants [Wight] 13. 1833,
Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afhandlinger 4: 81. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 56. 1834, Gray, Asa (1810–1888),
1829 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 74(Suppl.): Plantae wrightianae texano-mexicanae: an account of a col-
22. 1936, Flora of China 153: 32, pl. 17, f. 5. 1955, Blumea lection of plants made by Charles Wright, A.M. in an expedi-
14(1): 175–176, f. 19e. 1966, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 4(1): tion from Texas to New Mexico, in the summer and autumn
28. 1982 of 1849, with critical notices and characters of other new
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha.) or interesting plants from adjacent regions … Part 1. 1: 21.
Washington, 1852 [Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge
in India: adavi benda, adavibenda, akakai, atibala, bala, 3(5): 21. 1852], The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald
balika, balya, baralu kaddi, beloeren, bhuribala, botia- [Seemann] 10: 365. 1857, Flora of the British West Indian
benda, botla benda, darakhte-shanah, darakhteshanah, dara- Islands [Grisebach] 78. 1859, The Flora of British India [J.D.
khteshane, deishar, doodi, doodi chettu, duddi, dudi, erri
Hooker] 1(2): 327. 1874, Flore de l’Ile de la Réunion (E.J. de
benda, erribenda, ghanta, giduthingi, gidutingi, haagade,
Cordemoy) 326. 1895
hetthukisu, hetthutthi, hettukisu, hettutti, jhampi, kamalaku,
kandhi, kangahi, kangai, kangain, kanghani, kanghi, kanghi- (Used in Ayurveda. Poultice applied to ulcers and abscesses.
ka-pat, kankati, kankatika, kansuli, karandi, katturam, Roots against cough and toothache, antipyretic.)
katturan, kisangi, kuruntotti, madmi, mahabala, masht­ul-
in India: atibala, bankhanghi, barkanghi, bela benda,
gh-oul, mashtulghola, mashtulghoul, mast-ul-ghoul, mudra,
karpuripotro, kuruntotti, nela benda, nelabenda, pala
mudre gida, mudrika, muttavashirubenda, mutthavachi-
benda, vadattuti
rubenda, nallatutti, neladurve, noogubenda, nugu-benda,
nugubenda, oorakathin veru, pamyarattutti, paniyarattuti, in Indonesia: bunga waktu kuning, kecemplok, kembang
pedda benda, perun-tutti, perundutti, peruntutti, petari, sore besar
Abutilon Miller Malvaceae 13

in Malaysia: angouri, bunga petang earache, fever, dysuria and metrorrhea; leaves, flowers or
seeds decoction to treat fever, colic, for cleaning wounds and
in Thailand: khrop chak krawaan, khrop see, top taap
ulcers. Root, leaves and seeds tonic for men. For curing piles,
Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet (Abutilon incanum (Link) seed powder taken orally with milk and sugar in the morn-
Sweet subsp. incanum; Abutilon incanum subsp. pringlei ing. Leaves demulcent, emollient and diuretic; leaf juice in
(Hochr.) Felger & C.H. Lowe; Abutilon mochisense Hochr.; stomach troubles; leaf paste taken orally for stomachache and
Abutilon pringlei Hochr.; Abutilon pringlei var. sinaloensis for post-delivery complications, to get rid of leftover placenta
Hochr.; Sida incana Link) parts; fresh leaves paste applied on boils and piles; leaves and
seeds crushed with water and made into a paste applied exter-
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
nally to treat syphilis. Seeds aphrodisiac, demulcent, laxa-
See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera tive, in powdered form given in dysuria; seeds tied over the
2: 204. 1822, Hortus Britannicus 53. 1826 and Annuaire joint to relieve pain. Veterinary medicine, leaves extract or
du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 6: 14. powdered leaves given for dysentery, diarrhea; leaves paste
1902, Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de applied to kill lice in goat; leaves given as anthelmintic; roots
Genève 21: 437, 447. 1920, Journal of the Arizona Academy of Ampelocissus tomentosa along with those of Abutilon indi-
of Science 6: 83. 1970, Madroño 30: 84–92. 1983, Lundellia cum pounded and boiled and the decoction given for insect
5: 94. 2002 bite; fruits of Zixiphus oenoplia along with leaves of Abutilon
(Flowers and root bark used for stomachaches, gastrointesti- indicum pounded and the extract given for dysentery. Magico-
nal disorders.) religious beliefs, ceremonial, ritual, root offered followed by a
prayer. Contact therapy, roots tied to the waist of the pregnant
in English: hoary abutilon, Indian mallow, Pringle’s abutilon woman to prevent miscarriage, roots tied to the waist of the
in Hawaii: ma’o delivering mother for safe and smooth delivery.)

in North America: pelotazo in English: country mallow, Indian abutilon, Indian mallow,
moon flower, sunflower
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Abutilon asiaticum (L.)
Sweet; Abutilon asiaticum Sweet; Abutilon asiaticum G. in Cambodia: dok toc lai
Don; Abutilon asiaticum (L.) G. Don; Abutilon asiaticum in China: mo pan cao
Guill. & Perr.; Abutilon cavaleriei H. Lév.; Abutilon cysti-
carpum Hance ex Walp.; Abutilon indicum Sweet; Abutilon in Hong Kong: tung k’uei tzu
indicum var. populifolium (Lam.) Wight & Arn.; Abutilon in India: adavibenda, adivibenda, advi benda, akakai, ati-
populifolium (Lam.) G. Don; Sida asiatica L.; Sida asiatica bala, bavachi, belocre, benda, bhoka, bilai phul, bilai phulo,
Thunb.; Sida asiatica Wall.; Sida indica L.; Sida indica Cav.; biley phulo, botlabenda, chakrabhenda, debi, dudi, ghanti
Sida populifolia Lam.) phool, gidutingi, hetakisa, hettukisu, hettutti, hetutti, itawari,
Tropics and warm temperate. Bush, undershrub, suffrutes- itwari, jhapa, jhili, jhonkapedi, kakai, kakkati, kan ko tih,
cent, erect, very variable, downy stellate hairs, no glandular kanghi, kangori, kansaki, kansuli, karandi, katturam, kat-
hairs, corolla yellow to pale orange turan, katuram, khapat, kikkaci, kisangi, madmi, mirubaha,
molvearu, mudra, mudrika, muttavaciribenda, noogoobenda,
See Centuria II. Plantarum … 26. 1756, Encycl. (Lamarck) nugoobenda, nugubenda, ottuttutti, patappori, patapporic-
1(1): 7. 1783, Fl. Cap. (Thunberg, ed. 2) 548. 1823, Hortus ceti, patarpori, peddabenda, pedipedica, pedipedika, perund-
Britannicus [Sweet] 1: 54. 1826, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1852 huthi, peruntutti, petaari, petari, pettekaputti, phang-nura,
D. 1829, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs pidari, pitikkapattu, potary, pushik kata, selamchi-petari,
Naturvidenskabelige og Mathematiske Afhandlinger 4: 81. shrimudri, son-patari, srimudre, tara kanchi, tara-kanchi,
1829, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: tatta, thellabenda, thuththi, tooteabenda, tootieakoc, tuti,
504. 1831, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 56. 1834 and Blumea tutti, tutti-p-pattai, tuttikkirai, tuttirai, tuvatti, uram, urki,
14(1): 175–176, f. 19e. 1966, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) velluram, vhadli petari, vikankati
7: 261–271. 1979, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980,
Taxon 31: 582–583. 1982, Mitteilungen der Botanischen in Indonesia: belangan sumpa, cemplok, kecil
Staatssammlung München 22: 5–20. 1986, Pakistan Journal
in Laos: houk phao ton
of Botany 20: 191–199. 1988, Journal of Cytology and
Genetics 28: 71–76. 1993 in Malaysia: bunga kisar, kambang lobo, kambong lubok,
kembang lohor, kembang lubok, kisar, malbar, pokok kem-
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant used for abor-
bang lohor
tion; fresh plant decoction taken orally in gonorrhea; ash of
the whole plant applied on burns. Bark astringent, diuretic. in Philippines: dalupang, dulupang, giling-gilingan, kuako-
Decoction of the root, with other ingredients, used in paraly- kuakohan, kuakuakohan, lulupau, lup-luppau, luplupau, mal-
sis; powdered roots in fever, epilepsy, cough and leprosy. bas, malis, malvas, malvas de Castilla, malvis, marbas, palis,
Roots and leaves analgesic, in the treatment of flu, headache, pilis, tabing, takbi-takbi, taratakopes, taratakupis, yampong
14 Abutilon Miller Malvaceae

in Thailand: khrop fan see, ma kong khaao, phong phaang See Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum
Gottingensis 9: 62. 1789, Botanische Zeitung Berlin 9:
in Vietnam: co tó ép, coi xay, c[oos]i xay, d[awf]ng xay, giang
828. 1851, Fragmenta florulae aethiopico-aegyptiacae
xay, phao tôn, quynh ma
52, index. 1854 and Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 191–
Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik. (Abutilon mauri- 199. 1988, Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial
tianum Sweet; Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Sweet, nom. Research 32: 387. 1989, Journal of Vegetation Science 7(1):
illeg., non Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medik.; Sida 81–88. 1996
mauritiana Jacq.)
(Used for diarrhea, dysentery, stomach troubles.)
Tanzania. Woody herb or shrubby perennial, solitary flow-
in India: kanghi-buti, kangi bunti, kharanti, kharati, pintari
ers bright yellow, sepals tubular at the base, black and
round fruit, hairy spreading black carpels, leaves and in Oman: munaqaa
flowers eaten as vegetable, found in wooded grasslands, in Senegal: ba koiri, danaréi, danéranigal, gabun, kalila,
coastal bushland krakila, kralilé, puri, vé, xalila
See Misc. Austriac. [Jacquin] 2: 352. 1781 [or 1782], Icon. Pl. Abutilon permolle (Willd.) Sweet (Abutilon peraffine
Rar. t. 137. 1783, Medikus, Friedrich Kasimir (1736–1808), Shuttlew. ex A. Gray; Sida permollis Willd.)
Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie
… Mannheim, 1787, Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 53. 1826 USA, Florida, Mexico.

(Whole plant for colitis, gastritis, dyspepsia. Leaves decoc- See Species Plantarum 2: 683–686. 1753, Enumeratio
tion emollient, febrifuge, for diarrhea, dysentery, venereal Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 723. 1809,
diseases, fevers; leaves crushed and the infusion used for Hortus Britannicus 1: 53. 1826, Smithsonian Contributions
diarrhea. Roots and bark boiled and the liquid drunk to treat to Knowledge 3(5): 20. 1852 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 324–
diarrhea, stomachache, colds and coughs.) 386. 1949, Fl. Chiapas 3: 1–90. 1990

in English: old man’s gold, poor man’s gold (To draw boils.)

in Angola: (ka) pianeka, malvas in English: velvet leaf

in Benin: ahanhou, ahlanma Abutilon persicum (Burm. f.) Merr. (Sida persica Burm. f.)

in Congo: kasingololo, tosingololo India.

in Kenya: sulubei See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis
148, pl. 47, f. 1. 1768 and Philippine Journal of Science 19:
in Tanzania: dawo, fiefie, fyefye, fyofyokoe, mbiha, mja- 364. 1921, Taxon 29: 535–536. 1980, Proceedings of the
manda, mutende, nyamabumu, oldadai, udageshade Indian Science Congress Association 70(3-vi): 89–90. 1983,
in Togo: agometutumakpa, emigbé Journal of Cytology and Genetics 28: 71–76. 1993, Zoo’s
Print Journal 21(8): 2372–2374. 2006
Abutilon muticum (Delile) Sweet (Abutilon muticum
(Delile) Webb; Sida mutica Delile; Abutilon muticum Sweet; (Roots of Lawsonia inermis, leaf juice of Abutilon persicum
Abutilon muticum Webb; Abutilon muticum (DC.) Sweet) along with three seeds of pepper and rice given orally to
treat jaundice.)
See Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom.
Second 60-, no. 633. 1813, Hortus Britannicus 65. 1830, in India: bettabendu gida
Fragmenta florulae aethiopico-aegyptiacae 51. 1854 Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (Abutilon abutilon (L.) Huth;
(Leaves crushed and applied directly to the injured area Abutilon avicennae Gaertn.; Abutilon avicennae fo. nigrum
of skin.) Skvortsov; Abutilon californicum Benth.; Abutilon pubes-
cens Moench; Abutilon theophrasti var. chinense (Skvortsov)
in Pakistan: barr S.Y. Hu; Abutilon theophrasti var. nigrum (Skvortsov) S.Y.
Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schltdl. (Abutilon muticum Hu; Abutilon tiliifolium (Fisch.) Sweet; Malva abutilon
E.H.L. Krause; Sida abutilon L.; Sida tiliifolia Fisch.)
(Del. ex DC.) Sweet; Abutilon muticum G. Don; Abutilon
pannosum (G. Forst.) Webb, nom. illeg., non Abutilon pan- Asia tropical. Small plant, fleshy herb subshrub-like,
nosum (G. Forst.) Schltdl.; Sida mutica Del. ex DC.; Sida stems and twigs hairy, nodding flowers yellow-orange sol-
pannosa G. Forst.) itary in leaf axils, edible seeds raw or cooked, invasive, a
noxious weed
Pakistan, India, Tropical Africa. Shrub, undershrub, bushy,
leaves heart shaped, flowers yellow or pink with a darker cen- See Species Plantarum 2: 685. 1753, Ueber einige künstliche
tre, large seed pod shaped like a cake, grows quickly, fodder, Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie 28. 1787 and Blumea
grazed by goats and sheep 14: 167. 1966, Taxon 29: 725–726. 1980, Taxon 31: 761. 1982,
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 15

Bot. Zhurn. 71: 1426–1427. 1986, Chinese Traditional and Ethiopia, Tanzania. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrubby,
Herbal Drugs 23(2): 88–89. 1992, Fitologija 46: 12–32. 1993 young stem dark brown to yellow-grey, flower heads bright
yellow, fragrant, used for firewood
(Used in Ayurveda. Astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emol-
lient, laxative, ophthalmic, stomachic; bark astringent and See Magazzino toscano 3(4): 13–14. 1772, Getreue
diuretic; leaves used in the treatment of dysentery, ulcers and Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde
fevers. Seeds extract to treat fistula.) Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 10: pl. 33. 1827, London Journal
of Botany 3: 91. 1844, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae …
in English: American jute, butter-print, butter-weed, China
1: 245. 1847 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
jute, Chinese hemp, Chinese jute, cotton-weed, Indian hemp,
Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 396. 1900,
Indian mallow, Manchurian jute, Tientsin jute, velvet leaf,
Botaniska Notiser 132: 393. 1979
velvet weed
(Root boiled and drunk for stopping fever, roots used for
in China: qing ma
pneumonia and to keep snakes out of houses; powder roots or
in India: jaya roots infusion repels the snakes. Veterinary medicine.)
in Tanzania: itomonji, itomorji, mgushaamphungu, mtutu-
masimba, ndomondi
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)
Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakeley (Acacia ancistro-
From the Greek akakia (ake, akis ‘tip, thorn, a sharp point’) carpa Maiden; Acacia pachycarpa Benth.; Acacia pachy-
used by Dioscorides; Akkadian kakkum ‘weapon, shaft, carpa F. Muell. ex Benth.; Racosperma ancistrocarpum
thorn’, qamu ‘to rise up, stand up, exist’; Hebrew hoah (Maiden & Blakely) Pedley)
‘thorn’ and haqaq ‘to cut, engrave’. The Greek philoso-
pher Theophrastus (-os) (circa 371–287 a.C.) in De Historia Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree
Plantarum refers about the Akakia arabicai. See The See J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot., 3: 139. 1859, Fl. Austral.
Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 1. 2: 408. 1864 and Journal and proceedings of the Royal
1754, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 1049. 1806, London Society of Western Australia 13: 31. 1927, Austrobaileya
Journal of Botany 1: 323. 1842, Transactions of the Linnean 2(4): 344. 1987, Austrobaileya 6(3): 479. 2003, Journal of
Society of London 30(3): 532. 1875 and Kew Bulletin 32(3): Ethnopharmacology 85(1): 25–32. 2003
524. 1978, Austrobaileya 1(2): 82. 1978, Botanical Journal of
the Linnean Society 92(3): 238, 240, 247. 1986. (Leaves extract antiinflammatory.)
Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth. (Acacia Acacia aroma Hook. & Arn. (Acacia aroma Gillies ex Hook.
abyssinica Benth.) & Arn.; Acacia aroma var. cochlearis Griseb.; Acacia aroma
var. huarango (Ruiz ex J.F. Macbr.) Ebinger & Seigler; Acacia
East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, large tree, flat
aroma var. moniliformis (Griseb.) Hieron.; Acacia huar-
crown, rough bark, thorns in pairs at nodes, white flowers
ango Ruiz ex J.F. Macbr.; Acacia lutea var. aroma (Gillies
in round heads, pods straight or slightly curved, edible gum
ex Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze; Acacia lutea var. moniliformis
See London Journal of Botany 5: 97. 1846 and Mem. Bot. (Griseb.) Kuntze; Acacia michelii Rusby; Acacia monili-
Surv. S. Afr. 44: 1–150. 1979 formis Griseb.; Vachellia aroma (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.)
Seigler & Ebinger; Vachellia aroma var. huarango (Ruiz ex
(Boiled bark for cold and influenza. Veterinary medicine.)
J.F. Macbr.) Seigler & Ebinger; Vachellia lutea fo. aroma
in East Africa: mugaa, munyinya, njora rahisi (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Speg.; Vachellia lutea fo. monili-
formis (Griseb.) Speg.; Vachellia lutea fo. oocephala Speg.)
in Kenya: mugaa
Argentina. Perennial non-climbing tree
in Rwanda: umunyinya
See Botanical Miscellany 3(8): 206. 1833, Revisio Generum
Acacia adsurgens Maiden & Blakely (Acacia adsurgens
Plantarum 3(3): 47. 1898 and Boletín de la Academia
Maiden; Racosperma adsurgens (Maiden & Blakely) Pedley)
Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina 26: 312. 1923,
Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree Darwiniana 7(2): 240–321. 1946, Darwiniana 16(1–2): 144–
174. 1970, Darwiniana 20(1–2): 233–241. 1976, Darwiniana
See Journal and proceedings of the Royal Society of Western
21(1): 49–60. 1977, Darwiniana 25(1–4): 59–111. 1984,
Australia 13: 28. 1927, Austrobaileya 2(4): 344. 1987, Journal
Phytologia 87(3): 139–178. 2005 [2006]
of Ethnopharmacology 85(1): 25–32. 2003
(Antiseptic, antivenereal.)
(Leaves extract antiinflammatory.)
in Argentina: aromita, aromo negro, espinillo, tusca
Acacia amythethophylla A. Rich. (Acacia amythethophylla
Steud. ex A. Rich.; Acacia karroo Hayne; Acacia macro- Acacia ataxacantha DC. (Acacia eriadenia Benth.; Acacia
thyrsa Harms; Albizia sericocephala Benth.) lugardiae N.E. Br.)
16 Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

Tropical Africa, from Senegal to Nigeria. Perennial non- Soc. 92(3): 247. 1986, Silvae Genet. 42(2–3): 65–68. 1994,
climbing tree, straggling shrub, very thorny, spreading, Iran. J. Bot. 7(2): 165–177. 1998
shrubby scrambler, sometimes scandent, stems dark brown
(Aerial parts CNS depressant, hypotensive. Fish poison,
with short hooked thorns, armed branches grey, alternate
crushed fresh pods or powder of dried pods.)
leaves pinnate light green, rachis spiny with an erect gland
at the base, spikes with flowers cream, green-yellow bracts, in English: acacia tree, Australian acacia, Australian babul,
light green flattened pods with a brown coloration, flattened ear-pod wattle, earpod wattle, northern black wattle
smooth seeds, in dry savanna, dry areas
in China: da ye xiang si
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
in India: akashmoni, akashya, Bangali bawar, chopada khair
459. 1825 and Flowering Plants of Africa 42: t. 1652. 1972
Acacia brevispica Harms
(Bark and leaves, pain-killers. Leaves for naso-pharyngeal
affections, pulmonary troubles, venereal diseases; leafy East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, small or low
twigs febrifuge. Root vermifuge.) shrub or scandent shrub, bark with minute reddish glands,
recurved or spreading scattered prickles, flowers creamy
in English: Benin rope acacia
white, straight pods, found in bushland, dry scrub, river val-
in Burkina Faso: bou tougkongou, goubidaney, kaongo pèlga, leys, thickets, upland forest edges
koroto, morare, toufi
See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
in Ivory Coast: kora zu Berlin-Dahlem 8: 370. 1923, Bol. Soc. Brot., 2, 42:
275–304. 1968, Bothalia 10: 419–429. 1971, Bull. Int.
in Mauritania: acharam
Group for study of Mimosoideae, 5: 31–45. 1977, Journal
in Nigeria: gumi, sark’ak’ya of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. 1990, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 83: 39–54. 2002
in Senegal: acharam, asaram, bu tulao, bu tulav, dedd, gogor-
laki, gotote, gubi, gubidanedie (= white gubi), kourkour (An infusion of roots a remedy for intestinal worms; boiled
roots used in the treatment of rashes and snakebite; boiled
in Yoruba: ewon, ewon alèlé
root infusion used as emetic against fevers. Cooked leaves
Acacia aulacocarpa Benth. (Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. on wounds; leaves rubbed on itches. Stems to brush teeth.
ex Benth.; Acacia aulacocarpa var. fruticosa C.T. White; Reported to be poisonous. Ethnoveterinary medicine.)
Acacia aulacocarpa var. macrocarpa Benth.; Acacia
in English: wait-a-bit acacia
lamprocarpa O. Schwarz; Acacia leucodendron Benth.;
Racosperma aulacocarpum (Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma in Angola: (omu) nkhenga, (omu) nkhenya, (olu) nkhuenya
aulacocarpum (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma
in East Africa: ekurau (Turkana), mwarare (Swahili), ol-giri-
aulacocarpum var. fruticosum (C.T. White) Pedley) (from
giri (Maasai)
the Greek aulax, aulakos ‘a furrow’ and karpos ‘fruit’.)
in Kenya: igirgirir, iti, kiptara, kiptare, lgirigiri, ol-girigiri,
Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, green falcate phyl-
olgirgiri, osiri, ptara
lodes, flowers bright golden, woody striated pods
in Rwanda: umugeyo
See London Journal of Botany 1: 378. 1842 and Austrobaileya
1(2): 148–149. 1978, Austrobaileya 2(4): 345. 1987, Austral. in Tanzania: engirgiri, kerefu, mosoma, msewa,
Syst. Bot. 13: 29–34. 2000 mughobari, ol-girigiri
(Antibacterial.) Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. (Acacia caesia var. oxyphylla
(Graham ex Baker in Hook. f.) J.F. Macbr.; Acacia caesia
in English: brown salwood, brush ironbark wattle, golden-
var. subnuda (Craib) I.C. Nielsen; Acacia columnaris Craib;
flowered salwood, hickory wattle, New Guinea brown wattle,
Acacia intsia sensu auct.; Acacia intsia Willd. var. caesia (L.)
New Guinea wattle, Papua New Guinea brown wattle
Baker; Acacia intsia var. caesia (L.) Wight & Arn. ex Baker;
Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Acacia auricu- Acacia intsia var. oxyphylla Graham ex Baker in Hook. f.;
laeformis Benth.; Acacia moniliformis Griseb.; Racosperma Acacia oxyphylla var. subnuda Craib; Mimosa caesia Burm.
auriculiforme (Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma auriculiforme f.; Mimosa caesia L.; Mimosa caesia Russ. ex Wallich;
(A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley) Mimosa caesia (L.) Willd.; Mimosa intsia auct. non L.)
India, New Guinea & Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, India. Perennial climbing tree or shrub, straggling, prickly,
unarmed, drooping branches, used for rearing insects and recurved spines, creamy flowers in small elongate spikes
producing lacs
See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non
See London Journal of Botany 1: 377. 1842 and Contributions Prodromus Florae Capensis 224. 1768, Species Plantarum.
from the Queensland Herbarium 18: 17. 1975, Bot. J. Linn. Editio quarta 4(2): 1090. 1806, A Numerical List of Dried
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 17

Specimens n. 5264 C. 1831, The Flora of British India 2(5): decoction given to treat cough. Seeds antibacterial. Leaves
297. 1878 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of juice along with milk given to cure blood dysentery.)
Harvard University 59: 7. 1919, Adansonia 19(3): 348. 1980
in English: black catechu, black cutch, catechu, cutch, cutch
(Used in Ayurveda. Leaves to kill worms. Fibrous bark tree, Jerusalem thorn, kath, Wadalee-gum tree
rubbed for skin diseases; stem bark decoction used for taking
bath to get relief from body pain. Flowers used for menstrual in Brazil: cachu, catechu, cato, cato-de-pegu, terra-japônica
disorders. Leaves to stupefy fish.) in China: er cha, erh ch’a, hai er cha, hai erh ch’a, wu tieh ni
in China: jian ye xiang si, teng xiang si shu in India: alu, amirakitam, anmaram, bahushalya, balapa-
in India: aichi, aila, antarike, arail, arar, arhaikabel, attu, tra, balaputra, balatanaya, cachu, carrankali, cateku, catta,
attushini, barasige, chende mullu, chilari, dater, dhangar, cengarinali, cenkarinnali, cenkarunkali, cinkacalliyam,
dhanger, dontari, hinguru, hinguru vel, incha, indu, ingkai, dantadhavana, gayatri, hihmashalya, homa, irattacaraccam,
inja, inna, kaadu seege, kari indu, kariyindu, katrar, kond irattacaram, irattacaramaram, irulmuli, jihvashalya, jiva-
janum, konda korintha, kondakorinda, konti, koralakorinda, mangalya, kaachu, kaachu mara, kacappi, kachu, kachu bili,
korendam, korinda, korindamu, korintha, kundaru, kunduri- kacu, kadaram, kaderi, kadiram, kaggali, kaggali chakke,
janumnari, kundurujanumnari, mandarchingai, manjikorinda, kaggali mara, kagli, kair, kalariro, kanchu, kanpuri katha,
nalikonti, ngraem rik, nikunjika, payir rik, sandemullu, sik- kantaki, kanti, kapit, karai, karan-galli, karangalli, karigoli,
eri, singai, tellakorinda, vellindangodi, vellindu, yerra cheeki karimgali, karinali, karingaali kaathal, karinnali, karkati,
karukoli, karungali, karungnyali, karunkaali, karunkali,
in Nepal: harrari
kasha-katti, kashu, kasku-kutta, kasu, kasukkati, kasukkatti,
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. (Acacia catechu (L.f.) Brandis; kat, kath, kath-kh-air, katha, katha gulabi pani, katha kala
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. var. catechuoides (Roxb.) Prain; kanpuri, katha kanpuri, katha safaid, katha singapore, katha
Acacia catechuoides Benth.; Acacia catechuoides (Roxb.) singapur, katho black (kanpuri), katir, katiram, katiravam,
Benth.; Acacia chundra Willd.; Acacia polyacantha Willd.; katiravamaram, katirmaram, kaththa safed pani, kattha,
Acacia sundra (Roxb.) Bedd.; Acacia wallichiana DC.; kattha (chalu), kattha (kanpuri), kattha (singapuri), kattha
Mimosa catechu L.f.; Mimosa catechuoides Roxb.; Senegalia kala kanpuri, kattha kanpuri, kattha mashin, kavi, kayattiri,
catechu (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.) kempu khairapa jaali, kempujali, kempukayiru, kempukhair,
India and China. Perennial non-climbing tree, thorny, bark kempukhairada, kempukhairadajali, kempukhairapajali, kh-
peeling off, branches slender, curved prickles at the base of air, kh-air-babul, kh-air-ka-per, khaderi, khadir, khadira,
each petiole, flowers white to pale yellow in axillary compact khadirah, khadiram, khadiramu, khadiravrikshaha, khady-
spikes, campanulate calyx, fruit a dehiscent shining brown apatri, khair, khair araung, khair gaachh, khaira, khairba-
pod, in open dry places bul, khairkatha, khapuram, khayar, khayer, khdira, kheera,
kher, kher chhal, kher ki chaal, kher ki chal, khera, kherchal,
See Supplementum Plantarum 439. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr khir, khoira, khoiru, kodam, koir, koratam, kotakam, kotam,
1782], Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2):
kotankam, kotankamaram, kottha fooflee sooparee, kshi-
1078–1080. 1806, London J. Bot. i. (1842) 510. 1842, The for-
tikshana, kudakkini, kuglee, kugli, kushtarhita, kushthari,
est flora of North-West and Central India 186–187. 1874 and
kustaghna, kutakkini, kutarcalliyam, kuth, kutilakantakam,
J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 224–229. 1981, Flora of Taiwan, 2nd
kuttakkini, laalkhair, lal-khair, lalkhair, mallasandra, med-
ed. 3: 148–421 1993, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–633. 1996,
hya, mridupatrika, mrydupatrika, nalla sundra, ntakidruma,
Plant-Book 1021. 2008
odalai, otakam, otakamaram, otam, othalei, padalamaanu,
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Powder and decoction parittavam, parittavamaram, pataravatam, pathidruma, pati-
of root, heart-wood and flowers to treat poisoning, wounds, rakam, patiram, pattiracanam, podalamaanu, podalamanu,
boils, vitiligo and skin diseases, cough, hemorrhage, diseases podali-manu, podalimanu, pogamu, poogamu, prasakha,
of mouth and teeth. Root paste tied over joints to get relief raktasara, raktasarah, sandra, saradruma, sengarungali, sen-
in rheumatism. Bark astringent, healing, antiseptic, antidia- karinnali, seredu, shemi, sirumarodam, soma valka, sundra,
betic, postpartum remedy, for the treatment of cough and sore supari chikni, sushalya, sweta khaira, tantatvanam, tantaya-
throat, bronchial affections, dysentery, diarrhea and in heal- vanam, tantiyavanamaram, tara, tare, tareda, tellatumma,
ing wounds and chronic wounds; roasted and ground mixture tere, thareddu, tharekundi, thellathumma, tiktasara, utuk-
of fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi and bark powder of kaimaram, vakrakantaka, varacunti, voadalam, vodalai,
Acacia catechu given to cure piles; pounded mixture of bark vodalam, wothalay, yajnanga, yajnangah, yajnika, yajniya
of Acacia catechu with bark and roots of Melia azedarach
applied on swellings of legs; bark decoction causes squeeze of in Myanmar/Burma: nya, sha, shaji, tun-sa-se
uterus and hence is used for abortion; bark and leaves applied
in Nepal: khair, khayar, khayer
on abscesses. Paste with stem extract of Acacia catechu and
bark of Morus alba applied to abscess due to fishing; pow- in Thailand: sa che, seesiat, seesiat kaen, seesiat lueang, see-
dered stem bark to stop bleeding from cuts and wounds; stem siat nua
18 Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

in Tibet: gsom seng-ldeng, khyi la ba ri, sen-lden, sen lden, reddish-white flowers in terminal and axillary racemes, wrin-
seng-ldeng, skyer seng-ldeng, stod za, tsan-dan seng-ldeng kled oblong pods, tannins, tender leaves cooked in curries
in Kenya and Tanzania: mgenda, mgunga See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Flora
Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd. (Acacia catechu auct. non
Cochinchinensis 2: 653. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio
Willd.; Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. var. sundra (Roxb.)
quarta 4(2): 1039. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Prain; Acacia chundra Willd.; Acacia chundra (Roxb. ex
Regni Vegetabilis 2: 464. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried
Rottl.) Willd.; Acacia sundra (Roxb.) DC.; Acacia sundra
Specimens n. 5250. 1831–1832, Journal de la Société
Roxb.; Acacia sundra DC.; Mimosa chundra Rottler)
Impériale et Centrale d’Horticulture 6: 672. 1860, Anales de
India. Perennial non-climbing tree, small armed tree, spiny la Universidad de Chile 2: 170. 1870 and N. Amer. Fl. 23(2):
stipules, white flowers, glabrous pods 120. 1928, Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society, new series, 24(2): 186–187. 1935
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2):
1078. 1806, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 458. 1825, Numer. List [Wallich] (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Toxins. Roots for
n. 5227. 1831–1832 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 224–229. 1981 smallpox. Leaves as purgative, for bile and liver troubles;
crushed leaves pasted on injuries, headache, wounds. Seeds
(Used in Ayurveda. Tender twigs made into a paste and
in gonorrhea and indigestion, said to facilitate delivery. Pods
applied on boils. Bark astringent, antiseptic, applied to
emetic, diuretic, laxative; a decoction taken as purgative; an
boils, skin diseases and ulcers; bark juice in blood related
ointment from the grounded pods used in skin diseases. Stem
diseases, hemoptysis (Doctrine of Signatures); bark decoc-
or fruits as a fish poison.)
tion to cure dental trouble and inflammation of gums. Root
juice given to woman suffering irregular menstruation; root in English: sappan, soap pod
extract taken orally for stomachache; root paste applied on
in Bangladesh: kangboinba
forehead for headache; root paste given as an antiseptic
after delivery, postpartum remedy. Veterinary medicine, in China: teng jin he huan
stem bark applied to boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds;
in India: aila, ailah, amala, amsikira, ban ritha, banritha,
stem bark along with leaves of Derris scandens and tubers
bahuphenarasa, bhuriphena, carmakansa, carmakasa, char-
of Curculigo orchioides pounded, boiled in water and the
makasa (charama, skin; kasa, to injure), ceyakkay, ceyak-
decoction given orally in trypanosomiasis. Sacred plant,
kaycceti, charmakasha, cheenikka, cheenikai, cheeyakayi,
ceremonial sacrifice.)
cikaikkay, chikakai, chikaki, chikayi, chinik-kaya, chinik-
in English: red cutch kaya, chinnikayi, cige, cikakayi, cinikkaya, civappuvaci,
civappuvacikkay, ciyakayi, danritha, dipta, enneyppokki,
in India: cachu, kachu, kacu, kaderi, kaggali, kaggli, kagli,
hikakai, icciyami, icciyamikkay, inna, jarmi-ersa, kachuai,
kair, kanchu, karan-galli, karangali, karangalli, karun-
kantavalli, kappukkay, kappukkaycceti, kochi, kusia kaint,
gali, karunkali, kattha, kempu jaali, kempu kaggali, kempu
mandashige, mandasige, mandsige, manjisikaya, nakuraci-
khairada jaali, khadira, khair, khayer, khedbrahma, khoiru,
kacceti, nakuracikam, nallachiyakkay, nallaciyakkay, nattuc-
kodalimurunkai, koir, laal khaira, lal khair, lal-khair, lalkhair,
ciyakkay, neyccikkupokki, ollesige, pasoi tenga, patraghana,
madaru, nalla chandra, rat kihiriya, sandra, shemi, sundra
phena, phenila, rassaul, reetah, rijee, ritha, sage, saptala,
Acacia concinna (Willdenow) DC. (Acacia concinna Phil.; sara, sarmakasa, satala, seegay, seegiballi, seekai, seekaya,
Acacia concinna Wall.; Acacia concinna var. rugata (Lam.) seeyakkaai, serhu-arikong, sheegae, sheekay, shekakai,
Baker; Acacia hooperiana Miq.; Acacia hooperiana Miq. shige, shige kayi, shigekayi, shika, shikai, shikakai, shikaya,
var. glabriuscula Miq.; Acacia hooperiana Miq. var. subcu- shikayi, shiyakai, shinikkaya, sia-thli, sie rengkhi, sige,
neata Miq.; Acacia philippinarium Benth.; Acacia poilanei sigeballi, sigekai, sika, sikaya, sikekai, sikiaro, sirengkhi,
Gagnep.; Acacia polycephala DC.; Acacia pseudo-intsia siyakkay, suchei-wak-chigong, suse lewa, suselewa, svarna-
auct. non Miq.; Acacia pseudointsia auct. non Miq.; Acacia pushpi, toldung, tuyyai, vidula, vimala, vishanika, wallasige,
quisumbingii Merr.; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Merr.; Acacia wolleshige, wollesige
rugata (Lam.) Voigt; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex
in Lepcha: naangaa maanyi paot
Voigt; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Acacia
sinuata Jacques, nom. illeg.; Acacia sinuata (Loureiro) Malay name: akar kupoh
Merrill; Guilandina microphylla DC.; Mimosa concinna
in Tibet: sa la
Willdenow; Mimosa rugata Lam.; Mimosa sinuata Loureiro;
Nygae sylvarum-minimae Rumph.; Senegalia concinna Acacia dealbata Link (Acacia dealbata A. Cunn.; Acacia
(Willdenow) I.C. Nielsen; Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & decurrens Willd. var. dealbata (Link) F. Muell. ex Maiden;
Rose; Senegalia rugata Britton & Rose) Acacia decurrens var. dealbata (Link) Maiden; Racosperma
dealbatum (Link) Pedley)
SE Asia, India. Perennial non-climbing tree, scandent
shrub, woody climber, recurved spines, hooked prickles, Australia.
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 19

See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1072. 1806, Enumeratio in English: ant-galled acacia, black-galled acacia, whistling
Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 445. 1822, thorn
Geographical Memoires on New South Wales [Field] 345.
in East Africa: eiyellel, eluai, kiunga, muuga
1825 and The Forest Flora of New South Wales 3(3): 56.
1906, Maiden, Joseph Henry (1859–1925), Wattles and wat- in Kenya: adugo, dugna, dunga, eluai, eluaai, eyelel, flai,
tle-barks … Sydney: W.A. Gullick, 1906, Austrobaileya 2(4): fulaay, iluaa, iunga, kiunga, luai, luoi, mbalibali, mugambu,
358. 1987, Natural Product Research 8(2): 97–103. 1996, mugunga, muguruit, mukuruit, muruai, oduga, sitowonyon,
Iran. J. Bot. 7(2): 165–177. 1998 stoghon, stoghoonei
(Tonic, stimulant, bee food for honey production.) Acacia eburnea (L.f.) Willd. (Acacia campbellii Arn.;
Acacia minutifolia Ragup.; Acacia pseudowightii Thoth.;
in English: blue wattle, mimosa, silver wattle
Acacia roxburghii Wight & Arn.; Mimosa eburnea L.f.;
in China: yin jing Mimosa eburnea Roxb.; Mimosa eburnea Hort. Par. ex
in India: karuva, tiew babur Benth.; Vachellia eburnea (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.)

in Southern Africa: bloubasboom, silver wattle, silwerwattel, India. Perennial non-climbing tree
waalwattel See Supplementum Plantarum 437. 1781, Species Plantarum.
Acacia decurrens (Wendl.) Willd. (Acacia angulata Desv.; Editio quarta 4(2): 1081. 1806, Transactions of the Linnean
Acacia decurrens Willd. var. angulata (Desv.) Benth.; Society of London 30(3): 507. 1875 and Mabberley’s Plant-
Acacia molissima Willd. var. angulata (Desv.) Walp.; Book 1021. 2008
Mimosa angulata (Desv.) Poir.; Mimosa decurrens Donn, (Used in Sidha.)
nom. nud.; Mimosa decurrens Wendl.; Racosperma decur-
rens (Willd.) Pedley) in English: cockspur thorn

Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree in India: bambolero, deo-babool, gabbuthumma, gabbu-

tumma, jaali, jali, joli, kikar, kudai vel, kutai velam, marmat,
See Hortus Cantabrigiensis 114. 1796, Species Plantarum. mormati, pahari kikar, peekethumma, pikajali, pikjati, pik-
Editio quarta 4(2): 1072. 1806, Bot. Beobacht. 57. 1798 etumma, pitumma, piyyathumma, piyyatumma, tambattijala
and Austrobaileya 2(4): 358. 1987, Iran. J. Bot. 7(2): 165–
177. 1998 Acacia elatior Brenan

(Used in Sidha.) Northern and eastern Uganda and Kenya. Perennial non-
climbing tree, tall, riverine, large trunk, rounded crown, fis-
in English: black wattle, common wattle, green wattle, early sured bark, short brown spines alternating with long straight
black wattle white spines, flowers in round heads white to yellow, brown
in Brazil: acácia preta to purplish straight pods, arid and semi-arid areas, common
along rivers and lakes, in dry riverbeds
in Southern Africa: groenwattel
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition
in China: xian ye jin he huan no. 1. 1754 and Kew Bulletin 12(1): 94–96. 1957, Australian
in India: cimaivelampattai, seemai velam pattai Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997

Acacia drepanolobium Harms ex Sjostedt (Acacia formi- (A decoction from the bark used to treat diarrhea and coughs.)
carum Harms; Acacia lathouwersii Staner; Vachellia drepa- in English: river acacia
nolobium (Harms ex Sjostedt) P.J.H. Hurter)
in East Africa: esanyanait, muswiswa, ol-lerai
East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree,
flat or spreading crown, rough bark, spines in pairs, the bases of Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. (Acacia acicularis Humb. &
spines swollen into large hollow galls inhabited by specialised Bonpl. ex Willd.; Acacia acicularis Willd.; Acacia caven
species of plant-ants, white or cream flowers, falcate reddish (Molina) Molina; Acacia curassavica (Britton & Killip ex
dark fruits, fresh soft fleshy galls edible, sweetish bitter inner Killip) Stehle; Acacia densiflora (Alexander ex Small) Cory;
bark fibre may be chewed, leaves and pods eaten by game, in Acacia edulis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Acacia farnesi-
wooded and bushed grassland, on stony ground, clay soils ana Willd.; Acacia farnesiana (L.) Wall.; Acacia farnesiana
Wall.; Acacia farnesiana fo. pedunculata (Willd.) Kuntze;
See Schwed. Zool. Exped. Kilimandjaro 8: 116. 1908,
Acacia farnesiana var. farnesiana; Acacia farnesiana var.
Australian Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997, Nature 401:
guanacastensis H.D. Clarke, Seigler & Ebinger; Acacia
578–581. 1999, Plant-Book 1021. 2008
farnesiana var. lenticellata (F. Muell.) Bailey; Acacia ferox
(The bark chewed and the juice swallowed as a remedy for M. Martens & Galeotti; Acacia indica (Poir.) Desv.; Acacia
sore throats. Roots boiled, the liquid mixed with milk or tea ferox M. Martens & Galeotti; Acacia lenticellata F. Muell.;
and given to women after childbirth as a diuretic.) Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch.; Acacia minuta
20 Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

subsp. densiflora (Alexander ex Small) R.M. Beauch.; Acacia in Burma (Myanmar): nan-lon-kyaing
minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauchamp subsp. minuta; Acacia
in Cambodia: sâmbu:ë mi:ëhs
pedunculata Willd.; Acacia smallii Isely; Farnesia odora
Gasp.; Farnesiana odora Gasp.; Mimosa acicularis Poir.; in China: ya zo shu pi
Mimosa arcuata M. Martens & Galeotti; Mimosa farnesi-
in India: ari velam, arimaedah, arimeda, arimedah, arime-
ana L.; Mimosa indica Poir.; Mimosa pedunculata (Willd.)
daka, asimeda, babbula, babul, baranga daru, borangadaru,
Poir.; Mimosa suaveolens Salisb.; Pithecellobium acumi-
devbabhul, gandharii, gandhelo babul, gandhio babul, gan-
natum M.E. Jones; Pithecellobium minutum M.E. Jones;
dila bamura, gaya babul, girimeda, godhaskanda, grabur,
Popanax farnesiana (L.) Raf.; Poponax farnesiana (L.) Raf.;
guin babla, hirjua-araung, irimeda, jait, kadam kapoor,
Poponax venosa Britton ex Britton & Killip; Vachellia den-
kadi vel, kalaskandha, kankar, kapur, kasturi tuma, kikar,
siflora Alexander ex Small; Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight
krimishatrava, marudruma, nang nuk kyeng, rimeda, tarua
& Arnott; Vachellia farnesiana Wight & Arnott; Vachellia
kadam, taruakadam, tarwa kadam, vetumul, vetuvali, vilaiti
farnesiana var. minuta (M.E. Jones) Seigler & Ebinger)
babul, vilayati kikar, vita, vitkhadira, wilayati kikar
Tropical North America. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub
in Indonesia: bunga bandara, bunga mestu, bunga metu,
or small tree, branched, thorny, leaves bipinnately com-
kembang jepun, sari konta
pound, stipules spinescent, inflorescence of pedunculate glo-
bose glomerules of numerous flowers aggregated in the upper in Japan: kin-gôkan (= golden Albizia lebbeck)
leaf-axils, sessile pentamerous golden-yellow fragrant flow-
in Laos: kan ‘thin ‘na:m, kho:n ko:ng dê:ng, kho:n ko:ng ‘na:m
ers, black cylindrical chartaceous indehiscent pods, seeds
embedded in a sweet pulp in Malaysia: bunga Siam, laksana, pokok laksana,
pokok lasana
See Tobia Aldini Cesenate, Exactissima Descriptio Rariorum
Quarundam Plantarum, Quae continentur Romae in Horto in Philippines: aroma, kamban, kambang, kandaroma
Farnesiano. Rome, J. Mascardi 1625, Species Plantarum 1:
in Thailand: khamtai, krathin-hom, krathin-thet
521. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1083–1084.
1806, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5264. 1831– in Vietnam: c[aa]y keo ta, keo (the same name also for
1832, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: Murraya paniculata and Leucaena leucocephala), keo ta,
272. 1834, Sylva Telluriana 118. 1838 and Publ. Field Mus. keo th[ow]m, keo thi[ees]u, kou kong, kraul, kum tai, man coi
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(2): 487–559. 1937, Ann. Missouri
in Argentina: aranas, aroma, bonni, cachito de aromo, cassie,
Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314. 1950, J. Arnold Arbor. 55(1):
churqui, espinillo, espino blanco, esponja, esponjeira, kunt-
67–118. 1974, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 179–183.
ich, subin, tusca
1989, Syst. Bot. 14(4): 549–564. 1989, Legum. Agric. Boliv.
409–423. 1996, Australian Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. in Madagascar: dintringahy, hatika, ramiarimbony, roy-
1997, Darwiniana 35(1–4): 45–48. 1998, Harvard Pap. Bot. cassy, roy-vazaha
7(2): 381–398. 2003, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005],
in Nigeria: boni, ewo-bomi, opoponax
Phytologia 87(3): 139–178. 2005 [2006]
in Yoruba: bani, bonni
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem bark decoction for
malaria and fevers. Bark astringent, demulcent, for diarrhea; Acacia ferruginea DC. (Mimosa ferruginea Roxb.; Senegalia
juice of bark in stomach pain; bark soaked in water and taken ferruginea (DC.) Pedley)
to treat menorrhagia; bark kept in bed to keep off bed-bug.
India. Perennial non-climbing tree, small armed tree, decidu-
For swellings, pound the roots and poultice. Flowers and bark
ous, rusty-brown bark
used in preparation, applied externally and taken orally as
treatment for various mental disorders. Flowers an ingredient See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
in an oral remedy for anemia with gastrointestinal bleeding 458. 1825 and Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
and epigastric pain. Leaves given in gonorrhea and urogeni- 92(3): 250. 1986
tal troubles. Strongly smelling roots repellent to rodents and
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark astringent, for skin dis-
snakes. Magic, ritual, bark paste, people believe that some
eases, scabies; decoction of bark of Albizia procera with
diseases caused by evil spirits.)
barks of Combretum ovalifolium and Acacia ferruginea and
in English: cassie, cassie flower, cassy, dead finish, Ellington root of Blumea eriantha given as an antidote for snakebite.
curse, Farnese wattle, fragrant acacia, huisache, mimosa, Leaves juice used externally for skin diseases. Pods astrin-
mimosa bush, mimosa wattle, needle bush, north-west cur- gent and demulcent. Fresh pods as fish poison.)
ara, prickly mimosa bush, prickly moses, scented wattle,
in India: anachandra, anasandra, arimedah, banni, banni
sheep’s briar, sponge tree, sponge wattle, sweet acacia, sweet
mara, banue, brahmashalya, dvijapriya, kadara, kaiger,
wattle, thorny acacia, thorny feather-wattle, wild briar
kantadhya, kantachira, kanti, kar, karmmuka, ker, khadira,
in Hawaii: kolu khadiroparna, khaiger, khair, khair bora, khogra, kiri banni,
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 21

kujakantaka, mahavriksha, memivriksha, metacattuvacaram, inner bark fibre chewed for its sweet juice, lowlands, wooded
metaccavarai, pacunkonti, pacunkontimaram, pandhar khair, grassland, in overgrazed grassland, bushed grassland
pandhara khair, pandhra khair, pandhrakhair, pandra-khair,
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 177. 1775, Bulletin de
pathidruma, peykkarungali, safed khair, safedkhair, shimai-
l’Herbier Boissier 4(app. 2): 213. 1896 and Repertorium
velvel, shvetasara, shyamasara, simaivellel, somasara, soma-
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11: 502. 1913, Kew
valkala, somavriksha, somawalkah, son khair, sonkhair,
Bull. 37: 451–453. 1983
tandara-khair, tellatumma, teorikhair, thellathumma, thi-
mai-velvelam, vannesandra, vanni, vanni sundra, vanniku- (A decoction of boiled roots a remedy for abdominal pain.
ruttuvelan, vannisundra, vellichandra, vellisandra, velvel, The white inner bark chewed to slake thirst. Pounded leaves
velvelan, venvelam, vuni, woani, yakimay, yatimay and buds mixed with ghee (clarified butter) and applied
to abscesses.)
in Nepal: khour
in English: white thorn acacia
Acacia gageana Craib
in East Africa: iuaa, kasana, mgunga, ol-jarbolani
India. Perennial non-climbing shrub
in Kenya: arumbe, chuwan, ekisim, enchapalani, kinyua,
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1915(9): mugaa, munyua, orcharpalani, oriang’, tilatil
409–410. 1915
in Nigeria: bakar kaya (Hausa)
(Toxins. Young shoots and leaves eaten for stomachache and
dysentery. Ground bark as fish poison.) Acacia horrida (L.) Willd. (Acacia horrida Span.; Acacia
horrida Willd.; Acacia latronum Willd.; Mimosa horrida
in India: changru tong, changrutong Russ. ex Wall.; Mimosa horrida L.; Mimosa horrida Sm.;
Acacia gerrardii Benth. (Acacia hebecladoides Harms; Mimosa latronum L.f.)
Vachellia gerrardii (Benth.) P.J.H. Hurter) (after the English India, South Africa. Shrub or small tree
William Tyrer Gerrard, d. 1866, botanical collector in Natal)
See Species Plantarum 1: 521. 1753, Suppl. Pl. 438. 1782
East Africa, eastern Kenya. Perennial non-climbing tree, flat- [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
topped or spindly, rough and fissured bark, spines in pairs [Willdenow] 4(2): 1077, 1082. 1806, Linnaea 15: 199. 1841
straight or hooked, strongly scented flowers cream, sickle-
shaped dehiscent fruit, bark stinking when cut, in wooded (Veterinary medicine.)
grassland, in riverine arid and semi-arid areas Acacia intsia (L.) Willd. (Mimosa caesia L.; Mimosa intsia
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 30(3): L.; Mimosa intsia Wight ex Wallich; Mimosa intsia Walter)
508. 1875 and I. Schapera, A Handbook of Tswana Law and Nepal, India. Perennial climbing shrub, cattle fodder
Custom. London 1955, The Tswana. London 1953, J. Lanjouw,
F.A. Stafleu, Index Herbariorum. Part II (2), Collectors E-H. See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Flora Caroliniana,
Regnum Vegetabile vol. 9. 1957, Mabberley’s Plant-Book secundum … 252. 1788, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
1021. 2008 4(2): 1091. 1806, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n.
5250 A. 1831
(The bark, chewed, to treat coughs and sore throats.)
(Used in Sidha. Crushed leaves pasted on injuries, wounds.
in English: Gerrard’s acacia, red thorn Seeds for gonorrhea and indigestion. Stem bark juice and
in East Africa: munyinya, ol-debbei, saie crushed root as fish poison.)

in Nigeria: bakar kaya (Hausa) in India: adavippe-chettu, adaviyippa, alippe, antarike, ara,
arasthige, atavi-madhukavriksha, atavimadhuka, atavi-
in Southern Africa: aapkop, rooibas, rooidoring, rooihaak madhukavrikshaha, ban-ritha, boda chandra, candemullu,
(Afrikaans); umkhamanzi (Zulu); umNgampunzi, umPhuze, chendemullu, darakhte-gulchakane-sahrai, darakihte-gul-
umSama, siNga, singa (Swazi); mokgi (Tswana); ikope chakane-sahrai, dolaphala, garudapu, gudapushpa, guda-
(Ndebele); moki (Mangwato dialect, Botswana); mooka puspah, gul-mohwa, halippa, haltumbri, hunage, ippa,
(North and north east Transvaal); muunga (Venda) ippachettu, ippaya, ippe, ippe-mara, ippi, jangli-moha,
jangli-mohva, janglimoha, janglimohva, kadippe, kadu-
Acacia hockii De Wild. (Acacia chariensis A. Chev.; Acacia
ippe-gida, kodimundusu, korinda, lodhrapushpa, madhava,
oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.; Acacia orfota sensu Brenan;
madhhuka, madhookamu, madhu, madhudrumah, madhuka,
Acacia seyal Delile var. multijuga Baker f.; Acacia steno-
madhukah, madhukamu, madhukavrikshaha, madhushthila,
carpa sensu auct.)
madhusphuttila, madhusrava, madhusravah, madhustilah,
East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, madhuvara, madhuvriksha, madhvaga, madhvalam, maha-
flattened crown, spines in pairs straight and slender, flowers druma, mahua, mahula, mahwa, maul, mowa, patanga,
yellow to orange, narrow reddish brown pods, edible gum, peddayippa, priyala, putakorinda, ranachaipechajhada,
22 Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

ranachamohachajhada, rodhrapushpa, rodhrapuspah, san- (Herero, Central south west Africa); // khub, // khus (Nama,
drathige, sonedarakele, udlu, undra, untupatakkoti, untupa- Southern south west Africa)
tarkkoti, vallikataru, vanaprastha, vanaprasthah, vellaiyintu,
Acacia kirkii Oliv. (Acacia harmsiana Dinter; Acacia kirkii
vellintankoti, vellintu, ventra
Oliv.; Acacia kirkii Oliv. subsp. kirkii var. intermedia Brenan;
in Nepal: kayensi Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. adstringens (Schumach.
& Thonn.) Roberty var. kirkii (Oliv.) Roberty; Acacia ver-
Acacia jacquemontii Benth.
rucifera Harms) (to honor Sir John Kirk, 1832–1922, the
India. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, armed, sand Scottish explorer and botanist, naturalist and plant collector
binder, a barrier principally in East Africa, Consul in Zanzibar, 1858 doctor
on Livingstone expedition.)
See London Journal of Botany 1: 499. 1842 and J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–633. 1996 East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, flat-topped, single
or many-stemmed, peeling or flaking bark greenish yellow,
(Used in Sidha. Astringent, tonic.) spines in pairs at the nodes, pods brown to reddish oblong
in India: bali, baval, bhoi bavli, bu-banwali, bu-bavalio, straight, in riverine woodland, lower highlands, grasslands,
darakhte-gulchakan, huli, ippe, ippe-gida, ippichajhada, in areas of seasonal drainage
madhuka-vrikshaha, madooka, madugam, maduragam, mav- See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 350. 1871 and Kew Bull.
agam, mohachajhada, mohwa, nattiluppai, nattu-iluppai, pin- 1922: 49–63. 1922
naippa, pinnayippa, ratio-banwal, ratio-bassual, sannayippa,
seyilam, tittinam, uriyippa (A decoction of the roots used as a remedy for stomach ail-
ments. A tea from the bark.)
Acacia karroo Hayne (Acacia capensis (Burm.f.) Burch.;
Acacia dekindtiana A. Chev.; Acacia hirtella E. Mey.; in English: Kirk’s acacia
Acacia hirtella Willd. var. inermis Walp.; Acacia horrida in East Africa: kimwea (Kamba), ol-lerai (Maasai)
Span.; Acacia horrida Willd.; Acacia horrida var. trans-
vaalensis Burtt Davy; Acacia inconflagrabilis Gerstn. (= in Southern Africa: moralo (Tawana dialect, Ngamiland);
the acacia that does not burn); Acacia karroo Hayne var. ijwairi (Subya)
transvaalensis (Burtt Davy) Burtt Davy; Acacia reticulata Acacia laeta R. Br. (Acacia laeta R. Br. ex Benth.; Acacia
(L.) Willd.; Mimosa capensis Burm.f.; Mimosa leucacantha modesta Wall. var. laeta (R. Br. ex Benth.) Roberty)
Jacq.; Mimosa nilotica Thunb.)
East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, flat crown, rough
South Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, and fissured bark, straight spines in pairs, flowers in spikes,
yellow flowers flower branchlets with red glands, straight or curved pods
See Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der splitting on the tree, in highland mountain forest, highland
Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 10: pl. 33. 1827, grassland, moist woodland
Linnaea 15: 199. 1841 and Revue international de botanique See London Journal of Botany 1: 508. 1842
appliquée et d’agriculture tropicale 27: 509. 1947, Journal
of South African Botany 14: 24. 1948, Kew Bull. 49: 107– (The bark used in treatment of skin eruptions in children.)
113. 1994 in English: red thorn acacia
(Veterinary medicine.) Acacia leptocarpa Benth. (Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex
in English: Cape gum, Cape thorn tree, gum Arabic tree, Benth.; Acacia polystachya Benth.; Racosperma leptocar-
mimosa, mimosa thorn, mimosa thorn tree, sour thorn, sweet pum (Benth.) Pedley; Racosperma leptocarpum (A. Cunn. ex
thorn, umbrella thorn, white thorn Benth.) Pedley)

in Arabic: talha, ghilene Australia, Papua New Guinea. Perennial non-climbing tree,
small tree or shrub, yellow flowers
in Southern Africa: doringboom, fyndoring, karoo-thorn,
karoodoring, khoeboom, mimosadoringboom, Nataldoring, See London Journal of Botany 1: 376. 1842 and Austrobaileya
2(4): 351. 1987
pendoring, rivierdoring, sambreeldoring, soetdoring, suur-
doring, witdoring, witdoringdoringboom (Afrikaans); (For sore eyes, pounded green leaves soaked in water, applied
umuNga, umNga (Xhosa); isiSani, muNenje, muUnga, with the water externally.)
muWunga (Shona); isiKhombe (Zulu); umNga, umuNga,
in Australia: mangarr mangal
isiNga (Swazi); umDongolo, leoka (Lesotho, Orange Free
State, south east Transvaal); mooka, mookana, moshaoka Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. (Acacia arcuata Decne.;
(Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); mooka, moo- Acacia leucophloea var. melanochaetes Miq.; Acacia mela-
kana (North and north east Transvaal); muumga, muunga- nochaetes Zoll.; Delaportea ferox Gagnep.; Delaportea
ludzi (Venda); gaba (Kalanga, northern Botswana); orusu microphylla Gagnep.; Mimosa leucophloea Roxb.)
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 23

India. Perennial non-climbing tree, white bark, spiny stip- Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Acacia decurrens auct. non
ules, yellow heads, flat pods, roots emit very offensive smell Willd.; Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis auct. non Lindl.;
Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis Lindley; Acacia mollis-
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1083. 1806 and
sima sensu J. Black; Racosperma mearnsii (De Wild.) Pedley)
Taxon 30: 508–509. 1981, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–
(after the American naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns,
633. 1996
1895–1916, author of many books about African birds.)
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Pods toxic to livestock. Bark Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, bark smooth, res-
astringent, abortifacient; stem bark powder given as tooth inous gum, feathery leaves, yellow fragrant flowers, fruit
powder to relieve severe toothache; bark decoction for cold straight or twisted joints between the seeds, confusion about
and cough. Root crushed and mixed with sugar and given this species, closely allied to Acacia decurrens Willd. (green
with water to women for abortion; root powder taken for wattle) and Acacia dealbata Link
jaundice. Seeds used as bed-bug killer. Contact therapy,
root tied on arm to cure fever; ceremonial, ritual, magic, See Plantae Bequaertianae 3(1): 61. 1925, Botanical Journal
stem bark smoke inhaled by patients to ward off evil spirits. of the Linnean Society 92(3): 249. 1986, Austrobaileya 2(4):
Veterinary medicine, stem bark mixed with turmeric applied 358. 1987, Austral. J. Bot. 45: 879–891. 1997, American
to boils, blisters, ulcers and wounds; leaves of Cassia auric- Species of Acacia 124. 2007
ulata crushed with bark of Acacia leucophloea, the paste (Stomachic, astringent, a decoction of the bark used as a
applied on bone fracture and tied; stem bark along with that styptic and to treat diarrhea.)
of Anogeissus latifolia pounded and the extract given for
ephemeral fever.) in English: black wattle, green wattle, silver wattle, tan wat-
tle, wattle
in English: distiller’s acacia, panicled acacia, white babool,
white babul in China: hei jing

in Burma: tanaung in India: karuva

in Japan: wattoru-ju
in India: ahimara, akal, akamamaram, akamaram, akimar,
akimaral, amutacaram, amutacaramaram, amutacarani, amu- in East Africa: man’goi, muthanduku, muwati
tacura, arimaita, arimata, arimeda, arimedah, arutturumam,
in South Africa: swartwattel
beala, bela, bellada, bilijali, caivakatpala, caraparikantac-
cupattiram, cuppattiram, gohira, goira, gondhogoharia, in Tanzania: muwati
gondo-goira, gwaria, harmo baval, harwar, havibaval, hem-
Acacia megaladena Desv. (Acacia arrophula D. Don; Acacia
agaura, hewar, hivar, hiwar, irimeda, irimedah, kalakantam,
arrophula D. Don ex Wall.; Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. var.
kasayatittam, kath safaid, katu andara, kinkirata, kinkiratha,
arrophula (D. Don ex Wall.) Baker)
maha andara, mukarokapucitam, nayibela, nimbar, pan-
harya, patutturumam, patuturumam, payirilam, pitabhadra, India. Shrub
pitaka, pitamlana, raundra, raunj, rayunch, renuja, reonja,
See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1090. 1806, Journal de
reru, reunj, revu, rheunja, rinjra, runjh, runjra, safed babul,
Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à
safed kihar, safedbabul, sharabkikikar, shatpadananda,
la Médecine et aux Arts 3: 69. 1814, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 247.
shveta-barbura, shvetabarburavrikshaha, somavalka, svetab-
1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5257. 1831,
arabura, svetavarvara, tella tuma, tella tumma, tellathumma,
The Flora of British India 2(5): 298. 1878
tellatumma, topal, toppalu, tumbe, tumma, tunua, uttulati,
uttulatimaram, vellaivelan, vellaivelanmaram, velvalayam, (Fish poison, pods and stembark.)
vel-vel, vel-velam, velvaylam, velvel, velvelam, vipralambi,
in China: dun ye jin he huan
vipralobhi, vitkhadira
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. (Inga mellifera (Vahl) Willd.;
in Malaysia: pilang
Mimosa mellifera Vahl)
Acacia macrostachya Rchb. ex DC. (Acacia ataxacantha East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, low shrubby tree,
sensu P. Sousa) smooth bark, small hooked prickles in pairs, white or cream
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree flowers, straight fruit short and wide, in dry bushland, in
wooded grassland
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
459. 1825 See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1: Acacia and 2:
(Vermifuge. Magic, ceremonial.) Inga. 1754, Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 103. 1791, Species
Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1006. 1806, London Journal
in Nigeria: gardaye (Hausa); chidi (Fula)
of Botany 1: 507. 1842 and Australian Journal of Botany 45:
in Mali: safaranwoni 879–891. 1997
24 Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

(The liquid from the boiled bark a remedy for stomach in English: amritsar gum
troubles, malaria, fevers, pneumonia and venereal diseases.
in India: kantosariyo, phalai, phulahi, phulai, phule
Rootbark decoction for malaria.)
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.;
in English: blackthorn, hookthorn
Acacia arabica Willd.; Acacia arabica (Lam.) Muhl. ex
in East Africa: kikwata, kilawata, magokwe, oiti, panyirit Willd.; Acacia nilotica H. Karst.; Acacia nilotica Delile;
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.; Acacia scorpioides (L.)
in Kenya: ebonyo
W. Wight; Acacia scorpioides W. Wight; Acacia scorpioi-
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. subsp. mellifera (Acacia des A. Chev.; Mimosa arabica Lam.; Mimosa nilotica L.;
mellifera subsp. detinens (Burch.) Brenan; Acacia senegal Mimosa nilotica Thunb.; Mimosa scorpioides L.; Mimosa
(L.) Willd. subsp. mellifera (Vahl) Roberty; Inga mellifera scorpioides Forssk.)
(Vahl) Willd.; Mimosa mellifera Vahl) East Africa, Paleotropics. Perennial non-climbing tree, small
Kenya, Namibia. Perennial non-climbing tree tree, often branched from the base, crown flat or umbrella-
shaped, sharp whitish spines in pairs at the nodes, bright yel-
See Hildegarde Hinde [Mrs. Sydney L. Hinde], Vocabulaires low to orange fragrant flowers, pods break up on the ground,
of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa. Cambridge pods a famine food, bark and the gummy fruit pulp boiled
1904, C.W. Hobley, Ethnology of A-Kamba and Other East in water sugar added and drunk as tea, exceedingly variable
African Tribes. Cambridge 1910, Gerhard Lindblom, The species, used for rearing insects and producing lacs, in arid
Akamba in British East Africa. An Ethnological Monograph. and semi-arid regions, sandy coastal soils, black-cotton soil
Uppsala 1920, John Middleton, The Kikuyu and Kamba of
Kenya. [The Kikuyu, including Embu, Meru, Mbere, Chuka, See Sp. Pl. 1: 521. 1753, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. p. lxxvii. 1775,
Mwimbi, Tharaka, and the Kamba of Kenya.] London 1953, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 19. 1783, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow]
Kew Bulletin 11(2): 191. 1956 4(2): 1085. 1806, Rev. Amos Sutton, An introduction to
the study of Oriya. Cuttack 1872, Rev. William Miller, An
(The liquid from the boiled bark a remedy for stomach trou- English and Oriya dictionary. Cuttack [the site of a mission
ble, malaria, pneumonia and for clearing syphilis infections. for the Baptist Missionary Society, India], Orissa Mission
Rootbark decoction for malaria.) Press 1873, Deut. Fl. (Karsten) 722. 1882 and Contr. U.S.
in English: blackthorn, hookthorn Natl. Herb. ix. 173. 1905, Rev. A.H. Young, First lessons in
Oriya. Cuttack 1912, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 74: 954. 1928
in Eastern Africa: kilawata, muthiia, talamong [1927 publ. 1928], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4: 75–98.
in Ethiopia: adal, blal (Somalinya); atnkuy, qontr, qwentr, 1981, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 283–314. 1985,
sbansa (Amharinya); harangama, sabansa (Orominya); Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. 1990, Journal
shoba’ta, qedad, qeres, qono (Tigre); qentb, qentbi, qentiba of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336, 421–427. 2005, Journal
(Tigrinya) of Ethnopharmacology 106: 158–165. 2006

in Southern Africa: haakdoring, hakiesdoring, blouhaak, (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant for sore
swarthaak, wynruit; monka (Kgatla dialect, Botswana); throat and rheumatism. Different extracts of the plant have
mongana (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); been reported to have antifungal activity against yeasts and
Katogwa, muGuhungu, muKotokwa (Shona); monyaka other fungi. Gum applied in the female genital organ as a
(Kwena dialect, Botswana); mongana-moswana (North contraceptive; gum powder mixed with the white of an egg
Sotho), monganga-tau; moga (Kalanga, northern Botswana); applied on scalds and burns; gum from bark used for diar-
omusaona (Herero) rhea, dysentery and diabetes. Bark juice used in the treatment
of coughs, whooping cough and sore throats; dried fruits of
in Sudan: kittir Solanum virgatum mixed with bark of Acacia nilotica boiled
Acacia modesta Wall. (Mimosa dumosa Roxb.; Mimosa obo- in water and the decoction as a gargle to cure pyorrhea; inner
vata Roxb.; Senegalia modesta (Wall.) P.J.H. Hurter) bark chewed or boiled as cure for stomachache, diarrhea;
chewed for sore throat and cough; bark boiled and mixed
India. Perennial non-climbing small tree, thorny, rough bark, with soup or honey for gonorrhea, chest pain and cough.
translucent pale yellowish gum Boiled roots for indigestion and other stomach trouble, roots
decoction a cure for impotence; bark and roots used as an
See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich) 2: 27, t. 130. 1831, Sylva
aphrodisiac. Boiled leaves used for chest pains or pneumo-
Telluriana 119. 1838 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 599–633.
nia; leaves given to pregnant women as a tonic and to have an
1996, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6(24): 2024–
easy delivery; powdered leaves taken for vigour and vitality;
2025. 2003, Mabberley’s Plant-Book 1021. 2008
pulp of tender leaves for dysentery and diarrhea; burnt leaves
(Antibacterial, gums washing and stop bleeding, very effec- mixed with vegetal oil applied for skin diseases, scabies,
tive against dental diseases, gastric trouble and stomach eczema, ringworm. Tea made from fruit drunk for stomach
disorders.) problems; seeds pounded and mixed with dates made into
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 25

an intoxicating drink. Veterinary medicine, bark infusion for karijali, kariram, karivelam, karivelampatta, karnamotam,
stomach problems in goats; seeds decoction as a prophylaxis karumaka, karuvael, karuvel, karuvelakam, karuvelam,
against colic pain, indigestion, pox. Ceremonial, ground bark karuvelam picin, karuvelamaram, karuvelan, karuvelum,
used for rituals.) kashaya, kashtaki, keekar, keekar chal, kikar, kikar ki
chhaal, kinkirata, kirusnappiracotikkuru, kurruvelam, mai-
in English: babul, black babool, Egyptian acacia, Egyptian
yutai, malaphala, metho baval, metocam, metokikamaram,
mimosa, Egyptian thorn, Gambia pods, gum Arabic tree,
metokitam, metori, mughailan, nalla tuma, nallathumma,
Indian gum arabic tree, scented-pod acacia, suntwood
nallatumma, nattukkaruvel, nellatuma, panktibija, pitaka,
in French: acacia d’Égypte, gommier d’Égypte, gommier pitapushpa, samar, shok-e-misaria, shok-e-arabia, suksh-
rouge mapatra, suliyo, svarnapushpa, tamma, thumma chettu,
in Arabic: gurti, (the fruit) qarad, sant, shoka masrya, shoka tikshnakantas, timurukalparuvukkulkuru, tiritapicam,
qibttya, snut toruakadam, tuma, tumna, turuakadam, ukkiratitam, ukki-
ratitamaram, umm-e-ghailan, vabboola, varvara, vavulam,
in Eastern Africa: chigundigundi, ekapelimen, kijemi, vavvola, vedi-babul, vedibabool, yugalaakshamu, yugalak-
kisemei, mfuku, mgunga, mopira, munga, musemei, sha, yugalakshamu, yugmakanta
ol-erbat, ol-kiloriti
in Nepal: babul
in Egypt: (the fruits) qarad
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan
in Ethiopia: aflo (Sahonya), agabo (Somalinya), galool, gon- (Acacia arabica sensu auct.; Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.
ake, marak, tuweer, cea (Tigrinya), qeres (Tigre) var. indica Benth.; Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile var. indica
in Kenya: burq’uq’e, burquqe, burquqis, chalado, chebitet, (Benth.) A.F. Hill)
chebiwa, chebiwo, chigundigundi, ekapelimen, guider, ilgil- India. Perennial non-climbing tree, short paired white
iti, kapka, kigundi, kiprutyot, kisemei, kopko, langid, lkilorit, spines, anthers yellow, filaments pale yellow, pods exuding
lkiloriti, marah, marai, mgunga, mjungu, msemeri, mtetewe, sticky substance
mtsemeri, mucemeri, mugaa, muhegakululu, munga, muse-
mei, musemeli, mwemba, olkiloriti, shighiri, tuwer See London Journal of Botany 1: 500. 1842 and Botanical
Museum Leaflets 8: 99. 1940, Kew Bulletin 12(1): 84. 1957
in Mali: aboro, bagana iri, baganan, bakani, bwana, pakhi
(Gum eaten for stomach disorders, diarrhea, dysentery, dia-
in Nigeria: bagaruwa, bagaruwa namiji, bagaruwa ta betes; gum/resin dissolved in water and applied externally
mata, gabaruwa to treat syphilis. Fruit, flower, leaf and bark powdered given
in Sahara: tamat with cow milk to cure premature ejaculation. Crushed seeds
mixed with sugar and given with milk to increase sexual
in Sudan: bagana, bagaroua, banigna, diabe, fovan, gaoudi, vigor. Bark astringent, aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, a
gonakie, neb-neb, pegueninga, salana, sant, sant tree, decoction in diabetes, pasted on wounds, antidote to poison-
sunt, timiouin ing; decoction of bark of young branches used for washing in
in Tanzania: barabonyoda, baryomodi, kantzi, kihungawisu, leucorrhea. Leaf paste mixed with salt applied on the fore-
kihungawiswa, kijame, kijemi, kinjacha, manange, mdubilo, head to cure headache and eye inflammation; leaves eaten
mfuko, mfuku, mgelegele, mgunga, mgungankundu, mhun- for body swellings; powdered green leaves given with sugar
gawiswa, michame, muela, mufuku, muhinko, muhunga, for spermatorrhea. Contact therapy, root tied on left hand to
muwulagavega, mzameli, olkiroriti, olkloriti, tsagayand cure snakebite. Veterinary medicine, boiled bark poured over
the hoofs in hoofrot; dry root powder of Echinops echinatus
in Togo: magarua mixed with Sterculia urens or Acacia nilotica subsp. indica
in Uganda: okuturyang gum applied to hair to destroy the lice.)
in India: ajabaksha, akuti, babbula, babbulaka, babhool, bab- in English: Indian gum arabic tree, prickly acacia
hul, babla, babli, babool, babool chaal, babool gond, babul,
in India: babbula, babhool, babhul, babla, babool, babool
babul bawal chal, babul chaal, babul chal, babul e kikar,
chaal, babool gond, babul, babul bawal chal, babul chaal,
babul gond, babula, babulzhadd, babur, babura, baburi, bam-
babul chal, babul e kikar, babul gond, babula, babulzhadd,
bul, banvalia, banwal, barboora, barbooramu, barbura, bar-
babur, babura, baburi, bambul, banvalia, banvalio, banwal,
burah, barburamu, bawal, bobbi, bobbuli, bochhuli, boliya,
barboora, barbooramu, barbura, barburah, bawario, kantalu,
bolliye, bubbula, burbura, carapari, chinggonglei, deshi
keekar, keekar chal, kikar, kikar ki chhaal, soma valka
baval, desi-babul, desi baval, dirghakantaka, dridhabija,
dridharuha, gabla, gabur, gobalu, gobbali, gobli, gond bab- Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. (Acacia gorinii Chiov.;
ulkani (badhiya), goshringa, iramangandam, jali, kala Acacia merkeri Harms; Acacia nubica Benth.; Acacia orfota
baval, kalakkantam, kalikikar, kaloabaval, kantalu, kaphan- sensu auct.; Acacia orfota Schweinf.; Acacia pterygocarpa
taka, karagi, kari gobbali, kari jaali, kari jali, karibaela, Benth.; Acacia virchowiana Vatke; Mimosa oerfota Forssk.)
26 Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, medicine, bark juice to relieve sprains, rheumatism and mus-
branching from the base, bark unpleasant odour when cut, cular swellings.)
short spines in pairs at the nodes, axillary flowers white or
in Sierra Leone: tanyé
cream, straight yellowish dehiscent fruits, in dry deciduous
and semi-desert scrub, leaves and pods browsed by sheep and in Southern Africa: iGado, Kandale
goats, the living plant is said to give off a strong bad smell
in China: yu ye jin he huan
when cut
in India: adari, agla-bel, aila, airavati, alay, arare, ari, bal-
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 177. 1775, London Journal
likhadira, bichi, biswul, chilari, cinkai, cinkaimullu, giddu
of Botany 1: 498. 1842, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 30: 275.
korinda, guba korintha, gubakorinda, iyak koluntu, jan-
1880, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4(app. 2): 213. 1896 and
gli babul, jermai shei kshiah, kaarushikaay, khadira, kha-
Kew Bull. 8: 97–98, 101. 1953, Webbia 26: 267–364. 1972,
dirapatrika, khadiravallari, kadshige, kadshigi, kaduseege,
Kew Bull. 32: 529–536. 1978, Kew Bull. 37: 451–453. 1983,
kadushige, kadusige, kadusuige, kamo, kattu indu, khervel,
Candollea 43: 559–585. 1988, Australian Journal of Botany
kirikitikanta, korinda, kuchui, kuro, madise syuri, mulluc-
45: 879–891. 1997
cinkai, mulluciyakkay, mulukorinda, nengtaknta, remsu,
(A bark decoction an emetic to treat malaria and rheumatism. sandanika, ser khing, shembi, sherubati, shil khing, sikakai,
Ash from the burnt plant used medicinally.) silikhadira, sirengkhi, sirengki, svadikhallari, tamrakantaka,
tat-kung, udakirya, uddala, undaru, vallikhadira, vellai indu
in East Africa: epetet, ol-depe, wanga
Malayan names: akar kayu manis, akar manis, kupoh
in Kenya: epetet
in Nepal: agela, aradi, arari, arfu, arphu, sikakai
in Sudan: laot
Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don (Acacia fraseri
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. (Acacia arrophula D. Don;
Hook.; Acacia podalyriaefolia A. Cunn.; Acacia podalyri-
Acacia delavayi auct. non Franch.; Acacia hainanen-
ifolia Cunn. ex Loudon, nom. nud.; Acacia podalyriaefolia
sis Hayata; Acacia pendata (L.) Willd.; Acacia pennata
A. Cunn. var. viridis Guilf.; Acacia podalyriifolia Loudon;
Willd.; Acacia pennata subsp. hainanensis (Hayata) I.C.
Acacia podalyriifolia G. Don var. typica Domin; Acacia
Nielsen; Acacia pentagona (Schumach. & Thonn.) Hook. f.;
podalyriifolia G. Don var. viridis Guilf.; Racosperma
Acacia philippinarum Benth.; Acacia pinnata Link; Acacia
podalyriifolia (G. Don) Pedley; Racosperma podalyriifolium
pinnata Dalz. & A. Gibson; Albizia tenerrima de Vriese;
(G. Don) Pedley)
Mimosa ferruginea Rottler; Mimosa pennata L.; Mimosa
torta Roxb.) Australia. Perennial non-climbing tree, fast growing, bark
fissured when older, mature leaves silvery white finely tipped,
China, Nepal. Perennial climbing small trees or shrubs,
bright golden flowers in profuse terminal clusters, fruit flat
armed, scandent, woody, glabrescent, hooked prickles, inter-
raised over the seeds
nodal spines scattered everywhere, leaflets cuspidate, heads
yellow to white creamy, straight strap-shaped pods, sweet- See Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 407. 1830,
sour ripe fruits eaten raw A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 405. 1832
and Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 256. 1926, Darwiniana 7(2):
See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Species Plantarum.
240–321. 1946, Austrobaileya 2: 344–357. 1987
Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1090–1091. 1806, Hort.
Beng. 41. 1814, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 446. 1822 [Jan–Jun (Rootbark decoction taken for malaria.)
1822], Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 566.
in English: glaucous acacia, golden wattle, Mount Morgan
1832, The Bombay Flora … 87. 1861 and Icones plantarum
wattle, pearl acacia, Queensland silver wattle
formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosa-
nam. 3: 86–87. 1913, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information in China: zhen zhu he huan
Kew 1915(9): 410. 1915, Adansonia: recueil périodique
in South Africa: perelakasia, vaalmimosa
d’observations botanique, n.s. 19(3): 352–353. 1980
Acacia polyacantha Willd. (Acacia catechu Griseb.; Acacia
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Crushed roots made into paste
catechu auct. non L.; Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.; Acacia
used externally for bowel complaints; root powder mixed
suma (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex J.O. Voigt; Acacia suma (Roxb.)
with honey and given in rickets. Stem bark decoction taken
J.O. Voigt; Gagnebina tamariscina sensu Bojer; Mimosa
as an antidote to snakebite, and also in diarrhea and dys-
suma Roxb.; Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.;
entery; juice from bark an antidote to snake poison and a
Senegalia suma (Roxb.) Britton & Rose)
snake repellent. Leaf juice with milk given to infants suf-
fering from indigestion; powdered dried leaves applied as a East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, robust,
dressing to wounds; leaf paste as a postpartum remedy. Fish fast-growing, resinous, bark fissured or flaking, trunk and
poison, fruit pulp, bark and stem; seeds pounded and used as branches often with hooked prickles, spines axillary hooks
fish poison; powdered stem bark as a fish poison. Veterinary in pairs, feathery foliage, fragrant creamy flowers in spikes,
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 27

smooth flat dehiscent fruit, wood termite resistant, near river in Ethiopia: gmarda (Amharinya); gwmero (Tigrinya)
banks, in swampy valleys
in Malawi: chigongolo, mgongolo (Nyanja); m’nyunzo, mtete,
See Supplementum Plantarum 439. 1781[1782], Species mthethe, mlonga, nyungwe (Chichewa); ntarula (kyaN-
Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1079–1080. 1806, Hort. gonde, Karonga district); mgowe, mutenenthe, ngobe, ngowe
Bengal. 74. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian (Tumbuka)
Plants 2: 563. 1832, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 260.
in Mali: jinge, kuruko, kuruma
1845, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 220. 1860, The
forest flora of North-West and Central India 186–187. 1874 in Nigeria: ede, farichin haramata (= falcon’s claw), farichin
and North American Flora 23(2): 113. 1928, Mabberley’s shafo, fatarlahi, karki, karo, kumbar shafo, shahab
Plant-Book 789, 1021. 2008
in N. Rhodesia: muzeze, musense
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark astringent. The leaves
in Southern Africa: white thorn, witdoring; nkowakowa
pounded dried ground applied to sores; young leaves and
(Tsonga); tshikwalo (Venda); muBaimondoro, chiKwiku
pods eaten in jaundice. The roots used in the treatment of
(Shona)
snakebite. Roots and leaves of Cassia occidentalis with roots
of Acacia polyacantha and/or Citrus aurantifolia boiled and Acacia pruinescens Kurz (Acacia pruinescens var. luchu-
the filtrate drunk to cure headache, chest and body ache.) nensis C. Chen & H. Sun)
in English: falcon’s claw, falcon’s claw acacia India, Myanmar.
in China: er cha See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
history 45(2): 296, 298. 1877 [1876 publ. 19 Apr 1877] and
in India: bani, banni mara, bannimara, bile jaali, bilejali,
Acta Botanica Yunnanica 12(3): 260. 1990
buguli, celai, cilai, chelaargudi, chelayudi, chhikkur, cilai-
yuncil, dhaulakhejra, gorado, guanria, khair, kovil, kum- (Bark ground and used for stupefying fish.)
tia, kumtiya, mugali, mugali soppu, mugalisoppu, mugli,
in China: fen bei jin he huan, kuo ye fen bei jin he huan
mugula, mukkili, saikanta, same, samee, sami, samse,
san-kanta, sara tumma, saratumma, sealai, selai, selaivun- in India: motu
jai, shai, shami, silai, silaiyunjai, somi, somiguanria, son-
Acacia reficiens Wawra (Acacia uncinata Engl.) (the spe-
khair, sonekhair, sonkairi, tellachandra, thellachandra,
cific and subspecific names from the Latin reficio, ficere,
vengarinali, venkarinnali
feci, fectum (facio) ‘to make again, to restore, to repair’)
in Tibet: sen lden dkar po
East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or tree,
in East Africa: mgunga, msukanzi, mtopotopo, musewa flattened or rounded crown, rough bark, edible gum, hooks
in axillary pairs, white or cream flowers in small axillary
Acacia polyacantha Willd. subsp. campylacantha (A. Rich.)
groups, papery reddish dehiscent pods, foliage eaten by game
Brenan (Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd. var. campylacantha
and livestock, in dry lowland semi-desert scrub
(Hochst.) ex A. Rich.) Roberty; Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd.
var. campylacantha (A. Rich.) Aubrev.; Acacia campylacan- See Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen
tha Hochst ex A. Rich.; Acacia campylacantha A. Rich.; Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. subsp. suma (Roxb.) Roberty; zu München 38: 555. 1860 and Bothalia 11: 231–234. 1974,
Acacia polyacantha subsp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A. Bothalia 13: 389–413. 1981
Rich.) Brenan (from the Greek polys ‘many’ and akantha
(An infusion of the roots used to treat swelling of the scrotum
‘thorn’, and kampylos ‘curved’ and akantha ‘thorn’)
and as a sexual stimulant.)
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree
in English: false umbrella thorn, red thorn
See Rev. Samuel Johnson, The History of the Yorubas.
in East Africa: anywa, eregae, khansa, panyarit
Lagos 1921, S.O. Biobaku, The Origin of the Yoruba. Lagos
1955, Kew Bulletin 11(2): 195. 1956, William Bascom, Ifa in Namibia: mumangandjamba, muzwa (Kwagali); omutsi-
Divination. Communication between Gods and Men in West yamatsi (Ndonga); gos, ! gus (Nama/Damara); omun-
Africa. Bloomington 1969, S.O. Biobaku, ed., Sources of gondo (Herero); muginda, mutwa (Shambyu); omutyuula
Yoruba History. Oxford 1973 (Kwanyama); g!u (Bushman)
(The leaves pounded, dried, ground applied to sores. The in Southern Africa: deurmekaardoring, haak-en-steek,
roots used in the treatment of snakebite.) rooihaak, vals-haak-en-steek; omungondo (Herero); gos, !
gus (Nama/Damara)
in English: African catechu tree, falcon’s claw, white thorn
Acacia rugata (Lam.) Fawc. & Rendle (Acacia rugata (Lam.)
in Angola: omunianiambungu (Lunyaneka)
Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Acacia rugata (Lam.) Voigt; Acacia
in East Africa: mgunga, msukanzi, mtopotopo, musewa rugata (Lam.) Buch.-Ham. ex Voigt, nom. illeg.; Acacia
28 Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae)

rugata Buch.-Ham. ex Fawcett & Rendle, nom. illeg.; Acacia Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. (Acacia circummarginata Chiov.;
rugata Ham. ex Gamble; Mimosa rugata Lam.; Senegalia Acacia cufodontii Chiov.; Acacia glaucophylla sensu Brenan;
rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose) Acacia kinionge sensu Brenan; Acacia oxyosprion Chiov.;
Acacia rupestris Boiss.; Acacia senegal subsp. modesta
Caribbean. Climbing shrub, straggling, prickly, fruit juice (Wall.) Roberty; Acacia senegal subsp. senegalensis Roberty;
used for washing clothes Acacia senegalensis (Houtt.) Roberty; Acacia somalensis
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 20. 1783, sensu Brenan; Acacia sp.1 F. White; Acacia spinosa Marloth
London Journal of Botany 1: 514. 1842, Hortus Suburbanus & Engl.; Acacia thomasii sensu Brenan; Acacia verek Guill.
Calcuttensis 263. 1845, The Flora of British India 2: 297. & Perr.; Acacia volkii Suess.; Mimosa senegal L.; Mimosa
1878 and Flora of Jamaica, Containing Descriptions of the senegalensis Lam.; Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton)
Flowering Plants Known from the Island 4: 141. 1920, North East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree,
American Flora 23(2): 120. 1928 extremely variable, slow growing, low branching, peeling
(Plant juice applied for boils. Paste from powdered stem as bark, rounded and flattened, clear edible gum, three brown-
a fish poison.) black hooks below each node, white creamy spikes, pointed
variable pods thin and flat, leaves and pods protein-rich,
in India: amsikra, pasoitenga useful for erosion control, leaves and pods eaten by camels,
sheep, goats and rhinos, commonly found in dry grassland,
in Nepal: sikakay, tokne
woodland, dryland
Acacia scorpioides W. Wight var. adstringens (Schumach. &
See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, Species Plantarum.
Thonn.) A. Chev. (Acacia adstringens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Editio quarta 4(2): 1077. 1806, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen
Berhaut; Acacia arabica var. adstringens (Schumach. 1: 245, 271, pl. 56. 1832 and Scientific Survey of Porto Rico
& Thonn.) Baker f.; Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens and the Virgin Islands 6: 538. 1930, John G. Peristiany, The
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty; Acacia nilotica var. adstrin- Social Institutions of the Kipsigis. London 1939, A.H.J.
gens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Chiov.; Mimosa adstringens Prins, East African Age-Class Systems: an inquiry into the
Schumach. & Thonn.) social order of Galla, Kipsigis and Kikuyu. Groningen 1953,
India. Vegetatio 27: 131–162. 1973, Bothalia 11: 453–462. 1975,
Bothalia 44: 55–56. 1979, Taxon 30: 508–509. 1981, Austral.
See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 327. 1827 and J. Bot. 45: 879–891. 1997
Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. ix. 173. 1905, Bulletin de la Société
Botanique de France 74: 954. 1927, The Leguminosae of (Used in Ayurveda. Fruits, bark and gum for dysentery,
Tropical Africa 3: 849. 1930, Candollea 11: 150. 1948, diarrhea, gonorrhea, inflammatory diseases. Gum good for
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 102: 214. 1955 cough, stomatitis and sprue; fried gum given along with ghee
and jaggery after delivery to women as a postpartum rem-
(Stem bark boiled with red potash and taken for toothache edy, and to make them free form sciatica and backache. Root
and stomach pain.) decoction a mild purgative, used in the treatment of stom-
achache and gonorrhea. A decoction of the bark for diarrhea
in Nigeria: kejelivwe
and stomach disorders. The stem or root bark boiled and the
Acacia scorpioides W. Wight var. nilotica (L.) A. Chev. liquid used for treatment of diarrhea, venereal diseases and
(Acacia arabica var. nilotica (L.) Benth.; Acacia nilotica (L.) stomach disorders. Juice from fruits used as eye medicine.)
Willd. ex Delile; Mimosa nilotica L.; Vachellia nilotica (L.) in English: gum arabic, gum arabic tree, Senegal gum, Sudan
P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.) gum arabic, three-thorned acacia
India. in China: a la bo jiao shu
See Species Plantarum 1: 521–522. 1753, Description de in India: babula, gorad, gorad baval, goradio baval, khair,
l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle, Tom. Second 2(1): 79. 1813, kumat, kumatio, kumatiyo, kumbat, svetakhadira
Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 327. 1827, Hooker’s
Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 1: 500. 1842 in Japan: Arabiya-gomu-no-ki
and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. ix. 173. 1905, Bulletin de la in East Africa: ekonoit, kikwata, kikwata mgunga, mzasa
Société Botanique de France 74: 954. 1927, The Leguminosae
of Tropical Africa 3: 849. 1930, Candollea 11: 150. 1948, in Ethiopia: adad, adad-meru, akkrsa, betuba, idado, mahara,
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 102: 214. 1955, qentb, qentbi, qentiba, qwentr, sabansa-dima, sapessa,
Mabberley’s Plant-Book 1021. 2008 sbansa-grar, sfri-dmmu qontr

(Stem bark boiled with red potash and taken for toothache in Kenya: adad, baabido, bura-diima, burra diima, chemanga,
and stomach pain.) chemankayan, chepkomon, dang’ite, edaad, edad, edad-
geri, ekodokodoi, ekunoit, enderkesi, hadhaadh, iddaad’o,
in Nigeria: izegwu iddado, interkes, kikole, kikwata, kiluor, king’ole, king’olola,
Acacia Miller Fabaceae (Acacieae, Mimosaceae) 29

lderkesi, manok, mgunga, mirgi-abah, mung’othi, ol-muni-

shui, olbida, olderkesi, otiep, sadeema, sapans diima
in Nigeria: bonni, dakwara, dakwora, elong, esenik, esina,
hashab, kolkol, nganda-yonge, ngaraba; talha, kolkol
(Kanuri); dakwara (Hausa); dibehi (Fula)
in Sahara: eirwar
2450 Melampyrum L. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae)

in Vietnam: che cay, che dong, tram of Queensland 69: 76. 1958, Austrobaileya 2: 74. 1984,
Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands:
Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. (Cajuputi leucadendron
Spermatophyta 3: 1–461. 1994, Monographs in Systematic
(L.) A. Lyons; Leptospermum leucodendron (L.) J.R. Forst.
Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 1565–1566,
& G. Forst.; Meladendron leucocladum St.-Lag.; Melaleuca
1568–1569, 1574–1575. 2001
amboinensis Gand.; Melaleuca conferta Benth., nom. illeg.;
Melaleuca leucadendra var. albida Cheel; Melaleuca leuca- (Expectorant, for cough.)
dendra var. angusta C. Rivière; Melaleuca leucadendra var.
in English: paper-bark tree
cunninghamii F.M. Bailey; Melaleuca leucadendra var. lan-
cifolia F.M. Bailey; Melaleuca leucadendra var. mimosoides Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. (Cajuputi viridiflora
(A. Cunn. ex Schauer) Cheel; Melaleuca leucadendron (L.) (Sol. ex Gaertn.) A. Lyons; Melaleuca cunninghamii Schauer;
L.; Melaleuca mimosoides A. Cunn. ex Schauer; Melaleuca Melaleuca cunninghamii var. glabra C.T. White; Melaleuca
rigida Roxb.; Melaleuca viridiflora Gaertner; Melaleuca leucadendra var. latifolia Raeusch.; Melaleuca leucadendra
viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn.; Metrosideros coriacea K.D. var. sanguinea Cheel, nom. illeg.; Melaleuca leucadendra
Koenig & Sims; Myrtus alba Noronha; Myrtus leucadendra var. viridiflora (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Cheel; Melaleuca san-
L.; Myrtus saligna Burm.f.) guinea Cheel, nom. inval.; Melaleuca viridiflora Gaertner;
Melaleuca viridiflora var. attenuata Byrnes; Melaleuca
New Guinea, Australia. Tree or shrub, very variable viridiflora var. canescens Byrnes; Melaleuca viridiflora var.
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 1056. 1759, Systema glabra (C.T. White) Byrnes; Myrtoleucodendron viridiflo-
Naturae, ed. 12 2: 509. 1767, Mant. Pl. 105. 1767 and Flore rum (Sol. ex Gaertn.) Kuntze)
de la Guayane Française 3: 138–167. 1953, Ceiba 44(2): New Guinea, Australia. Tree
105–268. 2003 [2005]
See Fl. N. Territory 296, 299. 1917, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 87.
(Essential oil used in rheumatic pains, stomach complaints, 1942, Fl. Guayane Française 3: 138–167. 1953, Austrobaileya
headache, wounds, scalds, cuts; internally used in small 2: 74. 1984
doses as stomachic and antispasmodic. From leaves and
twigs mosquito and insect repellent.) (Used for cough, flu, fever, asthma.)
in English: broad-leaved paperbark, broad-leaved tea tree, in Madagascar: kininina
cajeput, cajeput oil, cajeput tree, paperbark, paperbark tree,
punk tree, river tea tree, weeping tea tree, white wood
Melampyrum L. Scrophulariaceae
in China: bai qian ceng
(Orobanchaceae)
in Indonesia: cajeput, gelam, minjak kajuputih
Greek melas ‘black’ and pyros ‘wheat’, referring to the grains;
Malayan names: gelam, kayu puteh Greek melampyron and melampyros used by Theophrastus
Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake (Melaleuca (HP. 8.4.6, 8.8.3) for ball-mustard, a kind of Neslia, probably
leucadendra var. albida Cheel; Melaleuca leucadendra for Neslia paniculata; see Species Plantarum 2: 605. 1753 and
var. angustifolia L.f.; Melaleuca leucadendra var. coriacea Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches
(Poir.) Cheel; Melaleuca maidenii R.T. Baker; Melaleuca Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 375. 1996.
smithii R.T. Baker; Melaleuca viridiflora var. angustifolia Melampyrum arvense L. (Melampyrum arvense subsp. aes-
(L.f.) Byrnes, nom. illeg.; Melaleuca viridiflora var. rubri- tivum Govor.; Melampyrum arvense subsp. pseudobarbatum
flora Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris; Metrosideros albida Sieber (Schur) Ronn.; Melampyrum arvense subsp. vernum Govor.)
ex DC., nom. inval.; Metrosideros coriacea Poir., nom. illeg.;
Mediterranean.
Metrosideros quinquenervia Cav.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 605. 1753 and Turun Yliopiston
New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia. Tree, white spongy
Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982,
flaking bark, leaves spirally arranged, five glandular sepals
Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise de Sciences Naturelles
and five white petals, each petal with prominent elongated
120: 19–33. 1997, Flora Mediterranea 7: 240–246. 1997
glands, clusters of flowers in 3’s, each triad subtended by
a bract early falling, each flower has a trilocular ovary (For eye diseases, cough, cold.)
enclosed by the calyx tube, persistent woody capsules clus-
Melampyrum lineare Desr. (Melampyrum lineare Desr. var.
tered on the axis
americanum (Michx.) Beauverd)
See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 509. 1767, De Fructibus et
North America.
Seminibus Plantarum… 1: 170. 1788, Icones et Descriptiones
Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 4: 19, pl. 333. 1797 and Proc. See Species Plantarum 2: 605. 1753, Encyclopédie
Linn. Soc. New South Wales 38: 598–599. 1913 [1914], Fl. N. Méthodique, Botanique 4: 22. 1796 and Taxon 31(2): 344–
Territory 297, 301. 1917, Proceedings of the Royal Society 360. 1982, Taxon 41: 573. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995
Melanochyla Hook.f. Anacardiaceae 2451

(Plant infusion for eye troubles.) calcosus (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; Mallotus hellwigianus K.
Schum.; Mallotus hollrungianus K. Schum.; Mallotus
in English: cow-wheat, narrowleaf cow-wheat
moluccanus (L.) Müll.Arg.; Mallotus moluccanus var.
glabratus Müll.Arg.; Mallotus moluccanus var. pendulus
Merr.; Mallotus multiglandulosus (Reinw. ex Blume) Hurus.;
Melanochyla Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Manihot moluccana (L.) Crantz; Melanolepis angulata Miq.;
From the Greek melas, melanos ‘black’ and chylos ‘juice, Melanolepis calcosa Miq.; Melanolepis moluccana Pax &
sap’, see The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 38. 1876. K. Hoffm.; Melanolepis moluccana var. pendula (Merr.) Pax
& K. Hoffm.; Melanolepis moluccanus Pax & K. Hoffm.;
Melanochyla auriculata Hook. f. Melanolepis multiglandulosa Rchb. & Zoll.; Melanolepis
Malaysia. Trees, bole with stilt roots, stout twigs, thickly multiglandulosa (Reinw.) Reich. f. & Zoll.; Melanolepis
leathery leaves, white unisexual flowers, rusty hairy fruit multiglandulosa var. pendula (Merr.) Merr.; Ricinus dioicus
with rugose surface Wall. ex Roxb., nom. illeg.; Rottlera angulata (Miq.) Scheff.;
Rottlera calcosa (Miq.) Scheff.; Rottlera multiglandulosa
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 39. 1876 and Wong, T.M. (Reinw. ex Blume) Blume; Rottlera multiglandulosa Reinw.
A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Revised by Lim, S.C. ex Blume)
& Chung, R.C.K. Malayan Forest Record No. 30. Forest
Research Institute Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 1982, Lopez, Trop. & E. Asia to Pacific. Shrub to tree, inflorescences
D.T. Malaysian Timbers—Rengas. Malaysian Forest Service densely pale brown hairy, fruits densely tomentose with stel-
Trade Leaflet No. 87. The Malaysian Timber Industry Board late hairs to almost glabrous, seeds creamy to purplish mar-
and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 1984, genta, aril grey to orange
Menon, P.K.B. Uses of Some Malaysian Timbers. Revised See Species Plantarum 2: 1004–1006. 1753, The
by Lim, S.C. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 31. The Malaysian Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
Timber Industry Board and Forest Research Insitute tion 28. 1754, Institutiones Rei Herbariae 1: 167. 1766,
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 1986 Characteres Generum Plantarum 111, pl. 56. 1775, Flora
(Irritant sap which is known to cause dermatitis. Due to the poi- Cochinchinensis 601, 635. 1790, Göttingisches Journal der
sonous nature of the sap, the timber is not very often exploited, Naturwissenschaften 1(1): 7. 1797, Species Plantarum. Editio
the seasoned timber, however, is quite safe to handle.) quarta 4: 590. 1805, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch
Indië 609. 1825, Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-
in Malaysia: kerbau jalang, mempian, mempiang, rengas lan- Neerlandicae 1(4): 22. 1856, Linnaea 28: 324. 1857, Linnaea
jut, rengas padi, swamp rengas 34: 185. 1865 and Journal of the Faculty of Science:
Melanochyla beccariana Oliver University of Tokyo, Botany 6(6): 308. 1954, Blumea 44:
437–446. 1999
Borneo.
(Bark used as a cure for cough, against chest pain; leaves
See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2313. 1894 [1895 publ. May or flowers on wrist against fever. Antidote, counter poison.
1894] Dried leaves crushed and mixed with cold water, solution
(This species is reported to cause skin reactions.) drunk for constipation, tuberculosis and chest complaints.)

Common name: rengas lupi in Papua New Guinea: avima

Melanochyla elmeri Merr. in Philippines: alim, alom, alum, pasalkal, takip-asin, tres
puntos
Borneo.
See Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. xv. 169. 1929
Melanoselinum Hoffm. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
(This species is reported to cause skin reactions.)
From the Greek melas, melanos ‘black’ and selinon ‘parsley,
celery’, see Genera Plantarum Umbelliferarum 156. 1814.
Melanolepis Reichb. f. ex Zoll. Euphorbiaceae Melanoselinum decipiens (Schrad. & Wendl.) Hoffm.
(Selinum decipiens Schrad. & J.C. Wendl.)
From the Greek melas, melanos ‘black’ and lepis ‘scale, husk’,
see Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae Europe.
1(4): 22. 1856.
See Sert. Hannov. 3: 23 t. 13. 1797, Genera Plantarum
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb.  f. Umbelliferarum 156. 1814
& Zoll. (Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd.; Croton multi-
(Leaf extract for skin diseases.)
glandulosus Reinw. ex Blume, nom. nud.; Jatropha moluc-
cana L.; Mallotus angulatus (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; Mallotus in English: black parsley
2452 Melanthera J.P. Rohr Asteraceae

Melanthera J.P. Rohr Asteraceae anthos ‘a flower’, the flower segments become dark after
flowering; Greek melanthion was an herb whose seeds
From the Greek melas ‘black’ and anthera ‘anther’. were used as spice, black cummin, originally applied to a
Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild (Anthemiopsis macrophylla kind of Nigella; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
Boj. ex DC.; Verbesina biflora L.; Wedelia biflora (L.) DC.; 339. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 157. 1754; Helmut
Wollastonia biflora DC.; Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC.; Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Wollastonia zanzibarensis DC.) Pflanzennamen. 376–377. Basel 1996. Melanthium often
wholly or partly included in the closely related Veratrum.
Tropical Africa. Resolution of the problematical Melanthium-Veratrum spe-
See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8, 28. 1760, cies series will require full molecular and phylogenetic anal-
Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 901–903, 1272. 1763, ysis of the group.
Characteres Generum Plantarum 45, pl. 45. 1775, Skrifter Melanthium virginicum L. (Evonyxis hybrida (Walter)
af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 2(1): 213–214. 1792, Syn. Pl. 2: Raf.; Evonyxis monoica Raf.; Evonyxis undulata Raf.;
472–473. 1807, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta Evonyxis virginica (L.) Raf.; Helonias virginica (L.) Sims;
3: 591. 1826, Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 156. Leimanthium hybridum (Walter) Sweet; Leimanthium
1832, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 3: 414. 1834, Prodromus monoicum (Walter) Sweet; Leimanthium virginicum (L.)
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 546–547. Willd.; Melanthium biglandulosum Bertol.; Melanthium dis-
1836, Contributions to the Botany of India 18. 1837 and persum Small; Melanthium hybridum Walter; Melanthium
Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie 25: 1–335. hybridum Elliott, nom. illeg.; Melanthium laetum Kunth,
1923, Kirkia 5: 1–18. 1965 [“The African species of the genus nom. illeg.; Melanthium monoicum Walter; Melanthium
Melanthera Rohr”], Botanical Magazine 88: 323–328. 1975, monoicum Pursh, nom. illeg.; Melanthium polygamum Desr.;
Taxon 27: 223–231. 1978, American Journal of Botany 68: Melanthium virginicum var. hybridum (Walter) Alph.Wood;
206–215. 1981, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177. 1988 Veratrum virginicum (L.) Aiton f.; Zigadenus hybridus Endl.
ex Kunth; Zigadenus monoecus (Walter) Kunth; Zigadenus
(Stomachic.)
virginicus Endl. ex Kunth)
Melanthera scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty
North America. Perennial herbaceous
(Buphthalmum scandens Schumach. & Thonn.; Lipotriche
brownei DC.; Lipotriche brownii DC.; Melanthera brownei See Sp. Pl. 1: 339. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 157. 1754, Sketch
(DC.) Sch. Bip.; Melanthera brownii (DC.) Sch. Bip.) Bot. S. Carolina 1: 419. 1817, Fl. Tellur. 2: 29. 1837, Mem.
Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 2: 316. 1850, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Tropical Africa. Erect herb, branched, straggling, scandent,
Club 25: 606. 1898 and Leinfellner, W. “Zur Kenntnis des
scabrid, radiate orange-yellow flowers, solitary flower heads,
Monokotyledonen—Perigons. III. Die Perigonblatter einiger
weed, confused with Aspilia latifolia
weiterer Melanthioideen (Melanthium, Zygadenus, Anticlea,
See Species Plantarum 2: 903. 1753, Skrifter af Naturhistorie- Toxicoscordion, Veratrum und Kreysigia).” Osterr. Bot. Z.
Selskabet 2(1): 213–214. 1792, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske 108: 108–210. 1961, Kupchan, M.S., J.H. Zimmermann and
planter 392. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni A. Afonso. “The alkaloids and taxonomy of Veratrum and
Vegetabilis 5: 544. 1836, Flora 27: 673. 1844, Flora of related genera.” Lloydia 24: 1–26. 1961
Tropical Africa 3: 379. 1877 and Exploration Botanique de (Species of Melanthium should be considered poisonous,
l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 371. 1920, Bulletin de since complex alkaloids derived from steroidal precursors,
l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, Série A, Sciences similar to those in Veratrum, are present.)
Naturelles 16: 68. Jan. 1954, Kirkia 5: 1–18. 1965, Taxon 29:
352–353. 1980, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, in English: Virginia bunch-flower
le Botaniste 10: 177–184. 1987, Feddes Repertorium 99: Melanthium woodii (J.W. Robbins ex Alph.Wood) Bodkin
1–13. 1988, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993 (Veratrum intermedium Chapm.; Veratrum woodii J.W.
(Root decoction emmenagogue. Shoots decoction drunk Robbins ex Alph.Wood)
for stomachache, for constipation. Leaves infusion laxative, North America. Perennial herbaceous, stout, erect, unbranched,
styptic, wound healing, applied to sores.) short thick rootstocks, clusters of large broad alternate leaves,
in Congo: beuphu ba malu, mouphu a malu green to greenish-white inconspicuous flowers

in Yoruba: aboba dudu, ajidari, ayaki See Class-book Bot., ed. 2: 557. 1847, Fl. South. U.S.: 489.
1860 and Novon 8: 332. 1998
(Moderate to high toxicity, usually can cause birth defects;
Melanthium L. Melanthiaceae (Liliaceae) dangerous all parts, especially roots; affected sheep, chick-
ens and cattle.)
Latin melanthium and Greek melanthion for the plant gith,
cultivated fennel-flower (Plinius); Greek melas ‘black’ and in English: green false hellebore, Indian poke, white hellebore
Melastoma L. Melastomataceae 2453

Melastoma L. Melastomataceae Florae Nepalensis 220. 1825, Flora 2: 481. 1831, FBI 2: 523.
1879 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
From the Greek melas ‘black’ and stoma ‘mouth’, some 3(27–28): 21. 1906, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
fruits have staining effects, the fruit of some species has Vegetabilis 8(160–162): 61. 1910, Taxon 28: 630. 1979,
purple pulp; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 345, Regnum Veg. 127: 65. 1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
389–391. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 184. 1754, Genera 45: 75–95, 97–111. 1995, Novon 8(2): 203. 1998, Blumea 46:
Plantarum 328. 1789, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
364. 2001
Vegetabilis 3: 100. 1828 and Phytologia 47: 199–220. 1980,
BioLlania, Ed. Espec. 6: 167–190. 1997. (Plant astringent and antiseptic, used in diarrhea, dysentery
and skin diseases. Young shoots astringent. Antibacterial,
Melastoma beccarianum Cogn.
astringent and antifungal, bark juice given in skin troubles.
Malay Peninsula. Shrub A cold infusion of the flowers an ingredient in an oral rem-
edy for anemia associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and
See Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) i. II. (1890) 530. 1890,
epigastric pain; leaves and flowers given as astringent in diar-
Monog. Phan. vii. (1891) 356. 1891
rhea, dysentery and vaginal discharge. Leaves a remedy for
(Twigs decoction for gargling and for drinking for relief of diarrhea, dysentery, to treat stomach complaints and thrush,
toothache.) externally applied on painful arthritic joints; leaf paste
applied externally to cuts and wounds; leaves pounded with
in Borneo: si ang
garlic and ginger and taken for cough; leaf decoction applied
Melastoma borneense Bakh.f. on cuts, wounds and injuries; leaf juice to stop bleeding.
Leaves and roots decoction a postpartum remedy. Magico-
Borneo. Shrub
religious beliefs, ritual, tender tips kept on main door of the
See Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht No. 91, 84. house to free from evil spirits. Veterinary medicine, leaf
1943 decoction given to goats in fever.)
(Eat the young leaves with the young leaves of Dillenia suf- in English: Bank’s melastoma, common sendudok, Indian
fruticosa for stomachache.) rhododendron, Malabar laurel, native lasiandra, Singapore
rhododendron
in Borneo: kemunting
in Brunei: kemungting uman, kuduk kuduk
Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. (Asterostoma repens (Desr.)
Blume; Melastoma dodecandrum Desr.; Melastoma repens in China: ye mu dan
Desr.; Osbeckia repens (Desr.) DC.)
in India: bik-bik-araung, bit-bit-araung, dieng sohkhling,
SE Asia, Vietnam. kianh, kinah, mantramu chettu, tidinekere, tinrok, wakosom
See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 274. 1790, Encyclopédie in Indonesia: bunga bebeki, harendong, jelemutin, jemutin,
Méthodique, Botanique 4: 46. 1797, Prodromus Systematis kemanden, ki harendong, senggani
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 142. 1828, Museum Botanicum
in Malaysia: engkudu, kedudok, keduduk, sendudok, senduduk
1: 50. 1849, Flora Brasiliensis 14(4): 243. 1887
in Nepal: chuleshi
(Antibacterial, astringent and antifungal.)
in Philippines: bubtoi, malatungau, yagomyum
in China: di nie
in Thailand: chuk naaree, khlongkhleng khee nok, mang khre
Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastoma affine D. Don;
Melastoma banksii A. Cunn. ex Triana; Melastoma can- in Vietnam: mua da hung, mua se
didum D. Don; Melastoma cavaleriei H. Lév. & Vaniot;
Melastoma sanguineum Sims (Melastoma decemfidum
Melastoma esquirolii H. Lév.; Melastoma malabathricum
Roxb.; Melastoma decemfidum Roxb. & Jack)
subsp. normale (D. Don) K. Mey.; Melastoma malabathri-
cum var. normale (D. Don) R.C. Srivast.; Melastoma nor- Thailand, China. Shrub or small tree, red to brown scales or
male D. Don; Melastoma polyanthum Blume) bristles, petals violet, capsule fleshy, yellow pulp with orange
seeds, in disturbed forest, along streams and roads, in open
Indonesia, India. Shrub or small tree, stems and leaves cov-
locations and savanna
ered with dense appressed rough hairs, bisexual flowers pur-
plish violet in terminal cymes, ovoid fruits somewhat fleshy See Botanical Magazine 48: pl. 2241. 1821, Flora Indica; or
dehiscing irregularly, soft dark blue pulp with orange tiny descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 406. 1824 and Cuscatlania
seeds, young shoots and leaves eaten as a fresh or cooked 1(4): 1–6. 1989
vegetable, ripe fruits eaten
(Crushed leaves rubbed on affected part for bruises. Leaves,
See Species Plantarum 1: 389–390. 1753, Memoirs of the roots and fruits astringent, used in diarrhea, dysentery. Roots
Wernerian Natural History Society 4: 288. 1823, Prodromus stimulant and tonic.)
2454 Melhania Forssk. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

in Borneo: kemunting semperflorens Makino; Melia orientalis M. Roem.; Melia

sempervirens Sw.)
in Cambodia: kenchea das, prea
Tropics and subtropics, Western Asia, Himalayas. Deciduous
in Malaysia: sendudok, sendudok gajah, senduduk
tree, slender, fast growing, branching, cylindrical bole, sym-
in Thailand: bre chaang, mang khre chaang, mang khre khon metrical crown, bark in irregular plates, old branches pur-
plish, compound leaves, inflorescence an axillary panicle,
in Vietnam: mua b[af]
small strongly honey-scented lilac-purple flowers, filament
tube dark purple, small globular fruit wrinkled and dull yel-
low at maturity, elliptical black seeds
Melhania Forssk. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)
See Species Plantarum 1: 384–385. 1753, Prodr. (Swartz)
After Mount Melhan, in Yemen, [Djebbel Melhan, Arabia
67. 1788, Monadelphis Classis Dissertationes 7: 364. 1789,
felix]; see P. Forsskål (1732–1763), Flora aegyptiaco-arabica.
Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 317. 1796, Gen. Hist. 1: 680.
64. Copenhagen 1775 and Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique
1831, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 345. 1837, Annales Museum
de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale 2: 15, 19. 1949.
Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 24. 1867, FBI 1: 544. 1875,
Melhania futteyporensis Munro ex Mast. (Melhania tomen- Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 109. 1891 and Botanical Magazine 18:
tosa Stocks ex Masters) 67. 1904, William B. Griffen, Indian Assimilation in the
Franciscan Area of Nueva Vizcaya. Tucson 1979, Gard.
India. Shrub
Bull. Straits Settlem. 37: 64. 1984, Journal of Cytology and
See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 373. 1874 Genetics 19: 115–117. 1984, Reports from the Botanical
Institute, University of Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987, Journal of
(Paste of leaves applied on boils.)
Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988, AAU Reports 24:
in India: basni 1–241. 1990, Phytotherapy Research 17(4): 414–416. 2003,
Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005
Melhania velutina Forssk.
(Used in Ayurveda. Root bark, stem, seeds, bark and fruits
Tropical Africa. Shrub, woody-based sub-shrubby herb, yel-
are all very poisonous; reported that the fruits are poison-
low flowers
ous to humans, fowls, pigs, birds and cattle; reported that
See Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 64. 1775 intake of 4–6 seeds at a time causes nausea, diarrhea, vom-
iting and unconsciousness, large doses cause severe colic
(Stem and leaves for diarrhea and colds, cough.)
and even death. Fruits anthelmintic, tonic. Poultice of flower
used to eradicate lice and to treat skin diseases. Leaves and
bark used to treat malaria; leaves and bark decoction for skin
Melia L. Meliaceae diseases, including leprosy; leaves and stem purgative, feb-
From melia, the classical Greek name used by Theophrastus rifuge, for malaria, venereal diseases; leaves juice diuretic,
(HP. 3.11.3) for the manna ash or flowering ash tree vermifuge, anthelmintic, emmenagogue; leaf paste with tur-
(Fraxinus), the leaves are quite similar; see Carl Linnaeus, meric used to heal wounds. Root bark or bark paste used for
Species Plantarum. 1: 384–385. 1753, Genera Plantarum. ascariasis, ringworm disease, against spleen enlargement;
Ed. 5. 182. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged stem bark paste applied on swellings; roots decoction or infu-
… fourth edition 1754, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum sion used for regulating fertility; pounded mixture of bark
221. 1759, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 342. 1763, De Fructibus et of Acacia catechu with bark and roots of Melia azedarach
Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 277. 1788, Genera Plantarum applied on swellings of legs. Oil from seeds for itching and
263. 1789, Fl. Ludov. 135. 1817 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. skin affections; antimicrobial, bacteriostatic and fungistatic
Isles, 3: 429 (1913, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 444–468. 1946. efficacy of leaf essential oils. Veterinary medicine, leaf juice
as anthelmintic; root decoction applied to treat wounds of
Melia azedarach L. (Azedara speciosa Raf.; Azedaraca
cattle. Fruits piscicide.)
amena Raf.; Azedarach deleteria Medik.; Azedarach sem-
pervirens Kuntze; Azedarach sempervirens (L.) Kuntze; in English: azedarach, bastard cedar, bead tree, berry
Azedarach sempervirens var. glabrior Kuntze; Azedarach tree, black red-medicine, Cape lilac, Cape seringa, Cape
vulgaris Gomez de la Maza; Melia azedarach Blanco; Melia syringa, Ceylon cedar, China berry, China tree, Chinaberry,
azedarach var. glabrior C. DC.; Melia azedarach var. sub- Chinaberry tree, Chinese umbrella, common bead tree,
tripinnata Miquel; Melia azedarach var. subtripinnata Indian bead tree, Indian lilac, Japanese bead tree, mahog-
Miq.; Melia azedarach var. toosendan (Siebold & Zuccarini) any, night bloom, paradise tree, Persian lilac, pride of China,
Makino; Melia azederach L., orth. var., nom. illeg., non Melia pride of India, pride of Persia, red seringea, South African
azedarach L.; Melia chinensis Siebold ex Miquel; Melia syringa, sycomore, Syrian bead tree, syringa, syringa tree,
dubia Cav.; Melia dubia Hiern; Melia florida Salisb.; Melia Texas umbrella tree, umbrella tree, West Indian lilac, white
japonica G. Don; Melia japonica Hassk.; Melia japonica var. cedar, wild lilac
Melia L. Meliaceae 2455

in Fiji: bakain, dake Melia composita Willd. (Melia composita Benth.; Melia
composita DC.; Melia dubia Hiern; Melia robusta Roxb.;
in Latin America: arbol de quitasol, cerezo, cinamomo,
Melia robusta Roxb. & G. Don; Melia superba Roxb.)
godirenaki, lilaila, paraíso, pasilla
India. Tree, white fragrant flowers, ovoid drupes
in Mexico: canela, canelo, lila, paraiso, paraiso morado,
piocha See Species Plantarum ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2(1): 559. 1799,
Hort. Bengal. 33. 1814, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 622. 1824, Gen. Hist.
in Cambodia: dâk’ hiën, sdau khmaôch
1: 680, descr. 1831 [early Aug 1831], Flora Australiensis: a
in China: ku lian pi, lian description … 1: 380. 1863, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1:
545. 1875
in India: ajad darakht, baitan, bakain, bakainu, bakananimb,
bakanlimbado, bakyun-drek, ban, betain, bettadbeu, bukain, (Bark digestive, antiseptic, decoction taken orally for gastric
chein, chik bevu, darachik, deikna, dek, deknoi, denkan, problems, also applied in wounds. Leaf paste mixed with the
drek, garnim, gaurinim, ghodanim, han-thapi, hargit, heb powder of rhizome of Curcuma longa applied to the parts
bevu, hlerm, hlim, huchchukabenu, jek, kachein, kaosujang, affected in smallpox; leaf extract for fever and dysentery.
koda bep, maha limbo, maha-limbo, maha nimb, maha- Fruit pulp given in colic. Seed paste applied on skin diseases.)
neem, mahanim, mahanimba, makan nim, malaiveambu,
in India: dinghurlong, eisur, gajharra, kadukhajur, limbarra,
malaivembu, malaveppu, malayvempu, male vimbou, malla
maha-limbu, malaivembu, malaveppa, munnatikaraha,
nim, mallay vembu, mallu nim, muhli, nim-tita-araung, pejri
neembaro, nimbara, sural, zatho sii
padrai, sanka-changne, shajratuk-harra, tak, taraka vepa,
thamga, turak bevak, turka bepa, turukbenu, vettiveppa Melia dubia Cav. (Melia dubia Hiern)
in Indonesia: gringging, marambung, mindi, mindi ketjil, India.
tjakra tjikri
See Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 7: 364.
in Japan: sen-yoo-si, senn-dan, shen lien, sendan, shindan 1789
in Laos: h’ienx, kadau s’a:ngz (Used in Ayurveda. Bark extract given for stomachache.
Leaves to check stored foodgrain pests.)
in Malaysia: mindi kechil, mindi kecil
in India: arangaka, baevu, betta baevu, betta bevu, bettabevu,
in Myanmar: tamag
bol aming gok, dieng jarasang, hebbaevu, hebbevu, kaadu
in Nepal: bakaina, bakaino, bakainu, bakenu, chanyal baevu, kaaduvevu, kaatbaage, kadukhajur, kariaput, khaali
khajoor, korijilli, limbaara, malai vembu, malai vempu,
in Pakistan: dhrek, bakain
malavepu, malay vembu, mallay-vembu, munnatikaaraka,
in Philippines: bagaluñga, balagañgo, paraiso nimbaara, nimbara, soh dieng lang
in Singapore: mindi kechil Melia toosendan Siebold & Zuccarini (Melia chinensis Sieb.
ex Miq.)
in Sri Lanka: lunumidella, Malai vembu, kirikohomba
India.
in Thailand: khian, lian, lian-baiyai
See Species Plantarum 1: 384–385. 1753, Abhandlungen
in Vietnam: chann mou, hou lien, kho luyen, san dan, sau
der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich
dau, xun lien, yu mou, may rieu, c[aa]y xoan, xoan d[aa]u,
Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(2): 159. 1843,
s[aaf]u d[oo]ng, hay san, lien, xoan, xoan dao
Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 23. 1867
in East Africa: dwele (Luo), lira (Luganda), mwarubaini nusu
(Leaves and bark used to treat malaria, oil from seeds for
(Swahili)
itching and skin affections. Root bark or bark used for asca-
in Madagascar: voandelaky riasis, ringworm diseases.)
in Nigeria: foreign kurna, kurna-na-sara, nassara, eke- Melia volkensii Gürke
oyinbo (= white man’s rafter), itchin-kurdi; kurnan nasara
Tropical Africa.
(kurna = Ziziphus; nasara = Christian) (Hausa); chigban
anasara (Nupe) See Species Plantarum 1: 384–385. 1753, Die Pflanzenwelt
Ost-Afrikas C: 231. 1895
in Portuguese Africa: bombolo ia n’buto
(Leaves and bark used to treat malaria, headache, cuta-
in South Africa: maksering, mak-seringboom, seringboom,
neous leishmaniasis; leaves and bark decoction for skin
bessieboom, Kaapse sering, seringbessieboom
diseases, including leprosy; leaves juice diuretic, anthel-
in Yoruba: afoforo oyinbo, eke oyinbo, eke ile, afoforo mintic, emmenagogue; leaf paste with turmeric used to
igbalode heal wounds.)
2456 Melianthus L. Melianthaceae

Melianthus L. Melianthaceae in Southern Africa: heuningblom, klappers, kriekiebos,

krikkiebos, kruidjie-roer-my-nie, kruidjiebos, kruie,
From the Greek meli ‘honey’ and anthos ‘a flower’, the flow- Truitjie-roer-my-nie; ubuhlungu benamba, ubuhlungube-
ers are rich in nectar; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. mamba (Xhosa)
2: 639. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 287. 1754.
Preparations of these species are rarely used for other than
external application, oral toxicity being almost universally
Melica L. Poaceae (Gramineae)
acknowledged among traditional practitioners. The inter-
nal use of preparations of Melianthus major is not recom- From the Greek name melike (meli ‘honey’) for a grass, or
mended. Allied species have been shown to contain cardiac from Latin herba(m) medica(m) ‘grass from Media’, melicus,
glycosides (see Melianthus comosus) and animal studies con- a, um ‘Median’; or from Latin melica, ae for a kind of vessel
firm the oral toxicity of Melianthus major. (Marcus Terentius Varro); very variable, toxic for cattle and
horses when grazed in large amounts, type Melica nutans L.,
Melianthus dregeanus Sond. subsp. insignis (Kuntze) see Species Plantarum 1: 66. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2:
S.A. Tansley (Melianthus comosus Vahl; Melianthus como- 34, 548. 1763, Mantissa Plantarum 31. 1767, Systematisches
sus auct., sensu Burtt Davy, non Vahl; Melianthus dregea- Verzeichnis 20, 40. 1800, Observations sur les Graminées de
nus Sond. var. insignis (Kuntze) E. Phillips & Hofmeyr; la Flore Belgique 109. 1823, Observations sur les Graminées
Melianthus insignis Kuntze) de la Flore Belgique 109. 1823 [1824], Lotos 3: 67. Prague
South Africa. Shrub, rounded, multistemmed, shaggy, lax 1853, Matériaux pour la Flore Atlantique 1. [Caen] 1860,
branches, leaves in dense drooping clusters at branch tips, Flora der Provinz Brandenburg 1: 838. 1864, Proceedings
scarlet flowers hanging in axillary sprays below leaves, of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 8: 409. 1872,
inflated papery winged capsule, strong unpleasant smell Flora Brasiliensis 2(3A): 1–160, t. 1–43. 1878, Geological
Survey of California, Botany 2: 304. 1880, Anales de la
when the leaves are crushed, copious black nectar, leaves and
Sociedad Española de Historia Natural 28(Mem.): 8. 1899
flowers are boiled and eaten
and Gray’s Manual of Botany (ed. 7) 152. 1908, Rhodora 21:
See Species Plantarum 2: 639. 1753, Symbolae Botanicae, … 77. 1919, U.S.D.A. Bull. 772: 69, 71. 1920, Illustrated Flora
3: 86. 1794, Flora Capensis 1: 368–369. 1860 and Bothalia of the Pacific States 1: 1–557. 1923, Botanical Magazine
15(1–2): 145. 1984, South African Journal of Botany 73(2): (Tokyo) 41: 388, 416. 1927, Repertorium Specierum Novarum
286–287. 2007 Regni Vegetabilis 25(7–13): 106, 129. 1928, Journal of the
Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 3(1): 95.
(Antifungal. Leaf poultices and leaf decoctions to treat septic
1930, Madroño 8(1): 1–26. 1945, Contributions from the Gray
wounds, sores, bruises, backache and rheumatic joints. Roots
Herbarium of Harvard University 184: 1–223. 1958, Grasses
and leaves a remedy for snakebite, skin infections, slow heal-
of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan 589–592. 1960,
ing sores and ulcers.) Gramíneas Uruguayas 123–134. 1970, Feddes Repertorium
in English: touch-me-not, tufted honeyflower 81(1–5): 131–145. 1970, Feddes Repertorium 81(10): 657–686.
1971, Feddes Repertorium 84(7–8): 533–568. 1973, Novosti
in South Africa: Kruidjie-roer-my-nie Sist. Vyss. Rast. 10: 84. 1973, Iheringia, Série Botânica 21:
Melianthus major L. 53–70. Porto Alegre, Brazil 1975, Phytologia 37(4): 317–407.
1977, Flora Patagónica 3: 1–583. 1978, C. Abegg-Mengold,
South Africa, India. Shrub, flexible, branching at base, Die Bezeichnungsgeschichte von Mais, Kartoffel und Ananas
bruised leaves have a strong foul aroma, flowers honey- in Italienischen. Bern 1979, Opera Lilloana 29: 1–15. 1980,
scented in dense erect racemes, fruit a papery capsule, many Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico
black shiny seeds, honey-like nectar from the flowers is eaten della lingua italiana. 3: 738. Zanichelli, Bologna 1983,
See Species Plantarum 2: 639 [as 939]. 1753 and Bothalia 2: Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 40: 41–89.
351–355. 1927 Phytochemistry 15: 430–431. 1976, Journal of 1983–1984, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 13: 113–114.
Ethnopharmacology 33: 237–242. 1991 1986 [W.D. Clayton and S.A. Renvoize, Genera Graminum],
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 30(2): 169. 1992, Taxon 41:
(Root poisonous and emetic, used as a remedy against 566. 1992, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(10): 92.
snakebites. Vulnerary, antidote, antimicrobial. Leaf infu- 1993, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Identificación de Especies
sion applied as a lotion to sores, ulcers and wounds, piles, Vegetales en Chuquisaca—Teoría, Práctica y Resultados
venereal sores; leaf paste applied as a local dressing to the 1–129. 2000, Contributions from the United States National
area affected by ringworms of the scalp. Melianthus major Herbarium 48: 140, 151–152, 237, 244, 432–450, 688. 2003,
often used in combination with Lobostemon fruticosus and Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141(4): 447–463.
Galenia africana in traditional practice.) Apr 2003.
in English: Cape honey flower, honey flower, large honey Melica imperfecta Trin. (Melica colpodioides Nees; Melica
flower imperfecta var. flexuosa Bol.; Melica imperfecta var.
Melicoccus P. Browne Sapindaceae 2457

imperfecta; Melica imperfecta var. minor Scribn.; Melica Melicope Forst. & Forst.f. Rutaceae
imperfecta var. pubens Scribn.; Melica imperfecta var.
Greek meli ‘honey’ and kope (kopto ‘to cut off, to cut small,
refracta Thurb.; Melica panicoides Nutt.; Melica parishii
to pierce’) ‘a division’, referring to the glands at the base of
Vasey ex Beal; Melica poaeoides Nutt.) (after Samuel Bonsall
the ovary; see J.R. Forster and J.G.A. Forster, Characteres
Parish, 1838–1928)
generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris austra-
Northern America, Mexico. Perennial, forage, along road- lis, etc. 55, t. 28. London (Nov.) [1775].
sides, rocky places
Melicope glomerata (Craib) T.G. Hartley (Euodia glomerata
See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences Craib; Euodia simplicifolia Ridl. var. pubescens C.C. Huang)
de Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences
China.
Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie:
Sciences Naturelles 4,2(1): 59. 1836, Annals of Natural See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1918:
History 1: 283. 1838, Journal of the Academy of Natural 362. 1918, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 16(2): 83. 1978,
Sciences of Philadelphia 1: 188. 1848, Synopsis Plantarum Allertonia 8(1): 263. 2001
Glumacearum 1: 291. 1854, Proceedings of the California
(Used on poultice on swellings. Veterinary medicine, fed to
Academy of Sciences 1: 101. 1870, Geological Survey
horses with cough.)
of California, Botany 2: 303. 1880, Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1885: 42–43. in China: mi guo mi zhu yu
1885, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students
in Thailand: i sho, i sho hpu, i sho na
2: 500. 1896 and Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United
States Department of Agriculture 30: 8. 1901, Phytologia Melicope semecarpifolia (Merr.) T.G. Hartley (Euodia sem-
37(4): 317–407. 1977 ecarpifolia Merrill; Euodia camiguinensis Merrill; Euodia
merrillii Kanehira & Sasaki; Euodia retusa Merrill)
(Used for toothache.)
China, Taiwan. Small trees, dioecious, inflorescences axil-
in English: California melic, small-flowered melicgrass, lary, fruit follicles subglobose
smallflower melicgrass
See Publications of the Bureau of Science Government
Laboratories 35: 23. 1905[1906], Flora of Taiwan (Second
Melicoccus P. Browne Sapindaceae edition) 3: 522. 1993, Planta Med. 71(11): 1078–81. 2005, J.
Nat. Prod. 71(1): 71–5. 2008
From the Greek meli ‘honey’ and kokkos ‘berry, grain, seed’,
the fruits are sweet, see Species Plantarum 1: 365. 1753, (Cytotoxic and anti-platelet aggregation constituents from
The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts the root wood. Antiinflammatory, antiviral and anticancer.)
210–211. 1756, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. Editio in China: tai wan mi zhu yu
Secunda 1: 495. 1762 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 6. 188.
1762, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 349, Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. (Acronychia minahassae
pl. 136. 1775, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 234. (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq.; Ampacus incerta (Blume) Kuntze;
1777, Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Ampacus triphylla (Lam.) Kuntze; Bergera ternata Blanco;
Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Euodia anisodora Lauterb. & K. Schum.; Euodia awadan
München 8: 342. 1878 and Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 87: 1–179. Hatus.; Euodia glaberrima Merr.; Euodia incerta Blume;
2003, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003[2005]. Euodia laxireta Merr.; Euodia microsperma F.M. Bailey;
Euodia minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.; Euodia philippi-
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. (Melicoccus bijuga L.; nensis Merr. & L.M. Perry; Euodia triphylla (Lam.) DC.;
Melicoccus bijugatus fo. alatus Kitan.; Melicoccus carpopo- Fagara triphylla Lam.; Melicope awadan (Hatus.) Ohwi &
dea Juss., nom. illeg.; Paullinia sphaerocarpa Rich. ex Juss.) Hatus.; Melicope curranii Merr.; Melicope densiflora Merr.;
Melicope gjellerupii Lauterb.; Melicope kanehirae Hatus.;
West Indies, Jamaica.
Melicope luzonensis Engl. ex Perkins; Melicope maho-
See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum, quas in insulis nyi F.M. Bailey; Melicope mindanaensis Elmer; Melicope
Caribaeis 19. 1760, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: monophylla Merr.; Melicope monophylla var. glabra Elmer;
495. 1762, Select Stirp. Amer. Hist. t. 72. 1763, Annales des Melicope nitida Merr.; Melicope obtusa Merr.; Melicope
Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 4: 348. 1804, Mémoires du odorata Elmer; Melicope rupestris Lauterb.; Zanthoxylum
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 187, f. 4. 1817 and Phytology triphyllum (Lam.) G. Don)
(Bulgaria) 11: 48. 1979, Fl. Lesser Antil. 5: 147. 1989
China. Shrub or trees
(Used for coughs and fevers.)
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 447. 1788,
in English: genip, genipe, honey-berry, kenip, mamoncillo, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 724.
Spanish lime 1824 and Philippine Journal of Science 7(6): 375–377. 1912,
2458 Melilotus Miller Fabaceae (Trifolieae)

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New 1978, New Botanist 7: 1–5. 1980, Can. Vet. J., 21: 155–158,
Series 24(2): 1–445. 1935, Taxon 38(1): 119–123. 1989, Wang, 250–251. 1980, Benson, M.E., Casper, H.H. and Johnson,
S.-K., Duh, C.-Y., Hou, R.-S., Wu, Y.-C., Lu, S.-T. and Chang, L.J. “Occurrence and range of dicumarol concentrations in
S.-F., Antiviral furoquinoline alkaloids from Melicope sweet clover.” Am. J. Vet. Res., 42: 2014–2015. 1981, Taxon
triphylla, Annual Meeting of Taiwan Pharmaceutical 31: 576–579. 1982, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449.
Society, November 17, 1990, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. 1990, 1984, Alstad, A.D., Casper, H.H. and Johnson, L.J. “Vitamin
Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 110(11): 822–827. 1990, K treatment of sweet clover poisoning in calves.” J. Am. Vet.
Phytochemistry 35: 271–272. 1994, Phytochemistry 60(8): Med. Assoc., 187: 729–731. 1985, Blakley, B.R. “Moldy sweet
817–820. 2002 clover (dicoumarol) poisoning in Saskatchewan cattle.” Can.
Vet. J., 26: 357–360. 1985, Informatore Botanico Italiano 19:
(Antiinflammatory, antiviral and anticancer. Demonstrated
333–339. 1987, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)
significant hypocholesterolemic activity. Cytotoxic flavo-
74: 1671–1673. 1989, Pakistan Journal of Botany 21: 247–
noids from the leaves.)
251. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75:
in China: san ye mi zhu yu 118–120. 1990, Informatore Botanico Italiano 22: 216–226.
1990, Willdenowia 20: 159–165. 1991, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of
in Philippines: matang-arau
Plants by the Indians … 39. 1991, International Organization
of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 8–9. 1995
Melilotus Miller Fabaceae (Trifolieae) (Whole plant aromatic, antidote, febrifuge, anticoagulant,
carminative, digestive, emollient. Moderate toxicity, this
Latin and Greek melilotos for a kind of clover, melilot, also
plant contains a glycoside with a coumarin fraction; when
called sertula; Greek meli ‘honey’ and lotos ‘lotus, clo-
sweet-clover is harvested for feed, the succulent stems usu-
ver’, alluding to the fragrant smell of the foliage; see The
ally mold before drying. The molds metabolize the glycoside
Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no.
into dicoumarol, which interrupts vitamin K activation of
2. 1754, Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalisch-
prothrombin, necessary in blood clotting. Cattle, horses and
öconomischen Gesellschaft 2: 382. 1787, Diagnoses plan-
sheep have been poisoned, all animals that eat affected hay
tarum orientalium novarum, ser. 2, 3(6): 46. 1859 and
may be poisoned. Symptoms of moldy sweet-clover poison-
Phytologia 49(2): 81–94. 1981, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo
ing may appear without any obvious cause.)
Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana 3: 738.
Zanichelli, Bologna 1983, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 7: 249–276. in English: Bokhara clover, Bukhara clover, clover, hubam,
1985, Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina) 6(3): 134– hubam clover, Siberian melilot, sweet clover, sweet grass,
136, 442–738. 1987, Willdenowia 16(2): 447. 1987, Cytologia sweet melilot, sweet-scented clover, white melilot, white
54: 51–64. 1989, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 16(2): 305–334. 1992, melilot clover, white sweetclover
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 44–527. 1993,
in China: bai hua cao mu xi
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799. 1994,
Egypt. J. Bot. 37(2): 129–156. 1997, Linzer Biologische in India: metha, ole, pik, pirimasuriara, sada banmethi, tirep
Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997.
in Peru: alfalfa chilena
Melilotus albus Medik. (Melilotus alba Medik.; Melilotus
in South Africa: Bokhaargras, Bokhaarklawer, witstinkklawer
albus Desr., nom. illeg., non Melilotus albus Medik.;
Melilotus albus Medik. var. annua Coe; Melilotus argutus Melilotus indicus (L.) All. (Melilotus bonplandii Ten.;
Rchb.; Melilotus leucantha Koch; Melilotus leucantha Koch Melilotus indica (L.) All.; Melilotus indicus Desr.; Melilotus
ex DC.; Melilotus leucanthus DC.; Melilotus leucanthus indicus All.; Melilotus indicus (L.) All. subsp. permixtus
Koch ex DC.; Melilotus melanospermus Ser.; Melilotus (Jord.) Rouy; Melilotus melilotus-indica Asch. & Graebn.;
officinalis Pursh; Melilotus vulgaris Willd.; Sertula alba Melilotus melilotus-indicus Asch. & Graebn.; Melilotus offi-
(Medik.) Kuntze; Sertula alba (Desr.) Kuntze; Sertula alba cinalis sensu Bojer; Melilotus parviflora Desf.; Melilotus
Kuntze; Sertula alba Lunell) parviflorus Desf.; Melilotus permixtus Jord.; Melilotus tom-
masinii Jord.; Sertula indica (L.) Kuntze; Sertula melilotus
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, branching,
var. indica (L.) Lunell; Trifolium indica L.; Trifolium indi-
sweet-smelling, erect, leafy, strong taproot, leaves com-
cum L.; Trifolium melilotus L.; Trifolium melilotus-indica
pound, tiny yellow-white flowers in tall narrow clusters or
L.; Trifolium melilotus-indicus L.; Trifolium melilotus var.
long racemes, oblong pods, brown seeds, fodder, bee plant
indica L.; Trifolium melilotus var. indicum L.)
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition
China, Europe, India. Annual non-climbing herb, erect, yel-
2: Melilotus. 1754, Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physi-
low flowers in dense axillary raceme, pod glabrous single
calisch-öconomischen Gesellschaft 2: 382. 1787, Encyclopédie
seeded, a weed in moist waste places, used as vegetable
Méthodique, Botanique 4(1): 63–64. 1797, Flore Française.
Troisième Édition (Suppl.): 564. 1815, Revisio Generum See Species Plantarum 2: 764–766. 1753, Flora Pedemontana
Plantarum 1: 205. 1891 and Can. J. Plant Sci., 58: 523–537. 1: 308. 1785, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4(1): 65.
Melinis P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2459

1797, Flora Atlantica 2: 192. 1800, Ind. Sem. Hort. Neap. Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öconomischen Gesellschaft
14. 1833, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 205. 1891, Fl. 2: 382. 1787, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici
Nordostdeutsch. Flachl. 435. 1898 and American Midland Berolinensis, … [Willdenow] 2: 790. 1809, Revisio Generum
Naturalist 4: 426. 1916 Plantarum 1: 205. 1891 and Fl. Deutschland (Sturm - ed.
2) 9: 127. 1901, Turkington, R.A., Cavers, P.B., Rempel, E.
(Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant toxic to livestock. Plant
“The biology of Canadian weeds. 29. Melilotus alba Desr.
juice applied to treat cuts and wounds; whole plant taken as a
and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.” Can. J. Plant Sci., 58:
purgative, a very strong laxative; plant as a plaster for swell-
523–537. 1978, Can. Vet. J., 21: 155–158, 250–251. 1980,
ings; plant used in beds as a bedbug repellent. Leaf extract
Taxon 30: 857–860. 1981, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111:
along with lemon juice applied over skin eruptions; leaves
447–449. 1984, Bulletin of Botanical Research 4: 145–157.
rubbed on skin to cure itching. Leaves and seeds infusion for
1984, Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University,
stomachache, emollient. Seeds useful in bowel complaints
Ser. 4, Biology 38: 320. 1984, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow
and infantile diarrhea.)
& Leningrad) 74: 268–271. 1989, Willdenowia 20: 159–165.
in English: annual melilot, annual yellow sweet clover, annual 1991, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–
yellow sweetclover, Bokhara clover, Bukhara clover, Hexham 799. 1994, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 12(2):
scent, Indian melilot, Indian sweetclover, King Island meli- 201–206. 1994
lot, melilot, small melilot, sourclover, stink clover, sweetclo-
ver, sweet melilot, white sweetclover, yellow sweetclover (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Moderate toxicity, when cut
for feed, molding usually occurs because of the succulent
in China: pi han cao stems; the molds can metabolize coumarin which is hydro-
in India: ban methi, banmethi, chinkali, gorhadal, hendri, lyzed from a plant glycoside; dicoumarol is produced, which
kaadu loosarne soppu, kaadu loosnar soppu, kaadu wosarna is toxic to animals, all animals that eat affected hay may be
soppu, khara maithi, marvo, metha, metho, morila, neem, poisoned. Whole plant aromatic, antidote, febrifuge, antico-
ranmethi, senji, sinjee, sinji, suendadi-pallu, vanamethika agulant, carminative, digestive, emollient, astringent, styptic
and emollient, used for diarrhea, colic, sciatic neuralgia, dys-
in Nepal: methi ghans menorrhea. Drops of fresh leaves juice poured in eyes to cure
in Arabic: handaqouq, handaquq murr, qort, reqraq conjunctivitis, and for clearing eye sight.)

in Peru: alfalfa macho, shacko-álfar, trébol macho in English: annual yellow sweetclover, common melilot,
common yellow melilot, corn melilot, ribbed melilot, sweet
in South Africa: bitterklawer, eenjarige geel stinkklawer, clover, sweet grass, yellow clower, yellow melilot, yellow
geel stinkklawer, steenklawer, stinkklawer sweet-clover, yellow sweetclover
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (Medicago officinalis in China: hsun tsao, ling ling hsiang
(L.) E.H.L. Krause; Medicago officinalis E.H.L. Krause;
Melilotus alba Medikus; Melilotus albus Medik.; Melilotus in India: akleel-ul-mulk, aspurk, baupiring, gayaqaisar,
albus Medik. var. annuus Coe; Melilotus arenarius Grecescu; haleenothus, ikleel-ul-malik, jellek, ladak buksum, maleelo-
Melilotus arvensis Wallr.; Melilotus diffusa Koch ex DC.; thus, malka, ole, saba-e-mulk, shah afsar, zirir
Melilotus graveolens Bunge; Melilotus leucanthus W.D.J. in Japan: Shinagawa-hagi
Koch ex DC.; Melilotus lutea Gueldenst.; Melilotus
melilotus-officinalis Asch. & Graebn.; Melilotus neglectus
Ten.; Melilotus officinalis Desr.; Melilotus officinalis Lam.; Melinis P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae)
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., nom. illeg., non Melilotus
officinalis (L.) Pall.; Melilotus officinalis (L.) Medik., nom. From the Greek meline ‘millet, Italian millet, Panicum mili-
illeg., non Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall.; Melilotus officina- aceum’ (Herodotus) or a kind of Setaria; Latin milium, ii
lis fo. suaveolens (Ledeb.) H. Ohashi & Tateishi; Melilotus ‘millet’ (Vergilius, Plinius and Marcus Terentius Varro);
officinalis var. micranthus O. Schulz; Melilotus pallidus sometimes confused with Rhynchelytrum Nees, see Ambroise
Ser.; Melilotus petitpierreanus Willd.; Melilotus suaveolens Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois, Essai d’une nou-
Ledeb.; Melilotus vulgaris Eat. & Wright; Melilotus vulgaris velle Agrostographie, ou nouveaux genres des Graminées.
Hill; Sertula suaveolens (Ledeb.) Kuntze; Sertula suaveolens 54, t. 11, fig. 4. Paris 1812, Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753,
Kuntze; Trifolium melilotus officinalis L.; Trifolium melilo- Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 54, t. 11, f. 4. 1812,
tus var. officinalis L.; Trifolium officinale L.) Franz von Paula von Schrank (1747–1835), Plantae rariores
horti academici monacensis 58. Monachii [München] 1820
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, fodder
[1819], Horae Physicae Berolinenses 47, 54. Bonnae [Bonn],
See Species Plantarum 2: 764–773. 1753, The Gardeners 1820, Mantissa 2: 8, 163. 1824, Stazioni Sperimentali Agrarie
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 2: Melilotus. 1754, Italiane 378, 446. Torino 1836, An Introduction to the Natural
Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs System of Botany ed. 2, 447. 1836, Niger Flora 190. 1849,
3: 537. 1776, Flore Françoise 2: 594. 1778, Vorlesungen der Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 37. 1855 [1853], Gen.
2460 Melinis P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae)

S. Afr. Pl. ed. 2: 428. 1869 and Österreichische Botanische Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40: 157. 1930, Bulletin
Zeitschrift 51: 464. 1901, Willdenowia 6: 285–289. 1971, Folia du Jardin Botanique de l’État 9(3): 197. 1932, E. Afr. Agric.
Primatologica 21: 36–60. 1974, Bibliotheca Botanica 138: Journ. 26: 49. 1960, Kew Bulletin 21: 113. 1967, Biblioth.
1–149. 1988 [Revision der Melinideae Hitchcock (Poaceae, Bot. 138: 97, 103. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics
Panicoideae).], Flora Mesoamericana 6: 365. 1994, Flora of 25: 140–143. 1990
Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 185–189. 1995, Memoirs of the New
(Roots used as a purgative. Contains a strong scented volatile
York Botanical Garden 78: 509–540. 1996, Contributions
oil foul or sweet smelling, insect and snake repellent, anti-
from the United States National Herbarium 46: 287, 297,
tick deterrent properties, diuretic, antidysenteric.)
545. 2003.
in English: efwatakala grass, honey grass, molasses grass,
Melinis minutiflora P. Beauv. (Agrostis glutinosa Fisch.
stink grass
ex Nees; Agrostis glutinosa Fisch. ex Schrank; Agrostis
polypogon Salzm. ex Steud.; Melinis maitlandii Stapf & in China: tang mi cao shu, tang mi cao
C.E. Hubb.; Melinis maitlandii f. mutica (Chiov.) Robyns;
in Ghana: aketibua, akutu akuru
Melinis minutiflora f. inermis (Döll) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.;
Melinis minutiflora f. mutica Chiov.; Melinis minutiflora Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka (Melinis bachmannii
var. glutinosa (Nees) Kuntze; Melinis minutiflora var. iner- Mez; Melinis muenzneri Mez; Melinis nyassana Mez; Melinis
mis (Döll) Rendle; Melinis minutiflora var. inodora Kuntze; setifolia (Stapf) Hack.; Melinis villosipes Mez; Panicum bus-
Melinis minutiflora var. mutica Hack.; Melinis minutiflora seanum Mez; Panicum elongatum Mez, nom. illeg., non
var. pilosa Stapf; Melinis minutiflora var. setigera Clayton; Panicum elongatum Pursh; Panicum gracillimum Mez, nom.
Melinis purpurea Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Melinis tenuinervis illeg., non Panicum gracillimum Scribn.; Rhynchelytrum
Stapf; Melinis tenuinervis f. mutica Stapf & C.E. Hubb. ex filifolium (Franch.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Rhynchelytrum
Peter; Melinis tenuinervis var. parvispicula C.E. Hubb. ex nerviglume (Franch.) Chiov.; Rhynchelytrum nyassanum
Peter; Muhlenbergia brasiliensis Steud.; Muhlenbergia bra- (Mez) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Rhynchelytrum ramosum Stapf
ziliensis Steud.; Panicum melinis Trin.; Panicum melinis & C.E. Hubb.; Rhynchelytrum rhodesianum (Rendle) Stapf
var. inerme Döll; Panicum minutiflorum (P. Beauv.) Raspail; & C.E. Hubb.; Rhynchelytrum setifolium (Stapf) Chiov.;
Suardia picta Schrank; Tristegis glutinosa Nees) Rhynchelytrum stuposum Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Tricholaena
busseana (Mez) Peter; Tricholaena chevalieri A. Camus;
Tropical Africa. Perennial with hairy stems, very variable,
Tricholaena congoensis Franch.; Tricholaena filifolia
tufted, strongly aromatic and viscid-glandular throughout,
Franch.; Tricholaena nerviglumis Franch.; Tricholaena rho-
molasses-scented, branching and spreading, quick growing
desiana Rendle; Tricholaena rhodesiana var. glabrescens
and vigorous, rather coarse, basally prostrate, decumbent to
Rendle; Tricholaena rosea subvar. nsoaensis Vanderyst;
suberect, geniculately ascending and rooting at lower nodes,
Tricholaena rosea var. van-heei Vanderyst; Tricholaena seti-
stoloniferous, forming loose and large tussocks, leaves
folia Stapf)
minutely to densely hairy and sticky when fresh, sometimes
aggressive habit, excellent fodder plant, very palatable to Madagascar, Africa Sub-Saharan, South Africa. Perennial,
stock, valuable grass for cattle once they become used to the small to dwarf, densely tufted, erect, unbranched, sparse foli-
smell, excellent for grazing, resistant to drought, useful for age, leaves hard and stringy, spikelets with long hairs pink
erosion control and for soil conservation, pioneer grass sometimes cream to purplish, moderately palatable to rela-
tively unpalatable, useful for erosion control
See Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 54, t. 11, f. 4. 1812,
Plantae rariores horti academici monacensis t. 58. 1820, See Species Plantarum 2: 1045–1046. 1753, Bulletin de la
Horae Physicae Berolinenses 29, 47, 54, t. 7. 1820, Annales Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 8: 355–357. 1895, Flora
des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 299. 1825, Mémoires de Capensis 7: 442. 1899 and Österreichische Botanische
l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Zeitschrift 51: 464. 1901, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 3,1(2–3): 34(1): 131–132. 1904, Annali di Botanica 8: 310. 1911,
291. 1834, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 177–178. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 40: 232–233. 1911,
1854, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 242. 1877, Sitzungsberichte Giornale Botanico Italiano n.s. 26: 78. 1919, Bulletin du
der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 25: 202. 1919, Bulletin agricole
Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe 89: 126. 1884, du Congo Belge 11: 107, 108. 1920, Botanische Jahrbücher
Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 356. 1898, Catalogue of für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853– 57: 198–199. 1921, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 892, 895–897.
1861 2(1): 200. 1899, Flora Capensis 7: 447. 1899 and Nuovo 1930, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis,
Giornale Botanico Italiano 26: 78–79. 1919, Bulletin of Beihefte 40(1): 259. 1931, Fl. Trop. E. Afr. Gramineae 770.
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1922: 929. 1922, Bulletin of 1982, Bibliotheca Botanica 138: 111. 1988, Annals of the
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1926: 444–445. 1926, Flora Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 866–873. 1988, Taxon 41:
of Tropical Africa 9: 932. 1930, Repertorium Specierum 556. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995
Meliosma Blume Sabiaceae (Meliosmaceae) 2461

(Traditional healers use it to chase away ominous clouds.) in China: dan ye pao hua shu
in English: bristle-leaved red top, red top in India: chengoini, kolakkatta maram
in South Africa: blinkblaarblinkgras, boleya, fluweelgras, Meliosma thorelii Lecomte (Meliosma affinis Merrill;
lechocho, rooitop, steekblaarblinkgras Meliosma buchananifolia Merrill; Meliosma henryi Diels
subsp. mannii (Lace) Beusekom; Meliosma henryi subsp.
thorelii (Lecomte) Beusekom; Meliosma mannii Lace)
Meliosma Blume Sabiaceae (Meliosmaceae)
China, Vietnam.
Greek meli ‘honey’ and osme ‘smell, odour, perfume’, refer-
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 677–678. 1908 [1907 publ.
ring to the honey-scented flowers, see Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg
1908], Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 113. 1915,
… (Blume) 10–11. 1823, Plantarum vascularium genera
Philippine Journal of Science 23(3): 250–251. 1923, Journal
secundum ordines … Comm.: 346. 1843, Videnskabelige
of the Arnold Arboretum 21(3): 375. 1940, Blumea 19(3): 449,
Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i
451, f. 22. 1971
Kjøbenhavn 1850(5): 67, 69, 71–72. 1850 and Fieldiana, Bot.
24(6): 273–275. 1949, Blumea 19(3): 430–431, 434–435, 447, (Ceremonial, bark used in making incense.)
484, 516–517. 1971.
in China: shan she ye pao hua shu, shan xian ye pao hua shu
Meliosma cuneifolia Franchet
China, Tibet.
Melissa L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
See Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér.
2, 8: 211. 1886 and Blumea 19(3): 442. 1971 From the Latin melissophyllum and Greek melissophyllon,
Greek melissa ‘a honeybee, bee, honey’, leaves in skeps
(Antiseptic.) alleged to attract bee swarms, lemon-scented leaves, bees
in China: pao hua shu are supposed to be delighted with this herb; Melissa was a
nymph who is said to have invented the art of keeping bees;
Meliosma fordii Hemsley (Meliosma simplicifolia subsp. see Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Species Plantarum. 2: 592–
fordii (Hemsl. ex Forb. & Hemsl.) Beusekom; Meliosma sim- 594. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 257. 1754; Helmut
plicifolia subsp. fordii (Hemsl.) Beusekom) Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
China. Pflanzennamen. 378–379. Basel 1996; Serapiom, El libro
agregà de Serapiom. A cura di G. Ineichen. Venezia-Roma
See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 23(153): 144– 1962–1966; [John Lemprière, 1765?–1824], Lemprière’s
145. 1886 and Blumea 19(3): 480, f. 22. 1971 Classical Dictionary of Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient
(Antiseptic, for skin diseases.) Authors. Third Edition. 369. London and New York 1984;
Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico
in China: xiang pi shu della lingua italiana. 3: 738. 1983; P. Sella, Glossario latino
Meliosma rigida Siebold & Zuccarini (Meliosma simplicifo- emiliano. Città del Vaticano 1937.
lia subsp. rigida (Siebold & Zucc.) Beusekom) Melissa axillaris (Benth.) Bakh. f. (Calamintha cavaleriei
China. Small trees, ferruginous-pubescent, alternate leaves H. Lév. & Vaniot; Geniosporum axillare Benth.; Melissa
coriaceous, bisexual flowers in terminal panicles, white pet- hirsuta Blume; Melissa parviflora Benth.; Melissa parviflora
als, globose drupes with single seed var. purpurea Hayata)
See Blumea 19(3): 473, f. 22. 1971 Japan, China.
(Antifungal.) See Species Plantarum 2: 592–594. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Bijdragen
in China: bi luo zi
tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 14: 830. 1826, Plantae
Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. (Millingtonia simplic- Asiaticae Rariores 1: 65–66 and 2: 18. 1830 and Repertorium
ifolia Roxb.; Meliosma simplicifolia Walp.) Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8(182–184): 424.
1910, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University
Sri Lanka, India. Treelet, evergreen, inflorescences terminal
of Tokyo 30(1): 228–229. 1911, Florula Javanica 2: 629.
or axillary, white petals
1965, Taxon 31: 593–595. 1982
See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 3: 48, 50, pl. 254.
(Used medicinally for dysentery and snakebites; also used as
1819, Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard (1816–1853), Repertorium
an essence in hair oil.)
Botanices Systematicae. 1: 423. Lipsiae: sumtibus Friderici
Hofmeister, 1842–1848, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 8114 A. 1847 in English: axillary balm
(Ritual, ceremonial.) in China: mi feng hua, mi feng hua shu
2462 Melocalamus Benth. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Melissa officinalis Linnaeus (Melissa bicornis Klokov) in India: bethus bans, kalibans, latha, lota, lotabans, sai-ril,
sairil
Europe.
in Thailand: bo, bu, buh, lai khruea, lai mong, phai haang
See Species Plantarum 2: 592–594. 1753 and Cytologia 46:
chaang, phai hang chang, sai tan, sai tang, sai wan, wa bo,
27–44. 1981, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales,
waa boh
le Botaniste 4: 331–339. 1981, Taxon 32: 138–140. 1983,
Memórias da Sociedade Broteriana 27: 27–75. 1984, in Vietnam: ca truc, tre lim
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
und Pflanzengeographie 107: 203–228. 1985, Regnum Veg.
127: 65. 1993, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997 Melocanna Trin. Poaceae (Gramineae)
(Leaves infusion sedative, analgesic, for insomnia, head- From the Greek melon ‘an apple’ and kanna ‘a reed, cane’,
aches and toothaches.) referring to the fruit, a berry size of an avocado; planted spe-
in English: balm, common balm, bee balm, lemon balm, cies, charcoal of high absorbing power prepared from the
sweet balm, tea balm, balm leaf plants, the culms contain abundant amounts of a secretion
commonly known as tabasheer and used in medicine, type
in Peru: toronjil Melocanna bambusoides Trin., see Neue Entdeckungen im
in China: xiang feng hua ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 1820–1822, Journal de
Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 95:
in Arabic: louiza, merzizou 151. 1822, Clav. Agrostogr. Antiq. 105, 397. 1822, Allgemeine
Naturgeschichte 3(1): 422. 1841, Deutsch. Fl. 6: 6. 1846,
Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 332. 1854, Flora van
Melocalamus Benth. Poaceae (Gramineae) Nederlandsch Indië 3: 418. 1855, Catalogus plantarum quae
in Horto botanico bogoriensi … 20. 1866, Transactions of the
From the Greek melon ‘an apple’ and kalamos ‘reed’, resem-
Linnean Society of London 26(1): 133–134. 1868, Journal of
bling Dinochloa, type Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz)
the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 39(2):
Benth. & Hook.f., see J. Linn. Soc. Bot. London 19: 134. 1881
89, t. 6, f. 1, 2, 29. 1870, Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 564.
[1882 publ. 1881], Genera Plantarum 3: 1095, 1212. 1883 and
1877, Journal Linn. Soc., Bot. 19: 31. 1881 and Transactions
Kew Bulletin 1936: 251–254. 1936, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30(2):
of the Linnean Society 6: 401–425. 1904, Fieldiana, Botany
163–168. 1992, Z.-L. Li, The Flora of China Bambusoideae
24(2): 38–331. 1955, Kew Bulletin 2: 206. 1956, Agriculture
project, problems and current understanding of bamboo tax-
Handbook 193: i-iii, 1–74. 1961, Journal of the Bombay
onomy in China. The Bamboos 5: 61–81. 1997.
Natural History Society 59: 696–697. 1962, Bot. Zhurn. 50:
Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) Benth. & Hook.f. 1288–1304. 1965, Bot. Zhurn. 53: 1688–1703. 1968, Ann.
(Dinochloa compactiflora (Kurz) McClure; Melocalamus Bogor. 5: 109–115. 1970, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of
compactiflorus Benth.; Melocalamus compactiflorus (Kurz) India 22(1–4): 176. 1980, Fl. Ind. Enumerat.-Monocot. 281.
Bentham; Melocalamus compactiflorus (Benth.) Hook.f.; 1989, Indian Forester 117(1): 68. 1991, Flora Reipublicae
Pseudostachyum compactiflorum Kurz; Pseudostachyum Popularis Sinicae 9(1): i-xxvi, 1–761. 1996, Bamboos of the
glomeriflorum Kurz) World 324–325. 1999, Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium 39: 71. 2000.
Thailand, Myanmar, India, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam.
Scrambling, evergreen, scandent, spreading, arching, climb- Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz (Bambusa baccifera
ing over tall trees, culms asymmetric and zigzag, densely Roxb.; Beesha baccifera Kunth ex B.D. Jacks.; Beesha bac-
tufted, arborescent, sheath hard and fragile, sheath auricles cifera Kunth; Beesha baccifera (Roxburgh) Kunth; Beesha
developed, sheath ligule almost truncate, large inflorescence rheedei Kunth; Beesha rheedii Kunth; Melocanna bac-
on a leafless branch, interrupted panicle, clusters of pseu- cifera Skeels; Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz ex Skeels;
dospikelets, two fertile florets and one empty terminal, 2 Melocanna baccifera Kurz; Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.)
glumes 2-toothed, 3 lodicules long-ciliate, 6 stamens free, Kurtz ex Skeels; Melocanna bambusoides Trinius; Nastus
ovary glabrous, 2–3 stigmas plumose, watery sap coming out baccifer Roxb. ex Raspail; Nastus baccifera (Roxb.) Roxb.
of the cut stem, used for making baskets, secondary forest ex Raspail; Ochlandra rheedei Benth. & Hook.f. ex Gamble;
Ochlandra rheedii Benth. & Hook.f. ex Gamble; Ochlandra
See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Pt. 2. Nat. Hist.
rheedii (Kunth) Benth. & Hook.f. & Gamble)
42(4): 252. 1874 [1873 publ. 26 May 1874], J. Linn. Soc. Bot.
London 19: 134. 1881 [1882 publ. 1881], Genera Plantarum Bangladesh, Myanmar, northeastern India, Sikkim.
3: 1212. 1883 and Kew Bulletin 1936: 253. 1936[1937] Evergreen, sympodial, culms erect and straight, strong,
smooth, pendulous tips, nodes inconspicuous and not swol-
(The watery sap taken against influenza and cough in
len, white ring below the nodes, branching from midculm
children.)
upwards, vigorously rhizomatous, elongated slender rhi-
in Bangladesh: lota bans zome necks, internodes hollow, culm sheath deciduous or
Melochia L. Sterculiaceae 2463

persistent, sheath auricles indistinct, sheath ligule very short, Madagascariensia 19. 1806, Mémoires de la Classe des
leaf sheaths glabrous, leaves long lanceolate or oblong lan- Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques de L’Institut National
ceolate, along one side of the axis groups of pseudospike- de France 8: 2–3. 1807, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
lets, one fertile floret and one abortive, 2–4 glumes shortly (quarto ed.) 5: 326. 1821[1823], Prodromus Systematis
mucronate, ovary ovoid, recurved stigmas, large fruit berry- Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 490. 1824, Sylloge Plantarum
like, fruit shapes variable, fruits easily germinating often Novarum 2: 12. 1828[1825], Analyse des Familles de Plantes
while still on the plant, flowers gregariously, aggressive and 46. 1829, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 1153. 1829,
fast growing, forming diffuse and open clumps, eradication A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 488.
very difficult, durable culms for mat-making and construc- 1831, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(2): 150, t. 72. 1835, Annales
tion, for making floats, baskets, very good pulp for paper, des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 11: 172. 1839,
edible young shoots, edible fruits as famine food, grows Genera Plantarum 1000. 1840, Catalogus Plantarum in
on well-watered and drained sandy clay loam, fertile loam, Horto Botanico Bogoriensi Cultarum Alter 205. 1844, Bull.
moist areas, dry sandy slopes, lower hill forests, sandy soils, Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(1): 212. 1858, Theoria
alluvial soil Systematis Plantarum 271. 1858, Flora of the British West
Indian Islands 93–94. 1859, Pflzfam. III 6: 81. 1890 and
See Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Draakestein (1637– Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 403–428. 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1691), Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. [commentariis illu- Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 622–667. 1956, Flore de Madagascar et
stravit Johannes Commelinus] Amstelodami [Amsterdam] des Comores 131: 1–537. 1959, Contributions from the United
1678–1703, Hort. Bengal. 25. 1814, Plants of the Coast of States National Herbarium 34(5): 191–363. 1967, Taxon 44:
Coromandel 3: 37–38, t. 243. 1819, Neue Entdeckungen im 611–612. 1995, Flora Novo-Galiciana 3: 9–751. 2001.
ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 43. 1821, Syn. Pl.
(Persoon) 1: 253. 1822, Annales des Sciences Naturelles Melochia corchorifolia L. (Corchorus javanicus Burman f.;
(Paris) série I 5: 442. 1825, Révision des Graminées 1: Geruma subtriloba Blanco; Hibiscus donii Walp.; Hibiscus
141. 1829, Enum. Pl. 2: 434. 1833, Preliminary Report on endlicheri Walp.; Lochemia corchorifolia Arn.; Lochemia
the Forest and other Vegetation of Pegu Appendix B: 94. corchorifolia (Linnaeus) Arnott; Melochia affinis Wall.;
1875, Index Kewensis 1: 283. 1893, Annals of the Royal Melochia burmanni Zoll. & Mor.; Melochia concatenata
Botanic Garden, Calcutta 7: 121. 1896 and Transactions L.; Melochia corchorifolia Wall.; Melochia cordata Burm.
of the Linnean Society, London 6: 401–425. 1904, The f.; Melochia erecta Burm. f.; Melochia longebracteolata
Indian Forester 74: 122–130. 1948, The Indian Forester 114: Arènes; Melochia longibracteolata Arènes; Melochia pau-
576–583, 637–649. 1988, Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 27. 1994, ciflora Wall.; Melochia supina L.; Melochia truncata Willd.;
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 143: 287–291. 2003 Melochia truncata Wall.; Mougeotia corchorifolia (L.)
Kunth; Mougeotia corchorifolia Kunth; Polychlaena ramosa
(Outer skin to stop bleeding on cuts and wounds.) G. Don; Polychlaena simplex G. Don; Riedlea concatenata
in English: berry bamboo, muli, muli bamboo, Terai bamboo DC.; Riedlea concatenata (L.) DC.; Riedlea corchorifolia
(L.) DC.; Riedlea corchorifolia DC.; Riedlea radiata Blume;
in Bangladesh: muli, paiyya Riedlea supina DC.; Riedlea supina (L.) DC.; Riedlea trun-
in Bhutan: philim bans cata DC.; Riedlea truncata (Willd.) DC.; Sida cuneifolia
Roxb.; Sida cuneifolia A. Gray; Sida cuneifolia Ten., nom.
in India: artem, arten, bajail, bish, mao, mau, mau-tak, mau- illeg.; Visenia concatenata (L.) Spreng.; Visenia concat-
tak, metunga, moubi, muli, nali, tarai, turiah, wati, watrai, enata Spreng.; Visenia corchorifolia (L.) Spreng.; Visenia
watri corchorifolia Spreng.; Visenia supina (L.) Spreng.; Visenia
in Myanmar: kayinwa, tabinwa supina Spreng.)
Pantropical. An erect or prostrate herb or undershrub growing
in waterside and dump places, well-developed root system,
Melochia L. Sterculiaceae small pinkish white flowers in terminal or axillary clusters,
hispid capsule, angular dark gray seeds, fodder, leaves eaten
Presumably from the Greek meli ‘honey’ and echo ‘to hold,
as vegetable
to sustain’, or from meli and locheia ‘childbirth’, ancient
name for a plant supposed to ease parturition; melochich is See Hort. Eltham t. 176, f. 217. 1732, Species Plantarum 2:
an Arabic name for Corchorus olitorius L., tossa jute; see 675, 693. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 123, 143, t. 36, f.
Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 674–675. 1753, Genera 3. 1768, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(1): 601. 1800, Hort.
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 304. 1754, Natuurlijke Historie 2(8): Bengal. 50. 1814, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: 326. 1821
308–309. 1777, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus [Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 5: ed. fol. 253; ed. qu. 326. 1823],
der Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse der Monadelphien. 10. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
1787, Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öcon- 1: 491–492. 1824, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 86. 1825, Systema
omischen Gesellschaft 1: 217. 1791, Histoire Naturelle des Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 3: 30–31. 1826,
Végétaux, Classés par Familles 5: 71. 1802, Genera Nova A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 1196
2464 Melochia L. Sterculiaceae

H, K, 1198, 1199. 1829, Gen. Hist. 1: 488. 1831, Fl. Filip. See Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: 163, pl.
[F.M. Blanco] 182. 1837, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 11: 172. 32. 1825 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, II 4: 69.
1839, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. (Walpers) 1: 1903, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
304. 1842, Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Indischen 8: 122. 1910
Archipel 27. 1846 and Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique
(A contraceptive, the juice of macerated roots.)
de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétal 7: 66–68. 1956,
Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 34: 305. 1967, Taxon 41: 573. 1992, Melochia melissifolia Benth. (Anamorpha melochioides
International Journal of Biological Chemistry 1(4): 250– Triana & H. Karst.; Melochia bracteosa F. Hoffm.; Melochia
255. 2007 concinna Miq.; Melochia crinata R. Brown ex Hiern;
Melochia globifera Triana & Planch.; Melochia melissifo-
(Used in Sidha/Siddha. Root powder given with water in
lia var. brachyphylla K. Schum.; Melochia melissifolia var.
snakebite. A decoction of leaves and roots given in cases of
bracteosa (F. Hoffm.) K. Schum.; Melochia melissifolia var.
dysentery; leaves and roots used for poulticing in cases of
microphylla K. Schum.; Melochia melissifolia var. mollis K.
smallpox. Leaves for swellings and sores of the abdomen;
Schum.; Melochia melissifolia var. welwitschii (Hiern) K.
stem and leaves, boiled in oil, applied as a relief from the
Schum.; Melochia mollis (Kunth) Triana & Planch.; Melochia
bites of water snakes. Plant decoction a remedy against
mollis (K. Schum.) Hutch. & Dalziel; Melochia welwitschii
snakebites. Sap applied as an antidote to wounds caused by
Hiern; Mougeotia mollis Kunth; Riedlea concinna (Miq.)
arrows poisoned with Antiaris toxicaria.)
Walp.; Riedlea mollis (Kunth) DC.; Riedlea multiflora C.
in English: chocolateweed, juteleaf melochia, red-weed, Presl; Riedlea sparsiflora Klotzsch ex Walp.; Visenia mollis
redweed, wire bush (Kunth) Spreng.)
in China: ma song zi French Guiana.
in India: bettada thuttthi, bihar, ceruvuram, chitrabeez, chit- See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 328–
tentakura, cittentakura, chittentha koora, chunch-khapat, 329. 1821[1823], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
chuncha khapat, dhakna, gangupindi kura, ganugapin- Vegetabilis 1: 491. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima
dikoora, ganugapindikura, konkaramacukkirai, methuri sexta 3: 30. 1826, Journal of Botany, being a second series of
gida, naruvalli, niruren, nolita, paripattiram, pinnakku- the Botanical Miscellany 4: 129–130. 1842, Linnaea 22: 467.
k-kirai, pinnakku keerai, pinnakkucceti, pinnakkukkirai, 1849, Annales Botanices Systematicae 2: 166. 1852, Annales
pinnakkuppundu, pinnakkuppuntu, pinnukuk kirai, pun- des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 17: 343. 1862,
nakkukkirai, punnakkuppuntu, punnakupoodu, sitha kura, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flora von Central-Ost-Afrika 13.
sithantakoora, sitnata kura, thulak, thutthurubenda, tiki-okra, 1889, Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 1: 90–91. 1896 and Monogr. Afr.
tikiokra, tsjerroo uren, tsjeru-uren, tsjeruuren, tutturubenda Pflanzenfam. und-gatt. 5: 43. 1900, Flora of West Tropical
Africa 1: 250. 1928
in Indonesia: gendiran, jaring, orang-aring
(Seed to treat stomachache. Aqueous solution of leaves
in Japan: noji-aoi
insecticidal.)
Malayan names: bayam rusa, bunga padang, lemak kepiting,
Melochia nodiflora Sw. (Melochia carpinifolia J.C. Wendl.;
lemak ketam, limah ketam, pulut-pulut
Melochia conglobata Sessé & Moc.; Melochia urticifolia
in Philippines: bankalanan, kalingan (Turcz.) Standl.; Mougeotia nodiflora Kunth; Riedlea nodi-
flora (Sw.) DC.; Riedlea urticifolia Turcz.; Riedleia nodiflora
in Sri Lanka: gal kura
(Sw.) DC.; Visenia nodiflora (Sw.) Spreng.)
in Thailand: khaang paak put, sa aeng bai mon, seng lek
Virgin Islands, Jamaica.
in Vietnam: tr[uws]ng cua, v[ai]i gi[aas]y
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 97.
in Gambia: tumarraturo 1788, Botanische Beobachtungen 52. 1798, Nov. Gen. Sp.
Pl. 5: 330. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
in Senegal: ghud a mbèl, pag hu gor, ntogoyo, tias a mbèl
Vegetabilis 1: 491. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio dec-
in Sierra Leone: ndopa-yenge, ngingili, suri ima sexta 3: 30. 1826, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des
Naturalistes de Moscou 31(1): 209. 1858 and Contributions
in Tanzania: pombo
from the United States National Herbarium 23(3): 804. 1923,
Melochia hermannioides A. St.-Hil. (Melochia hermannioi- Flora Novo-Galiciana, 3: 13. 2001
des fo. heterophylla Hassl.; Melochia hermannioides fo. typ-
(Plant pounded, mixed with salt and vinegar and put on cuts
ica Hassl.; Melochia hermannioides var. lacinulata Hassl.;
and sprains.)
Melochia hermannioides var. lanceolata Hassl.; Melochia
lacinulata Schumann & Hassler) in English: black marshmallow
South America. Melochia odorata L.f.
Melochia L. Sterculiaceae 2465

Papua New Guinea. (Implicated in poisoning and causing paralysis and tumours.
Used for the treatment of headache, the fruit being eaten
See Supplementum Plantarum 302. 1781
and the leaves being placed on the forehead. Boiled roots
(Leaves for swellings and sores.) for back pain.)
in Papua New Guinea: ulari in English: red rope
Melochia pyramidata L. (Melochia domingensis Jacq.; in New Guinea: ant-mong
Melochia pyramidata fo. intermedia Hassl.; Melochia
pyramidata fo. transitoria K. Schum. & Hassl.; Melochia Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf (Aleurodendron album
pyramidata var. flava Kuntze; Melochia pyramidata var. Reinw.; Glossospermum cordatum Wall.; Glossospermum
grisebachii Kuntze; Melochia pyramidata var. hieronymi velutinum Wall.; Hypericum pentandrum Blanco; Melochia
K. Schum.; Melochia pyramidata var. normalis Kuntze; arborea Blanco; Melochia indica Kurz; Melochia indica A.
Melochia pyramidata var. pseudotomentosa Hassl.; Gray ex Fern.-Vill.; Melochia indica var. deglabrata Kds. &
Melochia tomentosa var. mattogrossensis R.E. Fr.; Moluchia Val.; Melochia odorata var. schlechteri Mildbr.; Melochia
domingensis (Medik.) Steud.; Moluchia domingensis Steud.; velutina Wall. ex Bedd.; Pentaglottis tomentosa Wall.;
Moluchia fruticosa Medik.; Moluchia herbacea Medik.; Riedlea aleurodendron Steud.; Riedlea cordata Steud.;
Moluchia pyramidata (L.) Britt.; Sida mathewsii Turcz.; Sida Riedlea tiliaefolia DC.; Riedlea velutina DC.; Riedlea wal-
sabeana Buckley) lichiana Steud.; Visenia alba Endl. ex Walp.; Visenia indica
J.F. Gmel.; Visenia javanica Jungh.; Visenia tomentosa Miq.;
West Indies, Cuba. Visenia umbellata Houtt.; Visenia velutina (DC.) Turcz.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 674–675, [sic 774], 683–686. India. Shrub
1753, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der
Malvenfamilie … 10. 1787, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio See Natuurlijke Historie 8: 309. 1777, Systema Naturae
secunda 2: 155. 1841, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural … editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 312, 515. 1791,
Sciences of Philadelphia 1861: 449. 1862, Bulletin de la Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1:
Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 36(1): 565. 491. 1824, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 2: 12. 1828[1825], A
1863, Flora Brasiliensis 12(3): 35. 1886, Revisio Generum Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 1153, 1155, 1156. 1829,
Plantarum 3(2): 25. 1898 and Brooklyn botanic garden Flora de Filipinas 524, 614. 1837, Tijdschr. vii. (1840) 302.
memoirs 1: 69. 1918, Ceiba 20(1): 27–41. 1976, Biodiver. 1840, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 459–460.
Tabasco 65–110. 2005 1841, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 1: 351. 1842,
Analecta botanica indica … 3: 4. 1852, Bulletin de la Société
(Implicated in poisoning and causing paralysis and tumours.
Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 31(1): 212. 1858,
Leaves and roots for urinary disorders, abdominal swelling,
Preliminary Report on the Forest and Other Vegetation of
dysentery, snakebites and sores, stomachache.)
Pegu 23. 1875, Bijdragen tot de Kennis der Boomsoorten van
Melochia tomentosa L. (Melochia arida Rose; Melochia cre- Java 2: 194. 1895 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information
nata Bertero ex Spreng.; Melochia hypoleuca Miq.; Melochia Kew 317. 1913, Bot. Jahrb. 62: 350. 1929
plicata C. Presl; Melochia portoricensis Spreng.; Melochia
tomentosa var. bahiensis K. Schum.; Melochia tomentosa (Leaf decoction given in stomach pain; leaves pounded with
var. turpiniana (Kunth) K. Schum.; Melochia tomentosa var. sugar and applied on sores and ulcers.)
typica K. Schum.; Melochia turpiniana Kunth; Moluchia in India: panko, to-hu-o-ko, tohouko
tomentosa Britton; Riedlea hypoleuca (Miq.) Walp.; Sida
rajoides M.E. Jones) Melochia villosa (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle (Melochia ceph-
alodes K. Schum.; Melochia clinopodium St. Hilaire &
Mexico, West Indies. Naudin; Melochia densiflora Miq.; Melochia hirsuta Cav.;
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1140. 1759, Ueber Melochia hirsuta var. glabrata C. Mart.; Melochia hirsuta
einige kunstliche Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie … 10. var. glabrescens (C. Presl) A. Gray; Melochia hirsuta var.
1787, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 323– grandiflora Schumann; Melochia hirsuta var. paraguayen-
324, t. 482. 1821[1823], Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sis McPherson; Melochia hirsuta var. rotundifolia C. Mart.;
sexta 3: 29. 1826, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(2): 145. 1835, Melochia jurgensenii (Turcz.) Hemsl.; Melochia lilacina A.
Linnaea 22: 468. 1849, Annales Botanices Systematicae St.-Hil.; Melochia scutellarioides (Turcz.) Hemsl.; Melochia
2: 166. 1852, Flora Brasiliensis 12(3): 34. 1886 and serrata (Vent.) St. Hilaire & Naudin; Melochia spicata (L.)
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Fryxell; Melochia tenella (Turcz.) Hemsl.; Melochia vestita
8(4): 321. 1905, Brooklyn botanic garden memoirs 1: 69. Benth.; Mougeotia hirsuta (Cav.) Kunth; Riedlea cubensis
1918, Leaflets of Western Botany 18: 58. 1933, Field Mus. Turcz.; Riedlea elongata C. Presl; Riedlea glabrescens (C.
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 622–667. 1956, Contr. U.S. Presl) Small; Riedlea heterotricha Turcz.; Riedlea hirsuta
Natl. Herb. 34(5): 191–363. 1967, Flora Novo-Galiciana 3: (Cav.) DC.; Riedlea jurgensenii Turcz.; Riedlea scutellarioi-
136. 2001 des Turcz.; Riedlea serrata Vent.; Riedlea serrata var. gla-
2466 Melodinus Forst. & Forst.f. Apocynaceae

brescens C. Presl; Riedlea tenella Turcz.; Sida villosa Mill.; (The fruit is used to treat abdominal pain, infantile malnutri-
Visenia hirsuta Spreng.; Visenia serrata Spreng.) tion due to intestinal parasites, indigestion, and hernia.)
South America, West Indies. Slender, purple flowers in English: fragrant melodinus
See Species Plantarum 2: 683–686. 1753, The Gardeners in China: shan chen
Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 6. 1768, Natuurlijke Historie
2(8): 308. 1777, Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem
6: 323, pl. 175, f. 1. 1788, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux, Melodorum Lour. Annonaceae
Classés par Familles 5: 71. 1802, Mémoires de la Classe des
From the Greek melon ‘an apple’ and doron ‘gift’, refer-
Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques de L’Institut National
ring to the fruit; or from the Latin mel, mellis ‘honey’ and
de France 8: 2–3. 1807, Systema Vegetabilium, editio dec-
odor, odoris ‘smell, perfume’, referring to the honey-scented
ima sexta 3: 30. 1826, Annales des Sciences Naturelles;
leaves; see J. de Loureiro, Flora Cochinchinensis 329, 351.
Botanique, sér. 2, 18: 36. 1842, The botany of the voyage of
1790 and Philipp. J. Sci. 15(2): 125. 1919.
H.M.S. Sulphur 71. 1844, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des
Naturalistes de Moscou 31(1): 211. 1858, Biologia Centrali- Melodorum cylindricum Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson
Americana; … Botany … 1(2): 131. 1879, Flora Brasiliensis
Borneo.
12(3): 47. 1886 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1:
403. 1901, Flora of Jamaica, Containing Descriptions of See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 80. 1872
the Flowering Plants Known from the Island 5: 165. 1926,
(Root decoction drunk for diarrhea and snakebite.)
Systematic Botany Monographs 25: 457. 1988
Malay name: tepak
(Root infusion drunk for pain during pregnancy.)
Melodorum fruticosum Lour.
SE Asia, Thailand. Small tree, cylindrical crown, smooth
Melodinus Forst. & Forst.f. Apocynaceae dark green elongated leaves, solitary flowers axillary and
Greek melon ‘an apple’ and dineo ‘I twist’, referring to the terminal, sweetly scented cream flowers with brownish tips,
shape of the fruit and the climbing and twining habit, the three outer petals, aggregate fruits, black seeds, the symbol
fruit is a large and pulpy berry; see J.R. Forster and J.G.A. flower and tree of Itsisaket/Sisaket province (Thailand), in
Forster, Characteres generum plantarum. 37, t. 19. London mixed deciduous forest and dry evergreen forest
(Nov.) [1775]. See Plant Systematics and Evolution 144: 165–177.
Melodinus cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Merrill (Melodinus 1984, Phytochemistry 29(5): 1667–1670. 1990, Chaiyo
henryi Craib; Oncinus cochinchinensis Loureiro) Chaichantipyuth et al. “Oxidized heptenes from flowers of
Melodorum fruticosum.” Phytochemistry 58(8): 1311–1315.
SE Asia. 2001
(The fruits are used to treat infantile meningitis and fractures.) (Dried flowers tonic, mild cardiac stimulant, preparations
in English: Henry melodinus made from them increases hemoglobin and help with mus-
cle tone.)
in China: si mao shan chen
in English: devil tree, white cheesewood
Melodinus fusiformis Champion ex Bentham (Melodinus
edulis H. Léveillé; Melodinus esquirolii H. Léveillé; in Thailand: lamduan
Melodinus flavus H. Léveillé; Melodinus seguinii H. Léveillé; Melodorum fulgens Hook.f. & Thomson (Melodorum ful-
Melodinus wrightioides Handel-Mazzetti) (referring to the gens Fernandez-Villar)
fusiform berries)
SE Asia.
See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew. Gard. Misc. 4: 332. 1852
See Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson] i. 120. 1855
(Plant used for the treatment of rheumatism and injury. The
(Leaves decoction as a postpartum remedy.)
fruit is poisonous.)
Malay name: akar kep, medang salah hutan
in English: fusiform melodinus
Melodorum kentii Hook.f. & Thomson
in China: jian shan chen
Java. Understory tree, primary forest
Melodinus suaveolens (Hance) Champion ex Bentham
(Lycimnia suaveolens Hance in Walpers; Melodinus laetus See Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson] i. 116. 1855
Champion ex Bentham)
(Fresh aromatic roots peeled and chewed to ease
China. stomach­ache.)
Melothria L. Cucurbitaceae 2467

in English: forest kelembunyo dula; Melothria quadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn.; Melothria

scabra Naudin)
in Indonesia: kelembunyo bai
North America, Guatemala. Perennial vine, annual, slender,
Melodorum lanuginosum Hook.f. & Thomson (Fissistigma
tendrils beside the leaves, flowers solitary and axillary
lanuginosum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Merr.; Fissistigma lanu-
ginosum Merr.) See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 15. 1826,
London Journal of Botany 1: 173. 1842, Linnaea 26: 640.
SE Asia. 1855, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 6:
See Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants. 10–11. 1866, Flora Brasiliensis 6(4): 28. 1878, Monographiae
117. 1855 and Philippine Journal of Science 15: 132. 1919 Phanerogamarum 3: 580–581, 585. 1881, Botanical Gazette
16(1): 9. 1891
(Root decoction as a postpartum remedy and for stomachache.)
(Fruits and roots toxic, poisonous, strongly purgative.
Malay names: larak api, selusoh semang Powdered leaves and gunpowder applied to moccasin bite.)
Melodorum manubriatum Hook.f. & Thomson in English: Guadeloupe cucumber
Malay Peninsula. Tree Melothria perpusilla (Blume) Cogn. (Cucurbita perpusilla
See Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson] i. 118. 1855 Blume)
India. Weak climber, yellowish green flowers, red fruits
(Roots febrifuge.)
cooked as vegetable
Malay name: akar sumbulut
See Catalogus … 105. 1823, Monographiae Phanerogamarum
Melodorum pisocarpum Hook.f. & Thomson 3: 607. 1881
Malay Peninsula. Tree (Roots decoction taken in venereal diseases, diarrhea, fever.)
See Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson] i. 123. 1855 in India: bankundri, birkudri
(Roots febrifuge.) Melothria scabra Naudin (Apodanthera pringlei S. Watson;
Melothria costensis C. Jeffrey; Melothria donnell-smithii
Malay name: kudunak Cogn.; Melothria donnell-smithii var. hirtella Cogn.;
Melothria donnell-smithii var. rotundifolia Cogn.; Melothria
fluminensis Gardner; Melothria pendula L.; Melothria prin-
Melothria L. Cucurbitaceae glei (S. Watson) Mart. Crov.)
Latin melothron or melotrum for a plant, the white bryony, Mexico, North America. Slender
also called vitis alba (Plinius), Greek melothron (melon ‘an
See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 15. 1826,
apple’), ancient name used by Theophrastus and Dioscorides
London Journal of Botany 1: 173. 1842, Linnaea 26: 640.
for a kind of white grape or a plant related to the genus
1855, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 6:
Bryonia; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 35.
10–11. 1866, Flora Brasiliensis 6(4): 28. 1878, Monographiae
1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 21. 1754, Prodromus
Phanerogamarum 3: 580–581, 585. 1881, Proceedings of the
Florae Norfolkicae 69. 1833, Index Seminum [Goettingen]
American Academy of Arts and Sciences 25: 149–150. 1890,
1835: 5. 1835, Journal of Botany, being a second series Botanical Gazette 16(1): 9. 1891 and Notulae Systematicae.
of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 274–275. 1841, Linnaea Herbier du Museum de Paris 15: 46. 1954, Kew Bulletin
17: 576. 1844, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis 33(2): 349. 1978
Monographicae 2: 15, 68. 1846, The Flora of Jamaica 2:
142. 1850 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(11/4): 306–395. 1976, Ann. (Fruits and roots toxic, poisonous, purgative.)
Missouri Bot. Gard. 65(1): 285–366. 1978, Fl. Venezuela Common names: cochinito, granadillita, sandillita de culebra
5(1): 11–202. 1992, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.
85(1): 688–717. 2001.
Melothria pendula L. (Bryonia convolvulifolia Schltdl.; Memecylon L. Melastomataceae (Memecylaceae)
Bryonia guadalupensis Spreng.; Melothria donnell-smithii From the Greek memekylon, ancient name for the fruit of
Cogn.; Melothria donnell-smithii var. hirtella Cogn.; Arbutus unedo, the strawberry tree; Latin memecylon, i
Melothria donnell-smithii var. rotundifolia Cogn.; Melothria ‘the edible fruit of the strawberry-tree’ (Plinius); see Carl
fluminensis Gardner; Melothria fluminensis var. microphylla Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 349. 1753 and Genera
Cogn.; Melothria fluminensis var. ovata Cogn.; Melothria Plantarum. Ed. 5. 166. 1754 and Veg. Erde [Engler] 9
guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn.; Melothria pendula L. var. (Pflanzenw. Afr. Band 3, Heft 2): 768. 1921, Adansonia sér.
chlorocarpa (Engelm.) Cogn.; Melothria pendula L. var. pen- 2, 17(3–4): 422–423. 1978, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B,
2468 Memecylon L. Melastomataceae (Memecylaceae)

Adansonia Sér. 4, 6(4): 411, 441. 1985 [1984 publ. 1985], kanalei, kanila, kannavu, kanyavu, kasa, kasan, kasava,
Taxon 59(1): 90. 2010. kasavu, kashamaram, kashava, kashavu, kashawa, kashoa,
kasjavo-maram, kasavu, kaya, kayacceti, kayala, kayama-
Memecylon amplexicaule Roxb.
ram, kayampucceti, kayampuchedi, kayampuvuchedi, kayan,
Malaysia, India. Small tree, red inner bark, sessile leaves, kayavu, klavu, kucumam, limba, limbatoli, limbtoli, man-
inflorescence an axillary cluster, blue-white bisexual flowers chialli, manciyalli, masavu, midalli, mulacittincam, mundi,
with spreading petals and lavender stamens, purple berries nemar, netunchetti, neymaru, nibidalle, niroso, ollekodi,
See Species Plantarum 1: 349. 1753 peddaalli, peddalli, punkali, tipali, tiyali, wollekodi

(Used in Sidha. For dizziness.) Memecylon flavovirens Baker

in India; kaya Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, erect, rough cracked
bark, pink-white corolla, fleshy fruit
Malay names: nipis kulit, pekan
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1897: 268.
Memecylon angustifolium Wight 1897
India. (Roots and leaves for pneumonia, stomachache, venereal
See Illustrations of Indian Botany 1: 215. 1840–1850 diseases.)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) Memecylon harmandii Guill.

in India: alli, arrukanila, attukanalei, attukanila, attunjarei, Vietnam.
belavaka, belavakaana, belavakana, bellakan, kakajembu, See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 68: 7. 1921, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine
mundi mara, oodidalle, kaavu gida, kaaka jembu, udidalle, 2: 933. 1921
vellaikaya, vellaikkaya
(Antiinflammatory.)
Memecylon caeruleum Jack (Memecylon cyanocarpum C.Y.
Wu ex C. Chen; Memecylon floribundum Blume) Memecylon lancifolium Ridl.
India, SE Asia. Tree, ovate leaves, pink flowers, fruit globose Malay Peninsula.
See Malayan Miscellanies 1(5): 26. 1820, Museum Botanicum See Fl. Malay. Penin. v. 311. 1925
1: 361. 1851 and Flora Yunnanica 2: 134, pl. 32, f. 6–9. 1979
(A treatment for impotence, boil roots together with those of
(Cooling and astringent.) Corymborkis veratrifolia and drink.)
in China: tian lan gu mu Memecylon malabaricum Cogn. (Memecylon malabari-
Memecylon dichotomum C.B. Clarke ex King cum Kostel.; Memecylon randerianum S.M. Almeida &
M.R. Almeida)
Malaysia, India.
India.
See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
history 69: 75. 1900 See Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. iv. 1517. 1835, Monogr. Phan. [A.
DC. & C. DC.] vii. (1891) 1148. 1891 and J. Bombay Nat.
(Roots for rheumatism; a decoction as a postpartum remedy.) Hist. Soc. 85(3): 521. 1988 (publ. 1989)
Malay name: bebuas (Used in Sidha. Leaves for skin diseases.)
Memecylon edule Roxb. in India: bandee kaayi, bandikya, bandikyaa, dodda nekkare,
India. gandu kusumaale, gandukaepala, gandukepala, jadekodi,
jodukodi, kasavu, kannavu, kanyavu, kashavu, kaya, kayavu,
See Species Plantarum 1: 349. 1753 and Taxon 31: 576–579. limbatholi, lokundi, malamthetti, mundi, nemar, neymaru,
1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 321–322. 1990, ollikkoti, perungaca, perunkaca, perunkaya, puvai, puvaic-
Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association ceti, vacci, wolekodi
79(3-viii): 124–125. 1992
Memecylon minutiflorum Miq.
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Root decoction in controlling
excessive menstrual discharges. Leaves astringent, cooling, Sumatra. Small trees, red inner bark, lanceolate leaves
for gonorrhea, conjunctivitis.)
See Fl. Ned., Eerste Bijv. 2: 323. 1861 [Flora Indiae Batavae
in India: alamar, alamarn, alie, alimar, alimaru, alle, alli, … Supplementum Primum. Prodromus Florae Sumatranae.]
allichettu, anakkayavu, aneikombi, anjani, archeti, cas-
(Roots decoction as a postpartum remedy.)
erychedi, cirukaca, cuyampucceti, gandukepala, kaca,
kacamaram, kacan, kacaricceti, kayac-ceti, kalayam, kana, Malay name: sedawai hitam
Menispermum L. Menispermaceae 2469

Memecylon ovatum Sm. Lloydia (Cincinnati), 34: 292–300. 1971, Taxon 31(2): 344–
360. 1982, Erigenia 11: 1–8. 1991, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of
Philippines.
Plants by the Indians … 31. 1991, Regnum Veg. 127: 66. 1993
See Rees, Abraham (1743–1825), The cyclopædia: or,
(All parts and the fruit are thought to be poisonous, highly
Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature / by
toxic, may be fatal if eaten. Moonseed contains alkaloids that
Abraham Rees … with the assistance of eminent profes-
may be responsible for the toxicity of the fruit to humans.
sional gentlemen … London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme
Used for skin diseases, gastrointestinal and gynecological
& Brown [etc.], 1819
disorders and venereal diseases.)
(Roots for menstrual disorders. Leaves infusion as eyewash.)
in English: Canada moonseed, ghost fruit, grapes of the
in Philippines: kandon, kandong, kulis, malabanggi, ghosts, moonseed, sore mouth, yellow parilla
sagingsing
in North America: hakakut (Pawnee), ingthahe-hazi-i-ta
Memecylon polyanthemos Hook. f. (Omaha-Ponca), ménisperme du Canada, raison de couleu-
vre, wanaghi-haz (Winnebago)
Tropical Africa.
See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 463. 1871
(Leaves and bark analgesic, for toothache and venereal Mentha L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
diseases.) The Latin name for mint, menta, mentha; Greek mintha,
Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f. (Memecylon umbella- minthe, minthes; Akkadian mitum ‘dead’, Minthe was a
tum C. Presl; Memecylon umbellatum Gaertn.; Memecylon daughter of Cocytus, loved by Pluto, Ovidius: “… in olentes
umbellatum Kostel.; Memecylon umbellatum Blume; mentas”, Met. X, 729; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
Memecylon umbellatum Benth.) 2: 576–578. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 250. 1754, The
Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition vol. 3.
Sri Lanka. Tree, dark fruits 1754, Species Plantarum 2: 804–805. 1763, The Gardeners
See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1094. [Oct 1826–Nov 1827], Dictionary: … eighth edition Pulegium no. 1. 1768, Flore
Epimel. Bot. 208. 1851, Fl. Austral. 3: 293. 1867 Française. Troisième Édition 1: 537. 1805, Outlines of Botany
969, 1095, 1106. 1835, Flora 1: 314, 316. 1845, Prodromus
(Used in Ayurveda. Root decoction in excessive menstrual Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 12: 165, 171. 1848,
discharge. Leaves cooling, astringent, given in gonorrhea.) Flore Française. Troisième Édition 2: 648. 1850 and Flora
in India: aalamar mara, aale maara, adachaare, adachare, URSS 21: 606, 610, 613, 620. 1954, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/3):
alamaru, alle, alle mara, alli, anakkayavu, anjan, anjanee, 237–317. 1973, M. Cortelazzo & P. Zolli, Dizionario etimo-
anjani, anjun, arachara, arachate, archeti, gandukepala, hal- logico della lingua italiana. 3: 741. 1983, Giovanni Semerano,
achaare, harachaari, harchari, huli soppu, huli soppu mara, Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario della lingua
hulisoppu, kalayam, kalo-kudo, kanjavu, kannavu, kasa, Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 472. 1994, G. Semerano, Le
kasai, kasan, kasavu, kaya, kayala, kayam, kayavu, knaila, origini della cultura europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi
korakaha, kukka alli, kurpa, lakhonde, limba, limbakoli, semitiche delle lingue indeuropee. Dizionario della lingua
limbatholi, limboli, manchiyalli, manjiyalli, midalli, mudi- Greca. 2(1): 184. 1994.
mara, mundi mara, naemaara, naimaru, netunjetti, neymaru, Mentha aquatica L. (Marrubium aquaticum (L.) Uspensky;
nibidalle, nirasa, peddalli, perungaya, pungali, puvai, sarani, Marrubium aquaticum Uspensky; Mentha acuta Opiz;
sirugasa, udaballi, udatalli, udidalle, wollekodi Mentha acutata Opiz; Mentha affinis Boreau, nom. illeg.;
Mentha aquatica f. aradensis Topitz; Mentha aquatica f.
brachiata Wimm. & Grab.; Mentha aquatica f. elongata
Menispermum L. Menispermaceae Pérard; Mentha aquatica f. gnaphalifrons Topitz; Mentha
aquatica f. hirsuta (Huds.) Pérard; Mentha aquatica f.
Moonseed, from the Greek mene ‘the moon, the crescent
icmadogena Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. illensis Topitz;
moon’ and sperma ‘seed’, referring to the shape of the seeds.
Mentha aquatica f. lasiotricha Topitz; Mentha aquatica f.
Menispermum canadense L. latiovalis Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. limosa (Schur) Topitz;
Mentha aquatica f. lobeliana (Becker) Topitz; Mentha
North America. Woody, deciduous, perennial twining vine
aquatica f. luxurians Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. macroceph-
without tendrils, greenish white flowers in small axillary
alota Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. macrophylla Topitz; Mentha
clusters, fruit blue or bluish black drupe
aquatica f. maculosa Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. madaquen-
See Species Plantarum 1: 340–341. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 158, sis Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. maxima Topitz; Mentha
1754 and Gress, E.M. “Poisonous plants of Pennsylvania.” aquatica f. minor Pérard, nom. illeg.; Mentha aquatica f.
Penn. Dep. Agric. Gen. Bull., 531. 1935, Doskotch, R.W., obscura Wimm. & Grab.; Mentha aquatica f. perlata Topitz;
Knapp, J.E. “Alkaloids from Menispermum canadense.” Mentha aquatica f. pontica Topitz; Mentha aquatica f.
2470 Mentha L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

pseudopiperita (Tausch) Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. pusilla Mentha aquatica var. subsativa Fr.; Mentha aquatica var.
Pérard; Mentha aquatica f. riparia (Schreb.) Topitz; Mentha subspicata (Weihe ex Fresen.) Benth.; Mentha aquatica var.
aquatica f. schlinseana Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. serratula turrita Briq.; Mentha aquatica var. vericicola Topitz; Mentha
Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. silesiaca Topitz; Mentha aquat- aquatica var. weiheana (Opiz) Heinr. Braun; Mentha aro-
ica f. slavonica Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. solida Topitz; matica Opiz ex Déségl.; Mentha arvensis var. sativa Benth.,
Mentha aquatica var. stagnalis Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. nom. superfl.; Mentha augusta Opiz ex Déségl.; Mentha
stoderiana Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. subhirsuta Topitz; auneticensis Opiz; Mentha aurita Weihe ex Fresen.; Mentha
Mentha aquatica f. subriparia Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. avellinii Tod. ex Lojac.; Mentha avellinii Tod. ex Bertol.;
subsessilifolia Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. tiroliensis Topitz; Mentha brachiata Weihe ex Fresen.; Mentha bugulifolia
Mentha aquatica f. trichophylla Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. Weihe ex Fresen.; Mentha calaminthifolia (Vis.) Heinr.
uberrima Topitz; Mentha aquatica f. valdelata Topitz; Braun; Mentha capitata Opiz; Mentha cetica Heinr.Braun;
Mentha aquatica subsp. bakeri Briq.; Mentha aquatica Mentha chaixii Strail; Mentha cordata Jan ex Nyman;
subsp. capitata Fr.; Mentha aquatica subsp. caput-medusae Mentha crenatodentata Strail; Mentha denticulata Strail;
Trautm. & Urum.; Mentha aquatica subsp. hirsuta (Huds.) Mentha deseglisei Malinv., nom. illeg.; Mentha dubia Chaix
Wimm. & Grab.; Mentha aquatica subsp. lanigera Briq.; ex Vill.; Mentha dumetorum Schult. var. natalensis Briq.;
Mentha aquatica subsp. lloydii (Boreau) Nyman; Mentha Mentha dunensis Strail; Mentha duriuscula Heinr.Braun &
aquatica subvar. hirsuta (Huds.) Rouy; Mentha aquatica var. Topitz; Mentha duriuscula (Heinr.Braun & Topitz) Trautm.;
acuta (Opiz) Heinr.Braun; Mentha aquatica var. affinis Mentha elongata (Pérard) Heinr.Braun; Mentha eriantha K.
Rouy; Mentha aquatica var. agenensis Topitz; Mentha Koch; Mentha glabra Colla; Mentha glomerata Stokes;
aquatica var. arguta Laj. ex Malino; Mentha aquatica var. Mentha grandidentata Strail; Mentha hirsuta Huds.; Mentha
barbigera Briq.; Mentha aquatica var. bicknellii Briq.; hirsuta var. aquatica Lej. & Courtois; Mentha hirsuta var.
Mentha aquatica var. briquetiana Rouy; Mentha aquatica latifolia Becker; Mentha hirsuta var. legitima Becker;
var. calaminthifolia Vis.; Mentha aquatica var. capitata Mentha hirsuta var. limosa Schur; Mentha hirsuta var. orig-
(Opiz) Briq.; Mentha aquatica var. carolovicensis Topitz; anoides (Ten.) Nyman; Mentha hirsuta var. purpurea Host ex
Mentha aquatica var. chaixii Timb.-Lagr.; Mentha aquatica Heinr.Braun; Mentha hirsuta var. riparia (Schreb.) Becker;
var. cheitessa Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. cordata Prodán; Mentha hirsuta var. subspicata Becker; Mentha hirta Caldas,
Mentha aquatica var. crenatodentata (Strail) Heinr.Braun; nom. illeg.; Mentha hybrida Aresch.; Mentha hygrophila
Mentha aquatica var. denticulata (Strail) Heinr.Braun; Topitz; Mentha hystrix Heinr.Braun; Mentha incisoserrata
Mentha aquatica var. dubia (Chaix ex Vill.) Rouy; Mentha Strail; Mentha intermedia Host, nom. illeg.; Mentha lateo-
aquatica var. duriuscula Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. elon- vata Strail; Mentha latifolia Nolte ex Hornem., nom. illeg.;
gata (Pérard) Pérard; Mentha aquatica var. eriantha (K. Mentha latifolia Host; Mentha limicola Strail; Mentha lim-
Koch) Nyman; Mentha aquatica var. eriomastix Briq.; netes (Topitz) Trautm.; Mentha limnetes Trautm.; Mentha
Mentha aquatica var. erromena Topitz; Mentha aquatica limosa (Schur) Heinr.Braun; Mentha limosa Heinr.Braun;
var. gracilis Wimm. & Grab., nom. illeg.; Mentha aquatica Mentha littoralis Strail; Mentha lloydii Boreau; Mentha lloy-
var. grandidentata (Strail) Briq.; Mentha aquatica var. hir- dii var. opaca Topitz; Mentha lobeliana (Becker) Heinr.
suta (Huds.) Fr.; Mentha aquatica var. hypeuria Briq.; Braun; Mentha macrocephala Strail; Mentha microcephala
Mentha aquatica var. incisoserrata (Strail) Briq.; Mentha Strail; Mentha nederheimensis Strail; Mentha nigrescens
aquatica var. latifolia Wimm. & Grab.; Mentha aquatica Weihe ex Fresen.; Mentha obliqua Raf.; Mentha obtuseser-
var. leptocephala Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. limnetes rata Opiz ex Malinv.; Mentha obtusifolia Opiz ex Déségl;
Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. limnobia Briq.; Mentha aquat- Mentha origanoides Ten.; Mentha origanoides Lej. ex
ica var. lloydii (Boreau) Gren.; Mentha aquatica var. lobeli- Fingerh., nom. illeg.; Mentha ortmanniana Opiz; Mentha
ana Becker; Mentha aquatica var. lupulina Briq., nom. ortmanniana var. minoriflora Borbás ex Heinr.Braun;
superfl.; Mentha aquatica var. major Sole; Mentha aquatica Mentha paludosa Sole; Mentha palustris Mill.; Mentha
var. metabola Briq.; Mentha aquatica var. minor Sole; pedunculata Pers.; Mentha pireana Strail; Mentha polyan-
Mentha aquatica var. nemorosa Fr., nom. inval.; Mentha thetica (Topitz) Trautm.; Mentha probabilis Schur; Mentha
aquatica var. oblongifolia Wimm. & Grab., nom. illeg.; purpurea Host; Mentha pyrifolia Heinr.Braun; Mentha pyri-
Mentha aquatica var. odorata Fr.; Mentha aquatica var. ort- folia A. Kern., nom. illeg.; Mentha ramosissima Strail;
manniana (Opiz) Heinr.Braun; Mentha aquatica var. ovali- Mentha ranina Opiz; Mentha rauscheri Topitz; Mentha
folia Wimm. & Grab., nom. illeg.; Mentha aquatica var. riparia Schreb.; Mentha riparia Lej. ex Malinv., nom. illeg.;
pedunculata (Pers.) Heinr.Braun; Mentha aquatica var. ple- Mentha riparia var. acuta (Opiz) Heinr.Braun; Mentha
rotricha Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. polyanthetica Topitz; riparia var. angustata Opiz ex Heinr.Braun; Mentha riparia
Mentha aquatica var. pseudopiperita Tausch; Mentha aquat- var. umbraticola Heinr.Braun; Mentha riparia var. umbrosa
ica var. psilophylla Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. pyrifolia (Opiz) Heinr.Braun; Mentha rudaeana Opiz; Mentha rudae-
(Heinr.Braun) Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. rauscheri ana var. ranina (Opiz) Heinr.Braun; Mentha sativa Sm.,
(Topitz) Topitz; Mentha aquatica var. riparia Strail; Mentha nom. illeg.; Mentha soleana Strail; Mentha stagnalis Topitz;
aquatica var. suavifolia Fr.; Mentha aquatica var. subden- Mentha stagnalis (Topitz) Trautm.; Mentha stolonifera
tata Jancic; Mentha aquatica var. subintegrifolia Strail; Krock.; Mentha stolonifera Opiz; Mentha subspicata Weihe
Mentha L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2471

ex Fresen.; Mentha subspicata f. bracteosa Pérard; Mentha Centre France, ed. 3, 2: 515. 1857 and Rhodora 46(549):
subspicata f. hirsuta Pérard; Mentha tinantiana Lej. ex 333. 1944, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 21:
Malinv.; Mentha trojana Heinr.Braun; Mentha umbrosa 31–63. 1978, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales,
Opiz; Mentha urticifolia Ten.; Mentha viennensis Opiz; le Botaniste 4: 331–339. 1981, Journal of Cytology and
Mentha weiheana Opiz; Mentha weissenburgensis F.W. Genetics 17: 97–106. 1982, Proceedings of the Indian Science
Schultz ex Nyman, nom. inval.; Mentha × dumetorum sub- Congress Association 72(3-vi): 127. 1985, Acta Biologica
var. deseglisei Rouy; Mentha × sativa subsp. paludosa (Sole) Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 28: 65–85. 1986, Cytologia
Nyman; Mentha × sativa var. palustris (Mill.) Nyman; 52: 377–385. 1987, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999
Mentha × scordiastrum var. auneticensis (Opiz) Heinr.
(Diuretic, disinfectant, antiseptic, analgesic, antirheumatic,
Braun; Mentha × suavis var. avellinii (Tod. ex Bertol.)
febrifuge, aphrodisiac, antidote, cough sedative, tonic, anti-
Nyman; Mentha × verticillata var. paludosa (Sole) Rouy;
emetic, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, stimulant,
Mentha × verticillata var. riparia (Schreb.) Rouy; Mentha ×
refrigerant, for headaches and dizziness, pneumonia, kid-
verticillata var. subspicata (Weihe ex Fresen.) Rouy)
ney problems, indigestion, swelling, rheumatic pains, rheu-
Africa, Europe, Asia. Evergreen, quadrangular, strongly aro- matism and arthritis, relieves stomach pain and toothache,
matic, triangular rough leaves used as a colic remedy for infants. Leaves and young shoots
a remedy for headaches and cholera. Bruised leaves taken for
See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578. 1753, Fl. Austriac. 2:
asthma and cough. Ceremonial, love charm.)
145. 1831, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou vii. (1834)
367. 1834, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie Sér. III, iii. (1879) in English: corn mint, field mint, Japanese mint, marsh mint,
17. 1879, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien xl. (1890) 425. 1890 mint, peppermint, wild mint
and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
in Brazil: hortelã-do-brasil, hortelã-japonesa, hortelã-menta
University 184: 1–223. 1958, Gayana, Botánica 42: 1–157.
1985, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 28: in the Philippines: ablebana, herba buena, hierba buena,
65–85. 1986, Taxon 43: 423–432. 1994, AAU Reports 34: yerba buena
1–443. 1994
in China: bo he, fan ho, pa ho, po ho
(Plant tonic, sedative, soothing, for intestinal parasites, con-
in India: padina, podina, pudina
stipation, diarrhea, stomach troubles, biliousness, for liver
diseases, impotency, low or high blood pressure, expelling in Lepcha: ausoodaong
intestinal worms in children, to enhance longevity; mixed
in Vietnam: bac ha, bac ha nam
with Senecio asperulus for sore joints.)
Mentha canadensis Linnaeus (Mentha arvensis f. chinen-
in English: lemon balm
sis Debeaux; Mentha arvensis subsp. borealis (Michx.) R.L.
in Lesotho: kuena Taylor & MacBryde; Mentha arvensis subsp. canadensis (L.)
H. Hara; Mentha arvensis subsp. haplocalyx (Briquet) Briquet;
in Ecuador: yerba buena
Mentha arvensis var. borealis Kuntze; Mentha arvensis
in India: pudina Linnaeus var. canadensis (Linnaeus) Maximowicz; Mentha
arvensis var. canadensis (L.) Kuntze; Mentha arvensis var.
Mentha arvensis L. (Calamintha arvensis (L.) Garsault;
haplocalyx (Briquet) Briquet; Mentha arvensis var. haploca-
Mentha arvensis L. subsp. borealis (Michx.) Roy L. Taylor
lyx Briq.; Mentha borealis Michx.; Mentha canadensis subsp.
& MacBryde; Mentha arvensis L. subsp. haplocalyx Briq.;
borealis (Michx.) Piper; Mentha canadensis var. mexicana M.
Mentha arvensis subsp. parietariifolia (J. Beck.) Briq.;
Martens & Galeotti; Mentha canadensis var. retrorsa J.L. Liu;
Mentha arvensis L. var. canadensis (L.) Kuntze; Mentha
Mentha canadensis var. villosa Benth., nom. inval.; Mentha
arvensis L. var. glabrata (Benth.) Fernald; Mentha arvensis
haplocalyx Briquet; Mentha haplocalyx (Briq.) Briq.; Mentha
L. var. lanata Piper; Mentha arvensis L. var. sativa auct. non
haplocalyx Briquet f. alba X.L. Liu & X.H. Guo; Mentha hap-
Benth.; Mentha arvensis var. villosa (Bentham) S.R. Stewart;
localyx subsp. austera Briq.; Mentha haplocalyx subsp. pavo-
Mentha austriaca Jacq.; Mentha canadensis L.; Mentha gen-
niana Briq.; Mentha haplocalyx var. nipponensis Matsum. &
tilis L.; Mentha glabrior (Hook.) Rydb.; Mentha lapponica
Kudô; Mentha pedunculata Hu & Tsai, nom. illeg.; Mentha
Wahlenb.; Mentha parietariifolia J. Becker; Mentha pari-
sachalinensis (Briq.) Kudô; Mentha sachalinensis f. arguta
etariifolia J. Becker (Boreau); Mentha parietariifolia Becker
(Kitag.) Y.C. Zhu; Mentha sachalinensis var. arguta Kitag.;
ex C.A. Strail; Mentha parietariifolia Steud.; Mentha penar-
Mentha terebinthinacea Willd. ex Steud.)
dii (Briq.) Rydb.)
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia to N. U.S.A. Perennial herb, erect or
Temp. & Subtrop. Northern Hemisphere, North America.
prostrate, villous, red to purple, fragrant, rootstock creeping,
Small perennial herb, aromatic, branching, long lanceolate
leaves opposite, compact inflorescence, pink flowers, calyx
opposite sharply toothed leaves, whorls of pink flowers
campanulate, corolla 4-lobed, ovoid smooth nutlets, a source
See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578. 1753, Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. of mint oil, eaten with vegetables and meat, on river banks,
190. 1764, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 127. 1841, Fl. gullies, damp places
2472 Mentha L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578. 1753, Botanisches terminal spike, Mentha asiatica, Mentha vagans, and the
Magazin (Römer & Usteri) 4(11): 3. 1790, Nomencl. Bot., ed. Himalayan Mentha royleana Bentham all are very closely
2, 2: 128. 1841, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 11(2): 190. related to and perhaps doubtfully distinct from Mentha
1844, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève 5: 39–41. 1889, Revis. Gen. Pl. longifolia
2: 524. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien IV. 3a: 319.
See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578. 1753, Flora Anglica
1897 and Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 11: 492. 1906, Repertorium
221. 1762, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 804. 1763,
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(208–210): 218.
Enum. Pl. [Willdenow] 2: 609. 1809 and Botanicheskie
1911, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University
Materialy Gerbariia Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V. L.
of Tokyo 43(10): 47. 1921, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ.
Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR 16: 280, 282–283. 1954,
2: 88. 1929, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 2: 259. 1931, J. Fac.
Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 368. 1956, Canad. J. Bot. Monographiae Botanicae 48: 87. 1975
56: 186. 1978, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 195–200. 1986, (Whole herb applied in headache and rheumatism. Leaves
Pl. Medic. Chinae Bor.-Orient.: 976. 1989, Guihaia 9: 301. and shoots taken in form of chutney and considered to be
1989, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 18: 410. 1996, Journal of Wuhan carminative, febrifuge, stimulant, antiseptic, used to relieve
Botanical Research 16(3): 280–282. 1998 thirst, stomach troubles, fevers, chill, headache, menstrual
(Whole plant used for colds and fever, pharyngitis, sore cramps, vomiting, infectious disorders; leaf decoction drunk
throat, cough, dyspepsia, pruritus of skin. Carminative, anal- to relieve sore throat, stomachache and as a pain reliever; leaf
gesic, antiinflammatory.) juice applied to cuts and wounds as an antiseptic Leaves of
Rhus lancea boiled together with Mentha longifolia taken
in North America: chiaka (Dakota), kahts-kiwahaaru to regulate blood pressure; leaf extract of Mentha longifolia
(Pawnee), fragrant herb, swamp medicine, wild mint and Fagopyrum esculentum taken orally for cold and cough;
in English: corn mint, field mint, Japanese mint leaf extract of Mentha longifolia and Cannabis sativa taken
orally for catarrh and cough; for rheumatic and arthritic
in China: bo he joints Senecio asperulus mixed with Helichrysum odoratis-
in Japan: kamuykew-kin simum and Mentha longifolia. Veterinary medicine, tender
parts of plant fed to cattle and horses for dysentery, diarrhea
in Tibetan: bo he and stomach ailments; plant paste applied on wounds.)
Mentha cunninghamii (Benth.) Benth. (Mentha consimilis in English: horsemint, mint, pennyroyal, wild mint
Colenso; Mentha cunninghamii Benth.; Micromeria cun-
ninghamii Benth.) in Arabic: dabbab, habak, habaq, nemdar

New Zealand. Fragrant herb, slender, prostrate, rounded in China: ou bo he

oblong leaves in India: jangli podina, jungle-pudina, jungli-pudina, phol-
See Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 730. 1835, Prodr. (DC.) 12: 174. ing, phololing, pudina, wun pudina
1848, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 18: 264. 1885 (publ. in Nepal: tulasipate
1886) and Taxon 43: 423–432. 1994
in Pakistan: jangli podina, purchink
(Carminative, analgesic, antiinflammatory, hot drink to
induce perspiration.) in Brazil: hortelã, levante
in English: Maori mint in Southern Africa: balderjan, Koena-ya-thaba, kruisement,
ufuthana lomhlanga; inixina, inXina, inZinziniba (Xhosa)
Maori name: hioi
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq.
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (Mentha alaica Boriss.; Mentha (Mentha lavandulacea var. latifolia Benth.; Mentha capensis
asiatica Boriss.; Mentha darvasica Boriss.; Mentha kopetda- Thunb.; Mentha longifolia subsp. bouvieri Briq.; Mentha lon-
ghensis Boriss.; Mentha lavandulacea Willd.; Mentha lon- gifolia subsp. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq.; Mentha longifolia subsp.
gifolia (L.) L.; Mentha longifolia subsp. caucasica (Gand.) capensis Briq.; Mentha longifolia var. bouvieri (Briq.) Briq.;
Briq.; Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. subsp. schimperi (Briq.)
Mentha longifolia var. capensis (Thunb.) Briq.; Mentha lon-
Briq.; Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. var. candicans (Mill.)
gifolia var. cooperi Briquet ex Cooke; Mentha longifolia var.
Rouy; Mentha pamiroalaica Boriss.; Mentha spicata subsp.
doratophylla Briq.; Mentha longifolia var. obscuriceps Briq.;
longifolia (L.) Tacik ex Towpasz; Mentha spicata subsp. lon-
Mentha longifolia var. salicina (Burch. ex Bentham) Briq.;
gifolia (L.) Tacik; Mentha spicata var. longifolia L.; Mentha
Mentha salicina Burch. ex Benth.)
sylvestris L.; Mentha sylvestris L. var. noulettiana (Timb.-
Lagr.) Batt.; Mentha vagans Boriss.) South Africa. Herb, strongly smelling
India, Himalaya, Temp. Eurasia. A polymorphic strongly See Prodr. Pl. Cap.: 95. 1800, Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 170. 1833,
aromatic perennial herb, fast-growing, creeping, long pointed Prodr. 12: 165. 1848, Bull. Trav. Soc. Bot. Genève 5: 76.
leaves, quadrangular stems, tiny lilac or white flowers on 1889, Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 695. 1894, Bull. Herb. Boissier
Mentha L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2473

4: 687. 1896, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3a): 321. 1897 and Taxon linearifolium Pérard; Pulegium vulgare f. nummularioides
43: 423–432. 1994 Pérard; Pulegium vulgare f. serratum Pérard; Thymus biden-
tatus Stokes)
(Leaves rubbed onto the body and bedding to keep mosqui-
toes away.) Europe, Medit., Iran, India.
Mentha pulegium Linnaeus (Melissa pulegium (L.) Griseb.; See Species Plantarum 2: 577. 1753, The Gardeners
Mentha albarracinensis Pau; Mentha aromatica Salisb.; Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, The Gardeners
Mentha aucheri Pérard; Mentha daghestanica Boriss.; Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 1. 1768, Deutsche Flora.
Mentha erinoides Heldr.; Mentha exigua L.; Mentha gibral- Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik… 997. 1882
tarica Willd.; Mentha hirtiflora Opiz ex Heinr. Braun;
Mentha montana Lowe ex Benth.; Mentha pulegioides (Stimulant, aromatic, bitterish, cooling, carminative, refrig-
Dumort.; Mentha pulegium f. alba Rainha; Mentha pulegium erant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, for flatulent colic, nervous
f. albiflora Cheshm.; Mentha pulegium f. anodonta Topitz; disorders, gout, stomach ailments. Insect repellent.)
Mentha pulegium f. brusanensis Topitz; Mentha pulegium in English: European pennyroyal, pennyroyal, pennyroyal
f. cephalonia Heinr. Braun; Mentha pulegium f. cermatisa mint, pudding grass
Topitz; Mentha pulegium f. communis Topitz; Mentha pule-
gium f. foetida Topitz; Mentha pulegium f. hellenica Topitz; in Brazil: dictamo-da-virgínia, poejo, poejo-do-campo
Mentha pulegium f. macrostylos Topitz; Mentha pulegium in China: chun e bo he
f. setuligera Topitz; Mentha pulegium f. sphenoides Topitz;
Mentha pulegium f. stenobasea Topitz; Mentha pulegium f. in Arabic: flayou, fliou, fulayya, fulayha, habaq
strongylophylla Topitz; Mentha pulegium subsp. cephalonia Mentha spicata L. (Mentha cordifolia auct.; Mentha crispa
(Heinr.Braun) Kokkini; Mentha pulegium subsp. erinoi- L.; Mentha crispata Schrad. ex Willd.; Mentha longifo-
des (Heldr.) Kokkini; Mentha pulegium subsp. gibraltarica lia auct. non (L.) Huds.; Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. var.
(Willd.) Briq.; Mentha pulegium subsp. tomentosa (Sm.) mollissima (Borkh.) Rouy; Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
Nyman; Mentha pulegium subsp. vulgaris (Mill.) Briq.; var. undulata (Willd.) Fiori; Mentha pudina Buch.-Ham. ex
Mentha pulegium subvar. prostrata (Timb.-Lagr.) Rouy; Benth.; Mentha spicata L. var. longifolia L.; Mentha spicata
Mentha pulegium var. cotorensis Topitz; Mentha pulegium L. var. spicata; Mentha spicata var. viridis Linnaeus; Mentha
var. erecta (Mill.) Briq.; Mentha pulegium var. eriantha DC.; sylvestris L.; Mentha viridis L.; Mentha viridis (Linnaeus)
Mentha pulegium var. exigua (L.) Nyman; Mentha pulegium Linnaeus)
var. gigantea Lej. & Courtois; Mentha pulegium var. hirsuta
Briq.; Mentha pulegium var. hirtiflora Heinr.Braun; Mentha Europe, China.
pulegium var. humifusa Lej. & Courtois; Mentha pulegium See Sp. Pl. 2: 576. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda
var. hyperiantha Briq.; Mentha pulegium var. microphylla 2: 804. 1763, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici
Friv.; Mentha pulegium var. prostrata Timb.-Lagr.; Mentha Berolinensis, … 2: 608. 1809, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores
pulegium var. pubescens Briq.; Mentha pulegium var. stron- 1: 29. 1830 and Taxon 29: 234. 1980, Cytologia 46: 27–44.
gylophylla (Topitz) Topitz; Mentha pulegium var. subtomen- 1981, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le
tella (Heinr.Braun) Topitz; Mentha pulegium var. thymoides Botaniste 4: 331–339. 1981, Cytologia 54: 355–358. 1989,
Topitz; Mentha pulegium var. tomentella (Hoffmanns. & Cytologia 57: 359–367. 1992, Taxon 43: 423–432. 1994,
Link) Topitz; Mentha pulegium var. villosa Benth.; Mentha Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997
pulegium var. vulgaris (Mill.) Briq.; Mentha subtomentella
Heinr.Braun; Mentha subtomentella var. cephaloniae Heinr. (Used in Ayurveda. Dried tops and leaves used as a stimu-
Braun; Mentha subtomentella var. humillima Heinr.Braun; lant, carminative, emetic and nervine. Leaves infusion car-
Mentha subtomentella var. microphylla (Friv.) Heinr.Braun; minative, sedative, vermifuge, astringent, stomachic, for
Mentha tomentella Hoffmanns. & Link; Mentha tomentosa intestinal troubles, diarrhea, cold. Roots and berries decoc-
Sm.; Mentha tomentosa var. villosa Benth.; Mentha × pule- tion taken for hay fever. Veterinary medicine, leaves with
gium var. cacocea Topitz; Micromeria dalmatica Fenzl, nom. those of Boerhavia diffusa, ginger and onion pounded with
illeg.; Micromeria fenzlii Regel; Minthe pulegia (L.) St.-Lag.; warm water and the extract used as ear and nasal drops in
Pulegium aromaticum Gray; Pulegium dagestanicum Holub; trypanosomiasis.)
Pulegium daghestanicum (Boriss.) Holub; Pulegium erectum
in English: garden mint, mint, spearmint
Mill.; Pulegium heterophyllum Opiz ex Boenn.; Pulegium
micranthum Claus; Pulegium pubescens Opiz ex Boenn.; in Latin America: alavina, arvino, hierba buena, hortelã, hor-
Pulegium pulegium H. Karst.; Pulegium pulegium (L.) H. telã comum, hortelã-de-folha-minuda, khoa, menta, menta
Karst.; Pulegium tomentellum C. Presl; Pulegium tomen- dulce, pan sut, yerba buena
tellum f. erianthum Pérard; Pulegium tomentellum f. mini-
in China: liu lan xiang, xiang hua cai, zhou ye liu lan xiang
mum Pérard; Pulegium vulgare Miller; Pulegium vulgare
f. algeriense Pérard; Pulegium vulgare f. hirsutum Pérard; in India: bettada pudina, bon podina, menthi, nungshi-hidak,
Pulegium vulgare f. incanum Pérard; Pulegium vulgare f. pahari pudina, podina, podinaka, pudina, putiha, rocani
2474 Mentzelia L. Loasaceae

in Japan: midori-hakka 22: 21 (1986–1987 publ. 1988), Cytologia 53: 469–474. 1988,
Cytologia 54: 355–358. 1989, Cytologia 57: 359–367. 1992
in Arabic: hana, na’na’, naanaa, nemdar
(Used in Unani. Dried plant used medicinally as a carmi-
in Hawaii: kepemineka
native, nervine and stimulant, while menthol used in nasal
Mentha x piperita L. (Mentha aquatica L. x Mentha spicata sprays. Leaf powder mixed with honey used as a cholagogue;
L.; Mentha aquatica var. citrata (Ehrh.) Fresen.; Mentha leaves with cardamoms given in diarrhea, stomachache, gas-
aquatica var. citrata (Ehrh.) Nyman; Mentha aquatica var. trointestinal troubles.)
glabrata W.D.J. Koch; Mentha arvensis x Mentha aquatica
in English: brandy mint, lamb mint, peppermint
L.; Mentha citrata Ehrh.; Mentha piperita var. balsamea
(Willd.) Rouy; Mentha piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq.; in China: la bo he
Mentha × adspersa Moench; Mentha × balsamea Willd.;
in India: kororo, padina, podina, pudeena, pudhina, pudina,
Mentha × banatica Heinr. Braun; Mentha × braousiana
pudina soppu, pudna, puthina, roghan podina vilayati, vilaiti-
Pérard; Mentha × citrata Ehrh.; Mentha × concinna Pérard;
pudina, vilayati podina
Mentha × crispula Wender.; Mentha × durandoana Malinv.
ex Batt. & Trab.; Mentha × exaltata Heinr.Braun; Mentha × in Pakistan: podina, pudna
fraseri Druce; Mentha × glabra Bellardi ex Colla, nom. illeg.;
in Brazil: hortelã, hortelã-de-folha-longa, menta
Mentha × glabrata Vahl; Mentha × hercynica Röhl.; Mentha
× heuffelii Heinr.Braun; Mentha × hircina Hull; Mentha × in Mexico: bete, biti, pete, piti, nocuana bete, nocuana beti,
hircina J. Fraser; Mentha × hirtescens Heinr.Braun & Topitz; nocuana pete, nocuana piti
Mentha × hudsoniana Heinr.Braun; Mentha × kahirina
in Peru: hierba buena
Forssk.; Mentha × langii Geiger ex T. Nees; Mentha × napoli-
tana Ten.; Mentha × nigricans Mill.; Mentha × odora Salisb.;
Mentha × odorata Sole; Mentha × officinalis Hull; Mentha
× pimentum Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.; Mentha × piperita
Mentzelia L. Loasaceae
f. puberula Topitz; Mentha × piperita f. rotundella Topitz; Named for the German botanist Christian (Christianus)
Mentha × piperita subsp. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq.; Mentha × Mentzel, 1622–1701, physician, among his writings are
piperita var. beckeri Briq.; Mentha × piperita var. braousi- Index nominum plantarum universalis multilinguis. Berolini
ana (Pérard) Briq.; Mentha × piperita var. calophylla Briq.; 1682 and Sylloge Minutiarum Lexici Latino-Sinico-
Mentha × piperita var. calvifolia Briq.; Mentha x piperita Characteristici. Norimbergae 1685; see Species Plantarum
var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq.; Mentha × piperita var. crispula 1: 516. 1753, Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire
(Wender.) Heinr. Braun; Mentha × piperita var. durando- Naturelle 5: 21. 1804, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(1): 39. 1831,
ana (Malinv. ex Batt. & Trab.) Briq.; Mentha × piperita var. A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 533–534.
globosiceps Briq.; Mentha × piperita var. hercynica (Röhl.) 1840, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Briq.; Mentha × piperita var. heuffelii (Heinr. Braun) Topitz; Sciences 20: 367. 1885, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
Mentha × piperita var. hispidula Briq.; Mentha × piperita 100[III,6a]: 110. 1894 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
var. hudsoniana Heinr. Braun; Mentha × piperita var. lan- Club 30(5): 275. 1903, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura
gii (Geiger ex T. Nees) W.D.J. Koch; Mentha × piperita var. di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di
officinalis Sole; Mentha × piperita var. ouweneelii Lebeau Palermo. 185. Regione Siciliana, Palermo 1988, Fl. Veracruz
& Lambinon; Mentha × piperita var. pennsylvanica Briq.; 110: 1–27. 1999.
Mentha × piperita var. pimentum (Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.)
Mentzelia affinis Greene (Acrolasia affinis (Greene) Rydb.)
Nyman; Mentha × piperita var. piperoides (Malinv.) Rouy;
Mentha × piperita var. poicila Topitz; Mentha × piperita var. North America. Annual, food
subhirsuta Benth.; Mentha × piperoides Malinv.; Mentha ×
See Pittonia 2(8C): 103. 1890, Man. Bot. San Franc. Bay
tenuis Frank ex Benth., nom. inval.)
(1894) 141. 1894 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
Cosmopolitan. Source of peppermint oil, Mentha aquatica × 30(5): 278. 1903
Mentha spicata
(Tonic, stimulant.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578. 1753, Beiträge zur
in English: yellowcomet
Naturkunde 7: 150. 1792, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 2: 234.
1828 and Prodrome de la Flore Belge 3: 694. 1899 [1903], Fl. Mentzelia aspera L. (Acrolasia albicaulis (Douglas ex
France 11: 375, 377–378. 1909, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 30(2): Hook.) Rydb.; Acrolasia albicaulis (Hook.) Rydb.; Acrolasia
217–218. 1913, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 64. 1914, ctenophora (Rydb.) Rydb.; Acrolasia gracilis Rydb.;
Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 8: 315. 1927 (publ. 1928), Acrolasia montana Davidson; Acrolasia parviflora (A.
J. Bot. 70: 40. 1932, Cytologia 46: 27–44. 1981, Proceedings Heller) A. Heller; Acrolasia squalida Hook. f.; Acrolasia
of the Indian Science Congress Association 72(3-vi): 127. tenerrima (Rydb.) Rydb.; Acrolasia tweedyi (Rydb.) Rydb.;
1985, Bull. Soc. Échange Pl. Vasc. Eur. Occid. Bassin Médit. Bartonia albicaulis Douglas ex Hook.; Mentzelia albicaulis
Mentzelia L. Loasaceae 2475

Torr.; Mentzelia albicaulis A. Gray; Mentzelia albicau- congesta var. davidsoniana (Abrams) J.F. Macbr.; Mentzelia
lis (Hook.) Torr. & A. Gray; Mentzelia albicaulis Douglas; davidsoniana (Abrams) Abrams; Trachyphytum congestum
Mentzelia albicaulis Douglas ex Hook.; Mentzelia albicaulis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray, nom. nud.)
(Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray; Mentzelia
North America. Annual, food
albicaulis var. ctenophora (Rydb.) J. Darl.; Mentzelia albi-
caulis var. ctenophora (Rydb.) H. St. John; Mentzelia albi- See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 534. 1840
caulis var. gracilis (Rydb.) J. Darl.; Mentzelia albicaulis and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): 277. 1903,
var. gracilis J. Darl.; Mentzelia albicaulis var. tenerrima Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(10): 538–539. 1905,
(Rydb.) H. St. John; Mentzelia aspera Cav.; Mentzelia aspera Flora of Los Angeles and Vicinity 235. 1917, Contributions
var. canescens Andersson; Mentzelia aspera var. lobata from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 56: 28. 1918
Andersson; Mentzelia aspera var. virescens Andersson;
Mentzelia corumbaensis Hoehne; Mentzelia ctenophora (Tonic, stimulant.)
Rydb.; Mentzelia fragilis Huber; Mentzelia gracilis (Rydb.) in English: united blazingstar
H.J. Thomps.; Mentzelia gracilis (Rydb.) H.J. Thomps. & F.H.
Lewis; Mentzelia gracilis Urb. & Gilg; Mentzelia mojaven- Mentzelia dispersa S. Watson (Acrolasia albicaulis var. inte-
sis H.J. Thomp. & Roberts; Mentzelia montana (Davidson) grifolia (S. Watson) Daniels; Acrolasia compacta (A. Nelson)
Davidson; Mentzelia montana Davidson; Mentzelia obscura Rydb.; Acrolasia dispersa (S. Watson) Davidson; Acrolasia
H.J. Thomps. & J.E. Roberts; Mentzelia parviflora J.F. dispersa (S. Watson) Rydb.; Acrolasia integrifolia (S. Watson)
Macbr.; Mentzelia parviflora A. Heller; Mentzelia parviflora Rydb.; Acrolasia latifolia Rydb.; Mentzelia albicaulis var.
(Douglas ex Hook.) J.F. Macbr.; Mentzelia pedicellata C. integrifolia S. Watson; Mentzelia compacta A. Nelson;
Presl; Mentzelia propinqua F. Aresch.; Mentzelia stipitata C. Mentzelia dispersa var. compacta (A. Nelson) J.F. Macbr.;
Presl; Mentzelia stipitata Sessé & Moc. ex DC.; Mentzelia Mentzelia dispersa S. Watson var. dispersa; Mentzelia dis-
tenerrima Rydb.; Mentzelia triloba Ruiz & Pav.; Mentzelia persa var. latifolia (Rydb.) J.F. Macbr.; Mentzelia integrifolia
triloba Ruiz & Pav. ex E.A. López; Mentzelia tweedyi (S. Watson) Rydb.; Mentzelia latifolia (Rydb.) A. Nelson)
Rydb.; Trachyphytum albicaule Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; North America, Mexico. Annual, food
Trachyphytum albicaule Nutt.; Trachyphytum gracile Nutt.,
nom. inval.; Trachyphytum gracile Nutt. ex B.D. Jacks.) See United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the
Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 114. 1871, Proceedings of
North America. Rough, hairy, annual, food the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 137. 1876,
See Species Plantarum 1: 516. 1753, Prodr. (DC.) 3: 343. 1828, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(5): 275–276. 1898
Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 534. 1840, Epimel. Bot. and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 271.
246. 1851, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 74. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): 278. 1903,
1852, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31(10): 567. 1904,
… Botany [Emory] 2(1): 67. 1859, Botany [Fortieth Parallel] Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences
114. 1871, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 199. 1898 and Mem. 5(1): 14. 1906, New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky
New York Bot. Gard. 1: 271. 1900, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Mountains 324. 1909, University of Missouri Studies,
Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 76: 28, 61. 1900–1901, Bull. Science Series 2(2): 174. 1911, Contributions from the Gray
Herb. Boissier sér. 2, 1: 314. 1901, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club Herbarium of Harvard University 56: 26. 1918
28: 33. 1901, Plantae sub Itinere Navis Bellicae Eugeniae (Tonic, stimulant.)
Anno 1852 a N. J. Andersson circa Guayaquil Collectae
133. 1910, Comiss. Linhas. Telegr. Estrateg. Mato Grosso in English: bushy blazingstar
Amazonas Annexo 5, Bot. pt. 6: 54, t. 126. 1915, Contr. Gray Mentzelia gracilenta Torr. & A. Gray (Acrolasia gracilenta
Herb. 65: 41. 1922, Fl. S. Calif. (Davidson & Moxley) 239– (Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb.; Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex
240. 1923, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 21: 184. 1934, Flora Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray var. gracilenta (Torr.
of Southeastern Washington and of Adjacent Idaho (St. & A. Gray) S. Watson; Mentzelia ravenii H.J. Thomps. &
John) 265. 1937, Madroño 13: 103. 1955, Anales Inst. Bot.
Roberts)
Cavanilles 16: 423. 1958, Phytologia 21(4): 283–284. 1971,
Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 118: 235. 1996, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. North America. Annual, food
94(3): 655–689. 2007
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 534.
(Irritating hairs and acrid juice. Plant for toothache. Leaf 1840, United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the
decoction clear up pimples. Seeds used for burns, toothache.) Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 115. 1871 and Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): 278. 1903, Phytologia
in English: white-stem stick-leaf, whitestem blazingstar
21(4): 285–287. 1971
Mentzelia congesta Torr. & A. Gray (Acrolasia congesta
(Tonic, stomachic, stimulant.)
(Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb.; Acrolasia davidsoniana Abrams;
Mentzelia congesta Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Mentzelia in English: grass blazingstar
2476 Mentzelia L. Loasaceae

Mentzelia involucrata S. Watson (Bicuspidaria invo- North America. Biennial to perennial, food
lucrata (S. Watson) Rydb.; Mentzelia involucrata S.
See Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Watson var. involucrata; Nuttallia involucrata (S. Watson)
Philadelphia 4(1): 23. 1848, Memoirs of the American
Davidson & Moxley)
Academy of Arts and Science 4: 48. 1849 and Nova Acta
North America. Annual, food Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae
Naturae Curiosorum 93. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey
See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Botanical Club 30(5): 277. 1903, Leaflets of Botanical
Sciences 20: 367. 1885 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Observation and Criticism 1(15): 210. 1906, Taxon 29: 716–
Club 30(5): 275. 1903, Flora of Southern California 240. 1923
718. 1980, Great Basin Naturalist 46(3): 557–558, f. 1. 1986,
(Stomachic.) Madroño 51(4): 379–383. 2004
in English: whitebract blazingstar (Plant infusion diuretic, emetic, stomachic. Flowers infu-
sion as an eye wash. Leaves and roots to treat tuberculosis.
Mentzelia laciniata (Rydb.) J. Darl. (Nuttallia laciniata Ceremonial.)
(Rydb.) Wooton & Standl.)
in English: Adonis blazingstar, desert stick-leaf
North America. Perennial
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray (Bartonia nuda
See Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Pursh; Hesperaster nudus (Pursh) Cockerell; Mentzelia
16(4): 150. 1913, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden nuda var. nuda; Nuttallia nuda (Pursh) Greene; Torreya
21(1): 173. 1934 nuda (Pursh) Eaton; Touterea nuda (Pursh) Eaton & Wright
(Flowers infusion as an eyewash.) ex S. Watson)

in English: cutleaf blazingstar North America. Biennial to perennial

Mentzelia laevicaulis (Douglas) Torr. & A. Gray (Bartonia See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 328 & 2: 749.
laevicaulis Douglas; Hesperaster laevicaulis (Douglas) 1814[1813], Manual of Botany for North America. Fifth
Cockerell; Mentzelia acuminata (Rydb.) Tidestr.; Mentzelia edition 420. 1829, Man. Bot. (ed. 7) 560. 1836, A Flora of
laevicaulis (Hook.) Torr. & A. Gray; Mentzelia laevicaulis North America: containing … 1(3): 535. 1840, Smithsonian
var. acuminata (Rydb.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr.; Mentzelia Miscellaneous Collections 258: 390. 1878 and Torreya 1(12):
laevicaulis var. laevicaulis; Nuttallia acuminata Rydb.; 143. 1901, Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism
Nuttallia laevicaulis (Douglas) Greene; Nuttallia laevicaulis 1(15): 210. 1906
(Hook.) Greene; Touterea laevicaulis (Douglas) Rydb.) (Febrifuge.)
North America. Biennial, perennial, herbaceous, stout white in English: bractless blazingstar
stem, narrow lanceolate irregulary toothed leaves with barbed
hairs, star-like yellow flowers, pointed lanceolate petals Mentzelia oreophila J. Darl. (Eucnide urens Parry; Mentzelia
puberula J. Darl.)
See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(5): 221, pl. 69. 1832, A Flora
of North America: containing … 1(3): 535. 1840 and Torreya North America. Biennial to perennial, food
1(12): 143. 1901, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(5): See Delect. Seminum Hortus Monac. 1844: [4]. 1844,
276. 1903, Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism American Naturalist 9(3): 144. 1875 and Annals of the
1(15): 210. 1906, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): Missouri Botanical Garden 21(1): 175–177. 1934, Madroño
61–62. 1913, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of 51(4): 379–383. 2004
Harvard University 65: 40. 1922, Contributions from the
United States National Herbarium 25: 363. 1925, Madroño (Tonic.)
51(4): 379–383. 2004 in English: Argus blazingstar
(Leaves decoction taken for stomachache, also as a wash Mentzelia pumila Torr. & A. Gray (Bartonia pumila Nutt.;
for skin diseases. Roots used for rheumatism and arthritis, Hesperaster pumilus (Torr. & A. Gray) Cockerell; Mentzelia
mumps, measles and smallpox, fevers, earaches.) pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Mentzelia pumila var. pum-
ila; Mentzelia pumila var. procera (Woot. & Standl.) J. Darl.;
in English: blazing-star, northern blazingstar, smoothstem
Nuttallia pumila (Nutt.) Greene; Touterea pumila (Torr. &
blazingstar
A. Gray) Rydb.)
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray (Bartonia multiflora
North America. Biennial
Nutt.; Hesperaster multiflorus (Nutt.) Cockerell; Mentzelia
multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray var. multiflora; Mentzelia pumila See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 535. 1840
Torr. & A. Gray var. lagarosa K.H. Thorne; Mentzelia pum- and Torreya 1(12): 143. 1901, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
ila var. multiflora (Nutt.) Urb. & Gilg; Nuttallia multiflora Club 30(5): 277. 1903, Leaflets of Botanical Observation and
(Nutt.) Greene; Touterea multiflora (Nutt.) Rydb.) Criticism 1(15): 210. 1906
Menyanthes L. Menyanthaceae 2477

(Roots laxative.) in English: bogbean, buckbean, common buckbean,

marsh-trefoil
in English: dwarf mentzelia
in Brazil: trevo-aquático, trifólio-librino, trevo-da-água,
Mentzelia veatchiana Kellogg (Acrolasia veatchiana
trevo-dos-charcos
(Kellogg) Rydb.; Mentzelia albicaulis var. veatchiana
(Kellogg) Urb. & Gilg; Mentzelia gracilenta Torr. & A. Gray in China: cho tsai, ming tsai, shi cai, shui cai, shui cai shu,
var. veatchiana (Kellogg) Urb. & Gilg; Mentzelia gracilenta shui tsai, tsui tsao
var. veatchiana (Kellogg) Jeps.)
North America. Annual
Menziesia Smith Ericaceae
See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2:
99–101, f. 28. 1863 After the British (Scotsman) physician Archibald Menzies,
1754–1842 (London), 1782 naval surgeon Royal Navy, col-
(Seeds used for burns, toothache.) lected Scottish plants for John Fothergill and William Pitcairn,
in English: Veatch’s blazingstar, white-stem stick-leaf, whit- plant collector in Western Australia, 1790 Fellow of the
estem blazingstar Linnean Society, 1791–1795 with Captain George Vancouver
(1757–1798) on the Voyage of the Discovery and Chatham. See
Plantarum Icones Hactenus Ineditae 3: t. 56. 1791, George
Menyanthes L. Menyanthaceae Vancouver, A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean
and round the World. London 1798, Linnaea 24: 11. 1851 and
Menyanthos, a Greek classical name for a water plant, John T. Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names, 1592–1906.
possibly from the Greek mene ‘moon, crescent moon’ and To Which are Added a Few Names in Adjacent United States
anthos ‘flower’, or from minyos ‘small, tiny’ and anthos; Territory, Their Origin and History. First Edition. Ottawa:
see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 145. 1753 and Government Printing Bureau, 1909, Warren R. Dawson, The
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 71. 1754, Novi Commentarii Banks letters, a Calendar of the Manuscript Correspondence
Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae 14(1): of Sir Joseph Banks. 604–607. London 1958, H.N. Clokie,
527. 1770 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the
85(2): 1442–1443. 2001. University of Oxford. 209–210. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart,
Menyanthes trifoliata L. (Menyanthes trifoliata L. var. Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 476. 1965, J. Ewan, ed.,
minor Raf.; Menyanthes trifoliata L. var. minor Fernald) A Short History of Botany in the United States. 76. New York
and London 1969, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of
China, North America. Perennial herb, long green rhizomes, Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection.
flour, forage, food in time of scarcity 264. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and
See Species Plantarum 1: 145. 1753 and Rhodora 31(370): Archival Collections and Index to the Correspondence of
198. 1929, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 60(6): 864– John Torrey. Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 285.
872. 1975, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 61(7): 963– 1973, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration
969. 1976, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 25: of Southern Africa. 250. Cape Town 1981, Jonathan Wantrup,
1–18. 1976, Taxon 30: 857–860. 1981, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. Australian Rare Books, 1788–1900. Sydney 1987, R. Zander,
1982, Bot. Zhurn. 67 (6): 778–787. 1982, Inform. Bot. Ital. F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der
14: 243–247 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja, Sar. A 2, Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 750. Stuttgart 1993, Ray Desmond,
Biol.-Geogr. 3: 1–12. 1982, Bull. Coll. Child Develop., Kochi Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists.
Womens Univ. 8: 55–104. 1984, Ho Ting-nung. Gentianaceae 482–483. 1994, H. Suzanne Maxwell and Martin F. Gardner,
[Menyanthoideae]. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 62: 411–418. “The quest for Chilean green treasure: some notable British
1988, Willdenowia 19: 199–213. 1989, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow collectors before 1940.” The New Plantsman. 4(4): 195–214.
& Leningrad) 75: 279–282. 1990, Aliso 13: 365–389. 1992, December 1997. Andromedotoxins (grayanotoxins), diter-
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79: 249–265, 266–283. 1992, penoid alkaloids, these toxins are common to all poisonous
Watsonia 19: 169–171. 1993, Anales del Jardín Botánico members of the heath family, including Kalmia spp. and
de Madrid 55(1): 135–136. 1997, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Rhododendron spp.
Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 15–18. 1997, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow &
Menziesia ferruginea Sm. (Menziesia ferruginea Sm. subsp.
Leningrad) 83(5): 125–130. 1998, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42.
glabella (A. Gray) Calder & Roy L. Taylor; Menziesia fer-
1999, J. Biomol. Screen. 7(4): 333–340. 2002, Willdenowia
ruginea Sm. var. glabella (A. Gray) M. Peck; Menziesia gla-
34: 353–360. 2004
bella A. Gray)
(Roots analgesic, antiinflammatory, antihemorrhagic, anti-
North America. Perennial shrub
emetic, laxative, carminative, antirheumatic, tonic, sto-
machic, an infusion taken for constipation and rheumatism, See Plantarum Icones Hactenus Ineditae 3: t. 56. 1791,
for chronic inflammatory conditions.) Synoptical Flora of North America 2(1): 39. 1878 and Marsh,
2478 Mercurialis L. Euphorbiaceae

C.D. “Menziesia, a new stock-poisoning plant of the north- (Poisonous.)

western states.” U.S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Plant Ind., 16. 1914,
in English: annual mercury, French mercury, mercury
Man. Pl. Oregon 542. 1941, Madroño 6(4): 135. 1941
in Arabic: mourkeba, halbub, bou zenzir
(This plant has occasionally been implicated in cases of
sheep poisoning. Leaves analgesic, antiseptic, applied to in South Africa: bingelkruie
sores and swellings; chewed for stomach disorders and for Mercurialis perennis L. (Mercurialis alpina Schur;
heart troubles. Magico-religious beliefs, love charm, witch- Mercurialis cynocrambe Scop.; Mercurialis longifolia
craft medicine, bark used against evil spirits.) Host, nom. illeg.; Mercurialis longistipes (Borbás) Baksay;
in English: mock azalea, rusty leaf, western minniebush Mercurialis nemoralis Salisb.; Mercurialis perennis f. gen-
uina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Mercurialis perennis f. gla-
bra Beck; Mercurialis perennis f. ovatifolia Hausskn.;
Mercurialis L. Euphorbiaceae Mercurialis perennis f. robusta Gross; Mercurialis perennis
f. saxicola Beck; Mercurialis perennis f. sylvatica (Hoppe)
From the Latin Mercurialis, e ‘belonging to the god Mercury’, Rouy & Foucaud; Mercurialis perennis subvar. alpina (Schur)
Mercurius, ii ‘the son of Jupiter and Maia’, originally herba Nyman; Mercurialis perennis subvar. sylvatica (Hoppe)
mercurialis; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1035. Nyman; Mercurialis perennis var. brachyphylla Willk.;
1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 457. 1754, New Fl. Mercurialis perennis var. longistipes Borbás; Mercurialis
(Rafinesque) iv. 9. 1836, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 154. 1867. perennis var. subalpina Schur; Mercurialis sylvatica Hoppe;
Mercurialis annua L. (Discoplis serrata Raf.; Mercurialis Mercurialis sylvestris Bubani; Synema perenne (L.) Dulac)
ambigua L.f.; Mercurialis annua Thunb.; Mercurialis annua Europe, Mediterranean. Perennial
Uspenski ex Ledeb.; Mercurialis annua lusus ambigua (L.f.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1037. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap.
Müll.Arg.; Mercurialis annua f. ciliata (J. Presl & C. Presl)
Allerton: 390. 1796, Prodr. 15(2): 796. 1866, Fl. Hautes-
Pax & K. Hoffm.; Mercurialis annua f. cordata Wirtg.;
Pyrénées: 154. 1867, Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 2: 107.
Mercurialis annua f. cuneatolanceolata Wirtg.; Mercurialis
1887, Fl. Pyren. 1: 89. 1897 and Fl. France 12: 134. 1910, Fl.
annua f. lanceolata Wirtg.; Mercurialis annua f. ovata
Bayern: 503. 1914, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 49: 170.
Wirtg.; Mercurialis annua subsp. ambigua (L.f.) Arcang.;
1957, Regnum Veg. 127: 66. 1993
Mercurialis annua subvar. euannua Litard., nom. inval.;
Mercurialis annua subvar. serrata Litard.; Mercurialis (Poisonous.)
annua var. ambigua (L.f.) Duby; Mercurialis annua var.
in English: dog’s mercury
angustifolia Gaudin; Mercurialis annua var. camberien-
sis Chabert; Mercurialis annua var. capillacea Guépin; Mercurialis tomentosa L. (Mercurialis sericea Salisb.)
Mercurialis annua var. dioica Moris; Mercurialis annua Europe.
var. genuina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Mercurialis annua var.
laciniata Müll.Arg.; Mercurialis annua var. monoica Moris; See Species Plantarum 2: 1035. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap.
Mercurialis annua var. transsylvanica Schur; Mercurialis Allerton: 390. 1796 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology
annua var. typica Fiori, nom. inval.; Mercurialis annua var. 124(2): 295–305. 2009
variegata Löhr; Mercurialis ciliata C. Presl; Mercurialis (Antiinflammatory.)
ciliata J. Presl & C. Presl; Mercurialis ladanum Hartm.;
Mercurialis monoica (Moris) B.M. Durand; Mercurialis
monoica (Moris) R. Durand & B. Durand; Mercurialis pin- Meriandra Benth. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
natifida Sennen; Mercurialis tarraconensis Sennen; Synema
annuum (L.) Dulac; Synema annuum Dulac) From the Greek meris, meros ‘part, portion, share’, merizo
‘divide, make a division’ and aner, andros ‘man, stamen’, see
Greece, Europe, Medit. Annual Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: t. 1282. 1829.
See Species Plantarum 2: 1035. 1753, Delic. Prag. 56. 1822, Meriandra dianthera (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) Briq.
Fl. Cap. (Thunberg, ed. 2) 387. 1823, New Fl. (Rafinesque) (Meriandra abyssinica F.Muell.; Meriandra bengalensis
iv. 9. 1836 [1838], Bot. Not. 1849: 67. 1849, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) (J. König ex Roxb.) Benth.; Meriandra bengalensis (Roxb.)
3(2,10): 580. 1850, Flora 33: 82. 1850, Prodr. 15(2): 797. 1866, Benth.; Meriandra dianthera (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.)
Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 154. 1867, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 38: 300. M.R. Almeida; Salvia abyssinica L.f.; Salvia abyssinica
1881 and Bol. Soc. Arag. 8: 146. 1909, Bot. Zeitung, 2. Abt. 68: Jacq.; Salvia abyssinica R.Br., nom. inval.; Salvia abyssi-
62. 1910, Pflanzenr., IV, 147, VII: 274. 1914, Ann. Soc. Linn. nica Hochst. ex Engl.; Salvia bengalensis J. König ex Roxb.;
Lyon sér. 2, 72: 16. 1926 [1925 publ. 1926], Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. Salvia bengalensis Roxb.; Salvia dianthera Roth; Salvia
Biol. Vég., XII, 4: 727. 1963, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Lett. Bot. dianthera Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Salvia indica B. Heyne
139(4–5): 389. 1993 [1992 publ. 1993], Asian Pacific Journal ex Roem. & Schult.; Salvia schimperiana Hochst. ex Benth.;
Allergy Immunology 26(4): 245–256. 2008 Salvia stachydea Klein ex Schult.)
Merope M. Roemer Rutaceae 2479

Eritrea, Ethiopia, Arabian Pen., India. Woody shrub Burm.f.; Convolvulus cujanensis Bowdich; Convolvulus
munitus Wall.; Convolvulus pentaphyllus L., nom. illeg.;
See Species Plantarum 1: 23–27. 1753, Suppl. Pl. 88. 1782
Convolvulus pentaphyllus Salzmann; Convolvulus pen-
[1781 publ. Apr 1782], Icon. Pl. Rar. [Jacquin] 1: 2. [1781–
taphyllus Salzm. ex Meisn.; Convolvulus vitifolius Burm.f.;
1786], A Voyage to Abyssinia, and travels into the … [Salt]
Ipomoea aegyptia L.; Ipomoea pentaphylla (L.) Jacq.;
Append. 62. 1814, Syst. Veg. ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]
Ipomoea pentaphylla Cav.; Ipomoea pentaphylla Jacq.;
1: 263. 1817, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants
Ipomoea pilosa Cav.; Ipomoea pilosa Houtt.; Ipomoea
(Carey & Wallich ed.) 1: 146. 1820, Novae Plantarum Species
pilosa Sweet; Ipomoea sinaloensis Brandegee; Ipomoea
18. 1821, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: sub t. 1282. 1829,
vitifolia Sweet; Ipomoea vitifolia (Burm.f.) Blume; Ipomoea
Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 1: 145. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 12: 262. 1848,
vitifolia var. angularis (Burm.f.) Choisy; Merremia aegyp-
Select Pl., ed. 2: 130. 1876, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler &
tia Urb.; Merremia aegyptia Gamble; Merremia pentaphylla
Prantl] 4(3a): 288. 1896 and Fl. Maharashtra 4A: 166. 2003
Hallier f.; Merremia pentaphylla (L.) Hallier f.; Merremia
(Leaf extract applied for skin problems, and to relieve head- pentaphylla (Jacq.) Hallier f.; Merremia vitifolia (Burm.f.)
ache, joint and muscle pain.) Hall.f.; Merremia vitifolia Hallier f.; Operculina aegyptia
in Arabic: dharah (L.) House; Operculina aegyptia House; Operculina pen-
taphylla (L.) House; Spiranthera aegyptia (L.) Roberty;
Spiranthera pentaphylla (L.) Bojer; Spiranthera pen-
taphylla Bojer)
Merope M. Roemer Rutaceae
South America. Robust twiner, hairy, white funnel-shaped
Merope is one of the Atlantides, vid. in the costellation of
flowers, eaten by stock
the Pleiades, see Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
Monographicae 1: 32, 44. 1846. See Species Plantarum 1: 153–162. 1753, Species Plantarum,
Editio Secunda 223. 1762, Flora Indica … nec non
Merope angulata (Willd.) Swingle (Merope angulata (Kurx)
Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 45–46, pl. 18, f.
Swingle)
1. 1768, Collectanea 2: 297. 1788, Icones et Descriptiones
India. Plantarum [Cavanilles] 3: 29. 1794, Icones et Descriptiones
Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 4: 11 t. 323. 1797, Bowdich,
See J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 423. 1915
Thomas Edward (1791–1824), Excursions in Madeira and
(Juice from the epicarp, the outer layer of the pericarp, mixed Porto Santo. 252. London, 1825, Bijdragen tot de flora van
with honey given to treat chronic bronchitis.) Nederlandsch Indië 13: 709. 1825, Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 289.
1826, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] no.
in India: banalembu
1354. 1829, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire
Naturelle de Genève 6: 436. 1833, Convolvulaceae orientales
54. 1834, Hortus Mauritianus 226. 1837, Genera Plantarum
Merremia Dennst. ex Endlicher Convolvulaceae 1: 1403. 1841, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
For the German naturalist Blasius Merrem, 1761–1824, bota- Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 16(4–5): 552.
nist, mathematician, 1804 professor of political economy and 1893 and Zoë 5: 217. 1905, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
botany at Marburg, his works include Avium rariorum et Club 33: 502. 1906, Symbolae Antillarum (Urban) 4(3): 505.
minus cognitarum icones et descriptiones … e Germanicis 1910, Fl. Madras 928. 1923, Journ. Arnold Arboretum 1938,
Latinae factae. Lipsiae 1786, Reise nach Paris im August und xix. 361. 1938, Boissiera 10: 148. 1964, Bot. Macaronesica
September, 1798, etc. 1800, De Animalibus Scythicis apud 6: 60. 1980
Plinium … disputabit B.M. etc. Gottingae [1781], Handbuch
(Used for strangury and urethral discharges, the root sto-
der Pflanzenkunde nach dem Linneischen System. Marburg
machic. Dried leaves applied as a dressing for burns.)
1809 and Index plantarum horti academici Marburgensis.
Marburg 1807; see Species Plantarum 1: 153–162. 1753, in English: hairy merremia
Schlüssel Hortus Malab. 34. 1818, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève
in Hawaii: koali kua hulu, kuahulu
6: 434. 1833, Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] Suppl. 1: 1403. 1841,
Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches in Yoruba: moki, okoju orisa
Handwörterbuch. 572f. Ansbach 1852, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16:
Merremia boisiana (Gagnepain) van Ooststroom (Ipomoea
581. 1893 and Candollea 14: 11–60. 1952, J.H. Barnhart,
boisiana Gagnepain)
Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 478. 1965, Fieldiana,
Bot. 24(9): 4–85. 1970, Fl. Ecuador 15: 1–98. 1982, Fl. Prov. China.
Jujuy 13(8): 116–175. 1983, Fl. Veracruz 73: 1–99. 1993, Fl.
See Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 141. 1915, Blumea 3(2): 343. 1939
Madagasc. 171: 3–287. 2001.
(The stem to treat anemia.)
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. (Batatas pentaphylla Choisy;
Batatas pentaphylla (L.) Choisy; Convolvulus angularis in English: Bois merremia
2480 Merremia Dennst. ex Endlicher Convolvulaceae

in China: jin zhong teng Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f. (Batatas tuberosa (L.)
Bojer; Convolvulus dissectus Jacq.; Convolvulus gossypiifo-
Merremia boisiana (Gagnepain) van Ooststroom var. boisi-
lius Kunth; Convolvulus kentrocaulos Steud. ex Hallier f.;
ana (Ipomoea boisiana Gagnepain)
Convolvulus kentrocaulos Steud. ex Choisy; Convolvulus
China. macrocarpus Spreng.; Convolvulus tuberosus (L.) Spreng.;
Ipomoea dissecta (Jacq.) Pursh; Ipomoea dissecta (Jacq.)
See Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 141. 1915, Blumea 3(2): 343. 1939
Pers.; Ipomoea kentrocaulos C.B. Clarke; Ipomoea nuda
(The stem to treat anemia.) Peter; Ipomoea nuda Baker; Ipomoea nuda N.E. Br.;
Ipomoea sinuata Ortega; Ipomoea tuberosa L.; Merremia
in English: Bois merremia
dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.; Merremia kentrocaulos Rendle;
in China: jin zhong teng Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle; Operculina dissecta (Jacq.)
House; Operculina kentrocaulos Hallier f.; Operculina
Merremia boisiana (Gagnepain) van Ooststroom var. ful-
tuberosa (L.) Meisn.)
vopilosa (Gagnepain) van Ooststroom (Ipomoea boisiana
Gagnepain var. fulvopilosa Gagnepain; Ipomoea boisiana North America. Perennial vine, herb, sometimes as Merremia
var. rufopilosa Gagnepain; Merremia boisiana var. rufopi- tuberosa
losa (Gagnepain) C.Y. Wu)
See Species Plantarum 1: 159–162. 1753, Observationum
China. Botanicarum 2: 4, pl. 28. 1767, Flora Americae
Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 145. 1814[1813], Systema
See Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 142. 1915, Blumea 3(2): 344. 1939
Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 591. 1825, Hortus
(Whole plant to treat arthritis.) Mauritianus 226. 1837, Genera Plantarum 1: 1403. 1841,
Flora Brasiliensis 7: 212. 1869, The Flora of British India
in China: huang mao jin zhong teng
4: 213. 1883, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
Merremia caloxantha (Diels) Staples & R.C. Fang (Ipomoea Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 16(4–5): 552.
caloxantha Diels) 1893, Botanisch Jaarboek xviii (1894) 119. 1894 and Flora
of Tropical Africa 4(2): 104. 1905, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.
China.
62: 182. 1975
See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 203. 1912, Novon
(Analgesic.)
5: 109. 1995
in English: Brazilian jalap, Ceylon merremia, dissected
(For skin diseases, astringent.)
merremia, Hawaiian wood rose, noon-flower, noyau vine,
in China: mei hua yu huang cao Spanish woodbine, wood rose, wooden rose, yellow morn-
ing glory
Merremia crassinervia Ooststr.
Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. (Convolvulus
Borneo. Climber
reniformis Roxb.; Evolvulus emarginatus Burm. f.; Evolvulus
See Blumea iii. 350. 1939 glechoma Welw.; Ipomoea reniformis (Roxb.) Choisy;
Ipomoea reniformis Choisy)
(Crushed squeezed leaves juice on snakebites, centipede and
scorpion stings.) Tropical Africa, Asia and Malesia. A perennial, prostrate
herb, flowers in a cyme, corolla tubular-campanulate, yellow,
in Sarawak: akar lintong
capsule brown-black, seed dotted. in open grasslands and
Merremia discoidesperma (Donn. Sm.) O’Donell (Ipomoea fields, along railroads and waste places, sometimes confused
discoidesperma Donn. Sm.; Operculina discoidesperma with Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
(Donn. Sm.) House; Operculina discoidesperma House;
See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis
Operculina populifolia Hallier f. ex Urb.; Operculina popu-
77, pl. 30, f. 1. 1768, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue
lifolia Hallier f.)
… 14. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants
South America. 1: 481. 1832, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et
d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 446. 1833, Apontamentos
See Species Plantarum 1: 159–162. 1753, Enumeracão das
Phytogeographicos 589, n. 64. 1859, Botanische Jahrbücher
Substancias Brazileiras 16, 49. 1836, Botanical Gazette
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
14(2): 27. 1889, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16(4–5): 550. 1893 and
16(4–5): 552. 1893 and Taxon 28: 274–275. 1979
Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 5(5): 68. 1909, Symbolae
Antillarum (Urban). 7(3): 342. 1912, Lilloa 6: 495. 1941; (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Purgative, diuretic and alter-
Flora de Veracruz 73: 1–99. 1993 ative, used in rheumatism and neuralgia. Plant decoction for
fever, plant juice dropped into the ear to cure sores. A leaf
(Diuretic, astringent.)
infusion a remedy for cough; powdered leaves of Ipomoea
in English: Mary’s bean obscura made into pills taken for impotence, and also applied
Merremia Dennst. ex Endlicher Convolvulaceae 2481

in the lower region of abdomen a paste of leaves of Merremia in India: sirrootalie elley, tali
emarginata.)
Merremia hederacea (N.L. Burman) H. Hallier (Convolvulus
in English: emarginate merremia, rat’s ear, rats ear acetosellifolius Desrousseaux; Convolvulus chryseides
Spreng.; Convolvulus chryseides (Ker Gawler) Sprengel;
in China: shen ye shan zhu ca
Convolvulus dentatus Vahl; Convolvulus dentatus Blanco;
in India: akatilai, akhukarni (akhu, rat, karna, ear pinna), Convolvulus flavus Salisb.; Convolvulus flavus B. Heyne ex
akukarni, campari, cikappueliccevikkirai, civappelic- Wall.; Convolvulus flavus Willdenow; Convolvulus lapathi-
cevi, eliccevi, eliccevikkirai, eliccevipputu, elika jimudu, folius Sprengel; Convolvulus lapathifolius Schltdl.; Evolvulus
elikajemudu, elikkadhu-keerai, elikkatilai, elikkatu, elik- hederaceus N.L. Burman; Ipomoea acetosellifolia Choisy;
katukkirai, irumpakakkirai, irumpakam, iyarram, kal- Ipomoea acetosellifolia (Desrousseaux) Choisy; Ipomoea
akannikkirai, kappuka, kappukakkirai, katteliccevi, chryseides Ker Gawler; Ipomoea chryseides Choisy; Ipomoea
katteliccevikkirai, kiruminacani, mapali, mapaliccevik- dentata (Vahl) Roemer & Schultes; Ipomoea dentata Willd.
kirai, mooshkarni, musakakarni, musakani, musakaparni, ex Roem. & Schult.; Ipomoea subtriflora Zollinger & Moritzi;
musakari, mushkarni (mushak, rat and karn, ear), musik- Lepistemon glaber Handel-Mazzetti; Lepistemon muricatum
kay, mutikkirai, nakatorani, nakatoranikkirai, nemi, nilak- Spanoghe; Lepistemon muricatus Span.; Merremia chrys-
kuntal, nilakkuntarkirai, parattai, pavalaccevikkirai, eides (Ker Gawler) H. Hallier; Merremia chryseides Hallier
pavanaveliccevi, perattaikkirai, perettaikkirai, pirameka- f.; Merremia chrysoides Hallier f.; Merremia convolvulacea
catarokkiyam, pirattaikkirai, putticcireni, tiravanti, turaki, Dennstedt ex H. Hallier; Merremia convolvulacea Dennst.;
umdrakani, underkarni, undirkani (undir, rat, kani, ear-like), Merremia hederacea Hallier f.)
yelikkaadhukeerai
Tropical Africa, Asia. Annual, twining or prostrate, climber,
in Indonesia: embun, pegagan utan slender, herb, sepals concave broadly notched at the apex,
in Philippines: bato-bato, kupi-kupit, kupit-kupit corolla campanulate yellow, capsule wrinkled, in open grass-
lands, on sandbanks
in Thailand: sa uek klet hoi, uek
See Fl. Indica (N.L. Burman) 77. t. 30, f. 2. 1768, Symb. Bot.
Merremia gangetica Cufod. (Merremia gangetica (L.) (Vahl) iii. 25. 1794, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 124. 1796,
Cufod.) Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1(2): 852. 1798, Schlüssel Hortus
India. Prostrate herb rooting at the nodes Malab. 34. 1818, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]
4: 789. 1819, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1: 598, 604. 1824
See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 13. 1814 and Bull. [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], Numer. List [Wallich] sub
Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 31(Suppl.): 743. 1961, Taxon 28: n. 1349. 1829, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 89. 1837, Linnaea 15:
274–275. 1979 339. 1841, Prodr. (DC.) 9: 383. 1845, Linnaea 19: 736. 1847,
(Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant paste applied locally against Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 552. 1893, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18(1–2): 118.
insect bites, joint pain and rheumatism; plant juice to reduce 1893 and Sinensia 5: 7. 1934
chest pain; plants diuretic, used for the treatment of rheu- (Used in Sidha. For treating acute tonsillitis; a poultice of the
matism, abdominal disorders, cough and sores. Fresh or dry leaves, together with turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and bro-
leaves powder given in rheumatism and cough.) ken rice, used to heal cracks in the hands and feet. Root tuber
in India: akhukarni, akhuparni, althi gida, bhuibela, elekajee- ground with pepper and the extract taken in rheumatism and
daku, elikadilai, elikivi soppu, ilikivi soppu, mooshikaparni, rheumatoid arthritis.)
musakani, musakarni, musikakarni, ranga alati, thigade, in English: ivy-like merremia
toinnuatali, underkani, undurukarnika, yelaka jeevi aaku
in China: li lan wang
Merremia gemella (Burm. f.) Hallier f. (Convolvulus gemel-
lus Burm. f.; Ipomoea gemella (Burm. f.) Roth; Ipomoea in India: elikkatutalai, komalata, kudici-valli, taltantiteega
polyantha Miq.)
in Indonesia: kelemibiet, lawatan, tatapajan
India.
in Malaysia: ulan pelandok
See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 46,
in Thailand: cha uek, ma uek, thao sa uek
pl. 21, f. 1. 1768, Novae Plantarum Species 110. 1821, Flora
van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 613. 1857, Botanische Jahrbücher in Vietnam: b[if]m hoa v[af]ng
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
in Yoruba: adere eko, ata koko, irin wanjanwanjan
16(4–5): 552, in obs. 1893 and Annual Taiwan Mus. 38:
58–61. 1995 Merremia hirta (Linnaeus) Merrill (Convolvulus hirtus
Linnaeus; Convolvulus caespitosus Roxburgh; Convolvulus
(Used in Sidha.)
reptans Linnaeus, p.p.; Ipomoea linifolia Blume;
in China: jin hua yu huang cao Ipomoea philippinensis Choisy; Lepistemon decurrens
2482 Merremia Dennst. ex Endlicher Convolvulaceae

Handel-Mazzetti; Merremia caespitosa (Roxburgh) H. Madagascar, SE Asia. Liana, stout, climber, subwoody,
Hallier; Merremia decurrens (Handel-Mazzetti) H.S. Kiu; twiner, large subterraneous tuberous roots with milky juice,
Skinneria caespitosa (Roxburgh) Choisy) leaves peltate, inflorescence corymbose, funnel shaped
corolla white or yellow, fruit a globose ovoid capsule, seeds
China. densely tomentose, tubers edible, found in edges of primary
See Sp. Pl. 1: 159. 1753 and Philipp. J. Sci. 7: 224. 1912 and secondary forests

(Used to treat arthritis.) See Species Plantarum 1: 153–162 and 2: 1194. 1753, Flora
Cochinchinensis 109. 1790, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris
in English: hairy merremia 1823: 130. 1823, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch
Indië 719. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens
in China: mao shan zhu cai
[Wallich] no. 1376, 1403. 1829, Mémoires de la Société de
Merremia hungaiensis (Lingelsheim & Borza) R.C. Fang Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 6: 451–452. 1833,
var. linifolia (C.C. Huang) R.C. Fang (Ipomoea hungaiensis Enumeracão das Substancias Brazileiras 16, 49. 1836, Rapp.
var. linifolia C.C. Huang) Annuel Trav. Soc. Hist. Nat. Ile Maurice 7: 33. 1836, Flora
de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 1: 95. 1837, Hortus Mauritianus
China. 226. 1837, Genera Plantarum 1: 1403. 1841 and Philipp. J.
See Rep. Stud. Pl. Trop. Subtrop. Yunnan 1: 119. 1965, Fl. Sci., C 3: 122. 1908, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 1: 26. 1911 [1910
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 64(1): 76–77. 1979 publ. 1911], An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium
Amboinense 441. 1917, Species Blancoanae 325. 1918,
(The roots used externally to treat scabies.) Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. xv. 260. 1929, Blumea iii. 369. 1939,
Candollea 14: 11–60. 1952, International Organization of
in China: shan tu gua, xian ye shan tu gua
Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 21: 3. 1993, J. Econ. Taxon.
Merremia mammosa (Lour.) Hallier f. (Convolvulus mam- Bot. 18(2): 251. 1994, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
mosus Lour.; Ipomoea gomezii C.B. Clarke) (Oslo) 26/27: 22. 1997, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
171: 3–287. 2001
India, Andaman Islands, Vietnam. Twiner, perennial, tubers
fusiform to globose with a milky juice, sepals concave, (Stem sap applied on boils, cuts, swellings, sore breasts,
corolla broadly funnel-shaped white, minute glands outside, bruises, to knife and axe wounds; sap from the stem and
capsule enclosed by permanent calyx, seed hairy tuber a purgative, and a remedy for cough, diarrhea and
worms. Leaves placed on sores and applied as a maturative
See Fl. Cochinch. 1: 108. 1790, Teysmannia 7: 164. 1897 for inflammation of the breast.)
(Sap of the fresh tubers mildly purgative, drunk in affections in English: merremia, mile a minute vine, sap vine, trip vine
of the throat and respiratory organs, dysentery, fever, and
applied for snakebite, burns, fevers, dysentery, poisoning, in India: prasarani
chest and throat affections and edema.) in Indonesia: aka kedatung tura, aka pulut, areuy carayun,
in Indonesia: bidara upas, blanar, hailale, widara upas hailale, kuge

in Malaysia: widara upas in Malaysia: akar ulan, akar ulan gajah

in Philippines: angcoa in Papua New Guinea: balala, bororo, dawe palai, hogouna,
nangulenkik, palai, valeara, wafigu
in Vietnam: b[if]m v[us]
in Philippines: budakin, bulakan, tampinita
Merremia peltata (L.) Merr. (Convolvulus bufalinus Lour.;
Convolvulus crispatulus Wall.; Convolvulus distillatorius in Thailand: en luen, yaan len
Blanco; Convolvulus peltatus L.; Ipomoea bufalina Choisy; Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. (Batatas quinquefolia
Ipomoea nymphaefolia Blume; Ipomoea nymphaeifolia (L.) Choisy; Convolvulus ampelopsifolius Cham. & Schltdl.;
Blume; Ipomoea peltata B. Heyne ex Wall.; Ipomoea pel- Convolvulus hispaniolae Spreng.; Convolvulus quinquefolius
tata (L.) Choisy; Ipomoea peltata Choisy; Ipomoea pet- (L.) L.; Ipomoea ampelopsifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) G. Don;
aloidea Choisy; Merremia borneensis Merr.; Merremia Ipomoea hispaniolae (Spreng.) G. Don; Ipomoea potentilloi-
bufalina Merr. & Rendle; Merremia distillatoria (Blanco) des Meisn.; Ipomoea quinquefolia L.; Merremia parviflora
Merr.; Merremia distillatoria Merr.; Merremia elmeri Merr.; Pittier; Merremia potentilloides (Meisn.) Hallier f.)
Merremia nymphaeifolia (Dietr.) Hallier f.; Merremia nym-
South America, India. Herbaceous twiner, yellowish or white
phaeifolia Hallier f.; Merremia peltata Merr.; Operculina
flowers, globose capsules, black trigonous seeds
bufalina Hall. f.; Operculina peltata Hallier f.; Operculina
peltata (L.) Hall. fil.; Operculina petaloidea Ooststr.; See Species Plantarum 1: 162. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio
Operculina petaloidea (Choisy) Ooststr.; Spiranthera peltata Decima 923. 1759, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima
(L.) Bojer; Spiranthera peltata Bojer) sexta 1: 590. 1825, Linnaea 5: 118. 1830, Convolvulaceae
Merremia Dennst. ex Endlicher Convolvulaceae 2483

orientales 127. 1834, A General History of the Dichlamydeous in Thailand: thao tot maa
Plants 4: 278, 280. 1838, Flora Brasiliensis 7: 230. 1869,
in Malaysia: kangkong pasir
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
und Pflanzengeographie 16: 552. 1893 and Boletín de la African names: abiarunum, atewegbore (Yoruba), yimbururu
Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 8: 143. 1943, (Hausa)
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/1): 455–536. 1959, Beitr.
in Madagascar: akalana
Biol. Pflanzen 35(2): 177–201. 1960, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9):
4–85. 1970, Ceiba 20(1): 27–41. 1976, Fl. Ecuador 15: 1–98. in Tanzania: takiamunyanga
1982, Brenesia 41–42: 73–80. 1994 Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle (Batatas tuberosa (L.)
(Leaf paste on skin diseases.) Bojer; Convolvulus dissectus Jacq.; Convolvulus gossypiifo-
lius Kunth; Convolvulus kentrocaulos Steud. ex Hallier f.;
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. (Convolvulus oligodon- Convolvulus kentrocaulos Steud. ex Choisy; Convolvulus
tus Baker; Convolvulus tridentatus L.; Evolvulus tridentatus macrocarpus Spreng.; Convolvulus tuberosus (L.) Spreng.;
(L.) L.; Ipomoea angustifolia Jacq.; Ipomoea tridentata (L.) Ipomoea dissecta (Jacq.) Pursh; Ipomoea dissecta (Jacq.)
Roth; Merremia alatipes Dammer; Merremia angustifolia Pers.; Ipomoea kentrocaulos C.B. Clarke; Ipomoea nuda
(Jacquin) Hallier f.; Merremia hastata Hallier f.; Merremia Peter; Ipomoea nuda Baker; Ipomoea nuda N.E. Br.;
tridentata subsp. alatipes (Dammer) Verdc.; Merremia tri- Ipomoea sinuata Ortega; Ipomoea tuberosa L.; Merremia
dentata subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Ooststr.; Merremia triden- dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.; Merremia kentrocaulos Rendle;
tata subsp. hastata (Hallier f.) Ooststr.; Xenostegia tridentata Operculina dissecta (Jacq.) House; Operculina kentrocaulos
(L.) D.F. Austin & Staples; Xenostegia tridentata subsp. Hallier f.; Operculina tuberosa (L.) Meisn.)
alatipes (Dammer) Lejoly & Lisowski)
New World. A perennial shrub, slender twiner, corolla fun-
East Africa. Herbaceous, trailing, creeping, prostrate or nel-shaped white to bright yellow with purple stripes, glo-
climbing, twining, vining, winding, white latex, delicate foli- bose glabrous capsule, trigonous glabrous black seeds, in
age, corolla funnel-shaped cream-yellow, fruits globose red- open grasslands and along roadsides, a beach runner
brown, eaten by all stock, savanna, in sandy soil, on edge of
swamp, disturbed area, secondary forest See Species Plantarum 1: 159–162. 1753, Observationum
Botanicarum 2: 4, pl. 28. 1767, Flora Americae Septentrionalis;
See Species Plantarum 1: 153–162. 1753, Species Plantarum, or, … 1: 145. 1814[1813], Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima
Editio Secunda 391–392. 1762, Collectanea 2: 367. 1788, sexta 1: 591. 1825, Hortus Mauritianus 226. 1837, Genera
Archiv für die Botanik 1(2): 38. 1798, Journal of the Linnean Plantarum 1: 1403. 1841, Flora Brasiliensis 7: 212. 1869, The
Society, Botany 20: 212. 1883, Botanische Jahrbücher für Flora of British India 4: 213. 1883, Botanische Jahrbücher
Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
16(4–5): 552. 1893, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 330. 16(4–5): 552. 1893, Botanisch Jaarboek xviii (1894) 119. 1894
1895 and Blumea 3: 317–318, 323, f. 2. 1939, Candollea 14: and Flora of Tropical Africa 4(2): 104. 1905, Ann. Missouri
11–60. 1952, Kew Bulletin 13: 186. 1958, Taxon 28: 274–275. Bot. Gard. 62: 182. 1975
1979, Brittonia 32(4): 533. 1980, Fragmenta Floristica et
Geobotanica 38: 381. 1993, Flore de Madagascar et des (Tuber a drastic purgative. Leaves and fruits antiinflamma-
Comores 171: 3–287. 2001 tory, for skin diseases. Leaf infusion sedative in chest com-
plaints, jaundice, hepato-biliary troubles, and a remedy for
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant tonic, febrifuge, snakebites and intoxication; a hot infusion taken to relieve
laxative, purgative, anthelmintic, bitter, astringent, diuretic, urinary infection; a poultice of crushed fresh leaves sedative
useful in paralysis, piles, gonorrhea, urinary disorders, inflam- for inflammations and skin diseases. Poisonous to cattle.)
mation. Boiled tuber as a fever remedy; a poultice of the leaves
applied to the head for fever, and on snakebites, rheumatism.) in English: Brazilian jalap, Ceylon merremia, dissected mer-
remia, Hawaiian wood rose, noon-flower, Spanish woodbine,
in English: merremia vine wood rose, wooden rose, yellow morning glory
in India: auvaiyar kundal, auvaiyar kuntal, cantrakranti, elikivi in China: duo lie yu huang cao
soppu, ilikivi soppu, llikivisoppu, kalivel, mudiyaakkonthal,
in Indonesia: areuy kawoyang
mudiyarkkoonthal, mutiyarkuntal, mutiyakuntal, prasarani (=
spreading), prasarini, savolikkoti, seethamma jada, seetham- in Japan: bara-asa-gao
masavaramu, semder-kalaudi, sendera-clandi, sitasavaram,
in Vietnam: b[if]m c[ur]
sunchumutthi, tala neli, tala nili, talanili, tirippanpul
in Hawaii: pilikai
in Indonesia: irit-iritan, jala ma tubu, rangitan
Merremia turpethum (L.) Rendle (Argyreia alulata
in Malaysia: akar keremak, karok relia, pungulang
Miquel; Convolvulus anceps L.; Convolvulus triqueter
in Philippines: karadkad, maragta, talanuk Vahl; Convolvulus triqueter Rehm. ex Boiss.; Convolvulus
2484 Merremia Dennst. ex Endlicher Convolvulaceae

triquetrus Vell.; Convolvulus turpethum L.; Convolvulus caruvanukam, caruvanuputi, cayamaram, cenappal, cimai
turpethus L.; Ipomoea altissima Bert. ex G. Don; Ipomoea civatai, civatai, civetai, ciyamattiri, devadanthi, errathegada,
altissima Mart. ex Choisy; Ipomoea anceps Roemer & irattaccivatai, kalacuram, kentakarani, kolapam, kotaram,
Schultes; Ipomoea anceps (L.) Roemer & Schultes; Ipomoea kumpacaram, kumpacinakam, kumpam, kumpamati, kum-
diplocalyx Baker; Ipomoea ornithopoda B.L. Rob.; Ipomoea pancan, kunakanti, matura, naagadanthi, nacakeralam,
turpethum R.Br.; Ipomoea turpethum (L.) R.Br.; Ipomoea nalla thegada, nasotar, nattuccevatai, nikumpam, nishot,
turpethum var. anceps (L.) Miquel; Merremia turpetha (L.) nishotthara, nisot, nisrita, nukai, pakanrai, pakantai, paka-
Rendle; Merremia turpethum (L.) Bojer; Merremia tur- tai, pilikkini, pitalapam, pitohri, puripakinee, shevadie vayr,
pethum Rendle; Operculina altissima Meisn.; Operculina tali, talini, tanti, tegada, thegada, thella thegada, tiriputam,
altissima (Mart. ex Choisy) Meissn.; Operculina ornithop- tiriviruta, tirivirutam, tirivirutti, tirivitam, tiruvilam, trib-
oda (B.L. Rob.) House; Operculina ornithopoda House; hundee, triputa (tri, three, puta, angle), trivrit, trivrita, urpa-
Operculina triquetra (Vahl) J.F. Macbr.; Operculina triquetra lavanatai, varanacira, vayirocanati, vayirocani, virocani
(Vahl) Hallier f.; Operculina triquetra Hallier f.; Operculina
in Pakistan: nisot
turpetha (L.) Silva Manso; Operculina turpethum Peter;
Operculina turpethum (L.) J. Silva Manso; Operculina tur- Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. (Convolvulus aristolo-
pethum var. heterophylla H. Hallier; Spiranthera turpethum chiifolius Mill.; Convolvulus aristolochiifolius Willd. ex
(L.) Bojer; Spiranthera turpethum Bojer) Roem. & Schult.; Convolvulus caracasanus Willd. ex Roem.
& Schult.; Convolvulus caracassanus Willd. ex Roem. &
India. Vine, prostate-twining herb, climber, winged reddish
Schult.; Convolvulus cymosus Desr.; Convolvulus luteus
stem, corolla cream-yellow, white or black roots, often as
M. Martens & Galeotti; Convolvulus multiflorus Mill.;
Operculina
Convolvulus sagittifer Kunth; Convolvulus umbellatus L.;
See Species Plantarum 1: 153–162. 1753, Mant. Pl. 43. 1767, Ipomoea cymosa Lindl.; Ipomoea cymosa Baker; Ipomoea
Symbolae Botanicae, … (Vahl) 3: 30. 1794, Prodromus cymosa Blume; Ipomoea cymosa G. Mey.; Ipomoea cymosa
Florae Novae Hollandiae 485. 1810, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis Roem. & Schult.; Ipomoea cymosa (Desr.) Roem. & Schult.;
[Roemer & Schultes] 4: 231. 1819, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Ipomoea mollicoma Miq.; Ipomoea oenotheriflora A. Chev.;
Paris 1823: 130. 1823, Fl. Flumin. 71. 1829 [1825 publ. 7 Ipomoea polyantha Roem. & Schult.; Ipomoea polyanthes
Sep-28 Nov 1829], Fl. Flumin. Icon. 2: t. 53. 1831. [1827 Roem. & Schult.; Ipomoea polyanthes Willd. ex Roem. &
publ. 29 Oct 1831], Enumeracão das Substancias Brazileiras Schult.; Ipomoea portobellensis Beurl.; Ipomoea primuli-
16, 49. 1836, Hortus Mauritianus 226. 1837, Genera flora G. Don; Ipomoea sagittifer (Kunth) G. Don; Ipomoea
Plantarum 1: 1403. 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis sagittifera G. Don; Ipomoea umbellata (L.) G. Mey.; Ipomoea
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 9: 359. 1845, Flora Brasiliensis umbellata G. Mey.; Ipomoea umbellata L.; Merremia umbel-
(Martius) 7: 213. 1869, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(1): 94. 1875, lata Hallier f.)
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
SE Asia, India. Herbaceous climber, annual twiner, some-
27: 183. 1892 (1893), Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 549. 1893, Bull.
times prostrate, young parts with milky juice, pubescent
Misc. Inform. Kew (1894) 71. 1894, Botanische Jahrbücher
lanceolate leaves, cymes umbelliform, sepals concave, white
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
corolla funnel-shaped, capsule mucronate, seeds densely
18(1–2): 120. 1893 and Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.]
hairy, leaves and shoots used as vegetable, a beach runner
4(2.1): 102. 1905, Botanical Gazette 43(6): 414. 1907, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/1): 480. 1959, Economic See Species Plantarum 1: 155. 1753, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2:
Botany 36(3): 265–269. 1982 924. 1759, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 9. 1768, Primitiae Florae
Essequeboensis … 99. 1818, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer &
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant extract with water as
Schultes] 4: 234, 241, 301–302. 1819, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg
a purgative; powdered root made into a paste and applied
(Blume) 50. 1823, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 29: t. 24. 1843, Bull.
in rheumatism. Leaf paste applied for skin eruptions. Bark
Acad. Brux. xii. II. (1845) 260. 1845, Fl. Mauritius 208. 1877,
purgative, febrifuge, against gout, jaundice, enlarged spleen,
FBI 4: 211. 1883, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
dropsy, melancholy, rheumatic afflictions. Root purgative, for
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 16(4–5): 552.
liver troubles, jaundice; for snakebite and scorpion sting, root
1893 and Candollea 14: 11–60. 1952, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
decoction drunk; tuberous root powder in flatulence, colic,
Bot. Ser. 13(5/1): 455–536. 1959
constipation.)
(Pounded leaves used to poultice burns, sores; leaves pounded
in English: boxfruit vine, Indian jalap, turpeth root,
with leaves of Mikania cordata and applied on cuts; a poul-
turpethum
tice of the leaves, together with curcuma powder (Curcuma
in China: he guo teng longa L.) applied on cracks in the soles of the feet; young
leaves infusion used to wash out sores, infected wounds and
in India: aalthigudu, aaluthigade, akarajam, arunai, atakac-
ulcers. Latex of the root taken as a purgative. Flowers used in
ceti, atakam, atimpu, atimpurukam, bilae naga danthi, bili
treating eye diseases.)
aluthigade, bilithigade, calakaki, calakakicceti, calam,
calapceti, calappu, cantirakalinti, caralam, caranam, in English: Belan’s vine
Merrilliodendron Kanehira Icacinaceae 2485

in India: catukattutivva, chaata kattuthige, chaatu kut- in Philippines: kalalakmit, lakmit

tathivva, goria loti, kappa thivva, kappativva, kolavara, kola-
in Cambodia: var moba mek
varvalli, kolia lota, pandritonde, sapussunda, sithri bodu,
taurlaung-chauk-rikang, torlongchok, vaeru malle, vawkte- in Thailand: ching chaw
sentil, verumalle, vowktesentil
in Vietnam: b[if]m l[as] nho
in Indonesia: aka belan, areuj geureung, daun bisul, lawatan
kebo
in Malaysia: andur nasi, ulan tapak pelandok Merrilliodendron Kanehira Icacinaceae
in Philippines: bangbangau, kalamitmit, kamokamotihan After the American taxonomist Elmer Drew Merrill, 1876–
1956, botanist and plant collector, 1927–1929 Director of the
in Thailand: chingcho khaao, en, thao dok baan tuum California Botanic Garden, 1930–1935 Director of the New
in Vietnam: b[if]m t[as]n York Botanical Garden and professor of botany at Columbia
University, in 1931 founder of Brittonia, Harvard University
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. subsp. orientalis (H. from 1935 to 1948 professor of botany, from 1937 Director
Hallier) van Ooststroom (Merremia umbellata var. orientalis of the Arnold Arboretum; see Annals and Magazine of
H. Hallier) Natural History, ser. 2 8: 174. 1851 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)
China. 1934, xlviii. 920. 1934, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
upon Botanists. 2: 479. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
See Blumea 3: 341–342. 1939, Fl. Malesiana, ser. 1. 4(4): Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
449. 1953 Portrait Collection. 264. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog
(Leaves poultice applied on burns and sores, used for treating of the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to
infections.) the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New
York Botanical Garden. 286–289. 1973, I.H. Vegter, Index
in China: shan zhu cai
Herbariorum. Part II (4), Collectors M. Regnum Vegetabile
in India: vawkte-sen-til vol. 93. 1976, J. Ewan, in D.S.B. 15: 421–422. 1981, Stafleu
and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 425–429. 1981.
Merremia vitifolia (N.L. Burman) H. Hallier (Convolvulus
angularis N.L. Burman; Convolvulus vitifolius N.L. Merrilliodendron megacarpum (Hemsl.) Sleumer
Burman; Ipomoea vitifolia Blume; Ipomoea vitifolia (N.L. (Stemonurus megacarpus Hemsl.)
Burman) Blume; Ipomoea vitifolia var. angularis (N.L.
Pacific.
Burman) Choisy)
See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew (1895) 133. 1895, Icon. pl. xxiv.
India, Sri Lanka. A large twiner, sepals with glandular pellu-
(1895) t. 2398. 1895 and Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem
cid dots, corolla funnel-shaped, capsule papery, seeds black
15: 243. 1940
See Species Plantarum 1: 162. 1753, Flora Indica … nec
non Prodromus Florae Capensis 45–46, pl. 18, f. 1. 1768, (A natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptoth-
Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 13: 709. 1825, ecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinote-
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte can, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs.)
und Pflanzengeographie 16(4–5): 552. 1893 and Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club 33: 502. 1906, Symbolae
Antillarum 4: 505. 1910 Merrilliopanax H.L. Li Araliaceae
(Used to treat bladder infections and stomachaches, an infu- After the American taxonomist Elmer Drew Merrill, 1876–
sion of the plant drunk for high fever, an infusion of the stem 1956, botanist and plant collector; see Revue Horticole
used internally and externally for malaria. Warm poultice of 3: 106–107. 1854, Bulletins de l’Académie Royale des
leaves applied over abdomen after delivery as a postpartum Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux Arts de Belgique 47(1):
remedy, to get relief from the pain. The hairs on the leaves 79. 1879 and Sargentia: Continuation of the Contributions
are irritating.) from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 2: 62–63.
1942, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists.
in English: grapeleaf merremia 2: 479. 1965, The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: 80. 1967,
in China: zhang ye yu huang cao Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72: 71. 1975,
I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (4), Collectors M.
in India: botturing, dukhumi bider, dukhumi bidu, navalicha
Regnum Vegetabile vol. 93. 1976.
vel, navli
Merrilliopanax alpinus (C.B. Clarke) C.B. Shang
in Indonesia: areuy kawoyang, dewulu, ginda purang utang
(Brassaiopsis alpina C.B. Clarke; Euaraliopsis alpina (C.B.
in Malaysia: akar lulang bulu, lulang bulu, ulan raya Clarke) N.P. Balakr.; Merrilliopanax tibetanus C.Y. Wu &
2486 Mertensia Roth Boraginaceae

S.K. Wu; Pseudobrassaiopsis alpina (C.B. Clarke) R.N. See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2:
Banerjee; Tetrapanax tibetanus G. Hoo) 224. 1827 [1828], A General History of the Dichlamydeous
Plants 4: 372. 1837
China.
(Plant infusion taken to increase lactation. Powdered roots
See Fl. Brit. India 2: 736. 1879 and Journal of the Bombay
infusion taken for itching, scabies, smallpox.)
Natural History Society 67: 60. 1970, Journal of the Bombay
Natural History Society 72: 72. 1975, Acta Phytotaxonomica in English: mountain bluebells, streamside bluebells, tall
Sinica 16(4): 122–123, pl. 2. 1978, Bulletin du Muséum fringed bluebells
National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Section B, Adansonia.
Mertensia ciliata (James ex Torr.) G. Don var. ciliata
Botanique Phytochimie 5: 293. 1983
(Mertensia ciliata (Torr.) G. Don; Mertensia ciliata (James
(Tonic.) ex Torr.) G. Don var. latiloba L.O. Williams; Mertensia
ciliata var. subpubescens J.F. Macbr. & Payson; Mertensia
in China: xi zang chang chun mu ciliata (James ex Torr.) G. Don var. subpubescens (Rydb.)
Merrilliopanax listeri (King) H.L. Li (Dendropanax J.F. Macbr. & Payson; Mertensia subpubescens Rydb.;
listeri King; Gilibertia listeri (King) Handel-Mazzetti; Pulmonaria ciliata James ex Torr.)
Merrilliopanax chinensis H.L. Li) North America. Perennial herb
China. See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2:
See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 67(2): 294. 1898 224. 1827 [1828], A General History of the Dichlamydeous
and Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Plants 4: 372. 1837 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Mathmematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 60: Club 30(4): 261–262. 1903, Contributions from the Gray
185. 1923, Sargentia 2: 63, 65, f. 11. 1942 Herbarium of Harvard University 49: 67. 1917, Annals of the
Missouri Botanical Garden 24(1): 84. 1937
(Stimulant.)
(Plant infusion taken to increase lactation. Powdered roots
in China: chang chun mu infusion taken for itching, scabies, smallpox.)
in English: mountain bluebells, streamside bluebells, tall
Mertensia Roth Boraginaceae fringed bluebells

Named for the German botanist Franz Karl (Carl) Mertens, Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray (Casselia maritima Dumort.;
1764–1831, professor of botany at Bremen, with W.D.J. Casselia maritima (L.) Dumort.; Cerinthodes maritimum
Koch (1771–1849) published ed. 3 of Johann Christoph (L.) Kuntze; Cerinthodes maritimum Kuntze; Hippoglossum
Röhling (1757–1813), Deutschlands Flora. 1823, etc. See maritimum Hartm.; Hippoglossum maritimum (L.) Hartm.;
Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm (1757–1834), Catalecta botanica Lithospermum maritimum Lehm.; Lithospermum mariti-
qvibvs plantae novae et minvs cognitae describvntvr atqve mum (L.) Lehm.; Pneumaria maritima (L.) Hill; Pneumaria
illvstrantvr ab Alberto Gvilielmo Roth. 1: 34. Lipsiae, maritima Hill; Pulmonaria maritima L.; Steenhammera
1797-[1806] and H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria maritima Rchb.; Steenhammera maritima (L.) Rchb.)
of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. North America. Perennial herb
210. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
Botanists. 2: 478. 1965, Jeannette Elizabeth Graustein, See Species Plantarum 1: 136. 1753, The Vegetable System.
Thomas Nuttall, Naturalist. Explorations in America, 7: 40. 1764, Plantae e Familiae Asperifoliarum Nuciferae 2:
1808 - 1841. Harvard University Press 1967, T.W. Bossert, 291. 1818, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 354.
Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the 1821, Commentationes Botanicae (Dumort.) 25. 1822, Flora
Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 265. 1972, S. Lenley et Germanica Excursoria 337. 1831, Handbok i Skandinaviens
al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections Flora, Andra Upplagen 57. 1832 and ed. 4, 66. 1843, Revisio
and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library Generum Plantarum 2: 436. 1891 and Taxon 30: 70–72. 1981,
of the New York Botanical Garden. 464. 1973, Stafleu and Naturaliste Canad. 112: 319–331. 1985, Willdenowia 18:
Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 430–431. 1981, R. Zander, 243–252. 1988, Taxon 53(3): 803. 2004
F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der (For skin diseases, measles and smallpox. Tonic, stimulant.)
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 750. Stuttgart 1993.
in English: gromwell, oysterleaf, sea lungwort
Mertensia ciliata (James ex Torr.) G. Don (Mertensia ciliata
G. Don; Mertensia ciliata (Torr.) G. Don; Pulmonaria ciliata Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray var. maritima (Pneumaria
James ex Torr.) maritima (L.) Hill; Pneumaria maritima Hill)
North America. Perennial herb North America. Perennial herb, food
Merwilla Speta Asparagaceae (Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae) 2487

See The Vegetable System. 7: 40. 1764, A Natural Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 244. 1840, Linnaea
Arrangement of British Plants 2: 354. 1821 17: 111. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 436. 1891 and
Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 24: 74. 1937
(For skin diseases, measles and smallpox. Tonic, stimulant.)
(For pulmonary troubles, cough, tuberculosis. Roots infusion
in English: gromwell, oysterleaf, sea lungwort
as an antidote; a decoction for venereal diseases.)
Mertensia paniculata (Aiton) G. Don (Casselia paniculata
in English: eastern bluebells, Roanoke bells, Virginia
Dumort.; Casselia paniculata (Aiton) Dumort.; Cerinthodes
bluebells, Virginia cowslip, Virginian bluebell, Virginian
paniculatum (Aiton) Kuntze; Cerinthodes panicula-
tum Kuntze; Lithospermum paniculatum (Aiton) Lehm.; cowslip
Lithospermum paniculatum Lehm.; Platynema paniculata
Schrad.; Platynema paniculata (Aiton) Schrad.; Pulmonaria
paniculata Aiton) Merwilla Speta Asparagaceae
(Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae)
North America.
This genus has been named after F. van der Merwe (1894–
See Species Plantarum 1: 132–133, 135. 1753, Hortus
1968), medical inspector of schools, with an interest in Aloe,
Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 1: 181. 1789, Catalecta
Ledebouria and other indigenous plants, a botanist who
Botanica 1: 34. 1797, Plantae e Familiae Asperifoliarum
worked on this family, see Phyton (Horn) 38: 109. 1998.
Nuciferae 2: 289. 1818, Commentat. Bot. (Dumort.) 21.
1822, Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta (Merwilla kraussii (Baker)
Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia Speta; Merwilla natalensis (Planch.) Speta; Scilla kraussii
Ephemerides sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta Baker; Scilla natalensis Planch.; Scilla plumbea Lindl.)
11: 73. 1823, Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 15: 179.
1833, Index Seminum [Goettingen] s.n. 1835, A General S. Trop. & S. Africa. Perennial, large deciduous bulb, a
History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 318. 1837, Revisio rosette of 6 to 9 broad tapering leaves, inflorescence a many-
Generum Plantarum 2: 436. 1891 and Taxon 24: 671–678. flowered slender raceme of bright violet-blue or pale blue or
1975, Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 1373–1381. 1981, blue and white star-shaped flowers, delicate amethyst blue
Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Sida 12: 409–417. 1987 stalk, a variable species
(For skin diseases, measles and smallpox.) see Species Plantarum 1: 308–309. 1753, Edwards’s Bot.
Reg. 16: t. 1355. 1830, Fl. Serres Jard. Eur. 10: 185, t. 1043.
Mertensia simplicissima (Ledeb.) G. Don fil. (Mertensia
1855, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 243. 1873 and Phyton (Horn)
asiatica J.F. Macbr.; Mertensia maritima subsp. asiatica
38: 107, 109. 1998, Taxon 52(1): 75–92. 2003, Manning,
Takeda; Pulmonaria simplicissima Ledeb.)
J.C., Goldblatt, P. & Fay, M.F. “A revised generic synopsis
Japan. of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecu-
lar evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe
See A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 354. 1821
Pseudoprospereae.” Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60: 533–
and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 49: 222. 1911,
568. 2004, Outlook on Agriculture 34(2): 116–120. 2005,
Great Basin Naturalist 28(3): 147. 1968
South African Journal of Botany 71(2): 191–196. 2005
(An extract of the roots used for stomachache.)
(This plant should be treated with extreme caution, as taking
in Japan: eraiba-pushi any part of it internally is potentially fatal. Toxic to mammals,
Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link (Casselia virginica said to be poisonous to stock, particularly when the young
(L.) Dumort.; Casselia virginica Dumort.; Cerinthodes leaves appear in spring. Apparently toxic to humans when
virginicum Kuntze; Cerinthodes virginicum (L.) Kuntze; raw; sap reported to burn the skin. Antibacterial, antihelmin-
Hippoglossum virginicum (L.) Lilja; Mertensia virginica (L.) tic, purgative, laxative, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-muta-
Link; Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link; Pneumaria vir- genic, antiinflammatory. Ointments for wound healing, to
ginica Hill; Pneumaria virginica (L.) Hill; Pulmonaria virg- treat sprains, fractures, boils and sores and to draw abscesses.
inica L.; Steenhammera virginica (L.) Turcz.; Steenhammera The ash from a burnt plant, and the bulb in powdered form,
virginica Kostel.) is rubbed into cuts and scratches, and over sprains and frac-
tures. Decoctions are taken as enemas for female infertility
North America. Perennial herb, erect, toothed basal leaves and to enhance male potency and libido. Magic, ritual, to
strongly veined, trumpet-like flowers in loose drooping cyme increase strength and resistance to witchcraft.)
clusters, wet woodland, flood plains
in English: blue hyacinth, blue squill, wild squill
See Species Plantarum 1: 135. 1753, The Vegetable System.
7: 40. 1764, Commentat. Bot. (Dumort.) 21. 1822, Handbuch in South Africa: blouberglelie, blouslangkop, inguduza
zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vork- (= searching the body for the cause of the ailment) (Zulu),
ommenden Gewächse 1: 580. 1829, Bulletin de la Société matunga (Sotho)
2488 Merxmuellera Conert Poaceae (Gramineae)

Merxmuellera Conert Poaceae (Gramineae) (Abortifacient.)

After the German botanist Hermann Merxmüller, 1920– Maori name: puka
1988, among his writings are “Compositen-Studien I.” Mitt.
Bot. Staatssamml. München 1: 33–46. 1950 and Prodromus
einer Flora von Südwestafrika. 1966–1972, with Wolfgang Mesechites Müll.Arg. Apocynaceae
Engelhardt wrote [Was lebt in Tümpel, Bach und Weiher?] The
From the Greek mesos ‘in the middle’ plus the genus
Young Specialist looks at Pond-life, etc. [Translated by Heather
Echites, see Fl. Bras. (Martius) 6(1): 150, t. 46. 1860 and
J. Fisher … Edited and adapted by Roderick C. Fisher.] London
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20(4): 605–790. 1933, Contr. Gray
1964, with A. Schreiber and Peter Frederick Yeo wrote “Aster
Herb. 184: 1–223. 1958, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
L.” in Flora Europaea. 4: 112–116. 1976; sometimes included
13(5/1): 363–455. 1959, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/4): 334–407.
in Rytidosperma Steud. and Danthonia s.l., type Merxmuellera
1969, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 116–
davyi (C.E. Hubb.) Conert, see Gustav Hegi, [Alpenflora.]
132. 2001, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, Darwiniana
Flora alpina, etc. [Translated from the German edition revised
44(2): 453–489. 2006, Candollea 61(1): 215–277. 2006,
by H. Merxmüller.] Milano 1953, Senckenbergiana Biologica
Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184. 2009.
51(1–2): 129–133. 1970, Senckenbergiana Biologica 56(1–3):
145–152. 1975, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Mesechites trifidus (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. (Echites bicornicula-
Exploration of Southern Africa. 251. Cape Town 1981. tus Rusby; Echites chloranthus Schltdl.; Echites cuspidatus
Willd. ex Müll.Arg., nom. nud.; Echites cuspidatus Heyne
Merxmuellera drakensbergensis (Schweickerdt) Conert ex Hook. f.; Echites dichotomus Thunb.; Echites dichoto-
(also spelled drakensbergiensis) (Danthonia drakensbergen- mus Kunth; Echites dichotomus Roth; Echites dichotomus
sis Schweick.) Roxb.; Echites dichotomus Heyne ex Hook. f.; Echites dis-
South Africa, Natal Drakensberg. Perennial, tufted to densely adena Miq.; Echites disadenus Miq.; Echites japurensis
tufted, clump forming, leaf blade very stiff and tightly folded, Stadelm.; Echites mapirensis H. Winkl.; Echites pallidus
old leaf blades break off and two segments curl backwards, Miers; Echites rigidus Rusby; Echites rubricaulis Poir.;
ligule an inconspicuous short membrane, panicle loosely con- Echites sanctae-crucis S. Moore; Echites sanctaecrucis S.
tracted and interrupted, the very hard leaves are not grazed at Moore; Echites surinamensis Miq.; Echites trifidus Blanco;
all, used for making brooms and hats, handicrafts, ropes and Echites trifidus Muell.; Echites trifidus Jacq.; Echites trifidus
mats, usually in stream banks, deep soil, seeps, high moun- fo. puberulus Markgr.; Echites trifidus var. sanctae-crucis
tain grassveld (S. Moore) Malme; Echites tubulosus Benth.; Mesechites
acutisepalus Monach.; Mesechites bicorniculatus (Rusby)
South Africa. Woodson; Mesechites dichotomus (Kunth) Miers; Mesechites
See Senckenbergiana Biologica 51: 132. 1970 disadenia (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; Mesechites disadenus (Miq.)
Müll.Arg.; Mesechites japurensis (Stadelm.) Müll.Arg.;
(Poultice.) Mesechites sanctae-crucis Woodson; Mesechites sanctae-
in English: broom grass crucis (S. Moore) Woodson; Mesechites sanctaecrucis (S.
Moore) Woodson; Mesechites surinamensis (Miq.) Müll.
in South Africa: besemgras, molala-hlolo, mosea, moseha, Arg.; Mesechites trifidus var. tomentulosus Woodson)
mosua, moswa
Tropical America, Venezuela.
See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 20. 1814, Nova
Meryta Forst. & Forst.f. Araliaceae Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 217. 1818[1819],
Greek merytos ‘glomerate’, referring to the male flowers; Genus Echitis Observationes 6. 1819, Flora de Filipinas 109.
see Characteres Generum Plantarum 60. 1775, Prodromus 1837, Flora 24(1): Beibl. 19. 1841, Journal of Botany, being
a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 249. 1841,
Florae Norfolkicae 62. 1833, Georg Christian Wittstein,
Stirpes Surinamensis Selectae 155–156. 1851, Fl. Bras. 6(1):
Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 573. Ansbach
151–152. 1860, Linnaea 30: 454. 1860, On the Apocynaceae
1852 and R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold,
of South America 195–196, 233. 1878, The Flora of British
Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 378. 1993,
India 4(10): 5, 14. 1883, Transactions of the Linnean Society
H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
of London 4: 396. 1895 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier,
Pflanzennamen. 382. 1996.
sér. 2, 4: 196. 1904, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
Meryta sinclairii (Hook.f.) Seem. (Botryodendrum sinclairii Vegetabilis 7: 113. 1909, Descriptions of Three Hundred
Hook.f.; Meryta sinclairii Seem.) New Species of South American Plants 86. 1920, Notizblatt
des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem
New Zealand.
9: 80. 1924, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 7:
See Fl. Nov.-Zel. 1: 97. 1852, Bonplandia (Hannover) 10: 325. 1927, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 19(4):
295. 1862 387. 1932, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 26(4):
Mesembryanthemum L. Aizoaceae 2489

259. 1939, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 10(1): (Said to be narcotic.)
135–136, f. 16c-e. 1958
in South Africa: channa, kanna
(Antidote, antiinflammatory, analgesic, for snakebites.)

Mesona Blume Lamiaceae

Mesembryanthemum L. Aizoaceae See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 838. 1826
Latin mesembrianthemum, Greek mesembria ‘middle of the and Taiwania 43(1): 38–58. 1998.
day, midday’ and anthemon ‘flower’, referring to the open- Mesona chinensis Bentham (Mesona elegans Hayata;
ing of the flowers in the sun; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Mesona procumbens Hemsley; Platostoma chinense (Benth.)
Plantarum. 1: 480–488. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 215. A.J. Paton)
1754 and Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette ser.
3. 78: 412. 1925, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 203–207. 1946, S. China. See also Platostoma palustre (Blume) A.J. Paton
Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. X: 200. See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 838.
Torino 1978, Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für allgemeine 1826, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 18. 1830, Prodr. 12: 46. 1848, Flora
Botanik in Hamburg 21: 72–73. 1986; some suggested from Hongkongensis 274–275. 1861, Annals of Botany. Oxford
the Greek mesos ‘in the middle, middle’, embryon ‘embryo’ 9(33): 155–156, pl. 7. 1895, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3a): 365.
and anthemon ‘flower’, referring to the position of the ovary. 1897 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Linnaeus (Cryophytum University of Tokyo 22: 360, pl. 16. 1906, Philipp. J. Sci., C
crystallinum (Linnaeus) N.E. Brown; Cryophytum nanum 7: 101. 1912, Kew Bulletin 52(2): 281–282. 1997, Taiwania
N.E. Br.; Cryophytum parvum L. Bolus; Gasoul crystal- 43(1): 38–58. 1998
linum (L.) Rothm.; Mesembryanthemum breve L. Bolus; (A decoction of dried plants mixed with rice water is used as
Mesembryanthemum glaciale Haw.; Pentacoilanthus crys- a cooling drink.)
tallinus (L.) Rappa & Camarrone; Perapentacoilanthus
crystallinus (L.) Rappa & Camarrone) in China: liang fen cao

South Africa.
See Species Plantarum 1: 480–488. 1753, Familles des Mespilus L. Rosaceae
Plantes 2: 243. 1763 and Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Theophrastus (HP. 3.12.5) used the the Greek mespile for the
Gazette ser. 3. 78: 412. 1925, The Genera of South African medlar-tree, the oriental thorn and the hawthorn; Latin mespi-
Flowering Plants 245. 1926, Notizblatt des Botanischen lum, Greek mespilon ‘a medlar’, Latin mespilus, i or mespila,
Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 15: 413. 1941, ae, Greek mespile ‘a medlar-tree, a medlar’; nom. rej. prop.
Vivrette, N.J. and C.H. Muller. “Mechanism of invasion and against Crataegus L., see Species Plantarum 1: 477–479.
dominance of coastal grassland by Mesembryanthemum 1753, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 346. 1772, Viaggio
crystallinum.” Ecol. Monogr. 47: 301–318. 1977, Flora of Amer. Sett. 2: 292. 1790, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 2: 63. 1834.
Australia 19–62. 1984, Flora of Ecuador 55: 14–27. 1996
Mespilus uniflora K. Koch
(Used by sailors to treat scurvy, also for venereal diseases.)
South America, Peru.
in English: crystalline iceplant, iceplant
See Wochenschr. v. (1862) 383. 1862 and Revista do Instituto
Mesembryanthemum guerichianum Pax de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 46(3): 171–174. 2004
Namibia. Herb, low-growing, very fleshy, succulent, large (An infusion taken against Carrion’s disease, Bartonellosis
fleshy leaves, shaggy flowers white to pink bacilliformis.)
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xix. (1894) 133. 1894 and Mitteilungen
aus dem Institut für allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 21:
5–116. 1986 Mesua L. Clusiaceae (Calophyllaceae, Guttiferae)

(Oxalic acid poisoning.) To commemorate Yuhanna ibn Masawaih (Yahya ibn

Musawi, Yuhanna Ibn Masawayh) (Joannes Mesuë, J.
Mesembryanthemum tortuosum L. (Mesembryanthemum Damasceni, Joannis Mesue, Ioannis M., Iean de Damascene),
tortuosum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Mesembryanthemum tortuosum a celebrated Arabian physician and botanist of Damascus.
DC.; Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E. Br.) See Mesue, the Younger, De re medica, libri tres. Jacobo
Sylvio [Jacques Dubois, Jacobus Sylvius] medico interprete.
South Africa.
Paris 1542, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 515. 1753,
See Species Plantarum 1: 487. 1753, Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 231. 1754, Species Plantarum,
[Ecklon & Zeyher] 3: 322. 1837 Editio Secunda 1: 734. 1762, Ernst H.F. Meyer, Geschichte
2490 Metapanax J. Wen & Frodin Araliaceae

der Botanik. III: 178–183. Königsberg 1854–1857 and A. Malayan names: penaga, penaga lilin, penaga sabut, lengga-
Wagner, La vie et l’oeuvre ophthalmologique de Jean Mésué. pus, matopus, mentepus, nagasari, tapis
Lyon 1932, Garrison and Morton, Medical Bibliography.
in Nepal: champeya, nagakeshsra, nagesar, nagesori, nagke-
5562. 1961, Richard J. Durling, comp., A catalogue of six-
sar, narisal
teenth century printed books in the National Library of
Medicine. 3143. 1967.
Mesua assamica (King & Prain) Kosterm. (Kayea assamica Metapanax J. Wen & Frodin Araliaceae
King & Prain)
From the Greek meta ‘changed in nature, next to, between,
India. Evergreen trees instead of’ plus Panax, see Brittonia 53(1): 117–120, f. 1–2.
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 4–5. 1831 and Indian 2001, Frodin, D.G. & Govaerts, R. World Checklist and
Forester 27: 62. 1901, Reinwardtia 7(5): 426. 1969 Bibliography of Araliaceae: 1–444. The Board of Trustees of
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2003 [2004].
(Fruits as a fish poison.)
Metapanax davidii (Franch.) J. Wen & Frodin (Acanthopanax
in India: sia-nahar bockii R. Vig.; Acanthopanax bockii (Harms ex Diels) R.
Mesua ferrea L. (Calophyllum nagassarium Burm.f.; Mesua Vig.; Acanthopanax bockii (Harms) R. Vig.; Acanthopanax
nagassarium (Burm.f.) Kosterm.; Mesua roxburghii Wight) davidii R. Vig.; Acanthopanax davidii (Franch.) R. Vig.;
Acanthopanax diversifolius Hemsl.; Aralia bodinieri H.
Sri Lanka, India. Evergreen trees, buttressed at base, inner Lév.; Macropanax davidii (Franch.) C.B. Shang & C.F. Ji;
bark pink with creamy sap, young leaves pink, leaves white Metapanax davidii (Franch.) Frodin ex J. Wen & Frodin;
waxy below, leaves coriaceous stalked linear-ovate, white Nothopanax bockii Harms; Nothopanax bockii Harms ex
solitary stalked fragrant flowers, fruits ovoid, oil from seeds Diels; Nothopanax bodinieri (H. Lév.) S.Y. Hu; Nothopanax
used for burning, seeds for feeding pigs davidii (Franch.) Harms ex Diels; Nothopanax davidii
See Species Plantarum 1: 513–515. 1753, Species Plantarum, (Franch.) Harms; Nothopanax davidii var. gongshanen-
Editio Secunda 1: 734. 1762, Flora Indica … nec non sis C.B. Shang; Nothopanax diversifolius (Hemsl.) Harms;
Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 121. 1768, FBI Nothopanax diversifolius Harms; Nothopanax latifolius
1: 277. 1872 and Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Hand.-Mazz.; Panax davidii Franch.; Pseudopanax davidii
Sciences 12: 71. 1976, Indian J. Forest. 7(1): 80. 1984, Taxon (Franch.) Philipson)
35: 353. 1986 China to Vietnam. Tree, small, leathery leaves simple oblong-
(Used in Ayurveda. Leaves and flowers used in snakebite ovate to oblong-lanceolate, Inflorescence terminal a panicle
and scorpion sting. Flowers astringent, stomachic, expecto- of umbels, fruit laterally compressed
rant, administered as a stimulant and setting of pregnancy; See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Flora van
a mixture of flowers of Mesua ferrea and seeds of Ziziphus Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 763, 765. 1856, Wochenschrift für
mauritiana pounded and given in vomiting and in influenza; Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 2: 366. 1859, Annales Museum
flowers juice with flowers juice of Eichhornia crassipes Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 3, 10. 1863, Nouvelles archives
applied on sore eyes; flower paste or flower powder mixed du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 8: 248. 1885 [1886],
with honey taken in bleeding piles; a decoction of flowers Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 23(156): 340. 1888,
with stems of Tolypanthus involucratus and roots of Ricinus Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 3(8): 48.
communis given for bodyache; a paste of flowers with shoots 1894 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
of Morinda angustifolia and ginger given in heart troubles;
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 488. 1900, Ann.
pounded flowers given as blood purifier; flower buds for
Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 9, 4: 41. 1906, Bulletin de l’Académie
dysentery; flowers of Mesua nagassarium used in scorpion
Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 24(294): 143–144.
sting. Fruit stimulant; unripe fruits aromatic, sudorific. Stem
1914, Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.
bark astringent, sudorific and stomachic, dried bark in skin
Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 61:
diseases and in menstrual disorders; water extract of bark
121. 1924, New Zealand Journal of Botany 3: 338. 1965,
taken for diarrhea; powdered stem bark as a postpartum rem-
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(1): 91. 1980, Journal of the
edy. Seed oil used in sores, scabies, itch. Ceremonial, ritual,
Arnold Arboretum 61(1): 84. 1980, Phytochemistry. 38(3):
ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremo-
695–8. 1995, Brittonia 53(1): 117. 2001, J. Nanjing Forest
nies; twigs used for burning dead bodies.)
Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 30(6): 43. 200
in English: Assam ironwood, Ceylon ironwood, ironwood,
(Triterpenoid saponins from the bark.)
ironwood tree
in China: yi ye liang wang cha
in India: herh-se, kengobang, micharne, nagakedar, nag-
champa, nagchapha, nageshwar, nagesuri, nageswar, nagke- Metapanax delavayi (Franchet) J. Wen & Frodin
sara, nahuar-araung, neghar, peri, pikcharne-araung (Acanthopanax delavayi (Franchet) R. Viguier; Macropanax
Metaplexis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) 2491

delavayi (Franch.) C.B. Shang & C.F. Ji; Metapanax delavayi [Roemer & Schultes] 6: 111. 1820, Enumeratio Plantarum,
var. longicaudatus (K.M. Feng) R. Li & H. Li; Nothopanax quas in China Boreali 44. 1833 [1831], Prodromus Systematis
delavayi (Franchet) Harms ex Diels; Nothopanax delavayi Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 8: 511. 1844, Bulletin de
(Franch.) Harms; Nothopanax delavayi var. longicaudatus la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 21(1): 253.
K.M. Feng; Panax delavayi Franchet; Pseudopanax delavayi 1848 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17(195): 87. 1903, Chem. Pharm.
(Franchet) Philipson) (specific name after the French botanist Bull. (Tokyo). 13(11): 1332–1340. 1965, Chem. Pharm. Bull.
Pierre Jean Marie Delavay, 1834–1895, missionary and plant (Tokyo). 14(7): 717–726. 1966, Planta Med. 41(2): 206–207.
collector in China. See Adrien René Franchet (1834–1900), 1981, Journal of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese
Plantae delavayanae plantes de Chine recueillis au Yun-nan Medicine 12: 55–57. 1988, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41(2):
par l’Abbé Delavay. [Collector the Abbé Pierre Jean Marie 662–666. 2006
Delavay.] Paris 1889 [–1890] [Plantae Delavayanae sive (Crushed seeds may be caustic. Seeds crushed astringent,
Enumeratio plantarum quas in provincia chinensi Yun-nan, hemostatic, for wounds and ulcers. Stems and roots for trau-
collegit J.-M. Delavay …] and John H. Barnhart, Biographical matic injury, snakebites, impotence, intestinal parasites.)
Notes upon Botanists. 1: 436. 1965, Alice Margaret Coats, The
Quest for Plants. A History of the Horticultural Explorers. in English: Japanese metaplexis
236–239. London 1969, Emil Bretschneider, History of in China: luo mo, lo mo
European Botanical Discoveries in China. Leipzig 1981.)
China. Shrub, evergreen, leaves palmately compound rarely
simple, leathery leaflets oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate Metathelypteris (H. Ito) Ching Thelypteridaceae
or obovate, inflorescence terminal, a panicle of umbels, cir- From the Greek meta ‘instead of, sharing, next to, after’ with
cular fruit laterally compressed the genus Thelypteris Schmidel, see Nova Flora Japonica 4:
See Flora van Nederlandsch Indië. [= Flora Indiae bata- 137. 1939, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(4): 305–306. 1963.
vae.] 1(1): 763, 765. Amsterdam, Utrecht and Leipzig 1856, Metathelypteris gracilescens (Blume) Ching (Aspidium
Wochenschrift für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 2: 366. gracilescens Blume; Dryopteris gracilescens (Blume)
1859, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 3, 10. Kuntze; Dryopteris gracilescens Ogata; Dryopteris graci-
1863, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 10(18): 305–306. 1896 lescens C. Chr.; Lastrea gracilescens Hook.; Lastrea graci-
and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ lescens Bedd.; Lastrea gracilescens (Blume) T. Moore;
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 488. 1900, Ann. Nephrodium gracilescens (Blume) Hook.; Nephrodium grac-
Sci. Nat., Bot., IX, 4: 42. 1906, Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. ilescens Hook.; Thelypteris gracilescens (Blume) Ching)
24: 143. 1914, New Zealand Journal of Botany 3: 338. 1965,
Fl. Yunnanica 2: 43. 1979, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). China.
35(4): 1486–90. 1987, Brittonia 53(1): 118. 2001, Acta See Enumeratio Plantarum Javae fasc. 2: 155. 1828, Journal
Botanica Yunnanica 24(4): 426. 2002 of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
(Saponins from leaves and stems.) 9: 338. 1857, Index Filicum (T. Moore) 93. 1858, Species
Filicum 4: 93. 1862, The Ferns of Southern India t. 110.
in China: liang wang cha 1863–1865, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 812. 1891 and
Icon. Fil. Jap. 3: t. 120. 1930, Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium 26: 274. 1931, Bulletin of the Fan
Metaplexis R. Br. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) Memorial Institute of Biology: 6(5): 327–328. 1936, Acta
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(4): 306. 1963, J. Sci. Engin. 22:
Greek meta ‘other side, change, sharing, next to’ and plektos
121–144. 1985
‘twisted, plaited’, plexis ‘plaiting, weaving’, referring to sta-
mens and corona or to the stems (for rope), see Memoirs of the (Poultice, antiinflammatory, for relieving pain.)
Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 48. 1810, Asclepiadeae
37, 1810 and Flore du Kouy-Tchéou 39, 42. 1914–1915.
Metaplexis japonica (Thunberg) Makino (Pergularia japon- Methysticodendron R.E. Schultes Solanaceae
ica Thunberg; Metaplexis chinensis Decaisne; Metaplexis From the Greek methysko ‘to make drunk with wine, to be
chinensis (Bunge) Decne.; Metaplexis japonica Makino; drunken’, methystikos ‘intoxicating, drunken’ and dendron
Metaplexis rostellata Turcz.; Metaplexis stauntonii Schultes; ‘tree’, scopolamine leading to hallucinations after intoxica-
Metaplexis stauntonii R. Br. ex Schult.; Urostelma chinense tion. See Botanical Museum Leaflets—Harvard University
Bunge; Urostelma chinensis Bunge) 17(1): 1–36. 1955, Richard Evans Schultes and Norman R.
Farnworth, “Ethnomedical, botanical and phytochemi-
China, Japan.
cal aspects of natural hallucinogeous.” Botanical Museum
See Flora Japonica, … 11. 1784, Memoirs of the Wernerian Leaflets 28(2): 123–214. Cambridge 1980, Richard Evans
Natural History Society 1: 48. 1810, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis Schultes and Robert F. Raffauf, Vine of the Soul. Medicine
2492 Metopium P. Browne Anacardiaceae

Men, Their Plants and Rituals in the Colombian Amazonia. in Belize: chichem nigra
Synergetic Press, Oracle, Arizona 1992 and The Healing
in Cuba: guao
Forest. Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest
Amazonia. 420, 422, 430. Dioscorides Press, Portland, in Mexico: boxcheché, che-chem, che’chen, chechém negro,
Oregon 1992, Holger Kalweit, Shamans, Healers, and chechén, chechén negro, kabal-chechen, palo de rosa
Medicine Men. Shambhala, Boston and London 1992, Mark
J. Plotkin, Tales of a Shaman’s Apprentice. Viking 1993. Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urban (Amyris toxifera L.;
Metopium linnaei Engl.; Metopium toxiferum Krug & Urb.;
Methysticodendron amesianum R.E. Schultes (Brugmansia Rhus metopium L.)
amesianum (R.E. Schult.) D’Arcy)
West Indies, Bahamas, Florida. Shrub or small tree, dioe-
Colombia. Small tree, large pendulous flowers cious, insect pollinated, bark yellowish-brown, wide open
See Botanical Museum Leaflets 17: 2. 1955, Journal of the branches, rachis not winged, greenish-yellow inconspicuous
American Pharmaceutical Association 49(9): 621–622. 1960 flowers clustered in axillary panicles, inflorescences loose
and long-stalked, fruits small drupes turning a dull orange
(Narcotic, hallucinogen, stimulant, used in divination, witch- in late fall and presumably dispersed by birds, latex becomes
craft and medicine.) black when exposed to air, a major food source for white-
in Colombia: culebra borrachero crowned pigeons
See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts
177, 208. 1756, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1000.
Metopium P. Browne Anacardiaceae 1759, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Latin metopion or metopium for the gum of an African tree, schichte und Pflanzengeographie 21: 612. 1896 and Bulletin of
also called ammoniacum (Plinius); Greek metopon, metopion the Torrey Botanical Club 119(2): 181–191. 1992, Biotropica
‘forehead, containing oil of bitter almonds’, purging resins 24(4): 488–502. 1992, Contact Dermatitis 34(5): 363. 1996,
from Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urban, see The Civil Int. J. Plant Sci. 162(5): 1141–1153. 2001, Biotropica 33(1):
and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts 177–178, pl. 23–33. 2001
13, f. 3. 1756 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 177–195. 1949. (All parts of this tree, except the pollen, include a resin which
Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. (Amyris toxifera L.; Bursera causes acute dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis. Both the
gummifera L., nom. illeg. superfl.; Metopium linnaei Engl.; sap of the plant and its fruit are irritant, the juice from under
Rhus metopium L.; Terebinthus brownei Jacq.) the bark, when applied to the skin, produced vesiculation and
erythema. The smoke from the burning wood is as danger-
Belize, Mexico and Central America. Shrub or tree, erect, ous and skin-irritating as the sap. Latex used to remove an
leathery leaves, yellow flowers, beautiful tight-grained dense aching tooth.)
hardwood, in coastal tropical forests
in English: black poison wood, burn wood, coral sumac, doc-
See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Species Plantarum tor’s gum, Florida poisontree, gum hog, hog gum, hogg gum,
2: 1026. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged mountain manchineel, poison bark, poison wood
… fourth edition. 1754, The Civil and Natural History of
Jamaica in Three Parts 177. 1756, Systema Naturae, Editio Common names: chechém, guao de costa
Decima 2: 964. 1759, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum
18. 1760, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 471. 1762
and Symbolae Antillarum 5: 402–403. 1908, Bulletin of Metrosideros Banks ex Gaertner Myrtaceae
the Torrey Botanical Club 59(5): 279–288. 1932, American
Midland Naturalist 19(2): 265–333. 1938, Bot. Commelins Greek metra ‘core, heartwood, the heart of a tree’ and side-
55. 1983, Phytochemistry 45(5): 1003–1008. 1997, Journal ros ‘iron’, referring to the hardness of the wood; see De
Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 170, t. 34. 1788, Fl.
of Chemical Ecology 25(1): 141–156. 1999, Brittonia 51(4):
Ned. Ind. i. I. 399. 1855 and J.W. Dawson, in Blumea. 23(1):
389–394. 1999, Rev. Biol. Trop. 50(3–4): 1035–1044. 2002
7–11. 1976, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Name changes in
(Poisonous, strongly irritant exudate, the caustic sap can the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina
cause painful irritation of the skin and eyes; the sanding dust Nova IV, 1983–1986.” in New Zealand Journal of Botany.
can cause dermatitis and respiratory problems. Antiviral, Vol. 25: 115–170. 1987, Arthur D. Chapman, ed., Australian
antiinflammatory, sedative, used for rheumatism. Bursera Plant Name Index. 1988–1993. Canberra 1991, Fl. Nouv.-
simaruba it is known as the antidote to skin burns produced Calédonie & Dépend. 18: 109. 1992.
by the chechen.)
Metrosideros excelsa Sol. ex Gaertn. (Metrosideros excelsa
in English: black poison wood, Caribbean rosewood, coral Gaertn.; Metrosideros tomentosa A. Rich.; Nania tomentosa
sumac, poison wood (A. Rich.) Kuntze)
Metroxylon Rottb. Arecaceae (Palmae) 2493

New Zealand. Tree, branching from near the base, dark North America, Hawaii. Perennial tree or shrub
glossy green leaves with white felt underside, scarlet blos-
See Handbook of the New Zealand Flora 73. 1864, Minnesota
soms, flowers contain much nectar
Botanical Studies 1: 864. 1894 and Botanical Bulletin Hawaii
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 172, t. 34, Board of Agriculture and Forestry 4: 47. 1917
f. 8. 1788, Voy. Astrolabe 1: 336. 1832, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:
(Flowers juice taken as analgesic for childbirth pain.)
242. 1891
in Hawaii: lehua ‘ohia’a, ‘ohi’a lehua
(Inner bark used to stop bleeding, for toothache, diarrhea.
Flowers sucked for sore throats.) Metrosideros robusta A. Cunn. (Metrosideros florida Sm.;
Metrosideros florida Hook.f.; Metrosideros florida Hook.;
in English: Christmas tree
Nania robusta (A. Cunn.) Kuntze)
in New Zealand: pohutukawa
New Zealand. Climbing vine, strangling, scarlet flowers in
Metrosideros fulgens Sol. ex Gaertn. (Leptospermum scan- umbels
dens J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Melaleuca scandens Raeusch.;
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 3: 269. 1797, Ann. Nat. Hist.
Melaleuca spectabilis Raeusch.; Melaleuca splendens J.
3(15): 112. 1839, Bot. Mag. 75: t. 4471. 1849, Revis. Gen. Pl.
Lee ex J. Kern., nom. illeg.; Metrosideros aurata Colenso;
1: 242. 1891
Metrosideros florida Sm.; Metrosideros fulgens Gaertn.;
Metrosideros scandens (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Druce, nom. (Young leaves chewed for toothache. Inner bark astringent
illeg.; Metrosideros speciosa Colenso, nom. illeg.; Nania and emollient, for colds and dysentery, to wash wounds and
florida (Sm.) Kuntze; Nania scandens (J.R. Forst. & G. rheumatic joints, to stop bleeding, also for ringworm. Nectar
Forst.) Kuntze) from the flowers eased sore throats.)
New Zealand. Vine, aerial roots, clinging to the trees, yel- in English: northern rata
low-reddish flowers
Maori name: rata
See Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 172. 1788, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 3: 142.
Metrosideros umbellata Cav. (Agalmanthus umbellata
1797, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 3: 269. 1797, Trans. & Proc.
(Cav.) Hombr. & Jacquinot)
New Zealand Inst. 22: 463. 1889 (publ. 1890), Trans. & Proc.
New Zealand Inst. 23: 385. 1890 (publ. 1891), Revis. Gen. Pl. New Zealand. Scarlet flowers
1: 242. 1891 and Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum [Cavanilles] iv. 20.
635. 1917 t. 337. 1797, Dumont d’Urville, Jules Sébastien César (1790–
(Stem juice astringent, antiseptic, tonic, given for coughs. 1842), Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l’Océanie sur les corvettes
Inner bark decoction drunk for mate, “Maori sickness” (when l’Astrolabe et la Zelée … Paris, 1841–1846
the cause of illness is not understood or the medical treatment (Young leaves chewed for toothache. Inner bark astringent
was unsuccessful, the Maoris diagnose the “mate Maori”…); and emollient, for colds and dysentery, to wash wounds and
sap applied to sores, wounds, new cuts, to stop bleeding.) rheumatic joints, to stop bleeding, also for ringworm. Nectar
in New Zealand: akakura, puatawhiwhi from the flowers eased sore throats.)
Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich. (Metrosideros col- in English: southern rata
lina (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) A. Gray subsp. polymorpha Maori name: rata
(Gaudich.) Rock; Metrosideros polymorpha J.R. Forst. ex
Hook. f.; Nania glabrifolia A. Heller; Nania polymorpha
(Gaudich.) A. Heller; Nania pumila A. Heller)
Metroxylon Rottb. Arecaceae (Palmae)
North America, Hawaii. Perennial tree or shrub
Greek metra ‘core, the heart of a tree’ and xylon ‘wood’,
See Handbook of the New Zealand Flora 73. 1864, Minnesota referring to the large pith, Metroxylon species sources of sago
Botanical Studies 1: 864. 1894 and Botanical Bulletin Hawaii and materials for house construction, seeds furnish a form
Board of Agriculture and Forestry 4: 47. 1917 of vegetable ivory, see Abraham Steck, Dissertatio inaugu-
ralis medica de Sagu. Argentorati [Strasbourg] [1757], Nye
(Flowers juice taken as analgesic.)
Samling af det Kongelige Danske Videnskabers Selskabs
in Hawaii: lehua ‘ohia’a, ‘ohi’a lehua, ‘ohi’a lechua Skrifter 2: 527. 1783.
Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich. var. polymorpha Metroxylon sagu Rottb. (Metroxylon hermaphroditum
(Metrosideros collina auct. non (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) A. Hassk.; Metroxylon inerme (Roxb.) Mart.; Metroxylon laeve
Gray; Metrosideros collina (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) A. Gray (Giseke) Mart.; Metroxylon longispinum (Giseke) Mart.;
subsp. polymorpha (Gaudich.) Rock; Metrosideros polymor- Metroxylon micracanthum Mart.; Metroxylon oxybractea-
pha Gaudich. var. macrostemon Skottsb.) tum Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.; Metroxylon rumphii
2494 Meyna Roxb. ex Link Rubiaceae

(Willd.) Mart.; Metroxylon sago K.D. Koenig; Metroxylon (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves chewed and eaten for gastric dis-
sagu f. longispinum (Giseke) Rauwerd.; Metroxylon sagu orders, diphtheria; leaves made into paste applied on mumps;
f. micracanthum (Mart.) Rauwerd.; Metroxylon sagu f. leaf powder useful in diarrhea. Fruits narcotic, cholagogue,
tuberatum Rauwerd.; Metroxylon squarrosum Becc.; tonic, expectorant, a decoction anti scorpion bite, for dysen-
Metroxylon sylvestre (Giseke) Mart.; Sagus americana tery, boils, biliousness. Root juice in colic pain, stomachache.)
Poir.; Sagus genuina Giseke; Sagus genuina laevis Giseke;
in India: aaliv, acchoora mullu, achhoora mullu, achhura
Sagus genuina longispina Giseke; Sagus genuina sylves-
mullu, ali, aliv, alive, alu, ber-ka-mowna-gach, chegu gadde,
tris Giseke; Sagus inermis Roxb.; Sagus koenigii Griff.;
chegu gedde, chirbot, chircholi, dieng, gonda kaare, guna
Sagus laevis Jack; Sagus longispina (Giseke) Blume; Sagus
kaare, gundu kaare, halawni, heibi samatan, helu, huloo,
micracantha (Mart.) Blume; Sagus rumphii Willd.; Sagus
kaari mullu, kotkora, madan, magaremara, maggaare, maina
spinosa Roxb.; Sagus sagu (Rottb.) H. Karst.; Sagus sylves-
kanta, mainphala, manakkarai, mangare, maniphal, mon,
tris (Giseke) Blume)
mullu kaare, muyna, nagakesarah, nagapuspah, segagadda,
New Guinea. Palm tree, suckers, leaves pinnate, male and soh mon, swasana, tang-nang, thitchkeng, veliki, vishikil-
female flowers similar amu, visikilamu
See Nye Saml. Kongel. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 2: 527. Meyna pubescens (Kurz) Robyns (Vangueria pubescens
1783, Annals of Botany (König & Sims) 1: 193. 1804, Encycl. Kurz)
6: 395. 1805, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 214–216. 1838, Tijdschr.
Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 9: 175. 1842, Rumphia 2: 153–154. India.
1843, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3(ed. 2): 215. 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(2): 314. 1872
Hist. 5: 19. 1845 and Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee: 202. 1900, Ann. and Bull. Jard. Bot. État 11: 235. 1928
Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2): 182. 1918, Res. Bull. Univ.
Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Principes 30: (Pounded fruits used as fish poison.)
175. 1986, Schuiling, Dirk L., Growth and Development of in India: karadiyakoli
True Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Røttbøll) with Special
Reference to Accumulation of Starch in the Trunk: A Study Meyna spinosa Roxb. ex Link (Pyrostria spinosa (Roxb. ex
on Morphology, Genetic Variation and Ecophysiology, Link) Miq.; Vangueria miqueliana Kurz; Vangueria mol-
and Their Implications for Cultivation. Wageningen, lis Wall., nom. nud.; Vangueria pyrostria Boerl.; Vangueria
Wageningen University, 2009 spinosa Roxb.; Vangueria spinosa (Roxb. ex Link) Roxb.;
Vangueria spinosa var. mollis Hook.f.; Vangueria spinosa
(Stem sap applied on forehead to ease headache. Starch from var. tomentosa Pierre ex Pit.; Vangueria stellata Blanco)
the trunk mixed with water and drunk to treat diarrhea and
stomach pains, made into a paste and applied onto burns.) India, China, Himalaya. Prickly shrub, ripe fruits edible
in English: sago, sago palm, smooth sago palm, true sago See Hort. Bengal. 15. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., ii.
palm 172. 1824, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 536. 1832, J. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 153. 1877, Fl. Brit. India 3:
in China: suo mu mian
136. 1880 and Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 302. 1924, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Malayan names: rembia, rumbia, sagu État 11: 228. 1928
in Papua New Guinea: abia, nangu, piia, saksak, sengin epi-i (Used in Ayurveda. Seed paste applied on pimples. Ripe
fruits rubbed on cracked heels for quick healing.)
in the Philippine Isl.: lumbia
in India: accuramullu, achchurmullu, achuramuulu, alu,
cchircholi, cegagadda, chegagadda, gobergally, gund-
Meyna Roxb. ex Link Rubiaceae kare, gurbeli, halawni, huloo, karimullu, ketkora, kutkura,
madandriksh, maggare, mainphal, manakkarai, mangare,
See Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 32. 1820. mangase, moina, moltakanta, mon, montaphelo, moyuna-
Meyna laxiflora Robyns (Vangueria spinosa Roxb.) konta, muduna, mullakare, muyna, muyuna, pinda, pindi,
pinditaka, pindituka, pindu, sarela, segagadda, thitchkeong,
India. Armed shrub or small tree, flowers greenish yellow in veliki, vicikilamu, visikilamu
axillary cymes, cup-shaped calyx, brownish globose smooth
fleshy edible fruits Meyna tetraphylla (Schweinf. ex Hiern) Robyns (Canthium
tetraphyllum (Schweinf. ex Hiern) Baill.; Meyna tetraphylla
See Hort. Bengal. 15. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., 2:
Robyns; Vangueria tetraphylla Schweinf. ex Hiern)
172. 1824, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 536. 1832, J. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 153. 1877, Fl. Brit. India 3: Ethiopia to Tanzania, Comoros. Spiny shrub, liana, ascend-
136. 1880 and Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 302. 1924, Bull. Jard. Bot. ing, narrow crown, stems armed with strong paired spines
État 11: 228. 1928 above leaf nodes, flowers cream to green densely clustered in
Mezonevron Desf. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) 2495

leaf axils, sweet angled edible fruit, camel and goat fodder, in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 266. 1972,
riverine bushland, along dry watercourses in dry country Francesco Rodolico, in D.S.B. 9: 368–369. New York 1981,
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 1086–1087.
See Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 152. 1877, Adansonia 12: 192.
1993. Often in Magnolia L.
1878 and Bull. Jard. Bot. État 11: 232–233. 1928
Michelia alba DC.
(Root decoction given to pregnant women to ease pain and
to protect them against bad spirits. Veterinary medicine, China.
crushed leaves applied to infected hooves of animals.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 536. 1753, Regni Vegetabilis
in Kenya: bururi, esugumaran, kakomoa, kitolousuu, Systema Naturale 1: 449. 1818 and Acta Phytotaxonomica
kitootoo, kitotoo, leturmet, lkiremichoi, mtamba-kiko, Sinica 36(2): 145–149 and 36(3): 232–237. 1998
mubururi, mukurungu, ngurungu, qaaleda, tamba-kiko, til-
(Abortifacient.)
ing, tiling’wo, tilingwo, tiliny, tilinyek, yeho
in China: bai lan
Michelia champaca L. (Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex
Mezonevron Desf. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae) Pierre; Magnolia champaca (L.) Figlar; Magnolia membra-
Greek meizon ‘greater’ (megas ‘big, large, great’) and neu- nacea P. Parm.; Michelia aurantiaca Wall.; Michelia blumei
ron ‘nerve’, referring to the winged pod, see Mémoires du Steud.; Michelia champaca var. pubinervia (Blume) Miq.;
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 4: 245. 1818 and Ann. Missouri Michelia champava Lour. ex Gomes; Michelia euonymoi-
Bot. Gard. 77(4): 854. 1990. des Burm. f.; Michelia evonymoides Burm.f.; Michelia pil-
ifera Bakh. f.; Michelia pubinervia Blume; Michelia rheedei
Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill. (Caesalpinia benthami- Wight; Michelia rheedii Wight; Michelia rufinervis Blume,
ana (Baill.) Herend. & Zarucchi; Mezonevron benthamia- nom. illeg.; Michelia rufinervis DC.; Michelia suaveolens
num Baill.) Pers.; Michelia tsiampacca Blume, nom. illeg., non Michelia
West and Central Africa, Benin, Ghana. Perennial climbing tsiampacca L.; Michelia tsiampacca var. blumei Moritzi;
shrub, straggling, armed with recurved spines, inflorescence Michelia velutina Blume, nom. illeg.; Michelia velutina DC.;
a branched or unbranched terminal raceme, fruit a flattened Sampacca suaveolens (Pers.) Kuntze; Sampacca suaveolens
indehiscent winged pod, see also Caesalpinia benthamiana Kuntze; Sampacca velutina Kuntze; Talauma villosa Miq.
fo. celebica Miq.)
See Adansonia 6: 196. 1866 and Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 77(4):
854–855. 1990 India, Himalaya. Small, evergreen tree, rounded crown, large
oval leaves, sweet scented orange-yellow flowers, tightly
(Leaves, stem and roots anthelmintic, astringent, for dys- packed groups of capsules, angular seeds, oil extracted from
entery, urethritis, venereal diseases. A decoction of roots, the flowers used as a perfume, the flowers also used in dye-
bark and leaves to cure urethral discharge; root decoction for ing, seeds yield a fatty scented oil
dysentery and diarrhea; stems and roots aphrodisiac. Leaves
antibacterial, mildly laxative, applied as a paste to treat See Species Plantarum 1: 535–536. 1753, Mant. Pl. 78. 1767,
snakebites, wounds, skin infections, piles and ulcers; young Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L.
leaves eaten for hookworm or Guinea worm. Stem liquid Burman) 124. 1768, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1): 94. 1806, Syst.
dropped in the eye to cure inflammation and cataract.) Nat. [Candolle] 1: 449. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817],
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1:
79. 1824, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1:
7–8. 1825, Flora Javae 19–20 (Magnoliaceae): 14, 17, t. 4.
Michelia L. Magnoliaceae
1829, Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 2: 39. 1831, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1:
After the Italian botanist Pier (Pietro) Antonio Micheli, 14, t. 5. f. 6. 1831, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel] Editio
1679–1737, botanical collector, founder of the Società secunda 2: 139. 1841, Systematisches Verzeichniss der
Botanica Fiorentina, 1718–1737 Curator of the Botanical im Indischen Archipel 36. 1846, Flora van Nederlandsch
Garden of Florence, his works include Relazione dell’erba Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel 3: 366–367. 1861, Annales Museum
detta da’ botanici Orobanche e volgarmente succiamele, Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 4: 70, 72. 1868, Flore Forestière
fiamma, e mal d’occhio. Firenze 1723 and Catalogus plan- de la Cochinchine 536. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
tarum Horti caesarei florentini. Florentiae [Florence] 1748; 6. 1891, Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique
see Species Plantarum 1: 536. 1753, Giovanni Targioni- 27: 200, 258. 1895–1896 and Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n.s. xxiv.
Tozzetti (1712–1783), Notizie della vita e delle opere di Pier II. 15, 159. 1935, Blumea 12(1): 61. 1963, Cytologia 49: 193–
Antonio Micheli, pubblicate per cura di Adolfo Targioni- 200. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 19: 115–117.
Tozzetti. Firenze 1858 and Sunyatsenia 4: 142. 1940, Acta 1984, Blumea 31: 113. 1985, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11:
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(4): 281–283. 1963, J.H. Barnhart, 234–238. 1989, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 6: 50–53. 1990,
Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 486. 1965, T.W. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 36(2): 145–149. 1998, Ceiba
Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]
2496 Michelia L. Magnoliaceae

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bitter bark used for the treat- China, India. Trees, deciduous, creamy fragrant flowers,
ment of intermittent fevers; dried powdered bark mixed fruits in loose spikes
with coconut oil used to kill head lice; for childbirth, bark
See Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 448. 1817,
boiled and the decoction administered; bark paste given for
Tentamen Florae Napalensis Illustratae 1: 5–7, pl. 2. 1824,
abortion; rootbark laxative, expectorant, astringent, febri-
Flora Javae 19–20 (Magnoliaceae): 9, in obs. 1829, Journal
fuge, tonic, emmenagogue, abortive. Leaves pounded and
de la Société Impériale et Centrale d’Horticulture 3: 476.
smeared over the body after childbirth; juice of leaves with
1857, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 6. 1891, Bulletin
honey useful in colic; leaves infusion taken for stomach-
Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique 27: 283. 1895 and
ache; macerated leaves paste mixed with cow dung smeared
Indian Trees 8. 1906, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information
to disperse cockroaches from house and store rooms. Roots
and seeds for skin diseases. Root paste given after menstru- Kew 1929(7): 222–223. 1929
ation for infertility. Crushed fruits and seeds made into a (Powdered dried bark made into a paste and taken orally for
paste applied to the cracks in the feet. Seeds pounded with abortion.)
castor oil and smeared on feet against leech, as a leech repel-
lent. A cold infusion of the flowers an essential ingredient in China: nan ya han xiao
in a treatment for anemia associated with gastrointestinal in India: leihao-leisang, phusre champ, ranichamp, sigugrip
bleeding and epigastric pain. Flower and fruits tonic, cool-
ing, stomachic, diuretic, used in asthma, fever, gonorrhea, Michelia figo (Lour.) Spreng. (Liriodendron figo Lour.;
renal diseases. Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja Liriopsis fuscata (Andrews) Spach; Magnolia annonaefo-
in different religious pooja ceremonies.) lia Salisb.; Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC.; Magnolia fuscata
Andrews; Magnolia fuscata var. annonaefolia (Salisb.) DC.;
in English: fragrant champaca, golden champa, orange cham- Magnolia fuscata var. hebeclada DC.; Magnolia fuscata var.
pak, yellow champa parviflora (Blume) Steud.; Magnolia meleagrioides hort.
in Bali: bungan capaka ex DC., nom. illeg.; Magnolia parviflora Blume; Magnolia
parvifolia DC.; Magnolia versicolor Salisb., nom. illeg.;
in China: chen p’o, chen p’o ka, chen po, huang lan Michelia amoena Q.F. Zheng & M.M. Lin; Michelia brevipes
in India: anjana, atigandhaka, bhramaratithi, bhringmohi, Y.K. Li & X. Ming Wang; Michelia fasciata (Vent.) Vent.,
campa, campaca, campaka, campakah, campakam, cam- nom. illeg.; Michelia fuscata (Andrews) Blume; Michelia
pakamu, campeya, campha, cempakam, chamba, chambu- parvifolia (DC.) B.D. Jacks.; Michelia skinneriana Dunn;
nala, champa, champaa, champaca, champacam, champaka, Sampacca parviflora (Deless.) Kuntze)
champakam, champakapushpam, champakmu, champeya, Tropical Asia, Indonesia.
chapha, chapmak, chempakamottu, deepapushpa, gandhaph-
ali, hemanga, hemapushpa, hemapushpika, hemapuspaka, See Species Plantarum 1: 535–536. 1753, Flora
hemavha, kamabana, kancana, kanchana, katu, kumara, Cochinchinensis 1: 347. 1790, Botanist’s Repository, for new,
kusuma, kusumadhipa, kusumadhirata, nagapushpa, ngiau, and rare plants 4: t. 229. 1802, Jardin de la Malmaison t.
patichampaka, peetapushpa, pitapuspa, punyagandha, raja- 24. 1803, The Paradisus Londinensis 1(1): t. 5. 1806, Regni
champaka, sampage, sampagiya, sampenga, sampig, scham- Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 458–460. 1817, Systema
pakam, shatapadatithi, shenbagam, shitala, shitalachchada, Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 643. 1825, Bijdragen tot
sthiragandha, sthirpushpa, subhaga, sukumara, surabhi, de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 9. 1825, Conspectus Regni
suvarna, svarnacampaka, svarnachampaka, svarnapushpa, Vegetabilis 62. 1828, Flora Javae 19–20: 8. 1829, Histoire
tchampaka, tsjampac, ugragandha, vanadapika, vanadeepa, Naturelle des Végétaux 7: 461. 1839, Nomenclator Botanicus.
vanamalika, vandanamalai, varalabdha Editio secunda 2: 89. 1841, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 6.
1891, Index Kewensis 2: 223. 1894 and Journal of the Linnean
in Indonesia: bunga cempa, cempaka, tjempaka kuning Society, Botany 38(267): 354. 1908, Bulletin of Botanical
in Lepcha: gok rip Research 7(1): 63–65, pl. s.n. 1987, Acta Phytotaxonomica
Sinica 25(5): 408–409, pl. 1. 1987, Acta Phytotaxonomica
Malayan names: champaka, chempa puteh, chempaka,
Sinica 36(2): 145–149. 1998
chempaka merah, orange chempaka
(A postpartum remedy.)
in Nepal: aule chanp, champ, chanp
in English: banana shrub, dwarf chempaka
in Tibet: gser (gyi) me tog, tsam ba ka, tsam pa ka
in China: han hsiao, han xiao hua
Michelia doltsopa Buch.-Ham. ex DC. (Magnolia dolt-
sopa (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar; Magnolia excelsa Wall.; in Malaya: chempaka ambon
Magnolia excelsa Jacques; Michelia calcuttensis P. Parm.;
Michelia maudiae Dunn (Michelia chingii W.C. Cheng;
Michelia excelsa (Wall.) Blume; Michelia manipurensis G.
Michelia maudii Dunn)
Watt ex Brandis; Michelia wardii Dandy; Sampacca excelsa
(Wall.) Kuntze) China.
Miconia Ruíz & Pav. Melastomataceae 2497

See Species Plantarum 1: 535–536. 1753 and Journal Academiens Handlingar 40: 130–131. 1854[1856], Fl. Brit.
of the Linnean Society, Botany 38(267): 353–354. 1908, W.I. [Grisebach] 257. 1860, Transactions of the Linnean
Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Society of London 28(1): 107, 111. 1871 [8 Dec 1871–13 Jan
Science Society of China: Botanical Series 10: 110. 1936, 1872], Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 950–952. 1891
Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11: 234–238. 1989, Acta Botanica
(Leaves on forehead for headache.)
Austro Sinica 6: 50–53. 1990, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica
36(2): 145–149. 1998 Miconia ligustroides (DC.) Naudin (Acinodendron ligus-
troides (DC.) Kuntze; Acinodendron ligustroides Kuntze;
(Rootbark laxative, expectorant, astringent, febrifuge,
Cremanium ligustroides DC.; Miconia ligustroides Naudin)
emmenagogue.)
South America.
in China: shen shan han xiao
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
Michelia nilagirica Zenk. (Magnolia nilagirica (Zenk.)
3: 194. 1828, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique,
Figlar; Sampacca nilagirica (Zenk.) Kuntze)
sér. 3 16(2): 167. 1851, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 950–
India. Tree 952. 1891 and Pharm. Biol. 48(2): 166–169. 2010
See Revisio Generum Plantarum 6. 1891 and Proc. Internat. (Antibacterial, antibiotic, antitumoral, analgesic and
Symp. Fam. Magnoliac. 1998 23. 2000 antimalarial.)
(Used in Sidha.) Miconia salicifolia (Bonpl. ex Naudin) Naudin
(Acinodendron salicifolium (Bonpl. ex Naudin) Kuntze;
in India: bana sampige, bili sampige, bilisampage, dodda Acinodendron salicifolium (Naudin) Kuntze; Acinodendron
sampige, doddasampage, kattu canpakam, kattu shanbagam, salicifolium Kuntze; Melastoma rasmarinifolia Pav. ex
kattuc canpakam, kattuchempakam, kattushanbagam, nila- Triana; Melastoma salicifolia Bonpl. ex Naudin; Melastoma
kiricanpakam, nilakiriccanpakam, pila champa, pilachampa, salicifolium Bonpl. ex Naudin)
sampage, sampane, tella sampanga, vanacampakam,
vellachempakam South America.
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 16:
234. 1851, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
Miconia Ruíz & Pav. Melastomataceae 28(1): 127. 1871 [8 Dec 1871–13 Jan 1872], Revisio Generum
In honor of Francisco Micón (Micó), b. 1528, Spanish physician Plantarum 2: 952. 1891 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology
and botanist; see Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 132(1): 101–108. 2010
60. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et (To treat bacterial infections, inflammations.)
Chilensis 1: 105. 1798, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural
History Society 4: 284, 310–311. 1823, Sylva Tellur. 94. Miconia tomentosa (Rich.) D. Don ex DC. (Acinodendron
1838, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 amplexans (Crueg.) Kuntze; Acinodendron amplex-
16(2): 122. 1851, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch- ans Kuntze; Acinodendron tomentosum (Rich.) Kuntze;
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 576. Ansbach 1852, Genera Acinodendron tomentosum Kuntze; Diplochita tomentosa
Plantarum 1: 764. 1867 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. (Rich.) Griseb.; Diplochita tomentosa Griseb.; Jucunda
Ser. 13(4/1): 249–521. 1941, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/4): 407–570. tomentosa (Rich.) Benth.; Jucunda tomentosa Benth.;
1963, Ceiba 20(2): 58–68. 1976, Ceiba 22(1): 41–64. 1978, F. Melastoma tomentosum Rich.; Miconia amplexans (Crueg.)
Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Cogn.; Miconia amplexans Cogn.; Miconia symplectocaulos
Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 134. Berlin & Hamburg 1989, Pilg.; Miconia tomentosa D. Don; Miconia tomentosa (Rich.)
D. Don; Miconia umbrifera Naudin; Miconia undecinervia
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): 1339–1419.
Cogn.; Pogonorhynchus amplexans Crueg.)
2001, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 394–574.
2007. South America.
Miconia affinis DC. (Acinodendron affine (DC.) Kuntze; See Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1:
Acinodendron affine Kuntze; Miconia affinis Macfad. ex 109. 1792, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History
Griseb.; Miconia beurlingii Triana; Miconia hyperprasina Society 4: 316. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Naudin; Miconia microcarpa Naudin; Miconia microcarpa Vegetabilis 3: 183. 1828, Linnaea 9: 456. 1835, Journal of
DC.; Miconia microcarpa Triana; Miconia microcarpa Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
Macfad. ex Griseb.; Miconia planinervia Naudin) 2: 302. 1840, Linnaea 20: 107. 1847, Annales des Sciences
Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 16(2): 116–117. 1851, Fl. Brit.
South America. Small tree
W.I. [Grisebach] 252. 1860, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 14(4): 256–257. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 245.
3: 187, 189. 1828, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, 1891, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 950. 1891 and Verhandlungen des
sér. 3 16(2): 159–161, 171–172, 186. 1851, Kongl. Vetenskaps Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die
2498 Microcephala Pobed. Asteraceae

Angrenzenden Länder 47: 175. 1905, Phytologia 47: 199– Mercurialis alternifolia Lam.; Mercurialis alternifolia
220. 1980 Hochst. ex Baill.; Microstachys mercurialis (L.) Dalzell &
Gibson; Tragia mercurialis L.)
(Astringent, antibacterial, antidiarrhea.)
Trop. and S. Africa, India to Malaysia. Herb, weed, erect,
in Peru: carache caspi, chaita ida, muringa, pichirina, tiriblanco
inflorescence a raceme, flowers white, leaves eaten as a veg-
etable, in open places, woodland and bushland, along rivers
and shores
Microcephala Pobed. Asteraceae
See Species Plantarum 2: 980–981, 1035–1036. 1753,
From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and kephale ‘head’. Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 120. 1797, De
Microcephala lamellata Pobed. (Matricaria lamellata Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viri-
Bunge; Matricaria lasiocarpa Boiss.) bus tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18 illustratum 43, pl. 14, f.
43. 1824, Niger Fl.: 503. 1849, Étude générale du groupe
Iran.
des Euphorbiacées 490. 1858, The Bombay Flora …
See Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariia Glavnogo 227. 1861, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 271. 1861,
Botanicheskogo Sada S.S.S.R. 21: 357. 1961 Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 617. 1891 and Notulae
Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 9: 156–188.
(Dried leaves and flowers to relieve fever; flowers to treat
1941, Taxon 30: 511–512. 1981, Balakrishnan, N.P. &
jaundice and stomachache.)
Chakrabarty, T. The Family Euphorbiaceae in India. A
in Pakistan: baboona, babuna, pimpli Synopsis of Its Profile, Taxonomy and Bibliography. 2007
[as Claoxylon mercurialis.]
(Plant used to treat fever in children; plant sap instilled into
Microcharis Benth. Fabaceae (Indigofereae) nose, eyes or ears to treat headache and otitis.)
From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and charis ‘grace, beauty’,
see Genera Plantarum 1: 501. 1865 and Kew Bulletin Addnl.
ser. 1: 1–166. 1958. Microcos L. Malvaceae (Tiliaceae)
Microcharis asparagoides (Taub.) Schrire (Indigofera Possibly from the Greek mikros ‘small’ and kos ‘public
asparagoides Taub.; Indigofera asparagoides Taub. subsp. prison, a prisoner’, the leaves are used for wrapping, see
asparagoides) Species Plantarum 1: 514. 1753.
Uganda. Annual non-climbing herb, small plant, erect, fili- Microcos paniculata L. (Fallopia nervosa Lour.; Grewia
form, dark pink flowers, in grassland affinis Lindl.; Grewia microcos L.; Grewia nervosa (Lour.)
Panigrahi; Microcos nervosa (Lour.) S.Y. Hu)
See Genera Plantarum 1: 501. 1865, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-
Afrikas C 210. 1895 and Bothalia 22(2): 165–170. 1992 India, Borneo, Papua New Guinea. Shrub or tree, erect,
bole deeply fluted, short leaf stalk swollen in the upper part,
(For cerebral malaria, a cold infusion from a dry pow-
leaves acuminate strongly 3-nerved, yellow flowers in termi-
dered mixture of aerial parts of the plant with aerial parts
nal panicles, fleshy ripe fruits juicy
of Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Oliv. (Justicia ansel-
liana (Nees) T. Anderson), Dissotis brazzae Cogn., Cassia See Species Plantarum 1: 514. 1753, Species Plantarum 2:
gracilior (Ghesq.) Steyaert (Chamaecrista gracilior (Ghesq.) 964. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 277, 557. 1763, Syst. ed.
Lock), Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke, Rhynchosia 12. 2: 602. 1767, Flora Cochinchinensis 336. 1790, Prodr.
minima (L.) DC. and Antherotoma naudinii Hook. f. Leaves (DC.) 1: 510. 1824, Transactions of the Linnean Society of
juice, application on burns. Veterinary medicine.) London 12: 265. 1826, Prodr. Fl. Penin. Ind. Or. 81. 1834, Fl.
in Burundi: urwibagiza, utwatsi tw ‘ infizi Brit. Ind. 1: 392. 1874, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 177. 1893 and
Bot. Hist. Hortus Malabaricus: 102. 1980, Taxon 34: 703.
in Tanzania: kayoiwa 1985, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 69(1): 79. 1988
(Roots used as a remedy for indigestion. Fruit diuretic.)
Micrococca Benth. Euphorbiaceae in Borneo: damak damak
From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and kokkos ‘berry, grain, in China: po bu ye
seed’, the fruits are very small, see Niger Flora 503. 1849
in India: abhraangu, abhrangu, abroni, barsubret, bili
and Boissiera 55: 1–322. 1998, Blumea 47: 149–155. 2002.
abhraangu, biliabhrangu, biliyabihrangu, bolchibins, bor-
Micrococca mercurialis (L.) Benth. (Claoxylon mercu- subret, cheerakalu, chowri soppu, dieng sohdkhar, dieng
riale (L.) Thwaites; Claoxylon mercurialis (L.) Thwaites; sohlienghadem, hasoli, kottai, kottakka, kotton, majjige
Mercurialis abyssinica Hochst. ex Pax & K. Hoffm.; soppu, majjigesoppu, pisoli
Microcycas A. DC. Cycadaceae (Zamiaceae) 2499

Microcycas A. DC. Cycadaceae (Zamiaceae) Microdesmis puberula Hook.f. ex Planch. (Microdesmis

puberula Hook.f.; Microdesmis zenkeri Pax)
From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and the genus Cycas L.
Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, orange fruits and flow-
Microcycas calocoma (Miq.) A. DC. (Zamia calocoma Miq.)
ers, inflorescence an axillary fascicle, elephants eat the leaves
Western Australia. and roots, leaves eaten by gorillas
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1659. 1763, Flore See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 8: t. 758. 1848, Botanische
des Serres et des Jardins de l’Europe 7: 141. 1852, Prodromus Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 538. 1868 and Pflanzengeographie 23: 531. 1897 and Willdenowia 21: 233–
Taxon 35(3): 582. 1986 238. 1991
(Roots used as a rat poison.) (Whole plant and leaves emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, astrin-
gent, for skin eruptios, diarrhea, threatened abortion. Leaf
sap, or crushed and burnt twigs and roots applied to snake-
Microdesmis Hook.f. ex Hook. Pandaceae bites or to scarifications; leaf sap astringent, for diarrhea,
prescribed for pregnant women and young children; leaf and
From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and desmis, desmos ‘a bond, stem sap taken to treat stomachache, intestinal worms and
band, bundle’, referring to the flowers, see Icones Plantarum genital problems such as menstrual complaints, sterility, mis-
8: pl. 758. 1848 and African Study Monographs 24(1–2): carriage, loss of virility and venereal diseases, also applied to
1–168. 2003, African Study Monographs 25(1): 1–27. 2004.
eczema, scabies, burns, circumcision wounds, abscesses and
Microdesmis haumaniana J. Léonard sores from gonorrhoea. Roots eaten as a virility medicine;
roots and berries eaten raw as aphrodisiac. Fruits laxative.
Cameroon, Angola. Tree or shrub, flowers light orange
Magic, good luck charm, vapor from burned leaves believed
See Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 31: 185, t. 22 g-i to chase bad spirits from houses.)
& 25. 1961
in Central African Republic: mokola, mokoula, mokula
(Plant sap taken to treat gastrointestinal disorders, colic,
in Congo: dikota
stomachache, diarrhea, ovarian complaints and gonorrhea.
Ground fresh leaves applied to treat hemorrhoids; leaf sap in Nigeria: amomilla, amomilan, anamomilla, apata, apata
as ear drops to treat otitis. A vapor bath with boiled leaf sap esunsun, ehran-apata, elohamienlo, esun-sun, igi-apata,
taken to treat rheumatism.) ubelu; erankpata (Edo); nkperi, akbalata (Igbo); kawa (Boki);
ntanebit (Ibibio)
in Congo: nkuti
in Yoruba: akanju ile, apata, arin igo, arin igo dudu, esunsun,
Microdesmis keayana J. Léonard
idi apata, igi ori apata, imeyinfun
Senegal, Nigeria. Shrub, inflorescence an axillary fascicle,
in Zaire: amabuobuo, amakbalwamamba, amakbei, amak-
browsed by goats and cattle
beí, siba, tetwa
See Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 31: 180. 1961,
Phytotherapy Research 16(5): 497–502. 2002, Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 87(2–3): 221–225. 2003, Journal
Microglossa DC. Asteraceae
of Ethnopharmacology 90(2): 221–227. 2004, Chemistry
and Biodiversity 3(9): 982–989. 2006, Journal of From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and glossa ‘a tongue’, an allu-
Ethnopharmacology 104(1–2): 263–269. 2006, Chemical sion to the corolla segments, to the shortness of the ray flo-
and Pharmacological Bulletin 55(4): 643–645. 2007 rets, see Prodr. (DC.) 5: 320. 1836.
(Roots antioxidant. Leaf sap, or crushed and burnt twigs Microglossa afzelii O. Hoffm.
and roots applied to snakebites or to scarifications; leaf sap
Tropical Africa. Liana, scrambling, shrub, weed, flowers yel-
astringent, antitrypanosomal, antiplasmodial, for diarrhea,
low white, flower-heads with white ligules to outer florets
prescribed for pregnant women and young children; leaf and
stem sap taken to treat stomachache, intestinal worms, genital See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
problems, mental illness, menstrual complaints, sterility, mis- 5: 320. 1836, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
carriage, loss of virility and venereal diseases, also applied to Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 469. 1898
eczema, scabies, burns, circumcision wounds, abscesses and and Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste
sores from gonorrhoea. Magic, good luck charm, vapor from 10: 177–184. 1987
burned leaves believed to chase bad spirits from houses.)
(Leaves infusion analgesic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, for
in Nigeria: apata esunsun; erankpata (Edo); nkperi, akbalata toothache and fevers, to heal sores, squeezed into the ear as
(Igbo); kawa (Boki); ntanebit (Ibibio) earache remedy.)
2500 Microlepia Presl Dennstaedtiaceae

Microglossa densiflora Hook.f. Historia Filicum 260–262. 1875, Arbeiten aus dem Königl.
Botanischen Garten zu Breslau 1: 23. 1892 and Polypod.
Tropical Africa. Herb, shrub, spreading, erect, climbing,
Phil. Isl. 55. 1905, University of California Publications in
white yellowish florets
Botany 16: 82. 1929, J. Sci. Engin. (Nation. Chung-Hsing
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: Univ.) 10: 196, 200. 1973, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975.
320. 1836, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 7: 200.
Microlepia puberula Alderw. (Microlepia puberula Lacaita)
1864 and Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993
China, India.
(For skin diseases, wounds.)
See Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg Ser. 2, XI. 17. 1913, J. Linn.
in Tanzania: kichwaighembe
Soc., Bot. 43. 485. 1916
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze (Conyza heudelotii
(Sporophyll antibacterial.)
Oliv. & Hiern; Conyza pyrifolia Lam.; Erigeron pyrifolius
(Lam.) Benth.; Microglossa petiolaris DC.; Microglossa
pyrifolia Kuntze; Microglossa volubilis DC.; Pluchea sub-
Micromelum Blume Rutaceae
umbellata Klatt)
From the Greek mikros ‘small, little’ and melon ‘an apple’
East Africa. Shrub, weed, climber, spreading, straggling,
or melos ‘a limb, part, member’, referring to the small and
lianescent, erect, scrambling, woody base, young stem
apple-like fruits or to the small branchlets; see Karl Ludwig
yellowish to brown, leaves papery with strong tobacco-
von Blume, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië.
like smell, disc florets cream-white, flower-heads in laxly
137. 1825.
branched terminal corymbs, fruit brown with white wings,
in flooded area, swampy bushland, forest edge, in mountain Micromelum hirsutum Merr.
forest, see also Conyza pyrifolia
SE Asia, Malaysia.
See Species Plantarum 2: 863–865. 1753, Encyclopédie
See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 137, 20.
Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 2(1): 89–90. 1786,
1825 and Lingnan Science Journal 6: 279. 1930
Novi Proventus Hortorum Academicorum Halensis et
Berolinensis 1: 14. 1818, Synopsis Generum Compositarum (Root decoction as a postpartum remedy. For skin diseases,
… 203–204. 1832, Archives de Botanique 2: 517. 1833, fever, pound the leaves and poultice. Magic, ritual, a decoc-
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: tion to drive an evil spirit out.)
320–321. 1836, Flora Hongkongensis 176. 1861, Ann. Sci. Malay names: chemama, chememar, cherek, cherek-cherek,
Nat., Bot. sér. 5, 18: 369. 1873, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] daun gelang, secherek, senagu
3: 317. 1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 353. 1891 and
Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993 Micromelum integerrimum (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Wight
& Arn. ex M. Roem. (Bergera integerrima Buch.-Ham.
(Suspected of poisoning. Leaves and whole plant abortifa- ex DC.; Bergera integerrima Roxb. ex DC.; Bergera inte-
cient, anthelmintic, postpartum remedy, aphrodisiac, expec- gerrima Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., nom. inval.; Micromelum
torant. Roots and leaves used to treat stomachache and integerrimum (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. ex M. Roem.;
worms. Leaves used to treat cough and stomachache, yel- Micromelum integerrimum Wight. & Arn., nom. inval.)
low fever, toothache, colds, filariasis (philariasis); juice from
crushed leaves applied to an ulcer.) India. Small tree, imparipinnate leaves, white fragrant ter-
minal flowers in cymes, orange-red fruits, young leaves used
in Congo: muntantali as vegetable
in Nigeria: anikan segbo, anikan segbo torisa, okbakakwu See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 555, 563. 1771, Hort. Bengal.
in Tanzania: kichwaghwmbe, lauhala, mswaswaki, nanguo, 32. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
uswaswaki (DC.) 1: 537. 1824, Transactions of the Linnean Society of
London 15(2): 367 (-368). 1827, Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 2: 376
in Papua New Guinea: gogo, pundari (-377). 1832, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 94. 1834, Roemer,
Malay name: ragin Max Joseph, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
Synopses Monographicae 1: 47. [Weimar], 1846–1847, FBI
1: 501. 1875
Microlepia Presl Dennstaedtiaceae (Leaves in giddiness. Stem extract given to hasten the process
of delivery; stem bark decoction in dysentery. Root infusion
From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and lepis ‘scale’, alluding to the
after childbirth; roots chewed with betel for coughs; boiled
indusia; see Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 124. 1800[1801],
roots applied as poultice for ague.)
C. Presl (1794–1852), Tentamen Pteridographiae, seu gen-
era Filicacearum. 124–125, t. IV, figs. 21–23. Prague 1836, in China: xiao yun mu
Micromeria Bentham Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2501

in India: enghat-laung-hing, khrang-kelau, krang-kelau, douglasii (Benth.) Benth.; Satureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq.;
theng-han-se, theng-hanse Thymus chamissonis Benth.; Thymus douglasii Benth.)
Micromelum minutum Wight & Arn. (Micromelum minu- North America. Herb, strongly aromatic, small whitish or
tum (G. Forst.) Wight & Arn.) purplish flowers
SE Asia. Small tree, compound leaves in clusters, nearly See Linnaea 6(1): 80. 1831, Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 372. 1834,
sessile leaflets strongly asymmetric, dull white tomentose Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 515. 1891, Man. Bot. San
flowers Francisco: 289. 1894, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
4(3a): 300. 1896
See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 448.
1834 (Caution should be observed in taking this medicine as it can
(Stem bark juice or decoction taken for dysentery; bark be toxic in large doses. Fresh and dried leaves decoction anal-
chewed for toothache. Leaves boiled and liquid used for infec- gesic, antiseptic, stimulant, anticancer, diuretic, antispasm,
tion, also drunk for headache, tuberculosis and stomachache.) antiemetic, for arthritis, headache, stomachache, indigestion,
toothache and joint pains. Effective to drive away rats and
in English: red lime berry other rodents.)
in India: boibisi, enghat launghing Common name: yerba buena
Malayan names: chama, chemama, chememar jantan, cherek, Micromeria formosana Marquand (Mentha formosana (C.
cherek puteh, secherek Marquand) S.S. Ying; Origanum vulgare Linnaeus)
in Philippines: makabangon China.
Micromelum pubescens Blume See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578. 1753 and Hooker’s Icon.
Malay Peninsula, India. Pl. 33: t. 3230. 1934, Memoirs of the College of Agriculture,
National Taiwan University 29(1): 91. 1989
See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 137. 1825
(Stimulant, astringent.)
(Plant expectorant.)
in English: Taiwan micromeria
in China: tai wan jiang wei cao
Micromeria Bentham Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr. (Clinopodium biflo-
Greek mikros ‘small, little’ and meris ‘a part, portion’, refer- rum (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kuntze; Clinopodium imbri-
ring to leaves and flowers, see Botanical Journal of the catum (Forssk.) Kuntze; Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham.
Linnean Society 155(3): 297–447. 2007, Willdenowia 38: ex D. Don) Benth.; Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr.;
363–410. 2008. Satureja biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Briq.; Satureja
Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Benth. biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Briq. forma discolor Maire;
(Clinopodium biflorum (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kuntze; Satureja biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Briq. forma nana
Micromeria biflora var. indica Elly Walther & K.H. Walther; Maire; Satureja contardoi (K. Schum.) Garcia; Satureja
Satureja biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Briq.; Thymus imbricata (Forssk.) Briq.; Thymus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex D.
biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Don; Thymus imbricatus Forssk.)
China, India. Africa, Himalaya.
See Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 112. 1825, Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 378. See Species Plantarum 2: 567–568, 590–592. 1753, Fl.
1834, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 515. 1891, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3a): Aegypt.-Arab.: 108. 1775, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis
299. 1896 and Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant 112. 1825, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1282. 1829,
Families Database. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Labiatarum Genera et Species fasc. 4: 378–379. 1834, Revis.
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2003 [as Micromeria imbricata.] Gen. Pl. 2: 515. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
IV(3a): 301. 1895 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum
(Paste of the roots antiseptic, for infections, boils. Leaves
Regni Vegetabilis 11(286–290): 298. 1912, Journal of
juice aromatic and carminative, in stomachache. Veterinary
Palynology 17: 93–102. 1981, Revue de Cytologie et de
medicine, plant paste used in worm-infested wounds in cattle.)
Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 7: 5–16. 1984, Proceedings
in English: Indian wild thyme of the Indian Academy of Sciences 94: 619–626. 1985
in India: bhaneri, jagan, jungli ajwan, mondair (Carminative, astringent, decoction for dysentery, colds and
coughs.)
Micromeria douglasii Benth. (Clinopodium douglasii
(Benth.) Kuntze; Micromeria barbata Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C. Chr. var. imbricata
Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) Greene; Micromeria (Clinopodium biflorum (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kuntze;
2502 Microsorum Link Polypodiaceae

Micromeria biflora (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) Bentham; Micromeria varia Benth. subsp. thymoides (Sol. ex Lowe)
Micromeria biflora Baker; Micromeria forsskalii Benth.; P. Pérez (Micromeria thymoides (Sol. ex Lowe) Webb &
Micromeria ovata Becker ex Hook.f.; Micromeria ovata var. Berthel.; Satureja ericifolia subsp. thymoides (Sol. ex Lowe)
cinereotomentosa A. Rich.; Micromeria perrottetii Gand.; R.H. Willemse; Satureja thymoides Sol. ex Lowe; Satureja
Satureja biflora Briquet; Satureja biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. varia subsp. thymoides (Sol. ex Lowe) A. Hansen & Sunding)
Don) Briq.; Satureja ovata R.Br.; Thymus biflorus Buchanan-
Europe.
Hamilton ex D. Don; Thymus cavaleriei H. Léveillé)
See Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. iv. (1831) 19. 1831, Labiat.
Africa, Asia, Himalaya. Species extremely variable
Gen. Spec. 374. 1834, Hist. Nat. Îles Canaries (Phytogr.). 3:
See Species Plantarum 2: 567–568, 590–592. 1753, Prodromus 71. 1844 and Rev. Gen. Micromeria Reg. Macaronesica 185.
Florae Nepalensis 112. 1825, Edwards’s Botanical Register 1978, Willdenowia 21: 84. 1991, Sommerfeltia 17: 7. 1993
15: pl. 1282. 1829, Labiatarum Genera et Species fasc. 4:
(Whole branches as a remedy for respiratory disorders.)
378–379. 1834, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 515. 1891, Die Natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien IV(3a): 299–301. 1895[1896] and Flora
of Tropical Africa 5: 452. 1900, Repertorium Specierum
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11(286–290): 298. 1912, Bull.
Microsorum Link Polypodiaceae
Soc. Bot. France 65: 67. 1918, Dansk Bot. Ark. 4(3): 21. From the Greek mikros ‘small, tiny’ and soros ‘a ves-
1922, Journal of Palynology 17: 93–102. 1981, Revue de sel for holding anything, a cinerary urn, a coffin’ but also
Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 7: 5–16. ‘a heap’ from Akkadian sarru, zarru ‘heap of grain’, zaru
1984, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 94: ‘to winnow’, za’ru, zeru ‘seed of cereals’, see Berlinisches
619–626. 1985 Jahrbuch fur die Pharmacie und fur die Damit Verbundenen
Wissenschaften 21: 45. 1820, Flora 8(2, Beil.): 48. 1825,
(Plant paste applied to treat wounds. Decoction used
Reinwardt, Caspar Georg Carl (1773–1854), Nova planta-
for abdominal distension, dysentery, colds and coughs.
rum indicarum genera. in: Sylloge Plantarum Novarum
Veterinary medicine, plant applied to worm-infested wounds
… Soc. Reg. Bot. Ratisbonensi [Regensburg], 2, pp. 1–15.
in cattle.)
1828, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis [Link] 2: 110.
in English: two-flower micromeria 1833, Filicum Species 116, 135. 1841, Abhandlungen der
Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
in China: jiang wei cao, jiang wei cao shu
ser. 5 6: 506–507. 1851 and The Philippine journal of sci-
in Nepal: masinomran ence. Section C, botany. Manila 6: 91. 1911, Bulletin du
Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 23: 7. 1916, Orchid
Micromeria punctata Benth. (Micromeria biflora (Buch.-
Review 25(291): 50–51. 1917, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 6(3):
Ham. ex D. Don) Benth. var. punctata (Benth.) Fiori;
73. 1929, Botanical Magazine 43: 6. 1929, Amer. Fern J. 20.
Micromeria ovata Benth.; Micromeria punctata Benth.;
129. 1930, Journal of Japanese Botany 11: 98. 1935, Genera
Micromeria purtschelleri Gürke; Micromeria purtschel-
Filicum: The Genera of Ferns 198, t. 7. 1947, Taxon 13: 67.
leri Gürke ex Engl.; Micromeria quartiniana A. Rich.;
1964, Webbia 28(2): 457. 1973.
Micromeria schimperi Vatke; Satureja ovata (Benth.) R.Br.
ex Pic.Serm.; Satureja punctata (Benth.) Briq.; Satureja Microsorum hymenodes (Kunze) Ching (Lepidomicrosorium
punctata (Benth.) R.Br. ex Briq.; Satureja punctata R.Br., hymenodes (Kunze) L. Shi & X.C. Zhang; Microsorium
nom. nud.; Satureja punctata subsp. ovata (Benth.) Seybold; hymenodes (Kunze) Ching; Microsorum hymenodes Ching;
Satureja punctata subsp. punctata; Satureja punctata var. Polypodium hymenodes Kunze)
rigida (K. Schum.) Garcia; Satureja punctata var. rigida
China, Nepal.
Pic.Serm.; Satureja quartiniana (A. Rich.) Cufod.; Satureja
schimperi (Vatke) Cufod.) See Linnaea 23: 279, 319. 1850 and Bulletin of the Fan
Memorial Institute of Biology: 4(10): 295, 301. 1933, Acta
Trop. Africa.
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 37(5): 518–519. 1999
See Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1282. 1829,
(Plant juice given as febrifuge.)
Labiatarum Genera et Species 378. 1834, Über die
Hochgebirgsflora des tropischen Afrika 365. 1891[1892] in Nepal: lahare unyu
[Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1891. 365. 1892], Die Natürlichen
Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. (Acrostichum punctatum
Pflanzenfamilien IV. 3a: 299. 1896 and Flora of Tropical
L.; Acrostichum punctatum L.f.; Aspidium microcarpon Fée,
Africa 5: 452. 1900, Miss. Stud. Lago Tana 7(1): 124, 217.
nom. illeg.; Aspidium microcarpon Blume; Colysis irioides
1951, Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk., A 421: 31. 1988, Anales del
(Poir.) J. Sm.; Drynaria irioides (Poir.) J. Sm.; Drynaria poly-
Jardín Botánico de Madrid 48: 90–91. 1990, Opera Botanica
carpa Brack.; Microsorum irioides (Poir.) Fée; Microsorum
121: 159–172. 1993
irregulare Link; Microsorum neoguineense (Copel.) Copel.;
(Stomachic, antiseptic, for skin diseases.) Microsorum polycarpon (Cav.) Tardieu; Microsorum sessile
Microstachys A. Juss. Euphorbiaceae 2503

(Kaulf. ex Kunze) Fée; Microsorum sessile Fée; Microsorum in Yoruba: ida

subirideum (H. Christ) Copel.; Microsorum superficiale
Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel. (Microsorum
var. australiense (F.M. Bailey) S.B. Andrews; Microsorum
scolopendria Copel.; Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.f.)
validum (Copel.) Ching; Niphobolus polycarpus (Cav.)
Ching; Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic. Serm.;
Spreng.; Niphobolus polycarpus Spreng.; Phymatodes iri-
Polypodium scolopendrium Burm.f.)
oides (Poir.) C. Presl; Phymatodes lingulata (Sw.) C. Presl;
Phymatodes polycarpus (Cav.) C. Presl; Phymatodes ses- Pacific.
silis (Kaulf. ex Kunze) C. Presl; Pleopeltis irioides (Poir.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1082–1094. 1753, Flora Indica
T. Moore; Pleopeltis millisora (Baker) Alderw.; Pleopeltis
… nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 232. 1768, Hortus
neoguineensis (Copel.) Alderw.; Pleopeltis polycarpa (Cav.)
Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 110. 1833, Tentamen
T. Moore; Pleopeltis punctata (L.) Bedd.; Pleopeltis ses-
Pteridographiae 195–196, pl. 8, f. 9–12, 14–16, 18–20.
silis (Kaulf. ex Kunze) T. Moore; Pleopeltis valida (Copel.)
1836 and University of California Publications in Botany
Alderw.; Polypodium ambiguum Blume, nom. illeg.;
16(2): 112. 1929, Contributions from the Institute of Botany,
Polypodium aspidistrifrons Hayata; Polypodium crassinerve
National Academy of Peiping 2(3): 63. 1933, Webbia 28(2):
Schumach.; Polypodium crassinerve Blume; Polypodium iri-
457, 460. 1973
oides Poir.; Polypodium irioides fo. cristatum F.M. Bailey;
Polypodium lingulatum Sw.; Polypodium millisorum Baker; (Pounded leaves used for filariasis and boils. Plant paste
Polypodium neoguineense Copel.; Polypodium polycarpon along with leaves of Clerodendrum paniculatum L. and
Cav.; Polypodium polycarpon Sw.; Polypodium punctatum Sterculia rubiginosa given to check the flow of blood with
(L.) Sw.; Polypodium punctatum subsp. subdrynariaceum H. urine. Young fronds in chronic diarrhea. Fronds spread on
Christ; Polypodium punctatum subsp. subirideum H. Christ; the bed to keep off bedbugs.)
Polypodium punctatum var. subdrynariaceum (H. Christ)
in English: wart fern, water fern
Alderw.; Polypodium punctatum var. subirideum (H. Christ)
Alderw.; Polypodium sessile Kaulf. ex Kunze; Polypodium in Tonga: laufale
superficiale var. australiense F.M. Bailey; Polypodium vali-
dum Copel.)
Microstachys A. Juss. Euphorbiaceae
China.
From the Greek mikros ‘small, tiny’ and stachys ‘spike’, refer-
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1524. 1763,
ring to the male flowers, see Species Plantarum 2: 980–981.
Supplementum Plantarum n. 444. 1781, Encyclopédie
1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1288. 1759, Systema
Méthodique, Botanique 5(1): 513–514. 1804, Systema
Naturae, ed. 12 2: 611, 637. 1767, Neue Entdeckungen im
Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 4(1): 45. 1827,
Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 118, pl. 3. 1820[1821],
Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 2: 125, 142. 1828, Hortus
Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … 1: 66. 1824, De
Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 110. 1833, Tentamen
Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viribus
Pteridographiae 198. 1836, Journal of Botany, being a sec-
tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18 illustratum 48, t. 15. 1824 and
ond series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 398. 1841, Mémoires
Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 73(2): 155–
sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 268. 1852, United States
281. 2002, Flora of Thailand 8(2): 305–592. 2007.
Exploring Expedition. Botany. Cryptogamia. Filices 44–45.
1854, Historia Filicum 101. 1875, Supplement to the Ferns Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Müll.Arg. (Cnemidostachys
of Southern India and British India 22. 1876 and Malayan chamaelaea (L.) Spreng.; Cnemidostachys chamaelaea
Ferns 654. 1908, Bulletin du Département de l’Agriculture Spreng.; Cnemidostachys linearifolia Miq.; Elachocroton
aux Indes Néerlandaises 27: 8. 1909, Icones plantarum for- asperococcum F. Muell.; Excoecaria chamaela (L.) Baill.;
mosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosa- Excoecaria chamelaea Baill.; Excoecaria chamelaea (L.)
nam. 5: 308–309, f. 123a,b. 1915, Malayan Ferns and Fern Baill.; Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Hook.f.; Sebastiania
Allies … Supplement I 390. 1917, University of California chamaelea (L.) Müll.Arg.; Sebastiania chamaelea var. afri-
Publications in Botany 16(2): 111. 1929, Bulletin of the Fan cana Pax & K. Hoffm.; Sebastiania chamaelea var. aspero-
Memorial Institute of Biology 4(10): 295. 1933, Flore de cocca (F. Muell.) Pax; Sebastiania chamaelea var. chariensis
Madagascar et des Comores 5(2): 114. 1960, Genera Filicum Beille; Stillingia asperococca (F. Muell.) Baill.; Stillingia
196–197. 1947, Austrobaileya 1: 12. 1977, Proc. Roy. Soc. asperococca Müll.Arg.; Stillingia chamaelea Müll.Arg.;
Edinburgh, Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 86: 471–472. 1985, Indian Fern Stillingia chamaelea (L.) Müll.Arg.; Tragia chamaelea L.)
J. 5: 162–169. 1988, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 52(2): 125–133.
Tropics and Subtropics, Africa and Asia. Herb
2001, Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 839–937. 2002
See Species Plantarum 2: 981. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium,
(Rhizome antibacterial. Leaves purgative, diuretic, wound
editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 3: 835. 1826, Hooker’s
healing.)
Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 9: 17. 1857,
in English: climbing bird’s-nest fern, crested fern Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 517. 1858, Fl.
2504 Microstemon Engl. Anacardiaceae

Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 3: 460. 1861, Linnaea 32: 95. 1863, 199–213. 1983, Flórulas de las Zonas de Vida del Ecuador
Adansonia 4: 323. 1864, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis 1–512. 1985, Rapid Assessment Program Working Papers
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2.2): 1161, 1175. 1866, Linnaea 1: 1–108. 1991 [A biological assessment of the Alto Madidi
32: 95. 1893 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57(8): 128. 1910, Das region and adjacent areas of Northwest Bolivia], Flora of
Pflanzenreich 52(IV. 147. V): 116–117. 1912, Proc. Indian Ecuador 46: 1–43. 1993
Sci. Congr. Assoc. (IV, A) 67: 36. 1980, Taxon 29: 715–716.
(Expectorant, antiinflammatory, decoction or infusion for
1980, Taxon 31: 597–598. 1982
cough, heart, inflamed areas, colds, flu, fever, whooping
(Young twigs and leaves cooked with meat and vegetables cough.)
and eaten as postpartum remedy.)
in English: flat-of-the-earth
in Borneo: daun merayat
in China: di yang tao
Microtoena Prain Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
From the Greek mikros ‘small’ and tainia ‘fillet, band’, an
Microstemon Engl. Anacardiaceae allusion to the small bands in the corolla, see Hooker’s Icon.
From the Greek mikros ‘small, tiny’ and stemon ‘thread, Pl. 19: t. 1872. 1889 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 10(1):
filament’, see Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, 43, 47, 52–53. 1965, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 66:
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 1(4): 376. 1881. 579. 1977, The Journal of Japanese Botany 58: 1–13. 1983,
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165: 315–327. 2011.
Microstemon velutina Engl. (Microstemon velutinus Engl.)
Microtoena omeiensis C.Y. Wu & S.J. Hsuan
Malacca.
China.
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 1(4): 376. 1881 See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 10(1): 51–52. 1965

(For ringworm and skin diseases apply the oil from the (Used for colds and rheumatism.)
seeds.) in English: Omei Mountain microtoena
Malay name: pelong in China: e mei guan chun hua
Microtoena patchoulii (C.B. Clarke ex J.D. Hooker) C.Y.
Microtea Sw. Phytolaccaceae Wu & Hsuan (Microtoena cymosa Prain; Microtoena insua-
vis Prain ex Dunn; Microtoena insuavis (Hance) Prain ex
Perhaps from the Greek mikros ‘small, tiny’ and ous, otos Dunn, nom. illeg.; Plectranthus patchoulii C.B. Clarke ex
‘an ear’ or mikrotes ‘smallness’, referring to the tiny flow- J.D. Hooker)
ers, some suggested from thea ‘a seeing, looking at, view, a
sight’, see Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus China, Himalaya, India. An aromatic herb
(Swartz) 4, 53. 1788 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 192–202. 1946, See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 4(12): 624.
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: i-ix, 1–246. 1885, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 19: t. 1872. 1889 and Notes Roy.
2000, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 6: 188. 1915, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
Botanical Garden 85(3): 1924–1928. 2001, Monogr. Syst. 10(1): 44. 1965, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 894–902. 2007, Willdenowia 165: 315–327. 2011
39(2): 223. 2009.
(Used for coughs, asthma, abdominal pain and enteritis.)
Microtea debilis Sw. (Microtea debilis var. ovata Moq.;
Microtea debilis var. ovata Delile ex Moq.; Microtea debi- in English: Chinese patchouly, patchouli microtoena
lis var. rhombifolia Moq.; Microtea ovata Delile; Microtea in China: dian nan guan chun hua
ovata Delile ex Moq., nom. inval.; Schollera debilis (Sw.) J.B.
Rohr; Schollera debilis Rohr) Microtoena pauciflora C.Y. Wu (Microtoena pauciflora
C.Y. Wu ex Hsuan)
Tropical America, West Indies. Annual low weedy herb,
lax branches, small white flowers in lax terminal spike-like China. This species may only be a variety of Microtoena
racemes, fruit covered with spine-like tubercles patchoulii
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 4, See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 10(1): 44–45, pl. 11. 1965,
53. 1788, Tentamen Florae Germanicae 1: 165, 170. 1788, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165: 315–327. 2011
Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet 2: 210. 1792, Prodromus
(Stomachic, astringent.)
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 17. 1849 and
Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: in China: shao hua guan chun hua
Mikania Willd. Asteraceae 2505

Mikania Willd. Asteraceae Mikania chenopodifolia Willd; Mikania chenopodiifolia

Willd.; Mikania cordata B.L. Rob.; Mikania cordata auct.,
For the Bohemian botanist Joseph Gottfried Mikan, 1743– sensu Hilliard, non DC., nec (Burm.f.) B.L. Rob., misap-
1814, his works include Catalogus plantarum omnium. plied name; Mikania natalensis DC.; Mikania scandens
Pragae 1776 and Dispensatorium oder Arzneiverzeichniss für (L.) Willd.; Mikania scandens var. pubescens (Muhlenberg)
Arme, zusammengetragen von der medizinischen Fakultät Torrey & A. Gray; Mikania volubilis (Vahl) Willd.)
… Prag. Herausgegeben von J.G.M. Prag 1786. Some suggest
the genus was dedicated to Johann Christian Mikan (1769– India. Climber, herbaceous, scrambling, leaves cordate-
1844), son of Joseph Gottfried Mikan, botanist, entomologist, ovate, whitish heads, young leaves and shoots used as veg-
author of Delectus florae et faunae brasiliensis. Vindobonae etable, aggressive weed
1820[–1825] and Monographia Bombyliorum Bohemiae, See Species Plantarum 2: 836–839. 1753, Flora Indica …
iconibus illustrata. Pragae 1796; see Species Plantarum 2: nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 176, t. 58, f. 2. 1768,
836. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] Symbolae Botanicae, … 3: 93. 1794, Species Plantarum.
3(3): 1481, 1742–1748. 1803 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Editio quarta 3: 1742–1748. 1803, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
Notes upon Botanists. 2: 488. 1965, Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Botanique Suppl. 2: 606. 1812, Prodromus Systematis
Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 198. 1836, FBI 3: 244. 1881
63: 862–888. 1976, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108: 467–471. and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
1981, Frans A. Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. University 104: 65. 1934, Botanische Jahrbücher für
3: 481–483. 1981, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 751. 103: 211–246. 1982, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 1–177.
Stuttgart 1993, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 581–592. 1995, 1988, Glimpses of Cytogenetics in India 2: 293–298. 1989,
H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993
Pflanzennamen. 385–386. 1996, Compositae Syst. [ed. Hind
& Beentje] 1: 624. 1996, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. (Plant decoction drunk to facilitate labor, also for washing
1997, Compositae Newsl. 40: 64–68. 2003. septic wounds; whole plant in amebic dysentery. Stem sap for
headache, stomachache. Leaves antiinflammatory, analgesic,
Mikania capensis DC. (Mikania dioscoreaefolia DC.; used to treat coughs and itch; leaves of Blumea sessiliflora,
Mikania dioscoreaefolia var. bojeri DC.; Mikania dioscore- Blumea balsamifera, Mikania cordata and Blumea lanceo-
aefolia var. crenata DC.; Mikania floribunda Bojer ex DC.; laria boiled in water and the decoction used for bathing to
Mikania oxyota DC.; Mikania thunbergioides Bojer ex DC.) cure bodyache; leaves pounded with leaves of Merremia
East Africa. Shrub, vine, twining, scrambler, climber, cor- umbellata and applied on cuts; pounded leaves applied on
date leaves, axes of the inflorescence and involucre light ulcers infested with worms; crushed leaves applied on fresh
green, corolla white tinged very light purple, in open area, at cuts to stop bleeding; paste of leaves applied on forehead for
the edge of montane forest, at forest edge headache; for bone fracture, paste of crushed fresh leaves
applied to the broken part; leaf juice in dysentery, vomiting,
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(3): 1742–1748. 1803, stomachache, sore eyes, applied to cuts, axe or knife wounds,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 198. snakebites, scorpion bite. Leaves piscicide.)
1836 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 103: 211–246. 1982 in Congo: oyiligui, oyilu

(Leaves for urinary complaints and venereal diseases.) in Yoruba: akoeela, iyawa, oje dudu, okorowu

in South Africa: umDlonzo (Zulu) in Bangladesh: tara lota

Mikania carteri Baker (Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. in India: german-lata, han-richang, nari, ranusinga,
var. laciniata Hutch. & Dalziel; Mikania tropaeolifolia rikang-phar
O. Hoffm.) Malay name: selepat tungau
Ghana. in Papua New Guinea: hawec muc
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(3): 1743. 1803, Revisio Mikania hookeriana DC. (Mikania badieri DC.; Mikania
Generum Plantarum 1: 371. 1891, Bulletin of Miscellaneous badieri var. kittsiana Urb.; Mikania hookeriana var. bad-
Information Kew 1895: 106. 1895, Botanische Jahrbücher ieri (DC.) B.L. Rob.; Mikania hookeriana var. cardiophylla
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie B.L. Rob.; Mikania hookeriana var. crassicaulis Steyerm.;
24: 468. 1898 and Flora of West Tropical Africa 2: 172. 1931 Mikania hookeriana var. kittsiana B.L. Rob.; Mikania
hookeriana var. platyphylla (DC.) B.L. Rob.; Mikania
(Alkaloids.)
imrayana Griseb.; Mikania platyphylla DC.; Mikania
Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L. Robinson (Eupatorium che- sanjacintensis V.M. Badillo; Mikania vitrea B.L. Rob.;
nopodifolium (Willd.) Poir.; Eupatorium cordatum Burm.f.; Willoughbya imrayana (Griseb.) Kuntze; Willoughbya
Eupatorium scandens Linnaeus; Eupatorium volubile Vahl; platyphylla (DC.) Kuntze)
2506 Milicia Sim Moraceae

Guyana, Peru. Phytologia Memoirs 11: 1–272. 1997, Memoirs of the New
York Botanical Garden 85: i-ix, 1–246. 2000, Compositae
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5:
Newsletter 37: i-iii, 1–84. 2001, Listados Florísticos de
195. 1836 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of
México 22: 1–55. 2001, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco
Harvard University 61: 22. 1920, Contributions from the
Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 104: 52. 1934
Cap. 5: 111–144. 2005
(For malaria, syphilis, snakebites, indigestion and skin
(Hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anticancer, hemostatic.
ulcers.)
Tender shoots eaten for indigestion and constipation. Stem
Mikania micrantha Kunth (Eupatorium denticulatum Vahl; squeezed, mixed with ginger rhizomes and eaten to give
Eupatorium orinocense (Kunth) M. Gomez; Kleinia alata relief to colds, malaria, stomachache and headache. Leaf
G. Mey.; Mikania alata (G. Mey.) DC.; Mikania cynanchi- juice applied on cuts and wounds; the rhizome of Curcuma
folia fo. intermedia B.L. Rob.; Mikania denticulata (Vahl) longa and the leaves of Mikania micrantha crushed and the
Willd.; Mikania glechomifolia Sch. Bip. ex Baker, nom. nud.; juice taken against sores, ulcers; Amorphophallus bulbi-
Mikania micrantha fo. hirsuta (Hieron.) B.L. Rob.; Mikania fer rhizome paste mixed with leaves of Litsea monopetala
orinocensis Kunth; Mikania scandens var. alata (G. Mey.) and Mikania micrantha applied externally in stomachache;
Baker; Mikania scandens var. hirsuta Hieron.; Mikania leaves decoction a remedy for dysentery; leaves boiled with
scandens var. subcymosa (Gardner) Baker; Mikania scan- those of Vitex peduncularis taken against fever. For snake-
dens var. umbellifera (Gardner) Baker; Mikania scandens bites, the fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox), and scorpion stings,
var. villosa Hieron.; Mikania sinuata Rusby; Mikania subcre- leaves crushed up in a rag and applied as a poultice to the
nata Hook. & Arn.; Mikania subcymosa Gardner; Mikania wound; young leaves infusion an antidote for snakebites and
umbellifera Gardner; Willoughbya micrantha (Kunth) Rusby; for treating syphilis.)
Willoughbya scandens var. orinocensis (Kunth) Kuntze)
in English: bitter vine, Chinese creeper, mile-a-minute
Venezuela, South America. Vine, scrambling, twining,
in Papua New Guinea: gepakuri
climbing, many-branched, slender stemmed, heart-shaped
leaves, white or greenish minute fragrant flowers, glandular in Guyana: bitter-tally
achenes, linear-oblong black seeds, weedy
in India: german pula, germanlata, japan-hlo, japan-nha,
See Species Plantarum 2: 836–839. 1753, The Gardeners japan-za, jermapakistan, momoshathap, tarig
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 44. 1754, Symbolae
in Papua New Guinea: gepakuri, matapa, vaikana
Botanicae, … 3: 93. 1794, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
3(3): 1742–1748. 1803, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … Mikania parviflora (Aubl.) H. Karst. (Eupatorium amarum
249. 1818, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) Vahl; Eupatorium parviflorum Aubl.; Mikania amara (Vahl)
4: 105. 1820 [1818], Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Willd.; Mikania divaricata Poepp.; Mikania loretensis B.L.
(quarto ed.) 4: 134. 1820, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Rob.; Mikania stipitata Sch. Bip. ex Miq.; Willoughbya
Regni Vegetabilis 5: 197. 1836, Companion to the Botanical divaricata Kuntze; Willoughbya divaricata (Poepp.) Kuntze;
Magazine 1: 243. 1836, London Journal of Botany 4: Willoughbya parviflora (Aubl.) Kuntze; Willoughbya par-
109. 1845, London Journal of Botany 6: 448. 1847, Flora viflora Kuntze; Willoughbya stipitata Kuntze; Willoughbya
Brasiliensis 6(2): 249–250. 1876, Diccionario botánico de stipitata (Sch. Bip. ex Miq.) Kuntze)
los nombres vulgares cubanos y puerto-riqueños 55. 1889, South America.
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 371–372. 1891, Botanische
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 797–
Pflanzengeographie 19: 47. 1894, Memoirs of the Torrey 799, 4: tab. 315. 1775, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-
Botanical Club 4(3): 211. 1895 and Botanische Jahrbücher medicinische Botanik… 1061. 1880–1883[1883], Revisio
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie Generum Plantarum 1: 372. 1891
36: 473. 1905, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of (Used to lower fever.)
Harvard University 64: 43. 1922, Arkiv för Botanik utgivet av
K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 24(8): 33. 1932, Annals of
the Missouri Botanical Garden 63: 862–888. 1976, Fieldiana,
Milicia Sim Moraceae
Botany 24(12): 32–128, 466–482. 1976, American Journal
of Botany 66: 173–178. 1979, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series Named for Mr. Milicia, administrator in Mozambique;
9: 1–56. 1982, Caldasia 14(66): 7–20. 1984, Darwiniana 25: see Ventenat, Étienne Pierre (1757–1808), Tableau du
217–226. 1984, Ciencia e Cultura (Sao Paulo) 38: 851–852. regne végétal, selon la méthode de Jussieu. 3: 547. Paris,
1986, Cytologia 52: 551–558. 1987, American Journal of Del’imprimerie de J. Drisonnier, an VII [1799], The Genera
Botany 75: 652–668. 1988, Annals of the Missouri Botanical of North American Plants 2: 233–235. 1818, Voy. Uranie,
Garden 76: 1004–1011. 1989, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. Bot. 508, in nota. 1830 [6 Mar 1830], Genera Plantarum
1990, Revista de Biología Tropical 43(1–3): 75–115. 1995, ad Familias Suas Redacta 13. 1835, Histoire des Plantes 6:
Milicia Sim Moraceae 2507

193. 1875 and Forest Fl. Port. E. Afr. 97. 1909, Bulletin du in English: African oak, African teak, cokewood, counter
Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 47(3–4): 267–407. wood, East African teak, iroko, mulberry, Nigerian teak,
1977, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 52(1–2): 225–229. 1982, J. Vivien rock elm
& J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale.
in French: chêne d’Afrique, teck d’Afrique
Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. Paris 1985,
Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique centrale. CTA, Ede/ in Angola: amoreira, kamba, kambula, makamba, mercira,
Wageningen 1989, Fl. Zambesiaca 9(6): 13–76. 1991. moreira, mova, mukamba-kamba, mukuma, sanga
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg (Chlorophora alba A. in Burundi: mukamba, muyula
Chev.; Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth.; Chlorophora
in Cameroon: abang, abeng, adoum, bang, bangi, beng, bing,
excelsa Benth. & Hook.f.; Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.)
Benth. & Hook.f.; Chlorophora tenuifolia Engl.; Maclura eloum, emang, menangi, mokongo, momangi, ntong
excelsa (Welw.) Bureau; Milicia africana Sim; Morus in Central African Republic: bangi, bangui, mobangi, moban-
excelsa Welw.) gui, mofousa
Tropical Africa. Tree, bole straight, stem dark green, slash in Congo: bangi, bokongo, bolondo, bolondu, bwagashanga,
with copious dull white latex, twigs tinged blue-brown with dondo, epunga, kalanda kakunze, kamba, kamba-kamba,
brown-grey lenticels, corolla white-cream, spikes green, stig- kambala, lebia, lusanga, malamu, mbara, molondu, molongo,
mas pale green, flower buds pale yellow-green, dense pendu- mpunga, mufula (muvula = rain), mukamba, mukobakoba
lous inflorescence, ripe fruits and cooked young leaves eaten, mukunze, mulundu, musongwe, muvulu, nagwande, nkamba,
gorillas eat leaves and fruit, forest tree, used for timber, iroko punga, sanga, sanga-sanga, ulundu, uposhu
gall flies, closely related to Milicia regia
in Dahomey: roco, rocco, rokko
See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753, The Genera of North
American Plants 2: 233. 1818, Voyage autour du Monde, in Eastern Africa: mbang, mgonda, mufula, mvule
entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S. in Gabon: aban, abang, abang heli, eloun, kambala, mandji,
M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne … Botanique 509. 1826 [1830], nkolo, nombo, odum
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: 69. 1869,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 231. in Ghana: ala, edid, elunli, eluwi, erui, iroko, kusaba, odoum,
1873, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(1): 363. odum
1880, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ in Ivory Coast: agui, akede, ala, bakana, bang, bonzo, bouzu,
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 139. 1894 and Forest di, diedie, dou, edoum, egouzi, elui, elwi, guenle, guenlo,
Flora and Forest Resources of Portuguese East Africa 97. guento, iroko, monangi, mui, muui, n’di, odoum, odum, roko,
1909, E. Torday and T.A. Joyce, Notes ethnographiques sili, simme
sur les Peuples communement … Bakuba, ainsi sur les …
Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910, Bulletin de la Société Botanique in Liberia: ge-ay, kambalo, semli
de France 58(Mém. 8d): 209. 1912 [1911 publ. 1912], J. van
in Nigeria: iroko, loko, oji, oloko, oroko, uloko, reko zhiko,
Wing, Études Bakongo. Bruxelles 1959, Efraim Andersson,
rokko; loko (Hausa); roko (Nupe); iroko (Yoruba); uloko
Contribution à l’Ethnographie des Kuta. Uppsala 1974,
(Edo); olokpata (Ijaw); uno (Urhobo); uroko (Itsekiri); oji
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 52(1–
(Igbo); nsan (Ekoi); osan (Boki)
2): 225–229. 1982, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 78(1):
59–66. 2001, Pharmaceutical Biology 43(9): 746–748. 2005 in Portug. E. Africa: magundo, mgunde
(The wood and sawdust may cause dermatitis, irritation to in Senegal: toumbohiro noir
nose and throat, and asthmatic reactions. Fresh latex irritant.
Bark galactagogue, febrifuge, aphrodisiac, antiinflamma- in Sierra Leone: sime
tory, tonic, purgative used to treat toothache, stomachache, in Tanzania: mpungapunga, mvule
piles, diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain, cough, asthma,
heart trouble, lumbago, rheumatism, sprains, edema, asci- in Togo: logo asagu, odum, ssare, ssere, ukloba
tes, venereal diseases, dysmenorrhea, gonorrhea, scabies,
wounds, fever. Leaves eaten to treat insanity; leaf maceration in Tropical Africa: oroko
drunk as a galactagogue. Leaf and bark extract fungicidal, in Uganda: mutumba, muvule, mvule
antiseptic, antibacterial, antidote. Latex used as an oral appli-
cation to aid the extraction of carious teeth, also applied to in W. Africa: iroko, mbang
itch, wounds, burns, gonorrhea, stomach complaints, sores, Milicia regia (A. Chev.) C.C. Berg (Chlorophora regia A.
eczema. Root decoction taken to treat female sterility; root Chev.; Maclura regia (A. Chev.) Corner)
and stem bark decoction taken as an aphrodisiac. Magic, rit-
ual, ceremonial, often considered a sacred tree, foliage used Tropical Africa. Tree, latex, flowers yellowish-green, edible
as a fetish.) fruit, closely related to Milicia excelsa
2508 Miliusa Leschen. ex A. DC. Annonaceae

See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(Mém. 8d): 209. 1912 [1911 in India: chalaw-araung
publ. 1912], The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 19: 237. 1962,
Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) J. Sinclair
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 52(1–2):
227. 1982 India. Tree, young branches tomentose, purple flowers, ripe
(The wood and sawdust may cause dermatitis, irritation to fruits eaten
nose and throat, and asthmatic reactions. Fresh latex irritant. See Gard. Bull. Singapore 14: 378. 1955
Bark galactagogue, febrifuge, aphrodisiac, antiinflammatory,
tonic, purgative used to treat toothache, stomachache, piles, (Fruit juice anti-diuretic. Bark decoction given internally in
diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain, cough, asthma, heart the treatment of rheumatism; bark decoction as gargle for
trouble, lumbago, rheumatism, sprains, edema, ascites, vene- mouth sores; stembark paste applied in paralysis. Leaf paste
real diseases, dysmenorrhea, gonorrhea, scabies, wounds, applied for healing of wounds. Leaves used as fish poison.)
fever. Leaves eaten to treat insanity; leaf maceration drunk as in English: karee gum
a galactagogue. Leaf and bark extract fungicidal, antiseptic,
antibacterial, antidote. Latex antiseptic, healing, applied to in India: barre dudduga, barre duduga, budda dudduga, bud-
itch, wounds, burns, gonorrhea, stomach complaints, sores, dadudduga, dudduga, gaadidalotta, gadidalotta, gopali, hes-
eczema. Root decoction taken to treat female sterility; root sare, hoom, humb, hummas, humph, kaladri, kamarakoru,
and stem bark decoction taken as an aphrodisiac. Magic, kanakkaitha, kari, kari hessare, karri, kirua, nalla chika
ritual, ceremonial, often considered a sacred tree.) dudi, patmo, pedda chiluka, pedda chiluka dudduga, sanhes-
are, umbh, umbio, vhumb
in English: African oak, African teak, cokewood, counter
wood, East African teak, iroko, mulberry, Nigerian teak, Miliusa velutina (Dunal) Hook. f. & Thomson (Guatteria
rock elm velutina (Dunal) A. DC.; Uvaria velutina Dunal)
India.
Miliusa Leschen. ex A. DC. Annonaceae See Species Plantarum 1: 536. 1753, Monographie de la
famille des Anonacées 91. 1817, Flora Indica: being a sys-
Possibly the genus was named after the Italian botanist
tematic account of the plants . . 1: 151. 1855
Josephus Mylius, author of De hortorum cultura. Brixiae
1574, or dedicated to Joannes Mylius, 1585–1618, physician (Used in Ayurveda. Bark purgative.)
and philosopher in Hessen, author of Antidotarium Medico-
in India: anachae, ance, anchae, anche, anchehessare, anchey,
Chymicum Reformatum. Francofurti 1620, or from Latin
anje, chopar chilla, dom-sal, domsal, dhuma saala hessare,
milium, ii ‘millet’ or from a vernacular name; see S.K. Jain
gandhasal, kanakaitha, kanakayitha, kanakkaita, kanaky-
& R.R. Rao, An Assessment of Threatened Plants of India.
itha, kanakytha, nalla dadduga, nalla dudduga, nalladaduga,
Proceedings of the seminar held at Dehra Dun, 14–17 Sept.,
nalladudduga, nalladudugu, pedda chilkadudi, pedda chiluka
1981. Howrah, Botanical Survey of India. 1983, M.P. Nayar,
dudduga, peddacilukadudduga, rsyaprokta, villoonni, vil-
Meaning of Indian Flowering Plant Names. 227. Dehra Dun
luni, viluni
1985, L.W. Jessup, “The genus Miliusa Leschen. ex A. DC.
(Annonaceae) in Australia.” in Austrobaileya. 2: 517–523.
1988, D. Mitra & P. Chakraborty, “Miliusa mukerjeeana
D. Mitra & Chakrab. (Annonaceae). A new species from
Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae (Millettieae)
Andaman & Nicobar Islands.” in Bull. Bot. Surv. India. Named after the British plant collector Dr. Charles Millett
33: 326–328, ill. 1994 [1991], J. S. China Agric. Univ. 18: of Canton, China, fl. 1825–1834, probably a physician, in
41–44. 1997. the 1830s (about 1825–1834) he was in the service of the
Honorable East India Company, he lived in Macao and
Miliusa roxburghiana Hook.f. & Thomson
Canton, Sri Lanka and Malabar, friend and correspondent
India, Himalayas. Tree, elliptic aromatic leaves, pink flowers, of W.J. Hooker, in 1830–1831 introduced some Chinese
oblong fruits plants into the Glasgow Botanical Gardens; see Robert
Wight and G. Arnott Walker Arnott, Prodromus florae
See Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson] 1: 150. 1855, FBI 1: 87.
Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. 263–264. London, 1834,
1872
Flora 27: 100. 1844 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier
(Seeds pounded with hot water and given in cholera. An du Museum de Paris 14(1): 72. 1950, Kew Bulletin 15(1):
extract of bark of Garcinia xanthochymus with bark of 27. 1961, James A. Baines, Australian Plant Genera. An
Miliusa roxburghiana and leaves of Ocimum sanctum given Etymological Dictionary of Australian Plant Genera. 240.
in alcoholic intoxication. A juice of Miliusa roxburghiana Chipping Norton, N.S.W. 1981. According to some authors
roots with roots of Solanum indicum given in muscular prob- the genus was named after the 18th century French botanist
lems. Magic, contact therapy, a piece of root tied on wrist J.A. Millet, see M.P. Nayar, Meaning of Indian Flowering
with red thread in fevers.) Plant Names. 227. Dehra Dun 1985.
Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae (Millettieae) 2509

Millettia aboensis (Hook. f.) Baker (Millettia aboensis Baker; See Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(1):
Millettia macrophylla var. aboensis Hook. f.; Phaseolodes 24–25. 1910
aboense (Baker) Kuntze; Phaseoloides aboensis Kuntze)
(Plants are poisonous but used in small amounts medicinally.)
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, purple corolla
Millettia brandisiana Kurz (Phaseolodes brandisianum
See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 2: 130. 1871, Revisio Generum (Kurz) Kuntze; Phaseoloides brandisiana Kuntze)
Plantarum 1: 201–202. 1891
Myanmar, Thailand. Perennial non-climbing tree
(Fruits and leaves for colds, headache, migraine.)
See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
in Nigeria: awo (Edo); kpukpumanya (Igbo) history 42(2): 69. 1873, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201.
1891 and Taxon 29: 355–357. 1980, J. Nat. Prod. 70(12):
Millettia auriculata Baker (Millettia auriculata Baker ex
1910–1914. 2007, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Brand.) 56(6): 835–838. 2008, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
India. Large woody climber, flat pubescent pods 17(3): 1181–1186. 2009
See Stewart, John Lindsay, The forest flora of north-west and (Antiinflammatory activity from the leaves.)
central India: a handbook of the indigenous trees and shrubs Millettia caudata (Benth.) Baker (Otosema caudata Benth.;
of those countries. Commenced by the late J. Lindsay Stewart. Phaseolodes caudatum (Baker) Kuntze; Phaseoloides cau-
Continued and completed by Dietrich Brandis. Prepared at data Kuntze)
the herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew. London, 1874
India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing shrub, straggling,
(Bedbugs killed by the roots. Magico-religious beliefs, rit- pinnate leaves, caudate leaflets, flowers in axillary racemes,
ual ceremonial, plant worshipped and offered to the deity; coriaceous pods
contact therapy, twigs applied to cure fevers. Veterinary
medicine, roots applied to sores and wounds to kill maggots. See Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 249. 1852, The Flora of
Powdered root as fish poison.) British India [J.D. Hooker] 2(4): 109. 1876, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 1: 201. 1891
in India: agya, autamala, gaj, gauj, gauja, gonja, gonjha, gurar,
gurur, haranari, hehel, helaranari, helharanari, kadachina, (Pounded mixture of leaves of Ixora acuminata with leaves
kisimala, kondatangedutige, makadsiadi, nasmata, nedi- of Millettia caudata and roots of Stauranthera grandifolia
bunda, rekorlo, salanghe, sana, senag, sindugaboddu, solan- applied on snakebite.)
gen, vallimuritali, vallimurittali, vallimuruthally in India: laung-la-tanap, longlatanap
in Nepal: gonjo Millettia championii Bentham (Callerya reticulata var.
Millettia barteri (Benth.) Dunn (Lonchocarpus barteri championii (Benth.) H. Sun.; Phaseolodes championii
Benth.) (Benth.) Kuntze; Phaseoloides championii Kuntze)

Sierra Leone, Sudan. Perennial climbing shrub, woody vine, Hong Kong. Perennial non-climbing shrub
erect or straggling shrub, liana, smelling, white-pink purple See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
flowers, gorillas eat the leaves 4: 74–75. 1852, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891 and
See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 4(Suppl.): 99. Flora Yunnanica 10: 404. 2006
1860 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 49: 221. (Stems and roots are poisonous but also used medicinally.)
1911, Kew Bulletin 15(1): 19–40. 1961
Millettia congolensis De Wild. & T. Durand
(Toxins. Bark for menstrual cycle, pulmonary troubles,
naso-pharyngeal affections; twigs emetic, laxatives. Fish Tropical Africa.
poisons, stem beaten and bark; vine pounded put in water See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 15. 1900, Ann.
as fish poison.) Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 3, 1(1): 61. 1901
in Cameroon: lomba (Fruits and leaves antiviral, febrifuge.)
in Central African Republic: lomba, mapowga Millettia conraui Harms
in Guinea: nambô Nigeria, Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree, violet to
whitish flowers
in Sierra Leone: asewuri, fantagbenombo, labo, ndaujo,
ndava-jo, nwaiuri, ra-sapo, tawun, yailo, yuko See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 33: 168. 1902, Chem.
Millettia bonatiana Pampanini
Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 55(9): 1402–1403. 2007, Pharmazie
China. 63(2): 164–168. 2008
2510 Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae (Millettieae)

(For estrogen deficiency and also for the treatment of intesti- (Rotenoids from the seeds larvicidal. Veterinary medicine,
nal parasites and colic in children.) for retained placenta.)
Millettia dielsiana Harms (Millettia argyraea T. Chen; in Congo: cungurhi
Millettia blinii H. Lev.; Millettia champutongensis Hu;
in East Africa: muhatia, mutete, omulongo
Millettia cinerea Benth. var. yunnanensis Pamp.; Millettia
dielsiana Harms. ex Diels; Millettia duclouxii Pamp.; in Rwanda: umuyogoro
Millettia dunniana H. Lev.; Millettia fragrantissima H. Lev.;
Millettia elongatistyla J.B. Gillett
Millettia obtusifoliolata Hu)
Tanzania. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub, violet flowers
China.
See Kew Bulletin 15(1): 30. 1961
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 412. 1900, Nuovo (Roots used in the treatment of schistosomiasis.)
Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(1): 25–26. 1910,
Millettia eurybotrya Drake (Callerya eurybotrya (Drake) A.
Flore du Kouy-Tchéou 238–239. 1914, Catalogue des Plantes
Schott)
de Yun-Nan 159. 1916, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3(3):
358–359, 363–364. 1955 China. Perennial climbing shrub
(Root and stem decoction emmenagogue, for anemia, dys- See Journal de Botanique (Morot) 5(12): 187. 1891 and
menorrhea, rheumatism. Anti-anemic, to enrich the blood Blumea 39(1–2): 22. 1994
and promote blood circulation, stem bark for anemia and
(Plants are poisonous and also used medicinally.)
muscular pain.)
Millettia extensa Benth. (Baker) (Millettia auriculata
in China: jixueteng (a red resin, a stem (teng) with a sap hav-
Brandis; Millettia auriculata Baker ex Brandis; Millettia
ing a color reminiscent of dried chicken’s blood, ji = chicken
auriculata var. extensa Craib; Millettia extensa (Benth.)
and xue = blood)
Benth. ex Baker; Millettia extensa Benth. ex Baker; Millettia
Millettia drastica Baker (Millettia drastica Welw. ex Baker) macrophylla Kurz; Otosema extensa Benth.; Phaseolodes
extensum (Benth. ex Baker f.) Kuntze; Phaseoloides extensa
Cameroon, Nigeria. Perennial non-climbing tree, liana,
Kuntze; Robinia macrophylla Roxb.)
shrubby tree, smelling slash, purple petals
Burma, India. Perennial climbing shrub or a liana, woody,
See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 128. 1871, Revisio Generum
suberect, leaves very variable, inflorescence an axillary
Plantarum 1: 202. 1891 and Pharmazie 63(2): 164–168. 2008
pseudopanicle, corolla yellowish green to pink, woody strap-
(For estrogen deficiency.) shaped pod, seed black, leaves and twigs for cattle fodder, oil
from seeds edible
in Central African Republic: mobunja, timi
See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2(4): 109. 1876,
Millettia duchesnei De Wild.
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891
Cameroon, Zaire. Perennial climbing shrub
(Paste of bark applied to treat sprains, and its juice applied to
See Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 5, 1[2]: 138. 1904 treat scabies. Root bark given as an anticonceptive; root paste
[1903–1906, publ. May 1904], Phytochemistry 69(1): 258– given to woman at the time of delivery to prevent troubles
263. 2008 during childbirth; root paste applied to cure skin diseases,
rashes, also applied on head to kill lice. Seeds and bark for
(Vermifuge, for the treatment of intestinal parasites.)
cough. Veterinary medicine, leaves fed to milking cattle to
Millettia dura Dunn (Millettia cyanantha Dunn; Millettia enhance milk secretion; roots decoction applied on cattle’s
drastica sensu Eggeling & Dale) sores; an infusion of powdered roots rubbed on cattle and
horses to keep off flies; root juice applied to kill maggots in
Tropical East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree,
cattle sores, lice; plant juice rubbed on the body of an ani-
deciduous, leaves compound, flowers lilac or purplish, thick
mal to kill lice or other ectoparasites. Crushed root and stem
flat pods split open explosively, hardy and drought resistant,
bark as fish poison and insect repellent; dry bark powder
forest soil, moist forest edges
piscicide.)
See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 263.
in China: ji xue teng
1834 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 49: 221.
1911, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 41: 223. 1912, in India: agarbel, agari, agrivel, agryavel, cauj, gaidi, ganj,
Phytochemistry 41(3): 951–955. 1996, Pest Management gauj, gauju, godar, gonj, goydar, guadhuni, gulheri, gurendi,
Science 59(10): 1159–1161. 2003, Bulletin of the Chemical hehel, hel, katerumaalo, kauj, konch, kondatangedutige,
Society of Ethiopia 17(1): 113–115. 2003, International majja, makdi, manju gochh, marada, patani, salangan, tin-
Journal of Botany 4(4): 406–420. 2008 pati, valli muritali
Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae (Millettieae) 2511

in Nepal: gaujo, gonjo in English: kaffir ironwood

in Thailand: kwaao khruea in Southern Africa: Umzimbeet, kafferysterhout, omsam-
beet; umSimbithi (= ironwood), umSimbithwa, umKunye
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker (Berrebera ferru-
(Xhosa); umSimbithi (Zulu)
ginea Hochst.; Millettia ferruginea Hochst., nom. nud.;
Phaseolodes ferrugineum (Hochst.) Kuntze; Phaseoloides Millettia griffoniana Baill. (Derris leptorhachis Harms;
ferruginea Kuntze) Lonchocarpus griffonianus (Baill.) Dunn; Lonchocarpus
griffonianus Dunn.; Millettia rhodantha Baill.; Ostryocarpus
Ethiopia. Perennial non-climbing tree
parviflorus Micheli)
See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 263.
Cameroon, Central African Republic. Perennial non-climb-
1834, Flora 27: 100. 1844, Flora 29: 597. 1846, Flora of
ing tree, shrub, white-lilac-pink to reddish-purple flowers,
Tropical Africa 2: 130. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum confused with Millettia thonningii
1: 202. 1891 and Kew Bulletin 15(1): 27. 1961, Agroforestry
Systems 48(1): 9–24. 2000, Journal of Ethnobiology and See Adansonia 6: 222–223. 1866, Revisio Generum Plantarum
Ethnomedicine 3: 12. 2007, Journal of East African Natural 1: 202. 1891 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign
History 97(2): 165–185. 2008, Journal of Ethnobiology and 49: 15. 1911, Kew Bull. 25: 259–273. 1971, Phytochemistry
Ethnomedicine 5: 26. 2009 56(4): 363–368. 2001, J. Nat. Prod. 66(9): 1288–1290. 2003,
Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung B: A Journal of Chemical
(For skin infections, juice of leaves or stems as ear drops; Sciences, 973–977. 2005, Bulletin of the Chemical Society of
for amebiasis, fruit powder mixed with honey. Insecticidal Ethiopia 19(1): 75–80. 2005, Phytomedicine 13(3): 139–145.
properties. Fish poison, bark and mature fruit, pod and seeds 2006, Planta Med. 73(6): 512–518. 2007
ground into powder and spread over the water.)
(Root bark antiinflammatory, antiparasitic; estrogenic activi-
in Ethiopia: birbira, biribira, kotalu, sari, sotallo, yego, zaghia ties, root and stem bark reported to contain isoflavonoids,
Millettia fruticosa (DC.) Baker (Cracca fruticosa (DC.) alkaloids and diterpenoids.)
Kuntze; Millettia fruticosa Benth. ex Baker f.; Millettia fru- in Ghana: dwindwira, senyana
ticosa (DC.) Benth. ex Baker f.; Otosema fruticosa (DC.)
Benth.; Phaseolodes fruticosum (Benth. ex Baker f.) Kuntze; in Nigeria: ehiengbo, erhiẹ ́ngbó, ito, katep ashie, katep-oshie,
Phaseoloides fruticosa Kuntze; Robinia fruticosa Roxb.; njasi, nzachi, nzasi, pere-igbéngi, turburku
Tephrosia fruticosa DC.) in Sierra Leone: torlu gbélé
India, Nepal. Perennial climbing shrub Millettia hemsleyana Prain (Millettia decipiens Prain)
See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 56. 1814, Malaysia. Perennial non-climbing tree
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2:
249. 1825, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 249. 1852, The Flora See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
of British India 2(4): 109. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum history 66: 90. 1897 and J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 41: 123–243.
1: 175, 201. 1891 1912

(Plant juice applied to treat cuts and wounds. Squeezed bark (For toothache.)
and leaves used as fish poison.) Malay name: mempari
in Nepal: tantari Millettia lane-poolei Dunn
Millettia grandis (E. Meyer) Skeels (Millettia caffra Meisn.; Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast. Perennial non-climbing tree,
Virgilia grandis E. Meyer) small tree, white or pale mauve flowers
Mozambique, South Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1914(2): 79.
shrub or small tree, spreading crown, flowers pale purple, 1914
inflorescence a terminal spike-like panicle, flat pod dehiscent
(The twigs reportedly purify water.)
with spiralling valves, reddish brown seeds, baboons strip off
and eat the bark in Sierra Leone: heigbahama, heilegbame, katindane, lamsa,
nyanga, taugbe, togbeli, togwe, tolu-gbele, tolugbe, torugbe
See London Journal of Botany 2: 99–100. 1843 and U.S.D.A.
Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 248, 55. 1912 Millettia laurentii De Wild. (for the Belgian botanist Émile
Laurent, 1861–1904, explorer, plant collector)
(Seeds toxic. Powdered seed taken as an anthelmintic, ground
seed soaked in milk a remedy for roundworm. Ground roots Tropical Africa, Cameroon, Congo. Perennial non-climbing
used to induce sleep. Powdered roots as fish and arrow poi- tree, shrub or liana, branches drooping, bark exudes red gum
son, fish must be boiled before consumption; ground seed can when cut, white-lavender to purple flowers borne in clusters
be used as an arrow poison.) on small stalks, fruits with tawny pubescence, honeybee plant
2512 Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae (Millettieae)

See Belg. Colon. 378. 1904, Arch. Belges Med. Social. Millettia pachycarpa Benth. (Millettia dunnii Merr.;
30: 314. 1972, Contact Dermatitis 1: 315–316. 1975, J. Millettia fooningensis Hu; Millettia taiwaniana (Hayata)
Nat. Prod. 56(12): 2126–2132. 1993, J. Nat. Prod. 57(7): Hayata; Phaseolodes pachycarpum (Benth.) Kuntze;
1022–1024. 1994, Phytochemistry 36(6): 1561–1562. 1994, Phaseoloides pachycarpa Kuntze; Pongamia taiwaniana
Phytochemistry 51(6): 829–832. 1999, Fitoterapia 78(3): Hayata; Whitfordiodendron taiwanianum (Hayata) Ohwi)
276–277. 2007
China, Himalaya. Perennial climbing tree, woody, pubes-
(Irritant, splinters cause persistent inflammation, mucocu- cent branches, leaflets subcoriaceous, pink flowers on short
taneous reactions and exposure to the sawdust can cause peduncles
abdominal cramps. Bark decoction to treat liver complaints,
epilepsy, smallpox, edema, skin diseases, sores and abscesses, See Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm (1809–1864), Plantae
diabetes, hernia, constipation, fever, rheumatism, and also Junghuhnianae: enumeratio plantarum, quas, in insulis
for the treatment of intestinal parasites and colic in children; Java et Sumatra detexit Fr. Junghuhn. 2: 250. Lugduni-
bark applied as an expectorant and emetic. Insecticide, ver- Batavorum [Leiden, The Netherlands], Parisiis, [1853?]-
mifuge and arrow poison. Wood for fish poison.) 1857 [Confusion on dating of fasicles exists.], FBI 2:
106. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891 and
in English: grey ebony Leaflets of Philippine Botany 2: 743. 1910, Icones planta-
in French: bois d’Ambam, bois de fer, bois noir, faux ébénier, rum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram
palissandre du Congo, panga-panga, wenge, wengué formosanam. 3: 79–80. 1913, Philippine Journal of
Science 13(3): 139–140. 1918, Icones plantarum formo-
in Cameroon: awong, awoung, nsonso sanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosa-
in Central African Republic: lomba, n’gondou, n’toko nam. 9: 22–23. 1920, Journal of Japanese Botany 12(9):
660. 1936, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3(3): 360–361.
in Congo: ehtali, mutoko, mutoto, n’toko, ngondou, ntoko,
1955, Planta Medica 72(5): 424–429. 2006 [Induction of
ontoko, wenge
apoptosis by isoflavonoids from the leaves of Millettia
in Equatorial Africa: kundu baenge taiwaniana in human leukemia HL-60 cells.], Journal of
Chromatography. A. 1178(1–2): 101–107. 2008
in Gabon: awong, awoung, otogo, son-so, wenge
(Toxins. Bark and roots insecticide. Stem anti-anemic, blood
in Mozambique: jambire, panga-panga
purifier, to enrich the blood and promote blood circulation.
in Tanzania: mpanda, mpande Root infusion as a lotion for wounds, swellings and sprains;
in Zaire: bokonge, bokonghe, dikela, kiboto, mboto, mbotu, root paste used as antispasmodic. Pounded roots and stem
mokonge, monkonge, mundambi, tshikalakala, wenge bark applied to crops to kill and repel insects. Squeezed roots
and pods, underground part and stem as fish poison.)
Millettia leucantha Kurz (Millettia leucantha Vatke;
Millettia pendula Baker) in China: hou guo ji xue teng, jixueteng

Laos, Myanmar, Thailand. Perennial non-climbing small in India: bakal bih, bishloti, bokoa-bih, bokoabih, hapuling,
tree, woody climber or semi-shrubby, leaves drying white ngamuyai, ru-teng, rulei, rupang, sulitong
glaucous in Japan: doku-fuji
See Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 250. 1852, Journal of the in Nepal: kakushbish, kurkus
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 42(2): 68.
1873, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 29(7): 223. Millettia pallens Stapf
1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891 and Flore du Guinea, Ivory Coast. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or
Cambodge du Laos et du Vietnam 30: 112. 2001, Chemical & small tree, spreading crown, white to purple flowers
Pharmaceutical Bulletin 54(6): 915–917. 2006
See The Known Plants of Liberia 2: 593. 1906
(Leishmanicidal.)
(Branches as chewing sticks. Inner bark chewed to treat
in Burma: thinwin cough, pulmonary troubles.)
Millettia nitida Benth. (Millettia kueichouensis Hu) in Sierra Leone: bunde, garasina, katadane, katina, kitoi,
China. kitwe, kolakare, megomapole, ngobo, sikayambe, tog
See London Journal of Botany 1: 484. 1842, Revisio Generum Millettia piscidia (Roxb.) Wight (Galedupa piscidia Roxb.;
Plantarum 1: 201. 1891 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Millettia piscida (Roxb.) Wight; Millettia piscidia Wight
3(3): 356–357. 1955, Leiden Botanical Series 8: 83. 1984 & Arn.; Phaseolodes piscidia (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze;
Phaseoloides piscidia Kuntze)
(Stem anti-anemic, to enrich the blood and promote blood
circulation.) India, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing tree
Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae (Millettieae) 2513

See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 53. 1814, Flora Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone. Perennial non-climbing tree,
Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 240. 1832, small tree or shrub, white-lilac to dark purple flowers, leaves
Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 263. eaten by gorillas
1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891
See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(49):
(Toxins. Fruits as fish poison.) 389–390. 1883, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 288. 1899
in India: bokoa bih, bokol bih, dieng-sohkynthem, kharew,
and Novon 5(2): 179. 1995
r-uteng, ruteng
(Analgesic, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative, hypotensive activi-
Millettia puguensis J.B. Gillett
ties, for blood disorders, swellings, edema, menstrual cycle,
Tanzania. Perennial climbing shrub, woody climber, liana, and also for the treatment of intestinal parasites and colics in
stem strongly flattened, deep mauve to pale pinkish purple children.)
flowers in racemes in Central African Republic: molopo
See Kew Bulletin 15(1): 19–40. 1961, Planta Med. 72(14): in Ivory Coast: félé kola
1341–1343. 2006
in Sierra Leone: ekaban, fabanjui, ka-thẻrẻf, ngaonga, ngola,
(Anti-leishmanial, antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities togbe, togwambe, tokboi
from the roots.)
Millettia sericea Wight & Arn. (Dalbergia angustifolia
in Tanzania: mkulubuku Hassk.; Millettia argentea Miq.; Millettia sericea Benth.;
Millettia rhodantha Baill. (Phaseolodes rhodanthum Millettia sericea (Vent.) Wight & Arn. ex Benth.; Millettia
(Baill.) Kuntze; Phaseoloides rhodanthum Kuntze) sericea (Vent.) Wight & Arn.; Millettia sericea Wight &
Arn. var. malaccensis Prain; Millettia turgida Miq.; Millettia
Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone. Perennial non- zollingeri Miq.; Millettia zollingeriana Miq.; Phaseolodes
climbing tree, small tree, bark with reddish exudate, pale sericeum (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze; Phaseoloides sericea
purple sweet-scented flowers, inflorescence a false raceme Kuntze; Pongamia sericea Vent.)
See Adansonia 6: 223. 1866, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: Sumatra, Vietnam, Malaysia. Perennial climbing shrub,
202. 1891 liana, leaflets coriaceous, inflorescence an axillary or termi-
(Bark chewed to treat cough. A root decoction taken against nal pseudopanicle, corolla violet, pod very thick
stomachache.) See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 263.
in Nigeria: nzachi (Igbo) 1834, Flora 25(2): Beibl. 53. 1842, Flora van Nederlandsch
Indië 1(1): 156. 1855, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 2: 300. 1861,
in Sierra Leone: torlu gbélé Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201–202. 1891 and J. Linn.
Millettia richardiana (Baill.) Du Puy & Labat (Millettia bar- Soc. (Bot.) 41: 123–243. 1912, Blumea 39: 1–40. 1994, Novon
oni Drake; Millettia lenneoides Vatke; Millettia nathaliae Du 9(3): 289–291. 1999, Blumea 45: 403–425. 2000
Puy & Labat; Mundulea hysterantha Baker; Mundulea rich- (Febrifuge, vermifuge. Root infusion taken as a postpartum
ardiana Baill.; Neodunnia atrocyanea R. Vig.; Neodunnia remedy. Leaves for poulticing sore eyes, ophthalmia; leaves
edentata R. Vig.; Pongamiopsis amygdalina (Baill.) R. Vig.) decoction drunk for fever, urinary disorders. Veterinary med-
Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small icine, the roots juice employed to cleanse infected wounds in
tree, pink-purple flowers, fruits with rusty indument horses and cattle. Pounded roots a fish poison.)

See Linnaea 43: 335–336. 1882, Bulletin Mensuel de la in Indonesia: akar tuba, bori akar, tuwa laleur
Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 389–390, 396. 1883, Journal of Malay names: akar mumbal, jemerah, lemak pahit, mambul,
the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 309–310. 1889 and Histoire sekebah
Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar 30: 141.
1902[1903], Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de in Thailand: cha-nai-kho, no-roh, paa-tuu
Paris 14(1): 72–74. 1950, Novon 5(2): 171–182. 1995 in Vietnam: th[af]n m[as]t l[oo]ng t[ow]
(Emetic, laxative.) Millettia speciosa Champ. (Millettia speciosa Champ. ex
Benth.; Millettia speciosa Welw.)
in Madagascar: harandrato, hazovola, lovanjafy, magnary,
manariboraka, manary, marary, mararybotry, mararytoloha, China.
mararyvoroka, mendoravina, taintsidambo, taintsindambo,
See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
tankindambo, tsimahamasabary
4: 73–74. 1852, Apontamentos Phytogeographicos 585. n. 23.
Millettia sanagana Harms (Millettia richardiana (Baill.) 1858, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891 and Blumea
Du Puy & Labat) 39(1–2): 32. 1994
2514 Millettia Wight & Arn. Fabaceae (Millettieae)

(Stem anti-anemic, to enrich the blood and promote blood Millettia tsui F.P. Metcalf (Callerya tsui (F.P. Metcalf) Z.
circulation.) Wei & Pedley)
Millettia stuhlmannii Taubert China. Perennial climbing shrub, liana, corolla pale yellow
flushed with red or lilac
Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Perennial non-climbing
tree, spreading crown, flowers purple and cream, rigid heavy See Lingnan Science Journal 19(4): 554–556, f. 5. 1940
pendulous rough pale brown pods, dark brown seeds with (Stem and root emetic.)
small aril at base
in China: hui guo ya dou teng
See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 212. 1895 and Ann.
Allergy. 7: 492. 1949, Contact Dermatitis 1: 315–316. 1975, Millettia usaramensis Taub. subsp. usaramensis
Naturwissenschaften 71(5): 247–251. 1984 Keny, Mozambique, Tanzania. Perennial non-climbing tree
(A cause of dermatitis and asthma. Root decoction drunk to See Phytochemistry 47: 951–955. 1998, Phytochemistry 64:
treat stomachache, schistosomiasis.) 773–779. 2003
in English: panga panga, partridge wood (Seeds and stem bark larvicidal, anti-plasmodial. Fish
in Mozambique: jambire, panga panga poison.)

in Southern Africa: muSara, muSaru, panga panga Millettia versicolor Welw. ex Baker (Isoberlinia schef-
fleri (Harms ex Engl.) Greenway; Lonchocarpus dewevrei
in S. Rhodesia: muSaru Micheli; Millettia versicolor Baker; Millettia versicolor
in Tanzania: mpande, mpangapanga Welw.; Phaseolodes versicolor (Welw.) Kuntze; Phaseolodes
versicolor (Welw. ex Baker) Kuntze; Phaseoloides versi-
Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker (Phaseolodes color Kuntze)
thonningii (Baker) Kuntze; Phaseoloides thonningii Kuntze;
Robinia thonningii Schumach. & Thonn.; Robinia thonnin- Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small
tree, pale purple petals with a yellow spot, inflorescence a
gii Schum.)
terminal panicle, flat pod explosively dehiscent
Ghana. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub
See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis
See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 349. 1827, Flora of 263. 1834, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 129.
Tropical Africa 2: 128. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201–202. 1891 and
202. 1891 and Phytochemistry 21:1763–1765. 1982, Planta Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und
Medica 46: 195–209. 1982, Phytochemistry 22: 1001– Museums zu Berlin 3: 84. 1900, Botanische Jahrbücher für
1003. 1983, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Medicine and Hygiene 80(3): 451–453. 1986, Phytotherapy 33: 168. 1902, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of
Research 3: 112–114. 1989, International Journal of Harvard University 59: 21. 1919, Bulletin of Miscellaneous
Environmental Studies 203: 505–509. 1989, Parasitology Information Kew 1937(8): 416. 1937, Bull. Méd. Trad. Pharm.
109: 559–563. 1994, Journal of Parasitology 81: 833–835. 3(2): 199–202. 1989, Planta Medica 69(8): 767–770. 2003,
1995, Phytotherapy Research 9: 401–404. 1995, Journal Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1–2): 168–174. 2006,
of Ethnopharmacology 47(1): 49–54. 1995, Parasitology African Journal of Biotechnology 7(11): 1727–1730. 2008
Today 12: 156–159. 1996, Transactions of the Royal Society (Stem bark decoction antiinflammatory, anthelminthic,
of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90: 596–600. 1996, anti-parasitic, analgesic, anti-nociceptive, antiplasmodial,
Journal of Helminthology 75: 259–265. 2001, The Journal employed for intestinal parasites, kidney pains, cough,
of Parasitology 88(1): 163–170. 2002 female sterility, senile impotence of men; infusion used to
(Bark laxative; root bark for blood disorders, menstrual cycle, rub syphilitic wounds. Leaves decoction taken against fever-
vermifuge. Leaves astringent, for diarrhea, dysentery. Leaves ish rheumatisms, malaria, headache, kidney pains, intesti-
and roots for bronchitis, mouth infections and ulcers. Seeds nal parasites and cough, also used in bath against syphilis.
were shown to possess molluscicidal, schistosomicidal, larvi- Root decoction to treat kidney complaints, cough, steril-
cidal and cercaricidal activities, used as an anthelmintic and ity and impotence. Root, leaf and bark decoctions taken in
as a purgative agent, as a topical antischistosomal agent. Fish small amounts against intestinal worms. Veterinary medi-
toxicity of the seeds.) cine, anthelminthic, ruminants with worms treated with root
decoctions. Magic, ritual, against bewitchment.)
in Ghana: a-tite, hutso, ntsentsento, okuro-sante, osante,
in French: bois d’or
osantew, osantewa, pem, santew, taatso, tatso, teteku
in Angola: bobata
in Nigeria: abe werewere ori ito, agbawi kowee, asunlera, ito,
itoo, olukotun eye igbo, turburku in Central African Republic: molopo
Millingtonia L.f. Bignoniaceae 2515

in Congo: bobota, boboto, bosoko, bota, hoto, luboka, lubota, Milnea Roxb. Meliaceae
luboto, mbota, mumboto, mumpena, ombolo, omboro
Named for the British (b. Aberdeen) clergyman Rev.
in Gabon: angwang-ngwang, édjondjo, kalanga, kananga, Colin Milne, c. 1743–1815 (d. Kent), botanist and botani-
mbang-mbagwè, mboro, mbota, mumbogo, ndabomana-batolyè, cal collector, Rector of North Chapel, translated Linnaeus
nkalanga, osani wi ntsyé, upopa-mwa-ngwèya, vimbanbang from the Latin; see John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
in Mozambique: musumba, muzumba upon Botanists. 2: 493. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
Millettia zechiana Harms (Millettia stapfiana Dunn) Portrait Collection. 268. 1972.
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, woody Milnea roxburghiana Wight & Arn. (Aglaia abbreviata
vine, small tree or shrub, corolla purple-white with brown C.Y. Wu; Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A. Juss.) Benth.; Aglaia elae-
pubescence agnoidea var. formosana Hayata; Aglaia elaeagnoidea var.
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ pallens Merr.; Aglaia formosana (Hayata) Hayata; Aglaia
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 40: 36. 1907, Phyto­chemistry roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Miq.; Milnea roxburghiana
29(6): 2043–2044. 1990, Journal of Ethno­ pharmacology Wight & Arn.; Nemedra elaeagnoidea A. Juss.)
98(3): 281–285. 2005 Cambodia, India, Indonesia, China. Tree, white latex, see
(Antiplasmodial. Used for the treatment of bronchial and rhi- also Aglaia elaeagnoidea
nopharyngeal ailments.) See Flora Cochinchinensis 173. 1790, Flora Indica; or
in Guinea: potuman descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 430. 1824, Bulletin des sci-
ences naturelles et de géologie 23: 239. 1830, Prodromus
in Nigeria: katep oshie Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 119. 1834, Annales
in Sierra Leone: heigbahama, heilegbame, ka-lin, katadane, Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 4: 41. 1868 and Enum.
katindane, nyanga, ra-sa, sikpayamba, taugbe, tolugbele Pl. Formosana 78. 1906, Icones plantarum formosanarum
nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 52.
1913, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 36: 163–174. 1992,
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67(1): 45–51. 1999
Millingtonia L.f. Bignoniaceae
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Antiinflammatory, antifeed-
Named to honor Sir Thomas Millington, 1628–1704
ant, antifungal, used to treat ciguatera fish poisoning.)
(London), 1659 M.D. Oxon, the discoverer of sexuality in
plants, physician to William and Mary and to Queen Anne, in China: shan luo
in 1675 professor of natural philosophy at Oxford, in 1680
in India: aevaadu, cempuli, cheeralam, chokkala, chokla,
knighted. See The Report of the Physicians and Surgeons,
cokkalai, erranduga, gadagayya, gandhapriyangu, kalla ben-
commanded to assist at the dissecting the body of his late
daka, kannikkompu, kempu nola, kondanduga, kunrapalam,
Majesty (William III) at Kensington. From the original deliv-
ered to the Right Honorable the Privy Council. [The report nyalei, phalini, priyangu, priyangu beej, priyanguh, punni-
drawn up by Sir T. Millington, Sir Richard Blackmore and yava, punyava, shempuli, syama, thottilu, tottilakayi, visvak-
Sir Edward Hannes.] 1702, Supplementum Plantarum 45. senakanta, yarra aduga, yerra adugu, yerraaduga
1782, R. Pulteney, Historical and biographical sketches of
the progress of botany in England. 1: 336–337. London 1790,
Robert John Thornton (1768?–1837), New illustration of the Mimosa L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae,
Sexual System of C. von Linnaeus. London [1799–] 1807, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)
William Munk, The roll of the Royal College of Physicians
Latin mimus, mimum ‘a mime, actor’, Greek mimos ‘a
of London. London 1878.
mimic, mime, imitator’, mimeomai ‘to mimic, imitate’; see
Millingtonia hortensis L.f. (Millingtonia dubiosa Span.) Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 516–523. 1753, Genera
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 233. 1754, A Voyage to Terra Australis 2:
China. Tree, white fragrant flowers
551. 1814 and Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie
See Supplementum Plantarum 291. 1782 sér. 7, 3: 325–356. 1921, N. Amer. Fl. 23(3): 137–194. 1928,
Darwiniana 8(1): 9–231. 1948, Mem. New York Bot. Gard.
(Leaves crushed and used on skin diseases. Roots boiled and
25(1): 1–152. 1973, S. Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lin-
liquid drunk to treat malaria. Extract of stem bark to cure
gua italiana. X: 418–419. Torino 1978, Listados Florísticos
typhoid.)
de México 2: 1–100. 1983, Descriptive Flora of Puerto
in English: cork-tree, Indian cork-tree Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta 2: 1–481. 1988,
Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1989, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76(2):
in China: lao ya yan tong hua
381–385. 1989, Grether-Gonzalez, Rosaura, Revision taxo-
in India: aydu nomica del genero Mimosa (Leguminosae) en Mesoamerica.
2516 Mimosa L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

Mexico, D.F.: Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional dysmenorrhea; powdered roots for diabetes, epilepsy; roots
Autonoma de Mexico, 1997, Listados Florísticos de México mixed with Drymaria cordata used for snakebite.)
17: 1–41. 1997, Listados Florísticos de México 22: 1–55.
in English: action plant, humble plant, live-and-die, sensitive
2001, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110
plant, shame plant, shy-plant, sleeping grass, touch-me-not
and Cap. 5: 111–144. 2005.
in Central America: ix mutz, corona de cristo, dormidillo
Mimosa abstergens Roxb. ex Spreng.
in Bangladesh: lajjabati
India.
in Brunei: puteri malu, rumput malu, sopan malu
See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 2:
207. 1825 in Cambodia: smau bânla, bânkrap
(Used in Ayurveda.) in India: chhuimui, lajakuli, lajalu, lajamani, lajkui, lajkuni,
lajuli, lajuri, lazomori, nachkuli
in India: saptala, sheeakai
in Indonesia: jukut riyud, pis kucing, putri malu
Mimosa balansae Micheli (Mimosa balansae var. robusta
Chodat & Hassl.; Mimosa balansae var. rojasiana Hassl.; in Japan: ojigi-sô
Mimosa brevipetiolata var. rojasiana (Hassl.) Barneby;
in Laos: f’a:z langab, th’üb nhub
Mimosa hispidula Kunth; Mimosa pudica L.; Mimosa pudica
Mill., nom. illeg., non Mimosa pudica L.; Mimosa pudica in Malaysia: daun sopan, kemunchup, malu-malu, memalu,
var. tetrandra (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC.; Mimosa puteri malu, semalu
pudica var. unijuga (Duchass. & Walp.) Griseb.; Mimosa tet-
in Pakistan: chui mui, lajwanti
randra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Mimosa unijuga Duchass.
& Walp.) in Papua New Guinea: matmat
South America. An annual or perennial herb, subshrubby, in Philippines: ambabaing, andi-baing, babain, baeng-baeng,
woody-based, procumbent, low spreading, often prostrate or bain-bain, damohia, damohiya, dicut malamarine, dilgan-
straggling, stem sparsely armed with recurved prickles, root- susu, harupai, huya-huya, kirom-kirom, kiromkirom, maka-
ing at nodes, leaves alternate bipinnate unarmed sensitive, hia, makahiya, sipug-sipug, torog-torog, tuyag-huyag
flowers in peduncled more or less globose heads, stamens
in Thailand: ka-ngap, maiyaraap, yaa pan yot
free, fruit a flattened oblong pod, leaflets fold up on touch or
upon cutting the stem, weedy, on wet places in Vietnam: c[aa]y m[aws]c c[owr], c[aa]y trinh n[uwx], c[aa]
y x[aas]u h[oor], co then, ham tu thao
See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary: … eighth edition Mimosa n. 4. 1768, Species in Hawaii: pua hilahila
Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1032. 1806, Nova Genera
in Sierra Leone: gbagbemi, set you mama bobi
et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 252–253. 1823,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: in Yoruba: paidimo, pamamo aluro, patonmo
426. 1825, Linnaea 23: 744–745. 1850, Abhandlungen der
Mimosa dysocarpa Benth. (Mimosa dysocarpa var. wrightii
Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
(A. Gray) Kearney & Peebles; Mimosa wrightii A. Gray)
7: 211. 1857, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et
d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 28(7): 52–53, pl. 18. 1883 USA, Mexico. Many-branched shrub, very large roots
and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 488. 1904,
See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 62. 1852
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8:
and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 482. 1939
557. 1910, J. Agric. Sci. (Tokyo) 8: 49–62. 1962, Archivos
do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 18: 109–177. 1965, (Roots piscicide.)
Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 14: 170. 1972,
in Mexico: garaowa, kararoa
Brenesia 18: 15–90. 1980, Current Science 52: 128–129.
1983, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Ann. Mimosa hamata Willd. (Mimosa quadrivalvis L. var.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 382. 1989, Memoirs of the New hamata (Willd.) Beard)
York Botanical Garden 65: 564. 1991
India. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(Whole plant anti-asthmatic, traditionally used to treat
See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 4
insomnia, kidney problems, snakebites; bark or whole plant
[Willdenow] 4(2): 1033. 1806 and Philippine Journal of
juice given in diarrhea. Leaves sedative and hypnotic, aphro-
Science 5(1): 30. 1910, Proc. 3rd All Indian Congr. Cytol.
disiac, used for inflammation; a poultice to treat swellings,
Genet. 3: 493–499. 1981
dermatitis, wounds and ulcers; leaves juice to stop bleed-
ing. Root decoction diuretic, antimicrobial, nematicidal, (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaf decoction in the treat-
insecticidal, drunk to relieve asthma, arthritis, diarrhea and ment of pharyngitis and chronic cough. Seeds pounded and
Mimosa L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) 2517

boiled in buffalo milk taken as a blood purifier after deliv- Herbarium 18(3): 105–106. 1916, Contributions from the
ery, as a postpartum remedy, tonic; powdered seeds boiled Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 11. 1919, Acta
in milk taken to cure sexual weakness in males. Roots for Botanica Austro Sinica 5: 161–176. 1989
asthma and stomach disorders.)
(Pigs are reported to be poisoned by ingesting large amounts.
in India: ail, bander-ki-rakhi, chilati, intiri, jenjan, jhenji- Juice from the pounded roots a treatment for bloody diar-
hani, jinganio, jinjani, jinjanio, kai baval, kai jinjan, liptti, rhea; roots decoction or infusion for removal or dissolution
sagari mullu, sagariganta, shiah-kanta, undra, vacchula, vun- of calculi in gall bladder and kidney.)
dra, wundra
in English: giant false sensitive plant, giant sensitive plant
Mimosa himalayana Gamble (Mimosa rubicaulis Lam.
subsp. himalayana (Gamble) H. Ohashi) in Cambodia: bânla sâ-’öt
Pakistan, India. A large straggling deciduous shrub, armed in China: ba xi han xiu cao
branches, straight or hooked prickles present on nodes or inter
nodes, flowers pink fading to white, globose penduculate head in India: di-hlo, dihlo
forming terminal panicle, oblong falcate glabrous pod in Indonesia: jukut borang, mali mali, simeduri-dura
See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 20. 1783, FBI 2: 291. 1878 and in Malaysia: duri semalu
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1920(1): 4–5.
1920, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 126. 1979, Proc. 3rd All Indian in Philippines: makahiang lalake
Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3: 493–499. 1981
in Thailand: maiyarap-thao
(Leaves for toothache, hysteria, epilepsy. Decoction of root
mixed with leaf paste of Cymbopogon sp. prescribed twice a in Vietnam: c[aa]y trinh n[uwx] m[os]c
day after food as a medicine against vomiting during fever; Mimosa malacophylla A. Gray
roots on forehead against fever; powdered root applied on
joints pain; crushed root taken with albumen of egg for uro- North America, Mexico. Perennial non-climbing shrub,
genital troubles. Green stems used for teeth.) woody, stout, vine, clambering, white-yellowish flowers

in India: chaik, ingsu-maha, khirikichi, kirikichi-kanta, kir- See Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6(2): 182–183. 1850
kichi, kirkichikanta, kundaru, kundru kanta, lajkuni, langra- (Leaves and twigs infusion to treat kidney ailments.)
kanta, sega janum, soiphur, stantalikhlo, su-ye-araung
in Mexico: charrasquilla, mimosa
in Pakistan: arai
Mimosa paniculata Benth. (Mimosa paniculata (Willd.)
Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla (Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright;
Poir.)
Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle; Mimosa invisa
Mart., nom. illeg., non Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla; Mimosa South America.
longisiliqua Lam.; Mimosa longisiliqua Vell.; Mimosa rho-
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1074. 1806,
dostachya (Benth.) Benth.; Mimosa rhodostachya Benth.;
Eclogae Americanae 3: 39. 1809, Encyclopédie Méthodique.
Morongia pilosa Standl.; Schrankia brachycarpa Benth.;
Botanique … Supplément 1(1): 74. 1810, Journal of Botany,
Schrankia pilosa (Standl.) J.F. Macbr.; Schrankia pilosa J.F.
Macbr.; Schrankia rhodostachya Benth.) being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(11):
131. 1840, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the
South America. Prostrate or climbing shrub, straggling Botanical Miscellany 4(31): 362. 1841 and Memoirs of the
or scrambling, erect, creeping, herb, short-lived perennial New York Botanical Garden 65: 35. 1991
woody shrub or semi-woody herb, spiny, prickly, rooting
at the base, flowers pink-violet, buffaloes eat young shoots, (Used in Sidha.)
aggressive noxious weed, lowland forest edges in India: chevvintu, intu
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 21. 1783, Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosa asperata L.; Mimosa asperata
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 888, 1041. 1806, var. pigra Willd.; Mimosa berlandieri A. Gray ex Torr.;
Herbarium Pedemontanum 2: 255. 1834, Flora 20(2): Beibl. Mimosa berlandieri Torr.; Mimosa brasiliensis Niederl.;
121. 1837, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Mimosa canescens Willd.; Mimosa ciliata Willd.; Mimosa
Botanical Miscellany (Hooker) 2(11): 130. 1840, Journal of ciliata Spreng.; Mimosa hispida Willd.; Mimosa pellita
Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Mimosa pigra var. berlandieri
(Hooker) 4(32): 414. 1842, Anales de la Academia de Ciencias
(A. Gray ex Torr.) B.L. Turner; Mimosa polyacantha Willd.;
Medicas … 5: 405. 1868, Transactions of the Linnean
Mimosa polycantha Willd.)
Society of London 30(3): 407. 1875, Fl. Bras. [Martius]
15(2): 343. 1876, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5: Argentina, Tropics. Perennial non-climbing shrub, strag-
191. 1894 and Contributions from the United States National gling, hooked prickles, pink flowers, fruits hispid
2518 Mimosa L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

See Centuria I. Plantarum … 13–14. 1755, Systema Naturae, headache; leaves infusion given for dysentery; leaves crushed
Editio Decima 2: 1312. 1759, Species Plantarum. Editio with lime used for curing fracture; a poultice to treat swell-
quarta 4(2): 1034–1035, 1037–1038. 1806, Enumeratio ings, hydrocele, dermatitis, insect bite, Guinea-worm sores,
Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1048. 1809, wounds and ulcers; leaves juice to stop bleeding; leaves and
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 430. stems in scorpion sting; leaves and roots pounded into a
1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 205. paste and applied in piles, also used as toothpaste to cure
1825, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … gum bleeding; leaves decoction given to cure liver disorders;
Botany 2(1): 61. 1859, Bolet. Mus. Prod. Argent. 31: 28. 1890, a decoction mixed with pieces of Scoparia dulcis as a bath
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for irritable people, in hysteria. Root emetic, irritant, toxic,
33(17): 331. 1898 and Field & Laboratory 24(1): 15. 1956, astringent, to relieve toothache; fruits of Deeringia ama-
Taxon 38: 522. 1989, Memoirs of the New York Botanical ranthoides made into a paste with roots of Mimosa pudica
Garden 65: 433. 1991, Taxon 42: 695. 1993, Kew Bulletin and applied on eczema; a decoction given for gargling in
52(2): 463. 1997 gum trouble and toothache; root pounded with water and
(Young leaves eaten for diarrhea. Aerial parts decoction to treat the liquid paste taken in diarrhea; roots along with the rhi-
thrush in babies, and also to allay bed-wetting in children.) zome of Curcuma longa applied for swellings and against
the effect of poison; paste of root mixed with castor oil of
in English: cat-claw mimosa, goat-pimpler, mimosa, sensi- Ricinus communis applied for measles; Mimosa pudica
tive plant roots, Musa sapientum peel, Drymaria cordata leafy twigs
in Congo: kakelekele, tokelekele and Piper nigrum seeds ground together and made into pills
given orally to pregnant women to cause abortion. Veterinary
in Madagascar: roitia, rouitibe, roy medicine, paste of leaves, mixed with turmeric powder and
in N. Rhodesia: chikwata, mungonga plant paste of Eclipta prostrata, applied to treat wounds of
cattle; leaf paste applied to maggot-infected sores; leaves fed
in Yoruba: oniwa agogo, paidimo, patonmo to barren cows during estrum; root paste given for dysentery.
Mimosa pudica L. (Mimosa balansae Micheli; Mimosa Magic, ritual, contact/touch therapy, piece of stem or root
balansae var. robusta Chodat & Hassl.; Mimosa balansae tied as an amulet on the neck of children suffering with fever
var. rojasiana Hassl.; Mimosa hispidula Kunth; Mimosa and cough, and also used to ward off snakes; water extract of
pudica Mill.; Mimosa pudica var. tetrandra (Willd.) DC.; root is given to children to ward off evil spirits.)
Mimosa pudica var. tetrandra (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) in English: action plant, humble plant, live-and-die, sensi-
DC.; Mimosa pudica var. unijuga (Duchass. & Walp.) Griseb.; tive grass, sensitive plant, sensitive weed, shame bush, shame
Mimosa tetrandra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Mimosa uni- plant, shame weed, shy-plant, sleeping grass, sweet heart
juga Duchass. & Walp.) grass, touch-me-not
Tropical America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, creeper, in Congo: kakelekele, tokelekele
prickly herb, subshrubby, woody-based, procumbent, low
spreading, often prostrate or straggling, stem sparsely armed in Madagascar: amboafotsikely, matirosana, ramire, rami-
with sharp recurved prickles, rooting at nodes, leaves alter- rena, roimena, rotravahiny
nate bipinnate unarmed sensitive, flowers in globose heads, in Sierra Leone: gbagbemi, set you mama bobi
pink lobed corolla, flattened linear-oblong jointed pods, leaf-
lets fold up on touch or upon cutting the stem in South Africa: Kruidjie-roer-my-nie
See Species Plantarum 1: 518. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 4. in Yoruba: paidimo, pamamo aluro, patonmo
1768, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1032. 1806, Prodr. (DC.) in Bangladesh: lajjabati
2: 426. 1825, Linnaea 23: 744. 1850, Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss.
Göttingen 7: 211. 1857, Mémoires de la Société de Physique in Borneo: malu malu
et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 28(7): 52–53, pl. 18. 1883 in China: han xiu cao
and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 488. 1904,
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 8: 557. in India: anjalikarika (= joining hands as in prayer or wor-
1910, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 381–385. 1989, Memoirs ship), bap-tharak, budhi, chui mui, chhuimui, durim junum,
of the New York Botanical Garden 65: 564, 622. 1991 laaj kudi, lajakuli, lajalu, lajamani, lajjalu, lajkui, lajkulilata,
lajkuni, lajkuri, lajosag, lajuli, lajuri, lajwanti, lazaabati,
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. May be toxic when cut and
lazaoni, lazomori, menganha, mudata madaaku, nachkuli,
dried; pods toxic to livestock, and leaves to chickens; swal-
naun-mek-jang, neelajibon, nidi-kumba, nidrakanti, ped-
lowed roots emetic. Flowers eaten for diarrhea. Young shoots
danidrakanti, sharminda, tattal vadi, thotal sinungi, thottal-
paste hemostatic, applied on cuts and wounds. Whole plant
chinungi, thottalvaadi, thottasurungi, thottavadi, tottal-vadi,
paste along with onion applied over wounds; dried plant pow-
tottalvadi, tottavati
der for dandruff; bark or whole plant juice given in diarrhea.
Paste of leaves mixed with breast milk applied locally for in Japan: ojigi-sô
Mimosa L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) 2519

in Lepcha: aa aook mook 551, 557. 1981, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden
65: 298. 1991, Novon 10(1): 29–37. 2000
in Malaysia: daun sopan, kemunchup, malu-malu, memalu,
puteri malu, rumput malu, rumput malu-malu, rumput rimau, (For lockjaw, piles, ringworm.)
semalu
Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. (Mimosa intsia sensu auct. non L.;
in Nepal: buhari jhar, lajwati jhar Mimosa mutabilis Roxb.; Mimosa octandra Roxb.)
in Philippines: ambabaing, andi-baing, babain, baeng-baeng, India. Perennial non-climbing shrub, straggling, prickly
bain-bain, damohia, damohiya, dicut malamarine, dilgan-
susu, harupai, huya-huya, kirom-kirom, kiromkirom, maka- See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 20. 1783,
hia, makahiya, sipug-sipug, torog-torog, tuyag-huyag Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 41. 1814

in Thailand: ka-ngap, maiyaraap, yaa pan yot (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant juice given to treat pep-
tic ulcer. Stem juice for boils. Ground seeds to alleviate fever.
in Vietnam: c[aa]y m[aws]c c[owr], c[aa]y x[aas]u h[oor], Roots antivomiting; roots paste with black pepper used on
c[aa]y trinh n[uwx], co then, ham tu thao boils. Leaves crushed and applied on wounds, eaten in cases
in Hawaii: pua hilahila of piles; leaf juice applied on burns; an infusion taken for
piles. Crushed bark a fish poison. Magico-religious beliefs, to
in South and Central America: adormidera, cierra tus puer- increase the lactation leaves kept under the bed of a woman
tas, cierrate, corona de cristo, dorme-dorme, dormideira, who has delivered recently.)
dormidera, dormidillo, dormilona, ix mutz, juquiri, juquiri-
rasteiro, malícia, malícia-de-mulher, mèzè mawi, morivivi, in India: agla, aila, alai, alay, alla, alral, ankkitam, arai, ara-
morre-joão, puta vieja, sensitiva, sinverguenza, ten ver- vikantakkoti, aravikantam, arlu, arrumalikam, bida, boda-
guenza, vergonha, vergonhosa, vergonzosa, xmuts, zarza candra, bodachandra, butakorinda, candratige, chandra,
dormilona, zarza mora, zarzaviva chemba, chilati, ciravattai, ciravattaicceti, dadar, dadrar,
dontari, durghari, eil, gopakanu, hundra, igai, ikai, ikam,
Mimosa quadrivalvis L. var. leptocarpa (DC.) Barneby ikkagodi, imakkoti, indai, indangodi, indu, ingai, ingu, inkai,
(Leptoglottis leptocarpa (DC.) Standl.; Leptoglottis portori- inku, intai, intu, iraittu, irantikai, irantini, irantinicceti, iyak-
censis (Urb.) Britton & Rose; Mimosa candollei R. Grether; koluntu, iyattantu, iyattantukkoti, kachyata, kacheyta, kak-
Mimosa leptocarpa Rose; Morongia portoricensis (Urb.) kaikariccanceti, kakkaikkariccan, kandratige, kandyari,
Britton; Schrankia argentinensis Burkart; Schrankia lep- karindu, karingan, karintu, karuncunti, karunjundi, karup-
tocarpa DC.; Schrankia portoricensis Urb.; Schrankia tri- pintiriyakkoti, karuppuintiriyakkoti, karuppuppilankoti,
juga Ram. Goyena) (Schrankia Willdenow, for the German karuppuuppilankoti, karuppuyindiriyakkodi, katampaputpi,
botanist Franz von Paula von Schrank, 1747–1835, entomolo- katamparaka, katcheenikoi, katirvalli, kattu sikkai, kat-
gist, professor of botany and agronomy, 1809–1832 Director tucciyakkay, kattucikkay, kattucinikka, kattusinikka, ken-
Botanical Garden München; see E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of takayippini, khinkari, khirkachani, khirkichikanta, kingli,
the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. kinglu, kingrei, kodimudusu, korendum, korinda, korintha,
Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, Ida Kaplan Langman, A kotantam, kotha korintha, kuchikanta, kunchikata, kundaru,
Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants kundru, kundurujanum, kuntai, kuvankiya, kuvankiyacceti,
of Mexico. 684. Philadelphia 1964, John H. Barnhart, mantakkoti, mantam, munugudamaramu, muttavapulagamu,
Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 240. 1965, T.W. nakaviyakkiram, nakkiyakkiram, pannaimaritakkoti, pan-
Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in naimaritam, pavalacayintu, pootakorinta, pulitotakkicceti,
the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 355. 1972, Stafleu and pulittakki, pulittotakki, pulittutakki, punarrantu, punarran-
Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 5: 323–328. 1985, R. Zander, tukkoti, putakorinda, rala-arlu, rasne, sa-bryo ju, sajjaka, sal-
F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der laka, sandratige, sarja, sarjarasah, sarjjasasamu, sega janum,
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 777. Stuttgart 1993.) segajamum, shia-kanta, shiah-kanta, shiahkanta, shiakanta,
Java, Central America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, strag- shikeri, sundratheega, tkai, tsikeri, tulobam, tulopam, tup-
gling, herbaceous, quadrangular, prickly, pinkish flowers, piracam, tuppiram, tuppirasam, tutpiracam, tyakkoluntu,
linear quadrangular pubescent fruits uccintikakkoti, uccintikam, udra kampa, umpilati, undra,
undrakampa, unmantakkoti, unmantam, uppilankoti, uppili,
See Species Plantarum 1: 522. 1753, Prodromus Systematis urasige, urisige, vallikatura, vanavulimiti, vellai intu, ventra,
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 443. 1825, Contributions from vundra, wallagdoora
the United States National Herbarium 1(9): 326–327. 1895
and Symbolae Antillarum 2(2): 267. 1900, Philippine Journal in Nepal: arkhu, hunrapa puju, jhukre, ranchu
of Science 5(1): 30. 1910, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and
Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. subsp. himalayana (Gamble) H.
the Virgin Islands 5: 357. 1924, Journal of the Washington
Ohashi (Mimosa himalayana Gamble)
Academy of Sciences 15(20): 458. 1925, North American
Flora 23(3): 140, 143. 1928, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68: Nepal, India, Himalaya.
2520 Mimosa L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1920(1): South and Central America. Perennial non-climbing tree,
4–5. 1920, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal, 2: 126. 1979, Proc. 3rd All shrub or small tree, spiny, stems with glandular hairs,
Indian Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3: 493–499. 1981 many-branched, leaves feathery bipinnate, fragrant flowers
greenish white, fruit green with a red margin, on slopes,
(Plant juice given to treat peptic ulcer, juice also applied to
pastures, caatinga
burns. Leaves infusion used in piles and burns. Root juice
applied to relieve sprain; powdered roots given in vomit- See Species Plantarum 1: 523. 1753, The Gardeners
ing, weakness.) Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754,
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1088, 1091. 1806,
in Nepal: aril, ranchu
Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1(1):
Mimosa somnians Willd. (Mimosa acutiflora Benth.; 82. 1810, Sylva Telluriana 119. 1838, Florae Columbiae
Mimosa palpitans Willd.; Mimosa palpitans Humb. & Bonpl. terrarumque adjacentium specimina selecta in peregrina-
ex Willd.; Mimosa podocarpa Benth.; Mimosa quadrijuga tione duodecim annorum observata delineavit et descrip-
Salzm. ex Benth.; Mimosa quadrijuga Benth.; Mimosa som- sit H. Karsten 2: 63, pl. 132. 1862, Transactions of the
nians Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Mimosa somnians subsp. Linnean Society of London 30(3): 415. 1875 and Bulletin
viscida (Willd.) Barneby; Mimosa somnians var. podocarpa de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 303. 1901, Repertorium
Niederl.; Mimosa somnians Willd. var. podocarpa (Benth.) Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9: 1. 1910, Journal of
Niederl.; Mimosa somnians Willd. var. quadrijuga Niederl., the American Pharmaceutical Association 49(9): 621–622.
nom. nud.; Mimosa somnians var. velascoensis (Harms) 1960, Planta Med. 13: 125–157. 1965, Lloydia 29: 293–308.
Barneby; Mimosa somnians var. viscida (Willd.) Barneby; 1966, North American Flora 23(2): 118. 1928, Leandra;
Mimosa somniculosa Kunth; Mimosa tobagensis Urb.; revista de informação científica do departamento de botânica
Mimosa velascoensis Harms; Mimosa viscida Willd.) 4–5: 14. 1974, Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 48:
151–152. 1988, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 54(12): 1728–
South America. Perennial non-climbing shrub
1729. 2006
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1036.
(The bark is the part of the tree, together with the roots, tradi-
1806, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis,
tionally used in northeastern Brazil in a psychoactive decoc-
… 2: 1048. 1809, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto
tion also called jurema or yurema. Powdered bark applied to
ed.) 6: 257. 1823, Journal of Botany, being a second series
burns.)
of the Botanical Miscellany (Hooker) 4(32): 397–398. 1842,
Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 68. 1898 and Repertorium in Latin America: carbón colorado, carbonal, jurema negra,
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 15: 307. 1918, N. Amer. jurema-preta, mimosa, tepescohuite, tepezcohuite, vinho de
Fl. 23(3): 137–194. 1928, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35(3): jurema, yurema
101–208. 1936, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314.
Mimosa verrucosa Benth.
1950, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Boletim
Técnico do Instituto Agronômico de Norte 36: 45–75. 1958, Brazil.
Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 15(1): 96–111. 1966, Brittonia
See Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical
37(2): 144. 1985, Revista Brasil. Genét. 12(1): 81–92. 1989,
Miscellany (Hooker) 4(31): 390. 1841 and Mem. Inst. Oswaldo
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 65: 457. 1991
Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Rodriguésia 28(41): 137–193. 1976,
(Reputed to be poisonous.) Bot. Mus. Leafl. 26(9–10): 311–332. 1978
in Spanish: dormideira, dormilona (Intoxicating drink, stupefacient, psychoactive.)
Mimosa spinisiliqua Klein ex Poiret in Brazil: jurema branca, vinho de jurema (the drink)
India. Mimosa warnockii B.L. Turner (Acacia flexuosa Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd.; Mimosa biuncifera Benth. var. flexuosa (A.
See Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … (Lamarck)
Gray) Robinson; Mimosa biuncifera var. flexuosa (Benth.)
Supplément 1(1): 54. 1810
B.L. Rob.; Mimosa flexuosa A. Gray; Mimosa flexuosa
(Used in Sidha.) Benth., nom. illeg.; Mimosa flexuosa Poir.; Mimosa flexuosa
(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir.; Mimosa flexuosa Rottler
in India: intu, pulittutakki, tkai, tyakkoluntu, vellai intu
ex Wight & Arn., nom. illeg.; Mimosopsis flexuosa (Benth.)
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Acacia angustissima Britton & Rose)
(Mill.) Kuntze; Acacia hostilis Mart.; Acacia tenuiflora
North America.
Willd.; Acacia tenuifolia (L.) Willd.; Mimosa apodocarpa
Benth.; Mimosa apodocarpa var. hostilis (Mart.) Hassl.; See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1082. 1806,
Mimosa cabrera H. Karst.; Mimosa hostilis (Mart.) Benth.; Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … (Lamarck)
Mimosa limana Rizzini; Mimosa nigra Huber; Mimosa tenu- Supplément 1(1): 79. 1810, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae
ifolia L.; Senegalia tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose) Indiae Orientalis 1: 275. 1834, Smithsonian Contributions
Mimulopsis Schweinf. Acanthaceae 2521

to Knowledge 3(5): 62. 1852, Proceedings of the American (Anticonvulsive.)

Academy of Arts and Sciences 33: 327. 1898 and North
in English: Eastwood’s monkeyflower
American Flora 23(3): 176. 1928, Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 35(3): 139. 1936, Field & Laboratory Mimulus glabratus Kunth (Mimulus andicolus Kunth;
24(1): 15. 1956 Mimulus glabratus A. Gray; Mimulus kingii Phil.; Mimulus
luteus var. micranthus Phil.; Mimulus parviflorus Lindl.;
(Used in Sidha.)
Mimulus propinquus Lindl.; Mimulus tener Phil.)
in India: peruvakai
South America, Mexico. Perennial herb, smooth stemmed
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.]
Mimulopsis Schweinf. Acanthaceae 2: 370. 1817[1818], Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory]
116. 1859
Resembling Mimulus, see Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3:
75, 90. 1832, Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen (Flowers infusion for colds, kidneys, fevers and bronchitis,
Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 18: 677. 1868. inflammation of urinary tract.)
Mimulopsis violacea Lindau in Ecuador: violeta, yaco-muyo
Tropical Africa, Nigeria. Erect, herb, shrub, whitish flowers Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. jamesii (Torr. & A. Gray ex
Benth.) A. Gray (Mimulus geyeri Torr.; Mimulus glabratus
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 105. 1893
Kunth var. fremontii (Benth.) A.L. Grant; Mimulus glabra-
(Leaves for fevers, dysentery, venereal diseases.) tus var. fremontii A.L. Grant; Mimulus glabratus var. jame-
sii A. Gray; Mimulus inamoenus Greene; Mimulus jamesii
Torr. & A. Gray; Mimulus jamesii Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth.;
Mimulus L. Scrophulariaceae (Phrymaceae) Mimulus jamesii Torr. & A. Gray ex Benth. var. fremontii
Benth.; Mimulus reniformis Engelm. ex Benth., nom. inval.)
Referring to the flowers, monkey-faced; from the Latin
mimulus, i ‘a little mime’, diminutive of mimus, i ‘a mimic North America. Perennial herb, vegetable
actor’, Greek mimos; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
See Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1793–1864), Narrative of an
2: 634. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 283. 1754, Fam.
expedition through the upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake: the
Pl. (Adanson) 2: 211. 1763, Annals of Natural History 1: 137–
actual source of this river: embracing an exploratory trip
139. 1838, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames
through the St. Croix and Burntwood (or Broule) Rivers in
9: 312–313. 1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
1832. New York, Harper, 1834, Report intended to illustrate
Vegetabilis 11: 520. 1847, Proceedings of the American
a map of the hydrographical basin of the Upper Mississippi
Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 97. 1876, Botanical
river. 157. 1843, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Gazette 9: 141. 1884 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Vegetabilis (DC.) 10: 371. 1846, Synoptical Flora of North
Garden 11(2–3): 268. 1924[1925], Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4):
America ed. 2. 2(1): 447. 1886 and Pittonia 5(27): 137. 1903,
319–416. 1973, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 1–69. 2000, Bol. Soc.
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 11(2–3): 190.
Bot. México 69: 101–121. 2001.
1924[1925]
Mimulus cardinalis Douglas ex Benth. (Diplacus cardi-
(Leaves as tonic, stomachic, stimulant.)
nalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Groenl.; Diplacus cardinalis
Douglas; Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach; in English: James’ monkeyflower
Erythranthe cardinalis Spach)
Mimulus guttatus DC. (Mimulus arvensis Greene; Mimulus
North America. Perennial herb bakeri Gandog.; Mimulus brachystylis Edwin; Mimulus cle-
mentinus Greene; Mimulus cordatus Greene; Mimulus cuspi-
See Scrophularineae Indicae 28. 1835, Histoire Naturelle
data Greene; Mimulus decorus (A.L. Grant) Suksd.; Mimulus
des Végétaux. Phanérogames (Spach) 9: 313. 1840, Revue
equinnus Greene; Mimulus glabratus Kunth var. ascendens
Horticole, [Paris] sér. 4, 6: 137. 1857 and Taxon 30: 68–69.
A. Gray; Mimulus glareosus Greene; Mimulus grandiflorus
1981, Taxon 31: 360. 1982, Madroño 33: 264–270. 1986
J.T. Howell; Mimulus grandis (Greene) A. Heller; Mimulus
(Plant infusion as a wash for the child at birth.) guttatus Fisch. ex DC.; Mimulus guttatus DC. subsp. arenic-
ola Pennell; Mimulus guttatus DC. subsp. arvensis (Greene)
in English: crimson monkeyflower, scarlet monkey-flower
Munz; Mimulus guttatus DC. subsp. haidensis Calder & Roy
Mimulus eastwoodiae Rydb. (Mimulus cardinalis Eastw., L. Taylor; Mimulus guttatus DC. subsp. litoralis Pennell;
non Douglas ex Benth.) Mimulus guttatus DC. subsp. micranthus (A. Heller) Munz;
Mimulus guttatus DC. subsp. scouleri (Hook.) Pennell;
North America. Perennial herb
Mimulus guttatus DC. var. arvensis (Greene) A.L. Grant;
See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(9): 483–484. Mimulus guttatus DC. var. decorus A.L. Grant; Mimulus
1913, Taxon 30: 68–69. 1981 guttatus DC. var. depauperatus (A. Gray) A.L. Grant;
2522 Mimulus L. Scrophulariaceae (Phrymaceae)

Mimulus guttatus DC. var. gracilis (A. Gray) G.R. Campb.; (Crushed leaves made into a paste applied to wounds; a
Mimulus guttatus DC. var. grandis Greene; Mimulus gutta- decoction taken for stomachache, colic.)
tus DC. var. hallii (Greene) A.L. Grant; Mimulus guttatus
in English: common monkeyflower, seep monkeyflower
DC. var. insignis Greene; Mimulus guttatus DC. var. laxus
(Pennell ex M. Peck) M. Peck; Mimulus guttatus DC. var. Mimulus moschatus Douglas ex Lindl.
lyratus (Benth.) Pennell ex M. Peck; Mimulus guttatus DC.
North America. Perennial herb, hairy-stemmed, yellow flow-
var. microphyllus (Benth.) Pennell ex M. Peck; Mimulus gut-
ers, food
tatus DC. var. nasutus (Greene) Jeps.; Mimulus guttatus DC.
var. puberulus (Greene ex Rydb.) A.L. Grant; Mimulus hallii See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 13: pl.
Greene; Mimulus hirsutus J.T. Howell; Mimulus langsdorf- 1118. 1828, Fl. Canad. 1: 439. 1862 and Taxon 30: 68–69,
fii Donn ex Greene; Mimulus langsdorffii Donn ex Greene 829–842. 1981, Madroño 39(2): 137–149. 1992
var. argutus Greene; Mimulus langsdorffii Donn ex Greene
(Stomachic, tonic.)
var. arvensis (Greene) Jeps.; Mimulus langsdorffii Donn ex
Greene var. californicus Jeps.; Mimulus langsdorffii Donn ex in English: musk-flower, musk-plant, yellow monkeyflower
Greene var. grandis (Greene) Greene; Mimulus langsdorffii
Mimulus moschatus Douglas ex Lindl. var. moschatus
Donn ex Greene var. guttatus (DC.) Jeps.; Mimulus langs-
dorffii Donn ex Greene var. insignis (Greene) A.L. Grant; North America. Perennial herb, hairy-stemmed, yellow flow-
Mimulus langsdorffii Donn ex Greene var. microphyllus ers, food
(Benth.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr.; Mimulus langsdorffii Donn
See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 13: pl.
ex Greene var. minimus Henry; Mimulus langsdorffii Donn
1118. 1828, Fl. Canad. 1: 439. 1862 and Taxon 30: 68–69,
ex Greene var. nasutus (Greene) Jeps.; Mimulus langsdorf-
829–842. 1981, Madroño 39(2): 137–149. 1992
fii Donn ex Greene var. platyphyllus Greene; Mimulus laxus
Pennell ex M. Peck; Mimulus longulus Greene; Mimulus (Stomachic, tonic.)
luteus L. var. depauperatus A. Gray; Mimulus luteus L. var.
in English: musk-flower, musk-plant, yellow monkeyflower
gracilis A. Gray; Mimulus lyratus Benth.; Mimulus maguirei
Pennell; Mimulus marmoratus Greene; Mimulus micranthus Mimulus ringens L.
A. Heller; Mimulus microphyllus Benth.; Mimulus nasutus
North America. Perennial herb
Greene; Mimulus nasutus Greene var. micranthus (A. Heller)
A.L. Grant; Mimulus paniculatus Greene; Mimulus pardalis See Species Plantarum 2: 634. 1753, Prodromus stirpium in
Pennell; Mimulus parishii Gandog., non Greene; Mimulus horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium 100. 1796 and Leaflets
petiolaris Greene; Mimulus prionophyllus Greene; Mimulus of Botanical Observation and Criticism 2(1): 1. 1909, Annual
procerus Greene; Mimulus puberulus Gand.; Mimulus puber- Report of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters
ulus Greene ex Rydb.; Mimulus puberulus Greene; Mimulus 19: 249. 1917, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 11(2–
puncticalyx Gandog.; Mimulus rivularis Nutt.; Mimulus 3): 131. 1924[1925], Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr.
scouleri Hook.; Mimulus subreniformis Greene; Mimulus 1: 123. 1935, Le Naturaliste Canadien 108: 143–152. 1981,
tenellus Bunge; Mimulus tenellus Nutt. ex A. Gray; Mimulus Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982
thermalis A. Nelson; Mimulus unimaculatus Pennell)
(For skin diseases, epilepsy, antidote.)
North America. Perennial or annual herb, very variable, yel-
in English: Allegheny monkeyflower, Allegheny monkey-
low flowers, food, vegetable
flower, ringen monkeyflower, square-stemmed monkey-flower
See Botanical Magazine 36: sub pl. 1501. 1812, Cat. Hort.
Mimulus ringens L. var. ringens (Mimulus × minthodes
Monsp. 127. 1812, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 49. 1833, Fl. Canad.
Greene; Mimulus minthodes Greene; Mimulus minthoides
[Provanchier] 1: 439. 1862, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts xi. (1876)
Greene; Mimulus pallidus Salisb.; Mimulus ringens L. var.
98. 1876, Man. Bot. San Francisco 277. 1894 and Bull.
congesta Farw.; Mimulus ringens var. minthodes A.L. Grant;
Torrey Bot. Club 27: 269. 1900, A Flora of Western Middle
Mimulus ringens L. var. minthodes (Greene) A.L. Grant)
California 406. 1901, Fl. Colorado [Rydberg] 311. 1906,
Leaflets Bot. Obs. & Crit. 2: 4. 1909, Bull. Soc. Bot. France North America. Perennial herb
66: 219. 1919, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 11: 170, 172–174, pl.
See Species Plantarum 2: 634. 1753, Prodromus stirpium in
4, 10. 1924, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 928. 1925, Notul.
horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium 100. 1796 and Leaflets
Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 43: 5. 1940, Man. Pl.
of Botanical Observation and Criticism 2(1): 1. 1909, Annual
Oregon 654. 1941, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 99:
Report of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters
165–166. 1947, Aliso 2: 328, 332. 1950, Aliso 4: 99. 1958, Fl.
19: 249. 1917, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 11(2–
S.-E. Washington (St. John) (ed. 3) 404. 1963, Canad. J. Bot.
3): 131. 1924[1925], Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1:
43: 1398. 1965, Taxon 30: 68–69, 829–842. 1981, Taxon 31:
123. 1935
360. 1982, Phytologia 56(1): 55–60. 1984, Madroño 39(2):
137–149. 1992 (For skin diseases, epilepsy, antidote.)
Mimusops L. Sapotaceae 2523

in English: Allegheny monkeyflower, Allegheny monkey- Thailand. Tree, round spreading leafy crown, coriaeous
flower, ringen monkeyflower, square-stemmed monkey-flower elliptic leaves, whitish yellow fragrant star-shaped flowers,
circle of petals with adhering staminodes, ovoid fruit orange-
Mimulus strictus Benth.
reddish, hard seed dark brown, ripe fruits eaten
India.
See Species Plantarum 1: 349. 1753, Hortus Mauritianus
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3918. 1831 198. 1837, Prodr. (DC.) 8: 201, 207. 1844, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 2: 406. 1891 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(1):
(Leaf decoction given to women for antifertility.)
172–203. 1981
Mimulus tenellus Bunge var. platyphyllus (Franchet)
(Used in Ayurveda. Leaves cardiotonic, antipyretic, astrin-
P.C. Tsoong ex H.P. Yang (Mimulus nepalensis f. maior
gent, used for sore throat, skin complaints, headache, ulcer-
H. Winkler; Mimulus nepalensis Bentham var. platyphyl-
ation of the nose, sore eyes and muscular pain, snakebite;
lus Franchet; Mimulus tenellus var. maior (H. Winkler)
leaf paste mixed with sugar taken against blood dysentery;
Handel-Mazzetti)
sap from bark of Baccaurea motleyana treats sore eyes,
China. sometimes used with leaves of Mimusops elengi. Flowers for
wounds and ulcers; dried powder as a snuff to relieve head-
See Sp. Pl. 2: 634. 1753, Enum. Pl. China Bor. 49. 1833,
ache; flowers and bark for fevers and diarrhea. Bark decoc-
Scroph. Ind. 29. 1835, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 10: 103.
tion astringent for diarrhea, also as a mouthwash to cure
1888 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 11: 207. 1924, Symb. Sin.
toothache, tooth decay, bleeding from the gum; a decoction
7: 832. 1936, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 171. 1979
of the bark of Premna bengalensis, Mimusops elengi and
(Antiinflammatory.) Terminalia arjuna applied in paralysis; bark powder mixed
in China: gou suan jiang, nan hong teng with sugar applied on jaw in toothache, also taken with milk
to cure leucorrhea; juice of stem bark and fruit given in den-
tal caries. Pulp of ripe fruits astringent, used in dysentery
and diarrhea, also prescribed to increase conceiving ability
Mimusops L. Sapotaceae
of women. Seeds pounded and given in dysentery and con-
Greek mimo, mimus ‘an ape, a mimic’ and opsis ‘resembling, stipation in children. Magic-religious beliefs, tribal hang a
aspect’, ops ‘eye, face’, the corolla and the shape of flow- seed in black thread on the arm of children for keeping evil
ers resemble the face of a monkey; Latin mimus, i ‘a mimic eyes away. Ceremonial, flowers used in marriage ceremony;
actor’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 349. 1753, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremo-
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 165. 1754, Familles des Plantes nies. Fragrant flowers used to worship God Shiva.)
2: 166, 574. 1763, Genera Plantarum 152. 1789, Plants of
in English: bullet wood, medlar, Spanish cherry, tanjong tree
the Coast of Coromandel 1: 16, pl. 15. 1795, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 202–203, 205. in India: bakoli, bakool, bakul, bakula, bakulah, baukal-
1844, Flora Brasiliensis 7: 42. 1863, Journal of Botany, araung, baula, blok-chip-rip, bokul, bolasiri, elanni, elengi,
British and Foreign 16: 145. 1878, Journal of Botany, British ilanni, maulsari, morsali, pogadachettu
and Foreign 17: 358. 1879, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société
in Indonesia: tandjung
Linnéenne de Paris 2(115): 916. 1891, Histoire des Plantes 11:
269. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(1): 142. 1891 in Malaysia: bunga tanjong, mengkula, mengkulah, mengku-
and Symbolae Antillarum 5: 162, 174. 1904, Monographien lang, pekola batu, pokok tanjong, tanjong
afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen 8: 55, 82.
in Nepal: bhalsari
1914, Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations bota-
nique, n.s. 3: 22. 1963. in Thailand: phi-kun
Mimusops andongensis Hiern (Mimusops warneckei Engl.) Mimusops kummel Bruce ex A. DC. (Binectaria fragrans
(Baker) Kuntze; Binectaria fragrans Kuntze; Imbricaria
Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, white sticky sap, fragrant
fragrans Baker; Kaukenia kummel (Bruce ex A. DC.)
flowers
Kuntze; Kaukenia kummel Kuntze; Mimusops djuren-
See Cat. Afr. Pl. (Hiern) 1: 646, 649. 1898 and Monogr. Afrik. sis Engl.; Mimusops fragrans (Baker) Engl.; Mimusops
Pflanzen-Fam. 8: 68. 1904 fragrans Engl.; Mimusops kerstingii Engl.; Mimusops
kilimandscharica Engl.; Mimusops langenburgiana
(Latex to treat malaria.)
Engl.; Mimusops longipes Baker; Mimusops pohlii Engl.;
in Cameroon: mbomboli Mimusops stenosepala Chiov.)
Mimusops elengi L. (Kaukenia elengi (L.) Kuntze; Mimusops Tropical Africa, Tanzania, Uganda. An evergreen tree, shrub,
elengi Bojer; Mimusops elengi Sieber ex A. DC.; Mimusops cream-white fragrant flowers, pointed drupe orange-yellow,
elengi Wight) red-brown seed, sweet fleshy ripe fruit pulp eaten raw, the
2524 Minquartia Aublet Olacaceae

plant exudes a white latex when bruised, in riverine forest, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 13: 77–78. 1899 and Arquivos
beside streams, wooded grassland, rocky hills do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 2(1): 33. 1935, Brittonia
2(2): 149–150. 1936, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8:
Vegetabilis 39(10–25): 282. 1936
203. 1844, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iv. I. (1891)
152. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 406. 1891, Bull. (Bark infusion to treat stomachache.)
Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 149. 1895 and Monogr. Afrik.
in English: Brazilian sandalwood
Pflanzen-Fam. 8: 68, 70, 75–76, 78. 1904, Atti Reale Accad.
Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. (Pl. Nov. Aethiop.) 11: 47. 1940 in Bolivia: caricuara amarilla, iscocharasi
(Bark used for anemia, asthma and malaria; inner bark used in Ecuador: wambulla cara, wambulla ruyu
for a tea.)
in Kenya: chemalokutan, mugumo-ciano, nyabondo, olkire-
nyi, pusyoon
Minthostachys (Benth.) Spach
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
in Nigeria: emido (Yoruba)
From the Greek minthe ‘mentha’ and stachys ‘spike’, see
in Tanzania: ghana, hiiti, mgama, mgambo, mlonje, mugama, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux 9: 164. 1840.
olkirenyi
Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb. (Bystropogon mollis
Mimusops parvifolia R. Br. (Mimusops elengi var. parvifo- Kunth; Mentha mollis Benth.; Minthostachys mollis (Benth.)
lia (R. Br.) H.J. Lam.; Mimusops parvifolia (Nutt.) Radlk. Griseb.)
ex Britton; Mimusops parvifolia (Nutt.) Radlk., nom. illeg.;
Mimusops parvifolia Kurz, nom. illeg.) Colombia, Venezuela. Shrub, aromatic, pubescent, small
ovate leaves, small white flowers, dense axillary inflorescence
Philippines.
See Sertum Anglicum 12. 1789, Nova Genera et Species
See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 531. 1810, Forest Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 317. 1818, Abhandlungen der
Flora of British Burma 2: 124. 1877, Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München 12(3): 344. 1882 19: 235. 1874
[Dec 1881] and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg,
sér. 3, 7: 235. 1925 (Leaves infusion carminative, against colds; used externally
as an hemostatic and for rheumatism. Mutagenic activity of
(Bark and unripe fruit astringent, used for ulcers, wounds, essential oils.)
gonorrhea.)
in Ecuador: guarmi poléo, poléo
in Philippines: bansalagin
in Peru: muña

Minquartia Aublet Olacaceae

Miquelia Meissner Icacinaceae
A native name for Minquartia guianensis Aublet, this tree is
called minquer by the Creoles, see Genera Plantarum 1: 345. For the Dutch (b. in Germany) botanist Friedrich Anton
Wilhelm Miquel, 1811–1871 (d. Utrecht), M.D. Groningen
1862, Prodr. (DC.) 15(2.2): 227–228. 1866, Sitzungsberichte
1833, professor of botany, Director of the Rotterdam
der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B.
Botanical Garden, Director of the Amsterdam Botanical
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 16(3): 313. 1886,
Garden, among his very numerous and valuable writings are
Journal de Botanique (Morot) 13: 77–78. 1899 and Fieldiana,
“Species aliquot novas valdivianas, a Domino W. Lechler col-
Bot., n.s. 13: 14–27. 1983, Fl. Ecuador 69: 59–103. 2002,
lectas.” Linnaea. 25: 650–654. 1853 and “Animadversiones
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 814–823. 2007.
in Piperaceas Herbarii Hookeriani.” London J. Bot. 4: 410–
Minquartia guianensis Aublet (Eganthus poeppigii Tiegh.; 470. 1845. See A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin
Endusa punctata Radlk.; Minquartia macrophylla Ducke; Delessert. Paris 1845 and Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters
Minquartia parvifolia A.C. Sm.; Minquartia punctata of Sir J.D. Hooker. London 1918, E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of
(Radlk.) Sleumer; Secretania loranthacea Müll.Arg.) the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
1917–1933, E.D. Merrill, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 144:
French Guiana, South America.
136–137. 1937, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2(Suppl.): Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. Philadelphia
4–6, t. 370. 1775, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists.
Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2.2): 228. 1866, Sitzungsberichte der 2: 495. 1965, F.A. Stafleu, in Wentia. 16: 1–95. 1966, T.W.
Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 16(3): 313. 1886, in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 268. 1972, Frans A.
Mirabilis L. Nyctaginaceae 2525

Stafleu and Richard S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 508– Weath.; Oxybaphus grayanus (Standl.) Standl.; Oxybaphus
520. 1981, Frans A. Stafleu, in D.S.B. 9: 417. 1981, R. Zander, hirsutus (Pursh) Sweet; Oxybaphus lanceolatus (Rydb.)
F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Standl.; Oxybaphus nyctagineus var. oblongifolius A. Gray;
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993. Oxybaphus pauciflorus Buckley; Oxybaphus pratensis
(Standl.) Weath.; Oxybaphus pseudaggregatus (Heimerl)
Miquelia caudata King
Standl.; Oxybaphus pumilus (Standl.) Standl.; Oxybaphus
Penins. Mal. rotatus (Standl.) Weath.)
See Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lxiv. II. 124. 1895 North America. Perennial herbaceous subshrub
(Roots as arrow or dart poison.) See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 84. 1788, Flora
Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 728. 1814[1813], The
Malayan names: pisang-pisang bulu, s’lowung, selowang,
Genera of North American Plants 1: 26. 1818, Hortus
seluang
Britannicus 1: 334. 1826, Hortus Britannicus 2: 429.
1827, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary
… Botany 2(1): 174. 1859, Proceedings of the Academy
Mirabilis L. Nyctaginaceae of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1862: 7. 1862, The
Latin mirabilis, e ‘wonderful’, miror, atus, sum, ari ‘to won- Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley 217. 1892 and Annuaire
der’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 177. 1753, du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 5: 181–
Genera Plantarum Ed. 5. 82. 1754, Species Plantarum. 185. 1901, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 29(12):
Editio quarta [Willdenow] 1(1): 170, 185. 1797, Prodromus 691–692. 1902, Flora of the Southeastern United States 407,
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 429. 1849, 1330. 1903, Contributions from the United States National
Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … Herbarium 12(8): 345, 347–348, 351, 356. 1909, Proceedings
Botany 2(1): 173. 1859, Watson, Sereno (1826–1892), Report of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 45: 425. 1910,
of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
order of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress 49(8): 492. 1913, North American Flora 21(3): 224, 227–228.
of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of 1918, Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science,
A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government Arts, and Letters 22: 183. 1921 (publ. 1923), Publications
Printing Office, 1871, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 8(1):
[Engler & Prantl] 3(1b): 24. 1889, Beiträge zur Systematik 11. 1930, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum,
der Nyctaginaceen 23. 1897 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Botanical Series 8(5): 305–306. 1931, Field & Laboratory
Ser. 13(2/2): 518–546. 1937, Flora de la Región del Parque 19(4): 176–177. 1951
Nacional Amboró Bolivia 2: 1–209. 2004, Biodiversidad del (Roots for sores, burns, wounds and skin eruptions.)
Estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005.
in English: dwarf four o’clock, white four o’clock
Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl (Abronia oblongifolia (A.
Gray) Small; Allionia aggregata var. hirsuta (Pursh) Farw.; Mirabilis alipes (S. Watson) Pilz (Hermidium alipes S.
Allionia albida Walter; Allionia bracteata Rydb.; Allionia cil- Watson; Hermidium alipes var. pallidium Ch. Porter;
iata Standl.; Allionia coahuilensis Standl.; Allionia comata Hermidium alipes S. Watson var. pallidum Ced. Porter)
Small; Allionia divaricata Rydb.; Allionia grayana Standl.; North America. Perennial herbaceous subshrub
Allionia hirsuta Pursh; Allionia lanceolata Rydb.; Allionia
oblongifolia (A. Gray) Small; Allionia pauciflora (Buckley) See Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 286, pl. 32. 1871 and Rhodora
Standl.; Allionia pratensis Standl.; Allionia pseudaggre- 54(642): 158–159. 1952, Madroño 25(3): 120. 1978
gata (Heimerl) Weath.; Allionia pumila Standl.; Allionia (Analgesic, cathartic, antiemetic, antiseptic, stimulant, for
rotata Standl.; Calymenia albida (Walter) Nutt.; Calymenia headache, swellings, impetigo, nausea, neuralgia, hysteria,
hirsuta (Pursh) Nutt.; Mirabilis albida Heimerl; Mirabilis madness, delirium, sores, burns, wounds.)
albida (Walter) Heimerl var. lata Shinners; Mirabilis albida
in English: winged four o’clock
(Walter) Heimerl var. uniflora Heimerl; Mirabilis ciliata
(Standl.) Standl.; Mirabilis coahuilensis (Standl.) Standl.; Mirabilis coccinea (Torr.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Allionia coc-
Mirabilis comata (Small) Standl.; Mirabilis dumetorum cinea Standl.; Allionia coccinea (Torr.) Standl.; Allionia
Shinners; Mirabilis entricha Shinners; Mirabilis eutricha gracillima Standl.; Allionia linearis Pursh var. coccinea
Shinners; Mirabilis grayana (Standl.) Standl.; Mirabilis hir- (Torr.) M.E. Jones; Oxybaphus coccineus Torr.)
suta (Pursh) MacMill.; Mirabilis lanceolata (Rydb.) Standl.;
North America. Perennial herb
Mirabilis oblongifolia (A. Gray) Heimerl; Mirabilis pauci-
flora (Buckley) Standl.; Mirabilis pseudaggregata Heimerl; See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 728. 1814 [Dec 1813], Report on
Mirabilis pumila (Standl.) Standl.; Mirabilis rotata (Standl.) the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany [Emory]
I.M. Johnst.; Oxybaphus albidus (Walter) Sweet; Oxybaphus 2(1): 169. 1859, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(1): 3.
coahuilensis (Standl.) Weath.; Oxybaphus comatus (Small) 1880, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 3. 1880 and Contributions to
2526 Mirabilis L. Nyctaginaceae

Western Botany 10: 51. 1902, Contributions from the United portion of root tied on the waist of a woman for smooth deliv-
States National Herbarium 12(8): 339–340. 1909 ery. Veterinary medicine, root paste given against sunstroke
and infectious diseases; root tied to the neck for expelling the
(Root decoction taken for gonorrhea.)
placenta; roots tubers used as a poison to kill cattle.)
in English: scarlet four o’clock
in English: beauty-of-the-night, false jalap, four-o’clock,
Mirabilis greenei S. Watson (Quamoclidion greenei (S. four-o’clock flower, four-o’clock plant, marvel of Peru
Watson) Standl.)
in Latin America: arrebolera, buenas tardes, clavanilla,
North America. Perennial herb clavenilla, Don Diego de la noche, Don Diego de noche,
flor de Panamá, maravilha, maravilla, tlalquilín, tlaquilín,
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
trompetillas, tsutsuy-xiu, tutsuixiu, tzujoyó
13(2): 429. 1849, Report on the United States and Mexican
Boundary … Botany 2(1): 173. 1859, Proceedings of the in China: huo tan mu tsao, tzu mo li, yen chih, zi mo li gen
American Academy of Arts and Sciences 12: 253. 1876 and in India: ammukkili, andi-malleri, andimalligai, andiman-
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium darai, andimalli, anthi-mallikai, anthimalari, anti-malari,
12(8): 358. 1909 anti-mantaram, antimalakikacceti, antimalarakikam, anti-
(A postpartum remedy.) malarantan, antimalari, antimallai, antimalli, antimallikai,
antimantarai, antimantaram, antinarulu, antippu, aratuk-
in English: Greene’s four o’clock khuan, arukolacceti, arukolam, baanam phul, badrakshi,
Mirabilis jalapa L. (Jalapa dichotoma (L.) Crantz; Jalapa batharachi, bhadraakshi, bhandrakanta, bhadrakshi, bha-
dichotoma Crantz; Mirabilis dichotoma L.; Mirabilis jalapa thrakshi, cannata vali, cannatavali, cantira mallikai, canti-
subsp. lindheimeri Standley; Mirabilis jalapa var. odorata ramallikai, chandra-kanta, chandra-kantha, chandra-mali,
(L.) Heimerl; Mirabilis lindheimeri (Standley) Shinners; chandra-mallige, chandra mallige, chandrakaantha, chan-
Mirabilis odorata L.; Nyctago dichotoma (L.) Dum. Cours.; drakanta, chandramalle, chandramalli, chandramallige,
Nyctago dichotoma Juss. ex Roem. & Schult.; Nyctago jalapa civappuantimalli, emdraks, ghunsi, godhuli gopal, godhu-
(L.) DC.; Nyctago jalapa DC.; Nyctago jalapae DC.) ligopal, gulabaasa, gulabans, gulabash, gulabbas, gulamaji,
gulbas, gulbaashi, gule-aabbas, guleaabbas, guli-aabbas, gul-
Tropical America. Erect, perennial, many-branched herb, lumunchi, kalluli, kanankacikam, kenta, krishnakeli, kris-
root tuberous, ribbed fruits, the epithet jalapa apparently was nakeli, lankason, madhyaana mallige, madhyahna mallige,
applied in belief that this was the jalap of commerce, actually madhyanha malligay, madhyanhamallige, malai antimalli,
Ipomoea purga (Wenderoth) Hayne malaiantimalligaicceti, malaiyantimalli, malaiyantimallika-
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth icceti, meremdi, mugalei, naalku gante hoo, naalku gante
edition. 1754, Centuria I. Plantarum … 7. 1755, Species hoovu, naalku ghante hoo, panneer mallige, panneermal-
Plantarum, Editio Secunda 252. 1762, Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 266. lige, parngaite, paruvaikkantam, paruvatikantam, pathrachi,
1766, Genera Plantarum 90. 1789, Le Botaniste Cultivateur patrashi, pattarachi, pattaracu, pattarashu, pattarashe, patti-
… 1: 654. 1802, Flore Française. Troisième Édition 3: 426. ratcam, pattiratci, pattiraksi, rangban, rangbano, ripuncakac-
1805, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 1. 1819, ceti, ripuncakaceti, ripuncakam, saayankaali, sandhya-raga,
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte sandhyakali, sanja-mallige, sanjamallige, sanje amllige, sanji
und Pflanzengeographie 21: 616. 1896 and Field & Lab. phuli, sanjimallige, taimilamuli, taittilamuli, taittilamulic-
19: 175. 1951, Fl. Madag., Nyctaginaceae: 4. 1954, Acta ceti, tivacattiyacceti, tivacattiyam, tivacittiyaceti, tumpara
Botanica Austro Sinica 5: 161–176. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: mallikai, tumparamallikai, vibhoothi gida, zahr-ul-ajl
67. 1993, Lu Dequan. Nyctaginaceae. In: Tang Changlin, ed., in Indonesia: kembang pukul ampat
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 1–14. 1996, J. Yunnan Educ.
Coll., Nat. Sci. Ed. 5: 44–46, 55. 1998, Journal of Wuhan in Japan: oshiroi-bana
Botanical Research 16(3): 280–282. 1998 in Malaysia: bunga pechah empat, kembang pukul empat
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Roots and seeds said to in Nepal: lanujana
be poisonous. Bruised leaves applied on abscesses, inflamma-
in Okinawa: yasandi-bânâ
tion, swellings and boils; leaves smeared in castor oil, slightly
warmed and applied on boils; soft warm leaves applied to in Pakistan: gul-e-abbas
mature boils and blisters; leaf paste applied on forehead for
in the Philippines: a las quatro, gilala, oraciones
headache. Root cathartic, laxative, aphrodisiac, root juice
given to treat indigestion; root paste applied to treat muscular in Hawaii: nani ahiahi, pua ahiahi, puahiahi
swelling caused by bruises; roots decoction has mild laxa-
in Madagascar: belakariva, belle-de-nuit, faux-jalape, folera,
tive properties; tuberous root made into a paste with ginger
nyctage, voampolera
and massaged on rheumatic pains; tuberous roots boiled and
eaten as a tonic. Magico-religious beliefs, contact therapy, a in South Africa: vieruurblom, vieruurtjie
Mirabilis L. Nyctaginaceae 2527

in Yoruba: ododo elede, tanna pa oso, tannapaku, tannaposo, linearis Pursh; Allionia linearis Pursh var. subhispida
tannapowo, tannatanna Standl.; Calymenia decumbens Nutt.; Mirabilis decumbens
(Nutt.) Daniels; Mirabilis diffusa (A. Heller) C.F. Reed;
Mirabilis laevis (Benth.) Curran var. crassifolia (Choisy)
Mirabilis gausapoides (Standl.) Standl.; Mirabilis hirsuta
Spellenb. (Hesperonia californica (A. Gray) Standl.;
(Pursh) MacMill. var. linearis (Pursh) B. Boivin; Mirabilis
Hesperonia cedrosensis Standl.; Hesperonia heimerlii
lanceolata (Rydb.) Standl.; Mirabilis linearis Heimerl f.
Standl.; Mirabilis californica A. Gray; Mirabilis californica
subhispida Heimerl; Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl var.
A. Gray var. cedrosensis (Standl.) J.F. Macbr.; Mirabilis
linearis; Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl var. subhispida
cedrosensis (Standl.) Jeps.; Mirabilis cedrosensis Jeps.;
Heimerl; Oxybaphus angustifolius Sweet; Oxybaphus angus-
Mirabilis heimerlii (Standl.) J.F. Macbr.; Mirabilis heimer-
lii J.F. Macbr.; Mirabilis laevis var. cedrosensis (Standl.) tifolius var. linearis (Pursh) Choisy; Oxybaphus decumbens
Munz; Mirabilis laevis var. cordifolia Dunkle; Oxybaphus (Nutt.) Sweet; Oxybaphus diffusus (A. Heller) W.C. Martin
californicus (A. Gray) Benth. & Hook. f.; Oxybaphus cali- & C.R. Hutchins; Oxybaphus gausapoides (Standl.) Standl.;
fornicus Benth. & Hook. f.; Oxybaphus glabrifolius var. Oxybaphus lanceolatus (Rydb.) Standl.; Oxybaphus lin-
crassifolius Choisy) earis (Pursh) B.L. Rob.; Oxybaphus linearis var. subhispida
(Heimerl) Dayton; Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) B.L. Rob. var.
North America. subhispidus (Heimerl) Dayton)
See Enum. Pl. [Vahl] ii. 40. 1805, Prodromus Systematis North America. Perennial herbaceous subshrub
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 431. 1849, Report on
the United States and Mexican Boundary … Botany [Emory] See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 728. 1814 [Dec 1813], Prodr.
2(1): 168, 173. 1859, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker (DC.) 13(2): 433. 1849 and Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot.
f.] 3(1): 4. 1880 and Contributions from the United States Genève 5: 186. 1901, Rhodora 10(110): 31. 1908, Contr. U.S.
National Herbarium 12(8): 362, 364. 1909, Contributions Natl. Herb. 12: 342. 1909, Rhodora 61: 85. 1959, Naturaliste
from the United States National Herbarium 13(11): 412. 1911, Canad. 93: 434. 1966
A Flora of California [Jepson] 1: 459. 1914, Contributions (Diuretic, emetic, stomachic, postpartum remedy, burn
from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 56: 24. dressing, expectorant. Good luck charm. Veterinary medi-
1918, A Manual of Southern California Botany [Munz] cine, plant decoction for sheep and horses with coughs.)
151. 1935, Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences 40(2): 108. 1941, Sida 19(3): 549. 2001 in English: four o’clock, narrowleaf four o’clock

(Febrifuge.) Mirabilis multiflora (Torrey) A. Gray (Mirabilis multiflora

A. Gray; Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) A. Gray var. multi-
in English: California four o’clock, wishbone bush flora; Oxybaphus multiflorus Torrey; Quamoclidion cordi-
Mirabilis laevis (Benth.) Curran var. retrorsa (A. Heller) folium Osterh.; Quamoclidion multiflorum Torr. ex A. Gray;
Jeps. (Hesperonia glutinosa Standl. subsp. retrorsa (A. Quamoclidion multiflorum Torr.; Quamoclidion multiflorum
Heller) Standl.; Hesperonia limosa (A. Nelson) Standl. var. (Torrey) Torrey ex A. Gray)
retrorsa (A. Heller) Standl.; Hesperonia retrorsa A. Heller; North America. Perennial herb
Hesperonia retrorsa Standl.; Hesperonia retrorsa (A. Heller)
Standl.; Mirabilis bigelovii A. Gray var. retrorsa (A. Heller) See Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 237–238. 1827,
Munz; Mirabilis californica A. Gray var. retrorsa (A. Heller) American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 15(45): 321.
Jeps.; Mirabilis retrorsa A. Heller) 1853, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 173. 1859
and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 55: 75. 1928
North America.
(Antirheumatic, diuretic, for swellings. Peppery root chewed
See Bot. Voy. Sulphur 44. 1844, Proc. Amer. Acad. before meals to reduce appetite. Leaves applied to the throat
Arts 21: 413. 1886, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, 1: 235. and back for high fever. Ceremonial medicine, hallucinogen.
1888 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 2(2A): 193. Veterinary medicine, antiseptic, for wounds in horses.)
1906, Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 5(7): 104. 1909,
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium in English: Colorado four-o’clock, Froebel’s four-o’clock,
12(8): 363, 365. 1909, A Flora of California [Jepson] 458. maravilla, wild four-o’clock
1914, North American Flora 21(3): 235–236. 1918, A Manual
Mirabilis multiflora (Torrey) A. Gray var. multiflora
of the Flowering Plants of California … [Jepson] 340. 1923,
(Quamoclidion cordifolium Osterh.; Quamoclidion multi-
A Manual of Southern California Botany [Munz] 151. 1935
florum Torr. ex A. Gray; Quamoclidion multiflorum Torr.;
(For skin diseases.) Quamoclidion multiflorum (Torrey) Torrey ex A. Gray)
in English: Bigelow’s four o’clock North America. Perennial herb
Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl (Allionia decumbens See Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2: 237–238. 1827,
(Nutt.) Spreng.; Allionia gausapoides Standl.; Allionia American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 15(45): 321.
2528 Miscanthus Andersson Poaceae (Gramineae)

1853, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound., Bot. [Emory] 2(1): 173. 1859 Vetenskaps-Akademien 12: 165–166. 1855, Primitiae Florae
and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 55: 75. 1928 Amurensis 331. 1859, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6:
121. 1889, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas 5(50): 96. 1895 and
(Antirheumatic, diuretic, for swellings. Peppery root chewed
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 9:
before meals to reduce appetite. Leaves applied to the throat
399. 1905, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 89–90. 1917, U.S. Dept.
and back for high fever. Ceremonial medicine, roots chewed
Agric. Bull. 772: 254. 1920, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine
as hallucinogen by medicine man. Veterinary medicine, anti-
7: 243. 1922, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 71:
septic, for wounds in horses.)
1182. 1924, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage
in English: Colorado four-o’clock, Froebel’s four-o’clock, 14e: 113. 1940, William Julius Eggeling, An Annotated List
maravilla, wild four-o’clock of the Grasses of the Uganda Protectorate 44. 1944, Journal
of Japanese Botany 25(1–2): 7. 1950, Claves Generum et
Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. (Allionia nyc-
Specierum Graminearum Primarum Sinicarum Appendice
taginea Michx.; Calymenia nyctaginea (Michx.) Nutt.;
Nomenclatione Systematica 233. 1957, Bulletin de la Société
Calymenia nyctaginea Nutt.; Mirabilis collina Shinners;
Botanique de France 106: 338–339. 1959, Bull. Fac. Agric.
Mirabilis nyctagineus MacMill.; Oxybaphus nyctagineus Mie Univ. 25: 1–24. 1962, Kirkia 3: 120. 1963, J. Jap. Bot. 39:
(Michx.) Sweet; Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet; Oxybaphus 196–204, 257–265, 289–298. 1964, Botaniska Notiser 119(2):
nyctagineus Porter & J.M. Coult.) 209–212. 1966, Journal of Plant Research 115: 381–392. 2002.
North America. Perennial herb Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum. &
See Flora Boreali-Americana (Michaux) 1: 100. 1803, The Lauterb. (Erianthus floridulus (Labill.) Schult.; Eulalia
Genera of North American Plants [Nuttall]. 1: 26. 1818, japonica Trin.; Miscanthus formosanus A. Camus;
Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … [Sweet] 1: 334. Miscanthus japonicus Anderss.; Miscanthus japonicus (Trin.)
1826, MacMillan, Conway (1867–1929), The Metaspermae Andersson; Miscanthus ryukyuensis Honda; Saccharum
of the Minnesota Valley, etc. 217. Minneapolis, 1892, Beitr. floridulum Labill.; Xiphagrostis floridula (Labill.) Coville)
Syst. Nyctag. 23. 1897 and Field & Lab. 19: 180. 1951, SE Asia, Asia temperate and tropical, Pacific Isl. Perennial
Rhodora lxx. 32. 1968 clump grass, shrub-like, deep green, tall, robust and huge,
(Insecticide, vermifuge, anthelmintic, febrifuge, postpartum tufted, stout and hollow reedlike culms, rhizomes short and
remedy, for skin diseases, burns, sore mouth, wounds, swell- thick, scabrid-toothed leaf margins, feathery flower clusters
ings, broken bones, sprain, bladder troubles.) mature from a light reddish-tan to silver, unopened flower
spikes edible, noxious weed species, aggressive and invasive
in English: heartleaf four o’clock, umbrella-wort, wild pest, used for biomass energy production, can be used in sea-
four-o’clock side gardens, tolerates salty and coastal conditions, tolerates
Mirabilis oxybaphoides (A. Gray) A. Gray (Allionia oxy- wind and salt spray, hardiness is questionable, closely related
baphodis Kuntze; Allionia oxybaphoides (A. Gray) Kuntze; to Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth.
Allioniella oxybaphoides Rydb.; Allioniella oxybaphoides See Sertum Austro-Caledonicum Pars prior 13, t. 18. Parisiis
(A. Gray) Rydb.; Oxybaphus wrightii (A. Gray) Hemsl.; 1824, Mantissa 3(Add. 1): 563. 1827, Mémoires de l’Académie
Quamoclidion oxybaphoides A. Gray) Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.
North America. Perennial herb Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2(3):
333. 1832, Öfversigt af Förhandlingar: Kongl. Svenska
See American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 15(45): Vetenskaps-Akademien 12: 166. 1855 [1856] and Die Flora
320–321. 1853, Report on the United States and Mexican der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 166. 1901,
Boundary … Botany 2(1): 173. 1859, Biologia Centrali- Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 9:
Americana; … Botany … 3(14): 3. 1882, Revisio Generum 399, pl. 69. 1905, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 25:
Plantarum 533. 1891 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical 670. 1919, Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
Club 29(12): 688. 1902 30: 514. 1924, Botanical Magazine 51: 58. 1937[1936]
(Whole plant poulticed and applied to fractures.) (Stalk eaten raw, or boiled and the decoction drunk to treat
in English: smooth spreading four o’clock smallpox, measles, weakness. Rhizomes diuretic.)
in English: Amur silver grass, Chinese fairy grass, Chinese
silver grass, eulalia, giant Chinese silver grass, giant eulalia
Miscanthus Andersson Poaceae (Gramineae) grass, giant miscanthus, Japanese silver grass, miscanthus,
Pacific island silver grass, reed grass, sawgrass, swordgrass
Stalked flowers, Greek mischos ‘stalk’ and anthos ‘flower’,
referring to the spikelets; in form miskos ‘shell, husk’, related in China: wu jie mang
to Saccharum, Miscanthidium and Sclerostachya, intergeneric
in Indonesia: iyeng
hybrids with Saccharum L., type Miscanthus capensis (Nees)
Andersson, see Öfversigt af Förhandlingar: Kongl. Svenska in Japan: tokiwa-susuki (= evergreen Miscanthus)
Mischocarpus Blume Sapindaceae 2529

in Pacific: kaho in Danish: elefantgræs, japansk græs

Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Erianthus japonicus in Japan: susuki
(Trin.) P. Beauv.; Eulalia japonica Trin.; Eulalia japonica
in China: mang, mang jing
var. gracillima (Hitchc.) Grier; Miscanthus japonicus (Trin.)
Andersson; Miscanthus matsudae Honda; Miscanthus mat- in Vietnam: say
sudae var. glabrescens Honda; Miscanthus sinensis f. glaber
Honda; Miscanthus sinensis f. gracillimus (Hitchc.) Ohwi;
Miscanthus sinensis f. sinensis; Miscanthus sinensis f. var- Mischocarpus Blume Sapindaceae
iegatus (Beal) Beetle; Miscanthus sinensis f. zebrinus (Beal)
Beetle; Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus A.S. Hitchc.; Greek mischos ‘a stalk, pedicel, leaf-stalk’ and karpos ‘fruit’,
Miscanthus sinensis var. variegatus Beal; Miscanthus sinen- referring to the long stalked fruit; see Karl Ludwig von
sis var. zebrinus Beal; Ripidium japonicum (Trin.) Trin.; Blume (1796–1862), Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch
Saccharum japonicum Thunb., nom. illeg., non Saccharum Indië. 238. Batavia 1825.
japonicum Houtt.; Xiphagrostis  japonica  (Thunb.) Coville; Mischocarpus lessertianus Ridl.
Xiphagrostis japonicus (Trin.) Coville)
Malaysia.
Eastern Asia, Asia temperate and tropical. Perennial with a
See Fl. Malay. Penin. i. 508. 1922
clump forming habit, erect and rigid, shortly rhizomatous,
tufted, tough, robust, not stoloniferous, large and impenetrably (Root decoction taken for cough.)
dense clumps, leaf sheaths stiff and papery, immature flower
Malay name: kelat puteh
spikes edible, quite drought tolerant, extremely hardy, biofuel
Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. (Mischocarpus
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 2:
fuscensens Blume; Mischocarpus productus H.L. Li;
328. 1794, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 14, 162, 177.
Schleichera pentapetala Roxb.)
1812, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 169. 1820, Mémoires de
l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième SE Asia. Lower canopy tree, very dense crown, fluted bole,
Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles grey pimpled bark, inner bark bright orange to brown, leaves
2(3): 333. 1832, Öfversigt af Förhandlingar: Kongl. Svenska pinnate, lower leaf surface whitish, leaflets lanceolate, flow-
Vetenskaps-Akademien 12: 136, 166–167. 1856 [or 1855], ers male and bisexual on the same tree, obovate fruit
Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students 2: 25. 1896,
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 1096. 1806,
Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 7(9): 639. 1899 and Cyclopedia of
Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 238. 1825,
American Horticulture 1021, f. 1408. 1901, Bulletin de l’Herbier
Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 275–277.
Boissier, sér. 2, 4(6): 526, 531–532. 1904, Journal of the Linnean
1832, Rumphia 3: 169. 1847 and Journal of the Arnold
Society, Botany 36: 348. 1904, Index plantarum japonicarum
Arboretum 25(3): 306–307. 1944
sive enumeratio plantarum … 2: 66. 1905, Contributions from
the United States National Herbarium 9: 400. 1905, Botanical (For coughs.)
Magazine (Tokyo) 27: 254. 1913, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo)
in Malaysia: sugi
31: 13, 16–17. 1917, Catalogus Seminum et Sporarum in
Horto Botanico Universitatis Imperialis Tokyoensis per Mischocarpus sundaicus Blume
annos 1915 et 1916 … Imperialis Tokyoensis 1918: 4. 1918,
SE Asia, India. Small tree, small greenish flowers in axillary
An Enumeration of Plants Hitherto Known From Corea 47.
panicles
1922, Botanical Magazine 37: 114. 1923, Botanical Magazine
42: 130–131, 179. 1928, American Midland Naturalist 11: 331. See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 5: 238.
1929, Journal of the Faculty of Science: University of Tokyo, 1825
Section 3, Botany 3: 384. 1930, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) (Roots decoction for coughs.)
51: 58. 1936, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 52: 284. 1938, Acta
Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 11: 149–150. 1942, Journal in China: bing guo mu
of the Washington Academy of Sciences 45(7): 215. 1955, Zlaki
SSSR 693. 1976, Phytologia 38(3): 175. 1978, Flora Ilustrada
Catarinense 1(Gram.): 909–1407. 1982, Grasses of Japan and Misopates Raf. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)
its Neighboring Regions 518. 1987, Bot. Zhurn. 74: 1675–1678.
Misopathes, a classical Greek plant name used by
1989
Dioscorides; see Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Autikon
(The plant diuretic and refrigerant.) botanikon. Icones plantarum select. nov. vel rariorum, etc.
158. Philadelphia 1840 and Fl. Ecuador 21: 1–189. 1940,
in English: Chinese fairy grass, Chinese silver grass, eulalia,
Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999.
Japanese plume grass, Japanese silver grass, maiden grass,
miscanthus, silver grass, zebra grass Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. (Antirrhinum orontium L.)
2530 Mitchella L. Rubiaceae

India. mousses, sphaignes, hépatiques et lichens.] and Rep. (Annual)

Michigan Acad. Sci. 10: 87. 1908, Rhodora 13: 32. 1911,
See Species Plantarum 2: 617. 1753, Autikon Botanikon 158.
Huntia 7: 215. 1987
1840 and J. Palynol. 16: 85–105. 1980
(Abortifacient, analgesic, anticonvulsive, febrifuge, diapho-
(Leaves applied as poultice to wounds and ulcers.)
retic, postpartum remedy, lactagogue, astringent, antiseptic,
in English: corn snapdragon, lesser snapdragon, small snap- cathartic, carminative, diuretic, emetic and antiemetic, sto-
dragon, weasel’s snout machic, sedative, blood purifier, for menstrual disorders and
pain, irregular and painful menses, pain during childbirth,
sore nipples, leucorrhea, venereal diseases, kidney trou-
Mitchella L. Rubiaceae bles, bowel complaints, urinating pain, diarrhea, dysentery,
piles, swellings, rheumatism, arthritis, bleeding cuts, rashes.
Named for John Mitchell, 1711–1768, physician, botanist, Veterinary medicine, given to pregnant domestic animals.
M.D. Leyden 1719, 1748 Fellow of the Royal Society. See Ceremonial, love medicine and charm.)
Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-
Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 8: 222. 1748, Species in English: partridge berry, partridgeberry, squaw-berry,
Plantarum 1: 111. 1753, R. Pulteney, Historical and bio- squaw-vine
graphical sketches of the progress of botany in England.
2: 278–281. London 1790, Syst. Nat.: 885. 1792, Jonas
C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis Mitella L. Saxifragaceae
Josephi Banks. London 1796–1800, Mant. 3: 18, 350. 1827,
Referring to the fruits, from the Greek mitra ‘bishop’s head-
William Darlington (1782–1863), Reliquiae Baldwinianae.
dress, cap’, Latin mitella, ae the diminutive of mitra, ae
Philadelphia 1843, A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de
‘head-band, coif, a kind of turban’.
Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845, W. Darlington, Memorials
of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall. Philadelphia 1849, Mitella diphylla L. (Mitella oppositifolia Rydb.)
Provancher, L. (Léon) (1820–1892), Flore Canadienne 1: 291.
North America. Perennial herb
Québec, J. Darveau, 1862, Pehr Kalm (1716–1779), “Kalm’s
account of his visit to England on his way to America in 1748.” See Species Plantarum 1: 406. 1753 and Syst. Bot. 5: 17–29.
[Extracted from En Resa til Norra America.] Translated 1980, Regnum Veg. 127: 67. 1993, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
by Joseph Lucas. London 1892 and Howard Atwood Kelly Newslett. (Zurich). 24: 19–20. 1995
(1858–1943) and G. Murray, History of the collections con-
(Decoction of whole plants emetic; plant infusion as drops
tained in the Natural History Departments of the British
for sore eyes. Magic, ceremonial, sacred, good luck charm,
Museum. 1: 168. London 1904, Walter Lincoln Burrage
whole plant decoction to counteract bad luck.)
(1860–1935), Dictionary of American medical biography.
Lives of eminent physicians of the United States and Canada, in English: cool-wort, miterwort, twoleaf miterwort
from the earliest times. New York 1928, E. Earnest, John
Mitella nuda L.
and William Bartram, Botanists and Explorers 1699–1777,
1739–1823. Philadelphia 1940, H.N. Clokie, Account of the China, North America. Small perennial herb, erect, long
Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of slender rhizomes, small greenish yellow saucer-shaped
Oxford. 213. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical inconspicuous flowers in few-flowered clusters-spikes at stem
Notes upon Botanists. 2: 496. 1965, Naturaliste Can. 95: tips, shiny black seeds
1499–1530. 1968, J. Ewan, ed., A Short History of Botany in
See Species Plantarum 1: 406. 1753, Taxon 31(2): 344–360.
the United States. New York and London 1969.
1982, Systematic Botany 13: 64–72. 1988, Botaničeskij
Mitchella repens L. (Disperma repens J.F. Gmel.; Mitchella Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 268–271. 1989
repens f. leucocarpa Bissell; Mitchella repens var. alba Beal;
(Crushed leaf wrapped in a cloth and inserted in the ear for
Perdicesca repens (L.) Prov.; Perdicesea repens (L.) Prov.)
earaches.)
North America, Guatemala. Perennial subshrub, trailing
in English: bishop’s-cap, naked miterwort
creeper, ground cover, herbaceous, shiny evergreen leaves,
white fragrant tubular flowers in pairs, bright red berries in China: suo na cao
eaten by birds, food
Mitella trifida Graham (Mitella trifida var. trifida; Mitellopsis
See Species Plantarum 1: 111. 1753, Syst. Nat.: 892. 1792, trifida (Graham) Meisn.; Ozomelis trifida (Graham) Rydb.)
Flore Canadienne 1: 291. 1862, Flora Miquelonensis 21.
North America. Perennial herb
Lyon, 1888 [Ernest Delamare, Ferdinand Renauld, Jules
Cardot, Flora Miquelonensis: Florule de L’Ile Miquelon See Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 7: 185. 1829,
(Amerique Du Nord). Énumération systématique avec notes Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 2: 370. 1843 and North
descriptives des phanérogames cryptogames vasculaires, American Flora 22(2): 95. 1905, Taxon 29: 534–535. 1980
Mitracarpus Zucc. ex Schultes & Schultes f. Rubiaceae 2531

(Roots infusion for infants with colic.) the cap-shaped ovary, see Observ. Naucleis Ind. 19. 1839 and
Peking Natural History Bulletin 16: 241. 1948, Adansonia:
in English: threeparted miterwort
recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 15: 66. 1975,
Blumea 24(1): 43–100. 1978, Amer. J. Bot. 89(7): 1027–1041.
2002, Taxon 56(1): 247–248. 2007.
Mitracarpus Zucc. ex Schultes
& Schultes f. Rubiaceae Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) O. Kuntze (Adina inermis
(Willd.) Roberty; Cephalanthus africanus Rchb. ex DC.;
From the Greek mitra ‘a turban, bishop’s head-dress, cap, Mitragyna africana (Willd.) Korth., nom. illeg.; Nauclea
mitra, headband, girdle’ and karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the
africana Willd.; Nauclea africana var. luzoniensis DC.;
fruits, see Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(6/1): 3–261.
Nauclea inermis (Willd.) Baill.; Nauclea platanocarpa
1936, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(11/1–3): 1–274. 1975, Opera
Hook.f.; Platanocarpum africanum (Willd.) Hook.f.;
Botanica Belgica 7: 249–260. 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Stephegyne africana (Willd.) Walp.; Uncaria inermis Willd.;
Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999, Blumea 51(2): 199–220.
Uncaria valetoniana Merr. & L.M. Perry)
2006, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007.
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. (Borreria ferruginea M. W. Trop. Africa to Sudan. Shrub, branched at base, slender
Martens & Galeotti, nom. illeg.; Borreria ferruginea twigs, leaves papery, stipules bright red, white globose inflo-
(A. St.-Hil.) DC.; Borreria remotifolia DC.; Diodia vil- rescence with strong sweet scent, clavate stigma, fruits pale
losa Moc. & Sessé ex DC.; Mitracarpus breviflorus A. green aggregrate drying black, many little capsules, small
Gray; Mitracarpus hirtus var. remotiflorus K. Schum.; numerous seeds, branches used for roofing houses, wood
Mitracarpus pilosus A. Rich.; Mitracarpus rudis used for spear shafts
Benth.; Mitracarpus scaber Zucc. ex Schult. & Schult. See Genera Plantarum 1: 125. 1789, Revisio Generum
f.; Mitracarpus senegalensis DC.; Mitracarpus sim- Plantarum 1: 288. 1891 and Journal of the Arnold
plex Rusby; Mitracarpus torresianum Cham. & Schltdl.; Arboretum 25(2): 190. 1944, Boissiera 55: 1–322. 1988,
Mitracarpus verticillatus Vatke; Mitracarpus verticil- Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004, Journal
latus (Schumach. & Thonn.) Vatke; Mitracarpus villosus
of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336. 2005, Journal of
(Sw.) DC.; Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) Cham. & Schltdl.;
Ethnopharmacology 99: 273–279. 2005
Mitracarpus villosus var. glabrior Oerst.; Spermacoce
aspera (M. Martens & Galeotti) Hemsl.; Spermacoce (Febrifuge, the decoction of the leaves mixed with those of
cephalotes Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Spermacoce Anogeissus leiocarpa; oxytocic, febrifuge, antimalarial, the
declinata Pav. ex DC.; Spermacoce ferruginea A. St.-Hil.; leaves decoction. Leaves and twigs for fever and malaria.)
Spermacoce gracilis Pohl ex DC.; Spermacoce hirta L.;
in Benin: kabé, kauli, lèkpatin, nekpeti
Spermacoce longifolia Aubl. ex Miq.; Spermacoce villosa
Sw.; Staurospermum verticillatum Schumach. & Thonn.) in Burkina Faso: botolo, boutolo, bou yelimbou, dion-dioum,
Tropical America, Mexico. Annual herb, minute white flow- diou, doum, kaouli, kooli, n’goboli, tiguiri go, tihri go, yillga
ers in dense axillary clusters in Central African Republic: n’zia, topokono
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 148. 1762, Nova in Ghana: yiela, yiele
Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 29. 1788, Beskr.
Guin. Pl.: 73. 1827, Linnaea 3(4): 360, 363. 1828, Prodr. 4: in Guinea: dyum, koodyoli, köödyoli
544–545, 562, 572. 1830, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: diou, dioum, djou, djoun, enfi,
3: 238. 1841, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. fatiartigué, géri, gi iyéya, ila, iléga, iléra, kolé, liaoussa,
Kjøbenhavn 1852: 29. 1853, Linnaea 40 : 196. 1876, Fl. Bras. liavu, possoumou
6(6): 85. 1888 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 381. 1927
in Mali: djoun, jun, kabe, kadiolé, ko baro, koyli, sadeene
(Plant paste taken in bone fracture. Leaves decoction for
hysteria, mental disorders, malaria, fevers, skin diseases; a in Mauritania: kooli, koyli
poultice applied to skin diseases, leprosy, also used as enema
in Niger: aboes-goed, amazo, giayia, kabéy, koli
as anti-fertility drug; crushed leaves rubbed on ringworm.)
in Nigeria: diréya, giayia, giyeya, kabé (Hausa); koli, kwoli
in India: gathia gobi
(Fula); okobo (Yoruba); akpatenyi (Igbo)
in Nigeria: abor din
in Senegal: djoung, du, dum, dyum, gi pey, hos, hoss, khos,
khoss, klaul, koeli, koili, koli, kooli, koondie, koss, koyli,
ngaul, pure, raoul, xos
Mitragyna Korth. Rubiaceae
in Togo: dikprigan, elin, leppati, lèti, linkpa, yéluwum
From the Greek mitra ‘a turban, bishop’s head-dress’ and
gyne ‘a woman, female organ’, referring to the stigma and to in West Africa: dion, dioun, kodioli, orerewa
2532 Mitrasacme Labill. Loganiaceae

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. (Nauclea parvifolia Thailand, New Guinea. Tree, bark greyish, leaves oppo-
Roxb.; Nauclea parvifolia Willd., nom. illeg.; Stephegyne site simple entire, stipules lanceolate pubescent, globose
parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.) inflorescence terminal on lateral branches, flowers bisexual
5-merous, corolla yellowish-white turning deep yellow fun-
India, Myanmar. Trees, deciduous, grey bark, yellow flowers
nel-shaped, anthers lanceolate cordate protruding from the
in globose terminal and axillary heads, oblong capsules, in
corolla, fruit composed of 2 cocci, seeds shortly winged on
dry deciduous forests
2 sides, in swamp and riverine forests, in open savanna and
See Pl. Coromandel 1: 40. 1795, Sp. Pl. 1: 929. 1798, Observ. secondary forest
Naucl. Indic. 19. 1839
See Nomencl. Bot., [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 186. 1841, Verh. Nat.
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaf paste applied on wounds; Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 160. 1842, Fl. Filip., ed. 2: 102. 1845,
pounded leaves with garlic for chronic cough; leaf juice Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 140. 1856, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 33: 69. 1897
poured into eyes as hepatic stimulant, hepatoprotective, to
cure jaundice, for liver ailments. Pounded bark in water (Leaves an opium substitute, can cause hallucinations, eupho-
given for stomachache; powdered bark along with fruits of ria and psychosis. Local anaesthetic, antihypertensive, tonic,
Phyllanthus emblica boiled in water and inhaled through analgesic, stimulant, astringent, used for diabetes mellitus,
mouth for toothache; bark paste and juice applied for mus- diarrhea, dysentery and stomachache. Pounded leaves used
cular pains and dog bite. Pasted bark given to prevent con- to poultice wounds, or to expel worms from children. The
ception, an oral contraceptive; bark extract with extract of leaves, heated with those of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.,
barks of Dalbergia lanceolaria, Ougeinia oojeinensis and Morinda citrifolia L. and Oroxylum indicum, applied hot to
Pterocarpus marsupium given for menorrhagia. Veterinary an enlarged spleen.)
medicine, stem bark extract applied on boils, given for babe- in Indonesia: kadamba, puri
siosis in cattle, a malaria-like parasitic disease, and also for
filariasis/philariasis) in Malaysia: bia, biak, biak-biak, ketum, kotum, kutum

in India: appucam, arkkam, ayappiriyam, batta ganapu, in Philippines: lugub, mambog, polapupot
batta ganupu, batta genapu, battaganapu, battagenupu, in Thailand: bai krathom, ee-thaang, thom
battagenupu chettu, battuga, bettaganapa, bhumikadamba,
botruga, botrugua, bottakadapa, bottakadimi, calacam- in Vietnam: giam d[ef]p, giam l[as] nh[or]
punatam, carppatestam, chinnakadambu, colakantam,
culompucam, dhara kadamba, dhulikadamba, elukki,
gulikadam, hedu, iccalam, iracakuru, kadaani, kadaani Mitrasacme Labill. Loganiaceae
mara, kadaga, kadagada, kadagada mara, kadam, kad- From the Greek mitra ‘a mitre, bishop’s head-dress’ and
amaba, kadamb, kadamba, kadambe, kadambi, kadambu, akme ‘the top, summit’, referring to the floral tube; see
kadani, kadavaala, kadaval, kadavala, kaddam, kaem, Jacques Julien Houtton de Labillardière (1755–1834), Novae
kaim, kaimb, kaini, kalam, kalamb, kalan, kaliyani, kaliya- Hollandiae plantarum specimen. 1: 35, t. 49. Parisiis 1804–
nimaram, kallam, kalmi, kam, kambhri, kamgi, karamb, 1806 [1807] and Fl. Australia 28: 308. 1996.
karmi, karpakkatampu, karpakkatampumaram, katam-
pai, katampuni, kathambu, kayim, kodiyaal, kongu, kongu Mitrasacme pygmaea R. Brown (Androsace tonkinensis
mara, kullum, marukkuvikakkatampu, marukkuvikam, Bonati; Mitrasacme capillaris Wallich; Mitrasacme cap-
mattayam, moondi, mundi, naayi kadambe, naayikadamba, illaris Wall. ex Roxb.; Mitrasacme chinensis Grisebach;
nalipam, namankarpam, natikatampu, nayekadambe, neer Mitrasacme galiifolia Masamune & Syozi; Mitrasacme
kadamba, neerukadimi, nerkadamba, nichulam, niculam, lutea H. Léveillé; Mitrasacme lutea F. Muell.; Mitrasacme
nikalam, nipam, nir-kadambai, nir kadambu, nirkadambai, malaccensis Wight; Mitrasacme pygmaea var. malaccensis
nirkadambu, nirkkatampu, nirompal, niyoturri, pacha pasa- (Wight) H. Hara)
rai, padera, pattaikkatampu, pattakkatampu, pavvirusiyam,
China, SE Asia.
peykkatampai, phaldu, pippiriyam, pirakirutita, pompal,
poochakadambu, pulakadimi, putakampakam, putak- See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 453. 1810, Fl.
katampu, putpaciyam, rosekadambu, rosu katampu, rudra Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. i. 420. 1820, Nov. Actorum Acad.
ganapa, rudraksha-kamba, sannakadamba, sinnakkatampu, Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 51. 1843, Fragm.
tarakatam, tarokam, venmai, vimpu, virattaippentampanni, (Mueller) 1(5): 133. 1859 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.
viruntam, vitanah 4: 331. 1907, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. xii. 202. 1950, J. Jap.
Bot. 30: 24. 1955
Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. (Mitragyna speciosa
Korth.; Nauclea korthalsii Steud., nom. inval.; Nauclea luzo- (For boils.)
niensis Blanco; Nauclea speciosa (Korth.) Miq.; Nauclea
in English: dwarf mitrasacme, dwarf mitrewort
speciosa Miq.; Nauclea speciosa Walp.; Stephegyne speci-
osa Korth.) in China: shui tian bai
Mitrella Miq. Annonaceae 2533

Mitrella Miq. Annonaceae des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 5: 306. 1825, Revisio
Generum Plantarum 2: 776. 1891 and U.S. Department of
The diminutive of the Greek mitra ‘a mitre, cap’, possibly
Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 282: 20. 1913,
referring to the stigma, see Annales Museum Botanicum
Boissiera. 9: 79. 1960, Cytologia 51: 43–50. 1986, Blumea
Lugduno-Batavi 2: 38. 1865–1866.
31(2): 295. 1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–
Mitrella kentii Miq. (Mitrella kentii (Blume) Miq.) 154. 1986, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4):
775–783. 1994
Borneo. Woody climber
(Used in enlarged spleen and liver.)
See Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 39.
1865–1866 in India: kangni, palanggini, trinpali, tripali
(Fresh roots chewed and the juice swallowed as an antidote in Thailand: yaa kha naeng
to snake, scorpion and centipede bites, for the same purpose
cover the wounds with chewed roots. Ash from the burned Mnesithea laevis (Retzius) Kunth (Diperium cylindricum
stem applied on the male organ as a remedy for gonorrhea. Desv.; Hemarthria perforata (Roxb.) Kunth; Ophiuros laevis
Magic, stem tied into a big ring, place it on the ground and (Retz.) Benth.; Ophiuros perforatus (Roxb.) Trin.; Rottboellia
step inside to hide from evil spirits.) laevis Retz.; Rottboellia perforata Roxb.; Thyridostachyum
laeve (Retz.) Nees)
in Sarawak: akar rarak
India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, Afghanistan.
Perennial, slender, erect, not branched or sparingly branched,
Mnesithea Kunth Poaceae (Gramineae) shortly rhizomatous, leaf blades flat and acute, inflorescence
racemose terminal or axillary, pedicelled spikelet absent,
Possibly named after Mnesitheus Atheniensis medicus (IV
eaten when young and green, sometimes used for thatching,
a.C.), see Bertier, J., Mnésithée et Dieuchès, Leiden 1972, he
found in marshy areas, damp places, grassland
was a doctor and herbalist from Athens; according to other
authors the generic name from the Greek mnesis ‘memory, See Observationes Botanicae 3: 11. 1783, Plants of the
remembrance’, mnemon ‘mindful, remembering’, mnao- Coast of Coromandel 2: 43, t. 182. 1798, Révision des
mai ‘to think on, to remember’, referring to an aspect of Graminées 1: 153–154. 1829, Mémoires de la Société
another genus; type Mnesithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth, see d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 180, t. 9, f. 3.
Supplementum Plantarum 13, 114. 1781 [1782], Nouveau 1831, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de
Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatique St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques,
de Paris 2: 188. 1810, Révision des Graminées 1: 153–154. Physiques et Naturelles 2(1): 246. 1832, An Introduction to
1829, Rel. Haenk. 1: 329. 1830, Voyage autour du Monde 2: the Natural System of Botany (ed. 2) 379. 1836, Journal of
64, f. 14. 1829 [1831], Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, the Linnean Society, Botany 19: 69. 1881 and Handb. Fl.
Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 180, t. 9, f. 3. 1831, Révision des Ceylon 5: 210. 1900, Reinwardtia 2(2): 308. 1953, Grasses
Graminées 2: 487, t. 158. 1831, A Natural System of Botany of Ceylon 181. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 197. 1960,
ed. 2: 379. 1836, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 25. Cytologia 51: 43–50. 1986
1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 776. 1891 and United
States Department of Agriculture: Bulletin 772: 278. 1920, (Roots used for rheumatism.)
Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 36: t. 3548. 1956, Blumea 31: in India: gandel, kolupugaddi, kurki, lahu, lawhali, panoo-
281–307. 1986, Austrobaileya 3(1): 79–99. 1989, T.J. Killeen, koo, panuku, penuku, sarwara, satgathia, satgatua, sontar,
“The grasses of Chiquitania, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.” Annals of sontia, sunku dabbai hullu
the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(1): 125–201. 1990, Flora
of the Guianas. Series A, Phanerogams 8: 143–146. 1990,
Flora Mesoamericana 6: 396–397. 1994, Austral Ecology
24(1): 80–89. 1999, Contributions from the United States Modecca Lam. Passifloraceae
National Herbarium 46: 161–162, 214, 246, 295–296, 527, A native Malayalam name for Modecca palmata Lam., see
543, 550, 616. 2003. van Rheede in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 8: t. 20. 1688,
Mnesithea granularis (L.) de Koning & Sosef (Cenchrus Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 77. 1775, Encycl. (Lamarck) 4(1): 208.
granularis L.; Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze; 1797, Characteres Essentiales Familiarum 146. 1847, Flora
Manisuris granularis (L.) Sw.; Rottboellia granularis (L.) van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 703. 1856.
Roberty; Rytilix granularis (L.) Skeels; Tripsacum granulare
Modecca singaporeana Mast.
(L.) Raspail)
Malay Peninsula.
Asia, India.
Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 601. 1879
See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 575. 1771, Nova Genera et
Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 25. 1788, Annales (Roots for ringworm.)
2534 Modiola Moench Malvaceae

Modiola Moench Malvaceae Latinized form of an Indian name, see J. Bot. Agric. 1: 61.
1813, Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 3(63): 193. Dec
From the Latin modiolus, i (modius, ii ‘the Roman corn-mea- 1812, Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 3(64): 216. 1813
sure’) ‘a small measure, wheel hub, a nave of waterwheel’, [Jan 1813].
referring to the shape of the fruit; Greek modiolos ‘nave of
a wheel’; see Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem Moghania nana (Roxb. ex Aiton) Mukerjee (Flemingia
1: 38–40, pl. 10, f. 3, pl. 11, f. 1–2. 1785, Conrad Moench, macrophylla var. nana (Roxb. ex Aiton) M.R. Almeida;
Methodus plantas horti botanici et agri Marburgensis: a sta- Flemingia nana Roxb. ex Aiton; Maughania nana Roxb.;
minum situ describendi. 619. Marburgi Cattorum [Marburg] Maughania nana (Roxb.) Mukerjee; Maughania nana
1794, Flora 39: 437. 1856, Oesterreichische Botanische Mukerjee)
Zeitschrift 13: 11. 1863, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
India. Perennial non-climbing shrub, see also Flemingia
65. 1891, Flora Brasiliensis 12(3): 276. 1891 and Man. Fl.
nana
Buenos Aires 308. 1953.
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edi-
Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don f. (Abutilodes carolinianum
tion 4: 349–350. 1812, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris sér. 2. 3:
(L.) Kuntze; Anoda strictiflora Steud.; Malva caroliniana L.;
216. 1813 and Bull. Bot. Soc. Beng. 6(1): 20. 1952, Flora of
Malva eriocarpa DC.; Malva hawaiensis H. Lév.; Malva mal-
Maharashtra State 2: 77. 1998
vifolia Griseb.; Malva prostrata Cav.; Malva prostrata Phil.,
nom. illeg.; Malva urticifolia Kunth; Modanthos caroliniana (Antibacterial.)
(L.) Alef.; Modanthos prostrata (Cav.) Alef.; Modanthos
reptans (A. St.-Hil.) Alef.; Modanthos urticifolia (Kunth)
Alef.; Modiola carolinianum (L.) G. Don; Modiola erio- Moehringia L. Caryophyllaceae
carpa (DC.) G. Don; Modiola multifida Moench, nom. illeg.;
Modiola prostrata (Cav.) A. St.-Hil.; Modiola reptans A. St.- Named for the German botanist Paul Heinrich Gerhard
Hil.; Modiola urticifolia (Kunth) G. Don; Modiolastrum jae- (Paulus Henricus Gerardus) Möhring (Moehring), 1710–
ggianum K. Schum.) 1792, physician, ornithologist, he is best known for Avium
Genera. Auricae [Aurich] 1752, Geslachten der Vogelen.
North and South America. Biennial or perennial subshrub, Amsteldam 1758, Historiae Medicinales junctis fere ubique
herb corollariis, praxin medicam illustrantibus. Amstelodami
See Species Plantarum 2: 688. 1753, Monadelphiae Classis 1739 and Catalogus Bibliothecae Moehringianae histo-
Dissertationes Decem 2: 59, t. 16, f. 3. 1786, Methodus riae praeprimis naturali atque arti medicae inservientis.
Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a stami- Jeverae 1794. See Species Plantarum 1: 359. 1753, Jonas
num situ describendi 620. 1794, Nova Genera et Species C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-natura-
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 276. 1821[1822], Prodromus lis Josephi Banks. London 1796–1800, G.C. Wittstein,
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 436. 1824, Flora Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 587. 1852
Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: 211–212, t. 43. 1827, and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2:
A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 466. 500. 1965.
1831, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 13: 12. 1863, Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl (Arenaria lateriflora L.;
Anales de la Universidad de Chile 2: 163. 1870, Grisebach, Arenaria lateriflora var. angustifolia (Regel) H. St. John;
August Heinrich Rudolph (1814–1879), Symbolae ad Arenaria lateriflora var. angustifolia H. St. John; Arenaria
floram argentinam—Zweite Bearbeitung argentinischer lateriflora var. tayloriae H. St. John; Arenaria lateriflora var.
Pflanzen. Göttingen, 1879 [Abhandlungen der Königlichen tenuicaulis Blank.)
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Göttingen, 24.], Revisio
Generum Plantarum 1: 65. 1891, Flora Brasiliensis 12(3): SW Asia, Europe, China. Perennial, low-growing herb hav-
278. 1891 and Taxon 29: 535–536. 1980 ing clusters of small white flowers, ascending or decumbent

(Plant infusion for tonsillitis or sore throat.) See Species Plantarum 1: 423. 1753, Versuch einer
Darstellung der Geographischen Verbreitungs- and
in English: bristly mallow, Carolina bristlemallow, Carolina Vertheilungs-Verhältnisse der Natürlichen Familie der
mallow, red flowered mallow Alsineen 18, 38. 1833 and Science Studies, Montana College
of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Botany 1(2): 51. 1905,
Rhodora 19: 262. 1917, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 156. 1994
Moghania J. St.-Hil. Fabaceae
(Essence promoting bonding between the mother and child
(Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)
during pregnancy.)
Orthographic variant of Maughania J. St.-Hil., probably
in English: Bering Sea mouse-ear chickweed, bluntleaf sand-
in honor of the Scottish botanist Robert Maughan, 1769–
wort, bluntleaved sandwort, grove sandwort, sandwort
1844, in 1809 a Fellow of the Linnean Society, father of
the botanist Edward James (1790–1868); some suggested a in China: zhong fu cao
Molineria Colla Hypoxidaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae) 2535

Molineria Colla Hypoxidaceae in India: phai-phak

(Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae) Molineria latifolia (Dryand. ex W.T. Aiton) Herb. ex Kurz
After the Italian botanist Ignazio Bernardo Molineri, 1741– (Aurota latifolia (Dryand. ex W.T. Aiton) Raf.; Curculigo
1818. See Luigi (Aloysius) Colla (1766–1848), Illustrationes latifolia Dryand. ex W.T. Aiton)
et icones rariorum Stirpium quae in ejus horto Ripulis flo- China, Malesia, Java.
rebant, Anno 1824 (–1928), addita ad Hortum Ripulensem.
Append. [Turin 1827–1831], Genera Plantarum 3: 718. 1883 See Hortus Kew. 2: 253. 1811, Fl. Tellur. 3: 61. 1837
and O. Mattirolo, Cronistoria dell’Orto Botanico della Regia (Diuretic, stimulant, stomachic, fever. For sore eyes, boil the
Università di Torino. in Studi sulla vegetazione nel Piemonte leaves with the root of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and drop the
pubblicati a ricordo del II Centenario della fondazione decoction into the eye. Eat the root with betel for too fre-
dell’Orto Botanico della R. Università di Torino. Torino 1929. quent menses.)
Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb. (Curculigo capitulata Malay name: lemboh, lumbah
(Lour.) Kuntze; Curculigo capitulata Kuntze; Curculigo fuz-
iwarae Yamam.; Curculigo glabra Merr.; Curculigo recur- Molineria latifolia (Dryand. ex W.T. Aiton) Herb. ex Kurz
vata Dryand.; Curculigo recurvata W.T. Aiton; Curculigo var. latifolia (Curculigo agusanensis Elmer; Curculigo
strobiliformis D. Fang & D.H. Qin; Leucojum capitulatum borneensis Merr.; Curculigo brevipedunculata Elmer;
Lour.; Molineria hortensis Britton; Molineria plicata Colla; Curculigo glabrescens (Ridl.) Merr.; Curculigo latifolia
Molineria recurvata (Dryand.) Herb.; Molineria sulcata var. glabrescens Ridl.; Curculigo senporeiensis Yamam.;
Curculigo sumatrana Roxb.; Curculigo villosa Wall. ex
Kurz; Tupistra esquirolii H. Lév. & Vaniot; Veratrum mairei
Kurz; Curculigo weberi Elmer; Molineria longiflora Kurz;
H. Lév.)
Molineria plicata Kurz, nom. illeg.; Molineria sumatrana
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Herb, sweet fruits (Roxb.) Herb.; Molineria villosa Kurz)
See Species Plantarum 1: 289. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis China, Philippines, SE Asia, Malesia.
1: 199. 1790, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The sec-
See Hort. Bengal.: 24. 1814, Amaryllidaceae: 84. 1837,
ond edition 2: 253. 1811, Amaryllidaceae: 84. 1837, Revisio
Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27: 232. 1864, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-
Generum Plantarum 2: 703. 1891 and Economic Botany
Batavi 4: 176. 1869 and Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 2: 67. 1907,
47(4): 345–357. 1993, Guihaia 16: 3. 1996
Leaflets of Philippine Botany 5: 1645–1647. 1913, J. Straits
(Tuber/rhizome for eye diseases, outer skin peeled and soaked Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85: 162–163. 1922
in water; tubers pounded up and applied to cuts, wounds, on
(Anodyne, for centipede bites.)
diseases of vagina; latex from rhizome hemostatic; dried
rhizome chewed for gastroenteritis and stomach problems; Molineria trichocarpa (Wight) N.P. Balakr. (Curculigo fin-
rhizome paste applied on skin for venereal diseases; juice laysoniana (Baker) Wall. ex Hook.f.; Curculigo leptostachya
of crushed rhizome applied for eye diseases, and also taken (Wight) Alston; Curculigo trichocarpa (Wight) Bennett &
for stomachache; for dysentery and diarrhea, fresh leaves Raizada; Hypoxis brachystachya Wight; Hypoxis latifolia
and tuber ground to paste taken orally mixed with urine of a Wight; Hypoxis leptostachya Wight; Hypoxis pauciflora
heifer. Tender leaves and twigs of Mucuna monosperma and Wight; Hypoxis trichocarpa Wight; Molineria finlaysoniana
Curculigo capitulata rhizome made into a paste and mixed Baker; Molineria leptostachya (Wight) Abeyw.)
with tobacco ash, this paste used to check external hemor-
India, Sri Lanka. Tuber/rhizome cooked and eaten
rhage in cuts.)
See Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 6: t. 2044–2046.
in Bangladesh: wa leng, wailfa
1853, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 121. 1878, Fl. Brit. India 6: 279.
in India: doiyak, kor, koritong, phai-phek, phaiphek, rekosi, 1892 and Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci. 2: 143. 1959, J. Bombay Nat.
sage, togojuni, yakpheshak Hist. Soc. 63: 330. 1967, Indian Journal of Forestry 4: 61. 1981
Molineria crassifolia Baker (Curculigo crassifolia (Baker) (Leaves for dysentery and diarrhea, fresh leaves for skin
Hook. f.) diseases. Seeds of Punica granatum, rhizome of Curculigo
trichocarpa and roots of Hemidesmus indicus var. pubescens
India, Nepal. powdered and consumed for increasing the fertility.)
See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 17(99): 121. 1878, in India: thene guridi
The Flora of British India 6(18): 279. 1892 and Cytologia 45:
663–673. 1980
(Juice from crushed root stock and immature stem applied on Mollugo L. Molluginaceae (Aizoaceae)
deep cuts and wounds.)
From the Latin mollugo, inis (possibly from mollis, e ‘soft’)
in China: rong ye xian mao used by Plinius for a variety of the plant lappago, referring to
2536 Mollugo L. Molluginaceae (Aizoaceae)

the tender leaves; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: From Sierra Leone to South Africa. Small herb, dwarf,
89. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 39. 1754 and Bogle, A.L. weedy, erect, rosette of leaves on the ground, small whitish-
“The genera of Molluginaceae and Aizoaceae in the south- green flowers, small capsules with many warty seeds, eaten,
eastern United States.” J. Arnold Arbor. 51: 431–462. 1970, in deciduous forest, dry grassland, swampy grassland, on
Flore des Mascareignes: la Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues sand dunes, riverine forest, in disturbed areas
104: 1–13. 1991, Lu Dequan. Aizoaceae (Gisekia-Mollugo).
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4(1): 234. 1797 [9
In: Tang Changlin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 20–30.
Feb 1797], Flora Telluriana 1836[1837] and Taxon 27: 375–
1996, Boetsch, J.R. “The Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae of
392. 1978
the southeastern United States.” Castanea 67: 42–53. 2002.
The taxonomy of species of Mollugo is in great disarray, (Whole herb vermifuge, pectoral, a cough and cold remedy,
and the genus is in need of a thorough worldwide revision. effective in the treatment of whooping cough, bleeding nose;
Although Mollugo has little economic value, some species whole plant decoction taken for gonorrhea and to facilitate
have been used medicinally or as vegetables. labor. Crushed leaves and stems mixed with garlic given to
typhoid patients; leaf juice mixed with milk dropped for eye
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe (Mollugo cerviana Ser.;
diseases; leaf paste for skin diseases; leaves applied to boils
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. ex DC.; Mollugo umbellata Ser.;
to draw out the pus. The plant contains cyanogenic glyco-
Pharnaceum cerviana L.; Pharnaceum cervianum L.)
sides. Ritual, anthelmintic.)
Tropics and subtropics of Africa and Asia. Herb, very small,
in English: daisy-leaved chickweed, daisy-leaves chickweed
slender, stiff, upright, rosette of leaves, greenish flowers in
short heads, no petals, 5 tiny sepals, tiny brown seeds, tender in China: wu jing su mi cao
cooked leaves used as vegetable, plant for fodder, a trouble-
in India: murukalu gida, paavattampull, paavattampulli, par-
some weed
paadagam, parpadagam, rangatio-khar, verrichaatharaashi
See Species Plantarum 1: 89, 272. 1753, Prodromus
in Madagascar: aferontany
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 392. 1824
and Bakshi, T.S. and R.N. Kapil. “The morphology of Mollugo pentaphylla L. (Mollugo stricta Linn.; Mollugo tri-
Mollugo cerviana Ser.” J. Indian Bot. Soc. 33: 309–328. folia Schult.)
1954, Taxon 27: 375–392. 1978
India. Erect glabrous herb, ascending, green and white min-
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant cooked as vegetable ute flowers, nearly globose capsule, dark brown seeds, tender
and given to treat fevers, syphilis, postpartum discharges shoots coked as vegetable, fodder
and to purify the blood, to clear the uterus; dried, powdered,
See Sp. Pl. 1: 89. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 131. 1762 and Fl. Upp.
burned, put in incisions to treat pleurisy. Roots boiled in oil
Gang. P1. 1: 387. 1903, Taxon 27: 375–392. 1978, Taxon 36:
and used for rheumatism. Leaves chewed to treat coughs,
766–767. 1987
stomachache, constipation, and reduce hangovers; leaf paste
taken for dysentery.) (Used in Sidha. Plant paste applied to treat cuts and wounds;
fresh extract from the entire plant taken to get relief from
in English: slender carpet-weed, thread-stem carpet-weed
white discharge; whole plant decoction with water given for
in Tanzania: ilolompya, kibogaboga smooth delivery; plant paste consumed for giddiness and
for cooling body. Young seeds used for stomach disorders.
in China: xian ye su mi cao
Antifungal, leaf juice in earache; powdered leaves given as
in India: chiri-ghass, chirimorio, chiriya ro khet, citalacatti, an antidote against poisoning effect; leaves boiled in water
citam, citappiriyan, cukkumapattiri, cutcumapattiri, ghi- and taken for cooling purposes.)
masak, grishmasundara, grishmsundari, jima, kaage purale
in English: carpetweed
gida, kaage purule gida, kage purale gida, kilavankuti, kir-
ismacuntarakam, kolanti, kottamakantakam, kucattinpati, in China: di ma huang
kuccakam, kuccam, narappiriyam, narpiriyam, pada, pappa-
in India: chinavaragogu, gharpudi, jaraasi, jaradsi, jarasi,
tam, parinatam, parpaadagam, parpaataka, parpaataka gida,
jharasa, julpapra, kedarasi, khet-papra, parpadagam, siru-
parpaatakam, parpadagam, parpadagum, parpat, parpataka,
paaraimalli, turapoondu
parpatakam, parpatakamu, parpatam, parpatatam, parppan-
puntu, parppatakam, parppatam, patakam, phanya, pichhu in Japan: zakuro-sô
kaalu, porpaadagam, porpatakam, taph-jhad, tiricanakki,
Malayan names: rumput belangkas, tapak burong
tiriteki, tiritekikam, titteki, venu, verri chatarasi, viriputu,
viriputukam in Nepal: nyauli
in Pakistan: hazar dani Mollugo stricta Linnaeus
Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. (Lampetia nudicaulis (Lam.) Raf.) China.
Moltkiopsis I.M. Johnston Boraginaceae 2537

See Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 131. 1762 and Taxon 36: 766–767. 1987 Momordica L. Cucurbitaceae
(Febrifuge, antiinflammatory.) Latin mordeo, momordi, morsum, mordere ‘to bite’, refers
in China: su mi cao to the jagged and chewed appearance of the seeds, the seeds
appear as if they had been bitten; see Carl Linnaeus, Species
in India: tsjeru-jonganam-pullu Plantarum. 2: 1009–1010. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5.
Mollugo verticillata Linnaeus (Mollugo costata Y.T. Chang 440. 1754, Genera Plantarum 398. 1789, Elementa botanica
& C.F. Wei) … 1: 241. 1790, Flora Cochinchinensis 542, 596–597. 1790,
American monthly magazine and critical review 4: 40. 1818,
China. Genera Plantarum 1: 827. 1867, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum
See Sp. Pl. 1: 89. 1753 and Payne, M.A. “Morphology and 11: 67. 1871, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de
anatomy of Mollugo verticillata L.” Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. Paris 1882: 309. 1882, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(5): 22, 25. 1889
21: 399–419. 1933, Payne, M.A. “The flower and seed of and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Mollugo verticillata.” Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 22: 5–25. schichte und Pflanzengeographie 39: 654. 1907, Notizblatt
1935, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8:
University 184: 1–223. 1958, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 480. 1923, Fieldiana, Botany 24(11/4): 306–395. 1976, Ann.
8(3): 263. 1963, Rapid Assessment Program Working Papers Missouri Bot. Gard. 65(1): 285–366. 1978, Flórulas de las
10: 1–372. 1998, Identificación de Especies Vegetales en Zonas de Vida del Ecuador 1–512. 1985, Reports from the
Chuquisaca—Teoría, Práctica y Resultados 1–129. 2000, Botanical Institute, University of Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987, F.
Flora de la región del Parque Nacional Amboró Bolivia 2: Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen
1–209. 2004, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 136. 1989, AAU Reports 24: 1–241.
65–110. 2005 1990, Flora de Venezuela 5(1): 11–202. 1992, Flora de
Veracruz 74: 1–133. 1993, Revista de Biología Tropical 43(1–
(Febrifuge.) 3): 75–115. 1995, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch
in English: carpet-weed, green carpet-weed, Indian der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 391–392. 1996, Monogr.
chickweed Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 688–717. 2001, Listados
Florísticos de México 22: 1–55. 2001, Etnoflora Yucatanense
in China: zhong leng su mi cao 22: 1–315. 2004, Proceedings of the California Academy of
Sciences, Series 4 57(7): 247–355. 2006.
Momordica anigosantha Hook. f.
Moltkiopsis I.M. Johnston Boraginaceae
Tropical Africa. Climber herb, white to orange flowers, calyx
Resembling Moltkia Lehm. For the Danish noble Joachim
dark blue and green, forest
Godske Moltke, 1746–1818; see Neue Schriften Naturf. Ges.
Halle 3(2): 3. 1817, Börge (Birgerus) Thorlacius [Rector of See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 536. 1871
the University of Copenhagen], Velgjøreren Grev Joachim
(Toxic and poisonous to humans.)
Godske Moltkes Minde etc. Copenhagen 1819 and Journal
of the Arnold Arboretum 34: 2. 1953, A.M. Rizk et al., Momordica balsamina L. (Momordica involucrata E. Mey.
“Constituents of plants growing in Qatar.” Fitoterapia. ex Sond.; Momordica schinzii Cogn.)
57(1): 3–9. Milano 1986, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel,
Africa. Vine, monoecious, climbing herb, yellow flowers
Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl.
with a dark centre, beaked orange-yellow bursting fruit
136. Berlin & Hamburg 1989, H. Genaust, Etymologisches
Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 390. 1996. See Species Plantarum 2: 1009. 1753, Verhandlungen des
Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die
Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M. Johnst. (Lithospermum
Angrenzenden Länder 30: 149. 1888 and Bothalia 8: 49. 1962,
angustifolium Forssk., non Michx.; Lithospermum callo-
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 1: 30–40. 1966, Proceedings
sum Vahl; Lithospermum callosum Vahl var. asperrimum
of the Indian Science Congress Association 76(3-vi): 185. 1989
Bornm.; Lithospermum ciliatum Forssk.; Molkia callosa
Wettst.; Molkia ciliata (Forssk.) Maire; Moltkia callosa (Toxic to human. Plant anthelmintic, laxative, stomachic,
Wettst.; Moltkia callosa (Vahl) Wettst.; Moltkia ciliata tonic; twigs used in liver diseases. Pounded seeds, soaked in
(Forssk.) Maire; Moltkiopsis ciliata I.M. Johnst.) water, inserted in the neck of the womb to procure abortion.
Roots aphrodisiac, together with the fruits or seeds used as a
Algeria. Herb, more or less spiny, blue-purple flowers
remedy for urethral discharges, piles and as an abortifacient.
See Cat. Pl. Maroc [Emberger & Maire] iv. 1102. 1941, A bitter stomachic, for stomach and intestinal complaints.
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 34: 2. 1953, United Arab Plant used as an ingredient in Strophanthus arrow poison.)
Rep. J. 21: 211–212. 1979
in English: African cucumber, balsam apple, balsam pear,
(Tonic, for indigestion, diuretic.) balsamina, wonder-apple
2538 Momordica L. Cucurbitaceae

in India: mokha (Unripe raw fruit said to be toxic to human. Hypoglycemic,

antimalarial, hypotensive, tonic, stomachic, laxative, abor-
in Pakistan: jangli karela, keerelo jangro
tifacient, depurative, astringent, febrifuge, vermifuge,
in Peru: balsamina carminative, cooling, aphrodisiac, blood tonic, pesticide,
anti-edema, to increase sexual vigour, for rheumatism, dys-
in Mozambique: bale, caca, cacana, cácâna, gaka, imbala, entery, gout, diabetes, spleen and liver disorders; boiled
incaca, incacana, kaka, kata, mubabe, tia cana, zamba neluma fruits eaten for arthritis and obesity; fruit juice mixed with
in Nigeria: ejinrin, ejinrinwere, garahunu, kakayi honey used for eczema; for diabetes, a decoction of dried
fruit taken orally by adults, the effect could be potentiated
in Southern Africa: inTshungwana yehlathi (Zulu); masegas- when used with Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus emblica;
egane (Pedi); mmápuúpuú (Tswana); mohodu (Sotho); fruit juice for snakebite; decoction of leaves and flowers of
nGaka, nkaka (Tonga); tsuúdáde Leucas cephalotes mixed with Momordica charantia given
Momordica charantia L. (Cucumis argyi H. Lév.; Momordica for jaundice. Stems for toothaches. Fruits, leaves and roots
charantia Descourt.; Momordica charantia var. abbreviata for diabetes mellitus; juice of the leaves and fruits given as
Ser.; Momordica chinensis Spreng.; Momordica chinensis an anthelmintic, sexual tonic and vermifuge, used in piles,
Hort.; Momordica elegans Salisb.; Momordica indica L.; leprosy, jaundice; decoction of leaves and fruits taken against
Momordica operculata Blanco; Momordica operculata Vell., hypertension. Roots and seeds antipyretic, male aphrodi-
nom. illeg.; Momordica operculata L.; Momordica sinensis siac. Roots astringent, useful in piles. Pound the leaves and
Spreng.; Momordica sinensis Hort.; Momordica thollonii poultice the abdomen for stomachache in children; leaves
Cogn.; Sicyos fauriei H. Lév.) for wound maggots; leaf extract mixed with leaf extract
of Azadirachta indica and taken against intestinal worms;
Tropics. Herbaceous vine, creeping, trailing herb, prostrate, paste of leaves with leaves of Houttuynia cordata applied on
climbing, scrambling, strongly scented, tendrils, round alter- sore of head; leaves juice emetic, purgative, given in bilious-
nate deeply divided leaves, yellow tubular solitary flowers, ness, and with honey to promote sweating during fever; rhi-
rough ribbed warty fleshy bursting fusiform fruits, bright red zome juice of Curcuma longa with leaf juice of Momordica
compressed seeds, tender fruits edible when cooked charantia given in measles. Veterinary medicine, fruits as
See Species Plantarum 2: 1009–1013. 1753, Herbarium a general medicine; leaves crushed and applied on thorny
Amboinense (Linn.) 24. 1754, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1278. growths on tongue.)
1759, Prodromus Stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton in English: African cucumber, balsam apple, balsam pear,
vigentium 158. 1796, Florae Fluminensis Icon. 10: t. 92. bitter apple, bitter cucumber, bitter gourd, bitter melon, car-
1831 [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] illa fruit, carilla plant, carilla seed, leprosy gourd, maiden
770. 1837 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni apple, wild cucumber
Vegetabilis 10(243–247): 150. 1911, Memorias de la
Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, ser. 3, in Latin America: baan-caryla, balsamina, carailli, caryla,
12(22): 8. 1916, Theodoro Peckolt, “Plantas medicinais condiamor, cundeamor, fruto-de-cobra, fu-kua, koukouli,
e úteis do Brasil.” R. Flora Medicinal. 3(4): 203–214. Rio melão-de-são-caetano, melão-de-são-vicente, papayilla,
de Janeiro 1937, Artur Lourenço Vienna, “Melão-de-são- pepinillo, ponm kouli, sorosi, wild caryla
caetano.” Tribuna Farmacêutica. 7(5): 108–109. Curitiba in China: ku gua, k’u kua, chin li chih, lai pu tao
1939, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
University 184: 1–223. 1958, J. Agric. Sci. (Tokyo) 8: 49–62. in India: chang-kha, chiripatra, corolo, kalla, kangk-araui,
1962, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 1: 30–40. 1966, Fl. kantaphala, karavellaka, kareela, karela, kareli, karial, karla,
Trop. E. Afr., Cucurbit.: 31. 1967, Garcia de Orta, Série de kattupavaikkai
Botânica 3(1): 1–14. 1976, Proceedings of the Indian Science in Indonesia: belenggede, foria, kakariano, kambeh, opare,
Congress Association (111, C): 65: 107. 1978, Revista Brasil. paita, palia, paliak, pania, papari, papariane, papariano,
Genet. 5: 533–549. 1982, Revista Brasileira de Genética 9: pareh, paria, pariak, pariane, paya, pentu, pepare, pepule,
21–40. 1986, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress
peria, poya, prieu, pudu, taparipong, truwuk
Association 76(3-vi): 185. 1989, Museo Nacional de Historia
Natural (Bolivia) Comunicación 10: 32–52. 1990, Flore des in Japan: gôyâ, naga-reishi
Mascareignes: la Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues 101: 1–21.
in Lepcha: khaaktik
1990, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 15: 101–104. 1993, Ceylon
Journal of Science, Biological Sciences 24(1): 17–22. 1995, in Malaysia: daun periok, daun prioh, peria, peria kechil,
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 31(1): 65–71. 1996, peria laut, periok
Cytologia 63: 415–420. 1998, Monographs in Systematic
in Nepal: tito karela
Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(1): 688–717.
2001, Ethnobotany 16: 139–140. 2004, Biodiversidad del in Philippines: amargoso, ampalaya, apalia, apape, apapet,
estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005 palia, paria, pulia, saligun, margoso
Momordica L. Cucurbitaceae 2539

in Tibetan: gser-gyi metog in English: Cochinchina balsam apple, Cochinchina balsam

pear, Cochinchina gourd, spiny bitter cucumber
in Vietnam: kho qua, muop dang
in China: mu pieh tzu, mu bei zi, mu bie zi, mu hsieh
in Benin: adoukèn, adoukènaslosikan, antanyaran, anyany-
ira, douken, edjini, kpalayi, nyèsinken, sasika, tiati, vohwi in India: bhat-karela, bhat kerela, juluk, mak-khrum-khon

in Congo: lubuzi-buzi, lumbuzi, lumbuzi-busi in Japan: nanban-karasu-uri

in Nigeria: akban ndene, ejinrin, ejinrin wewe, garafuni in Philippines: tabog-ok

in Mozambique: nhadzumba in Vietnam: moc miet

Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. (Momordica dioica
in West Africa: corcumber, kikporsi
Wall.)
Momordica cissoides Planch. ex Benth. (Momordica ptero-
India. Perennial twiner, climber with rootstock, tendrils
carpa A. Rich.)
filiform simple glabrous, dioecious flowers, corolla yellow,
Tropical Africa. Herbaceous climber, scrambling, prostrate, ovoid fruit, young fruits eaten as vegetable
creeper, vine, trailing, simple or branched tendrils, white See Species Plantarum 2: 1009–1010. 1753, Species
creamy flowers, orange fruit fleshly prickly, seeds sticky red- Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(1): 605. 1805, Numer. List
arilled, leaves eaten as spinach [Wallich] n. 6750 A, F. 1832, FBI 2: 617. 1879 and Journal of
See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 292. 1847, Niger Cytology and Genetics 1: 30–40. 1966, Proceedings of the
Flora 370. 1849 Indian Science Congress Association (111, C): 65: 116. 1978,
Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association
(Children’s laxative, an infusion as a lotion for fever.) 76(3-vi): 185. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 31(1):
in Central African Republic: mobunja 65–71. 1996

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. (Momordica (Root astringent, febrifuge, antidote for highly poisonous
cochinchinensis Spreng.; Momordica macrophylla Gage; snakebite, antiseptic, sedative; powder to cure diabetes, also
Momordica meloniflora Hand.-Mazz.; Momordica mixta used in abortion; root paste an antidote of scorpion stings,
Roxb.; Muricia cochinchinensis Lour.) also applied to swollen breast, piles and for curing fever;
tuberous roots, dried, powdered and given in diphtheria.
SE Asia, India, China, Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia. Tuber spermicidal, antifertility, anthelmintic. Tuberous roots
Climbing vine, coarse, robust, angular, perennial tuberous decoction cooling for mild fever, urinary complaints. Fruits
roots, stout tendrils, leaves alternate, solitary flowers, calyx purgative; pounded and applied on women’s breast to cure
hirsute or scabrous, corolla white tinged with yellow, red pain; boiled immature fruits given in gastric disorders, cough
fleshy ovoid fruit, seeds much compressed, tender leaves and and heart diseases. Juice extract of leaves for urinary disor-
fruits used as vegetable ders. Veterinary medicine, plant given to cattle as a blood
purifier, also given to animals suffering from injuries.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1009–1010. 1753, Flora
Cochinchinensis 2: 542, 596–597. 1790, Hort. Bengal. in English: small bitter gourd
70. 1814, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta
in India: banjkakoda, bankalla, bankarla, bary kakoda, gho-
[Sprengel] 3: 14. 1826, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of
gali, jangli karela, juluk, kakora, kankody, kankonda, kan-
Indian Plants 709. 1832, FBI 2: 618. 1879 and Records of
kor, kantola, kantoli, karela, karkotaki, kartoli, katol, khaksa,
the Botanical Survey of India 3(1): 61–62. 1904, Anzeiger
parora, van karela, vanz kantoli
der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematische-
naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 58: 94. 1921, Cell and Momordica foetida Schumach. (Momordica cordifolia E. Mey.
Chromosome Research 12: 55–56. 1989 ex Sond.; Momordica cucullata Hook.f.; Momordica foetida
var. villosa Cogn.; Momordica mannii Hook.f.; Momordica
(Seed poisonous; plants as pesticide. Seeds decoction pec-
morkorra A. Rich.; Momordica schimperiana Naudin)
toral, used in cough and colds, chest pain, boils, ulcers,
sores, skin inflammation, liver and spleen problems. Seeds, Tropical Africa, South Africa. Hairy climber or creeping
roots and leaves for edema and analgesic; bark decoction of herb, stout perennial rootstock, simple or forked tendrils
Alstonia scholaris with bark of Flacourtia jangomas, seeds opposite the leaves, strong unpleasant smell, sexes on sep-
of Luffa aegyptiaca and rootstock of Momordica cochinchi- arate plants, female flowers single, male flowers grouped
nensis given in asthma. Fruits and leaves applied on lum- together in a broad bract on a long stalk, yellow to orange
bago, bone fracture. Tender shoots made into a paste eaten fruit bursting when ripe, flat seeds in a red pulp, leaves have
for irregular menses. Rootstock pounded and mixed with a bad smell and a bitter taste, leaves boiled and eaten in small
latex of Euphorbia neriifolia given in fevers; root extract amounts as a famine food, plant for fodder, a troublesome
used in gastric troubles; root paste in rheumatism.) weed, forest edges, margins of swamps and riverine forest
2540 Monadenium Pax Euphorbiaceae

See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 426. 1827, Flora of in Kenya: ibukoi, middanqajibu
Tropical Africa 2: 539. 1871
in Somali: madax bishaar, maddah bahk, wal-wal daye
(Pod and leaves stomachic, poison, abortifacient, for diabe-
Momordica tuberosa Cogn. (Momordica tuberosa Dennst.
tes. Leaves decoction as a steam bath for pains in the joint;
ex Miq.)
crushed and the liquid applied into the ears to treat earache;
parched leaves administered to pregnant women. Roots used SE Asia.
to treat intestinal worms, intestinal and stomach complaints
See Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 664. 1855 and Proc.
and constipation.)
Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (111, C) 65: 107. 1978
in South Africa: inTshungu (Zulu)
(Tubers cause abortion.)
in Tanzania: ikungulanyoka, kasasalya, kisalasala, lushwe,
mokiki, nyasalasala, oroondi
Momordica pterocarpa A. Rich. (Momordica bequaertii
Monadenium Pax Euphorbiaceae
De Wild.; Momordica grandibracteata Gilg; Momordica From the Greek monos ‘single, one, only’ and aden ‘a gland’,
macrantha Gilg; Momordica pterocarpa Hochst. ex A. having only one gland, see Botanische Jahrbücher für
Rich.; Momordica runssorica Gilg; Momordica rutshuru- Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 19:
ensis De Wild.) 126–127. 1894. Often in Euphorbia.
East Africa. Monadenium heteropodum (Pax) N.E. Br. (Euphorbia het-
eropoda Pax; Euphorbia heteropodum Pax; Monadenium
See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 292. 1847
heteropodum N.E. Br.)
(Anthelmintic.)
Tanzania.
Momordica rostrata A. Zimm.
See Species Plantarum 1: 450–463. 1753, Botanische
East Africa, Tanzania. Herbaceous climber, trailing, weak, Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflan­
narrow, swollen fleshy rootstock, separate male and female zengeographie 19: 126. 1894 and Botanische Jahrbücher
plants, flowers pale orange with dark centre below, female für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
flowers solitary, numerous male flowers with 5 free petals, 34: 374. 1904, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 6(1.3):
beaked fruit bright orange-red, flat brown-black seeds in yel- 453. 1911, Balakrishnan, N.P. & Chakrabarty, T. The Family
low edible pulp, ripe fruit edible, fodder, young tender leaves Euphorbiaceae in India. A synopsis of its profile, taxonomy
cooked and eaten, sweet juicy pulp eaten raw, fruits boiled and bibliography. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2007
and eaten, seeds may be roasted and eaten, rocky places, dry
(Suspected to be poisonous.)
woodland, wooded grassland, in open grassland, Acacia-
Commiphora, deciduous bushland Monadenium lugardae N.E. Br. (Euphorbia lugardae
(N.E. Br.) Bruyns; Euphorbia lugardiae (N.E. Br.) Bruyns;
See Cucurbitac. 2: 183. 1922
Monadenium lugardiae N.E. Br.)
(Used to treat diarrhea. A powder obtained from peeled, dried
S. Trop. and S. Africa.
and crushed roots can kill stalkborers. Tuberous root toxic.)
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in Kenya: enkamposhi, king’ong’oya, kiongoa, kyongoa,
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 19: 126. 1894 and Bulletin
olamposhi, rukiri
of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1909: 138. 1909, Calane
in Tanzania: enkamposhi, kunguiva, litambalanzoka, da Silva, M., Izdine, S. & Amuse, A.B. A Preliminary
lyungu-lya-nzoka, ngurura, olamposhi, tunda nyoka Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Mozambique: 1–184.
Pretoria. 2004, Taxon 55(2): 413. 2006
Momordica spinosa (Gilg) Chiov. (Kedrostis brevispinosa
Cogn.; Kedrostis spinosa Gilg; Momordica brevispinosa (Toxic. Leaves for fevers, gonorrhea, chest problems. Ritual,
(Cogn.) Chiov.; Momordica spinosa Chiov.) magic, divination, ceremonial.)
East Africa.
See Resultati Scientifici della Missione Stefanini-Paoli nella Monanthotaxis Baillon Annonaceae
Somalia Italiana 1: 82. 1916
From the Greek monos ‘only, one’, anthos ‘flower’ and
(Fruits, leaves and roots for diabetes, muscle spasms, body taxis ‘order’, sometimes the flowers are solitary, see Florae
pains. A piece of fresh root crushed and boiled in water, the Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 85. 1794, Systema
patient must vomit. Pain of the back, a piece of fresh root Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1: 145. 1798,
crushed and mixed with water, filtered, enema. Veterinary Genera Plantarum [Endlicher] 831. 1839, Bulletin Mensuel
medicine.) de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2: 878. 1890 and Kew
Monarda L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2541

Bulletin 25(1): 20, 23, 30–31. 1971, Taxon 39: 677. 1990, Seville), botanist, among his writings are Brief traité de
Taxon 42: 877. 1993. la racine mechoacan, venue de l’Espagne nouvelle. 1588
and Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum,
Monanthotaxis caffra (Sond.) Verdc. (Guatteria caf-
quorum in medicina usus est, historia, Hispanico sermone
fra Sond.; Monanthotaxis caffra Verdc.; Popowia caffra
descripta. Antverpiae 1579, his first printer was Domingo
Hook. f. & Thomson ex Benth.; Popowia caffra (Sond.)
de Robertis. See Garcia d’Orta, Due libri dell’historia de
Benth.; Popowia caffra Benth.)
i semplici aromati, et altre cose … con brevi annotationi
South Africa. Shrub or liane, small tree, sarmentose, red di Carlo Clusio … Con un trattato della neve & del bever
or blackish, leaves petiolate, flowers bisexual solitary or in fresco di Nicolo Monardes … tradotti da Annibale Briganti.
2–4-flowered cymes extra-axillary [Second edition of the Italian translation, first 1576.] Venice
See Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 85. 1794, 1582, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 22–23. 1753,
Genera Plantarum 831. 1839, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) i. 9. 1860, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 14. 1754, Medical Flora 2: 64.
Trans. Linn. Soc. London 23(3): 470. 1862 and Kew Bull. 1830, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
25(1): 25. 1971, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 28(6): 5(6[3]): 186. 1837[1836], Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux.
595–597. 2000 Phanérogames 9: 163. 1840, G.C. Wittstein, Etymologisch-
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 590. 1852 and Johann David
(Roots for venereal disease and to prevent hysteria and for Schoepf (1752–1800), “Materia medica americana potissi-
deworming. Burial shroud. Said to have magical properties, mum regni vegetabilis.” B. of the Lloyd Library of Botany,
a charm against nightmares.) Pharmacy and Materia Medica. [Reproduction Series no.
in English: dwaba-berry 3] Cincinnati 1903, Madroño 3(1): 22, 26. 1935, Garrison
and Morton, Medical Bibliography. 1817. 1961, Francisco
in Southern Africa: dwababessie, iDwaba, iDwabe, uMalus- Guerra, Nicolás Bautista Monardes. Su vida y su obra
wembe, umaVumba, mKonjane, uMazwenda-omhlophe, [ca. 1493–1588]. Mexico 1961, Charles Ralph Boxer, Two
umGogi-wezihlanya, iThunganhlanzi Pioneers of Tropical Medicine: Garcia d’Orta and Nicolás
in Swaziland: libundza, masweleti, masweti, sititane, umti- Monardes. London, [1963], Richard J. Durling, A Catalogue
tane, umxobe of Sixteenth Century Printed Books in the National
Library of Medicine. 3213, 3217, 3420. 1967, Francisco
Monanthotaxis poggei Engl. & Diels
Guerra, in D.S.B. 9: 466. 1981, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel,
Angola, Tanzania. A climbing shrub or liane, rusty, tiny Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4.
hairy sepals surround the sweet-scented flowers, white-yel- Aufl. 136. Berlin & Hamburg 1989.
low fleshy petals in one whorl, fruit covered with rusty hairs,
sweet pulp of ripe fruits eaten fresh, a source of bee forage, Monarda bradburiana L.C. Beck (Monarda amplexicau-
fruits eaten by chimpanzees, riverine forest, evergreen forest lis Fisch. ex C. Morren; Monarda fistulosa Sims, nom. inq.;
Monarda rigida Raf.; Monarda villosa M. Martens)
See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris
2: 878. 1890 and Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen- North America. Perennial herb
Familien und -Gattungen 6: 53. 1901 See American Journal of Science, and Arts 10: 260. 1826,
(Roots used for stomachache and as an antidote for snakebite.) Med. Fl. 2: 37. 1830, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 8: 66.
1841, Belgique Hort. 1: 41. 1851
in Tanzania: bulyankende, lujongololo
Monanthotaxis trichantha (Diels) Verdc. (Popowia bucha- (Plant infusion drunk for colds, fevers, coughs, to increase
nanii (Engl.) Engl. & Diels var. trichantha Diels) milk flow for nursing mothers. Leaves for aching teeth.
Insecticide, insect repellent.)
Tropical Africa. Climber, shrub, liana, scandent, yellow
flowers, ripe fruits bright red in English: Bradbury beebalm, eastern beebalm

See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 179. 1895 and Mono­ Monarda didyma L. (Monarda coccinea Michx.; Monarda
graphien afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen contorta C. Morren; Monarda didyma var. angustifolia
6: 47, t. 18/B. 1901, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Torr.; Monarda didynama Stokes; Monarda kalmiana Pursh;
Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 13: 270. 1936, Kew Bulletin Monarda oswegoensis W. Barton; Monarda purpurascens
25(1): 23–24. 1971, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Annon. 97. 1971 Wender.; Monarda purpurea Lam.)
(Leaves for fevers, headache.) North America, China. Perennial herb
See Species Plantarum 1: 22. 1753, Encycl. 4: 256. 1797,
Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 16. 1803, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 44. 1812, Fl.
Monarda L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Amer. Sept. 1: 17. 1813, Fl. Philadelph. Prodr. 1: 34. 1815,
For the influential Spanish (b. Seville) physician Nicolás Fl. N. Middle United States 1: 25. 1824, Belgique Hort. 1:
Bautista Monardes, circa 1493 (1512?)–1578 (1588?) (d. 37. 1851
2542 Monarda L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

(Abortifacient, diuretic, analgesic, sedative, diaphoretic, sto- and Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 3: 103. 1924, Torreya 45:
machic, carminative, used for colds, nosebleed, headache, 68. 1945
heart trouble, colic and flatulence.)
(Roots decoction taken for worms. Infusion of blossoms used
in English: bee balm, Oswego tea, scarlet beebalm as an eyewash; dry flowers and leaves applied to scalds and
burns; leaves infusion as a postpartum remedy.)
in China: mei guo bo he
in English: Oswego tea, wild bergamot
Monarda fistulosa L. (Monarda fistulosa var. typica Sherff,
nom. inval.) Monarda pectinata Nutt. (Monarda nuttallii A. Nelson;
Monarda penicillata A. Gray)
North America, Canada. Perennial subshrub or herb, square
stem, toothed opposite leaves, cluster of pink to lavender North America. Annual herb
flowers See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 369. 1821, Transactions of the
See Species Plantarum 1: 22. 1753 and Torreya 45: 68. 1945, American Philosophical Society, new series, 1: 182. 1847,
Brittonia 7(3): 129–142. 1951 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4: 25. 1848 and Bot. Gaz.
31: 397. 1901
(Plant infusion drunk for colds, fevers, coughs, colic, flat-
ulence, to expel gas and worms, to increase milk flow for (Plant analgesic, febrifuge, stomachic, for headache, cough,
nursing mothers; essential oil anesthetic, antiinflammatory, stomachache, fever. Flowers infusion as a wash for insect
worm-expelling and antioxidant. Leaves for aching teeth. bites and stings. Ceremonial lotion.)
Insecticide, insect repellent.) in English: pony beebalm
in English: horsemint, wild bergamot, wild bergamot Monarda punctata L. (Monarda punctata L. var. leucantha
beebalm Nash; Monarda punctata L. subsp. punctata var. punctata)
in China: ni mei guo bo he North America. Herb, annual, biennial, perennial subshrub
Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthifolia (Graham) Fernald or herb
(Monarda comata Rydb.; Monarda fistulosa L. subsp. fistu- See Species Plantarum 1: 22–23. 1753
losa var. menthifolia (Graham) Fernald; Monarda fistulosa
subsp. menthifolia (Graham) L.S. Gill; Monarda menthi- (Plant analgesic, febrifuge, stomachic, for headache, cough,
folia Graham; Monarda menthifolia var. praerea Lunell; stomachache, fever.)
Monarda mollis var. menthifolia Fernald; Monarda mollis in English: dotted mint, horsemint, spotted bee balm, spotted
var. menthifolia (Graham) Fernald; Monarda ramaleyi A. beebalm
Nelson; Monarda stricta Wooton)
Monarda punctata L. var. arkansana (E.M. McClint. &
North America. Perennial subshrub or herb Epling) Shinners (Monarda punctata L. subsp. arkansana
See Edinburgh New Philos. J. 1829(July-Oct.): 347. 1829, E.M. McClint. & Epling; Monarda punctata L. subsp. punc-
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 263. 1898 and Bot. Gaz. 31: 398. tata var. arkansana (E.M. McClint. & Epling) Shinners)
1901, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 502. 1901, Rhodora 3: 15. North America. Herb, annual, biennial, perennial subshrub
1901, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5: 2. 1917, Rhodora 46: 495. or herb
1944, Caryologia 30: 387. 1977 (publ. 1978)
See Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 20: 182. 1942, Field & Lab. 21:
(Plant infusion drunk for colds, headache, fevers, coughs, to 90. 1953
increase milk flow for nursing mothers. Leaves for aching
teeth, sore eyes. Insecticide, insect repellent. Contact therapy, (Plant analgesic, febrifuge, stomachic, for headache, cough,
dried leaves worn around neck and decoction taken for sore stomachache, fever.)
throat. Veterinary medicine. Ceremonial.) in English: spotted beebalm
in English: mintleaf bergamot Monarda punctata L. var. punctata (Monarda lutea
Michx.; Monarda punctata L. subsp. punctata var. punctata;
Monarda fistulosa L. var. mollis (L.) L. (Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata var. leucantha Nash)
f. albiflora (Farw.) Sherff; Monarda fistulosa L. subsp. fis-
tulosa var. mollis (L.) Benth.; Monarda fistulosa var. mollis North America. Herb, annual, biennial, perennial subshrub
(L.) Benth.; Monarda mollis L.; Monarda mollis f. albiflora or herb
Farw.; Monarda scabra Beck)
See Species Plantarum 1: 22–23. 1753, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 16.
North America. Perennial subshrub or herb 1803, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 104. 1896
See Amoen. Acad. 3: 399. 1756, Species Plantarum, Editio (Plant analgesic, febrifuge, stomachic, for headache, cough,
Secunda 32. 1762, Labiatarum Genera et Species 317. 1833 stomachache, fever.)
Mondia Skeels Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae, Periplocaceae) 2543

in English: dotted mint, horsemint, spotted bee balm, spotted See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5(2): 216. 1900
beebalm
(Poultice for wounds, skin diseases.)

Mondia Skeels Asclepiadaceae

Moneses Salisb. ex Gray Ericaceae (Pyrolaceae)
(Apocynaceae, Periplocaceae)
From the Greek monos ‘one, single’ and esis ‘a sending
From uMondi, the Zulu name for the plant, see U.S.D.A. Bur. forth, delight’, referring to the solitary flowers, see A Natural
Pl. Industr. Bull. 223: 45. 1911. Arrangement of British Plants 2: 396, 403–404. 1821.
Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels (Chlorocodon whiteii Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray (Bryophthalmum uniflorum
Hook. f.) (L.) E. Mey.; Chimaphila rhombifolia Hayata; Monanthium
Tropical Africa, South Africa. Herbaceous vine, climbing reticulatum (Nutt.) House; Monanthium uniflorum (L.)
shrub, crawling, trailing, stem dark green with milky sap, flow- House; Moneses grandiflora Salisb. ex Gray; Moneses gran-
ers greenish-cream, petals pale green outside and yellow to diflora Salisbury; Moneses reticulata Nutt.; Moneses rhom-
red-purple inside, corona yellow-green, fruit with milky latex bifolia (Hayata) Andres; Moneses uniflora subsp. reticulata
when cut, strongly aromatic yellow roots, fleshy bark of the (Nutt.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor; Moneses uniflora var. reticu-
narrow roots eaten raw, the taste of the root of a female species lata (Nutt.) S.F. Blake; Pyrola uniflora L.; Pyrola uniflora
is sweet not bitter, in riverine forest, on roadside at forest edge var. reticulata (Nutt.) H. St. John)
See Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 113. North America.
1869, Botanical Magazine 97: t. 5898. 1871 and U.S.D.A. See Species Plantarum 1: 396–397. 1753, Flora Americae
Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 223: 45. 1911 Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 279–280, 300. 1814 [1813], A
(Root purgative, said to cause profuse urination, used for Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 396, 403. 1821,
indigestion, gonorrhoea; roots chewed as an aphrodisiac Meyer, Ernst Heinrich Friedrich (1791–1858), Preussens
and a postpartum remedy, and a cure for impotence and by Pflanzengattungen 101. Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer, 1839,
women to contract the uterus after delivery. Charm, magico- Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new
religious beliefs, roots chewed for good luck before setting series, 8: 271. 1843, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern
out to perform a difficult task.) United States 273. 1848 and Icones plantarum formosana-
rum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 2:
in Congo: mudiondo, mundiondo
119–120, pl. 16. 1912, Verhandlungen des Botanischen
in Kenya: kumokombera, muhukura, ogombo, omikobela, Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden
omugombera, omukombera Länder 56: 69. 1914, Rhodora 17(193): 28. 1915, American
Midland Naturalist 6(9): 206. 1920, Madroño 3: 221. 1936,
in South Africa: uMondi (Zulu)
Canadian Journal of Botany 43(11): 1397. 1965, Ann. Cat.
in Tanzania: ngongola, ubombo Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kashmir 529. 1972, Taxon 31(2):
344–360. 1982, Brittonia 45: 179. 1993, Intermountain Flora
in Yoruba: ogba
2B: 1–488. 2005
(Antiinflammatory.)
Monechma Hochst. Acanthaceae in English: one-flowered pyrola, one-flowered shin-leaf, one-
From the Greek monos ‘one, single’ and echma (echo ‘to flowered wintergreen, wood-nymph
hold, to sustain’) ‘stoppage, a defence against, hold-fast’, see in China: du li hua
Flora 24(1): 374. 1841.
Monechma hispidum Hochst.
Monnina Ruíz & Pav. Polygalaceae
Tropical Africa. Herb, woody-based, semi-prostrate, yellow-
ish green flowers After the Spanish patron of botany José Moñino y Redondo
(Josephus Monninus), Count de Florida-Blanca (Conde de
See Flora 24(1): 375. 1841
Floridablanca), politician. See Paul Perès, Relation histo-
(Leaves for diarrhea, smoke from burnt leaves inhaled for rique de l’assassinat commis en la personne du comte de
colds.) Florida-Blanca, le 18 juin 1790, par P. Perès, etc. [Paris 1790],
Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1:
Monechma subsessile (Oliv.) C.B. Clarke (Justicia subses-
169–174. 1798, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde
silis Oliv.)
zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der
Tropical Africa. Herb, woody-based, semi-prostrate, yellow- Gesammten Naturkunde 2: 40. 1808, Buenaventura Carlos
ish green flowers Aribau, ed., Biblioteca de autores españoles. Obras originales
2544 Monochoria C. Presl Pontederiaceae

del Conde de Floridablanca. Madrid 1867 and Cayetano apart’, chorizo ‘to separate’, one stamen is larger than the oth-
Alcázar Molina, El Conde de Floridablanca. Madrid 1929, ers. See Species Plantarum 1: 288. 1753, C. Presl, Reliquiae
El Conde de Floridablanca—Siglo XVIII. Madrid [1935] haenkeanae. [Collector Thaddäus Peregrinus Xaverius
and Los Hombres del Despotismo Ilustrado en España. El Haenke, 1761–1816 or 1817] Pragae [Praha] 1827, Flora
Conde de Floridablanca. Su vida y su obra. Murcia 1934, Telluriana 2: 10. 1836[1837] and Lorenzo Raimundo Parodi
Joaquim Mas-Guindal, “Las especies medicinales de Ruíz & (1895–1966), “Thaddaeus Peregrinus Haenke a dos siglos de
Pavón.” Tribuna Farmacêutica. 13(4): 65–69. Curitiba 1945, su nacimiento.” Anales Acad. Nac. Ci. Exact. Buenos Aires.
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/3): 891–950. 1950, 17: 9–28. 1964, James A. Baines, Australian Plant Genera.
Rhodora 87(849): 159–188. 1985. An Etymological Dictionary of Australian Plant Genera.
243. Chipping Norton, N.S.W. 1981, Cook, C.D.K. Taxonomic
Monnina polystachya Ruíz & Pavón (Monnina aestuans revision of Monochoria (Pontederiaceae). In: K. Tan, ed.
(L.f.) DC. var. polystachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze) 1989. The Davis & Hedge Festschrift. Plant Taxonomy,
South America. Phytogeography, and Related Subjects. Edinburgh. 1989,
F.A. Sharr, Western Australian Plant Names and Their
See Supplementum Plantarum 315. 1781[1782], Systema Meanings. A Glossary. 49. University of Western Australia
Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1: 171. 1798, Press, Western Australia 1996.
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1:
338. 1824, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 48. 1891 Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms (Monochoria dilatata Kunth;
Monochoria dilatata (Buch.-Ham.) Kunth; Monochoria
(Bark astringent, emetic, to treat dysentery, asthma, lung hastata Solms; Monochoria hastifolia C. Presl, nom. illeg.
troubles.) superfl.; Monochoria sagittata Kunth; Monochoria sagittata
in Peru: masca, massca, quitaporquería, yallhoy (Roxb.) Kunth; Pontederia dilatata Buch.-Ham.; Pontederia
hastata L.; Pontederia sagittata Roxb.)
Monnina salicifolia Ruíz & Pavón (Hebeandra mucronata
Bonpl.; Monnina bonplandiana B. Eriksen; Monnina cro- Tropical South and Southeast Asia. Herb, rhizomatous,
talarioides DC.; Monnina crotalarioides var. glabrescens strong, robust, creeping rootstock, leaf-blade sagittate or cor-
Chodat; Monnina crotalarioides var. leptostachys Chodat; date, purplish blue flowers in dense racemes or subumbellate,
Monnina crotalarioides var. macrophylla Chodat; Monnina lower spathe with sheath, capsule ovoid, yellowish seeds with
fine brown ribs, above ground parts eaten as vegetable, rhi-
crotalarioides var. pseudoloxensis Chodat; Monnina
zomes cooked for cattle feed, in rice fields
nemorosa Kunth; Monnina nervosa Steud.; Monnina sal-
icifolia Klotzsch ex A.W. Benn.; Monnina salicifolia Ruiz See Species Plantarum 1: 288. 1753, Reliquiae Haenkeanae
& Pav.) 1(2): 127–128. 1827, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian
Plants 2: 124. 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium
South America.
Hucusque Cognitarum [Kunth] 4: 134. 1843, Monographiae
See Supplementum Plantarum 315. 1781[1782], Systema Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 4: 523. 1883, FBI 6:
Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1: 171–172. 362. 1892 and Baker, C.A. Pontederiaceae. In: C.G.G.J.
1798, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto van Steenis, ed. 1950. Flora Malesiana…. Series I.
ed.) 5: 416–417, t. 504. 1821[1823], Prodromus Systematis Spermatophyta. Djakarta and Leiden. 4(part 3): 255–261.
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 338. 1824, Nomenclator 1951, Bull. Bot. Survey India 16(1–4): 1. 1974, Kaul, M.K.
Botanicus. [Steudel] Editio secunda 1: 274. 1840, Flora Weed Flora of Kashmir Valley. Jodhpur 1986, Cytologia
Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(3): 58. 1874, Revisio Generum 54: 505–511. 1989, International Organization of Plant
Plantarum 1: 48. 1891 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 21. 1989, Cook, C.D.K.
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 42: Taxonomic Revision of Monochoria (Pontederiaceae).
99. 1908, Flora of Ecuador 65(102): 87. 2000 In: K. Tan, ed. 1989. The Davis & Hedge Festschrift.
Plant Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Related Subjects.
(Roots very bitter, astringent, emetic, to treat dysentery, Edinburgh. 149–184. 1989
asthma, lung troubles.)
(Plants tonic, cooling, alterative, used in hysteria, ner-
in English: growing at night vous breakdown and insanity. Pulverized rhizome applied
in Peru: anca usa, condorpa usan, hacchiquies, hacchiquis, to relieve itching. Flower juice as tonic, a cure for malaria
muchi, muchuisa, muchuy, muchuysa, pahuata-huinac, and fevers. Leaves sometimes wrapped around sprains and
sambo-ckorota, tuta huiña, urpay jacha fractures; leaves juice applied to boils, dropped in eyes for
conjunctivitis; leaves decoction taken by mothers as a tonic
after childbirth.)
Monochoria C. Presl Pontederiaceae in English: arrow-leaved monochoria, hastate-leaved
pondweed
Greek monos ‘alone, lonely’ and chorion ‘membrane’ or
chora ‘country, place, region’ or choris ‘separate, asunder, in Cambodia: chrach
Monodora Dunal Annonaceae 2545

in China: yu jiu hua shu, jian ye yu jiu hua, tzu ku, shui ping 3: 549. 1859, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 524. 1883
and An Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants 1: 201.
in India: chupi-laung-theu
1922, Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan and Kashmir 38. 1972,
in Indonesia: bia-bia, eceng gede, kerkerlen, keteme, oppu Bull. Bot. Survey India 16(1–4): 2. 1974, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
oppu, wewehan 41(6): 569 (-572; figs.). 2003
in Laos: ‘ii hin (Plant juice rubbed on abdomen for stomach pain. Leaf sap
taken for fevers. Petiole eaten with sugar in asthma. Leaves
in Malaysia: chacha layar, kangkong air
decoction for cough, cold, stomach and liver complaints; leaf
in Papua New Guinea: maoa juice in cough. Roots in stomach and liver complaints; roots
chewed to cure toothache; subterranean parts powdered used
in Philippines: gabi-gabihan, kasal-kasal, payaw-payaw
as a tooth powder to relieve toothache; root bark eaten with
in Thailand: phakpong, phaktop, phaktop-thai sugar for asthma. Rhizomes in asthma and liver ailments. A
in Vietnam: rau m[as]c postpartum remedy.)

Monochoria korsakowii Regel & Maack (Monochoria in English: cordate monochoria, duck’s-tongue monochoria
vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl; Monochoria vaginalis (N.L. in China: fou shih, ya she cao, ya she tsao
Burman) C. Presl ex Kunth var. korsakowii (Regel & Maack)
Solms) in India: jalkeena, mir-lang-haum, nanka, nukha, piyazi

South Asia. in Malaysia: chachang layar, kelayar, rumput ayer

See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(2): 127. 1827, Mém. Acad. in Pakistan: cachiee
Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, sér. 7. 4(4): 155. 1861
and Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1572–1575. 1986,
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 290–293. Monodora Dunal Annonaceae
1988, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists Greek monos ‘only, lonely, one’ with dora ‘a skin, skin when
Newsletter 13: 21. 1989, Acta Phytotaxonomica et taken off, hide’, referring to the solitary flowers and to the
Geobotanica 47: 105–111. 1996 single terminal carpel; some suggested from doron ‘gift’; see
(Febrifuge.) Dunal, Michel Félix (1789–1856), Monographie de la famille
des Anonacées. 79. Paris: Treuttel et Wurtz, 1817, Theoria
in China: ping, yu jiu hua Systematis Plantarum 126. 1858 and F. Boerner & G. Kunkel,
Monochoria vaginalis (N.L. Burman) C. Presl ex Kunth Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl.
(Boottia mairei H. Léveillé; Monochoria linearis (Hasskarl) 136. 1989, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold,
Miquel; Monochoria ovata Kunth; Monochoria plan- Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 384. 1993,
taginea Kunth; Monochoria plantaginea (Roxburgh) H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Kunth; Monochoria vaginalis Kunth; Monochoria vagi- Pflanzennamen. 393. 1996.
nalis C. Presl; Monochoria vaginalis (Burman f.) C. Presl; Monodora crispata Engl. & Diels (Monodora angolensis
Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea (Roxburgh) Solms; Welw.; Monodora brevipes Benth.; Monodora durieuxii De
Monochoria vaginalis var. pauciflora (Blume) Merrill; Wild.; Monodora gibsonii Bullock ex Burtt Davy; Monodora
Monochoria vaginalis var. pauciflora Merr.; Pontederia klaineana Pierre; Monodora letestui Pellegr.)
linearis Hasskarl; Pontederia ovata Hooker & Arnott, non
Linnaeus; Pontederia pauciflora Blume; Pontederia plan- Gabon, Nigeria. Tree, corollas yellow spotted with orange
taginea Roxburgh; Pontederia vaginalis N.L. Burman) See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 23: 475.
SE Asia. Aquatic herb, rarely rhizomatous, creeping or 1862, Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und
ascending, inflorescence very variable, fruit ovoid, seed ovoid Museums zu Berlin 2: 301. 1899 and Études de systéma-
winged, stems and leaves used as a vegetable, blue axillary tique et de géographie botaniques sur la flore de Bas- et du
ephemeral flowers, ribbed ovoid seeds, above ground parts Moyen-Congo 1: 122. 1903
used as vegetable, fodder, as is typical of many aquatic annu-
(Stem and roots purgative.)
als, plant size, leaf shape and flower number are highly vari-
able in relation to the amount of water Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal (Annona myristica
Gaertn.; Monodora borealis Scott-Elliot; Monodora claes-
See Species Plantarum 1: 288. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 80.
sensii De Wild.; Monodora grandiflora Benth.; Monodora
1768, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1: 128. 1827, Plantae Asiaticae
myristica Blanco; Monodora myristica Dunal)
Rariores 1: 51. 1830 (1829), Flora Indica; or, descriptions
of Indian Plants 2: 123. 1832, Flora 25(2): Beibl. 4. 1842, Tropical Africa. Tree, trunk slightly fluted, bark black with
Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum shallow fissures, slash scented fibrous, young stems and leaf
[Kunth] 4: 134–135, 665. 1843, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië undersides glaucous, leaves papery coriaceous, fragrant
2546 Monolepis Schrader Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae)

solitary flowers among leaves, petals and sepals dark yellow, in Tropical W. Africa: m’poussan
outer petals bright yellow with red blotches on the edges,
in Uganda: musamwu
seeds roasted and used for flavoring local foods
See Species Plantarum 1: 536–537. 1753, Monogr. in Yoruba: abalakose, ariwo, ilakosin igbo
Anonacées 55, 79. 1817, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 300. Monodora tenuifolia Benth. (Monodora cabrae De Wild.)
1845, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 30: 72. 1894 [1893–1895 publ.
1894] and Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 3: 263. 1911, Ghana, Cameroon. Tree, bark grey cracked rough, leaves
Cytologia 55: 187–196. 1990, J. Ethnopharmacol. 79(2): papery, on elongate pedicel flowers fragrant whitish with
213–220. 2002 [Correlation between chemical composi- purplish blotches, petals pale yellow at tips blending to white
tion and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some at base with reddish purple markings, fruits globular
aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic See Monogr. Anonacées 55, 79. 1817, Journal of the Linnean
Republic of Congo.], Tatsadjieu, L.N. et al. “Antibacterial Society, Botany 5: 72. 1860 [1861 publ. 1860] and Planta
and antifungal activity of Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora Med. 50(5): 455. 1984, J. Nat. Prod. 49(3): 534–537. 1986,
myristica, Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides and Zanthoxylum Planta Med. 57(4): 393–394. 1991, J. Agric. Food Chem.
leprieurii from Cameroon.” Fitoterapia. 74(5): 469–472. 48(2): 231–234. 2000, African Journal of Ecology 45 (1):
2003, Okpekon, T. et al. “Antiparasitic activities of medici- 62–71. 2007
nal plants used in Ivory Coast.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 90(1):
91–97. 2004, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94(3): 329–334. 2004 (Antibacterial, anthelmintic and antifungal, astringent, used
[Evaluation of five essential oils from aromatic plants of for the treatment of toothache, dysentery. After roasting and
Cameroon for controlling food spoilage and mycotoxin grinding, the seeds are rubbed on the skin for skin diseases.
producing fungi.], Nahrung. 48(2): 85–87. 2004, Journal of Magic, ritual.)
Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 2(2): 233–236. 2004
in English: African nutmeg
(Fruits and leaves carminative, antiparasitic, anthelmintic.
in Ivory Coast: pétimoué
Seeds used as a treatment for headaches, considered effec-
tive applied to sores, including those from Guinea worm. in Nigeria: ehinawosin, lakoshin, ihe-igbe, uyengen; abo
Powdered seeds used for removing lice. The essential oils lakoshe (Yoruba); ebenoyoba (Edo); ehuru (Igbo)
showed antibacterial, stimulant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic
and antifungal activity; active against mites. Root chewed to in Yoruba: ilakose, ilakosin, lakose, lakosin
relieve toothaches.)
in English: American calabash, calabash nutmeg, Jamaica Monolepis Schrader Chenopodiaceae
nutmeg
(Amaranthaceae)
in Cameroon: dzin, pebe
From the Greek monos ‘single, one’ and lepis ‘scale’, in refer-
in Central Africa: annéhia, bende bende, bominingo, ding, ence of the perianth-segment; see Species Plantarum 1: 4–5.
effoin, fep, feup, ifuafua, kimbula, m’bo, mbende, momb- 1753, Mantissa 1: 65. 1822, H.A. Schrader, in Index seminum
ende, mombendebende, moué, mukasa, musahusa, oniningo, horti academici goettingensis anno 1830 collecta. 4. [1830],
ozek, pinguingu Genera Plantarum 3(1): 52. 1880.
in Congo: akubisa, dzingu, makubesa, ntzinku, nzingu Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene (Blitum cheno-
podioides L.; Blitum chenopodioides Nutt., nom. illeg.;
in Gabon: mpoussa, zing
Blitum nuttalianum Schult.; Blitum nuttallianum Schult.;
in Ghana: ayikui, ayirewamba, efuaba, kotokorowa, motuk- Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen; Monolepis che-
rodua, wereaba, yikwi nopodioides Moq.; Monolepis patagonica Ulbr.)
in Ivory Coast: efuen, efueno, hane, mbong, moué, moui North America. Annual herb
in Liberia: gboite See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 170. 1771, The Genera of North
American Plants 1: 4. 1818, Systema Vegetabilium 1: 65.
in Nigeria: abo-lakoshin, ebenoyoba, din, efwen, efouen,
1822, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
ehuru, gbosa, igbo, ilakoshin-igbo, n’pokoson, njimgene,
13(2): 85. 1849, Flora Franciscana 2: 168. 1891 and Ostenia
ukposa, wofiove; lakosin (Yoruba); ehinawosin (Ikale);
98. 1933
uyenghen (Edo); ehuru ofia (Igbo)
(Poultice for skin diseases, burns, irritations. Ceremonial,
in Sierra Leone: boite
emetic.)
in Togo: uyu
in English: Nuttal’s poverty-weed, Nuttall’s povertyweed,
in Tropical Africa: lakoshe spear-leaved goosefoot
Monophyllaea R. Br. Gesneriaceae 2547

Monophyllaea R. Br. Gesneriaceae extracts of medicinal herbs Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. and
Monotes glaber Sprague.” Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 25(1):
From the Greek monos ‘one, single’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, see 77–82. 1995, J. Nat. Prod. 66(4): 578–80. 2003
Bennett, John Joseph (1801–1876), Plantæ javanicæ rariores,
descriptæ iconibusque illustratæ, quas in insula Java, annis (Antibacterial.)
1802–1818, legit et investigavit Thomas Horsfield, M.D. 115, in English: pale-fruited monotes, yellow wood
121. Londini, Veneunt Apud G.H. Allen, et Socios, 1838–1852
[Horsfield, Thomas (1773–1859) and Brown, Robert (1773– in Southern Africa: baroshawa, muBarawashawa, muNinya,
1858)] and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 37(1): 22. 1978. muNonye, muNyanyewa, muNyunyu, muShaba, muShawa,
muVara, muWara (Shona)
Monophyllaea horsfieldii R. Br.
in S. Rhodesia: iNyunya, muBarawashava, umNonye
Indonesia. Herb, a single leaf atop a long stalk, flowers pro-
duced directly from the leaf, lowland forest, streams, wet cliffs
See Plant Systematics and Evolution 169: 155–163. 1990, Monotropa L. Ericaceae
Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen 70: 445–470. 1997 (Monotropaceae, Pyrolaceae)
(Juice from leaves and stems splashed on young babies to Latin monotropus and Greek monotropos ‘of one kind, sin-
promote health and fitness.) gle’, referring to the nodding flower and to stem, onesided
in Indonesia: leluik inflorescence, see Species Plantarum 1: 387–388. 1753, The
British Herbal 221. 1756, Crantz, Heinrich Johann Nepomuk
von (1722–1799), Institutiones Rei Herbariae 2: 467. [Vienna]
1766, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 285. 1772, Genera
Monotes A. DC. Dipterocarpaceae
Plantarum 159–160. 1789, Medical Repository ser. 3, 1: 297.
Greek monos ‘single’, monotes ‘unity, uniqueness’, at the 1810, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 272. 1818,
time on publication it was the only genus of Dipterocarpaceae Annales de la Société Botanique de Lyon 7: 130. 1880 and
in Africa, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-
Vegetabilis 16(2): 623–624. 1868 and Pl. Syst. Evol. 216: Dahlem 12: 698. 1935, Symbolae Sinicae 7(4): 766. 1936,
197–205. 1999. Flora Neotropica 66: 13–27. 1995, Fieldiana: Botany, New
Series 45: 1–107. 2005.
Monotes africanus A. DC. (Monotes africana A. DC.)
Monotropa hypopitys L. (Hypopitys americana (DC.)
Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, fruit embedded in bright
Small; Hypopitys americana (DC.) Nutt.; Hypopitys fim-
orange wing-like bracts
briata (A. Gray) Howell; Hypopitys insignata E.P. Bicknell;
See Prodr. (DC.) 16(2.2): 624. 1868 and Journal of Natural Hypopitys lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt.; Hypopitys latisquama
Products 64(4): 546–548. 2001 Rydb.; Hypopitys monotropa Crantz; Hypopitys multiflora
Scop.; Hypopitys multiflora var. americana DC.; Hypopitys
(HIV-inhibitory activity.)
multiflora var. glabra Ledeb.; Monotropa chinensis Koidz.;
Monotes engleri Gilg (Monotes tomentellus Hutch.) Monotropa hypophegea Wallr.; Monotropa hypopitys fo.
atricha (Domin) Kitag.; Monotropa hypopitys subsp. lanu-
Tropical Africa. Tree
ginosa (Michx.) H. Hara; Monotropa hypopitys subvar. atri-
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ cha Domin; Monotropa hypopithys L. var. americana (DC.)
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 12: 291. 1908, Domin; Monotropa hypopitys var. glaberrima H. Hara;
Phytochemistry 45(3): 509–515. 1997, Natural Product Monotropa hypopitys var. glabra Roth; Monotropa hypopi-
Research 22(5): 383–392. 2008 tys var. hirsuta Roth; Monotropa hypopitys var. lanuginosa
(Michx.) Purah.; Monotropa hypopitys var. latisquama
(Leaves, stem and roots stomachic, antifungal, antiseptic,
(Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles; Monotropa hypopithys L.
for skin eruptions; from the leaves, cytotoxic activity against
var. rubra (Torr.) Farw.; Monotropa lanuginosa Michx.;
several human cancer cell lines.)
Monotropa latisquama (Rydb.) Hultén; Monotropa multi-
in English: pink-fruited monotes flora (Scop.) Fritsch; Monotropa taiwaniana S.S. Ying)
in Southern Africa: chiNdharara, muAra, muHarawashawa, China, North America. Perennial
muNete, muNonye, muNunta, muNunywa, muNuya (Shona)
See Species Plantarum 1: 387–388. 1753, The British Herbal
Monotes glaber Sprague 221. 1756, Institutiones Rei Herbariae 2: 467. 1766, Flora
Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 285–286. 1772, Tentamen
Tropical Africa.
Florae Germanicae 2(1): 462. 1782, Flora Boreali-
See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1909, 305. 1909, Sohni, Y.R. Americana 1: 266. 1803, The Genera of North American
et al. “Frameshift mutations in Salmonella induced by the Plants 1: 271. 1818, Schedulae Criticae 191. 1822, Prodr.
2548 Monsonia L. Geraniaceae

(DC.) 7(2): 780. 1839, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. n.s., 8: 272. at the Cape of Good Hope and in Bengal, a correspondent
1842 [dt. 1843; issued 15 Dec 1843], Flora Rossica 2: 934. of Linnaeus, at the Cape with Thunberg and F. Masson; see
1846, Excursionsflora für Österreich 426. 1897 and Fl. S.E. Species Plantarum 2: 676–683. 1753, Genera Plantarum.
U.S. [Small]. 880. 1903, Verhandlungen des Botanischen Ed. 5. 306. 1754, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 507, 508. 15–31 Oct
Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden 1767, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 14, 105. 1767, L’Héritier de
Länder 52: 93. 1911 (1910), Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Brutelle, Charles Louis (1746–1800), Geraniologia, seu
Club 40(9): 461. 1913, Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Erodii, pelargonii, geranii, monsoniae et grieli historia iconi-
Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 1915: 24. 1915, Florae Symbolae bus illustrata. Parisiis: typis P.-F. Didot, 1787–1788, Genera
Orientali-Asiaticae 28. 1930, Journal of Japanese Botany Plantarum 268. 1789, William Aiton (1731–1793), Hortus
14(6): 427. 1938, Journal of the Washington Academy of Kewensis. 2: 417–431. London 1789, Henry C. Andrews, The
Sciences 29(11): 487. 1939, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, Botanist’s Repository. t. 276. London 1803, Sweet, Robert
n.s. 44(1): 1216. 1948, Journal of the Faculty of Science: (1783–1835), Geraniaceae: the natural order of gerania …
University of Tokyo, Botany 6: 348. 1956, Quarterly Journal London, J. Ridgway, 1820–1830, Georg Christian Wittstein,
of Chinese Forestry 9(1): 126, f. 6. 1976, Neo-Lineamenta Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 386. Ansbach
Florae Manshuricae 494. 1979, Taxon 31: 764–765. 1852, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 93. 1891 and J. Britten,
1982, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis “Lady Ann Monson.” J. Bot., Lond. 56: 147–149. 1918, J.
Comenianae, Botanica 33: 41–43. 1986, Taxon 36: 128–130. Hutchinson, A Botanist in Southern Africa. 619. London
1987, Fl. Neotrop. 66: 20. 1995 1946, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 368–374. 1946, E.J. Willson,
James Lee and the Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith. 39–40.
(Love potion.) London 1961, J. S. African Bot. 45: 380. 1979, Van der Walt,
in English: false beech-drops, pinesap, yellow bird’s nest J.J.A., Pelargoniums of Southern Africa / J.J.A. Van der Walt,
P.J Vorster. Illustrations Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst. Cape Town:
in China: shui jing lan shu, song xia lan [Juta & Co.,] 1981, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical
Monotropa uniflora L. (Hypopitys uniflora (L.) Crantz; Exploration of Southern Africa. 253. Cape Town 1981, Taxon
Monotropa australis Andres; Monotropa brittonii Small; 30: 307. 1981, Webb, William J. The Pelargonium Family:
Monotropa coccinea Zucc.; Monotropa coccinea var. The Species of Pelargonium, Monsonia, and Sarcocaulon.
1984, Bothalia 15: 345–385. 1985, Clifton, Richard Timothy
mexicana Lange, nom. illeg. superfl.; Monotropa coccinea
Fred (1943–  ), The Geraniaceae Group: Geranium Family
var. nicaraguensis Lange; Monotropa uniflora subsp. coc-
Species Check List/Part 1 Erodium, Part 2 Geranium, Part 3
cinea (Zucc.) Andres; Monotropa uniflora var. australis
Monsonia, Part 4 Pelargonium, Part 5 Sarcocaulon, Part 6
Domin; Monotropa uniflora var. australis (Andres) Domin;
superseded genera, Part 7 Hypseocharis. Dover: Geraniaceae
Monotropa uniflora var. coccinea (Zucc.) Domin; Monotropa
Group, 1990–1994, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cul-
uniflora var. nicaraguensis Lange; Monotropa uniflora var.
tura europea. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 225. Leo
variegata Andres)
S. Olschki Editore, Firenze 1994, South African Journal of
China. Perennial Botany 65: 115–143. 1999, Lis-Balchin, Maria (edited by),
Geranium and Pelargonium: the genera Geranium and
See Species Plantarum 1: 387–388. 1753, The British Herbal
Pelargonium. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002, Clifton,
221. 1756, Institutiones Rei Herbariae 2: 467. 1766, Flora
Richard Timothy Fred (1943– ), Geraniales Species Checklist
15(2): Beibl. 100. 1832 and Verhandlungen des Botanischen Series. Vol. 1, Part 4, Geraniaceae Knuth Tribe 1 Geranieae:
Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden Pelargonium Species Checklist. Dover, 2004.
Länder 52: 94. 1911[1910], Sitzungsberichte der
Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Monsonia angustifolia E. Mey. ex A. Rich. (Monsonia
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 1915: 5–6. angustifolia E. Mey.; Monsonia biflora DC. var. pygmaea
1915, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Huntia 7: 228. 1987, Chiov.)
Taxon 36: 128–130. 1987 South Africa.
(Anticonvulsive, analgesic, for epilepsy, female troubles, See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 14, 105. 1767, Prodromus
fever, colds, sores, toothaches.) Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 638. 1824,
in English: convulsion root, corpse plant, ghost plant, fitsroot Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum. (Drège) 203. 1843–1844,
Indian pipe, Indian pipe, pinesap Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 115. 1847 and Bulletin
du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Section
in China: shui jing lan shu, shui jing lan B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 9(2): 133–136. 1987
(Whole plant for liver diseases and dysentery. Veterinary
medicine, for blackquarter, blackleg.)
Monsonia L. Geraniaceae
in English: crane’s bill
After Lady Ann Monson (née Vane), circa 1714–1776 (d.
Calcutta), great-grandaughter of Charles II, botanical collector in Kenya: lenpai-e-nabo
Monstera Adans. Araceae 2549

in Southern Africa: alsbos, malva naaldbossie, teebossie; and teres, retis (tero) ‘rounded off, smoothed, shapely’,
malengoana (Sotho); phusana (Botswana) or from monstrifer, era, erum ‘monster-bearing’, or from
monstrum, i (moneo) ‘a warning, portent, wonder, mon-
Monsonia burkeana Planch. ex Harv. (Monsonia betschua-
ster, monstrosity, any unnatural person or thing’, referring
nica R. Knuth; Monsonia biflora DC.; Monsonia burkeana
Planch. ex Harv. & Sond.; Monsonia glandulosissima Schinz; to the leaves; see Familles des Plantes (Adanson) 2: 470.
Monsonia malvaeflora Schinz; Monsonia malviflora Schinz) 1763, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und
Mode 4: 1028. 1830, Genera Aroidearum exposita 74. 1858,
South Africa. The Genera of Plants 5. 1866 and Fieldiana, Bot. 304–363.
See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 14, 105. 1767, Prodromus 1958, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 638. 1824, University 207: 72, 90, 93. 1977, D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation
Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 1: 155. 1860 and Bulletin de l’Herbier of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988,
Boissier Sér. II. 3: 821–822. 1901–1908, Pflanzenr. (Engler) Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri
Geraniac. 298. 1912 Botanical Garden 92: 59–200. 2003. All species contain
caustic and vesicant sap.
(Leaves astringent, for dysentery, hemorrhoids, typhoid.
Veterinary medicine, astringent, for blackquarter, blackleg.) Monstera adansonii Schott (Dracontium pertusum L.;
Calla dracontium G. Mey., nom. illeg.; Calla pertusa (L.)
in English: crane’s bill, dysentery herb Kunth; Monstera adansonii var. laniata (Schott) Madison;
in Southern Africa: alsbossie, angelbossie, assegaaibossie, Monstera ecuadorensis Engl. & K. Krause; Monstera fried-
keitabossie (keita = dysentery), naaldebossie; igqitha (Xhosa); richsthalii Schott; Monstera imrayana Schott; Monstera
khoara (Sotho); remarungana (Tswana) jacquini Schott; Monstera macrophylla Schott; Monstera
pertusa (L.) de Vriese, nom. illeg., non Monstera pertusa
Monsonia emarginata (L.f.) L’Hér. (Geranium emar-
(Roxb.) Schott; Monstera pertusa (Roxb.) Schott; Monstera
ginatum L.f.; Monsonia ovata Cav.; Monsonia ovata Cav.
pertusa var. laniata (Schott) Engl.; Philodendron pertu-
var. biflora Harv.)
sum (L.) K. Koch & C.D. Bouché; Pothos pertusus Roxb.;
South Africa. Tornelia laniata Schott)
See Species Plantarum 2: 676–683. 1753, Cavanilles, Antonio Tropical America.
Jose (1745–1804), Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes
See Species Plantarum 2: 967–968. 1753, Familles des
Decem. Matriti: Ex typographia regia prostant Matriti apud
D. Antonium Baylo [et] Parisiis apud D. Firminum Didot, Plantes 2: 470. 1763, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian
[1785]–1790 Plants 1: 455–456. 1820, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst,
Litteratur, Theater und Mode 4: 1028. 1830, Hortus Spaarn-
(Astringent. Veterinary medicine, astringent, insecticide, for Bergensis 40–41. 1839, Oesterreichisches Botanisches
blackquarter, blackleg, stomach troubles.) Wochenblatt 4: 65–66. 1854, Oesterreichische Botanische
in English: dysentery herb Zeitschrift 8: 179. 1858, Genera Aroidearum exposita 74.
1858, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 9: 40. 1859,
in Southern Africa: igqitha, iGqita (Xhosa) Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 362. 1860, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 114.
Monsonia glauca Knuth (Monsonia ovata Cav. subsp. 1878 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23B (Heft 37): Fam. 23B:
glauca (Knuth) Bowden & T. Müller; Monsonia stricta R. 107. 1908, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of
Knuth) Harvard University 207: 38. 1977

South Africa. (This species is reported to be irritant; very caustic juice of

the leaves used as a vesicant and to cauterize wounds, applied
See Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 4: 193. to snakebite wounds to neutralize the venom.)
1787 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xl. 64. 1907, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 15: 137. 1918 in Northwestern Amazonia: chupon khaki (Kofan); suso-iko
(Shushufindi Siona)
(Astringent. Veterinary medicine, root infusion insecticide,
pesticide, vermifuge.) in Brazil (Amazonas): xaa a
in English: dysentery herb Monstera adansonii Schott var. laniata (Schott) Madison
(Heteropsis ovata Miq.; Heteropsis surinamensis Miq.;
in Southern Africa: geitabossie, keitabossie, naaldebossie
Monstera adansonii Schott; Monstera crassifolia Schott;
Monstera ecuadorensis Engl. & K. Krause; Monstera
fenestrata Schott; Monstera friedrichsthalii Schott; Monstera
Monstera Adans. Araceae holtoniana Schott; Monstera milleriana Schott; Monstera
The origins and derivation are quite obscure, possibly from ovata (Miq.) Schott; Monstera pertusa var. laniata (Schott)
the Latin mons, montis (emineo, promineo) ‘a mountain’ Engl.; Monstera poeppigii Schott; Monstera siltepecana
2550 Monticalia C. Jeffrey Asteraceae

Matuda; Monstera surinamensis (Miq.) Schott; Tornelia Tropical America.

laniata Schott; Tornelia lindenii Schott ex Engl.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 503. 1753, Nova Genera et Species
Trop. America. Plantarum (quarto ed.) 7: 217. 1825 and Das Pflanzenreich
(Engler) IV 23B(Heft 37): 117. 1908, Notizblatt des
See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Wiener Zeitschrift
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 6:
für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 4: 1028. 1830,
Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt 4: 65. 1854 and 114. 1914, Kew Bulletin 5: 398. 1951
Revista de la sociedad mexicana de história natural 11: 97, (This species is reported to be irritant.)
t. 2, f. 9. 1950
Monstera epipremnoides Engl.
(This species is reported to be irritant.)
Costa Rica.
Monstera deliciosa Liebm. (Monstera borsigiana K. Koch;
Monstera deliciosa var. borsigiana Engl.; Monstera delici- See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
osa var. sierrana G.S. Bunting; Monstera lennea K. Koch; schichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 118. 1905
Monstera tacanaensis Matuda; Philodendron anatomicum (This species is reported to be irritant.)
Kunth; Tornelia fragrans Gut. ex Schott, nom. illeg.)
Mexico to C. America.
Monticalia C. Jeffrey Asteraceae
See Familles des Plantes 2: 470. 1763, Videnskabelige
Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn See Species Plantarum 2: 866–872. 1753, Dictionnaire des
1: 19–20. 1849, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 266– Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 48: 461. 1827, Plantas
267. 1879 and Das Pflanzenreich IV Fam. 23B (Heft 37): Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 209. 1845 and Phytologia
111. 1908, Gentes Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind 49: 251. 1981, Kew Bulletin 47(1): 69. 1992.
of plants 9: 320, f. 228. 1965, Der Marderosian, A.H., Giller, Monticalia abietina (Willd. ex Wedd.) C. Jeffrey (Monticalia
F.B., Roia, F.C. “Phytochemical and toxicological screening abietina (Wedd.) C. Jeffrey; Pentacalia abietina (Wedd.)
of household ornamental plants potentially toxic to humans. Cuatrec.; Pentacalia abietina (Willd. ex Wedd.) Cuatrec.;
1.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 1: 939–953. 1976, Genética Senecio abietinus Wedd.; Senecio abietinus Willd. ex Wedd.)
Ibérica 30–31: 161–188. 1979, Acta Botanica Austro
Sinica 5: 161–176. 1989, Phytother. Res. 18(1): 73–77. 2004 South America.
[The effect of medicinal plants of Islamabad and Murree See Chloris Andina 1(3): 101. 1856 [1855 publ. 30 Jun 1856]
region of Pakistan on insulin secretion from INS-1 cells.], and Phytologia 49(3): 252. 1981, Kew Bulletin 47(1): 69. 1992
Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 5: 111–144. 2005
(The resinous smoke from the wood is irritant.)
(All species contain caustic and vesicant sap. Unripe fruit acrid
and contains calcium oxalate crystals; ingesting the ripened
fruit can cause rapidly developing urticaria (hives) in sensi-
tive individuals. The leaves can cause problems if chewed Montiopsis Kuntze Montiaceae (Portulacaceae)
by humans or family pets. Crystals are not poisonous, the Resembling Montia L., for the Italian botanist Giuseppe
insoluble oxalates do not cause systemic poisoning in humans. Monti, 1682–1760, professor of botany, from 1722 to 1760
Potential natural resources for antidiabetic compounds.) Director of the Bologna Botanical Garden, father of Gaetano
in English: ceriman, delicious monster, fruit salad plant, Lorenzo Monti (1712–1797), also professor and from 1760 to
hurricane palm, Mexican bread fruit, Swiss-cheese plant, 1792 Director of the same garden and author of Dizionario
windowleaf botanico Veronese. Verona 1817; Giuseppe Monti wrote
Plantarum varii indices ad usum demonstrationum quae in
in Japan: hôrai-shô Bononiensis Archigymnasii Publico Horto quotannis haben-
in Latin America: camachillo, cerimán de Méjico, chirriv- tur. Bononiae 1724, De monumento diluviano nuper in agro
aca, costilla de adan, guela gutzi, piñanona Bononiensi detecto dissertatio. Bononiae Studiorum 1719 and
Catalogi Stirpium agri Bononiensis prodromus, Gramina
in Brazil: chagas-de-São-Sebastião (= St. Sebastian’s ac hujusmodi affinia complectens. Bononiae 1719. See Carl
wounds), dragão-fedorento, folha-furada, folha-reta, imbé- Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 87. 1753, Genera Plantarum.
farado, imbé-de-são-pedro Ed. 5. 38. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 245, 609. 1763, Species
in La Réunion: fruit délicieux Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(2): 862. 1799, Jonas C. Dryander,
Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks.
in Mauritius: banane Anglaise, taro vine
London 1796–1800, Bonpland, Aimé (1773–1858), Nova
Monstera dubia (Kunth) Engl. & K. Krause (Marcgravia Genera et Species Plantarum. [H.B.K.] Lutetiae Parisiorum:
dubia Kunth; Monstera acreana K. Krause; Monstera dubia Sumtibus Librairie Graeco-Latino-Germanicae, 1815–1825,
Engl. & K. Krause; Monstera irritans Simmonds) A. Bertoloni, Sylloge plantarum horti bononiensis. Bononiae
Montrichardia Crueg. Araceae 2551

1827 and Continuatio historiae horti botanici bononien- Philodendron arboreum (Kunth) Kunth; Pleurospa reticu-
sis. Bononiae 1834, Ordines Naturales Plantarum 305. lata Raf., nom. illeg.)
1830, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 2(1): 13. 1831, A. Lasègue,
Tropical America. Erect arborescent herb, sometimes
Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. 341. Paris 1845,
prickly, inflorescence axillary, spathe whitish or yellowish,
Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
starchy root used for food, fruiting spadix edible, seeds can
Handwörterbuch. 594. Ansbach 1852, Revisio Generum be cooked or toasted
Plantarum 3(3): 14–15. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 42. See Species Plantarum 2: 964, 967. 1753, Descr. Pl. Nov.: t. 30.
Beibl. 97: 19. 1908, Phytologia 60(3): 172. 1986, Phytologia 1801, Magasin Encyclopédique 4(16): 471. 1801, Description
70(3): 223. 1991, Phytologia 74(4): 277. 1993, Molecular des Plantes Nouvelles … Jardin de J. M. Cels 30. 1801, Nov.
Phylogenetics and Evolution. 15(3): 419–439. 2000. Gen. Sp. 1: 80. 1816, Prim. Fl. Esseq.: 274. 1818, Nomencl.
Bot. 1: 73. 1821, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur,
Montiopsis umbellata (Ruiz & Pav.) D.I. Ford (Calandrinia Theater und Mode 1829(3): 780. 1829, Fl. Tellur. 4: 8. 1838,
chubutensis Speg.; Calandrinia hispida Phil.; Calandrinia Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum
phalacra Phil.; Calandrinia sericea Hook. & Arn. var. phal- 3: 48. 1841, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 12: 25. 1854, Arac.
acra Reiche; Calandrinia umbellata Gill. ex Hook. & Arn.; Betreff. 1: 4. 1854, Syn. Aroid.: 72. 1856, Gen. Aroid.: t. 49.
Calandrinia umbellata DC.; Calandrinia umbellata (Ruiz & 1858, Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 29. 1859, Flora Brasiliensis
Pav.) DC.; Calandriniopsis umbellata (Ruiz & Pav.) E. Franz; 3(2): 127–128. 1878, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 274.
Calandriniopsis umbellata (DC.) E. Franz; Claytonia umbel- 1879 and Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward
lata (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Claytonia umbellata Islands 3: i-xi, 1–586. 1979, J. Ethnopharm. 11: 135–136. 1984,
Kuntze; Claytonia umbellata S. Watson; Colobanthus chub- Nordic Journal of Botany 9: 119–166. 1989, Int. J. Pl. Sci. 158:
utensis (Speg.) Macloskie; Talinum umbellatum Ruiz & Pav.) 408–417. 1997, E. Gordon, “Contribución a la ecología de
South America. Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott (Araceae). II. Biomasa
y producción = Contribution to the ecology of Montrichardia
See Fl. Peruv. Prodr. 65, in obs. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium arborescens (L.) Schott (Araceae). II. Biomass and produc-
Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1: 117. 1798, Prodromus tion.” Acta Biologica Venezuelica 21(1): 53–66. 2001
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 358. 1828,
(The abundant acrid and caustic sap of this plant has caused
Bot. Misc. 3: 334. 1833, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-
dermatitis. The milky juice of the stem used in the treatment of
Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 340. 1843, Botany [Fortieth
deep cuts (external), also against nose bleeding, sore eyes; sap
Parallel] 43, t. 6. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 57.
applied to ulcers in a poultice. Parboiled leaves poulticed for
1891, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 85: 307, 310. 1894,
erysipelas. Dried roots and leaves decoction taken to relieve
Anales Univ. Chile 100: 353. 1898, Flora de Chile 2: 349.
hypertension. Shoots juice used for shamanic practices.)
1898 and Nova Add. Fl. Patag. 4: 821. 1901, Anales Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires 7: 243. 1902, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 42, Beibl. 97: 20. in South America: aninga, arracacho, arum lily, boroboro,
1908, Beitr. Kenntn. Portulacac. & Basellac.: Inaug. Diss. 24. castano, chupaya, malanga-gratter, moco moco, mocou
1908, Taxon 35: 902–903. 1986, Phytologia 74(4): 276. 1993 mocou, moka-moka, moko moko, mokumoku, moli-ua, pup-
pua, rabano, raya-balsa, yautia-madera
(Antiseptic.)
in French Guiana: arum du pays
Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott (Arum liniferum
Montrichardia Crueg. Araceae Arruda; Caladium liniferum (Arruda) Nees; Philodendron
Dedicated to Gabriel de Montrichard; see Fl. Tellur. 4: 8. 1838, cyclophyllum K. Krause)
Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 12: 25. 1854, Schott, H. W. (Heinrich Trop. South America. From the inner fleshy cortex of the
Wilhelm) (1794–1865), Araceen Betreffendes. Wien: Druck von stem a strongly acid caustic juice
C. Gerold, 1854–1855 and Fieldiana, Bot. 304–363. 1958, D.H.
Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. (Leaves antirheumatic and effective in curing ulcers, par-
10: 15–25. 1988, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the boiled leaves poulticed for erysipelas. Sap applied to ulcers
Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 59–200. 2003. in a poultice. Root diuretic although poisonous.)

Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott (Arum aculeatum Vernacular names: aninga, linga
(G. Mey.) Steud.; Arum arborescens L.; Caladium aculeatum
G. Mey.; Caladium arborescens (L.) Vent.; Caladium arbo-
Mora Benth. Fabaceae
reum Kunth; Montrichardia aculeatum (G. Mey.) Crueg.;
Montrichardia arborea (Kunth) Schott; Montrichardia arbo-
(Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae)
rescens var. aculeata (G. Mey.) Engl.; Montrichardia fendleri From a South American vernacular name, see Systema
Schott; Montrichardia splitgerberi Schott; Philodendron Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4(2): 404. 1827, Transactions
arborescens Kunth; Philodendron arborescens (L.) Kunth; of the Linnean Society of London 18: 209–211. 1839.
2552 Moraea Miller Iridaceae

Mora excelsa Benth. (Dimorphandra excelsa Baill.; Moraea diversifolia (Klatt) Baker; Moraea diversifolia
Dimorphandra excelsa (Benth.) Baill.; Dimorphandra guia- Baker; Moraea hockii De Wild.; Moraea welwitschii Baker;
nensis Baill.; Dimorphandra guianensis (Schomburgk ex Moraea zambesiaca Baker; Moraea zambeziaca Baker, nom.
Benth. & Hook.f.) Baill.; Dimorphandra mora Benth. & nud.; Vieusseuxia schimperi (Hochst.) Hochst. ex A. Rich.;
Hook.f.; Dimorphandra mora R.H. Schomb. ex Benth.; Mora Vieusseuxia schimperi Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Vieusseuxia tri-
guianensis Schomburgk ex Benth. & Hook.f.; Mora guianen- dentata (Hochst.) Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Vieusseuxia triden-
sis Benth. & Hook.f.) tata Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Xiphion diversifolium Klatt)
Guyana, Trinidad. Perennial non-climbing tree, small cream Trop. Africa. Herb, perennial, stem purple, perianth purple-
flowers, pod leathery or woody, seeds deeply kidney-shaped blue, purple flowers arising from white bulbs or corms, outer
tepals red-purple with bright yellow patch at base, inner
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18: 210,
tepals light blue-purple, stigma and anthers deep purple,
pl. 16–17. 1839, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(2): 588.
cream-orange nectar guides, sheating bracts reddish, fruit
1865 [19 Oct 1865], Histoire des Plantes 2: 149, 167. 1870 and
pale purple-green
Bull. Misc. Inform. 1932(8): 395–406. 1932
See Flora 27(1): 24–25. 1844, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 305. 1850,
(Pink decoction of the bark with a disagreable nauseating
Linnaea 34: 572. 1866, Journal of the Linnean Society,
odour and aftertaste, said to be purgative. Bark infusion taken
Botany 16: 130. 1877 [1878 publ. 1877], Trans. Linn. Soc.
for severe dysentery. Bark pounded and used as a fish poison.)
London, Bot. 1(5): 270. 1878 [1880 publ. Jan 1878], Handb.
in English: black mora, red mora, sand mora Irid. 51. 1892 and Bol. Soc. Arag. vii. 225. 1908, Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 540. 1913, Webbia 7: 349. 1950,
in Venezuela: mora
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 84: 285–304. 1997
(Poisonous or suspected of poisoning sheep, stock.)
Moraea Miller Iridaceae in Enhlish: Zambesi tulip
Named in honor of the British (Esquire of Shropshire) Robert in East Africa: mahangala
More, 1703–1780, an amateur botanist and natural historian,
1729 Fellow of the Royal Society of London, traveller, friend in Zimbabwe: Zambesi tulp
of Linnaeus; according to Georg Christian Wittstein (in Moraea thomsonii Baker (Moraea mossii N.E. Br.; Moraea
Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 594. Ansbach stricta Baker; Moraea trita N.E. Br.)
1852) and N.E. Brown (in Journal of the Linn. Soc., Botany.
48: 40–41. 1928) Miller changed Morea to Moraea in honor W. Tanzania. Erect herb, wiry stem, brown stems straw-like,
of Dr. Johan Moraeus, father of Sara Elisabeth Moraea, wife grass-like leaf, expanded flowers, petals elliptic, flowers pale
of Linnaeus; see George H.M. Lawrence, “Derivation of lilac with orange markings on the sepals, stamens petaloid
the generic name Moraea (Iridaceae).” Baileya. 3(3): 130. and divided into two at the tip
1955, Goldblatt, P. “Systematics of Moraea (Iridaceae) in See Handbook of the Irideae 57. 1892 and Vierteljahrsschrift
Tropical Africa.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 49: 178. 1904,
64: 243–295. 1978, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 17: 347.
der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 292. Basel 1996. Moraea 1929, Strugnell, A.M. “A checklist of the Spermatophytes
and Homeria are poisonous and pose significant problems in of Mt. Mulanje, Malawi.” Scripta Botanica Belgica 34:
cattle- and sheep-raising areas, notably in southern Africa. 1–199. 2006
Moraea carsonii Baker (Moraea homblei De Wild.) (Suspected of poisoning.)
Sudan to N. Botswana. Herb, erect, flat leaves, flowers pale in East Africa: embergoi, olperesi l’angamba, sekwe
purple
See Figures of Plants in the Gardeners Dictionary 159, t.
238. 1758, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894: Morella Lour. Myricaceae
391. 1894 and Contr. Fl. Katanga, Suppl. 4: 7. 1932, Flora
A dark-red cherry, referring to the fruits, sometimes included
of Tropical East Africa: 1–89. 1996, Annals of the Missouri
in Myrica L.; see Flora Cochinchinensis 537, 548. 1790 and
Botanical Garden 84: 285–304. 1997, Geerinck, D. Flore
Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Math. Cherb. 32: 85. 1901, Sida 16: 99.
d’Afrique Centrale (Zaïre - Rwanda - Burundi) Iridaceae:
1994, Killick, D.J.B. et al. “New combinations in African
1–102. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Meise. 2005
Myricaceae.” Kew Bulletin 53: 993–995. 1998, Brittonia 52:
(Poisonous.) 320–324. 2000, Rhodora 103: 120–122. 2001.
Moraea schimperi (Hochst.) Pic. Serm. (Hymenostigma Morella cerifera (Linnaeus) Small (Cerophora lanceo-
schimperi Hochst.; Hymenostigma tridentatum Hochst.; lata Rafinesque; Cerothamnus arborescens (Castiglioni)
Iris diversifolia Merino; Iris diversifolia Steud. ex A. Rich.; Tidestrom; Cerothamnus cerifer (L.) Small; Cerothamnus
Morella Lour. Myricaceae 2553

ceriferus (Linnaeus) Small; Cerothamnus pumilus (Michaux) Morella parvifolia (Benth.) Parra-Os. (Myrica parvifolia
Small; Morella cerifera (L.) Small var. pumila (Michx.) Benth.; Myrica parvifolia var. longipedunculata A. Chev.;
Kartesz; Myrica cerifera L.; Myrica cerifera var. angustifo- Myrica parvifolia var. lucens A. Chev.; Myrica parvifolia
lia C. DC.; Myrica cerifera var. angustifolia Aiton; Myrica var. macrostachya A. Chev.; Myrica parvifolia var. major A.
cerifera var. arborescens Castiglioni; Myrica cerifera var. Chev.; Myrica parvifolia var. obtusa Benth.)
dubia A. Chevalier; Myrica cerifera var. pumila Michaux;
Myrica mexicana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Myrica pumila South America. Shrub, essential oils
(Michaux) Small; Myrica pusilla Rafinesque; Myrica xalap- See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 251. 1846
ensis Kunth) and Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Math. Cherbourg 32: 284–286.
North and Central America, Bermuda. Perennial, small 1901, Monogr. Myricacées, 200–202. 1901, Brittonia 54(4):
many-branched tree or a shrub, strictly dioecious, oblan- 324. 2002 (publ. 2003)
ceolate aromatic glandular leaves, flower catkins/clusters (Leaves and stems burned and the aromatic smoke used to
from the old wood, spirally arranged scale-like bracts tightly relieve pulmonary troubles. Tonic for women.)
enclosing the developing flowers, ripe glandular drupes clus-
tered, an extremely variable species, see also Myrica cerifera in Ecuador: laurel de cera
See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Flora Morella pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Wilbur
Cochinchinensis 537, 548. 1790, Flora Boreali-Americana (Myrica arguta Kunth; Myrica arguta var. peruviana C. DC.;
2: 228. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Myrica arguta var. tinctoria C. DC.; Myrica caracasana
Berolinensis, … 2: 1011. 1809, Nova Genera et Species Kunth; Myrica costata Rusby; Myrica interrupta Benth.;
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 16. 1817, Alsographia Americana Myrica macrocarpa Kunth; Myrica polycarpa Kunth; Myrica
10–11. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Myrica pubescens var.
Vegetabilis 16(2A): 149. 1864 and Flora of the Southeastern caracasana (Kunth) A. Chev.; Myrica pubescens var. glan-
United States 337, 1329. 1903, Elysium Marianum. Ferns dulosa A. Chev.; Myrica pubescens var. interrupta (Benth.)
41. 1910, Flora of Miami 61, 200. 1913, Shrubs of Florida 8, A. Chev.; Myrica pubescens var. tomentosa A. Chev.)
133. 1913, Castanea 31: 183–185. 1966, Journal of Japanese
Botany 62: 183–188. 1987, Caldasia 23(1): 136–137. 2001, South America.
Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005] See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Species
(Leaves used for a gynecological aid and an emetic; the bark, Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 746–747. 1806, Nova Genera
as a blood purifier and a kidney aid. Leaves and stems decoc- et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 18. 1817, Plantas
tion to treat fevers; and roots, to treat inflamed tonsils and Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 251. 1846 and Mémoires
stomachaches, and as a stimulant.) de la Société des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques de
Cherbourg 32: 294. 1901, Descriptions of Three Hundred
in English: bayberry, candleberry, southern bayberry, south-
New Species of South American Plants 8. 1920, Rhodora
ern wax-myrtle, wax myrtle
103(913): 121. 2001, Brittonia 54(4): 322–326. 2002[2003],
Morella kandtiana (Engl.) Verdc. & Polhill (Myrica kand- Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 681–683. 2007
tiana Engl.)
(Tonic for women after childbirth, a postpartum remedy.)
Tanzania. Herb, shrub or short tree, multi-branched,
in Ecuador: laurel de cera
spreading, small flowers greenish-yellow, inflorescences
produced on the old wood, fruit green when young black Morella salicifolia (A. Rich.) Verdc. & Polhill (Myrica sal-
when mature, fruits papillate or with waxy exudate, grass- icifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Morella salicifolia (Hochst. ex
land, in seasonal swamp A. Rich.) Verdc. & Polhill)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Flora West Africa. Tree, thick corky bark, fire-resistant
Cochinchinensis 537, 548. 1790 and Botanische Jahrbücher
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie See Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9: 105–128. 1983,
45: 278. 1910, Kew Bulletin 53: 994. 1998, Journal of Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. 1990, Kew
Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000 Bull. 53(4): 995. 1998, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97:
421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111: 271–
(Roots used as medicine for malaria, stomachache, head- 283. 2007
ache; bark laxative, for diarrhea.)
(Bark and roots for sexual impotence and erectile dysfunc-
in Congo: cikobarhi, hifukamarhende tion; root or stem bark ground with water and the extract
in East Africa: mkekimbo drunk in diarrhea, bloody dysentery. Veterinary medicine.)
in Rwanda: isubyo, umusendese in Burundi: umusengese, umusengesenge
in Tanzania: mikikimbo mikikimbo in Congo: ikijige
2554 Morina L. Caprifoliaceae (Dipsacales, Morinaceae)

in Ethiopia: abaya, kalawa, kataba, nebi, radji, scinet, shinet, in India: dayela, kane, nirvisi, shalgudi
shinett
Morina longifolia Wall. (Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC.)
in Kenya: kitaloswa, mangwe
India, Nepal, Himalaya. Herb
in Rwanda: umusengese, umusengesi, umushengeshe,
See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] 426.
umushengeshi, urusengese 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 644. 1830
in Tanzania: isinzivilizi, mawache, mbashe, mmungi, (Veterinary medicine, root extract to remove intestinal
mshegheshe, mwangwi, orkitalaswa worms.)
in Uganda: mujeje in India: biskandra, biskandru, jema menthok
Morella salicifolia (A. Rich.) Verdc. & Polhill var. kili- in Nepal: panche
mandscharica (Engl.) Verdc. & Polhill (Myrica kilimand-
scharica Engl.; Myrica usambarensis Engl.) Morina nepalensis D. Don var. nepalensis (Morina beto-
nicoides Benth.; Morina nana Wall. ex DC.; Morina nana
West Africa. Wall.)
See Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissen­ Himalaya.
schaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 2:
188. 1891–1892 and Kew Bulletin 53(4): 995. 1998, Journal See Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 161. 1825, Numer. List [Wallich] n.
of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336. 2005 424. 1829, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 4: 645.
1830, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 12: 63–64, t. 1171. 1873
(Root stimulant, excitant, used to treat epilepsy; bark for
cough.) (Aerial parts used as emetic and purgative.)

in Kenya: olkitolosua
in Tanzania: mdaula, msegeshe, mshegeshe, olkitolua Morinda L. Rubiaceae
Indian mulberry, Latin morus and indicus, indica, because of
the shape of the fruits; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
Morina L. Caprifoliaceae (Dipsacales, Morinaceae) 1: 176. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 991–992. 1753, Genera
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 81. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 146, 598.
After the French physician Louis Morin, 1636–1715, bota-
1763, Flora Cochinchinensis 96, 146. 1790, Nat. en Geneesk.
nist, author of Quaestio medica, C. Guerin Praes. An sit insita
Arch. Neerl. Indie, ii. (1845) 2. 1845, Museum Botanicum 1:
alicui homini naturaliter vis curandi morbos? [Paris 1666]
179. 1850, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Lyon, Sect. Sci. 10: 225.
and Quaestio medica, C. Le Vasseur Praes. An annus qui
1860, Genera Plantarum 2(1): 120. 1873 and J. Bot. 64(Suppl.
fructuum idem et morborum ferax. [Paris 1665]; see Species
2): 30. 1926, Contributions from the University of Michigan
Plantarum 1: 28. 1753, Annales Générales des Sciences
Herbarium 8: 86–87. 1942, Brunel, J.F., Hiepo, P. & Scholz,
Physiques 6: 88. 1820, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis H. (eds.) Flore Analytique du Togo Phanérogames. 1984, J.
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 644–645. 1830, Georg Christian Biol. (Vietnam) 7(4): 40. 1985, Turner, I.M. A Catalogue of
Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 595. the Vascular Plants of Malaya. Gardens’ Bulletin. Singapore
Ansbach 1852, Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Russischen Reiches 47: 347–655. 1995 (publ. 1997), Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.
und der Angranzenden Lander Asiens… St. Petersburg 145. 71(2): 337. 1999, Harris, D.J. The Vascular Plants of the
1852 and Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic. Meise
9 10: 199. 1909, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural 2002, Chamchumroon, V. & Puff, C. “The Rubiaceae of
History), Botany 12(1): 15. 1984, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Ko Chang, Southeastern Thailand.” Thai Forest Bulletin
Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. (Botany) 31: 13–26. 2003, Beaman, J.H. & Anderson, C.
Aufl. 136f. 1989, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 5: 1–609. Natural History
der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 395. [b. 1635] 1996. Publications (Borneo). 2004, Scripta Botanica Belgica 35:
Morina coulteriana Royle 1–438. 2006, Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van
der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) Flore Analytique du Bénin. 2006,
Himalaya. Blumea 51(2): 199–220. 2006.
See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Morinda angustifolia Roxb. (Morinda angustifolia Roth;
Mountains … [Royle] 245. 1833–1840 Morinda angustifolia var. scabridula Craib; Morinda squar-
rosa Buch.-Ham.)
(Roots paste applied on wounds; a decoction in high fever and
in snake and scorpion bite. Roots burnt along with Juniperus India, Himalaya. Low shrub, leaves oblanceolate membra-
for incense in gompas. Magico-religious, plants hung over nous, white fragrant flowers, turbinate fruits, roots yield a
the doors to keep out all ill happenings.) yellow dye
Morinda L. Rubiaceae 2555

See Pl. Coromandel 3: 32. 1815, Nov. Pl. Sp. 147. 1821, See Species Plantarum 1: 176. 1753, Philosophical
Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 535. 1822, FBI 3: 156. 1880 Transactions of the Royal Society of London 51: 935, pl. 23.
and Fl. Siam. 2: 174. 1934 1761, Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 349. 1766, Asiatic Researches 4: 37.
1795, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 15. 1814, Prodr.
(A paste of flowers of Mesua ferrea with shoots of Morinda
Fl. Ind. Orient.: 420. 1834, Fl. Filip., ed. 2: 105, 109. 1845,
angustifolia and ginger given in heart troubles. Bark for
toothache. In giddiness, leaf decoction rubbed on forehead Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 243–244. 1857, Essay Pl. Burdek: 12. 1860,
or taken orally; in sore feet, feet dipped in leaf decoction. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46(2): 151. 1877, Fl. Brit. India 3: 156.
Root juice and paste in insect bites and in fever; roots extract 1880 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, J. Straits Branch
taken to cure jaundice and dysentery.) Roy. Asiat. Soc. 79: 86. 1918, Nat. S. Pac. Exped. 296. 1949,
Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 11: 454. 1969,
in Bangladesh: tara taba Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 288. 1980, Bull. Torrey Bot.
in India: achu goch, asu goch, chenong, chhengrong, chhen- Club 111: 482. 1984, Plant Systematics and Evolution 149:
nong, dieng siroi, jang-tarlaung, kanthu-araung, konthu, lum, 89–118. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14(2/3): 213–
tarlaung-araung, thingaieng 222. 1985, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 177–244. 1988, Fl.
Coimbatore 142. 1988
Morinda capitellata Wall. ex Foxworthy
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Analgesic, heart tonic, seda-
Malay Peninsula. tive, hypotensive, uterine muscle relaxant, antibacterial,
See Foxworthy, Frederick William (1877–1950), [Timbers of insecticidal, anthelmintic, antiascariasis, antinematodal.
British North Borneo. ii. Minor forest products and jungle Loss of appetite, eat the leaves with rice. Leaves crushed
produce.] 3rd ed., Bull. Dep. For. B.N. Borneo, no. 1, 1922. and mixed with mustard oil as poultice for pain; leaves
vii, 61 p. juice applied to relieve pain; leaves febrifuge, tonic and
antiseptic, used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, colic, nausea,
(Leaves for snakebite. Roots astringent, for dysentery and
convulsions, rheumatism; for severe stomachache, leaves of
diarrhea.)
Morinda citrifolia and Alstonia macrophylla mashed and
Malay names: akar kemeniyan hantu, akar sutnibut taken orally; leaf paste of Clerodendrum inerme tied with
the pounded rootbark of Morinda citrifolia on fractured
Morinda citrifolia L. (Morinda angustifolia Roth, nom.
bones; leaf paste applied externally to cuts, wounds, ulcers.
illeg.; Morinda aspera Wight & Arn.; Morinda brac-
Bark tonic, antiseptic on skin lesions, ulcers, wounds, uri-
teata Roxb., nom. illeg.; Morinda chachuca Buch.-Ham.;
nary diseases. Fruits diuretic, laxative, emollient, emmena-
Morinda chrysorhiza DC.; Morinda citrifolia Hunter, nom.
gogue, for asthma and respiratory problems; pieces of fruit
illeg., non Morinda citrifolia L.; Morinda citrifolia f. pot-
heated and put on sores or inflamed regions; ripe fruits
teri (O. Deg.) H. St. John; Morinda citrifolia var. bracteata
(Roxb.) Kurz; Morinda citrifolia var. bracteata (Roxb.) eaten in cough. Roots, leaves and fruits anthelmintic; roots
Hook.f., nom. illeg.; Morinda citrifolia var. elliptica Hook.f.; analgesic, febrifuge, tonic. Pieces of fruits used for bait in
Morinda citrifolia var. potteri O. Deg.; Morinda coreia var. fish pots.)
stenophylla (Spreng.) Chandrab.; Morinda elliptica (Hook.f.) in English: awl tree, brimstone tree, canary wood, cheese-
Ridl.; Morinda ligulata Blanco; Morinda litoralis Blanco; fruit, great morinda, Indian mulberry, Leichhardt’s tree,
Morinda littoralis Blanco; Morinda macrophylla Desf.; limburger tree, morinda, noni, pain killer, painkiller, togari
Morinda mudia Buch.-Ham.; Morinda multiflora Roxb.; wood, yaw-weed
Morinda nodosa Buch.-Ham.; Morinda quadrangularis
hort.; Morinda quadrangularis G. Don; Morinda steno- in Latin America: cobalanga, kòwòsòl zombi, pangkila,
phylla Spreng.; Morinda teysmanniana Miq.; Morinda tinc- planta milagrosa, yema de huevo
toria Noronha; Morinda tinctoria var. aspera (Wight & Arn.) in Australia: koonjerung, tokoonja
Hook.f.; Morinda tinctoria var. multiflora (Roxb.) Hook.f.;
Morinda tomentosa B. Heyne ex Roth; Morinda zollinge- in Cambodia: nhoër srôk, nhoër thôm’, nhor prey, nhor thom
riana Miq.; Platanocephalus orientalis Crantz; Psychotria in India: acchuka, ach, achchhuka, achuhhuka, achuka,
chrysorhiza Thonn.; Samama citrifolia Kuntze; Samama alita, aseti, ashyuka, asukha, auch, bandamaddi, bartondi,
citrifolia (L.) Kuntze; Sarcocephalus leichhardtii F. Muell.) barutndi, bundamaddi, cadapilva, chaili, chayapattai, chekka,
Trop. & E. Asia to N. Australia. Shrub or small tree, woody, cheli, chella, darnaharidra, haladipavatemaddi, karrapitala-
crooked, single stem, deep taproot, conical crown, hollow vam, lam-onk, lornong, lu-rong, lurong, maddi, maddichettu,
square stems, grey bark, strong rancid fetid odor, leaves manajaparvetti, manjanathi, manjanatthi, manjanatti, man-
chartaceous slightly fleshy, inflorescences globose heads, japavatta, mannanarri, mogali, molugu, nibase, nuna, nunaa,
flowers bisexual fragrant, corolla white funnel-shaped, fruit podophul, suranji, tagache, tagaroo, takote, tanakku, thogara,
yellow-white, seeds black, ripe fruit fetid when bruised, low- thogaru chettu, thogarumogali, thogoda, togara, togaramo-
land wet forest, sandy soil, disturbed areas, in low sea coast gali, togaree, togareemogilli, togaru, togarumogali, toghur,
areas, along beach tunaon, tunavu, tunnam, uchyoota
2556 Morinda L. Rubiaceae

in Indonesia: bengkudu, bunga teratae, cangkudu, cengkeru, in Central African Republic: ngoila
mengkudu, patjé
in Guinea: atamule, bacoré, boloncon, uanda
in Japan: yaeyama-aoki
in Sierra Leone: ka bombo, njasui
in Laos: nho, nhoo baanz
Morinda longiflora G. Don (Morinda longiflora var.
in Malaysia: bengkudu, kemudu, kenudu, mengkudu, meng- breviloba De Wild.)
kudu besar, mengkudu jantan, mengkudu kechil, menkudi
Tropical Africa.
besar, menkudu, menkudu besar, nona
See Gen. Hist. 3: 545. 1834 and Pl. Bequaert. 2: 302. 1923
in Papua New Guinea: gomor, kotambul, leki, mwagum
wagugu, noku, nono, oko, wal, woko (Leaves and fruits anthelmintic, febrifuge, astringent, laxa-
in Philippines: apatot-nga-basit, bangkoro, bangkuro, ban- tive, for colic pain, constipation, fevers.)
koro, nino, tumbong-aso Morinda lucida Benth. (Morinda lucida A. Gray, nom. illeg.)
in Thailand: ka-muu-duu, mataasuea, muu duu, yae yai, yo, Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, compact crown, rough bark
yo ban, yo thueen, yor ban brown, yellow wood, leaves papery to glossy, foliage dark
in Vietnam: chau, dau, ngao, nhàu, nhau, nhau lon, nhau nui, green, stipules on lateral flowering branches smaller, stipules
nhau rung, rau on main branches large covering glands, white sweetly fra-
grant flowers, flowers pale green outside, corolla lobes white
in Cameroon: atchek, n’keng inside, corollas fall in morning, green fruits when black have
Morinda coreia Buch.-Ham. (Morinda coreia var. tomentosa strong unpleasant smell, bitter-tasting roots, flooded areas
(Hook.f.) R.R. Fernandez; Morinda exserta Roxb.; Morinda See Niger Flora [W.J. Hooker]. 406. 1849, Proc. Amer. Acad.
tinctoria Roxb.; Morinda tinctoria var. tomentosa Hook.f.) Arts iv. (1860) 41. 1860
Sri Lanka, Malaya, Java. Tree, bark deeply ridged, fruit green (Leaves and fruits febrifuge, antimalarial, analgesic, laxative,
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13: jaundice. Dried leaves infusion taken as a fever reducer. Plant
537. 1822, Fl. Ind. 2: 197, 199. 1824, Fl. Brit. India 3: 156. employed in cases of diabetes, hypertension, cerebral conges-
1880 and Cytologia 52: 343–356. 1987, Trees Mumbai 174. tion, dysentery, stomachache, ulcers, leprosy and gonorrhea.)
1999, Phytochemistry 59: 551–556. 2002, Narayanasamy in English: brimstone tree
Mathivanan et al. “Morinda pubescens J.E. Smith (Morinda
tinctoria Roxb.) fruit extract accelerates wound healing in African names: alongua (Bondoukou), amake (Ewe), konk-
Rats.” Journal of Medicinal Food 9(4): 591–593. 2006 roma, ope asi akwa (Twi), maticki (Ho), ngole (Kimbundu),
ngongouve (Umbundu), sangongo (Bambara), sema (Nzima)
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark tonic, astringent, feb-
rifuge, antiseptic on skin lesions, ulcers, wounds, urinary in Cameroon: kikengwe, kwakengue
diseases.) in Central African Republic: kwakenge, moboto
in India: acchuka, ach, achchhu, achchhuka, achuhhuka, in Congo: mbone, nsiki, ossi, ossika
achuka, akshikiphala, alam, alita, aseti, ashyuka, asukha,
auch, bandamaddi, bartondi, barutndi, bundamaddi, cadap- in Gabon: akian
ilva, chaili, chayapattai, chekka, cheli, chella, darnaharidra, in Nigeria: owuru, eze-ogu; oruwo (Yoruba)
haladipavatemaddi, karrapitalavam, lornong, lurong, maddi,
maddichettu, manajaparvetti, manjanathi, manjanatthi, man- in West Africa: ake, atiati, sima
janatti, manjapavatta, mannanarri, mogali, molagu, molugu, in Yoruba: apawoparun, iwo, oruwo, oruwo funfun, owuru
nuna, nunaa, podophul, suranji, tagache, tagaroo, takote,
tanakku, thogara, thogaru chettu, thogarumogali, thogoda, Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. (Gaertnera
togara, togaramogali, togaree, togareemogilli, togaru, morindoides Baker; Morinda confusa Hutch.; Morinda
togarumogali, toghur, tunaon, tunavu, tunnam, uchyoota morindioides (Baker) Milne-Redh.)
Malay name: mngkudu Tropical Africa.
Morinda geminata DC. (Morinda geminata Aubrév.) See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1892: 83. 1892 and Bull. Misc.
Inform. Kew 1916: 11. 1916, Kew Bulletin 2: 31. 1947
W. Trop. Africa.
(Roots and stem bark for malaria, jaundice, constipation.
See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 447. 1830 and Aubreville, Andre (1897–
Roots used in the purification of blood and hypertension.)
1982), La flore forestière de la Côte d’Ivoire 3: 272. 1959
in Sierra Leone: ojuologbo, ra-nanka, wame
(Antiplasmodial and antiamoebic. Leaves and roots used for
rheumatism, malaria and fevers.) Morinda officinalis F.C. How
Moringa Rheede ex Adans. Moringaceae 2557

SE China. Herbaceous climbing vine, tortuous fleshy roots, See Sp. Pl. 1: 176. 1753, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 173. 1790, Fl. Ind.
leaves opposite, calyx obconical, white flowers, fleshy (Carey & Wallich ed.) 2: 202. 1824, Natuur- Geneesk. Arch.
4-lobed corolla tube very short, fruit globose red when ripe, Ned.-Indië 2: 3. 1845, Adansonia 12: 232. 1879
in valley along streams
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves and roots anthelmintic,
See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 7(4): 326–327, pl. 64 & 65. astringent, antiseptic, for skin diseases, dysentery.)
1958, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22: 230. 1984, Journal
in India: acchuka, ach, achchhu, achchhuka, achuhhuka,
of Wuhan Botanical Research 10: 383–384. 1992
achuka, akshikiphala, alam, alita, aseti, ashyuka, asukha,
(Roots used for irregular menses, seminal emissions, rheu- auch, baari hambu, bandamaddi, bariambu, bartondi,
matic pains, impotence, pain in the lower abdomen.) barutndi, bundamaddi, cadapilva, chaili, chayapattai, chekka,
cheli, chella, chiranji, ciranji, darnaharidra, daruharidra,
in English: medicinal Indian mulberry gunaa mara, haladipavatemaddi, hambu, karrapitalavam,
in China: ba ji tian kleeba, klibapushpa, lornong, lurong, madde hambu, maddee
hambu, maddi, maddi chakke, maddi-chekhi, maddibanna,
in Vietnam: ba kich, day ruot ga maddibanne, maddichekke, maddichettu, maddihambu,
maddithige, madditige, manca nanatti, manajaparvetti, man-
Morinda pubescens Sm.
janathi, manjanatthi, manjanatti, manjanattikkodi, manjapa-
India, Mauritius. vatta, mannanarri, maradarasina, maradarisina, maramanjal,
mattikkodi, mogali, molagu, mologhoodu, molugu, molu-
See The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 24:
guthige, molugutige, moolughoodu, muluga, mulugudu,
3. 1813
nona marum elley, noona-maram, noona marum elley, nuna,
(Used in Ayurveda. Leaves decoction to cure dysentery and nunaa, pada-vara, pitadaru, pitaduru, podophul, poppali-
stomachache in children; leaf juice as ear drops to treat ear- mara, poppili, ran-makadphal, shiranji, sonainuna, suranji,
ache. Bark extract with extract of barks of Oroxylum indi- surinji, tagache, tagaroo, takote, tanakku, tella, thogara,
cum, Haldina cordifolia and Terminalia bellirica given in thogaru chettu, thogarumogali, thogoda, togara, togaramo-
jaundice. Veterinary medicine, stem bark decoction for the gali, togaree, togareemogilli, togaru, togarumogali, toghur,
treatment of intestinal diseases of domestic animals.) tunaon, tunavu, tunnam, uchyoota

in India: achhu, achu, ainshe, alai, bandamaddi, haladi paa- in Malaysia: mengkudu akar, mengkudu hutan, mengkudu
vate, haladipavete, indivarah, maaluga chettu, maddi, maddi kecil
chettu, maddicettu, manjanathi, manjanatti, manjanuna, in Philippines: halon
mannanatti, mannanunai, mannappavitta, mogali, molagu,
moluga, nuna, nunaa, paphanah, pavetta, pavitta, tagaree, in Thailand: yo yaan
tagatemara, togaru, togarumogali in Vietnam: nhàu tán
Morinda tomentosa B. Heyne ex Roth (Morinda tomentosa
B. Heyne)
Moringa Rheede ex Adans. Moringaceae
India. Small deciduous tree, fruits aggregate, often in
Morinda citrifolia Muringa or murunga or moringo, Malayalam and Tamil
names for Moringa oleifera Lam., see Thes. Zeyl. 162.
See Nov. Pl. Sp.: 147. 1821 t. 75. 1737, Familles des Plantes (Adanson) 2: 318. 1763,
(Leaves paste applied over wounds. Fruits as blood purifier. Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 398. 1785,
Stem bark boiled in water and decoction given orally for mad Genera Plantarum 348. 1789 and Kew Bull. 40(1): 2. 1985.
dog bite and boils. Bark and root powder used in skin dis- Moringa concanensis Nimmo (Moringa concanensis
eases and dysentery; roots mixed with roots of Saraca indica Nimmo ex Dalzell & Gibson)
and boiled and given in leucorrhea.)
India. Tree, various parts can be cooked as vegetable
in India: aal, ach, achhin, ahi, ak, al, bandamaddi, bartundi,
kadukumla, kalmi, maddi, manjanathi, manjavatti, mogilli, See Bombay Fl. 311. 1861
mologu chettu, nuna, sakka, sekka, suranji, togar-mogilli, (Leaves exhibit the presence of hydrogen cyanide. Whole
togara, togaru plant and roots for epilepsy and skin diseases, eczema. All
parts can be used in the treatment of ascites, venomous bites,
Morinda umbellata L. (Guttenbergia umbellata Zoll. &
rheumatism and as cardiac and circulatory stimulants. Fruits
Moritzi; Guttenbergia umbellata (L.) Zoll. & Moritzi;
for liver diseases, spleen, paralysis. For indigestion, leaves
Morinda scandens Roxb.; Morinda umbellata Lour.;
or fruits cooked and given. Roots febrifuge. Bark decoction
Morinda umbellata Labill. ex Baill.)
in diabetes, obesity, rheumatism; bark of Radermachera
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. xylocarpa along with barks of Holoptelea integrifolia and
2558 Moringa Rheede ex Adans. Moringaceae

Moringa concanensis powered and applied in stomach pain; boiled in mustard oil used as a balm for acute traumatic pain
bark extract given as blood purifier, emetic, astringent, for and paralysis; bark cardiac stimulant, anti-rheumatic. Bark
dysentery; bark paste, heated and bandaged for paralysis. and gum used for abortion; flowers and bark for abortion.
Warm poultice of leaves used for joint and body pain.) Juice from leaves and stem bark antibacterial, antimicrobial,
antiviral, anthelmintic, vermifuge, antifertility, antitubercu-
in India: kadushegut, kadvo sargavo, kattumurungai, munak-
lar, analgesic, antiinflammatory, for impotence and syphilis;
kaya, surgavo
Ficus elastica stipules poultice with leaves of Moringa oleif-
Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger (Guilandina moringa era applied on eruptive skin diseases; crushed leaves given
L., Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceae; Hyperanthera moringa (L.) orally for stomach pain during menstrual cycle; boiled leaves
Vahl; Hyperanthera moringa Roxb.; Moringa edulis Medik.; consumed by pregnant mothers to reduce labor pain; cooked
Moringa erecta Salisb.; Moringa moringa (L.) Millsp., nom. leaves and flowers eaten to increase fertility in man. Roots
inval.; Moringa moringa Millsp.; Moringa moringa Small; vesicant; a poultice of seeds of Brassica napus with roots of
Moringa oleifera Lam.; Moringa oleifera auct., sensu Exell Moringa oleifera is applied on rheumatic pain and covered
& Mendonça, misapplied name; Moringa ovalifoliolata with leaves of Ricinus communis; fresh roots juice given for
Engl.; Moringa ovalifoliolata Dinter & A. Berger; Moringa quick delivery; root paste of Moringa pterygosperma given
parviflora Noronha; Moringa parvifolia Noronha; Moringa after delivery to expel placenta, postpartum remedy; dried
polygona DC.; Moringa pterygosperma Gaertner, nom. illeg.; root bark insect repellent. Flowers and immature fruits good
Moringa zeylanica Pers.; Moringa zeylanica Burmann) rubefacient. Juice of cooked fruits in joint disorders; fruits
eaten for obesity. Oil used for skin poultices. The powder
India, Asia, South America. Tree or small tree, feathery- ground from the seeds used in the treatment of scurvy, intes-
looking, tuberous roots, irregular crown, corky bark, sweet tinal worms. Magic, bark of Mangifera indica and bark of
scented creamy flowers in large panicles, long capsules split- Moringa oleifera boiled, bath with this water protects chil-
ting into three valves, 3-winged seeds, branches often lopped dren from diseases. Veterinary medicine, bark juice given to
for fodder, leaves and young pods used as vegetables, flowers cure fits; root juice applied on the ulcers.)
and immature fruits eaten in curries, ben oil extracted from
the seeds, the roots have a pungent taste and like the leaves in English: African moringa, ben, bentree, drumstick tree,
and tender young fruits are used for food, root a substitute for horse radish tree, oil of ben tree, radish tree
horse-radish, powerful flocculant seeds used in water puri- in Burma: dandalonbin
fication, immature seeds used like green peas, common in
well-drained soils, in arid areas in China: la mu, la mu shu

See Species Plantarum 1: 381. 1753, Encyclopédie in India: achajhada, achuram, akshiba, aksiva, asasuram,
Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 398. 1785, Symb. badadishing, bahala-pallavah, bahalah, bahumula, cha-
Bot. (Vahl) 1: 30. 1790, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. ditoye, chaksushya, chalusha, chhai, chhui gaccho, chhuin,
5(Art. 4): 20. 1790, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… damsamula, danshamula, dravinaandhata, dvishigru,
2: 314–315, t. 147, f. 2. 1791, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton dvisigru, gandhaka, haritapatra, haritashaka, jalaproya,
326. 1796, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 461. 1805, Prodr. (DC.) 2: janapriya, kakshivaka, kalibaka, kaminisha, katukanda,
478. 1825 and Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical komalpatraka, krishnagandha, krishnashigru, kshama-
Series 1(7): 490. 1902 [Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser.], dansha, madhugunjana, madhushigruka, madhusravah,
Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small]. 491. 1903, Dinter, Moritz Kurt (1868– mechaka, mocaka, mocha, mochaka, moringa, moringu,
1945), Neue und wenig bekannte Pflanzen Deutsch-Südwest- mosing, mouringou, mukhabhanga, mukhamlda, mulaga
Afrikas … 45. 1914, Pflanzenw. Afr. iii. II. (Engl. & Drude, chettu, mulakaparni, munaga, munaga chettu, munaga gatch,
Veg. der Erde, ix.) 852. 1921, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 398–399. munagacha-jhad, munagachajhada, munagha, munga, mun-
1946, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 110: 317. 1963, Fl. Madagasc. gai, muniga, munigaa, munigha, muninga, muniya, muniya
85: 33–40. 1982, Chen Wei-qiu, Moringaceae. In: Fu Shu- gatch, murangi, muringa, murinkai, murinna, murungai,
hsia & Fu Kun-tsun, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 34(1): murungai-maram, murungi, musik, nashana, nugge, nugge
6–8. 1984, Feddes Repertorium 96: 299–305. 1985, Ceiba kayi, nugge mara, nuggi-mara, rochana, ruchiranjana, saha-
44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri jana, sahajna, sahijana, sahinjan, sahjan, saigravam, saijana,
sainjna, sajaina, sajana, sajanaa, sajauna, sajina, sajna, sana-
Bot. Gard. 111: 676–677. 2007
maka, sanbhanjana, sanjana, sanjna, saragavo, saragvo,
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Root bark contains sargavo, segra, segta, sehjan, shajmah, shajna, shakapatra,
poisonous alkaloids; leaves a powerful purgative. Plant juice shegat, shegta, shegva, shengul, shevaga, shevga, shevgi, shi-
applied on eyes for eyes troubles. Stem bark hypoglycemic, gru, shigruka, shobhanjan, shobhanjana, shobhataka, sigru,
abortifacient, astringent, a bark decoction given in joint dis- sigruh, sigrupa, sitavhaya, sitavrykshamu, soanjhan, soan-
orders and dysentery; a poultice of leaves of Croton tiglium jna, sobhanjana, sobhanjanah, sohjna, sojina, sonjna, sonth,
with bark of Moringa oleifera and seeds of Zanthoxylum strichittahari, subhanjana, sujna, sumula, supatraka, sutik-
nitidum applied on painful swellings of joints; warmed stem shna, svetamaricha, svetashigru, swetamaricha, tavuselam,
bark juice used as eye drops in conjunctivitis; crushed bark tellamunaga, tikshnamula, tikshnanandhaka, tiksnagandha,
Moronobea Aubl. Clusiaceae 2559

tilashigru, tishnagandha, ugra, upadansha, vanapallava, East Africa. Tree, smooth bark, bright green feathery foliage,
vidradhinashana white or yellowish sweet scented flowers, 3-angled reddish
fruits, pod-like fruits and leaves used as a vegetable, seeds
in Japan: wasabi-no-ki
used for purifying muddy water, found in riverine and lake-
Malayan names: emmunggai, gemunggai, germunga, sides areas, in dry areas
kachang kelor, kachang kelur, kelentang, kelok, lembugai,
See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 1896: 53. 1896
lemunggai, meringgai, merunggai, morungei, morunggai,
rembugai, remunggai and Senckenbergiana Biologica 38: 407. 1957

in Nepal: sajiwan (Roots for stomach ailments and infertility. A leaf infusion
taken for leprosy and fever.)
in Philippines: arunggai, balungai, dool, kamalungai, malun-
gay, malunggay, marunggay in English: horseradish tree

in Thailand: ka-naeng-doeng, ma-khon-kom, ma-rum, phak- in East Africa: lorsanjo, mau, mawali
e-hu-me, phak-e-hum, rum in Kenya: etebusoit, hocholoch, mawa, mrongo, muguunda
in Tibet: si-gru, sigru
in Central America: arango, badumbo, brotón, caragua,
caraño, maranga calalu, marengo, moringa, paraiso blanco,
Moronobea Aubl. Clusiaceae
perlas, sasafrás, teberindo See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 788–789,
in Comoros: mvougé t. 313. 1775

in East Africa: mlonge, mzunze Moronobea pulchra Ducke

in Kenya: hocholoch, mrongo, muguunda, muzumbwi, South America.

muzungi, muzungwa, muzungwi, mzunze See Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 213. 1922,
in Nigeria: bagaruwa-makka, barambo, ewe-igbale, ewe Phytochemistry. 70(1): 75–85. 2009, Phytochemistry. 71(8–
ile, ewo-igbale, idagba manoye, idagba moloye, okwe 9): 964–974. 2010
oyibo, samarin-danga, zogalagandi, zogale, zogalla gandi, (Antiplasmodial benzophenone.)
zogallagandi
in South Africa: meelsakboom, moringa
Morrenia Lindley Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)
in Tanzania: mlonge
After the Belgian botanist Charles François Antoine Morren,
in W. Africa: masa yiri 1807–1858, naturalist, professor of botany and Director of
Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (Hyperanthera pereg- the Botanical Garden at Liège; Charles Jacques Édouard
rina Forssk.; Moringa peregrina C. Chr.; Moringa pereg- Morren (1833–1886) was the son of Charles François A.
rina Fiori) Morren, from 1857 to 1886 professor of botany and Director
of the Botanical Garden at Liège. See Edwards’s Botanical
Tropical Africa. Register 24(Misc.): 71. 1838 and Juan A. Domínguez,
See Familles des Plantes 2: 318. 1763, Flora Aegyptiaco- “Contribuciones a la materia medica argentina.” Trabajos
Arabica 107. 1775 and Agricoltura Coloniale 4: 59. 1911, del Instituto de Botánica y Farmacologia. 44: 1–433.
Dansk Bot. Ark. iv. no. 3, 17. 1922 Buenos Aires 1928, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
Botanists. 2: 515. 1965, Fl. Il. Entre Ríos 5: 103–147. 1979,
(For venereal diseases, gonorrhea.) Pontiroli, A. Asclepiadaceae in A.L. Cabrera. Fl. Prov. Jujuy
Moringa ruspoliana Engl. (Hyperanthera ruspoliana 13(8): 116–175. 1983, Goyder, D.J. “A synopsis of Morrenia
(Engl.) Chiov.) Lindl. (Apocynaceae subfam. Asclepiadoideae).” Kew
Bulletin 58(3): 713–721. 2003.
Tropical Africa.
Morrenia odorata (Hook. & Arn.) Lindl. (Cynanchum odo-
See Familles des Plantes 2: 318. 1763, Encyclopédie ratum Hook. & Arn.)
Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 398. 1785, Genera Plantarum
348. 1789 Argentina.
See Species Plantarum 1: 212–213. 1753, Journal of Botany,
(For venereal diseases.)
being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 1: 294.
Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) Cufod. (Donaldsonia 1835, Edwards’s Botanical Register 24: 71. 1838 and Fl.
stenopetala Baker f.; Moringa streptocarpa Chiov.) Prov. Buenos Aires. 4(5): 6–12, 298–302. 1965, Fl. Il. Entre
2560 Mortonia A. Gray Celastraceae

Ríos. 5: 103–147. 1979, Fl. Prov. Jujuy. 13(8): 116–175. 1983, Morus L. Moraceae
Kew Bull. 58(3): 713–721. 2003
Latin morum and Greek moron for a mulberry, a blackberry,
(Galactagogue.) Latin morus and Greek mora or morea for a mulberry-tree;
see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 986. 1753, Genera
in English: strangler-vine Plantarum. Ed. 5. 424. 1754, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Regni Vegetabilis 17: 247. 1873 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4):
10–58. 1946, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, sér.
Mortonia A. Gray Celastraceae 2 21: 732. 1949, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 47: 267–407. 1977,
Cytologia 55: 327–333. 1990, H. Genaust, Etymologisches
Dedicated to the North American (b. Philadelphia) natu- Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 396. 1996.
ralist Samuel George Morton, 1799–1851 (d. Philadelphia),
anthropologist, physician, studied medicine at the Morus alba L. (Morus acidosa Griff.; Morus alba Bureau;
University of Pennsylvania (graduating in 1800) and at Morus alba Sudw.; Morus alba var. indica Bureau; Morus
Edinburgh University (M.D. degree in 1823), professor alba var. nigriformis Bureau; Morus alba var. stylosa
of anatomy, in 1820 elected to the Academy of Natural Bureau; Morus alba var. tatarica (Linnaeus) Seringe; Morus
Sciences of Philadelphia, a founder of invertebrate paleon- australis Poir.; Morus australis var. hastifolia (F.T. Wang &
tology in the United States, his principal writings are Crania T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao; Morus australis var. incisa
Americana. Philadelphia 1839, Some observations on the C.Y. Wu; Morus australis var. inusitata (H. Lév.) C.Y. Wu;
ethnography and archaeology of the American Aborigines. Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao; Morus australis
New Haven 1846, Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao; Morus bombycis Koidz.; Morus
Cretaceous Group of the United States, etc. Philadelphia bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.; Morus bombycis var.
1834 and Crania Aegyptiaca. Philadelphia 1844. See bifida Koidz.; Morus bombycis var. longistyla Koidz.; Morus
Charles D. Meigs, A Memoir of Samuel George Morton, bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.; Morus cavaleriei H. Lév.;
M.D. [Philadelphia 1851], Smithsonian Contributions to Morus formosensis Hotta; Morus hastifolia F.T. Wang & T.
Knowledge 3(5): 34–35, t. 4. Washington, 1852 [Gray, Asa Tang ex Z.Y. Cao; Morus intermedia Perr.; Morus inusitata
(1810–1888), Plantae Wrightianae: an account of a collec- H. Lév.; Morus longistylus Diels; Morus multicaulis Perr.;
tion of plants made by Charles Wright, A.M. in an expedi- Morus multicaulis Raf.; Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.;
tion from Texas to New Mexico, in the summer and autumn Morus nigriformis Koidz.; Morus stylosa var. ovalifolia Ser.;
of 1849, with critical notices and characters of other new Morus tatarica Linnaeus; Morus tatarica Mill.)
or interesting plants from adjacent regions, &c. Part 1.] and Asia, China. Small deciduous tree, straggling shrub, loosely
William Stanton, The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes rounded, bark bright orange to light brown, leaves alternate
Toward Race in America, 1815–1859. Chicago 1960, very variable, greenish flowers dioecious or monoecious,
Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., in D.S.B. 9: 540–541. 1981, Shaw, juicy sweet edible fruits, leaves provide food for silkworms,
Elizabeth Anne (1938– ), Charles Wright on the Boundary, Morus alba and Morus rubra are both highly variable and
1849–1852, or, Plantae Wrightianae Revisited. Westport, are often confused
CT, Meckler Pub. Corp., Cambridge, England, Chadwyck-
See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n.
Healey, 1987.
7. 1768, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 129. 1825, Notulae ad
Mortonia scabrella A. Gray Plantas Asiaticas 4: 388. 1854, Descr. Mûriers 225. 1855
and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 146. 1911, Notes
North America. Perennial shrub Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 293. 1912, Repert. Spec. Nov.
See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 28–29. Regni Veg. 13: 265. 1914, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1915, 29: 313.
1853 1915, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1917, 31: 35. 1917, Acta Phytotax.
Geobot. 1937, 6: 142. 1937, Current Science 48: 35–36.
(Used for hunting and fishing.) 1979, Taxon 29: 725–726. 1980, Cytologia 51: 393–401.
1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988,
in English: Rio Grande saddlebush
Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 30: 119–136.
Mortonia sempervirens A. Gray 1989, Cytologia 54: 13–19. 1989, Cytologia 55: 107–114.
1990, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 29(3): 266. 1991, J. Pl. Res. 108:
North America. Perennial shrub 313–326. 1995, Flora de la región del Parque Nacional
See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 35, t. Amboró Bolivia 2: 1–209. 2004
4. 1852, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Bark laxative, to
28–29. 1853 remove intestinal worms. Root bark good for lungs, cough,
(Used for hunting and fishing.) dyspnea, oliguria, edema. Branches used for lumbago, rheu-
matism, arthritis. Leaves for influenza, diabetes, skin infec-
in English: Rio Grande saddlebush tions, wound healing, sore eyes and cough, young tender
Morus L. Moraceae 2561

leaves crushed and used against dysentery. Fruit for anemia, (Root bark good for lungs, cough, oliguria, edema. Branches
fever, sore throat, dyspepsia, melancholia, hysteria. Bark used for lumbago, rheumatism, arthritis. Leaves for influ-
infusion laxative, purgative, astringent, a treatment for dys- enza, sore eyes and cough. Fruit for anemia. Infusions made
entery. Veterinary medicine, tender shoots fed to cattle to from the bark a laxative, a treatment for dysentery and also
induce oestrus cycle.) a purgative.)
in English: Mongolian mulberry, mulberry, silkworm mul- in China: yuan bian zhong, sang
berry, white-fruited mulberry, white mulberry, white mul-
Morus australis Poir. (Morus acidosa Griff.; Morus alba
berry tree
var. indica Bureau; Morus alba var. nigriformis Bureau;
in North America: moral blanco, mûrier blanc, Russian mul- Morus alba var. stylosa Bureau; Morus australis var. hastifo-
berry, silkworm mulberry, white mulberry lia (F.T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao) Z.Y. Cao; Morus aus-
tralis var. incisa C.Y. Wu; Morus australis var. inusitata (H.
in Arabic: tout, tout abyad, tout helw, touta
Lév.) C.Y. Wu; Morus australis var. linearipartita Z.Y. Cao;
in Brazil: amoreira Morus australis var. oblongifolia Z.Y. Cao; Morus bomby-
cis Koidz.; Morus bombycis var. angustifolia Koidz.; Morus
in China: chi sang, lu sang, pai sang, sang, sang bai pi, sang
bombycis var. bifida Koidz.; Morus bombycis var. longistyla
seng, sang ye
Koidz.; Morus bombycis var. tiliifolia Koidz.; Morus caval-
in India: bau khamba, bilee hippenerale, bilee uppu nerale, eriei H. Lév.; Morus formosensis Hotta; Morus hastifolia
bili uppu naerale, chimmu, chinni, chum, chun, hippal verali, F.T. Wang & T. Tang ex Z.Y. Cao; Morus inusitata H. Lév.;
hippali naerala, hippu naerale, hippunerale, hippunerle, hit- Morus longistylus Diels; Morus nigriformis (Bureau) Koidz.;
mara, kambali chettu, kambali gida, kambali hannu, kambali Morus nigriformis Koidz.; Morus stylosa var. ovalifolia Ser.)
poochi chedi, kambilipuch, kampalicceti, kampilippuccic-
China, Himalayas. Shrub or tree, serrate lobed leaves, ovoid
ceti, kamblichedi, karun, korigida, malabary aaku, malvari,
shining crimson-black fruits, ripe fruits eaten
musukotta, pattunulppulucceti, pattuppucci, pattuppucci-
maram, pattuppuchi, pattupuchi-cheddi, pippalipanducettu, See Sp. Pl. 2: 986. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique
reshmicettu, sahatut, sahtoot, shahtoot, shahtut, shehtoot, (Lamarck) 4(1): 380. 1797, Fl. Ind. 3: 596. 1832, Notulae ad
soh lyngdkhur, swa, thingtheihmu, tooda, toola, toot, toota, Plantas Asiaticas 4: 388. 1854, FBI 5: 492. 1888 and Notes
tooth, tootho, tudah, tul, tula, tulklu, tunt, tuntri, tut, tut phal from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(25): 293. 1912,
goch, tutam, tuthtut, tuti, tutri, uppunute Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(363–
367): 265. 1914, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1915, 29: 313. 1915, Bot.
in Indonesia: besaran, lempaung
Mag. (Tokyo) 1917, 31: 35. 1917, Acta Phytotaxonomica et
in Japan: kuwa, yama-guwa (= mountain Morus) Geobotanica 13: 145–146. 1943, Acta Botanica Yunnanica
11(1): 25–26. 1989, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 29(3): 266–
in Myanmar: labri, mawon, ngap-set-ting, posa
267, pl. 3. 1991, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 17(2): 154, 158.
in Nepal: kumu, kimbu kaphal 1995, J. Pl. Res. 108: 313–326. 1995
in Pakistan: tut, tut kishmishmi, tutri (Fruits aromatic, cooling, laxative, useful in fevers. Bark pur-
gative, anthelmintic, applied to treat gingivitis. Young leaves
in Philippines: /balbali/
crushed and boiled with water and given for quick digestion.
in Tibetan: srin-shing-’bru Roots astringent, anthelmintic; juice of crushed roots given
to children losing appetite. A decoction of Macaranga den-
in Hawaii: kilika
ticulata roots with roots of Morus australis given in goiter.)
in East Africa: mforsadi, mfurusadi, nkenene
in China: ji sang
in Madagascar: voarochazo
in India: bau khamba, bhuin kimbu, bilee hippenerale, bilee
in South Africa: moerbei uppu nerale, bili uppu naerale, chimmu, chinni, chum, chun,
hippal verali, hippali naerala, hippu naerale, hippunerale,
in Tanzania: mlobe
hippunerle, hitmara, kambali chettu, kambali gida, kambali
Morus alba L. var. alba (Morus alba var. atropurpurea hannu, kambali poochi chedi, kambilipuch, kampalicceti,
(Roxburgh) Bureau; Morus alba var. bungeana Bureau; kampilippuccicceti, kamblichedi, karun, korigida, malabary
Morus atropurpurea Roxburgh) aaku, malvari, musukotta, pat-inki-an, pattunulppulucceti,
pattuppucci, pattuppuccimaram, pattuppuchi, pattupuchi-
China.
cheddi, pippalipanducettu, reshmicettu, sahatut, sahtoot,
See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753, Flora Indica; or shahtoot, shahtut, shehtoot, soh lyngdkhur, swa, thingth-
descriptions of Indian Plants ed. 2 3: 595. 1832, Prodromus eihmu, thurseamte, tooda, toola, toot, toota, tooth, tootho,
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 238. 1873 and tudah, tul, tula, tulklu, tunt, tuntri, tut, tut phal goch, tutam,
Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 6: 7–10. 1988 tuthtut, tuti, tutri, uppunute
2562 Morus L. Moraceae

in Nepal: kimu (Liver complaints.)

Morus celtidifolia Kunth (Morus albida E. Greene; Morus Morus macroura Miq. (Morus alba L. var. laevigata Wall.
arbuscula E. Greene; Morus betulifolia E. Greene; Morus ex Bureau; Morus laevigata Wall. ex Brandis; Morus lae-
canina E. Greene; Morus confinis E. Greene; Morus cory- vigata Wall.; Morus macroura var. mawu (Koidz.) C.Y. Wu
lifolia Kunth; Morus crataegifolia E. Greene; Morus gold- & Z.Y. Cao; Morus wallichiana Koidz.; Morus wittiorum
manii E. Greene; Morus grisea E. Greene; Morus mexicana Hand.-Mazz. var. mawu Koidz.)
Benth.; Morus microphilyra E. Greene; Morus microphylla
China, Nepal. Tree, extremely hard bark, twig zigzagged,
Buckley; Morus mollis Rusby; Morus pandurata E. Greene;
leaves with long stalks, white latex in all parts
Morus radulina E. Greene; Morus vernonii E. Greene;
Morus vitifolia E. Greene) See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753, Numer. List [Wallich]
n.4649. 1831, Plantae Junghuhnianae 1: 42. 1851,
Tropics.
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 245.
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 27, 1873 and Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.
33. 1817, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 71. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Anzeiger.
1840, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 58: 88. 1921, Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae 88, 90.
Philadelphia 14: 8. 1862 [1863] and Leaflets of botanical 1930, Taxon 29: 164. 1980, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 17(2):
observation and criticism 2(6): 114–121. 1910, Bulletin of the 153. 1995
Torrey Botanical Club 38: 145. 1911, Flora of Ecuador 60:
(Fresh juice from the bark applied on boils, itches, sores.
1–128. 1998, Flora Neotropica 83: i-iv, 1–348. 2001
Bark and leaf extracts used to to treat coughs and respiratory
(Root bark for lungs, cough, edema. Branches for lumbago, disorders.)
rheumatism, arthritis. Leaves for influenza, sore eyes and
in English: white mulberry, yellow mulberry
cough. Fruit for anemia. Infusions from the bark laxative, a
treatment for dysentery and a purgative.) in China: nai sang
Morus indica L. in India: bola, gaai, tut
India. Fruit eaten in Myanmar: labri, malaing, posa, tawposa, tawpweesa
See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753, Fl. Ind. 3: 596. 1832, in Nepal: kimbu, kimu, nambyong
FBI 5: 492. 1888 and Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève
in Sikkim: senta, singtok
11/12: 35–135. 1908, Taxon 29: 164. 1980, Glimpses of
Cytogenetics in India 2: 203–211. 1989, Journal of Cytology Morus nigra L.
and Genetics 24: 179–183. 1989
Cosmopolitan.
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Bark used as purgative.
See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753 and Fl. Iran. 153: 2.
Bark with root of Mucuna prurita used for jaundice. Leaves
1982, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis
decoction used as a gargle in inflammation of the vocal
Comenianae, Botanica 32: 59–65. 1985, Cytologia 55: 505–
cords. Latex mixed with latex of Ficus benghalensis dropped
509. 1990
in eyes for eyes diseases. Fruits for jaundice. In diphtheria,
roots powdered and given with black pepper and water.) (Used in Unani. Astringent.)
in English: mulberry in English: black mulberry, common mulberry
in India: brahmacari, brahmadaru, brahmakashtha, brah- in Brazil: amora
makastakam, brahmaneshta, brahmanya, kramuka, kramu-
in South Africa: swart moerbei
kam, madasdra, madhupippali, mrdupippali, mridupippali,
nilarangaka, nilavrintaka, nokarisera, nuda, palashika, puna, in Arabic: tout arbi
pusha, shahtut, shalmali, shalmalivrikshaha, supushpa,
in China: hei sang
surupa, tuda, tula, tut, tuta, yusha
in India: baokhamba, kampali ppucciceti, mucukkattai,
in Lepcha: mikraap koong
mucurkkacaicceti, rub tut siyah, shahtut, toot siyah
in Tibet: su la o sa, su la o se
in Pakistan: shah tut
Morus insignis Bureau (Morus marmolii Legn.; Morus
Morus rubra Linnaeus (Morus rubra var. tomentosa
peruviana Planchon ex Koidzumi; Morus trianae J. Leroy)
(Rafinesque) Bureau)
Tropics.
North America. Tree, monoecious, deciduous, twigs articu-
See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753 and Florae Symbolae late, milky latex present, cordate leaves with toothed mar-
Orientali-Asiaticae 88–89. 1930, Flora Neotrop. 83: 29. 2001 gins, male and female flowers mostly in separate pendulous
Mosla (Bentham) Buch.-Ham. ex Maxim. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2563

spikes, flowers always on the new growth, fleshy bracts of See Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 2: 75. 1929, Acta
each flower enclosing the single seed, should not be confused Horti Gothob. 9: 89. 1934, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 33: 305. 1995
with the paper-mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera
(Diaphoretic, stimulant.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 986. 1753 and Biologia 54: 43–49.
in English: Chinese mosla
1999
in China: shi xiang ru, shi xiang rou
(Bark infusion for dysentery, also a laxative and purgative;
root infusion for urinary problems; tree sap rubbed directly Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. (Cunila
on the skin as treatment for ringworm.) buchananii Spreng.; Cunila nepalensis D. Don; Hedeoma
napalensis Benth.; Hedeoma nepalensis (D. Don) Bentham;
in North America: moral, mûrier rouge, red mulberry
Lycopus dianthera Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.; Melissa nepalensis
Morus serrata Roxb. (Morus alba var. serrata (Roxb.) Benth.; Melissa nepalensis (D. Don) Bentham; Moschosma
Bureau; Morus gyirongensis S.S. Chang; Morus pabularia ocymoides Benth.; Mosla dianthera var. nana (Hara) Ohwi
Decne.) ex Huang & Cheng; Mosla formosana Maxim.; Mosla
grosseserrata Maxim.; Mosla hirta (Hara) Hara; Mosla
China, India, Himalaya. Tree, leaves provide food for
lysimachiiflora Hayata; Mosla ocimoides Buch.-Ham. ex
silkworms
Benth.; Mosla ocymoides Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Mosla
See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 596. remotiflora Y.Z. Sun; Ocimum congestum Spreng. ex Steud.,
1832, Jacquem. Voy. 4(Bot.): 149, t. 151. 1844, Prodromus nom. inval.; Ocimum polycladum Link; Orthodon dian-
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 17: 242. 1873 therus (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Handel-Mazzetti; Orthodon
and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 20(1): 95–96, t. 1. 1982, J. fomosanus (Maxim.) Kudô; Orthodon grosseserratus
Cytol. Genet. 24: 179–183. 1989, Glimpses Cytogenet. India (Maxim.) Kudô; Orthodon grosseserratus var. nanus Hara;
2: 203–211. 1989, Cytologia 54: 747–751. 1989 Orthodon hirtus Hara; Orthodon lysimachiiflorus (Hayata)
(Bark purgative, anthelmintic.) Masam.; Orthodon mayebaranus Honda; Orthodon punc-
tatum (Thunberg) Kudô var. tetrantherus Handel-Mazzetti;
in English: Himalayan mulberry Orthodon tenuicaulis Koidz.)
in China: ji long sang Caucasus, Kuril Is., Indonesia.
in India: himu, kartut, kinu See J. Jap. Bot. 12: 44. 1936, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 5:
47. 1936, Symb. Sin. 7: 933. 1936, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 75. 1938,
Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 53: 50. 1939, J. Jap. Bot. 30: 25. 1955, Fl.
Mosla (Bentham) Buch.-Ham. ex Taiwan 4: 489. 1978
Maxim. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) (Sedative, astringent, tonic.)
From the vernacular name in India, see Synopsis Plantarum in English: two-anther mosla
(Persoon) 2(1): 131. 1806, Labiatarum Genera et Species
366. 1834, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 9: 167. in China: xiao yu xian cao
1865, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.- Mosla scabra (Thunberg) C.Y. Wu & H.W. Li (Ocimum sca-
Pétersbourg 20(3): 456–458. 1875. brum Thunberg; Mosla lanceolata (Bentham) Maximowicz;
Mosla cavaleriei H. Léveillé (Orthodon cavaleriei (H. Mosla punctata (Thunberg) Maximowicz; Mosla punctata
Léveillé) Kudô) Maxim.; Mosla punctulata Nakai; Ocimum punctatum
Thunberg, nom. illeg.; Ocimum punctulatum J. Gmelin;
China, Vietnam.
Orthodon lanceolatus (Bentham) Kudô; Orthodon puncta-
See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis tum (Thunberg) Kudô; Orthodon punctatus (Maxim.) Kudô;
9(211–213): 247–248. 1911, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Orthodon punctulatum (J. Gmelin) Ohwi; Orthodon punctu-
Univ. 2: 81. 1929 latus (Nakai) Ohwi; Orthodon scaber (Thunberg) Handel-
Mazzetti; Orthodon scaber (Thunb.) Raizada, nom. inval.;
(Astringent, stimulant.)
Perilla lanceolata Bentham)
in English: Cavalerie mosla
Temp. E. Asia, China, Vietnam.
in China: xiao hua qi zhu
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 338. 1794 and Bot. Mag.
Mosla chinensis Maximowicz (Calamintha clipeata Vaniot; (Tokyo) 42: 475. 1928, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ.
Mosla chinensis var. kiangsiensis G.P. Zhu & J.L. Shi; Mosla 2: 80. 1929, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4: 68. 1935, Symb. Sin.
fordii Maximowicz; Orthodon chinensis (Maximowicz) Pt. VII. 933. 1936, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 230. 1974, Suppl.
Kudô; Orthodon fordii (Maximowicz) Handel-Mazzetti) Duthie’s Fl. Upper Gangetic Plain, etc. vii, 225. 1976
China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam. (Whole plant infusion used to wash out sores. Stimulant.)
2564 Mostuea Didrichsen Gelsemiaceae (Loganiaceae)

in English: scabrous mosla Mostuea brunonis Didr. (Leptocladus thomsonii Oliv.;

Mostuea angustifolia Wernham; Mostuea buchholzii Engl.;
in China: shi qi zhu
Mostuea buchholzii var. angustifolia Pellegr.; Mostuea cam-
in Indonesia: embeng kesa porum Gilg; Mostuea densiflora Gilg; Mostuea dinklagei
Gilg; Mostuea duchesnei De Wild.; Mostuea erythrophylla
Gilg; Mostuea fuchsiaefolia Baker; Mostuea gilletii De
Mostuea Didrichsen Gelsemiaceae (Loganiaceae) Wild.; Mostuea gossweileri Cavaco; Mostuea gracilipes
Mildbr.; Mostuea grandiflora Gilg ex Engl., nom. nud.;
For the Danish botanist Jens Laurentius (Lorenz) Moestue Mostuea longipetiolata Gilg; Mostuea lujae De Wild. &
Vahl, 1796–1854, plant collector, traveller, librarian, son of the T. Durand; Mostuea lundensis Cavaco; Mostuea madagas-
Norwegian-born Danish botanist Martin Vahl (1749–1804). carica Baill.; Mostuea megaphylla Good; Mostuea orienta-
See Paul Gaimard, Voyages de la Commission Scientifique lis Baker; Mostuea penduliflora Gilg; Mostuea pervilleana
du Nord, en Scandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitzberg et aux Baill.; Mostuea rubrinervis Engl.; Mostuea schumanniana
Feröe, pendant les années 1838, 1839 et 1840, sur la Corvette Gilg; Mostuea thomsonii (Oliv.) Benth.; Mostuea uluguren-
La Recherche, commandée par M. Fabvre … Géographie sis Gilg; Mostuea vankerkhovenii De Wild.; Mostuea walleri
physique, Géographie botanique, Botanique et Physiologie, Baker; Mostuea zenkeri Gilg)
etc. Paris [1842–1848], A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de
Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845, Videnskabelige Meddelelser Tropical Africa. Shrub or undershrub, liana, many-branched,
fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1853: spreading branches, fruit a 2-lobed glabrous or hairy capsule
86–87. 1853, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 8: 160. See Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk
1865, Genera Plantarum 2: 1091. 1876 and Carl Frederik Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1853: 87. 1854, Journal of the
Albert Christensen (1872–1942), Den danske Botaniks Linnean Society, Botany 8: 160, t. 12. 1864 [1865 publ.
Historie med tilhørende Bibliografi. Copenhagen 1924– 1864], Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 12: 83. 1876, Bulletin
1926, Annales pharmaceutiques françaises 11: 364–383, Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 245–246.
456–473. 1953, Bulletin Institut d’Études Centrafricaines, 1880, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Nouvelle série 5: 19–40. 1953, Leeuwenberg, A.J.M.. The schichte und Pflanzengeographie 7: 339–340. 1886,
Loganiaceae of Africa 2. A Revision of Mostuea Didr.
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 61–64.
und Pflanzengeographie 17: 561. 1893, Notizblatt des
Wageningen, Netherlands. pp. 1–31. 1961, Acta Tropica
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 1: 73.
Supplementum 8: 1–278. 1964, John Hendley Barnhart,
1895, Kew Bulletin 1895: 96. 1895, Botanische Jahrbücher
Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 419. 1965, Journal
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
d’Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée 17: 295–
23: 198. 1896, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
339. 1970, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 628.
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 116–117.
1981, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5: 1–71. 1982, Journal
1899 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique
of Ethnopharmacology 50: 141–146. 1996.
39(2): 67. 1900, Études de systématique et de géographie
Mostuea batesii Baker (Mostuea stimulans A. Chev.) botaniques sur la flore de Bas- et du Moyen-Congo 1: 173–
174. 1904, British Museum, Natural History. Catalogue
Tropical Africa. Shrub or undershrub, inflorescence a termi-
of the plants collected by Mr. & Mrs. P.A. Talbot in the
nal sessile cyme on lateral branches, white-yellow flowers,
Oban district South Nigeria … 66. 1913, Wissenschaftliche
fruit a 2-lobed capsule, red fruits with stiff pubescence
Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1907–
See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 4(1.3): 506. 1903, 1908, Botanik 2: 530. 1914, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de
Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris ccxxiii. 768. 1946, Rev. Bot. l’État 5: 15. 1915, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign
Appliq. xxvii. 106. 1947, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 50: 67: 100. 1929, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und
141–146. 1996, Natural Product Letters 16(1): 71–76. 2002, Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 675. 1932, Bulletin du
Eur. J. Pharmacol. 552(1–3): 11–14. 2006 [Ibogaine affects Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 29: 513. 1957, Journal of
brain energy metabolism.], Kontrimavičiutė Violeta et al. Natural Products 62(10): 1427–1429. 1999, Phytochemistry
“Distribution of Ibogaine and Noribogaine in a man follow- 65(20): 2735–2749. 2004
ing a poisoning involving root bark of the Tabernanthe iboga
(A natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid campto-
shrub.” Journal of Analytical Toxicology 30(7): 434–440.
thecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irino-
2006, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15(11): 3919–3925. 2007
tecan, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs. Young
(Root bark a powerful stimulant and aphrodisiac, antima- leaves eaten to treat stomach complaints; twigs and leaves
larial and antileishmanial; root decoction taken as an anthel- for body pain, intestinal pain, colitis, dysentery. Root decoc-
minthic by children. Roots and stem bark hallucinogenic, tion or infusion aphrodisiac, vermifuge, analgesic, taken to
aphrodisiac, febrifuge, psychodysleptic, stimulant, narcotic, treat colds, yellow fever, kidney troubles; root chewed to treat
tonic, for neurasthenia, fevers, extended use may lead to cere- stomachache; crushed roots applied to wounds and snake-
bral troubles. Magic, ritual, used in initiation rites.) bites. Root bark as ingredient of arrow poison.)
Moullava Adans. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae) 2565

Mostuea hirsuta (T. Anderson ex Benth.) Baill. ex Baker puli naga kondrai, pulinaka-k-konrai, pulinakakkonrai,
(Coinochlamys gabonica Solereder; Coinochlamys hirsuta pulinakkagondai, puliraki, pulirakippuntu, puliyukir,
T. Anderson ex Benth. & Hook.f.; Coinochlamys hirsuta vagate, vagati, vakeri, varinakakkonrai, wagati, wakery,
T. Anderson ex Benth.; Mostuea gabonica Baill.; Mostuea wakiry, wamera
hirsuta (T. Anderson ex Benth. & Hook.f.) Baill. ex Baker;
Mostuea hirsuta (T. Anderson ex Benth.) Baill.; Mostuea
periquetii Pellegr.) Mucuna Adans. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
Tropical Africa. Shrub or undershrub, scandent, erect or From mucunã, Brazilian (Tupi-Guarani) vernacular name
decumbent, inflorescence a congested terminal cyme on a for these plants; mucunã is also Dioclea malacocarpa. See
short lateral branch Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 325, 579. 1763, Prodromus Systematis
See Genera Plantarum 2: 1091. 1876, Bulletin Mensuel Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 405. 1825, The Flora of British
de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 244–245. 1880, Nat. India 2: 186. 1879 and Huascar Pereira, Apontamentos sobre
Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iv. 2. (1892) 29. 1892 and madeiras do Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo 1905, Edmundo
Flora of Tropical Africa 4(1): 509. 1903, Bull. Mus. Natl. Navarro de Andrade, Les Bois Indigenes de São Paulo. São
Hist. Nat. 1919, xxv. 506. 1919 Paulo 1916, Carlos Toledo Rizzini, Árvores e Madeiras do
Brasil. Rio 1977, Antônio Geraldo da Cunha, Dicionário
(Leaf sap applied to treat pain caused by caries. Roots feb- Histórico das palavras portuguesas de origem tupi. São Paulo
rifuge, analgesic, antiseptic, astringent, for skin diseases, 1978, William W. Megenney, A Bahian Heritage. University
venereal diseases; root infusion taken to treat colds and rheu- of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1978, Kew Bull. 39: 23–65.
matism. Root bark a powerful stimulant and aphrodisiac, 1984, Kew Bulletin 42: 23–46. 1987, Maria Helena Farelli,
antimalarial and antileishmanial; root decoction taken as an
Plantas que curam e cortam feitiços. Rio de Janeiro 1988,
anthelminthic by children. Roots and stem bark hallucino-
Kew Bulletin 47: 203–245. 1992, Pierre Fatumbi Verger, Ewé:
genic, aphrodisiac, febrifuge, psychodysleptic, stimulant, nar-
The Use of Plants in Yoruba Society. São Paulo 1995, Celia
cotic, tonic, for neurasthenia, fevers, extended use may lead
Blanco, Santeria Yoruba. Caracas 1995.
to cerebral troubles. Root bark as ingredient of arrow poison.)
Mucuna atropurpurea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (Carpopogon
atropurpureum Roxb.; Mucuna atropurpurea DC.;
Moullava Adans. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Stizolobium atropurpureum Kuntze; Stizolobium atropurpu-
Caesalpinieae, Leguminosae) reum (Roxb.) Kuntze)

Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson (Caesalpinia spicata India. Perennial climbing shrub
Dalzell; Wagatea spicata (Dalzell) Wight) (Wagatea Dalzell, See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 54. 1814,
a local Marathi name derived from Sanskrit vaghanti, vag Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2:
‘tiger’, referring to the plant, a thorny scrambler.) 406. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 208. 1891
India. Perennial non-climbing shrub, scrambler, robust, (Used in Sidha. Toxins. Bristles on pods cause dermatitis.)
woody climber or non-climbing, yellow recurved prickles,
yellow flowers, oblong or ovate-oblong pods, seeds ovate or in India: bhainswalibel, bu-chariya, buchariwa, dulagonid,
ovate-oblong, often confused with Caesalpinia digyna Rottler erumaikkali, gededoolagondi, gededula, gededulagondi,
ginipus-wel, gondi, pedda, peddadoolagondi, peddadoo-
See Familles des Plantes 2: 318, 579. 1763, Hooker’s likonda, peddadulagondi, periyatalarkoti, talargodi, tilikada,
Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 3: 89–90. tillakaada, tillakanda
1851 and Ind. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1753–74 (Regn. Veg.li.) 66.
1967, Botany and History of Hortus Malabaricus 181–185. Mucuna biplicata Kurz (Mucuna atropurpurea Baker;
1980, Pharmaceutical Biology 20(2): 87–88. 1982, Ancient Mucuna atropurpurea DC.; Mucuna biplicata Teijsm. &
Science of Life 6(4): 238–243. 1987, Food Chemistry 115(2): Binn.; Mucuna biplicata Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz)
631–634. 2009 Indonesia, Thailand. Perennial climbing shrub
(Used in Sidha. Free radical scavenging action. Bark decoc- See Prodr. (DC.) 2: 406. 1825 and Kew Bulletin 47: 203–245.
tion used in eczema and skin diseases. Leaf paste applied on
1992
boils. Crushed fruits given as tonic and for relieving body
pain; young pods in constipation. Roots used in pneumonia (Febrifuge, heat the leaves and apply them in a bandage to
and skin diseases; tuberous roots eaten as a tonic.) the abdomen. Bark sap applied to cuts and wounds.)
in English: candy corn plant, false thorn, rat bean Malay name: kachang paleh
in India: gajegabilu, gajigabilu, gajjiga balli, gajjigaballi, Mucuna bracteata DC. (Carpopogon bracteatum Roxb.,
hooliganji, kadance, karantikkonrai, karantipputu, karingi, nom. nud.; Mucuna brevipes Craib; Mucuna exserta C.E.C.
kodanchi, kuldgajga, nariverutti, okkadikkodi, okkatikkoti, Fisch.; Mucuna venulosa (Piper) Merr. & F.P. Metcalf;
2566 Mucuna Adans. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

Stizolobium bracteatum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Stizolobium brac- greenish-yellow, inflorescence an axillary pendent silvery
teatum Kuntze; Stizolobium venulosum Piper) hairy raceme on long herbaceous pendulous stalks, calyx
campanulate 2-lipped, hard heavy fruits with stinging irri-
Eastern Himalayas, Burma, China. Perennial climbing
tant urticating pubescence, in wet shaded localities, in river-
shrub, edible fruit
ine and swamp forests
See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts
See Niger Flora [W. J. Hooker]. 307. 1849, Revisio Generum
290. 1756, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 54. 1814,
Plantarum 1: 208. 1891
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
2: 406. 1825, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants (Leafy twigs decoction astringent, emmenagogue, used for
3: 283. 1832, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 208. 1891 and diarrhea, dysentery. Hairs on the fruit, which intensely irri-
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 30(14): tate the skin, used in a medicine to expel tapeworm; pulver-
60–61. 1917, Lingnan Science Journal 16(2): 196. 1937 ized fruits applied against lice.)
(Hairs on the fruit used as vermifuge. Seeds tonic, aphrodi- in Central African Republic: épi
siac. Any part of the plant ground and the paste applied to
in Congo: tsoko-mbele
cuts and injuries as a hemostatic agent.)
in Ghana: gleemi, saman-te, tatwea
in China: huang mao li dou
in Ivory Coast: blidué, blon dubu, eva
in India: chaktali, wakmi, wilema
in Sierra leone: njo(-wi)
Mucuna coriacea Baker (Mucuna rhynchosioides Taub.;
Stizolobium coriaceum (Baker) Kuntze) Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. (Carpopogon giganteum
(Willd.) Roxb.; Carpopogon giganteus Roxb.; Dolichos
Tropical Africa. Perennial climbing shrub
gigantea Willd.; Dolichos giganteus Willd.; Mucuna gigan-
See Familles des Plantes 2: 325, 579. 1763, An Introduction tea DC.; Mucuna gigantea subsp. quadrialata (Baker)
to the Natural System of Botany 148. 1836, Flora of Tropical Verdc.; Mucuna gigantea subsp. tashiroi (Hayata) H. Ohashi
Africa 2: 187. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 208. 1891 & Tateishi; Mucuna grevei Drake; Mucuna longipedicel-
lata Hauman; Mucuna quadrialata Baker; Mucuna tashi-
(For skin diseases.)
roi Hayata; Negretia gigantea (Willd.) Oken; Stizolobium
in English: buffalo bean, fire bean, hell-fire bean giganteum Moon; Stizolobium giganteum (Willd.) Spreng.;
Stizolobium giganteum Spreng.; Stizolobium gigan-
in Southern Africa: brandboontjie, chiriridzi, hurukuru, jeu-
teum Kuntze; Stizolobium giganteum (Roxb.) Kuntze;
kpeul, uliri, ureri, uReri, uRiri
Stizolobium quadrialatum (Baker) Kuntze; Stizolobium
Mucuna elliptica (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. (Mucuna elliptica quadrialatum Kuntze)
DC.; Mucuna inflexa (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.; Mucuna inflexa
Tropical Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands and Africa. Vine,
DC.; Mucuna platycarpa DC.; Mucuna platycarpa (Ruiz &
climber, liana, woody, slender glabrous branches, flowers
Pav.) DC.; Negretia elliptica Ruiz & Pav.; Negretia inflexa
unscented, inflorescence an axillary pendulous false umbel,
Ruiz & Pav.; Negretia platycarpa Ruiz & Pav.; Stizolobium
calyx cup-shaped 2-lipped, corolla pale creamy-green,
ellipticum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Stizolobium ellipticum Pers.;
legume hirsute densely covered with orange-brown bristle
Stizolobium inflexum Pers.; Stizolobium inflexum (Ruiz &
hairs, woody seeds, very variable, pollinated by bats, a litto-
Pav.) Pers.; Stizolobium platycarpum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.;
ral species, in coastal scrub, monsoon forest, on riverbanks,
Stizolobium platycarpum Pers.)
near water, in woodland and forest edges
South America, Peru. Perennial climbing shrub
See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2:
See Fl. Peruv. Prodr. 98, t. 21. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium 325, 579. 1763, Prodr. 98. 1794, Species Plantarum. Editio
Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1: 176, 178. 1798, Synopsis quarta [Willdenow] 3(2): 1041. 1802, Hort. Bengal. 54. 1814,
Plantarum (Persoon) 2(2): 299. 1807, Prodromus Systematis Cat. Pl. Ceylon. 53. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 405–406. 1825 Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 405. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium,
editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 4(2, Cur. Post.): 281. 1827,
(Powdered seeds antidote, applied to the stings of insects and
Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 283, 287.
to snakebites.)
1832, Linnaea 10: 585. 1836, An Introduction to the Natural
Common name: llamapanaui System of Botany 148. 1836, Flora of Tropical Africa 2:
186. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 208. 1891 and
Mucuna flagellipes Hook.f. (Mucuna flagellipes Vogel ex
Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar
Benth.; Stizolobium flagellipes (Vogel ex Benth.) Kuntze;
30: 111–112. 1902 [1903], Icones plantarum formosanarum
Stizolobium flagellipes Kuntze)
nec non et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 75–76.
Tropical Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, vine, lianes- 1913, Journ. Arn. Arb. xxxi.281. 1950, Kew Bulletin 24(2):
cent, woody, leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, flowers light 287. 1970, Journal of Japanese Botany 51(6): 166–167. 1976,
Mucuna Adans. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae) 2567

Flowering Plants of Africa 50(2): pl. 1998. 1989, Plant Foods (Seed paste applied for sprains.)
Hum. Nutr. 41(1): 45–51. 1991
in China: da guo you ma teng, ngau tau
(Used in Sidha. Narcotic poison. Presence of toxic com-
in India: dusmai donkhar, jenran, jermi jendru, jinrin, thar
pounds in the seeds, burning irritant hairs on the pods pro-
jendru
duce intense irritation and dermatitis; bristles of the pods
used as a poison in criminal poisoning. Root decoctions Mucuna mollissima Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz (Mucuna
taken to treat gonorrhea and schistosomiasis. Bark applied baileyana Merr. & L.M. Perry; Mucuna clemensiae Merr.
to treat rheumatic complaints; powdered bark, mixed with & L.M. Perry; Mucuna cyanosperma Schumann; Mucuna
dry ginger, used in rheumatic complaints by rubbing it over urens Medik. var. papuana F.M. Bailey; Stizolobium cyano-
the affected parts. Powdered seeds srong purgative, violently spermum (K. Schum.) Kuntze; Stizolobium mollissimum K.
cathartic, aphrodisiac. Irritant hairs on the outside of the Schum.)
pods mixed with food to get rid of rats.)
Indonesia. Perennial climbing shrub, trifoliolate leaves,
in English: burny bean, elephant cowitch, great ox-eye bean, greenish-white flowers, axillary racemes
sea bean, tiger bean, tribal pulse, velvet bean
See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43(2): 187. 1874,
in Hawaii: ka’e’e, ka’e’e’e Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 208. 1891 and Kew Bulletin
45(1): 1–35. 1990
in Pacific: bayoga dikiki, bayogon dailaili, dikiki gaogao,
gaye tan (Potentially poisonous or irritant plants, fruits with irritant
bristles.)
in India: enuga-dulagondi, enugadoolagondi, enugadu-
lagondi, kakavalli, kakkavali, kakkayvalli, kaku-valli, kaku- in Indonesia: joa-joa
valli, kalakai valli, kalarkayvalli, kalgaivalli, kalgaivallic,
Mucuna monosperma Wight (Carpopogon monosper-
kana-pus-waela, koyam, thorbilingi, turi-bilangi, turibilangi
mum Roxb.; Carpopogon monospermus Roxb.; Mucuna
Malayan name: kachang rimau anguina Wall.; Mucuna anguinea Sweet; Mucuna corym-
bosa Graham; Mucuna monosperma Wall.; Mucuna mono-
in Thailand: ka-chiap, ma-mui
sperma (Roxb.) DC.; Mucuna monosperma DC.; Stizolobium
in Tanzania: kihumpu monospermum Kuntze; Stizolobium monospermum (Wight)
Kuntze; Stizolobium monospermum (Roxb.) Kuntze;
Mucuna holtonii (Kuntze) Moldenke (Mucuna andreana
Stizolobium rugosum Moon)
Micheli; Mucuna holtoni (Kuntze) Moldenke; Stizolobium
holtonii Kuntze) SE Asia, India. Perennial climbing shrub, woody twiner,
slender glabrescent branchlets, flowers in racemes, winged
Belize, Colombia. Perennial climbing shrub
pods clothed with reddish brown bristles
See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts
See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 54. 1814, Prodromus
290. 1756, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 207–208. 1891,
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 406. 1825,
Journal de Botanique (Morot) 6(8): 146–147, pl. 5–6. 1892
Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 482. 1826, A Numerical List of Dried
and Phytologia 1(1): 7. 1933, Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1989
Specimens [Wallich] n. 5622, 5623 C, partim. 1831, Pl. Asiat.
(Aphrodisiac.) Rar. (Wallich). 3: 19. 1832, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
208. 1891 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 7: 249–276. 1985, Kew
Mucuna macrocarpa Wall. (Mucuna bodinieri H. Lev.;
Bull. 42: 23–46. 1987, Kew Bull. 47: 203–245. 1992
Mucuna castanea Merr.; Mucuna colletii Lace; Mucuna
collettii Lace; Mucuna ferruginea Matsum.; Mucuna fer- (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bristles will cause skin irri-
ruginea Matsum. var. bungoensis (Ohwi) Ohwi; Mucuna tation. Seeds restorative, sedative, expectorant, applied in
ferruginea Matsum. var. irukanda (Ohwi) Ohwi; Mucuna asthma, cough, tongue infections, sores, ulcers. Poultice of
irukanda Ohwi; Mucuna irukanda Ohwi var. bungoensis the seeds with water used to cure coughs and cold; paste of
Ohwi; Mucuna subferrunginea Hayata; Mucuna wangii Hu) the seeds applied on forehead in headache and as a sedative.
Tender leaves and Curculigo capitulata rhizome made into a
India. Perennial climbing shrub
paste and mixed with tobacco ash, this paste used to check
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 41, pl. 47. 1830, Journal of external hemorrhage in cuts.)
the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 12: 422.
in English: negro bean
1899 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et con-
tributiones ad floram formosanam. 3: 74–75. 1913, Bulletin in India: adadaveliya, anipe balli, anipeballi, avavikai,
of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1915(9): 398–399. 1915, avavikaikkoti, bai donka, baidonka, baldhengra, buiguiguit,
Lingnan Science Journal 11(1): 44–45. 1932, Journal of cecaniyakkoti, cecaniyam, dadhiipushpi, dadhipushpi,
Japanese Botany 12: 659. 1936, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., doola-goonda, enugadulagondi, godikohali, godikuhili,
Peiping Bot. Ser. 10: 146. 1940, Flora Japonica, … 1453. 1975 gurrapugacca, gurrapugutcha, guttapugacha, kagadolia,
2568 Mucuna Adans. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

kagadoliya, kagadolya, kakakolapalika, kakanda, kakan- in Nepal: dhoireti

dola, kavanakkoti, kavanam, khatava, khatavangi, khatva-
in the Philippines Isl.: hipoi, ipa, nipay
padi, kupa, lipai, mei-sia-rutin, mei-sia-ryntim, mothi kuhili,
mothikuhili, mothikuhill, paryankapadika, pedda dulagondi, Mucuna poggei Taub. (Mucuna pesa De Wild.; Mucuna
pedda-enuga, peddadoolagondi, peddadoolagunda, peddad- rubro-aurantiaca De Wild.)
ulagondi, peddadulagondi, periyaltalargai, periyatellukkayc-
Tropical Africa, Tanzania. Perennial climbing shrub, liana,
ceti, periyattalargai, periyattalarrgai, sarni, sogarbi mothi
vigorous, woody, rather variable, flowers greenish cream
kuhili, sonagarbi mothi kuhili, songaarabee, songardai, son-
to orange, inflorescence an axillary pendent hairy raceme,
gardal, sonagaravi, sonegarvi, tekka, tellukkaycceti, thelu-
pods irregularly wavy, calyx and pods with bristly irritating
kodi, vanshya, vhadli-khat-kutli
orange hairs, seeds edible, plant browsed by cattle, dark red
in Nepal: bhaldengra sap, in riverine and swamp forest, in bushland
in Thailand: ma-ba-lai, ma-mui-yai, tam-yae-yai See Flora 27(Beibl.): 4. 1844, Genera Plantarum 1: 39. 1862,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 189. 1895, Botanische Jahrbücher
Mucuna nigricans (Lour.) Steud. (Citta nigricans Lour.,
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
nom. rejic.; Mucuna atropurpurea auct. non (Roxb.) DC.;
23: 194. 1896, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC. var. nigricans (Lour.) DC.;
de Paris n.s. 81. 1898 and Botanische Jahrbücher für
Mucuna imbricata Baker; Mucuna imbricata DC.; Mucuna
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 30:
nigricans Steudel; Mucuna suberosa Gagnep.; Stizolobium
381. 1901, Das Pflanzenreich 94: 72. 1910, Economic Botany
imbricatum (DC.) O. Kuntze; Stizolobium imbricatum
50(1): 115–121. 1996
Kuntze; Stizolobium nigricans (Lour.) Pers.; Stizolobium
nigricans Pers.) (Toxins. Bristly extremely irritant urticant hairs on flowers
and fruits. Flower decoction applied against headache; roots
SE Asia. Perennial climbing shrub, woody, slender hollow
and flowers pain killers. Crushed bark and leaves astrin-
branches, dull purple to violet flowers in long drooping axil-
gent, applied as a poultice to sores, wounds and burns. A
lary racemes, oblong pods covered with very irritant stinging
root decoction or extract astringent, febrifuge, vermifuge, to
bristles, large flat edible seeds, leaves for fodder
treat dysentery, diarrhea, fever, yellow fever, herpes, tooth-
See Flora Cochinchinensis 456. 1790, Synopsis planta- ache, malaria, venereal diseases, gonorrhea, hookworm and
rum (Persoon) 2(2): 299. 1807, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 406. 1825, schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis and gonorrhea: root decoc-
Nomenclator Botanicus. ed. 2 [Steudel] 2(9): 163. 1841, FBI tion drunk with Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst., Carvalhoa
2: 185. 1876, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 208. 1891 and Proc. 3rd All macrophylla K. Schum., Euphorbia tirucalli L., Triclisia
Indian Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3: 493–499. 1981, Kew Bull. sacleuxii (Pierre) Diels. Pounded stems fish poison, stem ash
39(1): 45. 1984, Taxon 40: 517. 1991 reptile repellent, used to chase snakes.)
(The skin-irritant bristles and the stinging hairs of the pods in English: buffalo bean, cow itch
cause irritation when touched, may cause intense itching and
in Burundi: urwaga
dermatitis. Watery sap from stem used for coughs and fevers.
Leaves as vermifuge. Strong infusion of the roots mixed in Ivory Coast: n-dui
with honey given in cholera. For throat pain, poultice of the
in Nigeria: karara
seeds rubbed on neck; pounded seed with ginger given for
cough with fever; shoots of Caesalpinia crista with seeds of in Senegal: kura gua gua
Mucuna nigricans pounded and warmed and given in colds
in Sierra Leone: bagi-na, keyui, korowanya, kuruma, lora-na,
and cough; a decoction of Laportea crenulata roots with
ma-sonyi, njui
roots of Punica granatum and kernel of Mucuna nigricans
given in fever with cough; seeds paste given for asthma, also Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (Carpopogon atropurpureum
applied to cure ulcers of genital organs of both sexes; seed Roxb.; Carpopogon pruriens (L.) Roxb.; Carpopogon pru-
powder given along with milk in snakebites. Pods used for rat riens Roxb.; Dolichos pruriens L.; Labradia pruriens (L.)
population management.) Swendiatavr; Mucuna aterrima (Piper & Tracy) Holland;
Mucuna aterrima Holland; Mucuna aterrima Merr.; Mucuna
in English: cowage, cowitch, horse eyebean
atropurpurea sensu auct.; Mucuna axillaris Baker; Mucuna
in India: badobaidonko, bhainslagalo, bhaisalu, bhaislagalo, bernieriana Baill.; Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A.
dangyimirik, dangyimrik, gaunchi, kaoso, kasi, kaunch, Chev.; Mucuna cochinchinensis A. Chev.; Mucuna deerin-
kewanch, khuangtum, kiwanch, konch, konchili, kusee, giana (Bort) Holland, nom. illeg., non Mucuna deerin-
marang-itika, mekuri-ghila, tarma-lang-baung, tarma-lang- giana (Bort) Merr.; Mucuna esquirolii H. Lév.; Mucuna
beung, tarma-long-beung minima Haines; Mucuna nivea (Roxb.) DC.; Mucuna nivea
DC.; Mucuna pruriens Scop.; Mucuna pruriens var. utilis
in Japan: hime-wani-guchi (wani = crocodile), Kashô-modama
(Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck; Mucuna prurita Wight;
in Lepcha: dangyimirik, dangyimrik Mucuna prurita (L.) Hook.; Mucuna prurita Hook., nom.
Mucuna Adans. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae) 2569

illeg.; Mucuna utilis Wall. ex Wight; Stizolobium aterrimum root tied to the arm of male partner for prolonged sexual
Piper & Tracy; Stizolobium atropurpureum (Roxb.) Kuntze; intercourse. Leaves and stems pounded and applied to burns;
Stizolobium deeringianum Bort; Stizolobium pruriens (L.) leaves paste applied on boils. Veterinary medicine, root paste
Medik.; Stizolobium pruriens Medik.; Stizolobium pruritum mixed with turmeric and applied in boils, blisters, ulcers and
(Wight) Piper; Stizolobium pruritum Piper) wounds and root decoction drunk. Pods used for rat popula-
tion management.)
India. Perennial climbing shrub, twiner, creeper, slender,
whitish-greenish to purple or red inflorescences, pericarp in English: Bengal bean, common cowitch, cow-itch, cow-
pod covered with very irritant bristles, often classified in the age, cowage velvetbean, cowhage, cowitch, cowitch climber,
genus Stizolobium cowitch vine, Florida velvet bean, hell fire bean, horse eye
bean, itchy bean, velvet bean
See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, Herbarium Amboinense
23. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 325, 579. 1763, Introductio in Jamaica: vine gungo pea
ad Historiam Naturalem 309. 1777, Vorlesungen der in Mexico: chhican
Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öconomischen Gesellschaft
2: 399. 1787, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 54. in Panama: demar pirkok
1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis in Venezuela: pica pica, picapica
(DC.) 2: 405. 1825, Botanical Miscellany 2(6): 348. 1831,
Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 283. 1832, in Madagascar: aga, taikilotra, taikilotry, takilotra, taky
Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis [Wight] 1: pl. 280. 1840, fotsy
Botanical Magazine 82: t. 4945. 1856, Bulletin Mensuel de in Nigeria: esisi, ighekpe, karara, yerepe
la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(48): 382. 1883, Journal of
the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 465. 1886 [1887], Annales in Tanzania: mpupu
du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 11: 187. 1893 and U.S. in Yoruba: eesin, ejokun, esinsin, esise, ewe ina, irepe,
Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin werepe, yerebe
141: 31–32. 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
Vegetabilis 7(143–145): 231. 1909, U.S. Department of in Burma: hkwé:lé:ya:, hkwé:lhé:ya:
Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 179: 18–19, pl. in Cambodia: khnhaè
4b, 7. 1910, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series 9: 216–217. 1911,
Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 279. 1917, Proceedings of the in India: achariya, achariya-pala, adavi ulavu, adhyanda,
Biological Society of Washington 30(14): 54. 1917, For. Fl. ajada, ajadhaphala, ajavha, alkooshee, alkusa, alkushi,
Punj. 3rd. ed. 157. 1956, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) alkusi, amudari, arshabhi, arugrattam, atmagupta, attum-
7: 252–260. 1979, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden abuttar, badari, bagaltika, baidanka, baidhok, baidok, bai-
67(3): 523–818. 1980 [1981], Willdenowia 15: 521–527. 1986, khujen, bee kounch, beej kaunch kala, beej kaunch safed,
Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1989, Cytologia 54: 51–64. 1989, bhainswalibel, bidonka, bu-chariya, buchariwa, chanda,
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 173–219. 1990 chinakee beeja, chorivalli, chunao-avarai, corivalli, coriyan-
nam, dakli, dankuli chemi, deluganda, dimpa, dodaragunda,
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Seeds rich in L-Dopa; dolugunda, doolagonda, doolagondi, dooradagondi, dul-
a seed diet produced a hypoglycemic effect in normal rats. dundi, dula-gondi, duladaama, duladaama teega, dulagondi,
Pods cause irritation when touched, may cause severe intense durabhigraha, durada gondi, duradagondi, durda gondi,
itching and dermatitis. The skin-irritant bristles, the stinging dusparsha, ekta, etka, gajal bel, gajal-bel, gatrabhavyanga,
hairs, used as a vermifuge, generally taken in syrup; hairs gaunch, gaunchhi, gaungi, ginipus-wel, gonca, goncha, gup-
of pods used with leaves for wound healing. Plant decoc- taaphala, guptaphala, hasaguni, hub-i-qilqil, ilika, itika,
tion given in dysentery and fever. Crushed seeds taken with kaadakare, kaadavare, kaajkuhilee, kabachchu, kach-kori,
molasses for intestinal worms, piles; seed paste applied on kacchura, kachhumati, kachhura, kadavare, kadavarti, kan-
the sting of scorpion bite to relieve pain; seed powder aph- dukari, kandura, kanduri, kannach, kantch, kapi kachchu,
rodisiac, astringent, to restore male fertility, to enhance the kapikacchu, kapikacchuh, kapikachchhu, kapikachhu, kapi-
potency, to cure diarrhea; roasted seeds as an aphrodisiac; kachliu, kapikatchu, kapiprabha, kapiromaphala, kashi-
seed decoction to regularise menstruation, to increase fertil- roma, kauch, kauch beej kala chota, kaucha, kaunc, kaunch,
ity and chances of pregnancy. Seeds and roots tonic, narcotic, kaunch beej, kaunch beej black, kaunch beej chitkabra,
used in the form of powder and decoction to treat round- kavach, kavach beej, kavach beej kala, kavach beej safed,
worm, sterility, difficult urination and as aphrodisiac; seeds kavach beej kala, kavach beej safed, kavach black, kava-
and leaves anthelmintic, tonic. Roots stimulant, diuretic, pur- cha, kawach beej black, kawach kala, kawcha sufed, kawcha
gative, astringent, an infusion used for nervous breakdown black, kewach, kewanch, khag-khiri, khaj-kujlee, khajkuri,
and cough; root decoction purgative; powdered root used in kivacc, kivachh, kivanchh, kiwach, konch, konch beeja kala,
case of swellings of the feet and hands, also given with water konch beeja safed, konch kala, konch safed, koogari, kue-
to relieve constipation and dysentery; root extract with honey ela, kuhili, kundali, kundung, kursa, kusumbivalli, kuyeli,
given in cholera, urine and kidney troubles; contact therapy, langali, maharshabhilangali, marakate, markata, markate,
2570 Mucuna Adans. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

markati, murikusa, naasuganni, naayi soanku balli, naayi F.P. Metcalf; Mucuna capitata Wight & Arn., nom. illeg.;
sonagu balli, naayi sonku, naaykarana, naaykarana veru, Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev.; Mucuna deerin-
nai-corana, naicorana, naicorina, naikkuranam, naikkuruna, giana (Bort) Merr.; Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Holland;
naikorana, nakuruna, nasaguni-gida, nasagunni, nasagunni Mucuna hassjoo (Piper & Tracy) Mansf.; Mucuna martinii
kaayi, nasuganni, nasugunni, nasugunni kaayi, nasukoogari, H. Lév. & Vaniot; Mucuna nivea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.;
nasukunni, nauisonagu-balli, nayik-korana, nayikkorana, Mucuna pachylobia (Piper & Tracy) Rock; Mucuna pruriens
nayikuruma, nayikuruna, nayisonagu-balli, nayisonaguballi, var. biflora Trimen; Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. capi-
nayisonangu, nayisonanguballi, naykkorana, naykkurana, tata Burck; Mucuna pruriens var. capitata (Wight & Arn.)
naykkuruna, pad-veldi, padveldi, pedda-dulagondi, peeli- Burck; Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. nivea (Roxb.) Haines;
adagookaila, phandatullai, pilladugu, pilli adugu, pilliadagu, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (Wight) Burck; Mucuna utilis
pilliaduga, pilliadugu, pilliyadagu, pilliyadugu, pilludagu Wallich ex Wight; Mucuna utilis Wight; Mucuna velutina
kaila, poonai kaali, poonaikkali, poonaykalie, poonikali, Hassk.; Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy; Stizolobium
pravryshayani, praavrishayani, pravrisha, pravrishayani, capitatum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Stizolobium capitatum Kuntze;
punnaikkaali, punnakalichi, rarsabhi, rishabhajata, rishabhi, Stizolobium cinerium Piper & Tracy; Stizolobium cochi-
rishyaprokta, romalu, romavalli, rsabha, rsyaprokta, sadyas- nchinense (Lour.) Burkart; Stizolobium deeringianum Bort;
hotha, shimbi, shukapindi, shukashimba, shukavati, sugupta, Stizolobium hassjoo Piper & Tracy; Stizolobium microsper-
sukasimbi, svagupta, svayamgupta, svayangupta, taumati- mum Piper; Stizolobium niveum (Roxb.) Kuntze; Stizolobium
yakkoti, tella dradagondi, telladuradagondi, terkali, teruvak- pachylobium Piper & Tracy; Stizolobium pruriens (L.)
koti, teruvam, theeta kogial, thelladooradagondi, thurachee Medik.; Stizolobium pruriens var. hassjoo (Piper & Tracy)
avare balli, tikshna, tiriparnikam, tita-kogila, totadulagondi, Makino; Stizolobium pruritum (Hook.) Piper & Tracy
turachi-gida, turaci, turanchi, tureavare, uitema, vanari, subsp. maculatum Piper; Stizolobium pruritum subsp. offi-
vanashukari, varahika, vaseekaramoolam, vatanacan, vep- cinale Piper; Stizolobium pruritum subsp. biflorum (Trimen)
pulikam, verukatu, verukatukkoti, vrishya, vyaghra, wakmi, Piper; Stizolobium utile (Wallich ex Wight) Piper & Tracy;
wanduru-me, wel-damiya Stizolobium utile (Wall. ex Wight) Ditmer; Stizolobium
in Indonesia: kara benguk, kekara juleh, kowas velutinum (Hassk.) Piper & Tracy)

in Laos: tam nhè SE Asia. Perennial climbing shrub

Malayan names: kacang babi, kachang babi, kekaras gatal See Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öcono-
mischen Gesellschaft 2: 399. 1787, Flora Cochinchinensis
in Nepal: boldong, dhoireti, kabachhu, kauso 460–461. 1790, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 54.
in Philippines: sabawel 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
2: 405. 1825, Hortus Britannicus 482. 1826, Prodromus
in Tamil: kantuti, markati, naikurni, poonai kanjori, poon- Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 255. 1834, Icones
aikali, poonaikkali, poonaykali, punai-k-kali, punai-k-kali Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 1: pl. 280. 1840, Annales du
vittu, punaikkali, punaippidukkan, punaipputukkan Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 11: 187. 1893 and Bulletin
in Thailand: ba-yuang, cigu, ma-mui, ma-yuang, mamui, de la Société Botanique de France 55: 409. 1908, U.S.
mijeh, phlo-yu, sijeh Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin
141: 31–32. 1909, U.S. Department of Agriculture Bureau of
in Tibetan: banari, kha sral Plant Industry Bulletin 179: 17–19, pl. 4b, 7. 1910, Philippine
in Vietnam: d[aaj]u m[ef]o r[uf]ng Journal of Science 5(2): 118. 1910, Kew Bulletin, Additional
Series 9: 216–217. 1911, Bull. Agric. Inst. Sci. Saigon 1: 91.
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. hirsuta (Wight & Arn.) 1919, Lingnan Science Journal 19(4): 559–561, f. 7. 1940, Kew
Wilmot-Dear (Mucuna hirsuta Wight & Arn.; Stizolobium Bull. 39(1): 23–65. 1983, Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae-
hirsutum (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze) Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Kew Bulletin 45(1): 1–35. 1990, J.
India. Perennial climbing shrub Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19: 235–250. 1995
See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 254. (Plant used for renal troubles and eye diseases, when roasted
1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 208. 1891 and Kew used as emmenagogue; with vinegar and honey applied as a
Bull. 42: 23–46. 1987, Kew Bull. 47: 203–245. 1992 poultice to boils and abscess. Seeds tonic. Seed and root used
in the form of powder and decoction to treat roundworm.
(Root paste or fruit ash mixed with castor oil and applied for
Anti-parkinsonism.)
skin diseases.)
in English: Bengal bean, Bengal velvet bean, Benghal bean,
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) L.H.
cowage velvet bean, Florida bean, Florida velvet bean, Lyon-
Bailey (Carpopogon capitatum Roxb.; Carpopogon capitatus
bean, Mauritius bean, Mauritius velvet bean, Portuguese cof-
Roxb.; Carpopogon niveum Roxb.; Macranthus cochinchi-
fee, velvet bean, Yokohama velvet bean
nensis Lour.; Marcanthus cochinchinensis Lour.; Mucuna
aterrima (Piper & Tracy) Holland; Mucuna atrocarpa in China: he teou, hu tou, li tou
Muehlenbeckia Meissner Polygonaceae 2571

in Japan: has-sho-mame, nabarume, Yokohama bean 1759; Mucuna altissima (Jacq.) DC.; Mucuna urens (L.) DC.,
nom. illeg., non Mucuna urens (L.) Medik.; Mucuna urens
Mucuna sloanei Fawc. & Rendle (Dolichos urens L. ex
(L.) Fawc. & Rendle, nom. illeg., non Mucuna urens (L.)
Jacq.; Dolichos urens L. ex Jacq., nom. illeg., non Dolichos
Medik.; Mucuna urens Scop.; Stizolobium altissimum (Jacq.)
urens L.; Dolichos urens L.; Mucuna urens sensu auct.;
Pers.; Stizolobium urens (L.) Pers.)
Mucuna urens (Jacq.) DC.; Mucuna urens (L.) DC., nom.
illeg., non Mucuna urens (L.) Medik.; Mucuna urens (L.) Tropical America. Perennial climbing shrub, herbaceous,
Fawc. & Rendle, nom. illeg., non Mucuna urens (L.) Medik.; liana, twining, many-branched, waxy corolla tough and yel-
Stizolobium urens (L.) Pers.) low, thick fleshy petals, flowers in axillary lax interrupted
racemes, pods covered with strong whisker-like stinging hairs
South America. Perennial climbing shrub, strong, liane,
vine, petals lemon yellow, inflorescence an axillary umbel- See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, The Civil and Natural
late raceme, fruit a blackish flattened-cylindrical pod deeply History of Jamaica in Three Parts 290. 1756, Systema
furrowed, yellowish stinging urticating hairs on pods, seeds Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1162. 1759, Selectarum Stirpium
edible, flowers pollinated by bats, cooked young fruits eaten Americanarum Historia … pl. 182, f. 84. 1760, Introductio
as a vegetable, ripe seed eaten pounded and cooked, in wet ad Historiam Naturalem 309. 1777, Vorlesungen der
localities, in swamp forests, at borders of rivers and lakes, in Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öconomischen Gesellschaft 2:
savanna woodland and secondary vegetation 399. 1787, Syn. Pl. 2(2): 299. 1807, Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 405. 1825 and Journal of
See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, The Civil and Natural
Botany, British and Foreign 55(650): 36. 1917, Joaquim Mas-
History of Jamaica in Three Parts 290. 1756, Systema
Guindal, “Plantas medicinales y tintoreas.” R. da Associação
Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1162. 1759, Selectarum Stirpium
Brasileira de Farmacêuticos. 17(9): 394–397. Rio de Janeiro
Americanarum Historia … pl. 182, f. 84. 1760, Syn. Pl. 2(2):
1936, Caminhoá, “Mucunan ou mucuná, comunicação
299. 1807 and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 55(650):
feita pelo Conselheiro Caminhoá à Academia Imperial de
36. 1917, Joaquim Mas-Guindal, “Plantas medicinales y
Medicina do Rio de Janeiro.” R. Flora Medicinal. 6(2): 67–81.
tintoreas.” R. da Associação Brasileira de Farmacêuticos.
Rio de Janeiro 1939 and “Mucunan ou mucuná.” R. Flora
17(9): 394–397. Rio de Janeiro 1936, Caminhoá, “Mucunan
Medicinal. 6(3): 143–149. Rio de Janeiro 1939, Darwiniana
ou mucuná, comunicação feita pelo Conselheiro Caminhoá
16(1–2): 175–218. 1970, J. Arnold Arbor. 54(4): 435–470.
à Academia Imperial de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro.” R.
1973, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 734. 1980, Phytotherapy
Flora Medicinal. 6(2): 67–81. Rio de Janeiro 1939 and
Research 15(2): 99–102. 2001, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4,
“Mucunan ou mucuná.” R. Flora Medicinal. 6(3): 143–149.
57(7): 247–355. 2006
Rio de Janeiro 1939, Flora de Cuba 2: 224–367. 1951, Flore
de la Guyane francaise 2: 36–162. 1952, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo (Seed pods covered with very small velvety hairs that can be
Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Darwiniana 16(1–2): 175–218. very painful on contact with the skin. A mechanical anthel-
1970, J. Arnold Arbor. 54(4): 435–470. 1973, Ann. Missouri mintic, used in the treatment of intestinal worms, which are
Bot. Gard. 67: 734. 1980, Rhodora 83(834): 161–236. 1981, expelled alive. Leaf sap to stop diarrhea; root a remedy for
Listados Floristicos de Mexico 1: 47–61. 1983, Listados cholera. Seeds used in dysuria; seed decoction used as a
Floristicos de Mexico 4: 90–112. 1986, The Drifting Seed soothing medicine to relieve the discomfort of hemorrhoids;
4(1): 9–10. 1998, The Drifting Seed 5(3): 9–10. 1999, Proc. burned seeds used as an ointment against swollen glands. A
Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 57(7): 247–355. 2006 potential male antifertility agent.)
(Seed pods covered with very small velvety hairs that can be in English: cowage, cowhage, cowitch, cow-itch plant, cow-
very painful on contact with the skin, trichomes produce itch- itch, horse-eye bean, ox-eye bean, oxeye bean, sea bean,
ing through the action of an enzyme. Seed worn by children sheeps-eye
as an amulet to ward off evil eye. Leaf sap to stop diarrhea. in Brazil: mucunã
Seed diuretic, a seed decoction used as a soothing medicine
to relieve the discomfort of hemorrhoids; burned seeds used in South America: chocho, pica pica, pica pica negruzea
as an ointment against swollen glands.) chata, picapica, tortera
in English: brown hamburger bean, cow-itch, cow-itch plant, in Venezuela: ojo de zamuro
donkey eye, hamburger bean, horse-eye bean, sea bean, in Congo: bambenga, mera
sheeps-eye, true sea bean
in Brazil: mucunã
Muehlenbeckia Meissner Polygonaceae
in Mexico: ojo de venado, pica pica
For the Alsatian botanist Heinrich Gustav (Gustave)
in South America: matos, matos del monte, ojo de buey
Muehlenbeck, 1798–1845, physician. See Genera Plantarum
Mucuna urens (L.) Medik. (Canavalia altissima (Jacq.) 82. 1789, Fl. Tellur. 2: 33. 1837 [1836 publ. Jan–Mar
Macfadyen; Dolichos altissimus Jacq.; Dolichos urens L., 1837], Carl Friedrich Meissner (1800–1874), Plantarum
2572 Muhlenbergia Schreber Poaceae (Gramineae)

vascularium genera. Lipsiae 1: 316. 1841, Georg Christian Muhlenbergia Schreber Poaceae (Gramineae)
Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch.
For the American Rev. Gotthilf Heinrich (Henry) Ernest
597f. Ansbach 1852 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 104–137.
(Ernst) Muhlenberg (Mühlenberg), 1753–1815 (Lancaster),
1946, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2:
Lutheran minister, among his works are Catalogus planta-
522. 1965, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der
rum Americae septentrionalis. Lancaster 1813 and Descriptio
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 137. Berlin & Hamburg
uberior graminum et plantarum calamariarum Americae sep-
1989, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 114(3): 349–416. 1992.
tentrionalis indigenarum et cicurum. Philadelphia 1817, see
Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (Kunth) Meisn. (Calacinum lep- A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. 319.
tobotrys J.F. Macbr.; Calacinum leptobotrys (Meisn.) J.F. Paris 1845, William Darlington, Memorials of John Bartram
Macbr.; Calacinum leptobotrys (Meisn. ex DC.) J.F. Macbr.; and Humphry Marshall. 466–474. Philadelphia 1849,
Calacinum peruvianum J.F. Macbr.; Calacinum peruvia- J.W. Harshberger, The botanists of Philadelphia and their
num (Meisn.) J.F. Macbr.; Calacinum peruvianum (Meisn. work. 92–97. 1899 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
ex DC.) J.F. Macbr.; Calacinum tamnifolium J.F. Macbr.; upon Botanists. 2: 523. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
Calacinum tamnifolium (Kunth) J.F. Macbr.; Coccoloba Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
monoica Ruiz ex Meisn.; Muehlenbeckia benthamii Endl.; Portrait Collection. 276. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of
Muehlenbeckia cuspidata Gross ex Standley; Muehlenbeckia the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the
cuspidata H. Gross; Muehlenbeckia leptobotrys Meisn.; Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York
Muehlenbeckia peruviana Meisn.; Muehlenbeckia peruvi- Botanical Garden. 301. 1973. Allied to Sporobolus R. Br., see
ana var. cuspidata Standl.; Muehlenbeckia peruviana var. Genera Plantarum 1: 44–45. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio
cuspidata Standl. ex J.F. Macbr.; Muehlenbeckia quad- decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 171. 1791, Flora Boreali-
rangulata (M. Martens & Galeotti) Endl.; Muehlenbeckia Americana 1: 40, 54. 1803, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences,
quadrangulata Endl.; Muehlenbeckia stuebelii Lindau; publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2: 187–190.
Muehlenbeckia stuebelii Lindau ex Hieron.; Muehlenbeckia 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 28–29, t. 8, f. 2,
tamnifolia Meisn.; Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia var. hart- 3. 1812, Catalogus plantarum horti botanici monspeliensis
wegii Meisn.; Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia var. humboldtii 151. 1813, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 72.
Meisn.; Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia var. laxiflora Meisn.; 1815, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 141–142, pl. 45.
Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia var. quadrangulata (M. Martens 1815 [1816], Syst. Veg. 2: 18. 383. 1817, Journal de Physique,
& Galeotti) Meisn.; Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia var. quad- de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 89: 105. 1819,
rangulata (Endl.) Meisn.; Polygonum dombeyanum Kuntze; Fundamenta Agrostographiae 117. 1820, De Graminibus
Polygonum flexuosum Benth.; Polygonum leptobotrys unifloris et sesquifloris 191, 193. Petropoli 1824, Neogenyton
(Meisn.) Kuntze; Polygonum leptobotrys Kuntze; Polygonum 4. 1825, Flora 11: 301. 1828, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1: 207–
leptobotrys (Meisn. ex DC.) Kuntze; Polygonum quadran- 356. 1830, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 248.
gulatum M. Martens & Galeotti; Polygonum tamnifolium 1833, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 22. 1840,
Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 2: 568. 1841, Proceedings of the Academy of
Kunth; Polygonum tamnifolium var. xerocarpum Kuntze;
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 4: 23. 1848, J. Acad. Nat.
Sarcogonum tamnifolium (Kunth) Rusby; Sarcogonum tam-
Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, 1: 186. Aug, 1848, A Manual of the
nifolium Rusby)
Botany of the Northern United States 546. 1848, Proceedings
South America. of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 15:
78–79. 1863, Nom. Bot. 2: 1142. 1874, Mexicanas Plantas
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto 2: 90. 92, 112, t. 1. 1886, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
ed.) 2: 180. 1817[1818], Hortus Britannicus 3: 577. 1839, 2(2): 97. 1887, The True Grasses 103–104, f. 45a. 1890 and
Plantarum vascularium genera secundum ordines … American Midland Naturalist 6: 20. 1919, U.S.D.A. Bull.
[Meisner] 2: 227. 1840[1841], Bull. Acad. Brux. x. (1843) 772: 139. 1920, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
353. 1843, Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] Suppl. 4(2): 51. 1848, Vegetabilis 17: 203–214. 1921, North American Flora 17:
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 431–476. 1935, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 43: 405–407. 1953, Die
14(1): 149–150. 1856, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 559. natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14d: 69–71.
1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21(3): 307. 1895, Memoirs of the 1956, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 34(4):
Torrey Botanical Club 6: 111. 1896, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3[3]: 75–189. 1967, American Midland Naturalist 82: 512–542.
269. 1898 and Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical 1969, Brent Berlin, Dennis E. Breedlove and Peter H. Raven,
Series 4: 116–117. 1927, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. Principles of Tzeltal Plant Classification: An Introduction
13(2/2): 444–468. 1937, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(4): to the Botanical Ethnography of a Mayan-Speaking People
323–359. 1960[1961] of Highland Chiapas. New York 1974, Sida 11: 282–285.
(Diuretic, used for urinary tract ailments. Veterinary medi- 1986, Sida 12(2): 347–359. 1987, Madroño 35: 320–324.
cine, infusion a wash for swellings.) 1988, Nordic Journal of Botany 8: 575–583. 1989, Madroño
36: 260–265. 1989, Sida 14: 531–549. 1991, Systematic
in Ecuador: mollantin, ya-yar Botany Monographs 31: 1–109. 1991, Canadian Journal of
Mukia Arn. Cucurbitaceae 2573

Botany 71: 816–826. 1993, Dennis E. Breedlove and Robert academy of science, arts and letters 17: 181. 1916, Rhodora
M. Laughlin, The Flowering of Man. A Tzotzil Botany of 26(301): 1. 1924, Manual Grasses U.S. 890. 1935, Rhodora
Zinacantán. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology. 45(534): 236. 1943
Number 35. Washington 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 276–
(A poultice for skin diseases, antifungal.)
286. 1994, American Journal of Botany 81: 622–629. 1994,
Madroño 42(4): 427–449. 1995, Sida 17: 349–365. 1996,
Brittonia 50(1): 23–50. 1998, P.M. Peterson, “Systematics
of the Muhlenbergiinae (Chloridoideae: Eragrostideae).” Mukia Arn. Cucurbitaceae
Grasses: Systematics and Evolution 195–212. 2000, Flora From a Malayalam name, mucca-piri (mucca means three-
of Ecuador 68: 72–87. 2001, Contributions from the United fourth and piri spring, possibly referring to the curled
States National Herbarium 41: 143–173. 2001, Oikos 98(2): tendrils), applied by van Rheede in his Hortus Indicus
284–298. 2002. Malabaricus. 8: t. 13. 1688 for Mukia scabrella; see Robert
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. (Agrostis cinna Retz., Wight (1796–1872), in The Madras Journal of Literature
nom. illeg., non Agrostis cinna Retz.; Agrostis mexicana and Science. 12: 50. 1840, Journal of Botany, being a second
L.; Agrostis tenacissima L.f.; Cinna arundinacea Retz. ex series of the Botanical Miscellany (Hooker) 3: 276. 1841 and
Steud., nom. illeg., non Cinna arundinacea L.; Cinna mexi- M.P. Nayar, Meaning of Indian Flowering Plant Names. 231.
cana (L.) P. Beauv.; Cinna mexicana (L.) Link, nom. illeg., Dehra Dun 1985.
non Cinna mexicana (L.) P. Beauv.; Lepyroxis canaden- Mukia leiosperma (Wight & Arn.) Wight (Bryonia leio-
sis P. Beauv. ex B.D. Jacks.; Muhlenbergia mexicana f. sperma Wight & Arn.; Cucumis leiospermus (Wight & Arn.)
ambigua (Torr.) Fernald; Muhlenbergia mexicana f. mexi- Ghebret. & Thulin; Cucumis leiospermus (Wight & Arn.) H.
cana; Muhlenbergia mexicana var. purpurea Alph. Wood; Schaef.; Melothria leiosperma (Wight & Arn.) Cogn.; Mukia
Muhlenbergia polystachya Mack. & Bush; Podosaemum leiosperma Wight; Mukia leiosperma (Wight & Arn.) Arn.)
mexicanum (L.) Link; Podosemum mexicanum (L.) Link;
Polypogon canadensis E. Fourn.; Sporobolus tenacissimus India.
(L.f.) J. Presl; Sporobolus tenacissimus (L.f.) P. Beauv.; See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 345.
Trichochloa mexicana (L.) Trin.; Vilfa mexicana (L.) P. 1834, Madras J. Lit. Sci. 12: 50. 1840 [Jul 1840], Annals and
Beauv.; Vilfa tenacissima (L.f.) Kunth) Magazine of Natural History 8: 268. 1842 [1842 publ. Dec
USA, Mexico, Venezuela. Open areas, woods, woodland, 1841], Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 622. 1881 and
rocky places, growing in large colonies Novon 17(2): 177. 2007, Blumea 52(1): 167. 2007

See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 31. 1767, Supplementum (Leaves consumed as salad to relieve cold.)
Plantarum 107. 1781, Genera Plantarum ed. 8 1: 44. 1789, in India: musumuskkai
Observationes Botanicae 6: 12. 1791, Systema Naturae …
editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 171. 1791, Essai Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.J. Roem. (Bryonia althae-
d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 16, 26, 32, 148, 158, 181. oides Ser.; Bryonia cordifolia L.; Bryonia maderaspatana
1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 138. 1815 (L.) Lam.; Bryonia scabrella L.f.; Coccinia cordifolia (L.)
[1816], Fundamenta Agrostographiae 117. 1820, Enumeratio Cogn.; Cucumis maderaspatanus L.; Melothria altaeoides
Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 70. 1821, De (Ser.) Nakai; Melothria maderaspatana (L.) Cogn.; Mukia
Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 189, 190, 297, t. 5, f. althaeoides M. Roem.; Mukia althaeoides (Ser.) M. Roem.;
8. 1824, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 84. 1827, Mukia scabrella (L.f.) Arn.; Mukia scabrella (L.) Arn.;
Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 242. 1830, Nomenclator Mukia scabrella Arn.)
Botanicus. Editio secunda 1: 365. 1840, Report intended to India, Nepal. Prostrate, scandent, climbing, scabrid, yellow
illustrate a map of the hydrographical basin of the Upper flowers, ripe and unripe fruits eaten
Mississippi River, made by I.N. Nicollet … 164. Washington
1843 [Catalogue of plants collected by Mr Charles Geyer…, See Species Plantarum 1: 35 and 2: 1011–1013. 1753,
by Professor John Torrey], The American Botanist and Supplementum Plantarum 424. 1781 [1782], Encyclopédie
Florist pt. 2: 386. 1871, Watson, Sereno (1826–1892), Report Méthodique, Botanique 1: 496. 1785, Prodromus Systematis
of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 306. 1828, Prodromus Florae
order of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 347–348. 1834, Journal of
of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government (Hooker) 3: 276. 1841, Familiarum Naturalium Regni
Printing Office, 1871, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 92. 1886 and Vegetabilis Monographicae 2: 47. 1846, Monographiae
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 12(7): Phanerogamarum 3: 529, 623. 1881 and Journal of Japanese
79–80, pl. 12. 1902, Index Kewensis 1: 244. 1906, Rhodora Botany 14(2): 127. 1938, Bothalia 8: 14. 1962, Fl. Trop.
9(98): 18–19. 1907, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 119. 1908, E. Afr., Cucurbit. 117. 1967, Acta Bot. Indica 3: 136–141.
Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 2) 1: 184. 1913, Report of the Michigan 1975, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi). 7: 261–271. 1979, J.
2574 Muldera Miq. Piperaceae

Palynol. 16: 85–105. 1980, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 16(1): 242. 1869 and J. Cytol. Genet. 33(2): 149–153. 1998,
79(3:VIII): 134–135. 1992, Journal of Cytology and Genetics Cytologia 64: 301–307. 1999
31(1): 65–71. 1996
(Ripe fruits of the plant and leaves of Ocimum sanctum
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant paste or juice ground and boiled and the mixture given in cough and fever.)
used to cause vomiting. Fruit used in cough; tied over swol-
in India: mirch
len finger in the treatment of paronychia. Root decoction in
flatulence and to reduce toothache; roots chewed to relieve
toothache. Leaves used for accelerating childbirth; leaf
extract taken to cure piles and for giddiness; leaf decoction in Mulgedium Cass. Asteraceae
asthma; fresh leaves decoction applied against burning sen- From the Latin mulgeo ‘to milk’, Greek amelgo, referring to
sation. Veterinary medicine, seed paste applied to treat sca- the closely related genus Lactuca, see Dict. Sci. Nat., ed. 2.
bies of animals; leaves ground with the stem bark of Cassia [F. Cuvier] 33: 296. 1824 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 390.
fistula given in fevers.) 1988, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(5): 116. 1997,
in English: galgughri, mukia Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 92(11): 1754. 2007.

in India: agumaki, agumaki bilari, ankh phutani bel, anko- Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. (Agathyrsus tataricus D.
phor, arivalukam, aunkharo, ayavakantam, ayil, bilari, Don; Crepis charbonnelii H. Lév.; Lactuca monocephala
budama dosa, cempucattumuli, cetimelpatari, chedupulla, Chang; Lactuca multipes H. Lév. & Vaniot; Lactuca tatarica
chiraati, cukkai, cunaikkoti, cunaikkotti, cunaimelati, cure- (L.) C.A. Mey.; Lagedium tataricum Soják; Mulgedium mon-
cuvari, gulya kakri, irankumatirai, irattanirappalam, iruku- ocephalum (Chang) C. Shih; Mulgedium runcinatum Cass.;
rankinkai, irukuranku, kaadu paavate balli, kattumucukkai, Mulgedium tataricum DC.; Sonchus tataricus L.)
kolankulam, kottiri, kottirikai, krtarandhrah, kuranku, Caucasus.
kurankuka, kurankukakkoti, kurankumucu, kuturu budam,
mani thonde, mani tonde, manidonde, maluram, mayanku- See Species Plantarum 2: 795–796, 805–808. 1753, Mant.
ruti, mocukkai, mocumocukkai, mosumosukai, mosumos- 2: 572. 1771, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second
ukkai, mucca-pin, mucukkai, mucumucukkai, mukkalpiram, edition] 33: 296–300. 1824, Edinburgh New Philosophical
mukkappiram, musumusukkai, nariyutai, paccainilaikkoti, Journal 6: 310. 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
paccainirakkoti, parankotiyalmuli, pattara, pattarakkoti, Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 7(1): 248. 1838 and Repertorium
pira, pittanacani, potti budamu, pottibudamu, ringana vaela, Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 6(125–130): 331–332.
trikosaki, valanattakam, valukam 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
12(312–316): 100. 1913, Contributions from the Biological
in Japan: sango-ju-suzume-uri Laboratory of the Science Society of China 9: 132. 1934,
in Nepal: nagilalngei, nagilangiai Taxon 30: 701–702, 844. 1981, Acta Phytotaxonomica
Sinica 26(5): 391. 1988, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow &
in Yoruba: ori oka
Leningrad) 76: 769–771. 1991, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow
& Leningrad) 80(6): 114–116. 1995

Muldera Miq. Piperaceae (For constipation.)

See Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum 123. 1792,

Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1839: 447, 448. 1839. Mulinum Pers. Apiaceae
Muldera baccata Miq. Mulinum crassifolium Phil.
Malay Peninsula. Chile.
See Systema Piperacearum (F.A.W. Miquel) 341. 1843–1844 See Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 1: 309. 1805, Philippi, Rudolph
(Roots for venereal diseases.) Amandus (1808–1904), Florula Atacamensis 24. Halis
Saxonum: Sumptibus E. Anton, 1860
Malayan name: gadong hutan
(Stem infusion against colds and coughs.)
Muldera trichostachya Miq. (Piper trichostachyon C. DC.;
in Chile: chuquicandia
Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC.)
India. See also Piper trichostachyon
Multidentia Gilli Rubiaceae
See Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1839: 447, 448. 1839, Comm.
Phyt. 34. 1840, London Journal of Botany 5: 556. 1846, From the Latin multi- ‘many’ and dens, dentis ‘a tooth’, see
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 77: 21. 1973.
Mundulea (DC.) Benth. Fabaceae (Millettieae) 2575

Multidentia crassa (Hiern) Bridson & Verdc. (Canthium See Supplementum Plantarum 52, 316. 1781 [1782], Flora
crassum Hiern; Vangueria crassa (Hiern) Schweinf. ex Atlantica 2: 139. 1798, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
Hiern; Vangueria crassa Schweinf. ex Hiern) [Willdenow] 3(2): 1121. 1802, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(2): 328.
1807, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 56, 98. 1814,
Tropical Africa. A deciduous shrub or small tree, bark fire
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13(2): 545.
resistant, reddish underbark, if cut whitish sap, yellow-green
1822, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
flowers in dense bunches in leaf axils, fleshy petals, fleshy
(DC.) 2: 249. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima
sweet fruit eaten raw, bee forage, in woodland, grassland,
sexta [Sprengel] 3: 193. 1826, Gen. Hist. 2: 375. 1832, Hortus
rocky places
Mauritianus 111. 1837, Natuur-Geneesk. Arch. Ned.-Indie
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 602. 1785, 3: 76. 1846, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 248. 1852, Flora of
Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 145. 1877 and Annalen des Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 107. 1871 and Journal of
Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 77: 21. 1973, Kew Botany, British and Foreign 49: 221. 1911, J. Linn. Soc.,
Bulletin 42(3): 652. 1987 Bot., 41: 223. 1912, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des
Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 180: 1521. 1925, Kew
(Leaves pounded, soaked in water and the juice applied into
Bulletin 1936: 245–250. 1936, Native standards of living and
the ears to treat earache; roots used for earache, stomachache
African culture change. London 1938, J. Clyde Mitchell, The
and intestinal worms.)
Yao Village: A Study of the Social Structure of a Nyasaland
in Kenya: bunyinyi, kumunyenya, kumunyinyi Tribe. Manchester 1956, The Ngoni of Nyasaland. London
1956, Margaret Read, Children of Their Fathers. London
in Tanzania: ingulungulu, lungogolo, mandikiti, mbwewe,
1959, Kew Bulletin 15(1): 34. 1961, Phytochemistry 16(9):
mkukumba, mugogolo, mukukumba, munyabitwa, musede,
1399–1400. 1977, Taxon 28: 276–277. 1979, Journal of
muwewe, muyogoyogo, nam
Cytology and Genetics 25: 145–147. 1990, Phytochemistry
36: 1523–1526. 1994, Nature Medicine 1: 260–266. 1995, J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 324(2): 643–647. 2008
Mundulea (DC.) Benth. Fabaceae (Millettieae)
(Used in Sidha. Toxins, poisonous, emetic, insecticide, anti-
The meaning of the name seems obscure, it could have ori-
angiogenic, cancer chemopreventive, poison strong enough
gins from Munduli, an African name used also for Arachis
to kill. A decoction of root bark pounded with stem barks
hypogaea or Apios tuberosa, referring to the whole look
of Sapindus emarginatus and Azadirachta indica given
of the plant, or from Latin mundulus ‘neat, trim’, mundule
as postpartum remedy, antiseptic and general tonic. Roots
‘neatly, trimly’; according to Georg C. Wittstein it could be
infusion to treat infertility. Roots and seeds, pounded bark
the diminutive of Mundia (Polygalaceae); see Nova Genera
and crushed leaves used for poisoning fish and small croco-
et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 392. 1821, Prodromus
diles. Arrow poison. Bark used for inducing suicide and also
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 338. 1824, Wight,
for homicidal purposes. Leaves to check stored foodgrain
Robert (1796–1872), Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae
pests; bark and roots contain substances toxic to insects.
Orientalis London, 1834, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 248.
Veterinary medicine, emetic. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, the
1852 and H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der bota-
powdered roots.)
nischen Pflanzennamen. 398. 1996.
in English: cork bush, fish poison bush, Rhodesia silver leaf,
Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. (Cytisus sericeus Willd.;
Rhodesian silver leaf, silver bush
Cytisus sericeus Vis.; Cytisus sericeus Javorka; Cytisus seri-
ceus Noronha; Dalbergia sericea Bojer; Dalbergia seri- in India: betta hurali, bettahavuli, bettahuruli, bettuli, gal-
cea G. Don; Dalbergia sericea Spreng.; Millettia oblata baruta, haenukuruvina gida, kaadu beeta hurali, kaadu
Dunn; Millettia oblata subsp. burttii J.B. Gillett; Millettia thuvari, kadtavare, kadtavari, kadubeiri, kadubettahuruli,
usaramensis Taub.; Mundulea suberosa Benth.; Mundulea kadupporasu, kadutuvari, kang-bendi-gas, kattuppuracu,
suberosa (DC.) Benth.; Robinia sennoides Roxb.; Robinia kattutuvara, katuppuracu, kayppuracu, kondavempali, kutac-
suberosa Roxb.; Robinia suberosa (DC.) Roxb.; Tephrosia cailam, kutaccailamaram, malaippuracu, menbundathi, men-
sericea Pers.; Tephrosia sericea (Willd.) DC.; Tephrosia seri- bundati, ottuppalacitam, ottuppalacitamaram, ottuppalacu,
cea DC.; Tephrosia sericea Baker; Tephrosia sericea Buch.- palacaram, palacarapatti, palasaram, palasarapatti, parankip-
Ham.; Tephrosia sericea Hort. Bog. ex Zoll. & Moritzi; puraki, parankippurakimaram, pilavaiam, pilaviram, pirala-
Tephrosia suberosa DC.) varam, puliseru, puracu, supi, supti, surti, venpuracamaram,
venpuracu, vellai, vellaipporasu, verri billudu, verribilludu,
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or
verubilludu, vettibilludu, wal-baruta, yerribilludu
small tree, straight trunk, corky bark, rounded bushy
spreading crown, silky silvery compound leaves, showy in East Africa: mkwaia, mkwaya, mtupawa-pori
flowers in pseudo-racemes mauve to purple, golden-brown
in Angola: ongeke, onkongo
velvety pods, bark and leaves eaten by cattle, goats, ele-
phants and antelope in Guinea: néki
2576 Munronia Wight Meliaceae

in Madagascar: fagnamo, famakivato, fanamo, fanamohazo, of Oxford. 216. Oxford 1964, Isaac Henry Burkill, Chapters
fanamomamo on the History of Botany in India. Delhi 1965, Mea Allan,
The Hookers of Kew. London 1967, T.W. Bossert, compil.,
in Malawi: chiguluka, lusyunga, nandolo
Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the
in Mali: diébi, diéfa diaba, koro-koro diaba Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 278. 1972, Ralph Randles
Stewart, An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of
in Namibia: omubanganyana, omumbanganyana
West Pakistan and Kashmir. Karachi 1972.
in Nigeria: igun, lakuta
Munronia pinnata (Wall.) W. Theob. (Munronia dela-
in Southern Africa: blou-ertjieboom, gaeb, kurkbos, maibana, vayi Franch.; Munronia hainanensis F.C. How & T.C.
mangaanbos, mohato, mosetla-thlou, mosetla-tlou, mosikatse, Chen; Munronia hainanensis var. microphylla X.M. Chen;
mosita-thlou, mosita-tlou, moswaatlou, mukunda-ndou, ntsan- Munronia henryi Harms; Munronia heterophylla Merr.;
dzandlopfu, olifantshout (= that which resists the elephants), Munronia heterotricha H.S. Lo; Munronia javanica Benn.;
omukeka, omumbaganyana, umaMentabeni, umHlalantethe, Munronia neilgherrica Wight; Munronia pinnata Harms;
umSindandlovana, umSindandlovu, umSinndandlovana, uSe- Munronia pinnata (Wall.) A.S. Rao; Munronia pinnata
kwane, visboontjie, visgif, visgifboom (Wall.) Harms; Munronia pumila Wight; Munronia sinica
in Tanzania: mhemheru, muheruheru, ukalangwa Diels; Munronia timoriensis Baill.; Turraea pinnata Wall.;
Turraea pinnata Span.)
in Upper Volta: colo-colo, tampiopudé
China, India, Himalaya.
in Zambia: lukangandofu, mulyambantoni, muyeman-
jenin Zimbabwe: inKizaemaqaqa, umPandula, umSece, See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 2: 21, t. 119. 1831, Icon. Pl.
umSindandhlovana Ind. Orient. [Wight] 1: t. 91. 1838–1853, Linnaea 15: 183.
1841, Adansonia 11: 266. 1874, Mason, Francis, 1799–1874,
Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. subsp. madagascarien- Burmah, its people and productions, or, Notes on the fauna,
sis Du Puy & Labat (Dalbergia hookeri Bojer, nom. nud.; flora, and minerals of Tenasserim, Pegu, and Burma / by
Dalbergia striata Bojer; Dalbergia telfairii Bojer; Millettia F. Mason; rewritten and enlarged by W. Theobald. [3rd
antsahalanbensis Baill.; Mundulea hookeri Baill.; Mundulea ed.] 2: 581. Hertford: Published by order of the Chief
striata Dubard & Dop; Mundulea striata (Bojer) Baill.; Commissioner of British Burma by S. Austin, 1882–1883,
Mundulea striata Baill.; Mundulea striata Baill. var. alba R. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 33: 451. 1887
Vig.; Mundulea telfairii Baker) and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing tree schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 425–426.
1900, Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft
See Hortus Mauritianus 111. 1837, Journal of Botany, British 35: 77–78. 1917, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 19: 39.
and Foreign 20: 69. 1882, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société 1938, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 4(1): 6–7, pl. 1. 1955,
Linnéenne de Paris 1: 389. 1883 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France Bull. Bot. Surv. India v. 255. 1964, Acta Phytotaxonomica
54: 157. 1907, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Sinica 15(1): 68. 1977, Taxon 34(1): 155. 1985, Journal of
Paris 14(1): 69–70. 1950, The Leguminosae of Madagascar Wuhan Botanical Research 4(2): 173. 1986, J. Agric. Food
423–424. 2002 Chem. 51(24): 6949–6952. 2003, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res.
(Toxins. Roots and seeds, pounded bark and crushed leaves 5(3): 215–221. 2003, Nat. Prod. Res. 18(5): 415–419. 2004,
used for fish poisoning.) Phytochemistry. 71(13): 1596–1601. 2010

in Madagascar: famakivato, fanamo, fanamohazo, (Limonoids, whole plant as antifungal, insect antifeedants.
fanamomamo Root paste taken orally for stomachache.)
in China: yu zhuang di huang lian

Munronia Wight Meliaceae in India: hallaganagilu

For Sir William Munro, 1818–1880, British botanist, plant

collector, 1834–1838 India, 1847 Kashmir, 1870–1875
Muntingia L. Tiliaceae (Muntingiaceae)
Barbados. See Mant. Pl. Altera 150. 1771, Icones Plantarum
Indiae Orientalis 1: 147, pl. 54. 1839 and Ignatz Urban, Named after the Dutch botanist Abraham Munting
ed., Symbolae Antillanae. 3: 91. Berlin 1902, E.M. Tucker, (Muntingius), 1626–1683, professor of medicine at
Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Groningen, attempted to identify a plant called Britannica
University. 1917–1933, Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of by the ancient authors which was used to cure scurvy, among
Sir J.D. Hooker. 199. London 1918, Warren R. Dawson, The his many works are Aloidarium. [Amsterdam] 1680 and De
Banks Letters, a Calendar of the Manuscript Correspondence vera antiquorum Herba Britannica. Amstelodami 1681. See
of Sir Joseph Banks. London 1958, H.N. Clokie, Account of Rosa Leonina quam … nuptiarum auspiciis … A. Muntinck
the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University … et E.A. Gabbema Sponsae fingebat … & sacrabat Poetice
Murdannia Royle Commelinaceae 2577

Latina Anacreontis Umbra. [Nuptial ode.] Leovardiae 1658, surgeon and botanist John Forbes Royle (1798–1858) in
François [Franciscus] Kiggelaer (1648–1722), Phytographia 1833 was Curator of the same garden. See Flora Telluriana
curiosa. (J. Mensigae oratio funebris in obitum A. Muntingii.). 4: 122. 1836[1838], John Forbes Royle, Illustrations of the
Amsterdam & Leyden 1702–1713, Species Plantarum 1: 509. Botany and other branches of the Natural History of the
1753, Cothenius, Christian Andreas (1708–1789), Dispositio Himalayan Mountains and the Flora of Cashmere. London
vegetabilium methodica a staminum numero desumta. 1839–1840, Flora 49: 212. 1866 and Botanische Jahrbücher
Berolini: Typis Speneri, 1790, Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks. London 61(Beibl. 137): 63 in obs. 1926, John H. Barnhart,
1796–1800, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch- Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 187. 1965.
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 598f. Ansbach 1852 and E.M.
Murdannia edulis (Stokes) Faden (Aneilema formosa-
Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of
num N.E. Br.; Aneilema loureiroi Hance, nom. superfl.;
Harvard University. 1917–1933, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 302–
Aneilema loureiroi var. horsfieldii C.B. Clarke; Aneilema
324. 1949, C.H. Andreas, Hortus Muntingiorum. [With spe- multiscaposum Lauterb.; Aneilema platyphyllum Merr.;
cial reference to Hindrick, Abraham and Albertus Munting.] Aneilema scapiflorum (Roxb.) Wight; Aneilema scapiflorum
Groningen, Djakarta 1953, H.N. Clokie, Account of the (Roxb.) Kostel.; Aneilema scapifolium var. latifolium N.E.
Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Br.; Aneilema serotinum D. Don ex C.B. Clarke; Aneilema
Oxford. 216. Oxford 1964, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected tuberosum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., nom. inval.; Commelina
Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. edulis Stokes; Commelina scapiflora Roxb.; Commelina
Philadelphia 1964, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52(4): 487–495. spicata Steud.; Commelina tuberosa Lour., nom. illeg.;
1966, Gilbert Westacott Reynolds (1895–1967), The Aloes Murdannia formosana (N.E. Br.) K.S. Hsu; Murdannia for-
of South Africa. 76, 77, 204. Balkema, Rotterdam 1982, mosanum (N.E. Br.) K.S. Hsu; Murdannia loureiroi (Hance)
Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della R.S. Rao & Kammathy, nom. superfl.; Murdannia multisca-
Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 199. Regione posa (Lauterb.) G. Brückn.; Murdannia scapiflora (Roxb.)
Siciliana, Palermo 1988, Taxon 47(1): 38. 1998. Royle; Phaeneilema multiscaposum (Lauterb.) G. Brückn.;
Muntingia calabura L. Phaeneilema scapiflorum (Roxb.) G. Brückn.)

Jamaica, Philippines. Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Perennial deciduous herbs, roots
fibrous, pink-purple or blue flowers, dehiscent capsule
See Species Plantarum 1: 509. 1753, Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach]
98. 1859 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): See Species Plantarum 1: 40–42. 1753, A Botanical Materia
1084–1105. 2001, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 57(7): 247– Medica 1: 184. 1812, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian
355. 2006, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 678– Plants 1: 178–179. 1820, Illustrations of the Botany … of
680. 2007 the Himalayan Mountains … 403, pl. 95, f. 3. 1840, Icones
Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 6: t. 2073. 1853, Monogr. Phan.
(Relaxant, used for anxiety and irritability, fevers, colds, and 3: 200–201. 1881 and J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36(251): 152, 154.
flu, restores the nerves, reduces muscle tension and spasm, 1903, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 56. 1927, Notes
controls low blood pressure, induces sweating.) Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 25: 184. 1964, Acta Phytotax.
in English: calabur, cherry tree, jam tree, Jamaican cherry, Sin. 12 (4): 470. 1974, Fl. Taiwan 5: 170. 1978, Taxon 29(1):
Panama berry 77. 1980, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 13(3): 100. 1997, Biol.
Bull. Natl. Taiwan Norm. Univ. 35(2): 77–93. 2000
in Guadeloupe: bois ramier, bois de soie
(Used in Unani. Roots astringent, tonic, used in snakebite.
in Mexico: huiz lan Root bark used in colic, piles, incontinence; powdered roots
in Peru: bolina, bolaina, ccoillor-ppanchu, guinda yumanasa, mixed with sugar as aphrodisiac and with juice of basil leaves
iumanasa, mullaca huayo, rupiña, tomaque, yumanasa in spermatorrhea.)

in Tropical America: calabura, calabure, majaguillo, pacito, in China: ting hua shui zhu ye
vijaguillo in India: musli siyah, siyahmusali
Malayan names: buah cheri, kerukup siam in Vietnam: loã trai ngọt
in the Philippines: cereza, datiles, ratiles, seresa, zanitas Murdannia japonica (Thunb.) Faden (Aneilema elatum
in Sri Lanka: jam tree (Vahl) Kunth; Aneilema elatum Kunth; Aneilema elatum
Koord; Aneilema elatum Dalzell; Aneilema herbaceum
Wall.; Aneilema herbaceum (Roxb.) Wall. ex C.B. Clarke;
Aneilema lineolatum (Blume) Kunth; Aneilema lineola-
Murdannia Royle Commelinaceae
tum Kunth; Commelina elata Vahl; Commelina herbacea
Named for the Indian plant collector Murdann Ali, Keeper Roxb.; Commelina japonica Thunb.; Commelina lineolata
of the Herbarium at Saharanpur Botanic Garden; the British Blume; Dirtea japonica Raf.; Dirtea japonica (Thunb.)
2578 Murdannia Royle Commelinaceae

Raf.; Murdannia elata G. Brückn.; Murdannia elata (Vahl) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, Australia, North America. Annual or
G. Brückn.; Murdannia lineolata (Blume) J.K. Morton; perennial herb, erect to procumbent, stems numerous, dif-
Phaeneilema herbaceum Bruckn.; Phaeneilema herbaceum fuse, roots fibrous, rhizomes absent, sometimes rooting at
(Roxb.) G. Brückn.) nodes, petals purple obovate-orbicular, capsule ovoid-glo-
bose trigonous, seeds 2 per valve yellow-brown, animal fod-
China. Herb
der, wet places
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2: 332. See Species Plantarum 1: 41–42. 1753, Flora Indica … nec
1794, Enumeratio Plantarum … [Kunth] 2: 178. 1806, Flora non Prodromus Florae Capensis 17. 1768, Actes de la Société
Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 179–180. 1820, d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 105. 1792, Prodromus
Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 3. 1827, Numer. List [Wallich] Florae Novae Hollandiae 270–271. 1810, Illustrations of the
n. 5223. 1832, Flora Telluriana 3: 69. 1837 [1836 publ. Nov- Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 1: 403, pl. 95, f. 3.
Dec 1837], Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque 1839 and J. Arnold Arbor. 18: 64. 1937, Indian Forest Rec.,
Cognitarum 4: 69. 1843, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: Bot., n.s., 3: 55. 1941, Kew Bulletin 7(2): 189. 1952, Indian
137. 1851, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 204. 1881 and Forester 92: 643. 1966, Nucleus 27: 231–241. 1984, Journal
Exkursionsfl. Java i. 280. 1912, Notizblatt des Botanischen of Cytology and Genetics 21: 115–132. 1986
Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 56. 1927, Das
Natürliche Pflanzensystem, second edition [Engler & Prantl] (Used in Ayurveda. Bruised plant relieves burns, itches, to
15a: 173. 1930, Taxon 26(1): 142. 1977 treat sores, wounds, leprosy; whole herb boiled with brassica
oil and used in leprosy. Whole plant of Commelina nudiflora
(Plant used for abortion. Young leaves and stem crushed and bruised and applied to burn and itches, the poultice applied
applied as a dressing for burns. Ritual, a protective charm on sores. Leaves decoction used as a mouthwash to relieve
against spirits.) toothache; infusion of pounded leaves and other plants
in China: kuan ye shui zhu ye strained and taken to purify the blood. Roots in stomach
trouble and giddiness.)
in Indonesia: udu nyalau
in English: butter curry plant, nakedstem dewflower
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan (Aneilema bracteolatum
in India: chitrebans, dawng, kandule, kanshura, kansura, kat-
var. majus Seub.; Aneilema bracteolatum var. minus Seub.;
sapriya, kina, koshapushpi, vazhapazhathi, velichibhaji
Aneilema compressum Dalzell; Aneilema debile Wall.,
nom. inval.; Aneilema diandrum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., nom. in Indonesia: urip urip
inval.; Aneilema diversifolium Hassk.; Aneilema foliosum
in Laos: kaab
Hassk.; Aneilema junghunianum Miq.; Aneilema lancifo-
lium Griff.; Aneilema malabaricum (L.) Merr.; Aneilema in Malay Peninsula: kukupu, tapak eti
minutum (Blume) Kunth; Aneilema nudicaule (Burm.f.)
in Nepal: kane
Loudon; Aneilema nudicaule (Burm. f.) G. Don; Aneilema
nudiflorum (L.) Sweet; Aneilema nudiflorum (L.) R. Br.; in Pakistan: kanshura
Aneilema nudiflorum var. compressum (Dalzell) C.B. Clarke; in Thailand: kinkungnoi, phak-prap
Aneilema radicans D. Don; Aneilema trichocoleum Schauer;
Callisia parvula Brandegee; Commelina cayennensis Rich.; in Vietnam: c[or] trai, th[af]i l[af]i tr[aws]ng
Commelina diandra Steud.; Commelina diffusa Burm.f.; Murdannia spirata (L.) Brückner (Aneilema canaliculatum
Commelina exilis Steud., nom. inval.; Commelina minuta Dalzell; Aneilema melanostictum Hance; Aneilema nanum
Blume; Commelina nudicaulis Burm.f.; Commelina nudi- (Roxb.) Kunth; Aneilema spiratum (L.) R. Br.; Aneilema spi-
flora Burm. f.; Commelina nudiflora L.; Commelina radicans ratum (L.) Sweet; Aneilema spiratum (L.) Wight ex Wall.;
(D. Don) Spreng.; Commelina sellowiana Kunth; Commelina Aphylax spiralis Salisb.; Commelina bracteolata Lam.;
sellowii Schltdl.; Cyanotis gueinzii Hassk.; Ditelesia nudi- Commelina nana Roxb.; Commelina spirata L.; Phaeneilema
flora (L.) Raf.; Murdannia malabarica (L.) G. Brückn.; spiratum (L.) Brückner)
Murdannia malabarica var. compressa (Dalzell) Santapau
& S.K. Jain; Phaeneilema diversifolium (Hassk.) G. Brückn.; Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Herb, erect to decumbent, many-
Phaeneilema malabarica (Linn.) Narayan Swami ex Biswas; branched, flowers light blue, animal fodder
Phaeneilema malabaricum (L.) V. Naray.; Phaeneilema See Species Plantarum 1: 40–42. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum
nudiflorum (L.) G. Brückn.; Stickmannia guyanensis Raf.; 2: 176–177. 1771, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique
Stickmannia longicollis Raf.; Tradescantia cristata Blanco, 2(1): 69. 1786, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 270–
nom. illeg.; Tradescantia malabarica L.) (Aneilema R. Br., 271. 1810, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants
from the Greek a ‘without, not’ and eilema ‘a veil, cover- 1: 173. 1820, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque
ing, involucre’, eilo ‘to be shut, to assemble’, referring to Cognitarum 4: 65. 1843, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and
the absence of spathe; see Robert Brown, Prodromus florae Kew Garden Miscellany 3: 137. 1851, Journal of Botany,
Novae Hollandiae. 270. 1810.) British and Foreign 7(79): 167–168. 1869 and Notizbl. Bot.
Murraya Koenig ex L. Rutaceae 2579

Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 56. 1927, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, Himalayas, India, China. Shrub, aromatic, leaves imparipin-
15a: 173. 1930, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 115– nate, dull white flowers, leaves used as a condiment to flavour
132. 1986, J. Taiwan Museum 40: 51–56. 1987 curries, frequently cultivated in gardens
(Leaves poultice relieves burns, piles, itches, sores, wounds, See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 293. 1767, Mantissa Plantarum
taken orally for stomachache.) Altera 554–555, 563, 565. 1771, Systema Vegetabilium (ed.
16) [Sprengel] 2: 315. 1817, Journal of the Asiatic Society of
in English: Asiatic dewflower
Bengal Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 44(3): 132. 1876 [1875 publ. 13 Jan
in China: ai shui zhu ye 1876], FBI 1: 503. 1875 and Silvae Geneticae 22: 182–188.
1973, Fl. Mascareignes 65: 25. 1979, Taxon 28: 274–275.
in India: siru natthai choori, siru pull
1979, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988,
in Nepal: kane American Journal of Botany 87(5): 735–747. 2000
Murdannia triquetra (Wallich ex C.B. Clarke) Brückner (Used in Ayurveda. Plant tonic, stomachic. Bark paste anti-
(Aneilema nutans H. Léveillé; Aneilema triquetrum Wallich septic, applied in skin eruptions. Bark and root paste applied
ex C.B. Clarke; Commelina triquetra Steud., nom. inval.; over bruises and bites of venomous animals; bark and root
Murdannia triquetra G. Brückn.; Murdannia triquetra decoction in cutaneous diseases and to check vomiting; root
(Wall.) G. Brückn.; Phaeneilema triquetrum (Wall. ex C.B. decoction taken and leaf paste applied for curing piles; bark,
Clarke) G. Brückn.) root and leaves stimulant, used in skin eruptions and snake-
bite. Leaves infusion given in dysentery and diarrhea; leaves
China, Assam to Vietnam. Herb, perennial, aquatic, roots
bruised and applied to cure skin eruptions; leaf paste in water
fibrous, rhizomes horizontal elongate, stems creeping, flow-
is digestive, tonic, stimulant, used in diabetes; leaf decoc-
ers pale purple-red or blue-purple, weed, high protein content,
tion given in diabetes, fevers, snakebite, bodyache, dysentery,
young plants used as potherb, forage, growing in irrigated fields
diarrhea, labor pain, gastric troubles and for vomiting; young
See Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 208. 1881 and leaves eaten as a curry or raw in dysentery.)
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9(222–226): 450–451. 1911,
in English: curry bush, curry leaf, curry leaf tree
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 56. 1927, Das
Natürliche Pflanzensystem, second edition 15a: 173. 1930 in China: tiao liao jiu li xiang
(Dried or fresh whole herb antipyretic, diuretic, antitumour, in India: barsanga, barsunga, bowala, gandela, gandi, gandla,
for the treatment of cough, pneumonia, hemoptysis, dysen- gani, gant, harri, kadhee-nimba, karapincha, karaway pillay,
tery, oliguria, sore throat, externally for carbuncles, inflam- karaypak, kari patta, karibevu, karipatta, karivaepamu, kari-
matory swelling and snakebite.) vaepu, kariveppilai, kariyapilai, karrinim, karuveppilai, kat-
in English: water bamboo leaf nim, kathnim, katnim, krishnanimba, krishnapatabhinimba,
kristnanimbao, lesundodando, meeta neem, meetha neem,
in China: jou ts’ao, rou cao, shui chu yeh, shui zhu ye, meethi neem, mersinga, mitha neem, mithineem, pushpa,
shuizhuye surabhini niba, surabhi nimba, surabhinimba, tayam,
theng-sak-sau
in Malaya: garupillai, karwa pale, kerupulai
Murraya Koenig ex L. Rutaceae
in Nepal: karrypati, mechia sag, mitho nim
After the Swedish botanist Johan (Johann) Andreas (Anders)
Murray, 1740–1791, physician, botanical collector, his works in Pakistan: gandhela
include Index plantarum. [Compiler of the index: Nicolaus
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Camunium exoticum (L.)
Joseph von Jacquin, 1727–1817.] Viennae Austriae 1785
Kuntze; Camunium exoticum Kuntze; Chalcas exotica
and Prodromus Designationis Stirpium Gottingensium.
Millsp.; Chalcas exotica (L.) Millsp.; Chalcas paniculata
Gottingae 1770. See C. Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum. 2:
Linn.; Murraya exotica Linn.; Murraya omphalocarpa
554–555, 563. 1771, C. Linnaeus, Systema Vegetabilium
Hayata; Murraya paniculata Kaneh.; Murraya paniculata
… editio decima tertia. [Edited by J.A. Murray] Göttingen
var. exotica (L.) C.C. Huang; Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack
Gotha 1774 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
var. exotica (L.) M.R. Almeida; Murraya paniculata var.
Botanists. 2: 532. 1965, T.W. Bossert, compil., Biographical
omphalocarpa Tanaka)
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
Portrait Collection. 279. 1972, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a Himalaya, India, Pakistan, China, Pacific Islands. Small
cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico tree or shrub, aromatic, white bark, glossy green compound
di Palermo. 199–200. Palermo 1988. leaves, alternate leaflets sweetly resinous, white fragrant flow-
ers, often cultivated for its fragrant flowers and red berries
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Bergera koenigii Linn.;
Chalcas koenigii Kurz ex Swingle; Chalcas koenigii (L.) See Familles des Plantes 2: 166. 1763, Mantissa Plantarum
Kurz; Chalcas koenigii Kurz; Murraya koenigii Spreng.) 1: 68. 1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 293. 1767, Mantissa
2580 Musa L. Musaceae

Plantarum Altera 2: 554–555, 563. 1771, Malayan in Vietnam: cao ly yong, cay nguyet, keo, nguyet qui, nguyet
Miscellanies 1, n. 5: 31. 1820, FBI 1: 502. 1875, Revisio qui tau
Generum Plantarum 1: 99. 1891, Publications of the Field
Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 1(1): 25. 1895 and
Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones Musa L. Musaceae
ad floram formosanam. 3: 51. 1913, Journal of the Society of
Tropical Agriculture 1: 27. 1929, Formosan trees an account From Arabic mauz, mouz or moz, muza; see Carl Linnaeus,
of trees, shrubs, bamboos, palms and tree ferns indigenous Species Plantarum. 2: 1043. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed.
of commonly cultivated in Formosa 316, f. 271. 1936, Acta 5. 466. 1754, Genera Plantarum 61. 1789, Georg Christian
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(1): 100–101, pl. 11 & 12. 1959, Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch.
Silvae Geneticae 22: 182–188. 1973, Plant Systematics and 599. Ansbach 1852, J. Bot. (Morot) 3: 330. 1889, Ann. Bot.
Evolution 146: 13–30. 1984, Ciencia e Cultura (São Paulo) (Oxford) 7(26): 205. 1893, M. Wis, in Neuphilologische
36: 868. 1984, Caryologia 38: 335–346. 1985, Acta Botanica Mitteilungen. LIX: 25. Helsingfors 1899–1958 and Kew
Austro Sinica 5: 161–176. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 32, 68. Bulletin 2(2): 108, 110–111, 112. 1947 [dt. 1947, issued 12 Apr
1993, Fl. Maharashtra 1: 209. 1996, American Journal of 1948], Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 178–191. 1952, Notes Roy. Bot.
Botany 87(5): 735–747. 2000 Gard. Edinburgh 35(1): 111. 1976, Acta Phytotaxonomica
Sinica 16(3): 57. 1978, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli,
(Leaves analgesic, stimulant, astringent, antiobesity, anti- Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. 1: 110. 1979
inflammatory, stomachic, used for birth control, intestinal and 3: 787. Zanichelli, Bologna 1983, Salvatore Battaglia,
worms, diarrhea and dysentery, toothache, venereal diseases; Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XI: 111. Torino
pounded leaves applied on fresh cuts; leaves decoction drunk 1981, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der bot-
in dropsy; leaf chewed as a remedy for toothache; leaves anischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 137. Berlin & Hamburg
eaten raw in joint pains, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis. 1989, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der bota-
Bark of stems and root astringent, used in diarrhea. Juice of nischen Pflanzennamen. 399–400. 1996, Phytologia 82(2):
the root given for labor pain, a poultice rubbed on body-pain; 129. 1997, Nordic J. Bot. 27(1): 1. 2009.
roots paste applied on aching tooth; ground root bark eaten
and rubbed on body pain. Twigs for bath to cure rheumatic Musa acuminata Colla (Musa cavendishii Lamb. ex Paxton;
pains. Sacred plant, magic, the wood, stick of plant kept in Musa corniculata Kurz; Musa nana Lour.; Musa rumphiana
house to prevent the entry of snakes; a pole fixed near the Kurz; Musa simiarum Kurz; Musa sinensis Sagot)
door of the huts to keep away evil spirits.) Indonesia.
in English: Andaman satin wood, Burmese box, Burmese See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 644. 1790, Memorie della
boxwood, China box, Chinese box, Chinese myrtle, common Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 25: 394–395. 1820,
jasmine orange, cosmetic bark tree, mock orange, orange jes- Paxton’s Magazine of Botany 3: 51–52, pl. s.n., f. 1. 1837,
samine, satin wood Annals of Botany. Oxford 7: 209. 1893
in Latin America: ayahar de la India, azahar de la India, (Leaves burned, ashes used for mouth ulcerations; new leaf
naranjillo shoots to cure severe stomachache. Fruit taken for stomach-
in Burma: mokson gayok, thanatka ache and for throat inflammations.)
in China: chiu li hsiang tsao, jiu li xiang, qian li xiang in English: banana, Chinese dwarf banana, plantain
in India: bibzar, chaljuti, chodichi, deijir-araung, dengjer- in Peru: musa enana, plátano enano
araung, dengjir-araung, hanthil, juti, kada kongi cheddi,
in Japan: teikyaku-mi-bashô
kamenee, kamini, kathonarangi, katnarang, kunli, kunti,
marchi, marchula, marchulajuti, marsan, naga golunga, pala in Okinawa: Taiwan-basamai
kanni, pandre, pandry, peethurimalli
in Congo: betika, ikondo a betika, makondo ma betika,
in Indonesia: esehi, fanasa, kahabar, kajeni, kamone, meome ya tshetika, moome a tshetika, tshetika
kamoneng, kamoni, kamuni, kamuning, karizi, kayu gading,
in Sierra Leone: manawa
kemoning, kemunieng, kemuning, palopo, sukik
in Yoruba: ogede-ntiti, oyinbo
in Japan: gek-kitsu, gikiji
in Papua New Guinea: banana, bwagera lapu, vesunbuin
in Malaya: kamoening, kamuning, kemuning, kemuning
kampong, kemuning lada Musa acuminata Colla subsp. errans (Blanco) R.V.
Valmayor (Musa errans (Blanco) N.G. Teodoro; Musa errans
in Nepal: bajardante, banjhari
var. botoan N.G. Teodoro; Musa troglodytarum var. errans
in Pakistan: kamni Blanco)
in Philippine Isl.: banaasi, banasi, banati Philippines.
Musa L. Musaceae 2581

See Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 390–391. 1915 (publ. 1916), Philipp. China, Pacific.
Agric. Sci. 84: 328. 2001
See Handb. Fl. Java 3: 135. 1924, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 10:
(Sap vulnerary, for gonorrhea.) 384. 1925, Trees N. Bengal: 135. 1929, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus.
22: 9. 1948
in Philippines: bui, butuan, butuhan, pakol
(Used in Ayurveda. Seeds used to prevent smallpox. Pounded
Musa balbisiana Colla (Musa dechangensis J.L. Liu & M.G.
mixture of kernels of Castanopsis indica with flower of
Liu; Musa lushanensis J.L. Liu; Musa luteola J.L. Liu; Musa
Dillenia indica and flowers of Musa balbisiana given in
seminifera Loureiro; Musa x paradisiaca Linnaeus subsp.
blood dysentery.)
seminifera (Loureiro) Baker; Musa x paradisiaca Linnaeus
subsp. seminifera Baker) in India: dungar kel, kal, kala, ladaukhlo, laupri
China, Pacific. Robust stoloniferous shrub, erect, green or Musa basjoo Siebold & Zuccarini (Musa basjoo Siebold;
yellowish-green pseudostems, rhizomatous, oblong leaves, Musa dechangensis J.L. Liu & M.G. Liu; Musa japonica
pendulous inflorescence, pink bracts, pale yellow fruits, Carrière & André; Musa lushanensis J.L. Liu; Musa luteola
white pulp, globose black warty seeds, used to feed pigs, ripe J.L. Liu)
fruits eaten
S. China.
See Species Plantarum 2: 1043. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis
See Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap
644. 1790, Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di
van kunsten en wetenschappen 12: 18. 1831 and Acta Bot.
Torino 25: 384–385. 1820, FBI 6: 262. 1892 and J. Linn. Soc.,
Yunnan. 9: 163. 1987, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11: 171. 1989, Invest.
Bot. 55: 302–312. 1955, Stover, R.H. and N.W. Simmonds.
Stud. Nat. 10: 41. 1990
Bananas, ed. 3. London 1987, Acta Botanica Yunnanica
9(2): 163–164, pl. 1. 1987, Cytologia 53: 359–363. 1988, Acta (For stomachache, hepatitis, diabetes.)
Botanica Yunnanica 11(2): 171–172, pl. 1. 1989, Investigatio
in English: Japanese banana, Ryukyu banana
et Studium Naturae 10: 41–43, f. 1. 1990, Acta Genetica
Sinica 21(6): 453–462. 1994, Annals of Botany. Oxford 82(2): in China: ba jiao, ba jiao gen
243–248. 1998
Musa borneensis Becc.
(Used in Ayurveda. Seeds used to prevent smallpox. Leaves
Borneo. Tree-like herb, immature fruit cooked for eating
extract for constipation. Root paste for cuts; watery juice of
the rhizome used in headache and urinary troubles; roots See Beccari, Odoardo (1843–1920), Nelle foreste di Borneo,
pounded with long pepper and given in dysentery; rhizomes viaggi e ricerche di un naturalista. 622. Firenze, 1902
poultice applied on painful swellings of gums; rhizome
(Young flowers decoction drunk to increase lactation after
decoction with black and long pepper given in tuberculo-
childbirth. Sap from the stalk applied to insect stings.)
sis. Fruits digestive; ripe fruits extract given to kill intesti-
nal worms. Any part, except leaf blade, dried and burnt to in Indonesia: petee, punyang (banana), sawan
obtain ash mixed with water to obtain a paste applied to get
Musa errans (Blanco) N.G. Teodoro (Musa acuminata Colla
relief from burns, injuries. Pounded mixture of kernels of
subsp. errans (Blanco) R.V. Valmayor; Musa errans var. botoan
Castanopsis indica with flower of Dillenia indica and flow-
N.G. Teodoro; Musa troglodytarum L. var. errans Blanco)
ers of Musa balbisiana given in blood dysentery; pounded
mixture of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides with flowers of Musa Philippines, India.
balbisiana applied on ulcers. Ceremonial, leaves in ritual
See Flora de Filipinas 247. 1837 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 10:
ceremonies, worship; young plants, bracts and leaves used to
390–391. 1915 (publ. 1916), Philipp. Agric. Sci. 84: 328. 2001
make religious altar and in marriage ceremony.)
(Fruits and leaves for diarrhea and fevers. Sap vulnerary, for
in China: ye jiao
gonorrhea.)
in India: athia kal, athiakol, athiya kol, balhla, chungbi-
in Philippines: bui, butuan, butuhan, pakol
angouba, kadali, kal, kala, kola khar (the ash), konda arati,
kopa, ladaukhlo, lang-jang (the buds), laupri, rambha, Musa hirta Becc.
tun-kuin
Sarawak, Borneo. Wild banana
in Nepal: ban kera
See Beccari, Odoardo (1843–1920), Nelle Foreste di Borneo:
Musa balbisiana Colla var. balbisiana (Musa brachycarpa 624. Firenze, 1902
Backer; Musa elata Nakai; Musa martini Van Geert; Musa
(Eat the astringent unripe fruits against diarrhea and
pruinosa (King ex Baker) Burkill; Musa rosacea Jacq., nom.
dysentery.)
rej. prop.; Musa × paradisiaca var. granulosa G. Forst.; Musa
× sapientum f. pruinosa King ex Baker; Musa × sapientum Musa ornata Roxb. (Musa mexicana Matuda; Musa spe-
var. pruinosa (King ex Baker) A.M. Cowan & Cowan) ciosa Ten.; Musa troglodytarum L. var. rubrifolia Kuntze)
2582 Musa L. Musaceae

Himalaya. in India: khoyancham, lauraup, ovii viichu

See Hort. Bengal. 19. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., 2: Musa x paradisiaca L. (Musa paradisiaca L.; Musa paradi-
488–489. 1824, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 666. 1832, Revis. Gen. siaca var. sapientum (L.) Kuntze; Musa sapientum L.; Musa
Pl. 2: 692. 1891 and Madroño 10: 167. 1950, Adansonia, sér. x paradisiaca L. subsp. sapientum (L.) Kuntze; Musa x par-
3 30: 86. 2008 adisiaca var. sapientum (L.) Kuntze; Musa x sapientum L.)
(Fruits eaten to stop diarrhea.) Asia. Tree-like perennial herb, erect shrub, milky sap, root-
stock tuberous, 5-sided fruits, species grown for its edible
in English: flowering banana
delicious fruit, pulp sweet or sweet and acidic not very fra-
in India: chilaka arati, gaddari, gaddhala kodhili, konda arati grant or very fragrant, green fruits used as vegetable
Musa textilis Née (Musa abaca Perr.; Musa amboinensis See Sp. Pl. 2: 1043. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima
Miq.; Musa mindanaensis Miq.; Musa sylvestris Colla; Musa 2: 1303. 1759, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 692. 1891
textilis var. amboinensis (Miq.) Baker; Musa troglodytarum and Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 45: 21. 1900, Regnum Veg. 127:
var. textoria Blanco) 68. 1993, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp.
367–372. 1996, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden
Philippines.
85: i-ix, 1–246. 2000, Monographs in Systematic Botany
See Anales de Ciencias Naturales 4: 123. 1801, Fl. Ned. Ind. from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 670–674. 2003,
3: 588. 1859, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 7: 211. 1893 Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4,
57(7): 247–355. 2006
(Roots as anthelmintic.)
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Roots astringent,
in English: Manila hemp
stomachic, used in severe stomachache, hepatitis, diabetes,
in China: jiao ma strangury; sap of Hydrocotyle rotundifolia and root juice of
Musa sapientum given for jaundice. Cooked flowers given
in Japan: Manira-ito-basho
in diabetes; flowers used in headache; sap and juice of the
in Philippines: abaka inflorescence-rachis given in bloody dysentery. Leaves used
as hypoglycemic, and also to remove pus, sap from leaf and
Musa troglodytarum L. (Musa fehi Bertero ex Vieill.; Musa
sheaths given for diarrhea; latex from leaves for wound heal-
seemannii F. Muell.; Musa troglodytarum Kurz; Musa ura-
ing, toothache; dry leaves ash to kill head lice. Unripe fruits
noscopos Colla, nom. illeg.; Musa uranoscopus Seem.; Musa
for peptic ulcers and burns, stomachache, diarrhea and dys-
× paradisiaca subsp. troglodytarum (L.) K. Schum.; Musa ×
entery; ripe fruit eaten for loose motions; Mimosa pudica
sapientum subsp. troglodytarum (L.) Baker)
roots, Musa sapientum peel, Drymaria cordata leafy twigs
SW Pacific, Indonesia. and Piper nigrum seeds ground together and made into pills
given orally to pregnant women to cause abortion. Soft stem
See Herb. Amboin., 5: 137, t. 61, f. 2. 1747, Species Plantarum,
rubbed on millipede/multipede and snakebites, scorpion
Editio Secunda 2: 1478. 1763, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 247.
stings and wounds; stem juice for otalgia. Young plants for
1837, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 16: 45. 1862, Journ. Agr. Hort.
sore throat. Sacred plant, fruits used in religion and magico-
Soc. Ind. n.s., v. (1878) 163, partim. 1878, Annals of Botany.
religious beliefs, ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja
Oxford 7: 215. 1893 and Das Pflanzenreich IV, 45: 21. 1900
in different religious pooja ceremonies; garland of leaves
(For dysentery and diarrhea.) used while removing bad spirit from a man; evil spirits stay-
ing around the plant during the night; a bunch of ripened
in English: fe’i banana
fruits given as an offering to deities before sowing seeds.
in Hawaii: mai’a he’i, mai’a polapola Veterinary medicine, fresh leaves given for diarrhea.)
in India: paccarati in English: apple banana, banana, cooking banana, eating
banana, edible banana, French plantain, plantain, starch
Musa velutina H. Wendl. & Drude
banana, sweet banana
India, Assam, Himalaya. Stoloniferous shrub, slender pseud-
in South America: banana, banana-de-são-tomé, banana-maçã,
ostem, erect inflorescence, bright pink hairy fruits
huainama, huessesse, imama, jotete, maccocco, maninha,
See Gartenflora 24: 65–67, t. 823. 1875, FBI 6: 263. 1892 and masi, namidsadsa, omada, pirohua, potetera, ssapapa
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 670–674. 2003,
in Bali: pusuh biu (pusuh = bud, biu = banana)
Nordic J. Bot. 27(3): 183 (182–185; figs. 1–5). 2009, Taxon
58(3): 1009. 2009 in China: hsiang chiao, kan chiao, pa chiao, da jiao
(Juice of pseudostem given in dysentery, also applied to in India: baale, baale hannu, bale-hannu, balehannu, bale,
bleeding cuts, wounds. Ceremonial, leaves used for offering balhla, bare, bhimkol, havubalai, havubale, kadala, kadalee,
wine and food to the gods.) kadali, kala, kallubale, kanch-kala, kandu, kathabalai,
Musanga R. Br. Cecropiaceae (Urticaceae) 2583

kattebale, kattubale, kel, kel-ambo, kela, kela-ba, keli, keofo, Musanga cecropioides R. Br. ex Tedlie (Musanga cecropioi-
kera, kodali, kodaligatch, kommanatti, kommaratti, kommu des R. Br. apud Tedlie; Musanga smithii R. Br.)
ariti, laphu, madarangabale, mavuju, paccabale, pachabalai,
Tropical Africa. Tree
pachabale, rajabalai, rajabale, rambha, rasabale, rasabalei,
rasadale, rasthalai, sonakaela, sugandhaalu, tampuraki, tam- See Miss. Ashantee 372. 1819 and Flora of Tropical Africa
purakimaram, tampuravallam, tanattaypata, tantuvika, tan- 6(2): 239. 1916–1917, G. Malcolm Guthrie, ed., Lingala
tuvikkiriyai, tarpayarpatentam, tataccatai, tataccataimaram, grammar and dictionary. Léopoldville-Ouest. 1935
tatam, tatapattiri, tatipattirimaram, tayaikkolli, tayaikkonran,
taykkolli, tenni, tevakanni, thatachhadamu, theneyarathi, (Leaves and stem abortifacient, febrifuge, antiinflammatory,
tiranapati, tirkkapanni, tirkkaparni, tirkkapattirakam, tirk- emmenagogue, for an easy delivery, rheumatism, fevers.)
kapattiram, tirunacarai, tirunacaraimaram, uruttampai, in English: cork wood, umbrella tree
vallakai, vallakaimaram, vallam, vanalatcumi, vannan, vara-
pucai, vayatani, vazha, vicai, vimkol, virai, viruccika in French: parasolier

in Indonesia: kembang pisang in Angola: gofé, mulela, musanga, musenga, nsanga, nsenga
in Japan: ryôri-banana in Cameroon: assan, asseng, bosengue, bosonge, bossengue,
djseng, kombo, leseng, lisseng
Malayan names: banana, pisang
in Pakistan: kela in Central African Republic: angope

in Papua New Guinea: bihia, inidia, lewizikali, pu’ei, tete na in Congo: kombo-kombo, mesenga, musenga, nsenga,
vudu, udi, umm nseenga, senga; bokombo (Turumbu); bombambo (Lokundu);
gombo (Dundusana); kitumbe (Kinande); kimbongo (Low
in Philippines: banangar, latunda, latundal, latundan, Zaire); kombo, okombo, kimbu (Uele); mobambo (Lingala);
letondal, saging latundan, saguin a latondan, susuk, tordan, mubena (Kihunde); musenga (Lukula); mosinki (Kwilu);
tukol, turdan mushake (Kirega); n’senga, senga (Mayumbe); tshilomba-
in Thailand: chek, kluai, kluai hakmuk, kluai hom, kluai lomba (Tshiluba); tumbe-tumbe (Kingwana)
hom chan, kluai khai, kluai lepmue, kluai manee ong, kluai in Gabon: assan, assang, asseng
naak, kluai som, kluai tai, laek, ma li ong, sakui, ya khai
in Ghana: agyama, ajama
in Tibet: chu sin
in Ivory Coast: amonia, kodé, abome, agbome, agoumi, djuna
in Congo: iko, leka
in Nigeria: aga, agbawo, agoken, ajo-weku, aju-eku, asang,
in East Africa: gonja, ikondo, isubi, kayinja, makondo,
aworo, awunru, egbesu, agemanfuk, bokumbu, bosenge,
matooke, mbidde, meome ya ikondo, moome a ikondo,
congo-congo, egbu, egimatuk, ekombe, lisenga, obonia,
musa, ndizi
ofogo, oghohen, olo, oro, oru, tako, uboniboni, ukhurube,
in Yoruba: ogede abo, ogede agbagba, ogede dudu, ogede ukporowi, ulu, uno, wosao; ogohen (Edo); ufogho (Etsako);
loboyo, ogede omini, ogede weere, ogedeapanta egbesu (Itsekiri); ukhorube (Urhobo); ukporwe (Ijaw); oro
(Igbo); uno (Efik); egimamfuk (Ekoi); bokuobe (Boki)
in West Africa: bokombo, bosenge, combo combo
Musanga R. Br. Cecropiaceae (Urticaceae)
A vernacular name in Zaire and Angola; see Tuckey, James
Hingston (1776–1816), Narrative of an expedition to explore Musella (A.R. Franchet) H. Wu Li Musaceae
the river Zaire: usually called the Congo, in South Africa,
The diminutive of Musa L., in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3): 57.
in 1816 / under the direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N. To
Aug. 1978.
which is added, The journal of Professor Smith; some gen-
eral observations on the country and its inhabitants; and an Musella lasiocarpa (Franchet) C.Y. Wu ex H.-W. Li (Ensete
appendix: containing the natural history of that part of the lasiocarpum (Franchet) Cheesman; Musa lasiocarpa
kingdom of Congo through which the Zaire flows. Published Franchet)
by permission of the Lords commissioners of the Admirality.
China. Used to feed pigs
London: J. Murray, 1818, Bowdich, Thomas Edward (1791–
1824), Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee. 1819 See J. Bot. (Morot) 3: 329–330. 1889 and Acta Phytotax. Sin.
and J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique 16(3): 56–57. 1978
Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique.
(Stomachic, astringent.)
Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique Centrale.
CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989. in China: di yong jin lian
2584 Mussaenda L. Rubiaceae

Mussaenda L. Rubiaceae 1987, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 177–244. 1988, Flora of

Tropical East Africa 415–747. 1988
A vernacular name for Mussaenda frondosa in Sri Lanka,
see Species Plantarum 1: 177. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: (Antitussive, cough sedative, expectorant.)
159. 1763, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis in English: Ashanti blood, flame of the forest, red mussaenda
4: 390, 406. 1830 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information
Kew 1939: 599. 1940. in Philippines: Doña Trining (named in honor of Mrs. Trining
Roxas)
Mussaenda afzelii G. Don
Mussaenda ferruginea K. Schum.
Tropical Africa.
Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. Shrub, scandent, twigs
See Gen. Hist. 3: 490. 1834 and flowers rusty brown, flowers in terminal 3-branched
(Roots and leaves antiinflammatory, antiseptic, for eye sores, cymes, corolla tube deep yellow
conjunctivitis.) See Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land: 129. 1889
Mussaenda elegans Schumach. & Thonn. (Bertiera coccinea (Stem sap drunk to treat malaria and fever. Fresh flower
(G. Don) G. Don; Gardenia coccinea G. Don; Mussaenda styles chewed and swallowed to treat stomachache and gas-
discolor Thonn. ex DC., nom. illeg.; Mussaenda discolor trointestinal disorders. Leaves applied for headache; leaves
DC., nom. superfl.; Mussaenda elegans var. minor De Wild. juice swallowed to ease cough.)
& Th. Dur.; Mussaenda elegans var. psilocarpa Wernh.;
in Papua New Guinea: aganapa, ngadral, oliticne, pinambu
Mussaenda elegans var. rotundifolia Wernh.; Mussaenda
hispida Engl., nom. illeg.) Mussaenda frondosa L. (Gardenia frondosa (L.) Lam.;
Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham.; Mussaenda dovinia Buch.-
Tropical Africa. Liana, branched, shrubby, spreading, woody
Ham.; Mussaenda flavescens Buch.-Ham.; Mussaenda
vine, climber, fragrant scarlet flowers
formosa L., nom. illeg.; Mussaenda frondosa Blanco;
See Edinburgh Philosophical Journal 11: 343. 1824, Beskr. Mussaenda frondosa Michx.; Mussaenda frondosa
Guin. Pl.: 117–118. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Roxb.; Mussaenda frondosa Lour.; Mussaenda frondosa
Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 137–138. 1828, Prodromus Wall.; Mussaenda fruticosa L.; Mussaenda ingrata Wall.
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 372. 1830, A ex Hook.f.; Mussaenda macrophylla Kurz, nom. illeg.;
General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 506. 1834, Mussaenda sumatrensis B. Heyne ex Roth; Mussaenda
Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 8: 66. 1887, Annales du musée du Congo. tomentosa Wight ex Hook.f., nom. illeg.; Mussaenda villosa
Serie 1, Botanique, sér. 2 1: 27. 1899 and Journal of Botany, Schltdl. ex Hook.f., nom. illeg.)
British and Foreign 51: 277. 1913
India, Malesia. Shrub, straggling, leaves stipulate, yellowish-
(Roots febrifuge, antipyretic, for colds, gonorrhea.) white flowers in terminal cymes
in Central African Republic: àníngà berè See Species Plantarum 1: 177. 1753, Encyclopédie
Méthodique, Botanique 2: 608. 1788, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 151.
Mussaenda elmeri Merr. 1790, Hort. Bengal. 15. 1814, Nov. Pl. Sp. 152. 1821, Numer.
Borneo. Creeper List [Wallich] 6250 A. 1832, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 167.
1837, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 89. 1880 and Journal
See Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15: 279. 1929 of the Arnold Arboretum 44: 239. 1963, Proc. Indian Acad.
(Roots decoction drunk for diabetes. Leaves and roots decoc- Sci., B 47: 708–715. 1981, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, Plant
tion drunk for toothache. Warmed leaves applied on forehead Systematics and Evolution 154: 213–223. 1986, Glimpses in
for headache.) Plant Research 8: 177–244. 1988

Malay name: bejalin (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem juice put into eye to cure
soreness and redness of eyes. Flowers used in cough, asthma,
Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. (Mussaenda applied to clean foul ulcers and to cure skin eruptions. Leaves
fulgens Tedlie, nom. nud.; Mussaenda splendida Welw.) and flowers applied in ulcers. Leaf decoction applied on head
for cooling effects; leaf paste in water applied as antiseptic
Trop. Africa.
on ulcers; for bone fracture, paste of crushed fresh leaves
See Species Plantarum 1: 177. 1753, Beskrivelse af applied to the broken part or for any kind of inflammation.
Guineeiske planter 116. 1827, Bowdich Mission 374. 1849, Bitter roots used in leprosy, jaundice, fevers, eye troubles,
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: 36, t. 13. eye sores; juice applied for the cure of ulcers, skin eruptions;
1869 and Cytologia 49: 407–413. 1984, Plant Systematics root decoction for pneumonia, throat disturbances; root bark
and Evolution 149: 89–118. 1985, Journal of the Indian chewed for gastric ulcer, heartburn; a paste of roots applied
Botanical Society 65: 158–162. 1986, Cytologia 52: 343–356. for the treatment of abdominal troubles. Ceremonial, used in
Mussaenda L. Rubiaceae 2585

pujas. Petaloid leaf of Mussaenda belilla used a substitute to in India: bellothi, biliaelegida, dasapathre, ippinta, vella ela
betel vine leaves.) chedi
in India: balethappu, bebina, bedina, belilla. bellary chedy, Mussaenda isertiana DC. (Mussaenda macrophylla
bellothi, belloti, belloti-gida, bellotigida, bellotti, bennegarhti, Schumach. & Vahl., nom. illeg.)
bennegarthi, bhoorthkashi, bhutakesi, bhuthkes, bili aelegida,
bili yele gida, bili yele hoo, bolletappu, churthkasi, dasa- Tropical Africa. Pubescent shrub, orange flowers, large white
pathre, gurusathyam, hanurei, hasthi gida, ipparati, ipparat- sepals
thi, ippinta, ippiriti, ipri, lavasat, matantai, nagavalli, nagvalli, See Prodr. 4: 371. 1830
noksangchipen sapaklari naro, rajatarih, sarwath, sherwod,
shivardole, shreevara, shrivatte, sitalo, sittalu, sribati, sripar- (Emetic, demulcent.)
nah, tumberh, tunberh, vallai, vallai matantai, vallil, vella- Mussaenda laxa (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble (Mussaenda
ellay, vellaellay, vellai ilai, vellaiyilai, vellallay, velli ilai, velli frondosa var. laxa Hook.f.)
matantai, vellila, vellilai, vellilam, vellilattali, vellimaithali,
vellimatantai, vellimayittali, vellithali, velliyilaicceti India.

in Lepcha: tumbaar rik See Fl. Madras: 610. 1921

Mussaenda glabra Vahl (Mussaenda andersonii S.K. (Paste of leaves along with those of Aristolochia indica
Basu & T.K. Paul; Mussaenda frondosa var. glabra (Vahl) locally applied to relieve pain during the initial stages of lac-
Miq.; Mussaenda penangensis Miq.; Mussaenda setulosa tation in young mothers.)
Klotzsch) in India: vellilai
India, China. Mussaenda laxiflora Hutch. (Mussaenda sandakana
See Symb. Bot. 3: 38. 1794, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 213–214. 1857 Govaerts)
and J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 86: 430. 1989[1990] China. Climbing liane, orange flowers, young leaves eaten
(Roots for coughs. For headache and fever, poultice with as vegetable
leaves.)
See Pl. Wilson. 3(2): 399. 1916, University of California
in English: common mussaenda Publications in Botany 15: 280. 1929, Botanical Journal of
the Linnean Society 157: 120. 2008
in India: charai atha, chuba atha, hanurei, sonarupa, syntiew-
jarongtham, vakep (Ritual, magic, a piece of root as a good luck charm.)
Malayan names: adap-adap, balek adap, balek hadap, balik in English: tossed coin vine
adup, cha padi, daun puteri, segoreh
in Indonesia: aka tepilik sulau
Mussaenda glabrata (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble
(Mussaenda frondosa var. glabrata Hook.f.) Mussaenda macrophylla Wall. (Mussaenda hispida D. Don;
Mussaenda hispida Engl., nom. illeg.; Mussaenda kotoensis
India. Hayata)
See Species Plantarum 1: 177. 1753 and Cytologia 49: 407– Nepal, India.
413. 1984
See Fl. Ind. 1: 228. 1824, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 139.
(Used in Ayurveda. Alterative, demulcent.) 1825, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 118. 1827, Forest
in India: bedina, bellotti, bhurtkasi, bhutkes, billoothi, churt- Flora of British Burma 2: 57. 1877, Botanische Jahrbücher
kasi, hasthygidda, ipparati, karab-phul, kirabli, lavasat, naga- für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
valli, pathri, sarvadi, sarwadh, sherwod, shivardole, shrivati, 8: 66. 1887 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial
vellaiyilai, vellila, vellimadandai, vellimayittali University of Tokyo 30(1): 143–144. 1911

Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble (A paste of roots of Claoxylon khasianum together with
(Mussaenda frondosa L. var. hirsutissima Hook.f.; Ardisia paniculata, Clerodendrum wallichii, Mussaenda
Mussaenda hirsutissima Hutch. ex Gamble) macrophylla and Trevesia palmata applied for the treatment
of abdominal troubles and tumour.)
India.
in India: dieng salynthiah
See Species Plantarum 1: 177. 1753, Fl. Brit. India [J.D.
Hooker] 3: 90. 1880 and Flora of the Presidency of Madras: Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. (Mussaenda grandiflora
610. 1921 Rolfe, nom. illeg.; Mussaenda philippica f. aurorae (Sulit)
Jayaw.; Mussaenda philippica var. aurorae Sulit)
(Magic, contact therapy, sepal said to possess the power to
cure conjunctivitis.) Philippines.
2586 Mussatia Bureau ex Baill. Bignoniaceae

See Mém. Fam. Rubiac.: 165. 1830 [Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6254. 1832, Gen. Hist. 3: 489.
Paris, v. 245: 1834], Niger Fl. [W.J. Hooker]. 392. 1849, J. 1834, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 90. 1880
Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 311. 1884 [1886 publ. 1884] and Philipp.
(For rheumatism, boil the leaves with seeds of Nigella sativa
J. Sci., C 3: 264. 1908, Philipp. J. Forest. 2: 39. 1939, J.
and garlic, and drink the decoction.)
Arnold Arbor. 45: 131. 1964
Malay name: balek adap
(Plant antidote, astringent, against snakebites and dysentery.
Leaves decoction applied as emollient. Roots for jaundice.)
in Philippines: agboi, aghoi, ayaunikilat, balai-lamok, Mussatia Bureau ex Baill. Bignoniaceae
balikaran, bogon, buyon, darumabi, gatas virgen, gibuian,
hagbui, kahoi-dalaga, malacafé, matang-arau, taba-taba, See Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 10: 32. 1888, Die Natürlichen
talik-harap, taua-taua, tinga-tinga, tinuluan-gatas Pflanzenfamilien 4(3b): 223. 1894 and Planta Med. 56(1):
24–26. 1990.
Mussaenda raiateensis J.W. Moore
Mussatia hyacinthina (Standl.) Sandwith (Bignonia hya-
S. Pacific. cinthina (Standl.) L. Lohmann; Bignonia macrophylla Sessé
& Moc.; Bignonia prieurei DC.; Bignonia prieurei DC. ex
See Species Plantarum 1: 177. 1753 and Bernice P. Bishop
Seem., nom. illeg.; Tynanthus hyacinthinus Standl.)
Mus. Bull. 102: 44. 1933, Pacific Science 50: 317–323. 1996
Amazon Basin, Peru and Bolivia. Lianas, leaves compound,
(For ulcers and wounds.)
pseudostipules, flattened woody dehiscent fruit, primary for-
Mussaenda roxburghii Hook.f. (Menestoria tocoyenae DC.; est, also as Bignonia hyacinthina (Standl.) L. Lohmann
Ucriana wallichii D. Dietr., nom. illeg.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 622–625. 1753, Prodromus
Himalaya. Shrub, membranous leaves elliptic, flowers orange- Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 154. 1845,
yellow in cymes, oblong fruits, leaves used as vegetable The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 179. 1854,
Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural Society of London 3:
See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 390. 1830, Synopsis Plantarum seu enu-
193. 1863, Histoire des Plantes 10: 32. 1888, Die Natürlichen
meratio systematica plantarum … (D. Dietrich) i. 798. 1839,
Pflanzenfamilien 4(3b): 224. 1894 and Publications of
Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 87. 1880
the Carnegie Institution of Washington 461(4): 87. 1935,
(Roots and barks dried and powdered, powder mixed with Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 34: 218. 1937,
water and drunk for ulcer of the mouth. Root paste used for Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/3): 153–232. 1974, Botanical Museum
headache. Leaf juice applied on cuts and wounds, to eject pus Leaflets—Harvard University 28(3): 253–261. 1980, Journal
from the boils, also as hemostatic.) of Ethnopharmacology 9(2–3): 225–236. 1983, Fieldiana,
Bot., n.s. 41: 77–161. 2000, Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora
in Bangladesh: chung faingla
Vascular de Venezuela 272. 2008
in India: bausa-langde, dieng jalongtham, gardek, hanurei, (Bark bitter and astringent, an admixture to coca. Leaf infu-
imphat-champring, jalai, naolungkamchal, saklati, sapak- sion against colds.)
lari-naro, soklati, vakep, vokep
in Peru: chamairo
Mussaenda sanderiana Ridl.
Thailand, Vietnam.
Mutisia L.f. Asteraceae
See Gard. Chron., III, 46: 34. 1909
Named for the Spanish (b. Cadiz) botanist José Célestino
(Tonic, stimulant, strength medicine.) Bruno Mutis y Bosio (Bossio), 1732–1808 (d. Nueva Granada,
now Bogotá, Colombia), physician, clergyman, in 1750
Mussaenda variabilis Hemsl. ex Ridl.
Nueva Granada, Director and leader of the Real Expedición
Malay Peninsula. botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada, sent specimens to
Linnaeus, professor of mathematics. See Supplementum
See J. As. Soc. Straits xxx. 59. 1897 Plantarum 57, 373. 1781, Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus bib-
(Roots for cough; leaves for fevers.) liothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks. London 1800,
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt and
Malay name: balik adap bukit Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland, Plantae aequinoctia-
Mussaenda villosa Wall. ex G. Don (Mussaenda villosa les. 1808, Outlines of Botany 934, 935, 1094, 1111. 1835, A.
Wall.; Mussaenda villosa Wall. & G. Don; Mussaenda vil- Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris
losa Schlecht. ex Hook.f.) 1845, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Handwörterbuch. 600. 1852, Miguel Colmeiro y Penido, La
Thailand, Malaysia. Botánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana.
Mycetia Reinw. Rubiaceae 2587

Madrid 1858 and A.F. Gredilla, Biografia de José Mutis. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen
Madrid 1911, Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of the library Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 137. Berlin & Hamburg, 1989, H.
of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Mass. 1917–1933, Warren R. Dawson, The Banks let- Pflanzennamen. 403. 1996, Eremophila 156. 2007.
ters. London 1958, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
Myoporum laetum G. Forst.
upon Botanists. 2: 533. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute New Zealand. Tree, dark green glandular leaves, small white
Portrait Collection. 279. 1972, J. Vernet, in D.S.B. 15: 429– flowers, oval bright red drupe in clusters
430. 1981, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold,
See Hort. Eltham. t. 49, fig. 57. 1732, Species Plantarum 2:
Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 754f. 1993.
638. 1753, Iter Hispanicum 193. 1758, Florulae Insularum
Mutisia hamata Reiche (Mutisia microphylla Willd. ex DC.; Australium Prodromus 44. 1786 and Regnum Veg. 127: 25.
Mutisia philippii R.E. Fr.) 1993, Insect Science and Its Application 14(5): 697–700.
1993, Brenesia 41–42: 73–80. 1994, Philippine Journal
Chile.
of Science 126(2): 155–162. 1997, Insect Science and Its
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(1): Application 18(2): 149–155. 1998, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed.
6, f. 17. 1838 and Anales de la Universidad de Chile 115: 103. 2: 45. 2006
1904, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis
1(1): 92. 1905 (The tree and especially the fruits are poisonous and should
not be eaten. Extracts of the plant used to control intesti-
(To stop bleeding during menstruation and childbirth.) nal worms, herpes, inflammation, insect bites, ulcers and
in Chile: copihue wounds. Leaves insecticidal, acaricidal, leaves steeped and
the brew administered to people suffering from fish or mus-
sel poisoning. Veterinary medicine, leaves for horse’s legs.)
Mycetia Reinw. Rubiaceae Maori name: ngaio
Probably from Greek mykes, myketos ‘mushroom, fungus,
any knobbed round body’; Latin mycetias, Greek myketias
seismos, for mycematias, an earthquake attenden with a Myosotis L. Boraginaceae
rumbling noise, Greek myketes ‘bellower’; see Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Latin myosota, ae and myosotis, idis (Plinius), Greek myo-
Ind. 986. 1826, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 2: 9. Ratisbonae, sotis, myosotidos (mus, mys, myos ‘mouse’ and ous, otos
1824–1828 and M.P. Nayar, Meaning of Indian Flowering ‘ear’), referring to the hairy leaves of some species of the
Plant Names. 233. Dehra Dun 1985. genus; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 131–132.
Mycetia longifolia (Wall.) Kuntze (Adenosacme longifolia 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 63. 1754, Georg Christian
Wall., nom. inval.; Adenosacme longifolia (Wall.) Hook. f.; Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch.
Rondeletia longifolia Wall.; Wendlandia longifolia (Wall.) 601. 1852 and Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 13: 223–224. 1976,
DC.) Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana.
X: 502. 1978, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario
Himalaya, India, Pen. Malaysia. etimologico della lingua italiana. 3: 760. Bologna 1983,
See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 137. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 85(1): 146. 2000,
1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: Turczaninowia 3(1): 8. 2000, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow &
412. 1830, The Flora of British India 3(7): 95. 1880, Revis. Leningrad) 86(12): 80–85. 2001.
Gen. Pl. 1: 289. 1891 Myosotis laxa Lehm.
(Roots and leaves extract applied on forehead for cooling North America. Annual, biennial or perennial herb
effect during fever.)
See Plantae e Familiae Asperifoliarum Nuciferae 1: 83. 1818
in India: janthro
(For skin diseases.)
in English: bay forget-me-not, smaller forget-me-not
Myoporum Sol. ex Forster f.
Myosotis sylvatica Ehrenb. ex Hoffm. (Myosotis sylvatica
Myoporaceae (Scrophulariaceae)
Baker; Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm.; Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh.
Greek myo, myein ‘to close, shut’ and poros ‘opening, pore’, ex Hoffm.; Myosotis sylvatica H. Mart.)
referring to the glands or transparent spots on the leaves;
China, Himalaya.
see J.G.A. Forster, Florulae insularum australium prodro-
mus. Goettingen, 1786 and Salvatore Battaglia, Grande See Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische
dizionario della lingua italiana. X: 501. Torino, 1978, F. Botanik… (Hoffm.) 1: 61. 1791, Bulletin de la Société
2588 Myosoton Moench Caryophyllaceae

Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13: 258. 1840 and See Fl. Chil. [Gay] 1: 31. 1845, London J. Bot. 6: 458–9 [bis].
Flora of Tropical Africa 4(2): 57. 1905, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. 1847, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 286. 1892 and Aliso 2: 394. 1952,
Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Acta Fac. Rerum Novon 4: 78. 1994
Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 27: 127–133. 1979, Bot. Zhurn.
(Magic, a protection against witches.)
72: 1069–1074. 1987, Watsonia 18: 415–417. 1991, Watsonia
19: 134–137. 1992, Preslia 65: 325–334. 1993, Kochia 2: Myosurus cupulatus S. Watson
31–35. 2007
North America.
(Plant decoction used in rheumatic pains.)
See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. 17: 362. 1882
in English: garden forget-me-not, scorpion grass, wood for-
(Used both externally and internally as an aid for ant bites or
get-me-not, woodland forget-me-not
swallowing an ant.)
in China: wu wang cao shu
Myosurus minimus Linnaeus (Myosurus lepturus Greene;
Myosurus lepturus var. filiformis (Greene) Greene; Myosurus
minimus subsp. major (Greene) G.R. Campbell; Myosurus
Myosoton Moench Caryophyllaceae minimus var. filiformis Greene; Myosurus minimus var.
From the Latin myosoton applied by Plinius to the plant alsine, major (Greene) K.C. Davis)
see Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: North America.
a staminum situ describendi (Moench) 225. 1794, Flora
Hallandica [5–6]: 77. 1817–1819, Flora Germanica See Sp. Pl. 1: 284. 1753
Excursoria 795. 1832 and Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999. (Applied to ant bites.)
Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench (Alsine aquatica Britton;
Alsine aquatica (L.) Britton; Cerastium aquaticum (L.)
Fr.; Cerastium aquaticum L.; Larbrea aquatica A.St.- Myrcia DC. ex Guill. Myrtaceae
Hil.; Larbrea aquatica Ser.; Larbrea aquatica (L.) Ser.;
Possibly from the Greek myron ‘a perfume, ointment, scent’,
Malachium aquaticum (L.) Fries; Myosanthus aquaticus (L.)
see Saint-Hilaire de, Auguste (1779–1853), Flora Brasiliae
Desv.; Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scopoli)
meridionalis / auctore Augusto de Saint-Hilaire; accedunt
China. tabulae delineatae a Turpinio aerique incisae. Parisiis: Apud
A. Belin, 1825–1833, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. [Bory] 11: 406
See Species Plantarum 1: 439. 1753, Flora Carniolica
(378, 401). 1827, Prodr. (DC.) 3: 242. 1828, Linnaea 27: 5.
2(1): 319. 1774, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri
1855, Planchon, Jules Emile (1823–1888), Notice sur la vie et
Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi 225. 1794,
les travaux de J. Cambessèdes. Paris, 1864 and Fl. Suriname
Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la
3: 56–158. 1951, Fl. Guayane Française 3: 138–167. 1953,
Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 5: 227. 1816, Flora
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/2): 569–818. 1958,
Hallandica 78. 1817–1819, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 395. 1824, Memoirs of the Torrey Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/3): 283–405. 1963, Mem. New York
Botanical Club 5(23): 356. 1894 Bot. Gard. 18(2): 55–286. 1969, Brenesia 31: 53–73. 1989,
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 728–784. 2007,
(Used medicinally, a decoction of the leaves as a galactagogue.) Loefgrenia 126: 4. 2008.
in English: water chickweed Myrcia bracteata (Rich.) DC. (Eugenia bracteata Rich.;
in China: e chang cai Eugenia bracteata Roxb.; Eugenia bracteata (Willd.)
Raeusch. ex DC., nom. illeg.; Eugenia bracteata Vell., nom.
illeg.; Eugenia bracteata Korth.; Eugenia hirsuta Ruiz &
Pav.; Eugenia lanceolata Cambess.; Eugenia lanceolata O.
Myosurus L. Ranunculaceae
Berg, nom. illeg.; Eugenia lanceolata Lam.; Myrcia hirtel-
From the Greek mus, myos, mys ‘mouse’ and oura ‘a tail’, laefolia Gleason; Myrcia hirtellifolia Gleason; Myrcia lan-
referring to the fruiting elongated spikes; see Carl Linnaeus ceolata Cambess.; Myrcia bracteata DC.; Myrcia lanceolata
(Carl von Linnaeus, Carl von Linné), Species Plantarum. 1: var. angustifolia Cambess.; Myrcia lanceolata var. avenia
284. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 137. 1754. O. Berg; Myrcia lanceolata var. grandifolia O. Berg; Myrcia
lanceolata var. latifolia O. Berg; Myrcia lanceolata var. rac-
Myosurus apetalus Gay (Myosurus aristatus Bentham,
emosa O. Berg)
nom. illeg. later homonym; Myosurus aristatus Bentham ex
Hooker, nom. illeg.; Myosurus aristatus var. apetalus (Gay) South America.
Huth; Myosurus minimus var. aristatus (Bentham ex Hooker)
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 200. 1789,
B. Boivin, nom. illeg.)
Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 110.
North America. 1792, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2: 969. 1800,
Myrcia DC. ex Guill. Myrtaceae 2589

Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) glaucescens var. grandifolia O. Berg; Aulomyrcia glauce-
3: 245, 264. 1828, Florae Fluminensis 5: 209, t. 40. 1829 scens var. parvifolia O. Berg; Aulomyrcia laruotteana
[1825 publ. 7 Sep-28 Nov 1829], Fl. Flumin. Icon. 5: t. 40. (Cambess.) O. Berg var. peruviana O. Berg; Aulomyrcia
1831 [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Fl. Bras. Merid. 2: 329. 1832, multiflora (Lam.) O. Berg; Aulomyrcia multiflora var. gran-
Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 2: 230. difolia O. Berg; Aulomyrcia ovalifolia O. Berg; Aulomyrcia
1834, Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en ovalis O. Berg; Aulomyrcia perforata O. Berg; Aulomyrcia
Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging sphaerocarpa (DC.) O. Berg; Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa var.
1: 205. 1847, Fl. Bras. 14(1): 155–156. 1857, Enumeratio arborescens O. Berg; Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa var. com-
Plantarum Zeylaniae 119. 1859 and Bulletin of the Torrey plicata O. Berg; Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa var. gracilis O.
Botanical Club 58: 411. 1931, Indian Forester 74: 336. 1948, Berg; Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa var. intermedia O. Berg;
Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 15: 186. 1957, Napaea. Revista Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa var. obtusata O. Berg; Aulomyrcia
de botânica 11: 36. 1995, Oliveira-Filho, A.T. Catálogo das sphaerocarpa var. ovata O. Berg; Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa
Árvores nativas de Minas Gerais. Editora UFLA, Lavas, var. pauciflora O. Berg; Aulomyrcia vinacea Steyerm.;
Brasil. 2006 [as Myrcia guianensis.] Cumetea multiflora (Lam.) Raf.; Eugenia multiflora Hook.
(Essential oils.) & Arn.; Eugenia multiflora Lam.; Eugenia multiflora Rich.,
nom. illeg.; Myrcia caerulescens (O. Berg) Kiaersk.; Myrcia
Myrcia inaequiloba (DC.) D. Legrand (Aulomyrcia edulis O. camaraeana DC.; Myrcia ellipticifolia Cambess.; Myrcia gla-
Berg; Aulomyrcia inaequiloba (DC.) Amshoff; Aulomyrcia berrima Barb. Rodr. ex Chodat & Hassl., nom. nud.; Myrcia
inaequiloba var. nitida (Benth.) Amshoff; Aulomyrcia inae- glaucescens (O. Berg) Kiaersk.; Myrcia multiflora f. glauce-
quiloba var. paniculata (O. Berg) Amshoff; Aulomyrcia lan- scens (O. Berg) D. Legrand; Myrcia multiflora f. ovalifolia
cifolia O. Berg; Aulomyrcia paniculata O. Berg; Aulomyrcia (O. Berg) D. Legrand; Myrcia multiflora var. glaucescens
pirarensis O. Berg; Eugenia inaequiloba DC.; Eugenia (O. Berg) D. Legrand; Myrcia multiflora var. microsiphonata
nitida Benth.; Eugenia nitida Cambess.; Eugenia polyantha (D. Legrand) D. Legrand; Myrcia multiflora var. ramulosa
Phil.; Eugenia polyantha Miq.; Eugenia polyantha Barb. D. Legrand; Myrcia ovalifolia (O. Berg) Kiaersk.; Myrcia
Rodr., nom. nud.; Eugenia polyantha Wall.; Myrceugenia sphaerocarpa DC.; Myrcia stenocarpa Krug & Urb.; Myrtus
obtusa (DC.) O. Berg var. polyantha (Phil.) O. Berg; Myrcia fragrans Ruiz ex O. Berg; Myrtus multiflora (Lam.) Spreng.)
edulis (O. Berg) Krug & Urb.; Myrcia inaequiloba (DC.)
Lemée; Myrcia inaequiloba (DC.) McVaugh; Myrcia qui- South America.
tarensis (Benth.) Sagot; Myrciaria nitida (Benth.) O. Berg; See Encycl. 3: 202. 1789, Syst. Veg. 2: 485. 1825, Prodr. 3:
Myrciaria nitida var. chartacea O. Berg; Myrciaria nitida 244, 251. 1828, Fl. Bras. Merid. 2: 312. 1832, Sylva Tellur.:
var. coriacea O. Berg; Myrciaria nitida var. dives O. Berg; 106. 1838, Linnaea 27: 47, 51. 1855, Fl. Bras. 14(1): 80–83,
Myrciaria polyantha (Miq.) O. Berg; Syzygium polyanthum 85–86, 91, 107. 1857, Linnaea 30: 660. 1861, Enum. Myrt.
(Wight) Walp.; Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Masam., nom. Bras.: 79, 83–84. 1893 and Bull. Herb. Boissier, II, 7: 803.
illeg., non Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.) 1907, Fl. Trinidad & Tobago 1(6): 333–352. 1934, Fl.
South America, Panama, Brazil. Guayane Française 3: 138–167. 1953, Fieldiana, Bot. 28:
1008. 1957, Fl. Ilustr. Catar. 1(Mirt.): 305, 308–309, 312.
See Species Plantarum 1: 470–471. 1753, De Fructibus 1969, Fl. Anal. Fitogeográfica Estado São Paulo 3: 548–
et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 166. 1788, Dictionnaire 610. 1970, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo)
classique d’histoire naturelle 11: 378, 401, 406. 1827, A 46(1): 113–119. 1988, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Numerical List of Dried Specimens sub. n. 3603. 1828, (Tokyo) 50(3): 429–431. 2002
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 282.
1828, Botanical Miscellany 2: 17. 1831, J. Bot. (Hooker) (Leaves antidiabetic.)
22: 322. 1840, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 2: 180. Myrcia paivae O. Berg (Myrcia frontinensis Hieron.; Myrcia
1843, Linnaea 18: 741. 1844[1845], Linnaea 27: 35, 41, 50, frontinensis var. gamaeana Glaz.; Myrcia paivae var. graci-
136, 320, 322, 324–325. 1854 [1856], Linnaea 28: 639. 1857, lis Lingelsh.)
Linnaea 30: 657–658, 699. 1861, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie South America. Shrub, edible seeds
19: 582. 1895 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2,
See Fl. Bras. 14(1): 179. 1857, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20(49): 63.
7: 806. 1907, Enum. Phan. Born. 537. 1942, Recueil des
1895 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54(3c): 210. 1908, Repert.
Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 42: 7–8. 1949 [1950], Fl.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 243. 1909
Guyane Franç. 3: 150. 1954, Atas do Simpósio sobre a Biota
Amazônica 149. 1967 [1968], Taxon 17(4): 378. 1968 (Used as a pre-partum remedy. Leaves and bark infusion
antimalarial.)
(Antidiabetic.)
Myrcia speciosa (Amshoff) McVaugh (Aulomyrcia speciosa
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. (Aulomyrcia caerulescens O.
Amshoff)
Berg; Aulomyrcia caesia O. Berg; Aulomyrcia camareana
(DC.) O. Berg; Aulomyrcia glaucescens O. Berg; Aulomyrcia Central America, Guyana.
2590 Myrcia DC. ex Guill. Myrtaceae

See Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 42: 5. O. Berg; Myrcia klotzschiana O. Berg; Myrcia klotzschiana
1950, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 118(2): var. impellucida O. Berg; Myrcia kunthiana Steud.; Myrcia
106. 1969, Biological Trace Element Research 103(3): 277– laevigata O. Berg; Myrcia laevigata var. brunnea O. Berg;
290. 2005 Myrcia laevigata var. canescens O. Berg; Myrcia lampros-
ericea Diels; Myrcia langsdorffii O. Berg; Myrcia latifolia
(Antidiabetic, hypoglycemizant.)
O. Berg; Myrcia lindeniana O. Berg; Myrcia longicaudata
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. (Aulomyrcia costata Lundell; Myrcia luetzelburgii Burret ex Luetzelb.; Myrcia
(DC.) O. Berg; Aulomyrcia wullschlaegeliana O. Berg; macrophylla DC.; Myrcia magnoliifolia DC.; Myrcia mag-
Calyptromyrcia costata (DC.) O. Berg; Cumetea divaricata noliifolia var. angustifolia O. Berg; Myrcia magnoliifolia
(Lam.) Raf.; Eugenia divaricata Lam.; Eugenia fallax Rich.; var. latifolia O. Berg; Myrcia magnoliifolia var. parvifolia O.
Eugenia laxiflora Poir.; Eugenia mikaniana DC.; Eugenia Berg; Myrcia martiana O. Berg; Myrcia martinicensis Krug
mollis Willd. ex O. Berg; Eugenia paniculiflora Steud.; & Urb.; Myrcia melanoclada O. Berg; Myrcia melanosticta
Eugenia periplocaefolia Jacq.; Eugenia periplocifolia Jacq.; Kiaersk.; Myrcia micrantha O. Berg; Myrcia mikaniana
Myrcia acuminata (Kunth) DC.; Myrcia acuminata var. bul- (DC.) O. Berg; Myrcia mikaniana var. angustifolia O. Berg;
lata O. Berg; Myrcia acuminata var. genuina O. Berg, nom. Myrcia mikaniana var. latifolia O. Berg; Myrcia negrensis
inval.; Myrcia acuminata var. meridensis O. Berg; Myrcia O. Berg; Myrcia nitens O. Berg; Myrcia oocarpa Cambess.;
acuminata var. peruviana O. Berg; Myrcia acuminata var. Myrcia oerstediana O. Berg; Myrcia opaca O. Berg; Myrcia
tovarensis O. Berg; Myrcia acutata O. Berg; Myrcia acuti- opaca var. angustifolia O. Berg; Myrcia opaca var. latifolia
loba O. Berg; Myrcia aguitensis Gleason; Myrcia alagoensis O. Berg; Myrcia oxyoentophylla Kiaersk.; Myrcia pellucida
O. Berg; Myrcia alagoensis var. intermedia O. Berg; Myrcia O. Berg; Myrcia phaeoclada O. Berg; Myrcia phaeoclada
alagoensis var. oblongata O. Berg; Myrcia alagoensis var. var. alagoensis O. Berg; Myrcia phaeoclada var. guyanen-
ovata O. Berg; Myrcia augustana Kiaersk.; Myrcia ayresi- sis O. Berg; Myrcia plicatocostata O. Berg; Myrcia pohli-
ana O. Berg; Myrcia barrensis O. Berg; Myrcia belizensis ana O. Berg; Myrcia pseudomini DC.; Myrcia reticulata O.
Lundell; Myrcia berberis Schauer, nom. illeg.; Myrcia ber- Berg; Myrcia riedeliana O. Berg; Myrcia riparia O. Berg;
beris DC.; Myrcia berberis var. angustifolia O. Berg; Myrcia Myrcia rostrata DC.; Myrcia rostrata f. communis (O. Berg)
berberis var. latifolia O. Berg; Myrcia brachylopadia Diels; D. Legrand; Myrcia rostrata f. flexuosa Soares-Silva; Myrcia
Myrcia bracteolaris (Poir.) DC.; Myrcia brandamii O. Berg; rostrata f. gracilis (O. Berg) D. Legrand; Myrcia rostrata f.
Myrcia catharinae O. Berg; Myrcia chilensis O. Berg; Myrcia pseudomini (DC.) D. Legrand; Myrcia rostrata f. sericiflora
ciarensis O. Berg; Myrcia communis O. Berg; Myrcia com- (O. Berg) D. Legrand; Myrcia rostrata var. brunea Cambess.;
munis var. glabrata O. Berg; Myrcia communis var. latifolia Myrcia rufidula Schltdl.; Myrcia rufula Miq.; Myrcia rufula
O. Berg; Myrcia complicata (Kunth) DC.; Myrcia compressa var. martiana (O. Berg) Kiaersk.; Myrcia sartoriana O. Berg;
Gleason; Myrcia corcovadensis O. Berg; Myrcia coroicensis Myrcia saxicola O. Berg; Myrcia saxicola var. grandifolia O.
Rusby; Myrcia costa-ricensis O. Berg; Myrcia costaricensis Berg; Myrcia schippii Lundell; Myrcia schuechiana O. Berg;
O. Berg; Myrcia costata DC.; Myrcia costata var. bahien- Myrcia sellowiana O. Berg; Myrcia sellowiana var. bullata
sis O. Berg; Myrcia costata var. minensis O. Berg; Myrcia O. Berg; Myrcia sellowiana var. costata O. Berg; Myrcia
coumetoides O. Berg; Myrcia cucullata O. Berg; Myrcia sepiaria DC.; Myrcia sericea O. Berg, nom. illeg.; Myrcia
dictyoneura Diels; Myrcia discolor O. Berg; Myrcia divari- sericiflora O. Berg; Myrcia sororia DC.; Myrcia splendens
cata (Lam.) DC.; Myrcia elongata O. Berg; Myrcia elongata var. chrysocoma McVaugh; Myrcia splendens var. genuina
var. brunnea O. Berg; Myrcia elongata var. grandifolia O. O. Berg, nom. inval.; Myrcia splendens var. guantanamana
Berg; Myrcia elongata var. ochracea O. Berg; Myrcia eryth- Borhidi & O. Muñiz; Myrcia splendens var. micropora O.
roxylon O. Berg; Myrcia erythroxylon var. caerulescens O. Berg; Myrcia splendens var. obscura O. Berg; Myrcia splen-
Berg; Myrcia fallax (Rich.) DC.; Myrcia formosiana DC.; dens var. robustior Kuntze; Myrcia spruceana O. Berg;
Myrcia friburgensis O. Berg; Myrcia gardneriana O. Berg; Myrcia superba O. Berg; Myrcia tingens O. Berg; Myrcia
Myrcia gatunensis Standl.; Myrcia gracilis O. Berg; Myrcia velutina O. Berg; Myrcia velutina var. canescens O. Berg;
gracilis var. opaca O. Berg; Myrcia gracilis var. prasina O. Myrcia velutina var. ochracea O. Berg; Myrcia venezuelensis
Berg; Myrcia gracilis var. sessiliflora O. Berg; Myrcia guaja- O. Berg; Myrcia ypanemensis O. Berg; Myrtus acuminata
vifolia O. Berg; Myrcia guajavifolia f. grandifolia Kiaersk.; Kunth; Myrtus bracteolaris Poir.; Myrtus complicata Kunth;
Myrcia guajavifolia var. bullata O. Berg; Myrcia guajavifo- Myrtus deflexa Kunth; Myrtus polyantha Kunth; Myrtus
lia var. impunctata O. Berg; Myrcia guajavifolia var. per- splendens Sw.; Myrtus stoupii Spreng.)
forata O. Berg; Myrcia hayneana DC.; Myrcia hayneana
Tropical America. Bush
var. paraensis O. Berg; Myrcia humboldtiana DC., nom.
illeg.; Myrcia humboldtiana var. caribaea O. Berg; Myrcia See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
humboldtiana var. orinocensis O. Berg; Myrcia impressa (Swartz) 79. 1788, Nov. Gen. Sp. 6: 140–142. 1823, Syst. Veg.
O. Berg; Myrcia kegeliana O. Berg; Myrcia kegeliana var. 2: 484. 1825, Prodr. 3: 243–246, 248–249, 252, 254–256, 283.
angustifolia O. Berg; Myrcia kegeliana var. latifolia O. 1828, Fl. Bras. Merid. 2: 298, 321. 1832, Linnaea 19: 440.
Berg; Myrcia kegeliana var. longifolia O. Berg; Myrcia keg- 1846, Linnaea 21: 273. 1848, Linnaea 27: 48, 86, 92, 94–97,
eliana var. pendula O. Berg; Myrcia kegeliana var. vulgaris 99–102, 104–105, 111–114, 120–121. 1855, Fieldiana, Bot.
Myrcianthes O. Berg Myrtaceae 2591

29: 193. 1856, Fl. Bras. 14(1): 56, 79, 157, 159–162, 164–165, Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh (Amyrsia compressa
167–170, 173–179, 181–184, 186–187, 189, 197–199. 1857, (Kunth) Kausel; Amyrsia limbata (Kunth) Kausel; Anamomis
Linnaea 29: 219–220. 1858, Fl. Bras. 14(1): 562–565. 1859, dichotoma (DC.) Sarg.; Anamomis dicrana (Berg) Britton;
Enum. Myrt. Bras.: 52, 54–55, 57. 1893, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Anamomis fragrans (Sw.) Griseb.; Anamomis lucayana
19: 586. 1895 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 594–596. 1906, Bull. Britton; Anamomis punctata (Vahl) Griseb.; Anamomis
Torrey Bot. Club 58: 409–410. 1931, Amer. Midl. Naturalist simpsonii Small; Eugenia balbisiana (DC.) O. Berg;
29: 481–482. 1943, Wrightia 2: 213. 1961, Fl. Ilustr. Catar. Eugenia compressa (Kunth) DC.; Eugenia dichotoma DC.;
1(Mirt.): 240, 243. 1969, Fl. Lesser Antilles 5: 463–532. 1989, Eugenia dicrana Berg; Eugenia fajardensis (Krug & Urb.)
Bradea 8: 323. 2002 Urb.; Eugenia fragrans (Sw.) Willd.; Eugenia fragrans var.
(Flowers infusion drunk for colic.) brachyrhiza Krug & Urb.; Eugenia fragrans var. fajardensis
Krug & Urb.; Eugenia limbata (Kunth) DC.; Eugenia lope-
Myrcia stenocarpa Krug & Urb. (Aulomyrcia laruotte- ziana Ant. Molina; Eugenia punctata Vahl; Eugenia simp-
ana var. peruviana O. Berg; Aulomyrcia multiflora (Lam.) sonii (Small) Sarg.; Eugenia steyermarkii Standl.; Eugenia
O. Berg; Aulomyrcia multiflora var. grandifolia O. Berg; triflora Sessé & Moc.; Myrcia balbisiana DC.; Myrcia seleri-
Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa (DC.) O. Berg; Aulomyrcia ana Donn. Sm.; Myrcianthes compressa (Kunth) McVaugh;
sphaerocarpa var. complicata O. Berg; Aulomyrcia vina- Myrcianthes dicrana (Berg) K.A. Wilson; Myrcianthes fra-
cea Steyerm.; Eugenia multiflora Lam.; Eugenia multiflora grans var. fragrans; Myrcianthes fragrans var. hispidula
Hook. & Arn.; Eugenia multiflora Lam.; Myrcia multiflora McVaugh; Myrcianthes limbata (Kunth) McVaugh; Myrtus
(Lam.) DC.; Myrcia sphaerocarpa DC.; Myrtus fragrans biflora Sessé & Moc.; Myrtus compressa Kunth; Myrtus fra-
Ruiz ex O. Berg) grans Sw.; Myrtus limbata Kunth; Myrtus splendens Sw.)
South America, Trinidad. Shrub S. Florida to Trop. America. Tree, trunk with reddish smooth
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 302. 1789, flaking bark, red fruits in long-stalked clusters and com-
Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle 11: 378, monly in pairs, seeds with fleshy cotyledons
401, 406. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni See Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/3): 283–405. 1963, Brenesia 31:
Vegetabilis 3: 244, 251. 1828, Linnaea 27: 47, 51. 1855, 53–73. 1989, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2):
Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 85–86, 91. 1857, Linnaea 30: 660. 1566, 1570–1580. 2001, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of
1861, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. Kew. 2003 [as
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 19(5): 584–585. 1895 Myrcianthes montana.], Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]
and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 802. 1907, Fl.
Trinidad & Tobago 1(6): 333–352. 1934, Fieldiana, Botany (Febrifuge.)
28: 1008. 1957 in English: naked wood, twinberry
(Antidiabetes, used for diarrhea, hypertension, enteritis, Myrcianthes orthostemon (O. Berg) Grifo (Eugenia ortho-
hemorrhage and mouth ulcers.) stemon O. Berg)
in Brazil: pedra hume caá, pedra-ume-caá South America.
Myrcia subsessilis O. Berg (Myrcia subsessilis var. ovalis O. See Species Plantarum 1: 470–471. 1753, Linnaea 27(2–3):
Berg; Myrcia subsessilis var. subcordata O. Berg) 179–180. 1854[1856] and Monographs in Systematic Botany
South America. Shrub from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: 1257. 1993
See Linnaea 31: 251–252. 1862 (Fruit purgative.)
(Bark chewed for toothache.)
Myrcia uniflora Barb. Rodr. Myrciaria O. Berg Myrtaceae
South America, Paraguay. Referring to the genus Myrcia, or an anagram of Myricaria,
see Linnaea 27(2–3): 136, 320, 328. 1854[1856] and Taxon 5:
See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 802. 1907,
143. 1956, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45(2): 165–201. 1958,
Chemical Research in Toxicology. 19(3): 351–355. 2006
Lilloa 32: 345. 1966, Loefgrenia 51: 1, 5. 1976, Fl. Lesser
(Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by Myrcia uniflora Antilles 5: 463–532. 1989, Brenesia 31: 53–73. 1989, Brittonia
flavonoids.) 49(4): 508–536. 1997.
Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (Eugenia divaricata
Benth.; Eugenia grandiglandulosa Kiaersk.; Eugenia
Myrcianthes O. Berg Myrtaceae
spruceana O. Berg; Marlierea macedoi D. Legrand;
Genus Myrcia plus Greek anthos ‘flower’, see Linnaea 27(2– Myrciaria caurensis Steyerm.; Myrciaria divaricata (Benth.)
3): 136, 315. 1854[1856]. O. Berg; Myrciaria lanceolata O. Berg; Myrciaria lanceolata
2592 Myriactis Less. Asteraceae

var. angustifolia O. Berg; Myrciaria lanceolata var. glom- See Flore d’Oware 1: 16–17, t. 11. 1804 [1805], Botanische
erata O. Berg; Myrciaria lanceolata var. laxa O. Berg; Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Myrciaria obscura O. Berg; Myrciaria paraensis O. Berg; Pflanzengeographie 20: 149. 1894 and Journal of Botany,
Myrciaria phillyraeoides O. Berg; Myrciaria riedeliana O. British and Foreign 1915: 354. 1915
Berg; Myrciaria spruceana O. Berg; Myrtus phillyraeoides
(Juice from leaves, stems and roots purgative, vermifuge,
(O. Berg) Willd. ex O. Berg; Psidium dubium Kunth)
laxative, carminative, for diarrhea. Fruit decoction lacto-
Trop. South America. genic. Leaves used for improving lactation in women, leaves
pounded, boiled and the liquid drunk. Antidiarrheal, treat-
See Species Plantarum 1: 470–471. 1753, Nova Genera et
ment of dysentery and diarrhea with bark infusions. Seeds
Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 152, t. 546 bis. 1823, Flora
used for boils. Roots boiled and the liquid gargled to treat
Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 2: ed. fol. 269. 1833,
sore throat. Bark roasted, pounded and mixed with salt, then
Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical
licked by a person suffering from hiccups; bark decoction for
Miscellany 2: 319. 1840, Linnaea 27(2–3): 136, 320, 326–
diabetes. Other medicinal uses are for headaches, swellings
327, 334. 1854 [1856], Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 257, 363–
and tumours. Poison, for termites.)
365, 374. 1857, Flora Brasiliensis 14(1): 598. 1859, Enum.
Myrt. Bras. 181. 1893 and Fieldiana, Botany 28: 1020. 1957, in English: corkwood, giant yellow mulberry
Comunicaciones Botanicas del Museo de Historia Natural
in Angola: dijikala-kala, mbuba, mupalapanga, muxibiri,
de Montevideo 40: 27. 1962, Fieldiana, Botany 29(8): 501–
muzubidi, pernanbuco, umbukusu, vuiba
502. 1963, CIS Chromosome Information Service 54: 16–17.
1993, Napaea. Revista de Botânica 9: 13–41. 1993 in Cameroon: angom, bokekou, engakom, mongo
(Emollient, demulcent.) in Congo: akawa, akawakawa, akpekpe, awaawa, besisi,
embwembwe, ikamu, kawakawa, komu, mbombo, nsongoti,
okamon, thesisi; bakombu, bonkowna mokili (Kundu); bal-
andu (Mayogo); bokamu, bonkomu (Lingala); bokomu (lake
Myriactis Less. Asteraceae
Mai-Ndombe); bongunguna, ongunguna (Turumbu); buba,
Greek myria ‘many’ and aktis ‘a ray, sunbeam’, referring to m’buba (Mayumbe); dikomokomo, mokamu a mukomo,
the ray florets, see Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1818: 34. mukomu, munkala (Tshiluba); ekama, ekamu (Musa); gwolo
1818, Linnaea 6: 127. 1831. (Likimi); mamala (Kinande); mutuse (Kisantu); tshikala
kala (Kaniama)
Myriactis nepalensis Less. (Dichrocephala leveillei Vaniot)
in Ivory Coast: anianahia, doba, grand wounian, niangama
China, Himalaya.
in Malawi: chiwere, mkwakwa, mufwisa, mukwajo, mwa(n)
See Linnaea 6: 128–129. 1831, Archives de Botanique 2:
ja
517. 1833 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de
Géographie, Botanique 12(161–162): 241–242. 1903, J. Cytol. in Nigeria: alade, bekeku, charaka, ebisheghe, ekokom,
Genet. 22: 162–163. 1987, Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 427–437. 1989 ekokwan, ibisere, ibishere, ihi-egghi, ihieghe, isasa, kekeku,
ndisok, ntinsek, obishere, oseghe, tsakpachi, ujuju, wakeku
(Dried leaves smoked as tobacco.)
in Tanzania: isakama, liwisa, mdewerere, mfutsa, mfuza,
mhunsa, mkonde, mkwayaga, mlowelowe, umufe
Myrianthus P. Beauv. Cecropiaceae (Urticaceae) Myrianthus holstii Engl.
Greek myria, myrioi ‘many’ and anthos ‘a flower’, referring East Africa, Tanzania. Evergreen tree, often with stilt roots,
to the many and tiny flowers; see Flore d’Oware 1: 16. 1804 short trunk branching close to the ground, very large palmate
[1805] and J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses leaves, male and female flowers on separate trees, male flow-
d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et ers on thick branched heads densely covered with tiny green
Technique. Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique flowers with orange anthers, female flowers on a stalked head
Centrale. CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989. yellow, roundish compound pineapple-shaped edible fruits,
each seed in a section surrounded by acidic edible pulp, fresh
Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. (Myrianthus talbotii Rendle)
fleshy fruits eaten raw, rain forest, in lowland and mountain
Tanzania, Uganda. Tree or shrub, short trunk, ascending forests, riverbanks, moist valleys
thick branches, spreading crown, thick stilt roots, watery
See Monographien Afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und
sap below bark, huge leaves red when young, separate male
-Gattungen 1: 41. 1898
and female flowers, compound fruit bright yellow, soft pulp
inside, a thin layer of sweet gelatinous flesh around one hard (Juice from leaves, stems and roots purgative, vermifuge, lax-
oval light brown seed, sweet ripe fruits eaten raw, fruits used ative, carminative, for diarrhea. Roots used in the treatment
as fodder for pigs, bee forage of sore throats; bark roasted, pounded and mixed with salt,
Myrica L. Myricaceae 2593

then licked by a person suffering from hiccups. A squeeze of in English: bayberry, California bayberry, California wax-
the leaves dropped into pink eyes to relieve pains. Veterinary myrtle, Pacific bayberry, wax myrtle
medicine, leaves for wounds, injuries, mastitis.)
Myrica caroliniensis Mill. (Cerothamnus carolinensis
in English: giant yellow mulberry (Mill.) Tidestr.; Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small)
in Burundi: umwufe North America.

in Congo: a’awa, akawa, akawafefe, awa-awa, bembek- See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Flora
enye, bwamba, ishike, kawakawa, kisike, kyamba, komu, Cochinchinensis 537, 548. 1790 and Flora of the Southeastern
mbwembwe, mufe, mwamba, tshefu, umufe, umwufe United States 337, 1329. 1903, Elysium Marianum. Ferns
and fern-allies… 40–41. 1910
in East Africa: mfutsa, mugunga, mutuya
(For venereal diseases, skin infections.)
in Kenya: mutuya
Myrica cerifera L. (Cerophora lanceolata Rafinesque;
in S. Rhodesia: muDenya, guvu Cerothamnus arborescens (Castiglioni) Tidestrom;
in Southern Africa: muDenya, guvu, muTeswa Cerothamnus cerifer (L.) Small; Cerothamnus ceriferus
(Linnaeus) Small; Cerothamnus pumilus (Michaux) Small;
in Tanzania: isakama, libangala, liwisa, mabagala, mahusa, Morella cerifera (Linnaeus) Small; Myrica cerifera var.
mdewerere, mftsa, mfutsa, mfuza, mkonde, mkonde dume, angustifolia C. DC.; Myrica cerifera var. angustifolia Aiton;
mkwaliti, mkwayaga, mlowelowe, mskisya, msuisya, Myrica cerifera var. arborescens Castiglioni; Myrica cer-
mswiza, mufutsa, muhusa, mvalambi ifera var. dubia A. Chevalier; Myrica cerifera var. pumila
Michaux; Myrica mexicana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.;
Myrica pumila (Michaux) Small; Myrica pusilla Rafinesque;
Myrica L. Myricaceae Myrica xalapensis Kunth)
From the Greek name for tamarisk, myrike, from myron North and Central America, Bermuda. Small many-branched
‘a perfume, ointment, scent’; Latin myrice, es, and myrica, tree or a shrub, strictly dioecious, oblanceolate aromatic
ae ‘tamarisk’. C. Plinius Secundus, Naturalis historia 13, glandular leaves, flower catkins/clusters from the old wood,
116; “pinguia corticibus sudent electra myricae”, Publius spirally arranged scale-like bracts tightly enclosing the devel-
Vergilius Maro, Eclogae 8, 54; Publius Ovidius Naso, De oping flowers, ripe glandular drupes clustered, an extremely
arte amandi. 1, 747; see Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. variable species, see also Morella cerifera
1753, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 537, 548. 1790, Nova
Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 16. 1817, See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Flora
Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis Secundum Characteres Cochinchinensis 537, 548. 1790, Flora Boreali-Americana
Morphologicas … 2: 16. 1835, Alsographia Americana 11. 2: 228. 1803, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici
1838, Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries 3(23): 272. 1844, Berolinensis, … 2: 1011. 1809, Nova Genera et Species
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 16. 1817, Alsographia Americana
151. 1864, Genera Plantarum 3: 401. 1880, Die Natürlichen 10–11. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Pflanzenfamilien 3(1): 27. 1893 and Mémoires de la Société Vegetabilis 16(2A): 149. 1864 and Flora of the Southeastern
des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 32: 223. 1901, United States 337, 1329. 1903, Elysium Marianum. Ferns
Elysium Marianum. Ferns 40–41. 1910. Salvatore Battaglia, 41. 1910, Flora of Miami 61, 200. 1913, Shrubs of Florida 8,
Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. X: 525–526. 1978, 133. 1913, Castanea 31: 183–185. 1966, Journal of Japanese
Sida 16(1): 99–100, 103. 1994, Taxon 46: 347–348. 1997, Botany 62: 183–188. 1987, Caldasia 23(1): 136–137. 2001,
Taxon 48: 367. 1999. Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]

Myrica californica Chamisso (Gale californica (Chamisso) (Leaves used for a gynecological aid and an emetic; the bark,
Greene; Gale californica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Greene; Morella as a blood purifier and a kidney aid. Leaves and stems decoc-
californica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Wilbur; Myrica californica tion to treat fevers; and roots, to treat inflamed tonsils and
Cham. & Schltdl.) stomachaches, and as a stimulant.)
North America. in English: bayberry, candleberry, southern bayberry, south-
ern wax-myrtle, wax myrtle
See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Traité des
Arbres et Arbustes 1: 253. 1755, Flora Cochinchinensis 537, Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Myrica farquhari-
548. 1790, Linnaea 6(3): 535. 1831, Manual of the Botany ana Wall.; Myrica sapida Wallich)
of the Region of San Francisco Bay … 298. 1894 and Sida
Himalaya. Tree, small tree or shrub, rough bark dark brown,
16(1): 102. 1994
coriaceous leaves stalked entire, yellowish inflorescence,
(Bark used for kidney troubles.) minute unisexual flowers, red succulent fruits eaten
2594 Myrica L. Myricaceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Prodromus in English: bog myrtle, gale, meadow fern, sweet gale
Florae Nepalensis 56. 1825, Tentamen Florae Napalensis
in North America: bois-sent-bon, meadow-fern, myrique
Illustratae 59–60, t. 45. 1826 and Kuang Ko-zen & Lu
baumier, sweet gale
An-ming. Myricaceae. In: Kuang Ko-zen & Li Pei-chun,
eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 21: 1–6. 1979 Myrica hartwegii S. Watson (Gale hartwegii (S. Watson) A.
Chevalier)
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Fruits eaten to treat
indigestion, gas formation and as purgative. Bark astringent, North America.
antiseptic, carminative, a decoction given for fever, asthma,
See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. 10: 350. 1875
diarrhea, cold, cough, affections of the throat; bark juice
given to treat dysentery with bloody stools; paste of the bark (Diuretic.)
applied on the chest to get relief from cough and bronchi-
in North America: Sierra sweet-bay
tis; powder of bark astringent, anthelmintic, febrifuge, given
for gastric troubles, toothache, headache, nasal congestion; Myrica heterophylla Rafinesque (Cerothamnus carolinensis
snuffing the bark powder useful in relieving headache and (Miller) Tidestrom; Myrica cerifera Linnaeus var. augustifo-
toothache. Plant sap for cuts and wounds. Bark as a fish poi- lia C. DC.; Myrica cerifera var. latifolia Aiton; Myrica cur-
son. Veterinary medicine, bark juice given to cattle to treat tissii A. Chevalier; Myrica curtissii var. media (Michaux) A.
liver fluke.) Chevalier; Myrica heterophylla var. curtissii (A. Chevalier)
in English: bay berry, box myrtle, Malay gale, myrtle Fernald; Myrica sessilifolia Rafinesque; Myrica sessilifolia
var. latifolia (Aiton) Rafinesque)
in China: mao yang mei
North America.
in India: achensu, akolich, akolick, audul-barq, azuri, cav-
viyaci, cavviyacimaram, cippirakaruppam, darshishaaan, See Alsographia Americana 9. 1838
kaaphada, kaephal, kaidanyamu, kaidaryama, kaidaryamu, (Blood purifier.)
kaiphal, kaitariyam, kaphal, kaphaw, kataphala, katphal,
katphala, katphalah, kayaphul, keifang, kirishivani, kirus- in English: evergreen bayberry, myrtle, wax-myrtle
nakarppam, kobusi, mahavalkala, marudam-pattai, marula,
Myrica inodora W. Bartram (Cerothamnus inodorus (W.
marulam, marutam, marutamtoli, marutham pattai, meza,
Bartram) Small; Morella inodora (W. Bartram) Small;
naga tenga, qundol, sehlia, soma valka, soh-phie, sohphi
Myrica laureola C. DC.; Myrica obovata C. DC.)
in Malaya: telur chichak
North America
in Nepal: jheremsi, kabasi, kafal, kaiphal, kaphal, karbija,
karpesi, kawasi, kobusi, namun See Travels through North and South Carolina. 403.
Philadelphia 1791
in Sanskrit: katphal, sombrikha
(For kidney disorders.)
Myrica gale L. (Angeia palustris (Lam.) Tidestr.; Gale
palustris A. Chev.; Gale palustris (Lamarck) A. Chevalier, in English: candleberry, odorless bayberry, odorless wax-
nom. illeg.; Gale palustris var. denticulata A. Chev.; Gale myrtle, waxberry, waxtree
palustris var. lusitanica A. Chev.; Gale palustris var. sub-
Myrica pensylvanica Mirbel (Cerothamnus pensylvanica
glabra A. Chev.; Gale palustris var. tomentosa (C. DC.) A.
(Mirbel) Moldenke; Cerothamnus pensylvanicus (Loisel.)
Chev.; Myrica gale L. var. subarctica Rouss.; Myrica gale
Moldenke; Cerothamnus pensylvanicus (Mirb.) Moldenke;
var. subglabra (A. Chev.) Fernald; Myrica gale var. tomen-
Myrica cerifera Linnaeus var. frutescens Castiglioni;
tosa C. DC.; Myrica palustris Lamarck, nom. illeg. superfl.)
Myrica macfarlanei Youngken; Myrica pensylvanica Hort.
North America. Perennial shrub Reg. ex Lam.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1024–1025. 1753, Traité des Arbres North America. Myrica pensylvanica hybridizes quite read-
et Arbustes 1: 253. 1755, Flore Françoise 2: 236. 1779 and ily with both Myrica cerifera and Myrica heterophylla
Monogr. Myricac. 185. 1901, Elysium Marianum. Ferns
37. 1910, Rhodora 16(189): 167. 1914, Revue de Botanique See Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(2): 592. 1788, Traité Arbr. Arbust.
Appliquée et d’Agriculture Tropicale 15: 946. 1936, Canad. Nouv. éd. 2.: 190. 1804 and Revista Sudamer. Bot. 4: 16. 1937
J. Bot. 51: 1965–1975. 1973, Canad. J. Bot. 55: 2636–2651. (Diuretic.)
1977, Systematics Association Special Volume 40(2): 131–
135. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 68. 1993, Watsonia 19: 169–171. in English: candletree, candlewood, Northern bayberry,
1993, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10–15. 1999 small waxberry, swamp candleberry, tallow bayberry, tal-
lowshrub, tallowtree, waxberry
(The pounded branches utilized to prepare decoctions taken
as a diuretic or as a treatment for gonorrhea.) in North America: myrique de Pennsylvanie
Myricaria Desv. Tamaricaceae 2595

Myrica rubra Siebold & Zuccarini (Morella rubra Loureiro; in China: xiu li shui bai zhi
Myrica rubra (Loureiro) Siebold & Zuccarini.; Myrica rubra
in India: chackms, tsuch
var. acuminata Nakai)
Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. (Myricaria germanica
SE Asia. Trees, monoecious, alternate chartaceous leaves
Dyer)
aromatic when crumbed, achlamydeous flowers in catkins,
reddish succulent globose drupes, edible fruit India, China.
See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 537, 548. 1790, Abh. Bayer. See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 349. 1825, The
Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 8 4(3): 230. 1846 and Flora of British India 1(2): 250. 1874 and Acta Biol. Cracov.,
Flora Sylvatica Koreana 20: 64. 1933, Journal of Japanese Ser. Bot. 22: 129–153. 1980, Taxon 29: 729. 1980
Botany 62: 183–188. 1987
(Bark decoction in jaundice, inflammation, kidney, sore throat.
(Diuretic, for venereal diseases.) Leaves emollient, applied to bruises and swollen joints.)
in English: edible bayberry, strawberry tree in India: hombug, umbu
in China: yang mei, chiu tzu Myricaria rosea W.W. Sm.
in Japan: yama-momo China. Woody herb, flower buds pink, petals very light pink
in Okinawa: mumu See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
10(46): 52. 1917
(Aerial parts for wounds, fevers, cough and cold, chicken pox.
Myricaria Desv. Tamaricaceae Leaves and stem antibacterial, used for respiratory diseases.
From the Greek myrike ‘tamarisk’, false tamarisk, see Annales Plant paste taken to treat cold, also applied to relieve backache.)
des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 349. 1825, Nomenclator in Bhutan: chushing-om-bu
Botanicus 1(1): 389. 1873 and Dokl. Akad. Nauk Tadzh. SSR
ser. 2 20(7): 55–57. 1977, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 22: in China: wo sheng shui bai zhi
129–153. 1980, Taxon 29: 729. 1980. in Nepal: angmeo, hanmbu, humpu
Myricaria bracteata Royle (Myricaria alopecuroides
Schrenk; Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. subsp. alopecuroi-
des (Schrenk) Kitam.; Myricaria germanica var. alopecuroi- Myrioneuron R. Br. ex Hook.f. Rubiaceae
des (Schrenk) Maxim.; Myricaria germanica var. bracteata From the Greek myrios ‘many, myriad’ and neuron ‘nerve’,
(Royle) Franch.) referring to the many nerved leaves.
India, China. Myrioneuron nutans Wall. ex Hook.f. (Myrioneuron nutans
See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains Wall. ex Kurz)
… [Royle] 214, t. 44, f. 2. 1835, Enumeratio Plantarum Bhutan to Myanmar.
Novarum 1: 65. 1841, Annales des Sciences Naturelles;
Botanique, sér. 6, 16: 293. 1883, Flora Tangutica 96. 1889 See Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 55. 1877, Fl. Brit. India
and Kitamura, Siro (1906–2002), Flora of Afghanistan. 3: 96. 1880
Results of the Kyoto University Scientific Expedition to the (Juice from stems used as eyedrops for eye diseases.)
Karakoram and Hindukush, 1955, vol. 2 227. 1960
in India: niktumoli
(Whole plant decoction used as blood purifier.)
in China: kuan bao shui bai zhi
Myriophyllum L. Haloragaceae (Haloragidaceae)
in India: hambu
Latin and Greek myriophyllon the plant milfoil, yarrow,
Myricaria elegans Royle (Myrtama elegans (Royle) Ovcz.
Greek myrios ‘many, myriad, numberless, a great many,
& Kinzikaeva; Tamaricaria elegans (Royle) Qaiser & Ali)
countless’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, the leaves are very finely
Himalaya. Fodder for sheep divided; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 992–993.
1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 429. 1754.
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 349. 1825,
Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.;
… 1(6): 214. 1839 and Dokl. Akad. Nauk Tadzh. SSR ser. 2 Myriophyllum spicatum var. muricatum Maxim.)
20(7): 56–57. 1977, Blumea 24(1): 151–155, pl. 1, f. 1b. 1978
China, Eurasia. Rhizomatous, prostrate, branched herb,
(Aerial parts paste applied in rheumatism.) whorled leaves, aerial erect spikes, globular fruits, fodder
2596 Myriopteron Griffith Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

See Species Plantarum 2: 992–993. 1753, Bulletin de Botanique, série 4 4: 22, 30. 1855, Prodromus Systematis
l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 19: Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14: 199–201. 1856, Deutsche
182. 1873 and Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik… 578. 1882,
Regni Vegetabilis 13: 168. 1914, Fl. W. Pakistan 113: 4. 1977, Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 13: 94.
Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 216–218. 1980, Lagascalia 9: 249–284. 1896 and Brittonia 2(5): 406. 1937.
1980, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 80(3):
Myristica andamanica Hook.f.
85–88. 1995
India, Andaman.
(Veterinary medicine.)
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 103. 1886
in English: Eurasian milfoil, spiked water-milfoil,
water-milfoil (Nuts decoction given in fever.)
in China: shui tsao in India: kinhanmo
in Japan: hozaki-no-fusa-mo, kin-gyo-mo Myristica argentea Warb.
Papua New Guinea. Tree

Myriopteron Griffith Asclepiadaceae See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xiii. (1891) 311. 1891
(Apocynaceae) (Nuts astringent, aphrodisiac, for diarrhea.)
From the Greek myrios ‘many, numberless, a great many, in English: long nutmeg, Papua nutmeg
countless’ and pteron ‘wing’, alluding to the papery and
longitudinal wings of the follicles, see Calcutta Journal of in Java: pala lelaki
Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in Myristica cagayanensis Merrill (Myristica heterophylla
India 4: 385. 1844. Hayata; Myristica philippensis Kanehira & Sasaki)
Myriopteron extensum (Wight & Arnott) K. Schumann China, Philippines.
(Myriopteron horsfieldii (Miquel) J.D. Hooker, nom. inval.;
Myriopteron paniculatum Griffith; Streptocaulon extensum See Gen. Ind. Fl. Formos. 61. 1917, Philippine Journal of
Wight & Arnott; Streptocaulon extensum var. paniculatum Science 17(3): 255–256. 1921 [1920 publ. 1921]
(Griffith) Kurz; Streptocaulon horsfieldii Miquel) (Large dosage can cause death. Astringent, bactericidal, car-
China, India, Indonesia. Lianas, branchlets lenticellate, inflo- minative, for diarrhea, mouth sores, cold, abdominal pain,
rescences conical many flowered, follicles winged insomnia, sprains and bruises from injuries.)

See Contributions to the Botany of India 65. 1834, Calcutta in English: nutmeg
Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of the Arts and in China: rou dou kou, rou guo, rou kou, tai wan rou dou kou,
Sciences in India 4: 385. 1844, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië yu kou
2: 470. 1857, Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 198. 1877,
The Flora of British India 4(10): 11. 1883, Die Natürlichen in Japan: nikuzuku
Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 215. 1895 and Planta Medica 70(6): in Korea: yuktugu
556–560. 2004
Myristica cinnamomea King
(Roots used for pulmonary tuberculosis and cough.
Cytotoxic.) Malaysia, Singapore. Dioecious tree, crown coppery, bole
with stilt roots, inner bark red-brown with red sap, twigs
in English: wing-fruitvine slender, inflorescence a short cyme, fruit ovoid, pericarp
in China: chi guo teng thick, seed with thin red aril, in lowland
See Ann. Bot. Gard. Calc. iii. 3 (1891) 292. 1891
(Insecticidal, fungicidal and bactericidal, stimulant, carmi-
Myristica Gronov. Myristicaceae
native, astringent and aphrodisiac; narcotic with hallucino-
From the Greek myristikos ‘fragrant, fit for anoint- genic effects but it is dangerous.)
ing’, myron ‘a perfume, ointment, scent, sweet smelling,
in Malaysia: mendarah, pala bukit, pendarah
sweet oil’, myrizo, myrizein ‘to rub with ointment’; see
Johan Frederik Gronovius, Flora orientalis. 141. Lugduni in Singapore: maiang pahong
Batavorum [Leiden] 1755, Natuurlijke Historie 2(3): 333.
Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. (Myristica dactyloides Wall.)
1774, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 904. 1775,
Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 399. 1810, Enchiridion India. Large evergreen tree, dioecious, exuding red-
Botanicum 419. 1841, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; dish watery juice when cut, flowers unisexual, drupes
Myristica Gronov. Myristicaceae 2597

powdery-pubescent with fleshy outer rind, ovoid seeds cov- in Burma (Myanmar): mutwinda
ered with fleshy orange-red to creamy-white aril
in Cambodia: pôch kak
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 195, t. 41.
in China: jou kuo, jou tou kou, rou dou kou
1788
in India: adipalam, asana, aunda, bandhukapushpa, cakularp-
(Fruit sex stimulant. Aril together with dried ginger given to
pam, cakularppamaram, cakulatakam, cakulatakamaram,
check diarrhea and to make stool firm; aril also used in treat-
calukam, calukamaram, caluram, camuttirakantakakkay,
ing cough, bronchitis, fever, inflammation in joints, skin and
camuttirakantakam, camuttirantam, catakam, catakaram,
liver disorders, diarrhea, worms, wounds, insomnia.)
catakaramaram, catalam, cati, caticam, catikamaram,
in India: kaatu-jathi, kattu-jathikai catikkaymaram, catikocakkay, catikocam, catimaram,
catipalai, catipalaimaram, catipalakkay, catipalam, cati-
Myristica fatua Houtt.
pattiri, ghatastha, jagikaya, jai, jaiphal (nutmeg), jaiphala,
Indonesia. See also Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) jaji-phalam, jajipatri, jathi, jati, jati-phalam, jatidala, jatika-
Warb. pongara, jatikosa, jatikosha, jatipatra, jatipatri, jatipatrika,
jatiphala, jatiphalah, jatiphalam, jatisasya, jatishasga, jatri
See Houttuyn, Maarten (Martin) (1720–1798), Handleiding
(mace), kosha, koshaka, madasaunda, majjasara, malathi-
tot de plant-en kruidkunde benevens eene uitvoerige bes-
phalam, malatiphala, patri, phala, puta, rajabhogya, shaluka,
chrijving der boomen, planten, heester, kruiden, varens,
sumanaphala, tevatavi, tevatavikkay, tirukam, turvam, tur-
mossen, bol-en gras-planten, volgens het zamenstel von
vamaram, tuvikattumakam, tuvitattumakam, vacivaci, vacu-
C. Linnaeus. 3: 337. Amsterdam [1774–1783], Bot. Jahrb.
vaci, vacuvacimaram, varutiyorakkuticci
Syst. xiii. (1891) 311. 1891, Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae
Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum in Indonesia: pala, pala banda
68: 208–213. 1897
in Laos: chan th’e:d
(Nuts astringent, aphrodisiac, for diarrhea.)
in Malaysia: buah pala, bunga pala, pala
in Java: pala lelaki
in Philippines: duguan
Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristica aromatica Lam.;
in Singapore: pokok pala
Myristica moschata Thunb.; Myristica officinalis L.f.;
Myristica officinalis Mart.) in Thailand: chan-ban, chan-thet
Tropical, SE Asia. Tree, dioecious, exuding a sticky red sap, in Tibetan: dza ta pha la, dza ti, dza ti pa tra, dza ti pha la,
leaves chartaceous, inflorescences axillary in umbellate dzati, za ti
cymes, flower buds green, fleshy fruit light green berry or
in Vietnam: nh[uj]c d[aaj]u kh[aas]u
drupe-like, seed with a laciniate red aril, essential oil
Myristica guatteriifolia A. DC. (Myristica guatteriaefolia
See Flora orientalis 141. 1755, Natuurlijke Historie 2(3): 333.
A. DC.)
1774, Supplementum Plantarum 265. 1781, Vet. Akad. Handl.
Stockh. 49. 1782, Act. Acad. Sci. Paris 1788: 155. 1791 and Indonesia.
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 28(Suppl. 1): 157–163. 2006
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 4:
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Seed and seed-cover, 30. 1855
nutmeg and mace, associated with chewing. Narcotic with
(Astringent.)
hallucinogenic effects but it is dangerous, high doses highly
hypnotic and potentially toxic, with tachycardia, dizziness, in China: fan luo ye rou dou kou
distortion of time and space, headache, visual hallucina-
in Philippines: penarahan
tions. Insecticidal, fungicidal and bactericidal, stimulant,
carminative, astringent and aphrodisiac; antibacterial activ- Myristica malabarica Lam.
ity of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. and Myristica
India. Evergreen tree, oblong-lanceolate leaves, small white
fragrans Houtt. against Helicobacter pylori. To cure dys-
flowers in the leaf axils
entery, pains, sickness, to treat dyspepsia and peptic ulcer.
Treats lung and heart disease, digestion, sleep. Carminative, See Mém. Acad. Sc. Par. 1788 (1791) 162. 1791
applied externally for rheumatism; used in soup as a post-
(Seed extract applied on ulcers; seed oil in rheumatism and
partum medication. Fruit paste applied on teeth for dental
sprains. Red sap smeared over legs to keep off land leeches.)
caries and pyorrhea.)
in India: kattujathi
in English: common nutmeg, mace (from the aril surround-
ing the seed), nutmeg, nutmeg tree Myristica simiarum A. DC. (Myristica discolor Merrill)
in Arabic: gouz bouwa China.
2598 Myrmeconauclea Merr. Rubiaceae

See Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 32(7): 828–829. 1711–1715. 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1976 49(12): 5123–5126. 2005, J. Nat. Prod. 69(8): 1256. 2006
(Carminative, astringent and aphrodisiac.) (Burned or boiled seed rub for flu, cold in head. Seed infu-
sion for pneumonia. Acting internally as astringent, exter-
in English: Antao nutmeg
nally as counterirritant. Leaves antiprotozoal, parasiticide,
in China: fei lu bin rou dou kou against Trypanosoma cruzi.)
in Latin America: arco, bálsamo blanco, cercipo, chipi-
lín, chiquirín, clavellino blanco, cuachipilin, cucharo,
Myrmeconauclea Merr. Rubiaceae guachipelin ratón, plomillo, plumajillón, plumón negro,
From the Greek myrmex, myrmekos ‘ant’ plus the genus sereipo, wattama
Nauclea L., myrmecophilous, see Herb. Amboin. iii. (1743)
84 et 755. 1743, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 243. 1762, Observ. Naucl.
Indic. 17. 1839 and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 538. 1915, Philipp. Myroxylon L.f. Fabaceae (Sophoreae)
J. Sci. 17: 375. 1921 [1920 publ. 1921].
Greek myron ‘perfume, a sweet smelling oil’ and xylon
Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Korth.) Merr. (Bancalus strigo- ‘wood’, referring to the resinous heartwood of these trees,
sus (Korth.) Kuntze; Bancalus strigosus Kuntze; Nauclea a source of balsam, see J.R. Forster and J.G.A. Forster,
strigosa Korth.; Neonauclea strigosa (Korth.) Merr.; Characteres generum plantarum. 125, t. 63. (Nov.) 1775
Neonauclea strigosa Merr.) and Darwiniana 5: 279–298. 1941, Ceiba 1(1): 38–49.
Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines. Shrub, white flowers 1950, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Webbia
17(1): 153–186. 1962, Rhodora 70(784): 492–532. 1968,
See Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 157. 1842, Revis.
North American Flora Ser. II(7): 1–53. 1972, Annals of the
Gen. Pl. 1: 276. 1891 and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 542. 1915,
Missouri Botanical Garden 67(3): 523–818. 1980 [1981],
Philipp. J. Sci. 17: 375. 1921 [1920 publ. 1921]
Legum. Agric. Boliv. 409–423. 1996.
(Root decoction of Breynia rhamnoides drunk for vomit-
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms (Myrospermum tolu-
ing and dizziness, and also a decoction of leaves of Breynia
iferum DC.; Myrospermum toluiferum (A. Rich.) DC.;
rhamnoides applied as a wash mixed with Dalbergia pinnata
Myroxylon balsamum Druce; Myroxylon balsamum var.
and Myrmeconauclea strigosa.)
punctatum (Klotzsch) Harms; Myroxylon punctatum
Klotzsch; Myroxylon toluiferum A. Rich.; Myroxylon tolu-
iferum Kunth, nom. illeg., non Myroxylon toluiferum A.
Myrospermum Jacq. Fabaceae (Sophoreae) Rich.; Toluifera balsamum L.)
From the Greek myron ‘a sweet smelling oil’ and sperma Amazon Basin. Perennial non-climbing tree, resinous,
‘seed’, see Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(2): 487– vanilla odour, leaves compound imparipinnate, flowers white
559. 1937, Rhodora 70: 492–532. 1968, Brenesia 18: 15–90. or yellow in terminal or axillary clusters, indehiscent papery
1980, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68: 551, 557. 1981, Anales Inst. samara, seeds surrounded by balsamic resin
Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 63(1): 109–110. 1992.
See Species Plantarum 1: 384. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica
Myrospermum frutescens Jacq. (Bannisteria purpurea Plantarum 4, 20. 1760, Supplementum Plantarum 34, 233.
Mill.; Calusia emarginata Bertero ex Klotzsch, nom. inval.; 1781 [1782], Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 2:
Calusia emarginata Bertero ex Steud.; Calusia emar- 171–172. 1824, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto
ginata Klotzsch; Diphysa americana (Mill.) M. Sousa;
ed.) 6: 375. 1824, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Myrospermum emarginatum Klotzsch; Myrospermum
Vegetabilis 2: 95. 1825 and Notizblatt des Königlichen bota-
secundum Klotzsch; Myroxylon frutescens (Jacq.) Willd.;
nischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 5(43): 94, 97. 1908,
Myroxylon frutescens Willd.)
Botanical Exchange Club and Society of the British Isles
Honduras, Nicaragua. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or (Report) 3: 421. 1914, A Revised Handbook to the Flora of
small tree, spreading, very fragrant lilac flowers Ceylon 1: 428–458. 1980
See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 4, 20. 1760, The (Can cause an allergic reaction in some individuals. Resin
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition. 1768, Species balsam febrifuge, Stimulant, expectorant, antiseptic, parasiti-
Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(1): 546. 1799, An Introduction cide, an external cicatrizant, effective for colds, abscesses,
to the Natural System of Botany 148. 1836, Nomenclator rheumatism, venereal diseases, asthma, bronchitis, catarrh
Botanicus. Editio secunda 2(9): 175. 1841, Bonplandia 5: and lung ailments.)
277. 1857, Anales Hist. Nat. 23: 300. 1894 and Annals of the
in English: balsam of Peru, tolu balsam
Missouri Botanical Garden 77(3): 576. 1990, J. Nat. Prod.
66(7): 928–932. 2003, Journal of Natural Products 67(10): in Brazil: bálsamo-de-tolu
Myrrhis Miller Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 2599

in Peru: estoraque, quina-quina Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern

English. 2: 969. Dover Publications, New York 1967, S.
Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae (Royle) Harms
Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. X: 529.
(Myrospermum pereirae Royle; Myrospermum sonsonatense
Torino 1978, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura
Pereira ex Oersted; Myrospermum sonsonatense Oersted;
europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi semitiche delle lingue
Myroxylon pereirae Klotzsch; Myroxylon pereirae Royle;
indeuropee. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 189. Leo S.
Myroxylon pereirae (Royle) Klotzsch; Myroxylon toluiferum
Olschki Editore, Firenze 1994.
A. Rich.; Toluifera balsamum L.; Toluifera balsamum var.
pereirae (Royle) Baill.; Toluifera pereirae Baill.) Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop.
El Salvador. Perennial non-climbing tree, aromatic wood Europe.
See Species Plantarum 1: 384. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
Plantarum 4, 20. 1760, Supplementum Plantarum 34, 233. tion. 1754 and Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica
1781 [1782], Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 2: 171– 28: 65–85. 1986, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 23: 457–481.
172. 1824, An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 1991, Watsonia 21: 365–368. 1997
148. 1836, A Manual of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 414.
in English: garden myrrh, sweet cicely
1853, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk
Forening i Kjøbenhavn 27. 1855, Bonplandia 5(17): 274–275.
1857, Histoire des Plantes 2: 383. 1870 and Notizblatt des
Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin Myrsine L. Myrsinaceae (Primulaceae)
5(43): 95. 1908, Rhodora 70(784): 492–532. 1968, North Myrsine, myrrhine, ancient Greek names for the myr-
American Flora Ser. II(7): 1–53. 1972, A Revised Handbook tle; Akkadian murdudu, Sumerian mur-du-du ‘a plant’,
to the Flora of Ceylon 1: 428–458. 1980, Cuscatlania 1(2): Akkadian murdinnu, amurdinnu ‘bramble’; see Carl
1–16. 1989 Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 196. 1753, Genera
(Stimulant, expectorant, antiseptic, parasiticide, essential Plantarum. Ed. 5. 90. 1754, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 144.
oil used for skin care, cough. Balsam can cause an allergic 1771, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 121,
reaction in some individuals, a contact allergen which may pl. 46. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 245.
cause dermatitis.) 1783, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
32. 1788, Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 151. 1789, Flora
in English: balsam of Peru, black balsam, Indian balsam, Cochinchinensis 1: 94, 120. 1790, Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis].
Peru balsam, Peru balsam tree, Peruvian balsam 2(1): 398. 1791, Annalen der Botanick. ed. Usteri 1(3): 15.
in Panama: paila 1792, Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 141, t. 30.
1794, Nova Genera Plantarum 130–131. 1798, Ges. Naturf.
Myroxylon peruiferum L.f. (Myrospermum pedicellatum Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk.
Lam.) 3(1): 57 (1809, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici
Bolivia, Colombia. Perennial non-climbing tree Berolinensis, … 1: 249. 1809, Voyage de Découverts de
l’~Astrolabe~ … Botanique 1: 349. 1832, Annals of Natural
See Species Plantarum 1: 384. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica History 2(7): 47. 1838 [1839 publ. Sep 1838], Die Natürlichen
Plantarum 4, 20. 1760, Supplementum Plantarum 34, 233. Pflanzenfamilien IV, 1: 87, 90. 1889 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)
1781 [1782], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4(1): 1923, xxxvii. 39. 1923, Flora of Japan (Iwatsuki et al., eds.)
191. 1797 3a: 77–78. 1993, Sida 17(3): 579–589. 1997. Myrsine and
(Resin and bark used to heal new wounds. Crushed leaves Rapanea have traditionally been regarded as separate gen-
applied to wounds. Fruits poultice applied to the forehead era especially in regional and local floras.
for headache.) Myrsine africana L. (Myrsine africana var. acuminata C.Y.
in South America: balsamo, pau de balsamo, quina colorada, Wu & C. Chen; Myrsine africana var. bifaria (Wall.) Franch.;
quina-quina, quinoquino Myrsine africana var. glandulosa J.M. Zhang; Myrsine afri-
cana var. retusa A. DC.; Myrsine bifaria Wall.; Myrsine
in Brazil: árvore-de-bálsamo, bálsamo, óleo vermelho microphylla Hayata; Myrsine potama D. Don; Myrsine vac-
cinifolia Hayata; Rhamnus myrtillus H. Lév.)
East Africa. Small shrub, undershrub or small tree, woody,
Myrrhis Miller Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
suffrutescent, erect, sparsely or many-branched, tiny toothed
Latin myrrha, murra, murrha for the myrrh-tree and myrrh leaves, minute red to crimson flowers, sepals pale green with
(Plinius), Greek (of Semitic origin) myrrhis, myrrhidos, red-orange gland dots, small globose ripe fruit bluish to pur-
myrr(h)a, a name used by Dioscorides for a plant, probably ple-black, single round seed, ripe fleshy fruits eaten fresh,
sweet cicely, Myrrhis odorata; see E. Masson, Recherches grazed by cattle, used for broom, laughing thrush (genus
sur les plus anciens emprunts sémitiques en grec. Paris 1967, Garrulax) eats fruit, Myrsine africana burns quickly even
2600 Myrtus L. Myrtaceae

when green because of its glandular leaves, at forest edge, in See Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Myrsin. IV. 236(Heft 9): 395.
riparian scrub, in woodland 1902, Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo 7: 38. 1909
See Species Plantarum 1(1): 193–196. 1753, Flora Indica; or (Bark as fish poison.)
descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 296–297. 1824, Prodromus
Myrsine semiserrata Wall. ex Roxb. (Celastrus cavaleriei H.
Florae Nepalensis 146. 1825, Transactions of the Linnean
Léveillé; Celastrus seguinii H. Léveillé; Myrsine semiserrata
Society of London 17(1): 105. 1834, Nouvelles Annales du
Wallich; Myrsine semiserrata var. brachypoda Z.Y. Zhu)
Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 82. 1883 and Icones plan-
tarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram China. Edible fruit
formosanam. 3: 149–150. 1913, Icones plantarum formo-
See Species Plantarum 1(1): 196–197. 1753, Flora Indica;
sanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosa-
or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 293–295. 1824 and
nam. 5: 87–88. 1915, Fl. Southern Africa 26: 5. 1963, Flora
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(363–
Yunnanica 1: 378. 1977, Chen Chieh. Myrsinaceae. Fl.
367): 262–263. 1914, Taxon 29: 353–355. 1980, Acta Botanica
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 58: 1–147. 1979, Taxon 29: 353–355.
Yunnanica 4(1): 50. 1982
1980, Bulletin of Botanical Research 15(1): 47–48. 1995,
Novon 6: 307. 1996 (Laxative.)
(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Fruit dried, pounded, the in English: needletooth myrsine
powder soaked in water, the liquid drunk as an anthelmintic,
in China: zhen chi tie zai
purgative, a stomach medicine, for chest pains, arthritis; pulp
of fruits taken with milk as anthelmintic, especially for tape- in India: bains, dieng ching, gaunta, singgun
worms. Used to prevent worms in children, to treat stomach
upset. Roots boiled to treat worms, especially for children.)
in English: African boxwood, African myrsine, Cape beech,
Myrtus L. Myrtaceae
Cape myrtle, wild myrtle Latin myrtum, murtum for the fruit of the myrtle, a myrtle-
berry (Plinius), Latin myrtus, murtus for a myrtle, myr-
in Kenya: iloongwa, segete
tle-tree (Plinius) and for a spear of myrtle-wood, Greek
in South Africa: mirting, vliegebos, wildemirt, wildemirting; myrtos, myrsine; Akkadian murdudû, Sumerian mur-dù-dù
chikuma, muDongera (Shona); thakxisa (Sotho); thlare-sa- ‘a plant’, Akkadian murdinnu, amurdinnu ‘bramble’; see
madi (Tswana); tshilalantsa (Venda) Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 471. 1753 and Genera
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 212. 1754.
in Tanzania: kalyarahumla, kanakalayi, mahheli, ngeta,
olsegetit, rofwa, segedid, zuma Myrtus communis L. (Myrtus communis L. var. baetica;
Myrtus communis L. var. italica; Myrtus communis L. var.
in China: tie zai
lusitanica; Myrtus oerstedeana O. Berg; Myrtus sparsifolia
in India: baibarang, bandraru oleander, banwa, banwan, bar- O. Berg)
ing, basuti, chapra, chhota mehndru, chhota mendhru, chi-
Cosmopolitan. Evergreen shrub, aromatic leaves, white
tring, chota mendru, chupra, gugil, jhunjhra, kanaru, pahari
fragrant flowers, blue-black berries, hard kidney-shaped
cha, vidanga
white seeds
in Pakistan: bebrang, chapra
See Species Plantarum 1: 471. 1753, Linnaea 27(4): 402–403,
in Tibetan: dong si peng, nabi, nabi shama 405–406. 1854 [1856] and Cytologia 50: 513–520. 1985,
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 135–142. 1991,
Myrsine cicatricosa (C.Y. Wu & C. Chen) Pipoly & C. Chen
Regnum Veg. 127: 68. 1993
(Rapanea cicatricosa C.Y. Wu & C. Chen)
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Aromatic, astrin-
China.
gent, dried leaves to relieve stomachache, also a remedy
See Species Plantarum 1(1): 196. 1753, Histoire des plan- for apoplexy, cerebral affections; powdered leaves applied
tes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 121, 3: pl. 46. 1775 and Flora in eczema, wounds and ulcers. Leafy branches with flow-
Yunnanica 1: 381, pl. 90, f. 4–8. 1977, Novon 5(4): 360. 1995 ers boiled and taken in the form of decoction in headache
and stomach distress. Berries carminative, used in diarrhea,
(Purgative.)
dysentery, hemorrhage, rheumatism, a wash for fetid ulcers,
in China: duo hen mi hua shu a mouthwash in aphthae. Sacred, ritual, a symbol of youth,
beauty and marriage, twigs placed on graves to symbolize
Myrsine laetevirens (Mez) Arechav. (Myrsine laetevirens
the virtue of the dead.)
(Mez) Pipoly; Myrsine laetevirens Arechav.; Rapanea laete-
virens Mez) in English: myrtle
South America. in Bolivia: arayana, arrayan, chequen, mirto
Mystroxylon Ecklon & Zeyher Celastraceae 2601

in India: aas, abhulas, adhera, as, asbiri, asmirsin, baraga- spongy and orange red, edible fruit mango-like, pounded
sha, barg-e-maurid, bergi-i-murad, burg madar, cativam, bark used as glue for catching birds, stem used for fuel wood
chitti jama, firangimethi, gandhamalati, guemmam, hab- and building poles, at forest edge, stream bank, in riverine
ul, hab-ul-as, hab-ul-asa, habb-ul-aas (murad), hambalas, forest, montane forest, in miombo, often as Cassine aethi-
hubbul as, isbar, isferem, ismar, kulinaval, maurid, mersin, opica Thunb.
murad, murad (aas), muradvilayatimehndi, murid, mursine,
See Species Plantarum 1: 268. 1753, Supplementum
murt, murukulu gida, ral safaid, rihan, sadevam, shalmun,
Plantarum 154. 1781, Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili
sutrsowa, tevam, tevamamaram, tevarkon, tukhm-e-maurid,
… 177, 349. 1781, Icones Plantarum Rariorum 1: 3, pl. 48.
vilayati-mehndi, yas
1782, Flora Capensis 2(1): 227. 1818, Enumeratio Plantarum
in Pakistan: mort Africae Australis Extratropicae 1: 125, 128. 1834–1835,
Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 8:
106. 1857, Thesaurus Capensis 2: 55, t. 186. 1863, Flora of
Mystroxylon Ecklon & Zeyher Celastraceae Tropical Africa 1: 361. 1868, Journal of the Linnean Society,
Botany 20: 121–122. 1883, Journal of the Linnean Society,
From the Greek mystron ‘a spoon’ and xylon ‘wood’, see Botany 21: 333. 1884, Journal of the Linnean Society,
Notul. Syst. (Paris) 10(4): 173–206. 1942, Fl. Madagasc. 116: Botany 22: 460. 1886 [1887], Botanische Jahrbücher für
1–71. 1946, Bol. Soc. Brot., ser. 2, 39: 5–56. 1965. Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. (Cassine aethi- 17: 551–552. 1893, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1: 223.
opica Thunb.; Cassine aethiopica Eckl. & Zeyh.; Cassine 1893, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2–4: 223. 1897 and
burkeana (Sond.) Kuntze; Cassine comorensis Loes.; Bothalia 2: 328–330. 1927, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier
Cassine confertiflora (Tul.) Loes.; Cassine engleriana Loes.; du Museum de Paris 10(4): 191–192. 1942, Die Natürlichen
Cassine holstii Loes.; Cassine pubescens Kuntze; Cassine Pflanzenfamilien ed. 2 20b: 138. 1942
pubescens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze; Cassine schlechteri (Bark of roots used for dysentery and diarrhea. Roots
(Loes.) Davison; Cassine sphaerophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) infusion febrifuge. Bark decoction antiseptic; bark infu-
Kuntze; Cassine sphaerophylla Kuntze; Cassine velutinum sion for stomachache in children. Veterinary medicine,
(Harv.) Loes.; Cassine velutinum Loes.; Celastrus acu- anthelmintic.)
minatus L.f.; Elaeodendron aethiopicum (Thunb.) Oliv.;
Elaeodendron aethiopicum (Thunb.) Oliv. var. pubescens in English: bushveld cherry, Cape cherry, kooboo-berry
Oliv.; Elaeodendron athranthum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C. Presl; in Angola: omuyavambua
Elaeodendron confertifolium (Tul.) Szyszyl.; Elaeodendron
gymnosporoides Baker; Elaeodendron nitidulum Baker; in Madagascar: andromena, fanazava, voakôpy, vokopy
Elaeodendron oliganthum Baker; Elaeodendron pilosum in Southern Africa: koeboebessie, kaboebessie, kaboehout,
Baker; Elaeodendron sphaerophyllum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C. lepelboom, lepelhout; inGulutane (Swazi); iNqayi, umNqayi,
Presl; Elaeodendron vaccinioides Baker; Elaeodendron umNqayi obomvu, umGunguluzampunzi, umGungulazane
velutinum Harv.; Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes.; (Zulu); umGxube, umBovane, umNqayi (Xhosa); nqayi
Mystroxylon aethiopicum fo. comorense (Loes.) H. Perrier; (Thonga); muDangwa, chiRambakupara (Shona)
Mystroxylon aethiopicum fo. vaccinioides (Baker) H. Perrier;
in Tanzania: aradang’anyahluyo, aradang’anyaluyo, emadwa,
Mystroxylon aethiopicum subsp. schlechteri (Loes.) R.H.
mlimbo limbo, mlimbolimbo, msisi, obadang’anayo, oladan-
Archer; Mystroxylon aethiopicum var. burkeanum (Sond.)
ganayo, olchartiyan, olorou kulale, orodong’onyatiokinyi
Loes.; Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. var. pubes-
cens (Oliv.) Brenan.; Mystroxylon athranthum Eckl. & Zeyh.;
Mystroxylon athroanthum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Mystroxylon
burkeanum Sond.; Mystroxylon comorense (Loes.) Loes.; Myxopyrum Blume Oleaceae
Mystroxylon confertiflorum Tul.; Mystroxylon englerianum From the Greek myxa ‘slime’ and pyros ‘wheat’, slimy or
(Loes.) Loes.; Mystroxylon goetzei Loes.; Mystroxylon holstii pulpy seeds, see Flore portugaise ou description de toutes
(Loes.) Loes.; Mystroxylon kubu Eckl. & Zeyh.; Mystroxylon les … 1: 62. 1809, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch
nyasicum Dunkley; Mystroxylon pubescens Eckl. & Zeyh.; Indië 13: 683. 1826.
Mystroxylon schlechteri Loes.; Mystroxylon schlechteri
Myxopyrum nervosum Blume
(Davison) Loes.; Mystroxylon sessiliflorum Eckl. & Zeyh.;
Mystroxylon sphaerophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Mystroxylon Malaysia, New Guinea.
spilocarpum Eckl. & Zeyh.; Mystroxylon ussanguense Loes.)
See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 13: 683.
Tropical Africa. Shrub or tree, slender-stemmed, erect, 1826
scented, thorny, stem red to black, leaves dark green above,
(Plant decoction used as a postpartum remedy.)
yellowish-green flowers in small clusters in leaf axils, peri-
anth greenish yellow, stamens yellow, spherical fruits a bit Malay names: chiput-chiput, taiping
2602 Myxopyrum Blume Oleaceae

Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume (Myxopyrum ellipticilim- Roxb., nom. nud.; Myxopyrum ellipticilimbum H.T. Chang;
bum H.T. Chang; Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill) Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill; Myxopyrum smilacifo-
lium var. ilicifolium Kurz)
India. Scandent shrub, small yellowish flowers in axillary or
terminal panicles, dark black berries India, China. Scandent shrub, small yellowish flowers
in axillary or terminal panicles, dark black subglobose
See Museum Botanicum 1(20): 320. 1851 [Dec 1850 publ.
berries
early 1851] and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1910: 41. 1910, Acta
Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1982(2): 3. See Hort. Bengal.: 3. 1814, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt.: 548.
1982, Blumea 29(2): 511. 1984, FoC 15: 299. 1996 1845, Museum Botanicum 1(20): 320. 1851 [Dec 1850 publ.
early 1851], Forest Fl. Burma 2: 160. 1877 and Bull. Misc.
(Used for scabies, cuts, wounds, itching, asthma, rheuma-
Inform. Kew 1910: 41. 1910, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium
tism, headache, neuropathy, fever.)
Universitatis Sunyatseni 1982(2): 3. 1982, Blumea 29(2): 511.
in China: kuo ye jiao he mu 1984, FoC 15: 299. 1996
in India: chathuramulla (Used for scabies, cuts, wounds, itching, cough, asthma,
rheumatism, headache, neuropathy, fever.)
Myxopyrum smilacifolium Blume subsp. smilacifolium
(Chondrospermum laurifolium Voigt; Ligustrum laurifolium in India: chathuramulla, sadhuramulla
 N
Nageia Gaertner Podocarpaceae (Taxaceae) catarrh, sore throat, rheumatism, given or applied with gin-
ger in cholera; powdered bark useful in menstrual disor-
Nagi, a vernacular name; see Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 191, t. 39.
ders; bark decoction given in diarrhea, headache, cough and
1788, Hort. Bengal. 71. 1814, Fl. Ind. iii. 766. 1832 and
asthma. Bark as a fish poison.)
Jisaburo Ohwi, Flora of Japan. 110. [Podocarpus nagi
(Thunb.) Zoll. & Moritzi ex Makino (Myrica nagi Thunb., in English: bay berry, bow myrtle, wax myrtle
Nageia japonica Gaertn., Nageia nagi (Thunb.) O. Kuntze)]
in China: zhu bai
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 1965, Blumea
32(1): 210–211. 1987, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 30(6): 525. 1992, in India: aranya, arbha, audul, azuri, bhadra, bhadranjaka,
Edinburgh J. Bot. 58(3): 500. 2001. bhadravati, darshishaan, kaaidaryamu, kaayaphal, kaefal,
kaephal, kai-phal, kaidanyamu, kaidarya, kaidaryama, kaid-
Nageia nagi (Thunberg) Kuntze (Decussocarpus nagi
aryamu, kaifal, kaiphal, kaiphal chaal, kaiphal chal, kaitarya,
(Thunberg) de Laubenfels; Decussocarpus nagi var. for-
kaphal, kaphala, katphala, katphalah, kattala, kayafal, kay-
mosensis (Dümmer) Silba; Myrica nagi Thunberg; Nageia
aphala, kayaphul, kayphal chaal, kayphal chhal, kirishivani,
formosensis (Dümmer) C.N. Page; Nageia japonica Gaertn.;
kirusna karppam, krishnag somavalka, krisihivani, kumbhi,
Nageia nagi Kuntze; Nageia nagi Britton & P. Wilson;
Nageia nagi var. formosensis (Dümmer) Silba; Nageia kumbhipaki, kumbli, kumuda, kumudika, laghukashmarya,
nagi var. koshuensis (Kaneh.) D.Z. Fu; Nageia nankoen- mahakumbha, mahakumbhi, marudam, marudam-pattai,
sis (Hayata) R.R. Mill; Podocarpus formosensis Dümmer; marudampatte, maruta, marutam pattai, marutamtoli,
Podocarpus japonicus (Gaertn.) J. Nelson, nom. illeg.; marutu, nasanu, prachetasi, purusha, quandol, rajanakah,
Podocarpus japonicus J. Nelson (1866), non Siebold ex ramasenaka, rohini, shriparnika, somavalkah, somavriksha,
Endlicher (1847); Podocarpus koshunensis (Kanehira) sriparni, sugandhi, tvakaphala, ugragandha
Kanehira; Podocarpus nageia R. Brown; Podocarpus in Tibet: ka da pha la, ka tva la, ka-tpha-la, katpha la
nageia R. Brown ex Endlicher; Podocarpus nagi (Thunb.)
Makino; Podocarpus nagi (Thunb.) Zoll. & Mor. ex Zoll.; Nageia wallichiana (C. Presl) Kuntze (Decussocarpus wal-
Podocarpus nagi (Thunberg) Pilger; Podocarpus nagi var. lichianus (C. Presl) de Laub.; Nageia blumei (Endl.) Gordon;
koshunensis Kanehira; Podocarpus nankoensis Hayata) Nageia wallichiana Kuntze; Podocarpus blumei Endl.;
Podocarpus latifolius Wall.; Podocarpus latifolius R. Br.;
Japan, China. Podocarpus latifolius Hort. ex Carrière; Podocarpus latifo-
See Nova Acta Soc. Sc. Upsal. iv. 37. 1783, Syst. Veg., ed. 14 lius Blume, nom. illeg.; Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br.
(J.A. Murray), 884. 1784, Flora Japonica … (Thunberg) 76. ex Mirb.; Podocarpus wallichianus C. Presl)
1784, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 191, t. 39, India. Evergreen tree, straight bole, dense foliage, conical
f. 8. 1788, Synopsis Coniferarum 217. 1847, Systematisches crown with spreading branches, hard bark, wood slightly
Verzeichniss der im Indischen Archipel 2: 82. 1854, Revis. Gen. aromatic, opposite or sub-opposite leaves, pollen cones axil-
Pl. 2: 798. 1891 and Botanical Magazine 17: 113. 1903, The lary and in clusters, seed cones axillary and solitary
Gardeners’ Chronicle, ser. 3 52: 295. 1912, Icones plantarum
formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formosa- See Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 75. 1825,
nam. 7: 39–40. 1918, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 1: 89. 1827, Pl. Asiat. Rar.
vi. 566. 1930, Transactions of the Natural History Society (Wallich). 1: 26, t. 30. 1830, Abhandlungen der Königlichen
of Taiwan 21: 145. 1931, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 110.
50(3): 357. 1969, Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chao Chi- 1844, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 5, 3: 540, 1846,
son. Podocarpaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, Synopsis Coniferarum 208. 1847, Traité Gén. Conif. 439. 1855,
eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 398–422. 1978, Taxon The Pinetum 138. 1858, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 800.
29: 353–355. 1980, Phytologia 58(6): 366. 1985, Notes from 1891 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 50(3): 349. 1969
the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 45(2): 382. 1989 [1988
(Leaves decoction used as an alterative in rheumatism and
publ. 1989], Phytologia 68(1): 38. 1990, Acta Phytotaxonomica
for painful joints.)
Sinica 30(6): 524–525. 1992, Novon 9(1): 77–78. 1999
in China: rou tuo zhu bai
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Bark astringent, stimu-
lant, tonic, carminative, antiseptic, for fever, asthma, cough, Malay name: podo kebal musang gunung

2603
2604 Nama L. Hydrophyllaceae (Boraginaceae)

Nama L. Hydrophyllaceae (Boraginaceae) in Japan: nanten

Greek nao ‘spring, to flow’, nama, namatos ‘spring, running in Okinawa: nantin
water, stream’, Latin nama, namatis ‘a fluid, liquid’, refer-
ring to the habitat; Akkadian naba’um ‘to rise, said of flood’,
namba’u ‘a large spring’, naqûm ‘to pour out’, niqûm ‘liba- Nannorrhops H.A. Wendl. Arecaceae (Palmae)
tion’; Hebrew naba’ ‘to pour out’, nebeh ‘spring’; see Species
Plantarum 1: 226. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: From the Greek nannos ‘dwarf’ and rhops ‘a bush’, bushy
950. 1759, United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the palms, see Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 37: 147. 1879.
Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 256. 1871, Revisio Generum Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff.) Aitchison (Chamaerops
Plantarum 2: 434. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien ritchieana Griff.; Chamaerops ritchiana Griff.; Nannorrhops
4(3a): 69. 1897 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni arabica Burret; Nannorrhops naudiniana Becc.;
Vegetabilis 10(251/253): 281. 1912, Das Pflanzenreich IV. Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) H. Wendl.; Nannorrhops
251(Heft 59): 143, 146–147, 157. 1913, A Manual of the stocksiana Becc.)
Flowering Plants of California … 832. 1925, American
Journal of Botany 20(6): 415–430. 1933. S. Arabian Pen., Iran to Pakistan. Young inflorescences eaten
raw or steamed as food
Nama hispida A. Gray var. spathulata (Torr.) C.L. Hitchc.
(Conanthus hispidus (A. Gray) A. Heller; Marilaunidium his- See Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 342 (-343). 1845, Bot. Zeitung
pidum (A. Gray) Kuntze; Nama biflora Choisy var. spathulata (Berlin) 37: 148. 1879 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 73: 185. 1943,
Torr.; Nama foliosum (Woot. & Standl.) Tidestr.; Nama his- Webbia 5: 10. 1921, Fl. Pak. 153: 18, fig. 5. 1984
pidum A. Gray; Nama hispida A. Gray var. mentzelii Brand;
(Young leaves used to treat dysentery and diarrhea.)
Nama hispida var. revoluta Jeps.; Nama hispida A. Gray var.
revolutum Jeps.; Nama hispida A. Gray var. spathulatum in Pakistan: peesh
(Torr.) C.L. Hitchc.; Nama tenue (Woot. & Standl.) Tidestr.)
North America. Annual herb
Nanocnide Blume Urticaceae
See Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the
most practicable and economical route for a railroad from From the Greek nanos ‘dwarf’ and knide ‘nettle’, see Mus.
the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the Bot. 2(9–12): 154, t. 17. 1856.
direction of the Secretary of War 7(3/1): 17. 1856, Revisio Nanocnide lobata Weddell (Nanocnide pilosa Migo)
Generum Plantarum 2: 434. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club 24(10): 479. 1897 and A Manual of the Japan, Ryukyu Islands.
Flowering Plants of California … 832. 1925
See Prodr. (DC.) 16(1): 69. 1869
(A lotion for spider or tarantula bites.)
(Febrifuge.)
in English: bristly nama
in China: mao hua dian cao
in Japan: shima-katen-sô, yaeyama-katen-sô
Nandina Thunb. Berberidaceae (Nandinaceae)
The Japanese name nanten, see Nova Genera Plantarum 1:
Napaea L. Malvaceae
14. 1781, Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae 90. 1834.
Latin napaeus ‘belonging to a wooded vale’, nymphae
Nandina domestica Thunb. (Nandina domestica var. lin-
napaeae ‘dell-nymphs’, Greek Napaeae (-paiai) ‘nymphs of
earifolia C.Y. Wu)
glens’, see Species Plantarum 2: 686. 1753.
Japan. Evergreen shrub, leaves clasping at base, white flow-
ers in a terminal cluster, bright red berries Napaea dioica L.

See Nova Genera Plantarum 1: 14. 1781 and Kromosomo 2–10: North America. Perennial herb
271–281. 1978, Taxon 28: 630. 1979, J. Jap. Bot. 62: 22–27. See Species Plantarum 2: 686. 1753 and Amer. Midl.
1987, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 25(2): 154, pl. 4. 1987, J. Naturalist 70: 94. 1963, Moerman, Daniel E. Native
Shandong Coll. Traditional Chin. Med. 12: 55–57. 1988 American Ethnobotany. 1998
(Berries possibly toxic, low toxicity if eaten.) (Roots used for menstrual disorders, to ease childbirth, for
in English: heavenly bamboo, nandina, sacred-bamboo piles, sores, swellings. Ceremonial, ritual, hunting charm.)
in China: nan tian zhu zi, nan tien chu, nan chu in English: glade mallow, glademallow
Napoleonaea P. Beauv. Lecythidaceae (Napoleonaeaceae) 2605

Napoleonaea P. Beauv. Lecythidaceae Naravelia Adans. Ranunculaceae

(Napoleonaeaceae) From narawael, the Sinhalese name for Naravelia zeylanica
Named in honor of the Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte, 1769– (L.) DC., the Malayalam name naru-walli refers to a trail-
1821, see Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Francois ing habit, see Familles des Plantes 2: 460, 581. 1763, Regni
Joseph (1752–1820), Napoléone impériale, Napoleonaea Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 129, 167. 1817 [1818 publ.
[Napoleona] imperialis. Premier genre d’un nouvel ordre de 1–15 Nov 1817].
plantes: les Napoléonées. [Paris, 1804], Flore d’Oware et de Naravelia zeylanica DC. (Atragene zeylanica L.; Atragene
Benin en Afrique. Paris, [1804–1821] and Proceedings of the zeylanica Blanco; Naravelia pilulifera var. yunnanensis
American Philosophical Society, LXXVI, 6, 1936, 899–920. Y. Fei)
1936, Adansonia, 7: 115–140. 1967.
India. Woody climbers, slender, leaves trifoliolate with lat-
Napoleonaea heudelotii A. Juss. eral ovate-cordate leaflets and a terminal 3-branched tendril,
greenish-yellow flowers in terminal and axillary panicles,
Tropical Africa, Nigeria. achenes with persistent twisted pilose-feathery styles
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 2: See Species Plantarum 1: 542. 1753, Regni Vegetabilis
227, t. 4. 1844 Systema Naturale [Candolle] 1: 129, 167. 1817–1818, Fl.
Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 461. 1837, Journal of Botany, British
(Fruit and stem bark for cough, fevers.)
and Foreign 6(64): 111. 1868, FBI 1: 7. 1872 and Botaniska
Napoleonaea imperialis P. Beauv. (Napoleona imperialis P. Notiser 132: 310. 1979, Acta Botanica Indica 8: 1–10. 1980,
Beauv.; Napoleonaea imperialis Hook.) Cytologia 50: 759–768. 1985, Acta Botanica Yunnanica
19(4): 406. 1997
Tropical Africa, Nigeria.
(Used in Ayurveda. Vine crushed and inhaled to cure head-
See Flore d’Oware et de Benin en Afrique. Paris, [1804– ache; fresh stems chewed in toothache; plant paste con-
1821], Bot. Mag. 74: t. 4387. 1848 and Adansonia, 7: 115– sumed with Borassus flabellifer for chest pain. Young leaves
140. 1967 paste applied on skin diseases and ulcers, and on forehead
for cold and headache; roots of Eranthemum palatiferum
(Fruits and leaves tonic, analgesic.) pounded with leaves of Naravelia zeylanica and applied in
in Nigeria: irosun-igbo (Yoruba); ukpakonrisa (Edo); akbodo bone fracture. Crushed roots inhaled against cold and fever.
(Igbo); mabungi (Hausa) Ceremonial, religious and supernatural beliefs.)
in India: balluli hambu, behalisham, bendri-chi-vel, cha-
in Yoruba: boiboi, boribori, bongibongi
gulbati, charachara balli, dhanavalli, erivally, erpeballi,
Napoleonaea vogelii Hooker & Planchon (Napoleona gorap-choi, gorap choi, goropchoi, har-jura, iruppak-
parviflora Baker f.; Napoleona vogelii Hook. & Planch.; kodi, kaarupippala tivva, karupippalativva, karuppakkoti,
Napoleonaea angolensis Welw.; Napoleonaea leonensis kathirvalli, kharau-sai-rikang, mukkupeenasa teega, muk-
Hutch. & Dalzell; Napoleonaea natividadei A. Fern. & R. kupinasatige, naakchaikani, nang-nang-birik-rikang, neen-
Fern.; Napoleonaea parviflora Bak.f.; Napoleonaea talbotii damalli, nintavalli, poitalacci, polutalacci, poytalacci, pulla
Baker f.) bachala, rikang-birik, sangongri, sirukodipatchilai, talave-
dana valli vatakkoti, vadakkodivalli, vatakkoti, vatamkkolli,
Tropical Africa, Nigeria. Small tree, creamy flowers, fruits vatamkolli, vathakodi
cauliflorous on trunk
See Icon. Pl. 4: t. 799–800. 1848, Apontamentos
Phytogeographicos 586. 1859 [Dec 1858 publ. Dec 1859]
Narcissus L. Amaryllidaceae (Liliaceae)
and Cat. Pl. Oban 30, 32, t. 4, f. 1–2. 1913 [British Museum, Classical ancient Greek name, from Akkadian narum ‘river’
Natural History. Catalogue of the plants collected by Mr. and gissu ‘a thorny bush or tree’, some suggested from narke
& Mrs. P. A. Talbot in the Oban district South Nigeria …], ‘dullness of sense, numbness’ or from naros ‘wet’ (Sanskrit
Flora of West Tropical Africa [Hutchinson & Dalziel]1: 204. nira) or from Sanskrit nara ‘very perfumed plant’ and kirros
1927, Kew Bull. 1928, 220. 1928, Boletim da Sociedade ‘yellow’; Narcissus (-kissos), handsome youth, was son of the
Broteriana, sér. 2, 43: 1. 1969 river-god Cephissus and Liriope; see [Crusca], Vocabolario
degli Accademici della Crusca. Firenze 1691, 1729–1738 and
(Leaves and fruits for asthma, cough, colds.) 1863–1923, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 289–290.
in Nigeria: afo, bobori, boiboi, bori-bori, itor, ukpagongbara- 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 141. 1754, Redouté, Pierre
gia; gbogbori (Yoruba); ukpagberajia (Edo) Joseph (1759–1840), Les liliacées. Paris, 1802–1816, Trans.
Hort. Soc. London 1: 349, 351, 353, 355, 357. 1812, Syn. Pl.
in Yoruba: igo, boiboi, boribori Succ.: 326. 1812, Fl. Franç. (DC. & Lamarck), ed. 3. 6: 322
2606 Nardostachys DC. Valerianaceae

(–323). 1815, Supplementum Plantarum Succulentarum … been poisoned after ingesting bulbs. Animal poisoning is
137. 1819, Phil. Mag. lxiii. 103. 1824, N. Tommaseo & B. more severe than human poisoning because humans develop
Bellini, Dizionario della lingua italiana. Torino 1865–1879, rapid emesis.)
Gen. Pl.: 99–102, 108. 1866 and G. Volpi, “Le falsifica-
in English: daffodil, Lent lily, Tenby daffodil, trumpet nar-
zioni di Francesco Redi nel Vocabolario della Crusca.” in
cissus, wild daffodil
Atti della R. Accademia della Crusca per la lingua d’Italia.
33–136. 1915–1916, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 Narcissus tazetta Linnaeus (Hermione tazetta (L.) Haw.;
40: 241. 1966, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary Jonquilla tazetta (L.) Raf.; Narcissus linnaeanus Rouy, nom.
of Modern English. 2: 972. 1967, Botanical Journal of the illeg.; Narcissus linnaeanus (L.) Rouy; Narcissus linnaeanus
Linnean Society 76(4): 305–306. 1978, Anales Jard. Bot. subsp. tazetta (L.) Rouy; Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. tazetta
Madrid 38(1): 301. 1981, Manlio Cortelazzo and Paolo Zolli, Rouy, nom. inval.; Narcissus tazetta subsp. eutazetta (L.)
Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. 3: 792. Bologna Briq.; Narcissus tazetta subsp. eutazetta Briq.; Pancratium
1983, Fontqueria 3: 23, 27, 29. 1983, Fontqueria 6: 36–37, 39, tazetta (L.) Sessé & Moc.)
41. 1984, Lagascalia 12(2): 274. 1984, Fontqueria 27: 120.
Cosmopolitan. Perennial bulbous herb, white flowers, yellow
1989, Plantsman 14: 133–168. 1992, Giovanni Semerano, Le
corona
origini della cultura europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi
semitiche delle lingue indeuropee. Dizionario della lin- See Species Plantarum 1: 289–290. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 141.
gua Greca. 2(1): 192. Firenze 1994, Lagascalia 18(1): 105. 1754, Suppl. Pl. Succ.: 142. 1819, Familiarum Naturalium
1995, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 4: 223. 1847, Fl. Mexic.,
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 409–410. Basel 1996, Anales ed. 2: 85. 1894 and Prodr. Fl. Corse 326. 1910, Fl. France
Jard. Bot. Madrid 55(1): 174. 1997, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 13: 40, 47. 1912, Meyer, F.G. “Narcissus species and wild
56(1): 166. 1998, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 59(2): 350. 2002 hybrids.” Amer. Hort. Mag. 45: 47–76. 1966, Research
[2001 publ. Jul 2002], Fontqueria 55(67): 555, 548 (-549). Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany,
2008, Fontqueria 55(69): 571. 2008, Fontqueria 56(1): 3, 5. University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Hereditas (Beijing)
2009, Fontqueria 56(8): 68–69, 71–72. 2010. 97: 227–235. 1982, Daffodils 1983–4: 61–63. 1983, Bulletin
Narcissus poeticus L. (Autogenes poeticus (L.) Raf.) of Botanical Research 4: 159–164. 1984, Kew Bulletin 42:
65–102. 1987, Genetica 73: 217–221. 1987, Journal of Fujian
Europe. Agricultural College 10: 31–36. 1989, Informatore Botanico
See Species Plantarum 1: 289. 1753, Flora Telluriana 4: 20. Italiano 22: 227–236. 1990, Blanchard, J.W. Narcissus—A
1838 and Cytologia 41: 55–61. 1976, Taxon 31: 763–764. Guide to Wild Daffodils. Woking. 1990, Journal of Wuhan
1982, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 40: 348. 1984, Kew Bulletin Botanical Research 8: 107–113. 1990, Jefferson-Brown, M.J.
42: 65–102. 1987 Narcissus. Portland. 1991

(This plant contains allergens in the aboveground plant parts, (Used in Unani. All parts of the plant are poisonous, espe-
which cause dermatitis in sensitive humans. Ingesting the cially the bulb, due to phenanthridine alkaloids such as nar-
bulbs can cause poisoning in humans and has also poisoned cissine and lycorine. Paste of bulb with milk and jaggery
some cattle. The bulbs contain oxalate crystals as well as an applied for boils.)
alkaloid lycorine, which cause toxic problems. Serious cases in English: angel’s tears, bunch-flowered narcissus, Chinese
of poisoning are rare.) sacred lily, narcissus, polyanthus narcissus, tazetta
in English: narcissus, pheasant’s eye, poet’s narcissus in Arabic: nargis, behar, berengat
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. (Ajax pseudonarcissus (L.) in China: chin chan yin tai, shui hsien, shui xian
Haw.)
in India: nargis, piyaz nargis, yamberzol
Europe.
in Pakistan: nargis
See Species Plantarum 1: 289–290. 1753 and Anales del
Jardín Botánico de Madrid 39(2): 298. 1983, Anales del
Jardín Botánico de Madrid 40: 361–367, 369–377. 1984,
Nardostachys DC. Valerianaceae
Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 42: 117–123. 1985,
Kew Bulletin 42: 65–102. 1987, Gonçalo, S., Freitas, J.D. and From the Greek nardos ‘spikenard’ and stachys ‘a spike’, used
Sousa, I. “Contact dermatitis and respiratory symptoms and by Theophrastus (HP. 9.7.2); Latin nardostachyon, nardosta-
Narcissus pseudonarcissus.” Contact Dermatitis 16: 115– tius ‘spikenard’, see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
116. 1987, Cytologia 54: 589–595. 1989, Botanical Journal Vegetabilis 4: 624. 1830.
of the Linnean Society 108(1): 1–13. 1992
Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC. (Nardostachys grac-
(The aboveground parts cause dermatitis in sensitive indi- ilis Kitam.; Nardostachys grandiflora DC.; Nardostachys
viduals. The bulbs can also cause dermatitis. Humans have jatamansi DC.; Patrinia jatamansi D. Don)
Naregamia Wight & Arn. Meliaceae 2607

Himalaya. Perennial herb, stout woody-fibrous rootstock, See Species Plantarum 1: 367. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 2:
aromatic root coarsely hairy, radical leaves nerved, cauline 150. 1771, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis
leaves sessile, small bracts, bluish white flowers in dense 116. 1834, The Botany of capt. Beechey’s Voyage; compris-
cymose heads ing an account of the Plants collected by Messrs. Lay and
Collie … during the voyage to the Pacific and Bering’s Strait,
See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 10: 311. performed in H.M.S. Blossom … 1825–1828. 281. London
1807, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 159. 1825, Coll. Mém. [1830–] 1841 and Contributions from the United States
vii. 4. t. 2. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni National Herbarium 23: 559. 1923
Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 624. 1830, Mem. Fam. Valerian. 8, t. 2.
1832 and Acta Phytotax. Geobot. xv. 134. 1954, Ethnobotany (Used in Ayurveda. Crushed roots applied to inflammation of
18: 37–45. 2006 navel region, also for treating asthma and bronchitis. Leaves
pounded and mixed in water as a fish poison.)
(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Whole plant antibacterial,
used for diarrhea, fevers, conjunctivitis. Leaves stimulant, in English: Goa ipecacuanha
astringent, tonic, bitter, diuretic, laxative, stomachic, anti- in India: amlavalli, avacari, belakanji, bilekanchi, brihatpa-
spasmodic. Rhizome used for epilepsy, convulsions, jaun- tra, chhinnagrantika, drumaruha, jatamasi, kandabahula,
dice, hysteria, asthma, snakebite; a tincture for epilepsy and kandalu, kapur-bhendi, kapurbhendi, naepa naaringa, nal-
convulsions. Root aromatic stimulant, carminative, febrifuge, akanu, nela herali, nela naarangi, nela-naregam, nela-nar-
antiseptic, root paste for curing piles, ulcers, stomachache inga, nela-naringu, nelaharile, nelakanchi, nelakanchi gida,
and dysentery; root extract for burns, and mixed with ghee nelakanci, nelanaaranga, nelanaaringi, nelanarakam, nela-
used to cure joint pain and rheumatism; dried roots used in naranga, nelanaregam, nelanaringa, nepanaringa, nepanar-
cholera, palpitation, fevers and heart disorders. Ceremonial, ingu, nil-naregam, nilanaarakam, nilanaragam, nilanarai,
ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja nilanarakam, pagapapu, pithvel, pitmari, pitpapra, pittamari,
ceremonies; dried paste of roots as incense, dhoop; roots of pitthamaari, pitthapapra, pittvel, pitvel, thipathi, timpani,
Corydalis govaniana mixed with Nardostachys grandiflora tinpani, tinparni, triparni (tri, three, parna, leaf), triparnika,
for the preparation of dhoop.) vatarballadhesoppu

in English: nard, spikenard

in Bhutan: spang-spos Naringi Adans. Rutaceae

in India: akashamansi, amritajata, balacharea, balachhada, From narinjin, a vernacular name for Citrus maxima, see
balchhar, balchir, baluchar, bhutajata, bhutakeshi, bhuti- Species Plantarum Editio Secunda. 554. 1762, Familles des
jatt, chakravartani, gandhamansi, gauri, hinsra, jadamansi, Plantes (Adanson) 2: 341. 1763, Genera Plantarum 296. 1789.
janani, jatala, jatalasi, jatamamshi, jatamansi, jatamashi, Naringi alata (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) J.L. Ellis (Limonia
jatavali, jati, jatila, jetamanshi, kalichhad, kanuchara, alata Wall.; Limonia alata Wight & Arn.; Pleiospermium
keshi, khasambhava, kiratini, kravyadi, krishnsjata, kukili- alatum (Wight & Arn.) Swingle)
pot, laghumansi, limasha, mansi, mansini, mashi, masi,
India.
massi, mata, mishika, misi, mrigabhaksha, nahni, nalada,
niralemba, parvatavasini, peshi, peshini, pishachi, pishita, See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6363. 1832, Prodromus Florae
putena, sevali, shvetakeshi, sukshmajatamansi, suksh- Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 92. 1834 and Journal of the
mapatri, sumbul, tamasi, tapasvini, behnini Washington Academy of Sciences 6: 427–428. 1916, Bull.
Bot. Surv. India 22(1–4): 193. 1980 (publ. 1982), J. Plant Sci.,
in Nepal: bhulte, jatamansi, naorochi, naswan, pangbu, 2: 113–117. 2007
panghphoie
(Stem bark along with that of Azadirachta indica boiled in
water and the decoction given orally as a postpartum remedy.)
Naregamia Wight & Arn. Meliaceae in India: nalla munukudu
From the Malayalam nila-naregam, from nila ‘ground’ and Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson (Hesperethusa crenu-
naregam ‘citrus’, used by van Rheede in Hortus Indicus lata (Roxb.) M. Roem.; Limonia crenulata Roxb.; Naringi
Malabaricus. 10: t. 22. 1690, see Genera Plantarum 263. crenulata Nicolson)
1789, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 116.
India. Small thorny trees, leaves imparipennate, sessile leaf-
1834, C.S. Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana. 98. 1838.
lets, white flowers, globose berries
Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. (Guarea glabrescens (Hook.
See Pl. Coromandel 1: 60, t. 86. 1795–1798, Familiarum
& Arn.) S.F. Blake; Guarea glabrescens S.F. Blake; Sapindus
Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 1: 38. 1846
glabrescens Hook. & Arn., also glaberescens)
and Fl. Hassan Distr. Karnataka, India 387. 1976, Proc.
India. Herbs, winged petioles, white axillary flowers Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 84(3:III): 44–45. 1997
2608 Nasa Weigend Loasaceae

(Bark decoction made into a paste and applied on boils. Nassauvia Comm. ex Juss. Asteraceae
Roots crushed with onion, garlic and calcium made into a
paste applied for rheumatism; root bark made into a paste See Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 175. 1789, Philosophical mag-
and applied in body pain; powdered roots purgative and sto- azine, or annals of chemistry, … 11: 390. 1832, Comp. Bot.
machic. Leaves soaked in buttermilk and consumed to get Mag. i. (1835) 37. 1835 and Darwiniana 24(1–4): 364. 1982.
relief from ulcer. Bark, leaves and roots ground and made Nassauvia revoluta D. Don
into a paste given orally to increase fertility among women.
Roots, leaves and fruits purgative, sudorific, in colic, epi- Chile. Perennial herb
lepsy, heart troubles. Fruit and roots anthelmintic, astrin- See Genera Plantarum 175. 1789, Philosophical magazine,
gent, for diarrhea and dysentery; dried powdered fruits or annals of chemistry, … 11: 390. 1832
stimulant, tonic.)
(Plant decoction taken for stomachache.)
in India: binnas, cherukaatanaregam, narimeratti, naringi,
ranabela, torrelega, vellaivilvam in Chile: corontillo

Nasa Weigend Loasaceae Nasturtium R. Br. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

See Familles des Plantes 2: 501. 1763 and Arnaldoa 5(2): The etymology of the generic name quite uncertain, pos-
159–170. 1998, Taxon 55(2): 465. 2006, Revista Peruana de sibly from the Latin nasturtium, ii (nasi tortium) (“quod
Biologia 13(1): 71–84. 2006, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri nasum torqueat”) or nasturcium or nasturcum for a kind
Bot. Gard. 111: 202–206. 2007. of cress, referring to the pungent taste or to the acidity of
some species; according to Plinius “nasturtium nomen acce-
Nasa speciosa (Donn. Sm.) Weigend (Loasa speciosa pit a narium tormento”; see The Gardeners Dictionary …
Donn. Sm.) Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Methodus Plantas Horti
South America. Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi
13. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 421. 1763, Tentamen
See Botanical Gazette 23(1): 8. 1897 and Syst. Bot. 2: 28–35. Florae Germanicae 1: 281. 1788, Methodus Plantas
1977, Novon 11(1): 153–154. 2001, Revista Peruana de Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ
Biologia 13(1): 81. 2006 describendi 262. 1794, Hortus Kewensis; or, a Catalogue
(Stinging hairs.) of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at
Kew. London (2nd ed.) 4: 109–110. 1812, Georg Christian
in South America: campana, ortiga venticuatro Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch.
Nasa triphylla (Juss.) Weigend (Loasa chelidoniifolia 608. 1852 and F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch
Benth.; Loasa papaverifolia Kunth; Loasa pinnata Ruiz & der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 139. 1989, H.
Pav. ex E.A. López; Loasa rudis Benth.; Loasa triphylla Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Ruiz & Pav. ex E.A. López; Loasa triphylla subsp. rudis Pflanzennamen. 411–412. 1996. See also genus Rorippa.
(Benth.) Weigend; Loasa triphylla var. chelidoniifolia Nasturtium indicum Garsault (Nasturtium indicum sensu
(Benth.) Urb. & Gilg; Loasa triphylla var. genuina Urb. Oliver; Nasturtium indicum (L.) DC., nom. illeg., non
& Gilg; Loasa triphylla var. papaverifolia (Kunth) Urb. Nasturtium indicum Garsault; Sisymbrium indicum L.)
& Gilg; Loasa triphylla var. rudis (Benth.) Urb. & Gilg;
Loasa triphylla var. vulcanica (André) Urb. & Gilg; Loasa India. Herb, whole plant used as vegetable
vulcanica André; Loasa wallisii Maxim.; Nasa triphylla See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 917. 1763, Les
subsp. triphylla) Figures de Plantes et Animaux d’Usage en Médecine,
South America. Décrit[es] dans la Matiére Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy, t. 404.
1764, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … The second edi-
See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 5: 27,
tion 4: 109–110. 1812, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale
t. 5, t. 2. 1804, L’illustration horticole 25(1): 11, t. 302. 1878
2: 199. 1821
and Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae
Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum 76(1): 238. 1900, Syst. (Stimulant.)
Bot. 2: 28–35. 1977, Sendtnera 3: 225. 1996, Arnaldoa
in India: lerio
5(2): 167. 1998, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the
Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 955. 1999, Revista Peruana Nasturtium officinale R.Br. (Nasturtium officinale W.T.
de Biologia 13(1): 82. 2006 Aiton; Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek; Rorippa
nasturtium-aquaticum Schinz & Thell.; Rorippa nastur-
(Stinging hairs.)
tium-aquaticum (L.) Schinz & Thell.; Rorippa officinalis
in South America: ortiga, pringamosca, pringamoza (R.Br.) P. Royen; Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum L.)
Natsiatum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. Icacinaceae 2609

India. Perennial spreading herb, white flowers, inflorescence Nauclea L. Rubiaceae (Naucleaceae)
racemose, eaten cooked or raw
Greek naus, neos ‘ship’ and kleos ‘glory’, referring to the
See Species Plantarum 2: 657. 1753, Flora Carniolica 520. wood not suitable for the building of a ship, or from naus and
1760, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 262. 1794, Hortus kleio ‘to close, shut, confine’, the half capsule is boat-shaped;
Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W.T. Aiton) The second edi- or from Latin naucula, ae ‘a little ship’, because of the shape
tion 4: 109–111. 1812, Flora der Provinz Brandenburg 1: 32. of the fruits; Latin nauclerus, Greek naukleros ‘skipper’;
1864, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 3(3): 1–67. 1893 see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. ed. 2. 1: 243. 1762
and Manual of British Botany ed. 9 26. 1904, Schedae ad and Taxon 19: 468–480. 1970, James A. Baines, Australian
floram stiriacum exsiccatum 3–4: 22–23. 1905, Die Flora Plant Genera. An Etymological Dictionary of Australian
der Schweiz ed. 3 301. 1909, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea Plant Genera. 250–251. Chipping Norton, N.S.W. 1981, F.A.
3: 2029. 1982, Parodiana 3: 113–128. 1984, Opera Botanica Sharr, Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings.
137: 1–42. 1999 A Glossary. 50. University of Western Australia Press 1996.

(Watercress may be toxic when ripe. Plant against jaundice, Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild.) Merr. (Nauclea diderrichii
cardiac diseases, low blood pressure, gout and tuberculo- (De Wild. & T. Durand) Merr.; Nauclea diderrichii Merr.;
sis; whole plant used as a vegetable to improve eyesight. Nauclea trillesii (Pierre ex De Wild.) Merr.; Nauclea trillesii
Stem and leaves decoction taken orally to cure cough and Merr.; Sarcocephalus badi Aubrév.; Sarcocephalus dider-
tuberculosis.) richii De Wild.; Sarcocephalus diderrichii De Wild. & T.
Durand; Sarcocephalus trillesii Pierre ex De Wild. & A.
in English: common watercress, watercress Chev.; Sarcocephalus trillesii Pierre ex De Wild.)
in Arabic: guernech, harriqa, karsun, rashad Tropical Africa. Tree, trunk straight and branched horizon-
tally on upper part, bark pale yellowish brown, deeply fissured
Maori name: kowhitiwhiti bark, wood whitish hard, slash pale yellow fibrous, fruits pit-
in Brazil: agrião, agrião-da-fonte, agrião oficial, ted green-brown, fruits said to be eaten by natives, heavily
agrião-saúde-do-corpo fed upon by gorillas and other primates, in primary forest,
Hyparrhenia grassland, deciduous and evergreen forests
in China: dou ban cai shu, xi yang cai gan
See Trans. Hort. Soc. 5: 442. 1824, Etat. Indep. Congo
in India: chhuch, ruchu, siche basti, simbraya, simraice, Expos. Brux. 1897: 439. 1897 and Rev. Cult. Colon. 9: 7. 1901,
simrayo Not. Pl. Util. Congo 1: 37. 1903, Journal of the Washington
Academy of Sciences 5: 535, 537. 1915, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric.
Trop. 1938, xviii. 185. 1938, Fl. Forest. Soudano-Guin. 475.
Natsiatum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. Icacinaceae 1950, Flora of Tropical East Africa 415–747. 1988

From natsiat, a Javanese plant name, see Edinburgh New (Stem bark and roots for malaria, fevers. Leaves tonic and
Philosophical Journal 16: 314. 1834, Annals and Magazine febrifuge, for miscarriage.)
of Natural History, ser. 2 8: 174. 1851. in Cameroon: akondak, akondok, hipen-lip-an, lingi, lingui,
Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.-Ham. ex Arn. (Natsiatum moukonia mamundi, mosayuri, ntoma, ntomba
tonkinense Gagnep.) in Central Africa: bilinga, kilu, mokese, mose, mosei, mwese,
mwesé, n’gulu, ntombo
India, Himalaya. Climber, tuberous roots, membranous
leaves ovate-cordate, unisexual flowers in extra axillary pen- in Congo: ekingi-pori, n’gulu
dulous racemes, oblique compressed fruits, tender stems and
in Gabon: aloma, bilinga
leaves used as vegetable
in Ivory Coast: badi
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4252. 1831, Edinburgh New
Philosophical Journal 16: 314. 1834, FBI 1: 595. 1875 and in Nigeria: igha-gbo, obiakhe; opepe (Yoruba); obliakhe
Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 1: 205. (Edo); awesu (Itsekiri); urherekor (Urhobo); owoso (Ijaw);
1910 uburu (Igbo); ochi kanerung (Boki)

(Leaves paste applied to heal and to dry wounds, as an antibi- in West Africa: badi, bilinga, opepe
otic cream on cuts and wounds; leaf juice rubbed on forehead Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. (Adina orientalis (L.) Lindeman
and backbone in influenza. Roots juice applied on the breasts ex Bakh.f.; Bancalus cordatus (Roxb.) Kuntze; Bancalus
to improve lactation at the time of childbirth.) grandifolius Kuntze; Bancalus macrophyllus Kuntze;
in China: bao he teng Bancalus orientalis (L.) Kuntze; Cadamba nocturna Buch.-
Ham.; Cephalanthus orientalis L.; Nauclea annamensis
in India: han-palu, hanpalu, kadda maada, sarak (Dubard & Eberh.) Merr.; Nauclea coadunata Roxb. ex Sm.;
2610 Naucleopsis Miq. Moraceae

Nauclea cordata Roxb.; Nauclea elmeri Merr.; Nauclea India, Malesia, Philippines. Small tree
glaberrima Bartl. ex DC.; Nauclea grandifolia DC., nom.
See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 344. 1830, Observ. Naucl. Indic. 19.
illeg.; Nauclea leichhardtii F. Muell.; Nauclea lutea Blanco;
1839, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 186. 1841, Fl. Filip., [F.M.
Nauclea macrophylla Blume, nom. illeg.; Nauclea orientalis
Blanco] ed. 2: 100. 1845, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2:
G. Forst.; Nauclea orientalis Herb. Madr. ex Wight & Arn.;
134. 1856, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 538. 1861, Ann. Mus.
Nauclea orientalis Willd.; Nauclea orientalis L. & Merr.;
Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 180. 1869, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 33:
Nauclea orientalis var. pubescens (Kurz) Craib; Nauclea
ovoidea (Pierre ex Pit.) N.N. Tran; Nauclea roxburghii 32. 1897 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44: 550. 1910, Leafl. Philipp.
G. Don; Nauclea stipulacea G. Don; Nauclea undulata Bot. 5: 1896. 1913, Journal of the Washington Academy of
Roxb.; Nauclea wallichiana R.Br. ex G. Don, nom. illeg.; Sciences 5: 535–537. 1915, Blumea 5: 248. 1942
Platanocarpum cordatum Korth.; Sarcocephalus annamen- (Bark decoction for menstrual disorders. Crushed roots,
sis Dubard & Eberh.; Sarcocephalus bartlingii (DC.) Miq.; twigs or leaves, boiled in water and drunk for stomachache.)
Sarcocephalus bartlirgii Miq.; Sarcocephalus buruensis
Miq.; Sarcocephalus coadunatus (Roxb. ex Sm.) Druce; in Philippines: bangkal, kabak, mambog, sapaun, tiroron
Sarcocephalus cordatus (Roxb.) Miq.; Sarcocephalus cor- Malay name: kedembah
datus var. glabra Kurz; Sarcocephalus cordatus var. pubes-
cens Kurz; Sarcocephalus glaberrimus (Bartl. ex DC.) Miq.;
Sarcocephalus orientalis (L.) Merr.; Sarcocephalus ovatus Naucleopsis Miq. Moraceae
Elmer; Sarcocephalus ovatus var. mollis Koord. & Valeton;
Sarcocephalus ovoideus Pierre ex Pit.; Sarcocephalus Resembling Nauclea.
papagola Domin; Sarcocephalus undulatus (Roxb.) Miq.; Naucleopsis mello-barretoi (Standl.) C.C. Berg (Brosimum
Sarcocephalus undulatus var. buruensis (Miq.) Havil.) mello-barretoi Standl.; Ogcodeia oblongifolia Kuhlm.;
Tropical Asia, India, Australia. Tramoia lactifera Schwacke & Taub. ex Glaz.)
See Species Plantarum 95. 1753, Species Plantarum ed. 2: Brazil. Latex
243. 1762, Fl. Ins. Austr. 15. 1786, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
See Flora Brasiliensis 4(1): 82, 120. 1853 and Publications
Botanique 4: 435. 1796, Species Plantarum ed. 4 [Willdenow]
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series
1(2): 928. 1798, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 392. 1834, Flora
22(2): 70. 1940, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 18(3): 465.
Indiae Batavae 2. 1856, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi
1969, Shrestha, T. et al. “The Moraceae-based dart poi-
4: 179. 1869, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46(2): 125. 1877, Revisio
sons of South America. Cardiac glycosides of Maquira and
Generum Plantarum 1: 276. 1891 and The Philippine journal
Naucleopsis species.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 37(2):
of science. Section C, botany. Manila 3: 436. 1909, Bull. Mus.
129–43. 1992
Natl. Hist. Nat. 15: 493. 1909, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 535. 1915,
Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 4: 644. 1917, Fl. Indo-Chine (Arrow poison.)
3: 28. 1922, Bot. 89: 614. 1929, Fl. Siam. 2: 7. 1932, Taxon 19:
476. 1970, J. Biol. (Vietnam) 1(3): 24. 1979, Opera Botanica
Belgica 7: 249–260. 1996, Pacific Science 50: 317–323. 1996 Navarretia Ruíz & Pavón Polemoniaceae
(Leaves applied to boils and wounds. Bark anthelmintic, vul- After the Spanish physician Francisco Fernandez de
nerary, astringent, analgesic, for diarrhea, toothache.) Navarrete, professor of medicine at the University of
in Philippines: balikakak, bangkal, bulala, kabak Granada, Spain, author of Ephemerides barometrico-medi-
cas Matritenses. 1737. See Ruíz & Pavón, Flora peruvianae,
Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. (Nauclea dasyphylla Merr.; et chilensis prodromus. 20. Madrid 1794; Sir William J.
Nauclea dasyphylla (Miq.) Merr.; Nauclea glaberrima Bartl. Hooker and G.A.W. Arnott, The Botany of capt. Beechey’s
ex DC.; Nauclea glaberrima Blanco; Nauclea hirsuta Merr.; Voyage; comprising an account of the Plants collected by
Nauclea hirsuta (Havil.) Merr.; Nauclea horsfieldii (Miq.) Messrs. Lay and Collie … during the voyage to the Pacific
Bremek.; Nauclea junghuhnii Merr.; Nauclea junghuhnii and Bering’s Strait, performed in H.M.S. Blossom … 1825–
(Miq.) Merr.; Nauclea mitragyna Merr.; Nauclea mitragyna 1828. London [1830–] 1841.
(Miq.) Merr.; Nauclea multicephala Merr.; Nauclea multi-
cephala (Elmer) Merr.; Nauclea pubescens Merr.; Nauclea Navarretia atractyloides (Benth.) Hook. & Arn. (Aegochloa
pubescens (Valeton) Merr.; Platanocarpum subditum Korth.; atractyloides Benth.; Navarretia hamata Greene subsp.
Sarcocephalus dasyphyllus Miq.; Sarcocephalus hirsutus foliacea (Greene) H. Mason; Navarretia hamata Greene var.
Havil.; Sarcocephalus horsfieldii Miq.; Sarcocephalus jung- foliacea (Greene) Thorne)
huhnii Miq.; Sarcocephalus mitragynus Miq.; Sarcocephalus
North America. Annual herb
multicephalus Elmer; Sarcocephalus pubescens Valeton;
Sarcocephalus subditus (Korth.) Miq.; Sarcocephalus sub- See Edwards’s Botanical Register 19: sub pl. 1622. 1833,
ditus Miq.) The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 368. 1839 and
Neanotis W.H. Lewis Rubiaceae 2611

Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 3: 451. 1951, Aliso 6(3): Regni Vegetabilis 4: 431. 1830, Annales Museum Botanicum
59. 1967 Lugduno-Batavi 3: 109. 1867, The Flora of British India 3(7):
63. 1880, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1891 and Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 111. 1922,
(Used for burns.)
J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 3: 393. 1931, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan
in English: hollyleaf pincushionplant 28: 114. 1938, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 53: 333. 1939, J. Jap. Bot. 18:
89. 1942, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 38. 1966, Quart. J.
Navarretia cotulifolia (Benth.) Hook. & Arn. (Aegochloa
Chin. Forest. 20: 127. 1987, Flora of Japan 3a: 219. 1993
cotulifolia Benth.)
(Painkiller.)
North America. Annual herb
in Indonesia: kasimukan
See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 368. 1839
Neanotis subtilis (Miq.) ined. (Anotis foetida Hook.f.;
(Antirheumatic.)
Hedyotis foetida Dalzell, nom. illeg.; Hedyotis subtilis Miq.;
in English: cotulaleaf pincushionplant Hedyotis tenella Miq. ex Hook.f.; Hedyotis tenuiflora Schltdl.
ex Hook.f.; Neanotis foetida (Dalzell) W.H. Lewis; Neanotis
hohenackeri P. Daniel & Vajr., nom. illeg.)
Neanotis W.H. Lewis Rubiaceae India. Herb
Referring to the genus Anotis DC., from the Greek a ‘with- See J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 3: 675. 1982
out’ and ous, otos ‘an ear’, there are no intermediate teeth
between the calyx lobes, see Genera Plantarum 196. 1789 (Smashed roots applied to fractured bone and boils.)
and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 53(1): 32–46. in India: khut-chappi
1966, Taiwan J. For. Sci. 23(3): 271–277. 2008.
Neanotis wightiana (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) W.H. Lewis
Neanotis calycina (Wall. ex Hook.f.) W.H. Lewis (Anotis (Anotis teysmanniana (Miq.) J. Joseph; Anotis wightiana
calycina Wall. ex Hook.f.; Hedyotis calycina Wall., nom. (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Anotis wightiana
nud.) var. compressa (Wall. ex G. Don) Craib; Hedyotis wightiana
India, Himalaya. Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Neanotis wightiana var. compressa
(Wall. ex G. Don) W.H. Lewis; Oldenlandia teysmanniana
See Numer. List: 878. 1829, The Flora of British India 3(7): Miq.; Spermacoce compressa Wall. ex G. Don)
73. 1880 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 37. 1966
Tropical Asia.
(Paste of tender leaves applied on cuts and wounds to stop
bleeding and for healing.) See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 431.
1830, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 410.
Neanotis hirsuta (L.f.) W.H. Lewis (Anotis capitata Korth.; 1834, The Flora of British India 3(7): 75. 1880 and Fl. Siam.
Anotis hirsuta (L.f.) Miq. ex Backer & Slooten; Anotis hir- 2: 59. 1932, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53(1): 34, 40. 1966
suta (L.f.) Boerl.; Anotis hirsuta (L.f.) Hochr., nom. illeg.;
Hedyotis hirsuta (L.f.) Spreng.; Hedyotis hirsuta (L.f.) Sm.; (Leaf juice applied to injuries and wounds to stop bleeding.)
Hedyotis japonica (Miq.) Masam.; Hedyotis lindleyana in India: shkor maina
Hook. ex Wight & Arn.; Hedyotis lindleyana f. glabrica-
lycina (Honda) S.S. Ying; Hedyotis lindleyana var. glabri-
calycina (Honda) Hara; Hedyotis lindleyana var. hirsuta
Necepsia Prain Euphorbiaceae
(L.f.) Hara; Hedyotis lindleyana var. yakusimensis (Masam.)
Hara; Hedyotis stipulata R.Br. ex Hook.f., nom. illeg.; Necepsus (Necepso), an astrologer in Egypt, a disciple of
Hedyotis yakusimensis (Masam.) Masam.; Neanotis formo- Aesculapius and Anubis, see Étude générale du groupe des
sana (Hayata) Lewis; Neanotis hirsuta var. glabricalycina Euphorbiacées 502. 1858 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous
(Honda) W.H. Lewis; Neanotis hirsuta var. glabrior (Miq.) Information Kew 1910: 343. 1910, Pflanzenr. (Engler)
W.H. Lewis; Neanotis hirsuta var. stipulata (R.Br. ex Hook. Euphorb.-Mercurial. 16. 1914, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 56:
f.) T. Yamaz.; Neanotis hirsuta var. yakusimensis (Masam.) 179–194. 1986.
W.H. Lewis; Oldenlandia hirsuta L.f.; Oldenlandia hirsuta
Necepsia afzelii Prain (Crotonogyne caterviflora N.E. Br.)
var. glabricalycina Honda; Oldenlandia hirsuta var. glabrior
Miq.; Oldenlandia japonica Miq.; Oldenlandia stipulata Tropical Africa. Small monoecious tree, shrubby, lianescent,
(R.Br. ex Hook.f.) Pit.; Oldenlandia yakusimensis Masam.) milky exudate, waxy thick leaves, white-cream flowers
Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim. Herb, procumbent or ascending, See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 114. 1905,
white funnelform corolla, fruit with persistent calyx lobes Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1910: 343. 1910, Das Pflanzenreich
6: 118. 1912
See Species Plantarum 1: 101–102, 119. 1753, Supplementum
Plantarum 127. 1781, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (Leaves abortifacient, antiseptic, for skin diseases.)
2612 Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb. Lauraceae

Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb. Lauraceae Nectandra cuspidata Nees & Mart. (Aydendron laurel Nees;
Laurus membranacea Sw.; Nectandra bondarii Coe-Teix.;
Greek nektar ‘nectar’ and andros ‘man, male, stamen’, see Nectandra cuspidata var. macrocarpa Nees; Nectandra
Acta Literaria Universitatis Hafniensis 1: 279. 1778 and cuspidata var. strumosa (Griseb.) Meisn.; Nectandra gen-
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 302–344. 1946, Fl. Neotrop. 60: 1–332. tlei Lundell; Nectandra laevis Mez; Nectandra leucothyrsus
1993, Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115. 1995. Meisn.; Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Griseb.; Nectandra
Nectandra amazonum Nees (Nectandra ambigua Meisn.; membranacea (Spreng.) Hassl.; Nectandra membranacea
Nectandra bombycina S. Moore; Nectandra pallida Miq.; subsp. cuspidata (Nees & Mart.) Rohwer; Nectandra oliva-
Nectandra pallida Nees; Nectandra urophylla Meisn.) cea Lasser; Nectandra perdubia Lundell; Nectandra pich-
urim (Kunth) Mez; Nectandra pichurim var. cuprea Mez;
Brazil. Nectandra raimondii O.C. Schmidt; Nectandra skutchii C.K.
See Systema Laurinarum 282. 1836, Linnaea 21: 510. 1848, Allen; Nectandra standleyi C.K. Allen; Nectandra williamsii
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): O.C. Schmidt; Ocotea membranacea (Sw.) Howard; Ocotea
157–158. 1864, Transactions of the Linnean Society of pichurim Kunth; Oreodaphne strumosa Griseb.; Persea
membranacea Spreng.; Persea membranacea (Sw.) Spreng.;
London 4: 449. 1895 and Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 57(6):
Persea pichurim (Kunth) Spreng.; Persea pichurim Spreng.)
639–642. 2009
Brazil, Bolivia.
(Neolignans from the leaves.)
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 65.
Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart. (Nectandra
1788, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 166.
angustifolia Miq. ex Meisn., nom. inval.; Nectandra angus-
1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel]
tifolia var. falcifolia Nees; Nectandra briquetii Hassl.;
2: 269–270. 1825, Systema Laurinarum 330. 1836, Flora of
Nectandra falcifolia (Nees) J.A. Castigl. ex Mart. Crov. the British West Indian Islands 282. 1864[1860], Jahrbuch
& Piccinini; Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez; des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen
Nectandra membranacea (Spreng.) Hassl.; Nectandra mem- Museums zu Berlin 5: 449–450. 1889 and Annuaire du
branacea (Sw.) Griseb.; Nectandra membranacea fo. flori- Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 21: 95. 1919,
bunda Hassl.; Nectandra membranacea var. falcifolia (Nees) Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 819–931. 1938,
Hassl.; Nectandra membranacea var. saligna (Nees) Hassl.; Contributions from the University of Michigan Herbarium 6:
Nectandra racemifera Meisn.; Nectandra saligna Nees; 13–15. 1941, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 302–344. 1946, Journal
Nectandra saligna var. obscura Meisn.; Nectandra tweed- of the Arnold Arboretum 62(1): 59. 1981, Mitteilungen
iei (Meisn.) Mez; Ocotea angustifolia Pohl ex Meissner; aus dem Institut für allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 20:
Ocotea angustifolia Schrad.; Ocotea angustifolia (Schott) 72. 1986, Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. (Bolivia) Com. 10: 32–52.
Mez; Oreodaphne angustifolia (Schott) Nees; Oreodaphne 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(2):127–137. 2000,
tweediei Meisn.; Oreodaphne tweediei var. cymulosa Meisn.; Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 90–172. 2007
Persea angustifolia Schott; Persea angustifolia Bartl. ex
(Antimalarial.)
Meisn.; Persea angustifolia D. Parodi; Persea membra-
nacea (Sw.) Spreng.; Strychnodaphne suaveolens Griseb.; in English: purchury bean
Tetranthera megapotamica Spreng.)
in Brazil: pechurim, peixuri, pichurim, pixuri, puchuri
Brazil.
in Peru: ambi caspi, huarme tashango, huarmi tashango, isula
See Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen unter der Augsicht der micuna, isula micuna muina, loro pucheri, moena, moena
Königl…. 1: 711. 1821, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima negra, muena, pishco nahui muina, pucherí, pucheri roble
sexta 2: 270. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima Nectandra hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer (Laurus hihua
sexta 4(2): 156. 1827, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 4(2, Cur. Ruiz & Pav.; Nectandra albiflora Lundell; Nectandra antil-
Post.): 405. 1827, Linnaea 8: 48. 1833, Systema Laurinarum lana Meisn.; Nectandra bredemeyeriana Nees; Nectandra
298, 418. 1836, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 282. glabrescens Benth.; Nectandra grandiflora var. latifo-
1864[1860], Prodr. (DC.) 15(1): 158, 162. 1864, Jahrbuch lia Meisn.; Nectandra grandiflora var. latifolia Nees;
des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Nectandra guanaiensis Rusby; Nectandra leucantha Nees
Museums zu Berlin 5: 286. 1889 and Bulletin de l’Herbier & Mart. var. attenuata Meisn.; Nectandra leucantha var.
Boissier 3: 794. 1903, Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin guianensis Meisn.; Nectandra leucantha var. peruviana
Botaniques de Genève 21: 95–96. 1919, J. Nat. Prod. 67(1): Meisn.; Nectandra lucida Nees; Nectandra maranonensis
42–45. 2004, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 38(12): 1873–1878. O.C. Schmidt; Nectandra megaphylla Hassl.; Nectandra
2005, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(11): 2241–2245. 2006, Phytother. schomburgkii Meisn.; Nectandra tessmannii O.C. Schmidt;
Res. 22(10): 1307–1310. 2008 Nectandra willdenoviana Nees; Sassafridium macrophyl-
lum Rose)
(Antiinflammatory, analgesic, trypanocidal, antiprotozoal,
molluscicidal, antileishmanial and antimalarial activities.) South America, Peru.
Neea Ruíz & Pavón Nyctaginaceae 2613

See Flora Peruviana 4: t. 364. 1804–1830, Linnaea 7: 47. Nectandra colorata Lundell; Nectandra loeseneri Mez;
1833, Systema Laurinarum 290, 321, 323, 334. 1836, The bot- Nectandra sanguinea Rol. ex Rottb. var. angustifolia
any of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 161. 1846, Linnaea 21: Schltdl.; Nectandra sanguinea var. lanceolata Meisn.;
505. 1848, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Ocotea salicifolia Kunth; Ocotea salicifolia Nees; Ocotea
15(1): 151–153, 171. 1864, Contributions from the United salicifolia Hook. & Arn.; Persea salicifolia (Nees) Hemsl.,
States National Herbarium 1(9): 355. 1895 and Bulletin of nom. illeg.; Persea salicifolia (Kunth) Spreng.; Phoebe sal-
the New York Botanical Garden 6: 508. 1910, Annuaire icifolia Nees)
du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 21: 92.
South America.
1919, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
Berlin-Dahlem 10: 229. 1928, Wrightia 1(2): 147. 1946, Flora See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 166.
Neotropica 60: 196. 1993, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 270.
77(1): 91–98. 2001, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], 1825, Systema Laurinarum 298, 302. 1836, The Botany of
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 90–172. 2007 Captain Beechey’s Voyage 309. 1838, Linnaea 19: 257. 1846,
Linnaea 21: 488. 1848, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
(Antimalarial.)
Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 164–165. 1864, Biologia Centrali-
Nectandra lineata (Kunth) Rohwer (Nectandra amazonum Americana; … Botany … 3(14): 72. 1882 and Bulletin de
Nees var. oerstedii Meisn.; Nectandra berchemiifolia var. cau- l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5(3): 243–244. 1905, Reinwardtia
cana Meisn.; Nectandra caucana (Meisn.) Mez; Nectandra 6(1): 23. 1961, Wrightia 4(1): 33. 1968, Wrightia 5(9): 333–
fuscobarbata (Mez) C.K. Allen; Nectandra glabrescens var. 334. 1977, J. Nat. Prod. 59(6): 576–580. 1996
fuscobarbata Mez; Nectandra petenensis Lundell; Ocotea
lineata Kunth; Persea lineata (Kunth) Spreng.) (Trunk bark antiplasmodial.)

South America.
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 165. Neea Ruíz & Pavón Nyctaginaceae
1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 270. For the French botanist Luis Née, fl. 1734–1801, 1789–1794
1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis on the Malaspina Expedition. See Florae Peruvianae, et
15(1): 150, 155. 1864, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Chilensis Prodromus 52. 1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae
Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 5: 420, Peruvianae et Chilensis 90. 1798, Antonio José Cavanilles,
425. 1889 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 26(4): 390. Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 5: i-iii. 1799 and August
1945, Phytologia 12(4): 244. 1965, Flora Neotropica 60: 209. Weberbauer, Die Pflanzenwelt der peruanischen Andes in
1993, Nat. Prod. Res. 19(4): 373–377. 2005 ihren Grundzügen dargestellt. 4–5. Leipzig 1911, Contr. U.S.
(Antitrypanosomal.) Natl. Herb. 13(11): 382. 1911, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 518–546. 1937, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical
Nectandra purpurea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez (Laurus purpurea Notes upon Botanists. 2: 542. Boston 1965, Fieldiana,
Ruiz & Pav.; Nectandra fuscobarbata (Mez) C.K. Allen; Bot., n.s. 13: 180–199. 1983, John Dunmore, Who’s Who in
Nectandra glabrescens var. fuscobarbata Mez; Nectandra lat- Pacific Navigation. 2, 170–171. Honolulu 1991, R. Zander, F.
ifolia (Kunth) Mez; Nectandra polita Nees & Mart.; Nectandra Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der
polita var. oerstedii Meisn.; Ocotea flexuosa Rusby; Ocotea Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart 1993.
latifolia Kunth; Persea latifolia (Kunth) Spreng.)
Neea psychotrioides Donn. Sm. (Neea belizensis Lundell;
South America. Neea choriophylla Standl.; Neea gentlei Lundell; Neea laete-
See Flora Peruviana 4: t. 351. 1804–1830, Nova Genera virens Standl.; Neea parvifolia Lundell; Neea popenoei P.H.
et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 165. 1817, Systema Allen; Neea pycnantha Standl.; Neea xanthina Standl.)
Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 270. 1825, Systema
Guatemala, British Honduras. Small shrub, deep red-pur-
Laurinarum 325–326. 1836, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
plish flowers
Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 164. 1864, Jahrbuch des Königlichen
Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu See Botanical Gazette 16(7): 199. 1891 and Contributions
Berlin 5: 425, 443, 454–455. 1889 and Descriptions of Three from the United States National Herbarium 13(11): 384. 1911,
Hundred New Species of South American Plants 21. 1920, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical
Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 819–931. Series 4(8): 204. 1929, Contributions from the University of
1938, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 26(4): 390. 1945, Michigan Herbarium 7: 9–10. 1942, Annals of the Missouri
Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 60: 4, 210. 1993, Nat. Prod. Commun. Botanical Garden 30: 85–86. 1943, Field & Laboratory
5(7): 1063–1066. 2010 13(1): 2–3. 1945, The Rain Forests of Golfo Dulce 410. 1956,
Wrightia 4(2): 84. 1968
(Arylbenzofuran neolignans from the bark.)
(Crushed leaves rubbed for pain in the joints.)
Nectandra salicifolia (Kunth) Nees (Cinnamomum sal-
icifolium (Nees) Kosterm.; Nectandra cayoana Lundell; Neea verticillata Ruiz & Pav.
2614 Neesia Blume Bombacaceae (Malvaceae)

South America. (founder and) secretary of the Caledonian Horticultural Society

and Wernerian Society, in 1813 a Fellow of the Linnean Society,
See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis
friend of G. Don, his writings include Journal of a horticultural
90. 1798
tour. Edinburgh, London 1823, An Address to the Members
(Ceremonial, ritual, the fruits.) of the Wernerian Natural History Society. Edinburgh 1830,
A Tour through some of the Islands of Orkney and Shetland.
Edinburgh 1806, “Remarks made in a Tour thro’ some of the
Neesia Blume Bombacaceae (Malvaceae) Shetland Islands in 1804.” The Scots Magazine. 67: 347–352
and 431–435. 1805, “Remarkable Shower of Hail in Orkney.”
For the German botanist Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees Transactions, Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1818, Fruit, Flower
von Esenbeck, 1787–1837, professor of pharmacy at Bonn and Kitchen Garden. Edinburgh 1840 and Canonmills Loch
University and co-director of the Botanic Garden, author of and Meadow. [Edinburgh 1832]. See Beytr. Pfl.-Anat. [Hefts
De muscorum propagatione. Erlangae 1818 and Radix planta- 1–4]: 109. 1799, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 228. 1825, Georg Christian
rum mycetoidearum. Bonnae 1820, joint author with Fridolin Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 611.
Carl Leopold Spenner (1798–1841), Alois (Aloys) Putterlick Ansbach 1852, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 949. 1891 and N. Amer.
(1810–1845), Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher, Carl Fl. 22(3): 240. 1908, E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library
Wilhelm Bischof (born 1825), Johann Xaver Robert Caspary of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933,
(1818–1887), Adalbert Carl Friedrich Hellwig Conrad J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 543.
Schnizlein (1814–1868) and Dietrich Brandis (1824–1907) of 1965, H.R. Fletcher and W.H. Brown, Royal Botanic Garden
Genera plantarum Florae germanicae. Bonnae [1833–] 1835– Edinburgh, 1670–1970. Edinburgh 1970, I.C. Hedge and J.M.
1860, co-author with Carl Heinrich Ebermaier (1802–1870) Lamond, Index of Collectors in the Edinburgh Herbarium.
of Handbuch der medicinisch-pharmaceutischen Botanik. Edinburgh 1970 F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch
Düsseldorf 1830–1832, with his brother the German botanist
der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 139. Berlin &
Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (1776–1858)
Hamburg 1989.
wrote De Cinnamomo disputatio. Bonnae 1823 and Plantarum
in Horto Medico Bonnensi nutritarum icones selectae. Bonnae Neillia thyrsiflora D. Don (Opulaster thyrsiflorus (D. Don)
1824; see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 118. Kuntze; Opulaster thyrsiflorus Kuntze)
1825, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat.
Nepal, India. Shrub, drooping shoots, flowers in branched
Cur. 17(1): 83, t. 6. 1835 and J.D. Milner, Catalogue of Portraits
racemes
of Botanists Exhibited in the Museums of the Royal Botanic
Gardens. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London 1906, E.M. See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 228–229. 1825
Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum
(Roots of Neillia thyrsiflora and roots of Achyranthes biden-
of Harvard University. 1917–1933, Ida Kaplan Langman,
tata are crushed and the juice given with lukewarm water as
A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants
a cure for pneumonia.)
of Mexico. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
Botanists. 2: 542. 1965, T.W. Bossert, compil., Biographical in China: xiu xian mei
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
in India: sinkune, sirkune
Portrait Collection. 283. 1972, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic
Literature. 3: 712–715. 1981, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim
and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14.
Aufl. Stuttgart 1993. Nelsonia R. Br. Acanthaceae

Neesia altissima (Blume) Blume (Esenbeckia altissima Blume) After the Kew gardener David Nelson, died 1789 (Koepang,
Timor), plant and seed collector, explorer, from 1776 to 1780
Indonesia. Tree collected for Banks on Cook’s third and last voyage, in 1787
See Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae with Captain (subsequently Rear Admiral) William Bligh on
Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia HMS Bounty (collected breadfruit trees); see Robert Brown,
Ephemerides sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. 480–481. London
17(1): 83. 1835 1810 and Joseph Henry Maiden, Sir Joseph Banks, the
Father of Australia. 124–125. Sydney and London 1909, J.
(Fruits diuretic, against gonorrhea.) Britten, “Some early Cape botanists and collectors.” J. Linn.
in Indonesia: bengang Soc. Bot. 45: 29–51. 1920, Ida Lee (afterwards Marriott),
Early Explorers in Australia. 76–77. London 1925, John
H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 544.
1965, Kenneth Lemmon, The Golden Age of Plant Hunters.
Neillia D. Don Rosaceae
79–106. London 1968, Phytologia 37: 412. 1977, Mary Gunn
After the Scottish (b. Edinburgh) botanist Patrick Neill, 1776– and Leslie Edward W. Codd, Botanical Exploration of
1851 (d. Canonmills, Edinburgh), plant collector, printer, Southern Africa. 259. Cape Town 1981.
Nelumbo Adans. Nelumbonaceae 2615

Nelsonia campestris R. Br. (Justicia nummulariifolia Vahl; 1824], Species Plantarum. Editio sexta 1: 419. 1831, Nomencl.
Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng.; Nelsonia canescens Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 488. 1841, Prodromus Systematis
Spreng.; Nelsonia nummulariaefolia (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 11: 481. 1847, Videnskabelige
Nelsonia nummulariifolia Roem. & Schult.) Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn
1854: 118–119. 1854, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany
Tropical Africa. Prostrate herb, pinkish flowers
7: 13–54. 1864, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany
See Enumeratio Plantarum … 1: 122, 160, 164–165. 1804, … 2(12): 501. 1882, The Flora of British India 4: 395. 1884,
Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. 480–481. 1810, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 493. 1891 and Catalogue des
Systema Vegetabilium, ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 1: Plantes de Madagascar, Acanth. 2(24): 7–32. 1939, Flore
172–173, 174–175. 1817, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1: de Madagascar et des Comores 182: 1–219. 1967, Taxon
42. 1824 [dated 1825, publ. in late 1824] and Catalogue des 29: 358–360. 1980, Willdenowia 14: 403. 1984, Systematic
Plantes de Madagascar, Acanth. 2(24): 7–32. 1939, Taxon Botany 18: 283–289. 1993, Proceedings of the XIIIth Plenary
29: 358–360. 1980 Meeting of AETFAT, Zomba, Malawi, 1–11 April, 1991 1:
(Leaves juice for yellow fever, eyes inflammation. Root 315–325. 1994
ground with water and taken as a tonic and aphrodisiac.) (Herb used in uterine displacement. Roots pounded with salt
in India: patta kamraj are applied to wounds, itches, skin diseases; root paste to treat
boils and blisters on the tongue and mouth; juice used against
Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. (Dicliptera tomentosa Guinea worms. A paste of leaf and inflorescence given orally
(Vahl) Nees; Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R. Br. ex Roem. in the diarrhea of children; leaf paste applied in piles. Plant
& Schult.; Justicia bengalensis Spreng.; Justicia brunelloi- paste applied to burning soles.)
des Lam.; Justicia canescens Lam.; Justicia hirsuta Vahl;
Justicia lamifolia J. König ex Roxb.; Justicia lamiifolia in India: bodo rasna, botjuni, momorkha, mujari, punjiki
Roxb.; Justicia nervosa Vahl; Justicia nummulariaefolia jadi, rasna
Vahl; Justicia nummulariifolia Vahl; Justicia origanoides
Vahl; Justicia tomentosa Vahl; Justicia tomentosa Roxb.,
nom. illeg., non Justicia tomentosa Vahl; Justicia vestita Nelumbo Adans. Nelumbonaceae
Roem. & Schult.; Nelsonia albicans Kunth; Nelsonia brunel- Sinhalese name for lotus plant, nelumbu, nelun, see Species
loides (Lam.) Kuntze; Nelsonia campestris R. Br.; Nelsonia Plantarum 1: 510–511. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 76,
campestris var. vestita (Roem. & Schult.) C.B. Clarke; 582. 1763, Genera Plantarum [Jussieu] 68. 1789, Annals of
Nelsonia canescens Nees ex Hemsl., nom. inval.; Nelsonia Botany 2: 70. 1805, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2:
canescens Spreng.; Nelsonia canescens var. vestita (Roem. 43. 1821, Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle 11: 492.
& Schult.) E. Hossain; Nelsonia hirsuta Roem. & Schult.; 1827, Prodromus Florae Hispanicae 1: 30. 1861 and Novon
Nelsonia hirsuta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Nelsonia lamiifo- 2(3): 236. 1992, Phytologia 79(2): 72. 1995[1996], Amer. J.
lia (Roxb.) Spreng.; Nelsonia lamiifolia Spreng.; Nelsonia Bot. 89: 1367. 2002, Flow. Pl. Fam. World 226. 2007, Plant
nummulariaefolia (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Nelsonia num- Book 575. 2008.
mulariifolia Roem. & Schult.; Nelsonia origanoides (Nees)
Steud.; Nelsonia origanoides Roem. & Schult.; Nelsonia Nelumbo lutea Willdenow (Nelumbium luteum Willd.;
origanoides (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.; Nelsonia pohlii Nees; Nelumbo lutea (Willdenow) Persoon; Nelumbo lutea Pers.;
Nelsonia rotundifolia R. Br.; Nelsonia senegalensis Oerst.; Nelumbo lutea Michx., nom. illeg., non Nelumbo lutea
Nelsonia tomentosa A. Dietr.; Nelsonia tomentosa (Roxb.) Willd.; Nelumbo pentapetala (Walter) Fernald; Nymphaea
Willd.; Nelsonia villosa Oerst.) pentapetala Walter)
India. Herb, weed, prostrate, trailing branches, branching, North America. Perennial, aquatic, herb with milky latex,
softly pubescent, pink-purple to yellow flowers in cylindrical round floating leaves, fragrant pale yellow to cream flowers,
villous spikes petal-like sepals, seeds and tubers for food, species some-
times an aggressive, difficult-to-eradicate weed in ponds,
See Species Plantarum 1: 9, 15–16. 1753, Symbolae Botanicae,
lakes and reservoirs
… 2: 3. 1791, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique …
Botanique 1: 40–41. 1791, Enumeratio Plantarum … 1: 122, See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(2): 1259. 1799, Flora
160, 164–165. 1804, Annales du muséum national d’histoire Boreali-Americana 1: 317. 1803, Annals of Botany 2: 70.
naturelle 9: 267. 1807, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 1805, Syn. Pl. 2: 92. 1807 and Hall, T.F. and W.T. Penfound.
480–481. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto “The biology of the American lotus Nelumbo lutea (Willd.)
ed.) 2: 234. 1817, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer Pers.” Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 744–758. 1944, Schneider,
& Schultes] 1: 172–173, 174–175. 1817, Flora Indica; or E.L. and J.D. Buchanan. “Morphological studies of the
descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 132–133, 135. 1820, Systema Nymphaeaceae. XI. The floral biology of Nelumbo penta-
Vegetabilium Mant. 1: 145. 1822, Systema Vegetabilium, edi- petala.” Amer. J. Bot. 67: 182–193. 1980, M.R. Gilmore, Uses
tio decima sexta 1: 42, 82. 1824 [dated 1825, publ. in late of Plants by the Indians … 27–28. 1991
2616 Nelumbo Adans. Nelumbonaceae

(Ceremonial plant, ritual, mystic-magico-religious beliefs ampunecam, ampuracam, ampurecam, ampuru, amputam,
and powers.) ampuyakkoti, ampuyam, ampuyatam, anikini, appucam,
aranala, arantam, arappatumam, aravinda, arpakantam,
in English: American lotus, water chinquapin, yellow lotus
arpatumam, arukanvakanam, arunakamalam, arunkalac-
in North America: tethawe (Omaha-Ponca), tewape (Dakota), cevvital, arvinda, aunikam, ayamalar, aymalar, bem-tamara,
tsherop (Winnebago), tukawiu (Pawnee), water chinquapin, bemtamara, beykhneelufer, bisakusuma, bisaprasuna, cac-
yellow lotus catam, calacanam, calacanmam, calacappu, calacarakkuli,
calakankakkoti, calakankam, calakarankam, calarukak-
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbium nelumbo Druce;
koti, calarukam, calcam, calilikam, cantiram, caracakkoti,
Nelumbium nelumbo (L.) Druce; Nelumbium nuciferum
caracam, caracijam, caracirukam, caravanam, carocini,
Gaertn.; Nelumbium speciosum Willdenow; Nelumbo
carokkam, carokulam, catalam, catapattiram, catapatu-
caspica (DC.) Fisch.; Nelumbo komarovii Grossh.; Nelumbo
mam, catippakitakkoti, catippakitam, cattalam, catti, cat-
nucifera var. macrorhizomata Nakai; Nelumbo speciosa
tika, cattikakkoti, caturaccakan, cekkamalar, cenkalam,
Willd.; Nymphaea nelumbo L.)
centamara, centamarai, ceppilai, ceyyatamarai, cirukam,
SE Asia. Aquatic perennial herb, robust, emergent, creeping citalam, citampocam, citampucam, cittetan, civacattipakir-
rootstock, large single pink or white flower, obconical fruits, tan, comakkiyam, copanam, cuceyam, cultalai, curiyanatpu,
black oblong seeds, intensely bitter embryo, edible young rhi- damara, drishopadma, elimanai, ellimanai, erratamara,
zomes, tender rootstock, petioles, leaves and seeds errathaamara, harivetra, indiralaya, intai, iracacupakkoti, ira-
cacuyam, iracalam, iraciyam, iramapiriyam, iramappiriyam,
See Species Plantarum 510–511. 1753, Familles des Plantes
irampu, iratacanniyakam, iratikantal, iratikantan, irattacan-
2: 76, 582. 1763, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… .
tiyakam, irattacarorukam, irattakamalam, irattakkumutam,
1: 73. 1788, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow]
irattakokanam, irattakumutam, irattalamutam, irattamanta-
2(2): 1258–1259. 1799, Fl. Brit. India 1: 116. 1875, Karsten,
lam, irattorpalam, iravikantam, irciyam, jalacam, jalajanma,
Hermann (1817–1908), Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-
kacam, kalhara, kalung, kamal, kamal gatta, kamal-kakri,
medicinische Botanik (Karsten) 553. Berlin. 1882 and Rep.
kamal ke phool, kamal phool, kamal phul, kamala, kamalak-
Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit. Isles, 1913, iii. 421. 1914, Journal of
sha, kamalam, kamalamu, kamalgatta, kamalini, kamalodb-
Cytology and Genetics 6: 67–89. 1971, Kuan Ke-chien.
havamrajah, kamalphool, kamalphool (nilofer), kancam,
Nymphaeaceae subfam. Nelumboideae. Fl. Reipubl.
kancamalar, kancankoti, kantokakkoti, kantokam, kanto-
Popularis Sin. 27: 3–5. 1979, Journal of Wuhan Botanical
tam, kanval, kanwal, kanwal gatta, karambeulma, karkam,
Research 3(1): 81–88. 1985, Journal of Wuhan Botanical
katirppari, kauravakkoti, kauravam, kawar, khilwathar
Research 3(3): 209–217. 1985, Annals of the Tsukuba
(leaves), kokanakam, kokayam, kunja, kusesaya, kushe-
Botanical Garden 4: 21–24. 1986, Acta Phytotaxonomica
shaya, kutapa, lalkamal, mahapadma, mahotpala, makor-
Sinica 32(4): 293–300. 1994, J. Hunan Agric. Univ. 24(3):
palakkoti, makorpalam, malunti, maraikkoti, matanalam,
191–193. 1998
mirinalam, mirunalakkoti, mirunalam, mirunali, mirunara-
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Milky viscid juice kkoti, mirunaram, mirunarram, mirutalakkoti, mirutalam,
of the leaves astringent and cooling, useful in dysentery muntakakkoti, muntakam, nadur (rhizome), nala, nalaki,
and diarrhea. Rhizome powder taken to cure piles; rhi- nalakikkoti, nalalmatu, nalam, nalika, nalikam, nalina,
zome extract given for diarrhea, dysentery and dyspepsia; nalini, nalitam, nallatamarai, naticam, nattuttamarai, nica-
cooked tubers eaten for dropsy; rhizome paste used against kaci, nicakacikkoti, nilufer, nilufu, nirmelcevvanti, nirmel-
ringworms. Paste of leaves and rhizome used in ringworm. paccilai, nirnatittamarai, nirniti, nirorukakkoti, nirorukam,
Flowers as cooling astringent in diarrhea and cholera, also padam, padma, padmadrajah, padmam, padmamu, palutut-
a cardiac tonic. Ceremonial, ritual, rosaries made of seeds, ainayakam, pambach (fruits), pamposh (flowers), panikam,
wealth rituals for worshipping Lakshmi/Laxmi as goddess; panikkanci, panikkancikkoti, pankacam, pankacatam,
flowers offered to Lord Shiva, offered to deities by Hindus pankacatamakkoti, pankacatamam, pankaja, pankajam,
during worship.) pankarukam, pankatam, pankecam, pankeram, pankeruha,
panmam, pannaci, parparakam, pathoja, patmam, patocam,
in English: Chinese arrowroot, Chinese water lily, Egyptian
patotam, patumakam, patumanalakkoti, podum, ponmanai,
bean, Hindu lotus, Indian lotus, lotus, padma, pink lotus lily,
potu, poykainari, poykainarinir, poyna, pundarika, pundra,
pink water lily, red lily, sacred lotus, sacred lotus of India
pundreekamu, puntaram, puntarikam, purain, pushkara,
Balinese name: bungan tunjung puskara, putaka, putpan, rajiva, rattorpalam, sahasrapatra,
sahsrapatra, sarasa, sarasiruha, sarojanma, saroruha, sarsija,
in China: he ye, ho yeh, lian zi, lian shu, lian, ho, fu chu
sarsiruha, satapatra, sharada, sharapadma, shatapatra, shri,
in India: abja, ambal, acaiyapattipam, acaiyappattiram, shriparna, shrivasa, shuklapadma, sitambuja, sivapputama-
aciyapattiarm, akiyapattiram, allakam, ambhoja, ambho- rai, soungadhikamu, sujala, tamara, tamaracam, tamarai,
ruha, amboruha, ambuj, ambuja, ambujanma, ambupadma, tamaram, tamarasa, tamaray, tantamarai, tantar, tantulam,
amburoha, amlana, ampala, ampo, ampocam, ampocayoni, tanturam, tarutam, tarutam, tarutam, tavare, tavare kusuma,
ampucam, ampucani, ampucanmam, ampucatam, ampucini, tavaribija, tavarigadde, tevanam, thaamara, thaamara puvvu,
Nemopanthus Raf. Aquifoliaceae 2617

thaamarai, thaavare, thamara, thamarai, thambal, thavare, Nemophila maculata Benth. ex Lindley (Nemophila macu-
thavare hoo, thella thaamara, thellane padmanu, thumbal, lata Lindl.)
tikkayam, tirumalarkkoti, tirumalkompar, tirumalunti,
North America. Herb, low-growing, slender, branching, pin-
totakam, toyacam, tumarasa, tunaparicam, urocanai, uro-
nately lobed leaves, white open bowl-shaped flowers, petals
cani, urokani, ussulnilufer, vacanakkoti, vacanam, vanacak-
with deep purple spot at the tip, forage
koti, vanacopanam, vanashobhana, vanicam, vannivannam,
vantuni, vantunikkoti, varicam, varikam, varisoha, vauci- See Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 3: 319.
kakkoti, vaucikam, ventamara, ventamarai, vicappicuranam, 1848
vicappiracunam, vicaputpam, vintu, vintukam, visaputpam
(Veterinary medicine, tonic, stimulant.)
in Indonesia: padma (padma is a Sanskrit word that means
in English: fivespot
lotus, and the lotus is the seat of God), teratai, teraté
Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn. (Nemophila insignis
in Japan: Hasu (= the Throne of Hasu = The Lotus Throne),
Benth. var. menziesii (Hook. & Arn.) A. DC.; Nemophila
renkon (for the roots, rhizomes)
menziesii A. Gray; Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn. subsp.
Malayan names: lian hua, seroja, telepok, teratai insignis (Benth.) Brand; Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn.
subsp. insignis Brand; Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn.
in Okinawa: rin, din
var. discoidalis (Lem.) Voss; Nemophila menziesii Hook. &
in Philippines: baino, balbalino, sukao Arn. var. venosa (Jeps.) Brand; Nemophila menziesii Hook.
& Arn. var. venosa Brand)
in Tibet: pa dma dkar po, pa dma dmar po, u-tpa-la
North America. Annual herb, low-growing, slender, branch-
in Vietnam: lien, sen
ing, pinnately lobed leaves, pale blue flowers, forage
See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 152. 1833,
Nemopanthus Raf. Aquifoliaceae Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, ser.
2, 1(6): 479–480. 1835, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: 275.
Greek nema ‘thread’, pous ‘foot’ and anthos ‘flower’, refer-
1836, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
ring to the peduncles, or from nema, ops, opsis ‘aspect,
(DC.) 9: 290. 1845 and A Flora of Western Middle California
sight, appearance, resemblance’ and anthos; see Species
434. 1901, University of California Publications in Botany
Plantarum 1: 125. 1753, Le Botaniste Cultivateur 4: 127.
4(13): 210. 1912, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 251(Heft 54):
1802, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Florula ludoviciana.
48–49. 1913, Genetics. 150(4): 1649–1661. 1998, Journal
167. New York 1817, American monthly magazine and critical
of Evolutionary Biology 17(4): 786–794. 2004, Oecologia
review 4: 357. 1819 and E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus.
155(4): 729–737. 2008
159–160. 1949.
(Veterinary medicine, tonic, stimulant.)
Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Trel. (Ilex mucronata (L.)
M. Powell, Savol. & S. Andrews; Ilicioides mucronata (L.) in English: baby blue-eyes, Menzies’ baby blue-eyes
Britton; Ilicioides mucronata Britton; Vaccinium mucrona-
tum L.)
North America.
Neoboutonia Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae
For the botanist Louis Sulpice Bouton (1799–1878), naturalist,
See Species Plantarum 1: 350. 1753, Transactions of the
plant collector, among his writings are Sur le décroissement
Academy of Science of St. Louis 5(3[1]): 349. 1889, Memoirs
des forêts à Maurice. Maurice 1838, “Plantes médicinales
of the Torrey Botanical Club 5: 217. 1894 and Ann. Missouri
de Maurice. Indigènes ou cultivées dans les jardins.” Société
Bot. Gard. 66: 856–861. 1979, Taxon 31: 766–768. 1982, Kew
Royale des Arts & Sciences de Maurice. Transactions, vol.
Bulletin 55(2): 345. 2000
1, part 1. Port Louis 1857 [Engl. transl. “Medicinal plants
(Cough sedative, febrifuge, tonic, for tuberculosis.) growing or cultivated in the island of Mauritius.” Trans. Roy.
in English: cat berry, mountain holly Soc. Arts Sci. Mauritius, New Ser. 1: 1–177. 1857], Rapport
présenté à la Chambre d’Agriculture sur les diverses espèces
de cannes à sucre cultivées à Maurice. 1863 and Plantes
médicinales de Maurice. Port Louis 1864. See John Vaughan
Nemophila Nutt. Hydrophyllaceae (Boraginaceae)
Thompson (1779–1847), A catalogue of the exotic plants
Greek nemos ‘wooded pasture, glade, a grove’ and philos cultivated in the Mauritius … to which are added the eng-
‘loving’, referring to the habitat, see Barton, William Paul lish and french names… Compiled under the auspices of
Crillon (1786–1856), A flora of North America, illustrated by R.T. Farquhar Esq. Governor of Mauritius. Mauritius 1816,
coloured figures, drawn from nature. 2: 71, t. 61. Philadelphia. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2: 336. 1864 and J.H.
1822, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2: 179. 1822. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 232. 1965,
2618 Neocarya (DC.) Prance ex F. White Chrysobalanaceae

Frans A. Stafleu and Erik A. Mennega, Taxonomic Literature. in Ivory Coast: néu, sicouni
Supplement II. 393–394. [“1800–1879, or 1878”] 1993.
in Liberia: tifi
Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax (Neoboutonia glabrescens
in Mali: danga
Prain)
in Niger: gamsa, gaosa, gawasa
Tanzania. Tree, fruit covered with brown pubescence outside
in Nigeria: bakar rura, gawasa, gàwàsaá, kóbenci, naawdi,
See J. Bot. 2: 336. 1864 and Botanische Jahrbücher für
nawarre, putu, pútú, pútú’bá, pútú yiwó
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 30(3–
4): 339. 1901, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1911: in Senegal: ba, baa, baabu, bahan, bel, beul, danga, kifokum,
265. 1911, Das Pflanzenreich 147,7(Heft 63): 75. 1914 tamba tambakumbaa, tétu
(For skin diseases, astringent.)
in Tanzania: kabhonobhono, mpala Neocinnamomum H. Liou Lauraceae
Referring to Cinnamomum, see Contribution à l’étude sys-
tématique et phytogéographique des Lauracées de Chine et
Neocarya (DC.) Prance ex F. d’Indochine. Paris: Jouve, 1932.
White Chrysobalanaceae
Neocinnamomum delavayi (Lecomte) H. Liou
From the Greek neos ‘new’ and karyon ‘walnut, nut’, see (Cinnamomum delavayi Lecomte; Cinnamomum parvifo-
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 46(3–4): lium Lecomte; Neocinnamomum delavayi (Lecomte) H.
308. 1976. Liou var. pauciflorum Y.C. Yang; Neocinnamomum parvifo-
Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance ex F. White (Ferolia lium (Lecomte) H. Liou)
macrophylla (Sabine) Kuntze; Neocarya macrophylla China.
(Sabine) Prance; Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance ex
F. White; Parinari macrophylla Sabine; Parinari senegalen- See Laurac. Chine et Indochine, 88, 90. 1932
sis Perr. ex DC.; Petrocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Steud.) (Leaves used for rheumatism.)
Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, stout densely tomentose in China: xin zhang
branchlets, gnarled bole, petals and stamens white, fruit
rough-skinned edible, on banks of sandy seasonal water-
courses, savanna, on sandy beaches Neohouzeaua A. Camus Poaceae
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 514, Named for Jean Houzeau de Lehaie, 1867–1959, explorer,
pl. 204–206. 1775, Genera Plantarum ed 8. 1: 245. 1789, botanical collector, author of Le bambou, son étude, sa cul-
Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 433. ture, son emploi. Mons 1906, “La culture des bambous dans
1818, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London le Sud-Ouest de la France.” Bull. Soc. Dendr. Fr. 14: 233–
5: 452. 1824, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 266. 1909, type Neohouzeaua mekongensis A. Camus, see
309. 1841, Catalogus plantarum quae in Horto botanico Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 535. 1829
bogoriensi … 256. 1866, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 216. and Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 28(1):
1891 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 100. 1922, Taxon 6(7): 206. 1957, Agriculture Handbook 193:
46(3–4): 308. 1976, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21: 109– 1–74. 1961, Contributions from the United States National
125. 1987 Herbarium 39: 112. 2000.
(Bark for toothache, eye treatments; root bark haemostatic Neohouzeaua dulloa (Gamble) A. Camus (also dullooa)
and cicatrisant on wounds. Endocarp hairs vermifuges. (Schizostachyum dulloa (Gamble) Majumdar; Teinostachyum
Veterinary medicine, leaves used for diarrhea and dysentery. dullooa Gamble)
Superstitions, magic, antidote.)
Vietnam, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh. Erect, leaning, slender,
in English: ginger plum, gingerbread-plum, neou oil tree, rot- thin-walled, open tufted, nodes more or less swollen, many
ten plum branches at each node, culm sheath glabrous, sheath blade
narrowly lanceolate and tapering, inflorescence on leafy
in Burkina Faso: sicouni
branch, wild and cultivated, used for building purposes and
in Ghana: nya basketry, light constructions and mats, poles and umbrellas,
culms used as floats
in Guinea: bansuma, cura-bussuma, kura-bansuma, mampa-
taz, mampataz grande, n-bute, n-djapô, n-japo, neudi, nia- See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 7: 101, pl.
mui, node, nórònóròdó, nororodo, orodjô, sicougny, signon, 89. 1896, FBI 7: 411. 1896 and Bulletin du Muséum National
sigon, sikonyi, tusukura, téhé, umbatú, undjapô d’Histoire Naturelle 28(1): 101. 1922, Florae Indicae
Neohymenopogon Bennet Rubiaceae 2619

Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae, Bambusoideae Botanical Neolamarckia J. Bosser Rubiaceae

Survey of India, Flora of India, Series 4, 281. Calcutta 1989
See Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia Sér. 4, 6(3):
(For broken bones.) 247. 1985 [1984 publ. 1985].
in Bangladesh: dolu Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (Anthocephalus
in India: dolu, dongla, dullooa, puksalu, ruathla, wadru cadamba Miq.; Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.;
Anthocephalus indicus A. Rich. var. glabrescens H.L. Li;
in Thailand: mai hia Anthocephalus morindifolius Korth.; Nauclea cadamba
in Vietnam: cai noa, kei noua Roxb.; Nauclea megaphylla S. Moore; Neonauclea mega-
phylla (S. Moore) S. Moore; Samama cadamba (Roxb.)
Neohouzeaua helferi (Munro) Gamble (Arundarbor helferi Kuntze; Samama cadamba Kuntze; Sarcocephalus cad-
(Munro) Kuntze; Bambusa helferi Munro; Pseudostachyum amba (Roxb.) Kurz) (Anthocephalus A. Rich., from the
helferi (Munro) Kurz; Schizostachyum helferi (Munro) Greek anthos ‘a flower’ and kephale ‘head’, referring to the
R.B. Majumdar; Teinostachyum helferi (Munro) Gamble) heads of flowers.)
(for Johann Wilhelm Helfer, 1810–1840, born Prague and
died Andaman Islands, explorer, botanist, collector in Trop. Asia. Tree, broad crown, long horizontal branches,
India and Burma, Andaman Islands and Tenasserim; see sapwood white, triangular stipules, fragrant orange or yel-
Mathilde Pauline Nostitz, Johann Wilhelm Helfer’s Reisen in low bisexual flowers in solitary terminal head, globose fruit
Vorderasien und Indien. Leipzig 1873, 1877 and Travels of a edible, fresh leaves fodder
Doctor and Madame Helfer in Syria, Mesopotamia, Burmah See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 121.
and other lands … Rendered into English by Mrs. G. Sturge. 1824, Trans. Hort. Soc. 5: 442. 1824, Mémoire sur la famille
[With a preface by F. von Hochstetter.] 2 vols. London 1878) des Rubiacées 157. 1830, Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire
Myanmar, India. Straggling, scrambling, climbing, culms Naturelle de Paris 5: 238. 1834, Flora van Nederlandsch
used for basketry Indië 2: 135. 1856, Fl. Burm. 2: 63. 1877 and Journal of the
Arnold Arboretum 25(3): 318. 1944, Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist.
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): Nat., B, Adansonia, 1984(3): 247. 1985 [1984 publ. 1985],
114, 142, t. 3. 1868, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Gardens’ Bulletin. Singapore 47: 347–655. 1995 [1997]
Part 2. Natural history 42(2): 253. 1873, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 2: 761. 1891, Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem as a tooth brush in gum
Calcutta. 7: 102, pl. 90. 1896 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous infection and dental caries. Hepatoprotective, nematicidal,
Information Kew 1923: 91. 1923, Florae Indicae Enumeratio: tonic and febrifuge, astringent; dried bark used to relieve
Monocotyledonae, Bambusoideae 281. Calcutta 1989 fever, burning sensation and as a tonic; an extract of the
leaves serves as a mouth gargle. Fruit fresh juice applied to
(An infusion of the leaves used as an eye wash and internally the heads of infants, used to kill worms in sores. Veterinary
given for bronchitis and gonorrhea medicine, leaves juice for colic. Magic, one of the sacred and
in Thailand: hia khruea, mai hia, so khae ya, tho ha kai, thoi mystical trees of India, related to Lord Krishna, traditionally
ha kai believed to bring happiness and prosperity, wisdom and sub-
lime love; it’s not allowed to cut this tree; ceremonial, ritual,
ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremo-
nies; leaves and inflorescence offered to Lord Krishna.)
Neohymenopogon Bennet Rubiaceae
in English: common bur-flower tree
Genus Hymenopogon Wallich, from the Greek hymen ‘a
membrane’ and pogon ‘beard’, see Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & in Brunei: bangkal, kaatoan bangkal
Wall. ii. 156. 1824 and Indian Forester 107(7): 436. 1981.
in Burma: mau-lettan-she, maukadon, yemau
Neohymenopogon parasiticus (Wall.) Bennet (Hymenopogon
in Cambodia: thkoow
parasiticus Wall.; Hymenopogon parasiticus var. longiflorus
F.C. How; Hymenopogon parasiticus Wall. var. longiflorus in India: acokari, aram, arattam, arippiriyam, ashokari,
F.C. How ex W.C. Chen; Mussaenda cuneifolia D. Don) atampu, atappan, atappi, attar, attutek, attuttekka, bale,
bangkal, banphar, banthalang, cakka, camparam, camuttira,
Bhutan, Nepal, China. Epiphyte, white flowers
camuttirappalai, chakka, cokari, cowdeyal, cumam, cumpul,
See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 157– cumpulimaram, dasa, deva, dhara-kadambo, dharakadam-
158. 1824, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 139. 1825 and Indian Forester bah, dhulikadambah, girikadambakah, halipriya, halipriyah,
107(7): 436. 1981, Guihaia 7(4): 297–298. 1987 haridra, haripriya, indulam, intulam, intulamaram, intuma-
ram, intumari, intumarimaram, intuvalam, jala, kadabolige,
(Fruit paste applied to treat toothache.)
kadaga, kadaha, kadahada, kadam, kadamb, kadamba,
in Nepal: gobre kath kadambah, kadambakamu, kadambamu, kadambaryya,
2620 Neolitsea Merr. Lauraceae

kadambe, kadambole, kadambu, kadamchal, kadappai, Neolitsea Merr. Lauraceae

kadava, kadaval, kadavara, kaddabailu, kadimi, kadubale,
kadubalige, kaduve, kadvala, kadwal, kalamb, kalampam, From the Greek neo ‘new’ and the genus Litsea Lam., see
kalempayan, kapam, karanapurakkiyam, karnapuraka, kar- Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(1): 161. 1880, Philipp. J.
napurakam, katamba, katampa, katampacivam, katampai, Sci. 1(Suppl. 1): 56. 1906.
katampam, katampamaram, katampu, katappai, katap- Neolitsea aurata (Hayata) Koidzumi var. aurata (Litsea
paimaram, katappam, katarvayura, katousjaka, kattuccakka, aurata Hayata; Neolitsea aurata Merr.; Neolitsea aurata
kattuchakka, kokalamaram, kokali, kola aiyila, kolay- (Hayata) Merrill; Neolitsea aurata f. glabrescens Liou
ilal, kuccitam, kutsitangah, kuyilenamaram, lalanapriya, Ho; Neolitsea kwangtungensis Chang; Neolitsea sericea
laran, laungchu-araung, mahadhya, makatturumam, mara, (Blume) Koidzumi var. aurata (Hayata) Hatusima; Tradenia
maraam, marakatampam, maram, maravam, mi-bol, mogu- aurata Hayata)
lukadimi, nadija, nhiv, nipa, nipah, nipam, nipamu, nirma-
vina, nripalakadambamu, paratiki, peddakambo, pirettam, Japan.
potuli, potulimaram, pravrishenya, priya, priyaka, priyakah, See Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 30: 246. 1911, Bot. Mag. Tokyo
rajakadambah, roghu, rudrakshkamba, ruttiratcakatampu, 23: 256. 1918
shakka, shatpadeshta, sidhupushpa, surabhi, tacavirutcam,
tarakatampam, tarakatampamaram, tipam, tupam, vella- (Roots for the treatment of respiratory troubles, stomachache
kadamba, vella kadambu, vellacadambe, vellai katampu, and dropsy.)
vellaikkadambu, vellaikkatampai, vellaikkatampu, vella- in China: xin mu jiagn zi
katampa, vicalam, viruttaputpam, vrittapushpa
Neolitsea aurata (Hayata) Koidzumi var. chekiangensis
in Indonesia: emajang, jabon, laran (Nakai) Yang & P.H. Huang (Neolitsea chekiangensis Nakai)
in Laos: koo-somz, sako China, Japan.
in Malaysia: kelempayan, laran, selimpoh See Journ. Bot. Jap. 16: 128. 1940, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(4):
39. 1978
in Papua New Guina: labula
(Bark for the treatment of stomachache.)
in Philippines: kaatoan bangkal
in China: zhe jiang xin mu jiang zi
in Sulawesi: bangkali kuning
Neolitsea cambodiana Lecomte var. cambodiana (Neolitsea
in Thailand: krathum, krathum bok, takoo ferruginea Merrill)
in Vietnam: c[aa]y g[as]o, c[af] tom, g[as]o tr[aws]ng SE Asia.
Neolamarckia macrophylla (Roxb.) Bosser (Anthocephalus See Not. Syst. 2: 335. 1913
macrophyllus (Kuntze) Havil.; Anthocephalus macrophyllus
Havil.; Bancalus macrophyllus Kuntze; Bancalus macro- (Leaves applied to affected parts in tuberculosis.)
phyllus (Roxb.) Kuntze; Nauclea elegans Teijsm. & Binn. ex in China: xiu ye xin mu jiang zi
Hassk.; Nauclea elegans Teijsm. & Binn. ex Koord.; Nauclea
macrophylla Roxb.; Nauclea macrophylla Perr. & Lepr. ex Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) C.
DC.; Nauclea macrophylla Blume) Presl; Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D. Don; Laurus cassia L.;
Persea cassia (L.) Spreng.)
Sulawesi. Tree
India. Evergreen tree, greenish flowers
See Hort. Bengal. 14. 1814, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (Blume)
52. 1823, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall, ii. 120. 1824, Bijdr. See Species Plantarum 1: 369. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium,
Fl. Ned. Ind. 16: 1010. [Oct 1826–Nov 1827], Prodr. (DC.) editio decima sexta 2: 267. 1825, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis
4: 346. 1830, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 511. 1832, Abh. Naturf. 67. 1825 and Journal of Scientific Research 1: 85. 1952
Ges. Halle ix. 190, l. 26. 1866, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 33: 23. (Root and bark for skin diseases, eruptions.)
1897 and Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. 49, 484. 1917,
Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 6: 248. 1985 in India: malagaschembagapalaei
[1984 publ. 1985] Neolitsea levinei Merrill (Benzoin levinei (Merrill) Chun ex
(Febrifuge, tonic.) Liou Ho (also H. Liu); Neolitsea chinensis (Gamble) Chun;
Neolitsea lanuginosa Gamble var. chinensis Gamble)
in English: common bur-flower tree, kadam
China, Indochina.
in Indonesia: samama
See Species Plantarum 1: 444. 1753, Botanica expeditior 60.
in Sulawesi: moniaga 1760, Nova Genera Plantarum 64. 1783, Genera Plantarum
Neonauclea Merr. Rubiaceae 2621

80. 1789, Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der in China: zhou shan xin mu jiang zi
Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 11, t. 24. 1830 and
Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble (Litsea umbrosa (Nees)
Philippine Journal of Science 1(Suppl.): 56. 1906, Plantae
Nees; Tetradenia umbrosa Nees)
Wilsonianae 2(1): 79. 1914, Philip. Journ. Sci. Bot. 13(3):
138–139. 1918, Contributions from the Biological Laboratory India. Small evergreen tree
of the Science Society of China 1(5): 68. 1925, Journal of the
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 574. 1792,
Arnold Arboretum 8(1): 22. 1927, Lauracées de Chine et de Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: no. 1300. 1830, Plantae
l’Indochine 148. 1934, Systematic Botany 24(3): 374. 1999 Asiaticae Rariores 2: 64. 1831, Systema Laurinarum 623.
(Roots for the treatment of women’s diseases, menstrual 1836 and Philippine Journal of Science 1(Suppl.): 56. 1906,
troubles.) Plantae Wilsonianae 2(1): 79. 1914
in China: da ye xin mu iang zi (The oil from the fruits applied on skin diseases; paste of the
fruits used in skin ailments.)
Neolitsea pallens (D. Don) Momiy. & H. Hara (Litsea con-
similis (Nees) Nees; Litsea umbrosa (Nees) Nees var. consi- in India: charindi, cher, chindi, chirar, chirindi, chiur, shuru,
milis (Nees) Hook. f.; Tetradenia consimilis Nees; Tetradenia suss
pallens D. Don) Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees & T. Nees) Merr. (Litsea zey-
Nepal, India. Seed oil used as a substitute for ghee lanica Nees & T. Nees; Tetradenia zeylanica (Nees & T.
Nees) Nees)
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 66. 1825, Plantae
Asiaticae Rariores 2: 64. 1831, Systema Laurinarum 628. Sri Lanka. Small trees, monoecious, unisexual tiny flowers
1836, The Flora of British India 5(13): 180. 1886 and Journal in axillary clusters
of Japanese Botany 47(9): 269–270. 1972 See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 574. 1792,
(Seeds for scabies and eczema; oil for skin diseases.) Amoen. Bot Bonn. 1: 58, t. 5. 1823, Edwards’s Botanical
Register 15: no. 1300. 1830, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2:
in China: hui bai xin mu jiang zi 64. 1831 and Philippine Journal of Science, Suppl. 1 56–57.
in India: bilaru, cherar, cheri, chiarara, sasoor 1906, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 56–58. 1983,
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 83–94. 1987
Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. (Laurus glauca Thunb.;
Laurus glauca Hort. Wuerz. ex Nees; Laurus sericea Blume; (Postpartum remedy.)
Laurus sericea Wall.; Laurus sericea Willd. ex Nees; Laurus in China: nan ya xin mu jiang zi
sericea Hook. ex Nees; Litsea glauca (Thunb.) Siebold; Litsea
glauca Siebold; Malapoenna sieboldii Kuntze; Neolitsea Malay names: medang, teja betina
glauca (Thunb.) Koidz.; Neolitsea glauca Koidz.; Neolitsea
sericea Hatus.; Neolitsea sieboldii (Kuntze) Nakai; Neolitsea
sieboldii Nakai; Tetradenia glauca (Siebold) Matsum.; Neonauclea Merr. Rubiaceae
Tetradenia glauca Matsum.) From the Greek neos ‘new’ and the genus Nauclea, see
Japan. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 5: 538. 1915.

See Species Plantarum 1: 369. 1753, Nova Acta Regiae Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. (Bancalus pedun-
Soc. Sci. Upsal. iv. 37. 1783, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 173. 1784, cularis (Wall. ex G. Don) Kuntze; Bancalus peduncularis
Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 383. 1784, Kuntze; Nauclea blancoi Vidal; Nauclea callophylla Blume
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(2): 574. 1792, ex Miq.; Nauclea calycina Bartl. ex DC.; Nauclea imbricata
Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 11: 554. Blume ex Miq.; Nauclea monocephala Merr.; Nauclea pal-
1826, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: no. 1300. 1830, lida Blume ex Miq.; Nauclea peduncularis Wall. ex G. Don;
Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kun- Nauclea purpurascens Korth.; Neonauclea calycina Merr.;
sten en wetenschappen 12: 24. 1830, Numer. List [Wallich] n. Neonauclea monocephala Merr.; Neonauclea monocephala
2606. 1831, Syst. Laur. 162, 369, 613. 1836, Index plantarum (Merr.) Merr.; Neonauclea peduncularis Merr.; Neonauclea
japonicarum sive enumeratio plantarum … 2: 571–572. 1891 peduncularis (Wall. ex G. Don) Merr.; Neonauclea purpura-
scens S. Moore; Neonauclea purpurascens (Korth.) Ridl.)
and Philippine Journal of Science 1(Suppl.): 56. 1906, Index
plantarum japonicarum sive enumeratio plantarum … 2(2): Vietnam, Indonesia, Malesia. Tree
140. 1912, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 32(384): 257. 1918,
See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 346. 1830, Gen. Hist. 3: 469. 1834, Verh.
Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 40(474): 343. 1926, Botanical
Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bezitt., Bot.: 157. 1842, Ann. Mus. Bot.
Magazine (Tokyo) 41(488): 520. 1927, Journal of Geobotany;
Lugduno-Batavi 4: 182. 1869, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. 175.
or the Hokuriku Journal of Botany 24(2): 37. 1976
1885, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 276. 1891 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 8:
(Stimulant, for skin diseases.) 44. 1913, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 539, 541. 1915
2622 Neonelsonia J.M. Coulter & Rose Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

(Bark decoction bitter, febrifuge and astringent, drunk for Neonelsonia J.M. Coulter & Rose
diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves of Glochidion arborescens Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
mixed with leaves of Neonauclea calycina, crushed with rice
grains, made into a paste applied to the skin to reduce swell- For the American naturalist Edward William Nelson, 1855–
ing in beriberi; leaves decoction astringent, febrifuge, for 1934, explorer, in Mexico and Guatemala, plant collector,
diarrhea and dysentery.) from 1890 to 1929 with the USDA, his writings include
Descriptions of new genera, species and subspecies of Birds
in English: hat tree from Panama, Colombia and Ecuador. Washington 1912,
in Indonesia: kayu sa’ong, tembalut bai The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Washington 1881, Lower
California and its natural resources. Washington 1922 and
Neonauclea purpurea (Roxb.) Merr. (Anthocephalus chinen- Wild Animals of North America. Washington 1930. See
sis Walp.; Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) Rich. ex Walp.; Joseph Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists. The University
Bancalus purpureus (Roxb.) Kuntze; Nauclea elliptica of Denver Press 1950, Botanical Museum Leaflets—Harvard
Dalzell & A. Gibson, nom. illeg.; Nauclea purpurea Roxb.) University 19(9): 191–194. 1961, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot.
India. Ser. 13(5A/1): 3–97. 1962, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected
Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico.
See Pl. Coromandel 1: 41. 1796, Repertorium Botanices University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1964, [edited
Systematicae. (Walpers) 2: 491. 1843, Bombay Fl.: 118. 1861, by H.W. Henshaw] Report upon Natural History Collections
Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 276. 1891 and Interpr. Herb. Amboin.: made in Alaska between the years 1877 and 1881 by E.W.
483. 1917 Nelson. 1887 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
(Used in Ayurveda. Bark febrifuge, tonic, astringent, for dys- Botanists. 2: 544. 1965, Fl. Ecuador 5: 1–71. 1976, Irving
entery, snakebite; a paste of bark or root said to decrease fer- William Knobloch, compil., “A preliminary verified list of
tility in women, used for infertility; bark juice given to treat plant collectors in Mexico.” Phytologia Memoirs. VI. 1983.
syphilis. Leaves decoction for gargling in stomatitis, aph- Neonelsonia acuminata (Benth.) J.M. Coult. & Rose ex
thae; extract of fresh leaves or powdered leaves with water Drude (Arracacia acuminata Benth.; Neonelsonia ovata
given to children against intestinal worms; a poultice from J.M. Coult. & Rose)
the pounded leaf applied to the chest for fevers. For malaria,
Ecuador, Colombia. Scandent, herbaceous, clambering, long
smear the leaves with coconut oil, heat, and apply hot to the
woody taproot, compound umbel, obcordate greenish yellow
abdomen.)
petals, ellipsoid fruits with five fleshy ridges
in East Asia: kadam, kaddam, kedam, laran
See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 187–188.
in India: apathyada mara, arisina thaega, atuthekku, bale, ban- 1856, Contributions from the United States National
phar, begada, dhaaruja kaare, dieng sohalngpathi, etthakada, Herbarium 3(5): 307, t. 9. 1895, Die Natürlichen
halipriya, hellthaega, helthige, kaada balige, kada pode, Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 167. 1898 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
kadabolige, kadaga, kadaha, kadahada, kadahada mara, 76: 39–52. 1949, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/1): 21–66. 1966
kadam, kadamb, kadamba, kadamba mara, kadambah, kad-
(Leaves and stems decoction taken as a remedy for swelling
ambakamu, kadambam, kadambamu, kadambaryya, kad-
and inflammation of intestine, a postpartum remedy.)
ambe, kadambole, kadambu, kadamchal, kadappai, kadava,
kadaval, kadavala, kadavara, kadayaala, kaddabailu, kadimi, in English: wild arracacha
kadubale, kadubalige, kaduve, kadvala, kadwal, kalamb,
in Colombia: íngo-sha-hush
kalampam, kalempayan, kapam, karanapurakkiyam, kar-
napuraka, karnapurakam, katamba, katampa, katampacivam,
katampai, katampam, katampamaram, katampu, katappai,
katappaimaram, katappam, katarvayura, kathambu, katous- Neonotonia Lackey Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
jaka, kattuccakka, kattuchakka, kodawaala, kodeyaala, From the Greek notos, noton ‘the south, the south-west wind,
kodivaala, kokalamaram, kokali, kola aiyila, kolayilal, kuc- the south wind, back’ (cf. Latin notus and notos, i ‘the south
citam, kutsitangah, kuyilenamaram, laungchu-araung, mi wind, auster, wind’; Akkadian nadûm ‘to pour’, nataku ‘to
bol, mogulu kadimi, neepamu, neeronje, neerpaala kadam- drip’; Armenian nay), or after Benjamin Noton, 1812–1835
bamu, nhiv, nipa, niv, peddakambo, prenkhanamu, priyaka, botanical collector in Peninsular India, Nilgiri Hills; see
priyakamu, rudraakshakamba, thole, vrattapuspa Adansonia 2: 381–390. 1976, Phytologia 37: 209–212. 1977,
Economic Botany 35(3): 272–288. 1981, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.
in Indonesia: emajang, jabon, kelampajang, laran
7: 249–276. 1985, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British &
in Malaya: kelampayan, kelapayan, kelempai, kelempayan, Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 522. London 1994.
kelempoyan, kelepayan, kelumpang, kelumpong, kempoyan,
Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey (Glycine
kepayang kayu, laran, lempayang, lempoyan, selimpoh
albidiflora De Wild.; Glycine bujacia Benth.; Glycine buja-
in Nepal: kadam sia Benth.; Glycine claessensii De Wild.; Glycine javanica
Neopicrorhiza D.Y. Hong Scrophulariaceae 2623

auct.; Glycine javanica L.; Glycine javanica L. subsp. javan- Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y. Hong
ica; Glycine javanica subsp. micrantha (Hochst. & A. Rich.) (Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell)
F.J. Herm.; Glycine javanica subsp. micrantha (A. Rich.)
Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim. Herb, thick rootstock, coria-
F.J. Herm.; Glycine javanica var. claessensii (De Wild.)
ceous serrate leaves, winged sheathing petiole, long spikes
Hauman; Glycine javanica var. longicauda (Schweinf.)
Baker; Glycine javanica var. mearnsii (De Wild.) Hauman; See Scrophularineae Indicae 47. 1835 and Academy of
Glycine javanica var. paniculata Haum.; Glycine longicauda Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs 5: 65, pl. 6B.
Schweinf.; Glycine mearnsii De Wild.; Glycine micrantha 1943, Opera Botanica 75: 56. 1984
A. Rich.; Glycine moniliformis A. Rich.; Glycine petitiana
(Roots antibacterial, used for fevers, heart diseases, blood
Hermann pro parte; Glycine pseudojavanica Taub.; Glycine
poisoning, typhoid, malaria, diarrhea, jaundice, boils, sca-
wightii (Arn.) Verdc.; Glycine wightii (Wight & Arn.) Verdc.;
bies, ringworm, stomachache. Dried roots for treating cough,
Glycine wightii (Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Verdc.; Glycine
cold, stomach disorders, fever, heart diseases. Rhizomes
wightii subsp. petitiana (A. Rich.) Verdc.; Glycine wightii
bitter, cooling, cathartic, stomachic, appetizer, purgative,
subsp. pseudojavanica (Taub.) Verdc.; Glycine wightii var.
antipyretic, used in fever, asthma, dropsy, stomach trou-
longicauda (Schweinf.) Verdc.; Johnia wightii (Graham ex
Wight & Arn.) Wight & Arn.; Johnia wightii Wight & Arn.; ble, to treat cold, jaundice, liver complaints, inflammation,
Johnia wightii (Wight & Arn.) Wight & Arn.; Neonotonia anorexia, cholera, diarrhea, heart diseases. Chewing roots a
wightii (Graham ex Wight & Arn.) Lackey; Neonotonia sedative for severe coughing.)
wightii (Wight & Arn.) Verdc.; Neonotonia wightii subsp. in Bhutan: hong-len
pseudo-javanica (Taub.) J.A. Lackey; Neonotonia wightii
(Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey var. coimbatorensis (A. Sen) in China: hu huang lian
Karth.; Notonia wightii Graham ex Wight & Arn.; Notonia in India: karwi, kutki
wightii Wight & Arn.; Shuteria vestita sensu Benth.; Soja
javanica (L.) Graham; Soja wightii Graham) in Nepal: hogling, katuko, kutaki, kutki

Tropical Africa and India. Perennial non-climbing herb, tan- in Sanskrit: katuka
gling, trailing, vigorous, slender and well branched, densely
pubescent, strong taproot, twining, prostrate, climber, often
forming dense clumps, flowers creamy-white with purple Neorautanenia Schinz Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
center in dense or lax pseudoracemes, dark reddish brown After a Finnish missionary, the Rev. Martti (Martin) Rautanen,
seeds, used as fodder or a cover crop 1845–1926, collected 1886–1891 S.W. Africa (Ovamboland);
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 1053. 1802, A see Kew Bulletin 24: 235–307. 1970, Mary Gunn and Leslie
Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5528, 5530. 1831, E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 290–291.
Archives de Botanique 2: 518. 1833, Prodromus Florae Cape Town 1981, I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (5),
Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 207. 1834, Commentationes Collectors N-R. Regnum Vegetabile vol. 109. 1983, Nordic J.
de Leguminosarum Generibus 62. 1837, Journal of the Bot. 8: 457–488. 1989.
Linnean Society, Botany 8: 267. 1865 [17 Feb 1865] and Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich.) Verdc. (Cacara orbicularis
Taxon 15(1): 35. 1966, Phytologia 37(3): 210. 1977, American (Welw. ex Baker) Hiern; Cacara orbicularis Hiern; Dolichos
Journal of Botany 67: 595–602. 1980, Iselya 2: 11–12. 1981, brachypus Harms; Dolichos ellenbeckii Harms; Dolichos
Euphytica 40: 221–226. 1989 kilimandscharicus Taub.; Dolichos mitis A. Rich.; Dolichos
(Treating, preventing, or inhibiting bone or joint inflamma- oliveri Schweinf.; Dolichos orbicularis (Baker) Baker f.;
tion. Present estrogenic substances. Roots of Neonotonia Dolichos orbicularis (Welw. ex Baker) Baker f.; Dolichos
wightii ground with the fruits of Terminalia chebula and the pseudopachyrhizus Harms; Dolichos pseudopachyrhizus
paste used in toothache.) var. kilimandschari Harms; Dolichos pseudopachyrhizus
var. kilimandscharicus Harms; Dolichos pseudopachyrhi-
in English: perennial soybean, soya bean
zus var. subintegrifolius Harms; Dolichos seineri Harms;
in China: zhao wa da dou Galactia lugardii N.E. Br.; Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet
subsp. bengalensis (Jacq.) Verdc.; Neorautanenia amboensis
in Southern Africa: dinawá tsá nága, olieboontjie, sooi-
Schinz; Neorautanenia brachypus (Harms) C.A. Sm.;
boontjie, soyaboontjie
Neorautanenia coriacea C.A. Sm.; Neorautanenia edulis
in Tanzania: fundo-fundo
C.A. Sm.; Neorautanenia orbicularis (Welw. ex Baker) Torre;
Neorautanenia orbicularis (Baker) Torre; Neorautanenia
pseudopachyrhiza (Harms) Milne-Redh.; Neorautanenia
Neopicrorhiza D.Y. Hong Scrophulariaceae
pseudopachyrhiza (Harms) Milne-Redh. var. ellenbeckii
From the Greek neos ‘new’ and Picrorhiza Royle ex Benth. (Harms) Cufod.; Neorautanenia pseudopachyrrhiza (Harms)
see Opera Botanica 75: 56. 1984. Milne-Redh.; Neorautanenia pseudopachyrhiza var.
2624 Neostenanthera Exell Annonaceae

ellenbeckii (Harms) Cufod.; Neorautanenia seineri (Harms) Neostenanthera gabonensis (Engl. & Diels) Exell
C.A. Sm.; Pachyrhizus angulatus sensu Baker; Pachyrhizus (Neostenanthera bakuana (A. Chev. ex Hutch.) Exell;
orbicularis Welw. ex Baker; Pueraria hochstetteri Chiov.; Neostenanthera micrantha Exell; Oxymitra gabonensis
Pueraria rogersii L. Bolus) Engl. & Diels; Stenanthera bakuana A. Chev. ex Hutch.;
Stenanthera gabonensis (Engl. & Diels) Engl. & Diels)
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing herb, shrub to
sub-shrubby herb, very variable, twining to erect, creeping, Ghana, Gabon. Treelet or shrub, papery glossy leaves, white
scrambling, trailing, straggling, climbing, prostrate, large calyx lobes, fleshy fruits yellow-orange
tuberous rootstock, caudex, corolla yellow-purple outside
See Prodr. 538. 1810, Notizblatt des Königlichen bota-
blue-purple inside, flowers in axillary and terminal racemes,
nischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 2: 297. 1899
dehiscent swollen appressed brown silky hairy pods
and Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und
See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, Hortus Botanicus -Gattungen, 6 Anonaceae 68. 1901, Flora of West Tropical
Vindobonensis 2: 57, pl. 124. 1772, Prodromus Systematis Africa 1: 56. 1927, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 73
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 402. 1825, Tentamen Florae Suppl.: 5–6. 1935, Am. J. Botany 93: 36–54. 2006
Abyssinicae … 1: 224. 1847, Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-
(The dried pulverised leaves used like snuff for tumour of
botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 18: 656. 1868, Flora of
the nose.)
Tropical Africa 2: 208. 1871, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 19, Neostenanthera hamata (Benth.) Exell (Oxymitra hamata
Beibl. 47: 32. 1894, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Benth.; Stenanthera hamata (Benth.) Engl. & Diels)
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 320. 1899,
West Africa. Tree, flowers greenish covered with brown
Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 35. 1899 and Comm. Poison. Pl. E.
indumentum, fruits green covered with brown indumentum
Afr. 89. 1969, Kew Bulletin 24(3): 411. 1970, Annals of the
Missouri Botanical Garden 68: 551–557. 1981, Journal of See Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . .
Ethnopharmacology 13: 209–215. 1985, Nordic Journal of 145. 1855, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 23:
Botany 8(2): 167–192. 1988, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 471, t. 50. 1862 and Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen-
29: 295–323. 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72(1– Familien und -Gattungen, 6 Anonaceae 68. 1901, Journal of
2): 207–214. 2000, Transactions of the Royal Society of Botany, British and Foreign 73 Suppl.: 5–6. 1935
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98(8): 451–455. 2004,
(Vermifuge.)
Pharmaceutical Biology 43(2): 113–120. 2005, J. Nat. Prod.
69(3): 397–399. 2006 Neostenanthera myristicifolia (Oliv.) Exell (Neostenanthera
pluriflora (De Wild.) Exell; Oxymitra myristicifolia Oliv.;
(Toxins, poisonous or repellent. Decoctions of the root abor-
Stenanthera myristicifolia (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels; Stenanthera
tifacient and also for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disor-
pluriflora De Wild.)
ders. Tubers anti-nociceptive, cytotoxic, antitumor, sedative,
antifungal, antiinflammatory, antiparasitic, larvicidal, acari- Liberia, Ghana, Gabon. Small tree or shrub, slender, slash
cide, arachnicide, insecticidal and mosquitocidal, used in the whitish, dark leaves glossy above glaucous below, flow-
treatment of dysmenorrhea, stomachache, scabies, parasitic ers solitary in leaf axils, egg-shaped fruits yellow-orange
infection, venereal diseases; ashes of tuberous roots, local smooth, forest, on riverbank, swamp, riverine forest
application for ulcers, boils, skin lesions. Fruit with irritating
See Prodr. 538. 1810, Flora Indica: being a systematic
hairs. Fish poison.)
account of the plants . . 145. 1855, Flora of Tropical Africa
in Nigeria: karamin karara 1: 33. 1868 and Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen-
Familien und -Gattungen, 6, 67. 1901, Journal of Botany,
in Rwanda: igitembatembe
British and Foreign 73 Suppl.: 5–6. 1935
in Tanzania: insatembwa, iwayo, mkaswende, oleisusu, paya-
(The dried powdered leaves used like snuff for tumour of the
momo, taudazi, tuha, yombo-nguru
nose. Roots for skin diseases.)
in Zambia: chilekeleke, mwita, tinde
in Central African Republic: pota
in Nigeria: uyenghen eze (Edo)
Neostenanthera Exell Annonaceae
From the Greek neos ‘new’ and the genus Stenanthera Engl.
Nepenthes L. Nepenthaceae
& Diels (‘narrow anthers’, from the Greek stenos ‘narrow’
and anthera), see Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 538. Greek nepenthes, from ne, ni ‘not’ and penthes, penthos
1810 and Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens ‘mourning’, a plant or drug that drives away sadness, see
und Museums zu Berlin 3: 53, 57. 1900, Journal of Botany, Homer, Odyssey. 4.221, and Theophrastus, HP. 9.15.1 (Loeb
British and Foreign 73(Suppl. 1): 5. 1935. Classical Library 1916), Latin nepenthes for a plant which
Nepeta L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2625

mingled with wine had an exhilarating effect (Plinius); see Arabic ‘nb ‘offspring, child’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species
Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 955. 1753, Genera Plantarum. 2: 570–572, 578. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5.
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 909. 1754, Flora Cochinchinensis 598, 249. 1754, Fam. Pl. 2: 192. 1763, Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 294.
606. 1790, A. Bonavilla, Dizionario etimologico di tutti i 1778, Methodus [Moench] 388. 1794, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
vocaboli usati nelle scienze, arti e mestieri, che traggono Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 21(1): 58. 1878, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
origine dal greco. Milano 1819–1821, Analyse des Familles 4(3a): 235. 1896, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 11: 696. 1898
de Plantes 14, 16. 1829 and Beihefte zum Botanischen and Contr. Fl. Maroc: 31. 1918, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.
Centralblatt 39(2): 162. 1923, C.T. Onions, The Oxford 65(2): 587–590. 1977, Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 150: 176, 191.
Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford University Press 1982, Lagascalia 11(1): 76. 1983, Lagascalia 12(1): 54. 1983,
1966, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75(7): 1008, 1010, 1012.
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 416. Basel 1996, Sendtnera 4: 1990, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76(11): 1605.
169–174. 1997. 1992 [1991 publ. 1992], Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad)
77(1): 118. 1992, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(6):
Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f.
84. 1992, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(10): 76,
India. Pitcher with stored juice 79–80. 1992, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(1): 98,
102, 104. 1993, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura
See Prodr. (DC.) 17: 102. 1873 and Ethnobotany 16: 52–58.
europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci moderne.
2004, Journal of Experimental Botany 61(3): 911–922. 2010
2(2): 484–485. Firenze 1994.
(The digestive juice found in the pitcher used to treat gas-
Nepeta annua Pallas (Glechoma annua Kuntze; Glechoma
trointestinal disorders (Doctrine of Signatures). Antifungal
annua (Pall.) Kuntze; Glechoma benthamii Kuntze; Nepeta
naphthoquinones.)
bipinnata Cav.; Nepeta bipinnatifida Ledeb.; Nepeta bot-
Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce (Nepenthes mirabilis ryoides Solander; Nepeta gracilis Salisb.; Nepeta multi-
(Lour.) Merr.; Nepenthes mirabilis Druce; Nepenthes phyl- fida L.f., nom. illeg.; Schizonepeta annua (Pall.) Schischk.;
lamphora Willd.; Nepenthes phyllamphora Reinw. ex Miq.; Schizonepeta botryoides (Solander) Briquet; Schizonepeta
Nepenthes phyllamphora Hook.f. & Thomson; Phyllamphora deserticola H.C. Fu & Ninbu)
mirabilis Lour.)
SW. Siberia, Eurasia to China.
Indonesia, India. Climber
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Acta Acad. Sci.
See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 606. 1790, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 Imp. Petrop. 2: 263. 1783, Hortus Kewensis ed. 1 2: 287.
[Willdenow] 2(2): 874. 1799, Species Plantarum. Editio 1789, Das Pflanzenreich 4(3a): 235. 1879, Die Natürlichen
quarta 4(2): 874. 1806, Prodr. (DC.) 17: 102. 1873 and Pflanzenfamilien 4(3a): 235. 1896 and Fl. Intramongolica 5:
Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. Report 4: 637. 412. 1980 [1981]
1916, Lingnan Science Journal 5(1–2): 84. 1927
(Source of an essential oil, carminative.)
(Stem juice swallowed as an antidote for alcohol intoxication.)
in China: xiao lie ye jing jie
in English: monkey cup, pitcher plant, tropical pitcher plant
Nepeta azurea R. Br. ex Benth. (Glechoma azurea Kuntze;
in China: zhu long cao Glechoma azurea (R.Br. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Glechoma
biloba (Hochst. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Glechoma biloba Kuntze;
in Japan: utsubo-kazura
Nepeta biloba Hochst. ex Benth.; Nepeta petitiana Baker)
Malay name: trumo
NE & E. Trop. Africa.
Nepenthes reinwardtiana Miq.
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:
Malay Peninsula. 518. 1891 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 5: 460. 1900
See Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm (1809–1864), Plantae jung- (Carminative, refrigerant.)
huhnianae, enumeratio plantarum, quas, in insulis Java et
Nepeta cataria Linnaeus (Calamintha albiflora Vaniot;
Sumatra / detexit Fr. Junghuhn. Lugduni-Batavorum [Leiden,
Cataria tomentosa Gilib.; Cataria vulgaris Gaterau;
The Netherlands], Parisiis, [1853?]–1857.
Glechoma cataria Kuntze; Glechoma cataria (L.) Kuntze;
(Antifungal.) Glechoma macrura Kuntze; Glechoma macrura (Ledeb. ex
Spreng.) Kuntze; Nepeta americana Vitman, nom. illeg.;
Malay name: priok kra betina
Nepeta bodinieri Vaniot; Nepeta cataria var. citriodora
(Dumort.) Lej.; Nepeta citriodora Dumort.; Nepeta lau-
rentii Sennen; Nepeta macrura Ledeb. ex Spreng.; Nepeta
Nepeta L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
minor Mill.; Nepeta mollis Salisb.; Nepeta ruderalis Boiss.,
Nepeta, ae ‘Italian catnip, Nepeta italica Willd.’, Latin nom. illeg.; Nepeta tomentosa (Gilib.) Vitman; Nepeta vul-
nepos, otis ‘a descendant, a sucker’, Hebrew nib ‘to produce’, garis Lam.)
2626 Nepeta L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Europe, China. Perennial herb with white flowers Nepeta discolor Royle ex Benth. (Glechoma discolor Kuntze;
Glechoma discolor (Royle ex Benth.) Kuntze; Nepeta sabinei
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, The Gardeners J.A. Schmidt)
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Revis. Gen.
Pl. 2: 518. 1891 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale India, Himalaya, Tibet. Spreading perennial herb, white or
de Géographie, Botanique 14(183): 172–174, 181–182. 1904, purple flowers in cylindrical spikes
J. Korean Res. Inst. Ewha Women’s Univ. 11: 455–478. See Species Plantarum 2: 578. 1753, Botanical Miscellany
1967, Genetica 50: 111–117. 1979, Fragmenta Floristica et 3: 378. 1833, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 6: 228,
Geobotanica 27: 581–590. 1981, Revue de Cytologie et de 238, pl. 82, f. 1–4. 1868, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. 1891
Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 4: 331–339. 1981, Lagascalia
12: 17. 1983, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449. 1984, (Plant carminative, tonic, diaphoretic, used in cold, cough
Hessische Floristische Briefe 33: 46–48. 1984, Botaničeskij and headache. Paste of fresh leaves to cure wounds and
Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(2): 13–24. 1992, Watsonia cuts. Dried leaves ground into powder and mixed with milk
19: 169–171. 1993, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & and honey for eye diseases; dried leaves decoction given
Leningrad) 80(2): 87–90. 1995 for asthma, cold and cough. Ceremonial, used for making
incense.)
(Low toxicity; stems and leaves dangerous for cats. Tea
in China: yi se jing jie
from fresh plants to cure cold and cough. Leaves decoction
given in dysentery; leaves chewed to relieve toothache. Dried in India: khirku, nyomala, tianko
leaves and flowering tops used as a stimulant, tonic, carmi-
Nepeta floccosa Benth. (Nepeta alii Jehan; Nepeta floccosa
native, diaphoretic, and for infantile colic; hot tea alleviates subsp. pseudofloccosa (Pojark.) A.L. Budantzev; Nepeta gilesii
menstrual cramps.) Mukerjee; Nepeta kunlunshanica Chang Y. Yang & B. Wang;
in English: catmint, catnip Nepeta pseudofloccosa Pojark.; Nepeta vakhanica Pojark.)

in China: jing jie, jia jing jie India.

See Labiatarum Genera et Species fasc. 7: 736. 1835 and
in India: bili-lotan, gandh-soi, gandhsoi
Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 19: 85. 1940, Not.
Nepeta ciliaris Benth. (Glechoma ciliaris (Benth.) Kuntze; Syst. Leningrad 15: 293, 296, f. 3. 1953, Bulletin of Botanical
Glechoma ciliaris Kuntze; Glechoma leucophylla (Benth.) Research 7(1): 97–98, f. 2. 1987, Willdenowia 18: 427. 1989,
Kuntze; Glechoma leucophylla Kuntze; Nepeta leuco- Bot. Žurn. 76: 1320. 1991
phylla Benth.) (Leaf decoction taken against malaria, fever, cold and cough.)
India, Himalaya. Herbs, purple flowers in dense-flowered in China: cong juan mao jing jie
cymes
in India: shamalolo
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 64. 1830, Labiatarum
Genera et Species 476. 1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum Nepeta glutinosa Bentham (Glechoma glutinosa (Benth.)
2: 518. 1891 Kuntze; Glechoma glutinosa Kuntze; Nepeta badamdarica
Lipsky)
(Leaf juice applied on cuts.)
Afghanistan, China. Branched perennial herb, clumped, vio-
Nepeta connata Royle ex Benth. (Glechoma connata (Royle let flowers in long lax leafy spikes
ex Benth.) Kuntze; Glechoma connata Kuntze) See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Labiatarum
India, Himalaya. Genera et Species fasc. 7: 735–736. 1835, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:
518. 1891 and Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)
See Botanical Miscellany 3: 378. 1833, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. 77(2): 13–24. 1992
1891
(Glandular indumentum.)
(Leaves chewed to treat toothache.)
in China: xian jing jie
Nepeta deflersiana Schweinf. ex Hedge
Nepeta hemsleyana Oliver ex Prain (Dracocephalum hems-
Saudi Arabia. Perennial herb leyanum (Oliver ex Prain) Prain ex C. Marquand & Airy
Shaw; Dracocephalum hemsleyanum Prain ex C. Marquand;
See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40(1): 65. 1982 Nepeta angustifolia C.Y. Wu)
(Leaf decoction drunk for stomachache; mashed leaves a Tibet, E. Himalaya.
remedy for burns.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572, 594–596. 1753, Journal
in Arabic: shaya’a of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 59(4):
Nepeta L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2627

305. 1891 [1890 publ. 14 Mar 1891] and Journal of the Linnean n. 2083. 1829, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 378. 1833
Society, Botany 48(321): 218. 1929, Flora Reipublicae [Botanical Miscellany. London], Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. 1891
Popularis Sinicae 65(2): 296, 588 (addenda). 1977 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
9(211–213): 245. 1911, Symbolae Sinicae 7(4): 916–917. 1936,
(Used for convulsions.)
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 17: 74. 1958
in English: Hemsley nepeta
(Seeds infusion taken for dysentery. Plant diaphoretic.)
in China: zang jing jie
in English: smooth nepeta
Nepeta hindostana (B. Heyne ex Roth) Haines (Glechoma
in China: sui hua jing jie
calaminthodes (Benth.) Kuntze; Glechoma calaminthodes
Kuntze; Glechoma erecta Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.; Glechoma in India: tukhmmalanga
erecta Kuntze; Glechoma hindostana B. Heyne ex Roth;
Glechoma indica Spreng.; Nepeta calaminthoides Benth.; Nepeta longibracteata Benth. (Glechoma longibracteata
Nepeta clinopodioides Royle ex Benth.; Nepeta hindostana (Benth.) Kuntze; Glechoma longibracteata Kuntze)
Haines; Nepeta ruderalis Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Nepeta Afghanistan, China. Annual or perennial herb, prostrate,
ruderalis Boiss.; Thymus nepetoides D. Don) highly aromatic, blue flowers in dense clusters
E. Afghanistan to Himalaya and W. India. Erect pubescent See Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 737. 1835, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518.
herb, crenate leaves, blue-purple flowers, oblong nutlets 1891
brown with white spots
(Whole plant extract taken against inflammation of stomach
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Hort. Bengal. 44. and liver. Leaves used in worship.)
1814, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 113. 1825, Bot. Misc. 3: 379. 1833,
Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 643. 1879, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. in India: behungu, ongmongo, prianku, shangukaram
1891 and Bot. Bihar & Orissa 4: 744. 1922, Taxon 31: 593– Nepeta multifida Linnaeus (Glechoma multifida (L.)
595. 1982 Kuntze; Glechoma multifida Kuntze; Lophanthus multifidus
(Used in Unani. Plant used as a cardiac tonic, also given in (L.) Benth.; Lophanthus multifidus Benth.; Nepeta lavan-
fever and gonorrhea. Roots in body ache. Leaves in bleed- dulacea Linnaeus f.; Nepeta lavandulifolia J.F. Gmel., orth.
ing, secretion, diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves and flowering var.; Nepeta lobata Rudolph; Saussuria pinnatifida Moench;
top carminative, tonic, antispasmodic, astringent, stimulant, Schizonepeta multifida (L.) Briq.; Schizonepeta multifida
for toothache, diarrhea and dysentery; leaves chewed for var. longistyla J.X. Huang, T.J. Feng & J.Z. Wang; Vleckia
mouth ulcers.) multiflora Raf.)

in English: Indian catmint Siberia to China.

in India: arq badranj boya, badran boya, badranj boya, badran- See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Supplementum
jboya, bililotan, billilotan, fulwari, khushk badranj boya Plantarum 272. 1782, Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 15: sub t. 1282.
1829, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. 1891 and J. Hebei Agric. Univ.
Nepeta juncea Benth. (Glechoma juncea (Benth.) Kuntze; 17(4): 17. 1994
Nepeta juncea Hedge & Lamond)
(Diaphoretic, tonic.)
Afghanistan to Pakistan.
in China: duo lie ye jing jie
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
12: 379. 1848 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Nepeta nuda Linnaeus (Cataria nuda (L.) Moench; Cataria
Edinburgh 28: 116. 1968 nuda Moench; Glechoma nuda (L.) Kuntze; Glechoma nuda
Kuntze; Nepeta pannonica Linnaeus)
(Stems and leaves decoction to relieve acute cough and
bronchitis.) Europe, China. Honey plant
in Pakistan: shimshok, simsok See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Methodus
(Moench) 388. 1794, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. 1891 and
Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Handel-Mazzetti (Betonica
Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Willdenowia 13: 335–336. 1983,
laevigata D. Don; Glechoma laevigata (D. Don) Kuntze;
Flora Mediterranea 1: 157–173. 1991, Botaničeskij Žurnal
Glechoma laevigata Kuntze; Nepeta elata Royle ex Benth.;
(Moscow & Leningrad) 77(2): 13–24. 1992
Nepeta nuristanica Murata; Nepeta spicata Bentham, nom.
nud.; Nepeta spicata var. incana H. Léveillé) (Stimulant, carminative.)
Afghanistan, Himalaya, China. in China: zhi chi jing jie
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–573. 1753, Prodromus Florae Nepeta podostachys Benth. (Glechoma podostachys (Benth.)
Nepalensis 110. 1825, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens Kuntze; Glechoma podostachys Kuntze)
2628 Nephelium L. Sapindaceae

Himalaya, India. Slender perennial herb, many spreading et Species 714. 1836, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518–519. 1891, Nat.
stems, white flowers in terminal cylindrical spikes Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iv. III A. 235. 1896 and
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(208–
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
210): 220. 1911, Notes R.B.E. 6(28): 151. 1915
12: 372. 1848, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 518. 1891 and
Flora URSS 20: 312. 1954 (Used for diaphoresis.)
(Useful in kidney diseases, dyspepsia and stomach- in China: lie ye jing jie
ache. Veterinary medicine, a paste from the plant used as
anthelmintic.)
Nephelium L. Sapindaceae
in India: shagukaram, shangu karom, shangukaram,
shangukuram Greek nephele ‘a cloud’; Pseudo Apuleius Barbarus in his
Herbarium applied Latin nephelion to a plant called also
Nepeta raphanorhiza Bentham (Glechoma raphanorhiza personata (Latin personata, ae, is a kind of large burdock
(Benth.) Kuntze; Glechoma raphanorhiza Kuntze) (Plinius), said to be synonymous with persolata or persollata,
Afghanistan to Tibet. Plants perennial, with succulent wal- the brown mullein); see Carl Linnaeus, Systema Naturae. Ed.
nut-sized tubers, easily recognized by the prominent tubers 12. 2: 623. 1767 and Mantissa Plantarum. 18, 125. 1767.
if they are present Nephelium cuspidatum Blume
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Labiat. Gen. Spec. Borneo.
fasc. 7: 734. 1835, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. 1891 and Revue
de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 7: 5–16. See Rumphia 3: 110. 1849
1984, Chromosome Information Service 39: 33–35. 1985 (Crushed bark decoction for diseases of the tongue, mouth,
(In toothache.) and toothache.)

in China: kuai gen jing jie in Indonesia: buah abung

Nepeta sibirica L. (Dracocephalum sibiricum (L.) L.; Nephelium lappaceum L. (Nephelium chryseum Blume;
Glechoma sibirica (L.) Kuntze; Glechoma sibirica Kuntze; Nephelium glabrum Cambess.; Nephelium lappaceum Poir.;
Moldavica elata Moench; Moldavica sibirica (L.) Moench Nephelium sufferrugineum Radlk.)
ex Steudel; Moldavica sibirica Moench ex Steud.; Moldavica Southern China, Sumatra. Tree, inflorescences pseudotermi-
sibirica Steud.; Nepeta macrantha Fischer) nal to terminal, sweet-tasting fruits, in humid tropical low-
Siberia to N. China. lands, dry land to swamp, primary and secondary forest

See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572, 594–596. 1753, Systema See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 623. 1767, Mantissa
Naturae, Editio Decima 1104. 1759, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum 1: 125. 1767, Mant. Pl. Altera 566. 1771 and
Plantarum 55. 1759, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … Blumea 31: 398. 1986
410. 1794, Catalogue du jardin des plantes, … à Gorenki … (Cases of poisoning are known, the fruit wall contains a toxic
ed. 2 22. Moskva, 1812, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel] 285, in syn. saponin. Astringent, febrifuge, stomachic and anthelmintic.
1821, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 518. 1891 and Botaničeskij Žurnal Bark decoction for diseases of the tongue. For headache
(Moscow & Leningrad) 77(2): 113–114. 1992 pound the leaves and use as a poultice upon the head; leaf
(For skin diseases, carminative.) sap a remedy for coughs and vomiting. Fish poison.)

in English: Siberian nepeta in English: rambootan, rambutan

in China: da hua jing jie in Cambodia: saaw maaw, ser mon

Nepeta tenuifolia Bentham (Elsholtzia integrifolia Bentham; in China: shao tzu, shao zi
Glechoma japonica (Maxim.) Kuntze; Glechoma japonica in Indonesia: bulung uso, rambut, rambutan
Kuntze; Glechoma tenuifolia (Benth.) Kuntze; Glechoma
in Malaysia: rambutan, rambutan jantan
tenuifolia Kuntze; Nepeta japonica Maxim.; Nepeta vanioti-
ana H. Léveillé; Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.; Schizonepeta in Philippines: rambutan, usan
tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.; Schizonepeta tenuifolia var. japon-
in Thailand: ngoh, phruan
ica (Maxim.) Kitag.)
in Vietnam: chôm chôm, vai thiêù
China to Japan. Herb
Nephelium mutabile Blume (Euphoria longana Lam.;
See Species Plantarum 2: 570–572. 1753, Botanisches
Nephelium longana Cambess.)
Magazin (Römer & Usteri) 4(11): 3. 1790, Labiatarum
Genera et Species fasc. 5: 468. 1834, Labiatarum Genera Malaysia.
Nephrodium Marthe ex Michaux Dryopteridaceae (Aspleniaceae) 2629

See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3(1): 574. 1792, Bonap.; Nephrolepis biserrata subsp. punctulatum Bonap.;
Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 18: 30. 1829, Nephrolepis ensifolia (Schkuhr) C. Presl; Nephrolepis exal-
Rumphia 3: 104–105. 1847 tata var. biserrata (Sw.) Baker; Nephrolepis hirsutula (G.
Forst.) C. Presl var. acuta (Schkuhr) Kuntze; Nephrolepis
(Root vermifuge; leaves febrifuge.)
hirsutula var. biserrata (Sw.) Kuntze; Nephrolepis mol-
Malay name: pulasan lis Rosenst.; Nephrolepis punctulata (Poir.) C. Presl;
Nephrolepis punctulata C. Presl; Nephrolepis rufescens
(Schrad.) C. Presl ex Wawra; Nephrolepis rufescens Wawra;
Nephrodium Marthe ex Michaux Polypodium nephrolepioides H. Christ; Polypodium punctu-
Dryopteridaceae (Aspleniaceae) latum Poir.; Tectaria fraxinea Cav.)

Greek nephrodes ‘kidney-like’, referring to the indusium; see Tropical Africa. Herbaceous, food
André Michaux (1746–1803), Flora Boreali-Americana. 2: See Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 32. 1801, Descripción
266. Paris 1803. de las Plantas 250. 1802, Synopsis Filicum 46. 1806,
Nephrodium heterocarpum (Blume) T. Moore (Aspidium Deutschland’s kryptogamische Gewächse 1: 32, pl. 31,
heterocarpum Blume; Cyclosorus heterocarpus (Blume) 32. 1809, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 5: 221. 1810,
Ching; Dryopteris heterocarpa (Blume) Kuntze; Sphaero­ Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1): 31. 1825, Mémoires de la
stephanos heterocarpus (Blume) Holttum; Thelypteris het- Société Linnéenne de Paris 6(3): 253. 1827, Det Kongelige
erocarpa (Blume) C.V. Morton) Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Naturvidenskabelige
og Mathematiske Afhandlinger 4: 229. 1829, Voyage aux
SE Asia, Malaysia.
Indes Orientales 2: 65. 1833, Gen. Fil. [Schott] ad t. 3. 1834,
See Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 813. 1891 and Bulletin Tentamen Pteridographiae 79, t. 2, f. 14. 1836, Mémoires
of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology 8(4): 180–181. sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 301. 1852, Sp. Fil. 4: 147,
1938, Index Filicum 93. 1958, American Fern Journal 49(3): t. 271. 1862, Wawra, Heinrich (1831–1887), Botanische
113. 1959 Ergebnisse der Reise Seiner Majestat des Kaisers von
Mexico Maximilian I. nach Brasilien (1859–1860) 200, t.
(Discoloration of the skin, rub the leaves upon the skin.)
101. Wien, 1866, Syn. Fil. (Hooker & Baker) 261. 1867, Flora
Malay name: paku Brasiliensis 1(2): 493. 1870, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:
816. 1891 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève
1(5): 220, text f. 1909, Notes Pteridol. 1, 165. 1915, J. Cytol.
Nephrolepis Schott Davalliaceae Genet. 29(2): 187–191. 1994
(Nephrolepidaceae, Oleandraceae) (Plant and rhizome styptic. Boiled young fronds eaten as a
Greek nephros ‘kidney’ and lepis ‘scale’, referring to the postpartum remedy, a tonic. Leaves decoction for dysmenor-
shape of the indusia, see Tentamen Pteridographiae 136– rhea. Roots used in jaundice.)
137. 1836, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 301. in English: broad sword fern, follower fern, sword fern
1852, Hist. Filicum 226. 1875 and Polypod. Philipp. 55.
1905, Philippine Journal of Science 3(1): 33. 1908, Webbia in Indonesia: paku julut
29(1): 8–11. 1974, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, J. Cytol. in Congo: tseyobia
Genet. 29(2): 187–191. 1994.
in Nigeria: owuro
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Aspidium acuminatum
Willd.; Aspidium acutum Schkuhr; Aspidium biserratum Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Presl (Aspidium cordifolium (L.)
Sw.; Aspidium ensifolium Schkuhr; Aspidium guineense Swartz; Aspidium cordifolium Swartz; Aspidium pendulum
Schumach.; Aspidium punctulatum Sw.; Hypopeltis biser- Raddi; Aspidium pendulum Splitg.; Aspidium tuberosum
rata (Sw.) Bory; Lepidoneuron biserratum (Sw.) Fée; Willd.; Aspidium tuberosum Bory ex Willd.; Nephrodium
Lepidoneuron punctulatum (Poir.) Fée; Lepidoneuron rufe- tuberosum Desv.; Nephrodium tuberosum (Bory ex Willd.)
scens (Schrad.) Fée; Nephrodium acuminatum (Willd.) C. Desv.; Nephrolepis cordifolia var. tuberosa (Bory ex Willd.)
Presl; Nephrodium acuminatum C. Presl; Nephrodium acu- Baker; Nephrolepis cordifolia var. tuberosa (C. Presl) Baker;
minatum (Willd.) Desv.; Nephrodium acutum (Schkuhr) C. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott var. tuberosa (Bory ex
Presl; Nephrodium acutum C. Presl; Nephrodium acutum Willd.) Kuntze; Nephrolepis exaltata var. tuberosa Kuntze;
Hook.; Nephrodium biserratum (Sw.) C. Presl; Nephrodium Nephrolepis pendula J. Sm.; Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi)
biserratum (Sw.) Desv.; Nephrodium punctulatum (Sw.) J. Sm.; Nephrolepis pendula Vriese; Nephrolepis pen-
Desv.; Nephrodium punctulatum Desv.; Nephrodium punct- dula C. Presl; Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory ex Willd.) C.
ulatum Baker; Nephrodium rufescens Schrad.; Nephrolepis Presl; Nephrolepis tuberosa (Willd.) C. Presl; Nephrolepis
acuminata (Willd.) C. Presl; Nephrolepis acuta (Schkuhr) tuberosa C. Presl; Polypodium cordifolium L.; Polypodium
C. Presl; Nephrolepis biserrata subsp. punctulata (Poir.) cordifolium M. Martens & Galeotti)
2630 Neptunia Lour. Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

SE Asia, Nepal. Fern, root-tubers cooked and eaten Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C. Presl (Aspidium hirsu-
tulum (G. Forst.) Sw.; Aspidium hirsutulum Sw.; Aspidium
See Species Plantarum 2: 1089. 1753, Journal für die Botanik
hirsutulum Wall.; Davallia multiflora Roxb.; Lepidoneuron
1800(2): 32. 1801, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 5: 234. 1810,
hirsutulum (G. Forst.) Fée; Lepidonevron hirsutulum Fée;
Opusc. sci. Bol. 3. 289. 1819, Pl. Bras. 1. 30 t. 45. 1825, Mém.
Nephrodium hirsutulum (G. Forst.) C. Presl; Nephrodium
Soc. Linn. Paris 6(3): 252. 1827, Tentamen Pteridographiae
hirsutulum (G. Forst.) Desv.; Nephrolepis exaltata var. hir-
79. 1836, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 7: 412. 1840, J.
sutula (G. Forst.) Baker; Nephrolepis multiflora (Roxb.) F.M.
Bot. (Hooker) 4: 197. 1841, Mém. Acad. Bruxelles. 15. 31 t.
Jarrett ex C.V. Morton; Polystichum hirsutulum (G. Forst.)
4 f. 2. 1842, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1: 8. 1846, Mémoires sur
Bernh.; Polystichum hirsutulum Bernh.)
les Familles des Fougères 5: 270. 1852, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:
816. 1891 China. Fern
(Fresh fronds decoction given as a drink for cough; fronds See Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 81.
infusion given for treatment of amnesia. Tuberous roots 1786, Schrad. Journ. 1800 [2]. 32. 1801, Journal für die
cooling, antibacterial, chewed for nose blockage and for Botanik 1802(1): 16. 1802, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1):
free breathing, eaten to relieve chest congestion, indiges- 36. 1825, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6:
tion, fever, for liver and kidney disorders; rhizome paste 253. 1827, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2240. 1829, Tentamen
applied for relief from body ache. Root juice given to Pteridographiae 79. 1836, Calcutta Journal of Natural
relieve cough and cold; root paste applied to scabies, given History and Miscellany of the Arts and Sciences in India 4:
to treat headache and hematuria, also given to women dur- 515, pl. 31. 1844, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères
ing menstrual period for permanent sterility. Ceremonial, 5: 301. 1852, Flora Brasiliensis 1(2): 493. 1870 and
used in worship.) Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
38(7): 309. 1974, J. Cytol. Genet. 29(2): 187–191. 1994,
in English: common sword fern, erect sword fern, fishbone
Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115. 1995, Newslett. Int.
fern, ladder fern, sword fern, tuber sword fern, tuberous
Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 22–23. 1998, Fern Gaz. 16(4):
sword fern
177–190. 2001, Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 839–937. 2002, New
in India: an kisang, peranei, rokp meya, rokpo meya, sanna Zealand J. Bot. 42: 873–904. 2004, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.,
saniya, sanna sanya, seratong enjen, tako-tayo ser. 4, 57(7): 247–355. 2006
in Nepal: amala, amabali, bekalang, pani amala, pani amla, (Young shoots decoction used to stimulate and to increase
tui ambal, tyuwi lactation in mothers.)
in the Philippines: bayabang Malay name: paku kubok
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (Aspidium exaltatum (L.)
Schkuhr; Aspidium exaltatum (L.) Sw.; Aspidium exalta-
tum Sw.; Aspidium exaltatum Hook., nom. nud.; Hypopeltis
Neptunia Lour. Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)
exaltata Bory; Hypopeltis exaltata (L.) Bory; Nephrodium From Neptunus (Neptune), the Roman god of water, he
exaltatum (L.) Desv.; Nephrodium exaltatum (L.) Kunth; became god of the sea after his identification with the
Nephrodium exaltatum (L.) R. Br.; Nephrodium exaltatum Greek Poseidon; see J. de Loureiro, Flora Cochinchinensis:
R. Br.; Nephrodium exaltatum (Sw.) R. Br.; Polypodium exal- sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina nascentes. 2: 641,
tatum L.; Polypodium exaltatum Alderw.; Polypodium exal- 653. Ulyssipone [Lisboa] 1790, Sylva Telluriana 119.
tatum (Copel.) Alderw.) 1838 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314. 1950,
Austral. J. Bot. 14(3): 379–420. 1966, Fl. Lesser Antilles
South America.
(Dicotyledoneae–Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Nordic J. Bot.
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1326. 1759, Journal 8: 457–488. 1989, Brenesia 36: 63–149. 1991, Monogr. Syst.
für die Botanik 1800(2): 32. 1801, Prodromus Florae Novae Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: 44–527. 1993, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.
Hollandiae 148. 1810, Deutschland’s kryptogamische 151: 395–403. 2006.
Gewächse t. 32. 1810, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
Neptunia oleracea Lour. (Acacia lacustris (Willd.) Desf.;
[Kunth] (quarto ed.) 1: 21. 1816, Mémoires de la Société
Acacia lacustris Desf.; Desmanthus lacustris Willd.;
Linnéenne de Paris 6: 252. 1827, Voyage aux Indes Orientales
Desmanthus lacustris Torr. & A. Gray; Desmanthus natans
2: 66. 1833, London Journal of Botany 1: 494. 1842, J. Bot.
Willd.; Desmanthus stolonifer DC.; Mimosa aquatica Pers.;
24: 34. 1886 and Malayan Ferns 614. 1909, Sci. & Cult. 41:
Mimosa lacustris Humb. & Bonpl.; Mimosa lacustris Bonpl.;
181–183. 1975, Aspects Pl. Sci. 6: 119–181. 1983, Proc. Roy.
Mimosa lacustris Kunth; Mimosa natans L.f.; Mimosa
Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 86: 471–472. 1985, J.
natans sensu auct. non L.f.; Mimosa natans Vahl; Mimosa
Cytol. Genet. 29(2): 187–191. 1994, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 90:
prostrata Regel; Mimosa prostrata Lam.; Mimosa prostrata
209–217. 2002
Hort. Berol. ex Schleid. & Vogel, nom. nud.; Neptunia natans
(Plant juice insecticidal.) Druce; Neptunia natans (L.f.) Druce; Neptunia natans
Nerium L. Apocynaceae 2631

(Willd.) W. Theob.; Neptunia natans W. Theob.; Neptunia See Species Plantarum 1: 519. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio
prostrata Baill.; Neptunia prostrata (Lam.) Baill.; Neptunia Decima 2: 1311. 1759, Tableau de l’École de Botanique
stolonifera Guill.; Neptunia stolonifera Guill. & Perr.) 182. 1804, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1045–
1047, 1084. 1806, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue …
SE Asia, Tropics. Perennial non-climbing herb, aquatic,
40. 1814, Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture,
floating herb or suberect rooted herb of damp sites, prostrate,
à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 3: 69. 1814,
creeping, stoloniferous, orange-yellow flowers, young leaves
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
as vegetables
444. 1825, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1(1–2):
See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, Supplementum 3. 1840, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the
Plantarum 439. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Encycl. Botanical Miscellany 2(11): 129. 1840, Journal of Botany,
(Lamarck) 1(1): 10. 1783, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 654. 1790, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4(31): 355.
Symb. Bot. (Vahl) iii. 102. 1794, Plantae Aequinoctiales 1841, Flora 26(45): 759. 1843, Histoire Physique, Politique
[Humboldt & Bonpland] 1(3): 55, t. 16. 1806 [1808 publ. et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba … Botanique. -- Plantes
22 Sep 1806], Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1): 263. 1806, Species Vasculaires 1: 475. 1845, Edwards’s Botanical Register pl.
Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1044. 1806, 3. 1846 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314. 1950,
Prodr. (DC.) 2: 444. 1825, Cat. Pl. Horti Paris. ed. 3, 301. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Austral. J. Bot.
1829, Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 402. 1840, Nova 14(3): 379–420. 1966
Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino- (Powdered leaves used for healing ulcers, wounds.)
Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia Ephemerides
sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta 19(2): 70. 1842, in English: dead-and-awake, water dead-and-awake
Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada iii. (1875) 117. 1875,
in South America: tapateputilla
Burmah, its People and Natural Productions ed. 3. 2: 541.
1883, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris i. (1883) 356. 1883 and Neptunia triquetra (Vahl) Benth. (Desmanthus trique-
(Report) Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British tris Willd.; Desmanthus triquetrus Willd.; Mimosa natans
Isles 4: 637. 1916[1917], Taxon 34(1): 155. 1985 L.f.; Mimosa triquetra Vahl; Neptunia natans (L.f.) Druce;
Neptunia triquetra Benth.; Neptunia triquetra (Willd.) Benth.)
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant used as cooling and
astringent, in diarrhea and piles; whole plant cut into small India. Perennial non-climbing shrub, herbaceous, low, pros-
pieces and applied to snakebite and headache. Roots used in trate, glabrous, white-yellow flowers, axillary globose heads,
late stage of syphilis. For earache, squeeze the juice of the oblong pods
stem into the ear. Veterinary medicine, fed to horses and pigs
as vermifuge.) See Supplementum Plantarum 439. 1781[1782], Symbolae
Botanicae, … (Vahl) 3: 102. 1794, Species Plantarum.
in English: water neptunia Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1045. 1806, Journal of
Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
in India: alambusa, chui-mui, cuntaikkirai, diyanidikumba,
(Hooker) 4(31): 355. 1841 and (Report) Botanical Society and
ishing-ikaithabi, jal-lajamani, laj-alu, lajalu, lajjalu, lajri,
Exchange Club of the British Isles 4: 637. 1916[1917], Taxon
nidrayam, nirtottavati, nirutalavapu, nirutalvapu, niti-todda-
34: 155. 1985
vaddi, nittitoddavaddi, nittitottavati, pani-lajuk, pani-najak,
panilajak, paninajak, sadai, sundaikkirai, sundaykiray, (Used in Sidha. Roots extract astringent, rubbed with water
suntaikkirai and the solution given orally to the children with dysentery.)
Malay names: kangkong putri, keman ayer, keman gajah in India: aticaranacani, chinna nidra kanti, chui-mui,
cumankai, cunti, cupanke, cutapantani, katirai, lajalu, miri-
in Madagascar: anatsiriry
capattiri, mirukapattiri, mirukapattirikkoti, nakari, nakkari,
Neptunia plena (L.) Benth. (Acacia lycopodioides Desv.; nakrari, piraman, pirarocitam, piraroki, titarccunti, titar-
Acacia lycopodioides (Desf.) Desv.; Acacia punctata Humb. cunti, tonti, vanikaccam, varatcunti, yancali, yancalikkoti
& Bonpl. ex Willd.; Acacia punctata Desf.; Acacia punc-
tata (L.) Desf., nom. illeg.; Desmanthus comosus A. Rich.;
Desmanthus plenus (L.) Willd.; Desmanthus polyphyllus Nerium L. Apocynaceae
DC.; Desmanthus punctatus Willd.; Desmanthus punctatus
Nerion is the ancient classical Greek name used by
(L.) Willd.; Mimosa adenanthera hort. ex Steud.; Mimosa
Dioscorides for the oleander, neros ‘wet, fresh’, nero, neros
adenanthera Roxb.; Mimosa lycopodioides Desf.; Mimosa
‘water’; Latin nerion or nerium for the oleander or rosebay
plena L.; Mimosa punctata L.; Neptunia plena Lindl., nom.
(Plinius), see Species Plantarum 1: 209. 1753 and Monogr.
illeg.; Neptunia polyphylla (DC.) Benth.; Neptunia surina-
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 116–132. 2001,
mensis Steud.)
Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, Darwiniana 44(2): 453–
Central and South America. Perennial non-climbing shrub 489. 2006, Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184. 2009.
2632 Nervilia Comm. ex Gaudich. Orchidaceae

Nerium oleander L. (Nerion oleandrum St.-Lag.; Nerium leaves remain toxic; roots if given to horses are said to kill
carneum Dum.Cours.; Nerium carneum Hort. ex Dum. them. Smoke from burning twigs is said to be toxic; humans
Cours.; Nerium flavescens Spin; Nerium floridum Salisb.; have died after eating meat that was skewered with oleander
Nerium grandiflorum Roxb.; Nerium grandiflorum Desf.; stems. Oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside, found throughout the
Nerium indicum Mill.; Nerium indicum f. leucanthum plant, including the nectar of the flowers. Leaves and latex for
(Makino) Okuyama; Nerium indicum subsp. kotschyi dysentery and skin infections. Leaves and bark used exter-
(Boiss.) Rech.f.; Nerium indicum var. leucanthum Makino; nally in eczemas; leaf in the treatment of scabies; ground ash
Nerium indicum var. lutescens Makino; Nerium indicum of burned leaves applied directly to the injury to facilitate
var. plenum Makino; Nerium japonicum Gentil; Nerium healing of skin wounds, open sores. Cytotoxic effects of leaf,
japonicum Hort. ex Gentil; Nerium kotschyi Boiss.; Nerium stem and root extracts of Nerium oleander on leukemia cell
latifolium Mill.; Nerium lauriforme Lam.; Nerium luteum lines. Molluscicidal and larvicidal activity of Nerium indi-
Nois. ex Steud., nom. inval.; Nerium mascatense A. DC.; cum. Antitumor and immune-stimulating effects, neuro-
Nerium odoratissimum Wender.; Nerium odoratum Lam.; protective. Powdered root bark fish poison; roots pesticide,
Nerium odorum Solander; Nerium odorum Aiton; Nerium insecticide. Ceremonial, used in religion and magico-reli-
oleander subsp. kurdicum Rech.f.; Nerium splendens Hort. gious beliefs, ingredient of Patra pooja in different religious
ex Paxton; Nerium splendens Paxton; Nerium thyrsiflorum pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja; flowers used for reli-
Paxton; Nerium verecundum Salisb.; Oleander indica (Mill.) gious worships.)
Medik.; Oleander indica Medik.; Oleander vulgaris Medik.;
Tabernaemontana panamensis (Markgr., Boiteau & L. in English: Ceylon rose, common oleander, dog-bane, double
Allorge) Leeuwenb.) oleander, laurier rose, oleander, pink bay-tree, rosa laurel,
rose bay, rose of Ceylon, rosebay, scented oleander, South
Asia Minor, Mediterranean, China. Shrub or small tree, Sea rose, sweet-scented oleander
perennial, evergreen, erect, often multi-stemmed, milky
latex, long slender upright branches, slender smooth leaves, in French: laurier rose
flowers in upright clusters in Italian: oleandro
See Species Plantarum 1: 209–210. 1753, The Gardeners in Arabic: defla, haban, khadhraya, ward el-homar
Dictionary: … eighth edition Nerium n. 2. 1768, Fl. Franç.
(Lamarck) 2: 299. 1779 [1778 publ. after 21 Mar 1779], in Ecuador: laurel, laurel-rosa
Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 1: 297. in Mexico: flor de rosa, laurel, mbaj rosa
1789, Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. vi. Phys. (1790) 381. 1790,
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 3(2): 456. in Nicaragua: narciso
1792, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 147. 1796, Bot. Cult., ed. in Peru: adelfa laurel, laurel de campo, naranjillo, oleander
2. 3: 268. 1811, Hort. Bengal. 19. 1814, Tabl. École Bot., ed.
2. 92. 1815, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel] 553. 1821, Schrift. Ges. in South Africa: oleander, rose of Ceylon, Selonsroos
Bef. Gesammt. Naturw. Marb. ii. 245. 1831, Mag. Bot. iii. in Bali: bungan kenyeri
(1837) 73. 1837, Prodr. (DC.) 8: 421. 1844, Diagn. Pl. Orient.
ser. 1, 7: 21. 1846, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon vii. (1880) 130. 1880 in China: jia zhu tao shu, jia zhu tao
and Pl. Cult. Serres Jard. Bot. Bruxelles 130. 1907, Wilson, in India: asvamarakah (asva, horse; marakh, killer), ash-
F.W. “Oleander poisoning of livestock.” Univ. Ariz. Agric. vamaraka (ashva, horse; maraka, killer), kamili ba, kaner,
Exp. Stn. Bull., 59. 383–397. 1909, Ill. Fl. Jap.: 207. 1940, J. kanher, karavi-marm, karavira, karvir, lal kaner, rajbaka
Jap. Bot. 30: 43. 1955, Fl. Iranica [Rechinger] 103: 2–3. 1974,
Taxon 26: 257–274. 1977, Fl. Turkey 6: 159. 1978, Meded. in Japan: kyô-chiku-tô, chochikutô
Landbouwhoogeschool Wageningen 83(7) 60. 1984 [1983 in Malaysia: bunga anis, bunga jepun, pedendang
publ. 1984], Flora of Puná Island 1–289. 2001, Darwiniana
43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco in Pakistan: jor
Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005, J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. 6(1): 31–38. in Philippines: adelfa, baladre, ginataan
2006, J. Soc. Integr. Oncol. 5(1): 43–44. 2007, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 110(1): 105–117. 2007, Brain Res. 1153: in Vietnam: cay truc dao, truc dao, truoc dao
221–230. 2007
(Used in Ayurveda. All parts of the plant exude an acrid
Nervilia Comm. ex Gaudich. Orchidaceae
milky irritant sap when injured or cut; the milky juice causes
contact dermatitis, skin rash, blisters. Poisonous, all parts Latin nervus, i ‘nerve’, referring to the veined leaves or
of the plant extremely toxic, human beings and animals are to the pseudobulbs; see Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences,
equally susceptible; irritant twig introduced in vagina for publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 1: 317. 1809,
abortion; toxic, poisonous if the leaves or stems are ingested, Voyage autour du Monde…sur les corvettes…l’Uranie et la
ingesting a single leaf may be toxic to a person, also if dry the Physicienne… par M. Louis de Freycinet, Botanique… 421,
Nervilia Comm. ex Gaudich. Orchidaceae 2633

pl. 35. 1829, Genera Plantarum 219. 1837, Systematisches Jahren 1842--1844 89. 1846, Museum Botanicum 32.
Verzeichniss der von H. Zollinger in den Jahren 1842-- 1849, Xenia Orchidacea 2: 88, 92. 1874, Journal of the
1844 89. 1846 and J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38: 791–799. Asiatic Society of Bengal 65: 129. 1896 and Die Flora
1936, Richard Evans Schultes and Arthur Stanley Pease, der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 240. 1900,
Generic Names of Orchids. Their Origin and Meaning. Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 82.
210. Academic Press, New York and London 1963, Orchid 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Monogr. 5: 1–89. 1991, Hubert Mayr, Orchid Names and schichte und Pflanzengeographie 45: 401, 405. 1911,
Their Meanings. 162. Vaduz 1998. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
Nervilia aragoana Gaudich. (Aplostellis flabelliformis und Pflanzengeographie 53: 551. 1915, Revue Horticole 21:
(Lindl.) Ridl.; Epipactis carinata Roxb.; Nervilia carinata 304. 1928, Bull. Acad. Malg. 11: 9. 1929, Journal of the
(Roxb.) Schltr.; Nervilia flabelliformis (Lindl.) Tang & F.T. Bombay Natural History Society 35: 724. 1932, Bulletin of
Wang; Nervilia scottii (Rchb.f.) Schltr.; Nervilia tibeten- Miscellaneous Information Kew 1936: 222. 1936, Adansonia:
sis Rolfe; Nervilia yaeyamensis Hayata; Pogonia carinata recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 4: 303.
(Roxb.) Lindl.; Pogonia flabelliformis Lindl.; Pogonia graci- 1964, Kew Bulletin 32: 155. 1977, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv
lis Blume; Pogonia nervilia Blume; Pogonia scottii Rchb.f.) 32(2): 149, 151, f. 92. 1978
(Aplostellis Thouars, from the Greek haplos, haploos ‘simple, (Tubers used for cooling.)
single’ and stello ‘to bring together, to bind, to set’.) (Pogonia
A.L. Juss., from the Greek pogonias ‘bearded’, Latin pogo- Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. (Aplostellis velutina
nias ‘bearded, a kind of comet’, an allusion to the fringed (Parish & Rchb. f.) Ridl.; Aplostellis velutina Ridl.; Arethusa
lip; see A.L. de Jussieu, Genera Plantarum. 65. (Aug.) 1789.) plicata Andrews; Cordyla discolor Blume; Epipactis pli-
cata Roxb.; Nervilia biflora (Wight) Schltr.; Nervilia biflora
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia to Pacific. Terrestrial, small tuberous
Schltr.; Nervilia dallachyana Schltr.; Nervilia dallachyana
herbs, solitary leaves, greenish pale yellow flowers in termi-
(Benth.) Schltr.; Nervilia dallachyana (F. Muell. ex Benth.)
nal racemes, 3-lobed capsules
Schltr.; Nervilia discolor (Blume) Schltr.; Nervilia discolor
See Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Schltr.; Nervilia discolor var. purpurea (Hayata) S.S. Ying;
Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M. l’~Uranie~ et Nervilia plicata Schltr.; Nervilia plicata var. purpurea
la ~Physicienne~ … Botanique 422, pl. 35. 1826, Gen. Sp. (Hayata) S.S. Ying; Nervilia purpurea Schltr.; Nervilia pur-
Orchid. Pl.: 414–415. 1840 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 404. purea (Hayata) Schltr.; Nervilia velutina Schltr.; Nervilia
1911, Fl. Malay Penins. 4: 203. 1924, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: velutina (Parish & Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Pogonia biflora Wight;
68. 1951 Pogonia dallachyana F. Muell. ex Benth.; Pogonia dallachy-
ana Benth.; Pogonia discolor (Blume) Blume; Pogonia dis-
(Tubers used for cooling; root tuber mixed with milk used
color Blume; Pogonia plicata (Andr.) Lindl.; Pogonia plicata
for improving body vigour. Leaves decoction as a postpar-
Lindl.; Pogonia pudica Ames; Pogonia pulchella Hook.f.;
tum remedy, women boil the leaves and drink the liquid after
Pogonia purpurea Hayata; Pogonia velutina Parish & Rchb.
childbirth as a precaution against attending sickness.)
f.; Roptrostemon discolor (Blume) Blume; Roptrostemon
in India: orila thamarai discolor Lindl.) (Roptrostemon Blume, Greek rhoptron ‘the
in Japan: Yaeyama-kuma-sô, aoi-bokuro wood in a trap, a tambourine, a knocker’ and stemon ‘a sta-
men, thread, pillar’, possibly referring to the clavate and elon-
Malay name: daun sa-helai sa-tahum gate column.)
Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. & Moritzi) Seidenf. (Bolborchis Tropical Asia.
crociformis Zoll. & Moritzi; Coelogyne javanica Lindl.;
Nervilia afzelii var. grandiflora Summerh.; Nervilia bathiei See Botanist’s Repository, for new, and rare plants 5: 321.
Senghas; Nervilia bollei (Rchb. f.) Schltr.; Nervilia cris- 1803, Hort. Bengal. 63. 1814, Bijdragen tot de flora van
pata (Blume) Schltr. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.; Nervilia Nederlandsch Indië 8: 416. 1825, Fl. Javae Praef. p. vi.
crispata (Blume) Schltr. ex Kraenzl.; Nervilia erosa P.J. 1828, The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants
Cribb; Nervilia fimbriata Schltr.; Nervilia francoisii H. 415, 453. 1840, Museum Botanicum 1(2): 32. 1849, Icones
Perrier; Nervilia francoisii H. Perrier ex J. François, nom. Plantarum Indiae Orientalis [Wight] 5: t. 1758. 1851, Fl.
nud.; Nervilia humilis Schltr.; Nervilia monantha Blatt. Austral. 6: 310. 1873, Transactions of the Linnean Society
& McCann; Nervilia prainiana (King & Pantl.) Seidenf.; of London 30(1): 142. 1874, Botanical Magazine 111: t.
Nervilia reniformis Schltr.; Pogonia bollei Rchb. f.; Pogonia 6851. 1885 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
crispata Blume; Pogonia prainiana King & Pantl.) Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 39: 48. 1906,
Orchidaceae (Ames) 2: 44. 1908, Repertorium Specierum
Trop. & Subtrop. Old World. Terrestrial, creamy white
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10(234–238): 6. 1911, Bot.
flowers
Jahrb. Syst. 45: 403. 1911, Journal of the College of
See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 736. 1826, Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 345–346.
Systematisches Verzeichniss der von H. Zollinger in den 1911, The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 4: 204. 1924, Flora
2634 Nesaea Comm. ex Kunth Lythraceae

Australiensis: a description … 6: 310. 1973, Col. Illustr. Neuracanthus Nees Acanthaceae

Indig. Orchids Taiwan 1(2): 253. 1977, Col. Illustr. Indig.
From the Greek neuron ‘nerve, tendon’ and akantha ‘thorn’,
Orchids Taiwan 2: 276, t. 32. 1990
see Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 76, 97. 1832.
(Tubers cooling. Leaves crushed and made into a paste used
Neuracanthus trinervius Wight (Neuracanthus tetragonos-
to cure skin diseases; leaves juice applied externally on burns
tachyus Nees subsp. trinervius (Wight) Bidgood)
and itches.)
India. Blue flowers
in China: mao ye yu lan
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 97. 1832, Icones Plantarum
in India: oarilai thamarai, phurtakhlo
Indiae Orientalis 4(4): 5, t. 1532. 1850 and Kew Bulletin
53(1): 16. 1998

Nesaea Comm. ex Kunth Lythraceae (Dried plants burnt and the ash, mixed with coconut oil,
applied on skin diseases.)
According to Greek mythology, Nesaea or Nesaie was a
name given to a sea nymph, one of the Nereids; Greek nesos in India: nasula
‘an island’; Nesaea triflora (L.f.) Kunth was found on the
island of Mauritius, see Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 332. 1789, Nov.
Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 6: 151 (ed. f.). 1823, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] Neuractis Cass. Asteraceae
6: 191 (ed. qu.). 1824 and Bol. Soc. Brot. sér. 2, 48: 124. 1975 From the Greek neuron ‘nerve’ and aktis, aktin ‘a ray’, refer-
[1974 publ. 1975]. ring to the flowers.
Nesaea sagittifolia Koehne Neuractis bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp (Bidens denudata
South Africa. Turcz.; Bidens tenuifolia Labill.; Bidens tenuifolia Tausch;
Coreopsis tannensis Spreng.; Coreopsis tannensis Biehler;
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 3(3): 339. 1882 and Bothalia 21(1): 48. Glossogyne bidens (Retz.) Alston; Glossogyne bidentidea F.
1991 Muell.; Glossogyne pedunculosa DC.; Glossogyne pinnati-
(Leaves and whole plant for hematuria and blackwater fever.) fida DC.; Glossogyne pinnatifida DC. ex Wight; Glossogyne
tannensis (Spreng.) Garnock-Jones; Glossogyne tenuifo-
lia (Labill.) Cass. ex Less.; Glossogyne tenuifolia (Labill.)
Less.; Glossogyne tenuifolia Cass., nom. inval.; Neuractis
Nesogordonia Baillon Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae) bidens (Retz.) Veldkamp ex Mesfin; Zinnia bidens Retz.)
Presumably from the Greek nesos ‘an island’ and the genus (Glossogyne Cass., from the Greek glossa ‘a tongue’ and
Gordonia, see Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne gyne ‘female’, referring to the style branches or to the pistil-
de Paris 1: 555. 1886, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler & late florets; see Alexandre Henri Gabriel Comte de Cassini,
Prantl] I. 234. 1897 and Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 5: in Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. 51: 475. 1827 and
71–73. 1988. 59: 320. 1829.)

Nesogordonia kabingaensis (K. Schum.) Capuron ex India. Slender annual herb, thick stout fusiform roots, leaves
R. Germ. (Cistanthera fouassieri A. Chev.; Cistanthera mostly radical, terminal heads on peduncle, disc florets pur-
kabingaensis K. Schum.; Cistanthera leplaei Vermoesen; ple, black achenes
Cistanthera papaverifera A. Chev.; Nesogordonia fouassieri See Observationes Botanicae 5: 28. 1788, Plantarum
(A. Chev.) Capuron ex N. Hallé; Nesogordonia kabingaensis Novarum ex Herbario Sprengelii Centuriam. 39. 1807,
(K. Schum.) Capuron; Nesogordonia leplaei (Vermoesen) Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] [F.
Capuron ex R. Germ.; Nesogordonia papaverifera (A. Chev.) Cuvier] 51: 475. 1827, Syn. Gen. Compos. 212. 1832, Flora
Capuron ex Keay) 19(2): 395. 1836, Prodr. (DC.) 5: 632. 1836, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Naturalistes Moscou xxiv. (1851) I. 183. 1851, Linnaea 25:
Sierra Leone Congo, Uganda. Tree, evergreen or shortly
402. 1853 and Hand-Book Fl. Ceylon vi. Suppl., 168. 1931,
deciduous, inflorescence an axillary compact cyme,
Taxon 35(1): 125. 1986, Kew Bulletin 45(1): 141–145. 1990,
winged seeds
Blumea 35(2): 468. 1991
See Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1: 234. 1897 and
(Whole plant crushed and applied to aching teeth for relief;
Notul. Syst. (Paris) 14: 259, 1953, Flore du Congo Belge et du
extract of whole plant taken to expel intestinal worms and for
Ruanda-Urundi 10: 225. 1963
dysentery; juice given in vomiting and headache; aerial parts
(Leaf decoction used to relieve dental caries.) decoction useful in curing impotency. Root paste mixed
with leaves paste of Butea monosperma given in chronic
in Tanzania: kamema
blood dysentery, diarrhea; root pounded with the root of
in Zaire: amambaka Peucedanum dhana applied to cure rheumatic joint pain.
Neurada L. Neuradaceae 2635

Preparations from the roots employed in snakebite and scor- konali, kuák ku, kunami, kunani, mano de lagarto, quina,
pion sting; paste root for abdominal pain; roots powdered and rabo de faisán, tabaco cimarrón, tabak zonbi, tres puntas,
used in toothache.) white kunani, zòwèy mouton
in India: bajardati, bandhani, bazardanti, buthitejraj, jal-
varkur, jangli dhanya, kamraj, mainthori, nakdana, pardesi
bhangro, pirigazra, vishay Newbouldia Seemann ex Bureau Bignoniaceae
After the British botanist Rev. William Williamson
Newbould, 1819–1886 (Kew, Surrey), Curate at Bluntisham,
Neurada L. Neuradaceae Hunts and Comberton, Cambr., a close friend of Rev.
Churchill Babington (1821–1889) and H.C. Watson, a mem-
Possibly from the Greek neuron ‘nerve, sinew, tendon, string’
ber of Ray Society, 1863 a Fellow of the Linnean Society. See
and aden ‘gland’, referring to the leaves or to the mucilage-
Flore d’Oware 1: 46–47. 1805, James Sowerby (1757–1822),
ducts in pith; Latin neuras, nevras, neuradis ‘the plant mani-
English Botany … Supplement … The descriptions, syn-
con, which excites the nerves’; neuras, neurados was a Greek
onyms, and places of growth by … W.W. Newbould. Vol. V.
plant name used by Dioscorides and Plinius for potirrion or
London 1863, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 1: 225.
poterion, goat’s thorn, a species of Astragalus; see Species
1863, Bureau, Edouard, Monographie des Bignoniacées.
Plantarum 1: 441. 1753.
Paris, 1864 and H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of
Neurada procumbens L. the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford.
217. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
India.
upon Botanists. 2: 548. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
See Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 48: 69–71. 1997 Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
Portrait Collection. 285. 1972.
(Whole plant used as tonic.)
Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seemann ex Bureau (Bignonia
in India: chapari
glandulosa Schumach. & Thonn.; Newbouldia laevis (P.
in Sahara: sâdan Beauv.) Seem.; Newbouldia laevis Seem.; Newbouldia
pentandra (Hook.) Seem.; Newbouldia pentandra Seem.;
Spathodea adenantha G. Don; Spathodea jenischii Sond.;
Neurolaena R. Br. Asteraceae Spathodea laevis P. Beauv.; Spathodea pentandra Hook.;
Spathodea speciosa Brongn.)
Greek neuron ‘nerve’ and chlaena, laina ‘cloak, blanket,
coat’, see Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 12: Tropical Africa. Treelet or shrub, fissured trunk, soft wood,
120. 1817 and Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997. leaves stiff compound dark green, leaflets with purple nec-
tariferous glands, corolla lilac-violet, flowers in terminal
Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass. (Calea lobata (L.) Sw.; Calea
racemes, elongate fruits dark purple-brown, seeds with
suriani Cass.; Conyza lobata L.; Conyza symphytifolia
papery wings, on forest edge
Mill.; Critonia chrysocephala (Klatt) R.M. King & H. Rob.;
Eupatorium chrysocephalum Klatt; Eupatorium valverdea- See Flore d’Oware 1: 46–48, t. 29. 1805, J. Bot. 1: 226. 1863,
num Klatt; Neurolaena fulva B.L. Turner; Neurolaena integri- Monogr. Bignon. Atlas 17: 49. 1864, J. Bot. 8: 210, 337–338.
folia Klatt; Neurolaena integrifolia Cass.; Neurolaena lobata 1870 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21: 109–125. 1987
R. Br.; Neurolaena lobata var. indivisa Donn. Sm.; Neurolaena
(Leaves, stem and fruits febrifuge, wound dressing, sto-
suriani (Cass.) Cass.; Pluchea symphytifolia (Mill.) Gillis)
machic. Dried bark and young twigs pounded with spice and
South America. Herb, aromatic leaves given in infusion for stomachache and dysmenorrhea. Bark
and root bark decoction used for malaria.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 862. 1753, Nova Genera et Species
Plantarum seu Prodromus 113. 1788, Dictionnaire des in English: smooth Newbouldia
Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 34: 501–502. 1825 and
in Congo: mmeni, moumeni, mumeni, ondjomono, ondzo-
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 181–361, 503–570. 1976, Taxon 38:
migui, udjuomo, udjomongo
659–662. 1989, Amer. J. Bot. 81(6): 770–775. 1994
in Gambia: gam, kunjunburung, ngam, sukunde
(Leaves and young shoots used as a tea for stomachache, dia-
betes, colds, fevers, asthma, rheumatism, malaria, intestinal in Guinea: dantili kofon, kidin kanya, krindi, sukunde,
parasites, gastric ulcer; as a poultice for strains and disloca- sukundè
tions. Bark decoction to wash cuts and sores.)
in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: bama, batié, bolou, gba bouï,
in English: jumbie tobacco siddo, tonzué, zotou
in Central America: arnica, capitana, cola de faisán, con- in Nigeria: aduruku, akoka, akoko, bareshi, ikhimi, ogirici,
tragavilana, cure-for-all, gavilana, hierba amarga, inaciabi, ogirishi, oji-karisi, okurimi, oririsi; aduruku (Hausa); kontor
2636 Newtonia Baillon Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

(Tiv); akoko (Yoruba); ikhimi (Edo); ogirisi (Igbo); obot See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894: 354.
(Efik) 1894 and Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 3:
213. 1952
in Senegal: egompa
(Roots decoction to remove intestinal worms. Powdered bark
in Sierra Leone: an jol, keslolo, pomamagbeh, pumamagbei, decoction applied to abscesses; bark used as an aphrodisiac.)
snof lif
in English: East African newtonia, forest newtonia, newtonia
in Togo: avianti, kpatima, kpotimayi
in East Africa: mkufi, mpewere, mukui
in West Africa: an jol, pumamagbei, snof lif
in Malawi: mkweranyani, mkweronyowi
in Yoruba: akoko
in Mozambique: mufunuti
in Rwanda: umukereko
Newtonia Baillon Fabaceae (Leguminosae, in Southern Africa: muFumiti, muFumoti, muJairaiya,
Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) mupfumboti
According to Stafleu and Cowan (see their Taxonomic in Tanzania: mafamuti, mkufi, mnyasa, mnyassa, mshashita,
Literature. 3: 738. 1981) the name of the genus honors the muenze, mufomoti
great English (b. Woolsthorpe) mathematician and scientist
Newtonia elliotii (Harms) Keay (Piptadenia elliotii Harms)
Sir Isaac Newton, 1642–1727 (d. London), among his writ-
ings are Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Sierra Leone. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree
London 1687 and Observations upon the profecies of
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Daniel, and the apocalypse of St. John. [Edited by Benjamin
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 260. 1899 and Kew
Smith, Newton’s half brother, first edn.] London 1733, pupil
Bulletin 8(4): 488. 1953[1954]
of Isaac Barrow (1630–1677) the first Lucasian professor
of mathematics at Cambridge; see Bulletin Mensuel de la (Seeds used as a laxative.)
Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(91): 721. 1888, Engl. & Prantl. Newtonia erlangeri (Harms) Brenan (Piptadenia erlangeri
Naturl. Pflanzenfam. iii. 3 (1894) 385. 1894 and Benjamin Harms)
Daydon Jackson (1846–1927), “A list of the contributors to
the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, brought Somalia, Kenya and northern Tanzania. Perennial non-
down to 31st December 1899.” Bull. misc. Inf. Kew. 169–171. climbing tree, yellow-cream flowers, winged seeds, foliage
1901, G.J. Gray, A Bibliography of the Works of Sir Isaac forage for livestock
Newton. [Reprint of the 2nd edition.] London 1966, Fl. See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Ilustr. Catar., 1 (Leguminosas: Mimosoideas): 285. 1979, schichte und Pflanzengeographie 33: 151. 1902, Kew Bulletin
Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor, Dictionary of Scientific 10(2): 180. 1955
Biography. 10: 42–103. 1981, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique
National de Belgique 60(1–2): 119–138. 1990. Related to (Bark decoction taken for treatment of tympanites.)
Fillaeopsis and Lemurodendron. in Somalia: dhay-dhay, dhey-dhey
Newtonia aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Keay (Piptadenia aubrevillei in Tanzania: mikame
Pellegr.)
Newtonia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Torre (Newtonia hildeb-
Sierra Leone to Ghana. Perennial non-climbing tree randtii (Vatke) Brenan, nom. illeg., non Newtonia hildeb-
randtii (Vatke) Torre; Piptadenia hildebrandtii Vatke) (the
See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80: 466. specific name honors a German traveller and collector in East
1933, Kew Bulletin 8(4): 488. 1953[1954] Africa, Johann Maria Hildebrandt, 1847–1881)
(Bark used as an aphrodisiac.) South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Perennial non-
Newtonia buchananii (Baker f.) Gilbert & Boutique climbing tree, rounded widely spreading crown, creamy
(Piptadenia buchananii Baker f.) white spikes in clusters on flowering twigs, flat wine-red
pods, flat pinkish-brown winged seeds
East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, large, spreading,
See Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 30: 273. 1880,
flat-topped and layered, smooth bark, branchlets rusty, feath-
Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1(91): 721.
ery compound leaves, inflorescence an axillary or terminal
1888 and Kew Bulletin 10(2): 181. 1955, Fitoterapia 72(4):
spike-like false raceme, erect yellow-creamy spikes of fra-
415–417. 2001
grant flowers, flattened linear straight brown pods dehiscent
at one side, reddish winged seeds hanging from open pods by (Root decoction used as an anthelmintic. Bark extracts anti-
funicles, leaves as fodder for livestock, pods as forage microbial, antifungal. Magic.)
Nicandra Adans. Solanaceae 2637

in English: Lebombo wattle, lowveld newtonia in South Africa: basterappelliefie, bloubitterappelliefie, blou-
bitter, wildebitter
in Gabon: ensale
in Tanzania: kibwabwa, kimanganu, mnavu-zinge, msono,
in Southern Africa: Lebombowattel, uDongolokamadilika,
nyasongwe, oldule, ormunaanaa
umFomothi
in China: jia suan jiang
in India: bandoola gida, endu, kunni, neeleebuddegida, rasb-
Nicandra Adans. Solanaceae
hari, tambukya
After the Greek botanist Nikander of Colophon (Nikandros
Kolophonios) (c. 100–150 A.D.), physician, poet, medical in Nepal: esabgol, isamgoli
writer, author of Alexipharmaca. Halae [Halle an der Saale]
1792 and Theriaca [and other works]. Venetiis 1522; see
Ernst H.F. Meyer (1791–1858), Geschichte der Botanik. I: Nicotiana L. Solanaceae
244–250. Königsberg 1854–1857. To commemorate the French diplomat Jean Nicot, 1530–
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertner (Atropa physalodes L.; 1600, ambassador to Portugal, introduced the tobacco into
Boberella nicandra E.H.L. Krause; Nicandra minor Hort. France (about 1560) and Portugal, author of Dictionnaire
ex Fisch.; Nicandra physalodes Scop., nom. inval.; Physalis francois-latin … recuilli des obseruations de plusieurs hom-
daturaefolia Lam.; Physalodes peruviana Kuntze) mes doctes, entre autres de M. Nicot conseiller du roy … Paris
1573; see Albert Puech, Un Homme de Lettres au XVIe siècle
Central America, Peru. Annual herb, erect or low spreading, (J. Nicot). Nîmes 1892; Jean Nicot, ambassadeur de France
heavily ribbed, smooth, succulent, stem yellow-green, leaves en Portugal au XVIe siècle. Sa correspondance diploma-
alternate with irregularly deeply toothed margins, flowers tique inédite. Par E. Falgairolle. Paris 1897; F. André Thevet
pale blue with white centre borne singly in axils of upper (1502–1592), Les singularitez de la France Antarctique,
leaves, corolla funnel-shaped, calyx winged and inflated, yel- autrement nommée Amérique, et de plusieurs terres et isles
low berry almost spherical, pitted seeds, damaged fruit with découvertes de notre temps. Paris 1558 (Italian transla-
smell of cooking oil, seed edible, tender leaves cooked and tion: Historia dell’India America, detta altramente Francia
used as a vegetable, weed, in wasteland, croplands, gardens antartica… Vinegia 1561); Pierre Borel, Dictionnaire des
See Species Plantarum 1: 181–184. 1753, Familles des termes du vieux françois … Augmenté de tout ce qui s’est
Plantes 2: 219. 1763, Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 2: 171. 15–31 Oct trouvé de plus dans les Dictionnaires de Nicot, etc. 1882;
1767, Introd. Hist. Nat. 182. 1777, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 180. 1753 and Genera
Botanique 2: 102. 1786, Genera Plantarum 124. 1789, De Plantarum. Ed. 5. 84. 1754; R. Gordon Wasson, “Notes on
Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 237, t. 131. f. 2. the Present Status of Ololiuhqui and the Other Hallucinogens
1791, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 9: 81. 1843, Revisio of Mexico.” from Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard
Generum Plantarum 2: 452. 1891 and Deutschlands Flora, University. Vol. 20(6): 161–212. Nov. 22, 1963; Blas Pablo
Abtheilung II, Cryptogamie 10: 54, 61. 1903, Field Mus. Reko, Mitobotánica Zapoteca. [Appended by an analysis of
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5B/1): 3–267. 1962, Fieldiana, Bot. “Lienzo de Santiago Guevea”] Tacubaya 1945.
24(10/1–2): 1–151. 1974, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22: Nicotiana attenuata Steud. (Nicotiana attenuata R.E. Torr.
243–249. 1984, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Belorusskoi SSR: ex S. Watson, nom. illeg.; Nicotiana torreyana A. Nelson &
Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 6: 3–8. 1985, Cytologia 51: J.F. Macbr.)
319–324. 1986, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)
North America.
80(2): 87–90. 1995, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999
See Nomenclator Botanicus 1: 554. 1821, Report of the geo-
(Toxic, caution. Whole plant used as a diuretic, a sedative
logical exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by order
and cough remedy; leaf decoction to destroy head lice; leaf
of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress of
juice given in amebic dysentery. Seeds insecticide and febri-
March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of
fuge, boiled with water and taken for fever, indigestion and
A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government
constipation.)
Printing Office, 1871 and Botanical Gazette 61(1): 43. 1916
in English: apple of Peru, Chinese lantern, shoo fly, shoo fly
(Dried leaves smoked.)
plant, shoofly plant
in English: tobacco
in Peru: anrreshuailla, capuli cimarrón, ccarapamacmam,
corneta jacha, joto-joto, jarrito, orzita de pellejo, toccoro Nicotiana benthamiana Domin
in East Africa: chemogong’it-cheptitet Australia.
in Madagascar: boreda, gaboroda, tsipokipoky, tsitsipoky See Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 591. 1929
2638 Nicotiana L. Solanaceae

(Narcotic.) Beiträge zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. [=

Bibliotheca Botanica Heft 89 (Dec. 1929) 592] 1929)
Nicotiana glauca Graham (Nicotiana glauca var. angus-
tifolia Comes; Nicotiana glauca var. grandiflora Comes; Australia.
Nicotidendron glauca (Graham) Griseb.; Siphaulax glabra
See Bibliografie Botaniczne 89: 592, t. 36, f. 2–5. 1929
(Graham) Raf.)
(Narcotic.)
South America. Shrub or small tree, simple alternate white
waxy leaves, cream or yellow-green tubular flowers, fruit in English: Gosse’s tobacco, native tobacco
a capsule
Nicotiana ingulba Black
See Species Plantarum 1: 180–181. 1753, Edinburgh New Australia.
Philosophical Journal 5: 175. 1828, Flora Telluriana 3:
74. 1836, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der See Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of
Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 216. 1874, Monographie du South Australia 57: 156, t. 9, f. 1. 1933
Genre Nicotiana Comprenant le Classement Botanique des (Narcotic.)
Tabacs Botanique des Tabacs Industriels 27. 1899 and Boletin
del Museo de Ciencias Naturales 1: 14. 1925, Taxon 30: Nicotiana megalosiphon Heurck & Mueller Arg.
843. 1981, Protoplasma 109: 433–444. 1981, Acta Genetica Australia.
Sinica 9(4): 284–288. 1982, Protoplasma 121: 228–231.
1984, Revista Brasileira de Genética 9: 21–40. 1986, Plant See Observationes Botanicae et Descriptiones Plantarum
Systematics and Evolution 157: 161–180. 1987, Berichte des Novarum (Van Heurck) 126. 1870
Geobotanischen Institutes der Eidgenössischen Technischen (Narcotic.)
Hochschule Stiftung Rübel 55: 246–251. 1989, Bush, L.P.,
Crowe, M.W. Nicotiana alkaloids. Pages 87–107 in Cheeke, in English: long-flowered tobacco
P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. I. Alkaloids. Boca
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. (Nicotiana cavanillesii
Raton. 1989, Cytologia 62: 103–113. 1997
Dunal, nom. illeg. superfl.; Nicotiana crispa Cav.; Nicotiana
(Leaves and flowers poisonous, highly toxic, may be fatal if minor Sessé & Moc.; Nicotiana plantaginea Dunal;
eaten. A topical analgesic, anesthetic, vulnerary, vesicant, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Willd., nom. illeg.; Nicotiana
antirheumatic, antihemorrhoidal. For ticks and chest colds. tenella Cav., nom. rej. against Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
Anabasine is the major alkaloid of Nicotiana glauca, in the Willd., nom. cons.)
southern United States, and it has caused teratogenic prob- India, Mexico.
lems in calves, sheep, and swine. Aphicide.)
See Elenchus Plantarum Horti Botanici 26, pl. 1, 5.
in English: grey blue tobacco, Mexican tobacco, mustard 1802, Descripción de las Plantas 105. 1802, Enumeratio
tree, San Juan tree, shrub tobacco, tobacco bush, tobacco Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 230. 1809,
plant, tree tobacco, wild tobacco Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(1):
in Arabic: dokkhane 559, 572. 1852, Florula Atacamensis seu Enumeratio …
41. 1860, Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de historia natu-
in China: guang yan cao ral], ser. 2, 2, app 41. 1893 and Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979,
in South America: Alamo loco, árbol de tabaco, buena moza, Glimpses Cytogenet. India. 3: 188–198. 1992, Taxon 53(3):
ccjamachu, ccjamata, cjamata, cornetón, Don Juan, gigante, 844–845. 2004
gretaño, hierba del gigante, hoja de cera, karalawa, karallanta, (Leaf juice for skin diseases. Veterinary medicine, ground
lengua de buey, levántate Don Juan, maraquiana, me-he-kek, leaves as germicide for animal wounds.)
mostaza montés, palán-palán, palo virgen, supai ccarcco,
tabaco, tabaco amarillo, tabaco cimarrón, tabaquillo, tacote, in Mexico: tabaquillo
tronadora de España, tzinyacua, Virginio, xiutecuitlanextli in India: jangli tambaku, tongatong
in Southern Africa: tabakboom, tabakbos, Jan Twak, vol- Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf
struisgifboom, wildetabak, wildetwak; mohlafotha (Sotho); (Nicotiana bigelovii (Torr.) S. Watson)
tabaka bume (South Sotho)
North America. Annual herb
in Hawaii: makahala, paka
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … [Pursh] 1: 141–
Nicotiana gossei Domin (after the explorer who discovered 142. 1813, Botany [Fortieth Parallel] 276 (t. 27). 1871, Syn.
Ayers Rock, William Christie Gosse, 1842–1881, see W.C. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 243. 1878 and The Southwestern Naturalist
Gosse’s … Report and Diary of … Central and Western 2: 179. 1957[1958], Pl. Syst. Evol. 157: 161–180. 1987, Genes
Exploring Expedition, 1873. [Adelaide 1874]; Karel Domin, Genet. Systems 80: 251–260. 2005
Nicotiana L. Solanaceae 2639

(Poisonous. Plant eaten as hallucinogen.) (Teratogenic problems. Used for tobacco and as an insec-
ticide, also as anaesthetic, stimulant, inducing sweat or
in English: Bigelow’s tobacco
vomiting, for convulsion. Leaves sedative, narcotic, emetic,
Nicotiana rustica L. (Nicotiana pavoni Dunal; Nicotiana antiseptic, used in rheumatic swellings, skin diseases, finely
rustica Comes; Nicotiana rustica var. pavonii (Dunal) ground and applied to cuts, lesions, injuries, scorpion sting;
Goodsp.) leaf juice applied to treat scabies; dried powdered leaves
taken with water against intestinal worms; leaves paste
China. Annual herb applied to kill lice; paste of the leaves of Desmodium cauda-
See Species Plantarum 1: 180–181. 1753, Botanische Zeitung. tum with leaves of Erythrina stricta and Nicotiana tabacum
Berlin 6: 264. 1807, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni applied on ulcers, sores, wounds. Ritual, magical external
Vegetabilis 13(1): 561. 1852, Monogr. Nicot. 23. 1899 and medicine, pulverized tobacco as magical repellent against
Chromosoma 50: 435–441. 1975, Journal of Cytology hostile demons. Veterinary medicine, leaf paste along with
and Genetics 13: 99–106. 1978, Taxon 29: 726–727. 1980, paste of Trachyspermum ammi applied on sprain.)
Japanese Journal of Breeding 35: 429–437. 1985, Plant in English: Basotho tobacco, common tobacco, flowering
Systematics and Evolution 157: 161–180. 1987, Botaničeskij tobacco, tobacco
Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1619–1622. 1990,
Cytologia 62: 103–113. 1997, Journal of Wuhan Botanical in Hawaii: paka
Research 15(3): 208–214. 1997 in China: jen tsao, yan cao, yen tsao, yu yen tsao
(Used for tobacco and as an insecticide, topical analgesic, in India: dhuan patra, dhurapan, duma, hogesoppu, pogaku,
anesthetic, narcotic, sedative, emetic; plant decoction as pokala, pugaielai, pugaiyilai, pugere, pukayil, pukayila,
a wash against poison. Ritual, bright green leaves powder tamaakhu, tamak, tamakhu, tamakoo, tamaku, tambaakhu,
rubbed on the skin, over the forearm, temples, stomach, legs, tambaku, tamrakuta, tamuk, tanbak, tombacu
for a ritual cleansing.)
in Indonesia: tabako, tembakau
in English: Aztec tobacco, tobacco, wild tobacco
in Malaysia: tembakau
in Arabic: dokhan, dokhan akhdar, dokhan soufi
in Nepal: surti
in China: huang hua yan cao
in Papua New Guinea: brus, kena, kuku siemu, sakue, sok,
in Mexico: andumucua, k’uts, macuche, nohol-x’i-k’uts, yaki
picietl, pisiete, quauhyetl, tabaco, tabaco macuche, tabaco in Philippines: tabaco, tabako, tobacco
pequeño, tabaquillo, tenapete, teneshil, yetl
in South Laos: iyaa (people Nya Hön)
in Peru: petúm, piciete
in South America: apuga, a’xcu’t, ayic, chiri, chiri tseri,
Nicotiana tabacum L. (Nicotiana chinensis Fisch. ex Lam.; cuauhyetl, cuayetl, cutz, fumo, gueeza, guexa, gueza, hapis
Nicotiana chinensis Fischer ex Lehmann; Nicotiana mexi- copxot, huepá, huepaca, huipá, iri, iyátl, ju’uikill, k’uts,
cana Schltdl.; Nicotiana mexicana Schlecht.; Nicotiana kuutz, may, me-e, otzi, pee nahe, petima, petum, picietl, pori,
mexicana var. rubriflora Dunal; Nicotiana pilosa Dunal; ro-hú, ro-u, romu, rume, sairi, seri, shahuano, sheri, shiña,
Nicotiana tabaca St.-Lag.) sidí, ssina, tabaco, tabaco bobo, tsaang, tsiña, uipa, ya, yaná,
Cosmopolitan. Herb, viscid, glandular-pubescent, white or yemats, yiri
pinkish flowers, elliptic capsules in Congo: fumu, laanga, maanga, mbuli
See Species Plantarum 1: 180–181. 1753, Linnaea 19: 270. in Lesotho: koae ea sesotho, setalane
1847, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
in Nigeria: anwere, ewe taba, taba, taba esu
(DC.) 13(1): 559, 565. 1852, Annales de la Société Botanique
de Lyon 7: 130. 1880, FBI 4: 245. 1883 and Univ. Calif. in Zambia: fwaka, mufofo, tombwe
Publ. Bot. 5: 6. 1912, Chromosoma 38: 387–404. 1972,
Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal
Chromosoma 46: 29–36. 1974, Chromosoma 50: 435–441.
1975, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 13: 99–106. 1978, Mexico.
Chromosoma 80: 57–68. 1980, Cytologia 47: 427–433.
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(1):
1982, Acta Genetica Sinica 11(4): 281–287. 1984, Flora de
562. 1852
Veracruz 49: 1–191. 1986, Plant Systematics and Evolution
157: 161–180. 1987, American Journal of Botany 76: 6–13. (Ceremonial plant.)
1989, Bush, L.P., Crowe, M.W. Nicotiana alkaloids. Pages
in English: tobacco
87–107 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol.
I. Alkaloids. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., USA. 1989 Nicotiana velutina Wheeler
2640 Nigella L. Ranunculaceae

Australia. See Species Plantarum 1: 534. 1753 and Protoplasma 104:

353–357. 1980, Cytologia 48: 293–303. 1983, Cell and
See University of California Publications in Botany 18: 55.
Chromosome Research 6: 21–24. 1983, Proceedings of the
1935
Indian Science Congress Association 72(3-vi): 49. 1985,
(Narcotic.) Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Biologie Végétale
30: 89–99. 1985, Cytologia 50: 649–654. 1985, Proceedings
in English: velvet tobacco
of the Indian Science Congress Association 78(3, viii): 134.
1991, J. Ethnopharmacol. 31(3): 283–289. 1991, Journal
of Cytology and Genetics 31(2): 199–204. 1996, Taxon 54:
Nigella L. Ranunculaceae 469. 2005
The classic Latin name for the plant, nigella, ae (in Theodorus (Used in Ayurveda. Powdered seeds paste applied on eczma
Priscianus), nigellus, a, um ‘somewhat black, dark’, the and skin diseases. Used for headache, rheumatic pains,
diminutive of the Latin niger, nigra, nigrum ‘black’, refer- asthma and coughs, also applied as a galactagogue, emmena-
ring to the colour of the seeds; see Carl Linnaeus, Species gogue, cooling, tonic, vermifuge and diuretic. Excessive use
Plantarum. 1: 534. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 238. of seed causes abortion.)
1754, Theoria Systematis Plantarum 76. 1858 and Fieldiana,
Bot. 24(4): 243–256. 1946. in English: black cumin, common fennel flower, fennel
flower, love-in-a-mist, small fennel
Nigella damascena L. (Nigella coerulea Lam; Nigella dam-
ascena var. africana Brandt; Nigella damascena var. minor in Arabic: habba sooda, kammun aswad
Boiss.; Nigella damascena var. oligogyna Caball.; Nigella in India: kala zerah, kalonji, karijirige
pygmaea Persoon)
in Indonesia: jinten hitam, jira hitam, yira hitam
Turkey, Crete. Herb, simple or branched, flowers termi-
nal solitary, dissected involucral leaves, fruit a subglobose in Malaysia: jintan hitam
inflated capsule, hornlike persistent styles, seed black rugose, in Tibetan: zira nagpo
deep yellow essential oil
See Species Plantarum 1: 534. 1753 and Inform. Bot. Ital. 10:
421–465. 1978, Journal of Japanese Botany 54: 65–77. 1979, Nilgirianthus Bremek. Acanthaceae
Informatore Botanico Italiano 12: 173–180. 1980, Taxon 29: Nilgiris, mountains in W. Ghats, Tamil Nadu State, India,
538–542. 1980, Mitchell, R.S. and J.K. Dean. “Ranunculaceae see Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede
(Crowfoot Family) of New York State.” Bull. New York Sect. 41 (1): 171. 1944.
State Mus. Sci. Serv. 446. 1982, Cell and Chromosome
Research 6: 21–24. 1983, Zohary, M. “The genus Nigella Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek. (Strobilanthes
(Ranunculaceae): a taxonomic revision.” Plant Systematics heyneanus Nees)
and Evolution 142: 71–107. 1983, Cytologia 50: 759–768. India. Small shrub, pale blue flowers
1985, Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Biologie
See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 3: 85. 1832 and Verh. Kon. Ned.
Végétale 30: 89–99. 1985, Lagascalia 14: 286–288. 1986,
Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 41 (1): 173.
Collectanea Botanica a Barcinonensi Botanico Instituto
1944, J. Cytol. Genet. 32(1): 29–33. 1997
Edita 18: 45–57. 1990, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana,
ser. 2 64: 135–142. 1991, International Organization of Plant (Leaf paste for chest pain. A postpartum remedy.)
Biosystematists Newsletter 22: 3–4. 1994, Candollea 50(2):
in India: karimkurinji, kurunji
457–493. 1995, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 31(2):
199–204. 1996
(The oil contains an alkaloid with mildly narcotic properties.) Nitraria L. Zygophyllaceae (Nitrariaceae)
in English: jack-in-the-green, love-in-a-mist From the Latin nitrum, i ‘natron, native soda’, Greek nitron,
in Arabic: habba souda, sinouj soda sources, the plant was first found on the saline plains in
Siberia; see Carl Linnaeus, Systema Naturae. Ed. 10. 1044.
Nigella sativa L. (Nigella cretica Miller; Nigella indica 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 638. 1762, An
Roxb. ex Fleming) Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 149. 1830.
Mediterranean, Middle East up to India. Herb, erect, pro- Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch. (Nitraria retusa Asch.;
fusely branched, yellow-brown taproot, flowers terminal Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch. subsp. tridentata (Desf.) A.
solitary, yellow fleshy receptacle, fruit a ribbed tuberculate Chev.; Nitraria senegalensis Lam.; Nitraria senegalensis
capsule, persistent stigmas, seed dark black, a rather vari- Poir.; Nitraria sericea Jaub. & Spach; Nitraria tridentata
able species Desf.; Peganum retusum Forssk.)
Nosema Prain Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2641

North Africa. Young shoots whitish pubescent, spiny at the Imperial University 2: 108. 1929, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc.
apices ser. 2, 24(2): 343. 1935, Kew Bulletin 52(2): 285. 1997
See Species Plantarum 1: 444–445. 1753, Systema Naturae, (Astringent.)
Editio Decima 1044. 1759, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 211.
in China: long chuan cao
1775, Flora Atlantica 1: 372. 1798, Verhandlungen des
Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz Brandenburg und die
Angrenzenden Länder 18: 94. 1876 and Fl. Palestine, Syria
& Sinai ed. 2. 1: 272. 1932, Fl. Iran. 98: 9. tab. 10. fig. 1. Nothapodytes Blume Icacinaceae
1972, Stud. Fl. Egypt ed. 2. 313. 1974 (under Nitrariaceae), Greek nothos ‘false’ and apodyo, apodutos ‘to strip off,
Taxon 28: 395. 1979 undressed’, referring to the calyx or to the petals, see
(For piles, stomachache, enteritis, influenza. Veterinary med- Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771, Plantarum Rariorum
icine, stomachic.) Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 1: 22, pl. 47. 1797,
Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 174.
in Sahara: garizim 1823, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 648.
Nitraria schoberi L. (Nitraria caspica Willd. ex Pall.; 1825, Museum Botanicum 1(16): 248. 1851 [Jul 1850 publ.
Nitraria roborowskii Komar.; Nitraria schoberi auct.; early 1851], Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2
Nitraria schoberi var. caspica Pall.; Nitraria schoberi var. 8: 174. 1851, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2
roborowvskii (Komar.) Hadidi) 9: 395. 1852 and Compte Rendu des Séances de la Société de
Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 53: 35. 1936, Nat.
Eurasia. Perennial, many-branched, woody shrub. Young Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 20b: 365. 1942, J. Arnold Arbor. 23(1):
branches covered with greyish pubescence, spiny at apices 55–78. 1942, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 225–229. 1949, Ann.
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 1044. 1759, Species Missouri Bot. Gard. 63(3): 399–417. 1976 [1977], Monogr.
Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 638. 1762, Fl. Orient. 1: 919. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): 1156–1157. 2001.
1867 and Fl. Turk. 2: 493. 1967, Fl. Iran. 98: 10. 1972 Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb. (Mappia
(For sprain.) cambodiana Pierre; Mappia championiana Miers; Mappia
dimorpha Craib; Mappia foetida (Wight) Miers; Mappia
Nitraria tridentata Desf. gardneriana Mier; Mappia insularis (Matsum.) Hatus.;
Syria. Mappia oblonga Miers; Mappia ovata Miers; Mappia
ovata var. insularis Matsum.; Mappia tomentella Miers ex
See Flora Atlantica 1: 372. 1798 Valeton; Mappia tomentosa Miers; Mappia wightiana Miers;
(For swelling, boils, wounds.) Neoleretia dimorpha (Craib) Baehni; Neoleretia foetida
(Wight) Baehni; Nothapodytes dimorpha (Craib) Sleumer;
Nothapodytes dimorpha R.A. Howard; Nothapodytes
foetida (Wight) Sleumer; Premna nimmoniana J. Graham;
Nosema Prain Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Stemonurus foetidus Wight)
Greek sema ‘sign, standard’, or an anagram of the generic
India. Small tree, foul smelling creamy yellow flowers in
name Mesona Blume, see Journal of the Asiatic Society of
terminal corymbose cymes, petals hairy inside, purplish
Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 73(1): 20. 1904.
smooth drupes
Nosema cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Merrill (Anisochilus
See A Catalogue of the Plants Growing in Bombay and its
sinensis Hance; Dracocephalum cochinchinense Lour.;
Vicinity 155. 1839, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 3: pl.
Dracocephalum cochinchinensis Loureiro; Geniosporum
955. 1843–1845, Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
holocheilum Hance; Mesona prunnelloides Hemsley;
ser. 2 9: 396. 1852, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 17:
Nosema cochinchinense (Lour.) Merr.; Nosema holocheilum
267. 1892 and Botanical Magazine 15: 55. 1901, Bulletin
(Hance) Kudô; Nosema holocheilum Kudô; Nosema prunnel-
of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1926(8): 347. 1926,
loides (Hemsley) C.B. Clarke ex Prain; Nosema prunelloides
Candollea 7: 177–179. 1936, Notizblatt des Botanischen
C.B. Clarke ex Prain; Platostoma cochinchinense (Lour.)
Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 15(2): 247. 1940,
A.J. Paton)
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 23: 67. 1942, Taxon 29(5–
China. 6): 606. 1980, Bot. Hist. Hortus Malabaricus 88. 1980
See Flora Cochinchinensis 371. 1790, Journal of Botany, (Stem juice may cause hemorrhagia, diarrhea, coma and
British and Foreign 17(193): 13. 1879, Journal of Botany, death. The extract of leaves and young shoots used for
British and Foreign 23(275): 327. 1885, Journal of the Linnean treating wounds, boils, ulcers, cancer. A natural source of
Society, Botany 26(175): 267. 1890 and Journal of the Asiatic the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptothecin, two semi-syn-
Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 73(1): 21. 1904, thetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are currently
Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku prescribed as anticancer drugs. Magico-religious beliefs,
2642 Nothocnide Blume ex Chew Urticaceae

spiritual, emotional, flowers kept in house to keep off evil Notholaena nivea (Poir.) Desv. var. flava Hook. (Acrostichum
spirits and ghosts.) tereticaulon Desv.; Notholaena chrysophylla Kl.; Pellaea
flavens C. Chr.)
in China: chou wei jia chai long shu
in India: arali, chorla, durnaathada mara, durvaasane mara, Tropical America.
ghanera, haelu, hedare, kalgur, kodasa, kodsa, moore gida, See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 145. 1810,
more gida, peenari Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin
Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten
Naturkunde 5: 310. 1811, Filicum Species 59. 1841, Species
Nothocnide Blume ex Chew Urticaceae Filicum 5: 112. 1855, Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 23: 265.
From the Greek nothos ‘false’ and knide ‘nettle’; see Karl 1855 and Index Filicum 480. 1906, Contr. Gray Herb. 127:
Ludwig von Blume, Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum. 3–15. 1939, Hickenia 2(38): 177. 1996
Lugduni-Batavorum 1856. (Whole plant decoction used for regulating fertility.)
Nothocnide repanda Blume in Paraguay: doradilla
Sumatra, Borneo. Woody climber or scandent shrub, no irri-
tant hairs, leaves spirally arranged, axillary inflorescence
spicate, unisexual flowers Nothopegia Blume Anacardiaceae
See Museum Botanicum 2: 137, t. 14. 1856 From the Greek nothos ‘false’ and the genus Pegia Colebr.,
Greek and Latin pege ‘a source, spring, origin, fountain,
(Stem sap drunk to ease a sore throat; stem sap used to treat
stream’, see Trans. Linn. Soc. London 15(2): 364. 1827 [11–
influenza or fever, and to ease body pain. Sap squeezed from
20 Dec 1827], Museum Botanicum 1(13): 203. 1850.
the new top leaves and applied to sores or rubbed on the chest
to soothe a bad cough. Leaves tonic, used also to cure mouth Nothopegia colebrookiana (Wight) Blume (Nothopegia
ulcers.) colebrookiana Blume; Pegia colebrookiana Wight)
in Papua New Guinea: backilo, ese-kureka, galoho, garoho, India.
yakuandumo
See Illustrations of Indian Botany 185. 1840, Mus. Bot. 1(13):
203. 1850 [Apr 1850 publ. Oct 1850]
Notholaena R. Br. Pteridaceae (Dried powdered seeds taken with cow’s milk for snakebite.)
(Polypodiaceae, Adiantaceae)
in India: karunthillai
Cloak ferns, from the Greek nothos ‘false’ and chlaena,
laina ‘cloak, blanket, coat’, referring to the leaf margins and
to the incomplete indusium; see Robert Brown (1773–1858), Nothosaerva Wight Amaranthaceae
Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae van-Diemen.
145. London 1810. From the Greek nothos ‘false, bastard, spurious’ plus Aerva
Forsskål, see Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta
Notholaena nivea (Poir.) Desv. (Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) 4(2): 22, 25. 1827, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5(2):
Windham; Cincinalis nivea (Poir.) Desv.; Gymnogramma 3. 1852, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 6: 17. 1853.
nivea (Poir.) Mett.; Notholaena nivea Desv.; Pellaea nivea
(Poir.) Prantl; Pteris nivea Poir.) Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight (Achyranthes brachiata
L.; Aerva brachiata (L.) Mart.; Illecebrum brachiatum (L.)
Tropical America.
L.; Pseudanthus brachiatus (L.) Wight)
See Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin
India. Woody-based herb, white flowers
Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten
Naturkunde 5: 313. 1811, Mémoires sur les Familles des See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Mantissa
Fougères 5: 160. 1852, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Plantarum 1: 50. 1767, Mantissa Plantarum 2: 213. 1771,
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 3: 417. 1882. Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 170. 1775, Beitr. Amarantac. 83.
and William Ralph Maxon and C.A. Weatherby “Some spe- 1825, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5: 3. 1852, Icones
cies of Notholaena, new and old. I. The group of Notholaena Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 6: 1, 17. 1853, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4:
nivea.” Contr. Gray Herb. 127: 3–15. 1939, American Fern 726. 1885 and Ann. Cat. Pl. Vasc. W. Pakistan 232. 1972
Journal 77(2): 41. 1987, Hickenia 2(38): 177. 1996
(Used in Ayurveda. For skin diseases, stomachache, astrin-
(Leaves infusion used for cough, stomachache.) gent, antiseptic.)
in Chile: culantrillo in India: pasanabheda
Nothosmyrnium Miq. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 2643

Nothosmyrnium Miq. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Notopterygium Boissieu Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

From the Greek nothos ‘false’ and the genus Smyrnium L., From the Greek notos ‘back’ and pterygion ‘a small wing’.
see Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 58. 1867.
Notopterygium franchetii H. de Boissieu (Angelica rubri-
Nothosmyrnium japonicum Miquel var. japoni- vaginata H. Wolff; Drymoscias forbesii (H. de Boissieu)
cum (C.B. Clarke) Ridley (Macrochlaena glaucocarpa Koso-Poljansky; Drymoscias franchetii (H. de Boissieu)
Handel-Mazzetti) Koso-Poljansky; Notopterygium forbesii H. de Boissieu)

China, Japan. See Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2. 3: 839. 1903

See Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi. 3: 58. 1867 and (The rootstock and root are used in some districts instead of
Symbolae Sinicae 7(3): 720–721, pl. 22, f. 1–3. 1933 Notopterygium incisum for the important traditional medi-
cine qiang huo.)
(The taproot as a sedative and to relieve pain.)
in China: kuan ye qiang huo
in China: bai bao qin
Notopterygium incisum C.C. Ting ex H.T. Chang
Nothosmyrnium japonicum Miquel var. sutchuenense
See Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(3): 86. 1975
H. Boissieu (Nothosmyrnium japonicum var. sutchuensis
H. Boissieu) (The rootstock and root are used in the important traditional
medicine qiang huo, see also Notopterygium franchetii.)
China.
in China: qiang huo
See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 16. 1909,
China J. Pl. Resources & Environm. 4(3): 1–8. 1995
(Analgesic.) Nucularia Batt. Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae)
in China: chuan bai bao qin From the Latin nucula ‘a small nut’, nux, nucis ‘a nut’, see
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 50: 469. 1903,
Nothosmyrnium xizangense R.H. Shan & T.S. Wang var. Naegelé, A. Exposé sommaire sur la végétation des environs
xizangense (C.B. Clarke) Ridley (Nothosmyrnium xizan- d’Atar en Mauritanie. [Dakar] 1956.
gense var. simpliciorum Shan & T.S. Wang; Nothosmyrnium
xizangense var. xizangense) Nucularia perrinii Batt. (Nucularia perrinii var. incrassata
Maire)
China.
Tropical Africa, Sahara. Low bush, halophyte, papery fleshy
See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(3): 375–376. 1980 leaves, small yellow axillary flowers, relished by camels
(Analgesic, stomachic.) See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 50: 469. and
51: 434. 1903
in China: xi zang bai bao qin
(Leaves infusion taken for asthma, depurative, diuretic, for
stomach pain, respiratory disorders. Fresh leaves applied for
Notopleura (Hook.f.) Bremek. Rubiaceae skin diseases, wounds, rheumatism.)

Greek notos, noton ‘back, south’ and pleura, pleuron ‘side, in Mali: askaf, âskâf
rib, lateral’. in Mauritania: arjem
Notopleura uliginosa (Sw.) Bremek. (Psychotria laevis DC.; Tamahaq name: tassak
Psychotria phytolacca Spreng. ex DC.; Psychotria uliginosa
Sw.; Uragoga laevis (DC.) Kuntze; Uragoga uliginosa (Sw.)
Kuntze) Nuphar Sm. Nymphaeaceae
C. Mexico to Trop. America. An Arabic or Persian name; see Florae Graecae Prodromus
1(2): 361. 1809 [dt. 1806; issued May–Nov 1809], Auguste
See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 961, 963. 1891 and Recueil Trav. Bot.
Adolphe Lucien Trécul (1818–1896), Recherches sur la struc-
Néerl. 31: 289. 1934, Schultes, R.E. and R.F. Raffauf. The
ture et le développement du Nuphar lutea. Paris 1845 and
Healing Forest: Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest
Beal, E.O. “Taxonomic revision of the genus Nuphar Sm.
Amazonia. Dioscorides Press. 1995
of North America and Europe.” J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc.
(The leaves are a source of a dark blue or black dye used for 72: 317–346. 1956, Kuan Ke-chien. Nymphaeaceae subfam.
ceremonial body painting by Indians in the Río Miritiparaná Nymphaeoideae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 6–15. 1979,
region.) H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
2644 Nuxia Comm. ex Lam. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae)

Pflanzennamen. 425. 1996, Sida 18(3): 824. 1999. The tax- in English: spatter-dock, yellow pond-lily, yellow pondlily
onomy of the genus is problematic. Prior to conservation in
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. subsp. polysepala (Engelm.) E.O.
its current sense, the name Nymphaea was frequently used
Beal (Nuphar polysepala Engelm.; Nymphaea polysepala
for Nuphar.
(Engelm.) Greene; Nymphozanthus polysepalus (Engelm.)
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. (Nuphar lutea Sibth. & Sm.; Nuphar Fernald; Nymphozanthus polysepalus Fernald)
luteum (L.) Sm.)
North America. Perennial herb
North America. Perennial herb, heart-shaped floating leaves
See Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 2(2):
on long stalks, bright yellow flowers bowl-shaped
282. 1866, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(3): 84.
See Species Plantarum 1: 510. 1753, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1(2): 1888 and Rhodora 21(250): 187. 1919, Journal of the Elisha
361. 1809 Mitchell Scientific Society 72(2): 339. 1956
(Roots infusion to treat blood diseases, heart trouble, chills (Roots considered poisonous. Analgesic, contraceptive, anti-
with fever; a poultice for boils, wounds, swellings and rheumatic, anticonvulsive, febrifuge, stomachic, for epilepsy,
wounds; rhizome a remedy for impotence, but large doses chills, blood diseases, gonorrhea, ulcers, sores, swellings,
could be toxic or potentially poisonous.) bruises, heart and respiratory troubles, lung hemorrhages,
in English: brandy bottle, cow-lily, Indian pond-lily, spatter- asthma and chest pains, tuberculosis, toothache, bites and
dock, yellow pond-lily, yellow pondlily, yellow waterlily infections, fever, smallpox, inflammatory diseases, rheu-
matism. Witchcraft medicine, anti-witch remedy, to keep
in China: ou ya ping peng cao witches away.)
Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. subsp. advena (Aiton) Kartesz & in English: Rocky Mountain pond-lily, Rocky Mountain
Gandhi (Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton; Nuphar advena pondlily, Rocky Mountain spatter-dock
Ait.; Nuphar advena subsp. ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & Standl.)
D. Padgett; Nuphar advena var. tomentosa Torr. & A. Gray; Nuphar lutea (Linnaeus) Smith subsp. variegata (Durand)
Nuphar fluviatilis Standl.; Nuphar fluviatilis (R.M. Harper) E.O. Beal (Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T. Aiton var. fraterna
Standl.; Nuphar lutea subsp. macrophylla (Small) E.O. Beal; (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) Standl.; Nuphar americana Provancher;
Nuphar lutea subsp. ozarkana (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) E.O. Beal; Nuphar fraterna (G.S. Miller & Standley) Standley; Nuphar
Nuphar microcarpa (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) Standl.; Nuphar variegata Durand; Nuphar variegatum Engelm.; Nymphaea
ovata (G.S. Mill. & Standl.) Standl.; Nuphar ozarkana (G.S. americana (Provancher) G.S. Miller & Standley; Nymphaea
Mill. & Standl.) Standl.; Nuphar puteora Fernald; Nuphar fraterna G.S. Miller & Standley; Nymphozanthus variegatus
puteorum Fernald; Nuphar x interfluitans Fernald; Nymphaea (Durand) Fernald)
advena Aiton; Nymphaea advena subsp. macrophylla (Small) North America. Perennial herb, heart-shaped floating leaves
G.S. Mill. & Standl.; Nymphaea chartacea G.S. Mill. &
Standl.; Nymphaea fluviatilis R.M. Harper; Nymphaea ludovi- See Florae Graecae Prodromus 1: 361. 1809 [1806], Fl.
ciana G.S. Mill. & Standl.; Nymphaea macrophylla Small; Canada [Provancher] 28. 1862, Annual Reports of the State
Nymphaea microcarpa G.S. Mill. & Standl.; Nymphaea ovata Botanist 19: (App.) 73. 1866 (also Annual Report of the New
G.S. Mill. & Standl.; Nymphaea ozarkana G.S. Mill. & Standl.; York State Museum 19: 73. 1866 or Annual Rep. New York
Nymphaea puberula G.S. Mill. & Standl.; Nymphozanthus State Mus. Nat. Hist.) and Miller, G.S. Jr. and P.C. Standley.
advena (Aiton) Fernald; Nymphozanthus ozarkanus (G.S. “The North American species of Nymphaea.” Contr. U.S.
Mill. & Standl.) Palmer & Steyerm.) Natl. Herb. 16(3): 63–108. 1912, Rhodora 21(250): 187.
1919, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History,
North America. Perennial herb Botanical Series 8(5): 310. 1931
See Species Plantarum 1: 510. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; (Roots infusion cooling, disinfectant, for skin diseases, vene-
or, a catalogue … 2: 226–227. 1789, Hortus Kewensis; or, real diseases, urinary problems; crushed roots applied to skin
a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic diseases, sore joints, swellings and painful limbs, bruises,
Garden at Kew. London (2nd ed.) (W.T. Aiton) 3: 295. 1811, wounds, infections, infected sores. Veterinary medicine,
Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 70. boiled and crushed roots on deep cuts of horses.)
1822, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 1: 108. 1842 and
Rhodora 21(250): 186. 1919, Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. in English: bullhead lily, pond lily, variegated yellow
Ser. 8: 311. 1931, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 72: 332, 337. pond-lily
1956, Phytologia 67(6): 463. 1989
(Analgesic, anticonvulsive, febrifuge, stomachic, for epi-
Nuxia Comm. ex Lam. Buddlejaceae (Loganiaceae)
lepsy, chills, blood diseases, fever, smallpox, sores, swell-
ings, bruises, heart and respiratory troubles, inflammatory The genus was named after a French botanist on La Réunion
diseases. Witchcraft medicine, anti-witch remedy, to keep Island, M. de la Nux, see Tableau Encyclopédique et
witches away.) Méthodique … Botanique 1: 295–296, t. 71. 1792, Flora
Nyctanthes L. Oleaceae (Verbenaceae) 2645

26: 77. 1843 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 1, in Southern Africa: gewone wildevlier, bergsalie, broshout,
1930. pp. 10–32. 1930 [Smith, Christo Albertyn, Nuxia and witblomsalie; mohatantswe, mokwerekwere (Ngwaketse
Lachnopylis in Africa.], Leeuwenberg, Anthonius Josephus dialect, Botswana); umKhobeza, isiPhofane (Zulu); umKho-
Maria (1930-), “The Loganiaceae of Africa: XIV, a revision beza (Xhosa)
of Nuxia Lam.” Meded. Landbouwhegeschool Wageningen
Nuxia floribunda Benth. (Lachnopylis floribunda C.A .Sm.;
75(8): 77. 1975.
Lachnopylis floribunda (Benth.) C.A. Sm.)
Nuxia congesta R. Br. ex Fresen. (Lachnopylis angolen-
sis (Gilg) Philipson; Lachnopylis compacta C.A. Sm.; Tropical Africa. Tree, branched, rounded crown, small
Lachnopylis congesta C.A. Sm.; Lachnopylis congesta sweetly scented cream-white flowers in large branched inflo-
(R. Br. ex Fresen.) C.A. Sm.; Lachnopylis flocculosa C.A. rescences, tiny seeds, honey tree, foliage browsed by game
Sm.; Lachnopylis goetzeana Greenway ex Burtt Davy; and stock
Lachnopylis goetzeana (Gilg) Greenway; Lachnopylis See Companion to the Botanical Magazine 2: 59. 1836 and
guineensis Hutch. & M.B. Moss; Lachnopylis guineensis Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1930: 17, 25.
Hutch., M.B. Moss, Hutch. & Dalziel; Lachnopylis hetero- 1930
tricha C.A. Sm.; Lachnopylis mannii (Gilg) Hutch. & M.B.
Moss; Lachnopylis montana C.A. Sm.; Lachnopylis odorata (Bark mixed with water to treat diarrhea. Leaves to treat
(Gilg) Greenway; Lachnopylis odorata Greenway ex Burtt coughs, colds, influenza, fevers, indigestion, infantile convul-
Davy; Lachnopylis platyphylla (Gilg) Dale; Lachnopylis sions. Root mixed with other plants to treat hernia. Rituals,
platyphylla (Gilg) C.A. Sm. ex Robyns; Lachnopylis platy- magic, the leaves.)
phylla (Gilg) Greenway; Lachnopylis sambesina (Gilg) in English: forest elder, kite tree, white elder, wild peach
C.A. Sm.; Lachnopylis saxatilis C.A. Sm.; Lachnopylis
schistotricha C.A. Sm.; Lachnopylis speciosa C.A. Sm.; in Southern Africa: bosvlier, vlier, wildevlier; motlhabare
Lachnopylis ternifolia Hochst.; Lachnopylis viscidulosa (North Sotho); umHlambandlazi (= mousebird washer),
C.A. Sm.; Nuxia angolensis Gilg; Nuxia breviflora S. umDlambandlaze, isanywana, iThambo, inGobese,
Moore; Nuxia dekindtiana Gilg; Nuxia emarginata Sond.; umSunuwembuzi, umGwaqu, umKhobeza, umKhombeza
Nuxia gilletii De Wild.; Nuxia goetzeana Gilg; Nuxia keni- (Zulu); iNgqota, isiKhali, isiKali (Xhosa); mula-notshi, mpu-
ensis T.C.E. Fr.; Nuxia latifolia T.C.E. Fr.; Nuxia mannii pumwa (Venda)
Gilg; Nuxia odorata Gilg; Nuxia platyphylla Gilg; Nuxia
in Tanzania: chirazi, mkombaluiko, mkombalwika, mkom-
pubescens Sond.; Nuxia rupicola Gilg; Nuxia sambesina
balwiko, msasi dume, muacho, muasho, mvambe, mwasho
Gilg; Nuxia siebenlistii Gilg; Nuxia tomentosa Sond.;
Nuxia viscosa Gibbs)
Tropical Africa. Nyctanthes L. Oleaceae (Verbenaceae)
See Tabl. Encycl. Meth., Bot. 1: 295. 1791, Flora 21: From the Greek nyx, nyktos ‘night’ and anthos ‘flower’, the
606. 1838, Flora 26: 77. 1843, Linnaea 23: 83–84. 1850, flowers open at night and fall off at the break of the day, at
Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas C (1895) 312. 1895, Notizbl. Königl. dawn, see Species Plantarum 1: 6. 1753.
Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 74. 1895 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30(3–
4): 375–376. 1901, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Parilium arbor-tristis Gaertn.;
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 32: 140–142. Parilium arbor-tristis (L.) Gaertn.)
1902, J. Bot. 41: 403. 1903, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 454. 1906 India. Shrub or small tree, quadrangular branchlets, dentate
[1904–1906 publ. 1906], Siebenlist, Th., Forstwirtschaft scabrous leaves, white flowers with orange tube, suborbicu-
in Deutsch-Ostafrika … Berlin, P. Parey, 1914, Bull. Jard. lar compressed capsule, grown for its fragrant flowers, dried
Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 15. 1915, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- flowers eaten in curries, leaves used for polishing wood, from
Dahlem 8: 697–698. 1924, Bulletin of Miscellaneous the corolla tube an orange dye is extracted
Information Kew 1930: 17, 27–31, 40. 1930, Flora of West
Tropical Africa ed. 1 [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 20. 1931, See Species Plantarum 1: 6. 1753, De Fructibus et Seminibus
Trees and Shrubs of Kenya Colony 124. 1936, Bull. Misc. Plantarum… . 1: 234 et 2: 265. 1788, FBI 3: 603. 1882 and
Inform. Kew 1937, 61. 1937, Check-Lists For. Trees & For. Fl. Punj. ed. 3: 318. 1956, Journal of Cytology and
Shrubs Brit. Empire No. 5 (Tanganyika Terr.) Pt. 1, 112, Genetics 18: 56–58. 1983, Current Science 53: 439–441.
133. 1940, Catalogue of the vascular plants of S. Tomé 245. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 71–77. 1989
1944, Flore des spermatophytes du parc national Albert. ii. (Used in Ayurveda. Root extract to cure fever; roots kept in
60. Bruxelles, 1947–1955
paddy stock to protect from insects; roots chewed in tooth-
(Astringent. Magic.) ache. Bark expectorant, a decoction given for gastrointes-
tinal disorders. Soft leaves crushed and given with milk
in English: bogwood, brittlewood, common wild elder
in the treatment of malaria; leaf juice taken with honey as
in Cameroon: evoun a treatment for arthritis and waist pain; leaf paste or juice
2646 Nymphaea L. Nymphaeaceae

applied on eczema, scabies and ringworm; leaf juice given as 1997), Fl. Ecuador 70: 4–24. 2003, Fl. Australia 2: 458
a febrifuge, vermifuge in infants and for curing hiccups; leaf (265). 2007, Water Gardeners International, Checklist of
decoction to cure malaria, fevers, sciatica, rheumatic pains; Nymphaea (Waterlily) Names. 2007, Ansari, R. (1948–  ),
leaf infusion for fevers and as an antidote for reptile ven- Waterlilies in India: Taxonomy and Cultivation of the Genus
oms. Inflorescence and young fruits pounded in water used Nymphaea L. (Nymphaeaceae). Calicut, Indian Association
to relieve cough. Seeds for the treatment of piles and skin for Angiosperm Taxonomy, 2009.
diseases; seed powder mixed with honey given in malaria; Nymphaea alba L. (Castalia alba (L.) Greene; Castalia
powdered seeds mixed with coconut oil, kept in sunlight alba (L.) Wood; Castalia alba Greene; Castalia alba Wood;
and applied to scalp to prevent premature whitening of hair. Nymphaea minoriflora Wissjul.)
Veterinary medicine, leaf juice given to kill intestinal worms
and applied for skin diseases, eczema.) China, India. Perennial aquatic herb, creeping rootstock,
floating cordate smooth glossy leaves, light yellow flowers,
in English: coral jasmine, musk flower, night-blooming jas- spongy fruits, black ovoid seeds, starchy rootstock used as
mine, night jasmine, sorrowful tree, tree of sadness vegetable
in China: nai hua, hung mo li See Species Plantarum 1: 510–511. 1753, Bulletin of the
in India: basgo, char-amir, gangaseoli, gangashivli, gangash- Torrey Botanical Club 15: 85. 1888
vili, gangashvli, gangasiuli, gargad, gauda-khadika, gotha (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Long scapes of leaves
khadika, harshinghar, harsingar, gotkhudika, goudakha- and flowers boiled in water and applied for boils. Rootstock
dika, harsingar, harsinghar, hengra, kharsa, khirsari, manja used in dysentery.)
pumeram, manjapumaram, mannappumaram, murjhatani,
parijat, parijata, parijatak, parijathamu, parsikut, pava- in English: European white water-lily
lamallikai, pavizamalli, samseh-door, san-chiari, sansiari, in China: bai shui lian
saparam, sephaali, sephalika, seulli sephali, shihor, siharu,
sihor, simhali, singadahara in India: boga bhet, boomb, bum posh, tharo augouba

in Indonesia: srigading in Tibet: ko mu da, ko mu ta, u tpa la dkar po

in Malaya: seri gading Nymphaea caerulea Savigny (Nymphaea caerulea Andrews;

Nymphaea calliantha Conard.; Nymphaea mildbraedii Gilg.;
in Nepal: parijat Nymphaea nelsonii Burtt Davy; Nymphaea spectabilis Gilg;
Nymphaea vernayi Bremekamp & Oberm.)
in Pakistan: harsingar, kuri
Tanzania. Aquatic herb, root system fibrous, woody rhizome,
leaves floating, blue-purplish flowers
Nymphaea L. Nymphaeaceae See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 1:
Greek nymphaia ‘goddess of springs, water nymph’, Latin 366–371. 1802 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin
nymphaea ‘water lily’, Akkadian nib’u ‘growth’, naba’u ‘to Botaniques de Genève 7–8: 19. 1904, Botanische Jahrbücher
spring’, namba’u ‘spring’, Hebrew nub ‘to bud, to sprout, to für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
grow, to thrive’; see [Crusca], Vocabolario degli Accademici 41: 359, 361. 1908, Ann. Transvaal Mus. xvi. 412. 1935,
della Crusca. Firenze 1691, 1729–1738, Carl Linnaeus, Cytologia 45: 307–314. 1980, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri
Species Plantarum. 1: 510–511. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Bot. Gard. 111: 797–804. 2007
Ed. 5. 227. 1754, Annals of Botany [König & Sims]. 2: 70–71. (Used in Ayurveda.)
1805, The Paradisus Londinensis 1: pl. 14. 1805, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot. ser. 3, 19: 33. 1853, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & in India: utpalam
Prantl] 3(2): 8. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 11. 1891 Nymphaea capensis Thunb. (Nymphaea bernierana Planch.;
and Conard, Henry Shoemaker (1874–1971), The waterlil- Nymphaea caerulea Andrews; Nymphaea capensis var.
ies. Washington, The Carnegie Institute of Washington, madagascariensis (DC.) Conard; Nymphaea edgeworthii
1905, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 239–242. 1946, Ernest Weekley, Lehm.; Nymphaea emirnensis Planch.; Nymphaea hookeri-
An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 998. ana Lehm.; Nymphaea madagascariensis DC.; Nymphaea
New York 1967, J. Jap. Bot. 56: 367–375. 1981, Conard, punctata Edgew.; Nymphaea scutifolia DC.; Nymphaea stel-
Henry Shoemaker (1874–1971), The waterlilies: a mono- lata Willd.)
graph of the genus Nymphaea. Suffolk: Lark Publications,
Tropical Africa.
1991 [Facsimile reproduction of 1905 monograph.], Novon
2(3): 1236. 1992, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cul- See Species Plantarum 1: 510–511. 1753, Flora Indica …
tura europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi semitiche delle nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 120. 1768, Species
lingue indeuropee. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(2): 1153. 1799,
198. Firenze 1994, Brittonia 48(4): 523–524. 1996 (publ. Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 2: 50. 1821, Revue
Nymphaea L. Nymphaeaceae 2647

Horticole 2: 65. 1853, Fragm. (Mueller) 2(16): 142. 1861 and Nymphaea lotus L. (Castalia mystica Salisb.; Nymphaea
J. Cytol. Genet. 6: 67–89. 1971, J. Jap. Bot. 56: 367–375. acutidens Peter - p.p.; Nymphaea dentata Schumach. &
1981, Kew Bulletin 44: 179. 1989, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Thonn.; Nymphaea hypotricha Peter; Nymphaea leucantha
Assoc. 80(3:VIII): 150. 1993, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32(4): 293– Peter; Nymphaea liberiensis A. Chev.; Nymphaea lotus L.
300. 1994 var. dentata (Schumach. & Thonn.) Casp.; Nymphaea lotus
L. var. parviflora Peter; Nymphaea reichardiana F. Hoffm.;
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Rhizome astringent, for diar-
Nymphaea thermalis DC.; Nymphaea zenkeri Gilg)
rhea. Leaves and roots decoction taken for heart palpitations.
Roots and flowers chewed for kidney troubles. Leaf petiole of South Africa. Robust aquatic herb, large oval tuberous rhi-
Nymphaea stellata taken in menstrual disorders.) zome, circular floating large and rounded to deeply heart-
shaped leaves, white fragrant solitary flowers at or above the
in English: blue waterlily, Cape blue waterlily, Indian blue
water surface, a mass of yellow stamens, rounded fruit, fam-
water-lily, lotus lily, waterlily
ine food, seeds edible, tubers boiled and eaten
in India: aampal kizhangu, alli kaada, allikada, allittamarai,
See Species Plantarum 1: 510–511. 1753, Beskrivelse af
ampal, baga bhet, berra, bhenght, bhent, bilenaydilie, bileta-
Guineeiske planter 249. 1827 and Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr.
vare, boga bhet, cit-ambel, dhemp, ganjania, ghangor, inde-
5: 352. 1916, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 8 3: 216. 1953, Cytologia
evaramu, indivara, kalakamal, kalava puvvu, kaluvva poovu,
45: 307–314. 1980, Wiersema, J.H. “Distributional records
kalva puvvu, kamal, kamal ka phal, kanval, karuneythal,
for Nymphaea lotus (Nymphaeaceae) in the Western
kasturi-salak, koi, koka, koka koi bhenght, kokka, koyiph-
Hemisphere.” Sida 9: 230–234. 1982
ulo, krishnakamal, kumtan kumuda, kumudam, kumudini,
kumudni, lal shaluk, maltayam, mekaniram, mekanirattama- (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Juice plant poison-
rai, mirutorpalakkoti, miruturpalam, mokuva, nalla kalava, ous to small animals. Rhizomes for fever, insomnia, coughs,
nallani padmamu, neclophal, neela naidile, neela thaavare, bronchitis. Seeds for eczema. Leaves against anxiety;
neela thavare, neeloth balam, neeti kaluva, neeti tamara, chopped leaves decoction to prevent miscarriage. Flowers
nilapatumam, nilkamal, nilofar, nilophul, nilorpalam, niloth decoction sedative.)
phal, nilpadma, nilshapla, nilotpalam, nilpadma, nir, nirkku-
in English: Egyptian lily, Egyptian lotus, Egyptian waterlily,
valai, nirkkuvalaikkoti, nitikulava, otaivanitakkoti, otaivani-
lotus, sacred lotus, waterlily, white lily, white lotus, white
tam, porebunder, porutaki, poyani, poynu, raktotpala, red
waterlily, winter lotus
shalok, shaluk, shapla, sitambel, sulka, tellakaluva, tharik-
tha, tharo, unampal, unamparkoti, uplia-kamal, urpalam, uta in India: allikada, allitamarai, ampal, bile-naidilay, bile-
allikkoti, utampal, utavalli, utpala, vellampal tavaray, cevvampal, chota kanval, cumuda, gul nih far, gul
nilofar, hallaka, indiravacham, kalharamu, kamala, krishna-
in Tibet: u tpa la snon po, u tpa la snos po
kamal, kumuda, lal-kamal, nedel kalung, neerampal, neithal,
in Madagascar: agoaga nilofar, nilotpala, nilufar, raktotpal, sandhyaka, tellakaluva,
vellambal, vellanpal
in South Africa: bloublom, blouwaterblom, blouwaterlelie,
kaaimanblom, paddapreekstoel, waterlelie in South Africa: lotus lily, waterlelie
in Tanzania: myungiyungi buluu makula in Nigeria: osipata, bado
Nymphaea cyanea Roxb. (Nymphaea cyanea Roxb. & in Tanzania: king’ala, lombo, lubehe, maleve, myungiyungi,
G. Don) toro, yunga
India. in Yoruba: osibata
See Hort. Bengal. 41. 1814, A General History of the in Zambia: matuwa
Dichlamydeous Plants… 1: 125, descr. 1831
Nymphaea lotus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Hook. f. &
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) Thomson (Nymphaea pubescens Willd.)
in India: cirralli, nila, nilotpala, utpala India. Aquatic, rootstocks and seeds as food
Nymphaea edulis DC. See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(2):
1154. 1799, The Flora of British India 1(1): 114. 1872 and J.
India.
Cytol. Genet. 6: 67–89. 1971, Taxon 29: 165–166. 1980
See Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 52. 1821
(Used in Sidha. Roots in diarrhea, piles; powdered rhizomes
(Used in Unani.) for piles and dyspepsia. Flowers in heart palpitation.)
in India: alli, alli-tamara, alli-tamarai, allit-tamara, ambal, in India: alacam, alakam, allacikkoti, allai, allari, alli, alli
anpala, cevvalli, chhota-kanval, kanval, manciti, nilu-far, mulam, alli ver, alliri, allitamarai, allittamarai, ambel,
nyadale-huvu ampar, ariyakacakkoti, ariyakacam, ataivu, cacampariyam,
2648 Nymphaea L. Nymphaeaceae

cacampiriyakkoti, cacampiriyam, cacippiriyam, canti- in India: aampal kizhangu, acitampurukam, acitorpalam,

rakantam, cantirakanti, cantirakantimulam, caukantikam, alli, alli kaada, allikada, allittamarai, ampal, ancanala,
cauntiriyam, cayaka, cayakakkoti, cayam, chandova, chan- ancani, anuttinam, asitotpala, baga bhet, berra, bhenght,
galuva, chhota kanwal, chitti kaluva, cikorakam, ciriya- bhent, bhet, bilenaydilie, biletavare, boga bhet, caukanti-
putpam, citalakam, comapantu, errakuluva, ilapetaki, kam, cirralli, cirrampal, cit-ambel, ganjania, ghangor, heluk,
intiravacam, intiravamam, intukamalam, iramakkaruni, indeevaramu, indivara, indivaram, indiwar, intamparam,
itciyakam, iyakkurotakkoti, iyakkurotam kaluva, kamal, intamvaram, intiralayam, intiravam, kahlarah, kalava puvvu,
kan, kannaidele, kannaidile, karttapam, karttavam, katirp- kaluvva poovu, kalva puvvu, kamal, kamal ka phal, kandota,
pakai, kavelam, kaya, kendaavare, kole hoo, kotiyampal, kandotha, kannapuram, kantotakam, kantotam, kanval, kar-
kulai, kulavampal, kumutaki, kumutakikkoti, kumutas- napuram, karuneytarpu, karuneythal, karunkavi, karuppalli,
tam, kuvalakam, kuvalayam, kuvam, kuvelam, kuvelayam, koi, koka, koka koi bhenght, kokka, kontalmeni, koticcitt-
laal kamal, mulakkoti, neytar kilanku, nicakacam, nica- amarai, koyiphulo, krishnakamal, kumuda, kumudah, kumu-
puspam, nicaputpam, nikacakakkoti, nikacakam, nikacam, dam, kumudini, kumudni, kuvalaya, lal shaluk, mokuva,
nirkkamalli, pakarvili, pakarvilikkoti, pennaracukkoti, mridutpala, nalla kalava, nallani padmamu, neclophal, neela
punnakam, raivatakkoti, raivatam, saalaka, salak, tar- naidile, neela thaavare, neela thavare, neeloth balam, neeti
palam, tavalorpalam, thellakalava, tikkayam, tuvicatam, kaluva, neeti tamara, neydal, neytal, nilakamala, nilaka-
vellaialli, vellaiyallikkoti, vellambal, venalli, venkumu- malam, nilaliya, nilalli, nilambujanma, nilampal, nilampu-
takkoti, venkumutam cam, nilapadma, nilapatra, nilavalli, niloth phal, nitikulava,
nilotpala, nilotpalam, nilpadma, nilpankaja, nilpatraka,
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. (Nymphaea bernierana
poynu, raktotpala, red shalok, saugandhika, shaluk, shapla,
Planch.; Nymphaea bernieriana Planch.; Nymphaea capen-
sulka, tellakaluva, thaik tha, tharo, unampal, unamparkoti,
sis var. madagascariensis (DC.) Conard; Nymphaea emirn-
urpalam, uta allikkoti, utampal, utavalli, utpala, utpalaka,
ensis Planch.; Nymphaea madagascariensis DC.; Nymphaea
utpalam, vellampal
stellata F. Muell.; Nymphaea stellata Willdenow)
India. Aquatic, deep water herb, short rootstock, underground in the Philippines: lauasa, lawas, pulau, talailo, tunas
rhizomes/tubers, globular fruits, shining smooth black seeds, in Tibet: u tpa la snon po, u tpa la snos po
leaves and petioles eaten as vegetable, rootstock and seeds
famine food Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc.
(Castalia scutifolia Salisb.; Nymphaea caerulea Savigny;
See Species Plantarum 1: 510–511. 1753, Flora Indica … Nymphaea caerulea Andrews; Nymphaea calliantha
nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 120. 1768, Species Conard; Nymphaea calliantha Conard var. tenuis; Nymphaea
Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(2): 1153. 1799, capensis Thunb. var. alba K.C. Landon; Nymphaea capen-
Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 2: 50. 1821, sis Thunb. var. capensis; Nymphaea cyclophylla R.E. Fr.;
Revue Horticole [Paris]. 2: 65. 1853, Fragm. (Mueller) 2(16): Nymphaea engleri Gilg; Nymphaea maculata sensu Hauman;
142. 1861 and J. Cytol. Genet. 6: 67–89. 1971, J. Jap. Bot. Nymphaea maculata Schumach.; Nymphaea maculata Raf.;
56: 367–375. 1981, Kew Bulletin 44: 179. 1989, Proc. Indian Nymphaea magnifica Conard; Nymphaea magnifica Gilg;
Sci. Congr. Assoc. 80(3:VIII): 150. 1993, Acta Phytotax. Sin. Nymphaea mildbraedii Gilg; Nymphaea muschlerana Gilg;
32(4): 293–300. 1994 Nymphaea muschleriana Gilg; Nymphaea nelsonii Burtt
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves of Holmskioldia san- Davy; Nymphaea nubica Lehm.; Nymphaea scutifolia
guinea, Albizia myriophylla and Nymphaea nouchali boiled (Salisb.) DC.; Nymphaea scutifolia DC.; Nymphaea specta-
and taken as blood purifier; leaf petiole of Nymphaea stel- bilis Gilg; Nymphaea stellata F. Muell.; Nymphaea stellata
lata taken in menstrual disorders. Seeds extract tonic, in auct., sensu Harv., sensu Oliv p.p., non Willd. sensu stricto,
cutaneous diseases. Rootstock astringent, slightly narcotic, misapplied name; Nymphaea stellata Willd.; Nymphaea ver-
for diarrhea, dysentery. Rhizomes infusion diuretic, cooling, nayi Bremek. & Oberm.)
emollient, applied on piles; fresh tuber/rhizome taken as a East Africa to South Africa. Weak-stemmed aquatic herb,
permanent antifertility drug; powdered rhizome taken orally tuberous rhizomes, floating leaves, blue flowers, tubers eaten
for dyspepsia, piles, dysentery and diarrhea, and as a post- fresh, boiled or roasted, in seasonally flooded depressions,
partum remedy; rhizome powder taken in indigestion, piles, rivers, reservoirs and ponds
dysentery. Rhizome and flowers mixed with black pepper
pasted and taken in menstrual disorders. Flower decoction See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis
for heart palpitation and diarrhea; flowers anti-aphrodisiac. 120. 1768, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2(2): 1153. 1799,
Ceremonial, flowers used in worship. Veterinary medicine, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. i. (1802) 366. 1802, Syst. Nat.
rhizome juice given for diarrhea.) [Candolle] 2: 50. 1821, Fragm. (Mueller) 2(16): 142. 1861, Fl.
Bras. (Martius) 4(2): 175, t. 33, 34. 1878 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
in English: Indian red waterlily
xli. 357, 359–361. 1908, Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-
in China: yan yao shui lian Kongo-Exped. 1911–1912 i. 39. 1914, Rhodora 18: 120. 1916,
Nymphaea L. Nymphaeaceae 2649

Ann. Transvaal Mus. xvi. 412. 1935, Phytologia 55(2): 109. reniformis Hitchc.; Castalia reniformis DC.; Castalia reni-
1984, Flora of Tropical East Africa Nymphaeaceae: 7. 1989 formis (Walter) Branner & Coville; Castalia reniformis
Nash; Castalia tuberosa Greene; Castalia tuberosa (Paine)
(Used in Ayurveda. Rhizomes chopped up with the flowers,
Greene; Nymphaea lekophylla (Small) Cory; Nymphaea
mixed with honey and then chewed as a remedy for kidney
minor (Sims) DC.; Nymphaea minor DC.; Nymphaea odo-
problems. Ceremonial, flowers eaten in ceremonies.)
rata fo. rubra Guillon; Nymphaea odorata Aiton [infrasp.
in English: blue lotus, blue lotus of Egypt, blue waterlily, unranked] rubra Guillon; Nymphaea odorata fo. rubra
Egyptian lotus, waterlily Conard; Nymphaea odorata Aiton f. rubra (Guillon) Conard;
Nymphaea odorata subsp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema &
in India: utpalam
Hellq.; Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. gigantea Tricker;
in Kenya: bocore, chirunji, gune, kirunji, marera, myungi- Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. gigantea Tricker ex Conard;
yungi, narogeki, nkuram, qomisho, sobagel, t(h)oro, yunga Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. godfreyi Ward; Nymphaea
in South Africa: blouwaterblom, blouwaterlelie, blue water- odorata Aiton var. minor Sims; Nymphaea odorata Aiton
lily, paddapreekstoel, waterlelie var. rosea Pursh; Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. stenopetala
Fernald; Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. villosa Caspary;
in Tanzania: maleve, myungiyungi Nymphaea tuberosa Paine)
Nymphaea odorata Aiton (Castalia odorata (Aiton) Wood South and North America. Perennial herb, aquatic, spongy
var. gigantea (Tricker) Fernald; Castalia odorata (Aiton) roots, shiny green rounded floating leaves, sweet smelling
Wood var. gigantea (Tricker ex Conard) Fernald; Nymphaea flowers, buds eaten before opening
odorata Willd.; Nymphaea odorata var. gigantea Tricker;
Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. gigantea Tricker ex Conard; See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 2: 227.
Nymphaea parkeriana Lehm.) 1789, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts,
… (Rees) 6: Castalia no. 1. 1806, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh)
South America. 2: 369. 1813, Botanical Magazine 40: tab. 1652. 1814, Syst.
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 2: 227. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 58. 1821, Semina in Horto Botanico
1789, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 6: Hamburgensi 10. 1853, Paine, John A. (John Alsop) (1840–
Castalia no. 1. 1806, Semina in Horto Botanico Hamburgensi 1912), Catalogue of plants found in Oneida county and vicin-
10. 1853 and Rhodora 10(111): 49. 1908, Taxon 31: 766–768. ity. 132. New York, 1865, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi
1982, Caryologia 59: 25–30. 2006 2: 250. 1866, Rev. Hort. [Paris]. 53: 406. 1881, Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club 15: 84–85. 1888, Bulletin of the
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) Torrey Botanical Club 17(5): 123. 1890, Trans. Acad. Sci.
in English: American water-lily, fragrant waterlily, pond lily, St. Louis 5: 484. 1891, Rep. (Annual) Arkansas Geol. Surv.
white waterlily 1888(4): 164. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
22: 147. 1895, The Water Garden 88. 1897 and Rhodora
in India: allakam, calerukam, caupakkiyam, cavikarpavak- 10(111): 49. 1908, Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 3(9):
koti, cavikarpavam, cenkalunir, cenkuvalai, centonri, cira- 145. 1908, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 23: 621. 1916, Manual of
cenkalunir, cirini, intiva, irakaciyamakkoti, irakaciyamam, the Southeastern Flora [Small] 543. 1933, Rhodora 38(455):
iramapattini, iramapattinikkoti, irattanalam, irattanati, irat- 406. 1936, Rhodora 49(581): 141–142, tab. 1061–1063. 1947,
torpalam, kekkaricam, kentarakam, kuvalayam, kuvantam, Seymour, Frank Conkling (1895–1985), Flora of Lincoln
murapam, neyccatti, neytal, nilavamiyam, picumantam, pira- County, Wisconsin: an annotated list of flowering plants
marestam, raktotpala, rommuka, rommukakkuvalai, sengas- and ferns, with keys and brief descriptions for identifica-
hunir, shengalaneer kalung, tamacenkamalam, tevakantam, tion. Treating briefly also the plants of the adjacent counties:
tevapucaippu, tevapujaippu, turttayakkoti, turttayam, unam- Oneida County, Langlade County, Marathon County, Taylor
pal, utampal, utavalli, viputarkantam County, Price County. 1960, Phytologia 37(5): 443–444.
Nymphaea odorata Aiton subsp. odorata (Castalia leko- 1977, Rhodora 96(886): 170. 1994
phylla Small
(Roots considered poisonous; large doses may be toxic.
Castalia minor (Sims) Nyárády; Castalia minor (DC.) Leaves infusion for colds, swellings. Roots infusion or juice
Nyárády; Castalia minor (Sims) DC. ex Small; Castalia to treat coughs, tuberculosis, mouth sores, diarrhea; root
odorata (Aiton) Greene; Castalia odorata (Aiton) Alph. poultice for swellings.)
Wood; Castalia odorata fo. rosea (Pursh) Britton; Castalia
in English: American water-lily, fragrant waterlily, pond lily,
odorata var. gigantea (Tricker) Fernald; Castalia odorata
white waterlily
(Aiton) Wood var. gigantea Fernald; Castalia odorata
(Aiton) Wood var. gigantea (Tricker ex Conard) Fernald; Nymphaea rubra Roxb. (Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Salisb.)
Castalia odorata (Aiton) Wood var. minor (Sims) G.Lawson;
India.
Castalia odorata (Aiton) Wood var. minor Cockerell;
Castalia odorata var. minor (Sims) Cockerell; Castalia See Cytologia 45: 307–314. 1980
2650 Nymphoides Séguier Menyanthaceae (Gentianaceae)

(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Flowers blood purifier, febri- Nymphoides Séguier Menyanthaceae
fuge aphrodisiac, useful in cough and vomiting.) (Gentianaceae)
in English: Indian red waterlily Resembling the genus Nymphaea, see Plantae Veronenses
in India: alagandha, alipriya, alohita, alpapatra, anda, ara- 3: 121. 1754, John Hill (1716–1775), The British Herbal. 77.
vinda, arunakamala, atti, bhadra, charunalaka, erra kaluva, London 1756, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum
hallaka, indivara, kalharamu, kamala, kokanada, krish- Imperalis Petropolitanae 14(1): 527, pl. 17, f. 2. 1770 and
nakktotpala, kumuda, kunalaya, lal shapla, lalakamal, nilot- Arthur D. Chapman, ed., Australian Plant Name Index.
pala, nilufar, nulufar, raktakairava, raktakalhara, raktakamal, 2098–2099. Canberra 1991.
raktakamala, raktakumuda, raktambhoja, raktasandhyaka, Nymphoides aurantiaca (Dalzell) Kuntze (Limnanthemum
raktasaroruha, raktavarija, raktavarna, ravipriya, rochana, aurantiacum Dalzell; Nymphoides aurantiacum Kuntze)
ronga-bhet, sandhyaka, shonapadma, somakhya, thaamara
China, India. Small aquatic herb, floating leaves deeply cor-
in Japan: aka-bana-hitsuji-gusa (= red flowered Nymphaea
date, white flowers in clusters, flattened globose seeds cov-
tetragona)
ered with minute spines
in Okinawa: suirin
See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
in Tibet: utpa ladmar po 2: 136. 1850, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 429. 1891
Nymphaea stellata Willd. var. cyanea Hook. f. (Nymphaea (Root decoction in jaundice.)
stellata F. Muell.)
in China: shui jin lian hua
India, Tropical Africa.
Nymphoides cristata (Roxburgh) Kuntze (Limnanthemum
See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2(2): 1153. 1799, Hort. Bengal. cristatum (Roxb.) Griseb.; Limnanthemum cristatum Griseb.;
41. 1814, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants… Menyanthes cristata Roxb.; Nymphoides cristata Kuntze;
1: 125, descr. 1831, Fragm. (Mueller) 2(16): 142. 1861 and Villarsia cristata (Roxb.) Spreng.; Villarsia cristata Spreng.)
Cytologia 45: 307–314. 1980
India.
(Used in Ayurveda.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 145. 1753, Plants of the Coast of
in India: nila, nilotpala, utpala Coromandel 2: 3–4, t. 105. 1819, Systema Vegetabilium, edi-
Nymphaea tetragona Georgi (Castalia crassifolia Hand.- tio decima sexta [Sprengel] 1: 582. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in
Mazz.; Nymphaea acutiloba DC.; Nymphaea crassifolia late 1824], Genera et Species Gentianearum adjectis obser-
(Hand.-Mazz.) Nakai; Nymphaea tetragona var. crassifolia vationibus quibusdam phytogeographicis 342–343. 1838
(Hand.-Mazz.) Chu) [1839 publ. 1838], Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 429. 1891

India. Leaves broadly ovate, thalamus tetragonous, light yel- (Used in jaundice and fevers. Seeds anthelmintic. Leaves
low flowers with crimson lines, petioles eaten as vegetables decoction given after conception as a pre-partum remedy.
Leaves and stalks pulverised with oil and applied to insect
See Species Plantarum 1: 510–511. 1753, Bemerkungen einer bites, skin parasites and ulcers.)
Reise im Russischen Reich im Jahre 1772 1: 220. 1775, The
Paradisus Londinensis 1: t. 14. 1805, Prodromus Systematis in English: cristate floating heart
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 116. 1824 and Proc. Carnegie in China: shui pi lian
Inst. Wash. 4: 170. 1905, Symbolae Sinicae 7(2): 333–334,
pl. 7. 1931, Journal of Japanese Botany 14(11): 751. 1938, in India: panchuli, tagarmul
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 6: 67–89. 1971, Flora Nymphoides hydrophylla (Lour.) Kuntze (Limnanthemum
Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 3: 82, hydrophyllum (Lour.) Griseb.; Menyanthes hydrophylla
t. 33, f. 5. 1975, Kuan Ke-chien. Nymphaeaceae subfam. Lour.; Nymphoides hydrophylla Kuntze; Nymphoides hydro-
Nymphaeoideae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 6–15. 1979, phyllum Kuntze)
Journal of Japanese Botany 56: 367–375. 1981, Aquatic Pl.
Japan 112. 1994 India. Aquatic plant, erect rhizome
(Used in Ayurveda. Highly laxative, eaten raw for See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 105–106. 1790, Genera et
constipation.) Species Gentianearum adjectis observationibus quibus-
dam phytogeographicis 348. 1839[1838], Revisio Generum
in English: pigmy waterlily
Plantarum 2: 429. 1891
in China: shui lien
(Whole plant tonic during pregnancy. Paste of leaves applied
in India: cheni boub, keni boub, kumuda, utpalam, thariktha in skin diseases.)
in Japan: hitsuji-gusa in China: ci zhong xing cai
Nypa Steck Arecaceae (Palmae) 2651

in India: kumudini Nypa fruticans Wurmb (Cocos nypa Lour.; Nipa arbore-
scens Wurmb ex H. Wendl.; Nipa fructicans Thunb.; Nipa
Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze (Limnanthemum esquirolii
fruticans (Wurmb) Thunb.; Nipa litoralis Blanco; Nypa fru-
H. Lév.; Limnanthemum humboldtianum (Kunth) Griseb.;
ticans var. neameana F.M. Bailey)
Limnanthemum humboldtianum var. parviflorum Griseb.;
Limnanthemum indicum (L.) Griseb.; Limnanthemum indi- Sri Lanka, Caroline Is. Palm, creeping, unarmed, pleonan-
cum (L.) Thwaites; Limnanthemum indicum (L.) Griseb.; thic, monoecious, prostrate or subterranean (rhizome), leaves
Limnanthemum thunbergianum Griseb.; Menyanthes indica erect, inflorescence solitary erect branched, globose head of
L.; Nymphoides humboldtiana (Kunth) Kuntze; Nymphoides female flowers, solitary male flowers, fruiting head subglo-
indica subsp. occidentalis A. Raynal; Nymphoides thunber- bose, fruit eaten, young seeds and buds edible, subhumid to
giana (Griseb.) Kuntze; Trachyspermum humboldtianum humid, sap used as beverage, swamp soils, tidal mud
(Kunth) House; Villarsia humboldtiana Kunth; Villarsia See Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753, Dissert. Inaug. Med.
indica (L.) Vent.) Sagu 15. 1757, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genoot-
India. Aquatic herb, floating orbicular leaves, dimorphic schap van kunsten en wetenschappen 1: 349. 1779, Kongl.
flowers, subglobose capsule, many obovate seeds Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 3: 231. 1782, Flora
Cochinchinensis 2: 567. 1790, Icon. Pl. Asiat. 3: 244–247.
See Species Plantarum 1: 145. 1753, Genera et Species 1851, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 5: 147. 1888 and Plant
Gentianearum adjectis observationibus quibusdam phy- Systematics and Evolution 189: 83–122. 1994, Botanica Acta
togeographicis 342–343. 1839 [1838], Revisio Generum 110: 79–89. 1997
Plantarum 2: 429. 1891 and J. Jap. Bot. 55: 244–248. 1980,
Bull. Child. Develop., Kochi Women’s Univ. 5: 71–82. 1981 (Leaves decoction applied to snake and centipede bites. Juice
from young shoots used against herpes; leaves included in a
(Seeds ground up and given in fever and jaundice. Paste of decoction taken as a remedy for bloody diarrhea; ashes against
leaves applied on boils and sores.) toothache and headache. Thorny roots for hunting crocodiles.)
in English: fringed water lily, Indian floating heart, Indian in English: mangrove palm, nipa palm, nypa palm, water
marshwort, water snowflake, white fringe coconut, water palm
in China: jin yin lian hua in Brazil: palmeira do mangue, palmeira ripa
in India: barachuli, kumudani, kumudini, niruthavare in Burma (Myanmar): dane
Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) Kuntze (Limnanthemum in Cambodia: cha:k
nymphoides (L.) Hoffm. & Link; Limnanthemum peltatum
S.G. Gmel.; Menyanthes nymphoides L.; Nymphoides nym- in India: phudo, railoi
phaeoides Britt.; Nymphoides peltatum (S.G. Gmel.) Britten in Indonesia: bobo, buyuk, nipah
& Rendle)
in Japan: nippa-yashi
China, India. Floating perennial herb, stems black-dotted,
thick nodes, compressed fruits with an acute apical beak, in Malaysia: nipah
often young leaves and petioles cooked as vegetables in Papua New Guinea: biri-biri
See Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis in Philippines: anipa, lasa, nipa, pawid, pinog, pinok, saga,
Petropolitanae 14(1): 527, pl. 17. 1769 (1770), Revisio Generum sasa, tata
Plantarum 2: 429. 1891 and List of British Seed-Plants and
Ferns 20. 1907, J. Jap. Bot. 55: 244–248. 1980, Bull. Child. in Sri Lanka: gin-pol
Develop., Kochi Women’s Univ. 5: 71–82. 1981, Bot. Zhurn. in Thailand: atta, chak
66 (11): 1584–1594. 1981, Watsonia 19: 169–171. 1993
in Vietnam: d[uwf]a n[uw][ows]c, d[uwf]a l[as]
(Cardiotonic. Veterinary medicine, given as fodder to cows
to enhance the milk production. Ritual, ceremonial flowers
offered to the idols by the pandits.) Nyssa L. Cornaceae (Nyssaceae)
in English: shield floating heart, water fringe, yellow floating Greek nysso ‘to prick, to pierce’, Nyssa or Nysa was the
heart name of one of the water nymphs, some species love moist
in China: ching so tien, hui tiao, hui tiao tsai, xing cai or swampy habitat; Dionysus was the Greek god of wine
and revelry, he was the son of Zeus and the youngest of the
twelve Olympians, the nymphs of Nysa raised him, and were
later rewarded by being changed into a constellation; Nysa
Nypa Steck Arecaceae (Palmae)
was the name of several mountains sacred to Dionysus; in
From Malayan or Moluccan word nipah. the Homeric “Hymn to Demeter,” the story is told of how
2652 Nyssa L. Cornaceae (Nyssaceae)

Persephone was gathering flowers in the Vale of Nysa when See Arbustrum Americanum 97–98. 1785, Beschreibung
she was seized by Hades and removed to the underworld; see einiger Nordamericanischen Holz-und Buscharten 46, t. 16,
Species Plantarum 2: 1058. 1753, Analyse des Familles de f. 39. 1787, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck)
Plantes 13. 1829. 4(2): 507. 1798, A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina
Nyssa sylvatica Marshall (Nyssa caroliniana Poir.; Nyssa and Georgia [Elliott] 2: 684. 1824, Bibliographical Index
multiflora Elliott; Nyssa multiflora Wangenh.; Nyssa mul- to North American Botany 442. 1878 and Rhodora 37(444):
tiflora Wangenh. var. sylvatica (Marshall) S. Watson, nom. 434, 436. 1935
superfl.; Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. var. caroliniana (Poir.)
Fernald; Nyssa sylvatica Marshall var. caroliniana Fernald; (Anthelmintic, emetic, astringent, given for worms, gastroin-
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. var. dilatata Fernald; Nyssa sylvatica testinal disorders, diarrhea.)
Marsh. var. typica Fernald) in English: black gum, black tupelo, cotton gum, manzanillo,
North America. Perennial tree pepperidge, sour-gum, tupelo, upland tupelo
 O
Oberna Adans. Caryophyllaceae (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 452–453. 1988, Int. Organ.
Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 13: 17–19. 1989, Bot. Žurn.
See Species Plantarum 1: 414. 1753, Familles des Plantes
(Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 118–120. 1990, Candollea
(Adanson) 2: 255, 583. 1763, Verh. Naturf. Ver. Bruenn xv.
50(2): 457–493. 1995, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad)
II. (1877) 130. 1877 and Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 199–
80(3): 85–88. 1995, Thaiszia 5: 13–19. 1995, Willdenowia
200. 1975, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 13: 120. 1976, Bol. Soc.
36(Special Issue): 205–216. 2006, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow &
Brot., ser. 2, 2, 53: 595–643. 1980, Thaiszia 5: 13–19. 1995,
Leningrad) 91(3): 487–490. 2006
Taxon 44(4): 565. 1995, Candollea 50(2): 457–493. 1995.
(Whole plant applied for the treatment of skin diseases,
Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn. (Behen oleraceum (L.) E.H.L.
eczema, scabies, eye troubles. Leaves emollient, cooked and
Krause; Behen vulgaris Moench; Behenantha behen Ikonn.;
eaten to reduce the blood pressure.)
Cucubalus behen L.; Cucubalus latifolius Mill.; Cucubalus
venosus Gilib.; Ebraxis behen (L.) Tzvelev; Silene behen in English: bladder campion
L. var. cucubalus (Wibel) Kuntze; Silene cucubalus Wibel,
nom. illeg. superfl.; Silene inflata Sm., nom. illeg.; Silene in India: ghandoli, jhunjunu, kurmuk chae, tomrya
inflata var. pubescens DC.; Silene inflata var. vulgaris
Turcz.; Silene latifolia Rendle & Britten; Silene latifolia var.
pubescens (DC.) Farw.; Silene venosa (Gilib.) Asch.; Silene Oberonia Lindley Orchidaceae
vulgaris (Moench) Garcke; Silene wallichiana Klotzsch) Named after Oberon, the mythical King of the Fairies,
Europe. husband of Titania, in reference to the variable forms;
see Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, publié par la Société
See Species Plantarum 1: 414. 1753, The Gardeners
Philomatique de Paris 1: 319. 1809, John Lindley (1799–
Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Gilibert, Jean
1865), The Genera and species of Orchidaceous Plants. 15.
Emmanuel (1741–1814), Caroli Linnaei … Systema plan-
London 1830–1840.
tarum Europae. Coloniae-Allobrogum, 1785–1787 [t. I.
Nomenclator linnæanus. Flora lithuanica inchoata; seu, Oberonia lycopodioides (J. König) Ormerod (Cymbidium
Enumeratio plantarum quas circa Grodnam collegit & deter- lycopodioides (J. König) Willd.; Epidendrum lycopodioides
minavit J.-E. Gilibert. Chloris Lugdunensis [M.A.L.C. de J. König; Iridorchis anceps (Lindl.) Kuntze; Malaxis anceps
Latourrette] Flora delphinalis, sive; Elenchus generum et (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Oberonia anceps Lindl.; Oberonia ancip-
specierum … editum opera & studio D. Villar.], Methodus ita Náves; Oberonia griffithii Wight; Oberonia imbricata
Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum Wight, nom. illeg.; Oberonia imbricatiflora J.J. Sm.)
situ describendi 709. 1794, Primitiae Florae Werthemensis
241. 1799, Compendium Florae Britannicae 467. 1800, Flore Vietnam, SE Asia, Burma.
Française. Troisième Édition 4: 747. 1805, Flora Baicalensi- See Observationes Botanicae 6: 55. 1791, Sp. Pl. 4: 98. 1805,
Dahurica 1: 202. 1842, Flora Orientalis 1: 573. 1854, Die Sertum Orchidaceum sub t. 8 B. 1838, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient.
Botanischen Ergebnisse der Reise Seiner Königl. Hoheit des
5: t. 1629. 1851, Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 214. 1861, Fl. Filip., ed. 3,
Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen 139, pl. 30. 1862, Flora
13A: 230. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 669. 1891
der Provinz Brandenburg 2: 23. 1864, Flora von Nord- und
and Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, II, 13: 5. 1914, Opera Bot.
Mittel-Deutschland 64. 1869, Revisio Generum Plantarum
124: 21. 1995
3(3): 14. 1898 and List of British Seed-Plants and Ferns 5.
1907, Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 33(2): 468. (Whole plant crushed and used as a poultice for boils; leaves
1915, American Midland Naturalist 8(12): 270. 1923, Notes used for poulticing.)
from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 22: 241. 1957,
Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 17: 251–256. 1971, Novosti Sist. Malayan name: sakat lidah buaya
Vyssh. Rast. 13: 119. 1976, Taxon 27: 53–61, 519–535. 1978, Oberonia wightiana Lindl. (Iridorchis wightiana (Lindl.)
Taxon 29: 538–542, 718–720. 1980, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, Kuntze; Iridorkis wightiana (Lindl.) Kuntze; Malaxis wighti-
2, 53: 595–643. 1980, Taxon 31: 589–592. 1982, Bull. Soc. ana (Lindl.) Rchb. f.; Oberonia arnottiana Wight; Oberonia
Neuchateloise Sci. Nat. 105: 65–77. 1982, Heredity 51: stachyoides A. Rich.; Oberonia wightiana var. arnottiana
371–376. 1983, Preslia 55: 193–205. 1983, Willdenowia 13: (Wight) R. Ansari, N.C. Nair & V.J. Nair; Oberonia wighti-
101–106. 1983, Castanea 51(3): 211–215. 1986, Bot. Žurn. ana var. nilgirensis R. Ansari, N.C. Nair & V.J. Nair)

2653
2654 Obolaria L. Gentianaceae

India, Sri Lanka. Epiphtyte 5: 376. London [1858-] 1864, Transactions of the Linnean
Society of London 26: 144. 1868, The Flora Sylvatica for
See Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 25(Misc.): 14. 1839, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Southern India 239, t. 234. Madras [1869–1874], Annals of
Bot., II, 15: 15. 1841, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5:
the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 7: 125. 1896 and Bull.
t. 1628. 1851, Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 212. 1861, Revisio Generum
de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 9: 185–188. 1945, Taxon
Plantarum 2: 669. 1891 and Annales Botanices Systematicae
6(7): 201. 1957, Agriculture Handbook 193: i-iii, 1–74. 1961,
6: 212. 1961, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 3:
Smithson. Contr. Bot. 72: 66. 1988, Rheedea 4(1): 25, fig. 1.
118. 1982, Cell Chromosome Res. 17(1): 40–47. 1994
1994, M. Kumar, “A re-investigation on the taxonomy of the
(Leaves crushed with calcium, salt and turmeric, the paste genus Ochlandra Thw. (Poaceae-Bambusoideae.)” Rheedea
applied and tied with bandage for external swellings.) 5(1): 63–89. 1995, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 9(1):
1–761. 1996, Contributions from the United States National
in India: badanika
Herbarium 39: 35, 64, 81–82. 2000, Botanical Journal of
the Linnean Society 138(1): 1–7. Jan 2002, New Phytologist
162(1): 25–44. Apr 2004, Forest Pathology 34(5): 329–333.
Obolaria L. Gentianaceae Oct 2004.
From the Greek obolos ‘obol’, Latin obolus ‘a small Greek Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.) Fisch. (Bambusa scrip-
coin, an obol’, referring to the shape of the fruits, see Species toria Dennst.; Beesha rheedii Kunth; Beesha rheedii
Plantarum 2: 632. 1753. Munro; Bheesa rheedii Kunth; Melocanna rheedii Steudel;
Obolaria virginica L. Ochlandra rheedii (Kunth) Benth. and Hook.f. ex Gamble;
Ochlandra scriptoria Fischer) (for the Dutch botanist
North America. Perennial herb Hendrik (Henricum, Henricus, Henric) Adriaan (Adrien) van
See Species Plantarum 2: 632. 1753 and Rhodora 61: 61. 1959 Rheede (Reede) tot Draakestein (Draakensteen, Drakestein,
Drakenstein) (Rheedius a Drackenstein), 1637–1691)
(Used for colds, cough, colic, abdominal pain, stomach-
ache, menstrual pains, eye disease, headache, high fever and India, Kerala, Karnataka. Shrubby, gregarious, erect,
diarrhea.) smooth, leaves linear-lanceolate, culm sheaths with 2 small
falcate long-ciliate auricles fringed with deciduous bristles,
in English: pennywort, Virginia pennywort inflorescence terminal or axillary on leafy branchlets, 2–3
glumes mucronate, paleas mucronate, many glabrous lodi-
cules, 15–18 or more stamens, ovary oblong, 3 plumose stig-
Ochanostachys Mast. Olacaceae mas, flowers sporadically each year, suitable for pulp and
From the Greek ochanon ‘holder of a shield, a bar or band paper industry, used for making mats and baskets, useful for
fastened crosswise’ and stachys ‘a spike’, see The Flora of erosion control and as a soil binder, small culms for making
British India 1: 576. 1875. flutes, planted along margins of ponds, on the river banks

Ochanostachys amentacea Mast. See August Wilhelm Dennstedt (1776–1826), Schlüssel zum
Hortus indicus malabaricus, … 31. Weimar 1818, Révision
SE Asia, Malaysia. Canopy tree, wood very hard and dura- des Graminées 1: 141. 1829, Enum. Pl. 2: 434. 1833, Synopsis
ble, fluted buttressed bole, greenish bisexual flowers in nar- Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 332. 1854, Transactions of the
row axillary racemes, black drupes with a thin flesh Linnean Society of London 26(1): 144. 1868, Annals of the
See The Flora of British India 1: 576. 1875 and J. Nat. Prod. Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 7: 121, 122. 1896 and Flora
64: 246. 2001 of the Presidency of Madras 10: 1863. 1934, Kew Bull. 149.
1935, Taxon 6(7): 201. 1957, Rheedea 5(1): 70, fig. 3. 1995
(Febrifuge, cytotoxic, bark infusion or decoction for bathing
the body after childbirth and to reduce fever.) (Religious and supernatural beliefs.)

Malayan names: mentatai, petaling, petaling bukit, petaling in India: amma, ammei, ammei ottal, amnei, ampu, beesha,
misu, petikal bheesa, chitthu, hodake, hode, huda, kolanji, kolanni, mai-
eetta, nanyura, oda, odai, ottal, vaate, vanta nalagi, visham-
ula, wate amme
Ochlandra Thwaites Poaceae (Gramineae) Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.) Benth. ex Gamble (Beesha
travancorica Bedd.; Bheesa travancorica Bedd.; Melocanna
From the Greek ochlos ‘crowd, mass’ and aner, andros ‘man,
travancorica Muell.; Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.)
stamen, male’, see Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire
Benth.; Ochlandra travancorica Benth.; Ochlandra travan-
Naturelle et des Arts 95: 151. 1822, George Henry Kendrick
corica Benth. ex Gamble)
Thwaites (1812–1882) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911)
[Collaborator: William Ferguson, 1820–1887], Enumeratio India. Arborescent or shrubby, erect, reed-like, gregari-
plantarum zeylaniae: an enumeration of Ceylon plants. ous, nodes swollen, thin walls, culm sheaths wrinkled,
Ochna L. Ochnaceae 2655

inflorescence subverticillate, spicate panicle, large fertile in East Africa: m’muaga, mtakula, mundugiti, mungirima,
spikelets, 5–6 plumose stigmas, used for hookah pipes and mutandi, takula
as a fuel, raw material mainly for paper manufacture, leaves
in Southern Africa: rooiysterhout, regterrooipeer; isiBhanku
used for thatching, small culms for making flutes, fodder
(Zulu); tshipfure (Venda)
for horses during scarcity, leaves eaten by elephants, use-
ful for erosion control and as a soil binder, planted along in Tanzania: kitakuwa, mkazi, nyalukwale
margins of ponds, moist areas, rich loamy soil, banks of Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. (Elaeocarpus integerri-
streams, lower slopes, undergrowth in evergreen and semi- mus Lour.; Ochna harmandii Lecomte)
evergreen forests
India, China. Undershrubs or shrubs, treelet, bright yellow
See Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller (1825–1896), flowers
Select Plants (exclusive of timber trees) readily eligible for
Victorian industrial culture, with indication of their native See Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 338. 1790 and Flore Générale
countries and some of their uses. Melbourne 1872, Flora de l’Indo-Chine 1: 706, pl. 75, f. 1–5. 1911, Trans. Amer. Phil.
Sylvatica for Southern India 239, t. 234. 1873, William Robert Soc., n.s., 24(2): 11, 265–266. 1935
Guilfoyle (1840–1912), Fibres from plants, indigenous and (Bark and fruit crushed and mixed with water, the filtered
introduced, eligible for industrial culture and experiment in mixture given in blood dysentery. Roots for malaria, bron-
Victoria. [Department of Agriculture, Victoria.] Melbourne chitis, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea. The root can be used
1894, Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 7: 125, as a cathartic for worms and as a medicine for lymphatic
126. 1896 and Rheedea 4(1): 28, fig. 3. 1994, Rheedea 5(1): disorders.)
82, 85, fig. 8, 9. 1995
in China: jin lian mu
(Used in Sidha. Poulticed for skin diseases, eczema, sprain,
swellings.) in India: khemda, khemda-veng

in English: elephant bamboo, elephant grass, reed bamboo Ochna jabotapita L. (Ochna jabotapitta Vell.; Ouratea jab-
otapita Tiegh.)
in India: eatha, eera kalli, eera katti, eerakalli, eeral, eetha,
India, Caribbean. Small evergreen tree, yellow flowers
eetta, era, erakatti, eral, etta, garte, hodake, hode, ila kalli,
iral, ircca, irttal, irttargalli, irul, ita, ita-kalli, itakalli, itam, See Species Plantarum 1: 513. 1753, Fl. Flumin. 223. 1829
kaarirttal, kagamungil, kar-eetta, kar-etta, kareeta, karircca, [1825 publ. 7 Sep-28 Nov 1829], Fl. Flumin. Icon. 5: t. 90.
nanal, oda, odai, ootai, ote, othe, vei, velam, vennanku, wote 1831. [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831] and Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 8,
16: 256. 1902, Taxon 11: 49. 1962
(Bark digestive, tonic. Roots given in asthma, menstrual dis-
Ochna L. Ochnaceae orders, as antidote to snakebite.)
Greek ochne ‘wild pear, a pear tree, a pear’, Homer used in India: chilanti, sherundi
this name for the wild pear tree, see also Theophrastus (HP.
2.5.6); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 513. 1753 Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch
and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 229. 1754, Nouveau Bulletin Tropical Africa.
des Sciences, publié par la Société Philomatique de Paris 2:
209. 1811, Beiträge zur Botanik 2: 24. 1825 and Journal de See Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique …
Botanique (Morot) 16: 118, 125. 1902, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 8, 6(1): 88, t. 16. 1862[1861]
16: 196, 350. 1902, Fl. Madag. 133: 22. 1950, Novon 2(3): (Roots decoction taken for stomachache. Bark paste applied
239. 1992, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): to the wounds, ulcers.)
1596–1600. 2001.
in Tanzania: mlanyuki
Ochna holstii Engl. (the specific name honors the German
gardener and plant collector Carl H.E.W. Holst, 1865–1894, Ochna obtusata DC.
traveller in East Africa.) India. Deciduous shrub
East Africa. Deciduous tree or shrub, bushy tree, rough See Annales du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris
bark, straight cylindrical bole, hard and tough wood, branch- 17: 411. 1811, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 224. 1825 and Fl. Bilaspur
lets dotted, alternate shiny leaves, yellow flowers, soft fruit District 1: 156. 1989
enclosed by brown bracts, forest, in woodland areas
(Bark extract mixed with water given for dysentery; stem
See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 273. 1895 bark paste applied on boils. Root and bark digestive, astrin-
gent, tonic, for asthma, diarrhea, menstrual disorders;
(Febrifuge, astringent, cathartic.)
crushed roots extract given for dysmenorrhea. For snakebite,
in English: forest ochna, real red pear, red ironwood root infusion drunk.)
2656 Ochrocarpos Noronha ex Thouars Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)

in India: bhuichampa, champa baha, raktharohidi, simalkanta India, Nepal.

Ochna obtusata DC. subsp. pumila (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) See Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 224. 1825 and Fl. Bilaspur District 1:
Panigrahi & Murti 156. 1989
India. (Root used in snakebite, diarrhea, dysentery. Paste of root
rubbed for body pain.)
See Fl. Bilaspur District 1: 156. 1989
in India: bhui kumbhi, champa, keda, ote champa
(Paste of root rubbed for body pain; taken orally in measles,
diarrhea, dysentery and menstrual complaints.) Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. (Diporidium serrulata
Hochst.; Ochna atropurpurea sensu Harv. non DC.; Ochna
in India: bhui kumbhi, champa, ote champa
atropurpurea DC.; Ochna serrulata Walp.)
Ochna obtusata DC. var. pumila (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.)
South Africa. Small shrub or a small tree, slender, fragrant
Kanis
yellow flowers, shiny black and berry-like fruits suspended
India. below bright-red persistent sepals
See Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 224. 1825 and Fl. Bilaspur District 1: See American Association for the Advancement of Science:
156. 1989 Annual Meeting [Program and Abstract] xvii: 412. 1811
(Fresh root chewed in asthma, taken orally in diarrhea, (A roots decoction to treat children suffering from bone dis-
dysentery.) eases or gangrenous rectitis.)
in India: bhui kumbhi, champa in English: bird’s eye bush, carnival bush, Mickey Mouse
bush, Mickey Mouse plant, small-leaved plane
Ochna pulchra Hook. (Diporidium pulchrum (Hook.)
Walp.; Ochna antunesii Engl. & Gilg; Ochna aschersoniana in Southern Africa: fynblaarrooihout, rooihout; umBovu
Schinz; Ochna brunnescens Engl. & Gilg; Ochna fuscescens (Zulu); iLitiye (= stone) (Xhosa)
Heine; Ochna hoffmannii-ottonis Engl.; Ochna huillensis
(Tiegh.) Exell; Ochna pulchra fo. integra Suesseng.; Ochna
quangensis Büttner; Ochna rehmannii Szyszyl.; Polythecium Ochrocarpos Noronha ex Thouars
pulchrum (Hook.) Tiegh.; Polythecium rehmannii (Szyszyl.) Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
Tiegh.; Porochna antunesii Tiegh.; Porochna aschersoniana
(Schinz) Tiegh.; Porochna bifolia Tiegh.; Porochna brunne- From the Greek ochros ‘pale yellow, pale, wan, paleness’ and
scens Tiegh.; Porochna davilliflora Tiegh.; Porochna hoff- karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the colour of the fruits, see Species
manni-ottonis (Engl.) Tiegh.; Porochna huillensis Tiegh.; Plantarum 1: 443–444. 1753, Genera Nova Madagascariensia
Porochna quangensis (Büttner) Tiegh.) 15. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
1: 560. 1824 and Novon 18(4): 524–537. 2008.
Tropical Africa. Small tree, fruits black-blue
Ochrocarpos africana (Sabine) Oliv. (Mammea africana
See Species Plantarum 1: 513. 1753, Icones Plantarum 6: t. Sabine; Ochrocarpus africanus (Sabine) Oliv.)
588. 1843, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 4: 378. 1847
Tropical Africa.
(Roots used for gangrenous rectitis.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 512–513. 1753, Transactions of
in English: beautiful ochna, peeling-bark ochna, peeling the Horticultural Society of London 5: 457. 1824, A General
plane, wild pear, wild plum History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 619. 1831, Flora of
Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 169. 1868 and Bull. Jard.
in N. Rhodesia: kachale, musang’u
Bot. État Bruxelles 4: 168–169. 1914, Fl. W. Trop. Afr.
in Southern Africa: lekkerbreek (this name refers to the brit- [Hutchinson & Dalziel] i. 237. 1927, Kew Bulletin 1928, 228.
tleness of the branches), skilferbas, pypsteel, pypsteelhout, 1928, Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 98(7):
morsaf, mansaf, Barnardsgif, seerbas, seerbos, seermak 733–739. 2004, African Journal of Biomedical Research
(probably from siermaak = bringing good cheer), slegbreek, 9(2): 129–132. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(2):
vervelbas; nzololo (Tsonga); monyelenyele (Tswana: Western 329–334. 2007
Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); monamane, mopha
(Fruits, leaves and bark for fevers, venereal diseases, skin
(North Sotho); musuma, tshithothonya (Venda); mozwe
infections, diarrhea, bronchitis. Bark decoction anthelmintic,
(Mbukushu: Okavango Swamps and western Caprivi); ujue
antibacterial, cytotoxic, vasodilator, stomachic, febrifuge,
(Samui); omu (Ovambo); muChedza, muChoa, muMinu,
taken to treat gonorrhea, ovarian troubles, coughs, anemia,
muNino, muNinu, muNzeremanga, muParamoswa, muPara-
and to ease childbirth; applied to treat wounds, sores, ulcers,
mota, murezeremanga, muSonzoa, muSwaswari (Shona)
scabies, skin diseases, itch, fever, rheumatism, uterine and
Ochna pumila Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don vaginal inflammations.)
Ochrosia A.L. Juss. Apocynaceae 2657

Ochrocarpos longifolius Benth. & Hook.f. ex T. Anderson in Guam: langiti

India. Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K. Schum. (Bleekeria salu-
bris (Rumph. ex Raf.) Hassk., nom. illeg.; Bleekeria salu-
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 270. 1874
bris Hassk.; Calpicarpum lamarckii G. Don, nom. illeg.;
(Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in different Calpicarpum oppositifolium (Lam.) Boiteau; Cerbera
religious pooja ceremonies.) fruticosa Roxb., nom. illeg.; Cerbera muricata Lam.;
Cerbera oppositifolia Lam.; Cerbera parviflora G. Forst.;
in India: punnag, surangi
Cerbera platyspermos Gaertn.; Cerbera salutaris Lour.,
nom. superfl.; Kopsia lamarckii G. Don ex DC.; Lactaria
oppositifolia (Lam.) Kuntze; Lactaria salubris Rumph. ex
Ochrosia A.L. Juss. Apocynaceae Raf., nom. illeg.; Neisosperma muricatum Raf., nom. illeg.;
From the Greek ochros, ochra ‘pale yellow, yellow ochre’, Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lam.) Fosberg & Sachet;
referring to the flowers or to the fruit colour or to the yellow Ochrosia borbonica Hook. f.; Ochrosia commutata K.
colour of the timber; see A.L. de Jussieu, Genera Plantarum. Schum.; Ochrosia cowleyi F.M. Bailey; Ochrosia parviflora
pl. 144. 1789. (G. Forst.) Hensl.; Ochrosia parviflora Hensl.; Ochrosia par-
viflora G. Don; Ochrosia platyspermos A. DC.; Ochrosia
Ochrosia coccinea (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) Miquel platyspermos (Gaertn.) A. DC.; Ochrosia salubris Blume;
(Bleekeria coccinea (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) Koidzumi; Ochrosia salubris (Rumph. ex Raf.) Blume, nom. illeg.)
Bleekeria coccinea Koidz.; Excavatia coccinea Markgr.;
Excavatia coccinea (Teijsmann & Binnendijk) Markgr.; Seychelles to Pacific. Small tree, white flowers in cymes,
Excavatia coccinea var. peekelii Markgr.; Lactaria coccinea edible seeds
Teijsmann & Binnendijk; Ochrosia coccinea Miq.; Ochrosia See Gen. Hist. 4: 99–100. [1837–1838], Ann. Nat. Hist. 1(5):
coccinea var. peekelii (Markgr.) Fosberg & Sachet) 345. 1838, Prodr. (DC.) 8: 352, 356. 1844, Mus. Bot. 1(10):
New Guinea. 158. 1850, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 156. 1895 and Adansonia
sér. 2, 14(3): 495. 1974
See Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxix. (1867) 249. 1867, Ann. Mus.
Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 138. 1869 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 37: (Roots used as antidote for poisonous fish and crustaceous.
52. 1923, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 195. 1927, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Leaf extract of Colubrina asiatica and Ochrosia oppositifo-
Berlin-Dahlem 10: 282. 1928, Adansonia, n.s., 17(1): 25. 1977 lia taken by women as emmenagogue, stomachic.)
(Stomachic.) in India: ma tak
in English: beautiful ochna, peeling-bark ochna, peeling in Pacific: fago
plane, wild pear, wild plum
in N. Rhodesia: kachale, musang’u
Ochthochloa Edgew. Poaceae (Gramineae)
in Southern Africa: Barnardsgif, lekkerbreek (this name
From the Greek ochthos ‘hill, tubercle, bank’ and chloe,
refers to the brittleness of the branches), mansaf, morsaf,
chloa ‘grass’, a segregate from Brachychloa S.M. Phillips,
pypsteel, pypsteelhout, seerbas, seerbos, seermak (probably
see Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 11: 26–27. 1842
from siermaak = bringing good cheer), slegbreek, skilferbas,
and Kew Bulletin 36(3): 560. 1981 and 37: 158. 1982, Annals
vervelbas; nzololo (Tsonga); monyelenyele (Tswana: Western
of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 784–791. 1994.
Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); monamane, mopha
(North Sotho); musuma, tshithothonya (Venda); mozwe Ochthochloa compressa (Forssk.) Hilu (Eleusine arabica
(Mbukushu: Okavango Swamps and western Caprivi); ujue Hochst. ex Steud.; Eleusine caespitosa A. Rich.; Eleusine
(Samui); omu (Ovambo); muChedza, muChoa, muMinu, compressa (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. ex C. Chr.; Eleusine
muNino, muNinu, muNzeremanga, muParamoswa, muPara- flagellifera Nees; Ochthochloa dactyloides Edgew.; Panicum
mota, murezeremanga, muSonzoa, muSwaswarin China: compressum Forssk.)
guang e mei gui shu
Africa, Arabia, Ethiopia. Perennial, wiry, hard, many-
Ochrosia mariannensis A. DC. (Bleekeria mariannensis branched, stoloniferous, prostrate or ascending, creeping,
(A. DC.) Koidz.; Excavatia mariannensis (A. DC.) Markgr.; bulb-like rooting nodes, useful for forage and hay, very good
Lactaria mariannensis (A. DC.) Kuntze) fodder both for horses and cattle, suitable for erosion control,
saline soil, sandy beaches, sandy soils, plains
Pacific, Marianas.
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 18. 1775, Linnaea 16(2): 220.
See Prodr. 8: 357. 1844, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 415. 1891 and Bot.
1842, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 11: 27. 1842,
Mag. (Tokyo) 37: 52. 1923, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 194. 1927
Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 412. 1850, Synopsis
(Astringent, irritant.) Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 211. 1854 and Dansk Botanisk
2658 Ocimum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Arkiv 4(3): 12. 1922, Kew Bulletin 36(3): 560. 1981, Journal Botanical Magazine 51: t. 2452. 1824 and Flora of West
of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154. 1986 Tropical Africa ed. 1 2: 285. 1931
(Plant decoction taken for rheumatism.) (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Herb infusion carminative,
astringent, antiseptic, respiratory stimulant, for indigestion,
in India: bharu, chembri, chemri, chhembar, chhimbar,
cough, diarrhea; herb juice for dysentery. Seeds given for
chhimber, chubrei, dubra, ganth dob, ganthia, ganthia ghas,
jaundice, burning micturition and respiratory diseases. Leaves
ganthil, ghantil, ghatil, ghurdub, kharimbar
made into a paste used for skin diseases and Herpes zoster;
in Somalia: hari hari leaves eaten as purgative; leaves decoction as a postpartum
remedy; leaves for the treatment of fevers, dysentery and to
relieve toothache; sap from the leaves dripped into ears to
Ocimum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) relieve earache. Whole plant antifungal, mosquito and insect
repellent. Veterinary medicine, leaf juice mixed with water
From the ancient Greek name okimon used by Theophrastus used for washing the sores of cattle; crushed plant given for
(HP. 1.6.6) and Dioscorides and Galenus for an aromatic treating cough. Magico-religious beliefs, auspicious, talisman.)
herb, basil, Latin ocimum ‘basil’ (Plinius), ocinum also
ocimum, ocymum and ozymum for an herb which serves for in English: American basil, common basil, hoary basil,
fodder, perhaps a sort of clover (Plinius); see Yuhanna ibn lemon basil, mint, peppermint, sweet basil
Sarabiyun [Joannes Serapion], Liber aggregatus in medi- in China: hui luo he
cinis simplicibus. Venetijs 1479, Carl Linnaeus, Species
Plantarum. 2: 597–598. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. in India: acalcatimuli, acokatitacceti, ajaka, arjaka, azola,
Ed. 5. 259. 1754, Labiatarum Genera et Species 3, 11–12. babestul, ban tulsi, bantulsi, bapchi, bharbari, bharbhari,
1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis bhutulasi, campirattitcanakentam, caracacumukam, cenko-
12: 32, 34, 41. 1848, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien likacceti, cenkolikam, centivannan, centivannanceti, ciru-
IV. 3a: 368. 1897 and V. Bertoldi, in Archivio glot- kancankorai, civanmalai, civatulaci, cukantacuracaracam,
tologico italiano. XXI: 140–142. Torino and Firenze 1927, cumukam, cunaikkarantai, gambhira, gandhapanirjjaka,
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/3): 237–317. 1973, Franco Montanari, ganjamkorai, gharadhana, gramya, gunjamkorai, hundip-
Vocabolario della Lingua Greca. 2284. Loescher Editore, unga, intimalakacceti, intimalakam, jambira, jangli tulsi, kala
Torino 1995, Paton, Alan James (1963–  ), Ocimum: An tulshi, kala tulsi, kalikanca, kancam, kancankorai, kanjanko-
Overview of Classification and Relationships/Alan Paton, rai, kapuri, karaiviliyal, kathinjara, katirnecamaruvam, kattu
M.R. Harley and M.M. Harley. Amsterdam, Netherlands: ram tulasi, kattu tulasi, kattulay, kattulaycceti, katturamatu-
Harwood Academic, 1999 [Extract from: Basil: The lasi, kattuthulasi, kattuttulaci, katuvay, katuvaycceti, kirunti,
Genus Ocimum/edited by Raimo Hiltunen and Yvonne kiruttina parani, kshudra tulsi, kshudraparna, kshudratulasi,
Holm.], Hiltunen, Raimo, Basil: The Genus Ocimum/ kukka-tulasi, kukkathulasi, kukkatulasi, kulavel, kulaverko-
edited by Raimo Hiltunen and Yvonne Holm. Amsterdam, rai, kupatulasi, kuppatulasi, kurai, kurutanacani, kuthera,
Netherlands: Harwood Academic, 1999, Mabberley, D.J. & landaabaabuli, malamlajing, malatitam, mamiri tulsi, mamri,
De Kok, R.P.J. Labiatae. Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie mancari, mayilainati, mayilainatittulaci, mukharjaka, muk-
et Dépendances 25: 20–141. Muséum National d’Histoire katpiran, mukkatpiranceti, nagad, nagad bapchi, nai tulasi,
Naturelle, Paris. 2004. naithulasi, naitulasi, nakad bapchi, nauitulasi, naya tusi, nay-
ttulaci, nayitulasi, nilakatakam, nirancanatimuli, niraninton,
Ocimum americanum L. (Ocimum africanum Loureiro;
niranintonceti, niya, niyacceti, pakalicceti, pakli, palinkiam,
Ocimum album Roxb.; Ocimum americanum Hutch. &
panicca, paniccaka, paniccakkorai, parakam, parakamam,
Dalziel; Ocimum brachiatum Blume; Ocimum canum Sims;
permalli, peyttulaci, putpakam, ramatulasi, runhmui, sama-
Ocimum canum var. integrifolium Engl.; Ocimum dicho-
dajing, svetasurasa, svetatulasi, takamariya, takmaria, tala-
tomum Hochst. ex Benth.; Ocimum dinteri Briq.; Ocimum
icculalmuli, tanamutirkorai, tanamutirkorai, tanamutirkorai,
fluminense Vell.; Ocimum fruticulosum Burch.; Ocimum his-
tanamuttumatar, thiksnamanu, thulasi, ticanam, tiralakkorai,
pidulum Schumach. & Thonn.; Ocimum incanescens Mart.;
tiralkorai, tiratkorai, titcanam, tittanam, tukhm riha, tulasi,
Ocimum petitianum A. Rich.; Ocimum stamineum Sims;
tulsi, tusli, tuyappirantaputpakam, ugragandha, vakuntakam,
Ocimum thymoides Baker)
vakuntikai, vakuntikaikkorai, vakuntikam, vikkanaramali,
Trop. & Subtrop. Old World. Herb, small bushy aromatic vitpanattinpu, yaranimulli
plant, woody-based, leaves grey-green with pleasant aroma,
Malay name: kemangi
calyx and bracts green tinged reddish, corolla greenish-
white, stigma and style purple, fruiting calyx pale brown, put in South America: alfavaca-campestre, alfavaca-de-cheiro,
in new hive to attract bees alfavaca-do-campo, esturaque, garawa, remédio-dos-
vaqueiros, segurelha Santa Maria, shara mashan, shara mashu
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, Centuria I.
Plantarum … 15–16. 1755, Amoenitates academicae … 4: in Nigeria: efinrin, efinrin otu, efinrin wewe, eruyanntefe,
276–277. 1755, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 370–371. 1790, eye obale efinrin
Ocimum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2659

in Southern Africa: kinuka (Swahili); manhuwe (Shona); 219. 1983, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22: 243–249. 1984,
mniaywatwane (South Sotho) Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association
71(3-vi): 80–81. 1984, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie
Ocimum angustifolium Benth. (Becium angustifolium
Végétales, le Botaniste 7: 5–16. 1984, Proceedings of the
(Benth.) N.E. Br.; Becium angustifolium N.E. Br.; Ocimum
Indian Academy of Sciences 94: 619–626. 1985, Journal
filiforme Gürke; Ocimum linearifolium Briq.; Ocimum
of the Indian Botanical Society 66: 402–407. 1986, Acta
poggeanum Briq.; Ocimum randii S. Moore; Ocimum sco-
Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae,
parium Gürke)
Botanica 39: 45–51. 1992, Kew Bulletin 51(3): 509–524.
Tropical Africa, Kenya, South Africa. 1996, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997
See Prodr. (DC.) 12: 37. 1848, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 162–163. (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant used
1894, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C: 350. 1895, Bull. Herb. to promote delayed menstruation, whole plant boiled for
Boissier 6: 556. 1898 and J. Bot. 38: 463. 1900, Fl. Cap. morning sickness. Mucilaginous seeds infusion given in
(Harvey) 5(1.2): 231. 1910 gonorrhea, dysentery and diarrhea. Leaves antibacterial,
stimulant, aphrodisiac, astringent and carminative, anti-
(Roots for dysentery and skin diseases.) yeast, insecticidal, febrifuge, antifungal, antiascariasis, for
Ocimum basilicum L. (Ocimum album L.; Ocimum album gonorrhea, diarrhea, dysentery, kidney diseases, spermator-
Roxb.; Ocimum anisatum Benth.; Ocimum anisatum Hort. rhea; leaf decoction mixed with saline water used to keep
ex Benth.; Ocimum barrelieri Roth; Ocimum basilicum away the snakes; leaves pounded and soaked in water, put
var. album (L.) Benth.; Ocimum basilicum var. densiflorum in ear for headache; leaves decoction as a postpartum rem-
Benth.; Ocimum basilicum var. difforme Benth.; Ocimum edy; fresh juice of leaves dropped in nostrils during hysteria.
basilicum var. glabratum Benth.; Ocimum basilicum var. Flowers and leaves for cough and cold, sore throat and fever.
majus Benth.; Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens Benth.; Ceremonial, whole plant, holy plant. Veterinary medicine,
Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum (L.) Benth.; Ocimum fruits of Phyllanthus emblica pound with leaves of Ocimum
bullatum Lam.; Ocimum caryophyllatum Roxb.; Ocimum basilicum and given with honey to cure the loss of appetite;
caryophyllatum Schweig. ex Schrank; Ocimum chevalieri bark extract of Crateva magna along with leaves of Cassia
Briq.; Ocimum ciliare B. Heyne ex Hook.f.; Ocimum cilia- fistula, seeds of Ocimum basilicum, butter and salt are
tum Hornem.; Ocimum citriodorum Vis.; Ocimum citrodo- pounded and given orally in tympany.)
rum Blanco; Ocimum cochleatum Desf.; Ocimum dentatum in English: basil, common basil, French basil, holy basil,
Moench; Ocimum hispidum Lam.; Ocimum integerrimum lemon basil, monk’s basil, Réunion basil, sacred basil,
Willd.; Ocimum lanceolatum Schumach. & Thonn.; Ocimum sweet basil
lanceolatum Schumach.; Ocimum laxum Vahl ex Benth.;
Ocimum majus Garsault, nom. inval.; Ocimum majus Hort. in Arabic: h’baq, habaq, hamahim, rayhan, rehan
ex Benth.; Ocimum medium Mill.; Ocimum minus Garsault, in Italian: basilico (Latin basilicum, Greek basilikos okimon)
nom. inval.; Ocimum nigrum Thouars ex Benth.; Ocimum
odorum Salisb.; Ocimum scabrum Thunb.; Ocimum scabrum in South America: albaca, albacar, albacarón, albahaca,
Wight ex Hook.f.; Ocimum simile N.E. Br.; Ocimum thyrsi- albahaca cimarrona, alfavaca, ashra mashán, basen, basil,
florum L.; Ocimum urticifolium Roth; Ocimum urticifolium basilik, bazélik, bisep, cacaltun, guiestia, manjericão, moro,
Hort. ex Benth.; Ocimum urticifolium Benth.; Plectranthus nooro, pichana blanca, pisep, salvaca, wurolo
barrelieri Spreng.; Plectranthus barrelieri (Roth) Spreng.) in Cambodia: chi neang vong
Tropical and Subtropical Asia. Herb, erect, branched, aro- in China: luo le, lo le, hsiang tsai, ai kang, i tzu tsao
matic, source of essential oil
in India: ajagandhika, ajaka, ambheram, apetarakhsasi,
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, Fig. Pl. Med. 3: t. arjaca, arjaka, arjakah, asaba-ul-feteyat, asurasa, babui,
418 a, b. 1764, Mant. Pl. 84–85. 1767, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. babui tulsi, babuitulsi, babul, baburi, babuyitulsi, badruj,
3. 1768, Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(2): 384. 1785, Trans. Linn. Soc. bahari, ban tulosi, ban tulsi, bantulasi, barba, barbar, barbara,
London 2: 338. 1794, Methodus (Moench) 413. 1794, Prodr. barbari, bharbari, bhoo tulasi, bhoothulasi, bhu-tulasi, bhu-
Stirp. Chap. Allerton 87. 1796, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] tulasibabui-tulsi, bhumy-tulas, bhutulasi, bisva tulasi, bis-
3(1): 162. 1800, Tabl. École Bot. 220. 1804, Hort. Bengal. vatulasi, buklut-ul-zub, burg faranjmishk, burg faranjmushk,
44. 1814, Nov. Pl. Sp. 278. 1821, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] burg firanjmishk, burg tulsi, cankanirakkarantai, capcavitai,
2: 691. 1825, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 268. 1827, Labiat. Gen. capja, cirukancankorai, cirvanikkottan, civatocikappaccai,
Spec. 4–5. 1832, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 591. 1845, civatotikam, civatulaci, cunaikkarantai, daban-shab, daban-
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) shah, damaro, dhala-tulasi, dulal tulsi, dulva, firanj-mushk,
12: 33. 1848, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 608. 1885 and furrunj-mushk, gakarakau, gandha-panirajaka, gandhapatra,
Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 5(1.2): 234. 1910, Bull. Soc. Bot. France gola tulasi, gulal tulsi, hazbo, hebak, jambirah, jangli maruo,
61(Mém. 8e): 279. 1917 [1914 publ. 1917], J. Linn. Soc., Bot. kaama gaggare, kaama kasthoori, kaama kasturi, kaamakas-
58: 234. 1962, Taxon 28: 274–275. 1979, Bothalia 14(2): turi, kala pingain, kali tulsi, kalimokam, kalimokappaccai,
2660 Ocimum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

kalitulsi, kam kasturi, kama kasturi, kamagaggare, kamakas- in Hawaii: ki ‘a’ala, ki paoa
turi, kamkasturi, kancankorai, kancankullai, kappar kaanthi,
in Kenya: mutaa
kappar kaanti, kapur kanti, karahi, karandai, karantai, kara-
vgagri, karpura tulasi, karpuratulasi, karunthulasi, kavavi, in Tanzania: irumba, mrihani, mvumbazi, uvumbazi, yaza
kharapushpa, kharapuspa, komma gaggiri, Krishna tulsi,
in West Africa: patmenje, sasmenje/pugbawo
krsnarjakah, kukkatulasi, kutheraka, kuttiracatai, maishing,
makkatirunirruppattiri, mancali, mancalippaccai, mancilik- in Yoruba: aruntantan, efinrin ata, efinrin aya, efinrin marug-
kan, manjariki, manjirika, marua, maruadona, marubaka, bosanyan, efinrin wewe
maruvaka, maruwa, marva, marvo, milankili, misti tulsi,
Ocimum campechianum Mill. (Ocimum guatemalense
munjariki, murya, nangpara, nasabo, nazbo, nazbu, neeru
Gand.; Ocimum micranthum Kunth; Ocimum micranthum
thulasi, niazbo, niyakshbo, niyazbo, nolakitacceti, nola-
Willd.; Ocimum montanum Hook.; Ocimum pubescens Mill.
tikam, paccai, paccaicapja, paccilai, pach-cha-pushpam,
ex Benth.)
pachcha, pachilai, panr, parnasa, pasanabheda, pasanacceti,
phanijjah, pharanjamuskh, raihan, ram-tulasi, ramattulasi, Trop. & Subtrop. America. Low-branched bushy pubescent
ramatulasi, ramkasturi, rihan, rudra jada, rudra-jeda, rudra- strongly aromatic herb, corolla white or mauve blotched pur-
jada, rudrajadai, ruttiracatai, sabajhi, sabja, sabjaa, sabjaa ple or violet
gida, sabji, sabza, sabzah, sajjagida, sajjebiya, sbazah, sha-
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, The Gardeners
hasfaram, shahasparam, shashasfaram, sitarjakah, soladi-tir-
Dictionary: … eighth edition Ocimum no. 5. 1768,
tava, sosambar, suklatulasi, surabhi, surasa, takmariya bada,
Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2:
takmariya chota, thiruneetru patchi, thiruneethupachai,
630. 1809 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
tirnirupachai, tirnoot patchie verie, tirnut-patchi, tirnutpat-
65: 67. 1918, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. 1990, Memoirs of the
chi, tiru nitru, tiruneetruppachchilai, tiruneetruppachilai,
New York Botanical Garden 85: i-ix, 1–246. 2000
tirunirruppaccai, tirunirruppattiri, tirunirupaccai, tiruniru-
pachai, tirunitri, tirunitru, tirunitru-pach-cha, tirunitru- (Antiseptic, expectorant, antibacterial, mucilaginous. Leaf
pach-chi-ai, tirunitrup-pattiri, tirunittru, tirunutpatchi, tuk tea for flu.)
maruo, tukamrayan chhoti, tukamrayan moti, tukhamariya,
in English: jumbie balsam, married-man-pork, rock balsam
tukhm-e-rehaen, tukhm faranjmishk, tukhm firanjmushk,
tukhm fitranjmushk, tukhm riha, tukhme-i-rehaen, tukhme in Nicaragua: albahaca
rehan, tukmeraha, tukhmerihan, tukmaria, tukmarina, tuk-
Ocimum filamentosum Forssk. (Becium affine var. cyclo-
marriyan, tukmeraha, tukmeria, tukmerian, tulasi, tulasi
phyllum Chiov.; Becium filamentosum (Forssk.) Chiov.;
patta, tulasidvesha, tulasipatra, tulispatra, tulsi, tulsi beej,
Becium knyanum (Vatke) G. Taylor; Becium knyanum var.
tulsi panchaang, tulsipatra, tungi, tunnarruppaccai, tureh-
diffusum Ayob.; Becium obovatum var. knyanum (Vatke)
korasani, ugragandha, ungusht-kuni-zuckan, uruttira catai,
Cufod.; Ocimum abyssinicum Hort.; Ocimum abyssinicum
uruttirac-catai, uruttiracatai, vaepudupachha, varavara,
Lam.; Ocimum adscendens Willd.; Ocimum adscendens
varuttiraccatai, varvara, varvaram, vebudipatri, ventulaci,
Wight ex Hook.f.; Ocimum calycosum Hochst. ex Briq.;
vepudu-pach-cha, vepudupachha, vibhudi patri, viboodipa-
Ocimum comigerum Hochst. ex Briq.; Ocimum cristatum
thri, vibudi-patri, vibudipatri, viputippaccai, vishvatulasi,
Buch.-Ham. & K.D. Koenig ex Roxb.; Ocimum cyclophyllum
warak-han-chau
(Chiov.) Chiov.; Ocimum exsul Collett & Hemsl.; Ocimum
in Indonesia: kemangi, selasih, surawung fissilabrum Briq.; Ocimum indicum Roth; Ocimum knyanum
Vatke; Ocimum knyanum var. astephanum Baker; Ocimum
in Japan: me-bôki
polycladum Briq.; Ocimum polycladum Link; Ocimum
in Laos: phak ‘i:x tu:x pubescens Bojer ex Benth.; Ocimum pubescens Mill. ex
Benth.; Ocimum rautanenii Briq.; Ocimum stenoglossum
Malayan names: daun ruku, daun ruku-ruku, kemangi,
Briq.; Ocimum tuberosum Roxb.; Ocimum tuberosum Baker;
memali, ruku, ruku padang, selaseh antan, selasi hitam,
Ocimum tuberosum De Wild., nom. illeg.; Ocimum verti-
selasi jantan
cillatum B. Heyne ex Hook.f.; Ocimum verticillatum L.f.;
in Papua New Guinea: herupi, kembaco, kewei, loga, loka, Orthosiphon adscendens Benth. ex Sweet; Plectranthus
saiweso indicus (Roth) Spreng.; Plectranthus menthoides Willd.)
in Philippines: albanaka, balanoi, balanoy, bauing, bidai, South Africa, India, Sri Lanka.
bouak, kalu-ui, kamañgi, kamangi, ruku-ruku, samilig,
See Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 108. 1775, Suppl. Pl. 276. 1782 [1781
samirig, solasi, valanoi
publ. Apr 1782], Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(1): 166. 1800,
in Thailand: horapha Hort. Bengal. [95]. 1814, Nov. Pl. Sp. 273. 1821, Enum. Hort.
Berol. Alt. 2: 119. 1822, Labiat. Gen. Spec. 13. 1832, Fl. Ind.
in Tibet: pha ni dza
ed. 1832, 3: 19. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 12: 35. 1848, Linnaea 37:
in Vietnam: h[us]ng gi[or]i, [es] tr[aws]ng, [es] t[is]a 315. 1872, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 609, 614. 1885, J.
Ocimum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2661

Linn. Soc., Bot. 28: 112. 1890, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 161. 1894 Buscal. & Muschl.; Ocimum trichodon Gürke; Ocimum
and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5(3): 346, 522. 1900, Bull. urticifolium Roth; Ocimum villosum Weinm., nom. illeg.;
Herb. Boissier, II, 3: 981–982, 984. 1903, Nuovo Giornale Ocimum viride Willd.; Ocimum viridiflorum Roth; Ocimum
Botanico Italiano n.s., 26: 162. 1919, Contrib. Fl. Katanga, zeylanicum Medik.)
180. 1921, J. Bot. 69(Suppl. 2): 146. 1931, Fl. Somala 2: 367.
Trop. & Subtrop. Old World. Herb, shrub, somewhat woody-
1932, Enum. Pl. Aeth.: 850. 1963, Etud. Rwandaises Sci.
based, many-branched, ribbed stem, upper leaf surface dark
Nat. Appl. 1: 274. 1987
green, leaves and flowers very fragrant, inflorescence bracts
(Veterinary medicine, plant ground with leaves of Wrightia tinged brown at edges, corolla greenish yellow, calyx green-
tinctoria given in anthrax.) ish, stigma yellow, flowers and leaf used to make beverages,
in grassland, near forest edge
in India: konda rilla
See Species Plantarum 2: 1197. 1753, Catalecta Botanica
Ocimum gratissimum L.
2: 52, 54. 1800, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici
Tropics and Subtropics. Berolinensis, … 2: 629. 1809, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske
planter 264. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Herb, shrub, somewhat woody-based, many-branched, ribbed
Vegetabilis 12: 32. 1848, The Flora of British India 4(12):
stem, upper leaf surface dark green, leaves and flowers very
609. 1885, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 2: 120. 1894, Die
fragrant, inflorescence bracts tinged brown at edges, corolla
Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 350. 1895 and Bulletin de
greenish yellow, calyx greenish, stigma yellow, flowers and
l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 980. 1903, Journal de Botanique
leaf used to make beverages, in grassland, near forest edge
(Morot), sér. 2 2: 119. 1909, Botanische Jahrbücher für
See Species Plantarum 2: 1197. 1753 Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie
49: 488. 1913, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 175:
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaves and whole herb
1–293. 1998
bactericidal, anthelmintic, stimulant, local anesthetic, disin-
fectant, insecticide. Fresh leaf used as a carminative, to treat (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaves and whole herb
malaria, coughs, colds, abdominal pains, barrenness, stom- bactericidal, anthelmintic, stimulant, local anesthetic, disin-
ach and dental problems; fresh leaves in teas for flu, fever, fectant, insecticide. Fresh leaf used as a carminative, to treat
pneumonia; leaf juice put in the ear to cure earache, also malaria, coughs, colds, abdominal pains, barrenness, stom-
given for cold and cough; leaves eaten raw for cough; infu- ach and dental problems; fresh leaves in teas for flu, fever,
sion of dried leaves for worms. A root bark extract for curing pneumonia; leaves eaten raw for cough; infusion of dried
eczema. Magic, ritual, a charm against evil spirits.) leaves for worms. A root bark extract for curing eczema.
Seeds for gonorrhea. Magic, ritual, a charm against evil spir-
in India: acakantikam, acchakuon, bana tulasi, banjari, banjiri,
its; fresh leaves in bath for bewitchment.)
bantulsi, biliya kargoli, bilvaparni, bon tulosi, elmich-cham-
tolashi, elumiccam tulaci, elumiccantulaci, elumicchan- in English: large basil, lemon basil, shrubby basil
thulasi, elumicham tulasi, elumichan tulasi, elumichantulasi,
in Congo: bosinea, masinea
elumichantulsi, jungli tulsi, kaadu thulasi, lavanga thulasi,
maali thulasi, malatulsi, nimbe thulasi, nimbe tulasi, nimma- in Kenya: anchabbi, chesimia, ichoke, lmurran, loguru,
tulasi, nimmathulasi, nimmatulasi, perumtulsi, peruntulaci, mrumbawassi, mugio, mukandu, olemoran, olulururuecha,
peruntulasi, raama thulsi pacha, raamathulasi, raamthulasi, vumba manga
ram tulasi, ram tulosi, ram tulsi, rama-tulasi, rama-tulashi,
in Nigeria: ishapo
ramatulasi, ramtulsi, ran-tulas, ran tulsi, tamathulasi, tanatu-
lasu, tulasi, vantulasi, ventulaci, vriddhatulasi in Tanzania: kashwagala, kirumbasi, luenyi, mjaja, mrumba-
vasi, muodo, olobaai, ormanilnyulr
Ocimum gratissimum L. subsp. gratissimum (Geniosporum
discolor Baker; Ocimum anosurum Fenzl, nom. inval.; in West Africa: e bonto, kumwi, ti bush
Ocimum arborescens Bojer ex Benth.; Ocimum caillei A.
in Cambodia: ling leak kranam
Chev., nom. nud.; Ocimum dalabaense A. Chev.; Ocimum
febrifugum Lindl.; Ocimum frutescens Mill., nom. illeg.; in India: acakantikam, acchakuon, ajagandhika, ajaka,
Ocimum gratissimum var. hildebrandtii Briq.; Ocimum ajavala, ajeka, alarutanmatu, arccakam, attuttulay, attut-
gratissimum var. mascarenarum Briq.; Ocimum gratis- tulaycceti, bana tulasi, banjari, banjiri, bantulsi, biliya
simum var. suave (Willd.) Hook. f.; Ocimum gratissimum kargoli, bilvaparni, bon tulosi, doshakleshi, ekapattirikai,
var. subdentatum Briq.; Ocimum guineense Schumach. & elmich-cham-tolashi, elumiccam tulaci, elumiccantulaci,
Thonn.; Ocimum heptodon P. Beauv.; Ocimum holoseri- elumicchan-thulasi, elumicham tulasi, elumichan tulasi,
ceum J.F. Gmel.; Ocimum paniculatum Bojer, nom. nud.; elumichantulasi, elumichantulsi, faranjmishk, furanjmishk,
Ocimum petiolare Lam.; Ocimum robustum B. Heyne ex haricaya, jungli tulsi, kaadu thulasi, kantapattiram, kattei-
Hook.f.; Ocimum sericeum Medik.; Ocimum suave Willd.; tulluva, kattu-tirtava, kattu-tuttuva, kattutrittavu, kattutryt-
Ocimum suave var. distantidens Briq.; Ocimum superbum tavu, lavanga thulasi, maali thulasi, malatulsi, mataralaki,
2662 Ocimum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

nidralu, nimbe thulasi, nimbe tulasi, nimma-tulasi, nim- Linn. Soc. London 29: 136. 1875 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et
mathulasi, nimmatulasi, palangmishk, perumtulsi, perundu al.] 5(2): 344. 1900, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 174. 1906
lachi, peruntulaci, peruntulasi, phaninjaka, raama thulsi
(Antibacterial.)
pacha, raamathulasi, raihane-qaranfuli, raamthulasi, ram
tulasi, ram tulosi, ram tulsi, rama-tulasi, rama-tulashi, Ocimum obovatum E. Mey. ex Benth. (Becium grandiflorum
ramatulasi, ramtulsi, ran-tulas, ran tulsi, shophahari, var. obovatum (E. Mey. ex Benth.) Sebald; Becium obovatum
sondabhogohulono, sugandhi, sukshmapatraka, sumukha, (E. Mey. ex Benth.) N.E. Br.)
sumukhah, suprassanaka, suvakra, tamathulasi, tanatulasu, Trop. & S. Africa, Madagascar. Herb, procumbent, erect
tikatturai, tiruntanam, tiruvaci, tukhm faranjmushk, tulasi, flowering stems, woody based, flowers pale to white and
vanabarbarika, vantulasi, ventulaci, vishghna, vitappakam, pink, stamens purple, calyx strongly tinged red-purple, in
vriddhatulasi, yatovarumaci woodland, grassland
in Indonesia: kemangi hutan, ruku-ruku rimba, selaseh See Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 226.
mekah 1838, Edwards’s Botanical Register 28(Misc.): 42. 1842,
in Malaysia: ruku-ruku hitam, selaseh besar, selasih Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkund. Serie A, Biologie 437: 29.
1989 and Flora Capensis 5(1): 230. 1910, Webbia 7: 337. 1950
in Thailand: ho-ra-pha chang, horapha-chang, kaphrao-
chang, yee-raa, yira (Leaves for hair restorer.)

in Vietnam: huong nhu trang, h[uw][ow]ng nhu tr[aws]ng, [es] in South Africa: uFukuzela (Zulu)
l[as] l[ows]n Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Geniosporum tenuiflorum Merr.;
Ocimum kilimandscharicum Gürke (Ocimum johnsto- Geniosporum tenuiflorum (L.) Merr.; Geniosporum tenui-
nii Baker; Ocimum kilimandscharicum Baker ex Gürke; florum Merr.; Lumnitzera tenuiflora Spreng.; Lumnitzera
Ocimum tortuosum Baker) tenuiflora (L.) Spreng.; Moschosma tenuiflorum Heynh.;
Moschosma tenuiflorum (L.) Heynh.; Ocimum anisodorum
E. Trop. Africa. Shrub, woody, white or pink flowers in F. Muell.; Ocimum caryophyllinum F. Muell.; Ocimum hir-
spikes, bee forage, essential oils from the leaves, in grassland sutum Wall.; Ocimum hirsutum Benth.; Ocimum inodorum
and disturbed ground Burm.f.; Ocimum monachorum L.; Ocimum sanctum L.;
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, Die Pflanzenwelt Ocimum sanctum var. angustifolium Benth.; Ocimum sanc-
Ost-Afrikas C: 349. 1895 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 5: 339, 345. 1900, tum var. cubensis M. Gómez; Ocimum sanctum var. hirsu-
Nucleus 25: 59–64. 1982, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie tum (Benth.) Hook.f.; Ocimum scutellarioides L.; Ocimum
Végétales, le Botaniste 7: 5–16. 1984, Proceedings of the scutellarioides Willd. ex Benth.; Ocimum subserratum B.
Indian Academy of Sciences 94: 619–626. 1985, Journal Heyne ex Hook.f.; Ocimum tenuiflorum Burm.f.; Ocimum
of the Indian Botanical Society 69: 431–434. 1990, Kew tenuiflorum Heyne ex Hook.f.; Ocimum tenuiflorum f. vil-
Bulletin 47: 422. 1992 licaulis Domin; Ocimum tenuiflorum var. anisodorum (F.
Muell.) Domin; Ocimum tomentosum Lam.; Ocimum vil-
(Used in Ayurveda. Leaves effective in several types of losum Roxb., nom. illeg.; Plectranthus monachorum (L.)
bacterial, fungal and viral infections, skin diseases, used Spreng.; Plectranthus monachorum Spreng.)
for treatment of coughs and bronchitis, colds, flu, muscular
aches, abdominal pains, measles and mild diarrhea in chil- Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Herb, woody shrub, hispid, leaves
dren; leaves and roots to treat colds and stomach complaints. pungent gland-dotted, corolla reddish-violet, anthers yellow,
Mosquito repellent.) leaves used as a condiment in salads and other foods and as
a substitute for tea
in English: camphor plant, feverplant, hoary basil, kiliman-
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2:
jaro basil
833. 1763, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 85. 1767, Fl. Ind. (N.L.
in Kenya: bwar, makori, supko, wenye Burman) 129–130. 1768, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2:
687, 690. 1825, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1300.
in India: kapurtulsi, karpoora thulasi, karpoora thulasi
1830, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2717, partim. 1831, Linnaea
pacha, karppurattulasi, karpur-tulsi, karpur tulsi, karpuratu-
11: 344. 1837, Heynhold, Gustav (1800–1860), Nomenclator
lasi, karupuratulasi
botanicus hortensis, oder, Alphabetische und synonymische
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. (Ocimum hararense Aufzählung der in den Gärten Europa’s cultivirten Gewächse,
Gürke; Ocimum nakurense Gürke; Ocimum rothii Baker; nebst Angabe ihres Autors, ihres Vaterlandes, ihrer Dauer
Plectranthus ovatifolius Oliv.) und Cultur/bearb. von Gustav Heynhold nebst einer Vorrede
von Dr. Ludwig Reichenbach. Dresden, Leipzig, 1840–1846
Cameroon to Eritrea and Zambia.
[Alphabetische und synonymische Aufzählung der in den
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, Prodromus Jahren 1840 bis 1846 in den europäischen Gärten eingefüh-
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 12: 37. 1848, Trans. rten Gewächse], Fragm. (Mueller) 4(25): 46. 1863, Fl. Brit.
Ocimum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2663

India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 609–610. 1885, Anales Hist. Nat. 19: in French: basilic des moines, basilic sacré
262. 1890 and Philippine Journal of Science 19(3): 379.
in Borneo: daun ampas
1921, Biblioth. Bot. 89(4): 562. 1928, Taxon 29: 166, 711–
712. 1980, Cytologia 46: 723–729. 1981, Proceedings of the in Cambodia: mrèah prëu
Indian Science Congress Association 68 (Sect. vi): 101. 1981,
in China: sheng luo le
Nucleus 25: 59–64. 1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics
17: 97–106. 1982, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, in India: ajaka, alakai, alangai, alankai, amirtai, amiru-
le Botaniste 7: 5–16. 1984, Proceedings of the Indian Science tai, amrita, apetaraksasi, apetarakshasi, arappatumam, ari,
Congress Association 71(3-vi): 80–81. 1984, Cytologia 50: arjaka, arippiriyai, arpattiram, babariful, babribiol, bahu-
253–263. 1985, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 66: manjari, bahupatri, baranda, bharati, bhutaghni, bhutaka,
402–407. 1986, Cytologia 54: 223–229. 1989, Proceedings of bhutapatri, bir tulsi, brinda, brynda, cakkiraparani, cananki,
the Indian Science Congress Association 79(3:viii): 136–137. canikappuri, canikkappuri, cantari, cantuki, cantukicceti,
1992, Calyx 6(2): 51. 1999 carakatiracceti, carankatiram, catippattiram, ceccai, cem-
pirakkam, cenkamalai, cenkamalaicceti, centiruvu, cen-
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant decoc-
tiruvucceti, choiharr, chojharr, cinkapperumal, cinkattulaci,
tion for birth control. Used to treat malaria, heart troubles,
cinkattulacicceti, cirattulay, cirttulay, cirttulaycceti, citti-
coughs, abdominal and menstrual pains, snakebite and
raparanati, cocankini, cocankinicceti, cumancari, curaca,
scorpion sting, barrenness, stomach and dental problems.
curacam, curanca, curapi, curapu, curapuki, curapukicceti,
Leaves blood purifier, vermifuge, antiseptic, to treat bron-
curati, curecciyaicceti, curiyakarantai, curocciyai, cutanka-
chitis, cough, fever, cold, headache, gastrointestinal disor-
muli, cuvatukanti, cuvi, devaha, devara tulasi, devara tulsi,
ders, intestinal parasites, worms, ringworm, wounds; leaf
divya, dolse, dundubhi, gaappaara chettu, gaggera, gag-
paste applied on forehead for headache; leaf paste applied for
gera-chettu, gaggerachettu, gandhaharini, gauri, gramya,
treating scabies; leaves chewed and eaten as a cough seda-
gumpina, haripriya, indra, inpai, iraincatippu, irantulitac-
tive; leaves chewed and the paste placed on the aching tooth;
ceti, irantulitam, iratcaci, jiuli, jiyal, kaattu thulasi, kaka-
leaves juice mixed with camphor given for rheumatism, rheu-
malika, kakotaracceti, kakotaram, kala thulasi, kala-tulasi,
matoid arthritis. Leaves decoction used in fever and cough;
kala tulsi, kalacakam, kalaimalai, kalamallikai, kalathulasi,
leaf paste for malaria and pimples; a mixture of root pow-
kalatulashi, kalatulasi, kalatulsi, kamanrati, kanam, kancam,
der of Corchorus aestuans, Asparagus rhizome powder and
kannanitamuli, kapattacceti, kapattam, kappu tulasi, kappu-
Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves given for asthma; an extract of
tulachi, kapputulaci, karalakam, karee tulsi, kari-tulasi, kari-
bark of Garcinia xanthochymus with bark of Miliusa rox-
tulashi, karitulasi, kariyamal, kariyamaltulaci, karparam,
burghiana and leaves of Ocimum sanctum given in alcoholic
karttulaci, karundulaci, karunkancankorai, karunthulasi,
intoxication; juice of Alternanthera sessilis along with that
karuntoti, karuntulapam, karuntulaasi, karuntulaci, karun-
of Ocimum sanctum used against cough; leaves juice mixed
tulay, karuttatrttavu, karuttulaci, karuttulasi, kathinjara,
with honey and lime water given for abortion; fresh leaves
katillakam, katincaram, kattuttulaci, kauri, kayastam, kay-
juice applied as drops in conjunctivitis; leaves boiled and
astha, kayattam, kentaputpapattiri, kevura, kevuracikacceti,
taken internally for cough and cold; leaves extract of Ricinus
kevuracikam, kincakapurunicceti, kincukaparani, kirusna,
communis, Calotropis procera and Ocimum sanctum taken to
kirusnamatu, kirusnatcakkala, kirusnatulaci, kirutanmuli,
cure jaundice; juice of leaves given along with powdered bark
kiruttinamallikam, kiruttinamuli, kolaivintu, krishna thulasi,
of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in cases of backache, sciatica,
Krishna-tulasi, Krishna-tulsi (the purple type), Krishnamul,
lumbago and gout. Roots for insect bites, diarrhea, malaria,
krishnamula, krishnathulasi, krishnatoolsee, krishnatulasi,
febrifuge, carminative, astringent, diaphoretic, tonic; pow-
krsna-surasah, krsnattulasi, krsnatulasi, Krushna tulasi,
dered roots or raw leaves eaten in the morning against the
kryshnatulasi, kukka thulasi, kukkatulasi, kulimittan, kul-
diabetes; root paste with water given orally as antidote, anti-
lai, kumali, kumili, kumuli, kunnakam, kural, kuruntulay,
venom. Ceremonial, sacred and religious plant whose leaves
kuteram, kutheraka, kutirakam, kuvalai, laxmi, likpop, lun,
are used for pooja, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in dif-
madhavi, maduru-tulla, malalankal, malarccunaiyal, mal-
ferent religious pooja ceremonies; inflorescence with leaves
godai, malkarai, malkotai, malkotaittulaci, malmurugu,
used to sprinkle divine water; a charm against evil spirits,
malmuruku, maltotai, mamukilai, manchi tulasi, manjari,
used in religion and magico-religious beliefs; grown in front
manjarika, matavarotti, matulanatacceti, matulanatam,
of huts and worshipped as a sacred plant; flowers collected by
matulantacam, mayanmalai, mayavanmuli, mayirttulaci,
boys or girls who have not attained puberty. Veterinary medi-
mudi, nakamata, nakamati, nakamatikacceti, nakamatikam,
cine, leaves of Jasminum auriculatum along with those of
nala-tirtava, nalacicumancari, nalla thulasi, nalla-tirtta,
Ocimum sanctum, roots of Tephrosia purpurea pounded and
nalla tulasi, nalla-tuttuva, nallagaggera, nallathulasi, nal-
the extract given orally for cough; tender leaves of Argyreia
latirtava, nallatrittavu, nallatryttavu, nallatulaci, nallatulasi,
nervosa along with those of Ocimum sanctum pounded and
nallgaggera, naltulaci, nangperatong, naracinkitam, narru-
the extract given orally for tympany.)
laci, nattuttulaci, nediyon, netiyon, netiyonceti, niellatirtova,
in English: garden balsam, holy basil, mosquito plant of nilathulasi, oddhi, pal, pancam, pannaci, pannakacceti, pan-
South Africa, sacred basil, Thai basil nakam, papaghni, parnasa, patali, patrapushpa, patrapuspha
2664 Oclemena Greene Asteraceae

sri tulasi, pavani, pavanicceti, pavitra, piretaratcaci, pirun- [as Ocimum americanum.], Suddee, S., Paton, A.J. & Parnell,
dam, piruntakacceti, piruntam, pretarakshasi, puja tulsi, J.A.N. “Taxonomic Revision of the tribe Ocimeae Dumort.
punniyai, punya, putakkini, putappiriyanakam, radha tulsi, (Lamiaceae) in continental South East Asia III. Ociminae.”
raihan, ramatulaci, sarasa, Shiva-tulasi, shivatulasi, shri- Kew Bulletin 60: 3–75. 2005
krishnavallabha, shyama, sivatulasi, sorasaw, sri tulasi (the
(Used in Sidha. Leaf juice given in malaria.)
green type), sritulasi, subhaga, sugandha, sulabha, surabhi,
suradundubhi, surasa, surasah, surasam, suravallari, sura- in English: sweet basil
valli, surejya, suvaha, suvasa tulasi, sveta-surasah, talahi,
in China: shu rou mao bian zhong
tampiravayaccattumuli, tantu, tellagaggera, tellatulasi,
thella thulasi, thulasa, thulasi, thulasichajadha, tiricaman- in India: babestul, barbar, cunaikkarantai, kiruttina parani,
cari, tirikonamancari, tirilekitam, tiritacamancari, tirkkale- takamariya
kitam, tirumalmulikai, tirunati, tiruttula, tiruttulacicceti,
tiruttulay, tiruvanam, titturuni, titturunicceti, tivirakantam,
tivra, toolasee, toolasee vayr, tridashamanjari, trittavu, trt- Oclemena Greene Asteraceae
tavu, tryttavu, tulaci, tulahi, tulai, tulantu, tulas, tulasa,
tulash, tulashi, tulashi-gida, tulashivrikshaha, tulasi, tulasi See Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(1): 4–5.
chajadha, tulasichajadha, tulavu, tulay, tulaycceti, tulay- 1903.
vanam, tulsi, tunrusi, turentam, tuvai, tuvaici, tuvaicicceti, Oclemena nemoralis (Aiton) Greene (Aster nemoralis Aiton;
ulaikkuruntu, ulaikkuruttu, utamancari, utiri, vaikuntam, Aster nemoralis Sol. ex Aiton; Aster nemoralis forma albiflo-
vaishnavi, vanam, varanda, vavayam, vellaittulaci, vintupat- rus Fernald; Eucephalus nemoralis (Sol. ex Aiton) Greene;
tiram, viruntai, viruntam, viruntavanam, viruttam, Vishnu- Eucephalus nemoralis (Aiton) Greene; Galatella nemoralis
priya, Vishnu tulasi, Vishnu-tulsi, vishnupatni, visnumatai, (Sol. ex Aiton) Nees; Galatella nemoralis (Aiton) Nees)
visnupattiram, visnutulaci, visnuvetai, visnuvetaicceti, vit-
tunupariyam, vittunuppiriyam, vrinda, vrnda, yantutanati North America. Herb, small, slender, creeping rootstalk,
leaves with inrolled margins, single flower head at the top of
in Indonesia: kemangi utan, lampes, ruku-ruku the stem, ray florets light violet-purple or pale to deep pink,
in Laos: saph’au disk florets yellow becoming purple at maturity, in fens, bogs
or boggy areas, lake margins, marshes
in Malaysia: oku, ruku ruku, sulasi
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 198. 1789, Genera
in Philippines: albahaca, balanoi, bidai, camange, colocogo, et Species Asterearum 173. 1832, Pittonia 3(14B): 57. 1896 and
kamangi, kamangkau, loko-loko, solasi Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1(1): 5. 1903
in Thailand: ho kwo suu, ho tuu pluu, im-khim-lam, ka (Plant decoction dropped into the ear or applied on a warm
phrao, ka phrao daeng, ka phrao khaao, kaphrao, kom ko cloth for soreness in the ear; roots decoction used as drops
dong, komko, komko dong for sore ear.)
in Tibetan: bye u rug pa dkar po, byeu rug pa nag po, byi in English: bog aster, leafy bog aster, nodding bog aster,
rug pa wood aster
in Vietnam: e do, e tia, huong nhu tia, h[uw][ow]ng nhu t[is]
a, [es] t[is]a, [es] d[or]
Ocotea Aublet Lauraceae
Ocimum × africanum Lour. (Ocimum americanum var. pilo-
sum (Willd.) A.J. Paton; Ocimum americanum × Ocimum Based on the native name in French Guiana, the Garipons called
basilicum; Ocimum basilicum var. anisatum Benth.; Ocimum Ocotea guianensis Aublet aiou-hou-ha, see Histoire des plan-
basilicum var. pilosum (Willdenow) Bentham; Ocimum pilo- tes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 781, t. 310. 1775, Characteres
sum Willdenow; Ocimum × citriodorum Vis.; Ocimum × Generum Plantarum [second edition] 7. 1775, Voyage aux Indes
graveolens A. Br.; Ocimum × petitianum A. Rich.; Ocimum Orientales 2: 226 and 3: 248. 1782, Genera Plantarum 431.
× pilosum Willd.) 1789, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 100. 1790,
Linnaea 8: 39–40, 45. 1833, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Trop. & Subtrop. Old World.
Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 99. 1864, Jahrbuch des Königlichen
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, Centuria I. Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin
Plantarum … 15–16. 1755, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti 5: 310. 1889 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 302–344. 1946, J. Sci.
Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 629–630. 1809, Pl. Asiat. Res. (Jakarta) 1: 117. 1952.
Rar. 2: 13. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Ocotea bullata (Burchell) E. Meyer (Laurus bullata Burch.;
Vegetabilis 12: 33. 1848, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 176. 1850 and
Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baillon; Ocotea bullata E. Mey. ex
Taxon 30: 707–708. 1981, Kew Bulletin 47(3): 426. 1992,
Meissner; Oreodaphne bullata (Burch.) Nees)
Nucleus 37(1,2); 30–33. 1994, Govaerts, R. World Checklist
of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. Kew. 2003 South Africa. Tree
Octamyrtus Diels Myrtaceae 2665

See Species Plantarum 1: 369. 1753, Histoire des plantes de See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lvii. 373. 1922, J. Arnold Arbor. 32:
la Guiane Françoise 2: 781, t. 310. 1775, Travels in the inte- 145. 1951
rior of South Africa 1: 72. 1822, Linnaea 8: 39. 1833, Systema
(Bark to cure colds, sore throat, fever, and upset stomach.)
Laurinarum 449. 1836, Flora 26: 205. 1843, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 118. 1864 and in Papua New Guinea: womnawa
Phytochemistry Reviews 4(1): 39–46. 2005
(Used against inflammation, cyclooxygenase inhibiting Octolepis Oliver Thymelaeaceae
activity. Bark for urinary complaints.)
Greek okto ‘eight’ and lepis, lepidos ‘scale’, in reference to
in English: African acorn, blank stinkwood, bubbled ocotea, the petals, see Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 8: 161,
Cape laurel, Cape olive, knobbed ocotea, laurel wood, pl. 12 [Octolepis, f. 1–6]. 1864 [1865 publ. 1864], Bulletin
stinkwood Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1: 619–620. 1886,
in Southern Africa: laurelhout, stinkhout, swartstinkhout; Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 947. 1891 and Adansonia:
umHlungulu, umNukani, umNukane (Xhosa); umNukani, recueil périodique d’observations botanique, n.s. 3(1):
umNukane, uNukani (Zulu) 138–140, pl. 2 (f. 1–10). 1963, Fl. Gabon 11: 35–95. 1966,
Adansonia, sér. 3 27(1): 89–111. 2005.
Ocotea glaziovii Mez
Octolepis casearia Oliv. (Makokoa congolana Baill.;
South America. Octolepis congolana (Baill.) Warb.; Octolepis dinklagei
See Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Gilg; Octolepis macrophylla Gilg; Octolepis nodosericea
Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 5: 281. 1889 Gilg; Octolepis pierreana Gilg)
(Anti-depressant.) Tropical Africa.
in English: yellow cinnamon See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 8: 161, pl. 12.
1864 [1865 publ. 1864], Bulletin Mensuel de la Société
Ocotea guianensis Aubl. (Oreodaphne guianensis (Aubl.) Linnéenne de Paris 1: 619–620. 1886, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn.
Nees; Oreodaphne guianensis Nees; Oreodaphne guianen- Paris 2: 947. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(6a):
sis var. aurea Meisn.) 56. 1893, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
French Guiana. schichte und Pflanzengeographie 28(1): 143–145. 1899 and
Die Vegetation der Erde 9: 628. 1921, Fl. Gabon 11: 46.
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 781, t. 1966, Adansonia, sér. 3, 27: 98. 2005
310. 1775, Linnaea 21: 516. 1848, Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 337. 1864 and Field Mus. (Leaves for rheumatism, earache.)
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 819–931. 1938, Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat. (Bolivia) Com. 10: 32–52. 1990
Odontadenia Benth. Apocynaceae
(Leaves antiseptic. Oil from the fruits used for rheumatism.
Bark antiseptic, for abscesses.) Greek odous, odontos ‘tooth, anything pointed or sharp’
and aden ‘gland’, referring to the pistil, see Journal of
in French Guiana: ajouhona, ajouva
Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
in Peru: macaa, quinilla amarilla (Hooker) 3: 242–243. 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Regni Vegetabilis 8: 395. 1844, L’illustration horticole 2:
Misc. 9–10. 1855, Flora Brasiliensis 6(1): 118. 1860, On the
Octamyrtus Diels Myrtaceae Apocynaceae of South America 173, 180, 182–183, t. 28.
1878 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
Probably from the Greek okto ‘eight’ plus Myrtus.
zu Berlin-Dahlem 9: 80, f. 2 A-E. 1924, Field Museum of
Octamyrtus behrmannii Diels Natural History, Botanical Series 11(1): 35. 1931, Annals of
the Missouri Botanical Garden 19(4): 386. 1932, Flora of
New Guinea.
Suriname 4(1): 53. 1932, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lvii. 376. 1922 Club 60(6): 392. 1933, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Garden 22(2): 271, 295–296, 299, 305. 1935, Ann. Missouri
(Young shoots mixed with water and drunk, a cure for
Bot. Gard. 23: 193. 1936, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire
tuberculosis.)
Naturelle, sér. 2 20: 301. 1948, Mémoires du Muséum
in Papua New Guinea: kokorabegisi National d’Histoire Naturelle. Nouvelle Série. Série B,
Botanique 1: 89–90. 1950, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 67(1–4):
Octamyrtus pleiopetala Diels (Eugenia pleiopetala F.
381–477. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.
Muell.; Octamyrtus lanceolata C.T. White)
85(1): 116–132. 2001, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005,
New Guinea. Small tree, in montane forest, disturbed areas Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184. 2009.
2666 Oenanthe L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Odontadenia puncticulosa (Rich.) Pulle (Angadenia 1830, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 906.
cururu (Mart.) Miers; Angadenia grandifolia (Stadelm.) 1867, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat.
Miers; Anisolobus cururu (Mart.) Müll.Arg.; Anisolobus Hist. 46(2): 115. 1877 and Genetica 56: 205–211. 1981
cururu var. grandifolius Müll.Arg.; Anisolobus distinc-
(For skin diseases.)
tus Miers; Anisolobus fockei Miq.; Anisolobus hostmannii
Miq.; Anisolobus kappleri Miq.; Anisolobus oblongus Miers; in China: duan fu shui qin
Anisolobus puncticulosus (Rich.) Miq.; Anisolobus sprucei
Oenanthe crocata L. (Oenanthe crocata Kit.)
Müll.Arg.; Echites cururu Mart.; Echites cururu var. angus-
tifolius Stadelm.; Echites cururu var. grandifolia Stadelm.; Europe.
Echites puncticulosus Rich.; Odontadenia boliviana Rusby;
See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753 and Boletim da
Odontadenia cururu (Mart.) K. Schum.; Odontadenia kochii
Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 48: 171–186. 1974, Lagascalia
Pilg.; Odontadenia schippii Woodson; Odontadenia spoliata
6: 23–32. 1976, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 52:
Malme; Odontadenia sprucei (Müll.Arg.) K. Schum.)
69–77. 1978, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 49: 95.
Nicaragua, Trop. Central & South America. 1991, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, Watsonia 19: 269–271.
1993, Arch. Pediatr. 15(2): 139–141. 2008
See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three
Parts 182. 1756, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 945. (One of the most poisonous of European plants.)
1759, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 13. 1760, Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. (Dasyloma javanicum
Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 107. (Blume) Miquel; Dasyloma javanicum Miq.; Falcaria
1792, Buchner’s Repertorium der Pharmacie 101. 1830, javanica (Blume) DC.; Falcaria javanica DC.; Oenanthe
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 395. decumbens Koso-Pol.; Oenanthe javanica DC.; Oenanthe
1844, Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche stolonifera (Roxb.) DC.; Oenanthe stolonifera (Roxb.) Wall.
Maatschappy der Wetenschappen te Haarlem 7: 158. 1851, ex DC.; Oenanthe stolonifera Wall.; Oenanthe stolonifera
Flora Brasiliensis 6(1): 112–114. 1860, On the Apocynaceae var. javanica (Blume) Kuntze; Phellandrium stoloniferum
of South America 169, 173, 175–176, 180. 1878, Die Roxb.; Sium javanicum Blume)
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 169. 1895 and Enum.
Vasc. Pl. Surinam: 383. 1906, Bahama Fl. 336. 1920, Arkiv Asia, Papua New Guinea. Perennial herb or vine, creeping,
för Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien hollow, aggressive, often aquatic, erect or ascending, many-
21A(6): 16–17. 1927, Annals of the Missouri Botanical branched, stalks narrow, flowers white, strong odor of cel-
Garden 22(2): 271. 1935, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 23: 193. ery, leaf morphology particularly variable, young shoots and
1936, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. leaves edible, the complex nomenclatural history reflects the
Nouvelle Série. Série B, Botanique 1: 89. 1950 taxonomic problems with these morphologically very vari-
able plants
(Sap mixed into foodstuffs used for poisoning nuisance
animals.) See Species Plantarum 1: 251–252, 254–255. 1753, Hortus
Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 21. 1814, Bijdragen tot de
flora van Nederlandsch Indië 15: 881. 1826, Numer. List
Oenanthe L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) [Wallich] n. 585 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 110, 138. 1830 and Bulletin de la Société
Greek oinos, oenos ‘wine’ and anthos ‘flower’, a plant Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 29: 130. 1915, Acta
smelling of wine; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: Phytotax. Geobot. 25(4–6): 105. 1973, CIS Chromosome
254–255, 259. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 122. 1754, Information Service 20: 32–33. 1976, Taxon 29: 543. 1980,
Prodr. (DC.) 4: 140. 1830 and Kew Bull. 38(2): 314. 1983, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB
Clin. Toxicol. (Philadelphia, Pa.). 47(4): 270–278. 2009, Clin. 31: 19–23. 1980, Plant Systematics and Evolution 154: 11–30.
Toxicol. (Philadelphia, Pa.). 49(3): 142–149. 2011. 1986, Journal of Plant Biology 39: 15–22. 1996, Journal of
Phytogeography and Taxonomy 46: 161–166. 1998
Oenanthe benghalensis (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook.f. (Dasyloma
benghalense (Roxburgh) DC.; Dasyloma benghalense DC.; (Analgesic, antifungal, hypoglycemic. Plant used as an anti-
Dasyloma glaucum DC.; Oenanthe benghalensis Kurz; dote poison, and to cure headache; stem chewed and swal-
Oenanthe benghalensis (Roxb.) Kurz; Oenanthe benghalen- lowed to treat cough. Shoots and leaves compose the dietary
sis Benth. & Hook.f.; Seseli bengalense Roxb.; Seseli ben- herb shui qin of traditional Chinese medicine. Leaves rubbed
ghalense Roxburgh; Seseli benghalensis Roxb.) on the forehead to relieve headache; leaves chewed with wild
ginger as a poison antidote. Magic.)
India. Very similar to, and possibly not distinct from,
Oenanthe javanica, the two differ in umbel and fruit in English: Chinese celery, Indian pennywort, water celery,
characters water dropwort
See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255, 259. 1753, Hortus in China: shui qin, shui qin shu, shui chin, ku chin, chin tsai,
Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 22. 1814, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 140. shui ying, chu kuei
Oenanthe L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 2667

in Japan: seri, shiiriba See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753, Numer. List
[Wallich] n. 586 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
in Papua New Guinea: igundaurautu, takae
Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 138. 1830 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. subsp. javanica (Batalin) Geobotanica 25(4–6): 103–105, pl. 2, f. 4. 1973, Newslett.
H. Hara (Dasyloma javanicum (Blume) Miquel; Dasyloma Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 23–24. 1998
javanicum Miq.; Dasyloma subbipinnatum Miquel;
Falcaria javanica DC.; Falcaria javanica (Blume) DC.; (For constipation.)
Oenanthe decumbens Koso-Poljansky; Oenanthe javan- Oenanthe linearis Wall. ex DC. subsp. linearis (Batalin)
ica DC.; Oenanthe javanica subsp. stolonifera (Roxburgh) H. Hara (Oenanthe dielsii H. Boissieu; Oenanthe javanica
Murata; Oenanthe javanica subsp. stolonifera (DC.) Murata; subsp. linearis (Wallich ex DC.) Murata; Oenanthe sinen-
Oenanthe kudoi Suzuki & Yamamoto; Oenanthe normanii sis Dunn)
Metcalf; Oenanthe stolonifera (Roxburgh) DC.; Oenanthe
stolonifera (Roxb.) Wall. ex DC.; Oenanthe stolonifera China.
Wall.; Oenanthe stolonifera var. javanica (Blume) Kuntze; See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753, Prodromus
Oenanthe subbipinnata (Miquel) Drude; Oenanthe subbi- Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 138. 1830 and
pinnata Drude; Phellandrium stoloniferum Roxburgh; Sium Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 35(247): 496. 1903,
javanicum Blume) Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie,
Thailand, China. Botanique 16(203): 184–185. 1906, Acta Phytotaxonomica et
Geobotanica 25(4–6): 103–105, pl. 2, f. 4. 1973, Vascular
See Species Plantarum 1: 251–252, 254–255. 1753, Hortus Plants of the Hengduan Mountains 1: 1333. 1993, Keys Vasc.
Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 21. 1814, Bijdragen tot de Pl. Wuling Mts. 579. 1995, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
flora van Nederlandsch Indië 15: 881. 1826, Numer. List (Oslo) 29: 23–24. 1998
[Wallich] n. 585 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 110, 138, 140. 1830, Annales (For constipation.)
Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 59. 1867 and
in China: xian ye shui qin
Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou
29: 130. 1915, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 22: 408. 1932, Oenanthe linearis Wall. ex DC. subsp. rivularis (Dunn)
Lingnan Science Journal 13(3): 517–518, pl. 57. 1934, Acta C.Y. Wu & F.T. Pu (Oenanthe rivularis Dunn)
Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 25(4–6): 105–106, pl. 2,
f. 3. 1973 China.

(Fresh leaves extract taken orally for stomachache and con- See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753 and Journal of the
stipation. The shoots and leaves compose the dietary herb Linnean Society, Botany 35(247): 496. 1903, Vascular Plants
shui qin of traditional Chinese medicine. Plant used as an Hengduan Mts. 1: 1332. 1993
antidote poison, and to cure headache. Magic.) (Stomachic, emetic.)
in China: shui qin in China: meng zi shui qin
in India: bopo-goli-teng, ujatira
Oenanthe mildbraedii H. Wolff
in Papua New Guinea: igundaurautu, takae
East Africa. Herb, leaves twice pinnate, leaflets ovate
Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. subsp. rosthornii (Diels)
F.T. Pu (Oenanthe alatinervis Y.Y. Qian; Oenanthe ptero- See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
caulon S.L. Liu et al.; Oenanthe rosthornii Diels) schichte und Pflanzengeographie 48: 271. 1912

China, SE Asia. (Poisonous.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753, Prodromus Oenanthe palustris (Chiov.) Norman (Oenanthe uhli-
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 138. 1830 and gii (H. Wolff) C. Norman; Peucedanum uhligii H. Wolff;
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte Stephanorossia palustris Chiov.)
und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 498. 1900, Quarterly East Africa, Ethiopia. Herb, straggling, semisucculent, leaves
Journal of the Taiwan Museum 14: 31. 1961, Guihaia 9(2): long stalked, leaflets elliptic, flowers fragrant, calyx cream,
117–118, f. s.n.. 1989, Novon 8(1): 70. 1998 filaments pale green, anthers cream, no basal bracts, a ring
(Emetic.) of short bracts at base of each single umbel, in open areas, in
swampy places
in China: luan ye shui qin
See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753 and Annali di
Oenanthe linearis Wall. ex DC. (Oenanthe linearis Wall.)
Botanica 9(1): 65. 1911, Journal of Botany, British and
China. Foreign 71: 135. 1933
2668 Oenocarpus Martius Arecaceae (Palmae)

(Extremely poisonous to stock; the green shoots particularly (Emetic.)

poisonous.)
(in China: duo lie ye shui qin
in East Africa: murerema, ngirarubanda
Oenanthe phellandrium Lam. (Oenanthe phellandrium
Nutt.) Oenocarpus Martius Arecaceae (Palmae)
Asia. Greek oinos, oenos ‘wine’ and karpos ‘fruit’, wine palm,
fruit an oil source, mesocarp fleshy and oily, from the meso-
See Fl. Franç. (Lamarck) 3: 432. 1779 [publ. after 21 Mar carp a creamy drink; see C. von Martius, Historia Naturalis
1779] Palmarum. 2(1): 21–22, 24. Munich 1823, Linnaea 28: 387.
(To treat cough.) 1857 and Gentes Herb. 9: 269. 1963, M.J. Balick, “Systematics
and Economic Botany of the Oenocarpus-Jessenia (Palmae)
Oenanthe procumbens (H. Wolff) Norman (Volkensiella Complex.” Advances in Economic Botany. 3: 114. The New
procumbens H. Wolff) York Botanical Garden. 1986, Govaerts, R. & Dransfield,
East Africa. Herb, aromatic, bracts at base of ultimate umbels, J. World Checklist of Palms. The Board of Trustees of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2005.
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 48: 265. 1912, Journal of Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. (Areca bacaba Arruda, nom.
Botany, British and Foreign 70: 140. 1932 nud.; Oenocarpus bacaba var. bacaba; Oenocarpus bacaba
var. grandis (Burret) Wess. Boer; Oenocarpus bacaba var.
(Poisonous.)
xanthocarpa Trail; Oenocarpus baccata Cuervo Marquez;
Oenanthe sarmentosa C. Presl ex DC. (Oenanthe sarmen- Oenocarpus grandis Burret; Oenocarpus hoppii Burret)
tosa Nutt., nom. illeg.; Oenanthe sarmentosa Bol.)
Tropical America, Colombia, Venezuela. Trunk solitary,
North America. Perennial herb, food mass of slender roots at base, pinnate leaves, subglobose
fruits, dark purple epicarp, quite variable species
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
4: 138. 1830, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(4): See Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 24, t. 26, fig. 1–2. 1823 and Notizbl.
617. 1840 Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 1041. 1934, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 12: 612. 1935, Pittieria 17: 131. 1988, Field
(Poisonous, highly toxic, emetic, laxative. Roots used as
Guide Palms 291. 1995
a purgative, cathartic, emetic; seeds and roots emetic.
Ceremonial, purification.) (Milk-like beverage from the ripe fruits taken as an impor-
in English: water-celery, water parsely tant source of high quality proteins.)

Oenanthe thomsonii C.B. Clarke subsp. stenophylla (H. Vernacular names: cupéri, seje pequeño
Boissieu) F.T. Pu (also stenophyllum) (Oenanthe dielsii H. Oenocarpus bataua Mart. (Jessenia bataua (Mart.) Burret;
Boissieu subsp. stenophylla (H. Boissieu) C.Y. Wu & F.T. Pu; Jessenia bataua subsp. bataua; Jessenia bataua subsp. oli-
Oenanthe dielsii var. stenophylla (H. Boissieu) H. Boissieu; gocarpa (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Balick; Jessenia oligocarpa
Oenanthe thomsonii var. stenophylla H. Boissieu) Griseb. & H. Wendl.; Jessenia polycarpa H. Karst.; Jessenia
China. repanda Engl.; Jessenia weberbaueri Burret; Oenocarpus
bataua var. oligocarpa (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) A.J. Hend.;
See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753, The Flora of British Oenocarpus oligocarpa (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Wess. Boer;
India 2(6): 697. 1879 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. Oenocarpus seje Cuervo Marquez)
2, 3(10): 843. 1903, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de
Géographie, Botanique 16(203): 184–185. 1906, Vascular Trinidad, E. Panama to Trop. South America. Solitary trunk,
Plants of the Hengduan Mountains 1: 1333. 1993, Keys stiff brown spines, pinnate leaves, ovoid purple-black fruits
Vascular Pl. Wuling Mts. 579. 1995, Novon 8: 71. 1998 See Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2(1): 21–22, 23–24, pl.
(Emetic.) 24–25, 26, f. 1–2. 1823, Linnaea 28: 387–388. 1857, Flora
of the British West Indian Islands 516. 1864, Linnaea 33:
in China: zhai ye shui qin, duo lie ye shui qin 691, t. 3, f. 6. 1865 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens
Oenanthe thomsonii C.B. Clarke subsp. thomsonii (Batalin) und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10(93): 300, 302–304, 840.
H. Hara (Oenanthe caudata C. Norman) 1928–1929, Gentes Herb. 9: 269. 1963, Flora of Suriname
5(1): 58. 1965, Econ. Bot. 35: 261–271. 1981, Advances Econ.
China.
Bot. 3: 126. 1986, Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas
See Species Plantarum 1: 254–255. 1753, The Flora of 1–352. 1995, Botanica Acta 110: 79–89. 1997, Rapid
British India 2(6): 697. 1879 and Journal of Botany, British Biological Inventories 1: 1–79. 2000, Flora de Palmeras de
and Foreign 67(5): 147. 1929) Bolivia 1–262. 2004
Oenothera L. Onagraceae 2669

(Milk-like beverage from the ripe fruits taken as an important Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 1: 167–173. 1905, Man. Fl. Pl.
source of high quality proteins. The fruits of Aspidosperma Calif. [Jepson] [4]: 679–680. 1925, Contr. Gray Herb. 75:
megalocarpon Muell. Arg., when reduced to ashes and 15–23. 1925, Amer. J. Bot. 15: 224. 1928, Amer. J. Bot. 16(4):
mixed with oil of patabá from Jessenia polycarpa Karsten 247. 1929, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 34: 76. 1962, Memoirs of the
(Oenocarpus bataua Mart.), may be used to lighten dark Torrey Botanical Club 23(1): 27. 1972[1973], Ann. Missouri
skin. The long spines of Jessenia bataua are used for darts Bot. Gard. 64(3): 396, 419, 443, 450–453, 489–492, 585, 587,
in blow pipes. Dried and powdered resinous bark of Clusia 612, 615–616. 1977 [1978], Syst. Bot. 4(3): 252. 1980 [1979
opaca, mixed with oil from this palm, applied to sprains and publ. 1980], Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 71(4): 1122, 1124. 1984
aching joints.) (publ. 1985), Syst. Bot. 10(1): 39. 1985, Feddes Repert. 96(1–
2): 4–5, 9–10. 1985, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73(2): 477–479.
in Brazil: patauá
1986, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(1): 145, 147–148. 1987,
in Colombia: ataíto, oxáe, pevítsa Syst. Bot. 30(2): 340. 2005, Systematic Botany Monographs
83: 147–150, 153–157, 160, 165–171, 179, 187. 2007.
in Peru: chocolatera, hizaan, hungurahui, ingurabe, obaan-
joro, sacumana, shega, sinami, ungurahuy, ungurauy Oenothera albicaulis Pursh (Anogra albicaulis (Pursh)
Britton; Oenothera albicaulis Nutt., nom. illeg.; Oenothera
Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst. (Oenocarpus dryanderae
ctenophylla (Woot. & Standl.) Tidestr.)
Burret; Oenocarpus macrocalyx Burret; Oenocarpus mapora
subsp. dryanderae (Burret) Balick; Oenocarpus mapora North America. Annual herb, fruits eaten
subsp. mapora; Oenocarpus minor Mart.; Oenocarpus mul-
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 733. 1814[1813],
ticaulis Spruce; Oenocarpus panamanus L.H. Bailey)
Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16): 234. 1894
Tropical America. Trunk solitary to caespitose, slender
(Whole plant poultice applied for throat troubles, swellings;
straight stems, pinnate leaves, purple-black subglobose fruits
plant used as tobacco. Ceremonial, the dried flowers, the
See Historia Naturalis Palmarum 2: 25–26, pl. 27 (part). chewed blossoms.)
1823, Linnaea 28: 274. 1857, Journal of the Linnean Society,
in English: prairie evening-primrose, whitest evening prim-
Botany 11: 142. 1869 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens
rose, whitest eveningprimrose
und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 865. 1933, Gentes
Herbarum; occasional papers on the kind of plants 3(2): Oenothera biennis L. (Oenothera biennis fo. muricata (L.)
71, f. 50–53. 1933, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und B. Boivin; Oenothera biennis L. subsp. caeciarum Munz;
Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 1043. 1934, Advances Econ. Oenothera biennis L. subsp. centralis Munz; Oenothera bien-
Bot. (Syst. & Econ. Bot. Oenocarpus-Jessenia (Palmae) nis var. muricata (L.) Torr. & A. Gray; Oenothera biennis L.
Complex) 3: 110. 1986, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. var. pycnocarpa (Atk. & Bartlett) Wiegand; Oenothera muri-
Gard. 92: 201–293. 2003 cata L.; Oenothera pycnocarpa Atk. & Bartlett; Oenothera
(Milk-like beverage from the ripe oily fruits taken as an suaveolens Pers.; Oenothera suaveolens Desf.; Onagra bien-
important source of high quality proteins.) nis (L.) Scop.; Onagra muricata (L.) Moench)

Vernacular names: macopáji, seje pequeño North America, Europe. Biennial herb, leafy, night-bloom-
ing, yellow flowers lemon-scented, leaves cooked and eaten
as vegetable, seeds food for birds
Oenothera L. Onagraceae See Species Plantarum 1: 346–347. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Systema
Greek name oinotheris, oinotheras (oinos ‘wine’ and thera
Naturae, ed. 12 263. 1767, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda
‘booty’) ‘wine catcher’, or from onotheras (onos ‘an ass’,
1: 269. 1772, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … [Moench]
thera ‘hunting’ or ther ‘wild beast, wild animal’); Latin
675. 1794, Tableau de l’École de Botanique 169. 1804, A
oenothera, ae ‘a plant, whose juice may cause sleep’ (“ono-
Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 492. 1840 and
thera, sive onear, hilaritatem afferens in vino”, Plinius); see
Amer. Naturalist 45: 587. 1911, Munz, P.A. Onagraceae.
Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 346–347. 1753, Genera
N. Amer. Fl. II, 5: 1–278. 1965, Le Naturaliste Canadien
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 163. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary …
93(5): 644. 1966, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 22: 155–162.
Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Robin, C. C. (Charles-
1980, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 69(4): 511–517. 1984, Folia
César), Voyages dans l’Intérieur de la Louisiane 3: 489.
Geobot. Phytotax. (Praha) 21: 163–171. 1986, Kromosomo
Paris, 1807, Florula ludoviciana: or, A flora of the state of
51–52: 1675–1696. 1988, Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-
Louisiana/Tr., rev., and improved from the French of C.C.
botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 133: 301–318. 1996,
Robin, by C.S. Rafinesque … New York: C. Wiley & co.,
Systematic Botany Monographs 50: 1–234. 1997
1817, Prodr. (DC.) 3: 46. 1828, Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray)
1(3): 501–502, 505–507. 1840, Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 2(15): (Essential oil to treat migraine, arthritis, eczema. Whole
1190. 1840, Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch 170. 1841, Anales Soc. Ci. plant poultice applied to bruises. Hot root poultice used for
Argent. 48: 46. 1899 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 330. 1905, piles, boils.)
2670 Oenothera L. Onagraceae

in English: common evening primrose, evening primrose, Pachylophis caespitosus (Nutt.) Raimann; Pachylophis
fever plant, field primrose, German rampion, sundrops, tree cespitosa (Nutt.) Raim.; Pachylophis cespitosus (Nutt.)
primrose Raimann; Pachylophis montanus (Nutt.) A. Nelson)
in China: yue jian cao North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
in South Africa: gewone nagblom, nagblom See Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected
in Upper Louisiana no. 53. 1813, Botanical Miscellany 3:
Oenothera brachycarpa A. Gray (Lavauxia brachy-
311. 1833, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3):
carpa (A. Gray) Britton; Megapterium brachycarpum (A.
500. 1840, Transactions of the American Philosophical
Gray) Rydb.; Megapterium brachycarpum (A. Gray) Levl.;
Society, new series, 11: 164. 1860, United States Geological
Oenothera brachycarpa A. Gray var. wrightii (A. Gray)
Exp. of the Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 108. 1871, Die
Levl.; Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. subsp. australis Woot. &
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III. 7: 215. 1893, Bulletin of
Standl.; Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. var. australis (Woot. &
the Torrey Botanical Club 26(3): 128. 1899 and American
Standl.) Munz; Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. subsp. australis
Journal of Botany 18(9): 730. 1931, North American Flora,
Woot. & Standl.; Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. var. australis
series 2, 5: 100–101. 1965, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
(Woot. & Standl.) Munz)
Gard. 12: 1–103. 1985
North America. Perennial herb
(Poultice of ground plant applied for prolapse of the uterus.
See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 70–71. Crushed roots applied to sores, inflammation and swellings.
1852, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16): 235. 1894 Dried ground leaves applied on sores. Ceremonial.)
and Brittonia 1(2): 93. 1931
in English: fragrant evening primrose, tufted evening
(Whole plant as a lotion for sores.) primrose
in English: shortfruit evening primrose Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. subsp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook.
& Arn.) Munz (Anogra longiflora A. Heller; Oenothera
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. (Oenothera caespitosa Gill. ex
caespitosa Nutt. var. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.)
Hook. & Arn.; Oenothera caespitosa Nutt.)
Munz; Oenothera cespitosa subsp. eximia (A. Gray) Munz;
North America. Perennial herb Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. subsp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook.
& Arn.) Munz; Oenothera cespitosa var. eximia (A. Gray)
See Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected
Munz; Oenothera cespitosa var. longiflora (A. Heller) Munz;
in Upper Louisiana no. 53. 1813, Botanical Miscellany 3:
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. var. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook.
311. 1833, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3):
& Arn.) Munz; Oenothera eximia A. Gray; Oenothera ida-
500. 1840, Transactions of the American Philosophical
hoensis Mulford; Oenothera marginata Nutt. ex Hook. &
Society, new series, 11: 164. 1860, United States Geological
Arn.; Pachylophis cylindrocarpus A. Nelson; Pachylophis
Exp. of the Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 108. 1871, Die
eximius (A. Gray) Wooton & Standl.; Pachylophis longiflo-
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III. 7: 215. 1893, Bulletin of
rus (A. Heller) A. Heller; Pachylophis marginatus (Nutt. ex
the Torrey Botanical Club 26(3): 128. 1899 and American
Hook. & Arn.) Rydb.; Pachylophis prolatus A. Nelson)
Journal of Botany 18(9): 730. 1931, North American Flora,
series 2, 5: 100–101. 1965 North America. Perennial
(Poultice of ground plant applied for prolapse of the uterus. See Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science,
Crushed roots applied to sores, inflammation and swellings. new series 4(1): 45. 1849, Botanical Gazette 19(3): 117–118.
Dried ground leaves applied on sores. Ceremonial.) 1894 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 146.
1906, Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 2(2A): 224–225.
in English: fragrant evening primrose, tufted evening
1906, Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 4(3): 40. 1908,
primrose
Botanical Gazette 47(6): 429. 1909, Contributions from the
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. subsp. cespitosa (Oenothera United States National Herbarium 16(4): 157. 1913, American
caespitosa Nutt. subsp. caespitosa; Oenothera caespitosa Journal of Botany 18(9): 731, 733–734. 1931, American
Nutt. subsp. montana (Nutt.) Munz; Oenothera caespitosa Journal of Botany 25(2): 114. 1938, North American Flora,
Nutt. subsp. purpurea (S. Watson) Munz; Oenothera caes- series 2, 5: 100–101. 1965
pitosa Nutt. var. montana (Nutt.) Durand; Oenothera caes-
(Plant used for toothache, sore eyes, large swellings, also as
pitosa Nutt. var. purpurea (S. Watson) Munz; Oenothera
substitute for tobacco. Ceremonial, the flowers.)
cespitosa Nutt. subsp. cespitosa Nutt.; Oenothera cespitosa
Nutt. subsp. montana (Nutt.) Munz; Oenothera cespitosa in English: tufted evening primrose
Nutt. subsp. purpurea (S. Watson) Munz; Oenothera cespi-
Oenothera clelandii W. Dietr., P.H. Raven & W.L. Wagner
tosa Nutt. var. montana (Nutt.) Durand; Oenothera cespitosa
(Oenothera rhombipetala auct. non Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray)
Nutt. var. purpurea (S. Watson) Munz; Oenothera mar-
ginata var. purpurea S. Watson; Oenothera montana Nutt.; North America. Perennial or biennial herb
Oenothera L. Onagraceae 2671

See Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 3(3): 33. 1893 and in English: yellow evening primrose
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 64(3): 585, 587.
Oenothera flava (A. Nelson) Garrett subsp. flava (Lavauxia
1977[1978], Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70(1):
flava A. Nelson; Oenothera flava subsp. taraxacoides
196. 1983
(Wooton & Standl.) W.L. Wagner)
(Ceremonial.) North America. Perennial herb
in English: Cleland’s evening primrose See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31(5): 243–244.
Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray (Anogra coro- 1904, Contributions from the United States National
nopifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Britton; Oenothera sinuata race Herbarium 16(4): 155. 1913, Spring Flora of the Wasatch
coronopifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) H. Lév.; Raimannia coro- Region 106. 1927, American Journal of Botany 17(5):
nopifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Rose) 361–362. 1930, Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington 48(9): 41. 1935, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
North America. Perennial herb Garden 73(2): 479. 1986
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 495. 1840, (Plant used for toothache, large swellings. Seed pod ashes
Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16): 234. 1894 and applied to burns.)
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
8(4): 330. 1905, Monographie du Genre Onothera 354. 1909 in English: yellow evening primrose

(Plant antirheumatic, used for toothache, large swellings. Oenothera fruticosa L. (Kneiffia allenii (Britton) Small;
Cold leaves infusion drunk for stomachache.) Kneiffia arenicola Small; Kneiffia brevistipata (Pennell)
Munz; Kneiffia fruticosa (L.) Raimann; Kneiffia fruticosa
in English: crownleaf evening primrose (L.) Spach ex Raim.; Kneiffia linearis (Michx.) Spach;
Oenothera elata Kunth subsp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Kneiffia longipedicellata Small; Kneiffia riparia (Nutt.)
Dietr. & W.L. Wagner (Oenothera biennis fo. hookeri (Torr. Small; Kneiffia semiglandulosa Pennell; Kneiffia subglobosa
Small; Oenothera arenicola (Small) Coker; Oenothera fruti-
& A. Gray) B. Boivin; Oenothera biennis L. var. hookeri
cosa L. subsp. fruticosa; Oenothera fruticosa L. var. eamesii
(Torr. & A. Gray) B. Boivin; Oenothera communis var. hook-
(B.L. Rob.) S.F. Blake; Oenothera fruticosa L. var. good-
eri (Torr. & A. Gray) H. Lév.; Oenothera hookeri Torr. & A.
manii Munz; Oenothera fruticosa L. var. humifusa Allen;
Gray; Oenothera hookeri Torr. & A. Gray subsp. monterey-
Oenothera fruticosa L. var. linearis (Michx.) S. Watson;
ensis Munz; Onagra hookeri (Torr. & A. Gray) Small)
Oenothera fruticosa L. var. microcarpa Fernald; Oenothera
North America. Perennial herb, food fruticosa L. var. subglobosa (Small) Munz; Oenothera fru-
ticosa L. var. unguiculata Fernald; Oenothera fruticosa L.
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 90.
var. vera Hook.; Oenothera linearis var. eamesii B.L. Rob.;
1823, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 493.
Oenothera longipedicellata (Small) B.L. Rob.; Oenothera
1840, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 171. 1896 tetragona Roth var. brevistipata (Pennell) Munz; Oenothera
and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, tetragona Roth var. longistipata (Pennell) Munz; Oenothera
Botanique 19: 330. 1909, Le Naturaliste Canadien 93(5): tetragona Roth var. riparia (Nutt.) Munz; Oenothera tetrag-
644. 1966, Le Naturaliste Canadien 94: 654. 1967, Annals ona Roth var. sharpii Munz; Oenothera tetragona Roth var.
of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74(1): 152. 1987, Syst. Bot. velutina (Pennell) Munz)
Monogr. 50: 1–234. 1997
North America. Perennial
(Plant antirheumatic, emetic, used for toothache, colds, sores,
mumps, large swellings. Cold leaves infusion drunk for stom- See Species Plantarum 1: 346–347. 1753, Flora Boreali-
achache. Ceremonial, emetic, good luck charm; protection, Americana 1: 225. 1803, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux.
roots to repel snakes.) Phanérogames 4: 376. 1835, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club 1: 3. 1870, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
in English: Hooker’s evening primrose and Sciences 8: 584. 1873, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
Oenothera flava (A. Nelson) Garrett (Lavauxia flava A. 3(7): 214. 1893, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16):
Nelson; Oenothera flava (A. Nelson) Munz; Oenothera flava 235. 1894, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 177–
(A. Nelson) Garrett subsp. flava) 178. 1896 and Rhodora 10(110): 34. 1908, Rhodora 20(231):
51. 1918, Rhodora 36(422): 48. 1934, Bulletin of the Torrey
North America. Perennial herb Botanical Club 64(5): 295. 1937, Rhodora 41(491): 550–551,
See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 31(5): 243–244. pl. 576, f. 1–2, pl. 577, f. 1–3. 1939, North American Flora,
series 2, 5: 89. 1965
1904, Spring Flora of the Wasatch Region 106. 1927,
American Journal of Botany 17(5): 361. 1930 (Poultice of plant used for swellings.)
(Plant used for toothache, large swellings. Seed pod ashes in English: narrowleaf evening primrose, southern sundrops,
applied to burns.) sundrops
2672 Oenothera L. Onagraceae

Oenothera hexandra (Ortega) W.L. Wagner & Hoch (Gaura in Southern Africa: aandblom, boer-in-die-nag; lesoma
hexandra Ortega) (Sotho)
North America. Oenothera multicaulis Ruiz & Pav. (Hartmannia bolivi-
ana Rusby; Oenothera barbeyana H. Lév.; Oenothera
See Novarum, aut Rariorum Plantarum Horti Reg. Botan.
cuprea Schltdl.; Oenothera multicaulis var. petiolaris Ball;
Matrit. 14. 1797 and Systematic Botany Monographs 83:
Oenothera multicaulis var. tarquensis (Kunth) Munz & I.M.
212. 2007
Johnst.; Oenothera tarquensis Kunth; Xylopleurum multi-
(Stomachic.) caule (Ruiz & Pav.) Loes.)
in English: harlequinbush Peru.
Oenothera hexandra (Ortega) W.L. Wagner & Hoch subsp. See Flora Peruviana 3: 80, t. 317. 1802 and Repertorium
gracilis (Wooton & Standl.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch (Gaura Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(322–324): 237.
gracilis Woot. & Standl.; Gaura gracilis var. typica (Wooton 1913, American Journal of Botany 22: 656. 1935, Field Mus.
& Standl.) Munz; Gaura hexandra Ortega subsp. gracilis Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1): 521–566. 1941, Fieldiana, Bot.
(Wooton & Standl.) P.H. Raven & D.P. Gregory) 24(7/4): 525–564. 1963, North American Flora, series 2, 5:
109. 1965, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 24: 41. 1988
North America.
(Whole plant infusion used to wash and disinfect wounds.)
See Novarum, aut Rariorum Plantarum Horti Reg. Botan.
Matrit. 14. 1797 and Systematic Botany Monographs 83: 213. in Ecuador: platanillo
2007 in Peru: huailla-cajetilla, saya-saya, yahuar chchuncca
(Plant infusion for stomachache.) Oenothera pallida Lindl. (Anogra pallida (Douglas ex
in English: harlequinbush Lindl.) Britton; Oenothera albicaulis Pursh var. pallida
(Douglas ex Lindl.) H. Lév.; Oenothera pallida Lindl. subsp.
Oenothera laciniata Hill (Oenothera albicans Lam.; pallida; Oenothera pallida Lindl. var. idahoensis Munz;
Oenothera laciniata subsp. pubescens (Willd. ex Spreng.) Oenothera pallida var. pallida; Oenothera pallida Lindl.
Munz; Oenothera laciniata var. mexicana (Spach) Small; var. typica Munz)
Oenothera laciniata var. pubescens (Willd. ex Spreng.)
Munz; Oenothera mexicana Spach; Oenothera prostrata North America. Perennial herb
Ruiz & Pav.; Oenothera pubescens Willd. ex Spreng.; See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … [Pursh] 2: 733.
Oenothera sinuata L.; Oenothera sinuata var. hirsuta Torr. 1813, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 14: pl.
& A. Gray; Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose; Raimannia 1142. 1828, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16):
mexicana (Spach) Wooton & L.A. Standl.) 234. 1894 and Monographie du Genre Onothera 342. 1909,
USA. American Journal of Botany 18(5): 320. 1931

See Species Plantarum 1: 346–347. 1753, The Vegetable (Powdered plant or poultice applied for venereal disease
System 12(Appendix): 64, pl. 10. 1767, Flora Peruviana 3: sores, spider bites; an infusion for kidney disease. Veterinary
79, t. 315. 1802, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta medicine, plant used for colic. Ceremonial, emetic.)
2: 229. 1825, Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire in English: pale evening primrose, prairie evening-primrose
Naturelle 4: 347. 1835, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
23(5): 173. 1896 and Contributions from the United States Oenothera pallida Lindl. subsp. pallida (Oenothera pallida
National Herbarium 8(4): 331. 1905, An Illustrated Flora of Lindl. var. idahoensis Munz; Oenothera pallida Lindl. var.
the Northern United States 2: 596–597, f. 3042–3044. 1913, typica Munz)
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium North America. Perennial herb
19: 470. 1915, American Journal of Botany 22: 656. 1935,
See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 14: pl.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1): 521–566. 1941,
1142. 1828, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(16):
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/4): 525–564. 1963, North American
234. 1894 and Monographie du Genre Onothera 342. 1909,
Flora, series 2, 5: 109. 1965, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 24: 41. 1988
American Journal of Botany 18(5): 320. 1931
(Infusion used internally for wounds and contusion, made
(Powdered plant or poultice applied for venereal disease
into plasters for external application.)
sores, spider bites; an infusion for kidney disease. Veterinary
in English: cut-leaf evening-primrose, cutleaf evening prim- medicine, plant used for colic. Ceremonial, emetic.)
rose, cut-leaved evening primrose
in English: pale evening primrose
in Ecuador: platanillo
Oenothera pallida Lindl. subsp. runcinata (Engelm.) Munz
in China: lie ye yue jian cao & W. Klein (Oenothera albicaulis var. pallida (Douglas
Oenothera L. Onagraceae 2673

ex Lindl.) H. Lév.; Oenothera pallida Lindl. var. runci- See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 58.
nata (Engelm.) Cronquist; Oenothera runcinata (Engelm.) 1853, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 182. 1896
Munz; Oenothera runcinata (Engelm.) Munz var. brevifolia and Monographie du Genre Onothera 71. 1902, Leaflets
(Engelm.) Munz; Oenothera runcinata (Engelm.) Munz var. of Western Botany 4(9): 239. 1946, North American Flora,
leucotricha (Woot. & Standl.) Munz; Oenothera runcinata series 2, 5: 103. 1965
(Engelm.) Munz var. typica Munz)
(Plant poultice applied to swellings. Ceremonial.)
North America. Perennial herb
in English: desert evening primrose
See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 14: pl.
1142. 1828, American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray
34(102): 334. 1862, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (Oenothera heterophylla var. rhombipetala (Nutt. ex Torr. &
23(5): 175. 1896 and Contributions from the United States A. Gray) Fosberg; Raimannia rhombipetala (Nutt. ex Torr. &
National Herbarium 16(4): 151. 1913, American Journal of A. Gray) Rose; Raimannia rhombipetala (Nutt. ex Torr. & A.
Botany 18: 323. 1931, Proceedings of the Biological Society Gray) Rose ex Britton & A. Br.)
of Washington 48(9): 41. 1935, North American Flora, series North America.
2, 5: 119. 1965, Great Basin Naturalist 52(1): 77. 1992
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 493–494.
(Plant infusion taken for sore throat. Root and leaves a lotion 1840 and Contributions from the United States National
for snakebites. Ceremonial, emetic.) Herbarium 8(4): 331. 1905, An Illustrated Flora of the
in English: pale evening primrose Northern United States 2: 597. 1913, American Midland
Naturalist 27(3): 763. 1942
Oenothera perennis L. (Kneiffia perennis (L.) Pennell;
Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spach; Oenothera perennis L. var. recti- (Ceremonial.)
pilis (S.F. Blake) S.F. Blake; Oenothera pumila var. rectipilis in English: fourpoint evening primrose
S.F. Blake; Oenothera perennis L. var. typica Munz, nom.
inval.) Oenothera rosea L’Hér. ex Aiton (Hartmannia affinis
Spach; Hartmannia gauroides Spach; Hartmannia rosea
North America. Perennial herb
(L’Hér. ex Aiton) G. Don; Hartmannia virgata (Ruiz &
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 998. 1758 and Rhodora Pav.) Spach; Oenothera psychrophila Ball; Oenothera
19(222): 110–111. 1917, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical purpurea Lam.; Oenothera rubra Cav.; Oenothera rosea
Club 46: 372. 1919, Rhodora 25(291): 47. 1923, Bulletin Sol.; Oenothera virgata Ruiz & Pav.; Xylopleurum roseum
of the Torrey Botanical Club 64(5): 302. 1937, Taxon 29: (L’Hér. ex Aiton) Raim.)
707–709. 1980
Peru.
(Whole plant decoction taken for paralysis.)
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 3. 1789, Hortus
in English: little evening primrose, little sundrops, perennial Britannicus 236. 1839, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
sundrops, small evening primrose, sundrops 3(7): 214. 1893 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(4/1):
Oenothera primiveris A. Gray (Lavauxia primiveris (A. 521–566. 1941, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/4): 525–564. 1963
Gray) Small; Oenothera cespitosa var. primiveris (A. Gray) (Flowers and leaves infusion purgative, febrifuge, cooling.)
H. Lév.; Oenothera primiveris A. Gray susp. caulescens
(Munz) Munz; Oenothera primiveris A. Gray var. caulescens in English: evening primrose, rose evening primrose
Munz; Oenothera primiveris A. Gray subsp. primiveris) in Ecuador: zchullo, zchungir
North America. Perennial herb in Peru: chupa sangre, San Juan, yahuar chchunga, yahuar
See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 58. chonca, yahuar chchunca
1853, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 182. 1896 in Southern Africa: aandblom, rooskleurige nagblom
and Monographie du Genre Onothera 71. 1902, Leaflets
of Western Botany 4(9): 239. 1946, North American Flora, Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W.L. Wagner & Hoch
series 2, 5: 103. 1965 (Gaura bracteata Ser.; Gaura coccinea Pursh; Gaura coc-
cinea Nutt. ex Pursh; Gaura coccinea var. arizonica Munz;
(Plant poultice applied to swellings. Ceremonial.) Gaura coccinea var. epilobioides (Kunth) Munz; Gaura
in English: desert evening primrose coccinea var. glabra (Lehm.) Munz; Gaura coccinea var.
integerrima Torr.; Gaura coccinea var. parvifolia (Torr.)
Oenothera primiveris A. Gray subsp. primiveris (Oenothera
Rickett; Gaura coccinea var. typica Munz; Gaura epilobi-
primiveris A. Gray susp. caulescens (Munz) Munz;
oides Kunth; Gaura glabra Lehm.; Gaura induta Wooton &
Oenothera primiveris A. Gray var. caulescens Munz)
Standl.; Gaura linearis Wooton & Standl.; Gaura marginata
North America. Annual herb Lehm.; Gaura multicaulis Raf.; Gaura odorata Sessé &
2674 Ohwia H. Ohashi Fabaceae (Desmodieae, Leguminosae)

Lag.; Gaura parvifolia Torr.; Gaura spicata Sessé & Moc.; Raven; Oenothera villosa Thunb. var. strigosa (Rydb.) Dorn;
Gaura suffrutescens Ser.; Schizocarya kunthii Spach) Onagra biennis var. strigosa (Rydb.) Piper)
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb North America.
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 45. See Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 75. 1794 and
1828 and Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Amer. J. Bot. 75: 484– Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 278–279.
495. 1988, Systematic Botany Monographs 83: 214. 2007 1900, The Flora of the Palouse Region 124. 1901, Manual
of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri 139. 1902, Spring
(Antiemetic.) Flora of the Wasatch Region 63. 1911, Annals of the Missouri
in English: scarlet beeblossom, wild honeysuckle Botanical Garden 63(2): 383. 1976[1977], Vascular Plants of
Wyoming 298. 1988, Great Basin Naturalist 52(1): 77. 1992,
Oenothera tetraptera Cav. (Hartmannia latiflora (Ser.) Syst. Bot. Monogr. 50: 1–234. 1997
Rose; Hartmannia macrantha Spach; Hartmannia tetrap-
tera (Cav.) Small; Oenothera latiflora Ser.; Oenothera muta- (Dried roots as disinfectant. Ceremonial, dried leaves and
bilis Steud.; Xylopleurum tetrapterum (Cav.) Raim.) tobacco smoked for good luck in hunting.)

Mexico. in English: hairy evening primrose

See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte …

3: 40–41, pl. 279. 1796, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Ohwia H. Ohashi Fabaceae
Regni Vegetabilis 3: 50. 1828, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 4: (Desmodieae, Leguminosae)
363. 1835, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux 4: 370. 1835, Die
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 7: 214. 1893, Bulletin of the See Plantae Junghuhnianae 217, 220. 1852 and Science
Torrey Botanical Club 23(5): 181. 1896 and Contributions Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University, Ser. 4, Biology
from the United States National Herbarium 8(4): 329. 1905, 40(3): 243. 1999.
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/4): 525–564. 1963 Ohwia caudata (Thunberg) H. Ohashi (Catenaria cau-
(Leaves applied and placed in wounds.) data (Thunberg) Schindler; Catenaria caudata Schindl.;
Catenaria laburnifolia Benth.; Catenaria laburnifolia
in English: evening primrose, white evening primrose (Poir.) Benth.; Catenaria laburnifolium (Poiret) Bentham;
in Ecuador: platanillo Desmodium caudatum A. DC.; Desmodium caudatum
(Thunberg) A. DC.; Desmodium laburnifolium Sieber ex
in Southern Africa: aandblom, witnagblom Griseb.; Desmodium laburnifolium DC.; Desmodium labur-
in China: si chi yue jian cao nifolium (Poiret) A. DC.; Hedysarum caudatum Thunberg;
Hedysarum caudatum Murray; Hedysarum laburnifolium
in Japan: tsuki-mi-sô (tsuki = moon) Poiret; Meibomia caudata (Thunb.) Kuntze; Meibomia
caudata Kuntze; Meibomia laburnifolia (Poir.) Kuntze;
Oenothera triloba Nutt. (Lavauxia triloba (Nutt.) Spach;
Meibomia laburnifolia Kuntze)
Lavauxia watsonii (Britton) Small; Oenothera hamata
(Woot. & Standl.) Tidestr.) Japan, China. Perennial non-climbing shrub, trifoliate leaves,
white flowers in axillary racemes, jointed minutely hooked
North America. Annua or biennial herb
pods
See Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of See Flora Japonica, … (Thunberg) 286. 1784, Syst.
Philadelphia 2(1): 118–119. 1821, Histoire Naturelle des Veg., ed. 14 (J.A. Murray). 675. 1784, Encycl. (Lamarck)
Végétaux. Phanérogames 4: 367. 1835 6(2): 422. 1805, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
(Dried roots as disinfectant.) Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 337. 1825, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2:
217, 220. 1852, Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach] 187. 1860, FBI 2:
in English: stemless evening primrose 163. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 196–197. 1891
Oenothera villosa Thunb. subsp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
& Raven (Oenothera biennis L. var. strigosa (Rydb.) Piper; 20(561–576): 275. 1924, Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ., Ser. 4,
Oenothera biennis var. strigosa (Rydb.) Cronquist; Oenothera Biol. 40(3): 243. 1999
cheradophila Bartlett; Oenothera depressa Greene subsp. (Roots decoction given in discharge of blood in urine; decoc-
strigosa (Rydb.) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde; Oenothera tion of the roots of Desmodium caudatum with the roots of
procera Woot. & Standl.; Oenothera rydbergii House; Solanum indicum and Solanum surattense given in respira-
Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush; Oenothera stri- tory troubles. The roots and leaves used for rheumatism and
gosa (Rydb.) Garrett; Oenothera strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & diuresis, and as a pesticide. Paste of the leaves of Desmodium
Bush subsp. cheradophila (Bartlett) Munz; Oenothera vil- caudatum with leaves of Erythrina stricta and Nicotiana
losa Thunb. subsp. cheradophila (Bartlett) W. Dietr. & P.H. tabacum applied on ulcers, sores, wounds.)
Olax L. Olacaceae 2675

in China: xiao huai hua Soutpansberg, northern Transvaal); mudowe (Mbukushu:

Okavango Swamps and western Caprivi)
in India: naunthe-lak
in Tanzania: mbonzi kunze, mtesi
Olax gambecola Baill. (Olax alliacea (De Wild.) Boutique;
Olax L. Olacaceae Olax alliacea (De Wild.) Vermoesen ex Boutique; Olax
Probably from the Latin olax, olacis ‘odorous, smelling’ poggei Engl.; Olax viridis Oliv.; Ptychopetalum alliaceum
(Latin oleo, es, ui, ere ‘to smell’; Akkadian alu, elu, Hebrew De Wild.; Ptychopetalum nigricans De Wild.)
ala ‘to move up, to rise’; Akkadian elesu ‘to rejoice’, ullusu Tropical Africa. Treelet or shrub, yellow flowers, orange-red
‘to cause rejoice’), referring to the scent of some species, see fruits
Martianus Minneius [Mineus] Felix Capella, 4th-5th century
a.C., author of De nuptiis Philologie et Mercurii. Vicentiae See Adansonia 3: 121. 1862, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver
1499; or, according to other authors the genus was named et al.] 1: 349. 1868, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. [Engler &
after the Doric olax, olakos, Greek aulax, aulakos ‘a furrow’, Prantl] I. 146. 1897, Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen
referring to the ridged bark and branches; see Carl Linnaeus, Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 2: 285. 1899 and Études
Species Plantarum. 1: 34. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. de systématique et de géographie botaniques sur la flore de
20. 1754, Genera Nova Madagascariensia 15–16. 1806, Bas- et du Moyen-Congo 1: 33–34. 1903 [Ann. Mus. Congo
Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 452. Belge, Bot. sér. 5, 1[1]: 33–34. 1903] [1903–1906 publ. Jun
1818, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1903], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 18(1): 63–88. 1986
(DC.) 1: 533. 1824 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 88–92. 1946, (Effects of Olax gambecola methanol extract on smooth
Allertonia 3(2): 155–210. 1982, Fl. Veracruz 93: 1–15. 1996. muscle and rat blood pressure.)
Olax acuminata Wall. ex Benth. (Olax acuminata Wall.) in Central African Republic: pumbye enge
India, Himalaya. Shrub, acuminate elliptic leaves, greenish in Zaire: dawa bakbele
yellow flowers, deflexed peduncles, leaves used as vegetable,
black sticky gum for the green stems Olax imbricata Roxb. (Olax wightiana Wall.; Olax wightiana
Wall. ex Wight & Arn.; Ximenia olacoides Wight & Arn.)
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6781. 1832, Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of London 1: 89. 1840, FBI 1: 576. 1875 and India. Scandent unarmed shrub, twining, ovate leaves, fra-
Taxon 31(1): 71. 1982 grant white flowers in clusters or solitary, oblong fruits nearly
covered by truncate yellow adherent glabrous calyx
(Leaves eaten for stomach pain and pneumonia.)
See Hort. Bengal. 5. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of
in China: jian ye tie qing shu Indian Plants ed. Carey & Wall, 1: 169. 1820, Fl. Ind., ed.
in India: han-maljiangga-araung, han-misang, hankangyang, Carey, i. 164. 1832, Numer. List [Wallich] 6779. 1832, Prodr.
himmashing, hymmashing Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 89. 1834 and Blumea 26: 156. 1980, Handb.
Fl. Ceylon 10: 297. 1996
Olax dissitiflora Oliv. (Olax andronensis Baker; Olax
emirnensis Baker; Olax stuhlmannii Engl.) (Latin dissitus, (Leaves given to children as vermifuge; leaves in skin dis-
a, um ‘well spaced, scattered, lying apart, disperse, remote, eases. Root decoction as drought and bark in fever; root in
apart’, referring to the well-spaced flowers) backache and jaundice.)

Mozambique. Tree or shrub, lianescent, drooping branches, in China: tie qing shu
small white flowers Olax mannii Oliv.
See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 350. 1868, J. Tropical Africa.
Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 331. 1884 [1886 publ. 1884], Journal of
See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 349. 1868
the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 306. 1889, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] I. 146. 1897, Notizblatt des (Roots and leaves for venereal diseases, yellow fever, jaun-
Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin dice and snakebite.)
2(17): 283–284. 1899
Olax scandens Roxb.
(Roots and leaves for fevers, venereal infections and skin dis-
India. Small tree or shrub, scandent branches, soft yellow-
eases. Roots mixed with other species to treat infertility in
ish-white wood, flowers in racemes, drupes oblong-globose
women.)
enclosed in accrescent calyx, leaves eaten as vegetable, in dry
in English: olax, small sourplum deciduous forests
in Southern Africa: kleinsuurpruim, small sourplum; See Species Plantarum 1: 34. 1753, Plants of the Coast of
uMaphunzana, mapunzana (Zulu); mutandavha (Venda: Coromandel 2: 2, t. 102. 1798
2676 Oldenlandia L. Rubiaceae

(Used in Sidha. Fruit paste used in eye diseases. Pounded physician, naturalist, plant collector at the Cape of Good
bark in water given to cure pain in any part of the body; bark Hope and Curator-Superintendent of the Botanical Garden of
for anemia and fever. Root extract taken orally to give relief the Dutch East Indian Company. See J. Burman (1707–1779),
when muscles are strained. Leaves taken as a vegetable for Catalogi duo plantarum Africanarum, quorum prior com-
constipation; leaves decoction along with Holarrhena pubes- plectitur plantas ab Hermanno observatas, posterior vero
cens given orally in psoriasis.) quas Oldenlandus et Hartogius indagarunt. [Contains lists of
nearly 1,000 plants collected at the Cape by Paul Hermann
in India: archafal, baacamushti gida, baapana balli, baapana
(1646–1695) and of about 400 collected by H.B. Oldenland
mushti gida, baapanamushti, baapanamusthi gida, baavamusti
and J. Hartog.] Amstelaedami 1737, Carl Linnaeus, Species
gida, badbadolia, bapana mushti, bapanamushti, boodanakkiri,
Plantarum. 1: 101–102, 119. 1753 and Genera Plantarum.
chehra, dhan, dhehiani, elka-nakira, gendasiga, harduli, hit-
Ed. 5. 55. 1754, N.L. Burman, Flora Indica: cui accedit series
timaada, kadairanchi, kadalranchi, karadu, karra, karru, Zoophytorum Indicorum, nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis.
katalalincil, katalanci, kataliranci, katalranci, kataluranci, kata- [The Florae Capensis Prodromus is based on Oldenland’s
luraynci, katalurinci, katalviranci, kogita teega, kogitathige, collections.] Lugduni Batavorum & Amstelaedami 1768,
kogitatige, kothi, kotiki, kurpodur, kurposur, kusur-tonda, mal- American monthly magazine and critical review 2: 268. 1818,
liveppam, marikimalle, muikimalle, muriki malle, murimalle, Linnaea 4: 154. 1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
nakkare, nalla durada, nallaudata, nallavudata, nallavudatha, Vegetabilis 4: 429. 1830, New Flora and Botany of North
nurikimalle, taraganepa, tharagavepa, thige nakkera, thuraka America … (Rafinesque) 4: 101. 1836, Jens Wilken Hornemann,
vaepa, tigenaku, turkavepa, udupunakkeri, uduthanekkera, Naturh. Tidsskr. 1: 562–563. 1837, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes
urchirri, urehirri, vudapunakkeri, vudutanekkar Moscou 11: 266. 1838, Autikon Botanikon 13. 1840, A.
Olax subscorpioidea Oliver (Olax subscorpioides Oliv.) Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. 66. 1845,
Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 364. 1848, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 155.
Tropical Africa. Shrub or small tree, flowers pale green 1851, P. MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical collectors at the
See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 1: 350. 1868 and Cape.” Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xxx-liii. 1884–1886 and
Phytomedicine. 10(4): 325–333. 2003 Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte
und Pflanzengeographie 33: 335. 1903, J. Britten, “Some
(Bioactivity against brine shrimp/sea monkeys, Artemia early Cape botanists and collectors.” J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 45:
salina. Crushed leaves in cold water, the water applied to 34–36. 1920, John Hutchinson, A botanist in Southern Africa.
child’s body when sick and with fever. Bark or fresh leaves 610. 1946, J. Hoge, Africana Notes. (On H.B. Oldenland) 3:
snake repellent.) 125. 1946, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk.,
in Central African Republic: mongomba, ngberengbere, Tweede Sect. 48(2): 54, 140, 165. 1952, H.N. Clokie, Account
ngombangoba of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University
of Oxford. 219. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
in Congo: ombiena-mbiena, otsotsolo Botanists. 3: 26. 1965, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11: 214. 1971,
in Gabon: ontsóuntsoulou Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of
Southern Africa. 265–266. [1663–1697] 1981, Taxon 41: 564.
in Ivory Coast: acagnikaba 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri
in Nigeria: gwanon rafi (Hausa); ifon (Yoruba); ukpakon Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999, Taxon 52: 775. 2003, Blumea
(Edo); igbulu (Igbo) 51(2): 199–220. 2006.

in Yoruba: awefin, ifon Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC. subsp. fugax
(Vatke) Verdc. (Hedyotis decumbens Hochst.; Hedyotis fugax
Olax zeylanica L. (Olax zeylanica Wall.) Vatke; Kohautia decumbens (Hochst.) Roberty; Kohautia
Sri Lanka, India. Shrub, small white flowers in many flow- longiflora E. Mey. ex Sond. & Harv., nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia
ered axillary racemes, globose fruits nearly covered by yel- decumbens (Hochst.) Hiern, nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia decum-
low hairy calyx bens Spreng.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 34. 1753, Numer. List [Wallich] n. Tropical and S. Africa, Comoros, Madagascar. Herb, pros-
6777 B. 1832 trate, ascending, suberect to straggling, climber, procumbent,
stem tinged blue-brown-purple, corolla blue-purple with
(Leaves warmed and oiled and used as poultice, its juice white throat, anthers blue, fruit greenish
taken in diarrhea. Roots used in paralysis.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 101–102, 119. 1753, Beskrivelse
af Guineeiske planter 72–73. 1827, Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 425, 428. 1830, Flora 27:
Oldenlandia L. Rubiaceae
552. 1844, Fl. Cap. 3: 11. 1865, Oesterreichische Botanische
After the Danish botanist Henrik (Hendrik) Bernard Zeitschrift 25: 232. 1875, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 54.
Oldenland (Henricus Bernardus Oldenlandus), c.1663–1699, 1877 and Bull. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire 16: 54. 1954, Kew
Oldenlandia L. Rubiaceae 2677

Bulletin 30: 247–323. 1975, Flora of Tropical East Africa (For body pain in fever and malaria, whole plant macerated
415–747. 1988, Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der in coconut oil and rubbed on body.)
Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) Flore Analytique du Bénin. Backhuys
in India: infech
Publishers. 2006
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. (Gerontogea biflora (Lam.)
(Roots used for chest complaints and heart disease, a decoc-
Cham. & Schltdl.; Gerontogea corymbosa (L.) Cham. &
tion drunk for rheumatic pains.)
Schltdl.; Gerontogea herbacea (DC.) Cham. & Schltdl.;
in South Africa: uMampeshana (Zulu) Hedyotis biflora var. corymbosa (L.) Kurz; Hedyotis cor-
ymbosa Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam.;
in Tanzania: muamba ziwa
Hedyotis corymbosa Spreng., nom. illeg.; Hedyotis cor-
Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) K. Schum. (Exallage auricu- ymbosa var. corymbosa; Hedyotis lentiginosa Bedd.;
laria (L.) Bremek.; Hedyotis auricularia Walter; Hedyotis Oldenlandia corymbosa Wight & Arn., nom. inval.;
auricularia L.; Metabolus auricularius (L.) Blume ex Oldenlandia corymbosa Herb. Madr. ex Wight. & Arn.;
Bremek.; Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) F. Muell.; Oldenlandia Oldenlandia corymbosa Ait.)
auricularia F. Muell.; Oldenlandia auricularia K. Schum.) Africa, SE Asia. Erect or decumbent, glabrous herb, many-
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Trailing herb, glabrous stem, white branched, linear-lanceolate acute leaves, short membranous
flowers stipules, minute white or mauve flowers on axillary pedun-
cles, globose capsule, angular seeds pale brown
See Fl. Carol. [Walter] 85. 1788, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler
& Prantl] 4(4): 25. 1891 and Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks See Nov. Pl. Amer. t. 36. 1703, Species Plantarum 1:
Univ. Utrecht 56: 439. 1939, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 1939, 119. 1753, Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 1: 163. 1789, Tableau
xxxvi. 439. 1940, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 272. 1792,
Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2): 142. 1952 Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 27. 1815, Linnaea
4: 154–155. 1829, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens
(Whole plant emollient, astringent, a remedy for diarrhea, 6202. 1832, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient.: 408. 1834, Journal of
dysentery, cholera and stomach ailments. Leaves antiseptic, the Asiatic Society of Bengal 46(2): 133. 1877, Revis. Gen.
leaf juice mixed with breast milk used for local application Pl. 1: 292. 1891 and Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 116. 1922, Fl. Trop.
for eye diseases.) E. Africa, Rubiaceae: 308. 1976, Harvard Pap. Bot. 9(2):
in India: tharavu 257–296. 2005

Oldenlandia biflora L. (Gerontogea racemosa (Lam.) Cham. (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Powdered plant consumed
& Schltdl.; Gonotheca biflora (L.) Masam.; Hedyotis alsinifo- with curd for venereal diseases; whole plant paste taken to
lia Zipp. ex Span.; Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam.; Hedyotis biflora cure jaundice; plant juice febrifuge, pectoral, stomachic, used
var. uniflora Kurz; Hedyotis blumeana Steud.; Hedyotis in jaundice and liver ailments, depression, burning sensation
burmanniana Schult.; Hedyotis debilis Roem. & Schult.; of palm and sole, to stop bleeding; smoke from dried pow-
Hedyotis dichotoma Cav.; Hedyotis media Cav.; Hedyotis dered plant used as fumigant, a remedy against mosquitoes
multiflora Cav.; Hedyotis paniculata (L.) Lam.; Hedyotis and other insects.)
paniculata Rottler ex Wight & Arn., nom. illeg.; Hedyotis in India: banjaluk, daman papar, daman paper, damanpapar,
racemosa Lam.; Hedyotis ramosissima Blume, nom. illeg.; dhaman-papar, kallasabatrasige, kallu sabseege, kattucay-
Neanotis paniculata (L.) M.R. Almeida; Oldenlandia alata aver, khet-papra, ksetraparpatra, kshetra paapadaa, kshet-
J. König ex Roxb.; Oldenlandia brachypoda Zoll. ex Miq.; raparpata, loung, mookkuthipoondu, pappan, pappanpuntu,
Oldenlandia crassifolia DC.; Oldenlandia dichotoma (Cav.) parapata, papra, papti, parpadagam, parpadakappullu, par-
Willd. ex Cham. & Schltdl.; Oldenlandia multiflora (Cav.) pat, parpata, parpataka, parpatakam, parpati, parpato, par-
DC.; Oldenlandia paniculata L.; Oldenlandia paniculata peta, phapti, poripath, verrinelavemu
var. multiflora Miq.; Oldenlandia paniculata var. pygmaea
Miq.; Oldenlandia radicans Roxb. ex Wight & Arn., nom. Malay names: rumput siku, siku-siku, tulang belangkas
inval.; Thecagonum biflorum (L.) Babu) in Philippines: ulasiman-aso
Trop. Asia, SE Asia, Pacific. in Madagascar: ahibitsiki
See Species Plantarum 1: 119. 1753, Species Plantarum, Oldenlandia corymbosa L. var. corymbosa (Hedyotis alsin-
Editio Secunda 1667. 1763, Tableau Encyclopédique et ifolia R.Br. ex Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis biflora Hornem.,
Méthodique … Botanique 1: 272. 1792, Linnaea 4: 154–155. nom. illeg.; Hedyotis biflora var. graminicola (Kurz) Kurz;
1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Hedyotis burmanniana R.Br. ex Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis
(DC.) 4: 427. 1830, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient.: 413. 1834, Linnaea corymbosa var. ampla Fosberg; Hedyotis corymbosa var.
15: 317. 1841, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 191–192. 1857, J. Asiat. Soc. tereticaulis W.C. Ko; Hedyotis depressa (Willd.) Roem. &
Bengal 46(2): 133. 1877 and Bull. Bot. Surv. India 11: 214. Schult.; Hedyotis diantha Schult.; Hedyotis graminicola Kurz;
1969 [1971], Fl. Maharashtra 3A: 38. 2001 Hedyotis hermanniana R.M. Dutta; Hedyotis intermedia
2678 Oldenlandia L. Rubiaceae

Wight & Arn.; Hedyotis pseudocorymbosa Bakh.f.; Hedyotis Blume; Oldenlandia caerulea (Blume) Kuntze, nom. illeg.;
pusilla Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Hedyotis ramosa (Roxb.) Blume; Oldenlandia carnosa Kuntze; Oldenlandia congesta (R.Br.
Hedyotis scabrida Steud.; Hedyotis sperguloides A. Rich.; ex G. Don) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia costata (Roxb.)
Oldenlandia alsinifolia G. Don; Oldenlandia biflora Lam., K. Schum.; Oldenlandia rigida (Blume) Kuntze, nom. illeg.;
nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia burmanniana G. Don; Oldenlandia Oldenlandia vestita (R.Br. ex G. Don) Drake; Sclerococcus
capillaris DC.; Oldenlandia depressa Willd.; Oldenlandia lineatus Bartl. ex DC.; Scleromitrion rigidum (Blume) Kurz;
herbacea DC., nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia mollugoides O. Spermacoce costata Roxb.; Spermacoce cristata Willd. ex
Schwarz; Oldenlandia praetermissa Bremek.; Oldenlandia Roem. & Schult.; Spermacoce philippensis Willd. ex Spreng.)
pseudocorymbosa (Bakh.f.) Raizada; Oldenlandia ramosa
Himalaya.
Roxb.; Oldenlandia scabrida DC.)
Africa, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. An erect or prostrate sparsely See Systema Vegetabilium 3: 530. 1818, Numer. List [Wallich]
branched annual herb, sometimes rooting from the nodes, n. 844. 1829, Gen. Hist. 3: 526. 1834 and J. Asiat. Soc.
leaves arising at nodes with a stipular sheath, very small Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 72(2): 161. 1903, Trans. Nat. Hist.
flowers white or with pink stripes, very narrow red-green Soc. Taiwan 25: 4. 1935, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch.,
sepals, dry membranous capsules, fodder for rabbits, tender Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2): 142. 1952, Smithsonian Contr.
leaves and stems cooked and eaten, montane scrub, grass- Bot. 45: 28. 1980, Allertonia 6: 244. 1991
land, sandy river ridges, dry ponds, disturbed ground (Whole plant stomachic, for colic; whole plant infusion
See Species Plantarum 1: 119. 1753, Revisio Generum drunk for painful urination, gall bladder stone. Root decoc-
Plantarum 3: 121. 1893 and Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., tion a lotion for rheumatism, for scalds.)
Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 48(2): 253. 1952, Blumea 12: 62. 1963, Malay names: kayu bulu, kayu kesing, lidah jin
Fl. Hainan. 3: 580. 1974, Kew Bull. 30(2): 296, 298. 1975,
Suppl. Duthie’s Fl. Upper Gangetic Plain etc. 5: 95. 1976, Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. (Hedyotis brachypoda
Allertonia 6: 220. 1991, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 23: 734. 1999 R. Br. ex Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis diffusa Willd.; Hedyotis
diffusa Spreng.; Hedyotis diffusa var. extensa (Hook.f.) R.M.
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant paste taken to cure Dutta; Hedyotis extensa R. Br. ex Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis
jaundice. Leaves pounded, soaked in warm water and the liq- herbacea Lour., nom. illeg.; Hedyotis herbacea L.; Hedyotis
uid drunk to treat stomach disorders, malaria, fever, jaundice, polygonoides Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis radicans Bartl. ex
diseases of the liver, to stop bleeding. Root decoction in the DC., nom. nud.; Hedyotis ramosissima Kurz, nom. illeg.;
treatment of fever, jaundice and diseases of the liver.) Oldenlandia angustifolia var. pedicellata Miq.; Oldenlandia
in India: banjaluk, daman papar, daman paper, damanpapar, brachypoda G. Don, nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia brachypoda
dhaman-papar, kallasabatrasige, kallu sabseege, kattucay- Zoll. ex Miq.; Oldenlandia brachypoda DC.; Oldenlandia
aver, khet-papra, ksetraparpatra, kshetra paapadaa, kshet- corymbosa var. uniflora (Benth.) Masam.; Hedyotis diffusa
raparpata, loung, mookkuthipoondu, pappan, pappanpuntu, Spreng., nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia diffusa Roxb.; Oldenlandia
parapata, papra, papti, parpadagam, parpadakappullu, par- diffusa var. extensa Hook.f.; Oldenlandia diffusa var.
pat, parpata, parpataka, parpatakam, parpati, parpato, par- polygonoides Hook.f.; Oldenlandia herbacea var. uniflora
peta, phapti, poripath, verrinelavemu Benth.; Oldenlandia pauciflora Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.)

in Tanzania: mkeyamasha, nyangulunga Trop. Asia to Japan. Matting, low, creeper, small procumbent
herb with white flowers, in shade, in semi-evergreen forest
Oldenlandia cristata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. (Exallage
congesta (R.Br. ex G. Don) Bremek.; Exallage costata (Roxb.) See Species Plantarum 1: 101–102, 119. 1753, Flora
Bremek.; Exallage lineata (DC.) Bremek.; Exallage philip- Cochinchinensis 77. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
pensis (Willd. ex Spreng.) Bremek.; Exallage rigida (Blume) [Willdenow] 1(2): 566. 1798, Hortus Bengalensis, or a cata-
Bremek.; Hedyotis argentea Wall. ex G. Don; Hedyotis asper- logue … 11. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., i. 444. 1820,
rima (Merr.) Merr.; Hedyotis caerulea (Blume) Korth., nom. Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta (ed. 16) [Sprengel]
illeg.; Hedyotis capituliflora Miq.; Hedyotis carnosa Korth., 1: 413. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], Numer. List
nom. illeg.; Hedyotis congesta R.Br. ex G. Don; Hedyotis [Wallich] n. 869, 872, 874. 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 423–424.
congesta R.Br.; Hedyotis congesta Wall. & G. Don; Hedyotis 1830, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 423. 1832, Gen. Hist. 3: 529. 1834,
congesta var. nicobarica King; Hedyotis costata (Roxb.) Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 415. 1834, Flora Hongkongensis
Kurz, nom. illeg.; Hedyotis costata var. lutescens (Kaneh.) 151. 1861, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 108. 1867, J.
Fosberg; Hedyotis leucocarpa Elmer; Hedyotis lutescens Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 46(2): 133. 1877, Fl. Brit.
Kaneh.; Hedyotis philippensis (Willd. ex Spreng.) Merr. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 65. 1880 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415.
ex C.B. Rob.; Hedyotis philippensis var. asperrima Merr.; 1912, Transactions of the Natural History Society of Taiwan
Hedyotis rigida (Blume) Walp.; Hedyotis rigida (Blume) 28: 115. 1938, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 177–244. 1988,
Miq., nom. illeg.; Hedyotis vestita R.Br. ex G. Don; Hedyotis Taxon. Revis. Hedyotis L. (Rubiac.) Indian Subcont. 146.
vestita var. lutescens (Kaneh.) Fosberg; Metabolos cae- 2004, Yadav S.K., Lee S.C. “Evidence for Oldenlandia dif-
ruleus Blume; Metabolos lineatus DC.; Metabolos rigidus fusa-evoked cancer cell apoptosis through superoxide burst
Oldenlandia L. Rubiaceae 2679

and caspase activation.” Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 4(5): 1912, Williams, R.O. & Cheeseman, E.E. Rubiales. Flora
485–489. 2006, Microsc. Res. Tech. 69(4): 277–282. 2006 of Trinidad and Tobago 2(1): 1–48. Government Printing
Office, Port-of-Spain. 1928, Prop. Brit. Bot. 125. 1929, Plant
(Plant decoction drunk for sore throat, jaundice; fresh plant
Systematics and Evolution 149: 89–118. 1985, Cytologia 52:
paste applied and bandaged for skin diseases, shingles,
343–356. 1987, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 177–244. 1988,
bruises, sprains, snakebites. Leaves and tender shoots decoc-
Taxon 41: 563. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Monographs
tion used as eyedrop for sore eyes; crushed shoots decoction
in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden
drunk to treat measles and cough. For treating cancer.)
73: 1–177. 1999, Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 11:
in English: pox herb 77–82. 2004, Fl. Somalia 3: 73. 2006
in China: bai hua she she cao (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Roots crushed for constipation,
meteorism, liver diseases, fevers, skin eruptions, bronchitis,
in India: chenong
body pain, a remedy for snakebites. Leaves expectorant, in
in Indonesia: udu pelian the treatment of asthma, malaria, fever and rheumatism.)
Oldenlandia glabra (Roxb.) Kuntze (Exallage glabra (R. in English: false spurry, wild coriander
Br. ex Wall.) Bremek.; Exallage glabra (Roxb.) Bremek.;
in Southern Africa: seobi (Sotho)
Hedyotis glabra (Roxb.) R. Br. ex Wall.; Hedyotis glabra
R. Br. ex Wall.; Hedyotis glabra R. Br.; Hedyotis insularis in India: daman papar, daman paper, damanpapar, dhaman-
(Spreng.) Deb & R.M. Dutta; Knoxia glabra (R. Br. ex papar, kallasabatrasige, kallu sabseege, kattucayaver, kat-
Wall.) DC.; Knoxia glabra DC.; Oldenlandia glabra Kuntze; tuk kottamalli, kattukottomalli, khet-papra, ksetraparpatra,
Oldenlandia glabra (Honda) Honda; Spermacoce glabra kshetra paapadaa, kshetraparpata, loung, mookkuthip-
Michx.; Spermacoce glabra Roxb., nom. illeg.; Spermacoce oondu, pappan, pappanpuntu, parapata, papra, papti, par-
glabra Sessé & Moc.; Spermacoce insularis Spreng.) padagam, parpadakappullu, parpat, parpata, parpataka,
parpatakah, parpatakam, parpati, parpato, parpeta, phapti,
India, Malaysia.
poripath, verrinelavemu
See Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Michaux) 1: 82. 1803, Hort. Bengal. 83.
in Sri Lanka: pepiliya
1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., 1: 374. 1820, Syst. Veg. 1:
104. 1824, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 848. 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 4: Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumach.) DC. (Gerontogea herba-
569. 1830, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 386 (1832, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: cea (DC.) Cham. & Schltdl.; Hedyotis herbacea L.; Hedyotis
292. 1891 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1933, xlvii. 297. 1933, Verh. lancifolia Schumach.; Hedyotis longifolia Schumach.;
Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 48(2): Manettia bocataurensis Dwyer; Oldenlandia herbacea (L.)
142. 1952, Taxon 32(2): 285. 1983 DC.; Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.; Oldenlandia longifo-
lia (Schumach.) DC.) (Panama: Prov. Bocas del Toro)
(Whole plant astringent and stomachic, for stomachache in
infants; leaves for headache.) Africa. Herb, weed, straggling, decumbent, white flowers,
eaten as vegetable
Malay names: chengkering, kateh murai, rumput sibueh
See Species Plantarum 1: 102. 1753, Hortus Bengalensis, or
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. (Hedyotis dichotoma A.
a catalogue … 11. 1814, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter:
Rich., non Roth, nom. illegit.; Hedyotis herbacea L.; Hedyotis
70–71, 72–73. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk.
heynii (G. Don) Sond.; Hedyotis linearis Steud.; Hedyotis
Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 90–91. 1828, Linnaea 4: 154.
micrantha Hochst. ex Hiern; Hedyotis triflora Wall., nom.
1829, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis.
nud.; Oldenlandia dichotoma A. Rich. var. papillosa Chiov.;
4: 425–426. 1830, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) DC., nom. illeg., non Oldenlandia
Mossambique … 1: 297. 1861, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas
herbacea (L.) Roxb.; Oldenlandia herbacea var. papillosa
C: 376. 1895 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
(Chiov.) Bremek.; Oldenlandia heynii G. Don)
67(2): 278. 1980
Tropical Africa, India, Sri Lanka. Annual or perennial herb,
(Ritual, ceremonial, an ingredient in lightning purification.)
wiry, delicate, slender, erect, many-branched, often inter-
twined, stems and leaves light green, small pink flowers, in Madagascar: ahibitsika
corolla white tinged with pink on underside of lobes, fruits
Oldenlandia ovatifolia (Cav.) DC. (Gonotheca ovatifolia
light green with persistent calyx lobes
(Cav.) Sant. & Wagh.; Hedyotis nudicaulis (Roth) Wight &
See Species Plantarum 1: 101–102, 105–108, 119. 1753, Arn.; Hedyotis ovatifolia Cav.; Hedyotis scapigera R.Br.
Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 11. 1814, Prodromus ex Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis spergulacea (DC.) Steud.;
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 425. 1830, A Oldenlandia nudicaulis Roth; Oldenlandia ovatifolia (Cav.)
General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 531. 1834, DC.; Oldenlandia rosettifolia Geddes; Oldenlandia rotun-
Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 728. 1840, Flora Capensis 3: 10. difolia G. Don; Oldenlandia spergulacea DC.; Thecagonum
1865, Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 60. 1877 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. ovatifolium (Cav.) Babu)
2680 Oldfieldia Benth. & Hook. Picrodendraceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Himalaya, India, SE Asia. nom. illeg.; Hedyotis verticillata (L.) Lam.; Hedyotis verticil-
lata Lam.; Hedyotis verticillata Walp.; Hedyotis verticillata
See Icon. Pl. Hisp. 6: 52, pl. 573, f. 1. 1801, Prodr. 4: 427.
var. scaberrima Hatus.; Hedyotis verticillata var. barlettii
1830, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 728. 1840 and Bull. Misc.
Fosberg & Sachet; Hedyotis wallichii Walp.; Oldenlandia
Inform. Kew 1928: 242. 1928, Bulletin of the Botanical
angustifolia Benth., nom. illeg.; Oldenlandia hispida (Retz.)
Survey of India 5: 107. 1964, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey
Poir.; Oldenlandia hispida (Retz.) Lam.; Oldenlandia verti-
of India 11: 214. 1971
cillata Bremek., nom. illeg.; Scleromitrion crassifolium Miq.;
(Leaves infusion taken as a tonic.) Scleromitrion crassifolium (Blume) Miq.; Scleromitrion his-
pidum Korth.; Scleromitrion hispidum (Retz.) Korth.)
in India: chenong ri
Tropical and Subtropical Asia. Herb
Oldenlandia paradoxa (Kurz) Kuntze (Exallage paradoxa
(Kurz) Bremek.; Hedyotis paradoxa Kurz; Scleromitrion See Mant. Pl. 1: 40. 1767, Observationes Botanicae 4: 23.
paradoxum (Kurz) Kurz) 1786, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique
1: 271. 1792, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique …
India, Nicobar, Andaman. Shrub, leaves sessile, flowers dense
Supplément 4: 536. 1816, Bijdragen tot de flora van
See J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 45(2): 135. 1876, Nederlandsch Indie 971. 1826, Pl. Vasc. Gen. 5(Tab.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural his- Diagn.): 160. 1838, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. (1851) 155. 1851,
tory 46(2): 137. 1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 292. Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 185. 1857 and Trans.
1891 and Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 26: 224. 1936, Verhandelingen der
Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeeling Natuurkunde Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen.
48(2): 142. 1952, Broteria Genet. 14: 151–155. 1993 Afdeeling Natuurkunde; Tweede Sectie 48(2): 199. 1952,
Allertonia 6(3): 211. 1991, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of
(Leaves in pain, fever, headache, stomachache, a decoction as
Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. The Board
a blood purifier; paste of leaves applied on cuts and wounds.)
of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2003 [as
in India: infech Scleromitrion verticillatum.], Edinburgh Journal of Botany
66: 371–390. 2009
Oldenlandia umbellata L. (Gerontogea umbellata (L.)
Cham. & Schltdl.; Gerontogea umbellata Cham. & Schltdl.; (Leaves heated and applied as a poultice to infected wounds,
Hedyotis brevicalyx Sivar.; Hedyotis indica Roem. & Schult.; sprain, bone dislocation; leaves infusion drunk for snakebites
Hedyotis linarifolia R. Br.; Hedyotis linarifolia R. Br. ex and insect stings. Root paste given for dysentery.)
Wall., nom. nud.; Hedyotis puberula (G. Don) R. Br. ex Arn.;
Hedyotis puberula R. Br.; Hedyotis puberula (G. Don) Arn.; in English: mosquito weed
Hedyotis umbellata (L.) Lam., nom. illeg.; Hedyotis wightii in Indonesia: udu langau
(Hook.f.) K.K.N. Nair; Hedyotis wightii (Hook.f.) Sivar., Biju
& P. Mathew; Oldenlandia puberula G. Don; Oldenlandia Malay name: duk spatok
umbellata Steud., nom. inval.; Oldenlandia wightii Hook.f.)
Tropical Asia. Oldfieldia Benth. & Hook.
See Species Plantarum 1: 119. 1753, Tableau Encyclopédique Picrodendraceae (Euphorbiaceae)
et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 272. 1792, Syst. Veg., ed.
After the British physician Richard Albert K. Oldfield, plant
15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 195. 1818, Nomenclator
collector in Nigeria and Sierra Leone, 1832–1834 on 1st
Botanicus 1: 562. 1821, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 870, 884.
Niger Expedition led by Laird and Lander; see Macgregor
1829, Linnaea 4: 154. 1829, Gen. Hist. 3: 530. 1834, Pug. Pl.
Laird and R.A.K. Oldfield, Narrative of an Expedition into
Ind. Or. 24. 1836, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.
the Interior of Africa by the river Niger. London 1837 and
Nat. Cur. 18(1): 342. 1837, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 66.
Benjamin Daydon Jackson (1846–1927), “A list of the con-
1880 and J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79(2): 453. 1982 (publ.
tributors to the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
1983), Atti della Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei:
Kew, brought down to 31st December 1899.” Bull. misc. Inf.
Rendiconto dell’ Adunanza Solenne del … 2393. 1993, Kew
Kew. 1901 and “A list of the collectors whose plants are in
Bull. 48(2): 393. 1993
the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to 31st
(Whole plant pounded to cure asthma; plant juice along December 1899.” Kew Bulletin 1–80. 1901, R.W.J. Keay,
with goat milk taken to cure tuberculosis. Leaves expecto- “Botanical Collectors in West Africa prior to 1860.” Comptes
rant, in asthma; dried plant powder mixed with water and Rendus A.E.T.F.A.T. Lisbon 1962, F.N. Hepper and F. Neate,
taken for asthma.) Plant Collectors in West Africa. 62. 1971, Ray Desmond,
Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists.
in India: chiriver, chirvemu, impural
526. London 1994, Akoègninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. &
Oldenlandia verticillata L. (Hedyotis crassifolia Blume, van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) Flore Analytique du Bénin.
nom. illeg.; Hedyotis hispida Retz.; Hedyotis hispida Roth, Backhuys Publishers. 2006, Sosef, M.S.M. et al. “Check-list
Olea L. Oleaceae 2681

des plantes vasculaires du Gabon.” Scripta Botanica Belgica indumentum, leaves dark green glossy, inflorescences all
35: 1–438. 2006. axillary, woody ovoid indehiscent orange fruits
Oldfieldia africana Benth. & Hook.f. See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
2: 184. 1850 and Flora Somala 2: 397, f. 227. 1932, Kew
W. and WC. Trop. Africa. Tree, straight, bitter slightly watery
Bulletin 3: 456. 1949
sap from bark-slash
(Poisonous to animals. Roots for colds, fever, infertility.)
See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
2: 185. 1850 in Tanzania: mbanga hwalu, mbangahwalu, mnyuluryulu
(Leaf bark insecticides, arachnicides. Magic, ritual, a power-
ful fetish tree. Bark for venereal diseases. Seeds and bark
pounded together used as a pesticide. Ointment from the bark Olea L. Oleaceae
to treat lice infestation; leaves used on the head and loins for Greek elaio, elaia, Latin olea ‘an olive, olive-berry, an olive-
lice and crabs. Bark seeds fish poisons.) tree’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 8. 1753 and
in English: African oak, African teak, oak Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 8. 1754, Flora Cochinchinensis 599,
611. 1790 and Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of
in Cameroon: alenile, bobindo Modern English. 2: 1007. New York 1967, Manlio Cortelazzo
in Congo: vesambata & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana.
4: 827–828. Bologna 1985, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini
in Ivory Coast: ahien’gré, angouran, anguaran, blahon, dan- della cultura europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di
toue, dantué, dentué, esson, esson angouaran, esui, etui, fou, voci moderne. 2(2): 493. 1994, G. Semerano, Le origini della
fu, habétu, hiérahiré, hirahiré, sséhiri, sué-ngoran, takuétu cultura europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi semitiche delle
in Liberia: pau-lau, saye lingue indeuropee. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 88.
Firenze 1994.
in Nigeria: fou
Olea capensis L. (Linociera welwitschii (Knobl.) Knobl.;
in Sierra Leone: kpacha, kpaola(-i), mbaimba, tanalia, tortorza
Mayepea welwitschii Knobl.; Olea capensis subsp. enervis
in Tropical W. Africa: paulati (Harv.) I. Verd.; Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa (C.H.
Wright) I. Verd.; Olea capensis subsp. welwitschii (Knobl.)
Oldfieldia dactylophylla (Welw. ex Oliv.) J. Léonard
Friis & P.S. Green; Olea enervis Harv. Olea guineensis
(Paivaeusa dactylophylla Welw. ex Oliv.)
Hutch. & C.A. Sm.; Olea hochstetteri Baker; Olea lan-
Tanzania to Angola. Tree, deciduous or semi-deciduous, cea Lam.; Olea macrocarpa C.H. Wright; Olea madagas-
irregular flattish or rounded crown, short bole, dark grey cariensis Boivin ex H. Perrier; Olea perrieri A. Chev. ex H.
stem bark rough, spreading branches, thick branchlets, com- Perrier; Olea schliebenii Knobl.; Olea welwitschii (Knobl.)
pound digitate leaves, very small flowers on male and female Gilg & Schellenb.; Olea woodiana Knobl.; Osmanthus wel-
trees, female flowers solitary, male flowers in dense clusters witschii (Knobl.) Knobl.; Steganthus lanceus (Lam.) Knobl.;
orange-brown, fruit light green with soft brown hairs, sweet Steganthus welwitschii (Knobl.) Knobl.)
edible pulp around the seeds, found in miombo woodland,
sandy loams South Africa. Tree, stout and straight, dense rounded crown,
white flowers
See Species Plantarum 1: 119. 1753, Hooker’s Journal of
Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 184. 1850, Gen. Pl. 1: See Species Plantarum 1: 8. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
993. 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 328. 1868, Trans. Linn. Botanique 1: 26 and 4: 544. 1791, Prodr. Stirp. Chap.
Soc. London 27: 20–21, t. 7. 1869 and Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Allerton 13. 1796 Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
Rhod.-Kongo-Exped. 1, 1: 118. 1914, Check-list For. Trees Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 17: 530, 532.
Shrubs Tang. Terr.: 221. 1949, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique 1893, Botanisches Centralblatt 61: 129. 1895 and Flora of
de l’État 26: 340. 1956, F.T.E.A., Euphorb. 1: 115. 1987 Tropical Africa 4: 17. 1902, Flora Capensis 4: 488. 1907,
Flora Capensis 4: 1129. 1909, Botanische Jahrbücher für
(Roots decoction for treatment of venereal diseases and her- Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 51:
nia, also an aphrodisiac.)
76. 1915, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
in Tanzania: mkalanga, mliwanfwengi, msamina, zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 1031. 1934, Notizblatt des Botanischen
muliwanfwengi Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 12: 116–117, 199.
1934, Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar,
Oldfieldia somalensis (Chiov.) Milne-Redh. (Cecchia
Série B, Biologie Végétale 2: 276. 1949, Bothalia 6: 588, 590.
somalensis Chiov.; Paivaeusa orientalis Mildbr.)
1956, Fl. Zambesiaca 7(1): 300–327. 1983, Garcia de Orta,
Somalia to Mozambique. Tree, crown rounded, flaky Sér. Bot. 6: 187–202. 1983–1984, Kew Bulletin 41: 36. 1986,
grey rough bark, young branches and buds with rufous Novon 9: 66–72. 1999
2682 Olea L. Oleaceae

(Leaves and fruits for skin diseases, measles, urinary tract in Arabic: zitoun, zaytun, zebbour
infections.)
in Hawaii: ‘oliwa, ‘oliwa haole
in English: black ironwood, bushveld ironwood, forest iron-
in Mexico: biache riche zaa castilla, piache castilla nititi zaa
wood, ironwood
niza, yaga biache
in Comoros: dramena
Olea europaea L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green
in Nigeria: zitum (Hausa) (Linociera lebrunii Staner; Olea africana Mill.; Olea
chrysophylla Lam.; Olea chrysophylla var. euchrysophylla
in Southern Africa: baster swartysterhout, basteryster-
A. Chev.; Olea chrysophylla var. nubica (Schweinf. ex
hout, bosveldysterhout, isiTimane, regte swartysterhout,
Baker) A. Chev.; Olea chrysophylla var. somaliensis (Baker)
ysterhout; umSishane, unSinjane, isiNhletshe, iGwanxi,
A. Chev.; Olea cuspidata Wall. ex G. Don; Olea cuspidata
umZimane (Zulu); motshere (North Sotho); uGqwangxe,
umHlebe (Xhosa) Wall.; Olea europaea subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green;
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.; Olea
in Zaire: ndobo europaea var. nubica Schweinf.; Olea europaea var. ver-
Olea dioica Roxb. (Tetrapilus dioicus (Roxb.) L.A.S. rucosa Willd.; Olea kilimandscharica Knobl.; Olea mon-
Johnson) ticola Gand.; Olea sativa Hoffmanns. & Link; Olea sativa
Hoffm.; Olea sativa Gaterau; Olea sativa var. verrucosa R.
India, Nepal. Shrub or tree, coriacous leaves, white flowers in & S.; Olea schimperi Gand.; Olea somaliensis Baker; Olea
compound panicles, leaves eaten subtrinervata Chiov.; Olea verrucosa Raf.; Olea verrucosa
See Species Plantarum 1: 8. 1753, Flora Indica; or descrip- (Willd.) Link; Olea verrucosa Link)
tions of Indian Plants 1: 105–106. 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, East Africa. Tree or shrub, many-branched, crooked and
i. 106. 1832 and Contributions from the New South Wales gnarled trunk, wood very hard, rounded crown, grey-green
National Herbarium 2: 408. 1957, Indian Journal of Botany foliage, stiff leaves opposite, small white flowers, fleshy oval
5: 7–12. 1982, Journal of Tree Sciences 6: 89–93. 1987, fruits bitter-sweet when ripe, in dry forest, forest margins
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 71–77. 1989
See Species Plantarum 1: 8. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary:
(Used in Sidha. Bark used as febrifuge.) … eighth edition n. 4, Olea. 16 Apr 1768, Pl. Descr.
in English: rose sandalwood Montaub. 26. 1789, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique
… Botanique 1: 29. 1791, Fl. Portug. [Hoffmannsegg] 1: 388.
in India: adale, aedaala, ajeyton, akkasalle, akkasalli, akki- [1813–1820], Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 33. 1821, Numer. List
varakalu, akkivaralu, baara nuke, baarankooka, baranuke, [Wallich] n. 2817. 1831, Gen. Hist. 4: 49. 1837, Sylva Tellur.
batteharakalu, bili saralu, bilisarali, bonbholuka, burranuge, 8. 1838 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1.1): 18. 1902, Bull.
chapu, edala, edalai, edale, edana, edanna, etala, hakkaas- Soc. Bot. France 65: 58. 1918, Rev. Zool. & Bot. Afr. xxii.
arali, hakkakalu, hakkiasarali, hejjevarakalu, hekkerakalu, 244. 1932, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 200. 1934,
idalai, idalai koli, irippa, itala, karambu, karavetti, kari- Taxon xvii. 516. 1968, Kew Bulletin 34: 69–70. 1979, Flora
vetti, karivetti, kattolivam, koli, koli payar, kolipayar, kunde, Zambesiaca 7(1): 300–327. 1983, Flowering Plants of Africa
madle, mahodale, manidalai, manidalei, muddale mara, 55: 92–95. 1997
mudla, paarajaamba, paarajambu, pad-dhaliki, paralana,
paravaidalei, paravanidalai, parrjamb, parujambu, payar, (An infusion of the bark taken as a remedy for tapeworm;
poreng, sadli, valiyaedala, valiyavetila, vetila, vidana, a bark decoction added to the bath to alleviate itchy rashes.
yedala, yedalei Leaves infusion febrifuge, for kidney and bladder complaints.
The fruits to treat diarrhea. Oil from fruit, leaves and bitter
Olea europaea L. bark used as astringent, antiperiodic, febrifuge. Ceremonial,
Europe. ritual, blessed leaves put inside the houses for purification.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 8. 1753 in English: brown olive, South African olive, wild olive
(Used in Unani and Sidha. Leaves infusion antihypertensive; in East Africa: mlamuru, mutamaiyu, muthata
leaves and unripe fruits emollient, laxative, antiinflammatory.)
in Lesotho: mohloare
in English: common olive, edible olive, European olive tree,
in Southern Africa: olienhout, olyfboom, swartolienhout;
Indian olive, olive tree, wild olive tree
umNquma (Swazi); muGuma, muToba (Shona); mohl-
in China: mu xi lan ware (South Sotho); motlhware (North Sotho); mokg-
ware (Ngwaketse dialect, Botswana); motlhware (Western
in India: alivceti, caitun, cimaikkalikacceti, cimaikkalikam,
Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); umNqumo, umHl-
jaitun, julipe, julpai, olivai, olivu, zaitun
wathi, isAdlulambazo (Zulu); umNquma (Xhosa); khérob,
in Japan: oribu-no-ki khéra-heis (Nama: Southern Southwest Africa)
Oleandra Cav. Oleandraceae (Davalliaceae) 2683

Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif. in Australia: Australian olive, clove berry, native olive, pige-
(Olea aucheri A. Chev. ex Ehrend.; Olea aucheri Ehrend.; onberry ash
Olea chrysophylla Lam. var. aucheri A. Chev.; Olea chryso-
in China: xian ye mu xi lan
phylla Lam. var. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) A. Chev.; Olea
chrysophylla Lam. var. ferruginea (Royle) A. Chev.; Olea in India: gaild, gair, galdu, jharinu, kunde, kunthay, kunthe,
chrysophylla Lam. var. subnuda R.E. Fr.; Olea chryso- lodajang, loddajang
phylla Lam. var. verrucosa (Willd.) A. Chev.; Olea cuspi-
in Pakistan: barkao
data Wall.; Olea cuspidata Wall. ex G. Don; Olea europaea
L. subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green; Olea europaea L. Olea tsoongii (Merrill) P.S. Green (Ligustrum tsoon-
subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.; Olea europaea L. gii Merrill; Olea brevipes L.C. Chia; Olea yuennanensis
subsp. ferruginea (Royle) Cif.; Olea ferruginea Royle; Olea Handel-Mazzetti; Olea yuennanensis var. xeromorpha
ferruginea Hort. ex Steud.; Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch.; Handel-Mazzetti)
Olea verrucosa Raf.; Olea verrucosa Link; Olea verrucosa
China.
(Willd.) Link)
See Species Plantarum 1: 7–8. 1753 and Philipp. J. Sci. 21(5):
Pakistan. Wood very hard and heavy, used for turning,
506. 1922, Symbolae Sinicae 7(4): 1008–1009. 1936, Acta
ploughs and as firewood
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3(3): 313–314. 1955, Kew Bulletin
See Species Plantarum 1: 8. 1753, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 50(2): 338. 1995
33. 1821, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2817. 1831, Illustrations of
(Bark used as febrifuge.)
the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 267,
t. 65, f. 1. 1835, A General History of the Dichlamydeous in China: yun nan mu xi lan
Plants 4: 49. 1837, Sylva Tellur. 8. 1838, Nomencl. Bot.
[Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 209. 1841, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 8: 67. 1864
[1865 publ. 1864] and L’Olivicoltore 19(5): 96. 1942, Anz. Oleandra Cav. Oleandraceae (Davalliaceae)
Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. xcvii. 156. 1960,
Referring to the simple and oleander-like fronds, lami-
Kew Bull. 34(1): 69. 1979, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 219–228. 1988
nae simple, entire; see Antonio José Cavanilles, in Anales
(Bark astringent, to relieve diarrhea. Leaves emetic, astrin- de Historia Natural Madrid. 1(2): 115. 1799 and Rhodora
gent, to treat gonorrhea, fevers, stomachache, debility and 99(900): 335–343. 1997.
gum for eye diseases. Oil from the fruit of Olea cuspidata is
Oleandra pilosa Hook. (Aspidium pendulum Raddi;
rubefacient, useful in rheumatism, bodyache, backache and
Aspidium pendulum Splitg., nom. illeg.; Nephrodium pen-
lumbago; fruit used in liver complaints and toothache.)
dulum (Raddi) Desv.; Nephrolepis cordifolia var. pen-
in China: xiu lin mu xi lan dula (Raddi) Sodiro; Nephrolepis pendula (Raddi) J. Sm.;
Nephrolepis tuberosa var. pendula (Raddi) Hook.; Oleandra
in India: bairbanj, kan, kau
decurrens Maxon; Oleandra dura Maxon; Oleandra micans
in Pakistan: aath ka patta, kahu ja pann, kao, khat, khot Kunze; Oleandra neriiformis Cav.; Oleandra neriiformis
Hook.; Oleandra neriiformis var. pilosa (Hook.) Baker;
Olea paniculata R. Br. (Linociera yunnanensis H.T. Chang;
Oleandra nerriformis Cav.; Oleandra nerriformis (Cav.)
Olea glandulifera Desf.; Olea glandulifera Wall.; Olea
Bedd.; Oleandra panamensis Maxon; Oleandra trinitensis
glandulifera Wall. ex G. Don, nom. illeg., non Olea glan-
Maxon; Oleandra trujillensis H. Karst.)
dulifera Desf.)
Nepal, India, South America.
China, Himalaya.
See Anales de Historia Natural 1: 115. 1799, Opuscoli scien-
See Species Plantarum 1: 8. 1753, Genera Plantarum 2:
tifici d’una Società di professori della Pontif. Università di
784. 1791, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 523. 1810,
Bologna 3: 289. 1819, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de
Desfontaines, Rene Louiche (1750–1833), Catalogus plan-
Paris 6: 252. 1827, Genera Filicum t. 45B. 1840, Journal of
tarum horti regii parisiensis: cum annotationibus de plantis
Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4:
novis aut minus cognitis. Parisiis, 1829 [Tableau de l’École
197. 1841–1842[1841], Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic. 196. 1850–
de Botanique du Muséum d’histoire naturelle, 1804 - Tableau
52. 1850, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 9: 346. 1851, Florae
de l’École de Botanique du Jardin du Roi, 1815], A General
Columbiae terraumque adjacentium specimina selecta in
History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 49. 1837 and Acta
peregrinatione duodecim annorum observata delineavit et
Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1982(2):
descripsit 1: 147, t. 73. 1859, Species Filicum 4: 151. 1862,
1. 1982, New Botanist 12: 135–141. 1985, Journal of Tree
Flora Brasiliensis 1(2): 494. 1870, Cryptogamae vascula-
Sciences 6: 89–93. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics
res Quitenses 276. 1893 and Contributions from the United
23: 219–228. 1988
States National Herbarium 17(4): 396–397. 1914, American
(Astringent, to treat gonorrhea, skin diseases.) Fern Journal 35: 21. 1945, Rhodora 99: 340. 1997
2684 Oligochaeta (DC.) K. Koch Asteraceae

(Stipes decoction emmenagogue.) Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl) J.F. Macbr. (Dipetalia linifo-
lia (Vahl) Tidestr.; Dipetalia ruderalis (Nutt.) A. Heller;
in English: stilt fern
Ellimia ruderalis Nutt.; Oligomeris dregeana Müll.Arg.
Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C. Chr. (Aspidium pistillare Sw.; var. sphaerocarpa Abdallah; Oligomeris glaucescens
Oleandra neriiformis Cav.; Oleandra neriiformis Bedd.; Cambess.; Oligomeris ruderalis (Nutt.) A. Nelson & P.B.
Oleandra neriiformis auctt.) Kenn.; Oligomeris subulata Boiss. ex C.A. Mull.; Reseda
linifolia Vahl)
China.
North America.
See Anales Hist. Nat. 1. 115. 1799, Tent. Pterid. 78. 1836 and
Index Filicum, Supplementum Tertium pro Annis 1917–1933 See Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis 2: 501. 1815, Voyage
132. 1934 dans l’Inde 4(Bot.): 23. 1844[1839] and Contributions from
the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 53: 13. 1918,
(Plant emmenagogue, vermifuge, anthelmintic, for snakebite.)
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
in the Philippines: kaliskis-ahas 25: 251. 1925
Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C. Presl (Aspidium wallichi- (Roots infusion a remedy for measles.)
anum Spreng.; Aspidium wallichianum Wall.; Aspidium
wallichianum Bory; Aspidium wallichii Hook.; Neuronia
asplenioides D. Don, nom. superfl.; Oleandra wallichii C. Olinia Thunberg Oliniaceae (Penaeaceae)
Presl; Oleandra wallichii var. lepidota H. Christ)
After the Swedish botanist Johan Henrik (Henric) Olin,
India. 1769–1824, medical man and student of Thunberg, Dr.
med. Uppsala 1797, author of Plantae svecanae. Upsaliae
See Exotic flora 1: 5, t. 5. 1823, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis
[Uppsala] 1797 and Dissertatio de arnica. Upsaliae 1799;
7. 1825, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 4(1): 104. 1827, Numer.
see Archiv für die Botanik (Leipzig) 2(1): 4. 1800 and John
List [Wallich] n. 373. 1828, Tentamen Pteridographiae
Hendley Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3:
78. 1836 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de
27. 1965.
Géographie, Botanique 16(199–200-201): 140. 1906
Olinia emarginata Burtt Davy
(Rhizome tonic, rejuvenating; rhizome paste applied on fore-
head to treat headache.) South Africa. Evergreen tree, rounded crown, glossy green
foliage, very small slightly fragrant pale to dark pink flowers
in Nepal: jibre unyu
in loose axillary heads, small round red fruit
See Man. Pl. Transvaal [Burtt Davy] 1: 47, 199, 200. 1926
Oligochaeta (DC.) K. Koch Asteraceae
(Release of cyanide. Leaves used for headache and diarrhea.)
From the Greek oligos ‘few, small, little’ and chaite ‘bristle,
in English: mountain hard pear, Transvaal hard pear
long hair’, small bristles, see Linnaea 17: 42. 1843.
in Southern Africa: berghardepeer, rooibessie; umNgana-
Oligochaeta ramosa (Roxb.) Wagenitz
lahla, iQudu (Xhosa); uQudu (Zulu); mmasephaletsi (North
India. Sotho)
See Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Olinia rochetiana Juss. (Olinia usambarensis Gilg; Olinia
der Eidg. Techn. Hochschule. Zürich: Das Institut, 1961– usambarensis Gilg ex Engl.)
2002 [Continues: Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen
Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, dark pink fruits, kipunji mon-
Institutes Rubel in Zurich, 1924–1959. Continued by:
keys eat the fruits
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
(held at 1.42/43).], Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977, Taxon 30: 514. See Comptes Rendues Acad. Sci., Paris 22: 812. 1846, Bot.
1981, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 800–808. 1994 Jahrb. xix. (1894) 277. 1894, Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.
Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse (1894) 63.
(Stem and leaves consumed for cold and cough.)
1894 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100(1–2): 168–175.
in India: badavard, oonth-kantela, poilaichedipatchilai, 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112: 55–70. 2007,
sakayi, unt kantalo Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114(2): 146–152. 2007
(Roots, young shoots and leaves, used to treat cough, bronchi-
tis, fever, indigestion, intestinal parasites; leaves expectorant,
Oligomeris Cambess. Resedaceae
analgesic, antalgic, for cough, colic; roots for treating micro-
From the Greek oligos ‘few’ and meris ‘part’, referring to the bial infections of the skin. Bark traditional dietary additives
petals or to the small flowers with lobed calyx and capsule. antiviral against the measles virus; bark for malaria.)
Oliverella Tieghem Loranthaceae 2685

in English: sando tree Oxford. 219. Oxford 1964, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected
Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mexico.
in Kenya: nkirenyi, olkirenyi
557. Philadelphia 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical
in Southern Africa: sando (Venda) Notes upon Botanists. 3: 27. 1965, Mea Allan, The Hookers
of Kew. London 1967, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary
in Tanzania: mbanga, mpanga, muambe, okyeni
of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait
Olinia ventosa (L.) Cufod. (Canthium ventosum (L.) S. Collection. 293. 1972, M. Hadfield et al., British Gardeners: a
Moore; Canthium ventosum S. Moore; Olinia acumi- Biographical Dictionary. London 1980, Emil Bretschneider
nata Klotzsch; Olinia capensis Klotzsch; Olinia cymosa (1833–1901), History of European Botanical Discoveries in
Thunb.; Olinia cymosa (L.f.) Thunb.; Plectronia ventosa L.; China. [Reprint of the original edition, St. Petersburg 1898.]
Sideroxylon cymosum L.f.) Leipzig 1981, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3:
819–828. 1981, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S.
South Africa. Evergreen tree or shrub, spreading crown,
Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl.
glossy dark green leaves, tiny white to pale pink flowers
Stuttgart 1993.
borne in dense axillary clusters, coral-pink to bright red
berry-like fruits, fruits eaten by fruit-eating birds, crushed Oliverella hildebrandtii (Engl.) Tiegh. (Loranthus campes-
leaves, twigs, bark and freshly cut wood all smell strongly tris Engl.; Loranthus hildebrandtii Engl.; Loranthus orien-
of almonds talis Engl.; Oliverella campestris (Engl.) Tiegh.; Oliverella
campestris Tiegh.; Oliverella sacleuxii Tiegh.; Tapinanthus
See Mant. Pl. 52. 1767, Suppl. Pl. 152. 1782 [1781 publ.
campestris (Engl.) Danser; Tapinanthus hildebrandtii (Engl.)
Apr 1782], Archiv für die Botanik 2(1): 4. 1800, Allg.
Danser; Tapinanthus sacleuxii (Tiegh.) Danser)
Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 4: 27. 1836 and Journal of
the Linnean Society, Botany 40: 91. 1911, Phytochemistry Tanzania. Parasite
70(3): 388–393. 2009
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
(Expectorant, for cough. In dried leaves the cyanogenic glu- schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 96. 1894, Bulletin de
coside-related compound prunasinamide.) la Société Botanique de France 42: 259. 1895 and Verh.
Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2. 29(6): 109,
in English: hard pear
113, 119. 1933
in Southern Africa: hardepeer, rooibessieboom; iNgobamak-
(Ashes applied to itch, rashes.)
hosi, umNgenelahla, umNonono, ongenalahle (= tree that has
no embers or charcoal), iNqudu (Xhosa)

Olneya A. Gray Fabaceae (Robinieae)

Oliverella Tieghem Loranthaceae For the American botanist Stephen Thayer Olney, 1812–
1878, author of Catalogue of plants. Providence 1845.
After the British botanist Daniel Oliver, 1830–1916 (Kew,
See E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold
Surrey), at the Kew Herbarium, professor of botany at
Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933, John H.
London (University College), 1853 Fellow of the Linnean
Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 28. 1965,
Society, 1863 Fellow of the Royal Society, editor and joint
J. Ewan, ed., A Short History of Botany in the United States.
author of Flora of tropical Africa (vols. 1–3), among his very
92. New York and London 1969, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
numerous publications are “Notes on the Loranthaceae, with
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
a synopsis of the genera.” J. Proc. Linn. Soc, Bot. 7: 90–106.
Portrait Collection. 294. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of
1864, Official Guide to the Kew Museum. A Handbook to the
the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the
Museums of Economic Botany of the Royal Gardens, Kew.
Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York
[London] 1861 and First book of Indian botany. London
Botanical Garden. 465. 1973, Quarterly Review of Biology
1869. See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42:
52: 155–178. 1977, Aridus 4(4): 1–4, 7. 1992.
258–259. 1895 and J.D. Milner, Catalogue of Portraits of
Botanists Exhibited in the Museums of the Royal Botanic Olneya tesota A. Gray
Gardens. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London 1906, E.M.
Mexico, USA, Arizona. Perennial non-climbing tree, very
Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum
slow growing, small tree, many-branched, wide spreading
of Harvard University. 1917–1933, Leonard Huxley, Life
crowns, pink to lavender flowers in short dense racemes or
and Letters of Sir J.D. Hooker. London 1918, Ernest Nelmes
panicles, mature pods rapidly dehiscent, a nurse plant, seeds
and William Cuthbertson, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine
for food, livestock browse the foliage
Dedications, 1827–1927. 159–160. [1931], E.D. Merrill,
Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 144: 145. 1937 and Contr. U.S. See Plantae Novae Thurberianae 328. 1854 and
Natl. Herb. 30(1): 231. 1947, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Pharmaceutical Biology 46(10–11): 732–737. 2008, J. Agric.
Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University of Food Chem. 57(2): 689–694. 2009
2686 Omphalocarpum P. Beauv. Sapotaceae

(Insecticidal, seeds contain a mild toxin. Sapwood drunk See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Stirpium in Guinea
as an emetic. Antibacterial, against enteropathogenic bac- medicinalium species novae … 1: 2. 1818, Bull. Mens. Soc.
teria, for gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea and dysentery. Linn. Paris 2: 812. 1889, Histoire des Plantes 10: 300. 1890
Painfully sharp paired spines.) and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1912: 279.
1912, Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire 15:
in English: Arizona ironwood, desert ironweed, desert iron-
1429. 1953, Kew Bulletin 15: 205. 1961
wood, ironwood, ironwood tree, tesota
(Latex abortifacient, diuretic, vermifuge, used against dys-
menorrhea, rheumatism, arthritis. Roots decoction aphro-
Omphalocarpum P. Beauv. Sapotaceae disiac, antidote, reptile repellent, for convulsions, spasms,
epilepsy. Leaves urticant and stomachic; leaf sap laxative, for
From the Greek omphalos ‘umbilicus, navel’ and karpos eyes troubles, venereal diseases. Arrow poison, fish poison.)
‘fruit’, see Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 146. 1801, Palisot de
Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph (1752–1820), in Benin: agbodwadou, amandohonou, assobo, mampon,
Flore d’Oware et de Benin en Afrique. Paris, [1805–1821], toboké, tona
Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 5: 263. in Central African Republic: mombango, moumgango
1804 and Pl. Bequaert. 4: 100, 102. 1926.
in Congo: (k)oro(k)u(k)o, korokuko, lolenga, mutali, mutali-
Omphalocarpum elatum Miers (Omphalocarpum anocen- kuko, mutare, orouo
trum Pierre ex Engl.; Omphalocarpum radlkoferi Pierre;
Omphalocarpum radlkoferi Pierre var. pluriloculare Engl.; in Senegal: baga bué, bu takadi, kãtalã
Omphalocarpum trillesianum Pierre ex Engl.) in Sierra Leone: bobokaiya, bumbot, koke, kpokoyangolo,
Tropical Africa. Small tree, cauliflorous, white latex, flowers ndowe, tambale-bisindo, wunte
creamy-yellow lemon, hard fruit in Tanzania: sikombe, ubombo
See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 5: 263. Omphalogonus nigritanus N.E. Br.
1804, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Botany
ser. 2 1(1): 16, t. 4. 1875 [1880 publ. Jul 1875], Bull. Mens. Nigeria, Tropical Africa.
Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 580. 1886 and Monogr. Afrik. Pflanzen- See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Stirpium in Guinea
Fam. 8: 13, 15–16. 1904 medicinalium species novae … 1: 2. 1818, Bull. Mens. Soc.
(Bark and seed oil for constipation, wound dressing, syphi- Linn. Paris 2: 812. 1889, Histoire des Plantes 10: 300. 1890
litic sores.) and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1912: 279.
1912, Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire 15:
in Cameroon: abo, aboc, bele, mbate, mebemengono, pinbi 1429. 1953, Kew Bulletin 15: 205. 1961
in Central African Republic: mbate, mbati (Fish poison.)
in Ivory Coast: aguia
in Gabon: olong Oncoba Forssk. Flacourtiaceae (Salicaceae)
in Nigeria: usha (Igbo) From the Arabic name onkob, see Pehr (Peter) Forsskål (1732–
1763), Flora aegyptiaco-arabica. 103. Copenhagen 1775.

Omphalogonus Baillon Asclepiadaceae Oncoba spinosa Forssk.

From the Greek omphalos ‘umbilicus, navel’ and gonia ‘an Tropical Africa. Spiny shrub or small tree, many-branched,
rounded bushy crown, branches with straight slender and
angle’, see Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 812. 1889, Histoire
sharp axillary spines, leathery leaves, solitary flowers showy
des Plantes 10: 300. 1890 and Annals of the Missouri
and fragrant, white overlapping petals, golden stamens, round
Botanical Garden 88(4): 550–568. 2001, see also genera
shiny red-brown fruit, old calyx persistent, shiny brown
Parquetina and Periploca.
seeds, sweet ripe orange-yellow pulp eaten fresh, along river
Omphalogonus calophyllus Baill. (Omphalogonus nigri- banks, in woodland, scrub forest
tanus N.E. Br.; Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock;
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 1: cxiii, 103–104. 1775 and
Periploca calophylla (Baill.) Roberty, nom. illeg., non
Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 429. 1906, For. Fl. Port. E. Afr.:
Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc.)
12, t. 2 fig. B. 1909, Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 23. 1911,
Tropical Africa. Liana, herbaceous, climbing, white sticky Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhod.–Kongo-Exped. 1: 155. 1914,
milky latex, reddish stem, leaves coriaceous succulent, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5: 422. 1916, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot.
corolla pale green tinged purple outside and pale yellow on Belg. 86: 11. 1953, Rhod. Agr. Journ. 53: 62, cum tab. 1956,
inside, hard paired fruits Taxon 29: 355–357. 1980
Oncocalyx Tieghem Loranthaceae 2687

(Fruits and leaves for colds, fever, female infertility; seed oil acacietorum (Bullock) Danser; Tapinanthus fischeri (Engl.)
febrifuge. Roots pounded, soaked in hot water and the liquid Danser; Tapinanthus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Danser)
drunk to treat headache, diarrhea and dysentery. Magic cer-
emonies, superstitions.) Tropical Africa. Shrub, parasite, hemiparasite, flowers
orange-yellow, bright pink verrucose succulent fruits, grazed
in English: African dog-rose, bush lime, fried egg tree, snuff- by animals, flowers eaten by goats
box tree, wild white rose
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in Arabic: korkor, onkob schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 85 t. 1 f. A. 1894 and
in Cameroon: takwa Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931, 271. 1931, Fl. Somala 2: 386.
1932, Verh. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2.
in Ghana: asragui, asrato, asratoa, asratoa-dua, kpuri, kpuri- 29(6): 107, 112, 120. 1933, Nordic Journal of Botany 5:
tia, monomorka 222. 1985
in Guinea: anyekedio, ko bara ni (Leaves and stem bark antiinflammatory, analgesic, for
in Ivory Coast: toanegosoro, toro sogo nani toothache. Decoction of branches used to bathe children with
fever. Branches for people who have mental disturbance.
in Mali: ko bara ni ko, sara bara, sira bara
Magic, to protect against loss of cattle caused by wild ani-
in Nigeria: ajisabere, amurikpa, bilau, epúnung, gbomishere, mals and thieves.)
gbonsere, gamugamusu, icákiricá, kakandika, kánkán dìká,
in Tanzania: armandaite
kokochiko, kokociko, kóókóócikoo, kóókóócìkóó, màk-
pàtalíkp, naki, ngumi, njora, njore, njori, okongul, okonkoul,
okpoko, parisa, ponce ponceré, ponse, ponsere, tin púnúng,
wofongo, wosao, wufongo Oncocarpus A. Gray Anacardiaceae
in Senegal: a-ñékedo, a-ñékõdo, a-nékodo, a-ngubanan, be From the Greek onkos ‘bulk, tumour’ and karpos ‘fruit’, see
mével, dègdèg, gi-tioven, gi-tyofèn ganak, ka tãnda, ka tiãda, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. 15: 364, t. 43. 1854.
ko bara ni, lumbuj, lumbuti, mburkul, mud, mur, ndumbuj,
nduyuf, ogèl, ogun, palkiu, sara bara, sarnana, si lind, sira Oncocarpus vitiensis A. Gray (Oncocarpus atra Seem.;
bara, sirabara, unguti Semecarpus atra Vieill.; Semecarpus vitiensis Engl.;
Semecarpus vitiensis (A. Gray) Engl.; Semecarpus vitiensis
in Sierra Leone: gbuwe, ndogbo-dumbele (A. Gray) T. Durand ex Drake)
in Southern Africa: iShungu elikhulu, isiNgongongo, kaf- Pacific.
ferklapper, mutuzwu, snuifkalbassie, umShungu, umThong-
wana, umThongwane See U.S. Explor. Exped. Bot. 15: 365. 1854, Monogr. Phan.
[A. DC. & C. DC.] 4: 483. 1883, Ill. Fl. Ins. Pacif. 146. 1890
in Tanzania: kaposo, katwa, mdara, mduvi, msaibi,
msangu, msebeye, msuguswa, mtonga, ng’ewe, olboldoli, (The irritant milky juice may cause dermatitis.)
olsanangururi
Common names: kau karo, itchwood tree
in Togo: butjesu, fendira, kongofira, kongowura, kpoe, kruta,
krutu
in Upper Volta: toro sogo nani Oncosperma Blume Arecaceae (Palmae)
in W. Africa: babara, kongobarani From the Greek onkos ‘bulk, mass’ and sperma ‘seed’, fruit
spherical, see Rumphia 2: 96. 1843.
Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff. (Areca horrida
Oncocalyx Tieghem Loranthaceae
Griff.)
From the Greek onkos ‘bulk, mass, tumour’ and kalyx ‘calyx’,
see Jacquin, Nicolaus (Nicolaas) Joseph von (1727–1817), Thailand, Malaysia. Tall prickly palms growing in clusters,
Enumeratio Stirpium Plerarumque, quae sponte crescunt in spiny stem, leaf stalk strongly spiny, pinnate leaves finely
agro Vindobonensi 55, 230, pl. 3. 1762, Flora Javae 15. 1830, leathery, spiny spathes on spiny hanging spikes, flowers spi-
Der Deutsche Botaniker Herbarienbuch [1]: 73. 1841, Bull. rally arranged in threes, waxy black fruits
Soc. Bot. France 42: 260. 1895. See Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 465. 1845, Natuurk. Tijdschr.
Oncocalyx fischeri (Engl.) M.G. Gilbert (Loranthus acacieto- Ned.-Indië 32: 191. 1871
rum Bullock; Loranthus dichrostachydis Chiov.; Loranthus (Root decoction taken against fever.)
fischeri Engl.; Loranthus stuhlmannii Engl.; Loranthus
stuhlmannii var. somalensis Engl. ex Sprague; Tapinanthus Malay names: bayas, nibong
2688 Onoclea L. Dryopteridaceae (Onocleaceae, Aspleniaceae, Woodsiaceae)

Onoclea L. Dryopteridaceae (Onocleaceae, in English: cotton thistle, Scotch thistle

Aspleniaceae, Woodsiaceae) in Nepal: mangh
From the Greek onos ‘a vessel’ and kleio ‘to close, shut’, Maori name: kotimana
referring to the sori or the rolled fertile fronds; onokleia was
an ancient name for another plant (Dioscorides, Galenus); see
Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1062. 1753 and Genera Onosma L. Boraginaceae
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 484. 1754.
Greek onosma for stone bugloss, Onosma echioides, Latin
Onoclea sensibilis L. (Calypterium sensibile (L.) Bernh.; onosma, atis for a kind of anchusa (Plinius), see Species
Onoclea augescens Link; Onoclea obtusilobata Schkuhr; Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 196. 1762 and J. Arnold Arbor.
Onoclea sensibilis forma hemiphyllodes (Kiss & Kümmerle) 35: 73. 1954.
Gilbert; Onoclea sensibilis forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr)
Gilbert; Onoclea sensibilis var. obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Onosma bracteata Wall.
Torrey; Pterinodes sensibile (L.) Kuntze; Ragiopteris obtusi- India, Kashmir, Himalaya, Nepal. Herb, purple petals
lobata (Schkuhr) C. Presl; Ragiopteris onocleoides C. Presl;
Riedlea sensibilis (L.) Mirb.) See Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. ii. 13. 1824

Europe. (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 1062. 1753, Journal für die in India: arq gaozaban, arq-i- gaozaban, arq-i-gapzaban, barg
Botanik (Schrader) 1801: 22. 1802, Histoire Naturelle des gaozaban, burg gaozaban, canakippuntu, canakki, canakkikki-
Végétaux, Classés par Familles 5: 71. 1803, Deutschland’s rai, darvipatra, erumainakki, gaajbaan saaf ki hui, gaavjabaana,
gajubaan-saaf, gaozaban, gauzaban, gauzban, gauzuban, gavja-
kryptogamische Gewächse 1: 95–96, pl. 103. 1809, Tentamen
ban patti, gazbaan, gazoban, goji, gojihva, gul-i-goozaban, gul-
Pteridographiae 95–96, pl. 3, f. 9–10. 1836, Filicum Species
e-gaozaban, gul-i-gaozaban, gul gaozaban, gule-gajuban, gule
37. 1841, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 819–820. 1891 and
gajvan, gule gauzban, gule-gazbaan, gulegaajban, gulegaajbaan
Waller, E.F. et al. “Sensitive-fern poisoning of horses.” Univ.
asli, gulegaunzuban, gauzaban, ilavatitam, ilavtitacceti, itapa-
N. H. Agric. Stn. Tech. Bull., 83. 1944, Huntia 7: 223. 1987
vakanan, kanamuli, kharapatra, khomig, kolli, kollikai, kol-
(The plant, often abundant in low, wet areas, has been impli- likaicceti, nayaral, sankhaholi, valaipalatti
cated in the poisoning and death of horses in field cases.
Onosma echioides (L.) L. (Cerinthe echioides L.)
Ingesting hay containing sensitive fern produces the follow-
ing symptoms: difficulty in eating, falling down, walking as India.
if blind, rubbing against objects, and death. Onoclea sensi-
See Species Plantarum 1: 136–137. 1753, Species Plantarum,
bilis resembles Woodwardia areolata (Linnaeus) T. Moore,
Editio Secunda 196. 1762 and Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s. 31:
with which it often grows.) 24. 1924, Prop. Brit. Bot. 128. 1929, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges.
in English: sensitive fern 85: 210–252. 1975, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978
(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Leaves antipyretic, purgative.
Flowers cordial, tonic, stimulant, used in rheumatism and
Onopordum L. Asteraceae heart troubles. Roots powder mixed with butter and eaten for
Greek onos ‘an ass’ and porde ‘fart, crepitus ventris’, por- skin diseases; bruised roots applied to eruptions.)
don, pordos ‘stinkard’, Latin onopordon, i (al. onopradon) ‘a in India: adhanani, anjanakeshi, dhamani, kapotabana, kapo-
plant, St. Mary’s thistle’, Greek onopordon for the pellitory, tacharana, kapotanghri, laljadi, nali, nalika, nalini, narttaki,
Parietaria cretica; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: nati, nirmadhya, raktadala, ratanajota, ratanjot, ratanjoat,
827. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 359. 1754 and Bot. J. rattanjot, shushira, stutya, vidrumalata
Linn. Soc. 71(1): 46. 1975.
Onosma hookeri C.B. Clarke (Onosma hookeri subsp. war-
Onopordum acanthium L. (Acanos spina Scop.) dii Stapf; Onosma hookeri var. intermedium I.M. Johnst.;
India, Nepal. Onosma hookeri var. wardii W.W. Sm.)

See Species Plantarum 2: 827. 1753, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) India.

2: 116. 1763, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 2: 132–133. See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 4(10): 178. 1883
1772 and Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Taxon 28: 408. 1979, and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 9(42):
Taxon 29: 538–542. 1980, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82: 357–368. 113. 1916, Botanical Magazine 155: pl. 9254. 1931, Journal
1981, Trans. Nebraska Acad. Sci. 15: 49–52. 1987, Watsonia of the Arnold Arboretum 32(4): 350. 1951
20: 63–66. 1994, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999
(Roots used for asthma, pneumonia, hypertension, and as a
(Roots antibacterial, used for urinary infections.) tonic for hair.)
Onosmodium Michx. Boraginaceae 2689

in Bhutan: bri-mog in English: marble-seed, smooth Onosmodium, western false

grormwell
in China: xi hua dian zi cao
Onosmodium molle Michx. subsp. occidentale (Mack.)
Onosma limitaneum I.M. Johnst.
Cochrane (Onosmodium bejariense var. occidentale (Mack.)
Pakistan. B.L. Turner; Onosmodium molle var. occidentale (Mack.)
I.M. Johnst.; Onosmodium occidentale Mack.)
See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 32(4): 354. 1951
North America.
(Dried plant to relieve chest congestion. Strong sedative effect.)
See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(9): 500–504.
in Pakistan: charmang
1905, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
Onosma paniculatum Bureau & Franchet (Onosma oblon- University 70: 18. 1924, The Michigan Botanist 15: 104.
gifolium W.W. Smith & Jeffrey; Onosma paniculatum var. 1976, Phytologia 78(1): 46. 1995
hirsutistylum Lingelshiem & Borza)
(Antirheumatic, for swellings, pains, joint pain, lumbago.
China. Veterinary medicine.)
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 196. 1762, Journal in English: western Onosmodium
de Botanique (Morot) 5(7): 104–105. 1891 and Notes from the
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 9(42): 113–114. 1916, J.
Arnold Arbor. 35: 73. 1954 Onychium Kaulfuss Pteridaceae
(Analgesic.) (Adiantaceae, Cryptogrammaceae)
in English: paniculate onosma Greek onyx, onychos ‘a claw, nail’, referring to the shape of
the lobes of the fronds; in Berlin. Jahrb. Pharm. Verbundenen
in China: dian zi cao, zi cao Wiss. 21: 45. 1820, Enumeratio Filicum 144–145. 1824 and
American Fern Journal 20(4): 133. 1930, Lingnan Sc. Journ.
13: 495. 1934, Pichi Sermolli, Webbia. 17: 308. 20 Apr. 1963.
Onosmodium Michx. Boraginaceae
Onychium contiguum Wall. ex C. Hope (Cheilanthes con-
Referring to the genus Onosma L., see Flora Boreali- tigua Baker; Cheilanthes contigua Wall.; Cheilanthes con-
Americana 1: 132–133, pl. 15. 1803. tiguum Wall., nom. nud.; Onychium contiguum C. Hope;
Onosmodium molle Michx. (Onosmodium carolinianum Onychium cryptogrammoides H. Christ; Onychium japoni-
(Lam.) A. DC. var. molle (Michx.) A. Gray) cum (Thunb.) Kunze var. intermedia C.B. Clarke; Onychium
japonicum var. multisecta C.B. Clarke; Onychium japoni-
North America. cum (Thunb.) Kunze var. multisectum C.B. Clarke)
See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 133, pl. 15. 1803, Synoptical China, India.
Flora of North America 2(1): 206. 1878 and Bulletin of the
See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 72.
Torrey Botanical Club 32(9): 502–504. 1905
1828, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 6(28): 507. 1848, Syn. Fil. (Hooker
(Antirheumatic, for swellings, pains, joint pain. Veterinary & Baker), ed. 2. 476. 1874, Transactions of the Linnean
medicine.) Society of London, Botany 1(7): 459. 1880 and Journal of
the Bombay Natural History Society 13: 444. 1901, Notulae
in English: marble-seed, smooth Onosmodium, western false
Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 1(2): 52–53.
grormwell
1909, J. Cytol. Genet. 19: 111–112. 1984, J. Cytol. Genet. 23:
Onosmodium molle Michx. subsp. hispidissimum (Mack.) 38–52. 1988, Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 459–465. 1989, Bot. Mag.
B. Boivin (Onosmodium bejariense DC. var. hispidissimum (Tokyo) 105: 105–124. 1992
(Mack.) B.L. Turner; Onosmodium hispidissimum Mack.;
(Plant antibacterial.)
Onosmodium molle var. hispidissimum (Mack.) Cronquist)
Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze (Caenopteris japonica
North America.
Thunb.; Caenopteris japonica (Thunb.) Thunb.; Caenopteris
See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 133, pl. 15. 1803, Synoptical japonica Willd.; Cryptogramma japonica (Thunb.) Prantl;
Flora of North America 2(1): 206. 1878 and Bulletin of the Cryptogramma japonica Prantl; Darea japonica Willd.;
Torrey Botanical Club 32(9): 500–504. 1905, Vascular Plants Darea japonica (Thunb.) Willd.; Onychium japonicum
of the Pacific Northwest 4: 234. 1959, Phytologia 22: 372. Blume; Pteris japonica (Thunb.) Mett.; Pteris japonica
1972, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Phytologia 78(1): 45. 1995 Mett.; Trichomanes japonicum Thunb.; Trichomanes japoni-
cum Franch. & Sav.; Trichomanes japonicum Poir.)
(Antirheumatic, for swellings, pains, joint pain. Veterinary
medicine.) China, Japan.
2690 Operculina Silva Manso Convolvulaceae

See Syst. Veg., ed. 14 (J.A. Murray). 941. 1784, Fl. Jap. Brazil. Stout glabrous climber, stems hollow, 4-winged, fun-
(Thunberg) 340. 1784, Phytogr. 14 t. 8 f. 1. 1794, Nova Acta nel-shaped creamy white flowers, persisting calyx
Petr. 9. 161 t. G. f. 2. 1795, Encycl. (Lamarck) 8: 79. 1808, Sp.
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 923. 1759 and
Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 5: 302. 1810, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 7: 328.
Symbolae Antillarum 3: 343. 1902, Flora of Tropical Africa
1825, Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) 6(28): 507. 1848, Enum.
4(2): 102. 1905
Pl. Jap. 2. 207, 618. 1879, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 3(5): 413. 1882
and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 105: 105–124. 1992, J. Jap. Bot. 70: (An antidote to snakebite. Magic, ritual, seeds worn around
194–204. 1995, J. Jap. Bot. 71: 214–222. 1996, Chromosome the neck of a mental patient.)
Sci. 1: 89–96. 1997
in Brazil: jalapa-do-brasil, jalapão, batata-da-purga
(Leaves and rhizome decoction used in dysentery, diarrhea.
Spiritual, emotional.) Operculina turpethum (L.) J. Silva Manso (Argyreia alu-
lata Miquel; Convolvulus anceps L.; Convolvulus triqueter
Onychium siliculosum (Desv.) C. Chr. (Acrostichum Vahl; Convolvulus turpethum L.; Convolvulus turpethus L.;
viviparum Cav., nom. illeg.; Acrostichum viviparum L.f.; Ipomoea altissima Mart. ex Choisy; Ipomoea anceps (L.)
Allosorus auratus C. Presl; Allosorus auratus (Kaulf.) C. Roemer & Schultes; Ipomoea diplocalyx Baker; Ipomoea
Presl; Cryptogramma aurata (Kaulf.) Prantl; Onychium ornithopoda B.L. Rob.; Ipomoea turpethum (L.) R. Br.;
auratum Kaulf.; Onychium aureum Kümmerle; Onychium Ipomoea turpethum var. anceps (L.) Miquel; Merremia tur-
chrysocarpum (Hook. & Grev.) C. Chr.; Onychium chryso- petha (L.) Rendle; Merremia turpethum (L.) Bojer; Merremia
carpus (Hook. & Grev.) C. Chr.; Onychium siliculosum turpethum (L.) Rendle; Operculina altissima (Mart. ex
var. chrysocarpum (Hook. & Grev.) Tardieu & C. Chr.; Choisy) Meissn.; Operculina ornithopoda (B.L. Rob.) House;
Onychium tenue H. Christ; Onychium viviparum Kümmerle; Operculina triquetra (Vahl) Hallier f.; Operculina turpetha
Phorolobus siliculosum (Desv.) Desv.; Pteris aurita (Kaulf.) (L.) Silva Manso; Operculina turpethum var. heterophylla H.
Mett.; Pteris chrysocarpa Hook. & Grev.; Pteris chryso- Hallier; Spiranthera turpethum (L.) Bojer)
sperma Hook. & Grev.; Pteris siliculosa Desv.)
India. Vine, prostrate-twining herb, climber, winged angled
India. reddish stem, corolla cream-yellow, white or black roots
See Supplementum Plantarum 444. 1781, Der Gesellschaft See Species Plantarum 1: 153–162. 1753, Symbolae
Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die Botanicae, … 3: 30. 1793, Prodromus Florae Novae
neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 5: Hollandiae 485. 1810, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1823: 130.
324. 1811, Enumeratio Filicum 144–145. 1824, Syst. Veg. 1823, Enumeracão das Substancias Brazileiras 16, 49. 1836,
(ed. 16) [Sprengel] 4(1): 36. 1827, Mémoires de la Société Hortus Mauritianus 226. 1837, Genera Plantarum 1: 1403.
Linnéenne de Paris 6: 291. 1827, Icones Filicum 1(6): 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9:
t. 107. 1829, Tentamen Pteridographiae 152–153. 1836, 359. 1845, Flora Brasiliensis 7: 213. 1869, Proceedings of
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 27: 183. 1893,
und Pflanzengeographie 3(5): 413. 1882 and Bulletin de Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1(4): 451. 1901, American Fern und Pflanzengeographie 18: 120. 1894 and Flora of Tropical
Journal 20(4): 131, t. 7. 1930, Index Filicum, Supplementum Africa 4: 102. 1905, Botanical Gazette 43(6): 414. 1907,
Tertium 133. 1934, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 7(2): Fieldiana, Botany 13(5/1): 480. 1959, Economic Botany
169–170. 1940 36(3): 265–269. 1982
(Plant decoction astringent, antidysenteric; whole herb paste (Used in Ayurveda. Plant extract with water as a purgative;
mixed with honey given for the treatment of sexual weak- powdered root made into a paste and applied in rheumatism.
ness. Rhizome juice given to relieve fever.) Leaf paste applied for skin eruptions. Bark purgative, febri-
in India: shilpuji fuge, against gout, jaundice, enlarged spleen, dropsy, melan-
choly, rheumatic afflictions. Root purgative, for liver troubles,
in Nepal: kangiyo sottar, sumbu phul jaundice; for snakebite, root decoction; tuberous root powder
in the Philippines: pakong anuang in flatulence, colic, constipation.)
in English: boxfruit vine, Indian jalap, turpeth root,
turpethum
Operculina Silva Manso Convolvulaceae
in China: he guo teng
The diminutive of the Latin operculum, i ‘a cover, lid’, refer-
ring to the capsules, see Candollea 14: 11–60. 1952, Cytologia in India: cimai civatai, nasotar, nishot, nisot, nisrita, pitohri,
44: 275–286. 1979, Annual Taiwan Mus. 38: 58–61. 1995. puripakinee, shevadie vayr, tegada, tribhundee, triputa (tri,
three, puta, angle), trivrit, trivrita
Operculina macrocarpa Urban (Convolvulus macrocarpus
Linn.; Merremia alata Rendle) in Pakistan: nisot
Ophelia D. Don ex G. Don Gentianaceae 2691

Ophelia D. Don ex G. Don Gentianaceae 1845[1846], Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 1. 350–351. 1883 and
Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 19(2): 112, 114, 120, 163. 1938, Bull.
From the Greek ophelos ‘advantage, help, furtherance’. See Nation. Sc. Mus. Tokyo ser. 2. 4: 327, 333–334. 1959, Fl.
Species Plantarum 1: 226–227. 1753, Genera Plantarum Ed. Ecuador 66: 107–170. 2001.
5. 107. 1754, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 9, 87–88. 1788,
Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1824: 176. 1824, Flora 13: 221. Ophioglossum costatum R. Br.
1830, Flora Telluriana 3: 26. 1836[1837], David Don (1799– Australia.
1841), in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 17:
503–532. 8 July–8 August 1837, George Don (1798–1856), See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 163. 1810 and Bot.
A general history of the dichlamydeous plants. 4: 173, 178. J. Linn. Soc. 102(3): 205–217. 1990
London 1837, Genera et Species Gentianearum adjectis (Rhizome antibacterial, cholagogue, antiseptic, antiemetic,
observationibus quibusdam phytogeographicis 309, 311–313, used for wounds, sore eyes, nose bleeding.)
316, 318. 1839[1838], Bulletin de la Société Impériale des
Naturalistes de Moscou 1840(2): 165. 1840, Bull. Soc. Imp. Ophioglossum pedunculosum Desv. (Ophioglossum fibro-
Naturalistes Moscou 22(2): 337. 1849, Proceedings of the sum Schumach.; Ophioglossum wightii Grev. & Hook.)
California Academy of Sciences 2: 142–144, 146, f. 41. 1863, China.
Flore de Département des Hautes-Pyrénées 449. 1867, Bull.
Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 142. 1885 and Journal of the Linnean See Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin
Society, Botany 48(321): 207. 1929, Mariella Azzarello Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten
Di Misa, ed., Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Naturkunde 5: 306. 1811, Botanical Miscellany 3: 218. 1833
Botanico di Palermo. 262. 1988, Fl. Madagasc. 168: 1–167. (Plant antiviral, antiseptic, antidote to snakebite.)
1990, Kunjani Joshi, “Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in Nepal:
Ethnobotany and Agenda for Sustainable Management.” Ophioglossum pendulum L. (Ophioderma pendula (L.)
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 1–6. 2008. See also Swertia L. Presl)
Ophelia chirata Griseb. (Ophelia chirayita (Roxb.) Griseb.) East Africa, SE Asia.
Malay Peninsula. See Herb. Amboin. t. 37, fig. 3. 1741, Species Plantarum
2: 1062–1063. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 484. 1754, Species
See Genera et Species Gentianearum adjectis observationi- Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1518. 1763, Genera Plantarum
bus quibusdam phytogeographicis 320–321. 1839[1838] 66. 1836, Supplementum Tentaminis Pteridographiae 56.
(Febrifuge.) 1845 and Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 2: 1–8. 1951
Malay name: chiretta (Ointment for skin diseases, hair tonic.)
in English: hanging adder’s tongue fern, ribbon fern

Ophiocaulon Hook.f. Passifloraceae in Japan: kobu-ran (= knobby orchid)

From the Greek ophis ‘a snake, serpent’ and kaulos ‘stem’, Ophioglossum reticulatum L. (Ophioglossum duda-
referring to the climbing habit. dae Mickel; Ophioglossum ellipticum Hook. & Grev.;
Ophioglossum holm-nielsenii B. Øllg.; Ophioglossum
Ophiocaulon gummifer Harv. (Ophiocaulon gummifer microstichum Ach.; Ophioglossum mironovii Sumn.;
Mast., nom. illeg., non Ophiocaulon gummifer Harv.) Ophioglossum nudicaule L.f.; Ophioglossum nudicaule
Tropical Africa. auctt.; Ophioglossum nudicaule L.f. var. tenerum (Mett.)
R.T. Clausen; Ophioglossum nudicaule var. tenerum (Mett.
See Sylva Telluriana 129. 1838, The Genera of South African ex Prantl) R.T. Clausen; Ophioglossum nudicaule var. vul-
Plants 121. 1868, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 518. 1871 canicum R.T. Clausen; Ophioglossum peruvianum C. Presl;
(Very poisonous. Root for febrile complaints.) Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook.; Ophioglossum polyphyl-
lum A. Braun ex Schub.; Ophioglossum polyphyllum A.
in South Africa: imFulwa (Zulu) Braun; Ophioglossum pringlei Underw. ex Conz., nom. inval.;
Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) Á. Löve & D. Löve;
Ophioglossum tenerum Mett. ex Prantl; Ophioglossum vulga-
Ophioglossum L. Ophioglossaceae tum L.; Ophioglossum vulgatum auctt. plur.; Ophioglossum
vulgatum var. pycnostichum Fernald; Ophioglossum vulga-
From the shape of the fructification, from the Greek ophis
tum L. var. reticulatum (L.) D.C. Eaton; Ophioglossum vul-
‘a snake, serpent’ and glossa ‘a tongue’, snake-tongue, refer-
gatum var. reticulatum (L.) Luerss.; Ophioglossum vulgatum
ring to the sometimes bifid apex above the fertile spike; see
var. valdivianum Licht.; Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var.
Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1062–1063. 1753,
valdivianum (Phil.) J.S. Licht.)
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 484. 1754, Genera Plantarum 66.
1836, Supplementum Tentaminis Pteridographiae… 47, 56. India. Fern eaten as salad and as a vegetable
2692 Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae)

See Species Plantarum 2: 1062–1063. 1753, Supplementum Lincei. 23: 343. 1905, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
Plantarum 443. 1781[1782], Exotic flora 1: 56, pl. 56. Vegetabilis 9(199–201): 78. 1910, Bulletin de l’Académie
1823, Flora Azorica 17. 1844, Supplementum Tentaminis Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 25: 25. 1915,
Pteridographiae 52. 1845, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 218. American Midland Naturalist 7(2): 42. 1921, Repertorium
1861 and Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 19, no. 2: 146, 150, figs. 31, Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 36(1–6): 45. 1934,
32. 1938, Flora Taxonómica Mexicana 1: 141. 1939, Rhodora Wang Fa-tsuan & Tang Tsin, eds. 1978; 1980. Liliaceae. Fl.
41(490): 494–495, pl. 570. 1939, Sci. & Cult. 41: 181–183. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 1–280; 14: 1–308. 1980 [Flora
1975, Taxon 25: 483–500. 1976, Nucleus 20: 105–108. 1977, Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 15: 163, 253 (Addenda), pl.
Taxon 26(2/3): 324. 1977, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, Aspects 54, f. 3–4. 1978], Acta Botanica Yunnanica 3: 94–102. 1990,
Pl. Sci. 6: 119–181. 1983, Acta Bot. Sin. 26: 1–10. 1984, Noltie, H.J. Flora of Bhutan 3(1): 1–456. Royal Botanic
Cytologia 49: 49–59. 1984, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. Garden, Edinburgh 1994, Zhengyi, W. & Raven, P.H. (eds.)
B, Biol. Sci. 86: 471–472. 1985, Contributions to the Botany Flora of China 24: 1–431. Missouri Botanical Garden Press,
of the Andes. (II) 47–67. 1986, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 102(3): 205– St. Louis 2000
217. 1990, Indian Fern J. 9: 94–101. 1992, Brittonia 44(3): (Tuberous roots used medicinally, tea or cooked medicine
313, f. 1F. 1992, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994, Flora of Ecuador cools body, sore throat, cough, antibiotic.)
66: 16, f. 3c. 2001
in China: yan jie cao
(Plants paste taken to treat stomach disorders, indigestion and
acidity. Fern antiseptic, styptic, vulnerary, astringent, mucilag- in Tibet: na za zu na, yaza
inous; fronds used as tonic, also taken to treat heart diseases; Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don (Flueggea dubia Kunth;
fresh fronds paste to check bleeding from cuts. A warm decoc- Flueggea intermedia (D. Don) Kunth; Flueggea griffithii
tion of the rhizome used as a lotion for boils; root paste applied Baker; Flueggea jacquemontiana Kunth; Flueggea japon-
on wounds; powdered dried rhizome applied on ulcerated ica var. intermedia (D. Don) Schult.; Flueggea wallichiana
sores, burns and wounds; rhizome decoction taken internally Kunth; Mondo intermedium (D. Don) L.H. Bailey; Mondo
to treat heart ailments, pulmonary and bronchial diseases. japonicum var. griffithii (Baker) Farw.; Mondo japonicum
Leaves and rhizome if taken by men cause impotence.) var. intermedium (D. Don) Farw.; Mondo japonicum var.
in English: common tongue fern wallichianum (Kunth) Farw.; Mondo scabrum Ohwi; Mondo
wallichianum (Kunth) L.H. Bailey; Ophiopogon aciformis
in India: ak-bir, ekpatia F.T. Wang & T. Tang ex H. Li & Y.P. Yang; Ophiopogon com-
in Nepal: jibre sag pressus Y. Wan & C.C. Huang; Ophiopogon griffithii (Baker)
Hook. f.; Ophiopogon indicus Wight; Ophiopogon interme-
Ophioglossum thermale Kom. (Ophioglossum vulgatum dius var. gracilipes Hook.f.; Ophiopogon intermedius var.
var. thermale (Kom.) C. Chr.) macranthus Hook.f.; Ophiopogon intermedius var. occi-
dentalis Hook.f.; Ophiopogon intermedius var. parviflorus
China.
Hook.f.; Ophiopogon intermedius var. pauciflorus Hook.f.;
See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13: Ophiopogon japonicus var. intermedius (D. Don) Maxim.;
85. 1914, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 102(3): 205–217. 1990 Ophiopogon longibracteatus H. Li & Y.P. Yang; Ophiopogon
longipedicellatus Y. Wan & C.C. Huang; Ophiopogon parvi-
(Rhizome antibacterial, cholagogue, antiseptic, antiemetic,
florus (Hook.f.) H. Hara; Ophiopogon wallichianus (Kunth)
used for wounds, sore eyes, nose bleeding.)
Hook. f.; Ophiopogon wallichianus var. pauciflorus Hook.f.;
Ophiopogon xiaokuai Z.Y. Zhu)
Ophiopogon Ker Gawl. Asparagaceae Himalaya, India, Nepal. Herb, tufted leaves, small white
(Convallariaceae, Liliaceae) flowers campanulate, inflorescence used as vegetable

Greek ophis ‘a serpent, snake’ and pogon ‘a beard, hair’, tuft See Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 48. 1825 and Repertorium Specierum
forming; see John Bellenden Ker Gawler, 1764–1842, in The Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 36(1–6): 46. 1934, Acta
Botanical Magazine. 27: t. 1063. 1807. Phytotaxonomica Sinica 25(5): 399–400, pl. 1, f. 2, 3. 1987,
Acta Botanica Yunnanica 3: 92–93, pl. 1, f. 3. 1989, Acta
Ophiopogon bodinieri H. Léveillé (Mondo bodinieri (H. Botanica Yunnanica 3: 92, pl. 1, f. 2. 1990, Guihaia 14(3):
Léveillé) Farwell; Mondo formosanum Ohwi; Ophiopogon 205–206, f. 1. 1994
bodinieri var. pygmaeus F.T. Wang & L.K. Dai; Ophiopogon
(Flowers cooked as vegetable and eaten as a postpartum rem-
filiformis H. Léveillé; Ophiopogon lofouensis H. Léveillé)
edy and blood purifier, to cure general body pain, diabetes.
Bhutan, China, Taiwan. Herb, low, very narrow linear wiry Extract of leaves emetic. Tubers antivenom, antidote, also in
blades, flowers pale lavender, fruits green, grazed by cattle dropsy. Veterinary medicine, rhizome in anthrax.)
See Familles des Plantes 2: 496. 1763, Botanical Magazine in India: nakima, tella domma gaddalu, thullo nakima, ticea
27: pl. 1063. 1807 and Mem. Pontif. Accad. Romana Nuovi ohik
Ophiorrhiza L. Rubiaceae 2693

Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawler (Anemarrhena in Japan: ryu-no-hige (= dragon’s beard)
cavaleriei H. Léveillé, nom. illeg.; Convallaria graminifo-
in Okinawa: habukusa
lia Salisb.; Convallaria japonica Linnaeus f.; Convallaria
japonica Thunb.; Convallaria japonica var. minor Thunberg; in Vietnam: lan tien, mach mon
Flueggea anceps Raf.; Flueggea angulata Raf., nom. illeg.;
Flueggea japonica (L.f.) Richard; Flueggea japonica
(Thunb.) Rich.; Flueggea japonica var. minor (Thunb.) in Ophiorrhiza L. Rubiaceae
J.J. Roemer & J.A. Schultes; Liriope gracilis (Kunth) Nakai;
Mondo gracile (Kunth) Koidz.; Mondo gracile var. breviped- From the Greek ophis ‘a snake, serpent’ and rhiza ‘a root’,
icellatum Koidz.; Mondo japonicum (L.f.) Farwell; Mondo referring to the serpentine roots; see Carl Linnaeus, Species
japonicum (Thunb.) Farw.; Mondo longifolium Ohwi; Mondo Plantarum. 1: 150. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 74.
stolonifer (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) Farwell; Ophiopogon argyi 1754 and Nucleus 22: 47–50. 1979.
H. Léveillé; Ophiopogon chekiangensis Koiti Kimura & Ophiorrhiza communis Ridl.
Migo; Ophiopogon gracilis Kunth; Ophiopogon gracilis
var. brevipedicellatus (Koidz.) Nemoto; Ophiopogon japoni- Malaysia.
cus (Linnaeus f.) Ker Gawler; Ophiopogon japonicus var. See J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 16. 1912
caespitosus Okuyama; Ophiopogon japonicus var. eleva-
tus Kuntze; Ophiopogon japonicus var. umbrosus Maxim.; (For cough and enlarged spleen, pound the plant and poultice.)
Ophiopogon merrillii Masam.; Ophiopogon ohwii Okuyama; Malay name: peparu
Ophiopogon stolonifer H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Polygonastrum
Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight
compressum Moench; Slateria coerulea Siebold ex Miq.;
Slateria japonica (Linnaeus f.) Desvaux; Slateria japonica India.
(Thunb.) Desv.; Tricoryne acaulis D. Dietr.; Tricoryne caule-
See Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 3(4): t. 1067. 1846
scens D. Dietr.)
(For scabies.)
China to Temp. E. Asia. Evergreen perennial herb, soft flex-
ible tubers, linear leaves fasciculate, short raceme of small in India: avilpori
light purple flowers, globular berry, seed coat blue
Ophiorrhiza hirsutula Wight ex Hook. f.
See Species Plantarum 1: 314–316. 1753, Familles des
India. Slender annual herb with white flowers
Plantes 2: 496. 1763, Supplementum Plantarum 204. 1782,
Flora Japonica, … 139. 1784, Species Plantarum. Editio See The Flora of British India 3: 81. 1880 and Nucleus 22:
quarta 4(2): 637. 1806, Bot. Mag. 27: t. 1063. 1807, Journal 47–50. 1979
für die Botanik 2(1): 9, pl. 1A. 1807, Verhandelingen van het
(Plant juice in snakebite.)
bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen
12: 15. 1830, Mémoires Présentés à l’Académie Impériale in India: garuda patala, mungisagida, sarpari
des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus
Ophiorrhiza mungos L. (Ophiorrhiza ostindica Christm.,
dans ses Assemblées 2: 140. 1835, Fl. Tellur. 4: 18. 1838,
nom. inval.)
Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 143. 1867, Mélanges Biol.
Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 7: 327. India to W. Malesia. Erect small herb, small white flowers in
1869 and American Midland Naturalist 7(2): 42. 1921, Acta terminal cymes
Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 148. 1934, Fl. Japan, Suppl.: 1067. 1936,
See Species Plantarum 1: 150. 1753 and New Botanist 14:
Bull. Soc. Bot. France 84: 90. 1937, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 35. 1937,
47–54. 1987, Glimpses in Plant Research 8: 177–244. 1988,
J. Jap. Bot. 26: 318. 1951, J. Jap. Bot. 57: 313. 1982, Korean
Regnum Veg. 127: 71. 1993
Journal of Plant Taxonomy 15: 111–125. 1985, Fosberg,
F.R., Sachet, M.-H., Oliver, R. “A Geographical Checklist of (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant poulticed. Root
the Micronesian Monocotyledonae.” Micronesica; Journal bitter, tonic. Roots, leaves and bark decoction given as a sto-
of the College of Guam 20: 19–129. 1987, Acta Botanica machic. Leaves for dressing ulcers.)
Yunnanica 3: 94–102. 1990, J. SouthW. Agric. Univ. 20(1):
in India: aravakkiriti, aravakkiritippuntu, avilpori, avilpuri,
307–310. 1998, Tanaka, N. “Taxonomic notes on Ophiopogon
bhiyangakshi, bili garuda paathaala, cadachi, caka, cakar,
(Convallariaceae) of East Asia (I).” The Journal of Japanese
cakati, cannakarai, cannakaram pattai, caramankam, car-
Botany 76: 59–76. 2001
panayakacceti, carpanayakam, carparaci, carpatci, cataicci,
(Widely cultivated in China for its tuberous roots, which are cataiccipuntu, cataippuntu, cayalavam, cemperikam, cem-
used medicinally for cough, anxiety, pharyngitis, thirst.) perikamuli, chhatrika, citakentika, cittika, cittikappuntu, cor-
nakam, cornakappuntu, cukali, gandali, gandhanakuli, garuda
in English: dwarf lily turf, Japanese snake’s beard, lily turf
paathaala, garuda patala, garudapatala, garudaputa, iracakiri,
in China: mai dong, mai men dong iracakirippuntu, karuncataicci, keerip-pundu, keerippundu,
2694 Ophryosporus Meyen Asteraceae

kiri, kiri-p-puntu, kiric ceti, kiri-purandan, kiricceti, kirip- prostrata var. rugosa (Wall.) Kar & Panigrahi; Ophiorrhiza
pundu, kirippuntu, kirippurandan, kirippurantan, kiripputu, rugosa Sol. ex Seem.; Ophiorrhiza rugosa Blume)
kiripurandan, kiripurantan, kuttukkal, matavaniram, mun-
India.
gusavela, mungasee gida, mungasi gida, mungusee gida,
nadikalapaka, nagasugandha, nagvelli, nakarutappuntu, See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 546–547.
nakarutapputu, nakavalli, nakulapputu, nakuleshtha, nakuli, 1824, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 136. 1825, Bijdragen tot
nakulipputu, naranki, nava, paathaala garuda, pampukkolli, de flora van Nederlandsch Indie 976. 1826, Flora Vitiensis
pampukolli, pampukollippuntu, patala garuda, patalabhedi, 127. 1866, The Flora of British India 3(7): 78. 1880 and Fl.
patalagaruda, patalagarude, patalakarati, patalakarutan, patal- Indo-Chine 3: 162. 1923, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of
bhedi, pattirai, perunkirippuntu, perunkiripputu, pilukam, India 5(3/4): 233. 1963, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: 228. 1982
pitam, pucakam, pucakapputu, rasna, sadaichi, sarahati, sar- [publ. 1983]
hati, sarpaakshi chettu, sarpaari chettu, sarpakshi, sarpak-
(Leaf paste as poultice applied for the treatment of arthritis.)
shi-chettu, sarpaksi, sarpalocana, sarpari, sarpashi-chettu,
sarpasicettu, surpashechettu, sarpshe chettu, sugandha, surasa, in India: rangajari
suvaha, tirkkapi, tirkkapipputu, tiruvilai, tiruvilaipputu, tutayi,
Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall. var. prostrata (D. Don) Deb
tutayippuntu, vatacani, vatacanipputu, vipanam, vipanapputu
& Mondal (Ophiorrhiza harrisiana B. Heyne ex Hook.f.,
Malay name: kundunak nom. inval.; Ophiorrhiza harrisiana var. condorensis Pit.;
Ophiorrhiza harrisonii G. Don; Ophiorrhiza prostrata D.
in Tibet: sa rba ksi
Don; Virecta prostrata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don)
Ophiorrhiza nicobarica N.P. Balakr.
Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka. Perennial herb
India, Nicobar. Herb with large white flowers in terminal
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 136. 1825 and Fl. Indo-
cymes
Chine 3: 162. 1923, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24: 228. 1982
See Reinwardtia 9(4): 411. 1980 [publ. 1983]
(Leaves for dressing ulcers; leaf paste applied locally to (Leaves infusion taken for body and chest pain.)
ulcers. Root bitter, tonic; roots, leaves and bark decoction
in Bangladesh: rubong
given as a stomachic.)
Ophiorrhiza singaporensis Ridl.
Ophiorrhiza ochroleuca Hook.f.
Malaysia.
India, Himalaya. Glabrous herb, elliptic-lanceolate leaves,
terminal or axillary dichotomous inflorescence See J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 17. 1912
See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 3(7): 78. 1880 (For leprosy, rub the plant.)
(Leaf juice given in headache.) Malay name: rumput lumor
in India: laungla-mihik, longlamihik Ophiorrhiza subcapitata Wall. ex Hook.f.
Ophiorrhiza pumila Champ. ex Benth. (Ophiorrhiza aureo- India, Thailand, SE Asia.
lina H.S. Lo f. qiongyaensis H.S. Lo; Ophiorrhiza hayatana
See Fl. Brit. India 3: 83. 1880
Ohwi; Ophiorrhiza humilis Y.C. Tseng; Ophiorrhiza
inflata Maxim.; Ophiorrhiza pumila Merr. & Chun, nom. (Decoction of roots and leaves mixed with honey taken orally
illeg.; Ophiorrhiza pumila var. inflata (Maxim.) Masam.; for fever, sore throat, tonsils.)
Ophiorrhiza stenophylla Hayata, nom. illeg.)
in India: samachik
Vietnam, China, Japan.
Ophiorrhiza treutleri Hook. f. (for the British (b. India) phy-
See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 169–170. 1852, Bull. sician William John Treutler, 1841–1915 (d. Sussex), plant
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 32: 488. 1888 and Icon. collector in Sikkim, 1868 Fellow of the Linnean Society.)
Pl. Formosan. 2: 91. 1912, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.
India, Himalaya.
36: 57. 1934, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 29: 238. 1939,
Sunyatsenia 5: 190. 1940, Flora Hainanica 3: 583, 309, f. See The Flora of British India 3: 83. 1880
737. 1974, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(2): 36–37. 1990
(Leaf paste taken to cure burning sensation in urine.)
(A natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptoth-
ecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinote-
can, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs.) Ophryosporus Meyen Asteraceae
Ophiorrhiza rugosa Wall. (Ophiorrhiza harrisiana var. rugosa Greek ophrys and sporos ‘a seed’, see Reise um die Erde 1:
(Wall.) Hook. f.; Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don; Ophiorrhiza 402. 1834.
Opilia Roxb. Opiliaceae 2695

Ophryosporus peruvianus (J.G. Gmel.) R.M. King & H. problems. Bark pounded, soaked, used to treat malaria. Leaves
Rob. (Flaveria peruviana J.G. Gmel.; Piqueria artemisioides decoction febrifuge and antidote, used for Kwashiorkor, lum-
Kunth; Piqueria peruviana (J.G. Gmel.) B.L. Rob.) bago, malaria. Leaves extract containing sodium bicarbonate
used as an anthelmintic; leaf powder filled into the cavities
Peru.
of carious teeth to stop infection and swelling; a cold-water
See Genera Plantarum 186–187. 1789, Systema vegetabilium extract drunk to treat edema and a decoction used for tooth-
2(2): 1269. 1791[1792], Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, ache. Leaves fish poison. Ritual, ceremonial, flower used in
quae aut sponte … 3(1): 18. 1794[1795], Nova Genera worshipping and also worn by women.)
et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 120. 1820[1818] and
in China: shan you zi shu, shan you zi
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
42: 13. 1906, Phytologia 25: 66. 1972 in India: baleekoma, balikomma, dodda jaji, kanibodalia,
korukuduthivva, nalla udatha, pacha necheri, patcha papati,
(Infusion of upper plant in flower applied locally for skin
tellaudata, tellavudata, thellavudatha, udatha chettu
diseases.)
in Benin: barga, koktifokbou, nindo, sakakouko,
twahantouman
Opilia Roxb. Opiliaceae
in Burkina Faso: nombodri, wagsalogo, wagsbalga
Derivation not known, possibly from the Greek ope ‘a hole,
opening’ and eilo ‘to be shut, to assemble’, referring to the in Burundi: umunyakayero
imbricate bracts concealing the flowers before opening; or in Ivory Coast: kon’gbé, konon-gbéi, kron’gbéké, nombodri
from the Latin opilio, onis ‘a shepherd’, or from an Indian
name; see William Roxburgh (1751–1815), Plants of the in Kenya: mutanga
Coast of Coromandel. 2: 31, t. 158. London (Apr.) 1802. in Mali: ciso, coro-ouongni, koro goye, korogue, korôgué,
Opilia amentacea Roxb. (Groutia celtidifolia Guill. & Perr.; talel walu
Opilia amentacea auct.; Opilia amentacea Wall.; Opilia in Nigeria: inuwar gada, nindo, rugar gada
amentacea Roxb. var. tomentella Oliv.; Opilia angiensis De
Wild.; Opilia celtidifolia var. sphaerocarpa Chiov.; Opilia in Senegal: mutéleget, tot
celtidifolia var. tomentella (Oliv.) G.Ll. Lucas; Opilia parvi-
in Tanzania: engirusha, engirushai, kaguha, kalemela,
flora Peter; Opilia ruwenzoriensis De Wild.; Opilia tomen-
lukokonza, lubisu, luvisu, mkandekande, mlende, mtulu,
tella (Oliv.) Engl.)
musundu, mwevumbulo, nyamtulo, tsengeré
Tropical Africa. Shrub, vine, scandent, lianescent, climbing,
in Togo: bento, fiodudami, fiodumani, lagaho, kpalabenté,
woody, multi-trunked, pendulous branches, fetid odor when
wadonlung, woksolk
cut, glabrous twigs, thick waxy leaves, axillary racemes,
small fragrant flowers 5-merous greenish or yellowish, cone- Opilia celtidifolia (Guill. & Perr.) Endl. ex Walp. (Groutia
like bracts around flower buds, oblong fruits light orange, celtidifolia Guill. & Perr.; Opilia celtidifolia Endl. ex Walp.;
white endosperm, green nectaries and stigma, ripe fruits Opilia celtidifolia var. celtidifolia)
eaten raw, leaves cooked as a vegetable, in savanna, in wood-
land, in riverine and montane forest Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, scandent, lianescent, climb-
ing, woody, multi-trunked, pendulous branches, fetid
See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2: 31, t. 158. 1802, odor when cut, glabrous twigs, thick waxy leaves, axillary
Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2331. 1830, Florae Senegambiae racemes, small fragrant flowers 5-merous greenish or yellow-
Tentamen 1: 101. 1831, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae ish, cone-like bracts around flower buds, oblong fruits light
1: 377. 1842 and Fl. Cameroun 15: 169. 1973, Willdenowia orange, white endosperm, green nectaries and stigma, ripe
12: 163. 1982, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 159– fruits eaten raw, leaves cooked as a vegetable, in savanna, in
172. 1985, Chen Pang-yu. Opiliaceae. In: Kiu Hua-shing woodland, in riverine and montane forest
& Ling Yeou-ruenn, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 24:
46–52. 1988, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 2: 31, pl. 158.
1802, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 101. 1831,
1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004,
Repertorium Botanices Systematicae (Walpers) 1: 377.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93: 43–49. 2004, Journal
1842 and Fl. Cameroun 15: 169. 1973, Willdenowia 12:
of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336. 2005, Journal of
163. 1982, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 159–172.
Ethnopharmacology 105: 387–399. 2006
1985, Chen Pang-yu. Opiliaceae. In: Kiu Hua-shing &
(Root purgative and diuretic, used for diarrhea and dysentery. Ling Yeou-ruenn, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 24:
Pounded root mixed with sodium bicarbonate, the mixture 46–52. 1988, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323.
licked to treat coughs; root decoction or infusion drunk for 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004,
relief of fever, mental illness, headache, influenza and stomach Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93: 43–49. 2004, Journal
2696 Opisthopappus C. Shih Asteraceae

of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336. 2005, Journal of P. Beauv.; Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. japonicus (Steud.)
Ethnopharmacology 105: 387–399. 2006 U. Scholz; Oplismenus humboldtianus Nees; Oplismenus
humboldtianus var. nudicaulis Vasey; Oplismenus indicus
(Roots and leaves purgative, diuretic, analgesic, anthelmin-
Duthie; Oplismenus japonicus (Steud.) Honda; Oplismenus
tic, for flu, fevers, sleeping sickness, madness.)
multisetus Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Oplismenus preslii Kunth;
Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P. Beauv.; Oplismenus
undulatifolius var. japonicus (Steud.) Koidz.; Orthopogon
Opisthopappus C. Shih Asteraceae africanus (P. Beauv.) Sweet; Orthopogon albus (Poir.) Nees
From the Greek opisthen ‘behind, at the back’ and pappos ex Steud.; Orthopogon burmannii (Retz.) Trin.; Panicum
‘fluff, pappus’. africanum (P. Beauv.) Poir.; Panicum album Poir.; Panicum
bromoides Lam.; Panicum burmannii Retz.; Panicum cris-
Opisthopappus taihangensis (Y. Ling) C. Shih tatum (J. Presl) Steud.; Panicum hirtellum Burm., nom.
(Chrysanthemum taihangense Y. Ling; Opisthopappus lon- illeg., non Panicum hirtellum L.; Panicum japonicum Steud.;
gilobus C. Shih) Panicum multisetum Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Panicum multise-
China. tum (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Steud.; Panicum schultesii Steud.)
(the Dutch botanist and physician Johannes (Jan) Burman,
(Capitula used for treating diseases of the liver.) 1707–1779, professor of botany at Amsterdam, studied medi-
in China: tai hang ju cine at Leyden under professor Herman Boerhaave (1668–
1739), close friend and correspondent of Linnaeus, prepared
the index to Rheede’s Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, he is best
known for Thesaurus zeylanicus. Amsterdam 1737, Rariorum
Oplismenus P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae)
africanarum plantarum. Amsterdam 1738–1739 and Flora
From the Greek hoplismos, hoplisis ‘a weapon, equip- malabarica, sive index in omnes tomos horti malabarici,
ment for war, arming’, referring to the awned spikelets; see etc. Amsterdam 1769; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Observationes Botanicae 3: 287. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 139. 1754, Peter
10. 1783, Ambroise Palisot de Beauvois (1752–1820), Flore MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical collectors at the Cape.”
d’Oware et de Benin en Afrique. 2: 14. Paris 1810 and Essai Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xxxiii. 1884–1886 and John
d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 54, 169. 1812, Fundamenta Hutchinson, A Botanist in Southern Africa. 562. London
Agrostographiae 181. 1820, Cat. Hort. Bogor. 16. 1844, 1946, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1:
Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 377. 1850, Synopsis 286. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists
Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 46, 118. 1854 [1855], Flora Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection.
Brasiliensis 2(2): 144. 1877, Indig. Grasses N.Z. t. 11. 1878, 60. 1972, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 776. 1891 and Contr. U.S. Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 56.
Natl. Herb. 22(3): 123. 1920, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 772: 238. Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali. Sezione
1920, Fieldiana, Botany 24(2): 38–331. 1955, Kew Bulletin per i Beni Bibliografici. Regione Siciliana, Palermo 1988.)
33: 147–157. 1978, U. Scholz, “Monographie der Gattung Tropics, Africa, Asia, America, Paleotropics. Annual or
Oplismenus.” Phanerogamarum Monographiae 13: 1–213. perennial, creeping, trailing, weak, prostrate or procumbent,
1981, Micronesica 18: 45–102. 1982, Flora Mesoamericana ascending from a long decumbent and rambling rooting base,
6: 299–300. 1994, Memoirs of the New York Botanical rooting from the lower nodes, forming open clumps and
Garden 78: 509–540. 1996, New Zealand Journal of Botany patches in understory, more or less grazed, relished by cattle
34: 447–462. 1996, Ecological Management and Restoration when young and green, good hay, weed at edge of road near
1(1): 10–20. Apr 2000, U. Scholz, “Monographie der Gattung pasture, grassland borders, fields and groves, moist places,
Oplismenus.” Phanerogamarum Monographiae 13: 1–213. beach sand, along roadsides, in partial shade and open shade
1981, Melvin R. Duvall, Jeffrey D. Noll and Alexandra H. of secondary forest, under the shade of trees and bamboos,
Minn, “Phylogenetics of Paniceae (Poaceae).” Am. J. Bot. 88: clearings in secondary forest, swampy places
1988–1992. 2001.
See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis
Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv. (also burmanni 24, t. 12, f. 1. 1768, Observationes Botanicae 3: 10. 1783,
or burmanii) (Oplismenus affinis J. Presl, nom. illeg., non Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1:
Oplismenus affinis Schult.; Oplismenus affinis Schult.; 170. 1791, Flore d’Oware 2: 15, t. 68, f. 1. 1810, Essai d’une
Oplismenus affinis var. humboldtianus Scholz; Oplismenus Nouvelle Agrostographie 54, 168–171. 1812, Encyclopédie
africanus P. Beauv.; Oplismenus albus (Poir.) Roem. & Méthodique, Botanique Suppl. 4: 274–275. 1816, Systema
Schult.; Oplismenus bromoides (Lam.) P. Beauv.; Oplismenus Vegetabilium 2: 890. 1817, Fundamenta Agrostographiae
burmannii f. cristata (J. Presl) Hier. ex Peter; Oplismenus 181. 1820, Mantissa 2: 273. 1824, Hortus Britannicus 448.
burmannii var. multisetus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) U. Scholz; 1827, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 264.
Oplismenus burmannii var. nudicaulis (Vasey) McVaugh; 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 323. 1830, Enumeratio
Oplismenus cristatus J. Presl; Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 141. 1833,
Oplismenus P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2697

Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 263. 1841, Flora Panicum elatius L.f.; Panicum hirtellum L.; Panicum lan-
24: 18. 1846, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 377. 1850, ceolatum Retz.; Panicum longeracemosum Steud.; Panicum
Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 44, 46. 1853 [1854], parciflorum Steud.; Panicum peninsulanum Steud.; Panicum
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium sylvaticum Lam.; Panicum undatum (Jacq.) Steud.; Pollinia
1(8): 363. 1893 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 169. 1900, Contr. undata (Jacq.) Spreng.) (Oplismenus thiebautii for the French
U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 125. 1920, Botanical Magazine 38: naval officer Lt. Charles Thiébaut, 1837–1884, traveller, col-
189. 1924, Botanical Magazine 39: 302. 1925, Repertorium lector of algae; see J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40(1,A): Botanists. 3: 372. 1965
222. 1938, Grasses of Ceylon 129. 1956, Grasses of Burma
Pantropical. Perennial, slender, procumbent and erect, strag-
… 317. 1960, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Journal of
Cytology and Genetics 15: 51–57. 1980, Phanerogamarum gling, erect and branching from a decumbent base, creeping,
Monographiae 13: 55, 70, 118, 133. 1981, Flora Novo- stoloniferous, long trailing, robust, often rooting at lowermost
Galiciana 14: 274. 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics nodes, sticky seeds, invasive species, resembles Oplismenus
20: 205–206. 1985 hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv., weed

(Used to treat pregnancy.) See Species Plantarum 1: 57. 1753, Systema Naturae,
Editio Decima 870. 1759, Supplementum Plantarum 107.
in India: bans pati, bawanta, bidari hullu, chimakal gadi, 1781, Observationes Botanicae 4: 17. 1786, Collectanea 3:
chusa, ghor chubba, kadak, kauguria, kudak, mungil pillu, 237. 1789, Observationes Botanicae 5: 17. 1789, Tableau
mungil pullu, nini, utaniya, venupathrika, wataniya, yerva, Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 170.
yerwa 1791, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 743. 1798,
in Mexico: hayal-sitsuuk (Yucatán), pasto, tupiki (Purépecha Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 194. 1810, Essai
Indians, Sierra Purépecha, Michoacán), uitsaku (Purépecha d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 53–54, 161, 168–170.
Indians), zacate cadillo 1812, Plantarum Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 12. 1815,
Fundamenta Agrostographiae 181. 1820, Mantissa 2:
in Ghana: bogyamono 597. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1:
in Guinea-Bissau: bondimo, bondium, queuel 306. 1824, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique
5: 299. 1825, Révision des Graminées 1: 44–45. 1829,
in Ivory Coast: babri, bika hakosiré, bika kosiré, bika ople, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 320. 1830, Prodromus
feyan, gbekaople Florae Norfolkicae 19. 1833, Nomenclator Botanicus.
in Nigeria: ite oka, odo olili Editio secunda 2: 220, 264. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum
Glumacearum 1: 44–45. 1853, Flora van Nederlandsch
in Senegal: amhay Indië 3: 443–444. 1857 [1855, 1859], Prodromus Florae
in Sierra Leone: kafulu, karin, sunyugi, yoavi, yoyavi Hispanicae 1: 57. 1861, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 38–39. 1886,
Queensland Grasses 19. 1888, T.N.Z.I. 20: 151–181. 1888,
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. (Andropogon undatus Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 777. 1891 and Handb. Fl.
Jacq.; Echinochloa lanceolata (Retz.) P. Beauv.; Hippagrostis Ceylon 5: 168. 1900, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos
composita (L.) Kuntze; Oplismenus africanus J.M. Wood, Aires 11: 438. 1906, Natal Plants t. 165. 1908, Botanical
nom. illeg., non Oplismenus africanus P. Beauv.; Oplismenus Magazine 38: 191. 1915, Repertorium Specierum Novarum
compositus f. vittatus (L.H. Bailey) Beetle; Oplismenus Regni Vegetabilis 20(577–580): 360–361. 1924, Manual of
compositus var. compositus; Oplismenus compositus var. Cultivated Plants 109. 1925, Bernice P. Bishop Museum
rariflorus (J. Presl) U. Scholz; Oplismenus compositus Bulletin 84: 68. 1931, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica
var. vittatus L.H. Bailey; Oplismenus decompositus Nees; 11(1): 35. 1942, Flora of Japan 149. 1953, Grasses of Ceylon
Oplismenus elatius (L.f.) P. Beauv.; Oplismenus hirtellus 129. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 317. 1960, Flora Hainanica
(L.) P. Beauv.; Oplismenus hirtiflorus C. Presl; Oplismenus 4: 540. 1977, N.Z. DSIR Bull. 219: 172. 1977, Phytologia
jacquinii Kunth; Oplismenus lanceolatus (Retz.) Kunth; 38(3): 175. 1978, Phanerogamarum Monographiae 13:
Oplismenus latifolius Haenke ex Steud.; Oplismenus lieb- 86–87, 96, 99. 1981, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22(6):
mannii E. Fourn.; Oplismenus pratensis (Spreng.) Schult.;
470. 1984, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154.
Oplismenus rariflorus J. Presl; Oplismenus thiebautii E.
1986, Grasses of Japan and Its Neighboring Regions 519.
Fourn.; Orthopogon compositus (L.) R. Br.; Orthopogon
1987, New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 343–353. 1987,
junghuhnii Nees; Orthopogon longeracemosum (Steud.)
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143. 1990
Miq.; Orthopogon pratensis Spreng.; Orthopogon remotus
Trin.; Orthopogon sylvaticus (Lam.) Miq.; Panicum aris- (For relieving pain of snakebite, the smoke produced by
tatum Retz.; Panicum aristatum Cav. ex Willk. & Lange, green plants on fire; whole plant paste applied on affected
nom. illeg., non Panicum aristatum Retz.; Panicum aris- areas of snakebite.)
tatum Raspail, nom. illeg., non Panicum aristatum Retz.;
in English: bamboo-leaf grass, running mountain grass
Panicum bidentatum Steud.; Panicum bidentulum Steud.;
Panicum certificandum Steud.; Panicum compositum L.; in Mexico: pasto
2698 Oplopanax (Torrey & A. Gray) Miq. Araliaceae

in New Caledonia: buburupoto (buburu = grass, poto = Lugduno-Batavi 1: 4, 16. 1863, Journal of Botany, being
generic name for some species of Damselfishes), basahwa a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 5: 237. 1867,
Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 939.
in India: basahwa, kiyop, kodi juttu gaddi, kodijuttu gaddi,
1867, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 34. 1894 and
koli juttu gaddi, ki-yop, kozhi arugampul, kozhi pul, shora,
Botanical Gazette 61: 45. 1916, Rhodora 78: 37–52. 1976,
thurdia
Journal of Ethnobiology 2(1): 17–38. 1982, Smith G.W.
in the Philippines: balibatong, balibis, balisibis, banig- “Arctic pharmacognosia II. Devil’s Club, Oplopanax hor-
usa, kauakauayan, kawakawayan, huphuplit, litlitum, mal- ridus.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 7(3): 313–20. 1983,
akauayan, marikauayan, yamong-yamong, yamog-yamog, J. Ethnopharmacol. 49(2): 101–110. 1995 [Antiviral screen-
bailituganalu ing of British Columbian medicinal plants.], J. Nat. Prod.
60(11): 1210–1213. 1997, Moerman, Daniel E. Native
in Thailand: yaa khai maeng daa, ya khai maeng da, ya kho, American Ethnobotany. 363–365. 1998, J. Ethnopharmacol.
yaa kho, ya kraduk kai, yaa kraduk kai, yaa kraduuk kai, ya 108(2): 228–235. 2006 [In vitro anti-proliferative and anti-
niao ma, yaa nieo maa oxidant studies on Devil’s Club Oplopanax horridus.], J.
Chromatogr. A. 1151(1–2): 211–215. 2007

Oplopanax (Torrey & A. Gray) Miq. Araliaceae (Plant poisonous, berries considered poisonous. Spiny, thin
sharp spines considered poisonous, highly irritating, severe
Greek hoplon ‘a tool, implement, weapon’ plus the related allergic reaction. Anti-tubercular, antirheumatic, cathar-
genus Panax, referring to the spiny habit of these prickly tree- tic, anti-Candida, emetic, analgesic, laxative, antibacterial,
lets, see Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem antiviral, antimycobacterial, anti-proliferative and antiox-
systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 16. 1856, idant. Bark or root infusion taken for arthritis, fever and
Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 4, 16. 1863. diabetes. Magico-religious beliefs, emotional, spiritual,
eaten for purification, hypnotic powers, to protect against
Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai (Echinopanax ela-
witchcraft, to gain supernatural powers; plant used by one
tum Nakai; Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq. subsp. elatus
shaman for curing.)
(Nakai) Hara)
in English: devil’s club
SE Asia, Korea.
See Revue Horticole 105. 1854, Annales Museum Botanicum
Lugduno-Batavi 1: 4, 16. 1863 and Journal of the College of Opuntia Miller Cactaceae
Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 26: 276, pl. 15. 1909, Latin herba Opuntia, from Opus, Opuntis ‘a town of
Flora Sylvatica Koreana 16: 38. 1927, Korean Journal of Locris, in Greece’, Opuntius, a, um ‘Opuntian’, Greek
Plant Taxonomy 18: 291–296. 1988, Acta Pharmaceutica Opous, Opountos; some suggested from Papago Indian
Sinica 39(5): 354–358. 2004 name opun; see Species Plantarum 1: 466, 468. 1753, Philip
(Antifungal. Dermatitis, urticaria.) Miller, The Gardeners Dictionary. Abr. ed. 4. London
(28 Jan.) 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edi-
in China: ci shen tion Opuntia No. 6. 1768, Genera Plantarum 310. 1789,
Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq. (Echinopanax horridum Dictionnaire raisonné de botanique 52, 385. 1817, Cacteae
(Sm.) Decne. & Planch. ex Harms; Echinopanax horridum in Horto Dyckensi Cultae [ed. 1849] 63–64. 1849[1850] and
Decne. & Planch.; Echinopanax horridus (Sm.) Decne. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/2): 187–234. 1962, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118.
& Planch. ex Harms; Echinopanax horridus Decne. & 1975, S. Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana.
Planch.; Fatsia horrida (Sm.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Fatsia hor- XI: 1089. 1981, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch
rida (Sm.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex W.H. Brewer & S. Watson; der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 143. 1989, H.
Fatsia horrida Benth. & Hook. f.; Horsfieldia horrida (Sm.) Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Seem.; Oplopanax horridus Miq.; Panax horridum J.E. Sm.; Pflanzennamen. 440. 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
Ricinophyllum horridum (Sm.) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr.; Gard. 85: 509–519. 2001.
Ricinophyllum horridum A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr.) Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill. (Cactus cochenillifer L.;
North America. Perennial shrub, deciduous, ascending or Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck; Nopalea cochenil-
decumbent, palmately lobed leaves, small greenish-white lifera (L.) Lyons; Opuntia cochenillifera DC., nom. illeg.)
flowers in compact umbels borne in elongate racemes or North America, Pantropical. Stems and flowers edible and
panicles, bright red fleshy berries, stems and foliage densely used as forage, stem segments or pads used as food, fodder
armed with stiff spines and poultices, and for rearing cochineal insects to obtain a
red dye
See Species Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753, The Cyclopaedia;
or, universal dictionary of arts, … [Rees] 26: n. 10. 1813, See Hort. Eltham. t. 297, f. 383. 1732, Species Plantarum
Revue Horticole 105. 1854, Annales Museum Botanicum 1: 468. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged …
Opuntia Miller Cactaceae 2699

fourth edition. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth phaeacantha group in Texas.” Bot. Gaz. 140: 199–207. 1979,
edition Opuntia no. 6. 1768, Genera Plantarum 310. 1789, Madroño 39(2): 98–113. 1992, Haseltonia 6: 32–41. 1998
Plantarum historia succulentarum pl. 137. 1804, Cacteae in
(Constipation.)
Horto Dyckensi Cultae [ed. 1849] 63–64. 1849 [1850] and
Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 54: 170–179. 1982, Flore de in English: Engelmann prickly pear
Madagascar et des Comores 145: 109–123. 1983, Flore des
in Mexico: héel
Mascareignes: la Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues 103: 1–8.
1991, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactus chinensis Roxb.;
Botanical Garden 85: 509–519. 2001, Allorge-Boiteau, Cactus compressus Salisb.; Cactus decumanus Willd.;
L. “Les cactées introduites à Madagascar.” Succulentes Cactus ficus-indica Linnaeus; Cactus opuntia Linnaeus;
(France) 25(1): 9–16. 2002 Opuntia chinensis (Roxb.) K. Koch; Opuntia compressa J.F.
Macbride; Opuntia decumana (Willd.) Haw.; Opuntia ficus-
(Used as a tea to relieve kidney-stone pain and as a poul- indica L.; Opuntia ficus-indica var. decumana (Haw.) Speg.;
tice on wounds, swellings. Inside of roasted pods mixed with Opuntia ficus-indica var. decumana (Willd.) Speg.; Opuntia
sugar and hot water and the beverage taken for coughs and ficus-indica var. gymnocarpa (F.A.C. Weber) Speg.; Opuntia
sore throats. Stem poultice on erysipelas, boils, sores, on ficus-indica var. saboten Makino; Opuntia gymnocarpa
belly for diarrhea; stem juice drunk for heat.) F.A.C. Weber; Opuntia megacantha Salm-Dyck; Opuntia
Common names: cochineal cactus, cochineal nopal cactus, opuntia (L.) H. Karst., nom. inval., tautonym; Opuntia
nopal, nopal chamacuero, tunita [Mexican Spanish nopal, opuntia (L.) J.M. Coult., nom. illeg., tautonym; Opuntia vul-
name for pricklypear cacti and their edible stems] garis Miller)

Opuntia elatior Mill. (Cactus elatior Willd.; Cactus nigricans Origins unknown, but probably Central or South America.
Haw.; Cactus tuna L. var. elatior (Mill.) Sims; Cactus tuna A dense succulent bush with swollen articulated branches, or
var. nigricans (Haw.) Sims; Opuntia nigricans (Haw.) Haw.) a tree, oval flattened stem joints, tufts of very sharp spines,
bright orange-yellow flowers with many sepals petals and
South America. Shrub stamens arranged spirally, fleshy and egg-shaped fruit, sweet
See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. edible flesh around the seeds, fruit edible when it ripens and
1768, Miscellanea Naturalia 187. 1803, Hortus Berolinensis softens, used for cattle feed, ornament, medicine and fuel
34. 1813, Botanical Magazine 38: under t. 1557. 1813 and See Species Plantarum 1: 468. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary
Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979, Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles): 54: … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary:
170–179. 1982 … eighth edition Opuntia no. 1 and 2. 1768, Genera Plantarum
(Fleshy part of the phylloclades slightly warmed and applied 310. 1789, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 348. 1796, Hort. Beng.
on abscess, local swellings, rheumatism, muscular pains and 37. 1814, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis,
boils, snakebite, insect bite; leaves and fruits for gonorrhea. … Suppl. 34. 1814, Supplementum Plantarum Succulentarum
Ripe fruits cooling, purgative, eaten for whooping cough … 71. 1819, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2:
and toxemia. Veterinary medicine, crushed stem given with 476. 1832, Hortus Dyckensis ou Catalogue des Plantes …
water for the treatment of fractured bones.) Cactus 363. 1834, Hortus Dendrologicus 279, no. 6. 1853,
Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik…
in India: fafdo thor, hatha thoohar, hatha-thor, hathlathore, 888. 1882, Contributions from the United States National
hathlo, kantella thor, nagfan, nagfani, nagphani, phaphdothor Herbarium 3(7): 432. 1896, Dictionaire d’Horticulture
Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelmann var. engel- 893. 1898 and Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires
mannii (Opuntia dillei Griffiths; Opuntia discata Griffiths; 3(4): 512. 1905, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of
Opuntia phaeacantha Engelmann var. discata (Griffiths) Harvard University 65: 41. 1922, Journal of Japanese Botany
L.D. Benson & Walkington) 7(4): 6, f. 1. 1931, Agrociencia 1: 100–106. 1966, Madroño
23: 96–68. 1975, M. Cortelazzo & P. Zolli, Dizionario etimo-
North America. logico della lingua italiana. 2: 430. Zanichelli, Bologna 1980,
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 54: 170–179. 1982, Bernal, H.Y. y
J.E. Correa Q. Opuntia ficus-indica. Pp. 120–160 en: Especies
tion. 1754, Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and
promisorias vegetales de los países del Convenio Andrés
Science, new series 4(1): 51–52. 1849, Boston J. Nat. Hist.
Bello. Tomo III. SECAB Ciencia y Tecnología 14, Bogotá.
6(2): 207–208. 1850 and Annual Report of the Missouri
1990, Taxon 40(4): 623–625. 1991, Proceedings of the Indian
Botanical Garden 19: 266–267, pl. 27. 1908, Illustrated
Science Congress Association 84(4A): 34. 1997, Caryologia
Studies in the Genus Opuntia. -- II. 82–83, t. 4, lower f., t. 2,
53: 121–126. 2000
f. 10, t. 13, t. 7. 1909, Annual Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20:
82–83. 1910, Transactions of the Academy of Science 12: 124. (Crushed flowers made into a paste applied over boils. To
1919, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52(3): 265. relieve headaches and fever, for high blood pressure, for blad-
1965, Grant, V. and K.A. Grant. “Systematics of the Opuntia der conditions, to alleviate arthritis.)
2700 Opuntia Miller Cactaceae

in English: barbary fig, Burbank’s spineless cactus, cactus, Opuntia polyacantha var. trichophora (Engelm. & J.M.
Indian fig, mission prickly pear, prickly pear, spineless cac- Bigelow) J.M. Coult.; Opuntia trichophora (Engelm. & J.M.
tus, sweet prickly pear Bigelow) Britton & Rose; Tunas polyacantha (Haw.) Nieuwl.
& Lunell)
in French: figuier d’Inde
North America.
in Arabic: barshoom, hendi, seurti, nowara hindia
See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis,
in India: naagajemudu, naga jamudu, nagadali, nagajemudu,
… 35. 1813, The Genera of North American Plants 1: 296.
nagphani, sappathi-kalli
1818, Supplementum Plantarum Succulentarum … 82.
in Italian: ficodindia 1819, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3:
472. 1828, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
in Chile: tuna and Sciences 3: 300. 1856, Contributions from the United
in Mexico: nopal de Castilla, nopal sin espinas, tuna de States National Herbarium 3(7): 437. 1896 and Smithsonian
Castilla Miscellaneous Collections 50: 535. 1908, American Midland
Naturalist 4: 479. 1916, The Cacti of Arizona 20. 1969, Taxon
in Peru: pupa, tuna 29: 716–718. 1980
in Venezuela: tuna de España, tuna mansa, tuna real (Stem infusion drunk for diarrhea; crushed stems applied on
in Hawaii: panini, papipi backache.)
in Southern Africa: boereturksvy, doringblad, Indiaansche in English: plains prickly-pear, prickly-pear cactus
vij, Indiaanse turksvy, kaalblad, makonde, mannetjiesturksvy, Opuntia robusta J.C. Wendl.
struksvy, stuksvy, turksvy, wyfieturksvybobbejaansturksvy
North America, Mexico.
in Tanzania: ahntsi, likidindi, masikio tembo, matwigam-
puli, mfurahisha mkundu, mpungate See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
tion. 1754, Enum. Diagn. Cact. 165. 1837 and Agrociencia
Opuntia fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. (Cactus fragilis Nutt.; Opuntia 1: 100–106. 1966, Systematic Botany 10: 471–483. 1985,
brachyarthra Engelmann & J.M. Bigelow; Opuntia fragilis Caryologia 53: 121–126. 2000
subsp. brachyarthra (Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow) W.A. Weber;
Opuntia fragilis var. brachyarthra (Engelmann & J.M. (Cooling, astringent, laxative.)
Bigelow) J.M. Coulter) in English: wheel cactus
North America. in Mexico: cochinera, k’oh, nopal, nopalli, tuna camuesa,
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- tuna tapona
tion. 1754, Genera Plantarum 310. 1789, The Genera of Opuntia rufida Engelmann (Opuntia microdasys (Lehmann)
North American Plants 1: 296–297. 1818, Supplementum Pfeiffer var. rufida (Engelmann) K. Schumann; Opuntia
Plantarum Succulentarum … 82–83. 1819, Proceedings of rufida var. tortiflora M.S. Anthony)
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 3: 302. 1856,
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium North America, Mexico.
3(7): 440. 1896 and Phytologia 51(6): 374. 1982, Taxon 31: See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
583–587. 1982 tion. 1754, Enumeratio Diagnostica Cactearum 154. 1837,
(Stimulant, astringent.) Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3: 298. 1856, Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakteen 706. 1898
in English: brittle prickly pear, little prickly pear and American Midland Naturalist 55(1): 240, f. 15. 1956,
Opuntia fulgida Engelm. var. fulgida Cact. U.S. Canada 922. 1982, The Southwestern Naturalist
34: 160–164. 1989, Madroño 39(2): 98–113. 1992
North America.
(The vernacular name is derived from the tendency for the
See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and glochids to shed into the eyes of grazing cattle that bump
Sciences 3: 306–307. 1856 against the plant.)
(Sap a remedy for diarrhea; the fleshy outside portion of the in English: blind pricklypear
fruit given to children with persistent diarrhea.)
Opuntia streptacantha Lem.
Opuntia polyacantha Haw. (Cactus ferox Nutt.; Opuntia
North America, Mexico.
missouriensis DC.; Opuntia missouriensis var. rufispina
Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow; Opuntia missouriensis var. See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
trichophora Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow; Opuntia polyacan- tion. 1754, Cactearum Genera Nova Speciesque Novae 62.
tha var. rufispina (Engelm. & J.M. Bigelow) L.D. Benson; 1839 and Bull Torrey Bot. Club 109: 121–128. 1982
Orania Zipp. Arecaceae (Palmae) 2701

(Astringent, cooling.) machhagalli, mahavriksha, mir-aud, naagadaali, naagadele

kalli, naagajemmudu, naagamullu, naagaphana, naagath-
in English: Cardona pear, white-spined pear
aali, nagadru, nagajamudu, nagaphana, nagathali, nagphani,
in Mexico: nopal cardón, tuna cardona netrari, nistrinshapatrika, paalakalli, padyaanivadunga, pha-
naar gaach, phaninishdunga, sagarphena, samantadugdha,
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. (Cactus dillenii Ker Gawl.;
shakhakanta, shihunda, sihunda, siju, sinhatunda, snuha,
Cactus opuntia L. var. inermis DC.; Cactus strictus Haw.;
snuhi, snuka, snusha, sudha, vajra, vajradruma, vajrakan-
Opuntia anahuacensis Griffiths; Opuntia dillenii (Ker
taka, vidara, visvasaraka, yang-nik
Gawl.) Haw.; Opuntia dillenii Haw.; Opuntia inermis (DC.)
DC.; Opuntia inermis Moris & De Not.; Opuntia melano-
sperma Svenson; Opuntia stricta var. dillenii L.D. Benson;
Opuntia stricta var. dillenii (Ker Gawl.) L.D. Benson; Orania Zipp. Arecaceae (Palmae)
Opuntia tuna auct.)
Named after the Prince of Orange (Oranje), 1792–1849,
North America, Mexico. Branching spiny shrub, fleshy Crown Prince of the Netherlands; see Karl Ludwig von Blume
jointed flattened stem, yellow solitary flowers, spines occur (1796–1862), in Alg. Konst- en Letterbode. 1829(19): 297.
singly or in clusters of three or more 1829, Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of
the Arts and Sciences in India 5: 489. 1845 and Annales de
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
l’Institut Botanico-Géologique Colonial de Marseille 1(1):
tion. 1754, Genera Plantarum 310. 1789, Pl. Succ. Hist. 2: pl.
138, f. C. 1799, Miscellanea Naturalia 188. 1803, Synopsis 11. 1933, Principes 28(4): 163. 1984.
plantarum succulentarum … 191. 1812, Botanical Register; Orania sylvicola (Griff.) H.E. Moore (Macrocladus sylvi-
consisting of coloured … 3: pl. 255. 1818, Supplementum cola Griff.; Orania macrocladus Mart.)
Plantarum Succulentarum … 79. 1819, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 437. 1828, Thailand, Malesia. Thornless jungle palm, densely leafy
FBI 2: 657. 1879 and Berger, Alwin (1871–1931), Hortus crown, solid nut
mortolensis: enumeratio plantarum in Horto mortolensi See Hist. Nat. Palm. 3(ed. 2): 186. 1845, Calcutta J. Nat.
cultarum. Alphabetical catalogue of plants growing in the Hist. 5: 490. 1845 and Principes 6: 44. 1962
garden of the late Sir Thomas Hanbury … at La Mortola,
Ventimiglia, Italy. London, West, Newman & Co., 1912, Bull. (Exceedingly poisonous.)
Torrey Bot. Club 43: 92. 1916, American Journal of Botany
Malayan name: buah ibul
33: 471, tab. 3, fig. 4. 1946, Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 41:
126. 1969 [also Cactus and Succulent Journal [U.S.] 41(3):
126. 1969], Current Science 49: 558–559. 1980, Proceedings
of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, C): 67: 59. Oreocnide Miquel Urticaceae
1980, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 58–60. 1984, Flora From the Greek oros ‘mountain’ and knide ‘nettle’, see
of Ecuador 35: 1–79. 1989 Plantae Junghuhnianae 1: 39. 1851, Annales des Sciences
(Used in Ayurveda. Injuries caused by spines; severe dam- Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 1: 195. 1854.
age to tongue and mouth may be caused by minute needle- Oreocnide frutescens (Thunb.) Miq. (Boehmeria frutescens
like hairs on the edible fruits. Plant decoction in hydrocele
(Thunb.) Thunb.; Urtica frutescens Thunb.; Villebrunea fru-
and snakebite; poultice applied in inflammation and boils;
tescens (Thunb.) Blume)
stem juice dropped into ear in purulent discharge from ear;
stem juice with limestone applied in joint pains; poultice Nepal.
of stem of Opuntia dillenii with bark of Terminalia che-
bula applied in ulceration in venereal diseases. Root pow- See Syst. Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 851. 1784,
der used on the teeth in dental caries. Ripe fruits cooling, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 2: 330.
expectorant and laxative, juice in asthma and in exces- 1794, Museum Botanicum 2: 168. 1856, Annales Museum
sive menstrual flow; fruit decoction with ginger given in Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 131. 1867
whooping cough to children; powdered flowers or fruit and (Root paste applied in case of scabies.)
sugar given in respiratory diseases. Flowers and stem for
foot crack.) in China: zi ma

in English: common prickly pear, Eltham Indian fig, erect in Nepal: chiple, lendru
prickly pear, prickly pear, slipper thorn, smooth pest pear,
Oreocnide integrifolia (Gaudich.) Miq. (Oreocnide inte-
spiny pest pear, sweet prickly pear
grifolia (Gaudich.) C.J. Chen; Oreocnide integrifolia
in India: bahudugdhika, bahushala, chapal, chappate kalli, Miq.; Oreocnide integrifolia subsp. subglabra C.J. Chen;
dabaagalli, dabbu galli, dabgalli, dondavrikshaka, guda, gula, Villebrunea integrifolia Gaudich.; Villebrunea sylvatica var.
kandarohaka, kandashakha, krishnakhara, kubshadruma, integrifolia Wedd.)
2702 Oreosolen Hook.f. Scrophulariaceae

China, India. Shrub, multi-branched, fibrous bark, leaves in China: zang xuan shen
elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate, flowers in clusters, black seed
surrounded by clear flesh
See Voyage autour de Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 1836 Oricia Pierre Rutaceae
et 1837 sur la Corvette la ~Bonite~ … Botanique, pl. 91. 1847, Origins obscure, possibly from the Greek oros ‘mountain’
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(1): or Latin Oricius, a, um ‘belonging to Oricum, Orician’;
235, f. 20, 21. 1869, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno- Oricum or Oricus, a town of Epirus, on the Ionian Sea, the
Batavi 4: 306. 1869, FBI 5: 589. 1888 and Fl. Xizang. 1: 561. tree which produces the turpentine grew there in abundance,
1983, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 21(4): 473–474. 1983 see Vergilius, The Aeneid. 10, v. 136, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér.
(Plant juice given in difficult urination, used also as eye wash 2, 20: 90. 1843, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de
and applied on pimples. Leaves poultice applied on forehead Paris 1897: 1287–1289. 1897.
in headache. Root paste made along with the roots of Leea Oricia bachmannii (Engl.) Verdoorn (Oricia bachmannii
sambucina and Cissus repens given in bubo and boils.) I. Verd.; Oricia swynnertonii I. Verd.; Oricia swynnertonii
in China: quan yuan ye zi ma (Bak.f.) Verdoorn; Oricia transvaalensis Verdoorn; Teclea
bachmannii Engl.; Teclea swynnertonii Baker f.) (the spe-
in India: ingthum-abab-araung, thehauy-araung cific name honors Charles Francis Massey Swynnerton,
Oreocnide rubescens (Blume) Miq. (Oreocnide rubes- 1877–1938, botanical collector in Gazaland, b. India 1877-d.
cens Miq.; Oreocnide sylvatica (Blume) Miq.; Oreocnide Tanganyika 1938, farmer, botanical collector in Rhodesia and
sylvatica Miq.; Urtica rubescens Blume; Urtica sylvatica Mozambique, 1907 Fellow of the Linnean Society; see Mary
Blume; Villebrunea integrifolia var. sylvatica (Blume) Hook. Gunn and Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern
f.; Villebrunea rubescens Blume; Villebrunea rubescens Africa. 339. Cape Town 1981, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of
(Blume) Blume; Villebrunea sylvatica (Blume) Blume) British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 668. 1994)

India. South Africa, Malawi. Tree, fragrant creamy flowers

See Species Plantarum 2: 983–985. 1753, Bijdragen tot de See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 153. 1897 and J. Linn.
flora van Nederlandsch Indië 506. 1825, Voyage autour
Soc., Bot. xl. 35. 1911, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1926, 413–
de Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 1836 et 1837 sur la
414. 1926
Corvette la ~Bonite~ … Botanique, pl. 91. 1847, Plantae
Junghuhnianae 1: 39–40. 1851, Zollinger, Heinrich (1818– (Antiseptic, emetic.)
1859), Systematisches Verzeichniss der im indischen Archipel
in English: twin-berry tree
in den Jahren 1842–1848… 101. Zürich, 1854–1855, Annales
des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 1: 195. 1854, in Southern Africa: oricia, tweelingbessieboom; ruAnzili,
Blume, Carl Ludwig von (1796–1862), Museum botanicum ruAnziti, chiRgwanzili (Shona); uMozane (Zulu); iNzanyane
Lugduno-Batavum 2(9–12): 167, f. 16. Lugduni-Batavorum, (Xhosa)
1849–[1856], The Flora of British India 5(15): 590. 1888 and
Oricia suaveolens (Engl.) Verdoorn (Oricia suaveolens I.
Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 13: 283. 1999
Verd.; Teclea suaveolens Engl.; Vepris suaveolens (Engl.)
(Leaves and bark boiled and the solution used to wash a Mziray)
patient with fever.)
Tropical Africa.
in Papua New Guinea: andako
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 152. 1897 and Bulletin
of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1926: 413. 1926, Acta
Oreosolen Hook.f. Scrophulariaceae Universitatis Upsaliensis: Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis
From the Greek oros ‘mountain’ and solen ‘a tube, channel, 30(1): 76. 1992
pipe’, see Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4(11): 318–319. 1884. (Stem bark and leaves antiparasitic, cytotoxic, analgesic, feb-
Oreosolen wattii Hook. f. (Oreosolen unguiculatus Hemsl.) rifuge, for toothache, fevers.)
Himalaya. in Nigeria: ain-adie (Yoruba)
See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 4(11): 319. 1884,
Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 25(3): t. 2467. 1896, Bull. Misc.
Origanum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Inform. Kew 1896(119): 213. 1896
Ancient classical Greek name, origanon, oreiganon, origa-
(Roots as antiinflammatory.)
nos, oreiganos, possibly from the Greek oros ‘mountain’
in Bhutan: sgon-bu and ganos ‘beauty, brightness, ornament, delight’, Latin
Origanum L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2703

origanum and origanon and origanus for the plant wild- in English: knotted marjoram, marjoram, sweet marjoram
marjoram, origan (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species
in Arabic: mardqouche, mardaddoush, mardaqoush,
Plantarum. 2: 588–590. 1753, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. [829].
bardaqoush
1754, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 256. 1754, Brit. Herb. 381.
1756, Syst. Pl. [Gleditsch] 189. 1764 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. in India: marupatra, marva, murwa
Brit. Isles, 3: 433. 1913, V. Bertoldi, in Revue de linguistique
Origanum vulgare L. (Micromeria formosana C.
romane. II: 140. Paris 1926, Testi fiorentini del Dugento e
dei primi del Trecento, con introduzione, annotazioni lin- Marquand; Origanum creticum Loureiro; Origanum dila-
guistiche e glossario a cura di Alfredo Schiaffini. Firenze tatum Klokov; Origanum normale D. Don; Origanum
1926, R. Strömberg, Griechische Pflanzennamen. 24–26, puberulum (G. Beck) Klokov; Origanum vulgare var. for-
117. Göteborg 1940, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological mosanum Hayata; Origanum vulgare var. puberulum Beck;
Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1015. New York 1967, Thymus origanum Kuntze)
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38(1): 46–47. 1980, Cosmopolitan. A polymorphic species
Taxon. Rev. Gen. Origanum (Leiden Bot. Ser., 4): 76, 93, 99.
1980, Memórias da Sociedade Broteriana 27: 27–75. 1984, See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578, 588–590. 1753, Flora
Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Cochinchinensis 2: 373. 1790, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis
XII: 101. 1984, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario 113. 1825 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non
etimologico della lingua italiana. 4: 844. Bologna 1985. et contributiones ad floram formosanam. 8: 102. 1919,
Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 33: t. 3230. 1934, Leiden Bot. Ser. 4:
Origanum majorana L. (Amaracus majorana Schinz & 106. 1980, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales,
Thell.; Amaracus majorana (L.) Schinz & Thell.; Majorana le Botaniste 4: 331–339. 1981, Cytologia 46: 45–55. 1981,
dubia (Boiss.) Briq.; Majorana dubia Briq.; Majorana fra- Taxon 31: 589–592. 1982, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 69(4):
grans Raf.; Majorana hortensis Moench; Majorana majo- 511–517. 1984, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales,
rana H. Karst.; Majorana majorana (L.) H. Karst., nom. le Botaniste 7: 5–16. 1984, Proceedings of the Indian Science
inval.; Majorana mexicana M. Martens & Galeotti; Majorana
Congress Association 72(3-vi): 127. 1985, Memoirs of the
ovalifolia Stokes; Majorana ovatifolia Stokes; Majorana suf-
College of Agriculture, National Taiwan University 29(1):
fruticosa Raf.; Majorana tenuifolia Raf.; Majorana tenuifo-
91. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75:
lia Gray; Majorana uncinata Stokes; Majorana vulgaris (L.)
118–120. 1990, Watsonia 18: 415–417. 1991, Botaničeskij
Gray; Majorana vulgaris Gray, nom. superfl.; Origanum
Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 80(6): 114–116. 1995, Linzer
confertum Savi; Origanum dubium Boiss.; Origanum major-
Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Botanica 137:
ana var. majoranoides (Willd.) Nyman; Origanum majorana
1–42. 1999
var. tenuifolium Weston; Origanum majoranoides Willd.;
Origanum odorum Salisb., nom. superfl.; Origanum salvifo- (Whole plant, stimulant, tonic, for menstrual complaints.
lium Roth; Thymus majorana (L.) Kuntze; Thymus majorana Seeds for stomachache. Leaves infusion carminative, to
Kuntze; Thymus majoranifolius Desf.) (Majorana Miller, treat coughs, toothache, earache; fresh leaves extract for
derivation uncertain, Latin maezuranam, amaracum, Greek fever, cough and also to kill harmful intestinal worms, as an
amarakos; see Serapiom, El libro agregà de Serapiom. A ointment for skin diseases. Roots smelled to cure dizziness,
cura di G. Ineichen. [“maçorana”] Venezia-Roma 1962– and also to cure fever in children. Magic, ritual, a piece of
1966, E. Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern the root tied to the neck of children to protect them against
English. 2: 896. 1967, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, conjunctivitis.)
Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. 3: 699. 1983,
H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen in English: common origanum, oregano, pot marjoram, wild
Pflanzennamen. 362. 1996.) marjoram

Europe. in Italian: oregano, origamo, origano, regamo

See Species Plantarum 2: 590. 1753, Methodus Plantas Horti in China: niu zhi, tu xiang ru
Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi in India: jangli tulsi, jokjadi, jongli pudina, sathra
406. 1794, Bot. Mat. Med. iii. 350–351, 353. 1812, Tabl. École
Bot., ed. 2. 74. 1815, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants in Nepal: tano
2: 381. 1821, Fl. Tellur. 3: 86. 1837 [1836 publ. Nov-Dec 1837], Origanum vulgare L. subsp. virens (Hoffmanns. & Link)
Bull. Acad. Brux. xi. II. (1844) 191. 1844, Taschen-Flora von Ietsw. (Origanum bastetanum Socorro; Origanum basteta-
Leipzig 106. 1867 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier II, 7: num Socorro, Arreb. & M.C. Espinar; Origanum gussonei
576. 1907
(Hoffmanns. & Link) Tineo ex Lojac.; Origanum gussonei Tin.
(Plant infusion sudorific, stimulant, emmenagogue, galac- ex Lojac.; Origanum macrostachyum Hoffmanns. & Link;
tagogue, in hysteria, paralysis, toothache, sprain, insomnia. Origanum virens C.A. Mey.; Origanum virens Hoffmanns. &
Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in different reli- Link; Origanum virens Hoffmanns.; Origanum virens subsp.
gious pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja.) siculum Nyman, nom. nud.; Origanum virens var. spicatum
2704 Ormocarpum P. Beauv. Fabaceae (Aeschynomeneae)

Rouy; Origanum virescens Poir.; Origanum vulgare var. Ormocarpum kirkii S. Moore (Diphaca discolor (Vatke)
virens (Hoffmanns. & Link) K. Koch) Chiov.; Diphaca kirkii (S. Moore) Taub.; Ormocarpum
affine De Wild; Ormocarpum bibracteatum sensu auct.;
Mediterranean.
Ormocarpum discolor Vatke; Ormocarpum mimosoides S.
See Flore portugaise ou description de toutes les … Moore; Ormocarpum pubescens sensu Cufod.; Solulus kirkii
[Hoffmannsegg] 1: 119–120, t. 9. 1809, Encycl., (Lamarck) (S. Moore) Kuntze)
Suppl. 4: 186. 1816, Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. (C.A. von Meyer).
Tanzania, Kenya. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small
90. 1831, Linnaea 19: 24. 1846, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 592. 1881,
tree, open spreading crown, thick rough corky bark, large
Naturaliste 4(12): 93. 1882 and Flora Sichuanica 2(2): 195.
pinkish deep mauve flowers, ovary and stalk densely hairy,
1907, Leiden Bot. Ser. 4: 115. 1980, Memórias da Sociedade
corolla remains around the fruit, very small pod curled into a
Broteriana 27: 27–75. 1984, Lagascalia 16(1): 114. 1990
ring, leaves fodder for goats, Acacia-Commiphora bushland,
(Bracts as emmenagogue, antispasmodic and stomachic.) miombo woodland, coastal bushland, mopane woodland
See Flora Cochinchinensis 453. 1790, Flora 29: 599. 1846,
Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 207, pl. 38. 1847, Flora
Ormocarpum P. Beauv. Fabaceae of Tropical Africa 2: 143. 1871, Journal of Botany, British
(Aeschynomeneae) and Foreign 15: 290. 1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
205. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(3): 319. 1894
Greek hormos ‘a necklace, a chain’ and karpos ‘fruit’, the and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique
pods are moniliform or necklace-like; see Ambroise Palisot 39(Suppl.): 24. 1969
de Beauvois (1752–1820), Flore d’Oware et de Benin en
Afrique. 1: 95. Paris 1807 and Reinwardtia 5(1): 23–36. 1959, (Ash rubbed onto swollen parts of the body after scarifica-
Kew Bulletin 20(2): 323–355. 1966, Nordic J. Bot. 8: 457– tion in order to reduce edema and relieve allergic conditions.
488. 1989. Roots for rheumatism and stomach problems. Crushed leaves
rubbed onto the forehead to treat headache. Leaves and fruits
Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Lour.) Merr. (Dalbergia analgesic, abortifacient.)
diphaca Pers.; Diphaca cochinchinense Lour.; Diphaca
cochinchinensis Lour.; Diphaea cochinchinense Lour.; in English: small caterpillar pod
Hedysarum sennoides Willd.; Lupinus boyacensis C.P. Sm.; in Southern Africa: mupotonzoa, musankanakutcha, mus-
Ormocarpum glabrum Teijsm. & Binnend.; Ormocarpum wutaderere, purupuru
orientale (Sprengel) Merr.; Ormocarpum sennoides DC.;
in Tanzania: chitadzi, engokiki, esekilianjoi, hombo, hombo-
Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC.; Parkinsonia orienta-
kiumbu, kigoje, kirumbu, kisogo, kitazi, kitimbwi kidala,
lis Spreng.; Solulus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kuntze)
kiumbu, mhombo, mkondwampuli, msongolamambo, mtute,
Sri Lanka, Vietnam. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub, munni, murori, muruiro, musinda, musungwa, muzisunde,
evergreen, slender sticky branchlets, racemes axillary, small natsiayi, natsiimo, tuuti, uwi
spreading bracts, bracteoles lanceolate, calyx membranous,
Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC. (Hedysarum sennoi-
corolla yellow, legume linear to oblong slightly inflated
des Willd.; Ormocarpum sennoides DC.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 721–722, 745–751. 1753, Flora India. Perennial non-climbing tree
Cochinchinensis 454. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
3(2): 1207. 1802, Synopsis Plantarum 2(2): 276. 1807, Flore See Species Plantarum 2: 721–722, 745–751. 1753, Flora
d’Oware 1: 95. 1807, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Cochinchinensis 454. 1790, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 315. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 1207. 1802, Synopsis Plantarum 2(2): 276. 1807, Flore
1: 205. 1891 and Philippine Journal of Science 5(1): 76. 1910, d’Oware 1: 95. 1807, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Species Lupinorum 27: 430–431. 1944, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 315. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum
Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Kagoshima University Research 1: 205. 1891 and Philippine Journal of Science 5(1): 76. 1910,
Center for the Pacific Islands, Occasional Papers no. 34: Species Lupinorum 27: 430–431. 1944, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst.
141–144. 2001 Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Kagoshima University Research
Center for the Pacific Islands, Occasional Papers no. 34:
(Toxins, weak poison. Root tonic, stimulant, used for lum- 141–144. 2001
bago and paralysis. Fish poison.)
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Toxins, weak poison. Root
in China: lian jia mu tonic, stimulant, used for lumbago and paralysis.)
in India: adavimoonaga, advimunaga, gunnangi, kaadu in India: adavimoonaga, adavimunaga, advimunaga, etu-
nugga, kaadu nugge gida, kadunugga, kananashekhara, kamurunkai, gunnangi, kaadu nugga, kaadu nugge gida,
kananashigru, kattumuringai, kattumurunga, nal kashina, kadunugga, kadunugge, kananashekhara, kananashigru,
nalla kaasana, punamurinna kananasigru, katmorungi, kattu murunkai, kattumurina,
Ormosia G. Jackson Fabaceae (Sophoreae) 2705

kattumuringai, kattumurinna, kattumurunga, nal kashina, Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree, bright red seeds
nalikashina, nalla kaasana, nallakasana, nallakashana,
See Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 139.
punamurina, punamurinna
1922, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl. (Diphaca zu Berlin-Dahlem 9: 972. 1926, Field Museum of Natural
trichocarpa Taub.; Ormocarpum setosum Burtt Davy; History, Botanical Series 13(3/1): 248–249. 1943
Ormocarpum trichocarpum Burtt-Davy; Ormocarpum
(Seed very poisonous if chewed. The seeds are a symbol
trichocarpum (Taub.) Harms)
of good luck and abundance, reputed to ward off any kind
Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda. Perennial non-climbing shrub, of bad luck, to protect one from jinxes, and keep away the
small tree or shrub, petals yellow with brown stripes evil eye.)
See Flora Cochinchinensis 453. 1790, Flore d’Oware 1: in Brazil: huayruro, huayruro macho, mulungu
95. 1807, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C 213. 1895 and
Ormosia cambodiana Gagnep. (Placolobium cambodianum
Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 10: 385. 1904, Wissenschaftliche
(Gagnep.) Yakovlev)
Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1907–
1908, Botanik 2: 259. 1911, Annals of the Transvaal Museum Cambodia. Perennial non-climbing tree
3: 122. 1912 See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 360.
(Roots for rheumatism and stomach problems. Ash from this 1811, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 1082. 1858 and
plant rubbed onto swollen parts of the body after scarifica- Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 3: 29.
tion in order to reduce edema and relieve allergic conditions. 1914, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 10: 192. 1973
Crushed leaves rubbed onto the forehead to treat headache.) (Alkaloids. Stem laxative.)
in English: caterpillar bush, caterpillar tree, jackal-tail tree, in Laos: khi mou
large caterpillar pod
Ormosia coccinea (Aubl.) Jacks. (Ormosia costulata (Miq.)
in Southern Africa: ormocarpum, rusperboontjie; umSindan- Kleinhoonte; Ormosia subsimplex Spruce ex Benth.; Robinia
dlovu, umSindandlovana (= even an elephant will recover), coccinea Aubl.)
isiThibane (Zulu); isiTsibane, isiTibane (Swazi)
Brazil, Nicaragua. Perennial non-climbing tree, deep red and
in Tanzania: engoisikirianjoi, esikilianjoi, hombo kiumbu, black seeds
kitimbwi kigosi, mkondwampuli, msongolamambo, muorori,
musinda, muuwi, mwuwi, uusinda See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 773.
1775, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10:
360. 1811, Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811–1871),
Ormosia G. Jackson Fabaceae (Sophoreae) Stirpes Surinamensis Selectae 17–18. 1851 [Also issued
as Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche
From the Greek hormos ‘a necklace, a chain’, referring to Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem ser. 2, vol.
the seeds of Ormosia coccinea (Aublet) Jackson; see George 7. 1851], Flora Brasiliensis 15(1B): 316, pl. 125. 1862 and
Jackson, (1790–1811), in Transactions of the Linnean Society Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 22: 392. 1925,
of London. 10: 360. 1811 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
Bot. Ser. 18 (2): 487–559. 1937, Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks 32(5): 328. 1965
Univ. Utrecht 52: 1–78. 1939, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Bot. Ser. 13(3/1): 1–506. 1943, Flore de la Guyane française (Seeds poisonous if chewed and eaten; keep the seeds out
2: 36–162. 1952, Tetrahedron Letters 4(23): 1559–1567. 1963, of reach of small children. Magic, ritual, seed as amulet, a
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium charm to attract good fortune and wealth.)
32(5): 279–384. 1965, Rhodora 70(784): 492–532. 1968, in Brazil: huayruro
Phytologia 18(6): 337–338. 1969, Microchemical Journal
Ormosia glauca Wall. (Fedorouia glauca (Wall.) Yakovlev;
15(4): 625–637. 1970, Journal of the Forensic Science
Fedorovia glauca (Wall.) Yakovlev)
Society 11(2): 95–108. 1971, N. Amer. Fl. Ser. II (7): 1–53.
1972, Selbyana 4(1–6): 372–396. 1978, Ann. Missouri Bot. India, Nepal, Himalaya. Perennial non-climbing tree
Gard. 67(3): 523–818. 1980, Rhodora 83(834): 161–236. 1981,
See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 2: 23, t. 125. 1831 and
Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico 41: 153–159. 1981, Listados Floristicos
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 56(5): 657. 1971
de Mexico 1: 47–61. 1983, Listados Floristicos de Mexico
4: 90–112. 1986, Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico 48: 155–158. 1988, (Leaf juice applied to treat cuts and wounds.)
Phytochemistry 27(2): 439–444. 1988, Economic Botany
in Nepal: ghamra
57(2): 218–230. 2003.
Ormosia jamaicensis Urb.
Ormosia amazonica Ducke (Ormosia bopiensis Pierce ex
J.F. Macbr.; Ormosia euneura Harms) Jamaica. Perennial non-climbing tree, red seeds
2706 Ornithogalum L. Asparagaceae (Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae)

See Symbolae Antillarum 5(3): 366. 1908, J. Org. See The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 111. 1853
Chem. 25(11): 1959–1962. 1960, The Journal of Organic and Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 137–
Chemistry 26(6): 2143–2145. 1961, Tetrahedron Letters 50: 138. 1922, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 30(1):
6291–6294. 1966 90–92, f. 2. 1943, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80(6): 1506–1510. 1958,
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 56(5): 657. 1971,
(Alkaloids.) Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67(3): 741. 1980 [1981]
in English: nickel, red nickel (Alkaloids.)
Ormosia laxiflora Benth. ex Baker (Afrormosia laxiflora in Spanish: chaperno, coronil, peronil
(Baker) Harms; Afrormosia laxiflora (Benth. ex Baker)
Harms; Pericopsis laxiflora (Benth.) Meeuwen; Pericopsis Ormosia sumatrana (Miq.) Prain (Chaenolobium decemju-
laxiflora (Baker) Meeuwen; Pericopsis laxiflora (Benth. ex gum Miq.; Chaenolobium septemjugum Miq.; Macrotropis
Baker) Meeuwen) sumatrana Miq.; Ormosia coarctata sensu auct.; Ormosia
decemjuga (Miq.) Prain; Ormosia decemjuga Prain; Ormosia
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, see also euphorioides Gagnep.; Ormosia euphorioides Pierre ex
Pericopsis laxiflora Gagnepain; Ormosia microsperma Baker; Ormosia sep-
temjuga Prain; Ormosia septemjuga (Miq.) Prain; Ormosia
See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 2: 255. 1871 and Die
sumatrana Prain ex King; Ormosia yunnanensis Prain)
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3: 158. 1906, Bulletin du
Jardin Botanique de l’État 32(2): 218. 1962 Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Perennial non-climbing tree
(Leaves, stem and roots for headache, venereal diseases, eye See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 363–
inflammation and arthritis. Alkaloids. Roots tonic, stimulant, 364, pl. 27. 1811, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1: 294, 302.
antiseptic, for asthenia; pounded bark for cough, pneumonia.) 1860, The Flora of British India 2(5): 253. 1878, Journal of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 66: 150,
in Benin: gorodjohi bodehi, kpassiwan 468. 1897 and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part
in Senegal: kulkuli 2. Natural history 69(2): 183. 1900, Notulae Systematicae.
Herbier du Museum de Paris 3: 30. 1914, Thai Forest Bulletin
Ormosia macrocalyx Ducke (Ormosia apulensis Cortes, (Botany) 13: 1–22. 1980, Cancer Res. 59(11): 2615–2622.
nom. nud.; Ormosia chlorocalyx Ducke; Ormosia clorocalyx 1999, J. Nat. Prod. 67(11): 1911–1914. 2004 [Activity-guided
Ducke; Ormosia toledoana Standl.) fractionation of the leaves of Ormosia sumatrana using a
proteasome inhibition assay.]
Caribbean, Costa Rica. Perennial non-climbing tree
(Alkaloids. Proteasome inhibitors: a novel class of potent and
See Flora de Colombia 61. 1919, Archivos do Jardim
effective antitumor agents.)
Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 137–138. 1922, Publications
of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 461(4): 64. 1935, in China: yun nan hong dou
Boletim Técnico do Instituto Agronômico de Norte 2: 23–24.
1944, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67(3): 741. 1980 [1981],
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 53(3): 149–156. 1996 Ornithogalum L. Asparagaceae
(Alkaloids.) (Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae)

Ormosia nobilis Tul. Name used by Dioscorides and Plinius, from the Greek
ornis, ornithos ‘a bird’ and gala ‘milk’, in reference to the
Brazil. Small tree, bright red seeds with a black spot very fleshy bulbs or to the very white flowers, the white of
an egg being called milk by the Greeks; Latin ornithogale,
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 360.
es and Greek ornithogale for a plant, the star of Bethlehem.
1811, Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 4: 106. 1844
See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 306. 1753 and
and Guía de Árboles de Bolivia 1–958. 1993
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 145. 1754, Jacques Julien Houtton
(Alkaloids.) de Labillardière (1755–1834), Novae Hollandiae plantarum
specimen. Parisiis 1804–1806 [1807].
in English: lady bug tree
Ornithogalum longibracteatum Jacq. (Eliokarmos cau-
in Brazil: mulunga, mulungu datum (Aiton) Raf.; Fenelonia bracteata (Thunb.) Raf.;
Ormosia panamensis Benth. (Fedorovia panamensis Loncomelos caudatum (Aiton) Dostál; Ornithogalum bracte-
(Benth.) Yakovlev; Ormosia macrocalyx Ducke; Ormosia atum Thunb.; Ornithogalum caudatum Aiton; Ornithogalum
panamensis Benth. ex Seem.; Ormosia stipitata Schery) massonii J.F. Gmel., nom. illeg.; Ornithogalum scilloides
Jacq.; Stellarioides longibracteata (Jacq.) Speta; Urginea
Panama, Guatemala. Perennial non-climbing tree, cut trunk mouretii Batt. & Trab.; Urophyllon caudatum (Aiton) Salisb.,
exuding a clear sticky sap, bright red seeds nom. inval.)
Ornithogalum L. Asparagaceae (Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae) 2707

South Africa. Herb, bulbs, flowers green with white edge to Namibia. Bulb, very small, ovoid, hard dark scales, white
petals, tepals with green keels star-like flowers, tepals membranous
See Species Plantarum 1: 306–308. 1753, Hort. Bot. Vindob. See Bothalia 12: 33. 1978
3: 18. 1777, Collectanea 2: 315. 1788 and Bull. Soc. Bot.
(Poisonous to the stock.)
France 68: 438. 1921 (publ. 1922), Folia Mus. Rerum Nat.
Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 15. 1984, New Botanist 15: 61–68. Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. (Eliokarmos coarctatum
1988, Stapfia 75: 173. 2001, Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, (Jacq.) Raf.; Eliokarmos thyrsoides (Jacq.) Raf.; Lomaresis
N.L. (eds.) “Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated check- alba Raf.; Myogalum coarctatum (Jacq.) Endl.; Myogalum
list.” Strelitzia 14: i-vi, 1–1231. National Botanical Institute, thyrsoides (Jacq.) Endl.; Ornithogalum bicolor Haw.;
Pretoria. 2003 Ornithogalum ceresianum F.M. Leight.; Ornithogalum
coarctatum Jacq.; Ornithogalum conicum Willd. ex Kunth,
(Extremely poisonous; the root is the most poisonous part.) nom. inval.; Ornithogalum gilgianum Schltr. ex Poelln.;
in English: false sea onion, German onion, sea onion, wild Ornithogalum grimaldiae Nocca; Ornithogalum hermannii
onion F.M. Leight.; Ornithogalum revolutum Jacq.; Ornithogalum
revolutum sensu Ker-Gawl., non Jacq.; Tomoxis coarctata
in East Africa: kikwashi (Jacq.) Raf.)
in Southern Africa: masxabana (Xhosa) South Africa.
in Tanzania: nyondoita, nyondoito See Hort. Bot. Vindob. 3: 17. 1777, Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: 20, t. 435.
Ornithogalum nutans Linnaeus (Albucea chlorantha Rchb.; 1794, Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 1: 46. 1797, Flora Telluriana 2:
Albucea neapolitana Montandon; Albucea nutans (L.) 24. 1837, Fl. Tellur. 3: 54, 59. 1837, Catalogus horti acade-
Rchb.; Brizophila nutans (L.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Honorius mici vindobonensis 1: 134. 1842, Enum. Pl. 4: 353. 1843 and
nutans (L.) Gray; Hyacinthus myogalea E.H.L. Krause; S. African Gard. 23: 61. 1933, J. Bot. 71: 72. 1933, Feddes
Ifuon nutans (L.) Raf.; Myogalum affine K. Koch & C.D. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 54: 23. 1944, Cytologia 56:
297–302. 1991
Bouché; Myogalum nutans (L.) Link; Myogalum nutans
subsp. prasandrum (Griseb.) Nyman; Myogalum prasan- (All parts poisonous, but mainly the not edible bulbs; toxic-
drum (Griseb.) Walp.; Myogalum thirkeanum K. Koch; ity only if eaten, skin irritation following prolonged contact.)
Ornithogalum asernii Velen.; Ornithogalum chloranthum
in English: African wonder flower, Cape lily, chincherinchee,
Saut. ex W.D.J. Koch, nom. illeg.; Ornithogalum nutans
chinckerinchee, chinkerinchee, common chinkerinchee,
subsp. prasandrum (Griseb.) Radenkova; Ornithogalum
star-of-Bethlehem, wonder flower
prasandrum Griseb.)
in Portuguese: pinhas, torrões de açúcar
Bulgaria to Turkey.
in South Africa: gewone tjienkerientjie, tjienkerientjie,
See Species Plantarum 1: 306–308. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, viooltjie, witviooltjie
145. 1754, Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828), A Natural
Arrangement of British Plants 2: 177. London 1821, Consp. Ornithogalum umbellatum Linnaeus (Hyacinthus umbella-
Fl. Eur. 728. 1882, Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., tus (L.) E.H.L. Krause)
Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 37: 63. 1893 and Fl. Nar. Rep. Bulg. 2: Europe to E. Medit. Perennial bulbous herb, flowers white,
288. 1964, Tutin, T.G. et al. (eds.) Flora Europaea 5: 1–452. tepals white with a green stripe on the outer surface, moist
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1980, Davis, P.H. wood along stream
(ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8: 1–632.
Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. 1984, Taxon 41: 566. See Species Plantarum 1: 306–308. 1753 and Taxon 28: 405.
1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Kew Bulletin 52(1): 121–138. 1979, Webbia 33: 379–423. 1979, Naturalia monspeliensia.
1997, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Série botanique. 29: 1–64. 1979, Boletim da Sociedade
Panormitani 5: 743–747. 1997, Linzer Biologische Beiträge Broteriana, ser. 2 53(2): 745–791. 1981, Proceedings of the
32(2): 698. 2000, Ali, S.I. Hyacinthaceae. Flora of Pakistan Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen,
214: 1–20. Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Biological, Chemical, Geological, Physical and Medical
Karachi. 2005 Sciences 85: 563–574. 1982, Ann. Mus. Goulandris 6:
153. 1983, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(8): 1130–1131.
(Poisonous. The bulbs of Ornithogalum species are poison- 1985, Nordic Journal of Botany 6: 525–544. 1986, Bulletin
ous due to the presence of a variety of cardiotoxic cardeno- de la Société Botanique de France, Lettres Botanique
lides, and the bulbs should not be confused with those of wild 134: 155–163. 1987, Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique,
onions.) Université Mohammed V. Série Botanique 35: 1–168. 1988,
Taxon 41: 566. 1992, Plant Systematics and Evolution 181:
in English: nodding star-of-Bethlehem
179–202. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, International
Ornithogalum puberulum Oberm. Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 25: 8–9.
2708 Ornithoglossum Salisb. Colchicaceae (Liliaceae)

1995, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei in English: Cape poison onion, poison onion
Panormitani 5: 239–249, 743–747. 1996–7, Kew Bulletin
in South Africa: Cape slangkop, eendjies, geelslangkop,
52(1): 121–138. 1997, Flora Mediterranea 7: 262–267. 1997,
Kaapse slangkop, karoo-slangkop, slangkop, yellow slangkop
Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Pruhonice) 31: 11–12.
1999, Danin, A. Distribution Atlas of Plants in the Flora Ornithoglossum vulgare B. Nord. (Ornithoglossum glau-
Palaestina Area. The Israel Academy of Sciences and cum Salisb., nom. illeg.)
Humanities, Jerusalem. 2004 Zimbabwe, Tanzania to S. Africa. Geophyte, slender or stout,
(All parts poisonous, but mainly the not edible bulbs; tox- tepals recurved
icity only if eaten. Digitalis-like glycosides, very toxic to See Opera Botanica 64: 37–42, f. 1–2. 1982
humans and livestock, are found throughout the plant, but
are concentrated in the bulbs and the flowers. Symptoms of (All parts of the plant, fresh or dried, are toxic.)
ingestion include pain in the mouth, stomach and intestinal
irritation, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea, irregular
heart rate, death, rarely; skin irritation, dermatitis, follow- Orobanche L. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae)
ing prolonged contact.) Greek orobagche, orobanche, orobos ‘a kind of vetch’ and
in North America: nap-at-noon, sleepy dick, snowdrop, anchein ‘to strangle’, Akkadian arawu (aramu), erewu,
star-of-Bethlehem eremu ‘to cover’, erwum, ermu ‘covering, cover’, refer-
ring to the parasitic habit of the plant; Latin orobanche,
es for the broom-rape, choke-weed (Plinius); see Carl
Ornithoglossum Salisb. Colchicaceae (Liliaceae) Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 632–633. 1753 and Genera
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 281. 1754, Nouveau Matériaux pour la
Bird’s tongue, from the Greek ornis, ornithos ‘a bird’ and Flore Atlantique 102. 1874, Bibliotheca Botanica 4 19(1):
glossa ‘a tongue’, the tepals are very narrow. 74, 85. 1890 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 261 (Heft 96): 304.
1930, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lin-
Ornithoglossum undulatum Sweet (Cymation laevigatum
gua italiana. XII: 140. Torino 1984, Manlio Cortelazzo &
(Willd.) Spreng.; Cymation undulatum (Willd.) Spreng.;
Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana.
Lichtensteinia laevigata Willd.; Lichtensteinia undulata
4: 847. 1985, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura
Willd.; Ornithoglossum glaucum var. grandiflorum Baker;
europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi semitiche delle lingue
Ornithoglossum glaucum var. undulatum (Willd.) Baker;
indeuropee. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 212. 1994,
Ornithoglossum lichtensteinii Schltdl.; Ornithoglossum
H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
undulatum (Willd.) Spreng., nom. illeg.; Ornithoglossum
Pflanzennamen. 442. 1996, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 165–
viride var. grandiflorum (Baker) T. Durand & Schinz;
169. 2000.
Ornithoglossum viride var. undulatum (Willd.) J.F. Macbr.)
Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.
Namibia to Cape Prov. Geophyte, simple, stout, tepals quite var. aemula (Beck) Beck; Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. var.
tubular leianthera Maire; Orobanche indica Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.;
See Parad. Lond. t. 54. 1806, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: t. 131. 1825, Orobanche ramosa auct. non Linn., Hook.f.; Phelipaea
J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 47: 449. 1879 and Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 6. aegyptiaca (Pers.) Walp.; Phelipaea indica (Buch.-Ham.)
1918, Opera Botanica 64: 1–51. 1982 G. Don; Phelipaea indica (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) G. Don;
Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Persoon) Pomel; Phelypaea aegyp-
(Very poisonous to all livestock, can cause severe losses.) tiaca (Pers.) Walp.)
Ornithoglossum viride (L.f.) Dryand. ex W.T. Aiton India, China. Parasitic, a variable species
(Melanthium viride L.f.; Onixotis viridis (L.f.) Raf.; Onixotis
viridis Raf.; Ornithoglossum glaucum Salisb., nom. illeg.; See Species Plantarum 2: 632–633. 1753, Flora Atlantica 2:
Ornithoglossum viride [Dryand.]; Ornithoglossum viride 60. 1798, Syn. Pl. 2: 181. 1807, Flora Indica; or, descriptions
(L.f.) Dryand.) of Indian Plants 3: 27–28. 1832, A General History of the
Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 632. 1838, Repertorium Botanices
SW. Cape Prov. Bulbous, perennial, tuber geophyte, leaves Systematicae 3: 463. 1844–1845, Nouveaux Matériaux pour
linear lanceolate basal sheathing, dark purple to dull green la Flore Atlantique 102, 107. 1874 and Journal of Palynology
flowers, terminal raceme, in miombo woodland, Burkea 16: 85–105. 1980, Taxon 29: 704. 1980, Bocconea,
woodland, Kalahari sands Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 11: 117–
169. 1999
See Suppl. Pl. 213. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Parad. Lond.
t. 54. 1806, Hortus Kew. (W.T. Aiton), ed. 2. 2: 327. 1811, Fl. (Veterinary medicine, plant paste used to cure wounds, skin
Tellur. 2: 32. 1837 [1836 publ. Jan–Mar 1837] diseases, and also boils in the throat of cattle.)
(Very poisonous to stock.) in China: fen zhi lie dang
Orobanche L. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae) 2709

in India: bhatua ghas, bhatura, khumbi Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 36(12–
15): 222. 1934
in Pakistan: sabzgul, masosak, khar gheni
(Extract of leaves, stem, flowers and fruits given to promote
Orobanche alba Stephan (Orobanche alba Stephan ex kidney function.)
Willd.; Orobanche epithymum DC.; Orobanche rubra Sm.)
in India: sgro-shang-rtse
China, India, Himalaya.
Orobanche coerulescens Stephan (Orobanche ammophila
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(1): 350. 1800 and C.A. Meyer; Orobanche bodinieri H. Léveillé; Orobanche
Taxon 29: 722–723. 1980 canescens Bunge; Orobanche coerulescens fo. coerulescens;
Orobanche coerulescens f. korshinskyi (Novopokrovsky)
(Paste of leaves to cure wounds and cuts.)
Ma; Orobanche coerulescens f. pekinensis Beck; Orobanche
in English: thyme broom rape coerulescens var. albiflora Kuntze; Orobanche korshinskyi
Novopokrovsky; Orobanche japonensis Makino; Orobanche
in China: bai hua lie dang mairei H. Léveillé; Orobanche nipponica Makino;
in India: tokra Orobanche pycnostachya Hance var. yunnanensis Beck)
Japan, China.
Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl. (Myzorrhiza cali-
fornica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Rydb.) See Species Plantarum 2: 632–633. 1753, Species Plantarum.
Editio quarta 3(1): 349. 1800, Flora Altaica 2: 454–455.
North America. Annual herb
1830, Enumeratio Plantarum, quas in China Boreali 50, n.
See Linnaea 3(2): 134–136. 1828, Linnaea 29: 36. 1858 282. 1831, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 13: 84–85.
1873, Monogr. Orob. 138. 1890 and Repertorium Specierum
(Decoction of plant taken for colds.)
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(222–226): 451. 1911, Repertorium
in English: California broomrape Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(325–330): 285.
1913, Journal of Japanese Botany 5(10): 40–41. 1928, Journal
Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl. subsp. califor-
of Japanese Botany 6(7): 9. 1929, Das Pflanzenreich IV.
nica (Myzorrhiza californica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Rydb.;
261(Heft 96): 118. 1930, Botanicheskie Materialy Gerbariia
Orobanche grayana G. Beck var. nelsonii Munz; Orobanche Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii
grayana G. Beck var. violacea (Eastw.) Munz) Nauk SSSR 13: 311. 1950, Fl. Nei Mongol 5: 309. 1980, Zhang
North America. Annual herb Zhiyun. Orobanchaceae. In: Wang Wentsai, ed., Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 69: 69–124. 1990
See Linnaea 3(2): 134–136. 1828, Linnaea 29: 36. 1858 and
Amer. J. Bot. 91: 439–448. 2004 (Whole plant given to promote kidney function and to check
hemorrhage.)
(Decoction of plant taken for pneumonia.)
in China: lie dang
in English: California broomrape
Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. (Anoplanthus fasciculatus
Orobanche cernua Loefl. (Orobanche cernua Vell., nom. (Nutt.) Walp.; Anoplanthus fasciculatus Walp.; Anoplon
illeg.; Orobanche cernua Pall.) fasciculatum G. Don; Anoplon fasciculatus (Nutt.) G.
India, Himalaya. Parasitic, mauve flowers in dense spikes Don; Aphyllon fasciculatum A. Gray; Aphyllon fascicula-
tum (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray; Loxanthes fasciculata Raf.;
See Iter Hispanicum 152. 1758, Fl. Flumin. 258. 1829 [1825 Loxanthes fasciculatus (Nutt.) Raf.; Orobanche fasciculata
publ. 7 Sep–28 Nov 1829], Fl. Flumin. Icon. 6: t. 71. 1831. Nutt. var. franciscana Achey; Orobanche fasciculata Nutt.
[1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831] var. lutea (Parry) Achey; Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var.
(Veterinary medicine, against boils in throat of cattle.) subulata Goodman; Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. var. typica
Achey; Phelipaea fasciculata (Nutt.) Spreng.; Thalesia fas-
in English: broomrape, nodding broomrape ciculata (Nutt.) Britton; Thalesia lutea (Parry) Rydb.)
in China: wan guan lie dang North America. Annual herb
Orobanche cernua Loefl. var. hansii (A. Kern.) Beck See The Genera of North American Plants [Nuttall] 2: 59.
(Cistanche feddeana K.S. Hao; Orobanche hansii A. Kern.) 1818, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 818. 1825,
Neogenyton 3. 1825, A General History of the Dichlamydeous
India, China. Parasite
Plants 3: 633. 1838, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae.
See Iter Hispanicum 152. 1758, Fl. Flumin. 258. 1829 [1825 (Walpers) 3: 480. 1844, A Manual of the Botany of the
publ. 7 Sep–28 Nov 1829], Fl. Flumin. Icon. 6: t. 71. 1831. Northern United States (Gray) 281. 1848, Memoirs of the
[1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Ber. Naturw. Ver. Innsbruck i. Torrey Botanical Club 5(20): 298. 1894 and Bulletin of the
(1870) 111. 1870, Monogr. Orob. 144, pl. 2, f. 33(4). 1890 and Torrey Botanical Club 36: 693. 1909, Bulletin of the Torrey
2710 Orontium L. Araceae

Botanical Club 60(6): 447, 449–450, f. 14–15. 1933, Leaflets Nat. Cur. App. 8: 206. 1748, Species Plantarum 1: 324. 1753,
of Western Botany 5(2): 36. 1947 Fam. Pl. 2: 470. 1763, Ordines Naturales Plantarum 24, 68.
1830, Autikon Botanikon 158–159. 1840.
(Plant poisonous to stock.)
Orontium aquaticum Linnaeus (Amidena undulata Raf.;
in English: clustered broom rape, clustered broomrape
Aronia aquatica (L.) Baill.; Orontium angustifolium Raf.;
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. (Aphyllon ludovicianum Orontium aquaticum f. natans Glück; Orontium aquati-
(Nutt.) A. Gray; Myzorrhiza ludoviciana (Nutt.) Rydb.; cum f. terrestre Glück; Orontium vaginatum Raf.; Pothos
Phelipaea ludoviciana (Nutt.) Walp.) ovatus Walter)
North America. Annual herb North America. Aquatic, rhizomatous herb, erect leaves
broadly strap-like, yellow flowers on an elongated naked
See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 58. 1818,
erect spadix, roots very bitter
Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 3: 461. 1844,
Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 585. 1876 and See Sp. Pl. 1: 324. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5; 151. 1754, Fl. Carol.:
Flora of the Southeastern United States 1093. 1903 224. 1788, Autik. Bot.: 197. 1840, Histoire des Plantes 13:
508. 1895 and Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 39(2): 319. 1923, Grear,
(Poultice for skin diseases.)
J.W. Jr. “Cytogeography of Orontium aquaticum (Araceae).”
in English: Louisiana broomrape, prairie broomrape Rhodora 68: 25–34. 1966, Nordic J. Bot. 9: 119–166. 1989,
Klotz, L.H. “On the biology of Orontium aquaticum L.
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. ludoviciana (Aphyllon
(Araceae), golden club or floating arum.” Aroideana 15:
arenosum Suksd.; Conopholis ludoviciana (Nutt.) Alph.
25–33. 1992
Wood; Myzorrhiza ludoviciana (Nutt.) Rydb.; Orobanche
ludoviciana Nutt. var. arenosa (Suksd.) Cronquist; Orobanche (All parts poisonous, low toxicity if eaten, burning and swell-
ludoviciana Nutt. var. genuina G. Beck; Orobanche multi- ing of lips, tongue and throat; contact may cause skin irrita-
flora Nutt. var. arenosa (Suksd.) Munz) tion, dermatitis. Fleshy rootstalk acrid.)
North America. Annual herb in English: floating arum, golden club
See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 58. 1818,
Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 3: 461. 1844,
Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 585. 1876 and Orophea Blume Annonaceae
Flora of the Southeastern United States 1093. 1903 From the Greek orophe ‘roof, ceiling of a room’, referring
(Poultice for skin diseases, ulcers, sores.) to the petals, see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch
Indië 18. 1825, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(2): 32–33.
in English: Louisiana broomrape, prairie broomrape 1858 and Sci. Rep., Coll. Gen. Educ., Osaka Univ. 36: 7–32.
Orobanche minor Smith (Orobanche ambigua Pomel; 1987, Blumea 33(1): 13. 1988. Roots of Orophea sp., Malay
Orobanche barbata Poir.; Orobanche barbata Poir. var. vio- name supucha pelandok, used for coughs.
lacea Maire; Orobanche curvata Pomel; Orobanche minor Orophea katschallica Kurz
Sutton; Orobanche minor Sm. var. ambigua (Pomel) Batt.;
Orobanche minor Sm. var. hyalina (Reut.) Batt.; Orobanche India. Tree or shrub, blackish branchlets, bright red fruits
minor Sm. var. minor; Orobanche nudiflora Wallr.) See Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical
South Africa. Miscellany 13: 323. 1875

See Species Plantarum 2: 632–633. 1753, English Botany (Chewed leaves sprayed to disperse honeybees; leaf-juice
6: pl. 422. 1797 and Taxon 30: 507–508. 1981, Gayana, used as bee repellent; juice rubbed on face and arms for
Botánica 42: 1–157. 1985, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 41: protection.)
165–169. 2000 in India: tanjoge, tapileialo, tonyoge, toyoge, toyongo
(Whole plant given to promote kidney function.) Orophea setosa King (Pseuduvaria setosa (King) J. Sinclair)
in English: clover broom rape, lesser broom rape Malay Peninsula.
in South Africa: klawerbesemraap See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist.
61(1): 80. 1892 and Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements 14:
43. 1953
Orontium L. Araceae
(Roots febrifuge.)
From the ancient Greek orontion, name of a water-plant, a
Malay name: pialu
remedy for jaundice (Galenus), possibly from Orontes, a river
in Syria, Latin Oronteus, poetic for Syrian, see Acta Acad. Orophea thomsonii Bedd.
Orostachys Fisch. Crassulaceae 2711

India. or branches, erect raceme terminal, flowers bisexual,

brown coriaceous campanulate calyx, yellowish to pink-
See Madras Journal of Literature and Science Ser. II, 22:
ish funnel-shaped corolla, fruit a black sword-like capsule,
72. 1861
papery-winged seeds, membranous and transparent wing,
(Leaf, stem bark and root bark crushed and made into a paste young shoots and cooked flowers used as a vegetable, bitter
taken as stimulant, tonic.) bark and fruits used in tanning and dyeing, the flowers are
large, nocturnal and offensive fetid smelling and said to be
in India: pinchili
bat pollinated, in secondary growth and thickets, along the
riverbanks or slopes

Orostachys Fisch. Crassulaceae See Species Plantarum 2: 622–625. 1753, Flora

Cochinchinensis 2: 379, 460. 1790, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(1):
From the Greek oros ‘mountain’ and stachys ‘a spike’, refer- 173. 1806, Ventenat, Étienne Pierre (1757–1808), Decas
ring to the habitat and flowering, see Species Plantarum Generum Novorum aut parum cognitorum … 8. Parisiis,
1: 429–430. 1753, Mémoires de la Société Impériale des 1808, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 14:
Naturalistes de Moscou 2: 270, 274. 1809 and J. Fac. Sci. 760. 1826, Sylva Telluriana 78. 1838, Forest Flora of British
Univ. Tokyo, Bot., 12(4): 160. 1978, Taxon 41: 561. 1992, Burma 2: 237. 1877, FBI 4: 378. 1884 and Ind. Trees 496.
Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Sosud. Rast. Sovet. Dal’nego 1906, For. Fl. Punj. 377. 1918, Wayside Trees of Malaya 1:
Vostoka 7: 231. 1995, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 32: 41–42, 166. 1952, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85(2–3): 207–
48. 2000. 215. 2003
Orostachys fimbriata (Turczaninow) A. Berger (Cotyledon (Used in Ayurveda. Lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bark vermi-
fimbriata Turczaninow; Cotyledon fimbriata var. ramosis- cide, tonic, antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, antidiarrheal,
sima (Maximowicz) Maximowicz; Orostachys fimbriata astringent, antidysenteric, diuretic, antiseptic, antimicrobial;
var. grandiflora F.Z. Li & X.D. Chen; Orostachys fimbri- crushed bark boiled and the extract taken to cure jaundice;
ata var. shandongensis F.Z. Li & X.D. Chen; Orostachys bark paste heated and applied in muscular pain, rheumatism,
jiuhuaensis X.H. Guo & X.L. Liu; Orostachys ramosissima rheumatoid arthritis; bark extract of Woodfordia fruticosa
(Maximowicz) V.V. Byalt; Sedum fimbriatum (Turczaninow) along with extract of barks of Oroxylum indicum, Mangifera
Franchet; Sedum fimbriatum var. ramosissimum indica, Bauhinia racemosa and Dalbergia lanceolaria given
(Maximowicz) Fröderström; Sedum limuloides Praeger; for jaundice; bark of Oroxylum indicum along with barks of
Sedum ramosissimum (Maximowicz) Franchet; Umbilicus Pterocarpus marsupium, Bridelia retusa, Dalbergia lan-
fimbriatus (Turczaninow) Turczaninow; Umbilicus ramosis- ceolaria and Albizia lebbeck crushed with water and the
simus Maximowicz) extract given for jaundice; bark extract with extract of barks
of Morinda pubescens, Haldina cordifolia and Terminalia
China.
bellirica given in jaundice; root decoction of Plumbago
See Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 17: 241. 1844 and zeylanica with bark of Oroxylum indicum and roots of
Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2. 18a: 464. 1930 Carissa congesta given for jaundice; stem bark decoction
given for liver ailments as hepatic stimulant, hepatoprotec-
(Abortifacient, contraceptive.) tive; bark along with prop roots of Ficus benghalensis and
in China: wa song bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria crushed with water and the
extract given for jaundice; decoction of bark along with that
of bark of Radermachera xylocarpa given in jaundice; bark
Oroxylum Vent. Bignoniaceae along with barks of Dalbergia lanceolaria, Albizia lebbeck
and Pterocarpus marsupium crushed with water and the
From the Greek oros ‘mountain’ and xylon ‘wood’, a pachy- extract given for jaundice; juice of stem bark mixed with
caul tree, see Decas Generum Novorum 8. 1808, Forest cow’s milk given for treatment of bone fracture; powdered
Flora of British Burma 2: 237. 1877. stem bark taken for easy delivery and dysentery; powdered
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Bentham ex Kurz (Bignonia bark mixed with water given to cure jaundice and general
indica L.; Bignonia indica Lour.; Bignonia pentandra weakness, also applied in rheumatism; powdered stem bark
Lour.; Calosanthes indica (L.) Blume; Calosanthes indica along with powdered grain of Hordeum vulgare and black
Blume; Hippoxylon indica (L.) Raf.; Hippoxylon indica pepper given in dysentery and diarrhea. Root juice taken for
body pain; root bark as a tonic in stomach complaints; root
Raf.; Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz; Oroxylum indicum (L.)
applied to cure diseases of gum. Seeds and bark antiphlogis-
Vent.; Oroxylum indicum Vent.; Spathodea indica (L.) Pers.;
tic, used for alleviating pain; seed laxative and expectorant;
Spathodea indica Pers.)
paste of the seeds applied to wounds; treatment of snakebite,
India, southern China, Philippines. Deciduous small seed paste prepared with hot water applied externally. Leaves
tree, open irregular crown, sparingly branched, com- of Acanthus ebracteatus, stembark of Oroxylum indicum
pound opposite leaves crowded near the end of the stem and stems of Cryptolepis buchananii and Derris scandens
2712 Orthosiphon Bentham Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

used as remedies for arthritis. Root paste, with the flowers The Botanical Register. [Continued as Edwards’s Botanical
of Michelia champaca, said to increase fertility in women. Register. London 1829–1837.] 15, sub t. 1300. London 1830.
Veterinary medicine, roots mixed with turmeric for heal-
Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (Ocimum arista-
ing sores of animals; for maggot wounds, a strip of bark tied
tum Blume; Orthosiphon grandiflorum auct. non Terrac.;
around the animal’s neck, and ground bark fed orally to the
Orthosiphon grandiflorus Bold. ex K. Heyne; Orthosiphon
animal; to cure wounds and sores of cattle, burnt stembark
grandiflorus (Blume) Bold.; Orthosiphon spicatus auct.;
ash applied directly on the septic wounds; seed prepara-
Orthosiphon spicatus (Thunb.) Backer, Bakh.f. & Steenis;
tions externally applied to abscesses, mammary abscesses.
Orthosiphon spicatus Benth.; Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.)
Ceremonial, magico-religious beliefs, ritual, a venerable
form of flower for the Buddhists; a pod is hung over the Trop. & Subtrop. Asia to N. Australia. Herb, quadrangular,
entrance of the house or a necklace of seeds tied around neck poorly ramified, opposite leaves glandular-punctate, inflores-
to keep evil spirits away and/or to prevent contagious disease cence an opposed cyme arranged in terminal racemes, calyx
from affecting people.) gland-dotted, corolla white or lilac, oblong-ovoid rugose
brownish nutlets
in English: India trumpet flower, Indian calosanthes, mid-
night horror, tree of Damocles See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 14: 833. 1826, Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich).
ii. 15. 1830, Prodr. (DC.) 12: 53. 1848, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 943.
in Bangladesh: egaroh
1858, Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. (1892) 424. 1892 and Zakfl. Java
in Cambodia: pi ka 110. 1916, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind. iv. 138. 1917, Blumea vi. 359.
1950, Kew Bulletin 60(1): 3–75. 2005
in China: mu hu die, mu hu die shu
(Leaves diuretic, used against various kidney and bladder
in India: achi, alangi, archange kawm, banskali, bapani
complaints, gout, kidney stones, nephritis, bacterial infec-
chettai, bapinichettu, bhatghila, bunepale, daskaranda,
tions of the urinary tract, urolithiasis, arteriosclerosis and
dhangrikhara, dundilum, dundukara, fanafania, ghoranau,
rheumatic arthralgia; dried leaves infusion drunk for kid-
hastidantaphala (hasti, elephant, dant, tooth, phala, fruit),
ney troubles. Leaf paste applied for muscle contusion; leaves
jamlaomala, kotadi chettu, kotor, krishnadinga, lompaish-
ing, mokka vepa, napak-ban-araung, nemali chettu, pak- juice diuretic and antidiabetes.)
sam, pampini, pana, peiarlankei, phamphana, phan phana, in English: Java tea, kidney tea plant
phanphana, phapen, phaphni, ponponia, sheonak, shyonak,
sona, sonachhal, sonakanka, sonapatha, syonaka, syonakah, in Cambodia: kapen prey
talaralu, tandricettu, tantia, tappakaya, tentu, tetav, tetoli, in India: pakkurunji, zun-thlum-kung, zunthlum-kung,
tetu, titu, totola, urru zunthlumkung
in Indonesia: kayu lanang, mungli, pongporang in Indonesia: kumis kucing, kumis kutjing, kumis ucing,
in Laos: lin may, ung ka remuk jung

in Malaysia: beka, beka kampung, bekak, bekak kampong, in Laos: hnwàd mêew
bikir, bikir angkup, boli, boloi, bonglai, bonglai kayu, bongloi, in Malaysia: kumis kucing
bulai, bulai kayu, daun juak, kankatong, kulai, merelai, merlai
in Philippines: balbas-pusa, kabling-gubat
in Nepal: bachi, bunbet, dakhin, krimtata, mai tato, mal tata,
mendochampa, nhangali, phalako, pharaka, poltata, sauna, in Thailand: baang rak paa, ee tuu dong, yaa nuat maeo
saune tatal, sonpat, sontata, tare mendo, tarwar sima, tatal, in Vietnam: r[aa]u m[ef]o
tatalasi, tatelo, thuman mhendo, totala, totelo, totola, yabasim
Orthosiphon incurvus Benth.
in Philippines: abong-abong, kamkampilan, pingka-pingka-
han, pingkapingkahan Himalaya, India.

in Thailand: be ko, do ka, dok ka, du kae, kaa do dong, lin See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 2: 15. 1830
faa, litmai, ma linmai, ma litmai, maak lin kaang, maak lin (Leaves rubbed on body swellings and for fever.)
saang, phae kaa, phe kaa
in India: tsungrem changchange
in Vietnam: may ca, moc ho diep, nuc nac, n[us]c n[as]c,
ho[af]ng b[as] nam, m[ooj]c h[oof] di[eej]p Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth. (Ocimum inodorus
J. König ex Hook.; Ocimum reflexum Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.;
Orthosiphon ehrenbergii Vatke; Orthosiphon incisus A.
Chev.; Orthosiphon inodorus K.D. Koenig ex Hook.f.;
Orthosiphon Bentham Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Orthosiphon macrocheilus M.R. Ashby; Orthosiphon palli-
From the Greek orthos ‘upright’ and siphon ‘a tube’, refer- dus Royle ex Benth. var. minutiflora A. Chev.; Orthosiphon
ring to the tube of the corolla; see John Lindley (1799–1865), reflexus (Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.) Vatke; Orthosiphon reflexus
Orthosiphon Bentham Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2713

(Ehrenb. ex Schweinf.) Vatke forma pallidus (Royle ex glabratus var. parviflorus (Benth.) Gamble; Orthosiphon
Benth.) A. Terracc.) heterochrous Briq.; Orthosiphon hildebrandtii Baker, nom.
illeg.; Orthosiphon hildebrandtii Vatke; Orthosiphon incon-
Africa to India.
cinnus Briq.; Orthosiphon iodocalyx Briq.; Orthosiphon lie-
See Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1300. 1830, brechtsiauum Briq.; Orthosiphon marmoritis (Hance) Dunn;
Botanical Miscellany 3: 370. 1833, Linnaea 43: 85. 1881, Orthosiphon marmoritis Dunn; Orthosiphon mollis Baker;
Fl. Brit. India 4: 613. 1885 and Dnyansagar, V.R. et al. (edi- Orthosiphon mombasicus Baker; Orthosiphon neglectus
tors), Recent Trends and Contacts between Cytogenetics, Briq.; Orthosiphon petiolaris Miq.; Orthosiphon rabaiensis
Embryology and Morphology. 1978, Proceedings of the S. Moore; Orthosiphon silvicola Gürke; Orthosiphon sinen-
Indian Science Congress Association (iii, C) 67: 61. 1980, sis Hemsl.; Orthosiphon somalensis Vatke; Orthosiphon
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 17: 97–106. 1982, Revue suffrutescens (Thonn.) J.K. Morton; Orthosiphon suf-
de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 7: 5–16. frutescens (Schumach.) J.K. Morton; Orthosiphon tenui-
1984, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 94: frons Briq.; Orthosiphon thymiflorus var. viscosus (Benth.)
619–626. 1985 Sleesen; Orthosiphon tomentosus var. glabratus (Benth.)
Hook.f.; Orthosiphon tomentosus var. parviflorus Benth.;
(Used in Ayurveda. Root powder febrifuge. Leaf juice for
Orthosiphon tomentosus var. rubiginosus C.B. Clarke ex
earache, to treat urinary diseases.)
Hook.f.; Orthosiphon tomentosus var. viscosus (Benth.)
in India: arjaka, naridaman Hook.f.; Orthosiphon usambarensis Gürke; Orthosiphon via-
torum S. Moore; Orthosiphon viscosus Benth.; Orthosiphon
in Tibet: ku-the-ra-ka, zim taig le
wilmsii Gürke; Orthosiphon wilmsii var. komghensis N.E.
Orthosiphon rubicundus (D. Don) Benth. (Coleus wul- Br.; Orthosiphon wilmsii var. wilmsii N.E. Br.; Plectranthus
fenioides Diels Lumnitzera rubicunda (D. Don) Spreng.; marmoritis Hance; Plectranthus thymiflorus (Roth) Spreng.;
Orthosiphon affinis N.E. Br. var. bafingensis A. Chev.; Plectranthus thymiflorus Spreng.; Plectranthus tristis (Roth)
Orthosiphon atacorensis A. Chev.; Orthosiphon coloratus Spreng.; Plectranthus tristis Spreng.)
Vatke; Orthosiphon mairei Lév.; Orthosiphon pseudorubi-
Africa to Trop. Asia. Shrub or undershrub, straggling, many-
cundus Lingelsh. & Borza; Orthosiphon rubicundus Benth.;
branched, mildly aromatic, white flowers in whorls on termi-
Orthosiphon salagensis Baker; Orthosiphon shirensis Baker;
nal racemes, weedy
Orthosiphon wulfenioides (Diels) Hand.-Mazz.; Orthosiphon
xylorrhizus Briq.; Plectranthus rubicundus D. Don) See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598. 1753, Novae Plantarum
Species 269. 1821, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 690.
Africa to Indochina. Herb, pubescent, leaves serrato-crenate,
1825, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 265, 269. 1827, Det Kongelige
white or pinkish corolla, suborbicular compressed nutlets
Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Naturvidenskabelige og
See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, Mathematiske Afhandlinger 4: 330. 1829, Plantae Asiaticae
Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 116. 1825, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 14. 1830, Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl.
Rariores (Wallich) 2: 14. 1830, Edwards’s Botanical Register 1300. 1830, J. Bot. 12: 53. 1874, Abh. Naturwiss. Vereins
15: pl. 1300. 1830, Linnaea 43: 86. 1881 and Fl. Trop. Afr. Bremen 9: 134. 1885, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xix. (1894) 173. 1894,
[Oliver et al.] 5(2): 368. 1900, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 5(1.2): 257. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew (1895) 275. 1895 and Fl. Trop. Afr.
1910, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 532. 1913, Repert. [Oliver et al.] 5(2): 372. 1900, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 41: 327. 1908,
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 389. 1914, Bull. Soc. Bot. France Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 154. 1913, Fl. Pres.
61(Mém. 8e): 282. 1917 [1914 publ. 1917], Explor. Bot. Afrique Madr. 2: 1114. 1924, Reinwardtia 5: 42–43. 1959, Journal
Occ. Franc. i. 515. 1920, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 9(5): 98. of the Linnean Society, Botany 58(372): 231–283. 1962,
1934, Taxon 31: 361–362. 1982, Glimpses of Cytogenetics in Taxon 30: 707–708. 1981, Taxon 33: 126–134. 1984, Flore de
India 2: 212–217. 1989 Madagascar et des Comores 175: 1–293. 1998
(Roots taken for colic pain, rheumatism; applied on wounds. (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves poultice for wounds, scabies,
Leaves diuretic. Veterinary medicine, roots dried, powdered eczema and cuts, a decoction given in diarrhea and piles; leaf
and applied to wounds of cattle.) juice given to children for cold, catarrh and to kill intestinal
worms; leaf juice given orally to cure swelling of the face, for
in India: bankikir, bhuimendar, jikipota, nela thappidi, poda
the same purpose leaf paste applied on the face; febrifuge, a
thulasi
bath with the decoction.)
Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen (Ocimum suffru-
in India: cilannippatam, cilantippatam, hannu zattu vagida,
tescens Thonn.; Ocimum suffrutescens Schumach.; Ocimum
kaadu sanna pathri gida, kaattu thulasi, kodajalli, pratanika
thonningii Schumach. & Thonn.; Ocimum thonningii
Schumach.; Ocimum thymiflorum Roth; Ocimum triste Roth; Orthosiphon wulfenioides (Diels) Handel Mazzetti var. wul-
Orthosiphon australis Vatke; Orthosiphon buryi S. Moore; fenioides (Coleus wulfenioides Diels; Orthosiphon mairei H.
Orthosiphon calaminthoides Baker; Orthosiphon glabra- Léveillé; Orthosiphon pseudorubicundus Lingelsheim &
tum Benth.; Orthosiphon glabratus Benth.; Orthosiphon Borza)
2714 Orthilia Raf. Ericaceae (Pyrolaceae, Pyroloideae)

China. in China: dan ce hua

See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 372. 1790, Edwards’s
Botanical Register 15: pl. 1300. 1830 and Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 5(25): 231. 1912, Repertorium Specierum Orthrosanthus Sweet Iridaceae
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(341–345): 532. 1913, Flower opens early in the day, from the Greek orthros ‘morn-
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13(370– ing’ and anthos ‘flower’, referring to the short-lived flowers,
372): 389. 1914, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 9(5): 98. 1934 fading before noon; see the British horticulturist and bota-
(Root used for anorexia and ascariasis.) nist Robert Sweet (1783–1835), Flora Australasica. t. 11.
London 1827, Fl. Tellur. 4: 30. 1838 [1836 publ. mid-1838]
in English: common Java tea and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 159–178. 1952, Ann. Missouri Bot.
in China: ji jiao shen Gard. 74(3): 577–582. 1987, Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 71–80. 194.
Orthrosanthus multiflorus Sweet (Eveltria multiflora Raf.;
Eveltria multiflora (Sweet) Raf.; Libertia azurea Baker;
Orthilia Raf. Ericaceae (Pyrolaceae, Pyroloideae) Libertia stricta Endl.; Orthrosanthus multiflorus var. hebe-
carpus Benth.; Sisyrinchium cyaneum Lindley; Sisyrinchium
Greek orthos, orthelos ‘straight, tall’, referring to the
multiflorum Steud.; Sisyrinchium multiflorum (Sweet)
one-sided raceme; see Constantine Samuel Rafinesque,
Steudel; Sisyrinchium multiflorum Lem.; Sisyrinchium mul-
Autikon botanikon. Icones plantarum select. nov. vel rari-
tiflorum Phil.)
orum, etc. 103. Philadelphia 1840 and E.D. Merrill, Index
Rafinesquianus. 185. 1949, Fl. Neotrop. 66: 28–53. 1995. South America, Australia.
Orthilia secunda (L.) House (Actinocyclus secundus See Fl. Australas.: t. 11. 1827, Bot. Reg. 13: t. 1090. 1827, Fl.
(L.) Klotzsch; Actinocyclus secundus var. elatior Lange; Tellur. 4: 30. 1838, Nomencl. Bot., [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 596.
Orthilia elatior (Lange) House; Orthilia parvifolia Raf., 1841, Pl. Preiss. 2: 32. 1846, Fl. Austral. 6: 411. 1873, Handb.
nom. illeg.; Orthilia secunda subsp. obtusata (Turcz.) Irid.: 118. 1892, Anales Univ. Chile xci. (1895) 628. 1895
Böcher; Orthilia secunda var. obtusata (Turcz.) House;
(Roots decoction drunk as laxative, drastic purgative.)
Pyrola elatior (Lange) Lundell; Pyrola secunda L.; Pyrola
secunda subsp. obtusata (Turcz.) Hultén; Pyrola secunda in English: morning flag, morning iris
var. obtusata Turcz.; Pyrola secunda var. vulgaris Turcz.;
Orthrosanthus occissapungus (Ruiz ex Klatt) Diels
Ramischia elatior (Lange) Rydb.; Ramischia elatior Rydb.;
(Orthrosanthus chimboracensis (Kunth) Baker subsp.
Ramischia obtusata (Turcz.) Freyn; Ramischia secunda
tunariensis (Kuntze) Ravenna; Orthrosanthus nigrorhyn-
(L.) Garcke; Ramischia secunda subsp. obtusata (Turcz.)
chus Rusby; Orthrosanthus occissapunga (Ruiz) Diels;
Andres; Ramischia secunda var. elatior (Lange) Andres;
Orthrosanthus occissapungus (Klatt) Diels; Orthrosanthus
Ramischia secundiflora Opiz, nom. illeg.)
ocisapunga Diels; Orthrosanthus tunariensis Kuntze;
Europe, North America. Perennial subshrubs Sisyrinchium occissapungum Ruiz ex Klatt)
See Species Plantarum 1: 396. 1753, Autikon Botanikon 104. South America, Argentina, Bolivia.
1840, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie
See Linnaea 31: 379. 1862, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 126.
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1857: 14. 1857, Flora von Nord-
1896, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 309. 1898 and Nat. Pflanzenfam.
und Mittel-Deutschland (ed. 4) 222. 1858, Videnskabelige ed. 2, 15a: 478. 1930, Revista Inst. Munic. Bot. 3(2): 30. 1969
Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn
1867(4–7): 115. 1868, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift (Roots decoction drunk as laxative, drastic purgative.)
45(12): 467. 1895 and Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 25: 193. Vernacular names: pajapurgante, palma-palma
1905, Deutsche Botanische Monatsschrift 22(1): 6. 1910,
North American Flora 29(1): 29. 1914, American Midland
Naturalist 7(4–5): 134. 1921, Repertorium Specierum
Oryza L. Poaceae (Gramineae)
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 19: 217. 1923, Bulletin de la
Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 38: 109. 1929, Latin and Greek oryza ‘rice’, Arabic eruz, Tamil arisi or
Lloydia 2(2): 104. 1939, Journal of Japanese Botany 20(6– erisi, Malayalam ari; hybridizes with Triticum L., resembling
7): 328. 1944, Botanisk Tidsskrift 57(1): 31. 1961, Arkiv för Leersia, type Oryza sativa L., see Carl Linnaeus, Species
Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 92. 1967[1968], Brittonia 45: Plantarum. 1: 333. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 155.
178. 1993 1754, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
1, 21. 1788, Exposition des Familles Naturelles 1: 87. 1805,
(Roots decoction as an eyewash.)
Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la
in English: one-side pyrola, one-sided wintergreen, sidebells Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 76, 77. 1813, Révision
wintergreen des Graminées 1: 6. 1829, H.G.L. Reichenbach (1793–1879),
Oryza L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2715

Repertorium herbarii sive nomenclator generum plantarum Oryza officinalis Wallich ex G. Watt (Oryza minuta J. Presl;
systematicus, synonymicus et alphabeticus … 36. Dresden Oryza minuta var. sylvatica (Camus) Veldkamp; Oryza offi-
und Leipzig 1841 [also Der deutsche Botaniker … Erster cinalis Wall.)
Band. Das Herbarienbuch.], Systematisches Verzeichniss Tropical Asia, SE Asia. Annual or perennial, tufted, stolon-
der von H. Zollinger in den Jahren 1842–1844 103. 1845, iferous, erect to semi-erect, leaf sheath tight and inflated,
J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 54. 1881, Histoire des Plantes 12: 165, weed, eaten by cattle, severe infestation in Vietnam and other
166, 291. 1893, The Flora of British India 7: 93. 1896 and Southeast Asian countries, grown spontaneously, from half-
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte shaded area in a forest margin to a disturbed sunny area.
und Pflanzengeographie 52(1–2): 168. 1914, Bibliotheca
Botanica 85(1): 333. 1915, Gen. Grasses U.S. 18. 1920, J. See Journal de Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la
Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 3: 303. 1930, P. Sella, Glossario Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts 1: 77. 1813, Reliquiae
Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 208. 1830, A Numerical List of Dried
latino emiliano. Città del Vaticano 1937, Die natürlichen
Specimens no. 8635. 1848, Dictionary of the economic prod-
Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14d: 151. 1956, Salvatore
ucts of India 5: 500. 1891 and Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire
Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Torino
Naturelle 27: 456, f. 41, t. 18. 1921, Botanical Magazine
1961–1989, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 76: 165–173. 1963,
(Tokyo) 75: 422. 1962, Blumea 37(1): 232. 1992, Chin. J. Rice
American Journal of Botany 51: 539–543. 1964, Indian
Sci. 10(3): 138–142. 1996, Journal of Cytology and Genetics
Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 25(2): 17, 174, 31(2): 195–198. 1996
175. 1965, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of
Modern English. 2: 1236. New York 1967, Bol. Soc. Arg. (Ceremonial, ritual, a kind of holy plant and is protected
Bot. 12: 57–97. 1968, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club within sanctuaries of Buddhist temples.)
101: 244. 1974, Euphytica 25: 425–441. 1976, Acta Phytotax. Oryza rufipogon Griffith (Oryza cubensis Ekman ex Gotoh
Sin. 20: 179. 1982, Genet. Sel. Evol. 17: 89–114. 1985, & Okura; Oryza fatua J. König ex Trin.; Oryza fatua var.
Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico longearistata Ridl.; Oryza glumipatula Steud.; Oryza para-
della lingua italiana. 4: 1091. Bologna 1985, Revista de guayensis Franch.; Oryza paraguayensis Wedd. ex E. Fourn.;
Ciencias (San Marcos) 74: 48–57. 1986, Folia Primatologica Oryza perennis Moench; Oryza perennis var. glumipatula
48: 78–120. 1987, Blumea 32: 157–193. 1987, Annals of (Steud.) Chev.; Oryza perennis var. paraguayensis A. Chev.,
the Missouri Botanical Garden 77(1): 125–201. 1990, also paragayensis; Oryza rubribarbis (Desv.) Steud.; Oryza
Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 92–1(2): 1–557. sativa L.; Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev.; Oryza sativa
1992, Ruizia 13: 1–480. 1993, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 220– subsp. rufipogon (Griff.) de Wet; Oryza sativa var. abuensis
221. 1994, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch G. Watt; Oryza sativa var. bengalensis G. Watt; Oryza sativa
der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 444–445. Basel 1996, var. coarctata G. Watt; Oryza sativa var. fatua Prain; Oryza
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium sativa var. paraguayensis Franch.; Oryza sativa var. para-
39: 89–92. 2000, The Plant Journal 42(5): 641–651, 772– guayensis Parodi, nom. illeg., non Oryza sativa var. para-
780. Jun 2005, The Plant Journal 42(6): 798–809, 832–843, guayensis Körn.; Oryza sativa var. paraguayensis Franch.,
901–911. Jun 2005, Allergy 60(6): 808–814. Jun 2005, Weed nom. illeg., non Oryza sativa var. paraguayensis Körn.;
Research 45(3): 220–227. Jun 2005, Molecular Microbiology Oryza sativa var. rubribarbis Desv.; Oryza sativa var. rufi-
56(6): 1675–1688. Jun 2005, Insect Molecular Biology 14(3): pogon (Griff.) G. Watt.; Oryza sativa var. savannae Körn.;
Oryza sativa var. sundensis Körn.)
245–253. Jun 2005.
Temperate and tropical Asia, SE Asia. Annual or peren-
Oryza nivara S.D. Sharma & Shastry (Oryza sativa f. spon-
nial, variable, tufted or stoloniferous, upright, decumbent,
tanea Roshev., nom. illeg.)
scrambling, with adventitious roots, often rhizomatous, roots
South and SE Asia, Tropical Asia. Annual, short to inter- fibrous, lower stems floating and rooting at the nodes, prob-
mediate height, not stoloniferous, semi-erect to decumbent, able progenitor of cultivated rice, a noxious weed, invasive
caryopsis deciduous at maturity, a wild relative of rice, forms See Species Plantarum 1: 333. 1753, Methodus Plantas
weedy hybrids with cultivated rice, valuable as food supple- Horti Botanici … 197. 1797, Journal de Botanique, rédigé
ment (in India and Sri Lanka), usually found in swampy par une société de botanistes 1: 76. 1813, Nomenclator
areas, seasonal swamp, at edge of pond and tanks, beside Botanicus 577. 1821, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale
streams, in ditches, in or around rice fields, grows in shallow des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences
water, in seasonally dry and open habitats, dry pond, similar Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie:
to Oryza sativa L. Sciences Naturelles 5,3(4): 177. 1839 [1840 Feb], Notulae ad
See Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 25: 161. Plantas Asiaticas 3: 5, t. 144, f. 2. Calcutta 1851, Synopsis
Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 3. 1855 [1853], Compt. Rend.
1965
Cong. Int. Bot. & Hort. Paris 1878: 233. 1880, Handbuch
(Discovered to be a source of resistance for the grassy stunt des Getreidebaus 1: 233, 236 and 2: 939 [H. Werner, Die
virus (GSV) biotype one.) Sorten und der Anbau des Getreides]. Bonn 1885, Dictionary
2716 Oryza L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

of the economic products of India 5: 500, 504–505. 1891, 27: 169. 1889, Dictionary of the economic products of India
Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 8: 365. 5: 504–505. 1891, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle
1893, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun d’Autun 8: 365. 1893, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire
8: 365. 1895 and The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 5: 252. Naturelle d’Autun 8: 365. 1895, The Flora of British India 7:
1925, Revue internationale de botanique appliquée et 92. 1896 and Botanisches Archiv 1: 233. 1922, Revue inter-
d’agriculture tropicale 12: 1208, t. 6. 1932, Journal of the nationale de botanique appliquée et d’agriculture tropicale
Society of Tropical Agriculture 5: 363, f. 1. 1933 [also J. Soc. 12: 1207. 1932, Physis. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina
Trop. Agric. Taihoku Univ.], Physis. Revista de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales 11: 244. 1933, Blumea, Supplement
Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 11: 244. 1933, Indian J. 3 (Henrard Jubilee Vol.): 53. 1946, Indian Forester 75: 497.
Genet. Pl. Breed. 25(20): 157–167. 1965, Kulturpflanze 29: 1952, J. Agric. Trop. 3: 341, 541, 627, 821. 1956, Indian
188. 1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154. Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 25: 168. 1965,
1986, Blumea 32: 19, 174. 1987, Acta Botanica Sinica 35(1): Kulturpflanze 29: 188. 1981, Acta Genetica Sinica 11: 207–
844–848. 1993, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 210. 1984, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 3(4): 413–
81(4): 768–774. 1994, Am. J. Bot. 88: 1058–1064. 2001 417, 418. 1985, Kromosomo 43–44: 1398–1404. 1986, Blumea
32: 174. 1987, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress
(Sap from the internodes for eye diseases.)
Association 74(3, VI): 100–103. 1987, Proceedings of the
in English: brown-beard rice, common wild rice, perennial Indian Science Congress Association 75(3-X): 49. 1988,
wild rice, red rice, wild red rice, wild rice Aspects of Plant Sciences 10: 113–119. 1989, Proceedings
of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological
in India: baba, ban-paseraxess, dhan, jhara, junglee dhan,
Sciences 55: 193–202. 1989, Acta Genetica Sinica 17: 1–5.
karga, nirvari, nivaru, uri
1990, Japanese Journal of Genetics 66: 305–312. 1991,
in Indonesia: padi burung, paparean, waiwi Cytologia 56: 319–325. 1991, Cytologia 57: 265–266. 1992,
Plant Systematics and Evolution 188: 125–138. 1993, J.
in Malaysia: padi hantu
SouthW. Agric. Univ. 16(4): 387–389. 1994, Chin. J. Rice
in Thailand: ya khao phi Sci. 10(3): 138–142. 1996
in Vietnam: l[us]a hoang (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Body powders used
by mothers after childbirth; also spread on the forehead as
Oryza sativa L. (Oryza elongata (Desv.) Steud.; Oryza elon-
treatment for headaches, as a cataplasm to reduce swellings.
gata Steud.; Oryza formosana Masamune & Suzuki; Oryza
Ceremonial, rituals, festivals, sacred plant used in religion
glutinosa Lour.; Oryza plena (Prain) Chowdhury; Oryza
and magico-religious beliefs, pooja sacrifice, to forecast the
rubribarbis (Desv.) Steud.; Oryza sativa cv. italica Alef.;
auspicious time of marriage, Jog-dekhna; grains used in
Oryza sativa subsp. indica Kato; Oryza sativa var. affinis
every ceremony except the last rites.)
Körn.; Oryza sativa var. elongata Desv.; Oryza sativa var.
erythroceros Körn.; Oryza sativa var. flavoacies Kara-Murza in English: paddy, rice, rice plant, wild rice
ex Zhuk.; Oryza sativa var. formosana (Masamune & Suzuki)
in Australia: anboa, kwangan, jikan, mokomurdo (all
Yeh & Henderson; Oryza sativa var. melanacra Körn.; Oryza
Aboriginals names)
sativa var. plena Prain; Oryza sativa var. rubribarbis Desv.;
Oryza sativa var. savannae Körn.; Oryza sativa var. suber- in Central America: oroz, xoba nagati xtilla, xoopa nagati
ythroceros Kanevsk; Oryza sativa var. vulgaris Körn.; Oryza castilla
sativa var. zeravschanica Brches ex Katzaroff)
in China: jing mi, tao, tu, hsien
SE Asia or Ethiopia. Annual or perennial, numerous culti-
in India: akki (grain), ari, arishi, arisi, arshi, arruz, arz,
vars, many varieties are differentiated, tufted, semi-aquatic,
ashata, baranj, battha, bhat (boiled), bhato, bhatta (paddy),
stout, upright and arching, unbranched, extensive root sys-
bhattada-hullu (straw), bilvaja, biranj, biyam, biyyam, biyy-
tem, found along drains and channels, in areas seasonally
amu, bras, chaaval, chak, chal, chan, chanval, chanvol, chaul,
wet, in standing water, in wetlands, swampy areas, moist
chaval, chavel, chawal, cheni, choka, chokha, cina, dangar,
deciduous forests
dangara, darakhat-e-shora, dardura, dein, deodhan, dhaan-
See Species Plantarum 1: 333. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis yamu, dhan, dhanya, dhanyah, dhanyamu, dirghashuka,
1: 215. 1790, Journal de Botanique, rédigé par une société dusaka, errajilama vadlu, garri, garuda, hal, hayanaka, hima,
de botanistes [Edited by Desvaux] 1: 76. Paris 1813, horo, jatumukha, jiraka, kacoraka, kalama, kalmasa, kapin-
Nomenclator Botanicus [Steudel] 577. 1821, Flora de jala, kardama shali, karunkuruvai arici, ketan, ketanshali,
Filipinas ed. 1. 273–275. 1837, Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas khanjarita, kuruvinda, magadhi, mahasali, mattakaa, mat-
3: 5, t. 144, f. 2. 1851, Landwirthschaftliche Flora 318, 319. takaaralu, nellu (paddy), nevaridhaanyamu, newaree, nivara,
1866, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 7–8. 1871, Handbuch des paral (straw), pari (paddy), pendha (straw), pita, pulut, pusnee,
Getreidebaus 1: 94, 233, 236 and 2: 938, 940, 942–949. [a raktabhasali, raktasali, rukmavanti, saala, saatti, sal, sali, san,
second volume, by H. Werner, Die Sorten und der Anbau saryun (straw), sastika, saugandhi, sawal, shaali, shali (with
des Getreides] 1885, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign husk), shalian, shalibheda, sukala, syali, tai, tandul, tandula,
Oryzopsis Michaux Poaceae (Gramineae) 2717

tandulam, tani, thaandula, thandula, thomul, uri, uri dhan, male, mali, malla, malo, malu, maro, maru, mba, mba gale,
urlu, urz, vadlu, vanjing, vara, vari, varidhanyamu, vilavasin, mba wui, mbei, meri male, meri malle, paga, pagalaba, paka-
viriki, vrihi, vrihibheda, vudlu, yavam, yerra rajanaalu laba, pelé, pele, res, suma
in Indonesia: baa, padi, pare, pari in Tanzania: mshele
in Japan: gohan (= cooked rice), ine (= rice plant), kome (= in Togo: imogule, mau, mi, miirbe, miri, ungau
rice grain)
in Upper Volta: amui, amwi, maan, maaro, mui, muuli, mwi
in Okinawa: mai
in Yoruba: resi, iresi
in South Laos: (people Nya Hön) cäh duan (= holiday rice),
cäh maat (= everyday rice), cäh mûön (= late rice), cäh ngiau,
cäh ddak dông, cäh gye’ (= early rice), cäh gleet, cäh roh (= Oryzopsis Michaux Poaceae (Gramineae)
washed rice), cäh hlak (= Alak rice), cäh dang (= bitter rice),
Greek oryza ‘rice’ and opsis ‘appearance’; sometimes
cäh da’ôôn, cäh kuan dean, cäh llôông lang (= rice tree lang),
in Piptatherum and Achnatherum, see Flora Boreali-
cäh dum (= red rice), cäh boh (= salted rice)
Americana 1: 51, t. 9. 1803, Medical Repository, ser. 2, 5:
in Malaysia: paddy, padi 353. 1808, Essai d’une nouvelle Agrostographie, ou nou-
veaux genres des Graminées. 17, 18, 173. Paris 1812, The
in Philippines: ammai, humay, pagai, pagay, pagei, pai, palai,
Genera of North American Plants, and catalogue of the spe-
palay, pale, parai, paroy
cies, to the year 1817. 1: 40. Philadelphia 1818, Carl Bernhard
in Thailand: bue thu, bue thuu, khaao chao, khaao khai von Trinius (1778–1844), Fundamenta Agrostographiae 109,
maeng daa, khaao kho raeng, khaao nieo, khaao nieo pua, 110. Viennae 1820, Species Graminum Stipaceorum 9, 16,
khaao nueng, khao, khao chao, khao khai maeng da, khao 19. 1842, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 419–420.
kho raeng, khao niao, khao niao pua, khao nueng 1854, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences
4: 168. 1872, Contributions from the United States National
in Tibetan: bras, bras dmar po, drug cu pa
Herbarium 1(8): 267. 1893, Anales del Museo Nacional de
in Gambia: mano, tubal mano Buenos Aires 4: 179, f. 2. 1895 and Anales del Museo Nacional
de Montevideo 4(2): 4–6, 10–12, f. 2a-c, 4. 1901, Journal of the
in Ghana: azan, emo, emu, imul, miirin, moli, molu, mori,
Linnean Society, Botany 36(254): 382. 1904, Contributions
muie, mumuna, omo, sinkafa, sunkafa
from the United States National Herbarium 11: 109. 1906,
in Guinea: dishi, disi, dixi, dixio, dixo, halemoni, kini, malé, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 39(3): 102. 1912, U.S.
malo, malu, malu bandyul, malu i banax, malu i seget, malu Dept. Agric. Bull. 772: 156, 158. 1920, Bot. Gaz. 107: 1–32.
syisyet, meleke, mereke, merke, merkeni, mumu, selegbo, 1945, E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus 75. 1949, Claves
selemonu, suma Generum et Specierum Graminearum Primarum Sinicarum
Appendice Nomenclatione Systematica 211. 1957, Notes Roy.
in Ivory Coast: bla, di, gbla, ko, kobo, koo, kowe, sàà, saka,
Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33: 341–408. 1975, Flora Tsinlingensis
sakà, sika, sukàa, sukè
1(1): 145. 1976, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 19(4): 354,
in Liberia: bu, kolo 435. 1981, Grasses of Uttar Pradesh 64. 1994, Vascular
Plants of the Hengduan Mountains 2: 2257. 1994, Grasses:
in Malawi: cikatu, cigodo, gamba, mangungu, mankhunkhu,
Systematics and Evolution 75–82. 2000, Contributions from
mpunga, unyu
the United States National Herbarium 48: 15–18, 271, 312,
in Mali: malo 469–473, 494–495, 684–687. 2003, Botanical Journal of the
Linnean Society Volume 144, Issue 4: 483–495. Apr 2004.
in Morocco: rûz, rawz, mârô, maru
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. (Oryzopsis aspera Michx. ex
in Niger: chengawâ, mo, mô, moa, riz, shinkafâ, tafaghat,
Muhl.; Oryzopsis leucosperma Link ex Walp.; Oryzopsis
tchiakaka
mutica Link; Urachne asperifolia (Michx.) Trin.; Urachne
in Nigeria: among, betso, burungo, buza, chenkafa, chingapa, leucosperma Link; Urachne mutica (Link) Steud.)
cinkafa, cun bikwook, edesi, egi nas, elisi, esmalle, ferga-
Northern America, Canada, USA.
mye, gume, hoyyanga, hyinkapa, iresi, ize, kukus, maaroori,
morori, nsikapa, ochikapa, osikapa, pergami, pirgami, rauno, See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 51, t. 9. 1803, Catalogus
resi, shansheeraa, shefè, shewi, shinkaafaa, shinkaafàà, Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis 11. 1813, Enumeratio
sikafa, sinkafa, sinkapa, tsingaapa, tsinggapa, yokofa Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 41. 1821,
De Graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris 166. Petropoli
in Senegal: diuna, emano, malo, malon, malon bandiyul,
1824, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 1: 94. 1827,
malon bandyul, tiep
Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 731. 1841,
in Sierra Leone: apela, eko, fara kore, gbilema kore, jonge, Annals of Botany. Oxford 3: 728. 1853, Synopsis Plantarum
kayaka, kharima male, kharima malle, kokovaya, kore, kwe, Glumacearum 1: 419–420. 1854
2718 Osbeckia L. Melastomataceae

(A poultice for wounds and skin diseases.) in China: tin xiang lu

in English: roughleaf ricegrass in Japan: hime-no-botan
Osbeckia crinita Benth. ex C.B. Clarke (Osbeckia crinita
Benth. ex Naudin; Osbeckia crinita Benth., nom. nud.)
Osbeckia L. Melastomataceae
China, Sikkim. Under shrub, hairy, reddish stem, pink flow-
For the Swedish clergyman Pehr Osbeck, 1723–1805, nat- ers, fruits eaten as a vegetable, leaves fodder
uralist and botanist, a student of Linnaeus, traveller and
plant collector in South East Asia, Java and China; see See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens no. 4066. 1829,
Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 345–346. 1753 and The Flora of British India 2: 517. 1879 and Ginkgoana 4: 31.
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 162. 1754, Prodromus Systematis 1977
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 140. 1828, Comm. (Root bark crushed and the juice taken for stomachache and
Phytogr. 72. 1840, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch- indigestion. Leaves crushed and applied to treat wounds,
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 643. 1852, Transactions of against snakebites and to stop nose bleed; dried leaves to cure
the Linnean Society of London 28(1): 53–54. 1871[1872] toothache and gum boils; leaves decoction taken for stomach
and Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the upset.)
Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge,
Mass. 1917–1933, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes in India: chulaysi, dieng sohkhing, imlaklaksu, numbir,
upon Botanists. 3: 33. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical soh-thut
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Osbeckia glauca Benth. (Osbeckia glauca Wall. ex Naudin)
Portrait Collection. 295. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of
the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the India.
Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens no. 4073. 1829
Botanical Garden. 318. 1973, Mary Gunn and Leslie E.
Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 267–268. (Leaves crushed and applied to treat wounds, against snake-
1981, Emil Bretschneider (1833–1901), History of European bites and to stop nose bleed.)
Botanical Discoveries in China. [Reprint of the original edi- in India: soh-thut
tion, St. Petersburg 1898.] Leipzig 1981.
Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f.
Osbeckia aspera Blume (Osbeckia aspera Benth.)
Nepal.
India. Shrub, reddish-violet flowers
See Exotic flora 1: pl. 31. 1823
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4073. 1831, Flora 14: 474. 1831
(Leaf juice applied on cuts and wounds; flowers pounded and
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.) applied to sores in children’s mouths.)
in India: katou-kadah, kattukkadalai, kattukkadali, kattuk- in China: ma yi hua
katalai, kattukkatali, tinisah, totukara
in India: baga phatkala, bagaphatkala, boga phutkola, bui-
Osbeckia brachystemon Naudin lukhampa, kaleangeri
India. in Nepal: ambal bumbal, lemlang

See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 14: 57. 1850 and J. Cytol. Osbeckia nutans Wall. ex C.B. Clarke
Genet. 25: 321–322. 1990 India. Ripe fruits edible
(Leaf paste applied on boils.) See The Flora of British India 2: 521. 1879
in India: melatumbe (Magic, ritual, ceremonial, used in festivals.)
Osbeckia chinensis L. in China: hua tou jin jin xiang
China. in India: dai, jikenemi
See Species Plantarum 1: 345–346. 1753 and Taxon 21: 656. Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex Ker Gawl. (Melastoma
1972 mairei H. Lév.; Osbeckia crinita Benth. ex Naudin; Osbeckia
crinita var. yunnanensis Cogn.; Osbeckia mairei (H. Lév.)
(Roots for coughing, chewed and swallowed for the treat-
Craib; Osbeckia opipara C.Y. Wu & C. Chen; Osbeckia palu-
ment of toothache, diarrhea. Veterinary medicine, for
dosa Craib; Osbeckia pulchra Geddes; Osbeckia rhopalotri-
wounds of cattle.)
cha C.Y. Wu; Osbeckia robusta Craib; Osbeckia rostrata D.
in English: Chinese osbeckia Don; Osbeckia sikkimensis Craib; Osbeckia stellata Wall. ex
Osmanthus Lour. Oleaceae 2719

C.B. Clarke; Osbeckia stellata Wall., nom. nud.; Osbeckia Universitatis Sunyatseni 2: 5. 1982, Investigatio et Studium
stellata var. crinita (Benth. ex Naudin) C. Hansen; Osbeckia Naturae 12: 66–77. 1992
yunnanensis Franch. ex Craib; Osbeckia yunnanensis
(At one time united with Olea which differs chiefly in its
Franch. ex Cogn.)
valvate corolla lobes. Osmanthus fragrans is a well-known
Nepal. Shrubs, purple flowers, roots and leaves sweetish spice plant. Widely cultivated for the perfume of flowers.
sour Fruit is rarely formed.)
See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 8: pl. 674. in English: fragrant olive, sweet olive, sweet osmanthus,
1822, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 221. 1825, A Numerical sweet tea, tea olive
List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] no. 4062, 4066. 1829,
in China: gui hua, mu hsi, mu xi, shu, yen kuei
The Flora of British India 2(6): 517. 1879, Monographiae
Phanerogamarum 7: 324. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum in Japan: usu-gin-mokusei, gin-mokusei
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11(286–290): 300. 1912, Bulletin
of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1916(10): 262–263. 1916,
Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 10(46): Osmorhiza Raf. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
54–58. 1917, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew
1930(4): 171. 1930, Ginkgoana 4: 31. 1977, Flora Yunnanica Greek osme ‘smell, odour, perfume’ and rhiza ‘a root’; see
2: 85, f. 23, 15. 1979, Taxon 30: 513–514. 1981, Guihaia 2(4): C.S. Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. 2: 176. 1818,
184, 186, f. 1, 13–14. 1982 American monthly magazine and critical review 4(3): 192.
1819, Jour. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 257. 1819, Med. Fl. 2:
(Juice and paste of leaves used as an antidote to snakebite, 249. 1830, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 26–27.
and to heal cuts and wounds in small children. Root juice 1830, New Fl. N. Am. 4: 34. 1836 [1838], The good book. 53.
given in case of stomachache, chyluria/chylous urine.) 1840, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(4): 639.
in China: xing mao jin jin xiang 1840, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences 7(2): 346. 1868, Abhandlungen der Königlichen
in India: builukham, chulasi, dieng sohkthem, ghanghass Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 147.
in Nepal: arbale, gaurak lyangsai 1879, The Flora of British India 2(6): 690. 1879, J. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 79–104. 1885, Die Natürlichen
Osbeckia zeylanica Steud. ex Naudin (Osbeckia zeylanica Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 153. 1897 and Contributions from
DC. ex Naudin; Osbeckia zeylanica [Ker-Gawl.]; Osbeckia the United States National Herbarium 7: 62. 1900, Lexikon
zeylanica L.f.) Generum Phanerogamarum 582. 1904, University of
India, Sri Lanka. California Publications in Botany 23: 112. 1948, Elmer
D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus. 181. 1949, Annals of the
See Suppl. Pl. 215. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Bot. Reg. 7: t. Missouri Botanical Garden 71(4): 1156, 1161. 1984[1985].
565. 1821, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér.
3, 14: 56, 71. 1850 Osmorhiza aristata (Thunberg) Rydberg (Chaerophyllum
aristatum Thunb.; Myrrhis aristata (Thunb.) Spreng.;
(Plant paste consumed with milk for cold and cough.) Scandix aristata (Thunb.) Makino; Uraspermum aristatum
in India: akka jogi gida, burada alli, neerpadarthipatchilai (Thunberg) Kuntze)
China.
See Species Plantarum 1: 256–259. 1753, The Gardeners
Osmanthus Lour. Oleaceae
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Systema
From the Greek osme ‘smell, odour, perfume’ and anthos Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 288. 1784, American
‘flower’, with fragrant flowers. monthly magazine and critical review 4(3): 192. 1819, An
Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 21. 1836, Revisio
Osmanthus fragrans Lour. (Olea fragrans Thunberg ex
Generum Plantarum 1: 270. 1891, Bot. Surv. Nebraska 3: 37.
Murray; Olea fragrans Thunberg; Olea ovalis Miquel;
1894 and Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 67(2): 206–210. 1982,
Osmanthus asiaticus Nakai; Osmanthus asiaticus var. lati-
Journal of Plant Biology 39: 15–22. 1996
folius Makino; Osmanthus longibracteatus H.T. Chang;
Osmanthus macrocarpus P.Y. Bai) (Astringent.)
China. in China: xiang gen qin
See Species Plantarum 1: 8. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium. Osmorhiza aristata (Thunberg) Rydberg var. aristata
Editio decima quarta 57. 1784, Fl. Jap. 18. 1784, Flora (C.B. Clarke) Ridley (Chaerophyllum aristatum Thunberg;
Cochinchinensis 1: 17, 28–29. 1790, Journal de Botanique Chaerophyllum claytonii (Michaux) Persoon; Myrrhis
Néerlandaise 1: 111. 1861 and Acta Botanica Yunnanica aristata (Thunberg) Sprengel; Myrrhis claytonii Michaux;
1(1): 153, pl. 2, f. 1. 1979, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Osmorhiza amurensis F. Schmidt ex Maximowicz;
2720 Osmorhiza Raf. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.) Makino & Yabe var. brevistylis (Poisonous. Root emetic, aromatic, purgative, analgesic,
(DC.) B. Boivin; Osmorhiza aristata var. montana Makino; stimulant, for colds, headaches. Magic, love charms, good
Osmorhiza claytonii (Michaux) C.B. Clarke; Osmorhiza luck charm, roots placed under pillow to prevent sickness.
japonica Siebold & Zuccarini; Scandix aristata (Thunberg) Veterinary medicine.)
Makino; Scandix claytonii (Michaux) Koso-Poljanski;
in English: sweetcicely
Uraspermum aristatum (Thunberg) Kuntze; Washingtonia
claytonii (Michaux) Britton) Osmorhiza brachypoda Torr. (Osmorhiza brachypoda Torr.
Japan, China. Perennial ex Durand; Osmorhiza brachypoda Torr. var. fraterna Jeps.;
Washingtonia brachypoda (Torr. ex Durand) A. Heller)
See Species Plantarum 1: 256–259. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Systema North America. Perennial
Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 288. 1784, Flora Boreali- See Durand, Elias Judah (1870–1922), Plantae Prattenianae
Americana 1: 170. 1803, Syn. Pl. 1: 320. 1805, American Californicae: an enumeration of a collection of California
monthly magazine and critical review 4(3): 192. 1819, An plants, made in the vicinity of Nevada, by Henry Pratten,
Introduction to the Natural System of Botany 21. 1836, Esp., of New Harmony, with critical notices and descriptions
Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der of such of them as are new, or get unpublished in America. 89.
Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(2): 1855, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 37(5): 68. 1879, Catalogue
203. 1845, Primitiae Florae Amurensis 129–130. 1859, The of North American Plants North of Mexico 5. 1898
Flora of British India 2(6): 690. 1879, Botanische Zeitung.
Berlin 37(5): 68. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 270. (Decoction of roots taken for colds, coughs. Insecticide.)
1891, Bot. Surv. Nebraska 3: 37. 1894, An Illustrated Flora in English: California sweetcicely
of the Northern United States 2: 530. 1897 and Bulletin de
la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 29: 143. Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. (Osmorhiza aristata
1916, Journal of Japanese Botany 2(2): 7. 1918, Botaniceskjij (Thunb.) Makino & Yabe var. longistylis (Torr.) B. Boivin;
Žurnal SSSR 67(2): 206–210. 1982, Journal of Plant Biology Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. var. brachycoma S.F.
39: 15–22. 1996 Blake; Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. var. imbarbata
Salamun; Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. var. villicaulis
(Astringent, roots used for ulcers, sore eyes, coughs, sore
Fernald; Scandix longistylis (Torr.) Koso-Pol.; Uraspermum
throat, running sores, to ease parturition.)
aristatum subsp. longistyle (Torr.) Kuntze; Washingtonia
in English: bland sweet cicely, Clayton’s sweetroot, hairy longistylis (Torr.) Britton)
sweet cicely, sweet jarvil, woolly sweet cicely
North America. Perennial herb
in China: xiang gen qin
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4:
Osmorhiza aristata (Thunberg) Rydberg var. laxa (Royle) 232. 1830, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 270. 1891, An
Constance & R.H. Shan (Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.) Makino Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States 2: 530. 1897
& Yabe var. laxa (Royle) Constance & Shan; Osmorhiza and Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de
claytoni C.B. Clarke; Osmorhiza laxa Royle; Washingtonia Moscou 29: 143. 1916, Phytologia 17(2): 104. 1968
laxa (Royle) Koso-Poljanski ex B. Fedtschenko)
(Plant stimulant, stomachic, for stomach upset, weakness,
China. amenorrhea, kidney troubles, wounds, sore throat, boils, to
See Species Plantarum 1: 256–259. 1753, American monthly ease parturition. Roots infusion as stomachic. Veterinary
magazine and critical review 4(3): 192. 1819, Illustrations of medicine.)
the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 233, pl. 52, f. in English: anise-root, long-styled anise-root, longstyle
1. 1835, Botanical Survey of Nebraska 3: 37. 1894 and Univ. sweetroot
Calif. Publ. Bot. 23(3): 130. 1948
Osmorhiza obtusa (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Fernald
(Astringent.) (Washingtonia obtusa J.M. Coult. & Rose)
in China: shu ye xiang gen qin North America.
Osmorhiza berteroi DC. (Osmorhiza brevipes (J.M. Coult. See American monthly magazine and critical review 4(3):
& Rose) Suksd.; Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arn.; 192. 1819, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 37(5): 68. 1879 and
Osmorhiza divaricata (Britton) Suksd.; Osmorhiza nuda Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
Torr.; Washingtonia divaricata Britton)
7(1): 64–65. 1900, Rhodora 4(43): 154. 1902, Checklist of the
North America. Perennial herb, thick aromatic roots Vascular Plants of the Northwest Territories Canada i-viii,
1–607. 1980
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4:
232. 1830 (For skin diseases.)
Osmoxylon Miq. Araliaceae 2721

Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. (Glycosma occiden- (Leaves rubbed on centipede bites; leaves chewed to relieve
tale Nutt.; Glycosma occidentalis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; backache.)
Myrrhis occidentalis (Nutt.) A. Gray; Osmorhiza ambigua
in Papua New Guinea: diauka
(A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & Rose; Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt.
ex Torr. & A. Gray) Torr.; Washingtonia occidentalis (Nutt.)
J.M. Coult. & Rose) Osmunda L. Osmundaceae
North America. Perennial Uncertain attribution, French osmunde, English osmund,
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(4): 639. of unknown origin, possibly after the Saxon Osmunder, a
1840, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … name for Thor, the god of war, or for Osmundus, c. 1025,
Botany 2(1): 71. 1859, Proceedings of the American Academy a Scandinavian writer of runes, or after Osmun, Bishop of
of Arts and Sciences 7(2): 346. 1868 and Contributions from Salisbury, d. 1099, etc.; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
the United States National Herbarium 7(1): 67. 1900 2: 1063–1067. 1753, Methodus Plantarum 25. 1754, Genera
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 484. 1754, Journal für die Botanik 1800(2):
(Roots infusion for colds, toothaches, fevers, eye troubles, 126. 1801, Anales de Ciencias Naturales 5(14): 164–165. 1802,
swollen breasts, coughs and sore throats, nose troubles, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 445. 1833, Tentamen
stomachaches, or the roots chewed; a decoction for venereal Pteridographiae 109–110, pl. 3, f. 13. 1836, Supplementum
sores, skin rashes, measles, diarrhea, pulmonary disorders Tentaminis Pteridographiae… 68. 1845, Die Gefässbündel
and pneumonia, whooping cough, colds and influenza, chills, im Stipes der Farrn 18. 1847 and Ernest Weekley, An
applied to kill head lice; a poultice applied to cuts, snake- Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1017. 1967,
bites, sores, swellings and bruises.) Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana.
XII: 201. 1984, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch
in English: sweet cicely, western sweetroot der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 145. Berlin &
Osmorhiza purpurea (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Suksd. (Osmorhiza Hamburg 1989, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch
chilensis Hook. & Arn. var. purpurea (J.M. Coult. & Rose) B. der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 445. Basel 1996, Fl.
Boivin; Osmorhiza leibergii (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Blankinship; Ecuador 66: 71–74, 107–170. 2001.
Washingtonia purpurea J.M. Coult. & Rose) Osmunda cinnamomea L. (Anemia bipinnata (L.) Sw.;
North America. Perennial Anemia bipinnata (L.) T. Moore, nom. illeg.; Osmunda asi-
atica (Fernald) Ohwi; Osmunda bipinnata L.; Osmunda cin-
See Contributions from the United States National namomea var. asiatica Fernald; Osmunda cinnamomea var.
Herbarium 7(1): 67. 1900, Allegmeine Botanische Zeitschrift fokienense Copel.; Osmunda cinnamomea var. imbricata
für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 12(1): 5. 1906, (Kunze) Milde; Osmunda imbricata Kunze; Osmundastrum
Le Naturaliste Canadien 93(5): 644. 1966 cinnamomeum (L.) C. Presl; Osmundastrum cinnamomeum
var. fokiense (Copel.) Tagawa; Struthiopteris cinnamomea
(Love charms, roots used by girls.)
(L.) Bernh.)
in English: purple sweetroot
North America. Perennial herb
See Traité Foug. Amér. t. 155. 1705, Species Plantarum 2:
Osmoxylon Miq. Araliaceae 1065–1066. 1753, Journal für die Botanik 1801: 126. 1801,
Synopsis Filicum 157. 1806, Die Farrnkräuter 2: 29. 1849,
From the Greek osme ‘smell, odour, perfume’ and xylon
Monogr. Osmund. 95. 1868 and Philippine Journal of Science
‘wood’.
4(1): 16. 1909, Journal of Japanese Botany 17(12): 697. 1941,
Osmoxylon micranthum (Harms) Philipson Feddes Repert. 85: 325–360. 1976, Acta Bot. Brasil. 17(1):
(Boerlagiodendron micranthum Harms; Boerlagiodendron 19–26. 2003, Revista Soc. Boliv. Bot. 4(2): 293–313. 2009
sayeri Harms; Boerlagiodendron tricolor Philipson; (Root decoction applied to rheumatism, snakebite, taken for
Eschweileria gawadensis Baker f.) colds, coughs. Veterinary medicine.)
New Guinea. Shrub, sparsely branched, leaves in terminal in English: cinnamon fern, fiddleheads
clusters, leaf blade deeply lobed, inflorescence a terminal
compound umbel, corolla reddish orange, fruit a deep purple Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea (Osmunda cin-
to black drupe namomea L. var. frondosa A. Gray; Osmunda cinnamomea
L. var. imbricata (Kunze) Milde)
See Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 3, 5.
1863, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 31. 1894 and North America. Perennial herb
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte See Traité Foug. Amér. t. 155. 1705, Species Plantarum 2:
und Pflanzengeographie 56: 379. 1920, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 1065–1066. 1753, Journal für die Botanik 1801: 126. 1801,
Hist.), Bot. 1: 11. 1951, Blumea 23: 115. 1976 Synopsis Filicum 157. 1806, Die Farrnkräuter 2: 29. 1849,
2722 Osmundastrum C. Presl Osmundaceae

Monogr. Osmund. 95. 1868 and Philippine Journal of Science See Species Plantarum 2: 1063–1067. 1753, Methodus
4(1): 16. 1909, Journal of Japanese Botany 17(12): 697. 1941, Plantarum 25. 1754, Anales de Ciencias Naturales 5(14):
Feddes Repert. 85: 325–360. 1976, Acta Bot. Brasil. 17(1): 164. 1802, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 5: 98. 1810,
19–26. 2003, Revista Soc. Boliv. Bot. 4(2): 293–313. 2009 Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen unter der Augsicht der
Königl…. 866. 1824, Enumeratio Filicum 43. 1824,
(Root decoction applied to rheumatism, taken for fevers,
Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6(2): 198. 1827,
headache, joint pain, rheumatism, chills, used for menstrual
Botanical Miscellany 3: 230. 1833, Linnaea 18: 308. 1844,
disorders.)
Supplementum Tentaminis Pteridographiae 62–63. 1845, A
in English: cinnamon fern, fiddleheads Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Second
Edition 600. 1856, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 9:
Osmunda claytoniana L. (Osmundastrum claytonia-
43. 1857, Filices Europae 179. 1867 and Botaničeskij Žurnal
num (L.) Tagawa; Plenasium claytonianum (L.) C. Presl;
(Moscow & Leningrad) 52: 1602. 1967, Novosti Sistematiki
Struthiopteris claytoniana (L.) Bernh.)
Vysshikh i Nizshikh Rastenii. Kiev 1968: 6–8. 1968, Webbia
Japan. Perennial herb, sometimes as Osmundastrum 31(1): 247. 1977, Flora de Veracruz 61: 1–7. 1990, Reg. Veg.
claytonianum 127: 72. 1993, Flora of Tropical East Africa 1–4. 1999
See Species Plantarum 2: 1063–1067. 1753, Methodus (Plant antibacterial, anticonvulsive, astringent, antidysen-
Plantarum 25. 1754, Journal für die Botanik (Schrader) teric; whole plant extract taken for psychosis, hysteria, mus-
1800–2: 126. 1801, Tentamen Pteridographiae 109–110, pl. cular debility. Bark juice for abortion. Roots poisonous, an
3, f. 13. 1836, Die Gefässbündel im Stipes der Farrn 18. 1847, infusion used against malaria and jaundice. Magico-religious
Abhandlungen der königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der beliefs, ritual, spiritual, emotional, whole plant tonic taken to
Wissenschaften ser. 5 5: 325. 1848 and Journal of Japanese chase away evil spirits.)
Botany 17(12): 697–698. 1941, Nakaike, T. Enumeratio
in English: flowering fern, royal fern
Pteridophytarum Japonicum, Filicales 1975, J. Cytol. Genet.
19: 111–112. 1984 in China: wei
(Blood purifier, a decoction taken for gonorrhea. Rhizome and in Madagascar: ampanga, kobilantsahona
fronds antibacterial; rhizome extract used to wash wounds.)
in English: interrupted fern
Osmundastrum C. Presl Osmundaceae
in Nepal: kuthurke
Referring to the genus Osmunda L., see Species
Osmunda regalis L. (Aphyllocalpa regalis (L.) Lag., D. García Plantarum 2: 1063–1067. 1753, Supplementum Tentaminis
& Clemente; Osmunda abyssinica (Kuhn) A.E. Bobrov; Pteridographiae… 68. 1845.
Osmunda capensis C. Presl, nom. illeg., non Osmunda capen-
sis L.; Osmunda longifolia (C. Presl) A.E. Bobrov; Osmunda Osmundastrum claytonianum (L.) Tagawa (Osmunda
mexicana Fée; Osmunda obtusifolia Kaulf.; Osmunda palm- claytoniana L.; Plenasium claytonianum (L.) C. Presl;
eri A.E. Bobrov; Osmunda palustris Schrad.; Osmunda rega- Struthiopteris claytoniana (L.) Bernh.)
lis fo. abyssinica Kuhn; Osmunda regalis subsp. spectabilis Japan. Sometimes as Osmunda claytoniana L.
(Willd.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Osmunda regalis var. brasil-
iensis (Hook. & Grev.) Kunze; Osmunda regalis var. brasil- See Species Plantarum 2: 1063–1067. 1753, Methodus
iensis (Hook. & Grev.) Pic. Serm., nom. illeg., non Osmunda Plantarum 25. 1754, Journal für die Botanik (Schrader)
regalis var. brasiliensis (Hook. & Grev.) Kunze; Osmunda 1800–2: 126. 1801, Tentamen Pteridographiae 109–110, pl.
regalis var. brevifolia Desv.; Osmunda regalis var. capensis 3, f. 13. 1836, Die Gefässbündel im Stipes der Farrn 18. 1847,
(C. Presl) Milde; Osmunda regalis var. longifolia C. Presl; Abhandlungen der königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der
Osmunda regalis var. obtusifolia (Kaulf.) Milde; Osmunda Wissenschaften ser. 5 5: 325. 1848 and Journal of Japanese
regalis var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray; Osmunda schelpei Botany 17(12): 697–698. 1941, Nakaike, T. Enumeratio
A.E. Bobrov; Osmunda spectabilis Willd.; Osmunda spec- Pteridophytarum Japonicum, Filicales 1975, J. Cytol. Genet.
tabilis var. brasiliensis Hook. & Grev.; Osmunda spectabilis 19: 111–112. 1984
var. palustris (Schrad.) C. Presl; Osmunda transvaalensis (Rhizome and fronds antibacterial; rhizome extract used to
A.E. Bobrov; Struthiopteris regalis (L.) Bernh.) wash wounds.)
Europe, East and South Africa. Fern arising from erect under- in Nepal: kuthurke
ground rhizome, tufted, terrestrial, woody trunks, frond
green, sorus brown, fertile fronds at end of vegetative spo-
rangia light brown, root used for plants pots, on rocky river
Osteophloeum Warb. Myristicaceae
bank in forest, along stream among rocks, boggy ground, in
water and on riverbank, near stream, swamps, on shady river From the Greek osteon ‘a bone’ and phloios ‘bark of trees,
banks, along marsh edge smooth bark, husk’, see Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 13: (89).
Osteospermum L. Asteraceae 2723

1895, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. (Poisonous to cattle, hydrocyanic acid.)
Cur. 68: 127. 1897 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
in English: African daisy, blue-and-white daisy bush, Cape
13(2/3): 766–784. 1938.
marguerite, Sundays River daisy, Van Staden’s River daisy,
Osteophloeum platyspermum (Spruce ex A. DC.) Warb. Vanstadens River daisy, white daisy bush
(Myristica platysperma Spruce ex A. DC.; Myristica
in South Africa: bergbietou, bietou, jakkalsbos, Kaapse
platysperma Spruce; Myristica platysperma Poepp.;
magriet, Sondagsrivier madeliefie, Vanstaden-osteospermum,
Osteophloeum platyspermum Warb.; Osteophloeum sulca-
Vanstadensrivier madeliefie
tum Little; Palala platysperma Kuntze; Palala platysperma
(Spruce ex A. DC.) Kuntze) Osteospermum imbricatum L. subsp. nervatum (DC.) Norl.
(Osteospermum glaberrimum O. Hoffm.; Osteospermum
Ecuador. Tree, green flowers nervatum DC.)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis South Africa.
(DC.) 14(2): 695–696. 1857, Revisio Generum Plantarum
2: 567. 1891, Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino- See Species Plantarum 2: 923–924. 1753, Mantissa
Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum 68: 162–163. Plantarum 2: 290. 1771
1897 and Phytologia 18(7): 404, f. 6. 1969, Planta Med. 50(1): (Used for stomach and intestinal complaints. Roots for febrile
53–55. 1984, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12(2): 179–211. complaints.)
1984, Nordic Journal of Botany 20(4): 445. 2000[2001]
in South Africa: uMasigcolo (Zulu)
(Hallucinogenic use. Sap drunk for cough and cold; leaves
smoke inhaled to relieve asthmatic conditions.) Osteospermum jucundum Norl. (Dimorphotheca jucunda
Phillips)
South Africa. Perennial herb, erect, sprawling, purple flowers
Osteospermum L. Asteraceae
See Veld & Flora 89: 10, 11. 2003
From the Greek osteon ‘bone’ and sperma ‘seed’, the achenes
are hard; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 923. 1753 (Used for stomach and intestinal complaints.)
and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 395. 1754 and Watt, J.M.
& Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. The Medicinal and Poisonous
Ostericum Hoffm. Apiaceae
Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. Livingstone, London
1962, Compositae Newsletter 25: 46–49. 1994. Ostericum citriodorum (Hance) C.Q. Yuan & R.H. Shan
(Angelica citriodora Hance)
Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl. (Dimorphotheca eck-
lonis DC.) (after the Danish botanist Christian Friedrich China.
(Frederik) Ecklon, 1795–1868, apothecary and botanical
See Gen. Pl. Umbell., ed. 2. 162. 1816 and Bull. Nanjing Bot.
collector, traveller, sent plants to Bentham (1835), author of
Gard. Mem. Sun Yat Sen. 1984–1985: 3. 1985 [1984]
Topographisches Verzeichniss der Pflanzensammlung von
C.F. Ecklon. Esslingen 1827 and “A list of plants found in the (The roots used as an analgesic and antipyretic.)
district of Uitenhage between the months of July 1829 and
in China: ge shan xiang
February 1830.” S. Afr. Quart. J. 1: 358–380. 1830, with Karl
Ludwig Philipp Zeyher wrote Enumeratio plantarum africae Ostericum grosseserratum (Maximowicz) Kitagawa
australis extratropicae. Hamburg [1834–] 1835–1836[–1837]; (Angelica grosseserrata Maximowicz; Angelica koreana
see Karl Boriwog Presl, Botanische Bemerkungen. Prague Maximowicz; Angelica mongolica Franchet; Angelica peu-
1844, Peter MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical collectors at cedanoides H. Wolff; Angelica smithii H. Wolff)
the Cape.” Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xliii-xlvi. 1884–
See J. Jap. Bot. 12: 233. 1936
1886 and Günther Schmid, Chamisso als Naturforscher. Eine
Bibliographie. Leipzig 1942, John Hutchinson, A botanist in in China: da chi shan qin
Southern Africa. 641–642. London 1946, H.N. Clokie, Account
Ostericum scaberulum (Franchet) C.Q. Yuan & R.H. Shan
of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University
of Oxford. Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes China.
upon Botanists. 1: 494. 1965, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd,
See Bull. Nanjing Bot. Gard. Mem. Sun Yat Sen. 1984–1985:
Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. Cape Town 1981,
3. 1985 [1984]
Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. 1997.)
(The roots used as an analgesic and antipyretic.)
South Africa. Perennial, white ray florets, dark blue disc
florets in China: shu mao shan qin
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 71. Ostericum sieboldii (Miquel) Nakai var. sieboldii (C.B.
1837[1838] and Stud. Calend. 244. 1943 Clarke) Ridley (Angelica miqueliana Maximowicz;
2724 Ostrya Scop. Corylaceae (Carpinaceae, Betulaceae)

Angelica urticifoliata H. Wolff; Ostericum miquelianum Osyris L. Santalaceae

(Maximowicz) Kitagawa; Ostericum sieboldii var. micro-
phyllum Y.C. Ma; Peucedanum miquelianum (Maximowicz) Possibly from the Greek ozos ‘branch, knot’, the small tree
H. Wolff; Peucedanum sieboldii Miquel) is many-branched. Plinius and Dioscorides used osyris or
osiris, osiridos as a plant name for poet’s cassia, Osyris
China, Japan. alba; Latin osyris applied by Plinius to a plant, probably
the broom-like goose-foot or summer cypress; see Species
See J. Jap. Bot. 18: 219. 1942)
Plantarum 2: 1022. 1753, Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 236.
(Roots analgesic and antipyretic.) 1864, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 151. 1879.
in China: shan qin
Osyris quadripartita Salzm. ex Decne. (Osyris abyssinica
Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Osyris abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Ostrya Scop. Corylaceae forma latifolia Fiori; Osyris arborea Wall. ex A. DC.; Osyris
arborea var. rotundifolia P.C. Tam; Osyris arborea var. stipi-
(Carpinaceae, Betulaceae) tata Lecomte; Osyris compressa A. DC.; Osyris densifolia
Latin ostrya, ae and ostrys, yos for a tree with hard wood, Peter; Osyris laeta Peter; Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.;
perhaps the common hornbeam (Plinius), Greek ostrys, Osyris lanceolata Hochstetter & Steudel ex A. Candolle,
ostrya, ostrye, ostryis, hop hornbeam, Ostrya carpinifolia nom. illeg. superfl.; Osyris oblanceolata Peter; Osyris par-
Scop., Theophrastus (HP. 3.10.3) and Plinius, presumably vifolia Baker; Osyris quadripartita Decne. var. canariensis
referring to the hardwood. Kämmer; Osyris rigidissima Engl.; Osyris tenuifolia Engl.;
Osyris urundiensis De Wild.; Osyris wightiana Wall. ex
Ostrya japonica Sargent (Ostrya liana Hu; Ostrya ostrya Wight; Osyris wightiana var. rotundifolia (P.C. Tam) P.C.
MacMill. var. japonica (Sarg.) C.K. Schneid.) Tam; Osyris wightiana var. stipitata (Lecomte) P.C. Tam)
North America. Algeria, Ethiopia. Evergreen shrub or small tree, glabrous,
slash bright crimson, sweet scented wood, smaller branches
See Flora Carniolica 414. 1760, Flora Carniolica, Editio
drooping, slightly fleshy leaves crowded along the stems,
Secunda 2: 244. 1772, The Metaspermae of the Minnesota
flowers either hermaphrodite or male, plants androdioecious,
Valley 187. 1892, Garden & Forest 6: 383, f. 58. 1893 and
small pale yellow-green flowers, dull orange-green anthers,
Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 142. 1904,
hermaphrodite flowers in axils of upper leaves, male flowers
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 11(1): 49–50. 1930
both axillary and terminal, waxy berries shiny red, fleshy
in China: tie mu, tie mu shu ripe fruits eaten raw as an emergency food, roots used for
a red dye, on rocky ridges, mountain slopes, Brachystegia
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch (Carpinus virginiana woodlands, a very widespread and variable species with
Miller; Ostrya italica subsp. virginiana (Mill.) Winkl.; several widely used synonyms, plants with stipitate fruit
Ostrya italica var. guatemalensis H.J.P. Winkl.; Ostrya described as Osyris arborea var. stipitata
mexicana Rose; Ostrya virginiana subsp. lasia (Fernald) E.
Murray; Ostrya virginiana var. glandulosa Sargent; Ostrya See Species Plantarum 2: 1022. 1753, Unio Itineraria
virginiana var. guatemalensis (H.J.P. Winkl.) J.F. Macbr.; In sched., Schimper s.n. 1832 [in Stafleu and Cowan,
Ostrya virginiana var. lasia Fernald) Taxonomic literature. 5: 163–165. 1985], Schimper, Georg
(Heinrich) Wilhelm (1804–1878), Wilhelm Schimper’s Reise
North America. nach Algier in den jahren 1831 und 1832 … Stuttgart, 1834,
See Species Plantarum 2: 998. 1753, The Gardeners Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 6: 65.
Dictionary: … eighth edition Carpinus no. 4. 1768, 1836, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5: 17, pl. 1853.
Dendrologie 2(2): 6. 1873 and Das Pflanzenreich IV,61: 1852, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
22. 1904, Contributions from the United States National (DC.) 14(2): 633–634. 1857 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard.
Herbarium 8(4): 292. 1905, Botanical Gazette 67(3): 216. 19(1): 50–53. 1969, Gillett, J.B. “W.G. Schimper’s botanical
1919, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, collections localities in Ethiopia.” Kew Bulletin 27: 115–128.
Botanical Series 4(6): 193. 1929, Fernald, M.L. “Plants from 1972, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 36: 373–389.
the outer coastal plain of Virginia.” Rhodora 38: 376–404, 1980, Bulletin of Botanical Research 1(3): 71. 1981, Flora
414–452. 1936, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Kalmia 13: 10. Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 24: 64. 1988, Enumération
1983, Taxon 39: 357. 1990, Taxon 42: 875. 1993 des Plantes à Fleurs d’Afrique Tropicale 2: 1–257. 1992

(Used to treat toothache, to bathe sore muscles, for hemor- (Leaves and roots wound dressing, galactagogue, a remedy
for infertility, venereal diseases, menorrhea. Young leaves
rhages from lungs, coughs, kidney trouble.)
and buds in large doses poisonous to cattle. Bark juice applied
in North America: Eastern hop hornbeam, ironwood, lever- to treat dislocated bone; bark decoction given as postpartum
wood, ostryer de Virginie, bois de fer remedy. Roots used for diarrhea; roots and bark a tonic tea;
Otholobium C.H. Stirt. Leguminosae 2725

root bark paste applied in fracture. Bark and heartwood boiled Psoralea lasiostachys Vogel; Psoralea lasiostachys var.
and the liquid drunk to treat venereal diseases and anemia. potens (J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Macbr.; Psoralea marginata Meyen;
Leaves a powerful emetic, infusion to treat swellings and as Psoralea potens J.F. Macbr.; Psoralea pubescens Poir.;
a purgative tea; crushed leaves applied on cuts and wounds.) Psoralea pubescens var. lasiostachys (Vogel) J.F. Macbr.;
Psoralea pubescens var. potens (J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Macbr.;
in English: African sandalwood, barkbush, East African san-
Psoralea remotiflora J.F. Macbr.; Psoralea yurensis Rusby)
dalwood, Transvaal sumach
South America.
in Southern Africa: bergbas, basbessie, pruimbos, looibos;
mpere (Tsonga or Shangaan: Eastern Transvaal); mofe- See Species Plantarum 2: 762. 1753, Encyclopédie
tela (South Sotho: Lesotho, Orange Free State, southeast Méthodique, Botanique 5: 686. 1804, Reise um die Erde 1:
Transvaal); muritho, mpeta (Venda: Soutpansberg, northern 436. 1834, Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae
Transvaal); iNtshakasa, inGondotha-mpete, uMbulunyathi Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia
(Zulu); inTekeza, uMbulunyathi (Xhosa) Ephemerides sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta
in Tanzania: getakhubay, kibwala, kilangati, kimbwala, 19: 13. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 193–194.
kipaa-atu, kipatina, kizulu, lidunula, mberegesa, mdunula, 1891 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 6(22):
mkaisya, msandali, mudunula, munyingwampembe, muv- 511. 1910, Publications of the Field Columbian Museum,
abaahi, mzulu, oloyesyyai, olsesyani, omunyinya, siginyanyi, Botanical Series 4(4): 84–85. 1925, Publications of the
umunyinya Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 4(5): 113. 1927,
Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical
in China: sha zhen, sha zhen shu Series 8(2): 88. 1930, Field Museum of Natural History,
in India: banigani, chisa sii, dalami, jangli chai, kaile, kurig- Botanical Series 13(3/1): 360–361. 1943, Gayana 48: 121–
andha, mukkadaka, mukudaka, naatadike, naathadike, nata- 126. 1991, Las Leguminosas en la Agricultura Boliviana:
dike, sonan, sonsan, tamparale, tembaralli Revision de Informacion 409–423. 1996, Identificación
de Especies Vegetales en Chuquisaca—Teoría, Práctica y
in Nepal: bhote sajini, bor sajini, jhiguni, manjari, mimiyan, Resultados 1–129. 2000
nundhikee, nundhiki
(Used medicinally.)

Otholobium C.H. Stirt. Leguminosae

Othonna L. Asteraceae
See Advances in Legume Systematics 1: 341. 1981, Grimes,
J.W. “A revision of the New World species of Psoraleeae Greek othonna, used by Dioscorides for the greater celandine,
(Leguminosae: Papilionoideae).” Mem. New York Bot. Gard. Chelidonium majus, Latin othonna, ae used by Plinius for a
61: 1–114. 1990. Syrian plant; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 924. 1753
and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 396. 1754; Gordon Rowley,
Otholobium mexicanum (L.f.) J.W. Grimes (Indigofera mex- Succulent Compositae (Senecio and Othonna). Strawberry
icana L.f.; Lotodes divaricatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Press 1994; Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent
Kuntze; Psoralea divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Plants. Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California 1997.
Psoralea maleolens J.F. Macbr.; Psoralea mexicana (L.f.)
Vail; Psoralea mexicana var. maleolens (J.F. Macbr.) J.F. Othonna natalensis Sch. Bip. (Othonna scapigera Harv.)
Macbr.; Psoralea mexicana var. trianae (Vail) J.F. Macbr.; South Africa.
Psoralea mutisii Kunth; Psoralea trianae Vail)
See Species Plantarum 2: 924. 1753
South America.
(Used for tapeworm, nausea, stomach and intestinal
See Supplementum Plantarum 335. 1781[1782], Enumeratio disorders.)
Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 788. 1809,
Mimoses 191, pl. 54. 1824, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: in South Africa: iNcamu (Zulu)
193–194. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(3):
119. 1894 and Publications of the Field Columbian Museum,
Botanical Series 4(4): 82. 1925, Field Museum of Natural Otomeria Benth. Rubiaceae
History, Botanical Series 13(3/1): 360. 1943, Memoirs of the
From the Greek ous, otos ‘an ear’ and meris ‘part’, see Niger.
New York Botanical Garden 61: 23. 1990
Fl. 405. 1849.
(Leaves infusion taken for stomachache.)
Otomeria cameronica (Bremek.) Hepper (Tapinopentas
in Ecuador: culín, trinitaria cameronica Bremek.; Tapinopentas latifolia Verdc.)
Otholobium pubescens (Poir.) J.W. Grimes (Lotodes mar- Tropical Africa. Herb, straggling, creeping, many-branched,
ginatum (Meyen) Kuntze; Psoralea featherstonei J.F. Macbr.; erect, strong rootstock, white narrow petals, flowers very small
2726 Otophora Blume Sapindaceae

See Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, microphylla (Desr.) Delile; Moluccella sinaitica Ehrenb.
48(2): 49. 1952, Bull. Jard. Bot. État 23: 60. 1953, Kew Bull. ex Boiss., nom. inval.; Otostegia arabica Jaub. & Spach;
14: 253. 1960 Otostegia fruticosa var. kaiseri (Täckh.) Täckh.; Otostegia
fruticosa var. schimperi (Benth.) Täckh.; Otostegia kai-
(Leaves poultice applied to the body of a swollen person.)
seri Täckh.; Otostegia schimperi (Benth.) Boiss.; Otostegia
Otomeria elatior (A. Rich. ex DC.) Verdc. (Otomeria dila- sinaitica Täckh., nom. inval.)
tata Hiern; Otomeria elatior f. speciosa (Baker) Verdc.;
Otomeria speciosa (Baker) Scott-Elliot; Pentas elatior (A. Saudi Arabia, Israel. Shrub
Rich. ex DC.) Walp.; Pentas elatior (A. Rich.) Walp.; Pentas See Atti Congr. Bot. Genova: 356. 1893 and Stuttgarter Beitr.
lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers subsp. lanceolata; Pentas speci- Naturk., A 263: 66. 1973, Publ. Cairo Univ. Herb. 5: 63–64.
osa Baker; Sipanea elatior A. Rich. ex DC.; Sipanea elatior 1972 [publ. 1974]
A. Rich.)
(Veterinary medicine, irritated eyes of animals rinsed with
Ghana. Herbaceous plant, shrub, erect, hairy, strongly leaf infusion.)
scented, corolla tube dilated above, flowers salmon pink to
red, fruit turbinate in Arabic: sharam

See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 147, t. Otostegia integrifolia Benth.
56. 1775, Mém. Rubiac.: 196. 1830, Prodromus Systematis Ethiopia.
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 415. 1830, Botanical Magazine
70: t. 4086. 1844, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 6: (Insecticide and disinfectant. Magic, ritual cleansing.)
57. 1846, Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 50. 1877, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew in Ethiopia: tchiendog
1895: 67. 1895, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 437. 1896 and Bulletin
du Jardin Botanique de l’État 23: 18, 23. 1953 Otostegia persica Boiss.
(Disinfectant.) Iran.
(Leaves, flowers and stems to relieve fever, stomachache,
malarial fever, arthritis.)
Otophora Blume Sapindaceae
in Pakistan: gulder, gurder, kandero
From the Greek ous, otos ‘an ear’ and phoros ‘bearing’, see
Rumphia 3: 142, 146. 1849.
Otophora resecta Radlk. Ottelia Pers. Hydrocharitaceae
Thailand, Malaysia. Shrub or tree, a liana, leaves usually Ottel-ambel, the native name for an Indian acquatic species,
paripinnate, fruit a subglobose berry dark red to black, seed Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers., used by van Rheede in Hortus
flattened on one side Indicus Malabaricus. 11: t. 46. 1692; see Christiaan Hendrik
See Rec. Bot. Surv. India iii. 346. 1907 Persoon (1761/1762–1836), Synopsis plantarum. 1: 400.
Paris et Tubingae 1805–1807; Georg Christian Wittstein,
(Root used in a compound poultice to relieve itching.) Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 645. Ansbach
in Cambodia kândâk 1852 and Cook, C.D.K., J.-J. Symoens, and K. Urmi-König.
“A revision of the genus Ottelia (Hydrocharitaceae). I1.
in Indonesia: mojowontu Generic considerations.” Aquatic Bot. 18: 263–274. 1984,
in Laos: hwàd khaaz Cook, C.D.K. and K. Urmi-König. “A revision of the genus
Ottelia (Hydrocharitaceae). 2. The species of Eurasia,
in Malaysia: setengok Australasia, and America.” Journal of Science of Hiroshima
in Thailand: chammaliang, mathao, phumriang University, Series B, Division 2 (Botany) 22: 271–352. 1989,
Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der bota-
nischen Pflanzennamen. 447. Basel 1996.
Otostegia Benth. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. (Damasonium indicum Willd.;
From the Greek ous, otos ‘an ear’ and stege ‘roof, cover, Ottelia alismoides Pers.; Ottelia condorensis Gagnep.;
covering’, referring to the petals, see Labiatarum Genera et Ottelia dioecia Yan; Ottelia japonica Miq.; Stratiotes alis-
Species 601. 1834. moides L.)
Otostegia fruticosa (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Penzig subsp. India. Succulent, flaccid, aquatic submerged leaves, very
schimperi (Benth.) Sebald (Ballota microphylla (Desr.) variable, flowers bisexual, small oblong sepals, petals white
Benth.; Ballota schimperi Benth.; Clinopodium frutico- with yellow base, fruit crowned with the sepals, fruits eaten
sum Forssk.; Marrubium microphyllum Desr.; Moluccella by children, petioles and leaf-blades used as a vegetable
Oxalis L. Oxalidaceae 2727

See Species Plantarum 1: 535. 1753, The Gardeners montana fo. rhodantha (Fernald) Fernald; Oxalis montana
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Species fo. rhodantha (Fernald) Churchill, nom. illeg., non Oxalis
Plantarum Editio quarta 2(1): 276. 1799, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) montana fo. rhodantha (Fernald) Fernald; Oxalis nemoralis
1: 400. 1805, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi Salisb.; Oxalis taquetii R. Knuth; Oxalis vulgaris S.F. Gray)
2: 271. 1866 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
Cosmopolitan.
54(7): 543. 1907, Holmes, W.C. “Range extension for Ottelia
alismoides (L.) Pers. (Hydrocharitaceae).” Castanea 43: See Species Plantarum 1: 433–435. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap.
193–194. 1978, Turner, C.E. “Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Allerton 321. 1796, Flore des Environs de Spa 2: 307. 1813,
(Hydrocharitaceae)—U.S.A., California.” Madroño 27: American monthly magazine and critical review 266. 1818,
177. 1980, J. Sci. Med. Jinan Univ. 2: 162, f. 187. 1982, Nomenclator Botanicus 1: 578. 1821, A Natural Arrangement
Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association of British Plants 2: 630. 1821, Prodromus Systematis
80(3:viii): 150. 1993, Proceedings of the Indian Science Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 700. 1824, Flora Lipsiensis
Congress Association 82(3:viii): 79–80. 1995 Excursoria 506. 1838 and Rhodora 20(232): 78. 1918,
Rhodora 22(259): 144. 1920, Transactions of the Sapporo
(Used in Sidha. Plants rubefacient. Leaf paste in hemor- Natural History Society 16: 86. 1940, Kongl. Vetenskaps
rhoids; leaves as a poultice in fever. Veterinary medicine, to Academiens Handlingar 7: 1. 1957, Fl. Turk. 2: 488. 1967,
expel leech.) Fl. W. Pakistan 4: 7. 1971, Flora Malesiana Ser. 1, vol 7 part
in English: tropical swamp lily 1. 1971, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 30: 59. 1979,
Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja:
in China: long she cao Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Reports of
in India: betta honne, edukula thaamara, hasiru neeru the Taisetsuzan Institute of Science 17: 9–16. 1982, Blyttia
paathre, huli, jalkalai, kal honne, kal mutthaga, kari honne, 1985: 7–15. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1145–1147.
kari mutthaga, kari mutthala, kotti genasu balli, kottigensu 1986, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 72: 846–847, 1069–1074.
balli, male honne, naayi honne, neeru veniki, nirkkuliri, 1987, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 290–
olek-alsem, ottel-ambel, panico, parmikalla, parmikkala 293. 1988, Fl. Yunnan. 5: 106. 1991, Watsonia 19: 169–171.
1993, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera
in Japan: mizu-ôba-ko (= water Plantago) Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Bradea, Boletim do Herbarium
in Okinawa: karanazu, takubu Bradeanum 7(2): 201–629. 2000

in Philippines: kalaboa (Refrigerant, diuretic, antiscorbutic.)

in China: bai hua cu jiang cao

Oxalis L. Oxalidaceae in India: chokchin

Greek oxalis (oxys ‘acid, sour, sharp’), referring to the taste Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich.
of leaves and stem; Plinius used Latin oxalis, idis, for some East Africa.
species of Rumex. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
1: 433–435. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 198. 1754, See Species Plantarum 1: 433–435. 1753, Tentamen Florae
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 90. 1891 and Flora of the Abyssinicae … 1: 124. 1847
Southeastern United States 665–669, 1332–1333. 1903, (Astringent, vermifuge, antiseptic.)
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
10(3): 116–117. 1906, North American Flora 25(1): 26–28. Oxalis corniculata L. (Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze;
1907, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ Acetosella corniculata Kuntze; Acetosella corniculata var.
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 50(Suppl.): 219, 224. repens (Thunb.) Kuntze; Acetosella corniculata var. repens
Kuntze; Acetosella villosa Kuntze; Oxalis corniculata L.
1914, T.M. Salter, “The genus Oxalis in South Africa: a
forma atropurpurea (Planch.) R. Knuth; Oxalis cornicu-
taxonomic revision.” The Journal of South African Botany.
lata f. erecta Makino; Oxalis corniculata forma villosa (M.
Supplementary Volume no. 1: 238–242. 1944, Phytologia
Bieb.) Goiran; Oxalis corniculata subsp. repens (Thunberg)
46(7): 451–452. 1960.
Masamune; Oxalis corniculata subsp. subglabra (Kuntze)
Oxalis acetosella L. (Oxalis acetosella fo. rosea Terao; Masamune; Oxalis corniculata var. atropurpurea Planch.;
Oxalis acetosella subsp. montana Hultén; Oxalis acetosella Oxalis corniculata var. dillenii Jacq.; Oxalis corniculata var.
var. caerulea DC.; Oxalis acetosella var. longicapsula Terao; glabrocapsula Roti Mich.; Oxalis corniculata var. lupulina
Oxalis acetosella var. parviflora Lej.; Oxalis acetosella var. (Kunth) Zucc.; Oxalis corniculata var. pilosiuscula (Kunth)
rosea Peterm.; Oxalis acetosella var. subpurpurascente Zucc.; Oxalis corniculata var. pubescens Batt.; Oxalis cor-
DC.; Oxalis acetosella var. vegeta Tatew.; Oxalis acetosella niculata var. radicosa (A. Rich.) Roti Mich.; Oxalis cor-
var. violacea Westf.; Oxalis alba Steud.; Oxalis americana niculata var. repens (Thunb.) Zucc.; Oxalis corniculata
Bigelow; Oxalis americana fo. rhodantha Fernald; Oxalis var. taiwanensis Masamune; Oxalis corniculata var. typica
longiflora L.; Oxalis montana Raf., nom. nud.; Oxalis R. Knuth, nom. inval.; Oxalis corniculata L. var. villosa
2728 Oxalis L. Oxalidaceae

(M. Bieb.) Hohen.; Oxalis foliosa Blatter; Oxalis lupulina flower extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata applied in
Kunth; Oxalis meridensis Pittier; Oxalis minima Steudel; sore eyes; plant juice mixed with onion used to remove warts;
Oxalis monadelpha Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Oxalis pilosius- decoction of leaves and tender shoots of Paederia foetida with
cula Kunth; Oxalis procumbens Steud.; Oxalis procumbens whole plant of Oxalis corniculata given in dysentery; juice of
Steud. ex A. Rich.; Oxalis procumbens Steud. ex A. Rich. the whole plant given in dysentery, jaundice, liver disorders
subsp. bathieana Lourteig; Oxalis pubescens Stokes; Oxalis and stomach complaints; whole plant and black pepper paste
radicosa A. Rich.; Oxalis repens Thunb.; Oxalis repens given for piles. Leaves refrigerant, diuretic, astringent, cool-
var. erecta (Makino) Masamune; Oxalis repens f. speciosa ing, antiscorbutic, stomachic, to cure convulsions, anorexia,
Masamune; Oxalis repens var. eu-repens Chev.; Oxalis chronic cough, snakebite, diarrhea, dysentery, fever and cold,
riparia Norlind; Oxalis steudeliana Kunth; Oxalis taimonii dyspepsia; leaves of Eclipta prostrata used in combination
Yamamoto; Oxalis taiwanensis (Masamune) Masamune; with Andrographis paniculata, Leucas indica, Hydrocotyle
Oxalis tubistipula Steud. ex Phil., nom. nud.; Oxalis vil- sibthorpioides, Oxalis corniculata and Phyla nodiflora given
losa M. Bieb.; Oxalis villosa Progel, nom. illeg., non Oxalis for liver problems, jaundice and gastrointestinal disorders;
villosa M. Bieb.; Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small; infusion given in poisoning due to Datura; leaves chewed
Xanthoxalis corniculata var. repens (Thunberg) Nakai; for stomachache and stomatitis; leaf juice applied externally
Xanthoxalis repens (Thunberg) Moldenke; Xanthoxalis on the backbone of the infants in cases of rickets, dropped
repens (Thunberg) Dostál) in eyes for conjunctivitis, given for curing cold; leaf paste
applied for joint pain and rheumatism; fresh leaves juice or
Tropics, temperate areas. Small herb, perennial, weedy, trail-
paste applied to cuts, wounds, swellings, insect stings, also
ing, terrestrial, sprawling, straggling, creeping or suberect,
given for dysentery and diarrhea.)
prostrate to erect, procumbent, 3 reversed heart-shaped leaf-
lets, small yellow flowers, fruits elongate capsules, wrinkled in English: creeping lady’s sorrel, creeping oxalis, creeping
seeds, a very variable species in form and size, animal fod- sorrel, creeping wood sorrel, creeping yellow oxalis, Indian
der, leaves can be used as vegetable sorrel, procumbent yellow sorrel, sour grass, sour weed,
wood sorrel, yellow oxalis, yellow sorrel, yellow wood sorrel
See Species Plantarum 1: 433–435. 1753, Oxalis 16. 1781,
Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 355. 1808, A Botanical Materia in Arabic: hamd
Medica 2: 558. 1812, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
in Bangladesh: amrul, mringblu
(quarto ed.) 5: 243–244. 1821 [1822], Denkschriften der
Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Muenchen in Burma (Myanmar): hmô-gyin
9: 158. 1825, Denkschriften der Königlichen Akademie der
in Cambodia: chantoe phnom kok
Wissenschaften zu Muenchen ser. 2, 1: 230. 1831, Prodr. Fl.
Ind. Orient. 1: 142. 1834, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des in China: cu jiang cao, tsao chiang, suan chiang, hsiao suan
Naturalistes de Moscou 11: 395. 1838, Annales de la Société tsai, zhuai xin
Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 145. 1869, FBI 1: 436. 1874, Flora
in India: aambotee, ambashta, ambhit, ambiliti, ambo chin-
Brasiliensis 12(2): 495–496, t. 104, f. 2. 1877, Anales de la
gari, amboti, ambuti, amlalonika, amlapatrika, amlika,
Universidad de Chile 40. 1881, Revisio Generum Plantarum
amlola, amlotaja, amrul, amrul sak, bankati, bhilmori,
1: 90, 93. 1891 and Flora of the Southeastern United States
cangeri, carngeri, chalmora, chalmori, changeri, chari
666–667, 1332. 1903, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens
amilo, chariamilo, chengai tenga, chukrika, chukrita, kait-
und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 7: 301. 1919, Arkiv för
kai, kalappantatti, kaniyatanayaki, kayankaliyatanayaki,
Botanik utgivet av K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien 20A(4):
kecari, kecariyarakkirai, kentika, kharta, khati buti, khatt-
18. 1926, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
i-buti, khatta mitha, khatti buti, khatti jari, khatti meethi,
23: 275. 1927, Trabajos del Museo Comercial de Venezuela
khattibuti, komproshe, mukhuichangha, navari, naveri, ozhe
7: 311. 1930, Phytologia 42(2): 169. 1979, Ann. Missouri
pito, paliakiri, pawa hiyub, perunkotikkirai, piliccakkirai,
Bot. Gard. 67: 838. 1979, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, Trop.
puliccakakkirai, puliccirukirai, pulichan, pulikkirai, pulit-
Plant Sci. Res. 1: 1–13. 1983, Folia Mus. Rer. Nat. Bohem.
tacirukirai, puliyaarila, puliyaarila pacha, puliyancirukirai,
Occid., Bot. 21: 9. 1984, Cell and Chromosome Research 11:
puliyankirai, puliyarai, puliyaral, pulluli soppu, shuklika,
93–97. 1988, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 101: 357. 1989, Investigatio
siakthur, sialthur, singri-mikhi, sohdkhiew, thezoutsutuo, tin
et Studium Naturae 12: 48–65. 1992, Bradea, Boletim do
patiya, tinpatia, tinpatiya, tipati, uppili chedi, uppunigida,
Herbarium Bradeanum 7(2): 201–629. 2000
uthru-mak-mau, uthru-mek-mau, waltung-mak-wap, yensil
(Used in Ayurveda, Unai and Sidha. Poisonous to sheep and
in Indonesia: calingcing, daun asem kecil, daun asem ketjil,
rabbits. Whole plant crushed, chewed and spat onto a burn;
rempi, semanggi gunung, semangnen, tjalingtjing
plant eaten raw for headache and as a cooling agent; whole
plant along with ginger made into a paste and applied to in Laos: som ten kalm
snakebite; decoction of whole plant with bark of Punica gra-
in Malaysia: sikap dada
natum given in loss of appetite; plant decoction as bandage in
muscular pain; juice of plant applied on pox, and mixed with in Nepal: chari amilo, chariamilo, kyurpu, nakhru pangyun
Oxalis L. Oxalidaceae 2729

in Pakistan: khatti booti in China: hong hua cu jiang cao

in Papua New Guinea: akler, kokavu, zafosri in India: ambuti, amrul, cham-prang, dike mesing,
peria-puliyarai
in Philippines: daraisig, iayo, kanapa, kungi, marasiksik,
piknik, salmagi, taingan-daga, taingang daga in Japan: murasaki-katabami, yafata
in Singapore: sikap dada in Hawaii: ‘ihi pehu
in Thailand: phak waen, som din, som sangka Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada
in Tibet: dong ju India. Herb
in Vietnam: chua me ba ch[if]a, me d[aas]t, toan t[uw][ow] See Suppl. Duthie’s Fl. Upper Gangetic Plain, etc. v, 37.
ng th[ar]o 1976

in Congo: lopeto, ngongua (Leaves as tonic, stomachic, for gastric ulcer.)

in East Africa: kajampuni, kidadeishi, manjenju, nandwa, Oxalis dichondrifolia A. Gray (Acetosella dichondrifolia
schwatarit (A. Gray) Kuntze; Monoxalis dichondrifolia (A. Gray) Small;
Oxalis villosa G. Don, nom. illeg.)
in Madagascar: takasimboalavo
Mexico, USA.
in Southern Africa: ranksuring, steenboksuring,
tuinranksuring See Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 355. 1808, Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 27. 1852, Annales de la
in Tanzania: kaitabatahe Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 145. 1869, Revisio
in Hawaii: ‘ihi ‘ai, ‘ihi ‘awa, ‘ihi maka ‘ula, ‘ihi makole Generum Plantarum 1: 92. 1891 and Flora of the Southeastern
United States 666, 1332. 1903, Bradea 7(2): 201–629. 2000
in Tonga: kihikihi
(Root decoction drunk to cure liver ailments and to fortify
Oxalis corymbosa DC. (Acetosella debilis (Kunth) Kuntze; the blood; root chewed for diarrhea.)
Acetosella debilis Kuntze; Acetosella martiana Kuntze;
Oxalis dimidiata Donn. Sm. (Acetosella debilis Kuntze;
Acetosella martiana (Zucc.) Kuntze; Ionoxalis martiana
Acetosella debilis (Kunth) Kuntze; Acetosella galeottii
(Zucc.) Small; Ionoxalis martiana Small; Oxalis bipunctata
Kuntze; Acetosella galeottii (Turcz.) Kuntze; Acetosella
Graham; Oxalis caripensis Hieron.; Oxalis debilis Kunth;
martiana (Zucc.) Kuntze; Acetosella martiana Kuntze;
Oxalis debilis subsp. corymbosa (DC.) O. Bolòs & Vigo;
Acetosella schraderiana (Kunth) Kuntze; Acetosella schra-
Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig; Oxalis mar-
deriana Kuntze; Acetosella violacea (L.) Kuntze subsp. lati-
tiana Zucc.; Oxalis multibulbosa Turcz.; Oxalis urbica A.
folia (Kunth) Kuntze; Acetosella violacea var. albida Kuntze;
St.-Hil.)
Acetosella violacea var. rosea Kuntze; Ionoxalis attenuata
India, South America. Acaulescent herb with scaly bulbous Small; Ionoxalis bipartita Rose; Ionoxalis buchtienii Rusby;
rootstock, leaflets deeply notched, purple-pink flowers in Ionoxalis calcaria Small; Ionoxalis canaminensis Rusby;
umbelliform inflorescences, leaves often eaten in curries Ionoxalis dimidiata (Donn. Sm.) Small; Ionoxalis galeot-
tii (Turcz.) Rose; Ionoxalis intermedia (A. Rich.) Small;
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: Ionoxalis latifolia (Kunth) Rose; Ionoxalis martiana (Zucc.)
236. 1821[1822], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Small; Ionoxalis stipitata Rose; Ionoxalis tenuiloba Rose;
Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 696. 1824, Denkschriften der Königlichen Ionoxalis vallicola Rose; Ionoxalis vespertilionis (Zucc.)
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Muenchen 9: 144–145. Rose; Ionoxalis violacea (L.) Small; Oxalis acromelaena
1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 90, 92. 1891 and Flora Diels; Oxalis araucana Reiche; Oxalis atroglandulosa R.
of the Southeastern United States [Small]. 665. 1903, Rec. Knuth; Oxalis binervis Regel; Oxalis bipunctata Graham;
Bot. Surv. India 6: 337. 1912, Publ. Mus. Michigan State Oxalis caripensis Hieron.; Oxalis buchtienii (Rusby) R.
Univ., Biol. Ser. 4(10): 457–615. 1973, Annals of the Missouri Knuth; Oxalis bulbifera R. Knuth; Oxalis calcaria (Small)
Botanical Garden 67(4): 840. 1980[1981], Bol. Soc. Argent. R. Knuth; Oxalis chiriquensis Woodson; Oxalis cobanen-
Bot. 20: 183–200. 1982, Cell Chromosome Res. 11: 93–97. sis R. Knuth; Oxalis corymbosa DC.; Oxalis debilis Kunth;
1988, Invest. Stud. Nat. 12: 48–65. 1992 Oxalis debilis subsp. corymbosa (DC.) O. Bolòs & Vigo;
(Plant juice for stomachache, scurvy, indigestion, piles; flow- Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig; Oxalis egger-
ers and young twigs of Ipomoea batatas along with Oxalis sii Urb.; Oxalis elegans var. karwinskii Progel ex R. Knuth;
Oxalis galeottii Turcz.; Oxalis gregaria (Rose) R. Knuth;
corymbosa eaten in curries for gastrointestinal disorders.
Oxalis huilensis R. Knuth; Oxalis intermedia A. Rich.;
Leaf paste in skin diseases, on boils. Leaves used in the form
Oxalis latifolia Trel.; Oxalis latifolia Kunth; Oxalis latifolia
of a gargle to relieve pains of angina. Rhizome juice antidote.)
subsp. galeottii (Turcz.) Lourteig; Oxalis latifolia subsp. ves-
in English: pink wood sorrel, violet wood-sorrel pertilionis (Zucc.) Lourteig; Oxalis lilacina Klotzsch; Oxalis
2730 Oxalis L. Oxalidaceae

martiana Zucc.; Oxalis mauritiana Lodd.; Oxalis minarum (Bulb decoction analgesic.)
Standl. & Steyerm.; Oxalis morelosensis R. Knuth; Oxalis
in English: Drummond’s woodsorrel
multibulbosa Turcz.; Oxalis urbica A. St.-Hil.; Oxalis mul-
tipes R. Knuth; Oxalis pseudoarenaria R. Knuth; Oxalis Oxalis filiformis Kunth (Acetosella filiformis (Kunth)
ramonensis R. Knuth; Oxalis schraderiana Kunth; Oxalis Kuntze; Acetosella filiformis Kuntze; Acetosella parvifolia
stipulata Rose; Oxalis stipulata Rose ex R. Knuth; Oxalis (DC.) Kuntze; Acetosella parvifolia Kuntze; Oxalis autum-
stipulata (Rose) Rose ex R. Knuth; Oxalis stylosa Klotzsch nalis A. St.-Hil.; Oxalis autumnalis Poepp. ex Progel, nom.
ex R. Knuth; Oxalis stylosa E. Mey.; Oxalis tenuiloba (Rose) illeg.; Oxalis bradei R. Knuth; Oxalis hirtella Willd. ex R.
R. Knuth; Oxalis tenuiloba R. Knuth; Oxalis urbica A. St.- Knuth, nom. illeg.; Oxalis hirtella Jacq.; Oxalis hirtella Willd.
Hil.; Oxalis vallicola (Rose) R. Knuth; Oxalis vallicola R. ex Zucc., nom. illeg.; Oxalis microphylla Kunth; Oxalis nem-
Knuth; Oxalis vespertilionis Zucc.; Oxalis vespertilionis atodes Spreng.; Oxalis parvifolia DC.; Xanthoxalis filiformis
Torr. & A. Gray; Oxalis vespertilionis A. Gray; Oxalis vio- (Kunth) Holub; Xanthoxalis parvifolia (DC.) Holub)
lacea L.; Oxalis violacea L. var. trichophora Fassett; Sassia
violacea (L.) Holub) Colombia, Chile.

South America, India. Perennial herb See Oxalis. Monographia, Iconibus Illustrata 48, t. 14. 1794,
Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 4: 248.
See Species Plantarum 1: 434. 1753, Nova Genera et Species 1816, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 245–
Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.] 5: 236–237. 1821[1822], 246, t. 469. 1821[1822], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Allg. Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 2: 245. 1834, Fl. N. Regni Vegetabilis 1: 693. 1824, Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis
Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 679. 1840, Mem. Amer. Acad. iv. (quarto ed.) 1: 128. 1825, Flora Brasiliensis 12(2): 447. 1877,
(1849) 27. 1849, Botanical Gazette 15(2): 27. 1890, Revisio Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 92–93. 1891 and Flora of
Generum Plantarum 1: 92. 1891 and Contributions from the the Southeastern United States 666–669, 1332–1333. 1903,
United States National Herbarium 10(3): 112. 1906, North
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 23:
American Flora 25(1): 43. 1907, Notizblatt des Königlichen
276. 1927, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8(2): 175.
botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 7(67): 314–315.
1973, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 28: 2–16, fig. 2–4. 1991, Monogr.
1919, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 374–385. 1946, Publ. Mus.
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 851–858. 2007
Michigan State Univ., Biol. Ser. 4(10): 457–615. 1973, Sida
13: 241–250. 1988, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 28: 2–16, fig. 2–4. (A tonic in convalescence.)
1991, Bradea 7(2): 201–629. 2000, Novon 12(1): 90–93. 2002
in Ecuador: recaida sacha
(Leaves used in the form of a gargle to relieve pains of
Oxalis lotoides Kunth (Acetosella lotoides (Kunth) Kuntze;
angina; an infusion of Oxalis violacea leaves taken to stop
Oxalis fruticetorum Diels; Oxalis lechleri R. Knuth; Oxalis
vomiting and as a blood purifier, also taken and used as a
pichinchensis Benth.; Xanthoxalis lotoides (Kunth) Holub)
wash for children with hookworms. Tuber paste of Oxalis
latifolia applied on boils. Veterinary medicine, leaves fed to Colombia.
cattle for expelling worms.)
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 241.
in English: violet wood-sorrel 1821, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 166. 1839,
in India: pulusarai, puluserai, seilmora, teepatia Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 92. 1891 and Botanische
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Oxalis drummondii A. Gray (Acetosella drummondii Pflanzengeographie 37: 424. 1906, Das Pflanzenreich 4(130):
(A. Gray) Kuntze; Ionoxalis drummondii (A. Gray) Rose; 134. 1930, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/2):
Ionoxalis madrensis Rose ex Small; Ionoxalis vespertilionis 544–608. 1949, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8:
Small; Ionoxalis vespertilionis (Zucc.) Rose; Oxalis amplifo- 175. 1973, Bradea, Boletim do Herbarium Bradeanum 7(2):
lia auct. non (Trel.) R. Knuth; Oxalis leonis R. Knuth; Oxalis 210–211. 2000
madrensis S. Watson; Oxalis vespertilionis Torr. & A. Gray,
nom. illeg.; Oxalis vespertilionis Zucc.) (Plant decoction taken as a gargle to relieve chest and throat
pains.)
North America. Perennial herb
Oxalis magellanica G. Forst. (Acetosella magellanica (G.
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(4): 679. Forst.) Kuntze; Acetosella modesta (Phil.) Kuntze; Oxalis
1840, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 5(6): 25. carnosa Molina; Oxalis cataractae A. Cunn.; Oxalis lactea
1853, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Hook.; Oxalis modesta Phil.; Oxalis novae-zelandiae Gand.)
Sciences 25: 144. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 92.
1891 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 665. 1903, Chile.
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
See Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum
10(3): 111, 115. 1906, North American Flora 25(1): 38–39.
Gottingensis 9: 33. 1789 and Bradea 7(2): 201–629. 2000
1907, Publ. Mus. Michigan State Univ., Biol. Ser. 4(10): 457–
615. 1973 (Herb eaten raw by infertile women.)
Oxalis L. Oxalidaceae 2731

Oxalis mollis Kunth (Acetosella mollis (Kunth) Kuntze; de Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 145. 1869, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
Oxalis mollis Scott-Elliot; Oxalis rufescens Willd. ex Zucc.) 90, 92. 1891 and Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo
3: 238. 1900, North American Flora 25(1): 27–28. 1907,
Colombia.
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 241– und Pflanzengeographie 61(Beibl. 139): 3–4. 1927, Cell and
242. 1821[1822], Denkschriften der Königlichen Akademie Chromosome Research 6: 79–80. 1983, Bradea, Boletim do
der Wissenschaften zu Muenchen 9: 162. 1825, Annales de Herbarium Bradeanum 7(2): 201–629. 2000
la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 145. 1869, Revisio
(May have lethal effects if consumed in quantity.)
Generum Plantarum 1: 92. 1891, Journal of the Linnean
Society, Botany 29: 8. 1891 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. in English: yellow sorrel
Ser. 13(3/2): 544–608. 1949
in China: huang hua cu jiang cao
(A tonic in convalescence.)
in South Africa: geelsuring
in Ecuador: recaida sacha, sacha recaida
Oxalis semiloba Sond.
Oxalis oregana Nutt. (Acetosella oregana (Nutt.) Kuntze;
Acetosella oregana Kuntze; Oxalis acetosella subsp. oregana South Africa.
(Nutt.) D. Löve; Oxalis acetosella L. var. oregana (Nutt.) See Flora Capensis 1: 350. 1860
Trel.; Oxalis macra Small, nom. illeg.; Oxalis oregana Nutt.
ex Torr. & A. Gray; Oxalis oregana Brewer & S. Watson; (Leaves for skin diseases, infantile thrush.)
Oxalis oregana fo. smalliana (R. Knuth) Munz; Oxalis in English: Transvaal sorrel
oregana var. smalliana (R. Knuth) M. Peck; Oxalis oregana
Nutt. var. smallii (R. Knuth) M. Peck; Oxalis oregana var. in South Africa: bolila (Sotho), isiThathe, isiNungu (Zulu),
tracyi Jeps.; Oxalis smallii R. Knuth, nom. illeg.; Oxys Transvaalse suring
oregana (Nutt.) Greene) Oxalis sessilis Buch.-Ham. ex Baill. (Biophytum apodiscias
North America. Perennial herb, food (Turcz.) Edgew. & Hook. f.; Oxalis apodiscias Turczaninow;
Oxalis petersii Edgew. & Hook. f.)
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 211.
1838, Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 96. 1876, Tropical Africa.
Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 4: 90. See Species Plantarum 1: 434, 437. 1753, Prodromus
1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 92. 1891, Manual of Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 689–690. 1824,
the Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay 71. 1894 and Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 1:
North American Flora 25(1): 26. 1907, Das Pflanzenreich IV 81. 1861, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes
130(Heft 95): 398. 1919, A Manual of the Flowering Plants de Moscou 36(1): 430, 599. 1863, The Flora of British
of California … 588. 1925, Aliso 4(1): 93. 1958, Taxon 17(1): India 1(2): 437. 1874, Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 598. 1886,
89. 1968 A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 4344. 1886 and
(Plant or roots juice applied to sore eyes; whole plant decoc- Das Pflanzenreich 4(130): 406. 1930, Brittonia 33: 451.
tion as a wash for rheumatism.) 1981, Ethnopharmacologia 22: 33–45. 1998, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 78(1): 89–93. 2001, Glycobiology
in English: red wood-sorrel, redwood-sorrel 18(12): 1074–1084. 2008
Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Acetosella cernua (Thunb.) Kuntze; (Whole plant antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, used in the
Acetosella ehrenbergii (Schltdl.) Kuntze; Bolboxalis cernua treatment of psychosis, hysteria, epilepsy, sore throat, chest
(Thunb.) Small; Oxalis abyssinica Turcz.; Oxalis burmannii complaints, abscesses, chronic wounds and fever, eaten as
Jacq.; Oxalis cernua L.; Oxalis cernua Thunb.; Oxalis cer- aphrodisiac; ash with lime juice for stomachache. Leaves
nua Thunb. var. microphylla Batt.; Oxalis cernua var. nam- diuretic, antidiabetes, a decoction given to treat dysentery,
aquana Sond.; Oxalis concinna Salisb., nom. illeg. superfl.; fevers and uterine troubles; leaves decoction for muscular
Oxalis ehrenbergii Schltdl.; Oxalis grandiflora Arechav.; or rheumatic pains; leaf juice applied on scorpion stings for
Oxalis kuibisensis R. Knuth; Oxalis libyca Viv.) temporary relief; leaf paste applied to wounds and cuts to
Cosmopolitan. Small geophyte, slender dark stems, leaves in stop bleeding. Magic ritual, contact therapy, induction of
rosette, bright yellow flowers in loose several-flowered clus- sleep in children, whole plant put below the pillow.)
ters, problematic weed
in India: alambusa, anjalikari, attapatti, atti pathri, chinna
See Species Plantarum 1: 433–435. 1753, Oxalis 14–16, puliarai, chumi, dodda horamuchhaka, dodda horamuni,
pl. 2. 1781, Oxalis. Monographia, Iconibus Illustrata 41, dulupuspa, ghaati horamuni, hara muni, hora muchhaka,
t. 20. 1794, Flora Libycae Specimen 24, t. 13, f. 1. 1824, hora muni, horamuni, jala puspa, jalapushpa, jalapuspaka,
Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 6(40): 313–314. 1838, Flora jangli lajalu, japid sing, jharera, jhullapushpa, jhullapus-
Capensis 1: 349. 1859–60, Annales de la Société Linnéenne pah, jvalatpushpa, kangani, kanguni, krichhraha, ladjiri,
2732 Oxandra A. Rich. Annonaceae

laghuvrikshaka, lahanamulki, lajalu, lajawani, lajjalu, laj- Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba …
jaluka, lajjamani, lajri, lajwani, lak-chana, lakhshana, laks- Botanique. -- Plantes Vasculaires 45, 47. 1845, Flora Indica:
mana, lavundi pasur, malkangani, malkangoni, mukkutti, being a systematic account of the plants . . 112. 1855 and Bull.
mukkutti pacha, murphula, nilaccurunki, panktipatra, pigavi, Misc. Inform. 1923: 256. 1923, Fl. Madagasc. 78: 7. 1958,
pitapushpa, risamnu, satri, tintanali, tintanazi, todda-vaddi, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Listados Florísticos de México 2:
totta-vati (= that which folds when touched), viparitalajjalu, 1–100. 1983, J. Nat. Prod. 54(2): 445–52. 1991
zarer, zarero
(Toxic woods.)
Oxalis tuberosa Molina (Acetosella crassicaulis Kuntze;
in English: lancewood
Acetosella crassicaulis (Zucc.) Kuntze; Acetosella cre-
nata Kuntze; Acetosella crenata (Jacq.) Kuntze; Acetosella Oxandra xylopioides Diels
tuberosa Kuntze; Acetosella tuberosa (Molina) Kuntze;
Ecuador.
Oxalis aracatcha Hort. ex Zucc.; Oxalis arracacha G. Don;
Oxalis chicligastensis R. Knuth; Oxalis crassicaulis Zucc.; See Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de
Oxalis crenata Jacq.; Oxalis melilotoides Zucc. var. argentina Cuba … Botanique. -- Plantes Vasculaires 45, 47. 1845
Griseb.; Xanthoxalis crassicaulis (Zucc.) Small; Xanthoxalis and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
crassicaulis Small; Xanthoxalis tuberosa (Molina) Holub) zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: 172. 1927, AAU Reports 24: 1–241.
1990, Chatrou, L.W., P.J.M. Maas, C.P. Repetur & H.
South America.
Rainer “Preliminary list of Ecuadorean Annonaceae.”
See Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 3: 132, Estudios Sobre Diversidad y Ecología de Plantas 97–122.
352. 1782, Oxalis. Monographia, Iconibus Illustrata 27. 1997, Rojano, B. et al. “Constituents of Oxandra cf. xylopi-
1794, Denkschriften der Königlichen Akademie der oides with antiinflammatory activity.” J. Nat. Prod. 70(5):
Wissenschaften zu Muenchen 9: 163. 1825, A General History 835–838. 2007
of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 756. 1831, Abhandlungen
(Antiinflammatory.)
der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich
Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1: 234, 245. 1831,
Symbolae ad Floram Argentinam 73. 1879, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 1: 92. 1891 and North American Flora 25(1): 56.
Oxyanthus DC. Rubiaceae
1907, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ The generic name is based on the Greek words oxys ‘sharp’
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 50(Suppl.): 221. 1914, and anthos ‘flower’, referring to the sharp teeth of calyx
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 40: 289. and acute segments of the corolla, see Annales du muséum
1936, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/2): 544–608. national d’histoire naturelle 9: 218. 1807.
1949, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8(2): 176. 1973,
Oxyanthus speciosus DC. (Oxyanthus speciosus W.T. Aiton;
Pl. Syst. Evol. 169: 25–29. 1990, Bradea 7(2): 201–629. 2000
Oxyanthus speciosus subsp. stenocarpus Bridson)
(Stems and leaves cooling, febrifuge, used in typhoid and
Tropical Africa, South Africa. Shrub or small tree
fevers, painful urination, jaundice, sore throat. Crushed roots
applied as a poultice to reduce swellings.) See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 9: 218.
1807, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 1: 371. 1810 and
Vernacular names: chullco-chullco, occas
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 455–495. 2007
(Stem and flowers for fevers and toothache. A decoction of
Oxandra A. Rich. Annonaceae a paste made with the leaves and stem bark used against
cough.)
From the Greek oxys ‘sharp’ and andros ‘male, man’, see
Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba in Central African Republic: mbangosui
… Botanique. -- Plantes Vasculaires 45. 1845 and Etnoflora in Congo: buko ba cafe, ekie
Yucatanense 21: 1–63. 2004.
in Tanzania: mtwila
Oxandra lanceolata (Sw.) Baillon (Bocagea virgata Benth.
& Hook.; Oxandra virgata A. Rich., nom. illeg.; Uvaria lan-
ceolata Sw.)
Oxybaphus L’Hérit. ex Willd. Nyctaginaceae
South America.
Greek oxybaphon ‘saucer, shallow earthen vessel, small vin-
See Species Plantarum 1: 536. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: egar saucer’, Latin oxybaphus ‘a vinegar-cup’, see Species
365. 1763, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus Plantarum 1: 177. 1753, Species Plantarum, ed. 4 [Willdenow]
87. 1788, Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 83. 1(1): 170, 185. 1797, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
1817, Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis (quarto ed.) 1: ed. fol. Vegetabilis 13(2): 430. 1849, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler &
33; ed. qu. 41. 1825, Flora Javae 1(Anonaceae): 13. 1830, Prantl] 3(1b): 24. 1889.
Oxyceros Lour. Rubiaceae 2733

Oxybaphus himalaicus Edgeworth (Mirabilis himalaica Oxydendrum DC. Ericaceae

(Edgew.) Heimerl)
From the Greek oxys ‘sharp, sour’ and dendron ‘tree’, refer-
India, Himalaya, Nepal. Fodder plant ring to the bitter and acid-tasting leaves or to the shape of
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(1): 87. 1846 [1851 publ. 29 the trees.
Aug 1846], Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(1b): 21. 1889 Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. (Andromeda arborea L.)
and Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 454. 1932,
Rep. & Abstr. 60th Anniv. Bot. Soc. China 102. 1993 North America. Tree or shrub

(Leaves and flowers antibacterial, aphrodisiac, used for bone See Species Plantarum 1: 393–394. 1753, Prodromus
fracture, inflammation, indigestion, kidney troubles.) Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(2): 601. 1839

in Nepal: nigghibulung (Tonic, astringent, sedative, infusion for diarrhea, asthma,

lung diseases. Bark chewed for mouth ulcers.)
in Tibet: ba spru
in English: sorrel tree, sourwood, tree sorrel
Oxybaphus himalaicus Edgeworth var. chinensis (Heimerl)
D.Q. Lu (Mirabilis himalaica (Edgeworth) Heimerl var. chi-
nensis Heimerl)
Oxygonum Burch. ex Campdera Polygonaceae
China, Himalaya.
Greek oxys ‘sharp’ and gonia ‘an angle’, with sharp angles,
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(1): 87. 1846 [1851 publ. 29 with spiny fruits, see Monographie des Rumex 18. 1819,
Aug 1846] and Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 11: Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 63. 1832.
454. 1932, Rep. & Abstr. 60th Anniv. Bot. Soc. China 102.
Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. & Steud. ex Meissn.)
1993
Dammer (Ceratogonon cordofanum Meisn.; Ceratogonon
(The roots for venereal diseases.) sinuatum Hochst. & Steud. ex A. Rich.; Ceratogonum cordo-
fanum Meissn.; Ceratogonum sinuatum Hochst. & Steud. ex
in China: zhong hua shan zi mo li
Meissn.; Oxygonum elongatum Dammer; Oxygonum sinu-
atum Dammer; Oxygonum sinuatum (Meissn.) Dammer;
Oxyceros Lour. Rubiaceae Oxygonum somalense Chiov. var. pterocarpum Chiov.)

Greek oxys ‘sharp, acid, sour’ and keras ‘horn’ or keros Eastern Africa, Sudan. Herb, many-branched, sprawling,
‘wax’, see Flora Cochinchinensis 150. 1790. prostrate near the base and becoming erect, leaves with bases
sheathing round the stem, long inflorescence arising from
Oxyceros bispinosus (Griff.) Tirveng (Oxyceros bispinosa axils of upper leaves, small pink or white tubular flowers with
(Griff.) Tirveng; Oxyceros curtisii (King & Gamble) K.M. 4–5 petal-like lobes, tubular bracts fringed by stiff hairs, nut-
Wong; Oxyceros fragrantissima (Ridl.) K.M. Wong; Randia let fruit angular pointed at each end with 3 spreading prickles
bispinosa (Griff.) Craib; Randia curtisii King & Gamble; near the centre, leaves eaten raw for their acid taste, young
Randia fragrantissima Ridl.; Randia incurva Ridl.; Randia leaves and shoots cooked as a vegetable, a troublesome weed
junghuhniana (Miq.) Baker f.; Randia longiflora var. har- in cultivation, grasslands, waste places, roadsides, on poor
mandiana Pierre ex Pit.; Randia uncaria Elmer ex Merr.; sandy soils
Randia williamsii Elmer; Stylocoryna bispinosa Griff.;
Stylocoryna junghuhniana Miq.; Webera bispinosa (Griff.) See Monogr. Rumex 18. 1819, Prodr. (DC.) 14(1): 39. 1856,
Kurz; Webera bispinosa Kurz; Webera junghuhniana (Miq.) Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. I. a, 30. 1892,
Boerl.; Webera junghuhniana Boerl.) Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 170. 1895 and Missione
Stefanini-Paoli nella Somalia italiana 152. 1916
New Guinea, Vietnam.
(Spiny fruits can injure the feet of humans and animals. Roots
See Notulae ad Plantas Asiat. 4: 260. 1854, Forest Flora of and leaves for fevers, skin infections, amebiasis. Leaves used
British Burma 2: 49. 1877, Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) for boils; also squeezed and the juice dropped into eyes for con-
ii. I. 129. 1891 and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. junctivitis. Stems chewed for tonsillitis. Drink decoction mixed
Part 2. Natural history 72: 208. 1903, J. Straits Branch Roy. with fresh milk, for coughs. Roots for venereal diseases.)
Asiat. Soc. 50: 115. 1908, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc.
79: 79. 1918, Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 225. 1923, Flora Siamensis in English: double thorn
Enumeratio 2(1): 99. 1932, Nordic Journal of Botany 3(4):
in East Africa: akitikemiria, awayo, kafumita bagenda, kar-
466. 1983, Malayan Nat. J. 38(1): 43. 1984
inga, kuru, mbigiri, nyatiend-gweno, obucumita-mbogo,
(For childbirth and postpartum remedy, take the leaves and obwita-mbogo, okuro
roots.)
in Kenya: apadita, awayo, bamba, chementril, chimbiri,
Malay name: tambun tahi cong’e, echirikukwai, echunge, emeworil, enkaisijoi, kimbiri,
2734 Oxyria Hill Polygonaceae

kindri, makongo, mchetwatongo, mendiril, nabikumba, the Wernerian Natural History Society 4: 283, 298–299.
nakwa, namawa, nchunge, ng’onge, njunge, nyatiend-gueno, 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3:
okuru, song’e 123. 1828, Museum Botanicum 1: 24. 1849, Monographiae
Phanerogamarum 7: 472. 1891.
in Tanzania: echunge, enkaisijoi, kindri, mbamba, mbigili,
mbigiri, mbiinu, nsokolo, nyalenge, nyambigili, shyokolo Oxyspora paniculata (D. Don) DC. (Arthrostemma panicu-
latum D. Don; Bredia soneriloides H. Lév.)

Oxyria Hill Polygonaceae India.

From the Greek oxys ‘sharp, sour’, indicating the acidity of See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 4:
the leaves, see Hill, John, The British Herbal: an history 299–300. 1823, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
of plants and trees, natives of Britain, cultivated for use, or Vegetabilis 3: 123. 1828 and Repertorium Specierum
raised for beauty. London, 1756, Hill, John (1714/1716–1775), Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(196–198): 21. 1910
The Vegetable System, or, the internal structure and the life of (Leaves decoction antidote.)
plants: their parts and nourishment explained: their classes,
orders, genera and species, ascertained and described, in a in China: jian zi mu
method altogether new: comprehending an artificial index in India: inlaklasu tepetipa, tehering
and a natural system. With figures of all the plants: designed
and engraved by the author. 10: 24, pl. 24, f. 2. London, 1765
and Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Bot. Zhurn. 65 (1): 51–59. 1980. Oxystelma R. Br. Asclepiadaceae
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill (Acetosa digyna (L.) Mill.; Donia Greek oxys ‘sharp, pointed’ and stelma, stelmatos (stello ‘to
digyna (L.) R. Br.; Lapathum digynum (L.) Lam.; Oxyria bring together, to bind, to set’) ‘a girdle, belt’, indicating the
digyna fo. elatior R. Br. ex Meisn.; Oxyria elatior R.Br.; sharp corona segments; see R. Brown, “On the Asclepiadeae.”
Oxyria elatior R. Br. ex Meisn.; Oxyria reniformis Hook.; Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society. 1: 40.
Oxyria reniformis var. elatior Regel; Rheum digynum (L.) Edinburgh 1811.
Wahlenb.; Rumex digyna L.; Rumex digynus L.)
Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) Smith (Asclepias rosea
North America, China, Pakistan, Himalaya. Perennial herb, Roxburgh, nom. illeg.; Asclepias rosea Kunth; Oxystelma
fresh acidic leaves mixed with salt and chili powder and alpini Decne.; Oxystelma esculentum R.Br.; Oxystelma escu-
eaten raw, tender green parts eaten lentum (Roxb.) R.Br.; Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) Schult.;
See Species Plantarum 1: 337. 1753, The Gardeners Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) R.Br. ex Schult., nom. illeg.;
Dictionary: … eighth edition 4. 1768, Hortus Kewensis Oxystelma esculentum Wall. ex Decne.; Oxystelma esculen-
158. 1768, Flore Françoise 3: 6. 1779, Flora Lapponica 101. tum var. wallichii (Wight) T. Cooke; Oxystelma secamone
1812, Flora Scotica 3: 111. 1821, Journal of a Voyage for (L.) H. Karst. var. wallichii (Wight) M.A. Rahman &
the discovery of a North-West Passage to the Appendix. XI. Wilcock; Oxystelma wallichii Wight; Periploca esculenta
Botany. A List of Plants Collected in Mellvile Island. 41. L.f.; Sarcostemma esculentum (L.f.) R.W. Holm)
1824, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1726. 1829, Plantae Asiaticae India. Annual climbing herb, twiner
Rariores (Wallich). 3: 64. 1832
See Species Plantarum 1: 214–217. 1753, Supplementum
(Plant antiscorbutic, refrigerant, for arthritis. Whole plant Plantarum 168. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Prodromus
decoction used when somebody has lost his appetite due Florae Novae Hollandiae 462–463. 1810, The Cyclopaedia;
to prolonged illness. Leaves made into pickles and used in
or, universal dictionary of arts, … 1813, Hort. Bengal. 20.
stomach disorders, indigestion, diarrhea; leaves used as a
1814, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]
good source of vitamin C; leaves decoction given in high
6: 89. 1820, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2:
fever; leaf juice for swellings, ulcers in the mouth, urinary
40–41. 1832, Contributions to the Botany of India 54. 1834,
disorders, inflammation, to stop bleeding.)
Prodr. (DC.) 8: 543. 1844, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-
in English: alpine mountainsorrel, mountain-sorrel medicinische Botanik… 1031. 1880–1883 and The Flora
of the Presidency of Bombay 2: 153. 1904, Annals of the
in China: shan liao
Missouri Botanical Garden 37: 482. 1950, Blumea 34(2):
in India: chahahak, chyakulti, jagali-palak, kailashi almora, 520. 1990, Taxon 40: 629–630. 1991, Phytochemistry 30(1):
kailashialkoru, khattiimli, lamanchu, shup-chi 301–303. 1991, Phytochemistry 65(7): 975–980. 2004
(Latex antiseptic. Plant decoction used as a gargle and
mouthwash in the treatment of sore throat and aphthous
Oxyspora DC. Melastomataceae
ulcers; paste of plant applied in skin diseases. Decoctions of
From the Greek oxys ‘sharp, pointed’ and sporos ‘a seed’, all parts used against cancer, menoxenia (= any abnormal-
referring to the awned and pointed seeds, see Memoirs of ity of menstruation), and traumatic injury. Roots decoction
Oxytenanthera Munro Poaceae (Gramineae) 2735

taken for lactation, jaundice, a tonic; juice from fresh root Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39(3–4): 601. 1907, Boll. Soc. Ort. Mutuo
used to cure jaundice.) Soccorso. Palermo 8(6): 84. 1910, Boll. R. Orto Bot. Giardino
Colon. 8: 36. Palermo 1909, Taxon 6(7): 206. 1957
in English: edible oxystelma
in English: bamboo, Bindura bamboo, common bamboo,
in China: jian huai teng
Holy Venda bamboo, savanna bamboo, West African bamboo
in India: dudhilata, jal-dudhi
in Arabic: gana
Oxystelma secamone (L.) Karst.
in Angola: lumbungu, ombungu
India. Twiner, flowers bright reddish, in marshy places
in Cameroon: lekwe, ndyung, nkà, shyu
See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 462. 1810,
in Dahomey: téma
Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik…
1031. 1880–83 and Proceedings of the Indian Science in Ethiopia: shimel
Congress Association (III, C): 67: 57. 1980, Taxon 30: 696.
in Gambia: bo, boho, bongo, kebe, kewal, wah
1981, Taxon 40: 629–630. 1991
(Used in Sidha. Fresh roots applied to cause abortion; root in Ghana: anohwere, gora, kremponyi, kyemponyi, mbaram-
extract given in jaundice and liver troubles. Latex on ulcers.) boro, mpampro, mprampuro, nkampon, nkampro, nyoringa,
pamplo, pamplò, pamploo, pampro, paplo, prampru
in India: dudhialata, dudhni, jal kechua, oosippalai
in Guinea: ko tatami, tatami, wadiag, uryag
in Guinea-Bissau: bambu, bo, djama, djambarlam, djambat-
Oxytenanthera Munro Poaceae (Gramineae) amo, djame, edjo, miu, najane, quebè, quenè, sougue, udjame
Greek oxytes ‘sharpness, of acute angles, acidity’, oxytenes in Ivory Coast: kole
‘pointed’ and anthera ‘anther’, an allusion to the nature of
the anthers, see Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 439. 1850, Transactions in Liberia: temui
of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 126–127. 1868, Die in Malawi: liulawe, lulasi, mlazi, musyombe, nsungwi
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2): 96. 1887 and Lexicon
509. 1903, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Nachtrag 3: in Mali: bo, dianacaré, koré
21. 1906, Boll. Soc. Ort. Mutuo Soccorso. Palermo 8(6): in Niger: kaala, kaalà
84. 1910, Taxon 6(7): 206. 1957, Kyoto University African
Studies 7: 37–129. 1972, Kyoto University African Studies 10: in Nigeria: achala oyibo, acharà oyibo, aco, aligua, apako,
143–212. 1976, Indian Forester 109: 306–308. 1983, African aparun, atang, balbal, bomoun, eman, gamaré, gana, gonrò,
Studies Monographs 3: 109–130. 1983 goora, goora di, halwa, kava, kawu, ketitahng, kewal, kewe,
kida, mkpo àcharà, ocaco, ocyacyo, oholoibo, opa, oparun,
Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro (Bambusa otosi, oyo, pako, raas, syè, takarwà, takarwin
abyssinica A. Rich.; Houzeaubambus borzii (Mattei)
Mattei; Oxytenanthera borzii Mattei; Oxytenanthera brau- in Senegal: bo, bubul, fugi, giol, ingol, jol, keve, kewé,
nii Pilg.; Oxytenanthera macrothyrsus K. Schum.) (after makatiè, okadjie, uhatyè, wa
the Italian botanist Antonino Borzì, 1852–1921, professor in Sierra Leone: baran, bawai, bee, bo, boho, bomi, ka sul, ka
of botany, 1892–1921 Orto Botanico of Palermo, see T.W. thong, kanale, katon, ken, kenye, kewe, koai, pilanda, semi,
Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented sen, seni, senye, sii, simine, tatami, tatami na, thong, wusle
in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 46. 1972; John H.
Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 1: 224. 1965) in Southern Africa: mushenjerere, musengere (Shona), hei-
lige Venda bamboes
Tropical Africa. Perennial, tufted, unarmed, erect or ascend-
ing, leafy, woody, stout, thick-walled, strong, more or less in Sudan: gana
hollow-stemmed, rhizomatous, clumps forming an impene- in Tanzania: mwanzi
trable thickets, drooping culms, forage plant, seeds important
food in times of famine, young shoots edible, leaves browsed in Upper Volta: baalé, buna, lebooji, mia, tanhuisi
by cattle, alcoholic drink obtained from the plant (Ulanzi, a in Yoruba: apako, aparun, opa, oparun, pako
fermented bamboo sap obtained by tapping young bamboo
shoots during the rainy season), plants eaten by chimpan- in Zimbabwe: Bindura bamboo
zees, found in the foothill forests, wooded hillsides, in damp
places, gardens, along river banks, in dry forest, savanna,
moist or dry conditions, termite mounds Oxytropis DC. Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae)
See Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 439. 1850, Transactions From the Greek oxys ‘sharp’ and tropis ‘keel’, alluding to the
of the Linnean Society of London 26(1): 126–127. 1868 and pointed or beaked keels of the flowers, see Species Plantarum
2736 Oxytropis DC. Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae)

2: 755–762. 1753, Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (1778–1841), 1901, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28(1): 36–37.
Astragalogia nempe Astragali, Biserrulae et Oxytropidis, nec 1901, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht. 29(1[3]): 543. 1903,
non Phacae, Colutae et Lessertiae, historia iconibus illustrata. Science studies, Montana College of Agriculture and
Parisiis, 1802 and Proceedings of the California Academy Mechanical Arts, Botany 1(2): 80. 1905, Proceedings of
of Sciences 27: 177–312. 1952, Phytologia 15(6): 329–446. the Biological Society of Washington 18(3): 15–17. 1905,
1967, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Molyneux, R.J., James, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
L.F. “Loco intoxication: indolizidine alkaloids of spotted 40(27): 120. 1927, Proceedings of the Biological Society of
locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus).” Science (Wash. D.C.) Washington 41(22): 101–106. 1928, Flora of the Prairies and
216: 190–191. 1982, James, L.F. “Neurotoxins and other tox- Plains of Central North America 484. 1932, Proceedings of
ins from Astragalus and related genera.” Pages 445–462 in the Biological Society of Washington 50(7): 19. 1937, The
Keeler, R.F., Tu, A.T., eds. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Vol. Flowering Plants and Ferns of Mount Rainier 175. 1938, A
1. Plant and Fungal Toxins. New York, N.Y., USA. 1983, Flora of Arizona and New Mexico … 216. 1941, Leaflets of
Cathaya 11–12: 1–218. 2000. Western Botany 6(5): 111. 1951, Le Naturaliste Canadien
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. (Aragallus alpicola Rydb.; 94(1): 74–75. 1967, Arkiv för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1):
Astragalus campestris L.; Oxytropis cusickii Greenm.; 79. 1967[1968], Great Basin Naturalist 50(4): 373–376, f.
Oxytropis jordalii A.E. Porsild; Oxytropis paysoniana 1–2. 1990[1991]
A. Nelson) (For skin diseases.)
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb in English: slender locowood, yellowflower locoweed
See Species Plantarum 2: 761. 1753, Astragalogia 74. 1802, Oxytropis falcata Bunge (Oxytropis falcata Bunge var. fal-
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 206. 1891, Pittonia 3(17A): cata; Oxytropis hedinii Ulbr.; Oxytropis holdereri Ulbr.;
211. 1897 and The Canadian Field-Naturalist 65(2): 77–78, Oxytropis holderi Ulbr.; Spiesia falcata (Bunge) Kuntze)
pl. 1. 1951, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 22: 37–69. 1980, Fl.
Medit. 6: 323–328. 1996 China, Mongolia, Tibet. Perennial non-climbing herb

(Ceremonial, disinfectant, for purification. Locoed horses.) See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de
Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 22(1): 156. 1874, Revisio Generum
in English: cold mountain crazyweed, field locoweed, yellow Plantarum 1: 206. 1891 and Notizblatt des Königlichen bot-
locoweed, yellow oxytropis anischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 3(29): 193–194.
Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. gracilis (A. Nelson) 1902, Natural Product Research 22(18): 1650–1656. 2008,
Barneby (Aragallus albertinus Greene; Aragallus cer- J. Nat. Prod. 72(8): 1410–1413. 2009, Natural Product
vinus Greene; Aragallus gracilis A. Nelson; Aragallus Research 23(10): 953–959. 2009, Chromatographia 70(9–
luteolus Greene; Aragallus macounii Greene; Aragallus 10): 1451–1454. 2009
monticola (A. Gray) Greene; Aragallus villosus Rydb.; (Antioxidant, antibacterial, to treat inflammations and
Astragalus albertinus (Greene) Tiderstr.; Astragalus graya- bleeding.)
nus Tiderstr.; Astragalus mazama (St. John) G.N. Jones;
Astragalus rydbergianus Tiderstr.; Oxytropis albertina in China: lian jia ji dou
(Greene) Rydb.; Oxytropis campestris subsp. gracilis (A. Oxytropis kansuensis Bunge (Astragalus ulbrichii Kuntze;
Nelson) B. Boivin; Oxytropis campestris subsp. gracilis (A. Oxytropis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Gay var. xanthantha auct.
Nelson) Hultén; Oxytropis campestris var. cervinus (Greene) non Baker; Oxytropis leucocephala Ulbr.; Oxytropis thion-
B. Boivin; Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. wanapum antha Ulbr.; Spiesia kansuensis (Bunge) Kuntze)
Joyal; Oxytropis cascadensis St. John; Oxytropis gracilis
(A. Nelson) K. Schum.; Oxytropis luteola (Greene) Piper Nepal, China. Perennial non-climbing herb
& Beattie; Oxytropis luteola A. Nelson; Oxytropis macou- See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de
nii (Greene) Dayton; Oxytropis macounii (Greene) Rydb.; Saint Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 22(1): 38. 1874, Revisio Generum
Oxytropis mazama St. John; Oxytropis monticola A. Gray; Plantarum 1: 207. 1891 and Notizblatt des Königlichen bot-
Oxytropis monticola A. Gray subsp. monticola A. Gray;
anischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 3(29): 193–194.
Oxytropis okanoganea St. John; Oxytropis olympica St.
1902, Southern Tibet, Botany 6(3): 64. 1922, Acta Botanica
John; Oxytropis villosa (Rydb.) K. Schum.; Oxytropis villosa
Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 13(4): 322. 1993
(Rydb.) Blank.; Spiesia monticola (A. Gray) Kuntze)
(Used for colds, inflammation of carbuncle swelling, pain
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb
and bleeding. Flavonoids.)
See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 67. 1803, Linnaea 33:
in China: gan su ji dou
47. 1864, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences 20: 6. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: Oxytropis lagopus Nutt. (Aragallus blankinshipii A. Nelson;
207. 1891, Pittonia 3(17A): 212. 1897, Erythea 7(6): 60–61. Aragallus lagopus (Nutt.) Greene; Astragalus blankinshipii
1899 and Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht. 27(1[3]): 496. (A. Nelson) Tiderstr.; Astragalus lagopus (Nutt.) Tiderstr.;
Oxytropis DC. Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae) 2737

Oxytropis blankinshipii (A. Nelson) K. Schum.; Oxytropis including Astragalus bisulcatus, Astragalus lentiginosus,
lagopus var. lagopus; Spiesia lagopus (Nutt.) Kuntze) Oxytropis lambertii and Oxytropis sericea. Laxative.)
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb in English: crazy weed, Lambert’s crazyweed, loco-vetch,
loco weed, purple locoweed, rattleweed, stemless locoweed,
See Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
white loco
Philadelphia 7(1): 17–18. 1834, Revisio Generum Plantarum
1: 207. 1891, Pittonia 3(17A): 212. 1897, Erythea 7(6): 58–59. Oxytropis lambertii Pursh var. lambertii (Oxytropis involuta
1899 and Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht. 27(1[3]): 496. (A. Nelson) K. Schum.)
1901, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, very variable,
50(7): 18–19. 1937, Phytologia 49(2): 81–94. 1981
low silky-haired, thick woody rootstock, sweet smelling
(Plant chewed for sore throat.) flowers arranged in dense heads
in English: haresfoot locoweed, haresfoot pointloco See Species Plantarum 2: 755–762. 1753, Astragalogia
Oxytropis lambertii Pursh (Aragallus angustatus Rydb.; nempe Astragali, Biserrulae et Oxytropidis, nec non Phacae,
Aragallus aven-nelsonii Lunell; Aragallus bigelovii (A. Colutae et Lessertiae, historia iconibus illustrata. Paris 1802,
Gray) Greene; Aragallus falcatus Greene; Aragallus formo- Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 740. 1814 [1813],
sus Greene; Aragallus involutus A. Nelson; Aragallus lam- Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 308. 1826,
bertii (Pursh) Greene; Astragalus lambertii (Pursh) Spreng.; A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 340. 1838,
Astragalus lambertii var. bigelovii (A. Gray) Tidestr.; Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Aragallus plattensis (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb.; 20: 7. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 205, 207. 1891,
Oxytropis angustata (Rydb.) A. Nelson; Oxytropis aven-nel- Pittonia 3: 209, 212. 1897, Erythea 7(6): 64. 1899 and Just’s
sonii (Lunell) A. Nelson; Oxytropis bushii Gand.; Oxytropis botanischer Jahresbericht. 27(1): 496. 1901, Bulletin de la
falcata (Greene) A. Nelson; Oxytropis hookeriana Nutt. ex Société Botanique de France 48: xvii. 1902, Proceedings
Torr. & A. Gray; Oxytropis involuta (A. Nelson) K. Schum.; of the Biological Society of Washington 18(3): 13–14. 1905,
Oxytropis lambertii fo. mixta Gand.; Oxytropis lambertii Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(8): 422. 1907,
subsp. bigelovii (A. Gray) W.A. Weber; Oxytropis lamber- Bulletin of the Leeds [North Dakota] Herbarium 2: 6–7.
tii var. bigelovii A. Gray; Oxytropis lambertii var. lambertii; 1908, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 53. 1913,
Oxytropis plattensis Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Spiesia lam- University of Wyoming Publications in Science. Botany 1:
bertii (Pursh) Kuntze) 115–116, 118. 1926, Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington 50(7): 19. 1937, Phytologia 51(6): 374. 1982
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb, very variable,
low silky-haired, thick woody rootstock, sweet smelling (Toxic to cattle, in quantities, poisonous, this species can
flowers arranged in dense heads cause locoism, a chronic disease that results after long-term
grazing.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 755–762. 1753, Astragalogia
nempe Astragali, Biserrulae et Oxytropidis, nec non Phacae, in English: crazy weed, Lambert’s crazyweed, loco-vetch,
Colutae et Lessertiae, historia iconibus illustrata. Paris 1802, loco weed, purple locoweed, rattleweed, stemless locoweed,
Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 740. 1814 [1813], white loco
Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 308. 1826, Oxytropis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Gay (Astragalus lapponicus
A Flora of North America: containing … 1(2): 340. 1838, (Wahlenb.) Burnat; Astragalus lapponicus Burnat; Oxytropis
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences amoena Kar. & Kir.; Oxytropis carinthiaca Fisch.-Oost.;
20: 7. 1884, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 205, 207. 1891, Oxytropis carinthiaca Huter & Porta ex Huter; Oxytropis
Pittonia 3: 209, 212. 1897, Erythea 7(6): 64. 1899 and Just’s deflexa var. lapponica (Wahlenb.) B. Boivin; Oxytropis lap-
botanischer Jahresbericht. 27(1): 496. 1901, Bulletin de la ponica Gaudin; Oxytropis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Gaudin;
Société Botanique de France 48: xvii. 1902, Proceedings Oxytropis lapponica (Wahlenb.) Gay var. xanthantha Baker;
of the Biological Society of Washington 18(3): 13–14. 1905, Oxytropis thomasii Gaudin; Phaca lapponica Wahlenb.;
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 34(8): 422. 1907, Phaca montana Wahlenb.; Phaca montana Crantz; Spiesia
Bulletin of the Leeds [North Dakota] Herbarium 2: 6–7.
lapponica (Wahlenb.) Kuntze; Spiesia lapponica Kuntze)
1908, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 53. 1913,
University of Wyoming Publications in Science. Botany 1: India, Himalaya, Eurasia. Perennial non-climbing herb
115–116, 118. 1926, Proceedings of the Biological Society of
See Flora 10(2): 30. 1827, Flora Helvetica 4: 543. 1829, Bull.
Washington 50(7): 19. 1937, Phytologia 51(6): 374. 1982
Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou xv. (1842) 327. 1842, Flora
(Toxic to cattle, poisonous, this species can cause locoism, a 37: 99. 1854, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 207. 1891, Fl.
chronic disease that results after long-term grazing. The plant Alpes Marit. 2: 165. 1896 and Oesterreichische Botanische
contains swainsonine, an alkaloid, which results in cellular Zeitschrift 79. 1905, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 56(4): 499.
dysfunction through a long biological process. Swainsonine, 1962[1963], Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 792–799. 1994,
the chemical involved in locoism, is found in several plants, Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise Sci. Nat. 120: 19–33. 1997
2738 Oxytropis DC. Fabaceae (Galegeae, Leguminosae)

(Leaves antiseptic. Flowers diuretic, for edema and swellings.) (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) A. Nelson; Aragallus majusculus
Greene; Aragallus pinetorum A. Heller; Aragallus pinetorum
in English: northern milkvetch
var. veganus Cockerell; Aragallus saximontanus A. Nelson,
in Bhutan: srad-dkar nom. superf.; Aragallus saximontanus var. condensatus (A.
Nelson) A. Nelson; Aragallus sericeus (Nutt. ex Torr. & A.
in China: la pu lan ji dou
Gray) Greene; Aragallus veganus (Cockerell) Wooton &
in India: chilsut Standl.; Astragalus albiflorus (A. Nelson) Gand.; Astragalus
albiflorus (A. Nelson) Tidestr.; Astragalus saximontanus (A.
Oxytropis microphylla (Pall.) DC. (Astragalus microphyl-
Nelson) Tidestr.; Oxytropis albiflora (A. Nelson) K. Schum.;
lus (Pall.) Pall.; Astragalus microphyllus Pall.; Astragalus
Oxytropis condensata (A. Nelson) A. Nelson; Oxytropis lam-
microphyllus Jacquem. ex Baker; Astragalus microphyllus
bertii var. lilacina Cockerell; Oxytropis lambertii var. ochro-
L.; Astragalus microphyllus Besser ex Steud.; Astragalus
leuca A. Nelson; Oxytropis lambertii var. sericea (Nutt. ex
microphyllus Schübl. & G. Martens; Astragalus microphyl-
Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray; Oxytropis pinetorum (A. Heller) K.
lus Georgi; Oxytropis chiliophylla Royle; Oxytropis chilioph-
Schum.; Oxytropis pinetorum (A. Heller) Wooton & Standl.,
ylla Royle ex Benth.; Oxytropis grenardi Franch.; Oxytropis
nom. illeg., non Oxytropis pinetorum (A. Heller) K. Schum.;
ingrata Freyn; Oxytropis microphylla DC.; Oxytropis micro-
Oxytropis saximontana (A. Nelson) A. Nelson; Oxytropis
phylla Hook.f. & Thomson ex Bunge; Oxytropis polyadenia
sericea (Lam.) Simonk.; Oxytropis sericea Schur; Oxytropis
Freyn; Oxytropis tibetica Bunge; Phaca microphylla Pall.;
sericea Nutt.; Oxytropis sericea var. sericea; Oxytropis veg-
Spiesia chiliophylla Kuntze; Spiesia chiliophylla (Royle ex
ana (Cockerell) Wooton & Standl.; Spiesia lambertii (Pursh)
Benth.) Kuntze; Spiesia microphylla (Pall.) Kuntze; Spiesia
Kuntze var. sericea (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb.)
microphylla Kuntze)
North America. Perennial non-climbing herb
India, Himalaya, Tibet, Central Asia. Perennial non-climb-
ing herb See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 740. 1814 [1813],
Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 308. 1826,
See Sp. Pl. 2: 757. 1753, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen
Flora Boreali-Americana 1(3): 147. 1831, A Flora of North
des russischen Reichs 3: 744. 1776, Astragalogia 83 (ed.
America: containing … 1(2): 339, 341. 1838, Enumeratio
quarto), no. 20. 1802, Species Astragalorum 92, t. 76. 1802
Plantarum Transsilvaniae 162. 1866, Proceedings of the
[1800–1803], Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan
American Academy of Arts and Sciences 20: 7. 1884, West
Mountains … [Royle] 198. 1835, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel],
American Scientist 5: 11. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum
ed. 2. 1: 162. 1840, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des
1: 207. 1891, Bot. Surv. Nebraska 3: 20–39. 1894, Wyoming
Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg, Septième Série(Sér. 7) 22(1):
Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 28: 98. 1896, Pittonia 3: 209, 212. 1897,
155. 1874, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 134. 1876, Revisio
Erythea 7(6): 62–63. 1899, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Generum Plantarum 1: 206–207. 1891, Bulletin du Muséum
Club 26(10): 548. 1899 and Erythea 7: 190. 1900, Just’s bota-
d’Histoire Naturelle 3(7): 322. 1897 and Bulletin de l’Herbier
nischer Jahresbericht. 27(1): 496. 1901, Bulletin de la Société
Boissier, sér. 2, 6: 197, 199. 1906, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 16(1):
Botanique de France 48: 14. 1901, Torreya 2(10): 155. 1902,
53–59. 199
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 18(3):
(Powdered dried leaves taken against infections, fever, 12–14. 1905, Contributions from the United States National
inflammation, swelling, wounds, poisoning.) Herbarium 16(4): 136. 1913, Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium 19: 371. 1915, University of
in China: xiao ye ji dou
Wyoming Publications in Science. Botany 1: 113, 115. 1926,
Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge (Oxytropis lapponica Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 50(7):
(Wahlenb.) Gay var. xanthantha Baker; Spiesia ochroceph- 19. 1937, A Flora of Arizona and New Mexico … 216. 1941,
ala (Bunge) Kuntze; Spiesia ochrocephala Kuntze) Leaflets of Western Botany 6(5): 111. 1951, Ralphs, M.H.,
James, L.F., Pfister, J.A. “Utilization of white locoweed
China. Perennial non-climbing
(Oxytropis sericea Nutt.) by range cattle.” J. Range Manage.,
See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint 39: 344–347. 1986, James, L.F. et al. “Locoweed (Oxytropis
Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 22(1): 57. 1874, The Flora of British sericea) poisoning and congestive heart failure in cattle.” J.
India 2(4): 137. 1876, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 207. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 189: 1549–1556. 1986, Panter, K.E.
1891 and Yakugaku Zasshi 125(8): 665–670. 2005 et al. “The relationship of Oxytropis sericea (green and dry)
and Astragalus lentiginosus with high mountain disease in
(Antitumor.)
cattle.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 30: 318–323. 1988, The Canadian
in China: huang hua ji dou Field-Naturalist 108(1): 94. 1994, Great Basin Naturalist
55(3): 279. 1995
Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray (Aragallus aborigi-
num Greene; Aragallus albiflorus A. Nelson; Aragallus albi- (This plant has caused a number of problems in cattle, horses
florus var. condensatus A. Nelson; Aragallus invenustus and sheep. Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid, inhib-
Greene; Aragallus lambertii (Pursh) Greene var. sericeus its alpha-mannosidase in animal bodies, which can lead to
Ozoroa Del. Anacardiaceae 2739

disruption of cellular function. The blooms and mature fruit 1843, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 437. 1868, Revisio Generum
of locoweed have higher quantities of the toxin swainsonine Plantarum 152. 1891 and Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana,
than do the leaves. Locoism is a chronic disease that causes ser. 2 38: 195. 1965, Kew Bulletin 34: 746. 1980
depression, incoordination, and nervousness under stress.
(Medicinal use, cause of death. Roots boiled and drunk for
Death can result. Leaves infusion applied to sores, also used
gonorrhea and stomach pains. Root for tuberculosis.)
for ear troubles.)
in Southern Africa: harpuisboom, isifico; isiFico (Zulu);
in English: locoweed, silvery oxytrope
shinungu (Tsonga); muacha, muBedu, chafitcha, maDsika-
vakadzi, muHacha, iHlanshwachipini, muRingu, muRungu,
sukavu (Shona)
Ozoroa Del. Anacardiaceae
in Tanzania: ikaa la vashana, impwiligo, ipahama, mka-
Probably after an Arabian name, or an Ethiopian name for lakala, mnyongompembe, munyugwa pembe, munyug-
‘queen’, see Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. wapembe, munyungapembe, mwembe pori
2, 20: 91. 1843.
Ozoroa mucronata (Bernh. ex Krauss) R. Fern. & A. Fern.
Ozoroa insignis Delile (Heeria insignis (Del.) O. Kuntze; (Heeria mucronata Bernh. ex Krauss)
Heeria insignis sensu G.B. Miller; Ozoroa insignis Delile;
Rhus insignis (Delile) Oliv.) Tropical Africa. Shrub

Tanzania, Zambia. Tree or shrub, erect, many branched from See Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 38: 160. 1965
the base, bark grey-brown cracked, white sticky milky latex (Root decoction for diarrhea, dysentery, stomach troubles,
in young stems, leaves coriaceous, shiny wrinkled fruits gonorrhea, bilharzia. Leaves juice an antidote for snakebite.)
whitish dull yellow ripening to black
in Tanzania: mvunda-jukunu
See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Plantarum vas-
cularium genera secundum ordines … 1: 75. 1837, Annales Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R. Fern. & A. Fern. var. obovata
des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 91, t. 1, f. 3. (Heeria mucronata Bernh. var. obovata (Oliv.) Engl.; Rhus
1843, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 437. 1868, Revisio Generum insignis (Delile) Oliv. var. obovata Oliv.)
Plantarum 152. 1891 Tropical Africa.
(Root for tuberculosis.) See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 20:
in Tanzania: mwembe pori 91. 1843, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 437. 1868 and Boletim
da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 38: 161, t. 16–17. 1965
Ozoroa insignis Delile subsp. reticulata (Baker f.) J.B.
Gillett (Heeria insignis (Delile) Kuntze var. lanceolata (Stomachic, astringent.)
Suess.; Heeria insignis (Delile) Kuntze var. reticulata Baker in English: broad-leaved resin tree
f.; Heeria mucronifolia Burtt Davy & Hoyle; Heeria reticu-
lata (Baker f.) Engl.; Heeria reticulata auct., sensu Meikle; in Southern Africa: breëblaarharpuisboom; isiFice, isiFica,
Ozoroa reticulata (Baker f.) R. Fern. & A. Fern.; Ozoroa isiFico (Zulu); ashiFisu, shinungumafi (Thonga or Tsonga);
reticulata subsp. grandifolia R. & A. Fern.; Ozoroa reticu- mochudi (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana);
lata var. cinerea R. & A. Fern.; Ozoroa reticulata var. crispa munungu-mahfi (Venda)
R. & A. Fern.; Ozoroa reticulata var. foveolata R. & A. Ozoroa paniculosa (Sond.) R. Fern. & A. Fern. var. panic-
Fern.; Ozoroa reticulata var. mossambicensis R. & A. Fern.; ulosa (Anaphrenium paniculosum (Sond.) Engl.; Heeria
Ozoroa reticulata var. nyasica R. & A. Fern.; Ozoroa reticu- paniculosa (Sond.) Kuntze; Rhus paniculosa Sond.)
lata var. reticulata)
South Africa.
Malawi, South Africa. Small tree, shrub, many-branched,
See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Annales des
twisted, bark thick fissured in squares, branches ascending,
Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 91. 1843 and
leaves white below with marked reticulate veining, panicles
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 38: 167. 1965
of small white flowers, fruits whitish dull yellow ripening
to black, white sticky milky latex in young stems, flowers (For kidney and lung complaints, for tuberculosis.)
attractive to ants, timber for durable rafters and beams, hoe
in English: bushveld ozoroa, common resin tree
handle, firewood and also beehive, not eaten by animals,
fruits edible, along roadside, mixed woodland, Brachystegia in Southern Africa: gewone harpuisboom; isiFice, isiFica,
woodland, in miombo woodland, in secondary miombo isiFico sehlanze (Zulu); monokane (Hebron dialect, central
Transvaal); monoko (North Sotho)
See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Plantarum vas-
cularium genera secundum ordines … 1: 75. 1837, Annales Ozoroa pulcherrima (Schweinf.) R. Fern. & A. Fern.
des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 91, t. 1, f. 3. (Anaphrenium pulcherrimum Schweinf.; Heeria pulcherrima
2740 Ozoroa Del. Anacardiaceae

(Schweinf.) Kuntze; Rhus djalonensis A. Chev.; Rhus herba- Ozoroa reticulata (Baker f.) R. & A. Fernandes subsp. retic-
cea A. Chev.; Rhus pulcherrima (Schweinf.) Oliv.) ulata (Heeria insignis sensu Steedman; Heeria pulcherrima
sensu Eyles)
Tropical Africa.
Tropical Africa.
See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Plantarum vas-
cularium genera secundum ordines … 1: 75. 1837, Genera See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Plantarum vas-
Plantarum 1425. 1841, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; cularium genera secundum ordines … 1: 75. 1837, Annales
Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 91. 1843, Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 91, t. 1, f. 3.
… 1: 32. 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 436. 1868, Revisio 1843, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 437. 1868, Revisio Generum
Generum Plantarum 152. 1891 and Boletim da Sociedade Plantarum 152. 1891 and Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana,
Broteriana, ser. 2 38: 168. 1965 ser. 2 38: 195. 1965, Kew Bulletin 34: 746. 1980
(Abortifacient.) (Leaves juice antidote.)
 P
Pachira Aublet Bombacaceae in Latin America: bellaco caspi, bobo, cuyche, huimba,
pasharo, punga, wimba, zapote de bobo
Pachira, a native name in Guiana; see Georg Christian
Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch.
650. 1852 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 386–403. 1949, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 477–478, 593–622.
Pachistima Raf. Celastraceae
1956, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Genus Paxistima Raf., Greek pachys ‘thick, stout’ and
Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen 14. Aufl. 676. 1993, stigma ‘stigma’; see C.S. Rafinesque, American monthly
Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]. magazine and critical review 2: 176. 1818, Sylva Telluriana
Pachira glabra Pasq. (Bombacopsis glabra (Pasq.) Robyns; 42. 1838 and Jour. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 257. 1819 and
Bombax aquaticum (Aubl.) K. Schum.; Bombax glabrum Fl. Canada 3: 547–1115. 1978. Also as Paxistima.
Robyns; Bombax insigne Wall.; Bombax insigne K. Schum.; Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (Ilex myrsinites Pursh;
Bombax kimuenzae De Wild. & T. Durand; Bombax macro- Pachistima myrsinites Raf.; Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh)
carpum (Schltdl. & Cham.) K. Schum.; Bombax oleagineum Raf.; Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.; Paxistima myrsini-
Robyns; Bombax rigidifolium Ducke; Carolinea macro- ties Pursh)
carpa Schltdl. & Cham.; Carolinea princeps L.f.; Pachira
aquatica Aubl.; Pachira aquatica var. occidentalis Cuatrec.; North America. Perennial shrub, berries eaten, forage
Pachira aquatica var. surinamensis Decne.; Pachira gran- See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 119. 1813,
diflora Tussac; Pachira longiflora (Mart. & Zucc.) Decne.; Sylva Telluriana 42. 1838
Pachira longiflora Decne.; Pachira macrocarpa (Schltdl. &
Cham.) Walp.; Pachira macrocarpa Walp.; Pachira pustu- (Branches decoction taken for colds, tuberculosis, kidney trou-
lifera Pittier; Pachira spruceana Decne.; Pachira villosula bles. Roots infusion drunk for syphilis. Ceremonial, emetic.)
Pittier; Pachira villulosa Pittier; Sophia carolina L.) in English: boxleaf myrtle, mountain lover, myrtle box-leaf,
South America. Small evergreen tree, very fat trunk to store Oregon boxleaf, Oregon boxwood
water, leathery leaves, white flowers, semi-woody capsules,
seeds eaten raw or cooked or roasted, young leaves and flow-
ers edible Pachycarpus E. Meyer Asclepiadaceae
(Apocynaceae)
See Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 726–727, tt. 291–292. 1775, Pl.
Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 1: 74, t. 79 et 80. 1830, Repert. Bot. From the Greek pachys ‘thick, stout’ and karpos ‘a fruit’, with
Syst. (Walpers) 1: 329. 1842, Rendic. Acc. Nap. vii. (1868) 18. a thick pericarp, see Commentariorum de Plantis Africae
1868, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 3(6): 62. 1890 and Australioris 209–210. 1838 [1837] and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 33: 207. 1963 Edinburgh 41(2): 301. 1983, Bothalia 20(1): 88. 1990.
(Used in Ayurveda. Tea used to treat anemia and for low Pachycarpus concolor E. Mey. (Asclepias concolor
blood pressure. Bark of Bombax insigne crushed with bark Schltr.; Asclepias concolor (E. Mey.) Schltr.; Asclepias
of Mangifera indica, boiled, and the decoction taken as a geminiflora (Schltr.) Schltr.; Asclepias geminiflora Schltr.;
remedy against dysentery.) Gomphocarpus concolor (E. Mey.) Decne.; Gomphocarpus
concolor Decne.; Gomphocarpus geminiflorus Schltr.;
in English: chestnut of the Maranhao, French peanut tree,
Gomphocarpus rhinophyllus K. Schum.; Gomphocarpus
Guiana chestnut, Guianan chestnut, Malabar chestnut, provi-
scaber K. Schum., non Harv.; Gomphocarpus trachyphyl-
sion bark, provision tree, Saba nut, Santo Domingo, water
lus K. Schum.; Pachycarpus concolor E. Mey.; Pachycarpus
cacao, water-chestnut, wild cocoa
lineolatus (Decne.) Bullock; Pachycarpus rhinophyllus
in China: gua li (K. Schum.) N.E. Br.; Pachycarpus rhinophyllus N.E. Br.;
in India: didu, dumboil, kalilavu, kallilavu, katpoola, kattu- Xysmalobium concolor (E. Mey.) D. Dietr.; Xysmalobium
pula, kutasalmali, pang, parayilavu, pareiilavu, poola, semul, concolor D. Dietr.)
simul, tera, vellaikungiliyam South Africa, Tanzania. Herb, exuding white latex when cut

2741
2742 Pachycereus (A. Berger) Britton & Rose Cactaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 214–217. 1753, On the Asclepiadeae pecten-aboriginum subsp. tehuatepecanus (T. MacDoug.
27. 1810, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society & Bravo) P.V. Heath; Pachycereus tehuantepecanus T.
1: 37(preprint). 1810, Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. (Meyer) 210. MacDoug. & Bravo)
1836–1838, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér.
Mexico.
2, 9: 326. 1838, Synopsis Plantarum (D. Dietrich) 2: 902.
1840, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
(DC.) 8: 563. 1844, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign Sciences 21: 429–430. 1886 and Contributions from the
33: 336. 1895, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, United States National Herbarium 12(10): 422. 1909,
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 21(Beibl. 54): Cactáceas y Suculentas Mexicanas 1(4): 64–67, f. 43–48.
6. 1896, J. Bot. 34: 455. 1896 and Kew Bulletin 8: 333. 1953 1956, Lloydia 32: 206–212. 1969, Calyx 2(3): 107. 1992
(For skin diseases.) (Narcotic.)
Pachycarpus lineolatus (Decne.) Bullock (Asclepias in Mexico: cawe
lineolata (Decne.) Schltr.; Asclepias lineolata Schltr.; Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britton & Rose (Cereus
Gomphocarpus lineolatus Decne.; Pachycarpus schwein- pringlei S. Watson)
furthii (N.E. Br.) Bullock)
North America. Fruits for food
Tropical Africa. Shrub, coarse woody-based herb, stem pro-
ducing white milky latex See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences 20: 368. 1885 and Contributions from the United
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 9: States National Herbarium 12(10): 420, 422. 1909
326. 1838, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1895:
253. 1895, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 33: 336. (Fresh slice for rheumatism and aching parts of the body.
1895 and Kew Bulletin 8: 330, 333. 1953 Alkaloids present.)

(Leaves pounded and mixed with water and drunk by women in English: giant cactus
for increasing breast milk flow. Roots aphrodisiac, tonic, Pachycereus schottii (Engelmann) D.R. Hunt (Cereus schot-
abortifacient, eaten by men to improve fertility.) tii Engelmann; Lophocereus schottii (Engelmann) Britton &
in Tanzania: mweta Rose; Pilocereus schottii (Engelmann) Lemaire)

Pachycarpus rhinophyllus (K. Schum.) N.E. Br. North America.

(Gomphocarpus rhinophyllus K. Schum.; Pachycarpus rhi- See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 3: 288. 1856 and Contr. U.S. Natl.
nophyllus N.E. Br.) Herb. 12: 420. 1909, Lindsay, G.S. “The genus Lophocereus.”
Tropical Africa. Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 35: 176–192. 1963, Ecology 48:
530–536. 1967, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 999–1057.
See Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 1978, Ecology 61: 1–7. 1980, Vegetatio 78: 125–140. 1988,
37(preprint). 1810, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 322. 1895 Bot. Gaz. 149: 335–346. 1988, SouthW. Naturalist 34: 392–
and Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 4(1): 377. 1902 401. 1989
(Healing wounds.) (Alkaloids present.)
in North America: old-man-cactus, senita
Pachycereus (A. Berger) Britton & Rose Cactaceae
From the Greek pachys ‘thick, stout’ plus Cereus, refer- Pachyelasma Harms Fabaceae
ring to the stems of these tree-like cacti, see Annual Report (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae)
of the Missouri Botanical Garden 16: 62–64, pl. 1. 1905,
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Greek pachys and elasma, elasmos ‘a metal plate’, referring
12(10): 420, 424, 426. 1909, Blätter für Kakteenforschung to the fruits, see Systematic Botany 26(3): 487–514. 2001,
1938(6): [21]. 1938, Cactus and Succulent Journal 22: 154. African Study Monographs 23(2): 47–64. 2002, Toxicon
1950, Anales del instituto de biología de la universidad 44(4): 417–430. 2004.
nacional de México 24(2): 230–231. 1953[1954], Cactáceas Pachyelasma tessmannii (Harms) Harms (Stachyothyrsus
y Suculentas Mexicanas 17(4): 119. 1972, Calyx 2(3): 106, tessmannii Harms)
108. 1992.
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, bole straight
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Engelm. ex S. Watson) and cylindrical, umbrella-shaped crown, malodorous red
Britton & Rose (Cereus pecten-aboriginum Engelm. ex S. inflorescence, sepals yellowish green, pendulous woody
Watson; Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum subsp. tehuante- thick 4-angled indehiscent black pods, gorillas eat bark,
pecanus (T. MacDoug. & Bravo) P.V. Heath; Pachycereus closely related to Erythrophleum
Pachygone Miers Menispermaceae 2743

See Die Nat. Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. 1: 198. 1897 and (Dried fruit used as a rodenticide, anthelmintic, insecticidal,
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ antidote, insect repellent and fish poison. Root powder mixed
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 45: 303. 1910, Botanische with leaf powder of Hemionitis arifolia given for treating
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und snakebites.)
Pflanzengeographie 49: 428, 430. 1913, J. Agric. and Food
in India: peerukattukodi, perung kattuk kodi
Chem. 53(3): 608–613. 2005
(Bark for arthritis, rheumatism, molluscicidal. Pod abortifa-
cient, astringent, anti diarrhea. Bark, fruit, husk, seed, as a Pachypodium Lindley Apocynaceae
fish poison. Religion, superstitions, magic.)
Greek pachys ‘thick, stout’ and podion ‘a small foot’, allud-
in Cameroon: esese bajong, eyec, eyek, lec, mbaghe, mbo, ing to the fleshy and thick roots.
ndiai
Pachypodium densiflorum Baker (Pachypodium brevicalyx
in Central Africa: dogabela, duma, noduma (H. Perrier) Pichon; Pachypodium densiflorum var. brevica-
in Congo: boliko, bolubo, bomboli, dula, ediouk lyx H. Perrier)

in Gabon: mekogbo, mekogho Madagascar.

in Nigeria: eru, ire, mbaghe, ogiesegheseghe See Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: 1321. 1830, Journal of
the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 503. 1886[1887] and Bulletin
de la Société Botanique de France 81: 303. 1934, Mémoires de
Pachygone Miers Menispermaceae l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale
2: 120. 1949, Rapanarivo, S.H.J.V. & A.J.M. Leeuwenberg
Greek pachys ‘thick, stout’ and gonos ‘seed’, referring to “Taxonomic revision of Pachypodium—Series of revisions
the thick seeds, or from gony ‘joint, knee’, indicating thick of Apocynaceae XLVIII.” Pachypodium (Apocynaceae):
joints or nodes; see John Miers (1789–1879), in Annals Taxonomy, Habitats and Cultivation 1–82. 1999
and magazine of natural history. Ser. II, 7: 37, 43. London
1851, Denkschriften der Bayer. Botanischen Gesellschaft in (Spiny.)
Regensburg 5: 1. 1896. in Madagascar: songosongo, somo, somoy (Betsileo); von-
Pachygone dasycarpa Kurz taka (Bara); veloarivatana (Merina)

Burma. Pachypodium lealii Welw. (Pachypodium giganteum Engl.)

(the specific name honors the Portuguese cartographer Lt.
See J. Asiat. Soc. of Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 39(2): 62. 1870 Col. Fernando Da Costa Leal whose map of Angola assisted
and J. Nat. Prod. 60(3): 258–260. 1997, Phytochemistry Welwitsch in his travels; Friedrich Welwitsch discovered this
49(8): 2561–2563. 1998, J. Nat. Prod. 62(1): 59–66. 1999 species in southern Angola and described it in 1869; see the
(Morphinan alkaloid isolated from the stem bark, cytotoxic, historic plate of two Welwitschia plants made by Leal and
antiplasmodial.) Thomas Baines that appeared in The Transactions of the
Linnean Society, 1863–1864.)
Pachygone nitida Pierre ex Gagnep.
Angola, Namibia.
Vietnam. Woody vine
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: 45.
See Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser. 2. 7: 37, 43. 1869
1851, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants
. . 1: 176, 202. 1855 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 39. 1908 (Spiny.)
(Sedative.) Common name: bumbo
Pachygone ovata Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson (Cissampelos in English: bottle tree
ovata Poir.; Cissampelos ovata Vell.; Pachygone ovata (Poir.)
in South Africa: bottelboom
Diels)
Pachypodium namaquanum (Wyley ex Harvey) Welw.
India, Malaya. Climbing shrub, male and female flowers sep-
(Adenium namaquanum Wyley ex Harvey)
arated, yellow flowers in axillary racemes, orange reniform
fruits S. Namibia to NW Cape Prov.
See Species Plantarum 2: 1031–1032. 1753, Encyclopédie See Systema Vegetabilium 4: xxxv, 411. 1819, Edwards’s
Méthodique, Botanique V: 10. 1804, Florae Fluminensis 10: Botanical Register 16: 1321. 1830, Histoire Naturelle des Îles
t. 141. 1829, Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson] i. 203. 1855 and Canaries 3(21): 74. 1836, A Flora of North America: contain-
Das Pflanzenreich IV. 94(Heft 46): 243. 1910, J. Nat. Prod. ing … 1(1): 96–97. 1838, Transactions of the Linnean Society
42(4): 399–406. 1979, J. Nat. Prod. 47(3): 459–464. 1984 of London 27: 45. 1869
2744 Pachyrhizus Rich. ex DC. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae)

(Spiny.) 1980[1981], Nordic Journal of Botany 8(2): 167–192. 1988,

National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-
in English: elephant’s trunk, ghost men, half men
Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide
Pachypodium rosulatum Baker (Pachypodium cac- Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
tipes K. Schum.; Pachypodium drakei Costantin & Bois; 1989, Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United States 3(2):
Pachypodium rosulatum var. drakei (Costantin & Bois) xix, 1–258. 1990, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 7: 26–39, pl.
Markgr.) 1. 1991, Sørensen, Marten. Yam bean (Pachyrhizus DC.).
Madagascar. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and
neglected crops. 2. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant
See Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: 1321. 1830, Journal of Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources
Botany, British and Foreign 20: 219. 1882, Die Natürlichen Institute, Rome. 1996, Memoirs of the New York Botanical
Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 178. 1895 and Annales des Sciences Garden 85: i-ix, 1–246. 2000, Biodiversidad del estado de
Naturelles; Botanique, série 9 6: 319, t. 2, f. 7. 1907, Compt. Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005.
Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 145: 270–271. 1907, Bulletin
de la Société Botanique de France 81: 297–318. 1934, Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi (Dolichos ahipa Wedd.;
Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Pachyrhizus ahipa Parodi; Pachyrhizus ahipa var. albifora
Biologie Végétale 2(1): 45–140. 1949, Adansonia: recueil péri- Parodi; Pachyrhizus ahipa var. violacea Parodi)
odique d’observations botanique, n.s. 12(4): 590. 1972, Flore South America. Perennial herbaceous plant, twining, trail-
de Madagascar et des Comores 169: 1–317. 1976, Caryologia ing, semi-erect, bushy, erect, entire leaflets, short racemes,
51: 245–252. 1998, Cactus File 5: 1–79. 1999, Taxon 48: 181. wings curl outwards following anthesis, kidney-shaped black
1999, Pachypodium (Apocynaceae): Taxonomy, Habitats or black and cream seeds
and Cultivation 1–82. 1999
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4
(Spiny.) 7: 113. 1857 and Anales Acad. Nat. Agron. & Veterinaria
Pachypodium saundersii N.E. Br. (Pachypodium lealii Buenos Aires 1: 137–138, f. 5. 1935
Welw. subsp. saundersii (N.E. Br.) Rowley) (Tubers eaten for lung infections, cough, gout. Insecticide.
S. Trop. & S. Africa. Toxic to fish and amphibians.)
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1892: 126. in English: yam bean
1892 and Natl. Cact. Succ. J. 28: 4. 1973 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. (Cacara bulbosa Thouars;
(Spiny.) Cacara bulbosa Rumphius ex Du Petit-Thouars; Cacara
erosa (L.) Kuntze; Cacara erosa Kuntze; Cacara palmati-
Common name: star of the Lundi
loba (DC.) Kuntze; Cacara palmatiloba (Moc. & Sessé ex
Pachypodium succulentum (L.f.) Sweet (Belonites succu- DC.) Kuntze; Dolichos articulatus Lam.; Dolichos bulbosus
lenta (L.f.) E. Mey.; Belonites succulenta E. Mey.; Echites suc- L., nom. illeg. superfl.; Dolichos erosus L.; Dolichos palma-
culentus L.f.; Echites tuberosus Haw. ex Steud.; Pachypodium tilobus DC.; Dolichos palmatilobus Moc. & Sessé ex DC.;
griquense L. Bolus; Pachypodium jasminiflorum L. Bolus; Pachyrhizus angulatus Rich. ex DC., nom. illeg.; Pachyrhizus
Pachypodium succulentum Steud.; Pachypodium succul- angulatus DC.; Pachyrhizus articulatus Duchass. ex Walp.;
entum (Jacq.) Sweet; Pachypodium tomentosum G. Don; Pachyrhizus articulatus Walp.; Pachyrhizus bulbosus (L.)
Pachypodium tuberosum Lindl., nom. illeg.) Kurz; Pachyrhizus bulbosus (L.) Britton, nom. illeg., non
S. Africa. Pachyrhizus bulbosus (L.) Kurz; Pachyrhizus erosus var. pal-
matilobus (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) R.T. Clausen; Pachyrhizus
See Hort. Brit. [Sweet], ed. 2. 594. 1830, Comm. Pl. Afr. erosus var. palmatilobus (DC.) R.T. Clausen; Pachyrhizus
Austr. (Meyer) 187. 1837, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. erosus var. typicus R.T. Clausen; Pachyrhizus jicamas
1: 196 and 2: 245. 1840 and S. African Gard. 22: 83. 1932, Blanco; Pachyrhizus palmatilobus (DC.) Benth. & Hook.f.;
Taxon 29(56): 605. 1980, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985 Pachyrhizus palmatilobus (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Benth. &
(Spiny.) Hook.f.; Pachyrhizus panamensis R.T. Clausen; Pachyrhizus
strigosus R.T. Clausen; Pachyrhizus vernalis R.T. Clausen;
Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.) Urb.; Pachyrhizus erosus var. pal-
matilobus (DC.) Clausen; Pachyrrhizus erosus var. palmati-
Pachyrhizus Rich. ex DC. Fabaceae
lobus (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) R.T. Clausen; Robynsia lobata
(Leguminosae, Phaseoleae) M. Martens & Galeotti; Robynsia macrophylla M. Martens
Greek pachys ‘thick’ and rhiza ‘a root’, referring to the edible & Galeotti; Stizolobium bulbosum (L.) Spreng.; Stizolobium
and tuberous roots; see A.P. de Candolle, Prodromus. 2: 402. bulbosum Spreng.; Stizolobium domingense Spreng., nom.
1825 and Boissiera 28: 1–273. 1978, Brenesia 18: 15–90. 1980, illeg. superfl.; Taeniocarpum articulatum (Lam.) Desv.)
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 67(3): 523–818. (Latin strigosus ‘covered with strigae, with stiff bristles’)
Pachysandra Michx. Buxaceae 2745

Tropical America. Perennial climbing shrub, herbaceous, See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 2(1):
very long and large tuberous roots, flowers deep violet to 296. 1786, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta
white, young roots eaten both raw and boiled [Sprengel] 3: 252. 1826, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima
sexta [Sprengel] 4(Cur. post.): 281. 1827, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient.
See Species Plantarum 2: 725–726. 1753, Species Plantarum,
1: 249. 1834 and Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin
Editio Secunda 2: 1021. 1763, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
Islands 5: 424. 1924, Amer. J. Bot. 67: 595–602. 1980
Botanique 2(1): 296. 1786, Dict. Sci. Nat. (Levrault) 6: 35.
1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: (Seed might be poisonous. Leaves insecticide. Tubers juice
399–400, 402. 1825, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) diuretic. Seeds decoction or powder to control vermin.
9: 420–421. 1826, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta Fresh pods as an ointment to cure itching. Toxic to fish and
[Sprengel] 3: 252, 525. 1826, An Introduction to the Natural amphibians.)
System of Botany 148. 1836, Flora de Filipinas 579. 1837,
Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres in English: Amazonian yam bean, potato bean, yam bean
de Bruxelles 10(2): 193. 1843, Flora 36: 226. 1853, Genera
Plantarum 1: 540. 1865, Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 45(2): 246. 1876, Bulletin Pachysandra Michx. Buxaceae
of the Torrey Botanical Club 16(12): 324. 1889, Revisio Greek pachys ‘thick, stout’ and aner, andros ‘a man’, refer-
Generum Plantarum 1: 165. 1891 and Symbolae Antillarum ring to the thick stamens.
seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis 4(2): 311–312.
1905, Flora of West Tropical Africa 2: 68, 108. 1931, Cornell Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc.
University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir 264: 13, China. Fruit with a pleasant taste, eaten by deer
17–27, f. 5–9. 1944 [1945], Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Garden 68: 551–557. 1981, Listados Florísticos de México 1: See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 177–178, pl. 45. 1803
1–123. 1983, Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent
(Leaves cathartic and stomachic.)
Islands: Spermatophyta 2: 1–481. 1988, Cuscatlania 1(2):
1–16. 1989, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 7: 26–39, pl. 1. 1991 in Japan: huttoma-kina, yuktopa-kina
(Used in Ayurveda. Toxins, leaves, ripe beans and mature
seeds poisonous; young hairy pods cause irritation. Seeds
for skin diseases, boils; seed oil can be used as a purgative, Packera Á. Löve & D. Löve Asteraceae
anthelmintic, insecticide. Flour obtained from tubers in the Packera aurea (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve (Senecio aureus
treatment of dysentery and hemorrhoids. Root to cure fever, L.; Senecio aureus var. aquilonius Fernald; Senecio aureus
headache, cholera, smallpox and to stop bleeding. Seeds stu- var. ashei Greenm.; Senecio aureus var. aurantiacus Farw.;
pefy fish.) Senecio aureus var. gracilis (Pursh) Hook.; Senecio aureus
in English: chopsui potato, Mexican turnip, turnip tree, yam var. gracilis (Pursh) Britton, nom. illeg., non Senecio aureus
bean var. gracilis (Pursh) Hook.; Senecio aureus var. intercursus
Fernald; Senecio gracilis Pursh)
in Latin America: jicama
Eastern North America to Texas. Herbaceous perennial,
in China: di gua sparsely leaved, leaves alternate, flat-topped clusters (cor-
in India: chana, sankalu, sankhalu ymbs) of yellow daisy-like flowers, somewhat weedy, in
moist soils, wet woods, meadows, ravines, swamps, along
in Japan: kuso-imo streams and springs
Malayan names: kachang bengkuang, kachuang sangkuang See Species Plantarum 2: 866–872. 1753, Flora Americae
in Philippines: hikamas, hinkamas, kaman, kamas, lakamas, Septentrionalis 2: 529–530. 1814, Flora Boreali-Americana
sikamas, sinkamas 1(suppl.): 333. 1834 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Garden 16: 406, pl. 35. 1929, American Midland Naturalist
in Vietnam: cat can, cu dau, cu day san, cu san, cu san dai, cu 12: 74. 1930, Rhodora 45(540): 499–502, pl. 802, 803. 1943,
sang, men phao, san day, sen chat, sen com Taxon 24: 671–678. 1975, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 520–
Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Spreng. (Cacara tuberosa 521. 1975 [1976], Moerman, Daniel E. Native American
(Lam.) Britton & Wilson; Cacara tuberosa Britton; Dolichos Ethnobotany. 526. 1998
tuberosus Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Dolichos tuberosus Lam.;
(Roots and leaves abortifacient, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmen-
Pachyrhizus tuberosus Spreng.; Stizolobium tuberosum
agogue, pectoral, stimulant and uterine tonic; used externally
(Lam.) Spreng.; Stizolobium tuberosum Spreng.)
in the treatment of vaginal discharge and to treat various
West Indies. Perennial climbing shrub, white to yellow flow- complaints of the female reproductive system, and also to
ers, legumes conspicuously compressed between the seeds, ease childbirth. Root tea for urinary problems, to increase
black and white or orange-red kidney-shaped seeds blood pressure and stimulate uterine contractions. The plant
2746 Padus Miller Rosaceae

contains alkaloids that, in isolation, can cause liver damage See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 7: 102.
and so this remedy can no longer be recommended for inter- 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
nal use; Senecio is very toxic both fresh and in hay, affected (DC.) 6: 376. 1837 [Jan 1838], Webb, Philip Barker (1793–
animals often die, all grazing animals may be affected.) 1854), Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries 2: 327. Paris,
1835–1860 [Phytographia canariensis. 3 vols], Fl. Chil.
in English: golden groundsel, golden ragwort, squaw weed
[Gay] 4(2): 204. 1849, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Packera bellidifolia (Kunth) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve (Senecio Sciences of Philadelphia 15(3): 68. 1863[1864], Proc. Amer.
bellidifolius Kunth; Senecio cheiranthifolius Kunth; Senecio Acad. Arts xix. (1883) 55. 1883, Synoptical Flora of North
lactucella Sessé & Moc.; Senecio pauciflorus Kunth; Senecio America 1(2): 392. 1884 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 20. 1902
vulneraria DC.; Senecio vulnerarius Sessé & Moc.) (1903), Arquivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro 13:
21. 1903, Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism
Mexico.
2(1): 22. 1909, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
See Species Plantarum 2: 866–872. 1753, Nova Genera et 1(3): 265, 267–268. 1914, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 137. 1820[1818] and Pittonia Garden 5(1): 43–44, 47. 1918, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.
4(22A/B): 110–111. 1900, Phytologia 49(1): 46. 1981, Sida 23: 232. 1926, Amer. J. Bot. 64: 791–798. 1977, Taxon 30:
16(4): 699–709. 1995 844–845. 1981, Phytologia 49(1): 47. 1981, Taxon 33: 351–
354. 1984, Sida 16(4): 699–709. 1995
(Whole plant used as tea for kidney ailments, tonic, as a gen-
eral medicine, and to cure sores, ulcers, and vaginal ailments.) (An antidote for narcotics.)
Packera candidissima (Greene) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve in English: New Mexico groundsel
(Senecio candidissimus Greene)
Mexico.
Padus Miller Rosaceae
See Species Plantarum 2: 866–872. 1753 and Pittonia
4(22A/B): 110–111. 1900, Phytologia 49(1): 46. 1981, Sida Greek pados, pedos, used by Theophrastus (HP. 4.1.3 and
16(4): 704. 1995 5.7.6) for a species of Prunus or for a tree whose timber was
used for axles, see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged
(Whole plant used as tea for kidney ailments, tonic, as … fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: …
a general medicine, and to cure sores, ulcers, and vaginal eighth edition no. 1. 1778, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
ailments.) 3(3): 54. 1888.
Packera neomexicana (A. Gray) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve Padus avium Mill. var. avium (Cerasus padus (L.) DC.;
(Packera neomexicana W.A. Weber & Á. Löve; Senecio Cerasus padus (L.) Delarbre; Padus germanica Borkh.;
hartmanii Greenm.; Senecio neomexicanus A. Gray) Padus racemosa (Lam.) Gilib.; Padus vulgaris Borkh.;
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub Prunus padus L.; Prunus racemosa Lam.)
China.
See Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 392. 1884
and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 5: 44. 1918, See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners
Amer. J. Bot. 64: 791–798. 1977, Taxon 30: 844–845. 1981, Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 1. 1778, Flore Françoise
Phytologia 49(1): 47. 1981, Taxon 33: 351–354. 1984, Sida 3: 107. 1778, Flore Française. Troisième Édition 4: 580.
16(4): 699–709. 1995 1805 and Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 39:
53–57. 1992
(An antidote for narcotics.)
(Twigs tea used for stomach and intestinal catarrh. Magic,
in English: New Mexico groundsel
the wood regarded as a talisman against evil.)
Packera neomexicana (A. Gray) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve var.
in English: European bird cherry, hag-berry
neomexicana (Senecio appendiculatus Greenm., nom. illeg.;
Senecio appendiculatus (L.f.) Sch.Bip.; Senecio appendicu- in Japan: kikinni
latus Sch.Bip.; Senecio appendiculatus (Lam.) DC.; Senecio
Padus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Carrière (Cerasus cornuta
appendiculatus DC.; Senecio appendiculatus Poir.; Senecio
Wall. ex Royle; Padus cornuta Carrière; Padus cornuta
encelia Greene, nom. illeg.; Senecio encelia Remy; Senecio
var. glabra Fritsch ex C.K. Schneid.; Prunus cornuta Wall.;
eurypterus Greenm.; Senecio hartmanii Greenm.; Senecio
Prunus cornuta Wall. ex Royle; Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex
neomexicanus A. Gray; Senecio neomexicanus A. Gray var.
Royle) Steud.)
griffithsii Greenm.; Senecio oreophilus Greenm.; Senecio
oreophilus Dusén; Senecio oreophilus Muschl. ex Dinter; India. Shrub, edible oil
Senecio oresbius Greenm.; Senecio thurberi A. Gray)
See Numer. List [Wallich] no. 716. 1829, Illustrations of the
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 207, t. 38,
Paederia L. Rubiaceae 2747

f. 2. 1834 (1835), Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel], Editio Paederia chinensis f. tenuissima Masam.; Paederia chinen-
secunda 2: 403. 1841, Revue Horticole 1869: 275, f. 64. 1869 sis var. angustifolia Nakai; Paederia chinensis var. mari-
and Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1: 639. 1906 tima Koidz.; Paederia chinensis var. megaphylla Koidz.;
Paederia chinensis var. velutina Nakai; Paederia corym-
(Young leaves reported to be highly toxic to animals, some-
bosa Noronha, nom. nud.; Paederia dunniana H. Lév.;
times cause death. Oil from the seed kernels used externally
Paederia esquirolii H. Lév.; Paederia foetida f. microphylla
as a massage to keep body warm during winter season, also
(Honda) Tsukaya; Paederia foetida var. sessiliflora (Poir.)
taken for stomach disorders. Dry root powder with honey
Baker; Paederia laxiflora Merr. ex H.L. Li; Paederia lon-
given for intestinal worms in children.)
gituba Nakai; Paederia magnifolia Noronha, nom. nud.;
in China: guang e chou li Paederia mairei H. Lév.; Paederia ovata Miq.; Paederia
prainii Gand.; Paederia scaberula Miq.; Paederia scandens
in India: ardya bis, jamana, jamun
(Lour.) Merr.; Paederia scandens f. mairei (H. Lév.) Nakai;
Paederia scandens f. megaphylla (Koidz.) H. Hara; Paederia
scandens f. microphylla (Honda) H. Hara; Paederia scan-
Paederia L. Rubiaceae dens f. rubescens Asai; Paederia scandens f. rubrae-
Latin paedor (pedor), paedoris ‘filth, stench, an offensive stellaris Konta & S. Matsumoto; Paederia scandens var.
smell’, Akkadian padu, Hebrew pada ‘to dismiss, to free’, longituba (Nakai) H. Hara; Paederia scandens var. mairei
possibly referring to an unpleasant (faecal) smell of some (H. Lév.) H. Hara; Paederia scandens var. maritima (Koidz.)
species when bruised, see Familles des Plantes 2: 146, 158. H. Hara; Paederia scandens var. tomentosa (Blume) Hand.-
1763, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 135, 189. 1767, Florae Mazz.; Paederia scandens var. velutina (Nakai) Nakai;
Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 32, t. 5. 1794, Flora Paederia scandens var. villosa (Hayata) Masam.; Paederia
Peruviana 2: 48, t. 188. 1799, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 210. sessiliflora Poir.; Paederia stenophylla Merr.; Paederia
1805, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis tomentosa Blume; Paederia tomentosa f. tenuissima Hayata,
4: 470. 1830, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 285. 1891 and nom. illeg.; Paederia tomentosa var. glabra Kurz; Paederia
Opera Botanica Belgica 3: 199. 1991, Monogr. Syst. Bot. tomentosa var. mairei (H. Lév.) H. Lév.; Paederia uraiensis
Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999. Hayata; Paederia villosa Hayata; Psychotria volubilis Roxb.
ex Wight & Arn.; Reussia sarmentosa Dennst.)
Paederia brasiliensis (Hook.f.) Puff (Disodea foetida Pers.;
Disodia foetida (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Hondbesseion gard- Nepal, Japan, India and Malesia. Climber, liane, creeping,
neri (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Hondbesseion olens (K. Schum.) stinking twiner, woody vine, slender, flowers bisexual, inflo-
Kuntze; Hondbesseion olens var. angustifolium Kuntze; rescence a terminal or axillary cymose panicle, corolla pale
Hondbesseion olens var. normale Kuntze; Lygodisodea purple to dark pink, ripe fruits dirty green, leaves consumed
brasiliensis Hook.f.; Lygodisodea foetida Ruiz & Pav.; as a vegetable, unpleasant smell of the crushed leaves or
Manettia diffusa Britton; Paederia diffusa (Britton) Standl.; injured creeper
Paederia foetida L.; Paederia gardneri Hook.f.; Paederia
See Species Plantarum 1: 227–232. 1753, Systema Naturae,
olens K. Schum.; Poederiopsis diffusa (Britton) Rusby
ed. 12 2: 189. 1767, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 52. 1767, Fl. Ind.
Brazil, Peru to NW Argentina. (N.L. Burman) 71. 1768, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 171. 1790, Bijdr.
Fl. Ned. Ind. 16: 968. [Oct 1826–Nov 1827], FBI 3: 195.
See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 52. 1767, Systema Naturae, ed.
1881, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 18: 107. 1891 and
12 2: 189. 1767, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 4: 373. 1907, Opera
32, t. 5. 1794, Flora Peruviana 2: 48, t. 188. 1799, Syn. Pl.
Bot. Belg. 3: 211. 1911, Publications of the Field Columbian
1: 210. 1805, Analyse des Familles de Plantes 33. 1829,
Museum, Botanical Series 7: 330. 1931, Contributions from
Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2:
the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 8: 163. 1934,
25. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 285. 1891, Bulletin
Sunyatsenia 3: 261. 1937, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 191.
of the Torrey Botanical Club 18: 107. 1891, Die Natürlichen
1939, J. Arnold Arbor. 25: 429. 1944, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus.
Pflanzenfamilien 4. Abt. 4: 125. 1897, Revisio Generum
22: 26, 28. 1948, Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. 29: 97. 1950, Enum.
Plantarum 3: 121. 1898 and Bulletin of the New York
Sperm. Jap. 2: 24–25. 1952, Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ., Biol.
Botanical Garden 4: 373. 1907, Publications of the Field
4: 92. 1955, J. Jap. Bot. 63: 54. 1988, Opera Botanica Belgica
Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 7: 330. 1931, Opera
3: 1–376. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43(1): 31–38.
Botanica Belgica 3: 1–376. 1991
1994, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, B. 31: 23. 2005, J. Pl. Res.
(Leaves astringent.) 119: 307. 2006
Paederia foetida L. (Apocynum foetidum Burm.f.; Gentiana (Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant bitter, aphrodisiac, tonic, for
scandens Lour.; Hondbesseion foetidum (L.) Kuntze; inflammations, malaria, piles, fever, rheumatism, eye prob-
Hondbesseion tomentosum (Blume) Kuntze; Paederia lems; stem piece with stem piece of Tephrosia purpurea kept
amboinensis Miq.; Paederia barbulata Miq.; Paederia chi- inside vagina for abortion; tender twigs as potherb in case
nensis Hance; Paederia chinensis f. microphylla Honda; of indigestion, dysentery, gastric problems. Bark decoction
2748 Paeonia L. Ranunculaceae (Paeoniaceae)

emetic. Seeds made into a powder and used as tooth powder soma raajee, soma raji, somaraji, somraj, somraji, suprarasa,
in toothache. Leaves astringent, stomachic, diuretic, anti- suprasara, tak-lang-chat, talanili, thabai, tsumenumli, tzu-
rheumatic, carminative, anthelmintic, emollient, antiinflam- menumli, upter, upteri, vawih-uih-hrui, vawihuihhrui
matory, spasmolytic, CNS depressant, for the treatment of
in Indonesia: bintaos, daun kentut, kahitutan, kasembukan,
intestinal complaints, obesity, asthma, dysentery, diarrhea,
sembukan
hepatic disorders and rheumatism, boils, hard red spots on
the skin; a poultice of leaves applied in herpes, toothache, in Laos: kua mak ton sua
gum infection; for ulceration of the nose, pound the leaves
in Lepcha: tukpitrik
and poultice; leaf juice astringent and given to children in
diarrhea; leaves cooked in cow ghee given to induce sleep; in Malaysia: akar sekentut, dangdangking, daun kentut, daun
decoction of leaves and tender shoots of Paederia foetida sekuntot, kesimbukan, sekuntut
with whole plant of Oxalis corniculata given in dysentery;
in Philippines: bangogan, dikut na buluk, kantukai, kantutai,
leaves made into cakes with rice powder eaten as a treat-
kantutak, kantutan, lilitan, mabolok, matabang-dikut, taitai
ment for arthritis; leaves eaten to kill intestinal worms and
also for liver diseases and as a postpartum remedy; leaves in Thailand: choh-ka-thue mue, kon, yaan phaahom
extract given to cure insanity; leaves cooked with goroi
in Vietnam: day dam cho, d[aa]y m[ow] l[oo]ng, d[aa]y m[ow]
fish (Channa sp.) given as remedy for body swelling, pain;
tr[of]n, mo tam the, m[ow] tam th[eer]
Paederia scandens leaf juice used in jaundice and liver dis-
orders. Root emetic; crushed roots eaten to kill intestinal par- Paederia lanuginosa Wall. (Hondbesseion lanuginosum
asites. Veterinary medicine, fed to pigs to increase lactation; (Wall.) Kuntze; Paederia macrocarpa Wall. ex G. Don)
chopped roots given to treat intestinal diseases. Superstitious
beliefs, contact therapy, fresh stem tied around the neck SE Asia, Vietnam, China. Climber
against malaria; climbing stem tied around the waist for pain; See Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2(7): 52, t. 165. 1831 and Opera Bot. Belg.
magic, leaves for exorcism of evil spirits.) 3: 268. 1991
in English: chicken-dung creeper, Chinese fevervine, Chinese (Leaf poultice on boils.)
moon creeper, kings tonic
in Bangladesh: wama
in Hawaii: maile ka kahiki, maile pilau
in Madagascar: laingomaimbo, lengomena, liane caca,
lingue caca Paeonia L. Ranunculaceae (Paeoniaceae)
in Bangladesh: ghondhobadali Greek paionia ‘the peony’, Theophrastus (HP. 9.8.6), Latin
paeonia; Greek paionios, paionikos ‘healing’; another name
in Cambodia: vear phnom for paeonia is Latin fatuina rosa; Paeon or Paion (Paean,
in China: chiao piao (= sparrow calabash), ji shen teng, ji shi Paian) was the physician of the immortal gods, subsequentely
teng, nu ching the name was applied to Apollo; see Species Plantarum 1: 530.
1753, Analyse de la Nature 176. 1815, Prodromus Systematis
in India: appe-taruh, aprasarini, bakuchi, bala, balya, Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 65. 1824 and G. Volpi, “Le fal-
bedolisutta, bhadrabala, bhadraparni, bhedai lata, bhe- sificazioni di Francesco Redi nel Vocabolario della Crusca.”
dai lota, bhedailota, bhede lata, bhodolota, biri, biri lara, in Atti della R. Accademia della Crusca per la lingua d’Italia.
biri lorong, bodhakora, candravalli, cankai-p-pinari, caru- 33–136. 1915–1916, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizion-
parni, chandbaela, chandbeli, chandraparni, chandravalli, ario della lingua italiana. XII: 1071–1072. 1984, Manlio
chandvela, charuparni, gabbu balli, gandel, gandha bhadulia, Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lin-
gandha-prasarini, gandhabhadra, gandhabhadulia, gandhali,
gua italiana. 4: 904. 1985. Paeonia is a very complex genus
gandhapasarani, gandhapatra, gandhaprasarini, gandheli,
and many of the species are not yet well defined.
gandhi bhadulia, gandholi, gandhputigandha, gandhya, gan-
dyapatylla, gombheyamagaruchettu, gonthe mogaru chettu, Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle (Paeonia emodi Wall.;
gonthemogaru, guganari, gundali, gundhabhaduli, hesara- Paeonia emodi Royle; Paeonia emodi fo. glabrata (Hook.f.
ane, hesarane, hiranbael, hiranvel, hiranwel, ipetri, katamb- & Thomson) H. Hara; Paeonia emodi var. glabrata Hook.f.
hara, khip, khipibandong, kutumbhare, lepcha, madot thi, mei & Thomson)
iwtung, mei sohmyrsem, milono, muthiar koonthal, oinam,
China. Herb, young shoots and leaves eaten, red dye from the
padli-larang, padri lewa, paduri-lata, paduri lata, paduri-
seeds, edible leaves and roots very tasty
lata, padurilota, pasaruni, pashum, peeth laha, penarisangai,
pichulati-elai, prabala, prabhadra, prasaarani, prasara, prasa- See Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753, Illustrations of the
ran, prasarani, prasarini, prasarinijati, pratanika, pratanini, Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … 1: 57. 1834 and
rajabala, rajaparni, sabiralachettu, sara, sarana, sarani, saru- Pan Kai-yu. Ranunculaceae subfam. Paeonioideae. In: Fl.
parni, saviraela chettu, savirela, sharana, sharani, so-maraji, Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 27: 37–59. 1979, Beautiful Flow.
Pagamea Aubl. Rubiaceae (Loganiaceae) 2749

Kashm. 1: 26. 1928, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal, 2: 23. 1979, China.
Bot. Hist. Hortus Malabaricus: 106. 1980, Proceedings of
See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de
the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological
Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques,
Sciences 55: 177–184. 1989, Hong, D.Y. & Pan, K.Y. “Notes
Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles
on taxonomy of Paeonia sect. Moutan DC. (Paeoniaceae).”
9: 29. 1859
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 43(2): 169–177. 2005
(Roots for stomachache; powdered seeds for eye diseases and
(Dried leaves eaten as blood purifier; dried leaves fried
as an astringent.)
with ghee eaten for dysentery and colic; young shoots and
leaves eaten as a postpartum remedy, a nutritive food after in Japan: horap, orap
delivery. Roots and seeds for whooping cough and vomit- Paeonia ostii T. Hong & J.X. Zhang (Paeonia ostii subsp.
ing. Underground tubers useful in nervous disorders; tubers lishizhenii (B.A. Shen) B.A. Shen; Paeonia ostii var. lishi-
extract as a blood purifier, for uterine diseases, colic, bilious zhenii B.A. Shen; Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. ostii
obstructions, dropsy; root for uterine disease. Dried flowers (T. Hong & J.X. Zhang) Halda)
for stomach complaints and diarrhea; flowers as insect repel-
lent. Seeds purgative and emetic.) China.

in English: Himalayan peony See Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753, Botanist’s Repository,
for new, and rare plants 6: pl. 373. 1804 and Bulletin of
in China: duo hua shao yao Botanical Research Harbin 12(3): 223–225, pl. 1. 1992,
in India: chandra, hilto, mamak, tankanya yetghas, tonkanya Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 35(4): 360–361. 1997, J. Anhui
Norm. Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 23(4): 327–330. 2000
in Pakistan: mamekh
(Astringent, stomachic.)
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Paeonia albiflora Pall.; Paeonia
albiflora var. trichocarpa Bunge; Paeonia chinensis in China: feng dan
Vilmorin, not Oken; Paeonia edulis Salisb.; Paeonia fra- Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews subsp. suffruticosa (Paeonia
grans (Sab.) Redouté; Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa chinensis Oken, not Vilmorin, nor Paeonia sinensis Steudel;
(Bunge) Stern; Paeonia lactiflora var. villosa M.S. Yan & Paeonia fruticosa Dumont de Courset; Paeonia moutan
K. Sun; Paeonia reevesiana (Paxt.) Loud.; Paeonia sinensis Sims; Paeonia suffruticosa var. purpurea Andrews; Paeonia
Steud.; Paeonia yui W.P. Fang) yunnanensis W.P. Fang)
Japan, India, China. Perennial herb, stout branched root, China. Root light brown
leaves alternate, solitary flowers, 4 sepals persistent, petals
larger than sepals, fruit of 3–5 coriaceous few-seeded fol- See Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753, Botanist’s Repository,
licles, seeds subglobose for new, and rare plants 6: pl. 373. 1804 and Taxon 29:
728. 1980, Kromosomo 24: 713–721. 1981, Chromosome
See Species Plantarum 1: 530. 1753, Reise durch ver- Information Service 32: 9–11. 1982, Journal of Wuhan
schiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs 3: 286. 1776, Botanical Research 8: 101–106. 1990, Acta Botanica Boreali-
Flora Rossica 2: 92, pl. 84. 1788, Enumeratio Plantarum, Occidentalia Sinica 16(4): 368–371. 1996, Acta Phytotax.
quas in China Boreali 3. 1834 and Journal of the Royal Sin. 36: 517, 519. 1998, J. Anhui Norm. Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed.
Horticultural Society 68: 129. 1943, Acta Phytotaxonomica 23(4): 327–330. 2000
Sinica 7(4): 321, pl. 63, f. 1. 1958, Kromosomo 24: 713–721.
(For skin diseases.)
1981, Chromosome Information Service 32: 9–11. 1982,
Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 28–39. 1984, in China: mu dan, mu dan pi
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 26: 33–43. 1988, Bulletin of
Botanical Research 12(4): 325, pl. 1, f. 1–2. 1992, Cytologia
65: 211–218. 2000, J. Anhui Norm. Univ., Nat. Sci. Ed. 23(4): Pagamea Aubl. Rubiaceae (Loganiaceae)
327–330. 2000, Hong, D.Y. & Pan, K.Y. “Notes on taxonomy
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 112–113,
of Paeonia sect. Moutan DC. (Paeoniaceae).” Acta Phytotax.
pl. 44. 1775 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 13: 144. 1936.
Sin. 43(2): 169–177. 2005
Pagamea coriacea Spruce ex Benth. (Pagamea coriacea var.
(Used for anemic condition, irregular menstruation, diar-
acuta Steyerm.; Pagamea coriacea var. pubescens Steyerm.)
rhea, metrorrhagia.)
Tropical America. Tree, closely related to Pagamea
in English: Chinese peony, Chinese white peony, white-flow-
macrophylla
ered peony
See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 110. 1857 and Mem. New York
in China: bai shao, shao yao, bai shao yao, chin shao yao
Bot. Gard. 12(3): 273. 1965, Botanical Museum Leaflets—
Paeonia obovata Maxim. Harvard University 28(1): 57. 1980, Botanical Museum
2750 Pajanelia DC. Bignoniaceae

Leaflets—Harvard University 28(3): 271–275. 1980, Journal (1600–1659), visitor general of New Spain (visitador), on
of Ethnopharmacology 13(1): 3–49. 1985 December 27, 1639 consecrated Bishop of Puebla de Los
Angeles (founded as Puebla de los Angeles in 1532, now
(Heated blue-black fruits dropped as antifungal into the ear.
Puebla of Zaragoza, capital of Puebla State, Central Mexico)
Bark decoction drunk as a stimulant.)
and in 1655 Bishop of Osma (Soria, Spain), served briefly
Pagamea macrophylla Spruce ex Benth. as Archbishop of Mexico (1642–1643), was very involved
in affairs of government and held the posts of fiscal of the
Brazil, Colombia. Tree
Consejo de Guerra, fiscal of the Consejo de Indias, a for-
See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 1: 110. 1857 and Botanical Museum warder of education and book collector, juez de residencia,
Leaflets—Harvard University 28(1): 57. 1980, Botanical and viceroy of New Spain, he was an administrative reformer
Museum Leaflets—Harvard University 28(3): 271–275. 1980, who came into conflict with the Jesuits, with whom he was
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 13(1): 3–49. 1985 involved in litigation from 1647 to 1655, among his many
(Leaves and bark infusion drunk to alleviate stomach or intes- works and letters are Obras. Madrid 1762, Oeuvres spiri-
tinal bleeding, caused presumably by use or overuse of coca. tuelles … Marseille 1775, Virtudes del Indio. [1650?] and
Ceremonial, ritual, magic, powdered leaves aspirated as a Vida interior del … Señor D.J. de Palafox y Mendoza …
snuff by the medicine men during ceremonies of divination.) Copiada fielmente por la que el mismo escrivio con titulo
de Confessiones y Confusiones … Sacala a luz Don M. de
Vergara. Sevilla 1691. See Genaro García, Colección de
documentos inéditos o muy raros para la historia de México
Pajanelia DC. Bignoniaceae
(volume 7), Mexico, Vda. de C. Bouret. 1906, Genaro García,
From pajaneli, the Malabar/Malayalam name for Pajanella Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza. Mexico 1918, Carlos E.
longifolia; see van Rheede tot Draakestein, Hortus Indicus Castañeda and Jack Autrey Dabbs, eds., Guide to the Latin
Malabaricus. 1: t. 44. 1678, Bibliothèque Universelle de American Manuscripts in the University of Texas Library.
Genève sér. 2. 17: 130. 1838. Cambridge, Mass. 1939, Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
Pajanelia longifolia K. Schum. Collection, 1563–1750. Benson Latin American Collection,
General Libraries, University of Texas at Austin; José
India. Tree or treelet, slender, winged fruit Toribio Medina, La imprenta en la Puebla de los Angeles
See Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iv. 3b (1895) 244. (1640–1821). Amsterdam 1964, H. Genaust, Etymologisches
1895 Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 451. 1996, Ana
María Huerta Jaramillo, El jardin de Cal. Antonio de la Cal
(For bone fracture use paste of crushed twigs of young foli- y Bracho, la botánica y las ciencias de la salud en Puebla,
age or leaves.) 1766–1833. Puebla 1996.
in India: ramarchangkawm Palafoxia linearis (Cav.) Lag. var. linearis (Ageratum lin-
Pajanelia multijuga (Wall.) DC. (Bignonia multijuga Wall.; eare Cav.; Stevia linearis (Cav.) Willd.)
Pajanelia multijuga DC.) Mexico, North America.
Malaysia. See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte …
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 1: 81. 1830, Nova Genera et 3(1): 3, pl. 205. 1794[1795], Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
Species Plantarum seu Prodromus (DC.) 9: 227. 1845 3(3): 1774. 1803, Genera et Species Plantarum 26. 1816
[July-Dec. 1816]
(Leaves for stomach disorders in children.)
(Veterinary medicine, plant is ground and used to kill insect
Malay name: bekak gunong larvae in a dog’s sores.)

Palafoxia Lagasca Asteraceae Palaquium Blanco Sapotaceae

Possibly named after the Spanish general José de Rebolledo A Philippine native name, palak-palak or palac, for Palaquium
Palafox y Melci (or Melzi), 1775/1776–1847, author of ellipticum, in Tagalog language palakihin means to let grow,
Exhortacion del Señor Palafox, despues de la última Victoria
increase in size; see F.M. Blanco, Flora de Filipinas. 403.
conseguita por los Zaragozanos. Sevilla [1808], of Proclama
Manila 1837 and Herman Johannes Lam (1892–1977), in
hecha á los Aragoneses … con motivo de la Batalla de las
Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg. Ser. 3, 7: 107. 1925.
Heras de Zaragoza. Cadiz [1808], among the defenders of
Zaragoza (during the protracted siege (1808–1809) by the Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre ex Burck
French) was María Augustín, the “Maid of Saragossa”, (Croixia calophylla (Teijsm. & Binn.) Baehni; Dichopsis
whose exploits are described in Lord Byron’s poem Childe calophylla Benth. & Hook.f.; Dichopsis calophylla (Teijsm.
Harold; or named for the prelate Juan de Palafox y Mendoza & Binn.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Isonandra calophylla Teijsm. &
Palhinhaea Franco & Vasc. Lycopodiaceae 2751

Binn.; Isonandra calophylla Kurz; Palaquium calophyllum Conservatoire de Botanique et de l’Institut de Botanique
Pierre ex Burck; Palaquium calophyllum var. philippinense Systématique de l’Université de Genève 11: 110. 1965
H.J. Lam)
(Against intestinal worms.)
Indonesia, Borneo, Philippines. Tree
in English: guttapercha, guttapercha tree, Malay guttaper-
See Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië cha, nato tree, nyato tree
27: 35. 1864, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(2):
Malayan names: taban, taban merah, getah percha, nyatoh
88. 1873, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2):
barak, getah durian, getah rian
658. 1876, Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 5:
28. 1885 and Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 8: 398. 1927, Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Vill.) Vidal (Croixia luzoni-
Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique et ensis (Fern.-Vill.) Baehni; Dichopsis luzoniensis Fern.-Vill.)
de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de
Philippines.
Genève 11: 109. 1965
See Novissima appendix, ed. 3, 4 125. 1880, Revision de
(Bark juice as fish poison.)
Plantas Vasculares Filipinas 176. 1880 and Boissiera 11:
in English: white pig, white wood 110. 1965
in Indonesia: kayu pute, kayu puté, puto babui (Fruits against worms.)
Palaquium ellipticum (Dalzell) Baill. (Bassia elliptica
Dalzell; Croixia elliptica (Dalzell) Baehni; Dichopsis ellip-
Palhinhaea Franco & Vasc. Lycopodiaceae
tica (Dalzell) Benth.; Palaquium ellipticum (Dalzell) Engl.;
Palaquium ellipticum Engl.) For the Portuguese (Azores-born) botanist Ruy Telles
Palhinha, 1871–1957, from 1921–1941 Director of the
Philippines, India. Tree, edible ripe fruits eaten by children,
Botanical Institute of the University of Lisbon, editor of
food for monkeys
Antonio Xavier Pereira Coutinho (1851–1939), Flora de
See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany Portugal. Ed. 2. Lisbon 1939; see Francisco de Mello,
3: 36. 1851, Genera Plantarum 2: 658. 1876, Traité de Memoria sobre a malagueta … 2a edição prefaciada e
Botanique Médicale Phanérogamique 1500. 1884, Bot. revista por R.T. Palhinha. Lisboa 1945, John H. Barnhart,
Jahrb. Syst. xii. (1890) 511. 1890 and Boissiera 11: 110. 1965 Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 43. 1965.)
(Fruits eaten against worms.) Palhinhaea cernua (L.) Franco & Vasc. (Lepidotis cer-
nua (L.) P. Beauv.; Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm.;
in India: paali
Lycopodium capillaceum (Spring) Hieron.; Lycopodium cer-
in Philippines: kattappil, palac, palak-palak nuum L.; Lycopodium cernuum var. capillaceum Spring)
Palaquium formosanum Hayata (Croixia formosana South America. See also Lycopodium cernuum
(Hayata) Baehni; Palaquium hayatae H.J. Lam.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1103. 1753, Histoire Naturelle des
Taiwan, Philippines. Tree, edible fruits Végétaux, Classés par Familles 3: 477. 1803, Prodrome des
Cinquième et Sixième Familles de l’Aethéogamie 101. 1805,
See Fl. Filip. 403. 1837 and J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo
Nouveaux Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences
30(1): 184–185. 1911, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de
et belles Lettres de Bruxelles 15: 80. 1842 and Botanische
Buitenzorg 3(8): 414. 1927, Blumea 10: 472. 1960, Boissiera
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
11: 110. 1965
Pflanzengeographie 34: 573. 1905, Preslia 36: 20, 22. 1964,
(Anthelmintic.) Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 41: 24–25. 1967,
Webbia 23(1): 166. 1968, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 12:
in English: Hayata nato tree
1–91. 1983, Ferns of Jamaica 26. 1985, Flora of Ecuador
in China: jiao mu shu, tai wan jiao mu, taiwan jiao mu 33: 1–156. 1988, Flora Mesoamericana 1: i-xxi, 1–470. 1995
Palaquium gutta (Hook.f.) Baillon (Croixia gutta (Hook.) (Dried plant infusion taken for nervous breakdown; plant
Baehni; Dichopsis gutta (Hook.) Benth.; Dichopsis gutta extract for stomachache, also as antiacid, and antidote for
(Hook.) Bentley & Trimen; Isonandra gutta Hook.; snakebite; for beri-beri, plant decoction for washing. Whole
Palaquium oblongifolia (de Vriese) Burck) plant slightly heated and tied on the forehead helping in
recovery from unconsciousness and severe headache. Magic,
SE Asia.
ritual, ceremonial, used in worship.)
See London Journal of Botany 6: 463. 1847, Genera
in English: coral fern, devil’s powder, nodding club moss
Plantarum 2: 658. 1876, Annales du Jardin Botanique
de Buitenzorg 5: 24. 1885 and Boissiera. Mémoires du in Peru: shapunba
2752 Palisota Reichb. ex Endl. Commelinaceae

in China: chien nien sung, pu di wu gong in Zaire: ituulu

in India: bonmala, nagbelli, pile, tapang Palisota barteri Hook. (Palisota barteri Hook. f.)
in Japan: mizu-sugi (= water Cryptomeria) Tropical Africa. Shrub, erect, acaulescent, large pubescent
leaves, rosette herb, flowers white
Malay name: rumput kenarus
See Bot. Mag. 88: t. 5318. 1862
in Okinawa: aginochôra
(Carotenoids.)
in Madagascar: anatrandraka
Palisota hirsuta K. Schum. (Dianella triandra Afzel.;
in Yoruba: lewu
Dracaena hirsuta Thunb.; Duchekia hirsuta (Thunb.)
Kosteletzky; Duchekia hirsuta Kostel.; Palisota hirsuta K.
Schum. ex C.B. Clarke; Palisota hirsuta (Thunb.) K. Schum.;
Palisota Reichb. ex Endl. Commelinaceae
Palisota maclaudii Cornu; Palisota preussiana K. Schum.
For the French botanist Ambroise Marie François Joseph ex C.B. Clarke; Palisota preussiana Sousa; Palisota prionos-
Palisot de Beauvois (Pallisat de Beauvois), 1752–1820, trav- tachys C.B. Clarke; Palisota thyrsiflora Benth.)
eller, explorer; see Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 229, 246. 1767,
Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis 59. 1828, Enum. Pl. [Endlicher] Tropical Africa. Herb, robust, hemi-cryptophyte, rosette,
125. 1836, William Darlington (1782–1863), Reliquiae white flowers, infructescence purple
Baldwinianae. 160. Philadelphia 1843, Georg Christian See Allgemeine Medizinisch-Pharmazeutische Flora 1: 213–
Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 653. 214. 1831, Niger Fl. [W.J. Hooker]. 544. 1849, Monographiae
Ansbach 1852, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 131. Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 3: 134. 1881, Bull.
1881 and E.D. Merrill, in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 76: 899–920. Soc. Bot. France 43: 30. 1896, Botanische Jahrbücher für
1936, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24:
3: 43. 1965, H. Heine, in Adansonia. sér. 2, 7: 115–140. 1967, 347. 1897 and Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 8(1): 30,
F.N. Hepper and Fiona Neate, Plant Collectors in West Africa. 32. 1901, Dokosi, O.B., Herbs of Ghana. Ghana Universities
63. 1971, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 301–325. 1980, Stafleu and Press, Accra, Ghana, 1998, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2: 191–
Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 15–19. 1983, R. Zander, F. 199. 2008, International Journal of Pharmacology 5(2):
Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der 101–113. 2009, International Journal of Pharmacology 5(3):
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 761. 1993. 181–190. 2009
Palisota alopecurus Pellegr. (Used in Ayurveda. Stem and leaves analgesic, anti-nocicep-
Cameroon. Shrub, herb, stout, mucilaginous juice present tive, antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, antipyretic, antiviral,
in stems, leaves sheathing stem at base, white flowers, fruits for cough, earache, sore throat, toothache, malaria, kidney
orange-red or white with purple dots pains, for various painful inflammatory conditions. Roots
juice used for treatment of gonorrhea. Leaves extracts used
See Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 1930, Sér. II. ii. 572. 1930 to stop wound bleeding; a leaf infusion or poultice drunk or
(Arrow poison, latex of Parquetina nigrescens of Rauvolfia applied for piles, gunshot wounds and swelling. Whole plant
vomitoria, and leaves juice of Palisota alopecurus.) for stomach pains.)

in Central African Republic: doto in Ghana: mpentemi, sombenyin, somenini, sumbe

Palisota ambigua (P. Beauv.) C.B. Clarke (Aneilema ambig-

uum (P. Beauv.) Loudon; Commelina ambigua P. Beauv.; Paliurus Mill. Rhamnaceae
Palisota ambigua C.B. Clarke)
From paliouros, the ancient Greek name for Paliurus spina-
Tropical Africa. Herb, liana, branched, shrub, climbing,
christi Mill., Christ’s thorn, or the great jujube, Ziziphus
robust, tufted, semi-succulent, greenish-white water sap when
spina-christi, Latin paliurus for a plant, Christ’s-thorn
cut, white-purple flowers, large smooth bluish-red fruits
(Plinius), paliuraeus ‘covered with Christ’s-thorn’ (Plinius);
See Species Plantarum 1: 40–42. 1753, Loudon’s Hortus see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
Britannicus. A catalogue … 15. 1830, Genera Plantarum 125. tion vol. 3. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth
1836, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] edition Paliurus no. 1. 1768, De Fructibus et Seminibus
3: 131. 1881 and Phytotherapy Research 8(7): 426–429. 1994 Plantarum… . 1: 379. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 259, 283.
1790 and Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 87–88. [Ristampa
(Neuropharmacological effects of an ethanol extract of the
dell’edizione di Bologna 1870] Bologna 1978.
leaves, hyperthermia, sleep, convulsions.)
Paliurus ramosissimus (Loureiro) Poiret (Aubletia ramo-
in Central African Republic: doto
sissima Loureiro; Paliurus aubletia Roemer & Schultes;
in Gabon: alí-lòlò, aliloró Paliurus aubletii Bentham; Paliurus ramosissimus Poir.;
Palmeria F. Muell. Monimiaceae 2753

Ziziphus ramosissimus Sprengel; Ziziphus ramosissima (Bark contains alkaloids.)

(Lour.) Spreng.)
Palmeria hooglandii Philipson
China. Shrub, thorny branches
Papua New Guinea. Woody liana, leaves opposite, paniculate
See Fl. Cochinch. 1: 283. 1790, Encyclopédie Méthodique. inflorescence axillary and terminal, scented creamy flowers,
Botanique … (Lamarck) Supplément 4(1): 262–263. 1816, beaked globose fruit, in primary and secondary rainforest
Systema Vegetabilium, ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 5:
343. 1819, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 771. See Blumea 28(1): 88. 1982
1825[1824] (Leaves chewed and dripped into the nose to treat influenza
(Triterpenes from fruits. Leaves applied as a poultice to and cough.)
ulcers and abscesses. Root in the treatment of sore throats, in Papua New Guinea: kivika
swellings. Fruit cooling and diuretic.)
in English: thorny wingnut
Panax L. Araliaceae
in Japan: hama-natsu-me
Latin panacea, ae, panaces, is and also panax, acis for an
in China: ma jia zi, ma jia zi ye, pai chi herb to which was ascribed the power of healing all diseases,
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. (Paliurus aculeatus Lam.; all-heal, panacea, catholicon (Plinius), Greek panakes,
Paliurus australis Gaertn.; Paliurus virgatus D. Don; panakeia, panax ‘all healing, a panacea’, pan ‘all’ and akos
Rhamnus paliurus L.) ‘a remedy’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1058–
1059. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 481. 1754, The British
China. Perennial thorny shrub, fruit eaten
Herbal 420. 1756, Characteres Generum Plantarum [sec-
See Species Plantarum 1: 194. 1753, The Gardeners ond edition] 63, pl. 32. 1775, Supplementum Plantarum 441.
Dictionary: … eighth edition Paliurus no. 1. 1768, Lamarck, 1782, A Flora of North America: containing … 1: 648. 1840,
Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet, Chevalier de (1744– Revue Horticole 4(3): 105. 1854, Annales d’Horticulture et de
1829), Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois Botanique, ou Flore des Jardins du Royaume des Pays-Bas
règnes de la nature. Botanique. Paris, 1791–1823, Bot. Mag. 4: 89. 1861, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1:
52: t. 2535. 1824 and Taxon 28: 635–636. 1979, Acta Pharm. 3–4, 10, 16. 1863.
Jugosl. 40: 551–554. 1990, Fitoterapia 64: 284–285. 1993,
Journal of Ethnopharmacol. 52: 119–122. 1996, Journal Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Aralia ginseng (C.A. Mey.)
of Ethnopharmacol. 66: 175–179. 1999, Iranian Journal of Baill.; Aralia ginseng Baill.; Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decne.
Pharmaceutical Research 3: 51–54. 2004 & Planch.; Aralia quinquefolia var. ginseng (C.A. Mey.) auct.;
Aralia quinquefolia var. ginseng (C.A. Mey.) Anonymous;
(Fruits hypocholesterolemic, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, Panax chin-seng Nees; Panax quinquefolia Linnaeus var.
astringent, diuretic, tonic and anti-hypertensive.) ginseng (C.A. Meyer) Regel & Maack; Panax quinquefolium
in English: Christ’s thorn, Jerusalem thorn var. coreensis Siebold; Panax quinquefolium var. ginseng
(C.A. Mey.) Regel & Maack ex Regel; Panax quinquefolius
in China: bin zao var. ginseng (C.A. Mey.) Regel & Maack; Panax schin-seng
Nees, nom. illeg. superfl.; Panax schin-seng var. coraiensis
T. Nees; Panax schinseng Nees; Panax verus Oken)
Palmeria F. Muell. Monimiaceae
Russia, Korea, China. Perennial herb
After the English-born Australian politician Sir John
Frederick Palmer, 1804–1871, physician, medical practitio- See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum
ner, pastoralist, in 1846 Major of Melbourne; see Ferdinand 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch
von Mueller, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. 4: 151. genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen 12: 45. 1830, Allg.
Melbourne 1864. Naturgesch. 3(1): 3. 1841, Rep. Pharm. Prakt. Chem. Russ.
7: 524. 1842, Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique
Palmeria arfakiana Becc. de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg
Papua New Guinea. 1: 350. 1843, Revue Horticole 3: 105. 1854, Gartenflora 11:
314. 1862, The American Botanist and Florist 142. 1871,
See Malesia Raccolta … 186. 1877 Histoire des Plantes 7: 197. 1879, Official Guide Mus. Econ.
(Leaves and stem contain alkaloids.) Bot. Kew, ed. 2, 1: 87. 1886 and American Journal of Botany
62: 833–837. 1975, Rhodora 82: 627–636. 1980, Scientia
Palmeria gracilis Perkins
Agricultura Sinica (5): 31–35. 1985, Phytologia 71: 473. 1991,
Papua New Guinea. Liana, woody climber, stiff coriaceous Korean Journal of Botany 36: 75–81. 1993, J. Jilin Agric.
leaves Univ. 16(3): 43–46. 1994
2754 Panax L. Araliaceae

(Stimulant, tonic, used for amnesia, general weakness, all (Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, in indigestion and
kinds of chronic disease, collapse.) vomiting.)
in English: ginseng, Korean ginseng in China: ge da qi
in China: jen shen, ren shen, shen tsao Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Meyer var. japonicus
(Aralia japonica (Nees) Makino, nom. illeg.; Aralia quin-
in Vietnam: tam that, tho sam
quefolia var. repens (Maximowicz) Burkill; Panax ginseng
Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Meyer var. angustifolius var. japonicus (Nees) Makino; Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. var.
(Burkill) C.C. Cheng & Chu (Aralia pseudoginseng var. repens (Maxim.) Makino; Panax pseudo-ginseng Wallich
angustifolia (Burkill) Craib; Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decne. var. japonicus (C.A. Meyer) G. Hoo & C.J. Tseng; Panax
& Planch.; Aralia quinquefolia var. angustifolia Burkill; pseudoginseng Wall. subsp. japonicus (C.A. Meyer) H. Hara;
Panax assamicus R.N. Banerjee; Panax bipinnatifidus Panax pseudoginseng var. japonicus (C.A. Mey.) C. Ho &
Seem. var. angustifolius (Burkill) J. Wen; Panax pseudo- C.J. Tseng; Panax quinquefolius L. var. japonicus Siebold;
ginseng Wallich var. angustifolius (Burkill) H.L. Li; Panax Panax repens Maxim.; Panax schin-seng T. Nees, nom.
pseudoginseng var. angustifolius (Burkill) H.L. Li; Panax illeg. superfl.; Panax schin-seng var. japonicus T. Nees)
quinquefolia Linnaeus var. angustifolia Burkill; Panax
repens var. angustifolius (Burkill) F.H. Chen; Panax sikki- Japan.
mensis R.N. Banerjee) See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum
Himalaya, China, Tibet. 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Transactions of the Medical and
Physical Society of Calcutta 4: 117. 1829, Bulletin de la
See Species Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Transactions of Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des
the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta 4: 117. 1829, Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 1: 350. 1843, Revue Horticole
Revue Horticole 3: 105. 1854, Journal of Botany, British 3: 105. 1854, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences
and Foreign 6(62): 54. 1868 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous de Saint-Pétersbourg 12(1): 64–66. 1868 and Bulletin of
Information Kew 1902(1): 7. 1902, Flora Siamemsis Miscellaneous Information Kew 1902(1): 6. 1902, Botanical
Enumeratio. 1: 794. 1931, Sargentia; continuation of the con- Magazine 24: 223. 1910, Journal of Japanese Botany 45(7):
tributions from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 209–210. 1970, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 11(4): 437–
2: 118. 1942, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 9(9): 538. 1962, 438. 1973
Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 21, 23. 1968, Proc. Int. Ginseng
Workshop 73. 2001 (Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, in indigestion and
vomiting.)
(Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, antipyretic, expectorant, in
indigestion and vomiting.) in China: zhu jie shen

in China: xia ye zhu jie shen Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Meyer var. major (Burkill)
C.Y. Wu & K.M. Feng (Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decaisne
Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Meyer var. bipinnatifi- & Planchon var. major Burkill; Panax major (Burkill)
dus (Seemann) C.Y. Wu & K.M. Feng (Aralia bipinnati- K.C. Ting ex C. Pei & Y.L. Chou; Panax pseudo-ginseng
fida (Seem.) C.B. Clarke; Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decaisne Wallich var. major (Burkill) H.L. Li; Panax pseudoginseng
& Planchon var. elegantior Burkill; Panax bipinnatifidus var. japonicus (C.A. Mey.) C. Ho & C.J. Tseng; Panax pseu-
Seemann; Panax pseudo-ginseng Wallich var. bipinnatifi- doginseng var. major (Burkill) H.L. Li)
dus (Seemann) H.L. Li; Panax pseudo-ginseng var. elegan-
tior (Burkill) G. Hoo & C.J. Tseng; Panax pseudoginseng China, Japan.
Wall. var. bipinnatifidus (Seem.) H.L. Li; Panax pseudogin- See Species Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Transactions of
seng var. elegantior (Burkill) C. Ho [C. Ho = G. Hoo] & C.J. the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta 4: 117. 1829,
Tseng; Panax stipuleanatus Tsai & K.M. Feng) Revue Horticole 3: 105. 1854 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
Japan, India. 1902: 7. 1902, Sargentia; continuation of the contributions
from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 2: 119.
See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum
1942, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 11(4): 437–438. 1973,
2: 1058–1059. 1753, Transactions of the Medical and Physical
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(2): 43, pl. 7, f. 7. 1975
Society of Calcutta 4: 117. 1829, Revue Horticole 3: 105.
1854, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 6(62): 54. 1868, (Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, in indigestion and
The Flora of British India 2(6): 722. 1879 and Bulletin of vomiting.)
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1902(1): 8. 1902, Sargentia;
in China: zhu zi shen
continuation of the contributions from the Arnold Arboretum
of Harvard University 2: 118. 1942, Acta Phytotaxonomica Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H. Chen ex C.H. Chow
Sinica 11(4): 436. 1973, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(2): (Aralia quinquefolia var. notoginseng Burkill; Panax
43, 44, pl. 7, f. 4, 6. 1975 pseudo-ginseng Wallich var. notoginseng (Burkill) G. Hoo
Pancratium Dill. ex L. Amaryllidaceae (Liliaceae) 2755

& Tseng; Panax pseudoginseng Wall.; Panax pseudoginseng American Botanist and Florist 142. 1871 and American
var. notoginseng (Burkill) G. Hoo & Tseng) Journal of Botany 62: 833–837. 1975, Rhodora 82: 627–636.
1980, Phytologia 71: 473. 1991, J. Jilin Agric. Univ. 16(3):
South China.
43–46. 1994
See Species Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Transactions of
(Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, analgesic, anti-
the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta 4: 117. 1829,
Revue Horticole 3: 105. 1854 and Bulletin of Miscellaneous convulsive, febrifuge, in indigestion and vomiting, headache,
Information Kew 1902(1): 7. 1902, Acta Phytotaxonomica convulsions and palsy.)
Sinica 11(4): 435. 1973, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(2): in English: American ginseng
41, pl. 6, f. 3. 1975, Lee, T.Y. and Lam, T.H. “Allergic con-
tact dermatitis to yunnan paiyao.” Contact Dermatitis. 17(1): in China: xi yang shen
59–60. 1987, Chinese Journal of Modern Developments in in India: laksmana
Traditional Medicine 7(6): 377–9, 384. 1987 [also Zhong
Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi.], American Camellia Yearbook 1992: Panax stipuleanatus C. T. Tsai & K. M. Feng (Panax pseu-
131–156. 1992 doginseng var. bipinnatifidus (Seem.) H.L. Li)

(Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, in indigestion and China.

vomiting.) See Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of
in English: notoginseng, Sanchi ginseng, Yunnan ginseng Calcutta 4: 117. 1829, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign
6(62): 54. 1868 and Sargentia; continuation of the contribu-
in China: san qi tions from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 2:
Panax pseudoginseng Wallich (Aralia bipinnatifida 118. 1942, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 44. 1975
(Seem.) C.B. Clarke; Aralia pseudo-ginseng (Wallich) (Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, vomiting.)
Bentham ex C.B. Clarke; Aralia pseudoginseng (Wall.)
Benth. ex C.B. Clarke; Aralia quinquefolia var. pseudo-gin- in China: bing bian san qi
seng (Wallich) Burkill; Aralia quinquefolia var. pseudogin- Panax trifolius L. (Aralia trifolia (L.) Decne. & Planch.;
seng (Wall.) Burkill; Panax japonicus var. bipinnatifidus Aralia trifolia Banks & Sol. ex C. Muell.; Ginseng trifolium
(Seem.) C.Y. Wu & Feng; Panax pseudo-ginseng Wallich;
(L.) Alph. Wood; Panax trifolium L.)
Panax schin-seng T. Nees, nom. illeg.; Panax schin-seng
var. nepalensis T. Nees) North America. Perennial herb
Nepal. Small herb, whorl of digitate leaves, horizontal tuber- See Species Plantarum 2: 1059. 1753, Revue Horticole 3:
ous rootstock 105. 1854, Annales Botanices Systematicae 5: 85. 1858, The
American Botanist and Florist 142. 1872 and Rhodora 82:
See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum
627–636. 1980
2: 1058–1059. 1753, Transactions of the Medical and
Physical Society of Calcutta 4: 117. 1829, Icon. Pl. Med. 5: (Plant analgesic, coagulant, antirheumatic, chewed for head-
t. 16c. 1833, Pl. Med., Suppl. 1: 70. 1833, Revue Horticole 3: ache, used for venereal diseases, tuberculosis, chest pain.)
105. 1854, The Flora of British India 2(6): 721–722. 1879 and
in English: dwarf ginseng, groundnut
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1902(1): 7. 1902,
Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(2): 43. 1975 Panax zingiberensis C.Y. Wu & K.M. Feng
(Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, anti-ageing, in China.
indigestion and vomiting; tubers crushed and eaten for dia-
betes, kidney disorders.) See Species Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753 and Acta
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(2): 42, pl. 6, f. 5–6. 1975
in China: jia ren shen
(Root aphrodisiac, stimulant, expectorant, emetic.)
in India: ginsing, salanay
in China: jiang zhuang san qi
Panax quinquefolius L. (Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decne.
& Planch.; Ginseng quinquefolium (L.) Alph. Wood; Panax
americanus (Raf.) Raf.; Panax americanus var. elatus Raf.; Pancratium Dill. ex L. Amaryllidaceae (Liliaceae)
Panax americanus var. obovatus (Raf.) Raf.; Panax cunea-
tus Raf.; Panax quinquefolius var. americanus Raf.; Panax An old Greek name for a bulbous plant, pankration, from
quinquefolius var. obovatus Raf.) pan ‘all’ and kratus ‘strong, mighty’, kratos ‘strength,
might, power’, referring to its supposed medicinal proper-
North America. Perennial herb
ties, Latin pancratium, pancration used by Plinius for the
See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum herb succory or for a plant, called also scilla pusilla; see
2: 1058–1059. 1753, Revue Horticole 3: 105. 1854, The Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 290. 1753, Genera
2756 Panda Pierre Pandaceae

Plantarum. Ed. 5. 141. 1754 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 103– in Botswana: kwashi
145. 1952. Although some species are used in folk medicine,
Pancratium triflorum Roxb. (Pancratium verecundum
several are cardiac poisons.
Hook.f.)
Pancratium biflorum Roxburgh
India. Herb
India, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong.
See Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 1: 412. 1789, Hort. Bengal. 23.
See Species Plantarum 1: 290. 1753, Hort. Beng. 23. 1814, 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 126.
Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 125. 1832 1832
and Fl. Bermuda 77. 1918
(Bulb applied over the foot corn. Magico-religious beliefs,
(For skin diseases, rheumatism.) flowers used in worship.)
in China: quan neng hua, quan neng hua shu
in India: catulli-pola, kandad, kattu ulli
Pancratium maritimum L.
Pancratium verecundum Sol.
Europe.
Himalaya, India.
See Species Plantarum 1: 290–291. 1753 and Sandberg
F., Michel K.H. “Alkaloids of Pancratium maritimum L. See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 1: 412.
(Amaryllidaceae). II.” Acta Pharm. Suec. 5(2): 61–66. 1968, 1789
Giornale Botanico Italiano 114: 100. 1980, Anales del Jardín (Bulb for leucorrhea and anemia.)
Botánico de Madrid 36: 373–389. 1980, United Arab Rep.
J. Bot. 23: 127–129. 1980, Lagascalia 14: 297–301. 1986, in India: kobaron, korarona
Regnum Veg. 127: 73. 1993, Flora Mediterranea 5: 265–278.
Pancratium zeylanicum L.
1995, Pettit, G.R. et al. “Antineoplastic agents, 301. An
investigation of the Amaryllidaceae genus Hymenocallis.” Sri Lanka.
J. Nat. Prod. 58(5): 756–759. 1995, J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
49(8): 828–830. 1997 [Antinociceptive effect of some ama- See Species Plantarum 1: 290. 1753 and Bot. Commelins 40.
ryllidaceae plants in mice: Pancratium maritimum L., 1983, New Botanist 17: 175–181. 1990
Narcissus tazetta subspecies tazetta and Leucojum aesti- (The roots of this and possibly other species are irritant.)
vum L.], J. Egyptian Soc. Parasitol. 28(1): 197–205. 1998,
Planta Med. 64(7): 669–670. 1998 [Alkaloids of the flowers
of Pancratium maritimum.], Sener B., Orhan I., Satayavivad Panda Pierre Pandaceae
J. “Antimalarial activity screening of some alkaloids and the
plant extracts from Amaryllidaceae.” Phytother. Res. 17(10): A vernacular name in Douala (Nigeria) and in Cameroon;
1220–1223. 2003, Z. Naturforsch. [C]. 59(1–2): 65–69. 2004 see Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2:
1255. 1896 and Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 7) 223.
(Alkaloids from the flowers. Antinociceptive, antimalarial, 1912–1913, J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses
insecticidal, acaricidal and pesticidal.)
d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et
in English: sea daffodil Technique. Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique
Centrale. CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989.
in Egypt: soosan
Panda oleosa Pierre (Porphyranthus zenkeri Engl.)
Pancratium trianthum Herb. (Pancratium saharae Coss. ex
Batt. & Trab.; Pancratium saharae var. chatinianum Batt.; Tropical Africa. Tree, red-purple inflorescence, people eat
Pancratium trianthum sensu Bak., non Herb.; Pancratium seeds raw and roasted, gorillas, chimps, pigs, elephants and
trianthum var. chatinianum (Batt.) Maire & Weiller; duikers eat fruits
Pancratium trianthum var. saharae (Coss. ex Batt. & Trab.)
See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris
Maire)
2: 1255. 1896, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
Sahara, Trop. Africa. Bulbous perennial Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 367. 1899
See Annals of Natural History 4(21): 28. 1839 [1840 publ. (Fruits astringent, antiseptic, in skin diseases; seed fat
Sep 1839], Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39: 338. 1892, Fl. Algérie, applied to ulcers.)
Monocot.: 46. 1895 and Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire
in Cameroon: abfan, afam, afan, afane, afann, bokol, canna,
Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 28: 381. 1937, Fl. Afr. Nord
mbanda, mfanda, mwanda, nkana, ovanda, panda, pate, pendo
6: 41. 1959
in Central African Republic: mocana, mokana
(Psychoactive, rubbing the bulb over incisions or wounds on
the head is said to induce hallucinations.) in Congo: n’kokoti, okana, okokoti, pad
Pandanus S. Parkinson Pandanaceae 2757

in Gabon: afam, afame, afan, afane, afann, bepanda, elon- Nat. Hist. Soc. 78: 196–198. 1981, Proceedings of the Indian
golongo, ewawa, m’panda, mubaka, muguba, muvaga, Science Congress Association 77(3, vi): 149. 1990
muvamba, nkuba, ouando, ovaga, ovanda, upando, uvando
(Tonic, essential oils. Alkaloids. Leaves and coconut oil
in Ghana: apurokuma, krakun, tana employed as an embrocation for rheumatic pains. Leaves
infusions used internally and externally as a sedative.
in Ivory Coast: aoukoua, aukua, gere
In Thailand it is a traditional medicine to treat diabetes.
in Nigeria: afam, iku, ipade, iyoku, mpanda, obirijia, ojifo Ceremonial uses.)
ewum, otieme, otiemme, panda, uku in English: fragrant pandan, fragrant screwpine
in Cambodia: taëy
Pandanus S. Parkinson Pandanaceae in China: xiang lu dou
From a Malayan name, pandan or pandang, meaning con- in India: ambemohor-pat, ambemohor patta
spicuous; see Sydney C. Parkinson, circa 1745–1771, A jour-
nal of a voyage to the South Seas, in His Majesty’s Ship, the in Indonesia: daun pandan, pandan rampe, pandan rampeh,
Endeavour. London 1773, Suppl. Pl. 64. 1782 [1781 publ. pandan wangi, pondak
Apr 1782], Gaudichaud, Charles (1789–1854), Voyage aut- in Laos: të:y ho:m, të:y ba:nz
our de Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 1836 et 1837 sur
la Corvette la Bonite … Botanique … Paris, 1844–1846 in Malaysia: pandan wangi
[1851, 1866], G.C. Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches in Papua New Guinea: karuka
Handwörterbuch. 655. Ansbach 1852, Verh. Kon. Akad.
in Philippines: pandan, pandan mabango
Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 2: 203. 1854, Journal of Botany,
being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 5: 101, in Thailand: bai toey, panae-wo-nging, toei-hom
105. 1867 and Das Pflanzenreich III, 54, 62, 73. 1900, Atti
in Vietnam: d[uws]a th[ow]m
della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Processi Verbali
e Memorie, Serie A 42: 57. 1933, Mémoires de l’Institut Pandanus foetidus Roxb.
Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale 3(1):
India.
20, 112, 155. 1951, Taxon 12: 201–204. 1963, Bulletin du
Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle: Section B: Botanique See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 742.
3(1): 50. 1981, Botanica Helvetica 101(1): 35. 1991, R. Zander, 1832
F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der (Leaves abd bracts stimulant, antiseptic, in leprosy, small-
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 415. 1993. Pandanus sp., aerial pox, syphilis, scabies, headache, rheumatism.)
roots used for colds and headaches, leaves for anemia.
in India: keor-kanta, keya, keya-kanta, kiyakonta, lam
Pandanus affinis Kurz (Pandanus aurantiacus Ridl.) ketukee
Vietnam, Malaysia. Pandanus furcatus Roxb. (Barrotia diodon Gaudich.;
See J. Bot. 5: 101. 1867 and J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. Pandanus crassipes Wall. ex Balf.f.; Pandanus diodon
41: 49. 1914 (Gaudich.) Martelli; Pandanus furcatus var. indica Kurz;
Pandanus horridus Reinw. ex Blume, nom. nud.; Pandanus
(Boil the crown and give to drink immediately after child- nepalensis H. St. John; Pandanus spinifructus Dennst.;
birth, as a postpartum remedy.) Pandanus urophyllus Hance; Rykia furcata (Roxb.) de Vriese)
Malay names: hakek preh, mengkuang prah Nepal, Indochina. Shrub, strap-shaped leaves with spiny
Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. (Pandanus hasskarlii Merr.; margins
Pandanus latifolius Hasskarl, nom. illeg.; Pandanus latifo- See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants ed. 1832,
lius var. minor Hassk.; Pandanus odorus Ridley) 3: 744. 1832, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6: 268. 1854,
Indochina to Malesia. Pandanus amaryllifolius has two Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 349. 1868 and
distinct growth forms, small growth form and large growth Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 85: 254. 1972, Economic Botany 40(4):
form, aromatic fragrant scented leaves 442–450. 1986

See Journal of a voyage to the South Seas 46. 1773, Flora (Used in Ayurveda. Stem antidote to snake poison. Part of
fruit mixed with pitch from Pinus merkusii boiled and the
Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 743. 1832, Journ.
liquid drunk for urinary problems, also mixed with Iris for
Roy. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 38: 148. 1869 and Fl. Malay Penins.
the same problems.)
5: 81. 1925, Notul. Syst. 6: 177. 1938, Journ. Arnold Arb. 43:
348. 1962, Flora of Java 3: 205. 1968, Fl. Hainan 4: 535. in India: bongi, ceriyakaita, kaida-tsjeria, kaidatsjerria, kai-
1977, Economic Botany 32(3): 285–293. 1978, J. Bombay tha, ketaki, lam ketukee
2758 Pandanus S. Parkinson Pandanaceae

Pandanus kaida Kurz (Pandanus candelabrum Kurz; Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze (Athrodactylis spinosa
Pandanus candelabrum (Gaudich.) Kurz, nom. illeg.; J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., nom. superfl.; Bromelia sylvestris
Pandanus candelabrum P. Beauv.; Pandanus candelabrum Burm.f.; Eydouxia delessertii Gaudich.; Hasskarlia leuca-
Hook.; Pandanus forceps Martelli; Pandanus siamensis F.N. cantha Walp.; Jeanneretia littoralis Gaudich.; Keura odora
Williams; Pandanus unipapillatus Dennst.; Tuckeya cande- Thunb.; Keura odorifera Forssk.; Marquartia leucacantha
labrum Gaudich.) Hassk.; Pandanus adduensis H. St. John; Pandanus albi-
bracteatus H. St. John; Pandanus ambiglaucus H. St. John;
India.
Pandanus blancoi Kunth; Pandanus boryi Gaudich.; Pandanus
See Schlüssel Hortus Malab.: 27. 1818, Voy. Bonite, Bot. 3: t. carnosus H. St. John; Pandanus delessertii (Gaudich.) Warb.;
26. 1841, Bot. Mag. 83: t. 5014. 1857, J. Bot. 5: 127. 1867, J. Pandanus fascicularis Lam.; Pandanus fosbergii H. St. John;
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 38(2): 148. 1869 and Bull. Pandanus globosus H. St. John; Pandanus hartmanii H. St.
Herb. Boissier, II, 4: 220. 1904, Webbia 1: 363. 1905 John; Pandanus hendersonii H. St. John; Pandanus hueen-
sis H. St. John; Pandanus inclinatus H. St. John; Pandanus
(Used in Ayurveda.)
incrassatus H. St. John; Pandanus integriapicis H. St. John;
in China: le gu zi Pandanus karikayo H. St. John; Pandanus leucanthus Hassk.;
Pandanus linnaei Gaudich.; Pandanus linnaei f. philippinen-
in India: kaida, ketaki
sis Martelli; Pandanus littoralis Jungh.; Pandanus loureiroi
Pandanus kamiae B.C. Stone Gaudich.; Pandanus maldivecus H. St. John; Pandanus mil-
lore Roxb.; Pandanus obtusus H. St. John; Pandanus odo-
Pen. Malaysia.
ratissimus L.f.; Pandanus odoratissimus f. vietnamensis (H.
See Fed. Mus. J. 15: 201. 1972 [1970 publ. 1972] St. John) B.C. Stone; Pandanus odoratissimus var. borneensis
(Martelli) B.C. Stone; Pandanus odoratissimus var. hueen-
(Leaves used to prevent injuries.)
sis (H. St. John) B.C. Stone; Pandanus odoratissimus var.
Malay name: pandan loureiroi (Gaudich.) Martelli; Pandanus odoratissimus var.
sarawakensis (Martelli) B.C. Stone; Pandanus odoratissimus
Pandanus klossii Ridl.
var. sinensis (Warb.) Kaneh.; Pandanus odoratissimus var.
Malaysia. triceps B.C. Stone; Pandanus odoratus Salisb.; Pandanus
phamhoangii H. St. John; Pandanus projectens H. St. John;
(As a postpartum remedy, boil the crown and give to drink Pandanus remotus H. St. John; Pandanus reversispiralis H.
immediately after childbirth.) St. John; Pandanus rheedei Gaudich.; Pandanus rubricolora-
Malay names: hakek jehun, mengkuang tus H. St. John; Pandanus rumphii Gaudich.; Pandanus semi-
orbicularis H. St. John; Pandanus sinensis (Warb.) Martelli;
Pandanus leram Jones ex Voigt (Pandanus andamanensis Pandanus smitinandii H. St. John; Pandanus spiralis Blanco,
Hort. ex Balf.f.; Pandanus andamanensium Kurz; Pandanus nom. illeg.; Pandanus subcarnosus H. St. John; Pandanus
leram Kurz, nom. illeg.; Pandanus leram Jones ex Voigt var. subulatus H. St. John; Pandanus tectorius var. borneensis
andamanensium (Kurz) B.C. Stone) Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. littoralis (Jungh.) Martelli;
Pandanus tectorius var. liukiuensis Warb.; Pandanus tec-
India.
torius var. loureiroi (Gaudich.) Martelli; Pandanus tecto-
See Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 683. 1845, J. Bot. 5: rius var. sarawakensis Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var.
185. 1867, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 38: 148. sinensis Warb.; Pandanus tectorius var. utinensis Masam.;
1869, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 41. 1878 [1880 publ. 1878] and Pandanus verus Rumph. ex Kurz, nom. superfl.; Pandanus
Ceylon J. Sci., Biol. Sci., 11(2): 118. 1975 verus (Forssk.) Rumph. ex Kurz; Pandanus verus var. flac-
cidus Kurz; Pandanus verus var. littoralis Kurz; Pandanus
(Roots paste applied on urogenital organs for venereal vietnamensis H. St. John)
diseases.)
Tropical and subtropical Asia.
Pandanus luzonensis Merr. (Pandanus calicarpus Martelli)
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 172. 1775, Encyclopédie
Philippines. Slender tree, few short prop roots, leaves nar- Méthodique, Botanique 1: 372. 1785, Flora 25(2 Beibl.): 14.
rowly accuminated apex and spinescently serrated margins, 1842, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 5: 125. 1867,
syncarpium fruit solitary, drupes yellowish-red Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 737. 1891 and Pacific Sci. 15:
See Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17: 6. 1904 328, 331, 333, 335, 339. 1961, Pacific Sci. 16: 70, 88, 91, 96,
100–101, 106, 109, 111, 114, 116. 1962, Pacific Sci. 17: 10, 13,
(Roots are stomachic; decoction of tips of fresh or dried prop 20–21, 24, 26, 28, 32. 1963, Gard. Bull. Singapore 22: 241.
roots used as diuretic; pounded prop roots, mixed with leaves 1967, Sandakania 2: 54–55. 1993
of Mentha arvensis in water, used as stomachic.)
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Basal portion of leaf
in Philippines: pandan-luzon mixed with salt and eaten to treat cough. Leaves and flowers
Pandanus S. Parkinson Pandanaceae 2759

for indigestion, to improve digestion. Flowers for scabies; divaricatus H. St. John; Pandanus divergens Kaneh.;
fragrant pollens over clothes to repel moths, cockroach. Root Pandanus dotyi H. St. John; Pandanus douglasii Gaudich.;
paste with milk given to a woman for checking miscarriage. Pandanus drakei H. St. John; Pandanus drolletianus Martelli;
Crushed stem used for fracture of bones of legs and hands. Pandanus duriocarpoides Kaneh.; Pandanus duriocarpus
Sacred plant, ceremonial, ingredient of Patra pooja in differ- Martelli; Pandanus edwinii H. St. John; Pandanus elevatus
ent religious pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja, ritual, holy H. St. John; Pandanus enchabiensis Kaneh.; Pandanus eryth-
plant, ladies worship on auspicious Kevdatrij. Veterinary rophloeus Kaneh.; Pandanus extralittoralis H. St. John;
medicine, root juice given in prolapse of uterus.) Pandanus eyesyes Kaneh.; Pandanus fahina H. St. John;
Pandanus faramaa H. St. John; Pandanus fascicularis
in India: arq keora, blok king, che la wa, dhooli pushpa,
Lamarck; Pandanus fatuhivaensis H. St. John; Pandanus
dhulipuspika, gaajangi, gadzangu, gajagi, gajangi, gedaji,
fatyanion (Kaneh.) Hosok.; Pandanus feruliferus H. St. John;
gedangi-mogali, gedangimogali, goddzangu, gojjangi, gubbi
Pandanus filiciatilis H. St. John; Pandanus fischerianus
kaedige, kadar, kadige, kaedige, kaeoda, kaeora, kaethaki,
Martelli; Pandanus fischerianus f. bergmanii (F.Br.) B.C.
kaevada, kaida, kaida-taddi, kaide, kainarai, kaita, kaitakam,
Stone; Pandanus fischerianus f. bryanii B.C. Stone; Pandanus
kaitha, kaittakam, kakkaici, kamakatkatalam, kantaputpam,
fischerianus f. compressus B.C. Stone; Pandanus fischeria-
kantatalam, karpakam, katarkuyam, katthaale, kattu kaitha,
nus var. bryanii B.C. Stone; Pandanus fischerianus var. coo-
kaszi, kazi, keciya, keciyamaram, kedage, kedayi, kedige,
peri (Martelli) B.C. Stone; Pandanus fischerianus var. rockii
kekattai, kekkai, kekkaicimaram, keora, ketaka, ketakam,
(Martelli) B.C. Stone; Pandanus fragrans Gaudich.;
ketaki, ketakivrikshaha, keteki phool, ketekiphul, ketike,
Pandanus futunaensis H. St. John; Pandanus gambierensis
kevda, kevdo, kewara, kewda, kewra, keya, kiracakam, kiya,
H. St. John; Pandanus glomerosus H. St. John; Pandanus
kiya phula, krakacacchada, kyadage-gida, kyadige, mandige,
grantii H. St. John; Pandanus guamensis Martelli; Pandanus
matankal, matikam, matikamaram, mogali, mogali-chettu,
haapaiensis H. St. John; Pandanus heronensis H. St. John;
moghali, mogli chettu, mogili, mugali, mugalik, mundeyi,
Pandanus hivaoaensis H. St. John; Pandanus horneinsula-
mundige, paandar kaevda, pookkaitha, pookkaitha pacha,
rum H. St. John; Pandanus hosinoi Kaneh.; Pandanus hoso-
pukkaita, ruh keora, sucipuspa, taale hoovu, talampu, tazha,
kawae Kaneh.; Pandanus houmaensis H. St. John; Pandanus
tazhai, tazhan-chedi, thaale, thazhai, tiranacitam, tiruku-
hubbardii H. St. John; Pandanus impar H. St. John; Pandanus
talai, tirunacuniyam, tirunacuniyamaram, tirunacuriyan,
inarmatus H. St. John; Pandanus inermis Roxb.; Pandanus
titcanaputpam, trinasunya, tuliputpikam, turonikamaram,
inflexus H. St. John; Pandanus infundibuliformis H. St. John;
turonitalam, turonitam, varusaputpam, varutaputpam
Pandanus insularis Kaneh.; Pandanus intraconicus H. St.
Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi (Pandanus abso- John; Pandanus intralaevis H. St. John; Pandanus jaluitensis
nus H. St. John; Pandanus adscendens H. St. John; Pandanus Kaneh.; Pandanus jonesii (F.Br.) H. St. John; Pandanus kafu
aequor H. St. John; Pandanus aitutakiensis H. St. John; Martelli; Pandanus kamptos H. St. John; Pandanus koidzu-
Pandanus akiakiensis H. St. John; Pandanus alloios H. St. mii Hosok.; Pandanus korrensis Kaneh.; Pandanus kraussii
John; Pandanus amplexus H. St. John; Pandanus angulatus H. St. John; Pandanus kusaiensis Kaneh.; Pandanus lacula-
H. St. John; Pandanus angulosus H. St. John; Pandanus tus H. St. John; Pandanus laevis Lour.; Pandanus laevis
anisos H. St. John; Pandanus aoraiensis H. St. John; Kunth, nom. illeg.; Pandanus lakatwa Kaneh.; Pandanus
Pandanus apionops H. St. John; Pandanus arapepe H. St. lambasaensis H. St. John; Pandanus laticanaliculatus
John; Pandanus asauensis H. St. John; Pandanus ater H. St. Kaneh.; Pandanus laticanaliculatus var. edulis Kaneh.;
John; Pandanus baptistii Misonne; Pandanus bassus H. St. Pandanus lauensis H. St. John; Pandanus licinus H. St. John;
John; Pandanus bathys H. St. John; Pandanus bergmanii Pandanus limitaris H. St. John; Pandanus longifolius H.L.
F.Br.; Pandanus bicurvatus H. St. John; Pandanus blakei H. Wendl., nom. nud.; Pandanus macfarlanei Martelli; Pandanus
St. John; Pandanus boraboraensis H. St. John; Pandanus macrocephalus Kaneh.; Pandanus makateaensis H. St. John;
bothreus H. St. John; Pandanus bowenensis H. St. John; Pandanus malatensis Blanco; Pandanus mangarevaensis H.
Pandanus brachypodus Kaneh.; Pandanus brownii H. St. St. John; Pandanus mariaensis H. St. John; Pandanus mar-
John; Pandanus cacuminatus H. St. John; Pandanus carolin- quesasensis H. St. John; Pandanus matukuensis H. St. John;
ensis Martelli; Pandanus chamissonis Gaudich.; Pandanus Pandanus mbalawa H. St. John; Pandanus meetiaensis H. St.
charancanus Kaneh.; Pandanus chelyon H. St. John; John; Pandanus menne Kaneh.; Pandanus menziesii
Pandanus christophersenii H. St. John; Pandanus citraceus Gaudich.; Pandanus metius H. St. John; Pandanus minyso-
H. St. John; Pandanus collatus H. St. John; Pandanus com- cephalus H. St. John; Pandanus mooreaensis H. St. John;
planatus H. St. John; Pandanus cooperi (Martelli) H. St. Pandanus moschatus Rumph. ex Voigt; Pandanus moschatus
John; Pandanus coronatus Martelli; Pandanus coronatus f. Miq., nom. illeg.; Pandanus motuensis H. St. John; Pandanus
minor Martelli; Pandanus crassiaculeatus H. St. John; nandiensis H. St. John; Pandanus notialis H. St. John;
Pandanus crassus H. St. John; Pandanus cylindricus Kaneh.; Pandanus oblatiapicalis H. St. John; Pandanus oblaticon-
Pandanus cylindricus var. sinnau Kaneh.; Pandanus cymati- vexus H. St. John; Pandanus obliquus Kaneh.; Pandanus
lis H. St. John; Pandanus decorus K. Koch; Pandanus odontoides Hosok.; Pandanus odoratissimus Jacq., nom.
dicheres H. St. John; Pandanus dilatatus Kaneh.; Pandanus illeg.; Pandanus odoratissimus L.f.; Pandanus odoratissimus
discolor auct.; Pandanus distinctus Martelli; Pandanus f. major Martelli; Pandanus odoratissimus var. laevigatus
2760 Pandanus S. Parkinson Pandanaceae

Martelli; Pandanus odoratissimus var. oahuensis Martelli; australianus Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. brongniartii
Pandanus odoratissimus var. parksii Martelli; Pandanus Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. chamissonis (Gaudich.)
odoratissimus var. pyriformis Martelli; Pandanus odoratis- Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. cocosensis B.C. Stone;
simus var. savaiensis (Martelli) Martelli; Pandanus odoratis- Pandanus tectorius var. douglasii (Gaudich.) Martelli;
simus var. setchellii Martelli; Pandanus odoratissimus Pandanus tectorius var. drolletianus (Martelli) B.C. Stone;
Linnaeus fil. var. sinensis (Warburg) Martelli; Pandanus Pandanus tectorius var. exiguus (J.W. Moore) B.C. Stone;
odoratissimus var. sinensis (Warburg) Kanehira; Pandanus Pandanus tectorius var. fatyanion Kaneh.; Pandanus tecto-
odoratissimus var. spurius Willd.; Pandanus odoratissimus rius var. ferreus Y. Kimura; Pandanus tectorius var. fragrans
var. suvaensis Martelli; Pandanus odoratus Salisb.; Pandanus Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. heronensis (H. St. John)
okamotoi Kaneh.; Pandanus onoilauensis H. St. John; B.C. Stone; Pandanus tectorius var. incrassatus B.C. Stone;
Pandanus orarius H. St. John; Pandanus otemanuensis H. St. Pandanus tectorius var. javanicus Martelli; Pandanus tecto-
John; Pandanus ovalauensis H. St. John; Pandanus pachys rius var. jonesii F.Br.; Pandanus tectorius var. laevigatus
H. St. John; Pandanus palkilensis Hosok.; Pandanus palmy- (Martelli) B.C. Stone; Pandanus tectorius var. laevis Warb.;
raensis H. St. John; Pandanus pansus H. St. John; Pandanus Pandanus tectorius var. liukiuensis Warb.; Pandanus tecto-
paogo H. St. John; Pandanus papeariensis Martelli; rius var. menziesii (Gaudich.) Martelli; Pandanus tectorius
Pandanus papenooensis H. St. John; Pandanus parhamii H. var. microcephalus Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. novo-
St. John; Pandanus parksii H. St. John; Pandanus patulior H. caledonicus Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. novoguineen-
St. John; Pandanus pedunculatus R.Br.; Pandanus peduncu- sis Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. oahuensis (Martelli)
latus var. insularis B.C. Stone; Pandanus pedunculatus var. B.C. Stone; Pandanus tectorius var. ongor Kaneh.; Pandanus
malagunensis B.C. Stone; Pandanus pedunculatus var. ren- tectorius var. parksii (Martelli) J.W. Moore; Pandanus tecto-
dovensis B.C. Stone; Pandanus planus H. St. John; Pandanus rius var. pedunculatus (R.Br.) Domin; Pandanus tectorius
politus Martelli; Pandanus ponapensis Martelli; Pandanus var. pulposus Warb.; Pandanus tectorius var. samak (Hassk.)
prismaticus Martelli; Pandanus prolixus H. St. John; Warb.; Pandanus tectorius var. sanderi (Sander) B.C. Stone;
Pandanus pseudomenne Hosok.; Pandanus pulposus (Warb.) Pandanus tectorius var. sandvicensis Warb.; Pandanus tecto-
Martelli; Pandanus pulposus var. cooperi Martelli; Pandanus rius var. savaiensis Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. sinensis
pusillus H. St. John; Pandanus pyriformis (Martelli) H. St. Warburg; Pandanus tectorius var. spiralis Martelli; Pandanus
John; Pandanus radiatus H. St. John; Pandanus raiateaensis tectorius var. stradbrookensis (H. St. John) B.C. Stone;
H. St. John; Pandanus raivavaensis Martelli; Pandanus Pandanus tectorius var. sumbavensis Martelli; Pandanus tec-
raroiaensis H.St.John; Pandanus rectangulatus Kaneh.; torius var. suringaensis Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var.
Pandanus remotus St. John; Pandanus repens Miq.; taepa F.Br.; Pandanus tectorius var. timorensis Martelli;
Pandanus rhizophorensis H. St. John; Pandanus rhombocar- Pandanus tectorius var. tubuaiensis (Martelli) B.C. Stone;
pus Kaneh.; Pandanus rikiteaensis H. St. John; Pandanus Pandanus tectorius var. uapensis F.Br.; Pandanus tectorius
rimataraensis H. St. John; Pandanus rockii Martelli; var. utinensis Masam.; Pandanus tectorius var. yorkensis (H.
Pandanus rotensis Hosok.; Pandanus rotundatus Kaneh.; St. John) B.C. Stone; Pandanus tectorius var. zollingeri
Pandanus rurutuensis H. St. John; Pandanus sabotan Blanco; Martelli; Pandanus temehaniensis J.W. Moore; Pandanus
Pandanus saipanensis Kaneh.; Pandanus saltuarius H. St. terrireginae H. St. John; Pandanus tessellatus Martelli;
John; Pandanus samak Hassk.; Pandanus sanderi Sander; Pandanus tikeiensis H. St. John; Pandanus tima H. St. John;
Pandanus savaiensis (Martelli) H. St. John; Pandanus seru- Pandanus timoeensis H. St. John; Pandanus tolotomensis
aensis H. St. John; Pandanus sinensis (Warburg) Martelli; Glassman; Pandanus tomilensis Kaneh.; Pandanus ton-
Pandanus sinuosus H. St. John; Pandanus sinuvadosus H. St. gaensis H. St. John; Pandanus trapaneus H. St. John;
John; Pandanus smithii H. St. John; Pandanus spurius Pandanus tritosphaericus H. St. John; Pandanus trukensis
(Willd.) Miq.; Pandanus spurius var. weteringii Martelli; Kaneh.; Pandanus tubuaiensis Martelli; Pandanus tupaien-
Pandanus stradbrookeensis H. St. John; Pandanus subae- sis H. St. John; Pandanus uea H. St. John; Pandanus uti-
qualis H. St. John; Pandanus subcubicus H. St. John; yamae Kaneh.; Pandanus vahitahiensis H. St. John; Pandanus
Pandanus subhumerosus H. St. John; Pandanus subradiatus vandra H. St. John; Pandanus vangeertii auct.; Pandanus
H. St. John; Pandanus suvaensis (Martelli) H. St. John; variegatus Miq.; Pandanus veitchii Mast.; Pandanus virgina-
Pandanus taepa (F.Br.) H. St. John; Pandanus tahaaensis H. lis H. St. John; Pandanus viri H. St. John; Pandanus viridin-
St. John; Pandanus tahitensis Martelli; Pandanus tahitensis sularis H. St. John; Pandanus volkensii Kaneh.; Pandanus
var. exiguus J.W. Moore; Pandanus tahitensis var. niueana yorkensis H. St. John; Pandanus yunckeri H. St. John)
B.C. Stone; Pandanus takaroaensis H.St .John; Pandanus
Philippines to Pacific. Tree or shrubs, branched, crowded
tamaruensis J.W. Moore; Pandanus tapeinos H. St. John;
prop roots, open crown, trunk covered with short thick scat-
Pandanus taravaiensis H. St. John; Pandanus tectorius
tered thorns, small flowers usually crowded, orange-red fruits
Parkinson; Pandanus tectorius Sol. ex Balf. f.; Pandanus tec-
torius f. convexus B.C. Stone; Pandanus tectorius f. laevis See Journal of a voyage to the South Seas 46. 1773, Der
(Warb.) Masam.; Pandanus tectorius f. philippinensis Naturforscher 4: 250. 1774, Supplementum Plantarum 424.
Martelli; Pandanus tectorius var. acutus Kaneh.; Pandanus 1781, Fragmenta Botanica 21. 1801, Journal of the Linnean
tectorius var. angaurensis Kaneh.; Pandanus tectorius var. Society, Botany 17: 63, 56. 1878 and Fieldiana, Botany 24(1):
Pandiaka Benth. & Hook.f. Amaranthaceae 2761

67–68. 1958, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Proceedings of the See Hort. Bengal. 71. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of
Indian Science Congress Association 71(3-vi): 93. 1984, Indian Plants 3: 744. 1832, Journ. Bot. 13: 68. 1875
Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (Roots diuretic, astringent.)
77(3, vi): 149. 1990, Monographs in Systematic Botany from
the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(3): 1911. 2001 in English: Ceylon screwpine, furcate screwpine

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. The fruits cause irrita- in China: fen cha lou dou, fen cha lu dou shu
tion in mouth when eaten. Prop roots possess diuretic prop- in Malay: pandan artoenoe
erties; chewing the roots strengthens the gums. New roots
scraped and boiled and the liquid used to treat gonorrhea; in Thailand: chang li, kiang luang, kiang pa
young roots juice applied on bite, wound caused by fish. Bark
juice given to sedate mental patients. Stem bark and leaves for
Pandiaka Benth. & Hook.f. Amaranthaceae
dysentery, gastrointestinal disorders. Juice of the leaves for
skin diseases, leprosy. Headache, arthritis, stomach spasms, See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2):
decoction of leaves; pulverized dried leaves used to facilitate 310. 1849, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(1): 35. 1880
wound healing. Sweetly fragrant flowers as moth repellent in and Suessenguth, Karl, ”Neue Amarantaceen aus Rhodesia
clothing and insect repellent in dwellings. Veterinary medi- und Angola mit einer übersicht der Gattung Pandiaka
cine, root extract given to increase potency.) Hook.f.”, in Bot. Arch., 41: 72–85. 1940, Cavaco, Alberto.
Les “Pandiaka” et “Achyropsis” (Amaranthaceae) du conti-
in English: breadfruit, coastal bread fruit, coastal screw pine, nent africain. Paris, 1960.
fragrant screw pine, pandanus-palm, thatch screw-pine
Pandiaka heudelotii (Moq.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D. Jacks.
in Hawaii: hala, pu hala (Achyranthes heudelotii Moq.; Centrostachys heudelotii
in China: lou dou shu (Moq.) Standl.; Pandiaka heudelotii Hiern; Pandiaka heude-
lotii (Moq.) Hiern; Pandiaka heudelotii (Moq.) B.D. Jacks.;
in India: bali, bondayi, chamarapushpa, dalapushpa, dhuli Pandiaka heudelotii (Miq.) Benth. & Hook.f.; Pandiaka heu-
puspika, dhulipushpika, dirghapatra, gagandhul, gajangi, delotii (Moq.) Benth. & Hook.f.)
gandhapushpa, gedaji, gedangimogali, gojjangi, halina,
Tropical Africa. Erect
indukalika, jambuka, jambula, kadar, kadhi, kaide, kaikata,
kaitha, kantadala, kazi, kea, kedagai, kedage, kedagi, kedige, See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
keora, ketaka, ketakaishta, ketakee, ketaki, ketgi, keuda, 13(2): 310. 1849, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(1): 36.
keur, keura, kevda, kevda kaadi, kewda, keya, kiyarige, 1880, Index Kewensis 2: 409. 1894 and Catalogue of the
krakacacchada, krakachachhada, mane, medhya, mogali, African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853–61
mogili, mugali, mundige, nripapriya, oro, panshula, rajah- (Hiern) Pt. 4, 894. 1900, Journal of the Washington Academy
puspa, sthiragandha, suchikapushpa, suvarnaketaki, tala, of Sciences 5: 76. 1915
talamchedi, tale, talhai, talum, thazha, thazhai, tikshna- (Leaves as a postpartum remedy.)
pushpa, trnasunya, viphala
Pandiaka metallorum P.A. Duvign. & Van Bockstal
in Papua New Guinea: foram, galeng, halewa bonebonei,
South Africa.
marita, marite, masap, vap-masap
See Genera Plantarum 3: 35. 1880
in Thailand: lam-chiak
(This species is known to hyperaccumulate copper and cobalt
Pandanus unipapillatus Dennst.
when growing in soils rich in these elements.)
India.
See Schlüssel Hortus indicus malabaricus, … 27. 1818 Pandorea Spach Bignoniaceae
(Used in Ayurveda.) Named for Pandora (Greek pan ‘all’ and doron ‘gift’), accord-
in India: ketaki, perin-kaida-taddi ing to Greek mythology, the first woman sent to earth, the
first mortal woman. See Hesiod, Opera & Dies &Theogonia
Pandanus urophyllus Hance (Pandanus furcatellus Martelli; & Clypeus [and other works]. Florentiae 1540, Genera
Pandanus furcatus sensu auct. mult. chin. & Warburg (1910), Plantarum 137, 711. 1839, Édouard Spach (1801–1879),
non Roxburgh ex Roxburgh) Histoire naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames. 9: 136. Paris
S. China to Indochina. Trees, simple or branched at apex, 1840 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 3(10):
aerial roots present, female inflorescence pendulous, male 204. 1928, Fl. Neotrop. 25(2): 1–370. 1992.
inflorescences consisting of several golden yellow spikes, Pandorea pandorana (Andrews) Steenis (Bignonia pan-
fruit solitary or in racemes dorana Andrews; Campsis pandorana (Andrews) Steenis;
2762 Pangium Reinw. Flacourtiaceae (Bixineae)

Pandorea australis Spach; Pandorea australis var. oxleyi in Papua New Guinea: maing, mapak, murok, puga, tobo
(DC.) Domin; Pandorea doratoxylon (J.M. Black) J.M. Black;
in Pacific: lasret, raual
Pandorea pandorana Steenis; Tecoma doratoxylon J. Black;
Tecoma oxleyi Cunn. ex A. DC.; Tecoma oxleyi DC.; Tecoma
pandorana (Andrews) Skeels; Tecoma pandorana Skeels)
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)
Papua New Guinea, Australia. Woody climber
From a classical Latin name for millet, panicum, i (panus,
See Botanist’s Repository, for new, and rare plants 2: t. 86. i ‘the thread, a tumor, an ear of millet’, Akkadian panu ‘to
1800, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 664. 1841, Prodromus turn’), Italian panic grass, Panicum italicum L., high vari-
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 225. 1845 and ability of this genus, sometimes or often referred to Urochloa
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South P. Beauv., Dichanthelium (Hitchc. & Chase) Gould and
Australia 51: 383. 1927, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb., nomenclature of several species
Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 10: 198. 1928, Bibliotheca Botanica 89: has been changed and is still changing; see Species Plantarum
599. 1929, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. S. Austral. 1937, Ixi. 1: 55, 58. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 29. 1754, Familles
248. 1937 des Plantes 2: 34. 1763, Flora Graeca 1(2): 44, t. 59. 1808,
(Crushed leaves applied as a poultice to reduce itch, inflam- Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 190. 1810, Essai d’une
mation, pain, swelling of the foot.) Nouvelle Agrostographie 49, 168, t. 10, f. 10. 1812, Journal
de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 89:
in English: maggot vine, spearwood, spearwood bush 104. 1819, De Graminibus Paniceis 51, 53, 125, 266, 184.
in Indonesia: aka letien 1826, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4(2): 22,
30. 1827, Révision des Graminées 1: 219. 1829, Bulletin
in Australia: wonga vine, wonga-wonga vine (Eastern Botanique [Genève] 1: 220. 1830, Nomenclator Botanicus.
Australia); ooratan (Everard Range); urtjunpa (Pitjantjatjara) Editio secunda 2: 252. 1841, Abhandlungen der Königlichen
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen Phys. Cl. 24(1):
1–345. 1879 (also in A.H.R. Grisebach, Symbolae ad Floram
Pangium Reinw. Flacourtiaceae (Bixineae) Argentinam. Zweite Bearbeitung argentinischer Pflanzen.
Göttingen 308. 1879) and Österreichische Botanische
From a Malay vernacular name, pangi, see Sylloge planta-
Zeitschrift 51: 369. 1901, Flora of the Southeastern United
rum novarum itemque minus cognitarum a praestantissi-
States … 104–105, 1327. 1903, Contributions from the
mis botanicis adhuc viventibus collecta et a Societate regia
United States National Herbarium 15: 13–15, 20, 142. 1910,
botanica Ratisbonensi edita. Ratisbonae: Typis viduae C.E.
American Midland Naturalist 2: 64. 1911, Mary Agnes Chase,
Brenck, 1824–1828, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 85. 1845, Nat.
Tropical North American species of Panicum. Washington
Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 6a (1893) 23. 1893 and
[D.C.] 1915, Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 638–650. 1920, Bulletin du
Bijdr. Combret. Flacourt. Ned.-Ind. 80. 1919.
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 26(7): 664. 1921,
Pangium edule Reinw. Feddes Rep. Beih. 40, 1: Anh. 53. 1930 (also Repertorium
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40(1):
Java. Tree, greenish flowers, flat seeds, ripe fruit edible
Anh. 53. 1930), Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
See Isis oder encyclopädische Zeitung 315. 1823, Sylloge Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40(1): 203. 1930, Journal of the Faculty
Plantarum Novarum 2: 13–14. 1824–1828 and Kagoshima of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 3(1): 243. 1930, Man.
University Research Center for the Pacific Islands, Grasses U.S. ed. 2: 626–706. 1950, Kariba Studies, vol. II.
Occasional Papers no. 34: 141–144. 2001 Manchester University Press, Manchester 1962, Journal of
the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo 9: 43–143. 1965,
(Poisonous, seeds extremely poisonous, fruit poisonous when
Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 8:
eaten raw, edible after soaked in water for a long time. Fruit
156. 1970, Folia Primatologica 15: 1–35. 1971, Economic
sliced and the juice applied to sores and cuts; for boils pound
Botany 26: 13–20. 1972, Brittonia 26(1): 59. 1974, B.A. Gould
the seeds and poultice. Seeds insecticide, antioxidant. Arrow
& C.A. Clark, “Dichanthelium (Poaceae) in the United States
or dart poison. Poisonous leaves, resin and bark used as fish
and Canada.” Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65(4): 1088–1132.
poison.)
1978, Willdenowia 8: 511–515. 1979, Brittonia 32: 353–364.
in English: football fruit 1980, Journal of Human Evolution 10: 565–583. 1981, J.
Agr. Trop. Bot. Appl. 30: 159–168. 1983, Grass Systematics
in India: dello
and Evolution 287–306. 1987, Sida 13(4): 393–417. 1989,
in Indonesia: kepajang, putjung Flora of the Guianas. Series A, Phanerogams 8: 370–436.
1990, Darwiniana 32: 43–109. 1992, Flora Mesoamericana
in Japan: kupayan, pangi-no-ki
6: 302–318. 1994, Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 196–
Malayan names: buah keluak, kapayung, kepayang, payang, 209. 1995, Blumea 41: 181–216, 413–437. 1996, Taxon 45:
payung 319–320. 1996, Taxon 47: 869. 1998, Taxon 48: 376. 1999,
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2763

Boletim do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal in English: Pacific panic grass, panic grass, Western panic
do Rio Grande do Sul 59: 1–156. 2000, Melvin R. Duvall, grass, Western panicum, Western witch grass
Jeffrey D. Noll and Alexandra H. Minn, “Phylogenetics
Panicum amarum Elliott (Chasea amara (Elliott) Nieuwl.;
of Paniceae (Poaceae).” Am. J. Bot. 88: 1988–1992.  2001,
Panicum amaroides Scribn. & Merr.; Panicum amarulum
American Journal of Botany 88: 1993–2012. 2001, Flora
Hitchc. & Chase; Panicum amarum var. minor Vasey &
Fanerogamica do Estado de São Paulo 1: 1–292. 2001, Bol. Scribn.)
Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi, n.s., Bot. 17(2): 297–314. 2001,
American Journal of Botany 90: 796–821. 2003 [A molecu- Belize, Cuba, Bahamas, Mexico, Honduras, USA, Texas,
lar phylogeny of Panicum (Poaceae: Paniceae): test of mono- Florida. Perennial, robust, upright, roots at lower nodes,
phyly and phylogenetic placement within the Panicoideae.], slightly rhizomatous, leafy, bluish green, clump forming,
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium very elongated leaves, upper leaf may extend above spike-
46: 306–441. 2003. lets, spikelets ovoid in narrow panicles, seed head slender,
many small ellipsoid seeds supported on short branches,
Panicum acuminatum Swartz (Dicanthelium acumina- grass barrier for wind erosion control, useful for stabilization
tum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark; Dichanthelium acumina- of disturbed areas, cover for wildlife, economic plant, grows
tum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark; Dichanthelium acuminatum on beach sand on coastal sand dunes and other critical sites,
var. acuminatum; Dichanthelium lanuginosum (Elliott) sandhills on the seashore, backside of primary dune, on sec-
Gould; Panicum acuminatum Salzm. ex Döll, nom. illeg., ondary dunes and sand flats
non Panicum acuminatum Sw.; Panicum acuminatum var.
acuminatum; Panicum comophyllum Nash; Panicum dicho- See A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia
tomum var. acuminatum (Sw.) Griseb.; Panicum dicho- 1: 121. 1816, Department of Agriculture. Botanical Division.
tomum var. lanuginosum (Elliott) Alph. Wood; Panicum Bulletin 8: 38. 1889 and Circular, Division of Agrostology,
huachucae Ashe; Panicum lanuginosum Elliott; Panicum United States Department of Agriculture 29: 5–7, f. 1. 1901,
lanuginosum J. Presl, nom. illeg., non Panicum lanugino- Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
15: 96, f. 87. 1910, American Midland Naturalist 2: 64. 1911,
sum Elliott; Panicum lanuginosum var. huachucae (Ashe)
Brittonia 27(2): 148–149. 1975, Sida 20(1): 171. 2002
Hitchc.; Panicum lanuginosum var. tennesseense (Ashe)
Gleason; Panicum lindheimeri var. tennesseense (Ashe) (Bitter. Leaves might cause photosensitization.)
Farw.; Panicum olivaceum Hitchc. & Chase; Panicum orna-
in English: bitter panic grass, bitter panicum, coastal panic
tum Desv. ex Ham.; Panicum pacificum Hitchc. & Chase)
grass, running beach grass, short dune grass
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, USA, Missouri, California,
Panicum anceps Michx. (Agrostis nutans Poir.; Panicum
Arkansas, Colombia, Venezuela. Perennial, erect, branched,
anceps var. anceps; Panicum anceps var. angustum Vasey;
hairy, low, decumbent, caespitose, shortly rhizomatous, lig-
Panicum anceps var. densiflorum Vasey; Panicum anceps
ules tufts of white hairs, leaves elongated, hairy spikelets, var. rhizomatum (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Fern.; Panicum
usually occurs in wetlands and along streams, moist open nutans (Poir.) Desv.; Panicum rhizomatum A.S. Hitchc. &
areas, wet meadows, rich soils, open fields, wet prairies, Chase; Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees; Panicum rostra-
moist places in woods, along roadsides tum Muhl. ex Willd.; Vilfa nutans (Poir.) P. Beauv.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, Nova Genera et Species USA, Texas, Florida. Perennial, stout and scaly rootstock,
Plantarum seu Prodromus 23. 1788, A Sketch of the Botany sheaths slightly hairy, very palatable grass, useful for erosion
of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 123. 1816, Prodromus control and revegetation, fair grazing for wildlife, good graz-
Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 11. 1825, Reliquiae ing for livestock
Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 306. 1830, A Class-book of Botany
786. 1861, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 553. See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 48. 1803, Enumeratio
1864, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 234. 1877, Bulletin of the Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1032. 1809,
Torrey Botanical Club 24: 41–42, 196–197. 1897, Journal Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique Suppl. 1: 255. 1810,
of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 15: 51–52. 1898 Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 16, 148, 181. 1812,
and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 30(7): 380. Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 163. 1829,
1903, Rhodora 8(95): 208. 1906, Contributions from the Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts
United States National Herbarium 15: 225, 229, f. 234, d’Angers 1: 197. 1831, Flora of the southern United States
241. 1910, American Midland Naturalist 11(2): 45. 1928, 573. 1860, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 213. 1877, Department
Phytologia 4(1): 21. 1952, Brittonia 26(1): 60. 1974, Annals of Agriculture. Botanical Division. Bulletin 8: 37. 1889 and
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(4): 1121. 1978 [1979],
15: 105, 109, f. 104. 1910, Las Gramíneas de México 5:
Phytologia 48(2): 192–193. 1981, Phytologia 49(1): 40. 1981,
1–466. 1999, Sida 20(1): 171. 2002
Brittonia 36(3): 269–271. 1984, Phytologia 67(6): 451–452,
472. 1989, Phytologia 77(6): 458. 1994 [1995] (Leaves might cause photosensitization.)
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.) in English: beaked panic grass, beaked panicum
2764 Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Panicum antidotale Retz. (Panicum akoense Hayata; in Thailand: ya plong nu

Panicum akoense (Lam.) Hayata; Panicum kermesinum
Panicum auritum J. Presl ex Nees (Hymenachne aurita (J.
Mez; Panicum longijubatum (Stapf) Stapf; Panicum mili-
Presl ex Nees) Balansa; Hymenachne insulicola (Steud.) L.
are Lam.; Panicum proliferum Lam.; Panicum proliferum
Liou; Hymenachne polymorpha Balansa; Panicum arch-
var. longijubatum Stapf; Panicum subalbidum Hochst. ex
boldii Hitchc.; Panicum auritum Hassk., nom. illeg., non
T. Durand & Schinz; Panicum subalbidum Kunth; Panicum
Panicum auritum J. Presl ex Nees; Panicum auritum Nees;
sumatrense Roth; Paspalum miliare (Lam.) K. Schum.
Panicum auritum J. Presl, nom. illeg., non Panicum auritum
& Hollrung, nom. illeg., non Paspalum miliare Spreng.;
J. Presl ex Nees; Panicum auritum var. procerius J. Presl;
Paspalum miliaria C. Muell.)
Panicum auritum var. procerius Nees; Panicum balansae
India. Perennial, very deeply rooted, tall, leafy, erect, tufted Crevost & Lem.; Panicum insulicola Steud.; Panicum insu-
and sod-forming, growing in large clumps, sprawling, creep- licolum Steud.; Panicum javanum Nees ex Büse; Panicum
ing, weak or robust, coarse and vigorous, rhizomatous with javanum var. angustifolium Büse; Panicum polymorphum
short and thick rhizomes, sometimes swollen at the base, (Balansa) A. Camus; Panicum polymorphum var. micran-
flowering stalks hard and woody, heavy-seeding, noxious thum (Balansa) A. Camus; Sacciolepis aurita (J. Presl ex
weed species, invasive, drought tolerant and resistant to heavy Nees) A. Camus; Sacciolepis insulicola (Steud.) Ohwi;
grazing, highly palatable and well grazed, stems rapidly Sacciolepis polymorpha (Balansa) A. Camus) (for Richard
become hard and woody and should be grazed or cut before Archbold (he died on August 1, 1976), aviator, explorer, in
flowering, useful for erosion control and as a windbreak 1941 founder of the Archbold Biological Station (P.O. Box
2057 Lake Placid, Florida 33862 USA), (24 June) 1937 he
See Observationes Botanicae 4: 17. 1786, Tableau made first transcontinental flight from SD to NYC in a sea-
Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 173. 1791, plane, built by Consair, in 17 hours, author of “Unknown
Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 4: 747. New Guinea: Circumnavigating the World in a Flying Boat,
1798, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1: 247. 1824 [dated 1825; American Scientists Discover a Valley of 60,000 People
publ. in late 1824], Révision des Graminées 2: 397, t. 112. Never Before Seen by White Men.” National Geographic.
1831, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 19: 332. 1861, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 315–344. March 1941, with Austin Loomer Rand wrote New
360. 1864, Fl. Kaiser Wilhelms Land 21. 1889, FBI 7: 46. 897 Guinea Expedition, Fly River Area, 1946–1937: Fly River
and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 156. 1900, Icon. Pl. Formosan. Area, 1936–1937. AMS Press. June 1975 and Summary
6(Suppl.): 97, pro syn. 1917, Grasses of Ceylon 116. 1956, of the 1933–1934 Papuan Expedition. New York 1935.
Grasses of Burma … 322. 1960, Darwiniana 23(1): 233–256. Leonard John Brass (1900–1971) was the leader and official
1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 58–59. 1983, botanist of the Archbold Collecting Expeditions to tropical
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154. 1986, Blumea areas (Papua New Guinea, British Solomon Islands, etc.),
34: 83. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143. he wrote “Summary of the fourth Archbold Expedition
1990, Cytologia 56: 437–452. 1991, Biologia Plantarum 36: to New Guinea.” in Bulletin of the American Museum of
37–45. 1994, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): Natural History. vol. III. Article no. 2. New York 1953. See
775–783. 1994, Blumea 41: 181–216. 1996, Las Gramíneas also J.S. Womersley, “Plant collecting for anthropologist
de México 5: 1–466. 1999, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 306– geographers and ecologists in New Guinea.” Bot. Bull. New
441. 2003 Guinea. 2: 69. 1969; E.D. Merrill & L.M. Perry, “Plantae
(Used in Sidha. An antidote for rabies, smoke of the burn- Papuanae Archboldianae, III.” Jour. Arnold Arb. 21: 292–
ing plant used to fumigate wounds, can be poisonous under 293. 1940; E.D. Merrill & M.L. Perry “Plantae Papuanae
certain conditions, also used in throat affections and skin Archboldianae, XVI.” Jour. Arnold Arb. 26: 229–266. 1945;
diseases.) C.G.G.J. van Steenis, ed., “Cyclopaedia of collectors.” in
Flora Malesiana. vol. 1 and 8 (pt. 1). 1950 and 1973; Elmer
in English: blue panic, blue panic grass, blue panicum, giant D. Merrill, A botanical bibliography of the islands of the
panic, giant panic grass, perennial Sudan grass Pacific. 210. Washington 1947; William Wagner, Reuben
in India: badi bhurbhuri, bagad, ban kutki, bangagli, bansi, Fleet and the Story of Consolidated Aircraft. Fallbrook,
banwari, baragu, bari gagli, baru, barwari, bhadli, chak-tipli, CA: Aero Press, 1976; Ray Wagner, The Story of the PBY
Catalina. San Diego, CA: Flight Classics, 1972; Mary
cheno, chin, dhusdo, dhusghas, dusto, gadro, garm, gar-
Taschner, “Boomerang Boom: San Diego 1941–1942.”
mano, ghamor, ghamrur, ghamur, gharam, ghemor, ghirano,
Journal of San Diego History. pp. 1–10. Winter 1982)
ghirdano, ghirri, girni, girui, git, gomej ko kutki, gondula,
gramma, gramna, gunara, gundhi, hadjodi, halvi vari, jamur, SE Asia, Brunei Darussalam, Philippines, Vietnam. A good
kuri, kutki, layo-gundli, mal, male, mangrur, mijhri, nassiam fodder grass, margins of stream and lake
pillu, nassiam pullu, nella shama, nellashamalu, peenasi
See Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 176.
hullu, picai, picappul, pinisi pullu, pinisu pillu, saon, sava,
1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 305. 1830, Plantae
save, shamai, shamukka, vara, vari gudhi, vari mahan, warai
Javanicae Rariores 22. 1848, Hooker’s Journal of Botany
in Sri Lanka: krumisastre, nasiam pul and Kew Garden Miscellany 97. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2765

Glumacearum 1: 78. 1854, Plantae Junghuhnianae 3–4: 376, in D.S.B. 2: 321–323. 1981; T.W. Bossert, Biographical
396. 1854–1855, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 4: 143–144. Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
1890 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Portrait Collection. 46. 1972; Miguel Colmeiro y Penido, La
Paris 2: 249–250. 1912, Cat. Indochine 1: 380. 1917, Flore Botánica y los Botánicos de la Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana.
Générale de l’Indo-Chine 7: 457, 459. 1922, Brittonia 2(2): Madrid 1858; A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin
121. 1936, Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 18: 3. 1947, Delessert. Paris 1845; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library
Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 10(1): 298, pl. 92, f. of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933)
6–10. 1990, Blumea 41: 88, 187. 1996
Eastern United States. Perennial, tufted, dark green, ground
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.) cover species, forming small clumps, culms glabrous or hairy,
hairy joints, wide leaves more or less glabrous to pubescent,
in Thailand: yaa kong khaen, ya kong khaen, ya plong, yaa
leaf sheaths glabrous, spikelets green papillose to pubescent,
plong, ya plong o, yaa plong o
ornamental grass, prefers on dry woods and moist woods,
Panicum bisulcatum Thunb. (Panicum acroanthum Steud.; in shade near streams, hardwood, well drained shaded areas
Panicum bisulcatum S.T. Blake, nom. illeg., non Panicum
See Species Plantarum 1: 58–59. 1753, Encyclopédie
bisulcatum Thunb.; Panicum coloratum F. Muell., nom. illeg.,
Méthodique, Botanique 4: 278, 282. 1816, Bulletin of the
non Panicum coloratum L.; Panicum melananthum F. Muell.)
United States National Museum 22: 135. 1881, Department
SE Asia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Australia, of Agriculture. Botanical Division. Bulletin 8: 34. 1889,
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria. Annual or biennial Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 22(10): 420. 1895 and
or short-lived perennial, glabrous, erect, forming spread- Rhodora 10(112): 64. 1908, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
ing clumps and extensive colonies, culms floating in water Garden 65(4): 1101. 1978 [1979], Annals of the Missouri
or rooting at the nodes, sheath glabrous, ligule membranous Botanical Garden 75(4): 1637–1657. 1988
and truncate, acuminate leaves green to yellowish-green,
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.)
panicles open, spikelets glabrous and pedicellate, lower
glume broadly acute and triangular, lower lemma sterile and in English: Bosc’s panic grass, panic grass
epaleate, upper lemma elliptic and disarticulating at matu-
in French: panic de Bosc
rity, black to purplish black seeds, economic plant, weed spe-
cies, aquatic or semi-aquatic grass, useful for erosion control, Panicum brevifolium L. (Hymenachne amplexicaulis
stabilizing stream banks and reducing the erosion of water- (Rudge) Nees; Isachne biflora (Lam.) Kuntze; Isachne biflora
ways, provides habitat for aquatic wildlife, grows in mud and (Lam.) Cordem., nom. illeg., non Isachne biflora (Lam.)
stream banks, swamps, banks of dams and ponds, wet sandy Kuntze; Isachne tricarinata Roth; Panicum agrioides Trin.
banks, seasonally flooded ground ex Döll; Panicum amplexicaule Rudge; Panicum arborescens
L.; Panicum arborescens Lam., nom. illeg., non Panicum
See Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis
arborescens L.; Panicum arborescens Sieber ex Trin., nom.
7: 141. 1815, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 87. 1854,
illeg., non Panicum arborescens L.; Panicum biflorum
Transactions and Proceedings of the Victorian Institute for
Lam.; Panicum brevifolium (Link) Kunth, nom. illeg., non
the Advancement of Science 1854/1855: 47. 1855, Fragmenta
Panicum brevifolium L.; Panicum brevifolium Balb. ex Nees,
Phytographiae Australiae 8: 192. 1874 and Proceedings of
nom. illeg., non Panicum brevifolium L.; Panicum brevifo-
the Royal Society of Queensland 59: 158. 1948, Blumea 41:
lium Jahn, nom. illeg., non Panicum brevifolium L.; Panicum
188. 1996
brevifolium var. hirtifolium (Ridl.) Jansen; Panicum dubium
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.) Lam.; Panicum gladiatum Wawra; Panicum guineense Desv.
ex Poir.; Panicum hirtifolium Ridl., nom. illeg., non Panicum
in English: black-seed panic grass, black-seeded panic,
hirtifolium Ridl.; Panicum litigosum Steud.; Panicum ovali-
blackseed panic, Japanese panic grass
folium Poir.; Panicum plantagineum Schumach., nom. illeg.,
Panicum boscii Poiret (Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould non Panicum plantagineum Link; Panicum subobliquum
& C.A. Clark; Panicum boscii var. molle (Vasey) Hitchcock Stapf; Panicum tricarinatum (Roth) Steud.; Panicum tricho-
& Chase; Panicum boscii var. molle (Vasey ex Ward) Hitchc. piptum Steud.)
& Chase; Panicum latifolium var. australe Vasey; Panicum
Tropical Africa, SE Asia. Annual or perennial, slender, her-
porterianum Nash; Panicum waltheri Poir., nom. illeg., non
baceous, creeping, terrestrial, rambling, often decumbent and
Panicum walteri Pursh) (after the French naturalist Louis
rooting at the lower nodes, freely branching culms, scram-
Auguste (Augustin) Guillaume Bosc (olim Bosc d’Antic or
bling over other vegetation, economic plant, good fodder
Dantic), 1759–1828 (d. Paris), botanist, horticulturist, French
grass, forage, readily grazed, weed of cultivated rice fields
Consul in Carolina 1798–1800, author of Mémoire sur les
différentes espèces de chênes qui croissent en France. Paris See Species Plantarum 1: 59. 1753, Tableau Encyclopédique
(Baudouin) 1808, he also studied in Paris with Antoine Laurent et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 174. 1791, Encyclopédie
de Jussieu (1748–1836); see John H. Barnhart, Biographical Méthodique, Botanique 4: 743, 749, t. 920. 1798, Plantarum
Notes upon Botanists. 1: 225. 1965; Jean-François Leroy, Guianae Rariorum Icones et Descriptiones … 1: 21, t. 27.
2766 Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Londini 1805[-1806], Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae Eclogae Graminum Rariorum 30, t. 21. 1814–1820, Nova
191. 1810, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Genera et Species Plantarum (Quarto ed.) 1: 99. 1815
Supplément 4: 279. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 476. 1817, [1816], Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 260. 1841,
Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 1: 193. 1824, De Graminibus Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres
Paniceis 208. 1826, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis de Bruxelles 9(2): 240. 1842, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 203.
1: 225. 1827, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 64. 1827, 1877, Report Upon United States Geographical Surveys West
Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 276. 1829, of the One Hundredth Meridian, in Charge of First Lieut.
Révision des Graminées 1: 32. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus. Geo. M. Wheeler … vol. vi--Botany 6: 295. 1878, Biologia
Editio secunda 2: 264. 1841, Florae Africae Australioris Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3: 496. 1885, Mexicanas
Illustrationes Monographicae 40. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Plantas 2: 19, 27–28. 1886, Department of Agriculture.
Glumacearum 1: 85, 89. 1854, Österreichische Botanische Botanical Division. Bulletin 8: 38. 1889, Grasses of North
Zeitschrift 12: 170. 1862, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359. 1864, Flora America for Farmers and Students 2: 132. 1896 and
Brasiliensis 2(2): 271. 1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
1(2): 778. 1891, Flore de l’Ile de la Réunion 115. 1895 and 15: 83, f. 73. 1910, Contributions from the United States
Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 149. 1900, Bibliotheca Botanica 85: National Herbarium 29(9): 417. 1950
312. 1915, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 723. 1920, The Flora
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.)
of the Malay Peninsula 5: 228. 1925, Repertorium Specierum
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 40: 188, 199 & Anhang, 49. in English: bulb panic grass, bulb panicum, bulbous panic,
1930, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 321. 1931, Reinwardtia 2: 315. turnip grass, Texas grass
1953, Grasses of Ceylon 113. 1956, Grasses of Burma …
in Mexico: pasto
324. 1960, Novon 1(1): 4. 1991, Blumea 41: 189. 1996, Taxon
49(2): 253. 2000 in Spanish: maíz de cuervo
(Roots diuretic.) Panicum capillare L. (Chasea capillaris (L.) Nieuwl.;
Leptoloma barbipulvinata (Nash) Smyth; Leptoloma cap-
in English: short-leaved panic, shortleaf panic grass
illaris (L.) Smyth; Milium barbipulvinatum (Nash) Lunell;
in Brazil: andacá, capim chuvisco, capim mimoso, taquari do Milium capillare (L.) Moench, nom. illeg., non Milium capil-
mato, vindecaá lare Rottb.; Millium capillare (L.) Moench; Panicum barbi-
pulvinatum Nash; Panicum barbipulvinatum var. hirsutipes
in Sierra Leone: deno yeno, fumfuri, kebil, kegbil, koibore,
Suksd.; Panicum bobarti Lam.; Panicum capillare Rol.
kolibore, kurudera fumfuri, kuseta kagbil, kusetha kagbil,
ex Rottb., nom. illeg., non Panicum capillare L.; Panicum
muli, muri, nimbo, nyanbile, sanka besugi, yane
capillare subsp. barbipulvinatum (Nash) Tzvelev; Panicum
Panicum bulbosum Kunth (Panicum avenaceum Kunth; capillare subsp. capillare; Panicum capillare var. agreste
Panicum bulbosum subsp. sciaphilum (Rupr. ex E. Fourn.) Gattinger; Panicum capillare var. barbipulvinatum (Nash)
Hitchc. & Chase; Panicum bulbosum subvar. violaceum E. R.L. McGregor; Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Vasey ex
Fourn.; Panicum bulbosum var. avenaceum (Kunth) Beal; Rydb. & Shear; Panicum capillare var. capillare; Panicum
Panicum bulbosum var. minor Vasey; Panicum bulbosum var. capillare var. occidentale Rydb.; Panicum capillare var. vul-
sciaphilum (Rupr. ex E. Fourn.) Hitchc. & Chase; Panicum gare Scribn.; Panicum elegantulum Suksd., nom. illeg., non
gongylodes Jacq.; Panicum maximum var. bulbosum (Kunth) Panicum elegantulum Mez)
Vasey; Panicum maximum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) Döll;
North America, USA. Annual, hairy, hollow, slender and
Panicum nodosum Willd. ex Steud.; Panicum paucifolium
upright to spreading, clumped or tufted, sheaths hirsute to
Swallen; Panicum plenum A.S. Hitchc. & Chase; Panicum
densely hispid, very small grains, weedy species, fodder
polygamum var. gongylodes (Jacq.) E. Fourn.; Panicum
plant, little forage value, rarely grazed, seeds ground and
sciaphilum Rupr. ex E. Fourn.; Panicum sciaphilum Rupr. ex
mixed with corn meal, grain cooked whole or ground into a
Hemsl.; Panicum sciaphilum Rupr.)
powder and used as a flour, a food source for quail
Northern and Southern America, Mexico, USA, Colombia.
See Species Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, Acta Literaria
Perennial or annual, tufted, robust, herbaceous, clump form-
Universitatis Hafniensis 1: 271. Copenhagen 1778,
ing, sheath glabrous, ligule membranous, panicles long-
Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 203. 1794,
exserted, spikelets obtuse and glabrous, lower glume obtuse,
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 748. 1798, A
lower lemma male or sterile, fertile lemma rugulose and
Flora of the Northern and Middle Sections of the United
wrinkled, lowest internodes thickened into a corm-like base,
States 149. 1824, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 308. 1830,
drought-resistant, frost tender, cultivated economic plant,
Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 202 . 1877, The Tennessee Flora;
produces high yields of forage and hay, native pasture spe-
With Special Reference to the Flora of Nashville 94. 1887,
cies, forage, in pine forest
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2,
See Icones Plantarum Rariorum 1: 2, t. 13. 1781, Nova 2: 211. 1889, Contributions from the United States National
Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 24. 1788, Herbarium 1(1): 28. 1890, Annales du Jardin Botanique de
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2767

Buitenzorg 8: 60. 1890, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 108. 1815 [1816], Flora
Club 20: 477. 1893, Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Indica; or descriptions … 1: 307. 1820, Observations sur
Station of the University of Tennessee 7(1): 44. 1894 [also les Graminées de la Flore Belgique 138. 1823, Florae
Grasses Tennessee 44. 1894], Contributions from the United Siculae Prodromus 1: 62. Napoli 1827, Species Graminum
States National Herbarium 3(3): 186. 1895, Bulletin of the 2: t. 162. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 321. 1830,
Torrey Botanical Club 22: 241. 1895, An Illustrated Flora of Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 209. 1833, Linnaea
the Northern United States 1: 123. 1896, Bulletin, Division 12(4): 429. 1838, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda
of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 2: 258. 1841, Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae
5: 21. 1897, Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 72. Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 19(Suppl. 1):
1898 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 21. 139. 1843, Flora Palermitana 1: 119. 1845, Tentamen Florae
1900, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 118. 1908, Contributions Abyssinicae … 2: 365. 1850, Exploration Scientifique de
from the United States National Herbarium 15: 55, 57–58, l’Algérie 2: 28. 1854, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:
66–67, f. 48, 50. 1910, Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano 46, 54, 58, 63. 1855 [1853], Naturwissenschaftliche Reise
17: 45. 1910, American Midland Naturalist 2: 64. 1911, nach Mossambique … 2: 549. 1864, Plantae Europeae 1: 26.
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 25: 86. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 771. 1891, Conspectus
1913, American Midland Naturalist 4: 212. 1915, Werdenda Florae Africae 5: 743, 748, 772. 1894, Contributions from
1(3–4): 16–17. 1927, Journal of the Washington Academy of the United States National Herbarium 2(3): 502. 1894,
Sciences 14(14): 345, f. 1. 1934, Madroño 10(3): 94. 1949, Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo 1: 119. 1894,
Novosti Sist. Nizsh. Rast. 18. 1968, Phytologia 55(4): 256. Anales de la Universidad de Chile 93: 714. 1896 and Contr.
1984, Sida 20(1): 171. 2002 U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 119. 1908, Vierteljahrsschrift der
(Infusion of the leaves used as an emetic, infusion of leaves Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 56: 71. 1911, New
used by runners to increase endurance, seeds ground and Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin 81: 45.
mixed with corn meal, grain cooked whole or ground into a 1912, Report of the Michigan academy of science, arts and
powder and used as a flour, a food source for quail.) letters 21: 350. 1920, Rhodora 23(267): 53. 1921, Nuova Flora
Analitica d’Italia 1: 79. 1923, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo)
in English: common panic grass, common witchgrass, old 37: 122. 1923, The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 5: 223.
witch grass, ticklegrass, witch grass 1925, Flora of Japan 1470. 1925, Repertorium Specierum
Panicum capillare L. var. occidentale Rydb. (Leptoloma Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 40: 179, 132 & Anhang, 33. 1930,
barbipulvinata (Nash) Smyth; Milium barbipulvinatum Rev. Appl. Biol. 13: 901. 1933, Botanical Magazine 52: 231.
(Nash) Lunell; Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash; Panicum 1938, Mémoires de la Société Botanique de France 1953–54:
barbipulvinatum var. hirsutipes Suksd.; Panicum capillare 9. 1954, Exploration du Parc National de la Garamba 4: 47.
L.; Panicum capillare var. brevifolium Vasey ex Scribn.; 1956, Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 69:
Panicum elegantulum Suksd., nom. illeg., non Panicum ele- 39. 1966, Enumeratio Plantarum Aethiopiae Spermatophyta
gantulum Mez) 39(Suppl.): 1320. 1969, Phytologia 48(2): 189. 1981, Fl. Trop.
East Afr., Gramineae (part 3). 1982
North America. Annual, leaves linear, long-exerted panicles,
spikelets larger than species type, plant more or less hairy (Leaves might cause photosensitization.)

See Species Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, Contributions from in India: borur, chatta, chichohi, dhunia, gawa, gotbarta,
the United States National Herbarium 3(3): 186. 1895 and jangli samak, jangli sawan, jangli sawank, jangli sawuk,
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 21. 1900, jharai, jiria, kaadu haaraka hullu, karum pullu, karum-
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 25: 86. pul, oothagaddi, othagaddi, oyia, pachushama, pacushama,
1913, American Midland Naturalist 4: 212. 1915, Werdenda. pakud, pullam payiru, sama-ghas, samak, sanwak, sanwan,
Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. 1(3–4): 16–17. Bingen, Germany saonrel, saonria, sauri, sawa, sawak, sawan, sawank, saweli,
and Washington, D.C. 1927 sawuk, shama, shamak, sirmakar, sivaen, solni, todia, tor,
varsanam pillu, varsanam pullu, woodoo gaddi, wundu
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.)
Panicum coloratum L. (Milium coloratum (L.) Moench;
in English: witch grass Panicum coloratum Cav., nom. illeg., non Panicum col-
Panicum colonum L. (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link) oratum L.; Panicum coloratum F. Muell., nom. illeg., non
Panicum coloratum L.; Panicum coloratum Thouin ex
Tropical Africa. Annual, succulent, erect, decumbent, root-
Spreng., nom. illeg., non Panicum coloratum L.; Panicum
ing from the lower nodes, leaves linear acuminate, panicle
coloratum Walter, nom. illeg., non Panicum coloratum L.;
of several distant spikes, spikelets in four rows on one side
Panicum coloratum Kunth, nom. illeg., non Panicum colora-
of the spikes, a weed on cultivated ground, used for forage,
tum L.; Panicum coloratum L. var. makarikariense Gooss.;
eaten both before and after flowering, rich soil
Panicum coloratum L. var. minus Stapf ex Chiov.; Panicum
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 870. 1759, coloratum L. var. strictum Rendle; Panicum crassipes Mez;
Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 202. 1794, Nova Panicum phragmitoides Stapf; Panicum subalbidum Kunth;
2768 Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Panicum subalbidum var. tuberculosum Chiov.; Panicum occurs on the banks and floodouts of streams and in valley
swynnertonii Rendle; Panicum virgatum L.) floors with alluvial soils, good soils, damp sandy soils, grass-
land and woodland, dry and moist conditions, floodplains,
Tropical Africa, Namibia, South Africa. Perennial or annual,
the seeds flow about on water, intolerant of and susceptible to
very variable, polymorphic, branched, erect or rarely decum-
heavy grazing, ornamental grass, useful for erosion control
bent, erect or ascending, leafy, dark green, slender, bunch-
grass or spreading, tufted, base knotty or slightly swollen, See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 191. 1810, Flora
root fibrous, often shortly stoloniferous or shortly rhizoma- Indica; or descriptions … 1: 310. 1820, A Systematic
tous or rhizomes absent, cultivated fodder, palatable, good Catalogue of the Flowering Plants anf Ferns in Ceylon 105.
grazing for all stock, grains edible, grains eaten by baboons, 1885 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 36(253):
variability in several morphological characters 330. 1904, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden
See Species Plantarum 1: 59. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 30. Gesellschaft in Zürich 52; 435. 1908, Journal of the Linnean
1767, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 73. 1788, Icones et Society, Botany 41: 269. 1912, Queensland Agricultural
Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 2: t. 110. 1793, Journal 30: 314. 1913
Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 203. 1794, Systema (May cause photosensitization, the leaves might cause
Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 317. 1825, Révision photosensitization.)
des Graminées 2: 397, t. 112. 1831, Enumeratio Plantarum
Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 104. 1833, Florae Africae in English: Australian millet, native millet, papa grass, tindil,
Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae I. Gramineae. umbrella grass, windmill grass
38. 1841, Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 8: 192. 1874, Panicum deustum Thunb. (Panicum arundinifolium
Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch Schweinf.; Panicum corymbiferum Nees ex Steud.; Panicum
in 1853--61 2(1): 178. 1899 and Annuario del Reale Istituto deustum Brickell & Enslin ex Muhlenb., nom. illeg., non
Botanico di Roma 8(3): 307. 1908, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. Panicum deustum Thunb.; Panicum deustum var. eburneum
12: 118. 1908, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 40: Chiov.; Panicum deustum var. hirsutum Peter; Panicum lep-
230. 1911, Resultati Scientifici della Missione Stefanini- tocaulon Trin.; Panicum menyharthii Hack.; Panicum pubi-
Paoli nella Somalia Italiana 1: 183. 1916, Flora of Tropical vaginatum K. Schum.; Panicum unguiculatum Trin.) (Latin
Africa 9: 677. 1920, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, deustus, a, um ‘burned, scorched’, part. deuro, urere, ussi,
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 57: 187. 1921, ustum ‘to burn down, to destroy’) (named for the botani-
Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1934: 195. 1934, cal collector Ladislav Menyharth, 1849–1897, see Hans
Flora of Tropical East Africa 451–898. 1982 Schinz, 1858–1941, Plantae menyharthianae ein Beitrag zur
(May cause photosensitization in goats and sheep.) Kenntniss der Flora des Unteren Sambesi … Wien 1905)

in English: blue panic grass, coloured Guinea grass, Coolah Tropical Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Sudan,
grass, Keria grass, Klein grass, Kleingrass, small buffalo South Africa, Zambia, Mozambique. Perennial bunchgrass
grass, small panicum, white buffalo grass or annual, variable, reddish to purplish, stout, slender or
robust, branched or unbranched, pubescent, tufted, shortly
in Arabic: qosseiba rhizomatous, sometimes rooting at lower nodes, leaf sheath
Panicum decompositum R. Br. (Panicum decompositum round and hairy, ligule membrane-like, leaves with scabrid
Rendle, nom. illeg., non Panicum decompositum R. Br.; margin, open ovate panicle with solitary branching, spikelets
Panicum proliferum var. decompositum (R. Br.) Thell.) oblong obtuse, lower floret male, glumes separated by a short
(Latin decompositus, a, um ‘much divided, more than internode, lower glume ovate, palatable and nutritious pas-
once divided, divided twice’, compono, posui, positum ‘set ture grass, high grazing value, grains edible, grains eaten by
together, to bring into union, to unite’) baboons, useful for erosion control, found in disturbed sites,
open areas, under trees, bushland, moist soils, sandy and
Pacific Islands, Australia, South Australia, Western Australia, alluvial soils, coastal forests, shady places, in rock quarry,
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Northern Territory. rocky hillsides, loam or sandy soils, on waste grounds, river-
Perennial or annual decreaser species, herbaceous culms,
banks, rocky soil in woods, black basaltic soil
densely tufted and leafy, erect, more or less branched, large
and stout tussocks, base hairy and thickened, hollow stem, See Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 19. 1794, Descriptio
sheaths usually glabrous or smooth, ligule membranous, flat uberior Graminum 119. 1817, Mémoires de l’Académie
leaves green to bluish-green, panicles many-branched with Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.
spreading and wavy branchlets, spikelets glabrous pale green Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde
to purplish and pedicellate, first glume hyaline and subtrun- Partie: Sciences Naturelles 3,1(2–3): 275. 1834, Synopsis
cate, lower lemma sterile, fertile lemma smooth and shining, Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 76. 1854, Bulletin de l’Herbier
rather small grains cooked or ground into a powder and used Boissier 2: App. 2: 22. 1894, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas 5c:
as a flour, good palatable fodder for stock, shiny and dark 102. 1895 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 766.
seeds a food source for seed-eating birds and small rodents, 1901, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8: 306.
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2769

1903, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis Palermo 1988; Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature.
40: 196 & Anhang 42. 1930 4: 764–767. 1983; C.S. Kunth, in Mémoires du Muséum
d’Histoire Naturelle. 4: 433, t. 20. 1815; J.D. Milner,
(The leaves might cause photosensitization.)
Catalogue of Portraits of Botanists Exhibited in the Museums
in English: broad-leaved panicum, broadleaf panicum, buf- of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
falo grass, reed panicum London 1906; Samuel J. Hough and Penelope R. Hough, The
Beinecke Lesser Antilles Collection at Hamilton College:
in South Africa: breëblaarbuffelsgras, breëblaarwintergras,
A Catalogue of Books, Manuscripts, Prints, Maps, and
buffelsgras, rietbuffelsgras
Drawings, 1521–1860. Gainesville [1994]; T.W. Bossert,
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. (Leptoloma dichotomi- Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the
flora Smyth; Panicum ammophilum Trin. ex Nees; Panicum Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 331. 1972; E.M. Tucker,
amplectens Chapm.; Panicum amplectens (Stapf) Pilg., nom. Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
illeg., non Panicum amplectens Chapm.; Panicum aquaticum University. 1917–1933; Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus biblio-
Poir.; Panicum aquaticum var. chloroticum (Nees ex Trin.) thecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks. London 1800; A.
R.C. Foster; Panicum brachiatum Bosc ex Spreng., nom. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. 1845; Ida
illeg., non Panicum brachiatum Poir.; Panicum chloroticum Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the
Nees ex Trin.; Panicum chloroticum var. agreste Nees ex Flowering Plants of Mexico. 625. 1964.)
Trin.; Panicum chloroticum var. luxurians Döll; Panicum
North America. Short-lived perennial or annual, many
chloroticum var. pingue Nees; Panicum chloroticum var.
stemmed, flattened, clump forming, diffusely branched,
sylvestre Nees ex Trin.; Panicum chloroticum var. sylvestre
tufted, often geniculate at base, almost prostrate and rooting
Nees, nom. illeg., non Panicum chloroticum var. sylvestre
at lower nodes, ascending or more or less erect, rhizomatous,
Nees ex Trin.; Panicum dichotomiflorum subsp. puritanorum
youngest leaf rolled, leaf blade rough, leaf sheaths flattened
(Svenson) Freckmann & Lelong; Panicum dichotomiflorum
and hispid, ligule a membranous densely ciliate rim, linear
var. dichotomiflorum; Panicum dichotomiflorum var. genicu-
leaves, auricles absent, spikelets acute, lower floret sterile,
latum (Alph. Wood) Fernald; Panicum dichotomiflorum var.
upper floret bisexual, glumes very unequal, lower glume
imperiorum Fernald; Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puri-
ovate 0–1-nerved acute or obtuse, upper glume lanceolate
tanorum Svenson; Panicum elliotii Trin. ex Nees; Panicum
7–9-nerved, upper lemma lanceolate acute, leaves might
francavillanum E. Fourn. ex Hemsl.; Panicum francavilla-
cause photosensitization, weed in ricefields, weed of crops,
num E. Fourn.; Panicum geniculatum Muhl., nom. illeg., non
potential seed contaminant, grows in poorly drained soil and
Panicum geniculatum Poir.; Panicum hygrophilum Salzm. ex
wetlands, in shallow water, in full sun, in fallow land, around
Steud.; Panicum miliaceum Walter, nom. illeg., non Panicum
lagunas in wet or damp ground, on dry bare mud, disturbed
miliaceum L.; Panicum multiflorum Poir.; Panicum pro-
places and habitats, in low fields and waste ground, on good
liferum Lam.; Panicum proliferum var. chloroticum (Nees
cultivated soils, in moist open areas and alluvial soils, damp
ex Trin.) Hack.; Panicum proliferum var. geniculatum Alph.
or swampy places, gravel bars, open mud flat, sandy river
Wood; Panicum proliferum var. pilosum Griseb.; Panicum
banks, dry sandy and gravelly beach, roadside ditches and
proliferum var. richardii Döll; Panicum proliferum var. stric-
railroads, orchards, bottomland and mesic upland fields, nat-
tum Griseb.; Panicum proliferum var. xanthochlorum Hack.
uralized elsewhere, related to Panicum repens
ex Bertoni; Panicum retrofractum Delile ex Desv.) (Panicum
proliferum var. richardii Döll after the French botanist Louis See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 72. 1788, Tableau
Claude Marie Richard, 1754–1821, explorer and traveller, Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 4: 747.
horticulturist, naturalist and zoologist, botanical and zoo- 1798, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 48. 1803, Catalogus
logical collector, a pupil of Bernard de Jussieu (1699–1777), Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis 9. 1813, Encyclopédie
from 1781 to 1785 in French Guyana and the Antilles (sent Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 4: 281–282. 1816,
by Louis XVI on the recommendation of the Academy of Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 321. 1825,
Sciences), in 1785 in Brazil, from 1795 to 1821 professor of De Graminibus Paniceis 236. 1826, Flora Brasiliensis seu
botany in the school of medicine of Paris, edited the fourth Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 164, 170. 1829, Mémoires de la
edition of Jean Baptiste François Bulliard (1752–1793), Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 200. 1831,
Dictionnaire élémentaire de botanique. Paris an vii [1798], Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 71. 1853, Catalogus
his works include De Orchideis europaeis annotationes. plantarum cubensium … 232. 1866, The American Botanist
Parisiis 1817 and De Musaceis. Vratislaviae et Bonnae. 1831; and Florist 2: 392. 1871, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 198, 200.
see Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Institut Royal de France. 1877, Botanical Gazette 3(3): 20. 1878, Biologia Centrali-
Funérailles de M. Richard. [Discourse pronounced by Americana; … Botany … 3: 489. 1885, Mexicanas Plantas
A.L.J.] [Paris 1821]; J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon 2: 25. 1886 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
Botanists. 3: 151. 1965; R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim & Vegetabilis 6(21–26): 343. 1909, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:
S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14 Aufl. 48 (1910, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
Stuttgart 1993; Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, ed., Il Fondo 25: 86. 1913, Anales Cientificos Paraguayos, ser. 2, 150.
Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 232. 1918, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 625. 1920, Rhodora
2770 Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

22(261): 154–155, f. 1–5. 1920, Notizblatt des Botanischen See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11(104): 241. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 448. 1940, Mitteilungen der Botanischen
1931, Rhodora 38(455): 387, pl. 441, f. 2. 1936, Rhodora Staatssammlung München 8: 153, t. 1, f. 9. 1970
44(526): 380–381. 1942, Rhodora 68: 320. 1966, Sida 20(1):
(Suspected of photosensitizing sheep in Australia, New
171–172. 2002
South Wales.)
(The leaves might cause photosensitization.)
Panicum maximum Jacq. (Anthaenantia gigantea (Kuntze)
in English: bluegrass, fall panic grass, fall panicum, K. Schum.; Hylebates chlorochloe (K. Schum.) Napper;
forked-flowered panic grass, smooth witchgrass, spreading Panicum chlorochloe K. Schum.; Panicum confine Hochst.
witchgrass ex A. Rich.; Panicum giganteum Kuntze, nom. illeg., non
Panicum giganteum Scheele; Panicum giganteum Mez,
in Spanish: zacate fuego nom. illeg., non Panicum giganteum Scheele; Panicum hey-
Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. (Chasea flexilis (Gatt.) nii Roth ex Roem. & Schult.; Panicum hirsutissimum Steud.;
Nieuwl.; Panicum capillare var. flexile Gattinger) Panicum jumentorum Pers.; Panicum laeve Lam.; Panicum
maximum var. altissimum Kuntze; Panicum maximum var.
Eastern and Central North America. Annual with a fibrous coloratum C.T. White; Panicum maximum var. commune
bundle of roots, tuft-forming, slender, branching, ascending Nees; Panicum maximum var. confine Chiov.; Panicum
culms, sheaths usually pubescent, linear leaves, erect ascend- maximum var. congoensis Vanderyst; Panicum maximum
ing many-branched panicle, non-weedy, often confused with var. glaucum Nees; Panicum maximum var. heterotrichum
Panicum capillare L. Peter; Panicum maximum var. hirsutissimum (Steud.) Oliv.;
See The Tennessee Flora; With Special Reference to the Flora Panicum maximum var. hirsutum Peter; Panicum maximum
of Nashville 94. 1887, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club var. laevis Nees; Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K.
20: 476. 1893 and American Midland Naturalist 2: 65. 1911 Schum.; Panicum maximum var. pubiglume K. Schum. ex
Peter; Panicum maximum var. trichoglume Robyns; Panicum
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.) pamplemoussense Steud.; Panicum polygamum Sw., nom.
illeg., non Panicum polygamum Forssk.; Panicum praelon-
in English: stiff witchgrass, wiry panic grass, wiry witchgrass
gum Steud.; Panicum praticola Salzm. ex Döll; Panicum sca-
Panicum gattingeri Nash (Panicum capillare L. var. camp- berrimum Lag.; Panicum sparsum Schumach.; Panicum teff
estre Gattinger; Panicum capillare var. gattingeri Nash; Desv.; Panicum tephrosanthum Hack.; Panicum trichocon-
Panicum capillare var. geniculatum Scribn.; Panicum phila- dylum Steud.; Panicum trichoglume Engl.; Urochloa max-
delphicum Bernh. ex Trin.; Panicum philadelphicum subsp. ima (Jacq.) R.D. Webster) (Panicum heynii Roth ex Roem.
gattingeri (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong) & Schult. named after the German (Morovian) missionary
Benjamin Heyne, 1770–1819 (Madras, India), physician, bot-
Canada, USA. Annual, upright, stout, branched, usually anist, plant collector, from 1802 to 1808 Superintendent of
rooting at the nodes, leaves elongated, sheaths with swollen- the Bangalore Gardens, 1813 Fellow of the Linnean Society,
based hairs, terminal and axillary panicles, grains straw-col- wrote Tracts, historical and statistical, on India, with jour-
ored and pointed at the tip, fibrous roots nals of several tours through various parts of the Peninsula;
See Species Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, De Graminibus Paniceis also an account of Sumatra, in a series of letters. London
216. 1826, The Tennessee Flora; With Special Reference to the 1814. See [Benjamin Heyne], An Examination of so much of
Flora of Nashville 94. 1887, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical the Tracts, historical and statistical, on India, etc. by B.H.
Club 20: 477. 1893, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern … as relates to the accounts of Sumatra, with various notices
United States 1: 123. 1896 and Flora of the Southeastern on the subjects of Cannibalism, Slavery, etc. By an inhab-
United States … 92, 1327. 1903, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: itant of Fort Marlborough. London 1818; Albrecht Wilhelm
57. 1910, Sida 20(1): 172. 2002 Roth (1757–1834), Novae plantarum species praesertim
Indiae orientalis. Ex collectione doct. Benj. Heynii. 292.
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.) Halberstadii 1821 and M. Archer, Natural History Drawings
in English: Gattinger’s panic grass, panic grass in the India Office Library. 27–28, 79–80. London 1962,
Isaac Henry Burkill, Chapters on the History of Botany in
Panicum gilvum Launert (Panicum laevifolium Hackel var. India. Delhi 1965, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature.
contractum Pilger) (Latin gilvus, a, um ‘dull yellow, pale 2: 188. 1979, R. Desmond, The European Discovery of the
yellow’) Indian Flora. Oxford 1992, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of
British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. London 1994,
Africa, Namibia. Annual, decumbent to erect, tufted, purple
Gordon Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants.
tinged, sheaths usually glabrous, inflorescence enclosed in
Strawberry Press, Mill Valley, California 1997.)
the two uppermost leaves, weed species, usually found in
moist habitats, sandy soils, vleis, margin of vleis, disturbed Tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Arabia. Perennial
areas, seasonally flooded sites bunchgrass or annual, densely to loosely tufted, variable to
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2771

extremely variable, vigorous, bearded at the nodes, erect and Paniceae (Poaceae) 241–242. 1987, Annals of the Missouri
geniculate or geniculately ascending, stout, robust, culms Botanical Garden 75: 866–873. 1988, Cytologia 55: 471–
rather coarse and somewhat glaucous, rooting at the nodes, 474. 1990, Bothalia 21(2): 163–170. 1991, Annals of the
deep and fibrous root system, rhizomatous with short stout Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775–783. 1994, Biologia
rhizome, white-greenish grains dispersed by the wind, espe- Plantarum 36: 37–45. 1994, Blumea 41: 197. 1996, Am. J.
cially palatable in the younger stages, nutritive value high Bot. 92: 565–575. 2005
when leafy and green, seeds eaten by local people in time of
(Used in Sidha. Stems with urticating bristles. May cause
scarcity, grains eaten by chimpanzees and baboons
colic if eaten in large quantity by horses. Dikoon, a photo-
See Icones Plantarum Rariorum 1: 2, t. 13. 1781, sensitizing disease in South Africa. Stem decoction taken as
Collectanea 1: 76. 1786, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum a cough cure.)
seu Prodromus 24. 1788, Tableau Encyclopédique et in English: barbe grass, bush buffalo grass, colonial grass,
Méthodique … Botanique 1: 172. 1791, Syn. Pl. 1: 83. common buffalo grass, green panic grass, Guinea grass, pur-
1805, Eclogae Graminum Rariorum 30, t. 21. 1814–1820, ple top buffalo grass, rainbow grass, Tanganyka grass, ubabe
Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 99. 1815 grass
[1816], Elenchus Plantarum 2. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium
2: 458. 1817, Nov. Pl. Sp. Ind. Orient. 49. 1821, Beskrivelse in French: herbe de Guinée
af Guineeiske planter 64. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. in Spanish: hierba Guinea común, mijo de Guinea, pasto
Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 84. 1828, Mémoires de la Guinea, pasto Guinea común
Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 201. 1831,
Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae in Brazil: capim-colonião, colonião, morubú
I. Gramineae. 36. 1841, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … in Caribbean: zèb giné, zèb ginen, herbe de Guinée
2: 373. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 71–74.
1853 [or 1854], Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 361. 1864, Transactions in Colombia: guinea, guinea pajarito, hierba india, india,
of the Linnean Society of London 29: 171. 1875, Flora pajarito, saboya
Brasiliensis 2(2): 203. 1877, Report Upon United States in Cuba: matalote, melusa
Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler … vol. vi--Botany in Ecuador: pasto guinea, zabolla, zacate de Guinea
6: 295. 1878, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas B(2/3): 85. 1895, in El Salvador: zacate barqueño, zacate de barco
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
und Pflanzengeographie 24(3): 333. 1897, Revisio Generum in Mexico: camalote, coloniao, guineo, hoja fina, panizo de
Plantarum 3(3): 360, 362. 1898 and Just’s botanischer guinea, pasto guineo, privilegio, rabo de mula, zacate guinea,
Jahresbericht. 261: 329. 1900, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 153. 1900, zacate privilegio, zacatón
Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 766. 1901, Annuario in Nicaragua: sagádi Guinea, walang sikka
del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(1): 33–34. 1903 [Flora
della Colonia Eritrea 33. 1903], Botanische Jahrbücher für in Peru: pasto de Guinea, pasto Guinea, yerba Abadía, zaina
Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie in Puerto Rico: gramalote, matalote, melusa
34(1): 143. 1904, Transactions of the Royal Society of South
Africa 5: 300. 1916, Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 13: 335. in West Indies: Guinea grass, z’herbe guinee
1922, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis in Angola: capim de guinémbulu ia-toto, oceka, ohota-hota
40: 185, 195 & Anhang, 42. 1930, Mémoires de l’Institut
Royal Colonial Belge; Section des Sciences Naturelles et in Cameroon: ekoro a bolo, makok, makoko
Médicales 1(6): 31. 1932, Queensland Agricultural Journal in East Africa: achuku, odunyo
49: 112, t. 41, f. D1, 2. 1938, Cytologia 19: 97–103. 1954,
Grasses of Ceylon 113. 1956, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier in Ghana: go, kogbe, krobo, nkye kyer, nyenkyema ntow,
du Museum de Paris 15: 413. 1959, Grasses of Burma … nkyekyer, nto
327. 1960, Kirkia 3: 130. 1963, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8: in Guinea: mengui
287–295. 1966, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Boletín de la
in Guinea-Bissau: siluntentamo
Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 16(4): 420–425. 1975, Mém.
ORSTOM 75: 1–106. 1975, Mém. ORSTOM 77: 1–99. 1977, in Madagascar: ahibe
Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands
in Nigeria: agarama, ikin, ikpo mili, iran akun, nnyanyangà
3: 25–220. 1979, Flora of Tropical East Africa. Gramineae
enang, oke achalà, oke acharà, pere osi, pere usi
3: 472. 1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 58–61.
1983, Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. in Senegal: bu silita, busilitaa
Part B, Biological Sciences 5: 609–626. 1985, Journal of
in Sierra Leone: ngalei hei
Economic and Taxonomic Botany 7(1): 106. 1985, Journal
of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154. 1986, The Australian in Somalia: baldoli, weineh, arabsa
2772 Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in Southern Africa: blousaad, blousaadsoetgras, buffelsgras, Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 64. 1853, Flora Brasiliensis
bush buffel grass, brown top buffelgrass, gewone buffelsgras, 2(2): 206. 1877 and Plantae pilcomayenses a … Theodore
groot panicum, großes hirsegras, purple top buffelgrass, Rojas lectae. 1: 30. 1909, Proceedings of the Biological
soetgras; lehola, mofantsoe (Sotho); mphaga (Tswana); ubabe Society of Washington 24: 145. 1911, Flora Ilustrada de
(Zulu); umhatji (Ndebele) Entre Ríos (Argentina) 6(2): 277–324. 1969
in Yoruba: ikin, ikin iruke, iran akun, kooko, eru oparun (Medicinal value, abortifacient.)
in India: akkatevi, cilayam, cilayappul, conaippul, gini- in Nicaragua: walang
gavat, gini ghaus, gini hullu, gini pullu, ginigawat, ginighas,
Panicum miliaceum L. (Leptoloma miliacea (L.) Smyth;
ginio pullu, giniopillu, gudgi, guinea hullu, guinit, kinippul,
Milium esculentum Moench; Milium paniceum Mill.;
luccikkappul, lukkikko, nitatturu, nitatturuppul, pirama-
Panicum asperrimum Fischer ex Jacq.; Panicum densepi-
likakkorai, piramalikam, tacci, tokal, tokappul, tokarpul,
losum Steud.; Panicum miliaceum Blanco, nom. illeg., non
unnayam, utaitavappul
Panicum miliaceum L.; Panicum miliaceum Walter, nom.
in Indonesia: rebha luh-buluhan, rumput banggala, suket illeg., non Panicum miliaceum L.; Panicum miliaceum var.
londo miliaceum; Panicum milium Pers.)
in Malaysia: rumput benggala, rumput kuda China, Asia, Eurasia. Annual, grown as grain crop since
prehistoric times, hairy, stout and robust, erect or decum-
in Thailand: suea klaek, ya kinni
bent at the base, tufted, caespitose, branching from the base,
in Vietnam: co’kê to leaf sheaths open and densely covered with stiff hairs, nodes
hispid or puberulent, noxious weed species, wild and culti-
Panicum mertensii Roth (Digitaria elatior (L.f.) Willd.;
vated, hay is coarse, cultivated fodder for cattle and horses,
Panicum altissimum G. Mey., nom. illeg., non Panicum altissi-
husked grain boiled and cooked like rice, found on disturbed
mum DC. ex Hornem.; Panicum elatius Kunth, nom. illeg.,
sites and road verges, roadsides and waste places, gardens
non Panicum elatius L.f.; Panicum equisetum Nees ex Döll;
and railroads
Panicum latifolium var. altissimum Rupr.; Panicum maxi-
mum Jacq.; Panicum megiston f. pauciflora Hack.; Panicum See Species Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, Flora Caroliniana,
megiston Schult.; Panicum proximum Steud.) (named for the secundum … 72. 1788, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici
German botanist Franz Karl (Carl) Mertens, 1764–1831, pro- … 203. 1794, Syn. Pl. 1: 83. 1805, Fischer, Friedrich Ernst
fessor of botany at Bremen, with W.D.J. Koch (1771–1849) Ludwig von (1782–1854), Catalogue du jardin des plantes de
published ed. 3 of Johann Christoph Röhling (1757–1813), son excellence monsieur le comte Alexis de Razoumoffsky, à
Deutschlands Flora. 1823, etc. See H.N. Clokie, Account of Gorenki. Moscou, 1812, A Botanical Materia Medica 1: 143.
the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University 1812, Eclogae Graminum Rariorum 46, t. 31. 1820, Flora
of Oxford. 210. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical de Filipinas 39. 1837, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:
Notes upon Botanists. 2: 478. 1965, Jeannette Elizabeth 72. 1854 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 150. 1900, Transactions
Graustein, Thomas Nuttall, Naturalist. Explorations in of the Kansas Academy of Science 25: 86. 1913, Handb. Fl.
America, 1808 - 1841. Harvard University Press 1967, T.W. Ceylon 6: 321. 1931, Botanical Magazine 51: 153, f. 3. 1937,
Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented Grasses of Ceylon 115. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 327.
in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 265. 1972, S. Lenley 1960, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 27: 581–590.
et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections 1981, Flora Ilustrada Catarinense 1(Gram.): 443–906. 1982,
and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library Fl. Libya 145: 282. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics
of the New York Botanical Garden. 464. 1973, Stafleu and 25: 140–143. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 3: 430–431. 1981, R. Zander, 81(4): 775–783. 1994, Biologia Plantarum 36: 37–45.
F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der 1994, Cytologia 60: 347–351. 1995, National Research
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 750. Stuttgart 1993.) Council, Board on Science and Technology for International
Development, Lost Crops of Africa, vol I: Grains. National
Mexico to Paraguay. Perennial, aquatic, emergent, herba-
Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1996, Annals of the
ceous, erect, robust, large inflorescence openly paniculate,
Missouri Botanical Garden 83(2): 200–280. 1996, Newslett.
forage, found in swampy places, inundated areas, in stand-
Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 25–26. 1997
ing water, along flooded river bank, may be confused with
Lasiacis procerrima (Hack.) Hitchc. (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Used as a demul-
cent in diarrhea. Leaves might cause photosensitization in
See Supplementum Plantarum 107. 1781, Enumeratio
sheep, recorded instance of broom corn millet poisoning in
Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 91. 1809, Systema
New Zealand.)
Vegetabilium 2: 458. 1817, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis
… 63. 1818, Mantissa 2: 248. 1824, Révision des Graminées in English: broom corn, broom-corn millet, broomcorn mil-
1: 38. 1829, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences let, broom millet, brown corn millet, common millet, French
et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 9(2): 240. 1842, Synopsis millet, French panic, hog millet, Indian buffalo grass, millet,
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2773

millet panic, proso, proso millet, Russian millet, small mil- in English: blunt panic grass, grapevine-mesquite, obtuse
let, white French millet panic grass, panic grass, vine-mesquite, vine mesquite grass,
wiregrass
in Spanish: maíz pardo, mijo, mijo común, mijo de escoba,
mijo de puerco, mijo mayor, mijo proso, mijo ruso, millo in Mexico: panizo mezquite, purga de paridas, zacate correa,
zacate de agua, zacate gramilla, zacate guía
in South Africa: kaffermanna, prosomanna
in Japan: kibi (= millet) Panicum oligosanthes Schultes var. scribnerianum (Nash)
Fernald (Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. hel-
in Bhutan: chheyra leri (Nash) Mohlenbr.; Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.)
in China: shu mi, chi Gould var. scribnerianum (Nash) Gould; Panicum helleri
Nash; Panicum macrocarpon Leconte ex Torr.; Panicum
in India: anne, anu, arzan, bansi, bansi phikar, barag, baragu, macrocarpon Torr., nom. illeg., non Panicum macrocarpon
barigalu, bhadali, bili baragu, cheena, cheeni, chehna, chena, J. Le Conte ex Torr.; Panicum oligosanthes var. scribneria-
chenak, cheno, chenwa, chhena, chin, china, chinan, chino, num (Nash) Beetle, nom. illeg., non Panicum oligosanthes
chinwa, chirwa, dhengali, dhengli, dudha vari, gadio, ghoti var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fernald; Panicum oligosanthes
sava, kadaikanni, kadukanni, kari baragu, katakanai, kuree, Schult. var. helleri (Nash) Fernald; Panicum scoparium S.
kuri, mani varagu saamai, panivaragu, phikar rali, raal, rad, Watson ex Nash, non Lam.; Panicum scribnerianum Nash)
rali, ralle, saamai, salan, sava, save, sawan chaitwa, sawan (named for Frank L. Scribner (1851–1938), grass specialist in
jethwa, tsedze, uno, vara, varagalu, varagu, varaka, varankhi, the U.S. Department of Agriculture)
varayi, vareeka, vari, variga, varo, vrihibheda, warai, worga,
worglo, zad USA, California, Wisconsin. Annual or perennial, small
bunchgrass, smooth or slightly hairy, erect or ascending, sim-
in Indonesia: sekoi sejati ple and branched, hairs at node, sheath covered with fine stiff
in Pakistan: chenno hairs growing from small bulbs, ligule a very short fringe of
hairs, leaves ascending, no auricles, short pyramidal panicle,
in the Philippines: kabug hairy spikelets, seedhead open, reddish-purple stigmas, grain
in Sri Lanka: kadak kanai, meneri lined, fair grazing for wildlife and livestock, food for song
birds, palatable and nutritious to livestock, occurring on dry
in Tibetan: khre open soil, in open prairies and disturbed ground, meadows
and seeps, sandy flats, savanna, meadow habitats
in Vietnam: co ke, cor kee, kee
Panicum obtusum Kunth (Brachiaria obtusa (Kunth) Nash; See A Flora of the Northern and Middle Sections of the
Oplismenus obtusum (Kunth) Smyth; Panicum polygonoides United States 143. 1823, Mantissa 2: 256. 1824, Bulletin
Müll. Hal., nom. illeg., non Panicum polygonoides Lam.; of the Torrey Botanical Club 22(10): 421. 1895, Bulletin of
Panicum repente Buckley) the Torrey Botanical Club 26(11): 572. 1899 and Rhodora
36(423): 80. 1934, Brittonia 26(1): 60. 1974, Phytologia
Mexico, USA, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona. Perennial 48(2): 192. 1981
sodgrass, light bluish-green, nodes of runners swollen and
densely hairy, stems and leaves coarse, leaves flat to some- (Ceremonial, disinfectant, medicine.)
what inrolled at the edges, inflorescence with branches in English: few-flowered panic grass, few-flowered witch-
closely appressed to the main stem, large and blunt seeds, grass, panic grass, rosette panic grass, Scribner dichanthe-
useful grass, medicinal, livestock graze the foliage and inflo- lium, Scribner panicum, Scribner’s panic grass, Scribner’s
rescence, provides fair forage for all grazing animals while rosette grass, small panic grass
green, stems and leaves lose much of their palatability on
drying, coarse and unpalatable after maturity, excellent as an in Mexico: zacate de hoja ancha
erosion control plant, usually grows in swales and mud flats, Panicum queenslandicum Domin
along banks of streams or ditches, bottomland and highly
productive soils, lowlands with fine-textured soils and along Indonesia, Australia. Perennial, erect, densely caespitose,
drainages that are irrigated at times by flood waters forming dense tussocks, culms fibrous and smooth, green
to purplish spikelets paired and lanceolate, seeds dark and
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 98–99. 1815 [1816], shiny, fruits and seeds blow in the wind, seeds a food source
Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 19(44): 323. 1861, A Preliminary for seed-eating birds and small rodents, foliage eaten by
Report on the Geological and Agricultural Survey of Texas stock and native animals
App. 3. 1866, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
16: 164. 1899 and Manual of the Flora of the northern States See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10:
and Canada 77. 1901 58. 1911
(For dermatological problems.) (May cause photosensitization in sheep.)
2774 Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in Australia: Coolabah grass, Coolibah grass, Yabila grass, in Arabic: n’gîl, nesi, zommar
Yadbila grass
in Guinea-Bissau: otigna, uncanda
Panicum repens L. (Panicum aquaticum Hochst. ex A.
in Mali: bama subu, buga subu, farka teli
Rich., nom. illeg., non Panicum aquaticum Poir.; Panicum
arenarium Brot.; Panicum arenarium M. Bieb., nom. illeg., in Niger: kargaeri, kashâ
non Panicum arenarium Brot.; Panicum chromatostigma
in Nigeria: ekuro imado, epose
Pilg.; Panicum convolutum P. Beauv. ex Spreng.; Panicum
gouinii E. Fourn.; Panicum gouinii var. pumilum E. Fourn.; in Senegal: bama subu, e kena, ékenà, éselek
Panicum hygrocharis Steud.; Panicum ischaemoides Retz.; in Sierra Leone: angbalet, kawaya, ngnkakpo, piso, somese-
Panicum leiogonum Delile; Panicum littorale Mohr ex mese, sumfu, wasa, yolo, yowo
Vasey; Panicum nitidum Hack. & Arechav., nom. illeg., non
Panicum nitidum Lam.; Panicum notatum Retz.) in South Africa: bamboeskweek, grootblousaadgras, kruip-
gras, kweekbuffelsgras, varkgras
Tropics, subtropics. Perennial sod-forming grass, long-lived,
aquatic or subaquatic, submerged or partly submerged or in Burma: myet-kha
floating in water, greyish-green, rigid and upright stems, in Cambodia: chhlong, smau phluk
creeping and rooting freely, strongly long rhizomatous,
robust and scaly rhizomes torpedo-shaped, occasionally sto- in India: allapu kommu vella vanti gaddi, bamdu, berad,
loniferous, leaves distichous and usually pungent, invasive chota jolgantee, cinkiverppul, cukkakiri, cukkakirippul,
grass very aggressive, noxious weed, often a troublesome inchi pillu, inciverppul, injipillu, kari kaddi hullu, kotakam,
weed in ditches and drains, palatable pasture grass, high kotakappul, kotataram, kotatarappul, ladda gaddi, narun-
nutritive value, good fodder for all stock tika, naruntikappul, panidal, reda, shunti hullu, sonti hullu,
sukkanaaru pullu, sunti hullu, tantankattaippul, thineipillu,
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 87. 1762, tirunarakavam
Observationes Botanicae 4: 17–18. 1786, Flora Lusitanica 1:
82. 1804, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 1: 52. 1808, Flora Indica; in Indonesia: benda laut, ramput kumaranting, suket balungen
or descriptions … 1: 310. 1820, Systema Vegetabilium, edi- in Japan: hai-kibi (= creeping Panicum)
tio decima sexta 1: 319. 1825, Description de l’Égypte,
… Histoire Naturelle, Tome Second 51. 1829, Tentamen in Malaysia: kerunong padi, metubong, telur ikan
Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 373. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum in Okinawa: najichu
Glumacearum 1: 72. 1854, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360. 1864,
Botanical Gazette 4(1): 106. 1879, Mexicanas Plantas 2: 28. in the Philippine Isl.: kayana, luy-a-luy-a, luya-luyahan,
1886, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 13(2): 25. 1886, maralaya
Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo 1: 131. 1894, in Sri Lanka: etora, inji pul
Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 363. 1898 and Handb. Fl.
Ceylon 5: 154. 1900, Mémoires de l’Institut Égyptien 4: 301. in Thailand: khaem man, ya-chanakat, yaa channakaat, ya
1901, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ channakat, ya khaemman, ya o noi, ya-onoi, yaa o noi
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 33: 48. 1902, Contr. U.S. in Vietnam: co’ông, coì cu’a gà
Natl. Herb. 15: 85–86. 1910, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 320.
1931, Flore de l’Afrique du Nord: 1: 316. 1952, Grasses of Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. rigidulum (Agrostis
Ceylon 114. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 330. 1960, Journal polystachya Bosc ex Steud.; Panicum agrostoides Muhl.;
of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154. 1986, Journal of Panicum agrostoides Spreng.; Panicum agrostoides Salzm.
Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143. 1990, Boletim da ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Panicum agrostoides Spreng.;
Panicum agrostoides Sprengel var. agrostoides; Panicum
Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35–74. 1991, Annals of the
agrostoides var. condensum (Nash) Fern.; Panicum agrostoi-
Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775–783. 1994, Cytologia
des var. ramosius (C. Mohr) Fern.; Panicum anceps Michx.;
60: 347–351. 1995, Blumea 41: 199, 202. 1996, Acta Bot.
Panicum condensum Nash; Panicum elongatum var. ramo-
Brasil. 21(4): 785–805. 2007
sius C. Mohr; Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees; Panicum
(Used in Sidha. Roots for asthma. Cyperus rotundus tubers rigidulum var. condensum (Nash) F. Seymour; Panicum
crushed with rhizomes of Panicum repens used orally to get rigidulum var. condensum (Nash) Mohlenbr.)
relief in rheumatoid arthritis.)
North America. Perennial, strongly erect panicle branches,
in English: bullet grass, couch grass, couch panicum, creep- very tiny straight spikelets, meadows and shores, bottomland
ing panic grass, creeping panicum, creeping witchgrass, and mesic upland fields
panic grass, quack grass, torpedo grass, Victoria grass,
See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4:
Wainaku grass
236. 1799, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 48. 1803, Plantarum
in Spanish: canota Minus Cognitarum Pugillus 2: 4. 1815, Flora Brasiliensis seu
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2775

Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 163. 1829, Nomenclator Botanicus 2: 268. Boston 1965, Joseph Ewan, ed., A Short History of
ed. 2 1: 40. 1840, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 93. Botany in the United States. New York and London 1969,
1854 and Contributions from the United States National Frans A. Stafleu, Linnaeus and the Linnaeans. The spreading
Herbarium 6: 357. 1901, Flora of the Southeastern United of their ideas in systematic botany, 1735–1789. Utrecht 1971,
States … 93: 1327. 1903, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15: 100. T.W. Bossert, comp., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists
1910, Rhodora 36(423): 74. 1934, Rhodora 38(455): 390. Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 203.
1936, Illustrations of Indian Botany 71. 1973 1972, Ragnar Granit, in D.S.B. 7: 210–211. 1981, R. Zander,
F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.)
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 732. 1993.)
in English: Agrostis-like panic grass, panic grass
North America. Perennial bunchgrass, caespitose, stiff,
Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. (Panicum sarmentosum erect to spreading, leaf-blades and stems not hairy, basal
(Pers.) Raspail, nom. illeg., non Panicum sarmentosum leaves differing from culm leaves, glumes very unequal,
Roxb.; Panicum sarmentosum Benth.) stigmas purple
SE Asia. Perennial, robust, stout, creeping or scrambling, See Species Plantarum 1: 58. 1753, A Sketch of the Botany of
strongly branched, rooting and branching from the nodes, South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 125, 127. 1816, Mantissa 2:
weed species, the roots chewed with betel nuts 257. 1824, Adnotationes Botanicae 6. 1829, North American
Gramineae and Cyperaceae 1: 30. 1834, Synopsis Plantarum
See Syn. Pl. 1: 110. 1805, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue
Glumacearum 1: 51. 1853, A Class-book of Botany 786. 1861,
… 8. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions … 1: 311. 1820,
The grasses of the United States 12. 1883, Mexicanas Plantas
Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1. 5: 299. 1825
2: 20. 1886, Department of Agriculture. Botanical Division.
(Roots aphrodisiac. For irregular menses, pound the plant Bulletin 8: 33. 1889, Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment
with Setaria plicata and Gigantochloa scortechinii and Station of the University of Tennessee 7: 51, f. 54. 1894,
drink the juice.) Circular, Division of Agrostology, United States Department
of Agriculture 16: 5. 1899 and North Carolina Agricultural
Malayan names: janggut ali, kelubong, kerubong, poko klu-
Research Service: Bulletin 175: 115. 1900, Contributions
bong, rumput jangut ali, terupong, tongkat ali
from the United States National Herbarium 15: 253, 256, f.
in the Philippines Isl.: kanubsuban, kauakauya, kauay- 275. 1910, Manual of the Grasses of the United States 643,
ansauak, kauayan-kauyan 913. 1935, Brittonia 26(1): 60. 1974, Sida 10(2): 191. 1983,
Phytologia 71(2): 85. 1991, Novon 2(2): 104. 1992, Phytologia
in Thailand: yaa farang, yaa khai hao, ya farang, ya khai hao,
77(6): 460. 1994, Darwiniana 37: 109. 1999
ya pharang
(Medicinal value, sometimes used as abortifacient.)
in Vietnam: co voi
in English: panic grass, round-fruited panic grass, round-
Panicum sphaerocarpon Elliott (Dichanthelium sphaero-
seed panic grass, spherical-fruited panic grass, spherical
carpon (Elliott) Gould; Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var.
panic grass
floridanum (Vasey) Davidse; Dichanthelium sphaerocar-
pon var. sphaerocarpon; Panicum auburne Ashe; Panicum in Nicaragua: walang
dichotomum var. sphaerocarpum (Elliott) Alph. Wood;
Panicum sumatrense Roth (Panicum albidulum Steud.;
Panicum heterophyllum Sw. ex Wikstr.; Panicum inflatum
Panicum attenuatum Willd., nom. illeg.; Panicum attenu-
Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Panicum kalmii Sw. ex Wikstr.; Panicum
atum Hort. ex Trin.; Panicum attenuatum (Moench) Moench;
microcarpon var. sphaerocarpon (Elliott) Vasey; Panicum
Panicum crispum Llanos; Panicum miliaceum var. attenu-
nitidum var. crassifolium A. Gray; Panicum sphaerocar-
atum (Moench) Willd.; Panicum miliare auct.; Panicum
pon subsp. inflatum (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Hitchc.; Panicum
psilopodium Trin.; Panicum psilopodium var. coloratum
sphaerocarpum Salzm. ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Panicum
Hook.f.; Panicum psilopodium var. psilopodium; Panicum
sphaerocarpon Elliott; Panicum vicarium E. Fourn.) (for
simplex Rottler ex Trin.; Panicum simplex H. St.John;
the Swedish botanist Pehr (Peter) Kalm, 1716–1779, trav-
Panicum simplex Willd. ex Spreng.; Panicum sumatrense
eller, 1748–1751 North America, his writings include
Roth ex Roem. and Schult.; Panicum sumatrense subsp. psi-
Beschreibung der Reise die er nach dem nördlichen Amerika
lopodium (Trin.) de Wet)
… unternommen hat. Eine Übersetzung. [translated from the
Swedish by Johann Philipp Murray and Johann Andrews Tropical Asia, SE Asia. Annual, very variable, erect or
Murray] Göttingen 1754–1764. See A. Lasègue, Musée bota- geniculate, strongly branched, decumbent and rooting at the
nique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845, G.C. Wittstein, lower nodes, seed brown and minute, occurs wild and as a
Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 484. Ansbach weed, cultivated as a cereal, grain crop species, contains high
1852 and Carl Skottsberg, “Pehr Kalm.” Kungliga Svenska amounts of iron and zinc, quick growing fodder, husked grain
vetenskapsakademiens levnadsteckningar. 139: 221–503. cooked and eaten like rice, grain sometimes ground into flour
1951, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. and made into bread, related to Panicum psilopodium Trin.
2776 Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 15: 131. 1910, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Darwiniana
1: 173. 1791, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 204. 30(1–4): 87–94. 1990, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
1794, Syst. Veg. 1: 348. 1798, Enumeratio Plantarum Garden 81(4): 768–774. 1994
Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … [Willdenow] 2: 1033. 1809,
(Rhizomes aromatic, emollient and diuretic, sometimes used
Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 2: 434.
as excitant.)
1817, Nov. Pl. Sp. 50. 1821, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 1:
318. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], De Graminibus in English: thicket panic grass
Paniceis [Trinius] 166, 216–217. 1826, Fragmentos de
in Brazil: andacaá, capim andacaá, capim mimoso, capim
Algunas Plantas Filipinas 41. 1851, Synopsis Plantarum
vindecaá
Glumacearum 1 1(1): 69. 1853 [1855 publ. 10–12 Dec 1853],
The Flora of British India 7: 47. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon Panicum tricholaenoides Steud. var. flavomarginatum
5: 150. 1900, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 321. 1931, Grasses of (Mez) Zuloaga (Panicum flavomarginatum Mez)
Ceylon 116. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 329, 701. 1960,
Paraguay. In forest
J.W. Purseglove, Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons, Vol. 1.
London, Longman Group Ltd. 1972, Journal d’Agriculture See Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 68. 1854 [1853]
Traditionnelle et de Botanique Appliquée 30: 159. 1983, and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Blumea 34(1): 77–85. 1989, Cytologia 55: 315–319. 1990, schichte und Pflanzengeographie 56(Beibl. 125): 2. 1921,
Blumea 41: 206. 1996 Candollea 46(2): 540. 1991
(Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Fresh plant paste tonic, (Used in Sidha.)
stimulant, for nervous breakdown and gonorrhea. Veterinary
in India: acanankai, atalai, cimaiccopicceti, cimaiccopitam,
medicine, a mixture of Elytraria acaulis powder, seed pow-
cironikacceti, cironikam, elippakam, elippalai, eliyal, eliya-
der of Panicum sumatrense applied as plaster to the broken
manakku, kantukaci, kantukaciyamanakku, kattamanakku,
horns of cow
nikumpam, pancamukacceti, pancamukaruttiran, pauttiravac-
in English: blue panic, Indian millet, little millet, sama, ceti, pauttiravam, puliyamanakku, vicittiram, utalai, utulai
small millet
Panicum trypheron Schult. (Panicum curviflorum Hornem.;
in Spanish: mijo pequeño, mijo sumatrense Panicum phragmitoides Stapf; Panicum roxburghii Spreng.;
Panicum tenellum Roxb., nom. illeg., non Panicum tenellum
in India: bajra, bhadli, bilee saame hullu, bili saame, bili
Lam.) (from the Greek trypheros, on ‘delicate, tender, soft-
saame hullu, camai, chak-tipli, chamai, chamala hullu,
fleshed, dainty’)
gadro, ganga samulu, gondula, gundli, halvi-vari, kaadu kari
saame hullu, kodaikanai, kungu, kuren pullu, kuri, kutki, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, India. Annual or short-lived
nalla shaama, nalla shaamalu, nallachamalu, pattupullu, perennial, erect or geniculate, leaves hirsute to pilose, eaten
peru saamai, piva pullu, saamai, saamaaka, saavaa, sadan by cattle, grains used for making bread in times of scarcity,
samai, saka, sama, samai, samalu, samo, sava, save, shaama growing in damp places, depressions, ditches, plantations,
pullu, shaamai, shaame, shama, shamai, shame, shavan, shy- along roadsides
aamaaka, suniva, vari, vari-gudhi, vari-mahan
See Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis Suppl. Suppl.: 116.
in Sri Lanka: hin meneri, shamai 1819, Flora Indica; or descriptions … 1: 309. 1820, Mantissa
2: 244. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1:
in Vietnam: k[ee] sumatra
320. 1825, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F.
Panicum trichanthum Nees (Milium microspermum Lag.; Welwitsch in 1853–61 2(1): 181. 1899 and Icones plantarum
Panicum guayaquilense Steud.; Panicum microspermum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formo-
(Lag.) E. Fourn.; Panicum microspermum E. Fourn. ex sanam 7: 62–63, f. 33. 1918, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 677.
Hemsl.; Panicum trichanthum A. Rich., nom. illeg., non 1920, Journal of Japanese Botany 38(3): 84. 1963, Journal
Panicum trichanthum Nees; Panicum trichanthum var. of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154. 1986, Blumea 34: 79.
modestum Döll) 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 322–323. 1990
South America. Annual, branching, scrambling, long- (Root paste given in cough and cold; root juice given to eradi-
stemmed, climbing, trailing, green fruits, weed, found in open cate worms from the stomach.)
and disturbed site at river’s edges, damp places, roadsides
in India: adavi sathagaddi, bhatur, kaadu kari saame, kaadu
See Genera et species plantarum 2. 1816, Flora Brasiliensis kari saame hullu, kadukarai samai hullu, kempu sanna han-
seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 210. 1829, Tentamen chi, lota, mijhri, samai karunai, shamai karunai
Florae Abyssinicae … 2: 375. 1850, Synopsis Plantarum
in Sri Lanka: shamai karunai, wal meneri
Glumacearum 1: 85. 1854, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 248. 1877,
Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3: 492. 1885, Panicum turgidum Forssk. (Panicum turgidum Hochst. ex
Mexicanas Plantas 2: 492. 1886 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. Steud., nom. illeg., non Panicum turgidum Forssk.)
Panicum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2777

Northern and NE Africa, Sahara, Chad, Pakistan. Perennial in Pakistan: dooth

desert grass, erect or ascending, hard, coarse, woody, shrubby,
Panicum virgatum L. (Chasea virgata (L.) Nieuwl.; Eatonia
suffrutescent, solid, many-noded, rooting and branching at
purpurascens Raf.; Ichnanthus glaber Link ex Steud.;
the nodes, rootstock stout, stems bamboo-like and smooth,
Milium virgatum (L.) Lunell; Milium virgatum var. elon-
stiff pungent leaf blades linear-lanceolate, seed with convex
gatum (Vasey) Lunell; Panicum buchingeri E. Fourn. ex
and flat sides, the grain looks like millet, roots with a felty
Hemsl.; Panicum buchingeri E. Fourn.; Panicum coloratum
appearance, root fibres strong and woody, tanning agent,
L.; Panicum coloratum Walter, nom. illeg., non Panicum
fodder plant, young leaves and shoots very palatable, eaten
coloratum L.; Panicum giganteum Scheele; Panicum gla-
by camels and donkeys, grain eaten by the Tuareg people, berrimum Steud.; Panicum glaberrimum Elliott ex Scribn.
ground into a flour and made into porridge, can withstand & Merr., nom. illeg., non Panicum glaberrimum Steud.;
long periods of drought, resistant to saline soils, useful for Panicum havardii Vasey; Panicum ichnanthoides E. Fourn.;
erosion control and for binding sand, a valuable species for Panicum kunthii E. Fourn., nom. illeg., non Panicum kunthii
rehabilitation of desert ranges and for sand dune stabilization Steud.; Panicum pruinosum Bernh. ex Trin.; Panicum virga-
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 18. 1775, Synopsis Plantarum tum Krause, nom. illeg., non Panicum virgatum L.; Panicum
Glumacearum 1: 88. 1854 and J. Audru, G. Cesar, G. virgatum Roxb. ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Panicum virga-
Forgiarini and J. Lebrun, La Végétation et les Potentialités tum L.; Panicum virgatum subsp. cubense (Griseb.) Borhidi;
Pastorales de la République de Djibouti. Institut d’Elevage Panicum virgatum var. breviramosum Nash; Panicum virga-
et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons- tum var. confertum Vasey; Panicum virgatum var. cubense
Alforts, France 1987, J. Harlan, “Wild grass seeds as food Griseb.; Panicum virgatum var. diffusum Vasey; Panicum
in the Sahara and sub-Sahara.” Sahara 2: 69–74. 1989, virgatum var. elongatum Vasey; Panicum virgatum var.
S. Tilahun, S. Edwards and T.B.G. Egziabher, editors, glaucephylla Cassidy; Panicum virgatum var. obtusum Alph.
Important Bird Areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Wildlife and Wood; Panicum virgatum var. scorteum Linder; Panicum
Natural History Society. Semayata Press. Addis Ababa, virgatum var. spissum Linder; Panicum virgatum var. thyrsi-
Ethiopia 1996 forme Linder; Panicum virgatum var. virgatum)

(Plants used as a vulnerary agent, powder from ground stems Central and North America, Cape Cod National Seashore.
used for healing wounds.) Perennial or annual, spreading, caespitose, clumped, sod
forming, many cultivars, erect, tall, leafy, vigorous, medium
in English: afezu grass, basket grass, desert grass, desert to coarse stemmed, purple to glaucous green stems flimsy
panic grass, Sahara millet, wild grain grass to robust, creeping rhizomes, heavy seeder, vigorous root
in Arabic: abukar, afazu, afezou (grains), afezu, az, aze, system, forage, palatable to livestock, palatibility declines
bochar, bokkar, bou rekba, bu rekuba, dorran, goumshi, rapidly at maturity, used for revegetation of disturbed areas
goushi, hade, markuba, markouba, morkba, mrekba, mrokba, and stabilization, weed species, may naturalize but is not
murkba, nnshe, sabat, safar, shush, taman, tammam, thaman, invasive, useful for erosion control and soil conservation
timam, tishilat, tuman, umm rekba, umn rekba in poorly drained or frequently flooded sites, wildlife food
and cover, spring nesting cover for ground nesting birds and
in Chad: wasarka escape cover for wildlife, habitat for upland game birds and
in Mali: afazo, afezu, afoajo, afodio, afodjo, burekuba, foyo, waterfowl, culms and seeds provide food for song birds,
mrokba, ullul pheasants, ducks, geese and wild turkey

in Mauritania: abukar, az, aze, markouba, morkba, morkeba, See Species Plantarum 1: 59. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 30.
mrekba, mrokba, murkba, nnshe, oumn-rokba, tishilat, umn 1767, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 73. 1788, Journal de
Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 89:
rekba
104. 1819, De Graminibus Paniceis 191. 1826, Nomenclator
in Morocco: ûmm-rekba, bû-rekba, mrokba, mmu rokba, Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 262. 1841, Linnaea 22(3):
tammâm, tmâm, tumâm, âfzû, âbûkar, âz, tisilat, tigusin, 340. 1849, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 94.
gusî, emselih 1854, Catalogus plantarum cubensium … 233. 1866, The
American Botanist and Florist pt. 2: 392. 1871, Biologia
in Niger: afeza, afezu, afodio, afodjo, fadhik, foyo, gajalol,
Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 3: 486. 1885, Bulletin
gumchi, markuba
of the Torrey Botanical Club 13(2): 26. 1886, Mexicanas
in Sahara: afazu, morkebé Plantas 2: 29–30. 1886, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club 14: 95. 1887, Bulletin Colorado Agricultural College,
in Somalia: darif, dungara, dhu-ghasi
Colorado Experiment Station 12: 29. 1890, Bulletin of the
in Sudan: tumaan, tuman, taman Torrey Botanical Club 23: 150. 1896 and Bulletin, Division
of Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 29:
in Yemen: bukar
3. 1901, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 118. 1908, Contr. U.S.
in India: munt, murut, murutagas, murutaghas Natl. Herb. 15: 88. 1910, American Midland Naturalist 2: 64.
2778 Papaver L. Papaveraceae

1911, Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 32: 342. 1914, South Africa. Herb, yellowish prickly hairs, orange flow-
American Midland Naturalist 4: 212. 1915, Rhodora 24: ers, tubular-shaped ovary, small black seeds, young plants
14–15. 1922, Nobumasa Ichizen et al., “Impacts of switch- cooked as vegetable
grass (Panicum virgatum L.) planting on soil erosion in
See Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 92. 1794, Syst.
the hills of the Loess Plateau in China.” Weed Biology and
Nat. [Candolle] 2: 79. 1821 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 109: 335–
Management 5(1): 31–34. 2005
341. 1988
(Leaves might cause photosensitization.)
(When fully grown this plant is toxic.)
in English: switch grass
in English: bristle poppy, Californian poppy, poppy, red
Panicum whitei J.M. Black poppy, thorny poppy, wild poppy
Australia. Annual or perennial, leafy, growing rapidly, in Lesotho: sehlohlo
geniculate, erect, shiny, branched, usually slender, hay and
in Southern Africa: doringpapawer, koringpapawer, korin-
silage, palatability variable, more palatable when dry, toler-
groos, rooipapawer, rooipoppie, sehloahloa, wilde papawer,
ates shallow seasonal flooding, grows in moist areas, lightly
wildepoppie
flooded plains, on red earth, on black or grey clays seasonally
inundated Papaver dubium Linn. (Fumaria agraria Lag. subsp.
micranthifolia (Pugsley) Maire; Papaver albiflorum (Bess.)
See Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Paczoski; Papaver albiflorum Paczoski; Papaver collinum
South Australia 41: 632, t. 39. 1917 Bogenh. ex Bisch.; Papaver collinum Bisch.; Papaver colli-
(Leaves might cause photosensitization in sheep.) num Bogenh. & Boreau; Papaver decaisnei Boiss.; Papaver
decaisnei Hochst. & Steud. ex Elkan; Papaver dubium Ten.;
in English: pepper grass, pigeon grass, sugar grass Papaver dubium E.H.L. Krause; Papaver dubium var. col-
linum Bogenh. ex Bisch.; Papaver dubium L. subsp. laev-
igatum (M.Bieb.) Kadereit; Papaver dubium var. laevigatum
Papaver L. Papaveraceae (M. Bieb.) Elk.; Papaver dubium var. lamottei (Boreau)
The old Latin name papaver, papaveris, Akkadian papallu, Cariot; Papaver dubium var. maroccanum Ball; Papaver
Sumerian pa-pal ‘bud, sprout’, Akkadian (bir)birru ‘to flame, dubium var. modestum (Jord.) Fedde; Papaver dubium
to blaze’, Hebrew bera ‘fire, burning’, ba’ar ‘to burn’, Latin var. obtusifolium (Desf.) Elkan; Papaver dubium var. sch-
buro, uro, -is, ussi, ustum, urere ‘to burn’; see Carl Linnaeus, weinfurthii (Fedde) Maire; Papaver dubium var. subad-
Species Plantarum. 1: 506–508. 1753, Genera Plantarum. pressiusculo-setosum (Fedde) Maire; Papaver dubium var.
Ed. 5. 224. 1754, Genera Plantarum 235–236. 1789, Florae subbipinnatifidum (Kuntze) Fedde; Papaver dubium var.
Graecae Prodromus 1: 360. 1809, Felix de Avellar Brotero subintegrum (Kuntze) Fedde; Papaver dubium var. tenue
(1744–1828), Noções geraes das dormideiras, da sua cul- (Ball) Maire; Papaver glabrum Gilib.; Papaver glabrum
tura, e da extracção do verdadeiro opio, que ellas conte’m. Royle; Papaver glabrum auct., sensu Pamp.; Papaver laev-
[Small 8vo, first edn.] Lisbon 1824, Prodromus Systematis igatum M. Bieb.; Papaver lamottei Boreau; Papaver litwin-
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 79. 1825, Linnaea 8: 843. owii Fedde ex Bornm.; Papaver malviflorum Doumergue;
1833, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames 7: 16, Papaver malviflorum Doumergue var. patulivillum Maire
19, 21. 1839, Flora Orientalis 1: 115. 1867, Die Natürlichen & Sam.; Papaver modestum Jord.; Papaver nothum Steven;
Pflanzenfamilien 3(2): 142. 1889 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. Papaver nothum Steven ex Nyman Papaver obtusifolium
40(Heft 104): 290, 334. 1909, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 347–354. Desf.; Papaver rhoeas var. dubium (L.) Schmalh.; Papaver
1946, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern schweinfurthii Fedde; Papaver subadpressiusculo-seto-
English. 2: 1037, 1125. New York 1967, Taxon 22: 580–581. sum Fedde; Papaver tenue Ball; Papaver turbinatum DC.;
Papaver turbinatum Fresen.)
1973, Novák, J. and V. Preininger. “Chemotaxonomic review
of the genus Papaver.” Preslia 59: 1–13. 1987, Rhodora 90: North America. A very variable and complex species
11. 1988, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 78(5):
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753, Species Plantarum
121–122. 1993, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura
2: 1196. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 224. 1754, Fl. Atlant. 1: 407.
europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci moderne.
1798, Pflanzenr. (Engler) Papaverac.-Hypec. & Papav. 307.
2(2): 503. Leo S. Olschki Editore, Firenze 1994. The genus
1909, Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 3: 364. [Dec 1819 or early 1820],
is quite complex cytologically. Papaver is rich in alkaloids,
Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 2: 84. 1821, Fl. Napol. 4: 306. 1830,
notably opiates.
Mus. Senckenberg. i. (1834) 173. 1834, Pugill. Pl. Nov. 4.
Papaver aculeatum Thunb. (Papaver gariepinum Burch.; 1852, Fl. Centre France, ed. 3 [Boreau] 2: 29–30. 1857, J. Bot.
Papaver gariepinum Burch. ex DC.; Papaver horridum 11: 296. 1873, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 24. 1878 and Deutschl. Fl.
DC.) (Gariep River or Eijn River, South Africa; see Gilbert (Sturm), ed. 2. 6: 12. 1902, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. xix. II. 202.
Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa. 7, 18, 41, 1906, Lagascalia 7: 191–216. 1978, Boletim da Sociedade
402. Balkema, Rotterdam 1982) Broteriana 54: 153–171. 1980, Preslia 52: 103–115. 1980,
Papaver L. Papaveraceae 2779

Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 1145–1147. 1986, Lagascalia China.

14: 286–288. 1986, Fitologija 33: 65–66. 1987, Cytologia 53:
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753 and Botaničeskij
771–775, 777–782. 1988, Current Science 58: 1384–1385.
Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 904–905. 1991
1989, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Flora 190: 97–104. 1995, Linzer (It has no narcotic value.)
Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997
in China: hei huan ying su, bai hua hei huan ying su
(It seems to have no narcotic value. Petals sudorific.)
in Pakistan: gurgurrak
in English: field poppy, long-headed poppy, poppy
Papaver rhoeas Linn. (Papaver agrivagum Jord.; Papaver
in India: post hookeri Baker; Papaver rhoeas subsp. strigosum (Boenn.)
Soó; Papaver rhoeas subsp. strigosum (Boenn.) Simonk.;
Papaver macrostomum Boiss. & Huet ex Boiss. (Papaver
Papaver rhoeas var. agrivagum (Jord.) Beck; Papaver rhoeas
dalechianum Fedde; Papaver divergens Fedde; Papaver
var. albiflorum Kuntze; Papaver rhoeas var. alleizettei Maire;
kurdistanicum Fedde; Papaver piptostigma Bien. ex. Fedde;
Papaver rhoeas var. chanceliae Maire; Papaver rhoeas var.
Papaver tubuliferum Fedde)
hookeri (Baker) Fedde; Papaver rhoeas var. leucanthemum
Europe. Fedde; Papaver rhoeas var. roubiaei (Vig.) Salis; Papaver
rhoeas var. strigosum Boenn.; Papaver rhoeas var. subin-
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753, Flora Orientalis
tegrum Lange; Papaver rhoeas var. trichocarpum Pamp.;
1: 115. 1867
Papaver rhoeas var. trifidum (Kuntze) Fedde; Papaver
(It has perhaps no narcotic value.) rhoeas var. umbilicato-substipitatum Fedde; Papaver rhoeas
var. urophyllum Fedde; Papaver roubiaei Vig.; Papaver
Papaver nudicaule L. (Papaver alpinum L. var. xanthopeta-
rupifragum Boiss. & Reut. subsp. atlanticum (Ball) Maire;
lum Trautv.; Papaver nudicaule subsp. xanthopetalum
Papaver rupifragum Boiss. & Reut. var. atlanticum Ball;
(Trautv.) Fedde; Papaver nudicaule var. chinense Fedde)
Papaver strigosum (Boenn.) Schur)
North America.
Cosmopolitan.
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753 and Das
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753, Syst. Nat. 2: 71.
Pflanzenreich 40: 384. 1909, Taxon 30: 857–860. 1981,
1821 and Bergens Mus. Årbok 2: 46. 1931, Fl. W. Pakistan
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 66(3): 380–
61: 17. 1974, Lagascalia 7: 191–216. 1978, Preslia 52:
387. 1981, Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 1373–1381.
103–115. 1980, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 54: 153–
1981, Cytologia 53: 647–652. 1988, Acta Botanica Boreali-
171. 1980, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Fitologija 30: 78–79.
Occidentalia Sinica 10: 203–210. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal
1985, Informatore Botanico Italiano 18: 168–175. 1986,
(Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 904–905. 1991, Biologia 48:
Listados Florísticos de México 4: i-v, 1–246. 1986, Notes
441–445. 1993
from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 45(2): 225–286.
(The plant contains alkaloids that may cause problems in 1988[1989], Cytologia 53: 647–652. 1988, Botaničeskij
animals that ingest it. Horses, cattle, and sheep have been Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 904–905. 1991, Fitologija
poisoned. Seeds used to relieve pain.) 40: 40–55. 1991, Informatore Botanico Italiano 23: 119–122.
1991, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
in English: Iceland poppy
Newsletter 17: 5–7. 1991, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 162. 1994,
in India: serchang Linzer Biologische Beiträge 26(1): 407–435. 1994, Linzer
Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Botanica 137:
Papaver orientale L. (Papaver intermedium DC.; Papaver
1–42. 1999
orientale var. intermedium (DC.) Grossh.)
(The plant may be potentially poisonous if animals ingest
Eurasia.
it. Ornamental and medicinal; rhoeadine, an alkaloid, and
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753 and Ann. Missouri other alkaloids are found in corn poppy. The petals of
Bot. Gard. 61: 288–290. 1974, Annales Botanici Fennici 23: “Shirley poppies” are said to be utilized in colouring drugs.
289–303. 1986, Hereditas; genetiskt arkiv. 112: 221–230. 1990 The milk from the capsules is narcotic with a slightly seda-
tive property and contains morphine in exceedingly minute
(This plant contains some alkaloidal chemicals that may be
proportion. This plant has poisoned cattle according to early
physiologically active in animals.)
European literature.)
in English: Oriental poppy
in English: common poppy, corn poppy, field poppy, Flanders
Papaver pavoninum Schrenk (Papaver conigerum Stocks; poppy
Papaver hybridum Linn. var. grandifiorum Boiss.; Papaver
in China: yu mei ren
hybridum var. microcarpum N. Busch; Papaver ocellatum
Woron.; Papaver pavoninum var. incornutum Fedde) in Nepal: seti birauli
2780 Papilionanthe Schltr. Orchidaceae

in Pakistan: Gul-e-lala afiun, afu, afyun, ahifen, ahiphena, ahiphenam, amal, ape-
nam, aphim, aphin, aphu, aphukam, apin, apini, apinicetti,
in North America: coquelicot, amapola
atilam, avin, bazrul-khash-khash, biligasagase, biligasgase,
Papaver rubro-aurantiacum (Fisch. ex DC.) Lundstr. bizrul khashkhash, bizrul-khashkhash, cacavinmayirttali,
(Papaver ledebourianum Lundstr.; Papaver nudicaule fo. casa casa, cettanti, chosa, cukkumatantulam, doda, gasagas-
nudicaule; Papaver nudicaule L. subsp. rubro-aurantiacum ala, gasagasala-chettu, gasagasalu, gasagase, gasagase sippe,
(Fisch. ex DC.) Fedde; Papaver rubro-aurantiacum Fisch. gasalu, gasha-gasha, gasha-gasha-chedi, gasha-gasha-tol,
ex DC.) gashagasha, gasugasalu, iracanatikam, kacakaca, kacakacac-
ceti, kacavanipam, kahs-khasa, kakasha, kaknar nim kofta,
Europe.
kani, kannatayacceti, karappu, kas-kas kasa-kasa, kasabijam,
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753 and Die Natürlichen kasakasa, kasakase, kasakathi gida, kasha-kashach-chedi,
Pflanzenfamilien 4: 381. 1909 kashakasha, kashkash, khakasa, khas-khas, khasa, khasa-
khasi-gida, khasakhasi, khash-khash, khash-khash-ka-per,
(This species has no narcotic value.)
khash-khash-ke-bonde, khash-khash-ke-khash, khashkhash,
in English: Iceland poppy khashkhash safaid, khashkhash sufaid, khashkhashsufaid,
khashkhashul baiza, khaskhas, khaskhasa, khaskhashinche
Papaver somniferum L. (Papaver amoenum Lindl.; Papaver
baend, khuskhus, kokinar, koknar, koso-kosa, nabatul-
hortense Hussenot; Papaver somniferum L. var. album DC.;
khash-khash, koknar nim kofta, nagaphena, nallamandu,
Papaver somniferum var. atroviolaceum Maire; Papaver
nallamanthu, opium, parunkam, pasto, pest, phaniphena,
somniferum var. coccineum Maire; Papaver somniferum var.
poast-i-khashkhash, poast khahkhash, poast khashkash,
hortense (Hussenot) Rouy & Foucaud; Papaver somniferum
poast khashkhash, post, post-e-khashkhash, post-e-koknar,
var. nigrum DC.; Papaver somniferum L. var. setigerum
post-koknar, posta, posta-katol, postaka, postaka-chedi,
auct. non (DC.) Corb.; Papaver somniferum var. valdeseto-
postakai, postakaya-chettu, postakkaycceti, poste-khash-
sum Mair
khash, poste koknar, postekoknar, posthakkai, posto, posts,
India. Herb, annual, robust erect, glaucous posttakkai, postubejam, postukkaycceti, postuvrikshaha,
qishrul-khash-khash, qishr-ul-khashkhash, qishrul khash-
See Species Plantarum 1: 506–508. 1753 and Danert, S.
khash, qishrul-khashkhash, sufeed srah, tukhm-i-khash-
“Zur Systematik von Papaver somniferum L.” Kulturpflanze
khash, tukhm-i-khaskhash safaid, tukhm khashkash, tukhm
6: 61–88. 1958, Stermitz, F.R. “Alkaloid chemistry and the
khashkhash, tukhm khashkhas safaid, tukhm khashkhash
systematics of Papaver and Argemone.” Recent Advances
safaid, tukhme-koknar, tukme koknar, ude saleeb, ullasata,
Phytochem. 1: 161–183. 1968, Fl. W. Pakistan 61: 20. 1974,
vellai postakay
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 88B (II):
321–325. 1979, Chromosome Information Service 39: 26–27. in Japan: chishi, keshi
1985, Annales Botanici Fennici 23: 289–303. 1986, Cytologia
in Nepal: aphim
53: 647–652. 1988, Proceedings of the Indian Science
Congress Association 75(3-vi): 205–206. 1988, Journal in Pakistan: afim, post or dodda and khaskhash (names
of Cytology and Genetics 27: 31–36. 1992, Lagascalia 17: applied to the alkaloid, capsule and seeds)
59–65. 1993, Biologia 48: 441–445. 1993, AAU Reports 34:
in Vietnam: a phien, a phu dung, anh tuc, chu gia dinh, lao
1–443. 1994, Flora of Ecuador 52: 1–13. 1995, Thaiszia 7:
fen
75–88. 1997
in North America: common poppy, opium poppy, pavot
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. The source of opium,
commun
and its modern derivatives. Opium used in diarrhea, diabetes
and rheumatism, and it locally relieves pain. It is also an anti- in Mexico: adormidera, amapola de opio, guia-guiña, nocu-
dote to snake poison and scorpion sting. Seeds demulcent, ana-bizuono-huceochoga-becale, nocuana bizoono hueco-
nutritive (specially the dark grey and black ones) and mildly chaga becala, quie-guiña, quije guiña
astringent, sedative and narcotic; fruits of Solanum erian-
thum ground with the rhizome of Canna indica, the flow-
ers of Rosa indica, seeds of Papaver somniferum and sugar, Papilionanthe Schltr. Orchidaceae
given to cure syphilis.)
Latin papilio, papilionis ‘a butterfly, moth, tent’ and Greek
in English: opium poppy anthos ‘flower’, an allusion to the beautiful flowers; Greek
papylion ‘tent’; see Orchis 9: 80. 1915.
in Arabic: khoch khache, bou en-noum, khashkhash aswad,
boundi Papilionanthe hookeriana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. (Vanda hookeri
auct.; Vanda hookeriana Rchb.f.)
in China: ying su, ying su ke, ying tzu shu
Malesia, Vietnam.
in India: aaphuka, abhini, abini, abu-an-naum, abunom,
acarankam, afeem, afeemu gida, afim, afin, afirm, afium, See Bonplandia 4: 324. 1856 and Orchis 9: 80. 1915
Pappea Ecklon & Zeyher Sapindaceae 2781

(Hot leaves poultice applied for rheumatism and pains in collectors at the Cape.” Trans. S. Afr. Philos. Soc. 4(1): xxx-
the joints.) liii. 1884–1886 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
upon Botanists. 3: 47. 1965, Mary Gunn and Leslie E. Codd,
Malay name: tulang
Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 270–272. 1981,
Papilionanthe subulata (Willd.) Garay (Aerides cylin- Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and
drica Lindl., nom. illeg.; Cymbidium cylindricum B. Heyne Horticulturists. 533–534. 1994.
ex Wall., nom. inval.; Epidendrum subulatum J. König, Pappea capensis Ecklon & Zeyher (Baccaurea capensis
nom. illeg.; Limodorum subulatum Willd.; Papilionanthe Spreng.; Blighia unijugata Baker; Choritaenia capensis
cylindrica (Lindl.) Seidenf.; Papilionanthe subulata (J. (Sond. & Harv.) Burtt Davy; Pappea capensis Sond. & Harv.,
Koenig) Garay) nom. illeg., non Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh.; Pappea
India. capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. var. radlkoferi (Schweinf.) Schinz;
Pappea capensis var. radkloferi (Schweinf. ex Radlk.)
See Observ. Bot. 6: 51. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta Schinz; Pappea fulva Conrath; Pappea radlkoferi Schweinf.;
4: 126. 1805, Numer. List: 7317. 1832, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: Pappea radlkoferi Schweinf. ex Radlk.; Pappea radlkoferi
240. 1833 and Botanical Museum Leaflets 23(10): 372. 1974 Schweinf. ex Penz.; Pappea radlkoferi var. angolensis
(To treat eczema.) Schltr.; Pappea ugandensis Baker f.; Phialodiscus unijuga-
tus (Baker) Radlk.; Sapindus pappea Sond., nom. illegit.)
Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. (Dendrobium teres
Roxb.; Dendrobium teres Lindl.; Papilionanthe teres Schltr.; South Africa, SE Africa. Tree, leafy, spreading, prostrate
Papilionanthe teres f. candida (Rchb.f.) Christenson; scrambler, slow-growing, short trunk, small flowers green-
Papilionanthe teres f. candida Christenson; Vanda teres yellow, furry green capsules, shiny dark red-brown to black
Lindl.; Vanda teres (Roxb.) Lindl.; Vanda teres var. can- oval seeds, juicy orange-to-pink flesh edible, bee forage,
dida Rchb.f.) leaves browsed by animals, fodder for cattle and goats during
dry periods, ripe and unripe fruits eaten raw, ripe fruits liked
Nepal, China, Vietnam. Epiphyte, herb, thread-like coria- by birds, found in bushland and wooded or bushed grassland
ceous leaves, pinkish yellow flowers with green streaks, con-
ical spur and lobed tip See Species Plantarum 1: 367. 1753, Enumeratio Plantarum
Africae Australis Extratropicae [Ecklon & Zeyher] 1: 53.
See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 63. 1814, Numer. 1835, Flora Capensis 2: 562. 1862, Genera Plantarum 1: 907.
List [Wallich] n. 7324. 1832, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 485. 1832, 1867, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 427. 1868, Sitzungsberichte
Gen. Sp. Orchid. Plants: 217. 1833, Edwards’s Botanical der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B.
Register 26: Misc. 51. 1840, Gard. Chron. 1875(2): 225. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 9: 655. 1879, Atti
1875, FBI 6: 49. 1890, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 655. Congr. Bot. Genova (1893) 336. 1893 and Bull. Misc. Inform.
1891 and Orchis. Monatsschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft Kew 1908, 221. 1908, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 3:
für Orchideenkunde 9: 78. 1915, Taxon 30: 704–705. 1981, 121. 1912
Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
(Bark toxic. Oil from the seeds laxative. Bark cooked with
94: 442. 1981, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 63(12): 1375. 1994
soup to treat indigestion, stomach disorders, diarrhea and
(Root juice given as a contraceptive. A decoction of flowers stomachache. Leaves used for stomachache and diarrhea.
and stems of Vanda teres with flowers of Heteropanax fra- Roots boiled, decoction for typhoid fever, dysentery and
grans given in general debility, also applied on forehead as a amebic dysentery, abdominal pain. Poisonous to fish.)
cooling agent. Contact therapy, a piece of stem tied on loin to in English: bushveld cherry, indaba tree, jackal plum, jacket-
protect an infant from cold and cough.) plum, kaffir plum, wild amandel, wild cherry, wild plum,
in China: feng die lan wild plum tree

in India: mir-dan in Eastern Africa: mfunuguru

in Kenya: adadak, amarinda, asel, biriokwo, bunyamanyama,
dilikoni, engongaat, etolerh, kamarinda, kibiriokwo, kipirio-
Pappea Ecklon & Zeyher Sapindaceae kwa, kiva, kumurinda, leroongo, lgurong’ui, lgurugu, lopisedi,
To honor the German (b. Hamburg) physician and botanist loposeta, mba, mkongori, mndendele, mubaa, natua-ekong’u,
Karl (Carl) Wilhelm Ludwig Pappe, 1803–1862 (d. Cape natwa-ong’o, ndendele, ndirikumi, ngohyet, ntirikomi, oku-
Town), M.D. Leipzig 1827, professor of botany, published A oro, oltimigomi, omaange, omurinda, orkisikong’o, pika,
piriak, priak, priokwo, puriokwo, sinyamanyama
list of South African indigenous plants used as remedies by
the colonists of the Cape of Good Hope. Cape Town 1847 in Southern Africa: bergpruim, doppruim, kaambessie
and Florae capensis medicae prodromus. Cape Town 1850; boom, kaambos-bessiepitte kouboom, noupit, noupitjie,
see Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 1: 53. [Dec oliepit, oliepitboom, pruimbessie, pruimboom, prui-
1834-Mar 1835], P. MacOwan, “Personalia of botanical mbos, tkaambessie boom, wildepruim; umQhokwane,
2782 Papuechites Markgr. Apocynaceae

umKhokhwane, umQhoqho, umGqogqo, umVuma, iNd- Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali (Cylista scariosa Roxb.)
aba (Zulu); iliTye, umGqalutye, ilitye (Xhosa); kambeje
India, Pakistan. Perennial climbing shrub, woody twiners,
(Ndebele); liLatsa (Swazi); gulaswimbi (Thonga); xikwak-
yellow flowers in axillary peduncled inflorescence, tubers
waxu (Tsonga); sikwakwashe (Shangaan); mothata (Tswana:
eaten as a vegetable
Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana); mopennweng
(Kgatla and Kwena dialects, Botswana); morobaliepe (North See University Studies [Karachi, Pakistan] 5: 95. 1968, J.
Sotho); mongatane, moroba-diepe (= axe-breaker) (North Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82: 489–500. 1984, J. Econ. Taxon.
Sotho); chitununu (Shona) Bot. 7(2): 249–276. 1985, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 16(2): 305–
334. 1992
in Tanzania: getakhubay, iyarampimbi, kiboboyo, mbamba
ngoma, mboboyo, mhungulu, mjaghamba, mnenge, (Used in Ayurveda. Roots used to cure fracture by bandag-
momange, mtori, mtula-ikufa, muanga, muliwa-mpamgo, ing with crushed roots, and also taken orally with water;
mwikalatulo, mwunza, oldimigomi, orimigomi roots decoction, cumin seeds and candy given for stomach-
ache; root decoction given in leucorrhea, dysentery, also used
externally for skin diseases. Leaf juice vermicidal, an anti-
Papuechites Markgr. Apocynaceae dote to snakebite.)
From Papua New Guinea plus Echites, see Nova Guinea 14: in India: adavi kandi, ran-ghevada, ranghevada, sogurmottu,
287–288. 1925. toranvel
Papuechites aambe (Warb.) Markgr. (Anodendron aambe
Warb.; Ichnocarpus bertieroides Wernham ex S. Moore;
Paracostus C.D. Specht Costaceae (Zingiberaceae)
Papuechites aambe Markgr.; Strophanthus aambe Warb.)
Greek para ‘near, similar to’ plus Costus L., see Taxon 55(1):
New Guinea, Bismarck Arch.
162 (157, fig. 1). 2006.
See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 3: 122. 1802, Botanische
Paracostus englerianus (K. Schum.) C. Specht (Costus eng-
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
lerianus K. Schum.; Costus unifolius N.E. Br.)
Pflanzengeographie 13: 407, 454. 1891 and Nova Guinea 14:
287–288. 1925 West Africa, Cameroon. Fleshy herb, creeping, branched,
white flowers with yellow throat
(Sap squeezed from the stem and placed onto a sore.)
See Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 12: 696. 1892, Botanische
in Papua New Guinea: kap
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Pflanzengeographie 15: 419, t. 13. 1893 and Taxon 55(1): 162.
2006
Parabaena Miers Menispermaceae
(Leaf and stem sap to treat edema and fever, to treat urethral
From the Greek para ‘near, similar to, beside’ and bao, baino
discharges, venereal diseases, jaundice and to prevent mis-
‘to go, walk’, alluding to the climbing or spreading nature,
carriage. Leaves rubbed on children’s feet to help them walk.)
see Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7: 35, 39. 1851.
Parabaena sagittata Miers
Nicobar Isl. Slender climber, milky juice, membranous Paracroton Miq. Euphorbiaceae
leaves, white flowers in axillary dichotomous inflorescences, Greek para ‘near, similar to’ with Croton L., see Species
leaves and shoots used as vegetable Plantarum 2: 1004–1005. 1753, Bijdragen tot de flora van
See Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2, 7(37): Nederlandsch Indië 619–620. 1826, Flora van Nederlandsch
39. 1851, FBI 1: 96. 1872 and Economic Botany 43(2): 215– Indië 1(2): 382. 1859, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
224. 1989 Vegetabilis 15(2): 1256. 1866.

(Leaves for treatment of fracture; for snakebite leaf paste Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq. (Croton pendulus
boiled in coconut oil and applied on incision; for skin dis- Hassk.; Fahrenheitia pendula (Hassk.) Airy Shaw; Ostodes
eases extract of roots applied externally.) pendula (Hassk.) A. Meeuse) (Fahrenheitia Reichb.f. &
Zoll., for the scientist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, 1686–1736
in India: chiongbombuelu, han-richang, ruirangte (d. The Hague); see J.B. Gough, in D.S.B. 4: 516–518. 1981.)
India.
Paracalyx Ali Fabaceae (Phaseoleae) See Pl. Jav. Rar.: 266. 1848, Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 382. 1859 and
Fl. Java 4c(112): 10. 1943, Kew Bulletin 20: 410. 1966
From the Greek para ‘beside, near’ and kalyx ‘a calyx’, see
Univ. Stud. Karachi 5: 95. 1968. (The sap is irritating and painful.)
Parahemionitis Panigr. Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae, Hemionitidaceae) 2783

Parahemionitis Panigr. Pteridaceae (Bark decoction given after childbirth for shrinking the
(Adiantaceae, Hemionitidaceae) uterus. All parts of plant are used to treat rheumatism,
nephritis and injury; leaves and flowers emmenagogue. The
Greek para ‘near, beside, near by’ and the genus Hemionitis odorous yellow-white balsam obtained by the bark and leaves
L. Hemionitis, used by Strabo for the mule-fern, a species of is applied to wounds and cutaneous affections.)
Scolopendrium; from the Greek hemionos ‘a mule’, supposed
to be barren, worn by women as a charm against pregnancy; in English: Cebu balsam, cebur balsam
Latin and Greek hemionion for a plant, called also asplenium. in China: chang jie zhu
See Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Handwörterbuch. 430. Ansbach 1852 and American Fern in Philippines: dugtung-ahas
Journal 83(3): 90–92, f. 1. 1993.
Parameria polyneura Hook. f. (Parameriopsis polyneura
Parahemionitis cordata (Hook. & Grev.) Fraser-Jenk. (Hook. f.) Pichon)
(Hemionitis cordata Hook. & Grev.)
India.
India. Lithophytic herb
See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 3(9): 660. 1882
See Icones Filicum 1(4): t. 64. 1828 and New Sp. Syndrome and Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle II,
Indian Pterid. & Ferns Nepal 187. 1997 20: 300. 1948
(Frond to treat earache.) (Bark used for wash after confinement, a postpartum remedy.)
in India: elicheviyan Malay name: kayu serapat

Parameria Benth. Apocynaceae Paramicrorhynchus Kirp.

From the Greek para ‘near, beside’ and meris ‘part’, an allu- Asteraceae (Compositae)
sion to the same floral parts, see Genera Plantarum 2(2): 715. Greek para ‘near, beside’ and the genus Microrhynchus, From
1876. the Greek mikros ‘small’ and rhynchos ‘horn, beak’, referring
Parameria laevigata (Jussieu) Moldenke (Aegiphila lae- to the beak of the achenes, see Syn. Comp. 139. 1832.
vigata Jussieu; Chonemorpha densiflora (Blume) G. Don;
Paramicrorhynchus procumbens (Roxb.) Kirp. (Launaea
Ecdysanthera barbata (Blume) Miq.; Ecdysanthera bar-
fallax (Jaub. & Spach) Kuntze; Launaea fallax Muschl.;
bata var. angustior Miq.; Ecdysanthera densiflora (Blume)
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal;
Miq.; Ecdysanthera glandulifera (Wall. ex G. Don) A. DC.;
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Amin; Microrhynchus fallax
Ecdysanthera griffithii Wight; Echites barbatus (Blume) D.
Jaub. & Spach; Prenanthes procumbens Roxb.; Sonchus lak-
Dietr.; Echites densiflorus Blume; Echites torosus Llanos,
ouensis S.Y. Hu; Sonchus mairei H. Lév.; Zollikoferia fallax
nom. illeg.; Parameria angustior (Miq.) Boerl.; Parameria
(Jaub. & Spach) Boiss.; Zollikoferia fallax Boiss.; Zollikoferia
barbata (Blume) K. Schumann; Parameria barbata var. pier-
leucodon Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Zollikoferia leucodon Fisch.
rei (Pit.) Kerr; Parameria glandulifera S. Vidal; Parameria
glandulifera Benth.; Parameria glandulifera (Wall. ex G. & Mey. ex Boiss.)
Don) Benth. ex Kurz; Parameria glandulifera var. philip- India.
pinensis (Radlk.) Stapf; Parameria glandulifera var. pierrei
Pit.; Parameria glandulifera var. poilanei Pit.; Parameria See Compend. Fl. German. 2: 305. 1825, Flora Indica;
philippinensis Radlk.; Parameria pierrei Baill., nom. inval.; or descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 404. 1832, Bulletin de
Parameria pierrei Seeligm.; Parameria vulneraria Radlk.; la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 12: 161.
Parsonsia barbata Blume) 1839, Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium 3: 106. 1848,
Flora Orientalis [Boissier] 3: 824. 1875, Revisio Generum
India. Straggling shrub, yellowish white flowers Plantarum 1: 350. 1891 and Man. Fl. Egypt ii. 1060. 1912,
See Observationum Botanicarum 2: 3. 1767, Annales du Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie,
muséum national d’histoire naturelle 7: 76. 1806, Memoirs Botanique 25: 16. 1915, Stud. Fl. Egypt, 84. 1956, Flora
of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 64. 1811, URSS 29: 237, pl. 15: 2. 1964, Quarterly Journal of the
Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 16: 1042. Taiwan Museum 21: 164. 1968, Kew Bulletin 23: 465. 1969
1826, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 715. 1876, Sitzb. (Leaf paste applied to treat skin diseases, eczema, ringworm;
Math.-Phys. Akad. Muench. 14: 519. 1884, Die Natürlichen
leaf decoction given in abdominal pain, colic, stomachache;
Pflanzenfamilien 4 2: 162. 1895 and Revista Sudamericana
leaf juice taken to kill tapeworms; green leaves eaten to
de Botánica 6: 76. 1940, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo).
reduce piles. For toothache, crushed roots kept on tooth.)
49(5): 551–557. 2001 [Studies on the constituents of bark of
Parameria laevigata Moldenke.] in India: motibhopatri, pathari, patri, pilibhopatri
2784 Paraphlomis Prain Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Paraphlomis Prain Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Sumatra, Borneo. Tree, lowland forests

Greek para ‘near, beside, near to’ plus genus Phlomis L., see See Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 3: 487. 1861 [Dec 1861],
Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 9: 60. 1901. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural his-
tory 39(2): 65–66. 1870
Paraphlomis javanica (Blume) Prain var. coronata (Vaniot)
C.Y. Wu & H.W. Li (Lamium coronatum Vaniot; Lamium (Solidified resin from the trunk ground with gambir, see
gesneroides Hayata; Loxocalyx vaniotiana H. Léveillé; Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb., mixed with honey and eaten
Paraphlomis rugosa (Bentham) Prain var. coronata (Vaniot) as a remedy for urinary tract infections.)
C.Y. Wu) in Indonesia: damar pepening, kayu intap
China.
See Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 14: 174. 1904, Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 224. 1911, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 92.
Parietaria L. Urticaceae
1919, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 8: 38. 1959, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13: Latin parietaria, ae ‘the herb pellitory, parietary’, pari-
72. 1975 etarius, a, um ‘belonging to walls’, paries, etis ‘a wall’; see
(A medicinal herb used for lung troubles, cough, and for Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1052. 1753, Genera
irregular menstruation.) Plantarum. Ed. 5. 471. 1754, Voyage autour du Monde,
entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S.
in China: xiao ye bian zhong M. l’~Uranie~ et la ~Physicienne~ … Botanique 502. 1830.
Parietaria micrantha Ledebour (Freirea micrantha
(Ledeb.) Jarmol.; Parietaria alsinefolia auct.; Parietaria
Parartocarpus Baillon Moraceae coreana Nakai; Parietaria debilis G. Forst.; Parietaria
Greek para ‘near, beside, near to’ plus Artocarpus Forster & debilis G. Forst. var. micrantha (Ledeb.) Wedd.; Parietaria
Forster f., see Adansonia 11: 294. 1875. lusitanica subsp. chersonensis (Lange & Szov.) Chrtek;
Parietaria lusitanica Linnaeus subsp. chersonensis (Lange)
Parartocarpus venenosus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Becc.
Chrtek var. micrantha (Ledeb.) Chrtek; Parietaria lusitanica
(Parartocarpus triandra (J.J. Smith) J.J. Smith;
var. micrantha (Ledeb.) Chrtek; Parietaria micrantha auct.,
Parartocarpus triandrus J.J. Sm.; Parartocarpus venenosa
sensu Hilliard & B.L. Burtt)
Becc.; Parartocarpus woodii (Merr.) Merr.; Parartocarpus
woodii Merr.) Europe, India.
Thailand. Dioecious tree, leaves obovate-oblong, inflores- See Species Plantarum 2: 1052. 1753, Florulae Insularum
cences axillary solitary, fruit (syncarp) subglobose covered Australium Prodromus 73. 1786, Icones Plantarum 1: 7. 1829,
by spine-like protuberances, in mixed and evergreen forests, Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, …
in peat-swamp forests éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne
… Botanique 502. 1830, Fl. Altaic. 4: 303. 1833, Prodromus
See Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. ii. 39. 1923, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 235. 1869 and
Buitenzorg ser. III, vi. 80. 1924, Jarrett, F.M. “Studies in
Botanical Magazine 33: 46. 1909, Sovietsk. Bot. 1934, No. 4,
Artocarpus and allied genera 1–4.” Journal of the Arnold
144, 145. 1934, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl.
Arboretum of Harvard University 40: 1–38, 113–156, 298–
Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 5: 328. 1941, Annales de l’Institut Botanico-
369; 41: 73–141, 320–341. 1959–1960
Géologique Colonial de Marseille sér. 6, 7/8: 9–91. 1950,
(Unripe seeds are poisonous, ripe fruit is edible. The latex Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 56: 1–101, 1964, Folia
is used as arrow poison and as insecticide. Poisonous latex.) Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 8: 426. 1973, Chen Chiajui &
Wang Wentsai. Urticaceae. In: Wang Wentsai & Chen Chiajui,
in Indonesia: bulu ongko, purut
eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(2): 1–404. 1995
in Malaysia: tenggajun
(Used to draw out pus and reduce swelling.)
in Philippines: buratu, malanangka, pangi
in China: qiang cao
in Thailand: lee khaem, phayaa raak lueang
in India: chamkhalu

Parashorea Kurz Dipterocarpaceae

Parinari Aublet Chrysobalanaceae
Greek para ‘near, alongside, near to’ and Shorea Roxb. ex
From a popular plant name used in Guiana or in Brazil
Gaertn., see Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2.
(Tupi); see J.B.C. Fusée Aublet (1720–1778), Histoire des
Natural history 39(2): 65. 1870.
Plantes de la Guiane Françoise. 1: 514, 517, pl. 204–206.
Parashorea lucida Kurz (Shorea lucida Miq.) Paris 1775, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 217. 1777,
Parinari Aublet Chrysobalanaceae 2785

Genera Plantarum 342. 1789, Enumeratio Filicum 228. 1824, Oliv.; Petrocarya excelsa (Sabine) Steud., nom. illeg., non
Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis xiv-xv, 34. 1825, Petrocarya excelsa Jack)
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 2:
Africa tropical. Shrub or tree, small lightly scented white-
527. 1825, Flora Javae 1: vii. 1828, Nomenclator Botanicus.
pink flowers in short flat-topped terminal or axillary heads,
Editio secunda 2: 98. 1841, Flora 25(2, Beibl. 1): 47. 1842,
fruit with grey scales over yellow-red-brown skin, fibrous
Genera Plantarum 3: 103. 1843, Niger Flora 355. 1849, yellow flesh sweet-acid, hard stone, sweet flesh edible seed
Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 431. 1854, Nederlandsch kernel, cooking oil from seeds, bee forage, in bushland,
Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en Mededelingen der wooded grassland, upland grassland, forest edges, savanna,
Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging 3: 385. 1855[1854], Brachystegia woodland, deciduous woodland
Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 352–355. 1855, Annales
Botanices Systematicae 4(5): 645. 1857[1863], Flora 41: 255. See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 514,
1858, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 215. 1891 and Bulletin pl. 204–206. 1775, Genera Plantarum ed 8. 1: 245. 1789,
du Jardin Botanique de l’État 21: 188. 1951, André Joseph Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 433.
Guillaume Henri Kostermans, “A monograph of the genus 1818, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 5:
Parinari Aublet. (Rosaceae-Chrysobalanoideae) in Asia and 451. 1824, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 309.
the Pacific region.” Reinwardtia 7(2): 147–213. 1965, Boletim 1841, Niger Flora 333. 1849, Flora Capensis 2: 596. 1862,
da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 40: 185. 1966, Acta Botanica Adansonia 9: 148–149. 1869, Flora of Tropical Africa 2:
Neerlandica 19: 327. 1970, Brittonia 28(2): 209–230. 368. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 216. 1891 and
1976, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 54(Suppl. 2): 13.
46(3–4): 308. 1976, Luíz Caldas Tibiriçá, Dicionário Tupi- 1916, Kew Bulletin 1957: 229. 1957, Dendrol. Moçamb. 5:
Português. 154. Traço Editora, Liberdade 1984, Luíz Caldas 183 cum tab. 1960, Kenya Trees & Shrubs 403, t. 81. 1961,
Tibiriçá, Dicionário Guarani-Português. 140. Traço Editora, Prodr. Fl. SW. Afr. 57: 2. 1968, Fl. Neotrop. 9: 185. 1972,
Trees of S. Afr. 1: 681 cum tab. & photogr. 1972, Bulletin
Liberdade 1989.
du Jardin Botanique de l’État 46: 320. 1976, Taxon 31:
Parinari capensis Harv. (Ferolia capensis (Harv.) Kuntze; 360. 1982, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12: 35–74.
Parinari capensis Harv. forma obtusifolia Cavaco; Parinari 1984, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14: 159–172. 1985,
capensis subsp. latifolia (Oliv.) R.A. Graham; Parinari cap- Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19: 67–80. 1987, Journal of
ensis var. latifolia Oliv.; Parinari curatellifolia sensu Burtt Ethnopharmacology 33: 143–157. 1991
Davy; Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. var. fru-
(A decoction prepared from a mixture of aerial parts of the
ticulosa R.E. Fr.; Parinari latifolia (Oliv.) Exell; Parinari
plant and those of Tephrosia linearis, Syzygium cordatum
pumila Mildbr.)
and Desmodium adscendens decoction is drunk to cure pal-
Tropical Africa. Rhizomatous, stipules caducous, inflores- pitations. Leaves for cough, dyspnea, respiratory diseases.
cence terminal and axillary, drupe ellipsoid, fruit edible, on Veterinary medicine.)
sandy soils, edges of dambos, seasonally waterlogged soils, in English: cork tree, hissing tree, mobola plum, sandapple
very similar to Parinari curatellifolia
in French: toutou blanc
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 514, pl.
204–206. 1775, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the in Angola: (i) sya, (olo) sya, (omu) tyameka
River Zaire 433. 1818, Flora Capensis 2: 596. 1862, Revisio in Benin: afun lehin, foukoulhi, kmakmalo, kpakpirou
Generum Plantarum 1: 216. 1891 and Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed.
Rhod.-Kongo-Exped. 1: 61. 1914, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5: in Burkina Faso: boumansa bou, gongea koussa, goyoma,
273. 1916, Journ. S. Afr. Bot. 17: 18. 1952, S. Rhod. Bot. Dict. hanvien, komologuo, pwapatoula oro, soubokoro, toubozofi,
110. 1953, Kew Bulletin 1957: 230. 1957, Prodr. Fl. SW. Afr. toutou
57: 1. 1968, Taxon 31: 360. 1982 in Burundi: umunazi
in English: bosapple, dwarf mobola, sand apple in Central African Republic: fi, fuyo, koulli, tekui, tukuli
in Southern Africa: mmola (Tswana); mobolo-oa-fatsi in Congo: njinji
(Sotho); muHacha kwa pasi, mushakata kwa pasi, muJakata
kwa pasi (Shona); sagogwane (Matabele) in Ivory Coast: boumansa bou, gongea koussa, goyoma,
hanvien, komologuo, pwapatoula oro, soubokoro, toubozofi,
Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. (Ferolia curatel- toutou
lifolia (Planch. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Ferolia excelsa (Sabine)
in Kenya: maura, mutaburu, muura, ol’matakuroi, omoraa,
Kuntze; Ferolia mobola (Oliv.) Kuntze; Irvingia mos-
ongoro
sambicensis Sims; Parinari capensis subsp. incohata F.
White; Parinari chapelieri Baill.; Parinari curatellifo- in Nigeria: abo, abo-idofun, gutabo, gwanja-kusa, masao,
lia subsp. mobola (Oliv.) R.A. Graham; Parinari excelsa mobola, odara, rura; rura (Hausa); putu (Nupe); nawarre-
Sabine; Parinari gardineri Hemsl.; Parinari mobola badi (Fula); ibua (Tiv); idofun (Yoruba)
2786 Parinari Aublet Chrysobalanaceae

in N. Rhodesia: mucha, mpundu C 191. 1895, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C 423. 1896,
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
in Southern Africa: grysappel, mobolapruim; amaBuye,
und Pflanzengeographie 26: 377–378. 1899 and Annales du
umBulwa (Zulu); mbulwa (Tsonga); muBula, muUura,
musée du Congo. Série 1, Botanique, sér. 4 1: 182. 1903,
muJakata, muShakata, muCha, muChakata, muHacha,
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Zentral-
muMbhuni (Shona); mobola (Tswana: Western Transvaal,
Afrika-Expedition 1907--1908, Botanik 2: 227. 1911,
northern Cape, Botswana); mmola (North Sotho); muvhula
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 539.
(Venda); nxa (Sambui: Okavango Native Territory)
1913, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 40: 80. 1914,
in Tanzania: amafa-aa, ibula, ikusu, mafaa, maula, mbora, Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 44. 1922,
mbula, mbuni, mbura, mmula, mnazi, msaula, msawulwa, Plantae Bequaertianae 5: 289. 1931, The Flowering Plants
mubula, muhasi, mumora, mumura, munanzi, munazi, of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 2: 105. 1952, Kew Bulletin
musaulwa, muwula, mwula, olmatakuroi, sukuma, umbula, 1957: 229. 1957, Loefgrenia 13: 1. 1964, Fl. Neotrop. 9: 185.
umbura, umunazi 1972, Taxon 31: 360. 1982, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
in Togo: agbadjiko, kiputipu, mohimohilow 48: 131–144. 1995

in Tropical Africa: mbura, mobola (Stem and fruit tonic, astringent, for diarrhea and dysentery,
wound dressing. Fruit infusion for diarrhea and dysentery.
in W. Africa: kura tamba, tutu tamba Bark vermifuge, a decoction taken to relieve stomachache.)
in Yoruba: abo, abo idofun, afun lehin, idofun, igiabo in English: forest mobola plum, grey plum, Guinea plum,
Parinari excelsa Sabine (Ferolia amazonica Kuntze; rough skin plum, rough-skinned plum
Ferolia curatellifolia (Planch. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Ferolia in Cameroon: asila akung, fo, nombokola
excelsa (Sabine) Kuntze; Grymania salicifolia C. Presl;
Parinari brachystachya Benth.; Parinari caillei A. Chev.; in Central Africa Republic: assain, bofale, bongongo, esgho,
Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth.; Parinari elliottii loona, mopiti, piolo, sougué, tessourikombo, welia
Engl.; Parinari excelsa subsp. holstii (Engl.) R.A. Graham; in Congo: bongoli, bongolingoli
Parinari excelsa var. caillei A. Chev.; Parinari excelsa var.
fulvescens Engl.; Parinari glazioviana Warm.; Parinari in Gabon: eto, ossang-eli
holstii Engl.; Parinari holstii var. longifolia Engl. ex De in Guinea: kura, kuraa, sougé, suge
Wild.; Parinari laxiflora Ducke; Parinari mildbraedii
Engl.; Parinari nalaensis De Wild.; Parinari riparia R.E. in Ivory Coast: sougué, sougué à grandes feuilles
Fr.; Parinari salicifolia Engl., nom. illeg., non Parinari sal- in Nigeria: esagho, esgho, yinrin-yinrin, dee, egin-ato, ako-
icifolia (C. Presl) Miq.; Parinari salicifolia (C. Presl) Miq.; idofun, sougue, sougui, aroba; yinrinyinrin (Yoruba); esagho
Parinari sylvestris M. Kuhlm.; Parinari tenuifolia A. Chev.; (Edo); ohehe (Ikale); dee (Ijaw)
Parinari tenuifolia A. Chev. ex Dandy, nom. illeg., non
Parinari tenuifolia A. Chev.; Parinari verdickii De Wild.; in Senegal: bu songay, bussuah, buyel, gulih, mampata, mare,
Parinari whytei Engl.; Petrocarya excelsa (Sabine) Steud., ndjano
nom. illeg., non Petrocarya excelsa Jack) in Sierra Leone: an bis, ndawa, ndawe
Tropical Africa. Tree, evergreen, straight, many-branched, in Tanzania: kinazi, mbula, mbura, mhula, mkanzaula,
bushy, sap wood creamy-white, pale tomentose branchlets msaula, mubula, muganda, mula, muula, muuwa
and inflorescence, pointed leaf tips, small white terminal
flowers, fruit rough-skinned, soft fleshy pulp eaten, fruit for Parinari macrophylla Sabine (Ferolia macrophylla (Sabine)
fodder, a source of bee forage, wood hard and heavy, a rapid Kuntze; Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance ex F.
grower, forest, in Brachystegia woodland, upland rainforest White; Parinari macrophylla Teijsm. & Binn., nom. nud.;
Petrocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Steud.)
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 514, pl.
204–206. 1775, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the Nigeria.
River Zaire 433. 1818, Transactions of the Horticultural
See Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London
Society of London 5: 451. 1824, Journal of Botany, being
5: 452. 1824, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2:
a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2: 213. 1840,
309. 1841, Catalogus plantarum quae in Horto botanico
Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 309. 1841,
bogoriensi … 256. 1866, Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxix.
Niger Flora 333. 1849, Abhandlungen der Königlichen
(1867) 256. 1867, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 216. 1891
Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 553–
and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 46:
554. 1851, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 357. 1855,
308. 1976
Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk
Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1874: 72. 1874, Revisio Generum (Roots and stem bark aphrodisiac, abortifacient, analgesic,
Plantarum 1: 216. 1891, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas for malaria, leprosy, toothache, epilepsy, venereal diseases.)
Paris L. Melanthiaceae (Trilliaceae, Liliaceae) 2787

Paris L. Melanthiaceae (Trilliaceae, Liliaceae) Lév.; Paris gigas H. Lév. & Vaniot; Paris mercieri H. Lév.;
Paris pinfaensis H. Lév.; Paris polyphylla f. velutina H. Li &
Possibly from the Latin par, paris ‘equal’, referring to the
Noltie; Paris polyphylla var. platypetala Franch.; Paris yun-
parts of the plant; see Species Plantarum 1: 367. 1753 and
nanensis Franch.)
G.C. Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch.
658. Ansbach 1852 and Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Tibet, China.
Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 460. 1996,
See Flora Telluriana 4: 18. 1836 [1838], Mém. Soc. Philom.
William T. Stearn, Stearn’s Dictionary of Plant Names for
Cent. (Paris) 24: 290. 1888, Journal de Botanique (Morot)
Gardeners. 231. Cassell, London. 1993, Zhengyi, W. & Raven,
12(12): 191. 1898 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale
P.H. (eds.) Flora of China 24: 1–431. Missouri Botanical
de Géographie, Botanique 12(161–162): 255–256. 1903,
Garden Press, St. Louis. 2000, Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A.,
Mem. Pont. Acad. Rom. Nuov. Lincei 24: 354. 1906, Nouv.
Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. “A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs,
Contrib. Liliac. etc. Chine 20. 1906, Repertorium Specierum
Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar.” Contributions from the
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 6(119–124): 265. 1909,
United States National Herbarium 45: 1–590. 2003.
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(341–
Paris polyphylla Sm. (Daiswa polyphylla (Sm.) Raf.; 345): 536. 1913, Symbolae Sinicae 7(5): 1216. 1936, Brittonia
Paris polyphylla Hand.-Mazz., nom. illeg., non Paris 35(3): 257, 259, f. 2. 1983, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 6: 435–
polyphylla Sm.) 440. 1984, Cytologia 57: 181–194. 1992, Edinburgh Journal
of Botany 54(3): 351–352. 1997, Bioorganic & Medicinal
Himalaya to China, Nepal. Herb, rhizome geophyte, leaves
Chemistry Letters (Bioorg. med. chem. lett.) 13(6): 1101–
dark green short-stalked long-pointed arranged in whorl
1106. 2003, Planta Med. 73: 1316–1321. 2007
at the top of the stem, petiole purplish violet, yellow-green
stalked flowers solitary, fruits ripening red, seeds covered by (Rhizome tonic. The methanolic extract from the rhizomes
red aril, in wet areas, moist forest, along rivers was found to potently inhibit ethanol-induced gastric lesions
in rats.)
See The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 26:
2. 1813, Flora Telluriana 4: 18. 1838, Sitzungsberichte der
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-
Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe, Abteilung 1 62: 149. 1880 Parkia R. Br. Fabaceae (Leguminosae,
and Cytologia 44: 233–240. 1979, Taxon 30: 75. 1981, Mimosaceae, Parkieae)
Acta Botanica Yunnanica 4: 425–428. 1982, Cell and After the Scottish (b. near Selkirk) explorer Mungo Park,
Chromosome Research 12: 22–29. 1989, Cytologia 64: 175– 1771–1806 (d. Niger, he was drowned), surgeon and trav-
180. 1999, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17(9): eller in Africa, he was the first modern European to reach
2408–2413. 2007 the Niger, friend and protégé of Sir Joseph Banks, brother-
(Used in Ayurveda. Rhizome for asthma and heart ailments. in-law of James Dickson, to India and Sumatra (he sailed
Roots analgesic, antiphlogistic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, in February 1792), leader of the African Association’s
antispasmodic, antitussive, depurative, antibacterial, anti- Exploring Expedition, 1795–1797 from the Gambia River
leishmanial, immuno-stimulating, febrifuge, tonic and nar- to Sansanding on the Upper Niger, 1805 sail for Africa and
cotic; root paste applied as antidote to the bite of poisonous Northern Nigeria (Park and his companions perished in a fight
insects and snake; good for wounds, in hot water a medicine, with the natives). See Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in
in cold water a poison; root powder given as anthelmintic and Northern and Central Africa 234. 1826, William Henry Giles
astringent in diarrhea. Roots decoction in the treatment of Kingston, Travels of Mungo Park, Denham, and Clapperton.
poisonous snakebites, boils and ulcers, diphtheria, fever, and London [1886] and F.N. Williams, “Collectors of Gambian
as anthelmintic, for colds, sore throat, bruises, injury, to treat plants” in Bull. Herb. Boiss. sér. 2, 7: 82–85. Geneva 1907,
inflammation, stop bleeding, antibiotic.) R.W.J. Keay, “Botanical Collectors in West Africa prior to
1860.” in Comptes Rendus A.E.T.F.A.T. 55–68. Lisbon 1962,
in English: herb paris, love apple, paris
Acta Botanica Neerlandica 11: 231–265. 1962, F.N. Hepper
in China: tsao hsiu and Fiona Neate, Plant Collectors in West Africa. 63. 1971,
Union Burma J. Life Sci. 4: 1–37. 1971, Botanical Journal
in India: dudhiabauj, satuwa, satwa, shvetavaca, svetavaca,
of the Linnean Society 87: 135–167. 1983, Bulletin du Jardin
tow
Botanique National de Belgique 54: 235–266. 1984, Flora
in Nepal: dai sua, daiswa, satuo, satuwa Neotropica Monograph 43: 1–124. 1986, Kew Bulletin 49 (2):
181–234. 1994, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish
Paris polyphylla Sm. var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand.-
Botanists and Horticulturists. 535. London 1994, American
Mazz. (Daiswa birmanica Takht.; Daiswa yunnanensis
Journal of Botany 82(10): 1300–1320. 1995.
(Franch.) Takht.; Paris aprica H. Lév.; Paris atrata H. Lév.;
Paris birmanica (Takht.) H. Li & Noltie; Paris cavaleriei H. Parkia bicolor A. Chev. (Parkia agboensis A. Chev.; Parkia
Lév. & Vaniot; Paris christii H. Lév.; Paris franchetiana H. klainei A. Chev.; Parkia zenkeri Harms)
2788 Parkia R. Br. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Parkieae)

Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, open widely Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don (Inga biglobosa (Jacq.)
spreading umbrella-shaped crown, inflorescence a pink- Willd.; Inga senegalensis DC.; Mimosa biglobosa Jacq.;
ish red pendulous head arranged in a raceme, fruit a linear Mimosa taxifolia Pers.; Parkia africana R. Br.; Parkia big-
black indehiscent pod with stipe and yellowish mealy pulp, lobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don; Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.)
fresh wood has an unpleasant odour, monkeys, chimpan- Benth.; Parkia biglobosa Benth., nom. illeg.; Parkia clapper-
zees and gorillas feed on the fruit pulp, fruit used as bait for toniana Keay; Parkia filicoidea sensu auct.; Parkia filicoidea
fish and squirrels Welw.; Parkia intermedia Oliv.; Parkia oliveri J.F. Macbr.;
Parkia uniglobosa G. Don)
See Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 55 Mém.
VIIIb: 34–35. 1908, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens West Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, strong short trunk,
und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem App. xxi. 34. 1911, J. bark dark brown-grey cracked into squares, slash red-pink,
Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses d’Afrique spreading umbrella-shaped crown, leaves bipinnate, showy
Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. feathery pendulous dull red racemose inflorescence, stamens
Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique centrale. with blackish anthers, slender linear-oblong slightly falcate
CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989, Plant Foods for Human pods, seeds embedded in a yellowish farinaceous flesh, bats
Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum) 49(3): 229–233. are the main pollinators, a good source of nectar, leaves eaten
1996, African Journal of Biomedical Research 5: 125–129. as a vegetable, fruit edible, wood with unpleasant odour when
2002, Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 18(1): fresh, fermented seeds or soumbala very popular for season-
111–115. 2004 ing traditional soups

(Seed oil non-toxic. Root extract antibacterial, to treat mea- See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners
sles, infertility in women and sexually transmitted diseases. Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 2: Inga. 1754,
A bark maceration is applied to treat eye complaints; bark Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 267. 1763,
decoction to treat toothache; dried and powdered bark to Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1025. 1806, Loudon’s
enhance healing of wounds and sores. Leaf pulp rubbed on Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 277. 1830, J. Bot. (Hooker)
smallpox and chicken pox. Fish poison.) 4: 328 (-329). 1841, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 2: 324. 1871 and
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 25: 209. 1955, Med.
in English: locust bean Trop. 22: 377–384. 1962, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21:
in Cameroon: agnian, atoul, ekombolo, eseng, essang, 109–125. 1987, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly
ndembé, tsoumbou Qualitas Plantarum) 49(3): 229–233. 1996, Phytotherapy
Research 14(8): 635–637. 2000, African Journal of
in Congo: ezieb Biomedical Research 5: 125–129. 2002, Toxicon 42(7): 763–
in Gabon: essang 768. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244.
2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 421–427. 2005,
in Ivory Coast: ananjui, lo, pouopo Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 273–279. 2005, Journal
in Liberia: boe, gumni of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78. 2006, Journal of
Tropical Agriculture 44(1–2): 83–85. 2006 [Doruwa (Parkia
in Nigeria: akwukwo-kaucha, dorowa, etediuku, ibibia, igba biglobosa) fruit husk and hyptis (Hyptis spicigera) leaves for
odo, igbado, kakpaja, ogbokowo, ogirili okpi, ogrili-okpi, controlling root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in
origili okpi, shanago, uba, ugboro tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill C.V.)]
in Yoruba: aridan abata, igba odo, irugba abata, oso (Seeds contain antinutritional factors; seed oil non-toxic.
in Zaire: bolele, luboko, wamba, wambamba Leaves and pods astringent, tonic, for diarrhea. Bark, leaves
and pod husks astringent, anti-diarrheal. Bark antimicrobial,
Parkia biglandulosa Wight & Arn. (Mimosa peduncu- nematicidal, antidote, antisnake venom, antiseptic, analgesic,
lata Roxb.; Parkia pedunculata (Roxb.) J.F. Macbr.; Parkia antiinflammatory, for the treatment of parasitic infections,
pedunculata J.F. Macbr., nom. illeg.) toothache, leprosy, circulatory system disorders, arterial
Bangladesh, Myanmar. Perennial non-climbing tree, hypertension, disorders of the respiratory system, digestive
system and skin; a decoction made from stem bark of Khaya
unarmed
senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa and Vitex doniana taken to
See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 279. cure piles. Leaves spasmolytic, anticoagulant, vasodilatory,
1834 antiseptic, a decoction for jaundice, fever, measles, chicken-
pox; the extract of pressed leaves as eyedrops for cataract.
(Bark astringent.)
Veterinary medicine, root decoction to treat coccidiosis in
in India: banti thumma, byand kaayi mara, mavukanniram, poultry. Seeds anti-hypertensive, ichthyotoxic and mollusci-
saambraani maanu, sambranimanu, sivalinga, sivalinga cidal. Green pods crushed and added to rivers to kill fish.)
maram
in English: African locust bean, African locust bean tree,
in Malaya: neneri, nenering, neri, nering, petai cainda-wood
Parkia R. Br. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Parkieae) 2789

in Benin: ahouatin, ahwa, dom, dombou, doosokoessou, Jahrb. Syst. 26(3–4): 261. 1899 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33(1):
doumbou, ewé igba, igiougba, kpala, ogba, oudou-odou 154. 1902, Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo-Exped. 1:
65. 1914, Legum. Trop. Afr. 3: 781. 1930, Contr. Conhec. Fl.
in Burkina Faso: bou-doubou, doaga, kari-go, narehi, néré,
Moçamb. 2: 86. 1954, Useful Pl. Nyasal. 91. 1955, Taxon
nerehi, nété, roaaga, ruanga, schimi, sougnon
10(2): 53. 1961, Dendrol. Moçamb. Estudo Geral, 1: 224, t.
in Central African Republic: kombe 29. 1966, Fl. Gabon 31: 31. 1989
in Ghana: dowa (Fruits and leaves astringent, ointment for inflammation,
in Guinea: nécré, nèdè, nere, nèri, nètè, (soussou) nete eyewash. Decoction of internal bark stem, branch, trunk, for
toothache, jaundice, fever, convulsions. Decoction of roots
in Ivory Coast: arouati, doï, doroua, dosso, douaga, konga, for female sterility. Bark infusion tonic, astringent, for diar-
koudoufou, kouapé, kpalé, kpalè, kparalé, méné mén, nain- rhea, dysentery; a bark decoction taken as a galactagogue,
gué tchigué, nengué néré, néré, nété, nindé, niri, orava and for treatment of malaria, rheumatism and toothache. Fish
in Mali: nere, néré, niri, porgu, yulo poison. Veterinary medicine.)

in Nigeria: dorawa, dorowa, doruwa, doso, eyiniwan, farar in English: African locust bean, locust bean
dorawa, igba, irugba, lonchi, lutu, maito, narehi, nune, ogirili, in Cameroon: dorouwa, edzin, eseng, mondous, ziya
ojini, orgiri, origili, runo, ugba, usha upaza
in Central African Republic: koko, kombe, mosokokodi,
in Senegal: bu gilay, bu nalay, bu nok, bu nokekonay, bunok, ndjia, ngwonde, zinya, ziya
egilay, emok, enokay, houlle, hul, nare de, nere, nete, nete-
nere, oul, ouli, ser, seu, ul, wolo, woti, wul, yev in Congo: kilutu, mombo, mpalina, mupaku, nkaa, nzinbili,
ofiloli
in Sudan: nere, nete, neto
in Ivory Coast: banga, bogié, pipigbalé, pipigbale, pipigpale
in Togo: budo, ewè igba, igiougba, moti, owati, solu, sorono,
ssulo, wati, wo, woti in Nigeria: dorawa, doro wa, dorowa, irugba, ogba,
ogirili-okpi
in Tropical Africa: afiti
in Sudan: mudus, umdus
in W. Africa: nere sun, netige, niri
in Tanzania: iseha, mkunde, mkundi, mlopa, mnienze,
in Yoruba: agbanire, atawere iru, ayunbo, igba iru, igba iyere,
mnienzi, mnyeusi, msepa, mtanga, mwetanjula, omugolo-
igbaru, igi-iru, iru, irugba, iruworo, woro
golo, omuyenjayenja, omuyenjayenje
Parkia filicoidea Oliv. (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de
in Zambia: mkundi, musepa
Wit; Parkia bussei Harms; Parkia filicoidea Welw. ex Oliv.;
Parkia filicoidea Welw.; Parkia filicoidea var. hildebrandtii Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr. (Acacia javanica DC.; Acacia
(Harms) Chiov.; Parkia hildebrandtii Harms; Tetrapleura niopo Llanos; Gleditschia javanica Lam.; Gleditsia javan-
tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub.) ica Lam.; Inga timoriana DC.; Mimosa biglobosa Roxb.;
West Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, briefly decidu- Mimosa peregrina Blanco; Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.
ous, orange-coloured resin if cut, massive branches, widely & Anett; Parkia javanica auct.; Parkia roxburghii G. Don;
spreading flat umbrella-shaped crown, bipinnate and feath- Parkia timoriana Merr.)
ery leaves, small flowers with strong unpleasant scent, inflo- Uganda. Perennial non-climbing tree, white flowers, pendu-
rescence a pendulous head arranged in a raceme, hanging lous black shining pod, edible fruits
down bright red club-shaped heads, calyx lobes with dense
covering of dark brown hairs, fruit a linear indehiscent black See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 466. 1788 and
pod with orange mealy pulp, pendulous fruiting branches, Merrill, Elmer Drew, 1876–1956, Species Blancoanae: a
bee forage plant, young pods cooked and eaten, mature seeds critical revision of the Philippine species of plants described
cooked and eaten, monkeys and baboons, chimpanzees, by Blanco and by Llanos. 169. Manila: Bureau of Printing,
gorillas and elephants feed on the fruit pulp, fruit bats, fresh 1918, Adansonia sér. 2, 19: 339–363. 1980, Phytochemistry
wood has an unpleasant odour, the name Parkia filicoidea 38(2): 281–285. 1995, Journal of Asian Natural Products
has commonly been misapplied to Parkia biglobosa Research 11(3): 229–235. 2009
See Magazzino toscano 3(4): 11, 13–14. 1772, Encyclopédie (Seeds carminative, astringent, for abdominal colic, cholera.
Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 12. 1783, Narrative of Travels Pods for bleeding piles. Bark extract for diarrhea and dysen-
and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa 234. 1826, tery. Lotion made from bark and leaves applied to sores and
Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 213–214. 1827, Journal of skin diseases.)
Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
in English: tree bean
4: 416–417. 1842, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.]
2: 324. 1871, Botanisches Centralblatt 47: 395. 1891, Bot. in India: khorial, yongchak
2790 Parkia R. Br. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Parkieae)

in Indonesia: kedawung in Indonesia: soga

in Philippines: amarang, bagoen, balaiuak, kupang in Laos: ‘hua ‘lôn, ‘sôm po:y ‘luang
Parkia speciosa Hassk. (Inga pyriformis Jungh., nom. nud.; in Malaysia: buah putai, kedaung, petai nering
Mimosa pedunculata Hunter; Mimosa pedunculata Hunter
in Thailand: i-thao, luk ding
ex Ridley, nom. illeg.; Parkia biglobosa sensu auct.; Parkia
harbesonii Elmer; Parkia macrocarpa Miq.; Parkia mac- in Vietnam: bung r[es]o, c[awj]c heo, th[us]i
ropoda Miq.)
Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. (Acacia niopo Llanos; Acacia
Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia. Perennial non-climbing niopo Kunth; Acacia niopo Litv.; Gleditschia javanica Lam.;
tree, feathery crowns, inner bark reddish-brown strongly Gleditsia javanica Lam.; Inga timoriana DC.; Mimosa big-
smelling of beans, tiny leaflets, inflorescence a pear-shaped lobosa auct. non Jacq.; Mimosa peregrina Blanco; Parkia
pendulous head, flowers brown-yellowish white, flat strongly africana R. Br.; Parkia africana auct. non R. Br.; Parkia big-
swollen twisted pods, globose seeds much esteemed as food lobosa auct. non (Jacq.) R. Br.; Parkia calcarata Lecomte;
See Flora 25(2): 55. 1842, Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm, 1809– Parkia calcarata Gagnep.; Parkia calcarata Gagnep. ex
1864, Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche reisen Lecomte; Parkia grandis Hassk.; Parkia javanica Merr.;
durch Java/von Friedrich Junghuhn … Für die Kaiserl. Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.; Parkia javanica (Lam.) Merr.
Leopold. Carol. akademie der naturforscher zum druck & Anett; Parkia javanica auct.; Parkia roxburghii G. Don;
befördert und bevorwortet durch dr. C.G. Nees von Esenbeck Parkia timoriana Merr.)
… Mit einem aus 38 tafeln und 2 höhenkarten bestehenden India, Burma, Thailand. Perennial non-climbing tree, leaves
atlasse. Magdeburg: E. Baensch [et al], 1845 [Leopoldinisch- alternate, compound inflorescence, head biglobose, strap-
Carolinische deutsche akademie der naturforscher.], Flora shaped woody pod
van Nederlandsch Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel 1: 284. 1861 and
J. Asiat. Soc. (Straits) 53: 121. 1909, Leaflets of Philippine See Horti Medici Amstelodamensis Rariorum … Plantarum
Botany 3: 1804. 1913, Food Chemistry 49(4): 339–345. 1994, … Descriptio et Icones. 2: 207, tab. 106. Amsterdam 1697–
Small-Scale Forestry 7(3): 285–293. 2008 1701, Species Plantarum 1: 520. 1753, Species Plantarum 2:
1056–1057. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged
(Leaves against jaundice; diuretic beans eaten as a veg-
… fourth edition 2: Inga. 1754, Introductio ad Historiam
etable. Leaves, beans and bark eaten raw as an antidote to
Naturalem 295. 1777, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique
the blow-dart poison. The inner red bark applied as a dress-
2(2): 466. 1788, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
ing on burns. Seeds diuretic, carminative, hypoglycemic,
Vegetabilis 2: 442. 1825, Narrative of Travels and Discoveries
anthelmintic, relaxing, for the treatment of jaundice, edema,
in Northern and Central Africa 234. 1826, A General History
nephritis, diabetes and colic.)
of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 397. 1832, Flora de Filipinas
in English: sato tree, stink bean 737. 1837, Flora 25(2): 55. 1842 and Philippine Journal of
in Indonesia: kayu beta, petai, pete, peuteuy Science C 5(1): 33–34. 1910, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier
du Museum de Paris 2: 56. 1911, Merrill, Elmer Drew,
in Malaysia: nyiring, petai, pete, sator 1876–1956, Species Blancoanae: a critical revision of the
in Thailand: sato, sator, sator dan, sator kow Philippine species of plants described by Blanco and by
Llanos. 169. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1918, Adansonia
Parkia sumatrana Miq. (Parkia dongnaiensis Pierre; Parkia sér. 2, 19: 339–363. 1980, Phytochemistry 38(2): 281–285.
insignis Kurz; Parkia macrocarpa Miq.; Parkia streptocarpa 1995, Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 11(3):
Hance) 229–235. 2009
Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia. Perennial non-climbing tree, (Seeds diuretic, anthelmintic, a remedy for edema, nephritis,
bark dull brown, leaves alternate, yellowish white flowers, diabetes and colic. Ripe seeds, roasted or boiled and pow-
strap-shaped pods, in evergreen forest, along streams, on dered taken in decoction as a remedy for colic. Leaves and/
sandy, stony soils or bark externally applied to clean wounds and ulcers and
See Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 2: 284. 1861 [Jun 1861], J. to cure scabies; leaves against jaundice. Pods pounded with
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42(2): 74. 1873, J. Bot. water used as a hair shampoo.)
14: 259. 1876 and Blumea 37(1): 77–79. 1992, Kew Bulletin in Burma (Myanmar): mai-karien
55: 123–132. 2000
in China: qiu hua dou
(Powdered bark a leech repellent.)
in India: aoelgap, aoelglap, barri-phang, jongcha, jongta,
in Brunei: kupang amas, petai belalong
kedawong, khorial, lonchak, maniouri urohi, manipuri urohi,
in Burma (Myanmar): mai-ka-tor, thit lein themuk-arong, unkam pinching, yongchak, zawngtah, zongto
in Cambodia: royôông, ta sek in Indonesia: alai, kedawung, peundeuy, rampah
Parkinsonia L. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae) 2791

in Malaysia: kedaung, kedawung, kupang, petai kerayong leaves, dried, pounded, for dysentery; bark or leaves infusion
taken for cough and fever. Seeds antibacterial; stembark anti-
in Philippines: amarang, kupang
spermatogenic. Veterinary medicine, pounded leaves astrin-
in Thailand: kariang, riang gent, for diarrhea.)
in English: horsebean, Jerusalem thorn, Mexican paloverde
Parkinsonia L. Fabaceae in Arabia: sesaban
(Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae) in China: bian zhou mu
After the British apothecary John Parkinson, 1567–1650 in India: adanti, cempai, cimaiccempai, cumataca, mullu-
(London), botanist, Botanicus Regius Primarius, appointed jiluga, mulujiluga, mulvakai, nallavel, paccaivel, parangijaali,
apothecary to James I. See Carl Linnaeus, Species parankivel, parankivelan, seema thumma, seema tumma,
Plantarum. 1: 375. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 177. seemaijiuga, seemathumma, sima tumma, simajiluga, sima-
1754, R. Pulteney, Historical and biographical sketches tuma, simatumma, sunasullo, vilayati babul, vilayti kikar,
of the progress of botany in England. 1: 138–154. London vilyati babul
1790 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38(1):
1–94. 1951, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the in South America: acacia de los Masones, aroma extranjera,
Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 221. azote de Cristo, bacaporo, capinillo, cina cina, cinacina,
1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: espina de Jerusalem, espinillo, flor de rayo, guacaporo, gue-
50. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists chi belle, junco, junco marino, lluvia de oro, mataburro, palo
Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 301. verde, pino Japon, quechi pella, quechi pelle, retama, sauce
1972, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der bot- in East Africa: muk-bee, okwato
anischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 146. Berlin & Hamburg
1989, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists in Nigeria: charanabi, mabeka bâni, ogbe-okuye, sasabami,
and Horticulturists. 536. 1994. sharan labbi

Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Parkinsonia thornberi M.E. Jones) in Senegal: barkasoné

Tropical America. Perennial non-climbing tree, spiny, Parkinsonia praecox (Ruiz & Pav.) J. Hawkins (Caesalpinia
small tree or shrub, feathery foliage, low crown, drooping praecox Ruiz & Pav. ex Hook.; Caesalpinia praecox Ruiz
branches, small compound leaves with a terminal spine, & Pav.; Cercidium australe I.M. Johnst.; Cercidium gold-
scented bright yellow flowers with orange stamens, woody manii Rose; Cercidium plurifoliolatum Micheli; Cercidium
pods constricted between seeds, in poor or sandy soils, in praecox (Ruiz & Pav. ex Hook.) Harms; Cercidium praecox
arid and semi-arid regions (Ruiz & Pav.) Harms; Cercidium praecox (Ruiz & Pav. ex
Hook.) Hauman; Cercidium spinosum Tul.; Cercidium uniju-
See Species Plantarum 1: 375. 1753, Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 260. gum Rose; Cercidium viride (H. Karst.) H. Karst.; Cercidium
1878 and Contributions to Western Botany 12: 12. 1908, viride Taub.; Parkinsonia praecox (Ruiz & Pav. ex Hook.)
For. Fl. Punj. ed. 3. 173. 1956, Pollen et Spores 22: 355– Hawkins; Pomaria glauca Cav.; Retinophloem viride H.
423. 1980, Brenesia 18: 15–90. 1980, Proc. 3rd All Indian Karst.; Rhetinophloeum viride H. Karst.)
Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3: 493–499. 1981, Pakistan Journal
of Botany 14: 117–129. 1982, Silvae Geneticae 31: 117– Mexico, USA. Perennial non-climbing tree, vigorous, wide
122. 1982, Listados Florísticos de México 2: 1–100. 1983, spreading and pendulous, bushy, smooth green bark, sym-
Reports from the Botanical Institute, University of Aarhus metrical umbrella-shaped canopy, irregular to random
16: 1–74. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 183– branching pattern, phloematic exudate, bright yellow flowers
189. 1988, Cuscatlania 1(2): 1–16. 1989, Kromosomo 54: in axillary clusters, light brown flat pods narrowly oblong,
1787–1792. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: dark red-brown smooth hard seeds, habitat for native birds
149–163. 1989, Fl. Mascareignes 80: 5. 1990, Annals of
See Icon. [Cavanilles] 5: 1. 1799 [Jun-Sep 1799], Fl. Peruv.
the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799. 1994, Plant
4: t. 376. 1802, Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae
Systematics and Evolution 216: 49–68. 1999, Identificación
aut sponte … 466. 1827, Botanical Miscellany 3: 208. 1833,
de Especies Vegetales en Chuquisaca—Teoría, Práctica y
Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 4: 133–134.
Resultados 1–129. 2000, Pharmaceutical Biology 45(1): 1–8.
1844, Florae Columbiae terrarumque adjacentium speci-
2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): 547–552. 2007,
mina selecta in peregrinatione duodecim annorum obser-
Industrial Crops and Products 30(2): 325–328. 2009
vata delineavit et descripsit H. Karsten 2: 25, pl. 113. 1862,
(Used in Sidha. Injuries caused by spines. Leaves ground and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
the infusion given to treat anemia and fatigue. Dried roots, und Pflanzengeographie 8: 346. 1887, Die Natürlichen
leaves, flowers and stems to relieve pain in the heels, joints Pflanzenfamilien 3(3): 172. 1892 and Mémoires de la Société
and limbs; leaves and flowers antidiabetic. Infusion from de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 34: 269–270,
the twigs taken to relieve stomachache, diarrhea; stems with pl. 18. 1903, Contributions from the United States National
2792 Parmentiera DC. Bignoniaceae

Herbarium 8(4): 301. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für 26: 166–167. 1870 and Fieldiana, Botany 36(3): 27. 1973,
Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie Flora Neotropica 25(1): 1–131. 1980, Flora de Veracruz 24:
42(1): 91. 1908, Anales de Sociedad Científica Argentina 1–222. 1982, Listados Florísticos de México 2: 1–100. 1983,
87: 163. 1919, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Listados Florísticos de México 17: 1–41. 1997, Journal
Harvard University 70: 67–68. 1924, Anales del Instituto of Ethnopharmacology 71(3): 391–394. 2000, Fieldiana:
Botánico A. J. Cavanilles 14: 734. 1956, Proc. Calif. Acad. Botany, New Series 41: 77–161. 2000, Memoirs of the New
Sci. 40(2): 17–57. 1974, Darwiniana 20(3–4): 305–311. York Botanical Garden 85: i-ix, 1–246. 2000, Listados
1976, Plant Systematics and Evolution 216: 49–68. 1999, Florísticos de México 22: 1–55. 2001, Ceiba 44(2): 105–
Harvard Pap. Bot. 7(2): 381–398. 2003, Drug and Chemical 268. 2003[2005], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(3):
Toxicology 32(4): 307–311. 2009 325–348. 2005, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap.
4: 65–110. 2005, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap.
(Bark used as a lotion for bruises and sprains; bark infusion 5: 111–144. 2005
drunk for bruises, strains and sprains. Sap a remedy for dia-
betes, bronchitis, asthma, arthritis. Brea gum with no toxico- (Fruit laxative, diuretic, antigonorrheal, hypoglycemic, used
logical effects.) in the treatment of diabetes, for the treatment of sexually
transmitted diseases, a good remedy for colds; roots used as
in English: brea gum, palo brea, Sonoran palo verde a diuretic.)
in English: candle tree, cow-okra, cucumber tree
Parmentiera DC. Bignoniaceae in Mexico: chayote, chucho, coxilotl, cuachilote, cuajilote,
After the French (b. Montdidier) botanist Antoine Augustin cuajiote, cuaxihtl, cuaxiloc, cuaxilotl, flor de cuajilote, gua-
Parmentier, 1737–1813 (d. Paris), pharmacist (army phar- chilote, guahalote, guajalote, guajilote, huajílote, ixochigo,
macist), see Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae his- jilote de árbol, kat kut, kat kuuk, katku’uk, palo cuajilote, palo
torico-naturalis Josephi Banks. London 1800, Bibliothèque de jilote, pepino cat, pepino de monte, pepino kat, platanillo
Universelle de Genève sér. 2. 17: 135. 1838, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 244. 1845 and E.M.
Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum Parnassia L. Parnassiaceae
of Harvard University. 1917–1933, Ida Kaplan Langman, A (Celastraceae, Saxifragaceae)
Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of Mount Parnassus, Greece, see Species Plantarum 1: 273. 1753
Mexico. 566. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia and Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 7(1): 22, 28–29, 31–32, 43–44, 46,
1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 51–52, 55. 1987, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31(3): 276. 1993.
51. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists
Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 301. Parnassia foliosa J.D. Hooker & Thomson (Parnassia num-
1972, Blanche Henrey, British Botanical and Horticultural mularia Maximowicz ex Drude)
Literature before 1800. Oxford 1975, Alex Berman, in D.S.B. China.
[Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Editor in Chief Charles
Coulston Gillispie] 10: 325–326. 1981. See J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 2: 79. 1857 [1858 publ. 1857],
Linnaea 39: 313. 1875
Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem. (Crescentia aculeata
Kunth; Crescentia edulis Desv.; Crescentia edulis Moc. ex (For kidney ailments.)
A. DC., nom. illeg., non Crescentia edulis Desv.; Crescentia in China: bai er cai
musaecarpa Zaldivar ex C. Heller, nom. nud.; Parmentiera
aculeata (Kunth) L.O. Williams, nom. illeg., non Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle (Parnassia nubicola
Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seem.; Parmentiera edulis Wall.)
Raf.; Parmentiera edulis DC., nom. illeg., non Parmentiera China, Nepal, Himalaya.
edulis Raf.; Parmentiera foliolosa Miers; Parmentiera lan-
ceolata Miers, nom. illeg. superfl.) See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1246. 1829, Illustrations of the
Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 227, t.
Mexico. Tree 50, f. 3. 1835
See Species Plantarum 2: 626. 1753, Journal de Botanique, (Plant decoction used as a sedative and anticonvulsions.
rédigé par une société de botanistes 4: 113. 1814 [also J. Roots/tubers emetic, to stimulate vomiting to treat poisonous
Bot. Appl. (Desvaux)], Nova Genera et Species Plantarum food/food poisoning, also applied externally as an antidote
(quarto ed.) 3: 158. 1818[1819], Bibliothèque Universelle for snakebite; root decoction used to wash the wounds and
de Genève sér. 2. 17: 135. 1838, Prodromus Systematis roots juice applied to heal wounds.)
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 244. 1845, Reisen in Mexico
in China: yun mei hua cao
414. 1853, The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald
183. 1854, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London in India: nirbis
Parochetus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Fabaceae (Trifolieae) 2793

in Nepal: nirmashi Parochetus communis D. Don (Cosmiusa repens Alef.;

Parochetus communis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Parochetus
in Tibet: dngul tig
maculata Bennett; Parochetus major Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don;
Parnassia ovata Ledeb. (Parnassia ovata Muhl.) Parochetus major D. Don; Parochetus oxalidifolius Royle)
Himalaya. China, India. Perennial non-climbing herb, forming dense
ground cover, flowers with purple centre and blue petals
See Mém. Acad. Pétersb. v. (1815) 528. 1815, Cat. Pl. Amer.
Sept., ed. 2. 32, nomen. 1818 See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 240–241. 1825,
Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains
(Aerial parts nervine, tonic, for hysteria and liver disorders.) … 201, pl. 35, f. 1. 1835, Plantae Javanicae Rariores 1: 162.
in Bhutan: dngul tig 1840, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 24: 146. 1866 and Science
& Culture 42: 322–324. 1976, Adansonia 3: 111–119. 1981,
in Tibet: dngul tig Cell Chromosome Res. 12: 22–29. 1989
Parnassia palustris L. (The juice of half boiled plant given to babies for
China. Parnassia palustris is highly variable in many mor- stomachache.)
phological characters in English: shamrock pea
See Sp. Pl. 1: 273. 1753, Fl. Ross. 1: 262. 1842 and Notes in China: zi que hua
Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 13: 173. 1921, Fl. URSS 9: 216–
217. 1939, Pl. W. Pak. and Afghan. 3: 79. 1964, Rechinger, in India: khia-knoi
Karl Heinz (1906–1998), Flora Iranica. Graz, 1963–,
Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 25: 477–483. 1977,
Opera Botanica 52: 1–38. 1979, Taxon 30: 829–842, 857– Paronychia Miller Caryophyllaceae (Illecebraceae)
860. 1981, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 67(3): 360–365. 1982, Greek paronychia ‘a whitlow’, para ‘beside, near’ and onyx,
Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 28–39. 1984, onychos ‘nail, claw’, the plant was supposed to cure a kind
Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB of whitlow under the nails; see Philip Miller, The Gardeners
36: 25–40. 1985, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 28(1): 1–128. 1987, Dictionary. Abr. ed. 4. London (28 Jan.) 1754, Mémoires
Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 23: 375–381. 1988, du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 386. 1815, Prodromus
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1783–1786. Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 370. 1828, Loudon’s
1990, Fitologija 41: 70–75. 1991, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Hortus Britannicus. A new edition … 263. 1839, Der Deutsche
Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 15–18. 1997, Opera Botanica 137: Botaniker Herbarienbuch 162. 1841, Genera Plantarum 958.
1–42. 1999, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 26: 628–630. 2004 1839, Flora Rossica 2: 162. 1843 and Chaudhri, Mohammad
(Astringent, for skin diseases, antibacterial.) Nazeer (1932–  ), “A Revision of the Paronychiinae.” in
Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van
in English: grass of Parnassus de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht no. 285, 440 p. 1968.
in China: mei hua cao shu, mei hua cao Paronychia argentea Lam. (Illecebrum paronychia L.;
Paronychia argentea var. angustifolia Chaudhri; Paronychia
Parnassia wightiana Wallich ex Wight & Arnott (Parnassia
argentea var. argentea; Paronychia argentea var. mauri-
ornata Wallich ex Arnott; Parnassia wightiana Wall.;
tanica (Willd.) DC.; Paronychia argentea var. rotundata
Parnassia wightiana var. ornata (Wallich ex Arnott) Drude)
(DC.) Chaudhri; Paronychia argentea var. scabra Sauvage;
China. Parnassia wightiana is a very variable species Paronychia argentea var. scariosissima Post; Paronychia
argentea var. subvelata Litard. & Maire; Paronychia argen-
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3755. 1831, Prodr. Fl. Ind.
tea var. suffruticosa Maire & Wilczek; Paronychia argentea
Orient. 35. 1834 and Acta Bot. Yunnan. 26: 628–630. 2004
var. velutina Ball)
(Emollient, demulcent.)
Europe.
in China: ji zhun cao
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition
vol. 3. 1754, Flore Françoise 3: 230. 1779 and Anales del Jardín
Botánico de Madrid 39: 525–531. 1983, Travaux de l’Institut
Parochetus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Scientifique, Université Mohammed V. Série Botanique
Don Fabaceae (Trifolieae) 35: 1–168. 1988, Flora Mediterranea 3: 323–333. 1993,
Acta Botanica Malacitana 19: 89–95. 1994, International
From the Greek para ‘near’ and ochetos ‘water-pipe, streams,
Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 22: 3–4.
channel’, referring to the habitat, along streams and brooks,
1994, Flora Mediterranea 6: 223–243. 1996
see Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 240. 1825 and A Revised
Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. 1: 428–458. 1980. (Antiseptic.)
2794 Parquetina Baill. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

in English: nailwort Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris

1845, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray (Paronychia jamesii
Handwörterbuch. 659. Ansbach 1852, Die Natürlichen
var. hirsuta Chaudhri; Paronychia jamesii var. parviflora
Pflanzenfamilien 3(2a): 126. 1891 and Illustriertes Handbuch
Chaudhri; Paronychia jamesii var. praelongifolia Correll;
der Laubholzkunde 1: 429. 1905, Ethelyn Maria Tucker,
Paronychia wardii Rydb.)
Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, John H. Barnhart,
See A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 170–171. Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 51. 1965, Helmut
1838 and Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small]. 400, 1330. 1903, Rhodora Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
68(776): 423. 1966, A Revision of the Paronychiinae 136. 1968 Pflanzennamen. 461. [dedicated to a Georg Friedrich Parrot,
b. 1791] Basel 1996.
(Stimulant, antiseptic.)
Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne.) Rehder (Parrotia
in English: James’ nailwort jacquemontiana Decne.)
India.
Parquetina Baill. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) See Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 1: 256. 1920,
See Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 806. 1889, Naturl. Chromosome Inf. Serv. 39: 33–35. 1985, Proc. Indian Natl.
Pflanzenfam. [Engl. & Prantl] iv. 2 (1895) 218. 1895. Sci. Acad., B 55: 177–184. 1989, Syst. Assoc. Special Vol.
40(2): 131–135. 1989, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 104: 115–135. 1991
Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Omphalogonus calo-
phyllus Baill.; Omphalogonus nigritanus N.E. Br.; Parquetina (Leaves laxative.)
gabonica Baill.; Periploca calophylla (Baill.) Roberty; in India: pahu, paser, pishor, sha
Periploca calophylla Falc.; Periploca nigrescens Afzel.)
Gabon. Liana, scrambling, vine, twiner, sprawling, climbing,
woody, often herbaceous, white latex, petiole purplish, inflo- Parrya R. Br. Brassicaceae
rescence in a cluster, corolla whitish outside and dark violet For the British (b. Bath, Somerset) explorer Sir William
inside, calyx green, along roadside, see also Omphalogonus Edward Parry, 1790–1855 (d. Germany), Arctic naviga-
calophyllus Baill. tor, in 1821 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, knighted
See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Stirpium in Guinea 1829, 1853 Governor of Greenwich Hospital, his writings
medicinalium species novae, … 1: 2. 1818, Proc. Linn. Soc. include Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North-
i. (1841) 115. 1841, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne West passage. London 1821 and Journal of a second voy-
de Paris 2: 806, 812. 1889 and Bull. Inst. Franc. Afr. Noire age for the discovery of a North-West passage. London 1824.
xv. 1429. 1953, Kew Bulletin 15: 205. 1961, Journal of See Chloris Melvilliana 10–12, pl. B. 1823, Prodromus
Ethnopharmacology 6: 29–60. 1982 Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis [DC.] 1: 156. 1824,
Flora Altaica 3: 28. 1831, A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de
(Leaves and roots antalgic, antiseptic; leaves tonic, stimulant.
Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845, A. Hervé & F. de Lanoye,
Magic, ritual; bark juice an element of the arrow poison called
Voyages dans les glaces du Pole Arctique à la recherche du
“mutali”. Arrow poison, latex of Parquetina nigrescens, of
Passage Nord-Ouest. Paris 1854 and G. Murray, History of the
Rauvolfia vomitoria, and leaves juice of Palisota alopecurus.)
collections contained in the Natural History Departments of
in Benin: agbodwadou, amandohonou, assobo, mampon, the British Museum. 1: 172. London 1904, Leonard Huxley,
toboké, tona Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. London 1918,
in Central African Republic: mombango, moumgango Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on
the Flowering Plants of Mexico. 566–567. Philadelphia 1964,
in Congo: (k)oro(k)u(k)o, lolenga, mutali, mutalikuko, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of
mutare, orouo Botany in the University of Oxford. 221–222. Oxford 1964,
in Tanzania: sikombe, ubombo John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3:
52. 1965, Mea Allan, The Hookers of Kew. London 1967,
I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond, Index of Collectors in the
Edinburgh Herbarium. 1970, M. Hadfield et al., British
Parrotiopsis (Niedenzu) C.
Gardeners: A Biographical Dictionary. London 1980, John
Schneider Hamamelidaceae Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific Navigation. 18, 73, 214.
Resembling Parrotia, for the German botanist Johann Jacob University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1991, R. Zander, F.
Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot, 1792–1841, physician, professor Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der
of medicine, traveller, his works include Reise zum Ararat. Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 1993, Ray Desmond, Dictionary
Berlin 1834 and Ueber Gasometrie. Dorpat [1814]; see A. of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 537. 1994.
Parthenium L. Asteraceae 2795

Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel (Achoriphragma ajanense (N. (A decoction applied to poison ivy or oak to relieve the itch-
Busch) Soják; Achoriphragma nudicaule (L.) Soják; Arabis ing and swelling.)
nudicaulis (L.) DC.; Cardamine articulata Pursh; Cardamine
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Argyrochaeta bipinnati-
nudicaulis L.; Cheiranthus scapiger Adams; Hesperis ara-
bidiflora DC.; Hesperis scapigera (Adams) DC.; Matthiola fida Cav.; Argyrochaeta parviflora Cav.; Echetrosis penta-
nudicaulis (L.) Trautv.; Neuroloma ajanense (N. Busch) sperma Phil.; Parthenium glomeratum Rollins; Parthenium
Botsch.; Neuroloma arabidiflorum (DC.) DC.; Neuroloma hysterophorus Adans., nom. illeg., non Parthenium hys-
griffithii Botsch.; Neuroloma nudicaule (L.) DC.; Neuroloma terophorus L.; Parthenium lobatum Buckley; Parthenium
nudicaule (L.) Andrz. ex DC.; Neuroloma scapigerum pinnatifidum Stokes, nom. illeg. superfl.; Villanova bipin-
(Adams) DC.; Neuroloma speciosum Steud.; Parrya ajanen- natifida Ortega) (Greek hysteraios ‘next, following’, hysteros
sis N. Busch; Parrya arabidiflora (DC.) Nicholson; Parrya ‘latter, behind’, hystera, hystere ‘womb, uterus’ and phoros
integerrima G. Don; Parrya linnaeana Ledeb.; Parrya mac- ‘bearing, carrying’.)
rocarpa R. Br.; Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Boiss.; Parrya nudi- S. United States, Mexico, West Indies. Herb or undershrub,
caulis Kurtz; Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel subsp. interior annual, puberulous to strigose stems, inflorescence a lax
Hultén; Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel subsp. septentrionalis panicle of numerous small radiate heads, florest light yellow,
Hultén; Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel var. grandiflora Hultén; spreading vigorous noxious weed
Parrya nudicaulis (L.) Regel var. interior (Hultén) B. Boivin;
Parrya nudicaulis var. nudicaulis; Parrya platycarpa Rydb.; See Species Plantarum 2: 988. 1753, Novarum, aut Rariorum
Parrya platycarpa Hook. f. & Thomson; Parrya rydbergii Plantarum Horti Reg. Botan. Matrit. 4: 48, t. 6. 1797, Icones
Botsch.; Parrya scapigera (Adams) G. Don) et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … 4(2): 54–55.
1797, A Botanical Materia Medica 4: 278. 1812, Genera et
North America. Perennial herb, food
species plantarum 31. 1816, Proceedings of the Academy of
See J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 136. 1861, Fl. Orient. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1861: 457. 1862, Anales de
[Boissier] 1: 159. 1867, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou la Universidad de Chile 43: 504. 1873 and Contributions from
43: 256. 1870, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xix. (1894) 454. 1894 and the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 172: 59. 1950, J.
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 326. 1912, Acta Univ. Lund. 41(1): Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54: 218. 1956, Lloydia 35: 69–80.
890, 892. 1945, Flora of Alaska and Yukon 5: 890. 1945, 1972, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 1094. 1975, Kurtziana
Notul. Syst. Inst. Bot. Komarov. Acad. Sci. URSS 17: 178. 10: 249. 1977, Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, American Journal of
1955, Naturaliste Canad. 93: 644. 1966, Ark. Bot. (n. s.) 7(1): Botany 66: 173–178. 1979, Taxon 30: 78. 1981, Smithsonian
67. 1968, Madroño 19: 223. 1968, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Contributions to Botany 52: 1–28. 1981, Taxon 31: 576–579.
Leningrad) 61(7): 963–969. 1976, Bot. Zhurn. 65(1): 51–59. 1982, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association
1980, Bot. Zhurn. 65(5): 651–659. 1980, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 71(3-vi): 76. 1984, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28.
64(2): 236–240. 1984, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 145: 77–86. 2004 1984, Kromosomo 42: 1311–1315. 1986, Journal of Taiwan
(Tonic, stimulant. Poultice.) Museum 41: 95–101. 1988, Glimpses in Plant Research 8:
1–177. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52.
in English: nakedstem wallflower
1988, Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 427–437. 1989, Journal
of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Annals of the
Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Compositae
Parthenium L. Asteraceae
Newsletter 27: 7–10. 1995, Anales del Jardín Botánico de
Parthenion, used by Plinius and Dioscorides for American Madrid 56(1): 65–76. 1998, American Journal of Botany
feverfew, from the Greek parthenos ‘virgin’, referring to the 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999
white rays or to the shape of the ovary or in allusion to its
supposed medicinal properties, or possibly because the fruits (Whole plant highly toxic, a danger to the livestock, insec-
are produced only by female florets; Latin parthenium, the ticidal, antifeedant, plants cause allergic dermatitis. Entire
name of several plants, i.e. perdicium, leucanthes, tamn- aerial parts of plant used as antidote in snakebite; a decoction
acus, linozostis, hermupoa, mercurialis, chrysocollis, etc.; given in fever. Flower head squeezed and inhaled to clear
Greek parthenos, parthenike ‘virgin, maiden, girl’, Latin the nasal blockage due to cold. Leaves and dried flowers a
parthenice used by Catullus for a plant, also called parthe- remedy for malaria, colds, chest pains, heart troubles, neural-
nium; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 998. 1753 gia, and as a vermifuge, analgesic; employed in the form of
and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 426. 1754. baths to cure fever and body pain, and to treat sores, muscu-
lar aches, strains, epilepsy and fever. Pasted leaves for diabe-
Parthenium argentatum A. Gray tes, allergy; leaf juice antidiabetic. Root juice taken in empty
USA, Texas. stomach to cure piles.)
See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … in English: carrot grass, congress grass, false ragweed, qui-
Botany 2(1): 86. 1859 and Taxon 27: 223–231. 1978, Taxon nine weed, ragweed, ragweed pathenium, Santa Maria, white
29: 716–718. 1980 top, whitehead broom
2796 Parthenocissus Planchon Vitaceae

in India: bish-gach, bish-gachh, bish-goch, congress ghas, Methodique … Botanique 4(2): 135. 1797, Botanical Magazine
gajar ghas, gajarghas, gujar ghas t. 2443. 1824, Tableau de l’École de Botanique 238. 1829,
Med. Fl. 2: 122. 1830, Monographiae Phanerogamarum
in Latin America: altamisa
[A. DC. & C. DC.] 5: 447–448. 1887 and Gartenflora 49:
285. 1900, Möller’s Deutsche Gärtn.-Zeitung 20: 369. 1905,
Trees & Shrubs [Sargent] 1: 185. 1905, Warren, L.E. “A
Parthenocissus Planchon Vitaceae note on the poisonous properties of Parthenocissus quin-
Greek parthenos ‘virgin’ and kissos ‘ivy’, possibly referring quefolia.” Merck’s Rep., 21: 123. 1912, Mitteilungen der
to its English vernacular name, Virginia creeper, or to the Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 24: 223. 1915,
unisexual flowers, see Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 24: 159–189.
DC. & C. DC.] 5(2): 447–453. 1887 and Chinese J. Appl. 1982, Erigenia 11: 1–8. 1991, International Organization of
Environ. Biol. 2(1): 44 (1996. Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 19–20. 1995

Parthenocissus inserta (J. Kern.) Fritsch (Vitis inserta (This plant should be considered as potentially toxic or fatally
J. Kern.) poisonous if ingested. Children who ingested berries and
leaves have reportedly been poisoned and have died. Plant
North America. infusion in the treatment of jaundice; twigs decoction used
See Species Plantarum 1: 202–203. 1753, Pflanzenleben 1: as a wash on swellings and poison ivy rash, poison sumac.
658, 659, f. 1. 1887, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. Roots infusion in the treatment of gonorrhea and diarrhea;
& C. DC.] 5: 447. 1887 and Excursionsflora für Österreich root decoction for diarrhea. Fruit febrifuge. Bark and fresh
young shoots alterative, emetic, expectorant and tonic, a hot
321. 1922, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 73:
decoction can be used as a poultice to help reduce swellings.
290–293. 1988
Leaves infusion astringent and diuretic, used as a wash on
(Leaves and twigs a remedy for dropsy, bronchitis and skin swellings and poison ivy rash, poison sumac.)
diseases.)
in English: false grape, ghost grapes, true Virginia creeper,
in English: American ivy, false grape, red false Virginia Virginia creeper, woodbine
creeper, woodbine
in Japan: Amerika-zuta
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Ampelopsis
Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch. (Ampelopsis
hederacea (Ehrh.) DC. var. murorum Focke; Ampelopsis
himalayana Royle; Parthenocissus cuspidifera var. pubi-
latifolia Tausch; Ampelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx.;
folia C.L. Li; Parthenocissus himalayana (Royle) Planch.;
Cissus quinquefolia (L.) Borkh.; Cissus quinquefolia
Parthenocissus himalayana var. rubrifolia (H. Lév. &
Desf.; Cissus quinquefolia Sol. ex Sims; Hedera quinque- Vaniot) Gagnep.; Parthenocissus himalayana var. vestita
folia L.; Parthenocissus engelmannii Koehne & Graebn.; (Royle) Hand.-Mazz.; Parthenocissus semicordata var.
Parthenocissus hirsuta (Pursh) Graebn.; Parthenocissus rubrifolia (H. Lév. & Vaniot) C.L. Li; Psedera himalayana
inserta (Kern.) Fritsch; Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Royle) C.K. Schneid.; Vitis himalayana (Royle) Brandis;
Planch.; Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. & C. DC.; Vitis himalayana var. semicordata (Wall.) M.A. Lawson;
Parthenocissus quinquefolia fo. engelmannii (Koehne & Vitis rubrifolia H. Lév. & Vaniot; Vitis semicordata Wall.;
Graebn.) Rehder; Parthenocissus quinquefolia fo. engelman- Vitis semicordata var. himalayana (Royle) Kurz ex Hance)
nii Rehder; Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. var.
hirsuta (Pursh) Planch.; Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) India, Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim. Edible fruits
Planch. var. murorum (Focke) Rehder; Parthenocissus quin- See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 481. 1824,
quefolia (L.) Planch. var. murorum Rehder; Parthenocissus Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains …
quinquefolia var. saint-paulii Rehder; Parthenocissus quin- [Royle] 159. 1835, The forest flora of North-West and Central
quefolia (L.) Planch. var. saintpaulii (Koehne ex Graebn.) India 100. 1874, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC.
Rehder; Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene; Psedera quinque- & C. DC.] 5: 450–451. 1887 and Illustriertes Handbuch der
folia (L.) Greene var. murorum (Focke) Rehder; Quinaria Laubholzkunde 2: 313–314, f. 211k. 1909, Symbolae Sinicae
hederacea Raf.; Vitis inserta Kern.; Vitis quinquefolia (L.) 7(2): 681. 1933, Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. 2(1): 44. 1996
Lam.; Vitis quinquefolia Lam.; Vitis quinquefolia Noronha)
(Leaves decoction as an ointment for skin diseases. Dried
North America. Perennial vine, climbing, with tendrils, powdered fruits used in fishing.)
alternate leaves palmately divided, toothed leaflets, small
in China: san ye di jin
inconspicuous flowers, dark blue berries in a terminal cluster
in India: seum, soh-memynuin
See Species Plantarum 1: 117, 202. 1753, Verh. Batav.
Genootsch. Kunst. 5(Art. 4): 28. 1790, Flora Cochinchinensis Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zuccarini)
272. 1790, Rheinisches Magazin zur Erweiterung der Planchon (Ampelopsis tricuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini;
Naturkunde 1: 595. 1793, Tableau Encyclopédique et Cissus thunbergii Siebold & Zuccarini; Parthenocissus
Pascopyrum Á. Löve Poaceae (Gramineae) 2797

thunbergii (Siebold & Zuccarini) Nakai; Psedera thunbergii (Scribn.) Scribn.; Agropyron occidentale var. molle (Scribn.
(Siebold & Zuccarini) Nakai; Psedera tricuspidata Rehder; & J.G. Sm.) Scribn.; Agropyron occidentale var. occiden-
Psedera tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Rehder; Quinaria tale; Agropyron occidentale var. palmeri (Scribn. & J.G.
tricuspidata Koehne; Vitis inconstans Miquel; Vitis taquetii Sm.) Scribn.; Agropyron palmeri (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.)
H. Lév.; Vitis thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) Druce, non Rydb.; Agropyron smithii Rydb.; Agropyron smithii f. molle
Siebold & Zuccarini) (Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) J.M. Gillett; Agropyron smithii var.
molle (Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) M.E. Jones; Agropyron smithii
East Asia.
var. palmeri (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) A. Heller; Agropyron
See Species Plantarum 1: 202–203. 1753, Flora smithii var. smithii; Agropyron smithii var. typica Waterf.;
Cochinchinensis 272. 1790, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron
159–160. 1803, Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie spicatum var. molle Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron spica-
der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche tum var. palmeri Scribn. & J.G. Sm.; Agropyron spicatum
Abteilung 4(2): 195–196. 1845, Annales Museum var. viride Farw.; Elymus smithii (Rydb.) Gould; Elytrigia
Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 91. 1863, Monographiae smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve, Elytrigia smithii (Rydb.) Nevski;
Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 5(2): 447–448, 452. Elytrigia smithii var. molle (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Beetle;
1887 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve; Zeia mollis (Scribn.
220. 1906, Rhodora 10(110): 29. 1908, Bulletin de l’Académie & J.G. Sm.) Lunell; Zeia occidentalis (Scribn.) Lunell; Zeia
Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 20: 11. 1910, Rep. smithii Lunell)
Exch. Cl. Brit. Isl. 1916: 652. 1917, Botanical Magazine 35:
North America. Cultivated, useful for erosion control, good
2. 1921, Journal of Japanese Botany 6: 254. 1930, Bulletin
forage, fodder
of Botanical Research 1(1–2): 171. 1981, Acta Biologica
Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 25: 57–77. 1983 See Systema Vegetabilium 2: 752. 1817, Transactions of the
Kansas Academy of Science 9: 119. 1885, Bulletin, Division
(Roots to cure lumps, injuries.)
of Agrostol. U.S.D.A. 4: 33. 1897 and Circular, Division
in English: Boston ivy, Japanese creeper, Virginia creeper of Agrostology, United States Department of Agriculture
27: 9. 1900, Catalogue of North American Plants North of
in China: chang chun teng, di jin, lung lin pi li
Mexico (ed. 2) 3. 1900, Memoirs of the New York Botanical
in Japan: tsuta Garden 1: 64–65. 1900, Bulletin Colorado State University
Experiment Station 100: 55. 1906, Contributions to Western
Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) Hitchc. (Ampelopsis quin-
Botany 14: 18. 1912, American Midland Naturalist 4: 226–
quefolia var. vitacea Knerr; Parthenocissus quinquefolia
227. 1915, Report of the Michigan academy of science,
var. vitacea (Knerr) L.H. Bailey; Psedera vitacea (Knerr)
arts and letters 21: 356. 1920, Madroño 9: 125, 127. 1947,
Greene; Vitis vitacea (Knerr) Bean)
Rhodora 51(602): 21. 1949, Botaniska Notiser 1950: 31. 1950,
North America. Perennial vine Canadian Journal of Botany 38: 750. 1960, Taxon 29: 168,
547. 1980, Great Basin Naturalist 43: 569. 1983, Brittonia 35:
See Botanical Gazette 18: 71. 1893, A Key to the Spring
31. 1983, Crop Sci. (Madison) 23: 640–641. 1983, Phytologia
Flora of Manhattan 26. 1894 and Leaflets of Botanical
55(3): 211. 1984, Feddes Repert. 95: 484. 1984, American
Observation and Criticism 1: 220. 1906, Trees & Shrubs
Journal of Botany 72(5): 769, 772. 1985, Polley, H.W., and
Hardy in Br. Isles 2: 678. 1914, Gentes Herbarum; occasional
J.K. Detling, “Herbivory tolerance of Agropyron smithii
papers on the kind of plants 1(3): 135. 1923
populations with different grazing histories.” Oecologia 77:
(Plants decoction taken for difficult urination. Leaves and 261–267. 1988
berries infusion a lotion for swollen arm or leg. Ceremonial.)
(Astringent, for diarrhea, skin diseases.)
in English: woodbine
in English: western wheatgrass

Pascopyrum Á. Löve Poaceae (Gramineae)

Paspalidium Stapf Poaceae (Gramineae)
Pasture wheat, Latin pasco, pavi, pastum ‘to feed, pasture’
Possibly a diminutive of the generic name Paspalum L.;
and Greek pyros ‘grain, wheat’, type Pascopyrum smithii
species very close and difficult to distinguish, sometimes
(Rydb.) Á. Löve, see Taxon 29(1, 4): 168, 547. 1980, Feddes
or usually referred to as Setaria P. Beauv., the genus can
Repert. 95: 425–521. 1984, Am. J. Bot. 85: 1266–1272. 1998,
be confused with Urochloa or Panicum, type Paspalidium
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf, see Species Plantarum 1: 55.
48: 279–307, 477–478. 2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 1789–1801. 2004.
1753, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 18. 1775, Essai d’une
Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey Nouvelle Agrostographie 51, 178. 1812, Flora Brasiliensis
(Agropyron glaucum var. occidentale Scribn.; Agropyron seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 237. 1829, Synopsis Plantarum
molle (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) Rydb.; Agropyron occidentale Glumacearum 1: 49. 1855 [1853] and Contributions from the
2798 Paspalum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

United States National Herbarium 15: 28, 30. 1910, North pans, wet soils, sandy soils, marshy soils and marshes, edge
American Flora 3(2): 200, 202. 1915, Sir David Prain (1857– of rivers and lakes, streamsides, vleis, active dunes, places of
1944), Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 15, 582–583. 1920, Contr. temporary inundation, muddy soils, ditches, often floating in
U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156. 1920, Bulletin of Miscellaneous shallow water
Information Kew 1923(9): 318. 1923, Bulletin de la Société
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 18. 1775, Observationes
Botanique de France 72: 706. 1925, Journal of the Faculty
of Science: University of Tokyo, Botany 3(2): 244–245. Botanicae 3: 8. 1783, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique
1930, Contributions from the New South Wales National … Botanique 1: 176. 1791, Syn. Pl. 1: 81, 85. 1805, Systema
Herbarium 1(6): 331–332. 1950 [1951], Acta Botanica Vegetabilium 2: 470. 1817, Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen
Cubana 4: 1–11. 1980, Micronesica 18(2): 45–102. 1982, Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 83. 1821, De Graminibus
Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 92–1(2): 1–557. Paniceis 130. 1826, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio
1992, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 363. 1994, J.F. Veldkamp, Plantarum 2: 113. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 302.
“Miscellaneous notes on southeast Asian Gramineae: 9. 1830, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 60. 1854, Flora
Setaria and Paspalidium.” Blumea 39: 373–384. 1994, 38: 196. 1855, A Preliminary Report on the Geological and
R.D. Webster, “Nomenclatural changes in Setaria and Agricultural Survey of Texas App. 3. 1866, Flora Brasiliensis
Paspalidium (Poaceae: Paniceae).” Sida 16: 439–446. 1995, 2(2): 184, 269. 1877 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 135. 1900,
Am. J. Bot. 88: 1988–1992, 1993–2012. 2001, Contributions Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
from the United States National Herbarium 46: 441–442, 15: 32–33, f. 13. 1910, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 583. 1920,
569–593. 2003. Gramineas Bonaerenses, ed. 3, 89. 1939, Blumea 3(3): 434.
1940, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6(5–6): 138, f. 8.
Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf (Digitaria affi- 1940, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14e:
nis Roem. & Schult.; Digitaria appressa (Lam.) Pers.; 29. 1940, Petite Flore de l’Ouest-Africain 398. 1954, Bull.
Echinochloa geminata (Forssk.) Roberty; Panicum affine Inst. Franç. Afr. Noire sér. A.,17: 64. 1955, Grasses of Ceylon
(Roem. & Schult.) Nees, nom. illeg., non Panicum affine 131. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 333. 1960, The Southwestern
Poir.; Panicum appressum (Lam.) Döll, nom. illeg., non Naturalist 15(3): 391. 1971, Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971,
Panicum appressum Forssk.; Panicum beckmanniiforme
Flora of the Galápagos Islands 823–892. 1971, Annals of the
J.C. Mikan ex Trin.; Panicum briziforme J. Presl; Panicum
Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 775–783. 1994, Blumea
carnosum Salzm. ex Steud.; Panicum emergens Hochst.;
39(1–2): 377. 1994, Sida 16(3): 443. 1995
Panicum emergens Döll, nom. illeg., non Panicum emer-
gens Hochst.; Panicum fluitans Retz.; Panicum gemina- (For dermatological problems, skin diseases, itch, rashes.)
tum Forssk.; Panicum glomeratum Buckley, nom. illeg.,
in English: Egyptian panicgrass
non Panicum glomeratum Moench; Panicum paludivagum
Hitchc. & Chase; Panicum paspaloides Pers.; Panicum in Arabic: niseila
truncatum Trin.; Paspalidium geminatum var. gemina-
in Mali: baugassongau, merberé
tum; Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum (Hitchc. &
Chase) Gould; Paspalidium paludivagum (Hitchc. & Chase) in Niger: hakori’n karé
Parodi; Paspalidium paludivagum (Hitchc. & Chase) Pilg.,
in Nigeria: angarago, geron tsintsiiyàà, hakoorin karéé, hako-
nom. illeg., non Paspalidium paludivagum (Hitchc. & Chase)
rin karéé, makoorin karéé, tumbin kuusùù
Parodi; Paspalidium paludivagum (Hitchc. & Chase) Herter,
nom. illeg., non Paspalidium paludivagum (Hitchc. & in Somalia: sabool, sabul
Chase) Parodi; Paspalidium paludivagum (Hitchc. & Chase)
Henrard, nom. illeg., non Paspalidium paludivagum (Hitchc. in Mexico: camalote, egiptiano
& Chase) Parodi; Paspalidium pilgeri Herter; Paspalum
adpressum Pers. ex B.D. Jacks.; Paspalum appressum Lam.;
Setaria geminata (Forssk.) Veldkamp; Setaria geminata var. Paspalum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)
paludivaga (Hitchc. & Chase) R.D. Webster) From the Greek name paspalos for millet; type Paspalum
Pantropical. Perennial, aquatic, emergent, robust, coarse, dimidiatum L., see Systema Naturae Ed. Decima. 2: 846,
tufted, clumped, prostrate and erect, rooting at the nodes in 855, 1359. 1759, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum 207.
moist habitats, creeping, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, soft, 1759, Familles des Plantes 2: 31, 599. 1763, Acta Literaria
spongy and inflated, rhizomes spongy and floating, sheaths Universitatis Hafniensis 1: 285. 1778, Synopsis Plantarum
smooth, ligule a finely ciliate rim, leaf blades acuminate, 1: 85. 1805, Graminum Monographiae … Pars I. Paspalum.
erect slender inflorescence, spikelets ovate slightly imbricate, Reimaria 65, 213–214. 1810, De Graminibus Paniceis 49,
axis of the inflorescence narrowly winged, racemes sessile 87. 1826, Conspectus Regni Vegetabilis 49. 1828, Flora
2-rowed, upper glume almost long as upper lemma, lower Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 76. 1829, Species
glume truncate, upper lemma granulose apiculate, usually Graminum 3: t. 271. 1829–1830, Mémoires de la Société
not rooting at nodes in dry habitats, good forage, usually d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 163. 1831, Nom.
forming large stands, growing in water, irrigation canals, Bot. ed. 2, 2: 153. 1841, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew
Paspalum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2799

Garden Miscellany 2: 103. 1850, Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 33. 1854, 1814, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1:
Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 8: 601, 605. 1850, Botanische 87, t. 24. 1815 [1816], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique
Zeitung. Berlin 10: 17. 1852, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin Suppl. 4: 314. 1816, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique …
12: 817, 820–822. 1854, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 19(44): Supplément 5: 28. 1817, Flora Indica; or descriptions … ed.
326. 1861, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de Carey & Wall., 1: 291. 1820, Mantissa (Schultes) 2: 262. 1824,
l’Académie des Sciences 80: 441. 1875, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): Révision des Graminées 1: 26. 1829, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 288.
40, 44, 100, 113. 1877, Genera Plantarum 3: 1097–1098. 1883, 1832, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de
Mexicanas Plantas 2: 14. 1886 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques,
12: 116. 1908, U.S.D.A. Bull. 772: 227. 1920, Contributions Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles
from the United States National Herbarium 24(8): 435. 1927, 6, 3(2): 340. 1835, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 2: 273. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 17,
28(1): i-xvii, 1–310. 1929, Repertorium Specierum Novarum 19, 21. 1853 [1855 publ. 10–12 Dec 1853], Botany of the
Regni Vegetabilis 26(7–15): 229–230. 1929, Nat. Pfl.-Fam. ed. Southern States 576. 1857, Abhandlungen der Königlichen
2, 14e: 58–67. 1940, Econ. Bot. 37: 159–163. 1983, Journal of Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 7: 262. 1857,
Cytology and Genetics 18: 26–33, 60–61. 1983, Blumea 30: Bombay Fl. 291. 1861, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 2(2): 55.
279–318. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22: 161– 1877, Fl. Réunion (E.J. de Cordemoy) (1895) 114. 1895 and
162. 1987, Flora of the Guianas. Series A, Phanerogams 8: Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 122. 1900, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb.
453–515. 1990, Novon 4(1): 20. 1994, Flora Mesoamericana 12(3): 116. 1908, Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge 9: 245.
6: 335–352. 1994, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1918, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28: 162. 1929, Grasses of
81(4): 768–774. 1994, S.A. Renvoize, Gramíneas de Bolivia Ceylon 136. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 336. 1960, Brittonia
443–489. 1998, Am. J. Bot. 90: 796–821. 2003, Contributions 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Phytologia 28(4): 318. 1974, Journal
from the United States National Herbarium 46: 18, 151, 166– of Cytology and Genetics 18: 26–33. 1983, Blumea 30: 290,
167, 193–214, 285, 296, 441, 443–527, 543, 550, 635. 2003, 293. 1985, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 61–67.
Systematic Botany Monographs 71: 1–75. 2004. 1988, Darwiniana 30(1–4): 87–94. 1990
Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (Digitaria conjugata (Plant used to treat diarrhea, stomachache; juice from the
(Roxb.) Schult.; Digitaria conjugata Schult.; Panicum con- grass applied to new cuts; young blades are chewed and
jugatum Dalzell & A. Gibson; Panicum conjugatum Roxb.; applied as a poultice to fresh wounds and new cuts; stem sap
Paspalum africanum Poir.; Paspalum bicrurulum Salzm. ex in inflamed eyes; plant decoction for fever; grass infusion for
Steud.; Paspalum bicrurum Salzm. ex Döll; Paspalum ciliat- fever and flu. Flower bud squeezed onto sores and scratches.
ifolium Trin., nom. illeg., non Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx.; Paste of roots applied on boils. Seeds tend to stick in the
Paspalum ciliatum Lam.; Paspalum ciliatum Kunth, nom. throats of livestock.)
illeg., non Paspalum ciliatum Lam.; Paspalum conjugatum
C. Cordem. ex Cordem.; Paspalum conjugatum f. tristachya in English: buffalo grass, carabao grass, cow grass, foreign
(Vanderz) Beetle; Paspalum conjugatum f. tristachyum herb, Hilo grass, Johnston River grass, signal grass, sour
(Vanderyst) Beetle; Paspalum conjugatum var. conjugatum; crown grass, sour grass, sour paspalum, t grass, T-grass,
Paspalum conjugatum var. parviflorum Döll; Paspalum con- Thurston grass, ti grass, yellow grass
jugatum var. pubescens Döll; Paspalum conjugatum var. tris- in Borneo: rumput belanda
tachya Vanderz [or Vanderyst?]; Paspalum conjugatum var.
tristachyum Vanderyst; Paspalum hirsutum Poir.; Paspalum in India: do-sir-tasad
longissimum Hochst. ex Steud.; Paspalum paniculatum L.; in Indonesia: jampang pahit, klamaran, paitan, rumput
Paspalum renggeri Steud.; Paspalum sieberianum Steud.; belanda, udu alok
Paspalum tenue Gaertn.; Paspalum tenue Kunth, nom. illeg.,
non Paspalum tenue Gaertn.; Paspalum tenue Darby, nom. in Malaysia: rumput ala negri, rumput kerbau
illeg., non Paspalum tenue Gaertn.; Paspalum tenue Willd.
in Papua New Guinea: bremaka, kecqang, kegbang, kuang,
ex Steud., nom. illeg., non Paspalum tenue Gaertn.)
mahai, noti, prumkau
Pantropical. Perennial or annual, erect or ascending flower-
ing stems, vigorous, extensively creeping and rooting, ground in the Philippines: bantotan, kalo-kawayan, kauad kauaran,
cover, spreading by flattened runners, strongly stoloniferous kauat-kauat, kauatkauat, kulape, laau-laau, laua laua, sakate
with leafy stolons, grains eaten by baboons, a weed in culti- in Thailand: ya-nomnon, yaa hep, ya hep, yaa nom non
vated and disturbed ground
in Vietnam: cò san cap
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 855. 1759, Acta
Helvetica, Physico-Mathematico-Anatomico-Botanico- in Congo: kedigui, likele
Medica 7: 129, t. 8. 1762 [1772], De Fructibus et Seminibus
in Ghana: asamo akwanta, nsohwea
Plantarum… . 2: 2, t. 80. 1791, Tableau Encyclopédique et
Méthodique … Botanique 1: 175. 1791, Hort. Bengal. 82. in Ivory Coast: dianderika, kama
2800 Paspalum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in Nigeria: duei, duwei berison lei, efok ngkuku, ikute ala, Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 6:
ojikpereeje 233. 1885 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 121. 1900, Philippine
Journal of Science 1: Suppl. 345. 1906, Contr. U.S. Natl.
in Sierra Leone: alekore, balekore, kagbata, kalant, kapie,
Herb. 12: 116. 1908, Bibliotheca Botanica 85: 288. 1915,
kayan, kharatu na, kpongo piando, wowegbine, yane, yani
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 15: 65.
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Paspalum amazonicum Trin.; 1917, Flora of Tropical Africa 9: 573, 576. 1920, Darwiniana
Paspalum auriculatum Presl; Paspalum auriculatum J. Presl 1: 109. 1924, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew
& C. Presl; Paspalum barbatum Schumach., nom. illeg., non 1928(1): 40–41. 1928, J. Arnold Arb. 29: 298. 1948, Grasses
Paspalum barbatum (Trin.) Schult.; Paspalum borbonicum of Ceylon 135. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 341. 1960, Kew
Steud.; Paspalum boscianum Fluegge; Paspalum brun- Bulletin 30(1): 101–105. 1975, Flora of Tropical East Africa
neum Bosc ex Fluegge; Paspalum cartilagineum J. Presl; 451–898. 1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 26–33.
Paspalum coloratum Rich. ex Döll; Paspalum commersonii 1983, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 20: 205–206. 1985,
Lam.; Paspalum commutatum Nees; Paspalum confertum Blumea 30: 297, 299, 305–306, 312. 1985, Cytologia 52:
J. Le Conte; Paspalum dissectum (L.) L.; Paspalum dis- 487–491. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–
sectum var. grande Nees; Paspalum frumentaceum Rottb. 143, 322–323. 1990
ex Roem. & Schult.; Paspalum jardinii Steud.; Paspalum
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Can be attacked by the
kora Willd.; Paspalum ledermannii Mez; Paspalum met-
paspalum ergot, new grains said to be narcotic or poisonous;
zii Steud.; Paspalum orbiculare Forst.f.; Paspalum polys-
outer covering of dehusked grains taken for hallucinations.
tachyum R. Br.; Paspalum purpurascens Elliott; Paspalum
For snakebite and scorpion sting, whole plant dried, infusion
scrobiculatum auct.; Paspalum scrobiculatum var. auricu-
drunk. Fruits and bran for carbuncle. Grains recommended
latum (Presl) Merr.; Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. bispi-
for diabetics as a substitute for rice. Seed paste mixed with
catum Hack.; Paspalum scrobiculatum var. commersonii
mustard oil and rubbed on the body of children in the treat-
(Lam.) Stapf; Paspalum scrobiculatum var. jardinii (Steud.)
ment of cold and cough. Roots decoction for typhoid fever.)
Franch.; Paspalum scrobiculatum var. orbiculatum Weigelt;
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. polystachyum (R. Br.) Stapf; in English: creeping paspalum, ditch millet, ditchgrass, koda
Paspalum scrobiculatum var. velutinum Hack.; Paspalum millet, kodo millet, native millet, ricegrass, scrobic, water
virgatum Walter, nom. illeg., non Paspalum virgatum L.; couch grass, wild paspalum
Paspalum virgatum var. purpurascens (Elliott) Alph. Wood)
in Angola: likamba
(Latin scrobiculus ‘a little ditch’)
in Cameroon: fafabo gorko
Old World tropics and subtropics. Annual or short-lived
perennial, very variable, vigorous, loosely to weakly tufted, in Gambia: barankato, falisingo, fatango
highly polymorphic species, grazed by cattle and buf-
in Ghana: bamrog, chesimbri, gonera
faloes, noxious weed species, invasive, grain as famine
food, closely related to Paspalum vaginatum Swartz and in Guinea: barabia, barabiya, borombia, boromhiya, bilkollo,
Paspalum plicatulum kenké sama, maléférèn, maléféné, tamidi
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 846, 855, 1359. 1759, in Guinea-Bissau: djabi maudo
Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 81. 1762, Mantissa
in Liberia: dfuo su, duo su
Plantarum 29. 1767, Florulae Insularum Australium
Prodromus 7. 1786, Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 75. in Mali: baraburya ba, barobia, bolo anala, dara koré, diadié,
1788, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique kussein, laruha, nkungurumo, parkatari, tiékou, tiéku
1: 175, f. 43, f. 1. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1:
in Niger: nkoungouroumo, nkungurumo, tumbin gaaku,
332. 1797, Graminum Monographiae … Pars I. Paspalum.
tumbin jaki
Reimaria 170–171. 1810, Prodromus Florae Novae
Hollandiae 1: 188. 1810, A Sketch of the Botany of South- in Nigeria: gauri cholli, ikpò ntà, ikpoo, ikute ala, okanli,
Carolina and Georgia 1: 108, t. 6, f. 3. 1816, Syst. Veg. 2: 296. owu, tamban tsuntsu, tumbin jaakii
1817, Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle
in Senegal: barabudiaba, baraburyaba, barabuyaba, barobia,
et des Arts 91: 285. 1820, Flora Indica; or descriptions …
dara koré, diadié, gargada, garganda, ndugupfit, parkatari,
1: 283–284. 1820, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 53.
tiéku
1827, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 59.
1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 216–217. 1830, Linnaea in Sierra Leone: alekore, balekore, binkolo, kapia, kapika,
10(3): 294. 1836, Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes kharatuna, kpika, lefebuiyie, maloninda, minasabine, pen-
Monographicae I. Gramineae. 15. 1841, Synopsis Plantarum diki, yanee, zimi
Glumacearum 1: 18, 21, 27–28. 1855 [1853 or 1854],
in Southern Africa: dronkgras, slootgras, veld paspalum;
Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis 2: 113. 1857, A Class-
isiamuyisane (Zulu)
book of Botany 781. 1861, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 357. 1864, Flora
Brasiliensis 2(2): 76, 78. 1877, Botanische Jahrbücher für in Cambodia: nhieuh
Paspalum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2801

in India: aaraka, allu, alu, arige chettu, arikalu, arike, aruga, Beauv.; Rottboellia uniflora Cunningham; Sanguinaria vagi-
arugu, asakalu, ban kodo, camai, camarutaccivaram, can- nata (Sw.) Bubani)
tirakikam, cantirakikavarici, catcamam, cavan, chakera,
Tropics and subtropics. Perennial, glabrous, more or less
chinke, haaraka, haaraka akki, haaraka hullu, haarike,
erect, trailing, spreading, branching, strongly rhizomatous
haraka, hareek, harik, janhe, jome, kanakatti, kevaaiyam,
and stoloniferous, with long creeping rhizomes and stolons
kiraruga, koda, kodaka, kodav, kodda gadi, kodda jari, kod-
and ascending stems, rooting at the nodes below the water
dara, kodela, kodeli, kodo, kodo dhan, kodoa dhan, kodo-
level, usually found in a sterile condition, weed species rarely
adhan, kodon, kodra, kodram, kodrava, kodro, kodru, kodu,
found far from the shore, very difficult to eradicate, orna-
koduadhaan, kodus, kokra, kora, koradoosha, koradusha,
mental, turf, eaten by geese and other wildlife, forming very
kordrava, kudarli, kudda jari, kuddala, kudpal, macaccit-
tiram, madanagraka, marsi, menya, nalea, neer, niraaruga, dense turf in pasture, useful for erosion control, stabilizing
paata arige chettu, pacodd, pacoll, panivaraku, pankhagar, saltmarsh, grows in dense colonies on salty shores, closely
pataarige, payarranku, piccakam, punal, puttakam, sawan related to and confused with Paspalum distichum
dungarko, tottiravam, uddala, uddalaka, vanakodrava, vapi- See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 846, 855, 1359.
tam, varagu, varaku, varavu 1759, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 21.
in Japan: hai-suzume-no-hie (= creeping Paspalum) 1788, Flora Indiae Occidentalis 1: 203. 1797, Encyclopédie
Méthodique, Botanique 5: 34. 1804, Flore d’Oware 2: 46,
in Philippines: angangsug, bias biasan, bubulis, paragis, t. 85, f. 2. 1807, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 1:
sabung sabungan 188. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 84, 158.
in Sri Lanka: amu, varagu 1812, Genera et species plantarum 4. 1816, A Sketch of
the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 109. 1816,
in Thailand: yaa plong hin, ya plong heen, ya plong hin Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et
in Tibet: khre dan ci tse, tsa tse des Arts 91: 285. 1820, Mantissa 2: 261. 1824, Révision des
Graminées 1: 25. 1829, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio
in Vietnam: co sau rom, co trung, co chira Plantarum 2: 62. 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 209.
in Hawaii: mau’u laiki 1830, Mémoires de la Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et
Arts d’Angers 1: 166. 1831, Companion to the Botanical
Paspalum vaginatum Swartz (Chloris virgata Sw.; Digitaria Magazine 2: 371. 1837, Historia Fisica Politica y Natural
foliosa Lag.; Digitaria platicaulis (Poir.) Desv.; Digitaria de la Isla de Cuba, Botanica 11: 298. 1850, Synopsis
tristachya (J. Le Conte) Schult.; Digitaria vaginata (Sw.) Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 20–21. 1854 [1855 or 1853],
Magnier; Panicum littorale (R. Br.) Kuntze, also spelled lito- Flora Chilena 6: 240. 1854, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
rale; Panicum vaginatum (Sw.) Gren. & Godr., nom. illeg., Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1854: 44. 1854,
non Panicum vaginatum Nees; Paspalum boryanum J. Presl; Plantae Junghuhnianae 3: 383. 1854, Flore de France …
Paspalum brachiatum Trin. ex Nees; Paspalum didactylum Prospectus 3: 462. 1856, A Class-book of Botany 783. 1861,
Salzm. ex Steud.; Paspalum distichum L.; Paspalum disti- Flora of the British West Indian Islands 541. 1864, Flora
chum sensu Ekm., non L.; Paspalum distichum sensu Stapf, Brasiliensis 2(2): 75. 1877, Flora of the southern United
non L.; Paspalum distichum sensu Jessop, non L.; Paspalum States 665. 1883, Scrinia Florae Selectae 6: 120. St.-Quentin
distichum subsp. vaginatum (Sw.) Maire; Paspalum disti- 1887, Queensland Grasses 23. 1888, Anales del Museo
chum var. anpinense Hayata; Paspalum distichum var. lit- Nacional de Montevideo 1: 56. 1894, Flora of the Southern
torale (R. Br.) F.M. Bailey; Paspalum distichum var. nanum United States 577. 1897, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3):
(Döll) Stapf; Paspalum distichum var. tristachyum (J. Le 362. 1898, Flora Capensis 7: 371. 1898 and Flora Pyrenaea
Conte) Alph. Wood; Paspalum distichum var. vaginatum … 4: 258. 1901, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12: 136. 1908, Icones
(Sw.) Griseb.; Paspalum foliosum (Lag.) Kunth; Paspalum plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad
gayanum Desv.; Paspalum gayanus Desv.; Paspalum infla- floram formosanam. 7: 54–55, f. 27. 1918, Contr. U.S. Natl.
tum A. Rich.; Paspalum jaguaense León; Paspalum kleinia- Herb. 28: 41. 1921, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 314. 1931, Bulletin
num J. Presl; Paspalum littorale R. Br.; Paspalum longiflorum de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 32:
P. Beauv.; Paspalum platycaulon Poir.; Paspalum reimari-
217. 1941, Flora de Cuba 1: 139. 1946, Grasses of Ceylon
oides Chapm., nom. illeg., non Paspalum reimarioides
134. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 341. 1960, Taxon 21: 546.
Brongn.; Paspalum reptans Poir. ex Döll; Paspalum squa-
1972, Taxon 25: 513. 1976, Journal of South African Botany
matum Steud.; Paspalum tristachyum J. Le Conte; Paspalum
43(1): 93. 1977, Taxon 29: 339. 1980, Taxon 32: 281. 1983
vaginatum Döll, nom. illeg., non Paspalum vaginatum Sw.;
Paspalum vaginatum Elliott, nom. illeg., non Paspalum (Used to treat convulsions)
vaginatum Sw.; Paspalum vaginatum subsp. nanum (Döll)
in English: biscuit grass, salt water couch, sand knot grass,
Loxton; Paspalum vaginatum var. littorale (R. Br.) Trin. ex
seashore crown grass, seashore paspalum, silt grass, swamp
Büse; Paspalum vaginatum var. longipes Lange; Paspalum
couch
vaginatum var. nanum Döll; Paspalum vaginatum var. rei-
marioides (Chapm.) Chapm.; Rabdochloa virgata (Sw.) P. in Gambia: niro
2802 Passiflora L. Passifloraceae

in Ghana: gbai, gbekle coccinea var. minor Mast.; Passiflora coccinea var. velu-
tina (DC.) Mast.; Passiflora fulgens Wallis ex E. Morren;
in Senegal: hey, xerof
Passiflora toxicaria Barb. Rodr.; Passiflora velutina DC.;
in Sierra Leone: gbonje, kekirekire, kenkende, pisui Tacsonia coccinea Barb. Rodr.; Tacsonia pubescens DC.)
in South Africa: brakpaspalum South America.
in Japan: sawa-suzume-no-hie See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 828, pl.
324. 1775, Genera Plantarum 398. 1789, Annales du muséum
in Tonga: mohuku ano
national d’histoire naturelle 6: 396. 1805, Sertum Austro-
in Pacific: mosiesie, mosie kalalahi Caledonicum 78, t. 79. 1824 [1825], Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 327, 333, 335. 1828, Flora de
Filipinas 650. 1837, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
Passiflora L. Passifloraceae Monographicae 2: 199. 1846, La Belgique Horticole 15:
103. 1865, Belg. hort. 16: 193. 1866, Prodromus Systematis
Latin passio, inis (patior, passus sum, pati ‘to suffer’) ‘pas- Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 333. 1866, L’illustration horti-
sion’ and flos, floris ‘a flower’, the flowers symbolize the
cole 14: 57. 1867, Flora Brasiliensis 13(1): 605. 1872, Vellosia
passion and crucifixion of Jesus Christ; see Carl Linnaeus,
1: 26, pl. 2. 1891 and Contributions du Jardin Botanique de
Species Plantarum 2: 955–960. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed.
Rio de Janeiro 4: 94. 1907, Blumea 20(1): 245. 1972
5. 410. 1754, Genera Plantarum 398. 1789 and Publications
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series (Stimulant, emetic.)
19(1): 1–331. 1938, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
in English: red granadilla, red passion flower
19(2): 333–613. 1938, Flora de Colombia 10: 1–143. 1988,
National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little- in Peru: granadilla
Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide
Passiflora coriacea Juss. (Cieca coriacea (Juss.) M. Roem.;
Cultivation. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
Cieca difformis (Kunth) M. Roem.; Monactineirma coria-
1989, John Vanderplank, Passion Flowers and Passion
cea (Juss.) Bory; Passiflora cheiroptera Cortés; Passiflora
Fruit. London 1991, International Journal of Plant Science
clypeata Sm.; Passiflora difformis Kunth; Passiflora obtusi-
160(1): 135–150. 1999, Biochemical Systematics and
folia Sessé & Moc.; Passiflora sexocellata Schltdl.)
Ecology 29(3): 317–319. 2001, Darwiniana 39(1–2): 43–129.
2001, Phytochemistry 59(5): 501–11. 2002. Most species of Colombia, Mexico, Peru. Vine
Passiflora produce cyanide in all their parts as a protection
See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 6:
against insects and animals eating them.
109, t. 39, f. 2. 1805, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
Passiflora cincinnata Mast. (Passiflora cincinnata var. (quarto ed.) 2: 136. 1817, Annales Générales des Sciences
imbricata Chodat & Hassl.; Passiflora cincinnata var. minor Physiques 2: 138. 1819, Familiarum Naturalium Regni
Hoehne; Passiflora corumbaensis Barb. Rodr.; Passiflora Vegetabilis Monographicae 2: 140, 148. 1846, Linnaea 27:
perlobata Killip) 521. 1854[1856] and Schlechtendalia 10: 15–65. 2003
Brazil. (Young leaves applied to forehead for headache.)
See Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 1868: 966. in English: bat-leaf passion flower
1868, Plantae Mattogrossenses ou Relação de plantas novas
in Mexico: ala de chinaca, ala de murciélago, bazo de venado,
colhidas, classificadas e desenhadas 27, pl. 10. 1898 and
granada de ratón, hoja de murciélago, laga-guidi, murcielago,
Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 62. 1904, Commissão
ocobithut, pachauatuán, xik-sots, xik-zots
Geográfica e Geológica do Estado de S. Paulo: Relatório
5(Bot. pt. 1): 70. 1910, Journal of the Washington Academy in Peru: costado-sacha, uchu-anquirisi
of Sciences 12: 331. 1922
Passiflora cupraea L. (Cieca cavanillesii (DC.) M. Roem.;
(Leaves and stem decoction and tea used for regulating Cieca cupraea (L.) M. Roem.; Passiflora cavanillesii DC.;
fertility.) Passiflora cupraea var. cavanillesii (DC.) Mast.)
in Paraguay: mburukuja West Indies, South America.
Passiflora coccinea Aubl. (Disemma coccinea (Aubl.) See Species Plantarum 2: 955. 1753, Ueber einige künstliche
Banks ex DC.; Disemma coccinea Van Houtte; Distephana Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse der
pubescens (DC.) M. Roem.; Passiflora coccinea Banks ex Monadelphien. 97. Mannheim, 1787, Prodromus Systematis
DC., nom. inval.; Passiflora coccinea Sol. ex W.J. de Wilde, Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 323. 1828, Familiarum
nom. nud. pro syn.; Passiflora coccinea Blanco, nom. illeg., Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 2: 139–140.
non Passiflora coccinea Aubl.; Passiflora coccinea Sol. ex 1846, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27:
Benth., nom. illeg., non Passiflora coccinea Aubl.; Passiflora 635. 1871
Passiflora L. Passifloraceae 2803

(Pounded the vine to obtain a juice to apply to cuts.) in South Africa: grenadella, wildegrenadella
in English: lizard’s tail in India: gadiyaarada hoo, garendal, intsullasu, jhumka-
lat, jumaki hoo, kadamba hannu, sap-thei, sapthei, sarbath,
Passiflora edulis Sims (Granadilla incarnata (L.) Medik.;
tapash-phalam, tapasukai
Passiflora cuneifolia Cav.; Passiflora diaden Vell.;
Passiflora edulis var. kerii (Spreng.) Mast.; Passiflora edu- in Indonesia: buah negeri, konyal, pasin Japan:
lis var. pomifera (M. Roem.) Mast.; Passiflora edulis var. kudamono-tokei-sô
rubricaulis (Jacq.) Mast.; Passiflora edulis var. verrucifera
in Laos: linmangkon
(Lindl.) Mast.; Passiflora gratissima A. St.-Hil.; Passiflora
incarnata L.; Passiflora incarnata Ker Gawl., nom. illeg., in Malaysia: buah susu, markisa
non Passiflora incarnata L.; Passiflora incarnata var. inte-
in Philippines: maraflora, pasionaria
griloba DC.; Passiflora iodocarpa Barb. Rodr.; Passiflora
kerii Spreng.; Passiflora middletoniana Paxton; Passiflora in Thailand: benchawan, linmangkon
pallidiflora Bertol.; Passiflora picroderma Barb. Rodr.;
in Vietnam: chùm bap
Passiflora pomifera M. Roem.; Passiflora rigidula J. Jacq.;
Passiflora rubricaulis Jacq.; Passiflora vernicosa Barb. in Hawaii: liliko’i
Rodr.; Passiflora verrucifera Lindl.)
Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa O. Deg. (Passiflora
South America, Brazil. Vine, semi-woody, tendrils axillary edulis var. verrucifera (Lindl.) Mast.; Passiflora verrucifera
spirally coiled, leaves with stipules and petioles, solitary Lindl.)
axillary flowers, fruit a globose or ovoid indehiscent berry,
Hawaii.
seeds surrounded by fleshy edible aromatic juice
See Appendix to the first … A Sketch of the Vegetation of
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
the Swan River Colony… . 3: 52. 1840, Transactions of the
tion. 1754, Ueber einige künstliche Geschlechter aus der
Linnean Society of London 27: 637. 1871
Malvenfamilie, denn der Klasse der Monadelphien. 96. 1787,
Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 10: 460, t. 292. (Stem and roots poisonous.)
1790, Botanical Magazine 45: pl. 1989. 1818, Mémoires
in English: passion fruit vine
du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 5: 350, pl. 25, f. 23. 1819,
Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 39. 1826, Syll. Passiflora foetida L. (Cieca minima Moench; Cieca minima
Pl. Hort. Bonon. 6. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis (L.) M. Roem., nom. illeg., non Cieca minima (L.) Moench;
Regni Vegetabilis 3: 329. 1828, Mem. Acc. Torin. 36: 178 Cieca suberosa (L.) Moench; Cieca suberosa Moench;
(or 177), t. 6. 1833, Appendix to the first … A Sketch of the Decaloba obscura M. Roem.; Decaloba obscura (Lindl.) M.
Vegetation of the Swan River Colony… . II 3: 52. 1840, Bot. Roem.; Dysosmia ciliata M. Roem.; Dysosmia ciliata (Aiton)
Reg. Misc. 49. 1840, Paxton’s Magazine of Botany 9: t. 51. M. Roem.; Dysosmia foetida M. Roem.; Dysosmia foetida
1842, Eclogae Plantarum Rariorum … 2: 5, t. 124, 169. 1844, (L.) M. Roem.; Dysosmia gossypiifolia M. Roem.; Dysosmia
Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae gossypiifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) M. Roem.; Dysosmia has-
2: 179. 1846, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London tata M. Roem.; Dysosmia hastata (Bertol.) M. Roem.;
27: 637. 1871, Plantas Novas Cultivadas no Jardim Botanico Dysosmia hibiscifolia (Lam.) M. Roem.; Dysosmia hibisci-
do Rio de Janeiro 1: 3, t. 1, 2. 1891, Hort. Flumin. 1893: folia M. Roem.; Dysosmia hircina Sweet ex M. Roem.,
185. 1895 and Contributions du Jardin Botanique de Rio nom. inval.; Dysosmia nigelliflora M. Roem.; Dysosmia
de Janeiro 62. 1902, Publications of the Field Museum of nigelliflora (Hook.) M. Roem.; Dysosmia polyadena M.
Natural History, Botanical Series 19(1–2): 1–331, 333–613. Roem.; Dysosmia polyadena (Vell.) M. Roem.; Granadilla
1938, Blumea 20: 227–250. 1973[1972], Revista Brasileira foetida Gaertn.; Granadilla foetida (L.) Gaertn.; Granadilla
de Genética 9: 21–40. 1986, Reports from the Botanical suberosa Gaertn.; Granadilla suberosa (L.) Gaertn.;
Institute, University of Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987, AAU Reports Meioperis suberosa Raf.; Meioperis suberosa (L.) Raf.;
24: 1–241. 1990, Taxon 41: 567. 1992, Bao Shihying. Monactineirma suberosa Bory; Monactineirma suberosa
Passifloraceae. In: Ku Tsuechih, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis (L.) Bory; Passiflora baraquiniana Lem.; Passiflora ciliata
Sin. 52(1): 97–120. 1999, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Aiton; Passiflora foetida Benth., nom. illeg., non Passiflora
Sciences 71(3): 310–311. 2009 foetida L.; Passiflora foetida Vell., nom. illeg., non Passiflora
foetida L.; Passiflora foetida var. balansae Chodat;
(Twigs infusion sedative. Pulp of ripe fruit tonic, cooling,
Passiflora foetida var. ciliata (Aiton) Mast.; Passiflora
stimulant, antioxidant; powdered seeds taken to relieve chest
foetida var. galapagensis Killip; Passiflora foetida var. gard-
pain. Leaf and flower infusion used as a sedative, applied
neri Killip; Passiflora foetida var. gossypiifolia (Desv. ex
externally against inflammation; leaves and fruits febrifuge,
Ham.) Mast.; Passiflora foetida var. hastata (Bertol.) Mast.;
purgative, used for jaundice.)
Passiflora foetida var. hibiscifolia (Lam.) Killip; Passiflora
in English: common passion fruit, granadilla, passion fruit, foetida var. hirsuta (L.) Mast.; Passiflora foetida var. hirsut-
purple granadilla, purple water lemon issima Killip; Passiflora foetida var. hispida (DC. ex Triana
2804 Passiflora L. Passifloraceae

& Planch.) Killip; Passiflora foetida var. isthmia Killip; Revista Brasileira de Genética 9: 21–40. 1986, Flora of
Passiflora foetida var. lanuginosa Killip; Passiflora foetida Ecuador 31: 1–130. 1988, Reconstrucción y Evolución del
var. maxonii Killip; Passiflora foetida var. mayarum Killip; Paisaje Vegetal Autóctono de la Zona Urbana y Peri-urbana
Passiflora foetida var. nigelliflora (Hook.) Mast.; Passiflora de la Ciudad de Cochabamba i-v, 1–174. 1997, Identificación
foetida var. salvadorensis Killip; Passiflora foetida var. seri- de Especies Vegetales en Chuquisaca—Teoría, Práctica
cea Chodat & Hassl.; Passiflora foetida var. subpalmata y Resultados 1–129. 2000, Ecología en Bolivia 34: 45–70.
Killip; Passiflora foetida var. variegata G. Mey.; Passiflora 2000, Darwiniana 39(1–2): 43–129. 2001
gossypiifolia Lindl.; Passiflora gossypiifolia Desv. ex Ham.;
Passiflora gossypiifolia Desv.; Passiflora hastata Bertol.; (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Unripe fruits and seeds are
Passiflora hastata Ruiz & Pav. ex Mast.; Passiflora hibisci- cyanogenetic; cyanogenic glycoside in leaves. Fruits emetic.
folia Lam.; Passiflora hibiscifolia var. velutina Fenzl ex Dried plant decoction drunk as a treatment for chest colds and
Jacq.; Passiflora hirsuta L.; Passiflora hirsuta Lodd., nom. coughs; young stems eaten raw or boiled and the decoction
illeg., non Passiflora hirsuta L.; Passiflora hispida DC. ex drunk to treat smallpox or measles. Leaves sedative, emmen-
Triana & Planch.; Passiflora hispida DC.; Passiflora nige- agogue, for insomnia; an infusion for heat, cough, intestinal
lliflora Hook.; Passiflora obscura Lindl.; Passiflora poly- worms, colds; leaves applied on the forehead in headache
adena Vell.; Passiflora suberosa L.; Passiflora suberosa and giddiness; in poultice on sores; juice from leaves used to
var. hirsuta (L.) Mast.; Passiflora variegata Mill.; Passiflora treat conjunctivitis; leaves decoction used in biliousness and
vesicaria L.; Tripsilina fetida Raf.; Tripsilina foetida Raf.; asthma; an infusion of the leaves and roots used to stimulate
Tripsilina foetida (L.) Raf.) menstruation. Veterinary medicine, leaf paste given to pigs
in inflammation, throat inflammation.)
Tropics. Climbing vine, herbaceous, liane, axillary tendrils,
3-lobed alternate leaves, solitary flowers, white petals with in English: cape raspberry, foul passiflora, ink-berry, love-in-
purple veins, globose hairy yellow fruit, ripe fruits can be eaten a-mist, lover-in-a-mist, passion flower, running pop, stinking
passion flower, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon
See Sp. Pl. 2: 958. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary …
Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Amoenitates academicae in Guyana: baby-semitoo, mis-mis, wild semitoo
… 5: 382. 1760, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition
in Peru: bedoca, ñorbo cimarrón, ñorbo hediondo, puru
Passiflora no. 8. 1768, Ueber einige kunstliche Geschlechter
purillo, puru-puru
aus der Malvenfamilie 97. 1787, De Fructibus et Seminibus
Plantarum… . 1: 289, t. 60. 1788, Hortus Kewensis; or, in Hawaii: lani wai, pohapoha
a catalogue … 3: 310. 1789, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
in Pacific: luplup, pasio vao, pompom, poniu, pua manini,
Botanique (Lamarck) 3(1): 39. 1789, De Fructibus et
vaine ‘initia
Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 480. 1791, Suppl. Meth. 102.
1802, Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 226. 1818, in China: long zhu guo
Botanical Cabinet; consisting of coloured delineations . . 2: f.
138. 1818, Annales Générales des Sciences Physiques 2: 138. in India: adavi motala, begambahar, bonchikkaya, chadayan,
1819, Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis (Hamilton) cirrancantiya, ciru punai-k-kali, cirupunaikkali, gaju tige,
48–49. 1825, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of gharibel, gudsar, hayut, hitoot, jekajumiki, junuka phul, kin-
London 7: 48. 1830, Florae Fluminensis 9: t. 86, 92. 1831 vaal, kin-val, kukke balli, kukki balli, kukkiballi, lam rad-
[1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1634. hikanachan, mukkopeera, mupparisavalli, phophni-ki-bel,
1833, Flora Telluriana 4: 103. 1838 [1836 publ. mid-1838], poochappazham, siruppunaikkali, sirupunaikkali, tamoi,
Botanical Magazine pl. 3635. 1839, Florula Guatimalensis tella jumiki, tellajumiki, thellajumiki, wak-a-thaitha
27. 1840, Eclogae Plantarum Rariorum … 2: 5, t. 123, in Indonesia: pidang tanjung
169. 1844, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
Monographicae 2: 131, 147, 149–152, 155, 157. 1846, in Malaysia: kapas bulan, kerang kerut, letup, timun den-
L’illustration horticole 7: t. 276. 1861, Flora Hongkongensis dang, timun hutan, timun padang
123. 1861, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: in Papua New Guinea: dumdum, kifa, lopi, pasikolo
630–631. 1871, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique,
sér. 5, 17: 172. 1873 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. in Vietnam: chum bao, lac tien
2, 2: 744. 1902, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 1127. in Congo: bimpfii, ifefe, mafefe, mumpolompolo, okuma
1903, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 58: 408. 1931,
Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Ghana: bobe, dandigila, ngaane
461(13): 325–326. 1936, Publications of the Field Museum in Yoruba: abiirunpo
of Natural History, Botanical Series 19(1): 1–331 and 19(2):
333–613. 1938, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium Passiflora incarnata L. (Granadilla incarnata Medik.;
of Harvard University 184: 1–223. 1958, Bot. Commel. Granadilla incarnata (L.) Medik.; Passiflora edulis var. kerii
171. 1983, Listados Florísticos de México 2: 1–100. 1983, (Spreng.) Mast.; Passiflora incarnata Ker Gawl.; Passiflora
Flórulas de las Zonas de Vida del Ecuador 1–512. 1985, incarnata L. var. integriloba DC.; Passiflora kerii Spreng.)
Passiflora L. Passifloraceae 2805

Southern United States. Perennial climbing vine, herb, Passiflora leschenaultii DC. (Decaloba leschenaultii (DC.)
deeply 3-lobed leaves, purplish-white flowers, fruit an ovoid M. Roem.; Decaloba leschenaultii M. Roem.)
berry yellow, often as Passiflora edulis
India. Perennial glabrous climber, whitish flowers, sweet ten-
See Species Plantarum 2: 955–960. 1753, Botanical der fruits used as a vegetable
Register; consisting of coloured … 4: t. 332. 1818, Systema
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 39. 1826, Prodromus
3: 326. 1828, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 329. 1828,
Monographicae 2: 160. 1846
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: 637. 1871
and Manual of the Southeastern Flora 895. 1933, Field Mus. (Used in Ayurveda. For burning sensation, constipation, flatu-
Nat. Hist. Bot. ser. 19(2): 333–613. 1938, Fl. Madagasc. 143: lence, dyspepsia, urinary retentions, calculus and skin diseases.)
1–48. 1945, Taxon 41: 567. 1992, Planta Medica 74(15):
in India: akasatrapusa, akasavellari, kattu passion palam,
1769–1773. 2008, Pharmazie 64(1): 63–64. 2009
kodi kai, seemavellari, thattu pootan
(Psychotropic, blood purifier, antiinflammatory, sedative,
Passiflora manicata (Juss.) Pers. (Passiflora manicata var.
hypnotic, anxiolytic, antispasmodic, anodyne, for treating
communis Kunth, nom. illeg.; Passiflora manicata var. mac-
anxiety or nervousness, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),
rophylla Kunth; Passiflora meridensis H. Karst.; Passiflora
symptoms of opiate withdrawal, earache, insomnia, neural-
rhodantha Harms; Tacsonia manicata Juss.; Tacsonia mani-
gia, convulsion, spasmodic asthma, ADHD, palpitations,
cata var. macrophylla (Kunth) M. Roem.)
cardiac rhythm abnormalities, hypertension, sexual dysfunc-
tion and menopause. Roots infusion for boils.) South America.
in English: apricot vine, may apple, may-pop passionflower, See Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 6:
may pops, maypop, passion flower, passion fruit, purple pas- 393, t. 59. 1805, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto
sionflower, wild passion flower ed.) 2: 139. 1817, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
Monographicae 2: 193. 1846, Linnaea 30: 165. 1859,
Passiflora laurifolia L. (Granadilla laurifolia (L.) Medik.;
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
Granadilla laurifolia Medik.; Passiflora acuminata DC.;
und Pflanzengeographie 21: 324. 1896 and Die natürlichen
Passiflora laurifolia var. tinifolia (Juss.) Bois; Passiflora
Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 21: 505. 1925, Publications
laurifolia var. tinifolia Bois; Passiflora oblongifolia Pulle;
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series
Passiflora tinifolia Juss.)
19: 28. 1938, Actual. Biol. Univ. Antioquia 14(54): 111. 1985,
Tropical America. Woody climber, entire leaves, large white- Flora de Colombia 10: 92. 1988, Studia Geomorphologica
purplish flowers, fruit an ovoid berry orange-yellow, flat Carpatho-Balcanica 13(2): 38. 2003[2004]
ribbed seeds, juicy white pulp, tannin in leaves
(Fruit juice sedative for children.)
See Sp. Pl. 2: 956. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary …
in Ecuador: piri-gullan
Abridged …fourth edition. 1754, Ueber einige kunstliche
Geschlechter aus der Malvenfamilie 97. 1787, Annales du Passiflora quadrangularis L. (Granadilla quadrangula-
muséum national d’histoire naturelle 6: 113, t. 41, f. 2. 1805, ris (L.) Medik.; Passiflora macrocarpa Linden ex Mast.;
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 328. Passiflora quadrangularis Triana & Planch., nom. illeg.,
1828 and An Enumeration of the Vascular Plants Known non Passiflora quadrangularis L.; Passiflora quadrangu-
from Surinam 321, t. 14, f. 2. 1906, Publications of the Field laris var. sulcata DC.; Passiflora sulcata Jacq.; Passiflora
Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 19(2): 333– tetragona M. Roem.)
613. 1938
South America. Vine, fruit flesh eaten
(The foliage is poisonous; cyanogenic glycoside in immature
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1248. 1759,
fruits and seeds. Root aphrodisiac, purgative. Leaf infusion
Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 232.
for palpitation, to children with colds and intestinal worms;
1763, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
leaf bath for sprains; leaves juice for uterine discharge.)
3: 328. 1828, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
in English: bell apple, Jamaica honeysuckle, vinegar pear, Monographicae 2: 165. 1846, Gardener’s Chronicle &
water lemon, yellow granadilla, yellow water lemon Agricultural Gazette 1869: 1012. 1869, Annales des Sciences
Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 17: 147. 1873 and Publications
in Guyana: semitoo
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series
in Indonesia: markusa leutik 19(2): 333–613. 1938, Fieldiana, Botany 24(7/1): 115–146.
1961, Reports from the Botanical Institute, University of
in Malaysia: buah selasih, buah susu
Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. 1990
in Thailand: sao warot, sukhontharot
(Tea of leaves for heat, diabetes, hypertension. Sedative.
in Vietnam: guôi tây Cyanogenic glycoside in leaves.)
2806 Pastinaca L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

in English: giant granadilla, granadilla, grenadilla, passion vespertilio L.; Passiflora vespertilio Ker Gawl., nom. illeg.,
flower non Passiflora vespertilio L.)
in Panama: nutsulet South America.
in Peru: apincoya, barbadina, badea, granadilla, tumbo, See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth
uxubëru edition. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edi-
in India: misriphal tion, no. 13. 1768, Suppl. Meth. 14. 1802, Primitiae Florae
Essequeboensis … 225. 1818, Botanical Register; consisting
in Indonesia: erbis, markisa of coloured … 7: t. 597. 1822, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis
in Japan: ô-mi-tokei-sô 631. 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
3: 323. 1828, Linnaea 18: 363. 1844, Familiarum Naturalium
in Malaysia: timun belanda, timun hutan Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 2: 131, 152, 155, 158, 160,
in Philippines: granada, granadilla, kasaflora, parola 164. 1846 and Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette
28: 350. 1900, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural
in Thailand: mathuarot, sukhontharot, taeng kalaa History, Botanical Series 19(2): 333–613. 1938, Contributions
in Vietnam: chùm bao dúa, dua gang tây from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 184: 1–223.
1958, Flora of Ecuador 31: 1–130. 1988, AAU Reports 24:
Passiflora rubra L. (Decaloba bilobata M. Roem.; Decaloba 1–241. 1990
obscura (Lindl.) M. Roem.; Decaloba rubra (L.) M. Roem.;
Decaloba semilunaris M. Roem.; Granadilla rubra (L.) (Emetic, stimulant.)
Moench; Passiflora bilobata Vell.; Passiflora cisnana
Harms; Passiflora lunata Vell.; Passiflora obscura Lindl.;
Passiflora rubra Buc’hoz; Passiflora rubra Vell.; Passiflora Pastinaca L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
rubra Lam.)
Latin pastinaca, ae used by A. Cornelius Celsus and Plinius
Central America, Jamaica. for a parsnip, also the carrot, Latin pastino, avi, atum ‘to
prepare the ground’, pastinum, i ‘a dribble, the prepared
See Species Plantarum 2: 956–957. 1753, Encyclopédie
ground’, Akkadian pastum, pasum ‘adze, ax cleaver’; see
Méthodique, Botanique 3: 35. 1789, Annales du muséum
Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 262. 1753 and Genera
national d’histoire naturelle 6: 107, t. 37, f. 2. 1805, Florae
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 126. 1754.
Fluminensis 9: t. 77, 78. 1827, Transactions of the Horticultural
Society of London 7: 48. 1830, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Pastinaca sativa L. (Anethum pastinaca Wibel; Anethum
Vegetabilis Monographicae 2: 131, 152–154, 157. 1846 pastinaca (L.) Wibel; Elaphoboscum sativum (L.) Rupr.;
(Fruit said to be narcotic.) Pastinaca sativa Thomas ex DC.; Pastinaca sativa L. var.
pratensis Pers.; Peucedanum pastinaca (Wibel) Baill.;
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega (Passiflora adenophylla Mast.; Peucedanum pastinaca (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Peucedanum
Passiflora alba Link & Otto; Passiflora atomaria Planch. ex sativum (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Selinum pastinaca (L.)
Mast.; Passiflora stipulata Triana & Planch. var. atomaria Crantz) (from the Greek elaphos ‘a stag, deer’)
Triana & Planch.)
Europe. Biennial or perennial herb, coarse, hollow ribbed
Mexico. Ripe fruit eaten raw stems, clasping leaves, small flowers
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 830, t. See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246, 262–263. 1753, Primitiae
325. 1775, Novarum, aut Rariorum Plantarum Horti Reg. Florae Werthemensis 146, 195. 1799, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 189. 1830,
Botan. Matrit. 6: 78. 1798, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Genera Plantarum 1: 920. 1862, Histoire des Plantes 7: 96.
Botanique, sér. 5, 17: 153. 1873 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. 1879 and Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series
Hist., Bot. Ser. 19(2): 333–613. 1938, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/1): 13(5A/1): 3–97. 1962, Taxon 29: 538–542. 1980, Ivie, G.W.,
115–146. 1961 Holt, D.L., Ivey, M.C. “Natural toxicants in human foods: pso-
(Leaves applied to inflammation.) ralens in raw and cooked parsnip root.” Science (Wash. D.C.)
213: 909–910. 1981, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 27:
Passiflora vespertilio L. (Decaloba geminiflora M. Roem.; 581–590. 1981, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica
Decaloba hemicycla (G. Mey.) M. Roem.; Decaloba suri- 24: 113–126. 1982, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449.
namensis (Miq.) M. Roem.; Decaloba vespertilio (L.) M. 1984, Watsonia 18: 415–417. 1991, Regnum Veg. 127: 73.
Roem.; Granadilla bicornis Mill.; Granadilla vespertilio
1993, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
(L.) Moench; Passiflora bicornis Houst. ex Mill.; Passiflora
Newsletter 24: 11–14. 1995, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999
europhylla Mast.; Passiflora geminiflora D. Don; Passiflora
geminiflora DC., nom. illeg., non Passiflora geminiflora D. (All parts poisonous. The plant juices can cause photoderma-
Don; Passiflora hemicycla G. Mey.; Passiflora surinamensis titis in some individuals after exposure to sunlight. Exposure
Miq.; Passiflora vespertilio Lawr., nom. illeg., non Passiflora to leaves, stems, and peeling roots can cause the problem.
Patrinia Juss. Valerianaceae 2807

The edible roots contain enough furocoumarins to be physi- Paullinia L. Sapindaceae

ologically active in some cases; root medicinally effective in
small amounts, and poisonous in large amounts. These tox- For Simon Paulli, 1603–1680 (d. Copenhagen), professor of
ins are mutagenic (even in the dark) inducing melanization botany, physician to the King of Denmark Christian V, his
in human skin. Photodermatitis from this plant is often con- writings include Quadripartitum botanicum de Simplicium
fused with poison-ivy dermatitis.) medicamentorum facultatibus. Rostochii 1639 and Flora
Danica det er: Dansk Urteborg. Copenhagen [1647-
in English: bird’s-nest, Hart’s-eye, madnip, parsnip, wild ]1648; see Species Plantarum 1: 365–366. 1753, Notions
parsnip Élémentaires de Botanique 279. 1782, A General History of
in China: ou fang feng the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 660. 1831, Annales des Sciences
Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 18: 353. 1862, Monogr.
Paullinia 42, 44–45, 47 (-48). 1895 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6):
234–273. 1949, Fieldiana, Botany 36(12): 138, 145, 152, 160.
Patrinia Juss. Valerianaceae
1976, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der
For Eugène Louis Melchior Patrin, 1742–1815, French botanischen Pflanzennamen. 463. [genus dedicated to the
naturalist and mineralogist, wrote Histoire Naturelle des German physician Christian Franz Paullini, 1643–1712]
Minéraux. Paris [1801]; see N.A. Desvaux, Tableau synop- Basel 1996, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der
tique des minéraux. Paris 1805, Annales du muséum national botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 147. Berlin & Hamburg
d’histoire naturelle 10: 311. 1807. 1989, Karin Figala, in D.S.B. 10: 426–427. 1981.
Patrinia scabiosifolia Fisch. ex Trevir. (Fedia scabiosifolia Paullinia cupana Kunth (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis
Trevir.; Fedia serratulifolia Trevir.; Patrinia hispida Bunge; (Mart.) Ducke; Paullinia sorbilis Martius)
Patrinia parviflora Siebold & Zucc.; Patrinia scabiosaefolia
Fisch.; Patrinia scabiosifolia Fisch. ex Link; Patrinia sca- Tropical America. Shrub or woody liana, evergreen, scan-
biosifolia fo. glabra Kom.; Patrinia scabiosifolia fo. hispida dent, monoecious, axillary tendrils, white latex, leaves
Kom.; Patrinia scabiosifolia var. hispida (Bunge) Franch.; imparipinnate shiny green, flowers unisexual, male and
Patrinia scabiosifolia var. nantcianensis Pamp.; Patrinia female flowers on the same inflorescence, petals white with
serratulifolia (Trevir.) Fisch. ex DC.) scale appendages, fruit a 3-lobed capsule yellow to dark red,
seed dark brown, white fleshy aril, humid tropics
Japan, Korea, China. Perennial herb, erect, stout horizontal
rhizome, basal leaves in rosettes, cymes terminal or axillary See Species Plantarum 1: 365. 1753, Nova Genera et Species
corymb-like panicles, small yellow flowers, fruit elliptic Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 117. 1821 and Rodriguésia 3: 156.
1937, Archivos Inst. Biol. Veg. Rio de Janeiro, 4: 47. 1938
see De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 36. 1790,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Bot. Vratisl. App. 2: 2. 1820, Enumeratio (Seeds stimulant, tonic, nervine, astringent, aphrodisiac,
Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1: 131. 1821, Nov. antipyretic, antineuralgic, anti-diarrheal, used in the treat-
Acta Soc. Nat. Cur. 13: 165. 1826, Prodromus Systematis ment of headache and neuralgia, menstrual disorders. Ritual
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 634. 1830, Pl. Mongh.-China and medicinal purposes.)
Dec. 1: 25, t. 3. 1835, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch- in Ecuador: chengrapi
Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften 4(3): 195. 1846, Nouvelles archives du in Peru: cupana, guaraná, macota
muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 5: 38. 1883 and Nuovo Paullinia pinnata L. (Cururu pinnata House; Cururu pin-
Giornale Botanico Italiano, new series 17(4): 729. 1910, nata (L.) House; Paullinia angusta N.E. Br.; Paullinia
Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB hostmannii Steud.; Paullinia pendulifolia Rusby; Paullinia
35: 97–111. 1985 pinnata Griseb.; Paullinia pinnata Pasq.)
(Herb and roots used for abscesses and fever.) Tropical Africa and America. Shrubby climber, liana, strag-
in English: Dahurian patrinia gling, scandent, woody or subwoody, ridged, white latex, ten-
drils, leaves imparipinnate, winged leaf rachis, small white
in China: bai jiang cao, bai jiang, pai chiang flowers in spikes, lobed capsular pink-red fruits, seeds with
Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss. (Valeriana villosa Thunb.) white edible aril, rope for building houses, in bushland, for-
est, savanna, evergreen and mixed forests
China, Japan. Herb
See Plumier, Charles (1646–1704), Description des plan-
See Species Plantarum 1: 31–34. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 32,
tes de l’Amérique avec leurs figures. Paris, 1693, Species
t. 6. 1784, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle
Plantarum 1: 366. 1753, Flora 27(2): 725. 1844, Cat. Hort.
10: 311. 1807 and Taxon 29: 537–538. 1980, Reports of the
Nap. (1867) 76. 1867, Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24:
Taisetsuzan Institute of Science 16: 45–53. 1981
80. 1879, Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical
(Herb and roots used for abscesses and fever.) Society of Edinburgh 20: 49. 1894 and Amer. Midl. Naturalist
2808 Pausinystalia Pierre ex Beille Rubiaceae

8: 64. 1922, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden in Sierra Leone: an front, ebonka, efuni, kankershela,
7: 291. 1927, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire ndamba wulu
Naturelle. Nouvelle Série. Série B, Botanique 19: 1–189.
in Tanzania: lingoingo, lugoto, mgogote
1969, Fieldiana, Botany 36(12): 145. 1976, Kew Bulletin 32:
429. 1978, Bonplandia (Corrientes) 5: 164–174. 1981, Journal in Togo: agbasalika, amegansukunon, assiviaton, dioke-hot-
of Ethnopharmacology 25: 115–118. 1989, Willdenowia 21: shi, fatumagoro, gbazaliko, ligdnya’ng, notchoèvika, sohé,
233–238. 1991, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33: 143–157. tchaciwoho, tcheawohokui
1991, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110.
2005, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 5: 111–144. in Yoruba: kakasemi sola awomi, kakasenla, lagolago,
2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 273–279. 2005 ogbe okuje

(All parts of the plant possess narcotic, toxic and poisonous in Zaire: ngango
properties; seeds sometimes employed for criminal poison- in Honduras: nistamal, pate
ing. Very bitter roots, astringent, febrifuge, tonic, antidote,
laxative, abortifacient–anti-abortifacient, a cure for sterility. in Mexico: barbasco, bejuco vaquero, cuaumecate
Leaf, stem bark and root bark, mixed with Guinea grains, in Panama: abgi
pounded and boiled applied to wounds to stop bleeding.
Leaves used for the treatment of malaria, fever, bronchitis, in Peru: cruape, cururu ape, matto porco, timbó, timbó cipo,
jaundice; leaves decoction emetic, for stomachache, black vermelho
tongue, sore throat, miscarriage; leaves topically applied
Paullinia pterophylla Triana & Planch.
for boils, sores, wounds, leprosy, scabies, swellings; seeds
decoction vermifuge. Veterinary medicine, lactation stimu- Colombia.
lant. Bark juice arrow poison. Insecticides, arachnicides,
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique sér. 4, 18: 354.
astringent, the plant, leaves and seeds used as a fish poison.)
1862 and Botanical Museum Leaflets 10(10): 301–324. 1942
in English: bread and cheese, supple Jack
(Narcotic and stimulant, febrifuge, tonic.)
in Angola: heketyo
Paullinia yoco R.E. Schult. & Killip (Paullinia scarlatina
in Benin: adakloman, aflatoka, boboawiya, notchyovihokan, Radlk.; Paullinia scarlatina Radlk. ex Donn.Sm.)
sapogorokou, sèlevikèn, tchedehi, wambrona
Central and Southern America. Extensively climbing woody
in Burkina Faso: amoralia, bissagbibro, gemou, guédré, gué- liana, stout, milky-white astringent sap, infrequency of flow-
guébro, haablou, hannoun-biar, jollo, kabéra, kakala, kan- ering, many-flowered axillary racemiform inflorescence, red
guélépéssé, kokoli kokolou, korondi, kotokwatra mena nomo, prostrate ovoid fruit
kourounouvo, koutoulou, kpéfaka, kpéfanga, maci, mlanovo,
moudembé, mounou dingbé, n’donebi, nagnan, namia, pid- See Botanical Gazette 16(6): 193–194. 1891 and Botanical
iakou, piendatriké, pinia, saménéba, tchouebieban, tienkolé, Museum Leaflets 10(10): 301–324. 1942
tondui, torondi, trôndi, twendini (Caffeine-rich, narcotic and stimulant.)
in Burundi: umusarara, umusararasarara in Colombia: blanco yoco, canangucho yoco, huarmi yoco,
in Central African Republic: fuli, kelengwagwa, malakota, taruco yoco, verde yoco, yagé yoco, yoco colorado
ngangolo, salaso, yazanzambere
in Ecuador: yoco colorado
in Congo: belewoko, lokukakambo, munbindzi, musatosato
in Peru: huarmi yoco, yoco, yoco blanco, yoco colorado
in Ghana: chiau, toa-ntini
in Guinea: bèlèkhè suuli, boloköinèn lolu, donso la dyanba,
faliwandya, kooli dyoyi, kulun saman nönbo Pausinystalia Pierre ex Beille Rubiaceae
in Ivory Coast: gbotro – gbatra Greek pausinystalos ‘stopping drowsiness’, pausis ‘to stop’
and nystalus ‘drowsy’ (perhaps, implying excitement in the
in Madagascar: famehivala, varimarinhanja activity); see Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 61:
in Mali: faliwajan, kurusuma nonfon 130. 1906, J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres des Forêts denses
d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et
in Niger: kambé gu, kana kana Technique. Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense d’Afrique
in Nigeria: eka, ekebaikpigbo, hannu biyar, kakasenla, Centrale. CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989.
kakashenia, og’be-okje
Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille
in Senegal: benempal, budatu, dabalulu, firadura, fungo, jâba (Corynanthe johimbe K. Schum.; Pausinystalia trillesii
lulo, klakofeko, kokot fungo, ulébélum Pierre ex Dupouy & Beille; Pausinystalia trillesii Beille;
Pavetta L. Rubiaceae 2809

Pausinystalia zenkeri W. Brandt; Pseudocinchona johimbe See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 491. 1830, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 286. 1891
(K. Schum.) A. Chev.) and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 98. 1934
Nigeria to WC Trop. Africa. (Veterinary medicine, dried leaves ground with those of
Murraya koenigii given to cattle for estrum.)
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 37. 1869 and Notizblatt
des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem in India: nallabalusu
3: 94, 95. 1901, Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux
Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek. (Pavetta stocksii Bremek.)
61: 130. 1906
India.
(Tonic, stimulant, aphrodisiac, antalgic, adrenergic-blocker,
used for sterility, asthenia, sexual impotence.) See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 112–113. 1934 [Feddes
Repertorium.]
in Cameroon: adjadjo, adjeck, akalan, djombe, toboli
(Paste of plant given orally against snakebite. For round-
in Congo: gabo, loubanga, lubanga, nkoumé-tolo, ompopo,
worms in children, fruits cooked with other vegetables and
ompouopo
taken as curry which act as anthelmintic. Roots for urinary
in Gabon: belemi, endone diseases. Leaves decoction as a lotion for ulcerated nose.)
in Nigeria: idagbon (Yoruba), nikiba in India: paavattai, papat, sindhujal
in Yoruba: idagbon Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. (Pavetta barteri Dawe; Pavetta
crassipes var. major De Wild.; Pavetta utilis Hua)
Trop. Africa. Shrub or small glabrous tree, gnarled, branched
Pavetta L. Rubiaceae from the base, sap-wood white, slash white, strongly
A Malayalam (Sinhalese) vernacular plant name for Pavetta branched, leaves whorled, greenish white flowers, dense ter-
indica, see van Rheede tot Draakestein (1637–1691), Hortus minal corymbs, globose fruits black when ripe, firewood, in
Indicus Malabaricus. 5: t. 10. 1685; see Carl Linnaeus, savanna, along streams, woodland, in miombo woodland
Species Plantarum. 1: 110. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-
5. 49. 1754, Fam. Pl. 2: 145, 589. 1763, Natuurl. Hist. 2(7): Afrikas C: 389. 1895 and Pl. Bequaert. 2: 293. 1923, Journal
361. 1777, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: 219. 1807, Encycl. 8: 543. of Ethnopharmacology 25: 115–118. 1989, Journal of
1808, Sylva Telluriana 26. 1838, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 67. 1899 Ethnopharmacology 33: 143–157. 1991
and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999.
(Leaves pounded, mixed with water and drunk to treat tuber-
Pavetta abyssinica Fresen. (Ixora abyssinica (Fresen.) Oliv., culosis; leaves decoction febrifuge, astringent, used for diar-
p.p.; Ixora abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kuntze; Ixora rhea, dysentery; chewed leaves juice for cough. Antimalarial,
abyssinica (Fresen.) Oliv.; Pavetta abyssinica A. Rich. var. gla- aerial parts. Veterinary medicine.)
bra, non Fresen., nom. illegit.; Pavetta ellenbeckii K. Schum.;
Pavetta kenyensis Bremek.; Pavetta maitlandii Bremek.; in Benin: téséwoundé, tiguinisso
Pavetta silvicola Bremek.; Pavetta trichotropis Bremek.) in Burkina Faso: mokbissiri
Ethiopia to Tanzania. Shrub or small glabrous tree, broad in Guinea: linberele fida
umbrella-shaped crown, stem white-brown, bacterial nod-
ules, greenish white flowers sweetly scented, fruit dark green in Ivory Coast: bimbérénibré, bimbérénou
to purple-black succulent in terminal corymbs in Kenya: mikumu, mupembe
See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio in Mali: kumbafura, kumu
Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. 1759, Museum Senckenbergianum
in Nigeria: gadu
2: 166. 1837, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
29: 87. 1873 in Senegal: bummi-faro
(Roots decoction for stomachache. Veterinary medicine, in Tanzania: chamwile-ndege, isewese, Ikhombelapela, mfu-
used to treat animal ailments, bloat.) fumasimba, mpuyu
in Kenya: muhuangware, mwathathia in Togo: siafa
in Tanzania: engoito Pavetta gardeniifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich. var. gardeniifo-
lia (Ixora assimilis (Sond.) Kuntze; Ixora gardeniifolia (A.
Pavetta breviflora DC. (Ixora candolleana Kuntze; Ixora
Rich.) Kuntze; Ixora gardeniifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.)
candolleana (DC.) Kuntze; Pavetta breviflora var. glaber-
Kuntze; Ixora gardneriifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kuntze;
rima Bremek., nom. inval.)
Pavetta adelensis Delile, nom. nud.; Pavetta assimilis Sond.;
India. Shrub, white scented flowers Pavetta assimilis var. brevituba-glabra Bremek.; Pavetta
2810 Pavetta L. Rubiaceae

assimilis var. glabra Bremek., nom. inval.; Pavetta assimilis See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman)
var. glabra-brevituba Bremek.; Pavetta fossorum Bremek.; 35, t. 13, f. 3. 1768, Hort. Bengal. 10. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey
Pavetta gardeniifolia var. angustata auct., sensu Armari, non & Wall., i. 395, 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 385. 1832, Hist.
A. Rich.; Pavetta gardeniifolia var. breviflora Vatke; Pavetta Pl. (Baillon) 7: 278. 1880, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 286. 1891 and
gardeniifolia var. laxiflora K. Schum.; Pavetta hochstet- Journal of Cytology and Genetics 18: 56–58. 1983, Journal
teri Bremek. var. glaberrima Bremek.; Pavetta hochstet- of Cytology and Genetics 21: 97–114. 1986, Nucleus: 30:
teri Bremek. var. graciliflora Bremek.; Pavetta hochstetteri 114–124. 1987, Regnum Veg. 119: 228. 1988, Cytologia 53:
Bremek. var. mollirama Bremek.; Pavetta krauseana K. 87–92. 1988
Krause; Pavetta krauseana Dinter ex K. Krause; Pavetta
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves for poulticing boils
longiflora Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Pavetta petraea Bremek.;
Pavetta reflexa R. Br., nom. nud.; Pavetta saxicola K. to remove pus; leaves decoction used externally for piles.
Krause; Pavetta somaliensis Bremek.; Pavetta termitaria Crushed root bark, with rice water and ginger, taken as a
Bremek. var. glabra Bremek.) diuretic and for dropsy; root, root bark or stem bark used for
intestinal obstructions. Root diuretic, purgative, tonic, used
Trop. & S. Africa. Shrub or small tree, usually deciduous, in intestinal obstructions, intestinal disorders, dysentery,
light brown bark, glossy dark green foliage, leaves with jaundice, headache, toothache, urinary diseases and dropsy;
dark dots bacterial nodules, creamy-white nectar-rich sweet roots decoction as a postpartum remedy. Veterinary medi-
scented flowers, pea-sized fruits shiny black cine, stem bark paste applied to maggot-infected sores.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Tentamen Florae in English: bride’s bush, white pavetta
Abyssinicae … 1: 351. 1847, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
286. 1891 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 182–183. in India: adavarai, adayaara, adayala, angari, araniya, canni,
1934, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 47: 93–95. 1939, Kew carnicara, chitamitake, chitamitla, chitamutakalu, chitmitki,
Bulletin 3: 355, 357. 1948 [1949], Plant Systematics and cukkanaiccattakki, dieng longtham, duyipaapata, duyipapata,
Evolution 149: 89–118. 1985 gobor-hitha, gobor hitha, haavumekke gida, hundbaha, intire-
pam, intireyam, kakachedi, kakra, kange, kankra, kapama-
(Veterinary medicine.) karri, karanai, karanaippavattai, karnikara, kathachampa,
in English: common bride’s bush, kaffir bride kattukkaranai, kuttuppukiyacceti, kuttuppukiyam, khamkha
thek, khamkhantek, kondapaapata, kondapapari, kondapa-
in Ethiopia: buniti pata, kondapipidi, kukurachura, kukurchalva, kukurchura,
in Southern Africa: gewone bruidsbos; isiNyombolo, isAn- lakkapaapidi, lakkapapidi, makatosanikki, malleamothe,
yane, isaNywane (Zulu); mmilorotswans (Hebron dialect, malleamothi, mallikamuti, manchipaapata, manchipapidi,
central Transvaal) mancipapata, manjipapata, mantattaiyarukki, naama paapata,
nagarhole, nallapaapidi, nallapapidi, namapapata, nampa-
Pavetta harborii S. Moore (Pavetta marlothii Bremek.) poota, nattalaicceti, nattalaivairavan, nattali, nidle, nitile,
Botswan, South Africa. noonepaapata, noonipapoota, nunepapata, paapata kommi,
paapate, padera, panaviruttam, papadi, papari, papata, papa-
See J. Bot. 57: 89. 1919, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: takammi, papatakommi, papatta, paphanah, papidi, papiri,
174. 1934 papiti, pappadi, pappana, paputa, paputta, paputta vayru, par-
(Responsible for congestive cardiomyopathy and death in panam, parpiri, parppanam, patta, pavatai, pavatakodi, pava-
sheep and goats, called gousiekte.) tay, pavate, pavati, pavatta, pavattai, pavattan, pavattankam,
pavetta, pavuttay vayr, pavuttayvayr, peramalli, phapti, sam
in English: pavetta suku, sitmataki, soolebottu gida, sulay-bottu-gida, sule-
in South Africa: gousiekte pavetta, pavetta-bossie, bottu, tapra, tarani, tellapapata, thainurai, tharani gida, thel-
tonnabossie lapaapata, thellapapidi, tiranaicceti, tiriakphala, tiryakphala,
tollukam, tovacalukam, tovalika, tovalikacceti, tumakani,
Pavetta indica L. (Ixora indica (L.) Baill.; Ixora indica vellaippavattai, vellaippavattaicceti, verunai, yedle
Baill.; Ixora indica (L.) Kuntze; Ixora indica Kuntze; Ixora
pavetta Andrews; Ixora pavetta Roxb., nom. illeg.; Ixora in Indonesia: soka
pavetta Benth.; Pavetta indica Burm.f.; Pavetta indica var.
in Laos: kho som kang, kho som kao
glabra Bremek., nom. inval.; Pavetta indica var. typica
Domin, nom. inval.; Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Smith) in Malaysia: angsoka, bunga jarum, bunga jenjarum, gad-
ing gading, gading galoh, gading hutan, jarum, jarum jarum,
India, China, Pen. Malaysia. Small tree or bushy shrub,
jarum jarum padang, jarum paya, jarum puteh, jenjarum,
opposite branches, leaves with nitrogen-fixating bacterial
menjarum, nyarong, nyarum, nyarum nyarum, pechah periok
nodes, scented white bisexual flowers, inflorescence a ter-
puteh, senyarum, serau lipis, serungkok
minal compact erect corymb or corymbose panicle, fruit a
globose drupe ripening black, seeds dispersed by fruit-eating in Philippines: galauan, gesges, gusokan, kotbu, malakape,
birds, along forest stream pangapatolen, pangapatoten, sangkilan, tamayan
Pavetta L. Rubiaceae 2811

in Thailand: khem paa Regni Vegetabilis 37: 65. 1934, Flore Forestière Soudano-
Guineenne 471–474, t. 103, 4. 1950
in Vietnam: c[awr]ng g[af], d[oj]t s[af]nh, thanh t[as]o r[uwf]
ng (Antibacterial, analgesic, expectorant and sedative. Leaves
for eye troubles, venereal diseases; bark for arthritis, rheu-
Pavetta indica L. var. tomentosa (Roxb. ex Sm.) Hook.f.
matism. Veterinary medicine.)
(Ixora tomentosa Roxb. ex Sm.; Ixora tomentosa Roxb.;
Ixora tomentosa (Roxb. ex Sm.) Thwaites, nom. illeg.; Ixora in Mali: warasakuman
tomentosa Thwaites; Ixora tomentosa var. roxburghii Kurz;
in Senegal: bummi-faro
Pavetta indica var. mollis Bremek.; Pavetta indica subsp.
tomentosa (Roxb. ex Sm.) Bennet; Pavetta praecox Bremek.; Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv. (Ixora owariensis (P. Beauv.)
Pavetta tomentosa A. Rich.; Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex Poir.)
Sm.; Pavetta tomentosa Sm.; Pavetta tomentosa var. rox-
burghii (Kurz) Bremek.; Pavetta velutina Wall., nom. nud.) Trop. Africa. Shrub or small tree, white flowers

India. Shrub, white flowers, inflorescence in compact termi- See Flore d’Oware 1: 87, t. 52. 1806
nal cymes, membranous bracts, drupe (Schistosomicidal, anthelmintic, molluscicidal. Alkaloids.
See Fl. Ind. (N.L. Burman) 35, t. 13, f. 3. 1768, Hort. Bengal. Magic.)
10. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., 1: 396. 1820, Numer. in Nigeria: akpano, ovbié ukpékperru
List [Wallich] n. 6174. 1831–1832, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, 1: 386.
1832, Fl. Brit. India 3: 150. 1880 and Repert. Spec. Nov. in Sierra Leone: bole-hala, kunde
Regni Veg. 37: 114. 1934, Fl. Howrah District 356. 1979 Pavetta revoluta Hochst. (Ixora obovata (C.A. Mey. ex Harv.
(Used in Ayurveda. Roots purgative, laxative, tonic, diuretic, & Sond.) Kuntze, nom. illeg.; Pavetta obovata C.A. Mey. ex
used in jaundice, headache, urinary diseases, gastrointesti- Harv. & Sond.; Pavetta obovata E. Meyer ex Sonder; Pavetta
nal disorders. Cooked fruits taken to kill intestinal worms, silvae K. Schum.; Pavetta undulata Lehm.)
roundworms, for the same purpose prescribed the flowers S. Mozambique to E. Cape Prov. Shrub or small tree, ever-
extract. Stem bark extract of Pavetta tomentosa Roxb. ex green, bark smooth, leathery leaves simple and opposite with
Sm. given orally for liver ailments, as hepatic stimulant, hairy pockets in the axils of the nerves below, white flowers in
hepatoprotective.) dense clusters, fruits soft and black, fruits eaten by some birds
in English: white pavetta See Flora 25: 237. 1842
in India: dudaligatch, duyipapata, konda paapata, macha- (Used for rheumatism and as emetic insecticide.)
ranka, naam paapata, namapapata, namapoota, noogu
kommi, paapidi kommi, papari, paphanah, papidi, pavetta, in English: coastal pavetta, dune bride’s bush
tella papidi, thellai papidi in South Africa: duinebruidsbos (Afr.), umCilikishe (Xhosa),
in Nepal: kangiyo phool umHlabambaza (Zulu)

Pavetta novoguineensis Bremek. (Pavetta indica var. tomen- Pavetta schumanniana F. Hoffm. ex K. Schum. (for the
tosa K. Schum., nom. illeg.; Pavetta platyclada K. Schum. & German botanist Karl Moritz Schumann, 1851–1904, botani-
Lauterb. var. tomentosa (K. Schum.) Valeton) cal collector, taxonomist. See Ida Kaplan Langman, A
Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants
Papua New Guinea. Shrub, pubescent leaves, shining berries of Mexico. 687–688. University of Pennsylvania Press,
smoothly wrinkled Philadelphia 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 63. 1927, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni upon Botanists. 3: 247. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
Veg. 37: 111. 1934 Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
Portrait Collection. 356. 1972, Stafleu and Cowan,
(Leaves decoction as a lotion for ulcerated nose and for piles. Taxonomic Literature. 5: 400–408. 1985.)
Roots purgative, diuretic, tonic, given in visceral obstruction,
jaundice, headache, urinary diseases, dropsy.) Cameroon to Tanzania and KwaZulu-Natal. Shrub or tree,
shiny bright green leaves usually opposite sometimes in
in India: aadayara
whorls of 3, bacterial nodules, interpetiolar stipules, sweetly
Pavetta oblongifolia (Hiern) Bremek. (Pavetta baco- scented white flowers in dense clusters, round fleshy fruits,
nia Hiern var. oblongifolia Hiern; Pavetta schweinfurthii glossy black berries, in open woodland
Bremek. var. oblongifolia (Hiern) Aubrév.)
See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 389. 1895
Gambia, Mali, Sierra Leone. Shrub, savanna
(The leaves are poisonous to stock, and cause a stock disease
See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Flora of Tropical called gousiekte. Leaves used for coughs, headache, fevers,
Africa 3: 176. 1877 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum for infertility and venereal diseases in women.)
2812 Pavonia Cav. Malvaceae

in English: poison bride’s bush, poison pavetta Pavonia Cav. Malvaceae

in Southern Africa: gifbruidsbos, gousiekte tree, tree gous- For the Spanish botanist José Antonio Pavón y Jiménez,
iekte, gousiekteboom, boom gousiekte; mugaramondoro, 1754–1844, traveller, explorer, between 1777–1788 he trav-
chiFikau, chiFukawi, Nyapuntu, chiSwimbovarisi, muTanda- elled with Hipolito Ruíz Lopez (1754–1815) and Joseph
rombo, chiTunguru (Shona); isiMbuzana, uSawoti (Zulu); uSa- Dombey in Chile and Peru; see Trew, Christoph Jacob (1695–
woti (Swazi); tshituku, mukhobekwa, mukhobigwa (Venda) 1769), Plantae selectae quarum imagines ad exemplaria
in Zambia: chitapatapa naturalia Londini, in hortis curiosorum nutrita/manu arti-
ficiosa doctaque pinxit Georgius Dionysius Ehret … 9: 50.
Pavetta subcana Hiern var. longiflora (Vatke) Bridson [Norimbergae], 1750–1773 [Issued in ten decuriae.], Systema
(Pavetta albertina S. Moore; Pavetta gardeniifolia Hochst. ex Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1149. 1759, Familles des Plantes
A. Rich. var. longiflora Vatke; Pavetta kabarensis Bremek.; 2: 400. 1763, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem 281. 1777,
Pavetta kerenensis Becc. ex Martelli; Pavetta kotschyana Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 2: [App. 2].
Cufod.; Pavetta murleensis Cufod.; Pavetta murleensis 1786, Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 3: 135.
Cufod. var. glabrescens; Pavetta rudolphina Cufod.; Pavetta 1787, Elementa botanica … 2: 412. 1790, Plantae Rariores
rudolphina var. robusta; Pavetta unguiculata Bremek.) Horti Academici Monacensis 90, pl. 90. 1819[1822], Nova
Eritrea to Zaire and Tanzania. Scrambling shrub, woody Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 11: 96.
stems, brittle, leaves with bacterial nodules, corolla white, 1823, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 1: 85. 1824, Prodr. (DC.)
stamens orange, stigma green, savanna 1: 443–444. 1824, Icones plantarum selectarum 67–68.
1828, Genera Plantarum 982. 1840, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin)
See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Tentamen Florae
8: 666. 1850, Transactions of the Philosophical Society of
Abyssinicae … 1: 351. 1847, Oesterreichische Botanische
Victoria 1854–1855: 115. 1855, Oesterreichische Botanische
Zeitschrift 25: 231. 1875, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 172. 1877,
Zeitschrift 13: 10–11. 1863, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 287. 1891 and Nuovo Giorn.
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 10:
Bot. Ital., n.s., 55: 89–91. 1948, East African Agricultural
45. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 19. 1898 and G.
and Forestry Journal 32(2): 200–207. 1966, Kew Bulletin 32:
Murray, History of the collections contained in the Natural
646. 1978
History Departments of the British Museum. 1: 173. London
(Insecticides, arachnicides, used for pulmonary troubles. 1904, August Weberbauer, Die Pflanzenwelt der perua-
Veterinary medicine.) nischen Andes in ihren Grundzügen dargestellt. 2–4. Leipzig
1911, Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und
Pavetta subcapitata Hook.f. (Ixora subcapitata Wall., nom.
nud.) Museums zu Berlin 6: 329–330. 1915, Revista Umbria Medica
2(14): 214–216. 1921, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 324–386., R.E.G.
India, Bhutan. Shrub, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, white flowers Pichi Sermolli, “Le collezioni cedute da J. Pavon a F.B. Webb
in terminal compact cymes, young leaves used as vegetable e conservate nell’Herbarium Webbianum.” Nuovo Giorn. Bot.
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6160. 1831–1832, Fl. Brit. India Ital. ser. 2. 56(4): 699–701. 1950 [1949], Taxon 8: 310. 1959,
[J.D. Hooker] 3: 150. 1880 H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of
Botany in the University of Oxford. 222. Oxford 1964, John
(Analgesic, stomachic, expectorant and sedative.) H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 57. 1965,
in India: mir-araung, mir-chakchu, usupiban S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival
Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey.
Pavetta ternifolia (Oliv.) Hiern (Ixora ternifolia Oliv.; Ixora Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 466. 1973, Stafleu
ternifolia Hook.f. ex Oliv., nom. illeg.; Pavetta niansae K. and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 117–118, 981–986.
Krause; Pavetta yalaensis Bremek.) 1983, Paul A. Fryxell, “The genus Pavonia Cav. (Malvaceae:
WC & E. Top. Africa. Shrub, scented flowers, corolla white, Malvavisceae) in Australia.” Nuytsia. 6(3): 305–308. 1988,
fruit pinkish grey to green, in wooded savanna Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 76: 1–284. 1999.

See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Pavonia fruticosa (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle (Diplopenta lep-
Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. 1759, Transactions of the Linnean tocarpa (L.f.) Alef.; Hibiscus guianensis Aubl.; Hibiscus
Society of London 29: 86, t. 51. 1873, Flora of Tropical Africa salicifolius L.; Malache leptocarpa (L.f.) Kuntze; Malache
3: 177. 1877 and Kew Bulletin 9: 501. 1954 typhaleoides (Kunth) Kuntze; Pavonia brachypoda Turcz.;
Pavonia fruticosa var. typhalea (L.) Stehlé; Pavonia glom-
(Leaves used for malaria, diarrhea; crushed leaves on
erata Casar.; Pavonia guianensis (Aubl.) Hochr.; Pavonia
wounds. Amulet. Veterinary medicine.)
leptocarpa (L.f.) Cav.; Pavonia surinamensis Miq.; Pavonia
in Burundi: umumenamabuye, umunyamabuye typhalea (L.) Cav.; Pavonia typhalea var. cavanillesii Triana
& Planch.; Pavonia typhalea var. typhalea; Pavonia typhale-
in Congo: mumenamabuye
oides Kunth; Sida fruticosa Mill.; Typhalea fruticosa (Mill.)
in Rwanda: umumenamabuye Britton; Urena leptocarpa L.f.; Urena typhalea L.)
Pavonia Cav. Malvaceae 2813

Panama. bala, sugandhabala, sugandhbala, sughandabala, suvesa-

gam, taramutti, tavarattiyali, theegabenda, thigebenda, tiga
See Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands
benda, tigebenda, totikam, totikamutticceti, totipela, totip-
5: 560. 1924, Journal of the Washington Academy of
pari, totipparicceti, toya, tuvaratini, udichya, vajra, vala, val-
Sciences 15(20): 459. 1925, Flora of Jamaica, Containing
aka, valakah, valakam, vantiracceti, vantiyam, varantiyam,
Descriptions of the Flowering Plants Known from the
varapinga, vari, varida, varinamaka, vataiyavalan, vattira-
Island 5: 130. 1926, Journal of the Washington Academy of
curam, vilivilanki, yokavalli
Sciences 17(7): 167. 1927
in Tibet: ba-la-ka
(Roots used as a cough medicine.)
Pavonia procumbens Walp. (Pavonia procumbens (Wight.
Pavonia odorata Willd. (Diplopenta odorata (Willd.) Alef.;
& Arn.) Walp.)
Hibiscus oligosandrus Buch-Ham.; Pavonia romborua
Wall.; Pavonia rosea Wall.) India.
Tropical Asia. Fragrant roots See Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. 1: 301. 1842,
Novarum Stirpium Brasiliensium Decades 39. 1842
See Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 2: [App.
2]. 1786, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 837. 1822, (Whole plant grind with onion and buttermilk and made into
Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 13: 10–11. 1863, Fl. a paste used to cure the troubles in urinary tract of men.)
Brit. Ind. 1: 330. 1874 and Blumea 14: 133. 1966, Taxon 29: in India: pazhampasi
535–536. 1980
Pavonia rosea Wall. ex Moris (Malache rosea (Schltdl.)
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem, leaves and flowers made Kuntze; Pavonia rosea Schltdl., nom. illeg.; Pavonia schie-
into a paste consumed for gastric complaints and stomach deana Steud.)
problems. Leaf juice given in dysentery of babies, and also
for improving vision; leaf powder or decoction taken for Central America, Mexico.
cough and cold. Root powder soothing, for skin conditioning; See Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino
roots aromatic, astringent, febrifuge, antiinflammatory, cool- 36: 194–196. 1833, Linnaea 11: 355–356. 1837, Nomenclator
ing and stomachic, used in combination with other medicines Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 279. 1841, Revisio Generum
for fever, inflammation, dysentery, hemorrhage from inter- Plantarum 1: 71. 1891 and Fl. Neotrop. 76: 202. 1999
nal organs; enter into the composition of a well-known fever
drink called shadanga paniya.) (Ground roots infusion given to women to ease childbirth
pain.)
in India: ambu, ambunamaka, anantai, anantavariti, ananta-
variticceti, antai, antaiyitan, antuthogari, arttavacceti, artta- Pavonia urens Cav. (Pavonia bojeri Baker; Pavonia neuman-
vam, ataiyalavan, avibattam, avipatam, avipattam, bala, bala nii Ulbr.; Pavonia ruwenzoriensis De Wild.; Pavonia schim-
raakshasi, bala rakkasi, bala-rakkasi-gida, balaka, balara- perana Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Pavonia schimperiana Hochst.
akshi gida, balarakkasi, balarakkasi gida, balarakkasigida, ex A. Rich.; Pavonia schimperiana var. hirsuta Hochst. ex
balarakshasi, barhishtha, cakapita, carapantini, centotti, chi- Ulbr.; Pavonia schimperiana var. tomentosa Hochst. ex Ulbr.;
rubenda, chitlebunda, chitti benda, chittibenda, citraa mutti, Pavonia stolzii Ulbr.; Pavonia tomentosa Hochst.; Pavonia
cittibenda, cukantapala, cunkattintakampokki, curiyamanti- urens var. hirsuta (Hochst. ex Ulbr.) Brenan; Pavonia urens
ram, curiyarkkam, cutcayekavalli, cuvacakam, cuvaccalam, var. tomentosa (Hochst. ex Ulbr.) Brenan)
cuvacitam, cuvacitamutti, cuveccam, erra-kuti, errakooti, East Africa, Madagascar. Polymorphic species, erect suf-
errakuti, erunti, ettakuti, harivera, hribera, hrivela, hri- frutex or shrub, flowers pale pink to mauve or rather deep
vera, irutupala, iruveli, kaalaavaala, kaattuvendaipatchilai, mauve-red
kachamoda, kala-vala, kalavala, karapattini, kareebaalada
beru, kayotalankam, keshanama, keshanamaka, keshya, See Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 2: [App. 2].
kontulankam, kuntala, kuntaloshira, kurumuli, kurun 1786, Monadelphiae Classis Dissertationes Decem 3: 137, t.
thatti, kuruntotti, kuruvicci, kuruvinci, kuruvikkai sedi, 49, f. 1. 1787, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 52. 1847,
lalanapriya, madivaala, makapala, makapalam, makapela, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20: 45. 1882 and
Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 27. 1911, Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed.
makavil, makavinitacceti, makavinitam, malaiccentotti,
Rhod.-Kongo-Exped. 1: 145. 1914, Bot. Jahrb. 57: 104. 1920,
malaittarikacceti, malaittarikam, mirutturoki, moramasi,
Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 8, 3: 223. 1953, Fl. Madag., Malvac.:
mudivaala, mudivala, muthupalaagamu, muttavapulagam,
156. 1955, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993
muttavapulagamu, mutthava pulagam chettu, muttupal-
agamu, nattukkantam, pala, palututainetti, paramutti, para- (Antifungal and antibacterial.)
mutty, paratakam, pataippariyan, pattakam, peraamutti,
Pavonia zeylanica Cav.
pera muttiver, peramootie vayr, peramuti beru, peramutiver,
peramutti, perunkuruntotti, pitaputpi, pudubodapu, rando- India. Woody herb, glandular hairs, inflorescence cream to
daki, rutupala, sugandbala nepali, sugandha-bala, sugandha yellow
2814 Paxistima Raf. Celastraceae

See Descripción de las Plantas 3: 134. 1802 and Taxon 29: Payena dasyphylla var. glabrata King & Gamble; Payena
535–536. 1980, Cytologia 46: 149–160. 1981 glabra H.J. Lam; Payena glutinosa Pierre; Payena griffithii
Pierre, nom. illeg.; Payena lowiana Pierre; Payena lucida
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Vermifuge and purgative, cool-
Pierre, nom. illeg.; Payena lucida var. wightii (Hassk.) C.B.
ing and carminative, used in vomiting and fever; ground leaves
Clarke; Payena paralleloneura Kurz; Payena polyandra
applied on wounds; root paste with rice water in dysentery.)
(Wight) Benth. & Hook.f.; Payena puberula (Miq.) Pierre ex
in India: antu thogari, antuthogari, antutogari, baala raak- Burck; Payena punctata Fletcher)
shasa, bala, balaraakshasi, balarakshasi, chinamuttam,
Malaysia, Borneo. Tree, bisexual flowers in clusters of 5–7 in
chinamuttavapulagam, chinna mutavapulagamu, chinnamu-
leaf axils, white corolla, round single-seeded berries
tavapulagamu, chinnamutennu, chinnamuthennu, chinna-
mutthava pulagamu, chinnamuttavapulagamu, chirtamutti, See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8:
chirubenda, chithamutti, chittaamutti gida, chittamutti, 197. 1844, Retzia 1: 100–101. 1855, Journal of the Asiatic
chittamuttigida, chittamutti, cinnamuttavapulagamu, cinna- Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 40(2): 70. 1871,
muttemu, cirramutti, cirukuruntotii, citta mutti, cittamutti, Fl. Brit. India 3: 548. 1882, Ann. du Jardin Botanique de
eirramutti, golio, kaarubenda, karu benda, karubenda, kurun- Buitenzorg, 5: 50. 1885, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 525–
dotti, kuruntatti, kuruntoti, kuruntotti, mammatti, mutthava 526, 529. 1885 and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
pullagam, peramutti, sevagan, shivana kadale, sithaamutti, Part 2. Natural history 74(2): 184. 1905, Bulletin du Jardin
sitramutti, sitranmuttiver, sittamootie vayr, sittamutti Botanique de Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 7: 148. 1925, Bull. Misc.
Inform. Kew 1937: 379. 1937, Boissiera 11: 37. 1965
(Roots decoction a postpartum remedy.)
Paxistima Raf. Celastraceae
Malay names: bedara tiong, nyatoh
Greek pachys ‘thick, stout’ and stigma ‘stigma’; see C.S.
Rafinesque, American monthly magazine and critical review
2: 176. 1818, Sylva Telluriana 42. 1838 and Jour. Phys. Chim.
Pectis L. Asteraceae
Hist. Nat. 89: 257. 1819 and Fl. Canada 3: 547–1115. 1978.
Also as Pachistima. Latin pecten, pectinis (pecto ‘to comb’) ‘a comb’, Greek
pekteo, pektein, peko ‘to comb’, referring to the marginally
Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (Ilex myrsinites Pursh;
bristled leaves or to the form of the pappus, see Systema
Pachistima myrsinites Raf.; Pachistima myrsinites (Pursh)
Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1189, 1221, 1376. 1759 and Taxon
Raf.; Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.; Paxistima myr-
34: 283. 1985, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997.
sinities Pursh)
Pectis apodocephala Baker
North America. Perennial shrub
South America.
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 119. 1813,
Sylva Telluriana 42. 1838 See Fl. Bras. (Martius) 6, pt. 3: 288. 1884 and Anais da
Academia Brasileira de Ciências 79(2): 209–213. 2007
(Roots infusion drunk for syphilis. Ceremonial, emetic.)
(Nematicidal and larvicidal activities of the essential oils
in English: boxleaf myrtle, mountain lover, myrtle box-leaf,
from aerial parts.)
Oregon boxleaf, Oregon boxwood
Pectis oligocephala Sch.Bip.
South America.
Payena A. DC. Sapotaceae
See Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 7–8: 309. 1856, Fl. Bras.
After the French (b. Paris) chemist Anselme Payen, 1795– (Martius) 6, pt. 3: 289. 1884 and Anais da Academia
1871 (Paris), author of Manuel de cours de chimie organique Brasileira de Ciências 79(2): 209–213. 2007
appliquée aux arts industriels et agricoles. Paris 1842–1843;
see Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: (Nematicidal and larvicidal activities of the essential oils
196. 1844, J.-A. Barral, in Mémoires publiés par la Société from aerial parts.)
centrale d’agriculture de France. 67–87. 1873 and W.V.
Farrar, in D.S.B. 10: 436. 1981.
Pedalium Royen ex L. Pedaliaceae
Payena lucida A. DC. (Ceratophorus wightii Hassk.;
Hapaloceras wightii (Hassk.) Hassk.; Isonandra polyan- Greek pedalion ‘rudder, steering-paddle’, referring to the
dra Wight; Isonandra puberula Miq.; Keratephorus wightii angles of the fruits, Latin pedalion, ii for a plant, called
Hassk.; Keratephorus wightii Maingay ex C.B. Clarke; also proserpinaca, see Systema Naturae, Editio Decima
Madhuca lowiana (Pierre) Baehni; Madhuca lucida (A. 1123, 1375. 1759, Familles des Plantes 2: 277, 589. 1763,
DC.) Baehni; Mimusops lucida Wall. ex G. Don, nom. illeg.; Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 519. 1810, Linnaea 43:
Pedicularis L. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae) 2815

507–541. 1882 and Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Pedaliaceae 6. 1953, mothe-gokharu, mothe-gokhru, mothegokharu, moto, motu
Fl. Madagasc. 179: 5–46. 1971. gokharu, motu gokhru, natavattakkoti, natavattam, nerinnil,
nerunchil, parpati, parppati, pedda palleru, pedda-palleru,
Pedalium murex L. (Pedalium microcarpum Decne.;
peddapaleru, peddapallaeru, peddapalleru, peru-nerunji,
Pedalium muricatum Salisb.; Rogeria microcarpa Klotzsch)
peru nerunjil, perunerunci, peruneruncirceti, perunerunji,
Madagascar. Succulent herb, simple or branched, axillary pila-gokhru, pilagokhru, pilliyatti, pippali, pippilineruncil,
solitary yellow flowers, indehiscent 4-angled spiny capsule, pippiliyatti, selusaran, srngatika, sthulagoksurah, tarakan-
leaves eaten as vegetable, saline soil indicator tikai, tenkattai, tiktagoksurah, tirikatakacceti, tirikatakam,
tittagokshura, tottaputu, trikantakah, ubha-gokhru, ubhu,
See Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1123. 1759, Prodr. Stirp. Chap.
vanacirunkatam, vayirakanikkoti, vayirakarani, vettatiram-
Allerton 104. 1796, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach
Mossambique … [Peters] 6(Bot., 1): 190. 1861, Annales uli, vilayati-gokhru, vilayti-gokhru, viramattali, virucala-
des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) sér. 5, 3: 332. 1865 and pakkoti, virucalapam, vitattakikacceti, yaanainerunji, yanai
Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004 nerunci, yanai nerungi, yanai nerungil, yanaikkal, yanain-
erinci, yanaineruncil, yanainerunji, yanaivananki, yenuga-
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Spines of fruit cause palleru, yenugu-palleru
infection. Plant/stem and leaves juice/soft jelly-like substance
as a sexual tonic, aphrodisiac; viscous plant decoction used in Tanzania: mbigali, mbigiri
to increase sexual capacity. Fresh plant decoction or infusion
used in spermatorrhea, dysuria, gonorrhea, calculi, burning
micturition; fresh whole plant crushed and soaked in water Pedicularis L. Scrophulariaceae (Orobanchaceae)
or milk given in rheumatism. Stem and leaves infusion used From the Latin pediculus ‘a louse’, pedicularis ‘relating to
in gonorrhea and dysuria. The mucilaginous water produced lice’, the plants were supposed to become lice when sheep
from the fresh leaves taken as a remedy for gonorrhea and contacted them, referring to the belief that ingestion by
dysuria; leaf paste applied on swellings to reduce itching; stock promoted lice infestation, to produce lice in sheep;
leaves infusion for bladder troubles and gonorrhea. Mixture Latin herba pedicularis, lousewort, so called because it kills
of flowers together with seeds of sesame given in gonorrhea. lice, see Species Plantarum 2: 607–610. 1753, Ann. Roy.
Fruits diuretic, demulcent, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, in Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3: 69. 1890 and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
urinary disorders, impotence, rheumatic pains; decoction of Philadelphia 82: 18. 1930, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319–416.
fruits of Pedalium murex with the roots of Abrus precato- 1973, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 518. 1975[1976], J. Jap. Bot.
rius used as oral medicine to cure syphilis; fresh and dried 61(3): 78. 1986, Ohba, Hideaki (1943–  ), The Himalayan
fruits given for kidney stones. Roots decoction for gonorrhea. plants. Tokyo, University Museum, University of Tokyo,
Veterinary medicine, leaves for ephemeral fevers; leaves with 1988 [Bulletin, University of Tokyo, University Museum,
Sida acuta leaves given orally to induce ovulation; mucilagi- no. 31], Fl. Jap. (Iwatsuki et al., eds.) 3a: 366. 1993, Acta
nous water from soaked leaves given for babesiosis.) Phytotax. Sin. 33(3): 244–249. 1995, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow &
in India: aane neggilu, aane nerigilu, aenugu palleru, Leningrad) 83(10): 94–98. 1998, Novon 7(4): 373–375. 1998
ana-nerinnil, anai-nerinji, anai neruncil, anai nerunji, [1997 publ. 1998], Edinburgh J. Bot. 58(1): 63–68. 2001,
anaikkalvananki, anaineruni, anainerunji, anaivanakki, Edinburgh J. Bot. 67(2): 185–186. 2010.
ananeringie, ananeringlie, ananerinnil, anenegaligida,
Pedicularis bicornuta Klotzsch
aneneggilu, anenegilu, anianeggula, anne-galu-gida,
annegalugida, attavattinerunci, bada gokhrubara gokhru, India, Himalaya.
bara-gokhru, bara-gokhrue, bara gokhur, baragokhru, bhar-
See Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar 109. 1862
gokharu, brhat-goksura, brhatgoksura, brhatgoksuram, bri-
hatgokshura, caca-mullu, cataimullika, cataimullikacceti, (Juice of leaves to cure spitting of blood. Leaves boiled and
cataimullipputu, dodda neeranji, dodda neggilu, doddaneg- liquid drunk by new mothers to help their milk flow, to
gili, doddaneggilu, enuga palleru, enuga-palleru-mullu, increase lactation.)
enugapallaeru, enugapalleru, enugapalleru mullu, enuga-
in India: michren, mishrannu
pallerumullu, enugu palleru, fareed-buti, fareed buti, farid-
buti, faridbuti, gajadaunstree, ghejasoodumoostra, gaukshur, Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenk (Pedicularis cheilan-
gokhara, gokharu, gokharu bada, gokhru bada, gokhru badi, thifolia C. Marquand & Airy Shaw)
gokhru kanti, gokhru vadha, gokhura, gokshru, gokshura,
China, Himalaya.
gokshuru, goksurah, gonkara mullu, hatticharatte, irakavi,
kadvagokhru, kakka-mullu, kakkamullu, kakkaymul, kanti, See Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Petersb. 1: 79. 1843, Bulletin
karanothia, karonathia, karonta, kathenerinmil, kattu-nerin- de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg
jal, kattu-nerinnil, kattunerinnil, kattunerinjil, katunerinjal, 32: 524. 1888 and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany
khasake-kabir, khasake-kalan, kolvattuvikki, kutavukari, 48(321): 211. 1929, J. Jap. Bot. 53(11): 326. 1978, Acta Bot.
kutavukarikkoti, matikam, matikaneruncil, motegokharu, Boreal.-Occid. Sin. 16(3): 310–318. 1996
2816 Peganum L. Zygophyllaceae (Nitrariaceae)

(Leaf extract for ulcers, wounds, sores; dried leaves to treat in China: guan zhuang chang hua ma xian hao
spitting of blood.)
in India: aangba mendok, lugru-ser-po, phakchang
in China: sui mi jue ye ma xian hao, sui mi jue ye xi
Pedicularis megalantha D. Don
in India: chukchuk
Himalaya, India.
Pedicularis flagellaris Benth.
See Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 94. 1825, Annals of the Royal Botanic
Himalaya, India. Garden. Calcutta. 3: 68. 1890 and Taxon 28: 627–628. 1979
See Prodr. (DC.) 10: 581. 1846 (Aerial parts as antidote and for gastrointestinal disorders.)
(Aerial parts used as anti-diuretic, for rheumatism, wounds in Bhutan: lug-ru-dmar-po, lugro-marpo
and irregular menstruation.)
in China: shuo hua ma xian hao
in Bhutan: glang-sna
Pedicularis pectinata Wall. (Pedicularis pectinata Wall. ex
Pedicularis hookeriana Wall.
Benth.)
India.
Himalaya. Erect or slightly decumbent herb, spicate pink
See A Numerical List of dried specimens of plants in the flowers, oval capsule covered by inflated calyx
East India Company’s Museum: collected under the superin-
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 420. London, 1828–1849,
tendence of Dr. Wallich of the Company’s botanic garden at
Calcutta. n. 421. London 1828–1849 Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 3: 71. 1890

(Roots used in powder form to cure gastric troubles.) (Leaves hemostatic, diuretic. Whole plant sedative and use-
ful in bodyache; plant ground with fruits of Rosa hookeriana
Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph and the paste given for dysentery. Flowers and shoots for alo-
China. pecia, for cold and cough.)

See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. in China: bi chi xi

Pétersbourg. Avec l’Histoire de l’Académie 4: 345, t. 3. 1811, in India: lukri marpo, michren, mishran
Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 3: 67. 1890
in Tibet: glang sna, lugro-marpo
(Plant decoction for inflammation, a wash to treat skin dis-
eases; good for potency in men. Aerial parts used as coag- Pedicularis porrecta Wall.
ulant, for blood pressure and menstrual disorders. Flowers India, Himalaya.
eaten before drinking alcohol to avoid hangover.)
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 423. London, 1828–1849
in Bhutan: lug-ro-ser-po
(Plant diuretic. Leaves astringent, given to stop bleeding.)
in China: chang hua ma xian hao, chang hua xi
Pedicularis siphonantha D. Don
Pedicularis longiflora Rudolph var. tubiformis (Klotzsch)
Tsoong (Pedicularis longiflora subsp. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Himalaya.
Pennell; Pedicularis tubiflora Fisch.; Pedicularis tubiformis
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 95. 1825
Klotzsch)
China. Small perennial herb, golden yellow flowers in clusters (Aerial parts antidote, febrifuge, astringent.)

See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. in Bhutan: lug-ru-smug-po

Pétersbourg. Avec l’Histoire de l’Académie 4: 345, pl. 3. 1811, in China: guan hua ma xian hao
Die Botanischen Ergebnisse der Reise Seiner Königl. Hoheit
des Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen 106. 1862, Annals
of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 3: 67. 1890 and Peganum L. Zygophyllaceae (Nitrariaceae)
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs
150. 1943, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 1: 7. 1955, Acta Ancient Greek name peganon for rue, Ruta graveolens
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 3(3): 278, 318–319. 1955, Nat. Hist. (Theophrastus), Latin peganon, i for garden-rue or wild-
Res. 5(2): 73–78. 1999 rue (Greek peganon oreinon); see Carl Linnaeus, Species
Plantarum. 1: 444–445. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5.
(Whole plant juice or paste mixed with curd given for dys-
204. 1754 and N. Amer. Fl. 25: 116. 1910.
entery. Powdered flowers taken to treat disorders and inflam-
mation of liver and gall bladder, seminal discharge and Peganum harmala L. (Peganum dauricum Pall.; Peganum
edema. Veterinary medicine, flowers orally fed for expulsion harmala L. var. garamantum Maire; Peganum harmala L.
of retained placenta.) var. rotschildianum (Buxb.) Maire)
Pegia Colebr. Anacardiaceae 2817

North Africa, Mediterranean, India. Perennial herb, bushy, Pegia nitida Colebr. (Phlebochiton extensum Wall.; Robergia
undershrub, many-branched, foliage succulent, solitary flow- hirsuta Roxb., Connaraceae; Tapirira extensa Hook.f. ex
ers, petals white with green veins, anthers yellow, fruit green, Marchand; Tapirira extensa (Wall.) Hook. f. ex Marchand;
plants bad tasting, a noxious weed that is often found in des- Tapirira hirsuta (Roxb.) Hook. f.; Tapirira hirsuta (Roxb.)
ert areas around the world Hu; Tapirira hirsuta (Roxb.) Kurz; Tapirira hirsuta Hook.f.;
Tapirira hirsuta Hu)
See Species Plantarum 1: 444–445. 1753 and Verh. Zool.-
Bot. Ges. Wien 1926, lxxvi. 54. 1927, Field Museum Nat. India, Himalaya. Tree, leaves eaten as vegetable, ripe fruits
Hist., Bot. Ser. 9: 69–241. 1937, Fl. Iran. [Rechinger] eaten
98: 18, 20, tabs. 14 & 15. 1972, Taxon 28: 395. 1979, Acta
See Hort. Bengal. 90. 1814, Transactions of the Linnean
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22: 243–249. 1984, Acta Botanica
Society of London 15(2): 364–365. 1827, Flora Indica; or,
Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 10: 203–210. 1990, Acta
descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 455. 1832, Transactions of
Botanica Malacitana 16: 449–454. 1991, Lagascalia 16:
the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta 7: 231. 1835,
328–333. 1991, Regnum Veg. 127: 74. 1993, Vet. Hum. Genera Plantarum 1: 423. 1862, Révision du groupe des
Toxicol. 42(3): 137–141. 2000 Anacardiacées 162. 1869, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat.
(Seeds regarded as narcotic, hypotonic, vasorelaxant, anti- Hist. 39(2): 75. 1870, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 28. 1876
spasmodic, antiperiodic, emetic, alterative, stimulant, and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 5(1): 229. 1924
abortifacient, lactagogue, antinociceptive, antimicrobial, (Antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic.)
antileishmanial, to relieve infertility in women and womb
pain in pregnant women; seeds decoction in laryngitis; seed in China: teng qi
powder used in asthma, colic and jaundice and as an anthel- in India: han-din, hang-din
mintic against tapeworms and for reducing temperature in
chronic malaria. Seeds and root contain alkaloids, swal-
lowing seeds induces hallucination and sexual stimulation; Pelargonium L’Hérit. ex Aiton Geraniaceae
seeds burnt and the smoke inhaled for exaltation. The smoke
is considered antiseptic, measles and wounds fumigated by Greek pelargos ‘a stork’, referring to the mericarp (derivation
burning seeds and leaves. Bark in malaria and fevers, used perhaps from the Greek pelios ‘black, dark’ and argos ‘white,
also for abortion. Veterinary medicine, root powder applied whitish’, probably from the Akkadian bel-, pel- plus arhu:
against external parasites on body.) belu (pe-lu) ‘lord’ and arhu ‘road’, Hebrew orho ‘way, wan-
derer, caravan’); see Species Plantarum 2: 676–683. 1753,
in English: African rue, harmal, harmala shrub, harmel Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 306. 1754, L’Héritier de Brutelle,
peganum, harmela shrub, Syrian rue, wild rue Charles Louis (1746–1800), Geraniologia, seu Erodii, pelar-
in Arabic: harmal, harmel, harmel sahari gonii, geranii, monsoniae et grieli historia iconibus illustrata.
Parisiis: typis P.-F. Didot, 1787–1788, Genera Plantarum 268.
in China: luo tuo peng 1789, William Aiton (1731–1793), Hortus Kewensis. 2: 417–
in India: espuva, harmalo, isband, isbaund, sepan, techepak 431. London 1789, Sweet, Robert (1783–1835), Geraniaceae:
the natural order of gerania … London, J. Ridgway, 1820–
in Pakistan: gandaku, harmal, isband, ispand, kisankur 1830, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Peganum harmala L. var. stenophyllum Boiss. Handwörterbuch. 386. Ansbach 1852, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 1: 93. 1891 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 368–374.
India. Perennial herb 1946, J. S. African Bot. 45: 380. 1979, Van der Walt, J.J.A.,
See Species Plantarum 1: 444–445. 1753 Pelargoniums of Southern Africa/J.J.A. Van der Walt, P.J
Vorster. Illustrations Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst. Cape Town:
(Whole plant aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, abortifacient; fresh [Juta & Co.,] 1981, Taxon 30: 307. 1981, Bothalia 15: 345–
decoction of plant as a strong. Seeds in asthma, hysteria, gall 385. 1985, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura euro-
stones, rheumatism, colic pains, fever, jaundice, painful men- pea. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 225. Leo S. Olschki
struation. Leaf decoction in rheumatism.) Editore, Firenze 1994, South African Journal of Botany 65:
in India: gandhio, gandhya, harmal 115–143. 1999, Lis-Balchin, Maria (edited by), Geranium
and Pelargonium: The Genera Geranium and Pelargonium.
London: Taylor & Francis, 2002, Clifton, Richard Timothy
Fred (1943–  ), Geraniales Species Checklist Series. Vol. 1,
Pegia Colebr. Anacardiaceae
Part 4, Geraniaceae Knuth Tribe 1 Geranieae: Pelargonium
Greek and Latin pege ‘a source, spring, origin, fountain, Species Checklist. Dover, 2004. Nearly all cultivars of
stream’, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: Pelargonium grown for their rose-scented essential oil,
470, t. 188. 1775, Genera Plantarum, ed. 8[a]. 1: 309. 1789, called geranium oil; extracts of the leaves of Pelargonium
Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta Rosat Group have antifeedant properties against slugs and
7: 230–231. 1835 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 177–195. 1949. also nematicidal activity.
2818 Pelargonium L’Hérit. ex Aiton Geraniaceae

Pelargonium alchemilloides (L.) Aiton (Geraniospermum See South African Journal of Botany 2(1): 79. 1983
alchemillodes (L.) Kuntze; Geranium alchemilloides
(Insecticidal, used to repel pests.)
L.; Pelargonium alchemillifolium Salisb.; Pelargonium
alchemilloides (L.) L’Hér.; Pelargonium alchemilloides in English: lemon-scented pelargonium
subsp. multibracteatum (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Kokwaro;
in South Africa: malva
Pelargonium malvaefolium J. Jacq.; Pelargonium malvifo-
lium J. Jacq.; Pelargonium multibracteatum Hochst. ex A. Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L’Herit. (Pelargonium angulo-
Rich.; Pelargonium multibracteatum Hochst.) sum Aiton; Pelargonium cucullatum [Soland.]; Pelargonium
cucullatum L’Hérit.)
Tropical Africa. Herb, perennial, scrambler, tuberous reddish
rootstock, stems covered with long coarse hairs, lobed fleshy South Africa.
leaves, white-creamy or pink flowers See Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 2: 426. 1789
See Species Plantarum 2: 678. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, a cat- (Leaves as a poultice for bruises, stings, wounds, swellings
alogue … (W. Aiton) 2: 419. 1789, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton and abscesses. Astringent, antispasmodic, febrifuge, to cure
312. 1796, Flora 24(1, Intelligenzbl.): 29 (1841, Tentamen Florae colic, kidney ailments, diarrhea, coughs and fevers.)
Abyssinicae … 1: 119. 1847, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 94.
1891 and Kew Bulletin 23: 530. 1969 in English: hooded-leaf pelargonium, tree pelargonium

(Roots carminative, used as an antacid for pregnant women. in South Africa: wilde malva
Leaves for wounds, abscesses, diarrhea and dysentery.) Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L’Herit. subsp. tabulare
in English: dysentery herb Volschenk (Pelargonium cucullatum L’Hér.; Pelargonium
cucullatum [Soland.]; Pelargonium cucullatum [Soland.]
in Lesotho: khoara subsp. tabulare Volschenk)
Pelargonium betulinum (L.) L’Herit. (Geraniospermum bet- South Africa.
ulinum (L.) Kuntze; Geranium betulinum L.; Pelargonium
betulinum (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton; Pelargonium georgense See Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 2: 426. 1789 and Bothalia 14(1):
Knuth) 48. 1982

South Africa. (Leaves as a poultice for bruises, stings, wounds, swellings

and abscesses. Astringent, antispasmodic, febrifuge, to cure
See Species Plantarum 2: 679. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, colic, kidney ailments, diarrhea, coughs and fevers.)
a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 2: 429. 1789, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 1: 94. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Pelargonium denticulatum Jacq.
Regni Vegetabilis 28: 92. 1930 South Africa.
(Leaves essential oils for coughs, as an ointment used in See Jacquin, Nicolaus (Nicolaas) Joseph von (1727–1817),
wound healing. To relieve flatulence and stomachache.) Plantarum rariorum horti caesarei Schoenbrunnensis
in English: birch-leaved pelargonium, camphor-scented descriptiones et icones 2: t. 135. Viennae, Londini, Lugduni
pelargonium Batavorum, 1797–1804

in South Africa: kanferblaar (= camphor leaf or camphor- (Essential oil antibacterial.)

scented pelargonium), maagpynbossie, suurbos (= sour bush) in English: fern-leaf geranium, fernleaf geranium, pine gera-
Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L’Herit. (Pelargonium capita- nium, pine-scented geranium, toothed-leaved pelargonium
tum (L.) Aiton; Pelargonium capitatum Aiton; Pelargonium Pelargonium fulgidum (L.) L’Herit. (Geranium fulgidum
capitatum [Soland.]; Pelargonium capitatum L’Hér.) L.; Pelargonium fulgidum [Soland.]; Pelargonium fulgidum
South Africa. L’Hér.)
South Africa. Leaves edible
See Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 2: 425. 1789
See Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 2: 422. 1789
(Leaves infusion astringent, stomachic, antispasmodic, to
treat kidney and bladder ailments, nausea, vomiting, flatu- (Fresh leaves sour and astringent.)
lence, stomach cramps, diarrhea, dysentery.)
in English: celandine-leaved pelargonium
in English: rose-scented geranium, wild pelargonium
in South Africa: rooi malva
in South Africa: kusmalva
Pelargonium graveolens L’Hérit. (Pelargonium interme-
Pelargonium citronellum J.J.A. Van der Walt dium Kunth)
South Africa. Often confused with Pelargonium scabrum South Africa.
Pelargonium L’Hérit. ex Aiton Geraniaceae 2819

See L’Héritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis (1746–1800), i. 276. 1860, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 94–95. 1891,
Geraniologia, seu Erodii, pelargonii, geranii, monsoniae et Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 32. 1898 and Bot. Jahrb.
grieli historia iconibus illustrata, Parisiis: typis P.-F. Didot, Syst. xl. 72. 1907, Pflanzenr. (Engler) Geraniac. 365. 1912
1787–1888 and Handb. Pl. Victoria 2 (1972) 314. 1972
(Veterinary medicine, leaves infusion, for calves.)
(Essential oil antibacterial.)
Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L’Hérit. (Geraniospermum
in English: rose geranium, rose-scented pelargonium, sweet- odoratissimum Kuntze; Geraniospermum odoratissimum
scented geranium (L.) Kuntze; Geranium odoratissimum L.; Pelargonium odo-
ratissimum [Soland.])
in Arabic: attirchia
South Africa.
in South Africa: wildemalva
See Species Plantarum 2: 679. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, a
in China: xiang ye
catalogue … 2: 419. 1789, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 94.
Pelargonium grossularioides (L.) L’Herit. (Geranium gros- 1891 and Pl. Syst. Evol. 183: 83–97. 1992
sularioides L.; Pelargonium anceps L’Hér.; Pelargonium
(Essential oil antibacterial.)
anceps L’Hér. ex Aiton; Pelargonium filicaule Knuth;
Pelargonium grossularioides [Soland.]; Pelargonium gros- in English: apple geranium
sularioides (L.) L’Hér. ex Aiton)
Pelargonium panduriforme Eckl. & Zeyh. (Pelargonium
South Africa. karrooense Knuth; Pelargonium quercifolium L’Hérit.;
Pelargonium quercifolium Baum. ex Hoffmanns.;
See Species Plantarum 2: 679. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; or, a
Pelargonium quercifolium Hort. ex Hoffmanns.; Pelargonium
catalogue … 2: 420. 1789 and Das Pflanzenreich Heft 53(IV.
quercifolium Hort. Cels ex Hoffmanns.)
129): 408. 1912
South Africa.
(Plant decoction for pregnant women, as a postpartum rem-
edy or as abortifacient.) See Geraniologia t. 14. 1792 [1792 publication com-
prises plates, text was effectively published 10 May 1802,
in English: gooseberry-leaved pelargonium
see TL-2], Hoffmannsegg, Johann Centurius von (1766–
in South Africa: rooirabas, rooirabassam, rooistingelhoutbas 1849), Verzeichniss der Pflanzenkulturen in den Gräfl.
Hoffmannseggischen Gärten zu Dresden und Rammenau …
Pelargonium inquinans (L.) L’Herit. (Pelargonium
Dresden: In Commission der Arnoldischen Buchhandlung,
inquinans [Soland.])
1824–1826, Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher]
South Africa. 1: 82. 1835 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
Vegetabilis 19: 231. 1923
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 424. 1789
(Aromatic, stimulant, astringent, drunk for the treatment of
(Leaves and stems crushed and used as a headache and flu
rheumatism, hypertension and heart diseases.)
remedy.)
in English: almond geranium, balsam-scented geranium,
in English: scarlet pelargonium
fiddle leaf geranium, oak-leafed geranium, oak-leaved gera-
in South Africa: wilde malva nium, village oak geranium
Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet (Geraniospermum Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Herit. (Geraniospermum pel-
flabellifolium (Harv.) Kuntze; Geraniospermum rehm- tatum (L.) Kuntze; Geranium peltatum L.; Pelargonium lat-
annii (Szyszyl.) Kuntze; Geranium luridum Andrews; eripes L’Hér.)
Pelargonium aconitophyllum Steud.; Pelargonium aconito-
South Africa.
phyllum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud.; Pelargonium flabellifolium
Harv.; Pelargonium longiscapum Schltr.; Pelargonium lon- See Sp. Pl. 2: 678. 1753, Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 2: 427–
giscapum Schltr. ex R. Knuth; Pelargonium luridum Sweet; 428, t. 24. 1789, Geraniologia t. 24. 1792, Revisio Generum
Pelargonium rehmannii Szyszyl.; Pelargonium schlechteri Plantarum 1: 94. 1891
R. Knuth; Pelargonium zeyheri Harv.; Polyactium amatym-
(Pounded leaves as an antiseptic for wounds, burns, skin dis-
bicum Eckl. & Zeyh.)
eases. Sour-tasting sap used to treat sore throats.)
South Africa.
in English: cascading geranium, hanging geranium, ivy gera-
See Andrews, Henry Charles (fl. 1790s-1830), Geraniums: or nium, ivy-leaved geranium, ivy-leaved pelargonium
A monograph of the genus Geranium … London, the author,
in South Africa: kolsuring
1805, Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis Extratropicae
[Ecklon & Zeyher] 1. 68. 1835 [Dec 1834–Mar 1835], Pelargonium pulverulentum Colv. ex Sweet (Pelargonium
Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 283. 1841, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) arenicola Steud.; Pelargonium hollandii F.M. Leight.;
2820 Pelatantheria Ridley Orchidaceae

Pelargonium pedicellatum Sweet; Pelargonium testaceum See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 417. 1789, Prodr.
E. Mey.; Pelargonium testaceum Baker; Polyactium arenar- (DC.) 1: 680. 1824 and Plant Systematics and Evolution
ium Eckl. & Zeyh., non Pelargonium arenarium (Burm.f.) 159: 165–171. 1988, Plant Systematics and Evolution 183:
DC.; Polyactium primulaeforme Eckl. & Zeyh.; Polyactium 83–97. 1992
primuliforme Eckl. & Zeyh.)
(Veterinary medicine, vermifuge.)
South Africa, Nigeria.
in South Africa: kalwerbossie, rabassam
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 417. 1789, Enum.
Pelargonium tomentosum Jacq. (Pelargonium tomentosum
Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 1: 65–66. [Dec 1834-
L’Hér. ex DC.; Pelargonium tomentosum Eckl. & Zeyh.)
Mar 1835], Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 283. 1841,
Drége, J.F. (Johann Franz) (1794–1881), Zwei pflanzengeog- South Africa.
raphische Documente, nebst einer Einleitung von E. Meyer.
See Icon. Pl. Rar. [Jacquin] 3: 10, t. 537. 1786–1793, Prodr.
[Regensburg] 1843 and S. African Gard. 22: 229, 232. 1932,
(DC.) 1: 656. 1824, Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon &
Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 165–171. 1988, Maggs,
Zeyher] 1: 79. [Dec 1834–Mar 1835] and S. African J. Bot.
G.L., P. Vorster, J.J.A. van der Walt & M. Gibby, “Taxonomy
60: 1–4. 1994
of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): the section
Polyactium. 3. The subsection Polyactium.” South African (Essential oil antibacterial.)
Journal of Botany 65: 115–143. 1999
in English: pennyroyal pelargonium, peppermint-scented
(Leaves astringent, for diarrhea, cholera, dysentery. Root pelargonium
cathartic, purgative. Veterinary medicine, to treat liver dis-
Pelargonium transvaalense R. Knuth
ease in cattle and sheep, diarrhea in goats.)
South Africa.
in South Africa: intololwanan uvendle
See Pflanzenr. (Engler) Geraniac. 434, in syn. 1912
Pelargonium ramosissimum Willd.
(Chewed roots for diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, stomachache,
Tropical Africa. colds and fever.)
See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(1): 688. 1800 in English: Transvaal pelargonium
(Leaves for neuralgia, colds, stomachache.) Pelargonium triste (L.) L’Hérit. (Geranium flavum
Burm.f.; Geranium triste L.; Pelargonium flavum (L.) Ait.;
Pelargonium reniforme Curtis (Pelargonium reniforme
Pelargonium flavum (Burm.f.) L’Hér.)
Hort. ex F. Dietr.; Pelargonium reniforme Spreng.)
South Africa.
South Africa.
See Sp. Pl. 2: 676. 1753, Flora Indica: cui accedit series
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 417. 1789, Bot. zoophytorum indicorum, nec non Prodromus Florae
Mag. 14: t. 493. 1800 and Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. 3: Capensis. 19. 1768, Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 2: 418. 1789 and
157–170. 1986, Plant Systematics and Evolution 159: 165– S. African J. Bot. 65: 115–143. 1999
171. 1988, Plant Systematics and Evolution 183: 83–97. 1992
(Tubers infusion for treating dysentery and diarrhea.)
(Leaves astringent, for diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, men-
strual irregularities.) in English: night scented pelargonium

in Southern Africa: iKhubalo, iYeza lezikhali, roois rabas in South Africa: aandblom, kaneelblom, kaneeltjie, rasmus-
bas, rooiwortel, wit n/eitjie
Pelargonium sidifolium R. Knuth (Geranium sidifo-
lium Thunb.; Pelargonium sidifolium (Thunb.) R. Knuth;
Pelargonium sidifolium Willd.) Pelatantheria Ridley Orchidaceae
South Africa. From the Greek pelates ‘neighbouring, a neighbour,
See Enum. Pl. [Willdenow] 2: 706. 1809 and Pflanzenr. approaching’ and anthera ‘anther’, referring to the column
(Engler) Geraniac. 448, in syn. 1912, Bothalia 19(2): 225- and the anther cap, see John Lindley, The Botanical Register.
235. 1989 subt. t. 817. 1824, Coll. Bot. (Lindley) 8: t. 39B. 1824, Folia
Orchidacea. Acampe 1. 1853, Journal of the Linnean
(Crushed roots a remedy for stomachache in infants, a decoc- Society, Botany 32: 371, 373. 1896 and Herman Montague
tion drunk for diarrhea. Veterinary medicine, vermifuge.) Rucker Rupp (1872–1956), in The Victorian Naturalist.
57: 218. (Apr.) 1941, Alick William Dockrill, Australasian
Pelargonium sidoides DC.
Sarcanthinae. 1967 and Australian Indigenous Orchids.
South Africa. Similar to Pelargonium reniforme Sydney 1969.
Peliosanthes Andrews Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae) 2821

Pelatantheria insectifera (Rchb. f.) Ridl.) (Sarcanthus (Whole herb for abdominal pains, convulsions, postpartum
insectifer Rchb. f.) remedy. Fronds decoction taken for boils in the mouth and
ulcer of nose; fronds smoked for asthma, headache and colds,
India, Himalaya. See also Sarcanthus
catarrh. Rhizomes for skin diseases, astringent, anthelmintic.
See Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 15(10): 159. 1857, Journal of Magico-religious beliefs, spiritual, emotional.)
the Linnean Society, Botany 32: 371, 373. 1896
in Madagascar: mangarato
(Veterinary medicine, paste made by crushing the plant ban-
daged on fractured bone of cattle.)
in India: banadedi Pellegriniodendron Léonard Fabaceae
(Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinioideae,
Detarieae, Leguminosae)
Peliosanthes Andrews Asparagaceae
(Convallariaceae, Liliaceae) Named for the French botanist François Pellegrin, 1881–
1965, his writings include “Walsura nouveau du Tonkin.”
From the Greek pelios ‘livid, a dark colour, blackish, discol- Not. Syst. 1: 227–229. 1910, “Notes sur les Aglaia, Amoora
oured, purple’ and anthos ‘flower’, see Botanist’s Repository, et Lansium.” Not. Syst. 1: 284–290. 1910, “Munronia nou-
for new, and rare plants 10: t. 605, 634. 1808, Enumeratio veau de l’Annam.” Not. Syst. 2: 135–136. 1911, La Flore du
Plantarum Javae 1: 15. 1827 and Jessop, J.P. “A Revision of Mayombe d’après les Récoltes de M. Georges Le Testu. [in
Peliosanthes.” Blumea 23: 141–159. 1976. Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie. XXVI
Peliosanthes griffithii Baker (Peliosanthes bakeri Hook.f.; volume. Two parts; collector Georges M.P.C. Le Testu, 1877–
Peliosanthes violacea var. minor Baker) 1967] Caen 1924–1928 and “Perantha Craib et Oreocharis
Benth., Gesneracées du Yunnan.” Bull. Soc. Bot. France.
Nepal.
72: 872–873. 1925. See Lecomte, Paul Henri (1856–1934),
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5084. 1831–32, J. Linn. Soc., Flore générale de l’Indo-Chine. Paris, Masson, 1907-, E.M.
Bot. 17: 506. 1879, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 506. 1879 [1880 Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of
publ. 1879], The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 6(18): Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, Bulletin
267. 1892 and Blumea 23: 141–159. 1976 [as Peliosanthes du Jardin Botanique de l’État 25: 203. 1955, J.H. Barnhart,
teta Andrews subsp. humilis (Andrews) Jessop ex Gandhi], Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 64. 1965. Close and
Fl. Hassan Distr.: 799. 1976 related to Gilbertiodendron.
(Leaf juice applied for venereal diseases.) Pellegriniodendron diphyllum (Harms) J. Léonard
Malayan names: lumbah bukit, pinang lumbah (Macrolobium diphyllum Harms)
Tropical Africa, Cameroon. Perennial non-climbing tree,
low branching, terminal drooping panicle, large petal white
Pellaea Link Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae) with red spur, elliptical to obovoid flattened thinly woody
Greek pellos, pellaios ‘dark, dusky’, referring to the leaves dehiscent pod
or to the stalks, see Herbarium Rafinesquianum 50. 1833,
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Filicum Species 59. 1841, Journal of Botany, being a sec-
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 30(1): 84–85. 1901,
ond series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 160. 1842, Mém.
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 25(2): 203. 1955
Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg 5: 35. 1857, Cryptogames
Vasculaires … du Brésil 1. 42. 1869, Historia Filicum 164, (Leaves antimicrobial, astringent, for skin diseases, colds
281, 289. 1875, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 3. 418–419. 1882, Bot. Gaz. and cough.)
21: 262. 1896 and Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, Rhodora
83(833): 135. 1981.
Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link (Pellaea hastata (Thunb.) Pellionia Gaudich. Urticaceae
Prantl; Pteris calomelanos Sw.; Pteris hastata Thunb.) Named for the French Admiral Alphonse Odet Pellion,
(Greek kalos ‘beautiful, fine’ and melas, melanos ‘black’.) 1796–1868, a companion of the French navigator Louis de
Tropical Africa. Fern, terrestrial, leaves heart-shaped Freycinet on his second voyage around the world in 1817 to
1820; see Flora Cochinchinensis 538–539. 1790, Louis de
See Species Plantarum 2: 1073–1077. 1753, Prodromus
Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde entrepris par ordre du
Plantarum Capensium, … 172. 1800, Journal für die
Roi … sur les corvettes de S.M. L’Uranie et La Physicienne,
Botanik 1800(2): 70. 1801, Filicum Species 59, 61. 1841,
pendant … 1817–1820. (Atlas historique par … A. Pellion,
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
etc.) Paris 1826[–1830].
und Pflanzengeographie 3(5): 418. 1882 and Flore de
Madagascar et des Comores 5(5): 113–168. 1958 Pellionia procridifolia Kurz
2822 Peltandra Raf. Araceae

India, Nicobar. Climber, white flowers, female flowers in Index Rafinesquianus. 81. 1949, D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation
axillary clusters of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988.
See J. Bot. 13: 330. 1875 Peltandra virginica (Linnaeus) Schott (Arum virginicum
Linnaeus; Peltandra luteospadix Fernald; Peltandra tharpii
(For swellings, boils and rheumatism.)
F.A. Barkley)
Pellionia radicans (Siebold & Zuccarini) Weddell
North America. Food plant
(Elatostema radicans (Siebold & Zuccarini) Weddell;
Elatostema radicans var. grande (Gagnepain) H. Schroeter; See Sp. Pl. 2: 966. 1753, Journal de Physique, de Chimie,
Pellionia arisanensis Hayata; Pellionia chikushien- d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts. 89:103. 1819 and Blackwell,
sis Yamamoto; Pellionia radicans f. grandis Gagnepain; W.H., Jr. and K.P. Blackwell. “The taxonomy of Peltandra
Pellionia radicans var. grandis (Gagnepain) W.T. Wang; (Araceae).” J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 90: 137–140. 1974
Procris radicans Siebold & Zuccarini)
(For skin diseases.)
China.
in English: arrow arum, green arrow arum, tuckahoe
See Fl. Jap. 218. 1846 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 42: 571–572.
2004
(Ulcers, cuts, wounds.) Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. Fabaceae
(Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae)
in China: chi che
Referring to the shape of the stigma, from the Greek pelte ‘a
Pellionia repens (Lour.) Merrill (Elatostema daveauanum
shield’ and phoros ‘bearing’, see Flora Cochinchinensis 266.
(N.E. Br.) Haller f.; Elatostema gibbosum Kurz; Elatostema
1790, Linnaea 11(3): 406. 1837, Journal of Botany, being a
pulchrum Haller f.; Elatostema repens (Lour.) Haller f.;
second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(10): 75. 1840
Elatostema repens var. pulchrum (N.E. Br.) H. Schroet.;
and Darwiniana 5: 279–298, 369–416. 1941, Darwiniana
Elatostema repens var. viride (N.E. Br.) H. Schroet.;
6(2): 127–178. 1943, Darwiniana 7(2): 240–321. 1946, Mem.
Pellionia annamica Gagnep.; Pellionia daveauana N.E.
Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 51: 417–461. 1953, Arq. Jard. Bot. Rio
Br.; Pellionia daveauana (Carr.) N.E. Br.; Pellionia dav-
de Janeiro 18: 109–177. 1965, Mem. New York Bot. Gard.
eauana var. viridis N.E. Br.; Pellionia daveauanana Hort.;
25(2): 1–228. 1975, Flora of Ceylon 7: 34–107. 1991, Flora
Pellionia pulchra N.E. Br.; Polychroa repens Lour.; Procris
Malesiana I, 12, 2: 409–784. 1996, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.
gibbosa Wall.)
2003 [2005].
SE Asia, Malaysia.
Peltophorum africanum Sonder (Baryxylum africanum
See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 538–539, 559–560. 1790, (Sonder) Pierre; Brasilettia africana (Sond.) Kuntze)
Gardener’s Chronicle, new series 14: 262. 1880, Annales du
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, bushy,
Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 13: 316. 1896 and Lingnan
unarmed, spreading canopy, inflorescence an erect terminal
Science Journal 6(4): 326. 1928, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
or axillary raceme, petals bright yellow, fruit a flat pendulous
75: 918. 1929, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
elliptical indehiscent pod winged along both margins, flow-
Vegetabilis, Beihefte 83(2): 26. 1936
ers visited by bees, young leaves and pods eaten by livestock,
(For boils, swellings, abdominal pains, pound the plant and most closely related to Bussea
poultice; plant decoction for rheumatism.)
See Linnaea 23: 35. 1850, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
in English: rainbow vine, satin pellionia, trailing watermelon 164. 1891 and Fl. Pl. Africa 36: t. 1434. 1963, Proc. 3rd All
begonia Indian Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3: 493–499. 1981, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 12: 35–74. 1984, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.
in China: tu yan hua
10: 173–175. 1987, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74: 257–
Malayan names: pipi keli, sisek keli, sisek naga, sisek teng- 264. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79: 109–112.
giling, udu adong 2002, South African Journal of Botany 69(3): 301–363. 2002,
South African Journal of Botany 69(2): 199–203. 2003,
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86: 97–108. 2003, Journal of
Peltandra Raf. Araceae Ethnopharmacology 99: 83–91. 2005
Greek pelte ‘a shield, target’ and aner, andros ‘stamen, (Leaves febrifuge, tonic, analgesic. Bark hepatoprotective,
male’, Latin pelta, ae for a small, light shield in the shape antibacterial, anti-arrhythmic, anthelmintic, molluscicidal,
of a half-moon; see C.S. Rafinesque, Florula ludoviciana. a decoction for colic, stomach and liver disorders, fever,
167. New York 1817, Jour. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 103. schistosomiasis; fresh bark chewed to relieve abdominal
1819, New Fl. N. Am. 1: 6, 86. 1836, Flora Telluriana. 3: 65. pain. Roots for gynaecological complaints, an infusion stops
1836 [1837] and The good book. 45. 1840 and E.D. Merrill, heavy bleeding on giving birth, also used for treating cough
Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinieae) 2823

with blood and tuberculosis. To cure infertility boil the roots 1: 164. 1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(3): 176.
with those of Bridelia cathartica and Ochna sp. and drink 1892, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine sub pl. 390. 1899
the mixture. Bark and root decoctions anthelmintic, tonic, and Proc. 3rd All Indian Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3: 493–499.
for the treatment of wounds, venereal diseases, toothache, 1981, Phytomedicine 11(2–3): 230–234. 2004
psychosis, hysteria; stem and root for diarrhea and dysen-
(Antimicrobial.)
tery; root, leaves and bark used to clear intestinal parasites
and relieve stomach problems. Veterinary medicine, crushed in English: yellow poinciana
bark in water rubbed into the coats of pets to keep away fleas
in South America: angico, cana fistula, farinha-seca, ibir
and maggots.)
puit, ibira pita, ibira puita, ibira puita guassu, imbira puit,
in English: African blackwood, African-wattle, Natal wattle, ivira pita, ivira pita guazu, virapita, ybira pyita, ybira pyita
Rhodesian black wattle, Rhodesian wattle, weeping wattle guazu, yuira pita
in Namibia: !geyie’djao Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K. Heyne (Baryxylum
inerme (Roxb.) Pierre; Brasilettia ferruginea (Decne.)
in Southern Africa: dopperkiaat, huilboom, huilbos,
Kuntze; Caesalpinia arborea Miq.; Caesalpinia ferruginea
isiKhaba-mkhombe, isiKhabakhombe, mosathia, mose-
Decne.; Caesalpinia glenieii Thwaites; Caesalpinia inerme
hla, mosetlha, mosetla, mosiru, movevi, mugija, musese,
Roxb.; Caesalpinia inermis Roxb.; Inga pterocarpa DC.;
Ndedeze, ndzedze, Nhlanhlanbu, nhlanhlanhu, nzeze, omu-
Inga pterocarpum DC.; Peltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.)
parara, umSehle, umThoboMosehla; iZeze, muNyamashawa,
Benth.; Peltophorum inerme Náves ex Fern.-Vill., nom.
muOra, muPangara, muPangasa, muSabanyoka, muZaze,
inval.; Peltophorum inerme (Roxb.) Naves ex Fern.-Vill.;
muZeze, Nyakambariro (Shona); isiKhabamkhombe, umSe-
Peltophorum inerme (Roxb.) Naves & Villar; Peltophorum
hle, umThobo (Zulu); isiKhabakhombe (Swazi)
inerme (Roxb.) Naves; Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.)
Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz (Baryxylum Backer ex K. Heyne; Peltophorum roxburghii (G. Don)
dasyrachis (Miq.) Pierre; Brasilettia dasyrhachis (Kurz ex Degener; Poinciana roxburghii G. Don; Senna multijuga
Baker) Kuntze; Caesalpinia dasyrachis Miq.; Caesalpinia (Rich.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby)
dasyrhachis Miq.; Peltophorum dasyrachis (Miq.) Kurz;
Australia, Tropical Asia. Perennial non-climbing tree, small
Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz ex Baker; Peltophorum
tree, umbrella-shaped crown, bright yellow fragrant flowers,
dasyrhachis (Miq.) Baker; Peltophorum dasyrrhachis Kurz)
reddish-brown pods, commonly confused with the similar
India, Cambodia, SE Asia. Perennial non-climbing tree looking Peltophorum dubium
See The Flora of British India 2(5): 257. 1878, Revisio See Hort. Bengal. 90. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Generum Plantarum 1: 164. 1891 Regni Vegetabilis 2: 441. 1825, Flora Indica; or, descrip-
tions of Indian Plants 2: 367. 1832, A General History
(For coughs, pound the bark in water, strain and drink the
of the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 433. 1832, Nouvelles
liquor.)
Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 462. 1834,
in English: yellow batai Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] 5: 414. 1864,
Flora Australiensis: a description … 2: 279. 1864, Flora de
in Cambodia: tram kang, tramkan, trâse:k, trasec
Filipinas 4: Nov. App. 69. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum
in Indonesia: petaian, soga 1: 164. 1891, Flora Cochinchinensis sub pl. 390. 1899 and De
Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch-Indie 2: 755. 1927, Flora
in Laos: s’a:z kha:m, sa: f’ang, sa: ph’ang
Hawaiensis Fam. 169b. 1938, Taxon 29: 352–353. 1980,
Malayan names: alai, batai, jemerelang, kerayong Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 35: 492. 1982,
Cell Chromosome Res. 15(3): 8. 1992
in Thailand: arang, nonsi
(Used in Sidha. Bark tonic, astringent, for intestinal disorders,
in Vietnam: hoan linh, hoang-linh, lim vang, lim v[af]ng, lim
sprains, bruises and swellings, a postpartum remedy. Crushed
xet, lim x[ej]t, mun si
leaves made into a paste applied to cuts and wounds. Leaflets
Peltophorum dubium (Sprengel) Taubert (Baryxylum and buds antifungal. Flowers antiinflammatory, antibacterial.)
dubium (Sprengel) Pierre; Brasilettia dubia (Spreng.)
in English: copperpod, peltophorum, yellow-flamboyant, yel-
Kuntze; Caesalpinia dubia Sprengel; Peltophorum vogelia-
low flame, yellow-flame tree, yellow-poinciana
num Benth., nom. illeg.; Peltophorum vogelianum Walp.)
in Borneo: meriputi
Argentina, Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree
in China: dun zhu mu
See Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 343. 1825,
Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical in India: bettada huli, bettada hunise, ivalvagai, iyal-
Miscellany 2(10): 75. 1840, Repertorium Botanices vakai, kondachinta, perungondrai, puccarrilpasanamayini,
Systematicae. 1(5): 811. 1843, Revisio Generum Plantarum tamarshingi
2824 Pemphis Forster & Forster f. Lythraceae

in Indonesia: soga, soga jambal leaves coriaceous, male flowers cauliflorous on trunk and
branches and among leaves, bright red-orange smooth cau-
Malayan names: batai, batai laut, jemerelang, jemerelang laut
liflorous fruits, in forest
in Philippines: siár
See Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser. 3 13: 124.
in Thailand: krathin paa, non see, saan ngoen 1864; 20: 172. 1867 and Flora of West Tropical Africa ed.
1 [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 1: 74. 1927, Kew Bull. 1927, 157.
in Vietnam: hoang-linh, lim sét, lim vang, lim vangh, lim
1927, Journal of Natural Remedies 1(1): 45–48. 2001
xet, trac vàng
(Fruits, root and root bark used as an aphrodisiac. Leaf
extract purgative; pounded leaves inserted into the ears to
Pemphis Forster & Forster f. Lythraceae cure otitis; leaves eaten to treat hernia. Root taken as an
Greek pemphis, pemphidos ‘bladder, blister, a bubble, a swell- emetic, anthelmintic and against colic; root sap taken to treat
ing’, referring to the ovary or to the globular or swollen capsule; coughs. Root bark of Strychnos samba, mixed with root bark
see Johann Reinhold Forster (1729–1798) and his son Johann of Penianthus longifolius, used to make arrow poison.)
Georg Adam (1754–1794), Characteres generum plantarum. in Central African Republic: sombolu, sombulu
67, t. 34. 1775, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser 4, 6: 75–138. 1856, Mus.
Bot. 2: 1–256. 1856 and Fl. Mascareignes 95: 1–14. 1990. in Congo: kuluku

Pemphis acidula Forster & Forster f. (Lythrum pemphis L., Penianthus patulinervis Hutch. & Dalziel (Penianthus
nom. illeg.; Mangium porcellanicum Rumph.; Melanium zenkeri auct. non (Engl.) Diels)
fruticosum Spreng.; Millania rupestre Zipp.; Millania rup- Tropical Africa, Sierra Leone, Ghana. Dioecious, evergreen,
estris Zipp. ex Blume; Pemphis angustifolia Roxb.; Pemphis small shrub, yellow to orange or red drupe obovoid to ellip-
setosa Blanco) soid, formerly included in Penianthus zenkeri
India. Shrub See Flora of West Tropical Africa ed. 1 [Hutchinson &
See Herbarium Amboinenese 3: 126, t. 84. 1743, Characteres Dalziel] 1: 74. 1927, Kew Bull. 1927, 156. 1927, Planta Medica
Generum Plantarum [second edition] 34. 1775, Suppl. Pl. 42: 275–278. 1981, Phytochemistry 22(1): 321–322. 1983,
249. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] Phytochemistry 30(6): 1957–1962. 1991, Phytochemistry
2: 455. 1825 [Jan–May 1825], Flora Indica; or, descriptions 46(1): 165–167. 1997
of Indian Plants 2: 465. 1832, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 410. (Root, bark and twigs used as an aphrodisiac, a sexual stim-
1837, Mus. Bot. 2(1–8): 128. 1856 ulant; stem and roots antiplasmodial, in the treatment of
(Plant paste applied on fractured bone and paralysis. Leaf diabetes; roots, bark and twigs decoction antiseptic, to heal
paste applied on forehead to relieve headache and also on wounds, abscesses and boils, for venereal diseases.)
fractured bones.) Penianthus zenkeri (Engl.) Diels (Heptacyclum zenkeri
in English: digging stick tree Engl.; Penianthus zenkeri Diels)

in Rodrigues Isl.: bois matelot Tropical Africa, Nigeria, Cameroon. Evergreen, cauliflorous
liane, undershrub or shrub, woody herb, small tree, inflores-
in China: shui yuan hua cence an umbel, yellow to orange drupe ellipsoid
in India: puheal-ol, puhealol See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in Japan: mizu-ganpi schichte und Pflanzengeographie 26(3–4): 415. 1899 and
Pflanzenr. (Engler) Menispermac. 101. 1910, Planta Medica
Malayan names: keremak batu, mentagu, mentigi 42: 275–278. 1981 Phytochemistry 22(1): 321–322. 1983,
Phytochemistry 30(6): 1957–1962. 1991, Phytochemistry
46(1): 165–167. 1997
Penianthus Miers Menispermaceae
(Root, bark and twigs used as an aphrodisiac, a sexual stimu-
Greek pene, penion ‘thread, spool’ and anthos ‘a flower’, lant; stem and roots antiplasmodial, in the treatment of diabe-
see Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 3 13: 124. tes; roots, bark and twigs decoction antiseptic, to heal wounds,
1864 and 20: 171. 1867 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique abscesses and boils, for venereal diseases. Roots to treat male
National de Belgique 53(1–2): 17–66. 1983, African Study sexual impotence, intestinal worms, cough and wounds.)
Monographs 24(1–2): 1–168. 2003.
Penianthus longifolius Miers (Penianthus fruticosus Hutch.
& Dalziel) Peniocereus (A. Berger) Britton & Rose Cactaceae
Cameroon, West Africa. Small tree or shrub, vine-like, ram- Greek pene, penion ‘thread, spool’ plus Cereus, refer-
iflorous and cauliflorous, branching from near the ground, ring to the very slender stems, see Annual Report of the
Pennisetum Rich. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2825

Missouri Botanical Garden 16: 77. 1905, Contributions from typhoideum Rich., complicated taxonomy, see Christiaan
the United States National Herbarium 12(10): 428. 1909, Hendrik Persoon (1761/1762–1836), Synopsis plantarum. 1:
Cactáceas y Suculentas Mexicanas 19(2): 38. 1974. 72. Paris et Tubingae 1805, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti
Botanici Berolinensis, … 1036–1037. 1809, Essai d’une
Peniocereus greggii (Engelm.) Britton & Rose (Cereus greg-
Nouvelle Agrostographie 59. 1812, Bulletin Mensuel de
gii Engelm.; Cereus greggii W. Watson; Peniocereus greggii
la Société Linnéenne et des Sociétés Botanique de Lyon,
Britton & Rose)
d’Anthropologie et de Biologie de Lyon réunies 2: 71. 1815,
North America. Perennial shrub Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Gewachse 2(1): 154. 1817,
Flora 12: 465. 1829, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1106. 1833,
See Wislizenus, F.A. (Frederick Adolph) (1810–1889),
Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 299. 1841, Flora
Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico: connected with Col.
25 Beibl. 2: 2. 1842, Ind. Sem. Hort. Monsp. 1844, Flora
Doniphan’s Expedition, in 1846 and 1847. 102. Washington,
Rossica 4(14): 472. 1853, Agrostographiae Aegyptiacae
Tippin & Streeper, printers, 1848 [United States. 30th
Fragmenta 2: 49. 1853 [also Memorie della Reale Accademia
Cong., 1st sess. Senate. Misc. 26] and Gardeners’ Chronicle.
delle Scienze di Torino, ser. 2 2: 49, t. 28. 1853], Systematisches
London, t. 93. 1903, Contributions from the United States
Verzeichniss der im Indischen Archipel 60. 1854, Memorie
National Herbarium 12(10): 428, t. 74–75. 1909
della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, ser. 2 14:
(Roots decoction taken for diabetes.) 374–375. 1854, Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockholm 1853: 136, 156.
1855 [also Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl.], Flora Brasiliensis
in English: nightblooming cereus
2(2): 305, 308. 1877, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2(2):
Peniocereus greggii (Engelm.) Britton & Rose var. greggii 38. 1887, Flora Capensis 7: 431. 1899 and Annuario del Reale
(Cereus greggii Engelm. var. cismontanus Engelm.; Cereus Istituto Botanico di Roma 8: 41, 314. 1903 et 1908, Contr.
pottsii Salm-Dyck) U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 210–211. 1921, Flora of Tropical Africa
9: 956–957, 962, 966. 1934, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 135–
North America. Perennial shrub
143. 1955, Hook. Ic. Pl. 37: t. 3643. 1967, Kyoto University
See Cacteae in Horto Dyckensi Cultae [ed. 1849] 1849: 208. African Studies 10: 143–212. 1976, Amer. J. Bot. 64: 161–176.
1850, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and 1977, Willdenowia 8: 67–79. 1977, Econ. Bot. 31: 163–174.
Sciences 3: 287. 1856 and Contributions from the United 1977, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 371–374. 1994, Flora of
States National Herbarium 12(10): 428, t. 74–75. 1909 Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 259–275. 1995, Contributions from
(Roots decoction taken for diabetes.) the United States National Herbarium 46: 527–536. 2003.

in English: nightblooming cereus Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. (Pennisetum

cladestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.; Pennisetum inclusum Pilg.;
Peniocereus striatus (Brandegee) Buxb. (Cereus diguetii Pennisetum longistylum Hochst.; Pennisetum longistylum
F.A.C. Weber; Cereus striatus Brandegee; Neoevansia var. clandestinum (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Leeke; Pennisetum
diguetii (F.A.C. Weber) W.T. Marshall; Neoevansia striata longistylum var. clandestinum (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Chiov.,
(Brandegee) Sánchez-Mej.; Peniocereus diguetii (F.A.C. nom. illeg., non Pennisetum longistylum var. clandestinum
Weber) Backeb.; Wilcoxia diguetii (F.A.C. Weber) Diguet (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Leeke)
& Guillaumin; Wilcoxia diguetii (F.A.C. Weber) Peebles;
Wilcoxia striata (Brandegee) Britton & Rose; Wilcoxia stri- East Africa highlands, north Africa, tropical Africa.
ata Britton & Rose) Perennial, vigorous and aggressive, branching and rooting
freely, spreading rapidly, dense mat forming or close-cropped
Mexico, USA. sward, semiscandent, decumbent, prostrate, flattened culms
See Zoë 2(1): 19–20. 1891, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 1: strongly creeping and branching, rhizomatous and stolonif-
319. 1895 and Contributions from the United States National erous, long stolons multi-branched, roots fibrous and tough,
Herbarium 12(10): 428, 434. 1909, Arch. Hist. Nat. 4: 222. drought resistant and palatable, nutritious fodder grass if cut
1928, Cactaceae (Marshall & Bock) (Berlin) 84, cum descr. before flowering, a serious noxious weed in turf and waste
emend. 1941, Leafl. W. Bot. v. 192. 1949, Cact. Succ. J. (Los places, a troublesome weed of highland crops, invasive,
Angeles) 23: 119. 1951, Cactaceas y Suculentas Mexicanas excellent colonizer, tolerates flooding well, useful for soil
18(1): 22. 1973, Kakteen 62: CIIa. 1975 conservation and for erosion control

(Root a remedy for swellings.) See Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805, Flora 24(Intell. Bd.1): 19. 1841,
Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 388. 1850 and Annuario del Reale Istituto
Botanico di Roma 8: 41, tab. 5, fig. 2. 1903, Zeitschrift für
Naturwissenschaften 79: 23. 1907, Annuario del Reale Istituto
Pennisetum Rich. Poaceae (Gramineae)
Botanico di Roma 8(3): 319. 1908, Botanische Jahrbücher
From the Latin penna, ae ‘a feather, plume’ and saeta (seta), für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
ae ‘a bristle, hair’, referring to the bristly spikes, some of the 45: 209. 1910, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22: 210. 1921, Grasses
species close to Cenchrus L. and Setaria, type Pennisetum of Ceylon 154. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 344. 1960,
2826 Pennisetum Rich. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 4: 463. 1980, Cytologia 54: 641–652. spicata (L.) Willd.; Penicillaria spicata P. Beauv.;
1989, Proc. N.Z. Grasslands Assoc. 51: 47–50. 1990 Penicillaria typhoidea (Rich.) Fig. & De Not.; Penicillaria
vulpina Müll. Berol.; Pennisetum albicauda Stapf & C.E.
(Can be a toxic nitrate.)
Hubb.; Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke; Pennisetum
in English: Kikuyo grass, Kikuyograss, Kikuyu, Kikuyu americanum (L.) K. Schum.; Pennisetum americanum
grass, Kikuyugrass (after the Kikuyu tribe, Kenya; see W. convar. spicatum (L.) Tzvelev; Pennisetum americanum
Scoreby Routledge and K. Routledge, With a prehistoric subsp. americanum; Pennisetum americanum subsp. typhoi-
people. The Akikuyu of British East Africa. London 1910, Fr. deum (Rich.) Maire & Weiller; Pennisetum ancylochaete
C. Cagnolo, The Akikuyu. Catholic Mission of the Consolata Stapf & Hubbard; Pennisetum cinereum Stapf & Hubbard;
Fathers. Nyeri, Kenya 1933) Pennisetum dalzielii Stapf & Hubbard; Pennisetum echinu-
rus (K. Schum.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Pennisetum gambiense
in East Africa: chikoko, esereti, kigombe, lindadongo,
Stapf & Hubbard; Pennisetum gibbosum Stapf & Hubbard;
olobobo
Pennisetum leonis Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Pennisetum maiwa
in Southern Africa: Kikoejoe, Kikoejoegras, Kikujugras, Stapf & Hubbard; Pennisetum malacochaete Stapf et
Kikuyugras; tajoe (Sotho) Hubbard; Pennisetum nigritarum (Schltdl.) Dur. & Schinz;
Pennisetum perspeciosum Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Pennisetum
in Thailand: ya-khikhuyu
pycnostachyum (Steud.) Stapf & Hubbard; Pennisetum
Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb. (Gymnotrix flaccida (Griseb.) spicatum (L.) Körn.; Pennisetum spicatum (L.) Roem. &
Munro ex Aitch.; Gymnotrix flaccida (Griseb.) Munro ex Schult.; Pennisetum spicatum var. typhoideum Chiov.;
Aitch.; Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvelev; Pennisetum Pennisetum spicatum var. typhoideum (Rich.) T. Durand &
flaccidum Griseb. ex Roshev., nom. illeg., non Pennisetum Schinz; Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.;
flaccidum Griseb.; Pennisetum incomptum Nees ex Steud.) Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.) Stapf; Pennisetum typhoi-
des auct. non (Burm.) Stapf & C.E. Hubbard; Pennisetum
China, Nepal, Pakistan, India, Iran. Perennial bunchgrass,
typhoideum Rich.; Pennisetum typhoideum Rich. ex Pers.;
slender, erect, rhizomatous, deep rooted, hairy, purple stems,
Pennisetum typhoideum Delile; Pennisetum vulpinum (Müll.
narrow grey-green arching leaves, purplish plumes, montane
Berol.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; Setaria glauca Hack.; Setaria
grass, useful for erosion control, fodder and forage, graz-
glauca (L.) P. Beauv.; Setaria humifusa Dumort.; Setaria
ing and hay, eaten by Tibetan sheep and Tibetan cashmere-
imberbis (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.; Setaria lutescens (Weigel)
producing goats, common along field borders, in temperate
F.T. Hubb.; Setaria lutescens (Weigel ex Stuntz) F.T. Hubb.;
mountainous zones, high mountain steppe in temperate or
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.; Setariopsis glauca
subtropical zone, semi-arid rangelands of the Himalaya
(L.) Samp.)
See Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1(2): 105. 1854 [1855
Tropical and subtropical Africa. Annual, polymorphic, caes-
publ. 2–3 Mar 1854], Die geographische Verbreitung der
pitose, stout, robust, stiff, erect, dense spike-like inflores-
Pflanzen Westindiens 1865, Catalogue of the Plants of the
cence of bristly-involucrate spikelet clusters, young plants
Punjab and Sindh 163. 1869 and Flora Aziatskoj Rossii 6:
highly nutritious and very palatable, green fodder, very
77. 1914, The Color Encyclopedia of Ornamental Grasses:
drought-resistant, grows on poor sandy soils
Sedges, Rushes, Cat-tails, and Selected Bamboos 1999
See Species Plantarum 1: 56. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio
(Plant juice used as tonic.)
Decima 2: 1305. 1759, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus
in English: flaccid grass, meadow pennisetum Florae Capensis 27. 1768, Tableau Encyclopédique et
Méthodique … Botanique 1: 169. 1791, Descripción de las
in Nepal: dhimchi
Plantas 304. 1802, Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805, Enumeratio Plantarum
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (Alopecurus typhoides Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 1037. 1809, Prodromus
Burm.f.; Cenchrus spicatus (L.) Cav.; Cenchrus spicatus Florae Novae Hollandiae 1: 195. 1810, Essai d’une Nouvelle
(L.) Kuntze, nom. illeg., non Cenchrus spicatus (L.) Cav.; Agrostographie 51, 178. 1812, Hortus Bengalensis, or a cat-
Chaetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn.; Chaetochloa glauca var. alogue … 7. 1814, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 498–499. 1817,
purpurea Farw.; Chaetochloa lutescens Weigel ex Stuntz; A Manual of Botany 346. 1840, Nomenclator Botanicus.
Chamaeraphis glauca (L.) Kuntze; Holcus spicatus L.; Editio secunda 2: 254. 1841, Bot. Zeit. 11: 660–661. 16
Ixophorus glaucus (L.) Nash; Panicum americanum L.; Sept. 1853, Linnaea 25(5): 561, 565. 1853, Agrostographiae
Panicum compressum Balb. ex Steud.; Panicum compres- Aegyptiacae Fragmenta 55. Torino 1853, Index Seminum
sum Biv.; Panicum flavescens Moench; Panicum flavum [Berlin] App. 26. 1855, Annales Botanicae Systematicae
Nees; Panicum geniculatum Lam.; Panicum glaucum L.; 6: 963. 1861, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 361. 1864, Handbuch des
Panicum glaucum Nees; Panicum holcoides Jacq.; Panicum Getreidebaus 1: 284. 1885, Revisio Generum Plantarum
imberbe Poir.; Panicum lutescens Weigel; Panicum pumi- 2: 767. 1891, Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 761, 785. 1894,
lum Poir.; Panicum spicatum (L.) Roxb.; Penicillaria cylin- Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 22(10): 423. 1895, Die
drica Roemer & Schultes; Penicillaria nigritarum Schltdl.; Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas 5B: 51. 1895, Bulletin, Division of
Penicillaria roxburghii A. Braun & Bouché; Penicillaria Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 4: 39.
Pennisetum Rich. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2827

1897, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 346. 1898 and Fl. in Guinea: ko mak, ko mek, madja, midjo, midjo preto, milho
Ceylon 5: 170. 1900, Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 79: preto, mutiri, sanyo, sunan, syongo, tengué, usuri, watyuri
52. 1907, Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Herbário Português
in Ivory Coast: gbujo, gnon, jho, jo, kee, kokwè, kplaa, nyoo,
4. Porto 1914, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of
soghla, wi
Plant Industry. Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported by
the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction 31: 36, in Kenya: erau, mawele, miwele, muwele, mwee, mwele,
86. 1914, Rhodora 18: 232. 1916, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 327. mwere, uwele
1931, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1933: in Malawi: machewere, muzundi, nashasha, nyauti, ucewere,
270–271, 291, 294. 1933, Flore de l’Afrique du Nord 1: 339. uchewere
1952, Grasses of Ceylon 155. 1956, Grasses of Burma …
350–351. 1960, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 8: 72. 1971, Feddes in Mali: abora, bechna, bishen, ebeno, eneli, heni, sanyo,
Repert. 83(9–10): 662. 1973, Agron. Trop. 28: 229–355. 1973, suna, sunan, tabenhaut
Taxon 25: 297–304. 1976, Amer. J. Bot. 64: 161–176. 1977, in Morocco: ânilî, îllân, anelli, besnâ, tafsût, duhn, gassab
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 124: 341. 1977, Econ. Bot. 31: 163–174.
1977, J. Cytol. Genet. 15: 51–57. 1980, Taxon 29: 713–714. in Niger: arroem, enalaey, ênelé, gawuri, gombé, haini, hamo,
1980, Botanical Gazette 143: 454–465. 1982, Acta Biol. hanyi kirey, hatchi, hatchui, hatsii, hayni, heeni
Cracov., Ser. Bot. 24: 159–189. 1982, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 68 in Nigeria: aawun, abaffi, abung, adlà, adò, agasse, akpe,
(12): 1683. 1983, Naturaliste Canad. 111: 447–449. 1984, J. akpoi, amar, aminne, argem, argem metà, argem morò, bajra,
Wuhan Bot. Res. 3(4): 409–412. 1985, Annali di Botanica be reekk yo, berikkio, bworong, cilihwo, damroo, dauroo,
45: 75–102. 1987, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects dawroo, dewro, dukhn, duwatu, dzuk, ebing, emeyè, esià, eye,
Pl. Sci. 11: 467–473. 1989, J. Cytol. Genet. 25: 140–143, gagar, geeron dan kaaruwà, gegebo, geeroo, gééròò, gééròn,
147–148. 1990, Cytologia 56: 559–566. 1991, Cytologia 58: gerwa, gey, gey sunang, gjoro, gyelo, gyero, gyewuro, gyora,
155–160. 1993, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden gyoro, gyorò, hul, idvù, igilo, iiyeenji, ikpee, inyè, ishina,
81(4): 775–783. 1994, Breeding Science 45: 157–161. 1995, iyadi, iyedi, iyo, izuk, jimi, joro, kapai, kyaasuuwaa, lahwè,
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 31(1): 37–40. 1996, Bot. lameto, lamuti, ligi, liji, maar, madariya, madiawa, mado,
Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(5): 98–101. 1996, Journal maexbi, maezbi, mageyè, mai, maiwàà, maka, mangun, mar,
of Cytology and Genetics 32(2): 155–157. 1997 marda, mardadin, mardu, marzi, matia, matiya, matiyà, mat-
tiye, mawi, mayi, mbe, mederey, medikici, mediya, medi-
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Grain flour in water said to be
yain, mèmè, mènè, mer, merda, merdà, mèrè, méré, metia,
excellent for diarrhea: grain flour soaked in water and applied
mewa, meywa, migà, misa, miwa, miyongo, modà, modo,
on scalp to kill lice; for bloated abdomen in children, crushed moor, moro, mudiya, muri, mutiri, mutiya, muula, muuoi,
grain mixed with spider web given orally; seeds of Setaria muxurin, mwodo, nduk, nsange, nsanje, nyem, nzaimo, oka
glauca ground and mixed with urine of goat and taken orally inari, oka mileti, okababa, okodu, okofu, ovofe, paalè, palè,
to cure syphilis. Grain used in hot climates. Plant tonic, use- pa tricur, sawa, sawi, seetu, sekete, shega, shekita, shetàà,
ful in diseases of heart and fevers. Cattle which eat this grass shibra, shong, shura, to tolo, totolo, tumbusu, uutewa, veeji,
can develop stomatitis.) weedetsu, wira, wushehara, xamzè, xamziku, xamzu, xanzo,
in English: African millet, bottle grass, bullrush millet, xinà, yadi, yari, yarin, yedi, yeeji, yemdi, yetura, yittawa,
bulrush millet, cat tail millet, cattail millet, cumboo millet, yogha, yowa, za, zà, zuk, zumya
glaucous bristle grass, horse millet, Indian millet, kaffir mil- in Senegal: balut, balkutabu, balutabu, bendah, deguerem,
let, pearl millet, pigeon grass, poko grass, pussy grass, red diembu, diimb, dora diemb, dugup, gatiah, gauri, gina,
dwarf millet, spiked millet, yellow bristle grass, yellow fox- kuya, mati, mutil, mutiri, nunkuru, nutil, pod, sanio, sanyo,
tail, yellow foxtail millet seguerem, suna, suno, tio tande, tioh, tomak
in Arabic: bechna, dukhn, liji, mattiye, sha’r el-far in Sierra Leone: dida, kpelenyo, kpenyo, kus kus, mutiri,
in Angola: masangu, massango liso, ohué, ohuwe, ohuwé, nyomui, sanyo, sene, soamdawomdo, soandlawomdo, sole,
omuhangu, paínço liso sule, ta sor, ta sur, tafeya, tefeye, teher kposuma, tenge, tengi
na, tengina
in Benin: likoun
in South Africa: babalagras, babala, kaffermanna koring,
in East Africa: machueri manna koring, pokogras
in Ethiopia: bultuc in Sudan: dukn
in Gambia: majo, sanyo, suno in Togo: adala, adalla, amala, amale, dowili, iyo, mise, miso,
naadu, nara, nyepe
in Ghana: adzago, atuko, chara, eujo, ewio, gbekui, isa locho,
isa nyi, iyu, kakpaa, kudurbi, likun, lu, màà, mupona, nara, in Upper Volta: ayam pumo, diwe, diwi, gawri, gawri ndaneeri,
ngmaa, nyu, shibras, yoii, za, za lia, za nyan, zalia, zanyan, zia gbègèlù, gbégélù, gmèè kan, mana furu, mela, mon, mutiri
2828 Pennisetum Rich. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in Yemen: dukhn pubirachis Berhaut; Pennisetum reversum Hack. ex Büttner;

Pennisetum secundiflorum (Fig. & De Not.) T. Durand &
in Yoruba: emeye, emeyè, mayi
Schinz)
in India: agradhanya, ankutt, baajaree, baajera, baajra, baajri,
Tanzania, Mauritania, India. Annual bunchgrass, rarely
bajira, bajra, bajra tangunanwa, bajri, ban kangni, ban kauni,
bandra, bandri, bandari ghas, barati (cultivated), bhadli perennial, leafy, usually herbaceous, well-branched from
(wild), bilikoriekhullu, bilikorla hullu, billi, bindra, bujera, the base, cottony whitish inflorescences, inner bristles of
bujra, cambu, chambu, chhinchra, cumbu, dhusa, dissi, gan- the involucre densely villous to fluffy, shade species, a valu-
telu, ganti, kambu, kambu hullu, kampam, kasajonar, kolaat, able soil stabilizer, invasive, often dominant on disturbed
kolia, koralaepullu, kotu, kukra, kukru, kuloo jara, kuluku, land, can become a noxious weed of cultivation, good forage
kunchi, kutta, kutta choti, lahra, lendha, mattari, naka kora, before flowering, very palatable to cattle and sheep
nakka korra, nakkakora, nali, nalika, neori, nilakana, nila- See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de
sasya, panhawa, pedda gantee, peddaganti, pingi-natchi, Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques,
pinginatchi, pohwa, sajaka, sajgure, sajja, sajjae, sajjae hullu, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles
sajjalu, sajje, sazza, sealnegri, sejji, siun, soma, thontwa, 3,1(2–3): 184. 1834, Flora 25(Beibl. 1, no. 9): 133. 1842,
vajraanna, varjari, varjarika, venupatrika, zipti ghass Flora 27: 252–253. 1844, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae …
in Sri Lanka: kambu 2: 386. 1850, Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 9: 878.
1851, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 21: 180. 1852,
in Vietnam: c[or] du[oo]i voi Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino,
Pennisetum macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin. (Gymnotrix ser. 2 14: 375–378. 1854, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum
macrostachys Brongn.; Pennisetum macrostachyum Benth., 1: 107. 1854, Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 778, 781, 784.
nom. illeg., non Pennisetum macrostachys (Brongn.) Trin.) 1894 and Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3):
314–315. 1908, Mémoires de la Société Botanique de France
East Indies. Perennial, clumped, creeping, stems broad and
1953: 10. 1954, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
strong, upright growing, stout, branched, leaves flat and
79(1): 62. 1979, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 15: 51–57.
sheathing, inflorescence in nodding panicles with pendu-
1980, Biol. Pl. 24: 13–19. 1982, Cytologia 51: 473–478. 1986,
lous flower heads, bristles not plumed, inflorescence purple-
Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 68: 295–299. 1989,
brown, resembles Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.,
Cytologia 54: 73–78. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics
found along streams and forest edge
25: 140–143. 1990
See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 44. 1827, Kongel.
Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 64. 1828, (For skin diseases, antibacterial. Magico-medico-religious
Voyage autour du Monde 2(2): 104, t. 11. 1830, Mémoires beliefs, contact therapy, roots of Vetiveria zizanioides and
de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. roots of Pennisetum pedicellatum tied around the neck of a
Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et pregnant woman and kept there till delivery.)
Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 3,1(2–3): in English: annual kyasuwa grass, barra grass, deenanth
177. 1834, Niger Flora 563. 1849 grass, dinanath grass, kayasuwa grass, kyasuma grass, kya-
(Young leaves and stem squeezed and the juice applied to suwa grass, matting grass, Nigeria grass, pennisetum
insect bites, to a centipede bite.) in India: dhaman, kolia chut, phalunga
in English: fountain grass, burgundy giant fountain grass, in Thailand: yaa khachon chop, ya kha chon chop, ya kha
giant burgundy fountain grass chon chop dok yai
in Papua New Guinea: kosi, weling in Africa: sadioussou, bara, chohow (Malinké), pouki
Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. (Eriochaeta densiflora Fig. (Poular)
& De Not.; Eriochaeta reversa Fig. & De Not.; Eriochaeta in Arabic: umm dufufu
secundiflora Fig. & De Not.; Pennisetum amoenum Hochst.
ex A. Rich.; Pennisetum araneosum Edgew.; Pennisetum den- in Gambia: barra
siflorum (Fig. & De Not.) T. Durand & Schinz; Pennisetum in Ghana: china
dillonii Steud.; Pennisetum implicatum Steud.; Pennisetum
intertextum Schltdl.; Pennisetum lanatum Ham. ex Wall.; in Mali: ngolo, ulunde, wolonde
Pennisetum lanuginosum Hochst.; Pennisetum lanugino-
in Niger: ankofa, borbotô, bulumbé, êboênoêwt, hargey,
sum var. majus Hochst.; Pennisetum notarisii T. Durand
hurâ, k’yasuwa, kissana, têboênoêwt, êggaboêrt, wulundé,
& Schinz; Pennisetum pedicellatum subsp. unispiculum
zenkey su nya
Brunken; Pennisetum pedicellatum var. amoenum (Hochst.
ex A. Rich.) Hochst. ex A. Rich. & Chiov.; Pennisetum pedi- in Nigeria: buuluude, esù, ferà, hura, huran giwa, ikpakpalà,
cellatum var. pallidum Chiov.; Pennisetum pedicellatum var. ilosun, kaafiiriimii, kaafiirimi, kamsuwa, kan suwa, kya
Pennisetum Rich. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2829

suwaa, suroja, tsat suwaa, ulunde, umm dufufu, vichu zeen, See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 870. 1759, Nova
wolonde, wuuluunde Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 26. 1788, Actes
de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 106. 1792,
in Senegal: bara, bob, dan, faf, fayfay, fof, ga, mbop, ngolo,
Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 4:
ulunde, wolonde
737. 1798, Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti
in Upper Volta: bogodollo, bogodollooji, kimbogo, ngolo Regii Berolinensis Altera 1031. 1809, Essai d’une Nouvelle
Agrostographie 51, 59, 169, 178. 1812, Hortus Bengalensis,
Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult (Cenchrus retusus or a catalogue … 7. 1814, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
Sw.; Cenchrus setosus Sw.; Gymnothrix geniculata Schult.; 1: 110, 113–114, t. 34. 1815 [1816], Encyclopédie Méthodique,
Gymnotrix geniculata Schult.; Gymnotrix polystachya (L.) Botanique Suppl. 4: 272–275. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium,
Sw. ex Trin.; Panicum barbatum Roxb., nom. illeg., non editio decima sexta 2: 495, 877. 1817, American Journal
Panicum barbatum Lam.; Panicum cauda-ratti Schumach., of Science 4: 58. 1822, Mantissa 2: 146–147, 284. 1824,
also cauda ratti; Panicum cenchroides Schumach.; Panicum Prodromus Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 11. 1825, De
cenchroides Lam., nom. illeg., non Panicum cenchroides Graminibus Paniceis 66. 1826, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske
Rich.; Panicum densispica Poir.; Panicum erubescens Willd.; planter 59–60. 1827, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis
Panicum fuscescens Willd. ex Nees; Panicum imberbe Poir.; 1: 215. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk.
Panicum imberbe var. purpurascens (Kunth) Döll; Panicum Math. Afh. 3: 79–80. 1828, Révision des Graminées 1: 49–50.
longisetum Poir.; Panicum longisetum Torr.; Panicum polys- 1829, Flora Brasiliensis seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 241,
tachion L.; Panicum subangustum Schumach.; Panicum trit- 261, 284–285. 1829, Révision des Graminées 1: 259. 1830,
icoides Poir.; Pennisetum alopecuroides Desv. ex Ham., nom. Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 316. 1830, Mémoires de la
illeg., non Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.; Pennisetum Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts d’Angers 1: 180. 1831,
alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.; Pennisetum amethystinum P. Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 297. 1841, Niger
Beauv.; Pennisetum barbatum Schult.; Pennisetum borboni- Flora 184, 564. 1849, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1:
cum Kunth; Pennisetum breve Nees; Pennisetum cauda- 105, 107. 1854, Flora Brasiliensis 2(2): 157, 306. 1877, Bulletin
ratti (Schumach.) Franch.; Pennisetum cenchroides Rich. de la Société Botanique de France 27: 293. 1880, Mexicanas
ex Pers.; Pennisetum ciliatum Parl. ex Hook.; Pennisetum Plantas 2: 49. 1886, Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins
dasistachyum Desv.; Pennisetum elegans Nees ex Steud.; für die Provinz Brandenburg und die angrenzenden Länder
Pennisetum erubescens (Willd.) Desv. ex Ham.; Pennisetum 31: 68. 1890 [or 1889], Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 787.
erubescens (Willd.) Link, nom. illeg., non Pennisetum eru- 1891, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 8:
bescens (Willd.) Desv. ex Ham.; Pennisetum flavescens J. 363. 1895, Contributions à la flore du Congo Français 52:
Presl; Pennisetum gabonense Franch.; Pennisetum genicu- 53, 360. 1896 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
latum (Poir.) Jacq.; Pennisetum gracile Benth.; Pennisetum Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40: (Anhang 70), t. 36. 1930, Bulletin
hamiltonii Steud.; Pennisetum hirsutum Nees; Pennisetum of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1933: 271. 1933, Grasses
indicum var. purpurascens (Kunth) Kuntze; Pennisetum of Ceylon 155. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 346, 348. 1960,
multiflorum E. Fourn.; Pennisetum nicaraguense E. Fourn.; Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 79(1): 51, 63. 1979,
Pennisetum pallidum Nees; Pennisetum pedicellatum Micronesica 18(2): 45–102. 1982 [1984], Fl. Novo-Galic.
sensu Senaratna; Pennisetum polystachion subsp. seto- 14: 113. 1983, Cytologia 54: 641–652. 1989, Journal of the
sum (Sw.) Brunken; Pennisetum polystachyum (L.) Schult.; Indian Botanical Society 68: 295–299. 1989
Pennisetum purpurascens Kunth; Pennisetum reversum (Leaves poultice applied to wounds.)
Hack. ex Büttner; Pennisetum richardii Kunth; Pennisetum
setosum (Sw.) Rich.; Pennisetum setosum var. breve (Nees) in English: barra grass, China grass, dryland Napier grass,
Döll; Pennisetum sieberi Kunth; Pennisetum stenostachyum feather pennisetum, feathery pennisetum, foxtail, golden
A. Peter; Pennisetum subangustum (Schumach.) Stapf & grass, matting grass, mission grass, thin Napier grass, West
C.E. Hubb.; Pennisetum tenuispiculatum Steud.; Pennisetum Indian pennisetum
triticoides (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.; Pennisetum uniflorum in French: queue de chat
Kunth; Setaria cenchroides (Rich.) Roem. & Schult.; Setaria
erubescens (Willd.) P. Beauv.; Setaria purpurascens Kunth) in India: naapear hullu, neepear hullu, sanna kaddi

Tropical Africa. Annual or perennial bunchgrass, polymor- in Laos: hnhaaz khachoon

phic, very variable, many-branched, tall, usually terrestrial, in Malaysia: rumput berus, rumput ekor kucing
large, tough, vigorous, many culms from one rootstock,
tufted to densely tufted, sometimes rooting at the lower in the Philippines Isl.: buntot-pusa, ikug-kuting
nodes, forming a dense tussock grassland, prolific seeder, in Thailand: yaa khachon chop, ya kha chon chop, ya kha
fodder and hay, good browsing for all stock before flow- chon chop dok lek, ya-khachonchop
ering, invasive ground cover, useful for erosion control,
in Vietnam: co’ duôi voi nho’
resembling Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. and Pennisetum
purpureum Schumach. in Africa: gbala (Malinké), pouki, puki (Poular)
2830 Pennisetum Rich. Poaceae (Gramineae)

in Arabic: umm dufufu Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … 552.

1864, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 6: 142. 1888, Die
in Angola: kinute
Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas 5(C): 105. 1895 and Denkschriften
in Gambia: barra, sano barra der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Math­
ematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 78: 400. 1905,
in Ghana: kyasuwa
Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 79: 45. 1907, Repertorium
in Guinea: atyeb lanet, kuli, puki, sabire, wolonde Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis (Beih.) 40: (Anhang
in Guinea-Bissau: feéta, féeta, mambinro 7), t. 35, f. 1.. 1930, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information
Kew 1933: 274. 1933, Flore de l’Afrique du Nord 1: 340–341.
in Mali: bara, bogo dolori, dansa, hulhuldé, ngolo, nkolo, 1952, Grasses of Ceylon 154. 1956, Grasses of Burma …
sapa, wolonde 348. 1960, Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
in Nigeria: achara nwankita, bulude, bulunde, bushi, fera, 69: 41. 1966, Fl. N.S.W. n. 19, Gramineae 2: 246–247. 1975,
hura, ilosun, inasua, kaafiriimii, kamsuwa, kan suwaa, kya Amer. J. Bot. 64: 161. 1977, Cytologia 54: 641–652. 1989,
suwaa, kya suwar fadama, kyamsuwaa, kyamsuwàà, ugbene Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 68: 295–299. 1989,
jinni, umm dufufu, wulunde Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143. 1990

in Senegal: ardièmba, bara, buludé, esulag (Leaves mild laxative, antiseptic, a poultice applied to bullet-
wounds, swellings, wounds; an infusion styptic. Inflorescence
in Sierra Leone: abalingi, akepkabera, alinki, fafwiya, fovo, ground and mixed with water drunk to arrest miscarriage. A
fovui, gbana lewu, gbanalevu, gongo le, gongo levu, gongo source of a medicinal salt. Root decoction given as diuretic,
levuhe, kpanaleuu, kpana levu, kuli, kulla, kulla khong- also for mumps and indigestion.)
bena, ngaile, ngoboina, ngongo, ngongo levu, ngongo levuha,
nguague, ngugu, ngungu, panyirakulla, sensendepo mbolen, in English: bush sugar cane, cow’s sugarcane, devil’s cane,
sensene musuma, turunya, yereme elephant grass, hippo’s corn, hippopotamus’s corn, hol-
low elephant’s grass, Merker, Merker grass, Merkergrass,
in Tanzania: embalakai Merkerr grass, Napier, Napier fodder, Napier grass,
in Upper Volta: bogodollo, bogodollooji, hihangon, kim Napier’s fodder, purple fountain grass, true elephant grass,
ubogo, kimbogo, kimogo, yakalo Uganda grass

in Yoruba: ilosun, inasua, irunmunu efon in Arabic: osheb el-feel

Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (Gymnothrix nitens in French: napier, fausse canne à sucre, herbe à éléphant,
Andersson; Gymnotrix nitens Andersson; Pennisetum ben- sissongo
thamii Steud.; Pennisetum benthamii var. nuda Hack.; in Italian: erba di napier, erba elefantina, penniseto rosso
Pennisetum benthamii var. sambesiense Hack.; Pennisetum
benthamii var. ternatum Hack.; Pennisetum blepharideum in Africa: capim de Rhodesia (Portuguese Africa); zinya-
Gilli; Pennisetum flavicomum Leeke; Pennisetum flexispica munga (former Rhodesia); sissongo (Cameroon), senjere
K. Schum.; Pennisetum gossweileri Stapf & C.E. Hubb.; (Malawi), kyambama, daawaar kadaa, yambama (Hausa),
Pennisetum lachnorrhachis Peter; Pennisetum macro- moloko (Poular), tienghiéo (Kissi), mabingobingo (Swahili),
stachyum Benth., nom. illeg., non Pennisetum macrostachys hoyen (Guerzé), bô, gbô (Malinké), eesun, eesun funfun,
(Brongn.) Trin.; Pennisetum nitens (Andersson) Hack.; eesun pupa, iken, esisun, eesu (Yoruba)
Pennisetum palescens Leeke; Pennisetum pruinosum Leeke; in Angola: madeanga, marianga
Pennisetum purpureum subsp. benthamii (Steud.) Maire &
Weiller; Pennisetum purpureum subsp. eupurpureum Maire in Benin: djissouvè, essounsoun kpikpa, fan vovo, hênouvè
& Weiller; Pennisetum purpureum subsp. flexispica (K.
in Cameroon: bekoko, besong, makoko, sosom, sosom e
Schum.) Maire & Weiller)
nyak, sosom e yak
Tropical Africa, Ghana. Perennial bunchgrass, semi-aquatic,
in Congo: iangala a moome, maangala ma meome
bamboo-like or cane-like, tall to giant, robust, erect or
decumbent, stoloniferous or shortly rhizomatous, forming in Ghana: adai, akoko ani, anan hwerew, elanke akanla, gla,
large clumps and impenetrable colonies by extensive tiller- hwedie
ing, young leaves eaten by local people, invasive weed spe-
in Ivory Coast: chelié, dia, dian voli, né
cies, very palatable and nutritious
in Malawi: nsenjere, senjere
See Beskrivelse af Guineiske Planter som ere fundne
af Danske Botanikere isaer af Etatsraad Thonning. 44. in Nigeria: achalà, acharà, acharà mili, awo, car, daawar
[Copenhagen 1828–29], Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. kadaa, dawar kadàà, epiri, eromo, fe, gawri ngabbu, iiliine,
Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 64. 1828, Niger Flora 563. 1849, ikpu, izai, izon usi, kyambama, kyambana, mbiit, mboko
Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 105. 1855 [1854], ekpò, mbokok ekpò, oghodogbo, ono, osi, toloore, toll ore,
Penstemon Schmidel Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae) 2831

tolloore, ukpò ukwu, usi, uwa nor, uwua nor, yambamaa, in English: Duncan grass, Natal grass, silky grass
yiwo
in Malawi: mapyopyombo, chipyombo
in Sierra Leone: a anwo, anlal, bush shuga ken, chengjo, fa,
in Nigeria: ali liya, aro ami ami, aro ani ani, fafewa, file,
fawa, ka staf, kulon na, kulu na, mbowi hei, molike, moloko,
furo kogo, garangautsa, kara kauji, karan kauji, karan kausa,
molokoyo, na, ngala, ngara, ngongoi, tamben
korkoro, kwarkwaroo, ufie, ukpafele
in Southern Africa: olifantsgras, mfufu; mufufu (Shona)
in Sierra Leone: fonfo folesekhe na, fonfonfole na, tenfeje,
in Yoruba: eèsun, eesun, eesun funfun, eesun pupa, iken, tonfojo
esisun, eesu
in Southern Africa: sygras; nsipi (Zulu)
in Togo: adà
in Upper Volta: himikon
in India: aane hullu, dappa naepear hullu
in Indonesia: rumput gajah
Penstemon Schmidel Scrophulariaceae
in Malaysia: rumput gajah (Plantaginaceae)
in the Philippines Isl.: buntot-pusa, darai, gulalay, handalaui, Greek pente ‘five’ and stemon ‘stamen’, alluding to the four
handalawi, lagoli fertile stamens and one staminode, see Acta Phys.-Med. Acad.
in Thailand: yaa nepia, ya nepia Caes. Leop.-Francisc. Nat. Cur. 8: App. 214. 1748, Species
Plantarum 2: 611–612. 1753, Icones Plantarum, Edition
in Vietnam: co’ duôi voi Keller 2. 1762 [dt. 1762; issued on 18 Oct 1763], Neogenyton
in Brazil: capim elefante 2. 1825, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants
4: 639–640. 1837, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
in Colombia: pasto elefante
Vegetabilis 10: 329. 1846, Synoptical Flora of North America
in Ecuador: paja elefante 2(1): 271. 1878 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20(9): 325–329,
331, 333–335. 1920, Sida 2(4): 339–340. 1966, American
in Mexico: elefante, gigante, merkerón, pasto elefante, zacate
Midland Naturalist 77: 4. 1967, Fl. Jap. (Iwatsuki et al., eds.)
elefante, zacate gigante
3a: 329. 1993.
in Spanish: el napier, el napier morado, gigante, hierba ele-
Penstemon acuminatus Douglas ex Lindl. (Penstemon acu-
fante, merker, mott, pasto elefante, pasto napier, supermer-
minatus Douglas; Penstemon acuminatus Douglas ex Lindl.
ker, yerba elefante
var. acuminatus)
in Micronesia: napier grass, pukso
North America. Perennial herb
Pennisetum unisetum (Nees) Benth. (Beckera dioica Nees;
See Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: t. 1285. 1829 and
Beckera glabrescens Steud.; Beckera uniseta (Nees) Nees
American Midland Naturalist 83: 362. 1970
ex Hochst.; Beckera uniseta (Nees) Steud., nom. illeg., non
Beckera uniseta (Nees) Nees ex Hochst.; Beckeropsis uni- (Plant decoction analgesic, emetic, stomachic, for stomach
seta (Nees) K. Schum.; Beckeropsis uniseta (Nees) Stapf pain, colic. Leaves infusion emetic.)
ex Robyns, nom. illeg., non Beckeropsis uniseta (Nees) K.
in English: sharpleaf penstemon
Schum.; Gymnotrix uniseta Nees; Pennisetum kirkii Stapf)
Penstemon ambiguus Torr. (Leiostemon ambiguus (Torr.)
Tropical and South Africa, Arabia, Yemen. Perennial, robust,
Greene; Penstemon ambiguus Torr. var. ambiguus)
erect, tufted, rhizomatous, scrambling, branched, hollow
culms, grain eaten as a cereal and used for the production North America. Perennial herb
of a beer, fodder for cattle while still young, grains and pith
See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York
eaten by chimpanzees, similar to Pennisetum procerum,
2: 228. 1827 and Leaflets of Botanical Observation and
sometimes included in Beckeropsis Fig. & De Not.
Criticism 1(18): 223. 1906, Phytologia 56(1): 55–60. 1984
See Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Mono­
(Plant decoction analgesic, emetic, stomachic, for stomach
graphicae 66. 1841, Linnaea 16(2): 219. 1842, Flora 27:
pain, colic; poultice of plant applied to eagle bites. Leaves
512. 1844, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 117. 1854,
infusion emetic. Veterinary medicine, for livestock, plants
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 19: 47, 49. 1881,
disinfectant, as fumigant for snakebites. Ceremonial.)
Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas 5(8): 52. 1895, Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1897: 286. 1897 and Bull. in English: gilia beardtongue
Jard. Bot. Bruxelles 9: 199. 1932
Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth (Chelone barbata Cav.;
(Stomachic, antibacterial.) Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Nutt., nom. illeg.; Penstemon
2832 Penstemon Schmidel Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)

barbatus (Cav.) Roth subsp. barbatus; Penstemon barbatus (Stems and leaves applied on sores, cuts and wounds. Bark
(Cav.) Roth var. puberulus A. Gray) decoction taken for stomach troubles. Root decoction taken
as a purgative, cathartic.)
North America. Perennial herb, narrow gray-green leaves,
slender bright red-scarlet irregular flowers in a long cluster, in English: yellow penstemon
small tuft of bright yellow hairs protruding from the long
Penstemon crandallii A. Nelson
stamens
North America.
See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 3: 22, pl. 242.
1795, Catalecta Botanica 3: 49. 1806, The Genera of North See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26(7): 354–355.
American Plants 2: 53. 1818 1899 and Phytochemistry. 39(6): 1391–1393. 1995
(Plant infusion or powder applied to burns; a decoction for (Verbascoside derivatives and iridoid glycosides.)
cough. Root decoction analgesic, stomachic, taken for men-
Penstemon deustus Douglas ex Lindl.
strual pain and stomachache. Veterinary medicine, plant
poultice applied to sheep for fractured legs.) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub, woody-based, clus-
tered stems, sharply toothed leaves, white-pink tubular flowers
in English: beardlip penstemon, golden-beard penstemon
with leafy bracts and symmetrical halves, unpleasant smell
Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth subsp. torreyi (Benth.)
See Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: t. 1318. 1830 and
D.D. Keck (Penstemon barbatus var. torreyi (Benth.) A.
Madroño 39(2): 137–149. 1992
Gray; Penstemon torreyi Benth.)
(Plant decoction for swelling, colds, rheumatic aches, stom-
North America. Perennial herb
achache. Leaves poultice applied to infected sores, open
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10: sores, skin diseases, chapped and cracked skin, scabies,
324. 1846, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts ulcers, boils, mosquito bites, tick bites.)
and Sciences 6: 59. 1862 and Journal of the Washington
in English: hot rock penstemon, scabland penstemon
Academy of Sciences 29(11): 491. 1939, Phytologia 56(1):
55–60. 1984 Penstemon deustus Douglas ex Lindl. var. deustus
(Plant infusion diuretic. Magico-religious beliefs.) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
in English: Torrey’s penstemon See Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: t. 1318. 1830 and
Madroño 39(2): 137–149. 1992
Penstemon campanulatus (Cav.) Willd. (Chelone campanu-
lata Cav.; Penstemon campanulatus Willd.) (Plant decoction for swellings, colds, rheumatic aches, stom-
achache. Leaves poultice applied to infected sores, open
Mexico.
sores, skin diseases, chapped and cracked skin, scabies,
See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum [Cavanilles] 1: 18, ulcers, boils, mosquito bites, tick bites.)
t. 29. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow]
in English: scabland penstemon
3: 228. 1800 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319–416. 1973,
Pharmaceutical biology 49(2): 118–124. 2011 Penstemon eatonii A. Gray (Penstemon eatonii A. Gray
subsp. eatonii; Penstemon eatonii A. Gray var. eatonii)
(Used for their antiinflammatory effects, radical scavenging
activity, and also to reduce rheumatic pains.) North America. Perennial herb
Penstemon centranthifolius (Benth.) Benth. (Chelone cen- See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
tranthifolia Benth.) Sciences 8: 395. 1872
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub (Plant emetic, analgesic, hemostatic, used for spider bites,
burns, backache, stomach troubles; a poultice applied to
See Scrophularineae Indicae 7. 1835, Transactions of the
snakebites. Veterinary medicine, plant used for livestock
Horticultural Society of London, ser. 2, 1(6): 481. 1835 and
with colic. Ceremonial.)
Phytother. Res. 24(5): 778–781. 2010
in English: beardtongue, Eaton’s firecracker, Eaton’s penste-
(Plant poultice antibacterial, applied to infected sores, ulcers.
mon, firecracker penstemon
Ceremonial, ritual.)
Penstemon fendleri Torr. & A. Gray (Penstemon acumina-
in English: scarlet bugler
tus var. fendleri (Torr. & A. Gray) M.E. Jones)
Penstemon confertus Douglas ex Lindl.
North America. Perennial herb
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
See Reports of explorations and surveys: to ascertain the
See Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1260. 1829 most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the
Penstemon Schmidel Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae) 2833

Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direc- var. gracilis (Nutt.) Trautv.; Penstemon glaucus Graham;
tion of the Secretary of War 2(1): 168, pl. 5. 1857 [Pacific Penstemon gracilis Nutt. var. gracilis; Penstemon pubescens
Railr. Rep. 2, Pt. 4, Bot. (Pope) 168. 1857] and Brittonia Aiton var. gracilis (Nutt.) A. Gray)
35(3): 232–238. 1983
North America. Perennial herb
(Plant used for sores, cuts, wounds and arrow wounds.)
See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 52. 1818,
in English: Fendler’s penstemon Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 2:
813. 1825, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de
Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene (Penstemon frutico-
St-Pétersbourg 5: 345. 1839, Proceedings of the American
sus (Pursh) Greene var. fruticosus)
Academy of Arts and Sciences 6: 69. 1862 and Taxon 31(2):
North America. Perennial subshrub 344–360. 1982
See Pittonia 2(11C): 239. 1892 (Roots used against snakebite.)
(Emetic, antirheumatic, analgesic, for headache, gastroin- in English: lilac penstemon
testinal disorders, kidney troubles, skin diseases, arthritis, Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. (Penstemon bradburii Pursh;
colds and cough, sore eyes, as a poultice for broken bones. Penstemon bradburyi Pursh)
Ceremonial, love charm. Veterinary medicine, used for skin
diseases.) North America. Perennial herb
in English: bush penstemon See Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected in
Upper Louisiana 64. 1813, Flora Americae Septentrionalis;
Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene var. scouleri (Douglas or, … 2: 738. 1814[1813] and Brittonia 35(3): 232–238. 1983
ex Lindl.) Cronquist (Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene
subsp. scouleri (Lindl.) Pennell & D.D. Keck; Penstemon (Analgesic, decoction of roots used for chest pains.)
fruticosus (Pursh) Greene var. scouleri (Lindl.) Cronquist; in English: large beard-tongue, large beardtongue, large-
Penstemon scouleri Douglas ex Lindl.; Penstemon scouleri flowered beard-tongue, northeastern beardtongue
Lindl.)
Penstemon jamesii Benth. (Penstemon brevibarba-
North America. Perennial subshrub tus Crosswh.; Penstemon jamesii Benth. subsp. typicus
See Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 3: 765. 1951, D.D. Keck)
Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest 4: 385. 1959 North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
(Decoction of stems, flowers and leaves used as a wash for See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 10:
inflamed eyes, kidney troubles.) 325. 1846 and Brittonia 35(3): 232–238. 1983
in English: littleleaf bush penstemon (Emetic, analgesic, for headache, sore throat. Ceremonial.)
Penstemon gentianoides (Kunth) Poir. (Chelone gentia- in English: James’ beardtongue
noides Kunth; Penstemon gentianoides (Kunth) G. Don;
Penstemon gentianoides (Kunth) Lindl.; Penstemon gentia- Penstemon laetus A. Gray (Penstemon laetus A. Gray subsp.
noides Kunth; Penstemon gentianoides Lindl.; Penstemon laetus; Penstemon laetus A. Gray var. laetus)
gentianoides Poir.; Penstemon skutchii Straw) North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
Mexico. See Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 7:
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.] 147. 1859
2: 363–364, t. 172. 1818, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (Plant infusion for hysteria, madness, sadness, depression.)
[Second edition] [F. Cuvier] 38: 385. 1825, Edwards’s
Botanical Register 24: t. 3. 1838, A General History of the in English: beardtongue, mountain blue penstemon
Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 639. 1838 and Boletín de la Sociedad Penstemon laevigatus Aiton (Penstemon laevigatus Soland.;
Botánica de México 27: 13–14, f. 6. 1962, J. Agric. Food Chem. Penstemon penstemon (L.) Britton)
53(15): 5889–5895. 2005, Phytochemistry. 68(13): 1762–1766.
North America. Perennial herb
2007, Pharmaceutical biology 49(2): 118–124. 2011
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 361. 1789
(Extracts of the aerial parts used for their antiinflamma-
tory effects, antioxidant, radical scavenging activity, and (Plant infusion stomachic, for colic, cramps, stomachache.)
also to reduce rheumatic pains, migraine and headache.
in English: eastern smooth beardtongue
Pensteminoside from the aerial parts.)
Penstemon linarioides A. Gray
Penstemon gracilis Nutt. (Chelone gracilis (Nutt.) Spreng.;
Chelone gracilis Spreng.; Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
2834 Penstemon Schmidel Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)

See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … in English: thickleaf beardtongue
Botany 2(1): 112. 1859 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Penstemon palmeri A. Gray (Penstemon palmeri A. Gray
Club 64(6): 375. 1937, Taxon 35: 197. 1986
subsp. typicus D.D. Keck; Penstemon palmeri A. Gray
(Plant decoction as a postpartum remedy.) var. palmeri)
in English: toadflax penstemon North America. Perennial herb
Penstemon linarioides A. Gray subsp. coloradoensis (A. See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Nelson) D.D. Keck (Penstemon coloradoensis A. Nelson) Sciences 7: 379. 1868 and American Midland Naturalist 18:
797. 1937, Taxon 33: 351–354. 1984
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
(Whole plant made into a paste applied to snakebite sores.)
See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary …
Botany 2(1): 112. 1859, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club in English: Palmer’s penstemon
26(7): 355. 1899 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Penstemon richardsonii Dougl. ex Lindl. (Penstemon rich-
64(6): 375. 1937, Taxon 35: 197. 1986 ardsonii Douglas ex Lindl. var. richardsonii)
(Plant decoction to facilitate labor and delivery of placenta, North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
postpartum remedy.)
See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 13: pl.
in English: Colorado penstemon, toadflax penstemon 1121. 1828
Penstemon mucronatus N.H. Holmgren (Penstemon pachy- (Plant infusion taken for typhoid. Crushed leaves made into a
phyllus var. mucronatus (N.H. Holmgren) Neese) paste applied to sores, ulcers, wounds.)
North America. in English: Richardson’s penstemon
See Brittonia 31(2): 234–236, f. 10, 12. 1979, Great Basin Penstemon rostriflorus Kellogg (Penstemon bridgesii A.
Naturalist 46(3): 460. 1986, Phytochemistry. 49(8): 2413– Gray; Penstemon bridgesii A. Gray var. amplexicaulis Monnet)
2415. 1998
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
(Transfused iridoid glycosides.)
See Hutching’s California Mag. 5(3): 102. 1860, Proc. Calif.
Penstemon nitidus Douglas ex Benth. (Penstemon nitidus Acad. Sci. 2: 15. 1863, Proceedings of the American Academy
Douglas) of Arts and Sciences 7: 379. 1868 and Contributions from the
United States National Herbarium 20(9): 327, 335. 1920
North America.
(Poultice of mashed roots applied to bone fracture.)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
10: 323. 1846 and Flora of the Rocky Mountains 770, 1066. in English: Bridge penstemon
1917, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Planta Med. 57(2): 184– Penstemon secundiflorus Benth.
186. 1991
North America.
(Iridoid Glucosides from the leaves.)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
in English: smooth blue beardtongue 10: 325. 1846 and Sida 13: 241–250. 1988, Phytochemistry.
Penstemon ovatus Douglas 49(6):1605–1608. 1998

North America. (Iridoid glycoside biosynthesis, transiridoid glycoside.)

See Botanical Magazine 56: t. 2903. 1829 and Planta Med. Penstemon serrulatus Menzies ex Rees (Penstemon serru-
61(1): 82–83. 1995 latus Menzies)

(Iridoid glucosides from the aerial parts.) China, North America.

Penstemon pachyphyllus A. Gray ex Rydb. (Penstemon niti- See The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 26:
dus Douglas ex Benth. var. major Benth.; Penstemon pachy- Penstemon no. 5. 1813, Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 2: 95. 1837
phyllus A. Gray ex Rydb. var. pachyphyllus) and Taxon 31: 764–765. 1982, J. Nat. Prod. 55(1): 58–63.
1992, J. Nat. Prod. 62(1): 127–129. 1999
North America. Perennial herb
(Iridoids. Phenylpropanoid glycosides, penstemide and serru-
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) latoloside, penstemide aglycone and serrulatoloside aglycone.)
10: 323. 1846 and Flora of the Rocky Mountains 770, 1066.
Penstemon utahensis Eastw. (Penstemon eastwoodiae A.
1917, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982
Heller, nom. illeg.; Penstemon glaber Pursh var. utahensis S.
(Hunting ritual, ceremonial.) Watson; Penstemon utahensis (S. Watson) A. Nelson)
Pentacalia Cass. Asteraceae 2835

North America. Perennial herb Angola, Cameroon, Gabon. Perennial non-climbing tree,
irregular bole, inflorescence a terminal or axillary panicle,
See Zoë 4(2): 124–125. 1893, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
whitish fragrant flowers, woody reddish brown explosively
Club 26(5): 242. 1899 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany
dehiscent pods, smooth reddish brown seeds, edible oil from
1(1): 4. 1900, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 36(12):
the seeds
688. 1909
See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 1: 20. 1900, Veg.
(Ceremonial, ritual.)
Ut. Afr. Trop. Franc. 9: 193. 1917, Plantes Medicinales et
in English: Utah penstemon Phytotherapie 19(2): 75–83. 1985, Phytochemistry 42(2):
501–504. 1996
Penstemon virgatus A. Gray
North America. Perennial herb (Bark sap as eye drops to treat filariasis. Bark anthelmintic,
antifungal, a decoction to treat respiratory troubles, sterility,
See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … tuberculosis, genitourinary complaints, applied externally
Botany 2(1): 113. 1859 and Taxon 36: 497. 1987 against rheumatism; root bark to treat hemorrhoids, malaria
(Whole plant stimulant, tonic, postpartum remedy.) and epilepsy. Leaves decoction taken for stomachache and
colds.)
in English: upright blue beardtongue
in Cameroon: ebaye, ebaye bekwe
in Congo: nabo
Pentacalia Cass. Asteraceae
in Gabon: engona, mpasse
From the Greek pente ‘five’ and kalia ‘wooden, dwelling,
hut, barn’, see Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second in Zaire: elai
edition] 48: 461. 1827. Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze (Acacia aspidi-
Pentacalia vaccinioides (Kunth) Cuatrec. (Cacalia glabrata oides G. Mey.; Acacia macroloba Willd.; Cailliea macro-
Kunth; Cacalia vaccinioides Kunth; Microchaete vacci- stachya Steud.; Entada werbaena C. Presl; Entada wrbaena
noides (Kunth) Benth.; Monticalia vaccinioides (Kunth) C. C. Presl; Mimosa macroloba (Willd.) Poir.; Pentaclethra
Jeffrey; Psacalium glabratum (Kunth) DC.; Psacalium vac- brevifila Benth.; Pentaclethra brevipila Benth.; Pentaclethra
cinioides (Kunth) DC.; Senecio vaccinioides (Kunth) Sch. filamentosa Benth.; Pentaclethra macroloba Kuntze)
Bip. ex Wedd.) Tropical South America. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub,
South America. white flowers
See Species Plantarum 2: 866–872. 1753, Nova Genera et See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners
Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 126, tab. 358. 1820[1818], Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1: Acacia. 1754,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 335. Familles des Plantes 2: 318, 554. 1763, Species Plantarum.
1837, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 210. 1845, Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 1054[1060–1061]. 1806,
Chloris Andina 1(3): 99, t. 20a. 1855[1856] and Phytologia Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément
49(3): 241–260. 1981, Kew Bulletin 47(1): 73. 1992, Novon 3: 2(1): 66. 1811, G.F.W. Meyer, 1782–1856, Primitiae Florae
284–301. 1994 Essequeboensis … 165. Gottingae 1818, Florae Senegambiae
Tentamen 239. 1832, Journal of Botany, being a second
(Plant chewed for toothache.)
series of the Botanical Miscellany 2(11): 127–128. 1840,
in Ecuador: cubilan Flora 26(45): 759–760. 1843, Abhandlungen der Königlichen
Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 566. 1851,
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 201. 1891
Pentaclethra Benth. Fabaceae
(Toxins. Bark antiseptic, emetic, a decoction used to bathe
(Leguminosae, Mimosaceae, Parkieae) ulcers, also a remedy for snakebites, especially from Labaria
Greek pente ‘five’ and kleis ‘lock, key’ (kleio ‘to close, to shut’); and Morabana; juice from fresh inner bark applied on cuts
Greek klethra ‘the alder’; see Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. and bruises to stop bleeding.)
Ser. 18(2): 487–559. 1937, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
in South America: abarkasa-dek, arabakasa-yek, gavilán,
Garden 37(2): 184–314. 1950, J. Vivien & J.J. Faure, Arbres
koro-balli, pao choca, pracaxi, trysil
des Forêts denses d’Afrique Centrale. Agence de Coopération
Culturelle et Technique. Paris 1985, Y. Tailfer, La Forêt dense Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. (Harpalyce macrocarpa
d’Afrique centrale. CTA, Ede/Wageningen 1989. Britton & P. Wilson)
Pentaclethra eetveldeana De Wild. & T. Durand West and Central Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, often
(Pentaclethra filiciformis Bureau & A. Chev.; Pentaclethra crooked, gnarled and twisted, open crown, low branch-
lecomteana Pierre) ing, inflorescence a terminal or axillary panicle, strongly
2836 Pentadiplandra Baillon Capparaceae (Capparidaceae, Pentadiplandraceae)

honey-like scented flowers reddish-purple yellow-orange, in Liberia: blayhu, fai

dark brown woody linear-oblong pod explosively dehiscent,
in Nigeria: apagha, apaha, apara, kako, nkpa, okpagha,
roasted fruit eaten, seeds eaten boiled or roasted, edible oil
okpaghan, pala, ugba, ukana, ukpaghan, ukpakara
from the seeds
in Senegal: fara, kaligaan
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
523. 1825, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the in Sierra Leone: fava
Botanical Miscellany 2(11): 127–128. 1840, Journal of Botany,
being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany (Hooker)
4(30): 330. 1841 and Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club Pentadiplandra Baillon Capparaceae
16(2): 67. 1920, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 257– (Capparidaceae, Pentadiplandraceae)
263, 265–277. 1983, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 18:
Greek pente ‘five’, diploos ‘double’ and aner, andros ‘man,
257–266. 1986, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 42: 17–182.
stamen, male’, referring to the number and nature of sta-
1994, International Tree Crops Journal 8: 69–82. 1995,
mens, see Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de
Phytotherapy Research 13(4): 292–295. 1999, International
Paris 1: 611. 1886.
Journal of Food Microbiology 59: 235–239. 2000, Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 76: 263–268. 2001, Journal of Food, Pentadiplandra brazzeana Baill. (Cercopetalum dasyan-
Agriculture and Environment 2: 14–17. 2004, Biochemical thum Gilg; Pentadiplandra gossweileri Exell)
Systematics and Ecology 33(12): 1280–1282. 2005, Journal
Tropical Africa. Shrub, lianescent, aromatic, sweet berries
of Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 115: 387–408. 2008 See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 1:
611. 1886
(Leaf, stembark, seed and fruit pulp analgesic, wound dress-
ing, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic, to treat gonorrhea and (Bark root wash abortifacient.)
convulsions. Ripe fruits applied externally to heal wounds.
in Congo: bephanda, kikamu, kikuolo, ngama, nguza,
Bark aphrodisiac, stimulant, astringent, hypertensive, abortifa-
tshephanda
cient, for stomachache boil bark then drink or apply as enema,
acts as a purge; bark infusion for stomach pains, diabetes, for
easing pain of delivery; root bark laxative. Women burn seed
Pentagonia Benth. Rubiaceae
husk, pound into powder, powder rubbed to protect pregnancy
and from speedy delivery; crushed seeds for mastitis. Bark and Greek pente ‘five’ and gonia ‘an angle, corner’, referring to
leaves of Pentaclethra macrophylla used as fish poison mixed the divisions of the corolla, see The botany of the voyage
with Piptadenia africana (Piptadeniastrum africanum), of H.M.S. Sulphur 105–106, pl. 39. 1844, Revisio Generum
Strychnos icaja and Manilkara sp. Ceremonial, emotional.) Plantarum 1: 302. 1891 and Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium 17(5): 438. 1914, Fieldiana, Bot.
in English: African oil bean, atta bean, Congo acacia, oil-
24(11/1–3): 1–274. 1975, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
bean tree, owala oil, owala oil tree, wild locust
Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999.
in Cameroon: ba, balé, bali, bemba, ebae, ebal, ebaye, ebe,
Pentagonia brachyotis (Standl.) Standl. (Watsonamra
kombolo, kommott, mba, mbalaka, mbara, owala
brachyotis Standl.)
in Central African Republic: apara, balaba, bimpa, bobala,
Panama to Colombia.
eba, leba, mba, mbalaka, mbalanga, mobalaka, ogba, ukana
See The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 105,
in Congo: akourou, baala, beka, boala, bonga, essiri, kbeka,
pl. 39. 1844, Revisio Generum Plantarum 302. 1891 and
kihanzi, mabula, moubandzi, moukandzi, mouwaï, mpan-
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
dzou, mubala, mukandzi, muvey, mvanza, ngansi, nganzi,
17(5): 443. 1914, Journal of the Washington Academy of
nvandza, nzama, obala, ommbala, ompaï, onwoué, panza,
Sciences 17(7): 171. 1927
tshibamba, tshibambamba, tshibambabamba, vaanza
(Leaves and fruits infusion taken to purify the blood; the pulp
in Gabon: ébé, ebe, bembada, bombaha, dimbalo, m’vans,
around the seeds applied to fresh cuts. A magical potion.)
mbala, moulla-panza, mpanza, mubala, mupandji, muvandji,
muvemdji, muwandzi, mvala, obaa, obada, obala, ombala, in Panama: cuamtulo
onpai, ouala, ovala, owala
Pentagonia gigantifolia Ducke
in Ghana: akuamma, ata, ataa, atawa, ekuama, odenya, tsaklo
Peru.
in Guinea: kobhëla
See Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 5: 181. 1930
in Ivory Coast: aflamantan, alta, atabla, atta, dio, doroufou,
(Crushed bark juice drunk as a snakebite remedy.)
mbleg-bahla, niapoué zaoué, ovada, ovala, seredieu, zâ,
zaoué, zazé in Peru: painak
Pentanema Cass. Asteraceae 2837

Pentanema Cass. Asteraceae Tropical Africa 2: 608. 1932, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica
10(2): 179. 1965
From the Greek pente ‘five’ and nema ‘filament, thread’, see
Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1818: 74. 1818, Annales des (Fresh young twigs or roots used locally as abortifacient.
Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 17: 418. 1829. Roots and leaves for kidney, urinary and stomach troubles;
root decoction given in abortion and to cure fevers among
Pentanema cernuum (Dalzell) Ling (Inula cernua P.J. children; powdered root together with Madhuca longifo-
Bergius; Inula cernua (Dalzell) R.R. Stewart; Inula dalzellii lia taken to induce sterility in women; fresh roots chewed
Hand.-Mazz.; Vicoa cernua Dalzell) to relieve abdominal pain; root paste applied on wounds to
India. expel worms. Leaves decoction for dysentery. Veterinary
medicine, crushed root given to cow to treat indigestion.)
See Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonae Spei, …
288. 1767, The Bombay Flora … 126. 1861 and Notizblatt in India: bansirsa, berajora, bhat-sar, jangali sargyoiya,
des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem jimikipoo, onrka-phula-ba, rasnajadi, sabli, sonkadi,
13(120): 632. 1937, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 10(2): 180, themsibilans
adnot. 1965, Annot. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kashmir
753. 1972
Pentanisia Harvey Rubiaceae
(Root powder given for abortion. Flower juice taken as tonic,
stimulant.) From the Greek pente ‘five’ and anisos (a and isos ‘equal’)
‘unequal’, referring to the lobes of the calyx, see London
in India: chhoti surajmukhi Journal of Botany 1: 21. 1842, Flora 26: 70. 1843, Journal of
Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling (Inula indica L.; Vicoa indica the Linnean Society, Botany 21: 414. 1885, Catalogue of the
(L.) DC.; Vicoa indica Borkh.) African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853–61 1(2):
439. 1898 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 22: 163,
India. 259, 262, 265, 274. 1952.
See Species Plantarum 2: 881–884. 1753, Species Plantarum, Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Pentanisia ouranogyne
Editio Secunda 2: 1834. 1763, Annales des Sciences var. glabrifolia Cufod.; Pentanisia pentasiana Mattei)
Naturelles (Paris) 17: 418. 1829, A Numerical List of Dried
Specimens n. 2965, 2966. 1831, Contributions to the Botany Ethiopia to Tanzania.
of India 10. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni See London Journal of Botany 1: 21. 1842, Journal of Botany,
Vegetabilis 5: 474. 1836, Flora 25(1): 42. 1841, Tentamen British and Foreign 18: 4. 1880
Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 399. 1848 and Flora of West
Tropical Africa 2: 608. 1932, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica (Stomachic, astringent.)
10(2): 179. 1965 Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.)
(Whole plant decoction given to female to induce sterility; Walp. (Declieuxia prunelloides Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.;
plant powder given with water after menses for birth control; Declieuxia prunelloides Klotzsch; Declieuxia prunelloides
plant paste used in the treatment of fractured bone.) Eckl. & Zeyh.; Diotocarpus prunelloides (Klotzsch) Hochst.;
Diotocarpus prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.)
in India: bansirsa, berajora, bhat-sar, jangali sargyoiya, Hochst.; Diotocarpus prunelloides (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Hochst.;
jimikipoo, onrka-phula-ba, rasnajadi, sabli, sonkadi, Pentanisia prunelloides (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.; Pentanisia
themsibilans variabilis Harv. var. intermedia Sond.)
Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling var. indicum (Inula appen- Tanzania to S. Africa. Herbaceous perennial shrublet, trail-
diculata Wall., nom. nud.; Inula auriculata Wall., nom. ing to erect, stout hairy stems, woody tuberous fleshy carrot-
nud.; Inula indica L.; Inulaster hotschyi Sch. Bip. ex like rootstock, hairy leaves, purplish blue flowers in dense
Hochst., nom. nud.; Vicoa appendiculata DC.; Vicoa auric- terminal heads, closely related to Pentas lanceolata
ulata Cass.; Vicoa aurita DC.; Vicoa indica (L.) DC.; Vicoa
indica Borkh.) See Enumeratio Plantarum Africae Australis Extratropicae
363–364. 1837, London Journal of Botany 1: 21. 1842, Flora
China, India. 26: 70. 1843, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae 2: 941. 1843
See Species Plantarum 2: 881–884. 1753, Species Plantarum, (Plant antiseptic. Root decoctions taken or applied for burns,
Editio Secunda 2: 1834. 1763, Annales des Sciences swellings, rheumatism, heartburn, vomiting, fever, tooth-
Naturelles (Paris) 17: 418. 1829, A Numerical List of Dried ache, tuberculosis, snakebite and piles; crushed roots taken
Specimens n. 2965, 2966. 1831, Contributions to the Botany for acute diarrhea and stomach cramps. Fresh root chewed
of India 10. 1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni and swallowed to treat heartburn. Magic, ritual, woody
Vegetabilis 5: 474. 1836, Flora 25(1): 42. 1841, Tentamen tuber of Helichrysum platypterum mixed with the roots of
Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 399. 1848 and Flora of West Pentanisia prunelloides used as protection against evil.)
2838 Pentanura Blume Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae, Periplocaceae)

in English: broad-leaved pentanisia, hairy-leaves pentanisia, (Bark and shoots tonic, diuretic, for urinary tract infection.)
heartburn shrublet, wild verbena
in China: yu ye shen
in Lesotho: setima-mollo
in India: chindey
in Southern Africa: icimamlilo, icishamlilo, isiCimamlilo,
Pentapanax tomentellus (Franchet) C.B. Shang (Aralia
iRubuxa, sooibrandbossie (= heartburn shrublet)
tomentella Franch.)
Pentanisia schweinfurthii Hiern (Pentanisia crassifolia K.
China.
Krause; Pentanisia rhodesiana S. Moore; Pentanisia sch-
weinfurthii var. puberula Verdc.; Pentanisia sericocarpa S. See Journ. de Bot. 304. (16 Sept. 1896) and J. Nanjing Inst.
Moore; Pentanisia spicata S. Moore) Forest. 1985(2): 24. 1985
Tropical Africa. Small herbaceous plants, woody rootstock, (Stimulant.)
flowers bright sky blue-purple, used as vegetable
in China: ma chang zi shu
See Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 131. 1877 and Journal of
Botany, British and Foreign 40: 251–252. 1902, Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 39: 531. 1907, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign Pentapetes L. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)
46: 38, 76. 1908, Bull. Jard. Bot. État 22: 258. 1952 From the Greek pentapetes (see pentaphyllon, Theophrastus
(Stem and leaves for fevers and diarrhea. Succulent gelati- in HP. 9.13.5 and Dioscorides) ‘cinque-foil’, Latin quinque-
nous leaves stimulant, astringent, tonic, stomachic. Tuber folium, ii ‘a plant, cinque-foil’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species
used for stomach pains.) Plantarum. 698. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 310. 1754.
in Rhodesia: chezya Pentapetes phoenicea L. (Blattaria phoenicea (L.) Kuntze;
Brotera phoenicea (L.) Cav.)
India.
Pentanura Blume Asclepiadaceae
(Apocynaceae, Periplocaceae) See Species Plantarum 2: 698. 1753, Anales Hist. Nat., 1(1):
34. 1799, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 76. 1891
From the Greek pente ‘five’ and oura ‘tail’, see Museum
Botanicum 1: 125. 1850, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Roots antibilious, for flatulence, stomachache. Flower paste
4(2): 221. 1895. given to cure abnormally heavy periodic flow. Mucilaginous
capsules for diseases of bowels, fruit decoction as an
Pentanura khasiana Kurz (Stelmatocrypton khasianum emollient.)
(Kurz) Baill.; Stelmocrypton khasianum (Kurz) Baill.;
Periploca khasiana Benth. & Hook. f., nom. nud.) in China: wu shi hua

India. Sometimes as Stelmatocrypton or Stelmocrypton in India: dopahariya, duphurephul, jal-dopaharia

See Genera Plantarum 2: 746. 1876, Forest Flora of British in Japan: goji-ka
Burma 2: 196. 1877, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne in Philippines: a las doce, flores de las doce
de Paris 2(102): 812. 1889, Histoire des Plantes 10: 300. 1890
(leaves infusion for malaria.)
Pentaphragma Wallich ex G. Don
in China: xu yao teng Pentaphragmataceae (Campanulaceae)
in India: jainiaphum Greek pente ‘five’ and phragma ‘a hedge, a fence’, five
members of the calyx, gynoecium separated from hypan-
thium by nectariferous pits, see A General History of the
Pentapanax Seemann Araliaceae
Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 731. 1834, Theoria Systematis
Greek pente ‘five’ and the genus Panax in the same family, Plantarum 95. 1858.
an allusion to the pistil; see Berthold Carl Seemann, in The
Pentaphragma begoniifolium (Roxb.) G. Don (Phyteuma
Journal of Botany. 2: 290, 294. (Oct.) 1864.
begoniifolium Roxb.)
Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC.) Seem. (Aralia leschenaultii
India, Malaysia.
(DC.) J. Wen; Pentapanax fragrans var. fragrans; Pentapanax
leschenaultii Seem.; Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC.) J. Wen) See Hort. Bengal. 85. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., 2:
108. 1824, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, 1: 505. 1832
China, India, Darjeeling. See also Aralia leschenaultii
(Poultice with the roots for swellings.)
See Prodr. 4: 254. 1830, J. Bot. 2: 296. 1864 and Brittonia
45: 53. 1993 Malay name: salang suwang
Pentaphylax Gardner & Champ. Pentaphylacaceae (Ternstroemiaceae) 2839

Pentaphylax Gardner & Champ. (Roots cooked into a gruel for stomachache, dysmenorrhea.)
Pentaphylacaceae (Ternstroemiaceae) in Rhodesia: munyashawa
Flowers pentamerous, gynoecium five-loculated, Greek Pentas schimperiana (A. Rich.) Vatke (Neurocarpaea
pente ‘five’ and phylax, phylakos ‘a guardian, protector’, thomsonii (Scott-Elliot) S. Moore; Pentas schimperana (A.
pentaphylakos ‘divided into five watches’, referring to five Rich.) Vatke; Pentas schimperi Engl.; Pentas schimperi
sepals protecting the flower bud, see Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Hochst. ex Engl., nom. illeg.; Pentas thomsonii Scott-Elliot;
Gard. Misc. 1: 244–246. 1849 and Plant Book 644. 2008. Phyllopentas schimperiana (A. Rich.) Kårehed & Bremer;
Pentaphylax euryoides Gardn. & Champ. (Pentaphylax Vignaldia schimperana A. Rich.; Vignaldia schimperiana
arborea Ridl.; Pentaphylax malayana Ridl.; Pentaphylax A. Rich.)
racemosa Merr. & Chun; Pentaphylax spicata Merr.) Trop. Africa.
China. Shrub or tree, dense crown, simple leaves spirally See Botanical Magazine 70: t. 4086. 1844, Tentamen
arranged, bisexual actinomorphic flowers, axillary spike- Florae Abyssinicae … 1: 357, 359. 1847, Linnaea 40: 192.
like inflorescences, fruits a woody dehiscent capsule, winged 1876, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. A: 92. 1895 and Fl. Parc Nat.
seeds laterally flattened Alb. 2: 327. 1947, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 23: 263, fig. 31/G,
See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 1: 245–246. 1849 and H & I. 1953, Upland Kenya Wild Fl. 404. 1974, F.T.EA.
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 38(266): 305. 1908, Rubiaceae 1: 187. 1976, Plant Systematics and Evolution
The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 5: 291. 1925, Sunyatsenia 149: 89–118. 1985
1(1): 66. 1930, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 19(1): (For malaria, fevers, dysentery, stomachache, kidney trou-
40–41. 1938 bles, vomiting.)
(Aluminium accumulator.) Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke (Pentanisia zanzibar-
in China: wu lie mu ica Klotzsch)
Uganda to Mozambique.

Pentas Benth. Rubiaceae See London Journal of Botany 1: 21. 1842, Botanical
Magazine 70: t. 4086. 1844, Reise Mossamb., Bot. 1: 286.
From the Greek pentas ‘a series of five’, pente ‘five’, referring 1861, Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 25: 232. 1875, Pflanzenw. Ost-
to the pentamerous flowers, see Bulletin du Jardin Botanique Afrikas C (1895) 210. 1895 and Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 23:
de l’État 23: 254. 1953, Taxon 56(4): 1076. 2007. Sometimes 319, fig. 33/A, B. 1953, Upland Kenya Wild Fl. 405. 1974,
as Phyllopentas or Dolichopentas. F.T.EA. Rubiaceae 1: 187, 195, 203. 1976, Bothalia 22(2):
Pentas longiflora Oliv. (Dolichopentas longiflora (Oliv.) 165. 1992
Kårehed & Bremer; Neurocarpaea longiflora (Oliv.) S. (For cerebral malaria, a cold infusion from a dry pow-
Moore; Pentas longiflora forma glabrescens Verdc.; Pentas dered mixture of aerial parts of the plant with aerial parts
longiflora var. nyassana Scott-Elliot) of Indigofera asparagoides Taub. (Microcharis asparagoi-
Trop. Africa. des (Taub.) Schrire), Antherotoma naudinii Hook. f., Cassia
gracilior (Ghesq.) Steyaert (Chamaecrista gracilior (Ghesq.)
See Genera Plantarum 196. 1789, Botanical Magazine 70: t. Lock). Dissotis brazzae Cogn., Justicia matammensis
4086. 1844, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, (Schweinf.) Oliv. (Justicia anselliana (Nees) T. Anderson.)
Botany 2: 335. 1887, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 433. 1896 and
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 157. 1905, Fl. in Tanzania: kashenda
Parc Nat. Alb. 2: 328. 1947, Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 23: 281–
282, fig. 32/D & I. 1953, Fl. Pl. Uganda ed. 2: 160. 1972,
Upland Kenya Wild Fl. 404. 1974, F.T.EA. Rubiaceae 1: 195. Pentasachme Wallich ex Wight Asclepiadaceae
1976, Plant Systematics and Evolution 149: 89–118. 1985, Fl.
Greek pentas ‘a series of five’, pente ‘five’ and akme ‘the
Zambes. 5(1): 70. 1989, Taxon 56(4): 1076. 2007
top, highest point’, referring to the nature of the flowers, see
(For malaria, fevers, vomiting.) Contributions to the Botany of India 60. 1834, A General
History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 159. 1837.
Pentas purpurea Oliv. (Neurocarpaea purpurea (Oliv.)
Hiern) Pentasachme caudatum Wallich ex Wight (Pentasachme
championii Bentham)
Tropical Africa.
China.
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 29: 83. 1873, Catalogue of the
African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853–61 1: See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
438. 1898 5: 54–55. 1853
2840 Pentaspadon Hook.f. Anacardiaceae

(All parts are used for the treatment of hepatitis, nephritis, the interior of that country, executed under the orders of the
conjunctivitis, sore throat and bronchitis.) British government, in the years 1809 and 1810; in which are
included, an account of the Portuguese settlements on the
in English: Champion pentasacme
east coast of Africa, visited in the course of the voyage; a
in China: shi luo mo concise narrative of late events in Arabia Felix; and some
particulars respecting the aboriginal African tribes, extend-
Malayan names: chermin hantu, serai ayer
ing from Mosambique to the borders of Egypt; together with
vocabularies of their respective languages. London, F.C.
and J. Rivington, 1814, Robert Wight, Contributions to the
Pentaspadon Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Botany of India. London 1834, Proceedings of the Linnean
From the Greek pente ‘five’ and spadon ‘eunuch’, referring to Society of London 1: 15. 1839, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 26: 145–147.
the five sterile stamens, see Trans. Linn. Soc. London 23(1): 1876 and Kew Bull. 10: 265–292. 1955.
168, t. 24. 1860 [after 1 Nov 1860]. Pentatropis capensis (L.f.) Bullock (Asclepias micro-
Pentaspadon motleyi Hook.f. (Pentaspadon minutiflora phylla Roth ex Schult.; Colostephanus capensis (L.f.) Harv.;
B.L. Burtt; Pentaspadon moszkowskii Lauterb.; Pentaspadon Cynanchum capense L.f.; Cynanchum capense R. Br.;
officinalis Holmes ex King) (after the British plant collector Cynanchum capense Sieber ex Decne.; Cynoctonum capense
James Motley, d. 1859, civil engineer and botanist in Malaysia (L.f.) E. Mey.; Pentatropis microphylla Wall., nom. nud.;
and Borneo, co-author with Lewis Llewellyn Dillwyn (fl. Pentatropis microphylla (Roth ex Schult.) Wight & Arn.;
1855) of Contributions to the natural history of Labuan, and Vincetoxicum capense (L.f.) Kuntze; Vincetoxicum capense
the adjacent coasts of Borneo. London 1855. See John H. (L.f.) Schltr.)
Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 520. 1965; India, Pakistan.
I.H. Vegter, Index Herbariorum. Part II (4), Collectors M.
Regnum Vegetabile vol. 93. 1976) See Supplementum Plantarum 168. 1782, Memoirs of the
Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 46. 1810, Systema
Malaysia, Borneo. Trees, white latex, glabrous leaflets, Vegetabilium 6: 85. 1820, Contributions to the Botany
creamy white bisexual flowers, ovoid to oblong fruits of India 52. 1834, Commentariorum de Plantis Africae
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 23(1): 168. 1860 Australioris 216. 1838, The genera of South African plants,
arranged … 417. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
(Oil for treating skin diseases.) Regni Vegetabilis 8: 612. 1844, A Numerical List of Dried
in English: white pelong tree Specimens n. 8213. 1847, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 424.
1891, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in Malaysia: empelanjau, emplangau, kedondong, kedondong schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20(Beibl. 51): 6. 1895,
kijau, lakacho, pelajau, pelajoh, pelong, pelong licin, pilajau, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 34: 457. 1896 and
plajau, umit, uping Kew Bulletin 10: 284. 1955
Pentaspadon officinalis Holmes (Pentaspadon officinalis (Bark decoction given to cure abdominal disorders; leaves
Holmes ex King) and bark for ulcers, sores, wounds.)
Malaysia. Trees in India: dodhiyal, surjavel
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 23: 168. 1860, J. Asiat. Soc. in Pakistan: parparam
Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 65(3): 499. 1896
Pentatropis nivalis (J.F. Gmelin) D.V. Field & J.R.I. Wood
(The oleoresin is black and greatly irritant to the skin. Oil (Asclepias forskalii Roem. & Schult.; Asclepias nivalis J.F.
from bark used for skin diseases.) Gmel.; Asclepias nivea Forssk., nom. illeg., non Asclepias
in English: white pelong tree nivea L.; Pentarrhinum fasciculatum K. Schum.; Pentatropis
cynanchoides R. Br.; Pentatropis cynanchoides R. Br. var.
in Malaysia: empelajau, pelajau, pelanjau, pelong, plajau, longepetiolata Engl.; Pentatropis cynanchoides R. Br.
toei-na, toei-nam var. senegalensis (Decne.) N.E. Br.; Pentatropis fascicula-
in Vietnam: vi h[uf]ng trung tus (K. Schum.) N.E. Br.; Pentatropis hoyoides K. Schum.;
Pentatropis madagascariensis Decne.; Pentatropis rigida
Chiov.; Pentatropis senegalensis Decne.; Pentatropis spiralis
Pentatropis R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. auct., sensu Decne. et auct. mult.; Tylophora cirrosa Asch.)
Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) India. Undershrubs
Greek pente ‘five’ and tropis, tropidos ‘a keel’, referring See Species Plantarum 1: 214–217. 1753, Flora Aegyptiaco-
to the corona lobes, the flowers having five keels; see Salt, Arabica 51. 1775, Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia,
Henry (1780–1827), A voyage to Abyssinia: and travels into aucta, reformata 444. 1792, Contributions to the Botany of
Pentodon Hochst. Rubiaceae 2841

India 52. 1834 and Proc. Linn. Soc. London 148: 64. 1936, (Roots infusion used for malaria. Leaves for rheumatism.)
Kew Bulletin 38(2): 215, 219. 1983
in Kenya: loupe
(Leaves for asthma and inflammation.)
Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. & Thonn.) Vatke var.
Pentatropis spiralis (Forssk.) Decne. (Asclepias spiralis pentandrus (Hedyotis halei Torr. & A. Gray; Hedyotis
Forssk.; Blyttia spiralis (Forssk.) D.V. Field & J.R.I. Wood; laxiflora (Benth.) Walp.; Hedyotis macrophylla Lepr. &
Pentarrhinum fasciculatum K. Schum.; Pentatropis cynan- Perrott ex DC., nom. inval.; Oldenlandia halaei A. Wood;
choides R. Br.; Pentatropis cynanchoides var. senegalensis Oldenlandia halei (Torr. & A. Gray) Chapm.; Oldenlandia
(Decne.) Decne.; Pentatropis fasciculatus (K. Schum.) N.E. laxiflora Benth.; Oldenlandia macrophylla DC.; Oldenlandia
Br.; Pentatropis hoyoides K. Schum.; Pentatropis madagas- succulenta C. Wright ex Griseb.; Pentas thonningii Walp.;
cariensis Decne.; Pentatropis nivalis (J.F. Gmel.) D.V. Field Pentodon abyssinicus Hochst.; Pentodon halei (Torr. & A.
& J.R.I. Wood subsp. madagascariensis (Decne.) Liede & Gray) A. Gray)
Meve; Pentatropis rigida Chiov.; Pentatropis senegalensis
Africa, Guinea, Ghana, Arabian Pen.
Decne.; Tylophora cirrosa F. Asch.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 101–102, 119. 1753, Nova Genera
East Africa.
Plantarum 2: 36. 1782, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter
See Species Plantarum 1: 214–217. 1753, Flora Aegyptiaco- 71–72. 1828, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk.
Arabica 49. 1775, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 460. Math. Afh. 3: 91–92. 1828, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
1810, A Voyage to Abyssinia, and travels into the … App. Regni Vegetabilis 4: 427. 1830, A Flora of North America:
64. 1814, Contributions to the Botany of India 52. 1834, containing … 2(1): 42. 1841, Flora 27: 552. 1844, Repert.
Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris 199–200. Bot. Syst. 6: 58. 1846, Niger Fl.: 404. 1849, Ann. Bot. Syst.
1838 [1837], Magazine of Zoology and Botany 2: 420. 1838, 2: 772. 1852, Flora of the southern United States 181. 1860,
Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 2(9): Class-book Bot., ed. 1861: 404. 1861, Catalogus plantarum
327–328, t. 11E. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni cubensium … 285–286. 1866, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 231. 1875,
Vegetabilis 8: 536. 1844, Beitrag zur Flora Aethiopiens … Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 28. 1884
132. 1867, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 26: 145–
(Leaves laxative, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, for pains,
147. 1876, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 323. 1895 and rheumatism, eye sores, conjunctivitis.)
Flora of Tropical Africa 4(1): 381. 1902, Resultati Scientifici
della Missione Stefanini-Paoli nella Somalia Italiana 1:
114–5. 1916, Kew Bulletin 10: 265–292. 1955, Kew Bulletin
38(2): 215, 219. 1983, Adansonia, Sér. 3 23(2): 348. 2001
Peperomia Ruíz & Pavón
Piperaceae (Peperomiaceae)
(Antiinflammatory.)
Greek peperi ‘pepper’ and homoios, homios ‘resembling’;
see Ruíz & Pavón, Flora peruvianae, et chilensis prodro-
mus. Madrid 1794, Flora 1: 30, t. 45, f. a. 1798 and Annals
Pentodon Hochst. Rubiaceae
of Botany. Oxford 21(82): 147–150, 152, 156. 1907, Ann.
From the Greek pente ‘five’ and odous, odontos ‘a tooth’, see Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(1): 1–120. 1950, Fieldiana, Bot.
Flora 27: 552. 1844. 24(3): 228–337. 1952, Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953, Ciencia
(Mexico) 27(1): 19–26. 1969, Fieldiana, Bot. 35: 5–218. 1971,
Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. & Thonn.) Vatke (Hedyotis
Flora Vitiensis Nova 2: 75. 1981, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri
pentandra Schumach. & Thonn.; Oldenlandia pentandra
Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001.
(Schumach. & Thonn.) DC., nom. illeg.; Pentas pentandra
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Benth., nom. illeg.; Pentodon halei Peperomia blanda (Jacquin) Kunth (Peperomia arabica
(Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray; Pentodon pentander (Schumach. Miq.; Peperomia arabica Decaisne ex Miquel; Peperomia
& Thonn.) Vatke) arabica Decne.; Peperomia arabica var. floribunda Miquel;
Peperomia bequaertii De Wild.; Peperomia blanda var.
Africa, Guinea, Ghana, Arabian Pen. Herb, decumbent,
cobana C. DC.; Peperomia blanda var. dissimilis (Kunth)
fleshy, rooting at the lower nodes, calyx with very fine short
C. DC.; Peperomia blanda var. floribunda (Miquel) Hüber;
teeth, leaves edible
Peperomia blanda var. langsdorffii (Miq.) Henschen;
See Species Plantarum 1: 101–102, 119. 1753, Nova Genera Peperomia blanda var. leptostachya (Hook. & Arn.) Düll;
Plantarum 2: 36. 1782, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter Peperomia blanda var. reticulata C. DC.; Peperomia blanda
71–72. 1828, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. var. sericea Yunck.; Peperomia ciliata Kunth; Peperomia
Math. Afh. 3: 91–92. 1828, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis decipiens C. DC.; Peperomia dindygulensis Miquel;
Regni Vegetabilis 4: 427. 1830, A Flora of North America: Peperomia dissimilis Kunth; Peperomia ellipticifolia C.
containing … 2(1): 42. 1841, Flora 27: 552. 1844, Flora of DC.; Peperomia esquirolii H. Léveillé; Peperomia fauriei
the southern United States 181. 1860, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: C. DC.; Peperomia formosana C. DC.; Peperomia glan-
231. 1875, Synoptical Flora of North America 1(2): 28. 1884 duligera var. villosissma Yunck.; Peperomia glanduligera
2842 Peperomia Ruíz & Pavón Piperaceae (Peperomiaceae)

Yunck.; Peperomia hirsuta Miq.; Peperomia increscens South America.

Miq.; Peperomia japonica Makino; Peperomia langsdorffii
See Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 56–57. 1828,
(Miq.) Miq. var. dissimilis Dahlst.; Peperomia langsdorf-
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1):
fii var. dissimilis (Kunth) Dahlst.; Peperomia langsdorffii
437. 1869 and Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
var. increscens (Miq.) C. DC.; Peperomia langsdorffii var.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001
increscens Miq.; Peperomia laticaulis C. DC.; Peperomia
leptostachya Hooker & Arnott; Peperomia leptostachya f. (Antispasmodic, antibacterial. Plant infusion for flu, colds,
cambodiana C. DC.; Peperomia leptostachya var. cambodi- fever; smoked for asthma.)
ana (C. DC.) Merrill; Peperomia macaroana Trel. ex V.M.
Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr. (Acrocarpidium scan-
Badillo; Peperomia murispica Trel. ex Badillo; Peperomia
dens (Ruiz & Pav.) Miq.; Artanthe glabella Miq.; Micropiper
quitensis Miq.; Peperomia rojasii C. DC.; Peperomia sal-
melanostigma Miq.; Peperomia acuminata (L.) Dahlst.;
vaje C. DC.; Peperomia sui T.T. Lin & S.Y. Lu; Piper blan-
Peperomia brachyphylla A. Dietr.; Peperomia buchii C.
dum Jacquin; Piper ciliatum (Kunth) Poir.; Piper dissimile
DC.; Peperomia caulibarbis Miq.; Peperomia caulibarbis
(Kunth) Poir.; Piper dissimile Roem. & Schult.; Piper dis-
var. brachyphylla (A. Dietr.) Dahlst.; Peperomia caulibar-
simile Poir.; Troxirum blandum Raf.)
bis var. jimenesana C. DC.; Peperomia ceroderma Yunck.;
China. Peperomia chagalana C. DC.; Peperomia conjungens Trel.;
Peperomia cubana fo. platana Trel., nom. nud.; Peperomia
See Collectanea 3: 211–212. 1789, Flora Peruvianae,
dyscrita Trel.; Peperomia fusco-ciliata Trel.; Peperomia gla-
et Chilensis Prodromus 8, pl. 2. 1794, Nova Genera et
bella var. brachyphylla (A. Dietr.) C. DC.; Peperomia gla-
Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 67–68, t. 13. 1815[1816],
bella var. melanostigma Dahlst.; Peperomia glabella var.
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: (Lamarck) Suppl.
microphylla C. DC. ex Donn. Sm., nom. nud.; Peperomia
468–469. 1816, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage
glabella var. nervulosa (C. DC.) Yunck.; Peperomia glabella
96. 1832, Sylva Telluriana 85. 1838, Systema Piperacearum
var. nudipetiolata Trel. & Yunck.; Peperomia jimenesana (C.
116, 121–122, 143–144. 1843, London Journal of Botany
DC.) Trel.; Peperomia johnstoni Trel.; Peperomia johnstonii
4: 421. 1845, Linnaea 20: 124. 1847, Fl. Bras. (Martius)
Trel.; Peperomia leucandra Trel.; Peperomia lineatipila A.
4, pt. 1: 13. 1852, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Rich.; Peperomia lineatipila fo. mogotana Trel.; Peperomia
Vegetabilis 16(1): 444, 459, 463. 1869, Nova Acta Regiae
longiacuminata Trel.; Peperomia melanostigma (Miq.) Miq.;
Societas Scientiarum Upsaliensis, ser. 3, 8: 39. 1873 and
Peperomia melanostigma var. glabrior C. DC.; Peperomia
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
melanostigma var. nervulosa C. DC.; Peperomia nigropunc-
33(2): 131. 1900, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 5: 64.
tata Miq.; Peperomia percuneata Trel.; Peperomia polo-
1910, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
lensis Trel.; Peperomia punctulatissima Trel.; Peperomia
10(243–247): 149. 1911, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens
rubefacta Trel.; Peperomia rubefacta var. cangrejalana
und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 7(62): 493. 1917, Revue de
Trel.; Peperomia rubefacta var. reducta Trel.; Peperomia
zoologie et de botanique africaines 8 fasc. 1 (Suppl. Bot.):
sanfelipensis C. DC.; Peperomia scandens Ruiz & Pav.;
6. 1920, Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques
Peperomia similis Britton: Peperomia sublaxiflora C. DC.;
de Genève 21: 223, 320. 1920, Candollea 1: 380. 1923,
Peperomia trinervis var. brachyphylla (A. Dietr.) C. DC.;
Candollea 3: 122. 1926, Lingnan Science Journal 5(1–2):
Piper acuminatum L.; Piper glabellum (Miq.) C. DC., nom.
58. 1927, Catalogo de la Flora Venezolana 1: 245. 1945, The
illeg.; Piper glabellum Sw.; Piper scandens (Ruiz & Pav.)
Piperaceae of northern South America 2: 559–560. 1950,
Vahl, nom. illeg.; Piper scandens Sw.)
Caldasia 6(27): 40, f. 12. 1953, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 93: South America, Colombia.
110. 1973, Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6: 294.
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 16.
1988, J. Cytol. Genet. 33(2): 155–158. 1998, Taiwania 40(4):
1788, Flora Peruviana 1: 32, t. 51, f. b. 1798, Enumeratio
353. 1995, Cytologia 64: 301–307. 1999
Plantarum … 1: 346. 1804, Species Plantarum. Editio sexta
(Antispasmodic, antibacterial.) 1: 156–157. 1831, Systema Piperacearum 59, 90, 98–99, 188,
518–519. 1843, Historia Fisica Politica y Natural de la Isla
in China: shi chan cao
de Cuba, Botanica 11: 229. 1850, Prodromus Systematis
Peperomia emarginella (Sw. ex Wikstr.) C. DC. Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 312, 409, 417. 1869,
(Acrocarpidium exile Miq.; Peperomia andinacea C. DC.; Primitiae Florae Costaricensis 2(3): 284–285. 1899 and
Peperomia delicatissima Trel.; Peperomia delicatissima var. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 33(2):
venusta Trel.; Peperomia emarginella fo. glabrior C. DC.; 120, 122. 1900, Symbolae Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae
Peperomia emarginella var. glabrior C. DC.; Peperomia Indiae Occidentalis 3: 236. 1902, Enumeratio Plantarum
emarginella var. ovalis Trel. & Yunck.; Peperomia exilis Guatemalensium … 7: 30. 1905, Symbolae Antillanae
(Miq.) Griseb.; Peperomia late-ovata Trel.; Peperomia late- seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis 5: 296. 1907,
ovata var. glabrata Trel.; Peperomia minima C. DC.; Piper Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
emarginellum Sw. ex Wikstr.) und Pflanzengeographie 40(3): 259, 262. 1908, Memoirs
Peperomia Ruíz & Pavón Piperaceae (Peperomiaceae) 2843

of the Torrey Botanical Club 16: 61. 1920, Repertorium 9, t. 5. 1805, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.)
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 23(631/633): 19. 1926, 1: 62. 1815[1816], Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 7: 228. 1927, 1: 325. 1817, Species Plantarum. Editio sexta 1: 149, 157.
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1831, London Journal of Botany 4: 427. 1845, Journal
26(2): 46. 1927, Contributions from the United States of Botany, British and Foreign 4: 143. 1866, Prodromus
National Herbarium 26(4): 196, 198–199. 1929, Publications Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(1): 371,
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 407. 1869, Linnaea 37: 378. 1872, Bulletin de la Société
10: 157. 1931, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural Botanique de Belgique 30(1): 230, 232. 1891[1892], Primitiae
History, Botanical Series 12: 406. 1936, Publications of the Florae Costaricensis 2(3): 288–290. 1899 and Annuaire
Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(4): Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 269. 1920, Candollea 1: 288,
338. 1938, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural 370, 382. 1923, Candollea 3: 122–123, 129. 1926, Journal
History, Botanical Series 9(4): 276. 1940, The Piperaceae of the Washington Academy of Sciences 19(15): 328. 1929,
of northern South America 2: 590–591. 1950, Annals of the Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
Missouri Botanical Garden 37(1): 1–120. 1950, Fieldiana, 26(4): 211. 1929, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural
Bot. 24(3): 228–337. 1952, Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953, Svensk History, Botanical Series 13(2): 83. 1936, Publications of the
Botanisk Tidskrift 51(3): 541. 1957, Phytologia 59(3): 168, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(4):
184. 1986, Candollea 61(2): 331–363. 2006 333. 1938, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural
History, Botanical Series 9(4): 275. 1940, Piperac. N. South
(A decoction a remedy for conjunctivitis, eye infections.)
Amer. 2: 661. 1950, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
in Spanish: flor de mal 37(1): 104–106. 1950, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 228–337. 1952,
Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953, Lilloa 27: 251, tab. 128. 1955, Mem.
Peperomia macrostachya (Vahl) A. Dietr. (Peperomia apo-
New York Bot. Gard. 9(2): 147–169. 1955, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
dostachya Yunck.; Peperomia borucana C. DC.; Peperomia
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001, Candollea
caudulilimba C. DC. var. cylindribacca (C. DC.) Yunck.;
61(2): 331–363. 2006
Peperomia caudulilimba var. longependula C. DC.;
Peperomia caudulilimba var. marregantina C. DC., nom. (Leaves infusion febrifuge, diuretic, drunk to relieve difficul-
illeg.; Peperomia chicbulana Trel.; Peperomia circumscissa ties in urination.)
Trel.; Peperomia controversa C. DC.; Peperomia cuspidigera
Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. (Peperomia antoni Trel.;
Sodiro; Peperomia cylindribacca C. DC.; Peperomia dan-
Peperomia antoni var. reducta Trel.; Peperomia bayatana
toana Trel.; Peperomia defluens Trel.; Peperomia elongata
Trel.; Peperomia commutata Trel.; Peperomia cruciata Trel.;
Kunth; Peperomia elongata Miq., nom. illeg.; Peperomia
Peperomia cuneata Miq.; Peperomia cuneifolia A. Dietr.;
floresensis Trel.; Peperomia glaberrima C. DC.; Peperomia
Peperomia daiquiriana Trel.; Peperomia dodecatheonto-
glabricaulis C. DC.; Peperomia granulosa Trel.; Peperomia
phylla Trel.; Peperomia earlei Trel.; Peperomia emarginata
japurensis C. DC.; Peperomia macrostachya A. Dietr.;
Ruiz & Pav.; Peperomia fieldiana Trel.; Peperomia floridana
Peperomia macrostachya var. nematostachya (Link) Trel. &
Small; Peperomia gollii Trel.; Peperomia hemionitidifolia
Yunck.; Peperomia maribiana C. DC.; Peperomia myosur-
Ham.; Peperomia hemionitidifolia Desv. & Ham.; Peperomia
oides (Rudge) A. Dietr.; Peperomia myosuroides A. Dietr.;
lancetillana Trel.; Peperomia lancetillana var. spathifolia
Peperomia myosurus Willd. ex A. Dietr.; Peperomia myrio-
Trel.; Peperomia lunana Trel.; Peperomia magnoliifolia
carpa Miq.; Peperomia naranjoana C. DC.; Peperomia nema-
(Jacq.) A. Dietr.; Peperomia magnoliifolia var. emarginulata
tostachya Link; Peperomia oblongibacca C. DC.; Peperomia
C. DC.; Peperomia mentiens Trel.; Peperomia mentiens var.
oblongibacca var. macrophylla Yunck.; Peperomia oblon-
lata Trel.; Peperomia obtusifolia Miq.; Peperomia obtusifo-
gibacca var. marragantina (C. DC.) Yunck.; Peperomia
lia var. cuneata (Miq.) Griseb.; Peperomia obtusifolia var.
oblongibacca var. subvillosa Yunck.; Peperomia orientalis
emarginata (Ruiz & Pav.) Dahlst.; Peperomia obtusifolia var.
Trel.; Peperomia parkeriana Miq.; Peperomia pendula C.
emarginulata (C. DC.) Trel. & Yunck.; Peperomia palmae
DC.; Peperomia pendula Willd., nom. nud.; Peperomia per-
Trel.; Peperomia peninsularis Trel.; Peperomia petenensis
plexa Trel.; Peperomia piperea C. DC.; Peperomia quatrom-
Trel.; Peperomia pyrolaefolia Trel.; Peperomia romaensis
etralis Trel.; Peperomia riocangrejalensis Trel.; Peperomia
Trel.; Peperomia valerioi Trel.; Peperomia yousei Trel.;
rupestris Kunth; Peperomia scutellata C. DC.; Peperomia
Peperomia yunckeri Trel.; Piper cuneifolium Jacq.; Piper
surinamensis C. DC.; Peperomia tilarana Trel.; Piper elon-
emarginatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl; Piper emarginatum Vahl;
gatum Poir.; Piper elongatum Vahl; Piper extensum Roem.
Piper humile Mill.; Piper hemionitidifolium D. Dietr.; Piper
& Schult.; Piper macrostachyon Vahl; Piper macrostachyum
magnoliifolium Jacq.; Piper milleri Roem. & Schult.; Piper
C. DC.; Piper myosuroides Rudge; Piper nematostachyum
obtusifolium L.; Rhynchophorum floridanum (Small) Small;
Schult.; Piper nematostachyum (Link) Schult.)
Rhynchophorum obtusifolium (L.) Small; Rhynchophorum
South America. Climbing epiphyte obtusifolium Small)
See Enumeratio Plantarum … [Vahl] 1: 341–342. 1804, South America. Succulent herbs, fleshy leaves, whitish min-
Plantarum Guianae Rariorum Icones et Descriptiones … 1: ute flowers
2844 Peperomia Ruíz & Pavón Piperaceae (Peperomiaceae)

See Species Plantarum 1: 30. 1753, Enum. Pl. [Vahl] i. 339. Boufford, D.E. “Notes on Peperomia (Piperaceae) in the
1804, Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. (Hamilton) 2. 1825, Species southeastern United States.” J. Arnold Arbor. 63: 317–325.
Plantarum. Editio sexta 1: 154. 1831, London Journal of 1982, Cytologia 50: 583–592. 1985, Botanical Magazine
Botany 4: 429. 1845 and Manual of the Southeastern Flora 99: 289–299. 1986, Cytologia 57: 227–229. 1992, Journal
[Small] 401. 1933, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden of Cytology and Genetics 33(2): 155–158. 1998, Cytologia
24(2): 185. 1937, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 228–337. 1952, J. 64: 301–307. 1999, Monographs in Systematic Botany from
Arnold Arbor. 54: 392. 1973, Cytologia 50: 583–592. 1985, the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001,
Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 99: 289–299. 1986, Pl. Syst. Evol. 166: Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2): 257–296. 2005
105–117. 1989, Cytologia 57: 227–229. 1992, Monogr. Syst.
(Plant decoction pectoral, antispasmodic, antibacterial, for
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001, Candollea
61(2): 331–363. 2006 flu, cold in chest, cough, heat, diarrhea, cuts and wounds.
Leaves infusion to treat hypertension and heart troubles;
(Leaves poisonous, low toxicity if eaten, toxic to some an infusion in treating convulsions; crushed leaves used
animals.) in headache, fever; juice taken orally in treating abdomi-
in English: American radiator-plant, American rubber plant, nal pain, eye infections, diarrhea and dysentery. Astringent,
baby rubber plant, oval-leaf peperomia, pepper face stem boiled and liquid drunk by women having menstrual
difficulties; plant juice taken for urinary troubles and fre-
in Peru: came quent urination. Whole plant poultice mixed with the juice
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth (Micropiper exiguum of lime drunk for stomachache; poultice applied to boils and
(Blume) Miq.; Micropiper exiguum Miq.; Micropiper pel- against fungal infection. Eaten fresh for sore throat. Roots
lucidum Miq.; Micropiper pellucidum (L.) Miq.; Peperomia ground with water and taken orally to check miscarriage
concinna A. Dietr.; Peperomia concinna (Haw.) A. Dietr.; during pregnancy.)
Peperomia exigua Griseb.; Peperomia exigua Miq.; in English: crow’s foot, shining bush, soldier parsley
Peperomia exigua (Blume) Miq.; Peperomia exiguum Blume;
Peperomia freireifolia A. Rich.; Peperomia knoblecheriana in Dominica: koklaya, zèb kouwès
Schott; Peperomia nana C. DC.; Peperomia pellucida Kunth; in China: cao hu jiao
Peperomia pellucida var. minor Miq.; Peperomia pellucida
var. pygmaea Willd. ex Miq.; Peperomia translucens Trel.; in India: banapipli, pononoa, vol-tok, voltok
Peperomia translucens Trel. ex Standl.; Peperomia triado- in Philippines Isl.: ikmong-bata, ikmo-ikmohan,
phylla Peter; Peperomia vogelii Miq.; Piper concinnum C. olasiman-ihalas
DC.; Piper concinnum Haw.; Piper exiguum Blume; Piper
freireifolia Hochst.; Piper freirifolium Hochst. ex A. Rich.; in Yoruba: rinrin
Piper pellucidum L.; Verhuellia knoblocheriana (Schott) C. Peperomia peltigera C. DC.
DC.; Verhuellia knoblocheriana C. DC.)
Ecuador.
South America. Erect or decumbent, succulent fleshy herb,
square stem, many-branched, simple slender spikes, small See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 6: 505. 1898
pale green flowers, black globose fruits, warty seeds, plant (Leaves sap for fevers, inflammations and coughs.)
eaten as a vegetable
in Ecuador: pata con panda
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Nova Genera
et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.] 1: 64. 1815 Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A. Dietr. (Peperomia boliviensis
[1816], Supplementum Plantarum Succulentarum … 198. C. DC.; Peperomia cryptotricha Trel. ex V.M. Badillo, nom.
1821, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap nud.; Peperomia opaca var. ciliata Trel.; Peperomia reflexa
van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 11: 232. 1826, Species fo. argentina C. DC.; Peperomia reflexa var. coriacea C.
Plantarum. Editio sexta 1: 164. 1831, Systema Piperacearum DC.; Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forst.) Hook. & Arn.; Piper
77. 1843, London J. Bot. 4: 413. 1845, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) pusillum Blume; Piper reflexum L.f.; Piper tetraphyllum G.
9: 225. 1851, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 4(1): 10. 1852, J. Forst.; Troxirum reflexum Raf.)
Bot. 4: 135. 1866, Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 63. 1866, Prodr.
South America. Epiphytic, succulent herbs, see also
(DC.) 16(1): 328, 391. 1869 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Peperomia tetraphylla
Veg. Beih. 40(2, Anhang): 1. 1932, Field Museum of Natural
History, Botanical Series 13(2): 3–253. 1936, Publications See Supplementum Plantarum 91. 1781[1782], Florulae
of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series Insularum Australium Prodromus 5. 1786, Verhandelingen
18(1): 328. 1937, The Piperaceae of Northern South America van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en
1–838. 1950, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37(1): Wetenschappen 11: 232, f. 37. 1826, Species Plantarum.
1–120. 1950, Introd. Linnaeus’ Sp. Pl. (Ray Soc. ed.): 47. Editio sexta 1: 180. 1831, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s
1957, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal. 33: 27–34. 1979, Taxon 30: 696. Voyage 97. 1832, Sylva Telluriana 85. 1838, Prodromus
1981, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 16: 47–50. 1981, Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 452–453. 1869
Peperomia Ruíz & Pavón Piperaceae (Peperomiaceae) 2845

and Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001, Ceiba 42(1): 1–71. 2001[2002],
17(4): 336. 1938, Catalogo de la Flora Venezolana 1: 244. Candollea 61: 357. 2006
1945, Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953
(Leaves cooked or eaten raw to treat asthma, abdominal
(Tonic, to treat kidney troubles.) pains or colic, stomachache; leaves chewed and swallowed
for coughs; crushed leaves applied to the bite wound from
in China: dou ban lu
a snake.)
in India: nyanchang
in Central America: naíhérklík
Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth (Acrocarpidium num-
Peperomia serpens (Sw.) Loudon (Acrocarpidium guildin-
mularifolium (Sw.) Miq.; Acrocarpidium nummularifolium
gianum Miq., nom. illeg.; Acrocarpidium pulicare (Opiz)
fo. pilosior Miq.; Acrocarpidium nummularifolium var.
Miq.; Acrocarpidium pulicare Miq.; Acrocarpidium repens
obcordata Miq.; Peperomia cruentata Trel.; Peperomia deli-
(Kunth) Miq.; Acrocarpidium repens Miq.; Acrocarpidium
catissima Trel.; Peperomia delicatissima var. venusta Trel.; scandens (Ruiz & Pav.) Miq.; Acrocarpidium scandens
Peperomia emarginella (Sw. ex Wikstr.) C. DC. var. glabrior Miq.; Peperomia aguacatensis C. DC. var. orosiana Trel.;
C. DC.; Peperomia glabrior (C. DC.) Trel.; Peperomia incisa Peperomia aguacatensis var. picta Trel.; Peperomia cat-
Trel.; Peperomia koepperi Trel.; Peperomia mascharena C. aratasensis Trel.; Peperomia donnell-smithii C. DC.;
DC.; Peperomia nummularifolia (Sw.) Kunth; Peperomia Peperomia guildingiana A. Dietr.; Peperomia ionophylla
nummularifolia var. obcordata (Miq.) C. DC.; Peperomia Griseb.; Peperomia myosurus Willd.; Peperomia osana
palmana C. DC. var. glabrior C. DC.; Peperomia prostrata Trel.; Peperomia praecox Trel.; Peperomia pseudocasaret-
B.S. Williams; Peperomia punctatifolia Trel.; Peperomia toi C. DC.; Peperomia pulicaris Opiz; Peperomia renifor-
punctatifolia var. munyecoana Trel.; Peperomia rejecta mis Hook.; Peperomia repens Kunth; Peperomia reptans C.
Trel.; Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Dahlst., nom. illeg., non DC.; Peperomia scandens Ruiz & Pav.; Peperomia scandens
Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth; Peperomia rotundifo- var. fertilior C. DC.; Peperomia scandens var. scandens;
lia fo. ovata Dahlst.; Peperomia rotundifolia var. obcordata Peperomia serpens C. DC., nom. illeg.; Piper bracteatum
(Miq.) Dahlst.; Peperomia rotundifolia var. ovata (Dahlst.) Thomps.; Piper guildingianum Spreng.; Piper myosurus
C. DC.; Peperomia rotundifolia var. pilosior (Miq.) C. DC.; Willd.; Piper scandens (Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl; Piper scandens
Peperomia rotundifolia var. subelliptica Trel.; Peperomia Vahl; Piper scandens Sw.; Piper scandens Poepp. ex Miq.;
rotundifolia var. subglabrilimba C. DC.; Peperomia tenui- Piper serpens Sw.; Verhuellia serpens Miq.)
caulis C. DC.; Peperomia tonduzii C. DC.; Piper nummu-
larifolium Sw.; Piper rotundifolium L.) South America, Colombia. Herb, shrub, aromatic leaves
and stems
Central America, Brazil. Epiphyte
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
See Species Plantarum 1: 30. 1753, Flora Peruvianae, et (Swartz) 15–16. 1788, Flora Peruviana 1: 32, t. 51, f. b. 1798,
Chilensis Prodromus 8, pl. 2. 1794, Nova Genera et Species Enumeratio Plantarum … [Vahl] 1: 346. 1804, Transactions
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 65–66. 1815 [1816], Systema of the Linnean Society of London 9: 203, t. 21.. 1808, Nova
Piperacearum 51. 1843, Verslagen Meded. Kon. Ned. Inst. Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 65. 1815[1816],
Wetensch. 1842: 198. 1843, Linnaea 18: 710. 1844 [1845], Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(3): 162, t. 30. 1828, Loudon’s Hortus
Linnaea 20: 118. 1847, Journal of Botany, British and Britannicus. A catalogue … 13. 1830, Species Plantarum.
Foreign 4: 135. 1866, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Editio sexta 1: 162. 1831, Verslagen Meded. Kon. Ned. Inst.
Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 421, 437. 1869, Bulletin de la Wetensch. 1842: 198–199. 1843, Systema Piperacearum 57,
Société Botanique de Belgique 29(2): 70–71. 1890, Anales 59. 1843, London Journal of Botany 4: 412. 1845, Memoirs
del Instituto Fisico-Geografico Nacional (de Costa Rica) of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series
9: 177. 1897 and Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens 8: 175. 1861, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 4: 136.
Handlingar 33(2): 99–101, t. 11, f. 9. 1900, Symbolae 1866, Primitiae Florae Costaricensis 2(3): 291. 1899 and
Antillarum 3: 230. 1902, Candollea 1: 304, 326. 1923, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 26(4): 194. 1929, Publications of the Field Museum of
23(631/633): 18. 1926, Contributions from the United States Natural History, Botanical Series 18(1): 310. 1937, The
National Herbarium 26(2): 44. 1927, Contributions from Piperaceae of Northern South America 2: 621–622. 1950,
the United States National Herbarium 26(4): 191, 204–205. Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
1929, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001
Botanical Series 18(4): 1544. 1938, Field Museum of Natural
(Crushed leaves and stems applied as a poultice to relieve the
History, Botanical Series 9(4): 275. 1940, Phytologia 59(3):
irritant and painful sting of insects, ants. Leaves heated and
204. 1986, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 27(3):
the hot juice applied to cuts, pimples.)
302. 1940, Fieldiana, Botany 35: 5–218. 1971, Caryologia
47: 75–79. 1994, Kirkia 16(1): 69–83. 1996, Monographs Peperomia tetraphylla (G. Forster) Hooker & Arnott
in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden (Peperomia americana Herter; Peperomia berroi Trel.;
2846 Peponium Engl. Cucurbitaceae

Peperomia boliviensis C. DC.; Peperomia cartagoana dissectum (Cogn.) Cogn.; Peponium dissectum Cogn.;
Trel.; Peperomia cryptotricha Trel. ex V.M. Badillo, nom. Peponium grandiflorum (Cogn.) Cogn.; Peponium grandi-
nud.; Peperomia diehliana Trel.; Peperomia reflexa Kunth; florum Cogn.; Peponium kilimandscharicum (Cogn.) Engl.;
Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A. Dietrich, not Peperomia reflexa Peponium kilimandscharicum Engl.; Peponium kilimand-
Kunth; Peperomia reflexa fo. americana Miq.; Peperomia scharicum var. holstii (Cogn.) Cogn.; Peponium laurentii
reflexa fo. argentina C. DC.; Peperomia reflexa (L.f.) A. Cogn.; Peponium laurentii (De Wild.) Cogn.; Peponium
Dietrich f. sinensis C. DC.; Peperomia reflexa fo. tenuipes macrourum (Gilg) Cogn.; Peponium macrourum Cogn.;
C. DC.; Peperomia reflexa var. americana (Miq.) Dahlst.; Peponium rectipilosum Zimm.; Peponium rufo-tomentosum
Peperomia reflexa var. americana Yunck.; Peperomia reflexa Cogn.; Peponium rufotomentosum (Gilg) Cogn.; Peponium
var. angustifolia C. DC.; Peperomia reflexa var. capensis usambarense Engl.; Peponium usambarense (Engl.) Engl.;
(Miq.) C. DC.; Peperomia reflexa var. enervulosa C. DC.; Peponium vogelii Engl.; Peponium vogelii var. cucullatum
Peperomia reflexa var. pallida C. DC.; Peperomia reflexi- (Bojer ex Hook. f.) Cogn.)
folia Trel.; Peperomia tetraphylla var. americana (Miq.)
Yunck.; Peperomia tetraphylla var. sinensis (C. DC.) P.S. Tropical Africa. Climbing vine, herbaceous, creeping, trail-
Chen & P.C. Zhu; Piper reflexum L.f.; Piper saxatile Wall.; ing, green succulent stem with white trichomes, tendrils pale
Piper tetraphyllum G. Forster) yellow, sweet-scented flowers, corollas bright yellow-white
tomentose at base, male flower head with oval bracts, fruit
South America. lemon-green when young, green fruits tinged with orange
See Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 5: 5. 1786, and spotted with pale green, ripe fruit pulp sweet eaten raw,
The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 97. 1832, Prodromus fruits fodder for rabbits and pigs, upland and lowland rain-
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 453. 1869, forest, fallow land, forest edge, grassland, disturbed areas,
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium woodland and bushland near open water, near stream
30(1): 235. 1891[1892] and Contributions from the United See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris), sér. 5, 5: 29.
States National Herbarium 26(4): 222. 1929, Publications of 1866, Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 2: 520, 526–
the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2): 527. 1871, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 3: 407, 410.
39. 1936, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6: 150. 1940, 1881, Bulletins de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, des
Catalogo de la Flora Venezolana 1: 244. 1945, Fieldiana,
Lettres et des Beaux Arts de Belgique 16: 234–235. 1888,
Bot. 35: 5–218. 1971, New Zealand J. Bot. 37: 511–521. 1999,
Über die Hochgebirgsflora des tropischen Afrika 406–
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984.
407. 1891[1892], Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 10:
2001, Candollea 61(2): 331–363. 2006
119–120. 1892, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 399. 1895,
(Juice or syrup from the herb drunk as a tonic and to treat Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
kidney troubles and kidney stones.) und Pflanzengeographie 21: 210. 1895, Die Natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] 1(163): 318. 1897
in China: dou ban lu
and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in India: char pataria, phatkony schichte und Pflanzengeographie 34: 344–346. 1904,
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 4(1): 223–224. 1914,
Die Cucurbitaceen: Beiträge zur Anatomie, Physiologie,
Peponium Engl. Cucurbitaceae Morphologie, Biologie, Pathologie und Systematik 2: 184.
1922, Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Cucurb.-Cucum. IV.
Latin pepo, peponis ‘a species of large melon, a pumpkin’,
275(2): 214–215, 217–218, 221–222. 1924, Fl. Trop. E. Africa
see Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 5: 29.
Cucurbitaceae: 82. 1967
1866, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1(163): 318. 1897, Revisio
Generum Plantarum 3(3): 131. 1898 and Fl. Zambesiaca 4: (Poisonous. Medicinal plant for rabies. Leaves used for men-
415–499. 1978, Fl. Somalia 1: 216–239. 1993. strual problems.)
Peponium vogelii (Hook. f.) Engl. (Cucurbita cucullata in Tanzania: hlampuka, mbwakabwaka, mfurula,
Bojer ex Hook. f.; Peponia bojeri Cogn.; Peponia bracteata ormachangulului
Cogn.; Peponia bracteata var. hirsutum Cogn. ex De Wild. &
T. Durand; Peponia cucullata (Bojer ex Hook. f.) Jex-Blake;
Peponia grandiflora Cogn.; Peponia kilimandscharica Cogn.; Peranema D. Don Dryopteridaceae
Peponia kilimandscharica var. holstii Cogn.; Peponia lau-
(Aspleniaceae, Peranemataceae)
rentii De Wild.; Peponia macrourum Gilg; Peponia rufoto-
mentosa Gilg; Peponia usambarensis Engl.; Peponia vogelii From the Greek pera ‘further, much, beyond’ and nema
Hook. f.; Peponia vogelii var. cucullata (Bojer ex Hook. f.) ‘thread’, see Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 12. 1825.
Cogn.; Peponium adpressipilosum Zimm.; Peponium bojeri
Peranema cyatheoides D. Don
(Cogn.) Engl.; Peponium bojerii Engl.; Peponium bractea-
tum (Cogn.) Cogn.; Peponium bracteatum Cogn.; Peponium China, India.
Perebea Aubl. Moraceae 2847

See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 12. 1825 and J. Sci. Engin. India. Perennial climbing herb, strong, twining, pubescent,
22: 121–144. 1985 milky, foul smell, cordate leaves, creamy-white or pur-
ple flowers, beaked lanceolate echinate pubescent fruits,
(Antibacterial.)
pubescent seeds with soft hairy pappus at one end, leaves
in Japan: hego-modoki as cattle feed
See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 191. 1767, Flora Aegyptiaco-
Perebea Aubl. Moraceae Arabica 51. 1775, Nicolai Josephi Jacquin Miscellanea aus-
triaca … 2: 353. 1781, Botanisches Wörterbuch 1: 31. 1797,
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 952, t. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society 1: 50.
361. 1775 and Fieldiana, Bot. 40: 94–215. 1977, Monogr. 1810, Systema Vegetabilium 6: 112. 1820, FBI 4: 20. 1883
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 635–675. 2007. and Flora Capensis (Harvey) 4(1,5): 758. 1908, Resultati
Perebea guianensis Aubl. (Castilloa australis Hemsl.; Scientifici della Missione Stefanini-Paoli nella Somalia
Olmedia grandifolia Trécul; Olmedia habas Pax; Perebea Italiana 1: 115. 1916, Journal of the Bombay Natural History
acanthogyne Ducke; Perebea australis (Hemsl.) J.F. Macbr.; Society 36: 528. 1933, Indian J. Med. Res. 38(1): 75–82.
Perebea australis J.F. Macbr.; Perebea castilloides Pittier; 1950, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 11: 1452–1455. 1963,
Perebea glabrata Standl.; Perebea guianensis subsp. acan- Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association
thogyne (Ducke) C.C. Berg; Perebea guianensis subsp. (III, C): 67: 57. 1980, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94(2–
castilloides (Pittier) C.C. Berg; Perebea guianensis subsp. 3): 261–266. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(2):
pseudopeltata (Mildbr.) C.C. Berg; Perebea laevigata 164–168. 2006
Standl., nom. nud.; Perebea pseudopeltata Mildbr.; Perebea (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Extremely irritant. Latex
tessmannii Mildbr.; Perebea tessmannii var. ulei Mildbr.) applied on boils, breast abscesses, wounds and headache.
French Guiana. Plant extract administered along with roots of Strychnos
potatorum in cough and cold; plant extract used for uterine
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 953, t. and menstrual disorders and irregularities. Fruits and leaves
361. 1775, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. expectorant, emetic, astringent, febrifuge, hepatoprotective,
3 8: 128. 1847 and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 4, t. 2696. used for the treatment of liver disorders, fever, diarrhea,
1901, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 4(7): t. 2676. toothache and oral health care. Fresh leaves made into a pulp
1901, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7: used as a stimulating poultice for carbuncles; powdered bark
108. 1909, Contributions from the United States National of Soymida febrifuga and leaves of Pergularia daemia mixed
Herbarium 13(12): 438, t. 80–81, f. 64. 1912, Notizblatt des with sheep milk and applied for bone fracture; leaves paste
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 10: applied along with lime on rheumatism; leaves eaten as a
184–186. 1927, Trop. Woods 16: 36. 1928, Field Museum postpartum remedy, and for asthma and piles; leaves crushed
of Natural History, Botanical Series 4(8): 201. 1929, Field and juice given to children for cold, pneumonia, asthma, diar-
Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 11(1): 17. rhea and fever; leaves juice for swellings, asthma, malaria,
1931, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu piles, boils, rheumatism and snakebite. Seed ash mixed with
Berlin-Dahlem 11: 579. 1932, Acta Botanica Neerlandica a spoon of honey given to children with cough, whooping
18(3): 462. 1969 cough. Flowers extract given to children for curing cough.
(Bark anthelmintic.) Dried roots fumes inhaled to cure headache. Veterinary
medicine, latex given to animals to facilitate easy delivery;
in French Guiana: abérémou, pérébier
plant latex used as an eye wash to treat eye complaints; stem
bark paste of Lagerstroemia parviflora mixed with the latex
of Pergularia daemia and applied in boils, blisters, ulcers
Pergularia L. Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae) and wounds; paste of leaves of Pergularia extensa and
Latin pergula, ae ‘a vine-arbor, a stall, a projection’, referring Calotropis procera applied for muscular pains; mixture of
to the twining habit of the plants; see C. Linnaeus, Mantissa leaves of Pergularia extensa, Piper nigrum seeds and Allium
Plantarum. Holmiae [Stockholm] 1767 [–1771]. See also sativum juice put into eyes for any kind of disease in cattle;
genus Daemia. ground leaves applied on wounds; crushed leaves given to
increase milk yield; for inflammation of joints, castor oil
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. (Asclepias convolvu-
applied over joints and then leaf extract of Pergularia dae-
lacea Willd.; Asclepias daemia Forssk.; Asclepias muri-
mia; leaf decoction as febrifuge, for ephemeral fevers; leaves
cata Schumach. & Thonn.; Asclepias scandens P. Beauv.;
mixed with garlic and pepper made into juice and given for
Cynanchum extensum Jacq.; Daemia aethiopica Decne.;
fever; root extract given to treat epistaxis. Pergularia extensa
Daemia extensa (Jacq.) R. Br.; Daemia extensa (Jacq.) R. Br.
whole plant as fish poison.)
ex Schult.; Daemia scandens G. Don; Pergularia daemia
(Forssk.) Blatt. & McCann; Pergularia daemia var. macran- in India: acanimuli, accani, accanimuli, ajashringi, akadi,
tha Chiov.; Pergularia extensa (Jacq.) N.E. Br.) akasan-ki-bel, aksand, anantakakkoti, anantam, anantaram,
2848 Pericampylus Miers Menispermaceae

ancanimuli, atrilal, baela parthi, baeli hathi, belaparti, beli- See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 191. 1767, Mantissa Plantarum
hatti, bena, bileehatthi balli, cattamakarani, cettaravinacini, 1: 53. 1767, Botanisches Wörterbuch 1: 31. 1797, Linnaea 15:
chagalbati, chamardudheli, chamerdudhel, chebira, chebura, 323. 1841, Nouveaux Matériaux pour la Flore Atlantique
chu-wa, ciriyatti, ciriyattini, citapparutti, citapparuttikkoti, 82. 1874, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 26: 146.
citarappiyam, citavarakam, citavaram, ciyaccini, ciyaccini- 1876 and Archiv für experimentelle Veterinärmedizin 44(3):
kam, collakam, comanayakakkoti, comanayakam, conakam, 389–94. 1990, Regnum Veg. 127: 74. 1993, Rev. Elev. Med.
conamukam, cucakam, cukkulam, cunkulakkoti, cunku- Vet. Pays Trop. 46(4): 591–5. 1993, Fl. Maharashtra 3A: 259.
mam, cutcumappila, dholi doodhli, dholi-doodhli, dishtupu 2001, J. Nat. Prod. 69(9): 1319–22. 2006
chettu, dudheli, dudhi, dusthaapa chettu, dushtapu aku, dush-
(Hypoglycemic. A large number of ruminants often lost in
taputega, dushtupatige, dushtuputige, dustapateega, dusta-
Niger due to poisoning caused by Pergularia tomentosa, this
pucettu, dustapuchettu, dusthapu theega, dustupatheega,
plant traditionally used to tan skin. Cardenolide glycosides
dutlapu teega, gadaria-ki-bel, gadariari bel, guruti, gurtice-
from Pergularia tomentosa caused apoptotic cell death of
ttu, gurtichettu, guruti chettu, haalu koratige, haalu kurutige,
Kaposi’s sarcoma cells.)
halakonatige, halakoratiganaballi, halakoritige, halkoratiga,
halkoritige, halkutugana balli, halokoratige, itrelal, iyacoli, in French: pergulaire
iyacolikkoti, jistapu theega, jitta paala, jittapaaku, juttuku,
in Arabic: ghelga
jittupaku, jutak, juttapu theega, juttu paakku, juttu pala,
juttupaku, juttuve, juttuve balli, juttuveballi, kakajangha,
kakkaiveli, karambha, karani, karkacam, kattamani, kiri-
tam, kirusani, kolunkuvi, kunattittaru, kurutaka, kuntagyan Pericampylus Miers Menispermaceae
balli, kuntalige, kunthale, kunthaliga, kuntiga, kuntige balli, Greek peri ‘around’ and kampylos ‘curved’, referring to the
kurudigana balli, kurutakah, kurutige, kurutona thoppalu, fruits; see John Miers (1789–1879), in Annals and magazine
kushtagee, kushteera, kushtigana balli, kutakam, kutakaram, of natural history. Ser. II, 7(37): 36, 40. London (Jan.) 1851.
kutkaram, kuttamani, kuttamanikkoti, mancali, mancani,
Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. (Cocculus incanus
mancanikkoti, mancuni, manda-singi, mani, manikatam,
Colebr.; Coscinium colaniae Gagnep.; Menispermum glau-
manikkoti, manimuli, manimulikkoti, masi, menda singi,
cum Lam.; Pericampylus formosanus Diels; Pericampylus
mendaa doodi, miccai, mul-kach, nagla dudheli, nagphane-
glaucus Merr.; Pericampylus incanus (Colebr.) Miers;
dudhi, nakanokki, nantamani, nasbhanga, nattamani,
Pericampylus incanus Miers; Pericampylus incanus (DC.)
nrtyakundala, palamutanki, palmutanki, panmutanki, peru-
Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson; Pericampylus omeiensis W.Y.
vakai, phala-kantak, picukacceti, picukam, pivelikakkoti,
Lien; Pericampylus trinervatus Yamam.)
pivelikam, purunti, pusanam, putarakkoti, putaram, putara-
virutcam, sagovani, seendhal kodi, talavaarana balli, talava- Nepal, China. Trailing, twining herb, pubescent stem, green-
ranaballi, talavaranavalli, taravaranaballi, thalavaarana balli, ish flowers in axils
tiyamam, ugurusutthu balli, ugurusuttuballi, ukka, urattai,
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 100. 1797, Regni
uthamani, uthamarani, uthuraali, uthurli, uthurulla, utahma-
Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 511, 515–531. 1818[1817],
niver, utaran, utarni, uthamani, utharana, utrali, utran, utran-
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13(1): 57–58.
ki-bel, utranajutuka, utrani, utraun, utrudi, uttamakani,
1822, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2 7: 40.
uttamakannikai, uttamamakani, uttamamkani, uttamani,
1851, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . .
uttamarani, uttamatali, uttarani, uttrain, uturuli, vayucanka,
1: 194. 1872 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) Menispermac. 221. 1910,
veli, veli parutti, velikkoti, velip-parutti, veliparitte, velipa-
An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense
ruthan, veliparuthi, veliparutti, veliperitte, vellipparuthi,
219. 1917, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et con-
velipparutti, velipparuttikkoti, vellaikkattamani, veluma-
tributiones ad floram formosanam. 4: 9–10, f. 4. 1928, Acta
canti, velvelikakkoti, velvelikam, vempunal, verlipparuthi,
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(1): 39–40, pl. 1, pl. 3, f. 3. 1975
visanika, yugaphala, yugmaphalika
(Leaves in asthma, mucilage for swollen spleen, a poultice
in Yoruba: atufa
used to relieve headache; leaves infusion for high fever.
Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepias cordata Forssk.; Fruits bitter.)
Daemia cordata (Forssk.) R. Br.; Daemia cordata (Forssk.)
in India: havunanji gida
R. Br. var. schmidtiana (Pomel) Batt.; Daemia schmittiana
Pomel; Daemia tomentosa (L.) Pomel; Daemia tomentosa in Japan: hôrai-tsuzura-fuji
(L.) Vatke, nom. illeg., non Daemia tomentosa (L.) Pomel;
Malay names: akar kelempenang, minyak pinyang
Pergularia tomentosa Span., nom. illeg., non Pergularia
tomentosa L.; Pergularia tomentosa Sessé & Moc.; in Nepal: pipal pati
Pergularia tomentosa L. var. virescens Maire; Telosma
Pericampylus incanus (DC.) Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson
tomentosa (L.) M.R. Almeida)
(Cocculus incanus Colebr.; Pericampylus incanus (Colebr.)
Ethiopia. Miers; Pericampylus incanus Miers)
Pericopsis Thwaites Fabaceae (Sophoreae) 2849

India, Malay Peninsula. Pericopsis laxiflora (Baker) Meeuwen (Afrormosia laxi-

flora (Benth. ex Baker) Harms; Afrormosia laxiflora (Baker)
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13(1):
Harms; Ormosia laxiflora Benth. ex Baker; Pericopsis ango-
57–58. 1822, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2
lensis (Baker) Meeuwen subsp. laxiflora (Benth.) Yakovlev;
7: 40. 1851, Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the
Pericopsis laxiflora (Benth. ex Baker) Meeuwen)
plants . . 1: 194. 1872
Sudan, Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, slash
(Leaves in asthma, cough, headache. Roots used in snake
cream-pink
poison, plant poisoning.)
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
Malay names: akar kelempenang, minyak pinyang
10: 360. 1811, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae 413.
1864, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 255. 1871 and Die
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(2): 158. 1906, Journal
Pericopsis Thwaites Fabaceae (Sophoreae)
of Ethnopharmacology 97: 327–336. 2005, Journal of
Greek perikope ‘cutting all round, mutilation, a section’, Ethnopharmacology 99: 273–279. 2005, Journal of
perikopto ‘to cut all round’, referring to the calyx, see Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 32(2): 213–219. 1962,
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68: 551–557. 1981. (Roots tonic, stimulant, antiseptic, for asthenia; roots decoc-
tion astringent, anthelmintic, for diarrhea, snakebite. Leaves
Pericopsis angolensis (Baker) Meeuwen (Afrormosia ango- for psychosis, decoction for headache and antidote, infusion
lensis (Baker) Harms; Afrormosia angolensis (Baker) De for lumbago; young leaves chewed for body pain. Magic, rit-
Wild.; Afrormosia angolensis var. brasseuriana (De Wild.) ual, bark for insanity. Veterinary medicine.)
Louis; Afrormosia angolensis var. subtomentosa (De Wild.)
Louis; Afrormosia schliebenii Harms; Ormosia angolensis in English: false dalbergia
Baker; Pericopsis angolensis var. subtomentosa (De Wild.) in Benin: dilané, diolan, faux dalbergia, folékou, goboutchiré,
Meeuwen; Pericopsis schliebenii (Harms) Meeuwen) gorodjohi bodehi, itchédou, kokkobi, kpassiwan, makarfo,
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, flowers whitish motouherlé, sadjouma, saijndon, sinafélégourou, sinafé-
purple lékou, sinaférékou, sorokouyé, takonnabéta, tchantare

See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 255. 1871 and Die Natürlichen in Guinea: kohkobi, kolo kolo, kolo koolo, koulo koulo
Pflanzenfamilien 3: 158. 1906, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique in Ivory Coast: digué, domo, kafi, katémi, katiembo, kokoré,
de l’État 32(2): 216. 1962 kolo-kolo, korokoro, kouendiblé, kpadiblé, kpangui, krouk-
(Leaf sap drunk anthelmintic; leaves applied for headache. rou, kroukroudou, kwokwo, kouendiblé, ouloudio, ounigo,
Roots decoction astringent, tonic, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, tankoniliga, tiendiéré, torasin, wa
blood purifier, to treat diarrhea, bronchial and chest com- in Mali: cincime, kokobi, kolo kolo, kolokolo, mugudru,
plaints; root powder applied externally to treat edema.) nyanga tigbwele, nyatini, sincime
in English: East African afrormosia in Nigeria: abua ocha, amuyin, awin, ayan, egbi, kariye
in Tanzania: mbanga, muvanga gatari, kpankangichi, makarfo, odagbila, sedun, tserama

Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen (Afrormosia elata in Senegal: kulkuli

Harms) in Togo: dekpli, dikpiloboudé, dikplindi
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, slash cream- in W. Africa: cincime, kolo kolo
dirty orange, white to creamy or greenish flowers, brown
smooth flattened indehiscent pod shortly stiped slightly
winged along margins, gorillas eat young leaves and fruit,
Perideridia Reichb. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
included in the IUCN Red List of threatened species as
endangered From the Greek perideris ‘necklace’, see Species Plantarum
1: 263. 1753, Collection de mémoires 69, pl. 2. 1829,
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Handbuch des Naturlichen Pflanzensystems 219. 1837, The
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 430. 1913, Bulletin du
Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 349. 1839 and Brittonia
Jardin Botanique de l’État 32(2): 216. 1962
2(3): 239–245. 1936.
(Pulped bark rubbed into scarifications. Leaves antiplasmo-
Perideridia bolanderi (A. Gray) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr.
dial. Wood antibiotic, antimalarial and blood-sugar reducing
(Conopodium bolanderi (A. Gray) Koso-Pol.; Eulophus
properties.)
bolanderi (A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & Rose; Podosciadium
in English: African teak, afrormosia bolanderi A. Gray)
in Central African Republic: mobai North America.
2850 Perilla L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and (Roots astringent, stomachic, taken for coughs, to counteract
Sciences 7(2): 346. 1868, Revision of North American cathartic and emetic effects.)
Umbelliferae 112–113. 1888 and Botanical Gazette 61(1): 33.
in English: Gairdner’s yampah
1916, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de
Moscou 29: 205. 1916 Perideridia kelloggii (A. Gray) Mathias (Atenia kelloggii (A.
(Roots stomachic.) Gray) Greene; Carum kelloggii A. Gray)

in English: Bolander’s yampah North America. Perennial

Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias (Atenia See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
erythrorhiza (Piper) H. Wolff; Atenia gairdneri Hook. & Sciences 7(2): 344. 1868, Pittonia 1: 274. 1889 and Brittonia
Arn.; Carum erythrorhizum Piper; Carum gairdneri (Hook. 2(3): 244. 1936
& Arn.) A. Gray; Carum garrettii A. Nelson ex J.M. Coult. (Decoction of flowers taken for vomiting.)
& Rose; Carum montanum Blank.; Perideridia erythrorhiza
(Piper) T.I. Chuang & Constance) in English: Kellogg’s yampah
North America.
See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 349. 1839, Perilla L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Derivation obscure, possibly a diminutive of the Latin pera,
7(2): 344. 1868 and Contributions from the United States
ae ‘a bag, wallet, pocket’, Greek pera ‘a pouch’, in reference
National Herbarium 12(10): 443. 1909, Bulletin of the
to the form of the fruiting calyx, or from the Hindu name;
Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 68. 1913, Proceedings of the
Latin Perilla is a female proper name.
Biological Society of Washington 29(23): 100. 1916, Das
Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 90): 172. 1927, Brittonia 2(3): Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (Ocimum frutescens L.;
244. 1936, University of California Publications in Botany Ocimum frutescens Mill., nom. illeg.; Perilla ocymoides L.,
55: 71. 1969 nom. illeg.)
(Roots astringent, stomachic, taken for coughs, to counteract India. Erect, branched, strongly aromatic herb, stem 4-gonous,
cathartic and emetic effects.) white flowers, ovoid reddish brown glabrous nutlets
in English: common yampah, false caraway, Indian caraway, See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578, 597–598. 1753, Genera
squawroot, yampa, yampah Plantarum, ed. 6 578. 1764, The Gardeners Dictionary:
… eighth edition 6. 1768, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical
Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias subsp. bore-
Club 5(18): 277. 1894 and Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad)
alis T.I. Chuang & Constance (Atenia montana (Blank.)
79(6): 122–123. 1994
Rydb.; Carum montanum Blank.; Perideridia montana
(Blank.) Dorn) (Seed paste applied on skin diseases; seed decoction used for
headache, bodyache and rheumatism.)
North America. Perennial
in English: mint perilla, perilla, perilla mint, yegoma oil
See University of California Publications in Botany 55:
59–61, 63, f. 24–25. 1969 in China: zi su
(Roots astringent, stomachic, diuretic, taken for coughs, to in India: arim, ban tulsi, bantulsi, bhangira, bhangiri,
counteract cathartic and emetic effects; infusion of roots bhangjeera, bhanjira, fangthrelick, khamella
applied to sores and wounds.)
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Bentham) Deane
Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias subsp. gaird- ex Bailey (Dentidia nankinensis Loureiro; Dentidia pur-
neri (Carum gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) A. Gray) purascens Persoon; Dentidia purpurea Poiret; Mentha retic-
ulosa Hance; Ocimum acutum Thunb.; Ocimum crispum
North America. Perennial
Thunberg; Perilla acuta (Thunb.) Nakai; Perilla arguta
See The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 349. 1839, Bentham; Perilla crispa (Thunb.) Tanaka; Perilla frutes-
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences cens var. acuta (Thunb.) Kudô; Perilla frutescens var. arguta
7(2): 344. 1868 and Contributions from the United States (Bentham) Handel-Mazzetti; Perilla frutescens var. crispa
National Herbarium 12(10): 443. 1909, Bulletin of the (Thunberg) Handel-Mazzetti, nom. illeg., non Perilla fru-
Torrey Botanical Club 40(2): 68. 1913, Proceedings of the tescens var. crispa (Benth.) Deane ex Bailey; Perilla frute-
Biological Society of Washington 29(23): 100. 1916, Das scens var. crispa (Benth.) H.W. Li, nom. illeg., non Perilla
Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 90): 172. 1927, Brittonia 2(3): frutescens var. crispa (Benth.) Deane ex Bailey; Perilla
244. 1936, University of California Publications in Botany frutescens var. crispa Deane; Perilla frutescens var. nan-
55: 71. 1969 kinensis (Loureiro) Britton; Perilla nankinensis (Loureiro)
Periphragmos Ruíz & Pavón Polemoniaceae 2851

Decaisne; Perilla ocymoides Linnaeus var. crispa Bentham; Stirp. Chap. Allerton 80. 1796, Retzia 2: 36. 1856, Memoirs
Plectranthus nankinensis (Loureiro) Sprengel) of the Torrey Botanical Club 5(18): 277. 1894 and Bot. Mag.
(Tokyo) 26: 78. 1912, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8(37):
SE Asia, Japan, Myanmar, Laos. Annual herb, aromatic,
161–162. 1913, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 180. 1914, Stand. Cycl.
branched, tomentose, thin and soft leaves opposite acuminate
Hort. 5: 2553. 1916, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 8: 103. 1919, J. Jap.
dentate pubescent, inflorescence an axillary and terminal
Bot. 7: 7. 1931, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 3: 225. 1931, J. Soc. Trop.
raceme, calyx campanulate 5-toothed, corolla campanulate,
Agric. 7: 84. 1935, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 228. 1974, Acta
globular nutlets, leaves give a purplish red tint to salted fruit
Bot. Yunnan. 13: 350. 1991, Journal of Phytogeography and
of Prunus mume, cotyledons of seedlings used as a condi-
ment, leaves and flower clusters used as a condiment or salted Taxonomy 44: 43–52. 1996
and eaten (Leaves, stems and fruit used medicinally. Seeds are a source
See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578, 597–598. 1753, Genera of perilla oil, a drying oil resembling linseed oil, which is
Plantarum … ed. 6 578. 1764, Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. used in waterproofing paper, manufacturing cheaper lacquer
Upsal. 4: 38. 1783, Syst. Nat. ed. 14: 546. 1784, Flora Japonica, varnishes, printing ink, and painting. Leaves are used for fla-
… 248. 1784, Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. voring dishes in India and China.)
1788, Fl. Cochinch. 357, 369. 1790, Flora Cochinchinensis, in English: acute common perilla, beefsteak plant, common
denuo in Germania edita 448. 1793, Syn. Pl. 2: 135. 1807, perilla, perilla, purple common perilla
Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 2(2):
466. 1812, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 691. in China: bai su zi, pai su, zi su, zi su zi, tzu su
1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 12: in India: bhanjira
164. 1848, Revue Horticole 1: 61, pl. 4. 1852, Memoirs of
the Torrey Botanical Club 5(18): 277. 1894 and Rhodora 25: in Japan: shiso, aka-jiso (the red variety), ao-jiso (the green
40. 1923, Manual of Cultivated Plants 1: 646. 1924, Bull. variety)
Sci. Hort. Inst. Kyushu Imp. Univ. 1: 204. 1925, Bot. Mag. in Vietnam: tia to, tu to
(Tokyo) 42: 474. 1928, Mem. Fac. Sci. Taihoku Imp. Univ.
2(1): 74. 1929, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 13(10): 351–353.
1939, Annales Botanices Systematicae 3: 247. 1952–53, Periphragmos Ruíz & Pavón Polemoniaceae
Acta Botanica Yunnanica 13(3): 350. 1991, Journal of
Phytogeography and Taxonomy 44: 43–52. 1996 Greek peri ‘around, all round’ and phragma ‘a hedge, a
fence, screen’, phragmon ‘a thorn-hedge’, periphragma
(Leaves, stems and fruit used medicinally. Leaves for colds,
‘fence round a place, enclosure’, referring to the habitat,
cough, headache, nausea, vomiting; stems for abdominal dis-
see Genera Plantarum 136. 1789, Florae Peruvianae, et
tension, fetal distress, vomiting in pregnancy; fruit for pro-
Chilensis Prodromus 26, t. 24. 1794.
ductive cough and wheezing.)
Periphragmos foetidus Ruiz & Pav.
in English: acute common perilla, purple common perilla,
purple perilla South America, Peru.
in China: hui hui su, zi su, ye sheng zi su See Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 2: 17. 1799
Perilla frutescens (Linnaeus) Britton var. frutescens (Infusion used as laxative.)
(Melissa cretica Loureiro; Melissa maxima Arduino; Mentha
perilloides Lamarck; Ocimum frutescens Linnaeus; Perilla
albiflora Odash.; Perilla avium Dunn; Perilla frutescens f. Periploca L. Apocynaceae
crispidiscolor Makino; Perilla frutescens var. auriculato- (Asclepiadaceae, Periplocaceae)
dentata C.Y. Wu & S.J. Hsuan ex H.W. Li; Perilla frutescens
var. laviniata W.Mill. & L.H. Bailey; Perilla frutescens var. Greek periploke ‘twining round, interlacing, entanglement’,
purpurascens (Hayata) H.W. Li; Perilla ocymoides Linnaeus; periplokos ‘entwined, twined about’, see Species Plantarum
Perilla ocymoides f. discolor Makino; Perilla ocymoides f. 1: 211–212. 1753 and Nachträge zur Flora der Deutschen
purpurea Makino; Perilla ocymoides f. viridicrispa Makino; Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 351. 1905.
Perilla ocymoides f. viridis Makino; Perilla ocymoides
Periploca aphylla Decne.
var. japonica Hassk.; Perilla ocymoides var. purpura-
scens Hayata; Perilla shimadae Kudô; Perilla urticaefolia Pakistan.
Salisbury; Perilla urticifolia Salisb.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Voyage dans l’Inde
SE Asia to Pakistan. Herb 4: 109–110, t. 116. 1843 and J. Nat. Prod. 63(6): 881–883.
2000, J. Nat. Prod. 67(9): 1450–1454. 2004
See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578, 592–594, 597–598. 1753,
Animadv. Bot. Spec. Alt. 28. 1764, Genera Plantarum … (The milky juice used for swellings; flower buds to dry up
ed. 6 578. 1764, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 368. 1790, Prodr. pimples. A moderate antibacterial activity.)
2852 Peristrophe Nees Acanthaceae

in Pakistan: gishtar Periploca nigrescens Afzel. (Omphalogonus nigricans N.E.

Br.; Parquetina gabonica Baill.; Parquetina nigrescens
Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falconer (Omphalogonus calo-
(Afzel.) Bullock; Periploca afzelii G. Don; Periploca gabon-
phyllus Baill.; Periploca calophylla (Baill.) Roberty, nom.
ica (Baill.) A. Chev.; Periploca nigricans Schltr.; Periploca
illeg., non Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc.; Streptocaulon
preussii K. Schum.; Periploca wildemanii A. Chev.)
calophyllum Wight)
Tropical Africa. See also Omphalogonus calophyllus Baill.
Tropical Africa. See also Omphalogonus calophyllus Baill.
See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Stirpium in Guinea
See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Contributions to
medicinalium species novae, … 1: 2. 1818, A General
the Botany of India 64–65. 1834, Proc. Linn. Soc. London
History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 163. 1837, Bull.
1: 115. 1841, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne
Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 806. 1889, Botanische Jahrbücher
de Paris 2: 812. 1889, Histoire des Plantes 10: 300. 1890
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
and Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1912: 279.
17: 117. 1893 and Revue international de botanique appli-
1912, Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire 15:
quée et d’agriculture tropicale 31: 251. 1951, Kew Bulletin
1429. 1953, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 15(4): 245–247.
15: 205. 1961, Planta Med. 53(4): 391. 1987, Afr. J. Med. Med.
1980, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 30(1):
Sci. 30(1–2): 105–109. 2001
44–46. 2005
(Flavonoid glycoside from the leaves.)
(The stem used as medicine for lumbago, traumatic injury,
and against snakebites. Cardiotonic action.)
in English: pretty leaf silk vine Peristrophe Nees Acanthaceae
in China: qing she teng Greek peristrophe ‘a turning around’, peri ‘around’ and stro-
phe ‘turning, twist’, strophos ‘twisted cord, belt, band’, refer-
Periploca forrestii Schlechter (Periploca calophylla (Wight)
ring to the twisted corolla tube or to the bracts surrounding
Falconer subsp. forrestii (Schlechter) Browicz)
and enclosing the calyx or to the involucre; see Nathaniel
China. Wallich (1786–1854), Plantae Asiaticae rariores. 3: 77,
See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Proceedings of 112. London 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis 11: 308–309. 1847.
the Linnean Society of London 1: 115. 1841 and Notes from
the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 8(36): 15. 1913, Acta Peristrophe acuminata Nees
Pharmaceutica Sinica 11: 75–9. 1964, Arboretum Kórnickie
Myanmar, Malaysia.
11: 78. 1966, J. Ethnopharmacol. 54(2–3): 153–164. 1996
See Plantae Asiaticae rariores. 3: 113. 1832
(Used for traumatic injury and rheumatic arthralgia.
Cardiotonic action.) (For snakebite, wounds, pound the leaves with a little gluti-
nous rice and poultice. Plant decoction antidote for snakebite.
in China: hei long gu
Root paste applied to treat eczema.)
Periploca gabonica A. Chev. (Periploca gabonica (Baill.)
Malay names: bunga kuau chermin, paha ayam, setawar ular,
A.Chev.)
tangkai jerami
Gabon.
Peristrophe baphica (Sprengel) Bremekamp (Justicia baph-
See Rev. Int. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 31: 251. 1951 ica Sprengel; Justicia bivalvis L.; Peristrophe bivalvis Merr.;
Peristrophe bivalvis (L.) Merrill; Peristrophe roxburghiana
(Fish poison.)
(Schultz) Bremekamp; Peristrophe tinctoria (Roxburgh) Nees)
Periploca linearifolia Quart.-Dill. & A. Rich. (Periploca
China. Herb
linearis Hochst., nom. nud.)
See Jour. Bot. 17: 19. 1879 and Interpr. Rumph. Herb.
Tropical Africa.
Amboin. 476. 1917, Lingnan Sci. Journ. 5: 170. 1927
See Species Plantarum 1: 211–212. 1753, Annales des
(Leaves boiled until the water turns red, the decoction used
Sciences Naturelles (Paris) Sér. 2 14: 263. 1840, Flora
to wash infected wounds. Meat from pig’s leg boiling with
24(Intell. 1): 25. 1841 and Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther.
water, soup could be used as drugs for heating clearing and
122: 48–56. 1959
fire purging, antitussives and hemostatics.)
(Galactagogue. Roots and milky latex decoction taken and
in English: pepper leaf herb
exudates applied for venereal diseases, warts, pneumonia,
cancer, diarrhea, fertility. Ritual, magic.) in China: guan yin cao
in Kenya: sinendet in Indonesia: udu tung lia
Peristylus Blume Orchidaceae 2853

Peristrophe japonica (Thunberg) Bremekamp (Dianthera kakatikta, kakjungha, kaknadi, katou-pulcholli, katti, kuch-
japonica Thunberg; Dicliptera buergeriana Miquel; chi, kuljeera, milagainangai, millagaainangai, nadikanta,
Dicliptera crinita Nees; Dicliptera japonica (Thunberg) nasabhaga, nil jhojhru, pedda uttareni, pracivala, raan
Makino; Dicliptera uraiensis Hayata; Justicia crinita kiraayath, rankirayat, sulomasa
Thunberg; Peristrophe chinensis Nees)
Peristrophe tinctoria Nees
China.
India, Malaysia.
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 338. 1794, Prodr. 11: 485,
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 113. 1832
494. 1847 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 90. 1903, Boissiera 7:
194. 1943 (Skin complaints, pound the leaves and poultice.)
(Febrifuge.) Malay name: mala pudak
in China: jiu tou xi zi cao
Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt (Dianthera Peristylus Blume Orchidaceae
bicalyculata Retz.; Dianthera malabarica L.f., nom. illegit.;
From the Greek peri ‘around’ and stylos ‘a column’, refer-
Dianthera malabarica Gouan ex Nees; Dianthera panicu-
ring to the shape of the column; see Karl Ludwig von Blume,
lata Lour.; Dianthera paniculata Forssk.; Dicliptera panic-
Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. 404. Batavia
ulata (Forssk.) I. Darbysh.; Justicia bicalyculata (Retz.)
(Sep.-Dec.) 1825.
Vahl; Justicia ligulata Lam.; Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees;
Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees) Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl. (Habenaria con-
stricta (Lindl.) Hook.f.; Habenaria cylindrocalyx Gagnep.;
Tanzania, India. Herb, erect, branched, 6-angled stems
Herminium constrictum Lindl.; Orchis leucantha Ham. ex
hairy at nodes, ovate acute hairy leaves, flowers purple or
Hook.f.; Platanthera constricta Lindl. ex Wall., nom. inval.)
pink, corolla bilipped, pubescent oblong capsule pointed,
seeds ovoid India, Vietnam. Ground growing orchid herb, stout stem,
hairy tuber
See Supplementum Plantarum 85. 1752, Flora Aegyptiaco-
Arabica 7. 1775, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1775: 279. See Edwards’s Botanical Register 18: sub pl. 1499. 1832,
1775 [Tvdnne nya species of Dianthera.], Encyclopédie Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 300. 1835, The Flora of British India
Méthodique, Botanique 1: 632. 1785, Flora Cochinchinensis 6(17): 161. 1890 and NRBGE 13: 205. 1921 [Notes from the
26. 1790, Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 13. 1791, Plantae Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh]
Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich) 3: 113. 1832 and Cat. Pl.
(Pills made from leaves paste of Plumbago indica and whole
Madag., Acanth. 2(24): 7–32. 1939, Cytologia 41: 283–290.
plants of Habenaria constricta given after menstrual cycle
1976, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 86: 152–203. 1976, Kew
for 2–3 days as contraceptives. Dried powdered tuberous
Bulletin 38(3): 451. 1983, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 65: 310–315.
roots given with milk and sugar in sexual debility.)
1986, Kew Bulletin 62(1): 122–123. 2007
in Bangladesh: chamuinda
(Used in Ayurveda. Plant paste mixed with common salt
warmed and applied externally in bone fractures; leaves in India: salam musali
and stem mixed with white of egg and lime, ground into a
paste and applied in bone fractures; paste of nodal portion of
stem taken orally by women during labor pain; plant decoc- Pernettya Gaudich. Ericaceae
tion antidote for snakebite; treatment of snakebite and fever,
For the French Academician Antoine Joseph Pernetty
whole plant. Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees whole
(Pernety), 1716–1801, with Louis-Antoine de Bougainville
plant macerated in a rice infusion and eaten for snakebite.
(1729–1811) visited the Falkland Islands and South America.
Root paste applied to treat eczema, skin diseases. Leaf juice
See L.A. de Bougainville, Voyage autour du monde par la
poured into the eyes for eyes ailments; leaf mixed with raw
frégate du Roi “La Boudeuse” et la flute L’Etoile” en 1766–
sugar and given in fever, intermittent fever; leaf paste applied
1769. Paris 1771, Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili …
to treat eczema, skin diseases. Fruits burnt and the paste
126, 351. 1781 (1782), Charles François Brisseau de Mirbel
mixed with mustard oil and applied in eye inflammations.
(1776–1854), in Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 5: 102.
Veterinary medicine, an ointment for dressing of wounds of
1825, Robert O. Cunningham, Notes on the Natural History
horses and oxen.)
of the Strait of Magellan and West Coast of Patagonia Made
in India: atrilal, chebeera, cheebe gida, cheebee gida, chee- During the Voyage of H.M.S. Nassau in the Years 1866, 67,
beera soppu, cheebera soppu, chebira, chebira gida, che- 68, & 69. Edinburgh 1871 and Joanny Bricaud, Les Illuminés
bura, chirchiri, choti, choti harjodi, chotiharjori, cibi gida, d’Avignon. Étude de dom Pernety et son groupe. Paris 1927,
eluvu sandaka, ghati pitta papada, ghatipittapapada, jai, Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 4(5): 6–12; 298–302. 1965, Margaret
jal, kaage kaalu baeru, kaanga, kakajangha, kakar bhawra, Patricia Henwood Laver, An Annotated Bibliography of the
2854 Peronema Jack Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

Falkland Islands and the Falkland Island Dependencies (as (Leaves, berries, and nectar from flowers poisonous, highly
delimited on 3rd March, 1962). Cape Town 1977, Bot. Jahrb. toxic, may be fatal if eaten. Toxic, hallucinogenic, plants
Syst. 105(4): 449–480. 1985, John Dunmore, Who’s Who in should under no circumstances be used as food.)
Pacific Navigation. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu
in Central and South America: arayán, arrayán, arrayan,
1991, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold,
cacalote, capulincillo, maiz de perro
Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 427. Stuttgart
1993, Fl. Neotrop. 66: 351–488. 1995. in Ecuador: taglli
Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) DC. (Andromeda prostrata Cav.;
Arbutus phillyreafolia Pers.; Arbutus pilosa Graham ex
Hook.; Arbutus pilosa Graham ex Hook.; Gaultheria alpina Peronema Jack Lamiaceae
(Donn. Sm.) Sleumer; Gaultheria buxifolia M. Martens & (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)
Galeotti; Gaultheria ciliata Schltdl. & Cham.; Gaultheria
From the Greek peroo, paroo ‘to mutilate’, peros ‘deficient’
hirsuta M. Martens & Galeotti; Gaultheria myrsinoi-
and nema ‘thread’, referring to the missing stamens, see
des Kunth; Gaultheria phillyreafolia (Pers.) Sleumer;
Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 46. 1822.
Gaultheria sanmartensis Rusby; Pernettya albiflora B.
Fedtsch. & Basil.; Pernettya angustata Benth.; Pernettya Peronema canescens Jack (Peronema heterophyllum Miq.)
buxifolia M. Martens & Galeotti; Pernettya cavanillesiana
Thailand.
G. Don; Pernettya ciliaris D. Don ex G. Don; Pernettya
ciliaris var. alpina Donn. Sm.; Pernettya ciliata (Schltdl. See Malayan Misc. 2(7): 46. 1822, Flora van Nederlandsch
& Cham.) Small; Pernettya congesta Klotzsch; Pernettya Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel 3: 570. 1861 [Alternate title: Flora
coriacea Klotzsch; Pernettya densa Rusby; Pernettya ellip- Indiae Batavae,… Supplementum Primum. Prodromus
tica DC.; Pernettya halliana Klotzsch; Pernettya hirsuta (M. Florae Sumatranae]
Martens & Galeotti) Camp; Pernettya leucocantha Linden
(For rheumatism, ringworm, pound the leaves and poultice;
ex Sleumer; Pernettya mexicana Camp; Pernettya myrs-
leaves decoction for fever.)
inoides (Kunth) Zucc. ex Steud.; Pernettya nitida Planch. ex
Sleumer; Pernettya obovata Camp; Pernettya oerstediana in English: false elder
Klotzsch; Pernettya parvifolia Benth.; Pernettya parvifolia
Malayan names: cherek, sukai, sungkai
Phil., nom. illeg.; Pernettya pentlandii DC.; Pernettya pent-
landii subvar. humilis Planch. ex Wedd.; Pernettya pentlan-
dii var. parvifolia (Benth.) Wedd.; Pernettya phillyreifolia
(Pers.) DC.; Pernettya pilosa (Graham ex Hook.) G. Don; Perovskia Karelin Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) Sleumer; Pernettya prostrata For the Russian General Leo A. Perovski (Perovskij), 1792–
var. angustata (Benth.) Sleumer; Pernettya prostrata var. 1856, Governor of Orenburg; see Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes
elliptica (DC.) Sleumer; Pernettya prostrata var. myrsinoi- Moscou 14: 15, t. 1. 1841, Georg Christian Wittstein,
des (Kunth) Sleumer; Pernettya prostrata var. pentlandii Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 673. Ansbach
(DC.) Sleumer; Pernettya prostrata var. purpurea (D. Don 1852 and F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch
ex G. Don) Sleumer; Pernettya purpurea D. Don ex G. der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 149. Berlin &
Don; Pernettya purpurea var. angustata (Benth.) Wedd. ex Hamburg 1989.
Kuntze; Pernettya purpurea var. pentlandii (DC.) Kuntze;
Pernettya robusta Wedd.; Pernettya saxicola Standl. & Perovskia abrotanoides Karelin (Perovskia artemisioides
Steyerm.; Pernettya schizostigma Rusby; Pernettya setigera Boiss.)
Klotzsch; Pernettya tomasii Camp) Iran, Tibet, Himalaya. Aromatic whitish greyish hairy shrub
South America, Mexico. Small shrubby plants or under-shrub, blue violet flowers in whorls, fresh leaves as
flavouring agent, red dye
See Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte …
6: 43, t. 562, f. 2. 1801, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 483. 1805, See Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 14: 15. 1841,
Linnaea 5: 126. 1830, Botanical Magazine t. 3177. 1832, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 2, 4: 15.
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(2): 587, 1859
609. 1839, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants
(Cooling, antacid, in tenesmus, fever; leaf decoction in cough.
3: 837. 1841, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 219.
Veterinary medicine, plant extract given to cattle when they
1845, Chloris Andina 2: 170. 1857, Botanical Gazette 25(3):
stop to eat.)
148. 1898 and North American Flora 29(1): 82. 1914, Kongliga
Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 56: 283. 1916, in English: Caspian sage
Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-
in China: fen yao hua
Dahlem 12(113): 289–290. 1935, Notizblatt des Botanischen
Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 13(117): 207. 1936 in India: iskiling, phayanma, shemerrang, starubu, tarubu
Persea Miller Lauraceae 2855

Persea Miller Lauraceae in cattle, goats, rabbits, canaries, and fish. The seeds have
caused toxicity and death in canaries and have experimen-
From the Greek name persea, applied by Theophrastus (HP.
tally poisoned mice. Leaves should not be allowed to fall
3.3.5, 4.2.5) and Hippocrates (De Morbis Mulierum. 1.90) to
accidentally into fish tanks. Used for colds, sprains, malaria,
an unknown Egyptian tree, possibly Cordia myxa L. or a spe-
coughs, diarrhea, high blood pressure, headaches, rheu-
cies of Mimusops; see Philip Miller, The gardeners dictionary.
matism. Leaf and bark teas for diarrhea, colds. Poultice of
Abr. ed. 4. London (28 Jan.) 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary:
leaves for headache, rheumatism, sprains; leaves decoction
… eighth edition s.n. 1768, Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae
for regulating fertility.)
61. 1834, Sylva Telluriana 136. 1838, Genera Plantarum 3:
157. 1880 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 302–344. 1946, Rheedea in English: alligator pear, avocado, avocado pear
3(2): 132, 135. 1993, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches
in South America: abacasi, abacate, abacate-creme vegetal,
Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 471. Basel
abacateiro, abocate, acapa, aguacate, ahuacate, ahuacatl,
1996, Novon 12(4): 575–586. 2002.
apacha, aswe, avocado acapa, caí, huira palta, huira palto, ju,
Persea americana Mill. (Laurus persea L.; Persea americana louro-abacate, morako, oj, palltay, palta, palta moena, paltai,
var. angustifolia Miranda; Persea americana var. drymifolia palte, palto, parata, parité, parta, parte, um, un, tc’om
(Schltdl. & Cham.) S.F. Blake; Persea americana var. leiog-
yna (Blake) Kelsey & Dayton; Persea americana var. nubig- in Mexico: aguacate, aguacachile, aguacate xinene, aho-
ena (L.O. Williams) L.E. Kopp; Persea drymifolia Schltdl. & acacuáhuitl, ahuacacáhuatl, ahuacat, ahuacate, bashlobó,
Cham.; Persea edulis Raf., nom. illeg. superfl.; Persea floc- cucataj, cupandra, cuut’p, cupanda, cuytuim, ohui, on, pagua,
cosa Mez; Persea gigantea L.O. Williams; Persea gratissima palta, shamal, tunuá, uy, ohuacatl, lhpuy, lhpua, tatsan, tutiti,
Gaertn.; Persea gratissima var. drimyfolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) tzani, tzison, tziton, yashusa, yaujca, yaxhu, yéuca-te
Mez; Persea gratissima var. macrophylla Meisn.; Persea gra- in Cambodia: ‘avôkaa
tissima var. oblonga Meisn.; Persea gratissima var. praecox
Nees; Persea gratissima var. vulgaris Meisn.; Persea leiog- in Indonesia: adpukat, avokad, pokat
yna Blake; Persea nubigena L.O. Williams; Persea paucitrip- in Japan: abokado, wani-nashi
linervia Lundell; Persea persea (L.) Cockerell, nom. inval.,
tautonym; Persea steyermarkii C.K. Allen) in Malaysia: apukado, avokado

Tropical Americas. Evergreen tree, leafy, large alternate in Papua New Guinea: bata
leaves, small pale yellow flowers, large fruit, central seed in Philippines: abukado, avocado
See Species Plantarum 1: 369–370. 1753, The Gardeners in Thailand: awokado
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition s.n. 1754, The
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition s.n.. 1768, De in Vietnam: bo’, lê dâù
Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 3: 222, t. 221. 1807, in Congo: saboka
Linnaea 6: 365. 1831, Systema Laurinarum 129. 1836, Sylva
Telluriana 134. 1838, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis in East Africa: mparachichi, mukorobea, mwembe mafuta
Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 53. 1864, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Persea borbonia (Linnaeus) Sprengel (Borbonia littoralis
Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu (Small) House; Laurus borbonia Linnaeus; Persea littoralis
Berlin 5: 147–148. 1889, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Small; Tamala borbonia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque; Tamala lit-
Club 19(3): 95. 1892 and Journal of the Washington Academy toralis (Small) Small)
of Sciences 10: 15, 19. 1920, Standard, Pl. Names, Ed. 2 474.
1942, Appleman, D. “Preliminary report on toxicity of avo- North America, Coastal parts of Gulf and Atlantic states.
cado leaves.” Calif. Avocado Soc. Yearbook 1944: 37. 1944, Tree, aromatic leaves glaucous beneath, galls produce mis-
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 26(3): 286. 1945, Anales shapen leaves, flowers borne in long-stalked clusters or larger
del instituto de biología de la universidad nacional de panicles, ripe black drupes
México 17: [129], f. 1. 1946, Ceiba 1(1): 55. 1950, Ceiba 4(1): See Sp. Pl. 1: 369–370. 1753, Species Plantarum 2: 707. 1753,
39. 1953, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 14(1): The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition s.n.
19. 1966, Wrightia 5(5): 146–147. 1975, Listados Florísticos 1754, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 268. 1825,
de México 2: 1–100. 1983, Fuller, T.C., McClintock, E.
Sylva Telluriana 136. 1838 and Flora of the Southeastern
Poisonous Plants of California. Berkeley, Calif. 1986, Novon
United States 820. 1903, Flora of the Southeastern United
12(4): 575–586. 2002, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005],
States … Ed. 2 822. 1913, American Midland Naturalist 8:
Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005,
63. 1922, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 14:
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4,
1–117. 1966
57(7): 247–355. 2006
(Digestive.)
(Green leaves, bark and stones from the fruit toxic to brows-
ing stock. Guatemalan cultivars have caused toxic effects in English: red bay
2856 Persicaria Miller Polygonaceae

Persea indica (L.) Spreng. (Laurus indica L.) Rariores 3: 58. 1832 and Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom
Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen 21: 276. 1912,
Europe.
Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie,
See Species Plantarum 1: 370. 1753, Systema Vegetabilium, Botanique 4(22): 27. 1913, Preslia 57(1): 65–66, f. 1. 1985,
editio decima sexta 2: 268. 1825 Plant Systematics and Evolution 186(1–2): 112. 1993. Some
confusion with Polygonum.
(Astringent, antiinflammatory.)
Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray (Persicaria amphibia
in English: Madeira mahogany
(Linnaeus) Gray var. emersa (Michaux) J.C. Hickman;
Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. (Machilus macrantha Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea (N. Coleman) H. Hara;
Nees; Persea gratissima Gaert.) Persicaria amphibia var. terrestris (Leyss.) Munshi & Javeid;
Vietnam. Tree, evergreen, a watery sap exudes from tree, Persicaria amurensis (Korsh.) Nieuwl.; Persicaria coccinea
flowers yellow cream, a source of gum, incense-sticks, galls (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Greene; Persicaria hartwrightii
present on leaf, birds eat fruits, squirrels eat bark, bees forage (A. Gray) Greene; Persicaria muhlenbergia (S. Watson)
on flower, often in Machilus Small; Persicaria muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Small; Polygonum
amphibium L.; Polygonum amphibium subsp. laevimargin-
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- atum Hultén; Polygonum amphibium var. amurense Korsh.;
tion [1030]. 1754, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 70. 1831 and Polygonum amphibium L. var. aquaticum Leyss.; Polygonum
Reinwardtia 6(2): 193. 1962, Indian Journal of Pharmaceuti­ amphibium var. emersum Michaux; Polygonum amphibium
cal Sciences 65(5): 532–534. 2004, Pharmacognosy var. muehlenbergii Meisn.; Polygonum amphibium var.
Magazine Vol 4, Issue 13(Suppl), Jan–Mar, 2008 natans Michx.; Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum
(Bark antiinflammatory, hypotensive, antiasthmatic, anti- N. Coleman; Polygonum amphibium var. terrestre Leyss.;
rheumatic, purgative, bark ground into fine powder, a decoc- Polygonum amphibium var. vestitum Hemsl.; Polygonum
tion made with honey and taken to treat asthma, convulsions coccineum Muhlenberg ex Willdenow; Polygonum coc-
and rheumatism; leaves used externally to treat ulcer.) cineum var. pratincola (Greene) Stanford; Polygonum coc-
cineum var. rigidulum (E. Sheldon) Stanford; Polygonum
in English: avocado fruit emersum (Michaux) Britton; Polygonum hartwrightii
in China: run nan shu A. Gray; Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) S. Watson;
Polygonum natans (Michx.) Eaton)
in India: gulamavu, gulmavu, kallamavu, kolamavu, kolla
manu, kulamavu, kulur, kumati, kurma North America. Highly polymorphic, prostrate or decum-
bent, rooted at nodes, flowers reddish brown, orbicular seeds
in Sri Lanka: ululu with apical pointed beak
Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kostermans (Laurus indica See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gard. Dict.
Lour., nom. illeg., non Laurus indica L.; Laurus indica L.; Abr. ed. 4. 28 Jan 1754, Flora Halensis 391. 1761, Flora
Machilus odoratissimus (Wall. ex Nees) Nees)
Boreali-Americana 1: 240. 1803, A Natural Arrangement
SE Asia. Difficult to differentiate from Persea bombycina of British Plants 2: 268. 1821, A Manual of Botany of the
Northern United States, . . third revised edition 400. 1822,
See Species Plantarum 1: 369–370. 1753, The Gardeners
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14(1):
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition s.n. 1754, Flora
116. 1856, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
Cochinchinensis 253. 1790, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2:
and Sciences 14: 295. 1879, Journal of the Linnean Society,
70. 1831 and J. Sc. Res. Indones. 1: 116. 1952, Reinwardtia 4:
Botany 26(176): 333. 1891 and Flora of Colorado 111. 1906,
225. 1957, Bibl. Laur. 1243. 1964
Mitchell, R.S. “Variation in the Polygonum amphibium com-
(Leaves stimulant, tonic.) plex and its taxonomic significance.” Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot.
45: 1–65. 1968, Jones, D.M. and T.R. Mertens. “A taxonomic
in Nepal: seto kaulo
study of genus Polygonum employing chromatographic meth-
in Pakistan: chan ods.” Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 80: 422–430. 1970, Symb.
Bot. Upsal. 22(2): 1–95. 1978, Anales del Jardín Botánico de
Madrid 38: 507–514. 1982, Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Persicaria Miller Polygonaceae Society 98(4): 321–371. 1988
Latin persicus, i (Persia) ‘persica arbor, the peach tree’, (Leaves, stems, and roots to treat a variety of maladies, the
referring to the shape of the leaves; see Philip Miller, roots to treat unspecified ailments.)
The gardeners dictionary. Abr. ed. 4. London (28 Jan.)
in China: liang qi liao
1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 276, 612. 1763, A Natural
Arrangement of British Plants 2: 269. 1821, Monographiae Persicaria attenuata (R. Br.) Soják subsp. pulchra (Blume)
Generis Polygoni Prodromus 43, 66. 1826, Plantae Asiaticae K.L. Wilson (Persicaria pulchra (Blume) Soják; Polygonum
Persicaria Miller Polygonaceae 2857

pulchrum Blume; Polygonum tomentosum Willd., nom. Persicaria decipiens (R. Br.) K.L. Wilson (Polygonum
illeg., non Polygonum tomentosum Schrank) decipiens R. Br.; Polygonum salicifolium Brouss. ex Willd.;
Polygonum serrulatum Lag.)
Indonesia.
Tropical Africa. Herb, succulent, weak-stemmed, straggling,
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
slender, rooting from the bristly joints, leaves clasping the
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Bijdragen
stem in a sheath with a long bristle-haired fringe, perianth
tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 11: 530. 1826 and Preslia
white tinged pink, enclosed by the sepals indehiscent 3-sided
46: 152. 1974, Kew Bulletin 45(4): 621–636. 1990 nutlet, plant for fodder, young leaves and shoots boiled and
Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara (Polygonum barbatum L.; eaten as a famine food, in damp places, often growing in
Polygonum hispidum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, non Humb., water, in swamps, associated with Cyperus latifolius
Bonpl. & Kunth) See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, Enumeratio
India. Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 428. 1809,
Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 420. 1810, Genera et
See Species Plantarum 1: 362. 1753, The Gardeners species plantarum 14. 1816 and Fl. Madagasc. 65: 1–19. 1953,
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Prodr. Fl. New Zealand Journal of Botany 21: 13–20. 1983, Boletim da
Nep. 71. 1825 and Flora of Eastern Himalaya [H. Hara] Sociedade Broteriana 58: 85–96. 1985, Telopea 3: 178. 1988,
70. 1966 Kew Bulletin 45: 621–636. 1990
(Plant decoction febrifuge, plant juice given in abdominal (Ash obtained after burning the plant licked in order to treat
pains; shoot decoction a wash for ulcers. Leaf juice applied sore throat and tonsillitis. Leaves crushed and rubbed into
externally on scabies; leaf extract given in order to prevent the skin for skin diseases and sores, bites of insects and
ascaris infection; sap of pounded leaves applied on wounds. snakes; a decoction from pounded leaves used as a purgative.
Seeds purgative, emetic, antispasmodic. Root astringent, Veterinary medicine, leaf paste applied to horses.)
cooling. Whole plant as fish poison; leaves piscicide.)
in Tanzania: mchendeka, msendeka
in India: nirthe, tuichikte
in India: ashi bihlongoni, jasatkhasi
in Nepal: bish, bishalarin, nali, pire, pire jhar
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Gómez (Persicaria densi-
Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene (Polygonum careyi Olney) flora (Meisn.) Moldenke; Persicaria portoricensis (Bertero
North America. ex Small) Small; Polygonum densiflorum Meisn., nom.
illeg., non Polygonum densiflorum Blume; Polygonum gla-
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- brum Willd.; Polygonum glabrum Baker & C.H. Wright;
tion 1754, Proc. Providence Franklin Soc. 1: 29. 1847 and Polygonum glabrum Cham. & Schltdl.; Polygonum portoric-
Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 24. 1904 ense Bertero ex Small, nom. illeg. superfl.)
(An infusion made from entire plants used as a cold remedy South America. Erect glabrous herb
and febrifuge.) See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross (Ampelygonum chinense Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Species
(L.) Lindl.; Polygonum chinense L.; Polygonum chinense Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(1): 447. 1799, Linnaea 3: 46.
Houtt.) 1828, Flora Brasiliensis 5(1): 13–14. 1855, Memoirs from
the Department of Botany of Columbia College 1: 46, pl.
Nepal, China. See also Polygonum 10. 1895, Anales del Instituto de Segunda Ensenanza de la
Habana 2: 278. 1896 and Flora of the Southeastern United
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
States 377. 1903, Flora of Tropical Africa 6, 1: 113. 1909,
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Edwards’s
Torreya 34(1): 7. 1934
Botanical Register 24: Misc. 62–63. 1838 and Botanische
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und (Leaf juice in colic. An infusion made from pounded whole
Pflanzengeographie 49(2): 269. 1913, Proceedings of the plants used as a blood medicine; plant juice febrifuge. For
Indian Science Congress Association (III, C): 67: 50. 1980 snakebite, leaf infusion drunk. Whole plant to stupefy fish.)

(Leaves ground with lemon juice and the paste applied all in English: smooth smartweed
over the head against giddiness; leafy twig extract taken for in India: bihangi
stomachache.)
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach (Persicaria hydropiper (L.)
in English: Chinese knotweed Spach; Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz; Persicaria hydro-
in India: kakakarumbu, vandigya piper var. diffusa Kitag.; Persicaria hydropiper var. vul-
garis (Meisn.) Ohki; Persicaria vernalis Nakai; Polygonum
in Nepal: kukur thotne hydropiper L.; Polygonum hydropiper var. longistachyum
2858 Persicaria Miller Polygonaceae

Y.L. Chang & S.X. Li; Polygonum hydropiper var. vulgare Sibthorp; Polygonum lapathifolium var. xanthophyllum
Meisn.; Polygonum schinzii J. Schust.) H.W. Kung; Polygonum linicola Sutulov; Polygonum nodo-
sum Pers.; Polygonum pensylvanicum Linnaeus var. oneillii
Europe, northern Africa. Herb, ascending, many-branched,
(Brenckle) Hultén; Polygonum scabrum Moench; Polygonum
rooting at the basal nodes, leaves alternate glandular, petiole
tomentosum Willdenow)
sheathing at base, inflorescence spiciform or racemose ter-
minal or axillary, lenticular or rigonous achene brown-black, North America. Highly polymorphic taxon
food, all parts have an acrid pepperlike taste
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Syn. Pl.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Histoire 1: 440. 1805, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2:
Naturelle des Végétaux 10: 536. 1841, FBI 5: 39. 1886 270. 1821, Monographiae Generis Polygoni Prodromus
and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 2(8): 711. 1908, Flora 54. 1826 and Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9:
Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 2: 35–46, 96–99. 1903, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
43, 107. 1959, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress 65: 1–19. 1953, Preslia 46: 155. 1974, Kew Bulletin 45(4):
Association (III, C): 66: 77. 1979, Botanical Journal of the 621–636. 1990
Linnean Society 98(4): 321–371. 1988, Botaničeskij Žurnal
(Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 438–439. 1990, Acta Botanica (Used in Sidha. Medicinal infusions, decoctions made from
Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 10: 203–210. 1990, Botaničeskij the plants as cathartic and emetic drugs, purifying the blood
Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(7): 125–126. 1992, of women.)
Ludoviciana 29: 74–79. 2000 in English: pale knotweed, pale smartweed, spotted knotweed
(The oily exudate produced in multicellular glands can cause in North America: renouée à feuilles de patience
skin irritation and coagulation of blood; gland-dotted leaves
used as a fish poison. Seeds toxic, rubefacient, vesicant, to in Southern Africa: hanekam, viltige duisendknoop; tolo-la-
relieve stomachache. Root stimulant, bitter, tonic; root paste khongoana (Sotho)
in toothache; roots decoction as contraceptive; root juice in China: ma liao
given to induce pregnancy. Bruised leaves diuretic, used for
kidney complaints and toothache. Fresh juice from leaves in in India: katavaikkiriyacceti, katavaikkiriyam
jaundice and dropsy. Whole plant acrid, antiseptic, carmina- Malay name: johong beraleh
tive, vermifuge, anthelmintic, diuretic, stimulant, diaphoretic
and emmenagogue; plant decoction given with long pepper Persicaria maculosa Gray (Persicaria dolichopoda (Ohki)
and salt to women for irregular periods. Crushed whole plant Ohki ex Nakai; Persicaria dolichopoda (Ohki) Sasaki;
as fish poison.) Persicaria fusiformis Greene; Persicaria fusiformis (Greene)
Greene; Persicaria maculata Gray; Persicaria macu-
in English: biting knotweed, biting pepper, marsh-pepper lata (Raf.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Persicaria mitis (Schrank)
smartweed, pepper smartweed, red knees, smartweed, water Assenov, nom. illeg.; Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Holub;
pepper Persicaria mitis Gilib.; Persicaria mitis Delarbre, nom.
in China: la liao rejec.; Persicaria mitis Garsault, nom. inval.; Persicaria
mitis (Schrank) M.R. Almeida; Persicaria vulgaris
in India: bannalia, bihlongoni, jalpippli, kari agrada gida, Webb & Moquin-Tandon; Polygonum biforme Wahlenb.;
kari sanni, lilhar, mima-haru, packur mul, packurmul, Polygonum dolichopodum Ohki; Polygonum fusiforme
pani-ki-mirch, panimoricha, patharua bihalagani, pothorua, Greene; Polygonum maculatum Raf.; Polygonum persicaria
pothorua bihlongoni, pukur-mul Linnaeus; Polygonum persicaria var. ruderale (Salisbury)
in Indonesia: cacabean, si tuba sawah, tjatjabean Meisner; Polygonum puritanorum Fernald)
in Malaysia: daun senahun, rumput tuboh, tube seluwang North America. Very similar to Persicaria lapathifolia
in Nepal: pire, pire jhar, ratnaulo See Fig. Pl. Med. 3: t. 446. 1764 [Garsault, Francois
Alexandre Pierre de], Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. ii. 269. 1821 and
in Philippines: agagat, buding, tuba
Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 24. 1904, List Pl. Formos.
in Thailand: pha chi mi, phak phai nam 168. 1928, Fl. Jap. Suppl. 170. 1936, Acta Horti Gothob.
xx. 164. 1956, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8(2): 177. 1973, Fl.
in Vietnam: ngh[eer] r[aw]m, ngh[eer] n[uw][ows]c
Maharashtra 4A: 229. 2003
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray (Polygonum incarnatum
(Simple or compound decoctions used as dermatological,
Elliott; Polygonum lapathifolium L.; Polygonum lapathifo-
urinary, gastrointestinal, and veterinary aids, for heart medi-
lium L. subsp. nodosum (Pers.) Weinm.; Polygonum lapathi-
cine, and as analgesic.)
folium var. lapathifolium; Polygonum lapathifolium var.
ovatum A. Braun; Polygonum lapathifolium var. salicifolium in English: Jesus plant, red shank
Persicaria Miller Polygonaceae 2859

in North America: redshank, renouée persicaire, spotted Persicaria pensylvanica (Linnaeus) M. Gómez (Persicaria
lady’s-thumb mississippiensis (Stanford) Small; Persicaria omissa (Greene)
Greene; Persicaria omissa (Greene) Small, nom. illeg., non
Persicaria meisneriana (Cham. & Schltdl.) M. Gómez
Persicaria omissa (Greene) Greene; Persicaria pensylvanica
(Persicaria meisneriana var. beyrichiana (Cham. & Schltdl.)
var. dura (Stanford) C.F. Reed; Polygonum longistylum Small;
C.C. Freeman; Persicaria strigosa (R. Br.) Nakai; Polygonum
Polygonum longistylum var. omissum (Greene) Stanford;
beyrichianum Cham. & Schltdl.; Polygonum brachypodum Polygonum mississippiense Stanford; Polygonum omissum
Baker; Polygonum chamissoeanum Wedd.; Polygonum mei- Greene; Polygonum pensylvanicum Linnaeus; Polygonum pen-
snerianum Cham. & Schltdl.; Polygonum meisnerianum var. sylvanicum var. durum Stanford; Polygonum pensylvanicum
beyrichianum (Cham. & Schltdl.) Meisn.; Polygonum strigo- var. eglandulosum Myers; Polygonum pensylvanicum var. lae-
sum auct., misapplied name; Polygonum strigosum R. Br.; vigatum Fernald; Polygonum pensylvanicum var. nesophilum
Tracaulon strigosum (R. Br.) Greene; Truellum strigosum Fernald; Polygonum pensylvanicum var. rosiflorum Norton)
(R. Br.) Soják)
North America. Annual herb
South America.
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Bulletin of the
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Natuurlijke Torrey Botanical Club 21(4): 169. 1894, Anales del Instituto
Historie 2(8): 427. 1777, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae de Segunda Ensenanza de la Habana 2: 278. 1896 and Fl.
420. 1810, Linnaea 3(1): 40–43. 1828, Flora Telluriana 3: S.E. U.S. 279. 1903, Pittonia 5: 200. 1903, Leaflets of botani-
13. 1836, Flora Brasiliensis 5(1): 19. 1855, Journal of the cal observation and criticism 1(2): 24. 1904, Bulletin of the
Linnean Society, Botany 20: 239. 1883, Anales del Instituto Torrey Botanical Club 33(1): 57. 1906, Rhodora 19(220): 73.
de Segunda Ensenanza de la Habana 2: 278. 1896 and 1917, Rhodora 27(322): 180, 183–184. 1925, Manual of the
Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: 22. 1904, Southeastern Flora 456. 1933, Castanea 7(4/5): 74–75. 1942,
Preslia 46(2): 149. 1974, Sida 21(1): 291. 2004 Castanea 7(8): 126. 1942, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982
(Leaves for stomach troubles.) (Known to cause dermatitis and photosensitization. Leaves
Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz (Peutalis minus (Huds.) Raf.; infusion taken as a postpartum remedy. Infusions and decoc-
tions used as drugs for humans and horses. Piscicide.)
Polygonum minus Huds.)
in English: Pennsylvania smartweed
North America, Madagascar.
in Mexico: watonaka, yerba del pescado
See Flora Anglica 1: 148. 1762, Flora Telluriana 3: 14. 1837
Persicaria pubescens (Blume) H. Hara (Persicaria flac-
(Leaves decoction for indigestion. Plant as a fish poison.)
cida (Meisn.) H. Gross; Persicaria flaccida (Meisn.) Nakai
in India: paretam ex Sasaki; Persicaria hydropiper subsp. flaccida (Meisn.)
Munshi & Javeid; Persicaria hydropiper subsp. micro-
Malay name: kesum carpa (Danser) Soják; Persicaria pubescens var. acumi-
Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross (Persicaria alata nata (Franch. & Sav.) H. Hara; Polygonum donii Meisn.;
(Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Nakai; Polygonum alatum Buch.- Polygonum flaccidum Meisn.; Polygonum flaccidum var.
Ham. ex D. Don; Polygonum alatum var. nepalense (Meisn.) hispidum (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Hook. f.; Polygonum his-
pidum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Polygonum hydropiper subsp.
Hook. f.; Polygonum nepalense Meisn.; Polygonum perfora-
microcarpum Danser; Polygonum hydropiper var. acumina-
tum Meisn.; Polygonum perforatum var. laevigatum Meisn.;
tum Franch. & Sav.; Polygonum hydropiper var. flaccidum
Polygonum punctatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, nom. illeg.)
(Meisn.) Steward; Polygonum hydropiper var. hispidum
India. Herb (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Steward; Polygonum oryzetorum
Blume; Polygonum pubescens Blume)
See A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia
1(5): 455–456. 1821[1817], Prodromus Florae Nepalensis Himalaya, India.
72. 1825, Monographiae Generis Polygoni Prodromus 84, See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, Bijdragen tot
pl. 7, f. 2. 1826, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 11: 532. 1826, Histoire
4: 11, 154. 1827, The Flora of British India 5: 42. 1886 Naturelle des Végétaux 10: 536. 1841, Prodromus Systematis
and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14(1): 107. 1856, Enumeratio
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 49(2): 277, in obs. 1913, Fl. Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium … 2: 474. 1877,
Quelpaert Isl. 40. 1914, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture The Flora of British India 5: 40. 1886 and Bulletin du Jardin
of the Hokkaido University 26: 514. 1934 Botanique de Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 8: 188. 1927, List of Plants of
(Leaves applied to swellings. Roots depurative, cooling.) Formosa 169. 1928, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium
of Harvard University 88: 60. 1930, Journal of Japanese
in India: mukkala, pulichan, rattanjot Botany 17(6): 335. 1941, Flora of Eastern Himalaya 74.
2860 Petalidium Nees Acanthaceae

1966, Preslia 46: 153. 1974, Syst. Stud. Polygon. Kashm. in Mexico: korisowa
Himal. 76. 1986
Persicaria stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) Qaiser
(Plants stimulant, diuretic, oral contraceptive. Leaves used as (Persicaria barbata subsp. stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.)
emmenagogue and abortifacient, chewed in toothache, amenor- Soják; Persicaria barbata var. stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex
rhea, ring worm and skin diseases. Whole plant as fish poison.) Meisn.) Grierson; Polygonum barbatum var. stagninum
(Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.) Steward; Polygonum conspersum
in China: fu mao liao
Meisn.; Polygonum stagninum Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn.)
in India: tamu
Pakistan, India. Undershrubs, white flowers in terminal
in Nepal: seto pire racemes
Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small (Persicaria punc- See Fl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 56. 1832 and Contributions from the
tata var. eciliata Small; Persicaria punctata var. robustior Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 88: 54. 1930, Preslia
(Small) Small; Persicaria punctata var. tacubayana Nieuwl.; 46(2): 152. 1974, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden,
Persicaria robustior (Small) E.P. Bicknell; Polygonum acre Edinburgh 40: 128. 1982, Flora of Pakistan 205: 44. 2001
Lam.; Polygonum acre var. aquatile Meisner; Polygonum (Used in Sidha. Roots used for curing boils.)
acre var. brachystachyum Meisn.; Polygonum acre var. con-
fertiflorum Meisn.; Polygonum acre var. leptostachyum in India: kunma kudori, neer alari
Meisner; Polygonum acre var. majus Meisn.; Polygonum Persicaria virginiana (Linnaeus) Gaertner (Antenoron vir-
acre var. riparium Meisn.; Polygonum antihaemorrhoid- ginianum (Linnaeus) Roberty & Vautier; Polygonum virgin-
ale fo. aquatile Mart.; Polygonum antihaemorrhoidale fo. ianum Linnaeus; Tovara virginiana (Linnaeus) Rafinesque)
riparium Mart.; Polygonum antihaemorrhoidale var. aqua-
tile Mart.; Polygonum antihaemorrhoidale var. riparium North America.
Mart.; Polygonum epilobioides Wedd.; Polygonum hydrop- See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
iperoides Pursh; Polygonum punctatum Elliott; Polygonum Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, De
punctatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Polygonum punctatum Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2(1): 180. 1790,
fo. longicollum Fassett; Polygonum punctatum fo. stipitatum Florula Ludoviciana, or, a flora of the state of … 28. 1817
Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. aquatile (Mart.) Fassett; and Boissiera 10: 35. 1964
Polygonum punctatum var. confertiflorum (Meisner) Fassett;
Polygonum punctatum var. eciliatum Small; Polygonum punc- (A hot infusion of leaves with bark of honey-locust, Gleditsia
tatum var. ellipticum Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. lepto- triacanthos Linnaeus, used to treat whooping cough.)
stachyum (Meisner) Small; Polygonum punctatum var. littorale
Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. majus (Meisn.) Fassett;
Polygonum punctatum var. mexicanum Fassett; Polygonum Petalidium Nees Acanthaceae
punctatum var. parviflorum Fassett; Polygonum punctatum Greek petalon ‘a petal’ and -idium, a diminutive suffix, the
var. parvum Marie-Victorin & Rousseau; Polygonum puncta- bracts are petal-like, see Species Plantarum 2: 634–635.
tum var. riparium (Meisn.) Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. 1753, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 75, 82. 1832.
robustius Small; Polygonum punctatum var. tacubayanum
Petalidium barlerioides (Roth) Nees (Ruellia barlerioides
(Nieuwl.) Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. typicum Fassett;
Roth; Ruellia bracteata Roxb.)
Polygonum robustius (Small) Fernald)
India.
USA. Confused most frequently with Persicaria hydropiper
See Novae Plantarum Species 310. 1821, Flora Indica; or,
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 47. 1832, Plantae Asiaticae
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Flore
Rariores 3: 82. 1832
Françoise 3: 234. 1778, A Sketch of the Botany of South-
Carolina and Georgia 1(5): 455–456. 1821 [1817], Prodromus (Stem and leaf infusion given in acute fevers; plant extract a
Florae Nepalensis 72. 1825, Flora Brasiliensis 5(1): 18, pl. 5, bitter tonic.)
f. 1. 1855, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
14: 108. 1856, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 19(12):
356. 1892 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 379. Petalostigma F. Muell. Euphorbiaceae
1903, Contributions de l’Institut Botanique de l’Université (Picrodendraceae)
de Montréal 36: 13. 1940, Fassett, N.C. “The variations of
From the Greek petalon ‘a petal’ and stigma ‘a stigma’, the
Polygonum punctatum.” Brittonia 6: 369–393. 1949, Ann.
stigmas are petal-like, see Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(4): 323–359. 1960 [1961]
9: 17. 1857.
(Piscicide. Reported to cause dermatitis. Decoctions from
Petalostigma banksii Britten & S. Moore
leaves, flowers, and roots for use as analgesics as well as gas-
trointestinal, orthopedic and psychological aids.) Australia, Queensland.
Petasites Miller Asteraceae 2861

See J. Bot. 41: 225. 1903 (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). I. Morphometric analyses.”

Canad. J. Bot. 76: 23–36. 1998, Cherniawsky, D.M. and
(Astringent, febrifuge.)
R.J. Bayer. “Systematics of North American Petasites
in English: bitter bark (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). II. Isozyme analysis and popula-
tion genetic structure.” Canad. J. Bot. 76: 1476–1487. 1998,
Petalostigma pubescens Domin (Petalostigma nummu-
Cherniawsky, D.M. and R.J. Bayer. “Systematics of North
larium Airy Shaw; Petalostigma quadriloculare var. nigrum
American Petasites (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). III. A taxo-
Ewart & O.B. Davies; Petalostigma quadriloculare var.
nomic revision.” Canad. J. Bot. 76: 2061–2075. 1998.
pubescens Müll.Arg.)
Petasites amplus Kitam. (Petasites japonicus (Siebold &
Papua New Guinea, Australia.
Zucc.) F.W. Schmidt)
See Flora 47: 481. 1864 and Fl. N. Territory 166. 1917,
Japan.
Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 317. 1927, Kew Bulletin 31: 373. 1976
See Flora Japonica 181. 1843 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et
(For skin diseases, febrifuge.)
Geobotanica 1(2): 115. 1932
in English: bitter bark, native quince, quinine bush, quinine
(Used against heavy colds and as a sedative for coughs.)
tree
in Japan: kor, makayo
Petalostigma quadriloculare F. Muell. (Hylococcus seri-
ceus R.Br. ex Benth.; Petalostigma haplocladum Pax & Petasites frigidus (L.) Fr. var. palmatus (Aiton) Cronquist
K. Hoffm.; Petalostigma humile W. Fitzg.; Petalostigma (Nardosmia arctica (A.E. Porsild) Á. Löve & D. Löve;
micrandrum Domin; Petalostigma quadriloculare var. gen- Nardosmia palmata (Aiton) Hook.; Nardosmia speciosa
uina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Petalostigma quadriloculare Nutt.; Petasites arcticus A.E. Porsild; Petasites frigidus
var. sericeum Müll.Arg.) subsp. articus (A.E. Porsild) Cody; Petasites palmatus
(Aiton) A. Gray; Petasites palmatus subsp. speciosus (Nutt.)
Australia.
J. Toman; Petasites speciosus (Nutt.) Piper; Tussilago pal-
See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 9: 17. 1857, Flora 47: mata Aiton)
481. 1864, Fl. Austral. 6: 92. 1873 and J. Roy. Soc. Western
North America.
Australia 3: 163. 1918, Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 317. 1927
See Species Plantarum 2: 865–866. 1753, The Gardeners
(Fruit and bark used to treat toothache and sore eyes; a berry in
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition s.n. 1754, Hortus
a mug of water is good for sore eyes and as an antiseptic wash.)
Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 188, pl. 2. 1789, Dict. Sci.
in English: quinine bush, quinine tree Nat. 34: 186. 1825, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 308. 1833,
in W. Australia: dilngeri, wildjari Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new
series, 7: 288–289. 1840, Summa Vegetabilium Scandinaviae
Petalostigma triloculare Müll.Arg. (Petalostigma austra- 182. 1845, Geological Survey of California, Botany 1: 407.
lianum Baill.; Petalostigma glabrescens (Benth.) Domin; 1876 and Mazama 2: 97. 1901, Sargentia; continuation of
Petalostigma quadriloculare var. glabrescens Benth.) the contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
Australia, Queensland. University 4: 74. 1943, Rhodora 48(570): 124. 1946, Botaniska
Notiser 128(4): 519. 1975 [1976], Botanical Journal of the
See Flora 47: 471. 1864, Adansonia 7: 356. 1867, Fl. Austral. Linnean Society 82: 357–368. 1981, The Canadian Field-
6: 92. 1873 and Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 317. 1927 Naturalist 108: 94. 1994
(Astringent, febrifuge.) (Antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, and expectorant, in salve or
in English: long-leaved bitter bark poultice form.)
in North America: Western sweet coltsfoot, pétasite palmé
Petasites frigidus var. sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh)
Petasites Miller Asteraceae
Cherniawsky & R.J. Bayer (Nardosmia sagittata (Banks
Greek petasitis, petasites ‘butter-bur’ (Dioscorides and ex Pursh) Hook.; Petasites dentatus Blank.; Petasites
Galenus for a species of Petasites), petasos ‘a sun-hat, a frigidus (Linnaeus) Fries var. sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh)
hat with a broad brim, broad umbellated leaf’, Latin pet- Cherniawsky; Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) A. Gray;
asus ‘a travelling hat, cap’, referring to the large leaves; see Tussilago sagittata Banks ex Pursh)
Philip Miller, The gardeners dictionary. Abr. ed. 4. London
North America.
(28 Jan.) 1754 and Toman, J. “A taxonomic survey of the
genera Petasites and Endocellion.” Folia Geobotanica et See Species Plantarum 2: 865–866. 1753, The Gardeners
Phytotaxonomica 7(4): 381–406. 1972, Cherniawsky, D.M. Dictionary … Abridged …fourth edition s.n. 1754, Flora
and R.J. Bayer. “Systematics of North American Petasites Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 531. 1814 [1813], Dict. Sci.
2862 Petersianthus Merrill Lecythidaceae

Nat. 34: 186. 1825, Flora Boreali-Americana 1(6): 307. 1833, der Thiere. Vortrag, etc. Berlin 1867. See A. Lasègue,
Summa Vegetabilium Scandinaviae 182. 1845, Geological Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845,
Survey of California, Botany 1: 407. 1876 and Montana Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique … [Peters]
College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. Science Studies, 6(Bot., 1): 168, t. 30. 1861, Genera Plantarum [Bentham &
Botany 1: 102. 1905, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Canadian Hooker f.] 1(2): 721. 1865 [19 Oct 1865], F.A. Maximilian
Journal of Botany 76(12): 2061–2075. 1998 [1999] Kuhn (1842–1894), Filices africanae … Accedunt filices
Deckenianae et Petersianae. Lipsiae [Leipzig] 1868, Otto
(Antiasthmatic, antispasmodic.)
Kersten (1839–1900), Geographische Nachrichten für
in North America: arrowhead sweet coltsfoot, arrowleaf Welthandel und Volkswirtschaft … unter der … Redaktion
sweet coltsfoot, pétasite sagitté von Dr. O.K. [Berlin—Central-Verein für Handelsgeographie,
Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zuccarini) Maximowicz etc. Geographische Nachrichten, etc.] Berlin 1879, Carl Claus
(Nardosmia japonica Siebold & Zuccarini; Petasites albus von der Decken (1833–1865), Baron C.C. von der Decken’s
A. Gray, non Linnaeus; Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Reisen in Ost Afrika in 1859–61. Leipzig & Heidelberg 1869–
F.W. Schmidt; Petasites liukiuensis Kitamura; Petasites spu- 1879, Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1831–1896), Kufra … Reise
rius Miquel; Petasites spurius Rchb.; Tussilago petasistes von Tripolis nach der Oase Kufra. Leipzig 1881 and Vég.
Thunberg; Tussilago petasites L.) Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. v. 151. 1909, Philippine Journal
of Science C 11: 200. 1916, E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the
Japan, China. library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
See Species Plantarum 2: 866. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 314. 1917–1933, J. Bot. 68(810): 181. 1930, Ida Kaplan Langman,
1784, Dict. Sci. Nat. 34: 186. 1825, Flora Japonica 181. 1843, A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of
Perry Exped. 2: 314. 1857, Annales Museum Botanicum Mexico. 580. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia
Lugduno-Batavi 2: 168. 1866 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists.
Geobotanica 2: 178. 1930, Kromosomo 23: 676–681. 1981 3: 73. 1965.

(Rhizomes for treating injuries, trauma, swelling and frac- Petersianthus macrocarpus (P. Beauv.) Liben (Com­
tures, and detoxification of snakebites.) breto­dendron africanum (Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f.)
Exell; Combretodendron macrocarpum (P. Beauv.) Keay;
in English: bog rhubarb, butter-bur Combretodendron viridiflorum A. Chev., nom. inval.;
in China: feng dou cai Petersia africana Welw. ex Benth. & Hook.f.; Petersia viridi-
flora (A. Chev.) A. Chev.; Petersianthus africanus (Welw. ex
in Japan: fuki Benth. & Hook.f.) Merr.)
Petasites tricholobus Franchet (Ligularia petelotii Tropical Africa. Tree, strongly offensive scented slash,
Kitamura; Ligularia petelotii Merr.; Petasites himala-
spreading branches, white terminal flowers in small racemes,
icus Kitamura; Petasites mairei H. Lév.; Petasites petelotii
winged fruits, bark eaten by elephants
(Merrill) Kitamura; Petasites vanioti H. Lév.)
See Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(2): 721.
Japan.
1865 and Vég. Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. v. 301. 1909,
See Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. Philippine Journal of Science 11: 200–201. 1916, Journal of
2, 6: 52. 1883 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Botany, British and Foreign 68: 182. 1930, Fl. W. Trop. Afr.
Géographie, Botanique 25: 15. 1915, Journal of the Arnold [Hutchinson & Dalziel], ed. 2 1: 761. 1958, Bull. Jard. Bot.
Arboretum 21(3): 389–390. 1940, Acta Phytotaxonomica Natl. Belg. 38: 207. 1968
et Geobotanica 15: 108. 1954, Acta Phytotaxonomica et
(Roots and bark to treat gonorrhea, syphilis, venereal dis-
Geobotanica 22: 130. 1966
eases, bronchitis, bronchial secretions. Bark, leaves and roots
(Rhizomes for treating injuries, trauma, swelling and frac- applied for poulticing itch, wounds, sores and ulcers. Leaves
tures, and detoxification of snakebites.) used for wound healing and against diarrhea; fresh leaves
inserted in vagina to cause contraction to reduce the size.)
in China: mao lie feng dou cai
in English: esia tree, stinkwood tree
in Cameroon: abing, bing, boso
Petersianthus Merrill Lecythidaceae
in Central African Republic: boso, bosso, esia, minzu,
After the German entomologist Wilhelm Carl Hartwig
nossoba
Peters, 1815–1883, naturalist, zoologist, physician and
traveller, professor of medicine (1851) and zoology (1856), in Congo: minzu
1842–1848 in South and East Africa and India, joint author
in Gabon: abing, essia
of Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Berlin
[1861–] 1862–1864, wrote Ueber Wohnen und Wandern in Ghana: esia
Petiveria L. Phytolaccaceae 2863

in Ivory Coast: abale, abe abale “Betalains and P-type sieve-tube plastids in Petiveria and
Agdestis (Phytolaccaceae).” Taxon 23: 541–542. 1974,
in Nigeria: akasun (Yoruba); owewe (Edo); oze (Ijaw);
Ormond, W.T. and M.C.B. Pinheiro. “Contribuição ao estudo
anwushi (Igbo); okorebeni (Efik); onunun (Boki)
biosistemático e ecológico de Petiveria alliacea L.” Revista
in Sierra Leone: tifei Brasil. Biol. 34: 123–142. 1974, Rogers, G.K. “The genera of
Phytolaccaceae in the southeastern United States.” J. Arnold
in West Africa: essia
Arbor. 66: 1–37. 1985, Current Science 55: 1099–1100. 1986,
in Yoruba: akasun Regnum Veg. 127: 74. 1993
(Abortive, emmenagogue, depurative, diuretic, sudorific,
antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, disinfec-
Petiveria L. Phytolaccaceae tant, expectorant, vermifuge, stimulant, in the treatment of
Dedicated to British (b. Warwickshire) botanist Jacob cystitis, stomachache, headache, faintness, venereal diseases,
(James) Petiver, 1658–1718 (d. London), apothecary, natu- strains, asthma, bladder inflammation, nervous disorders,
ralist, 1695 a Fellow of the Royal Society, entomologist; see cholera, colds, fever; used externally to treat skin diseases,
Species Plantarum 1: 342. 1753, R. Pulteney, Historical and arthritis and toothache. Useful counterirritant for visceral
biographical sketches of the progress of botany in England. pain, febrile and inflammatory conditions; internally is gas-
2: 31–43. 1790, Agardh, Carl Adolf (1785–1859), Aphorismi trointestinal irritant. The plant taints the milk and meat of
Botanici 221. Lundæ, literis Berlingianis, 1817–1826 and animals that graze on it and may also induce abortion. In
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 192–202. 1946, H.N. Clokie, Account some areas of tropical America it serves as a vampire repel-
lent of unrecorded efficacy. Magic plant, ritual.)
of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the University
of Oxford. 223–224. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical in English: conga root, Congo root, Guinea-hen-weed, gully
Notes upon Botanists. 3: 75. 1965, S. Lenley et al., Catalog root
of the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to
in Central and South America: amansa senhor, anamú, apa-
the Correspondence of John Torrey. 325. 1973, Gilbert
cin, calauchín, carricillo silvestre, cashni-tlsú, chanviro,
Westacott Reynolds, The Aloes of South Africa. 29, 30, 80,
embaiendo, emboiando, erva de alho, erva de guiné, erva
82. Rotterdam 1982, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic litera-
pipi, guiné, hierba de gallinitas, hierba de las gallinitas,
ture. 4: 203–204. [b. 1658] 1983, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa,
ipacina, jupachumi, micura, mucará, mucura, mucura-caá,
a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico
mucura hembra, mucura macho, mucuracaá, munuca-caá,
di Palermo. 213–214. Regione Siciliana, Palermo 1988, F.
mururacorá, niwis, ocoembo, pátham, payche, paychée, pipi,
Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der Botanischen pipí, raiz de alho, raiz-de-guiné, rama de zorrillo, xpayché,
Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 149. 1989, Ray Desmond, zorrillo, zorrillo silvestre, zorro, zotzash
Dictionary of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists.
549. [b. 1663/1664] 1994, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches in Yoruba: ojuusaju
Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 472. [b.
1663/1664] 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.
85(3): 1924–1928. 2001. Petroselinum Hill Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Petiveria alliacea Linnaeus (Petivera foetida Salisb.; Greek petroselinon ‘rock-parsley, parsley’, petros ‘a rock’
Petiveria alliacea var. grandifolia Moq.; Petiveria alliacea and selinon ‘parsley, celery’; Latin petroselinum or petroseli-
var. octandra (L.) Moq.; Petiveria alliacea var. octandra non ‘parsley’ (Plinius, Palladius Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus
Moq.; Petiveria foetida Salisb.; Petiveria hexandria Sessé et al.); see John Hill (1716–1775), The British Herbal. 1(42):
& Moc.; Petiveria ochroleuca Moq.; Petiveria octandra L.; 424–425. London, 1756 and Hand-List Herb. Pl. Kew, ed. 3
Petiveria paraguayensis D. Parodi) 122. 1925.

Amazon Basin. Weedy herb, shrub, sometimes woody-based, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill (Apium
inflorescence spicate, white or greenish flowers, small and crispum Mill.; Apium petroselinum L.; Carum petroseli-
narrow fruit, leaves have an alliaceous odor when crushed, num (L.) Benth. & Hook. f.; Petroselinum crispum (Mill.)
mustard oil, in poor and degraded soils Mansf., nom. illeg.; Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman;
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss; Petroselinum hortense
See Species Plantarum 1: 342. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 160. Hoffm.; Petroselinum hortense var. crispum L.H. Bailey;
1754, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 486. 1762, Prodr. Petroselinum petroselinum (L.) H. Karst.; Petroselinum sati-
Stirp. Chap. Allerton 214. 1796, Prodromus Systematis vum Hoffm.; Petroselinum vulgare Lag.; Selinum petroseli-
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 9. 1849, Anal. Soc. num (L.) E.H.L. Krause)
Cient. Argent. 5: 160. 1878, Flora Mexicana, ed. 2 90, 98.
Europe.
1894 and Holm, T. “Medicinal plants of North America. 95.
Petiveria alliacea Linnaeus.” Merck’s Rep. 24: 266–270. See The British Herbal 1(42): 424–425. 1756, The Gardeners
1915, Behnke, H.-D., C. Chang, I.J. Eifert, and T.J. Mabry. Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Flora Transsilvaniae
2864 Petunga DC. Rubiaceae

Excursoria 254. 1866, Conspectus florae europaeae: seu (Whole plant juice applied over forehead against fever for
Enumeratio methodica plantarum phanerogamarum Europae kids.)
indigenarum, indicatio distributionis geographicae singula-
in India: kaatu seerakam
rum etc. 2: 309. 1879 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum
Regni Vegetabilis 46(1168–1170): 307. 1939 Peucedanum dhana Wall. (Peucedanum dhana Buch.-Ham.
ex C.B. Clarke; Peucedanum dhana Buch.-Ham.)
(Stem used for regulating fertility.)
India.
in English: common garden parsley, garden parsley, parsley
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2(6): 709. 1879
in French: persil
(Root pounded with the root of Glossogyne bidens applied to
in South Africa: pieterselie
cure rheumatic joint pain.)
in Japan: paseri
Peucedanum dielsianum Fedde ex H. Wolff
in Arabic: bagdouness, ma’adnous, maadnous
China.
in Paraguay: perejil
See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and Repertorium
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 33(873–882): 246–
247. 1933
Petunga DC. Rubiaceae
(Stomachic.)
A Bengalese name for Petunga roxburghii, see Bijdragen
tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1007. 1826, Prodromus in China: zhu jie qian hu
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 398. 1830.
Peucedanum formosanum Hayata (Peucedanum terebin-
Petunga venulosa Hook. f. (Hypobathrum venulosum thaceum subsp. formosanum (Hayata) Kitagawa)
(Hook. f.) K.M. Wong)
China.
India, Malay Peninsula.
See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753, Bulletin de la
See The Flora of British India 3: 121. 1880 and Tree Flora of Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 17(4): 743.
Malaya 4: 355. 1989 1844 and Icon. Pl. Formos. 10: 22–24, f. 13. 1921
(Roots poulticed for rheumatism.) (Rubefacient.)
Malay name: umpong putih in China: tai wan qian hu
Peucedanum grande C.B. Clarke
Peucedanum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) India. Young leaves edible
Latin peucedanum, i ‘hog’s-fennel, sulphur-wort’ (Plinius, (Roots for stomachache.)
M. Annaeus Lucanus), Greek peukedanon, peukedanos, in India: baphli
applied by Theophrastus (HP. 9.14.1) to a bitter umbelliferous
plant, sulphur-wort or hog’s-fennel, perhaps from the Greek Peucedanum kingii S. Watson (Heracleum graveolens
peuke ‘a pine’ and danos ‘parched, burnt, dry’, peukedanos (Benth.) S.M. Almeida; Lomatium kingii (S. Watson)
‘bitter’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 245–246. Cronquist; Peucedanum graveolens Benth.; Peucedanum
1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 116. 1754, Handb. d. graveolens S. Watson, nom. illeg., non Peucedanum graveo-
Gewachsk. 449. 1827, Genera Plantarum 1: 919. 1867 and Fl. lens Benth.)
de France 7: 388. 1901, Gorovoi, Petr Grigor’evich (1936–),
China.
[Umbellifers (family Umbelliferae Moris.) of the Primorye
and Amur River Region: Systematic Survey, Geographical See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246, 249–250. 1753, Journal
Distribution and Qualitative Chemical Composition], de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 89:
Leningrad, 1966, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario 101. 1819, Genera Plantarum 1: 919. 1867, Report of the geo-
della lingua italiana. XIII: 223. Torino 1986, Bull. Nanjing logical exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by order
Bot. Gard. Mem. Sun Yat-Sen 1988: 115. 1988, Bull. Nanjing of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress of
Bot. Gard. Mem. Sun Yat Sen 1988–1989: 115. 1990. March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of
A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government
Peucedanum anamallayense C.B. Clarke
Printing Office, 128–129. 1871, Proceedings of the American
India. Herbs with tuberous roots, pale yellow flowers in com- Academy of Arts and Sciences 22(2): 474. 1887 and Great
pound umbels, orbicular mericarps Basin Naturalist 46(2): 254–255. 1986
See Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2(6): 710. 1879 (Emetic.)
Peumus Molina Monimiaceae 2865

Peucedanum ledebourielloides K.F. Fu in China: shi fang feng

China. Peucedanum turgeniifolium H. Wolff (Peucedanum pul-
chrum H. Wolff)
See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and Fl. Tsinling.
1(3): 427, 463. 1981 China.
(For constipation.) See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and Acta Horti
Gothob. 2(7): 323–325. 1926
in China: hua shan qian hu
(Stomachic, for cough.)
Peucedanum medicum Dunn var. medicum (C.B. Clarke)
Ridley in China: chang qian hu
China. Peucedanum violaceum R.H. Shan & M.L. Sheh
See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and J. Linn. Soc., China.
Bot. 35(247): 496–497. 1903
See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and Acta Phytotax.
(Stomachic.) Sin. 18(3): 378. 1980
in China: hua zhong qian hu (For cold and flu.)
Peucedanum nagpurense Prain in China: zi jing qian hu
India. Annual or perennial herb, greenish-yellow or white Peucedanum wawrae (H. Wolff) Su ex M.L. Sheh
flowers (Peucedanum wawrae (H. Wolff) Su ex M.L. Sheh in R.H.
Shan & M.L. Sheh; Peucedanum wawrae (H. Wolff) Su;
See Bengal Pl. 1: 540. 1903 Seseli wawrae H. Wolff)
(Root eaten as a general tonic, aphrodisiac, stomachic; China.
root mixed with root of Abelmoschus moschatus given to
increase semen.) See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and Repertorium
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27(741–750): 315.
in India: bhojraj, tejarj, tejraj 1930, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 55(3): 149. 1992
Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn (For skin diseases.)
China. Herb, brown root in China: tai shan qian hu
See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753 and J. Linn. Soc.,
Bot. 35(247): 497–498. 1903, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl.
Biosyst. (Pruhonice) 31: 13–16. 1999 Peumus Molina Monimiaceae
(Roots aphrodisiac, also for colds, coughs, upper respiratory A native plant name in Chile.
tract infection and fevers.)
Peumus boldus Molina (Boldea boldus (Molina) Looser;
in China: qian hu Boldu boldus (Molina) Lyons)
Peucedanum terebinthaceum (Fischer ex Treviranus) Latin America. Aromatic shrub or tree, greenish fruits
Ledebour var. terebinthaceum (C.B. Clarke) Ridley
See Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 185, 350.
(Kitagawia baicalensis (Redowsky ex Willd.) Pimenov;
1782 and Revista Universitária. Santiago 20: 572. 1935,
Kitagawia terebinthacea (Fischer ex Treviranus) Pimenov;
Pl. Syst. Evol. 138: 157–173. 1981, Gayana, Bot. 42: 1–157.
Peucedanum paishanense Nakai; Peucedanum terebintha-
1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 13(1): 89–103. 1985,
ceum (Fisch. ex Trevir.) Fisch. ex Turcz., nom. illeg., non
Pharmacological Research 29(1): 1–12. 1994
Peucedanum terebinthaceum (Fisch. ex Trevir.) Ledeb.;
Peucedanum terebinthaceum var. paishanense (Nakai) Y. (Leaves infusion carminative, antioxidant, diuretic, laxative,
Huei Huang; Selinum terebinthaceum Fischer ex Treviranus) cholagogue, for kidney and liver problems.)
China. in Central America: boldo, limoncillo
See Species Plantarum 1: 245–246. 1753, Ind. Sem. Hort. in Chile: boldo
Vratisl. Append. 3: 3. 1821, Fl. Ross. 2: 314. 1844, Bulletin de
la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 17(4): 743.
1844 and Botanical Magazine 31: 101. 1917, Flora Plantarum Pfaffia Mart. Amaranthaceae
Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 6: 277. 1977
Pfaffia tuberosa Hicken (Gomphrena sericea Moq.;
(Febrifuge.) Gomphrena tuberosa Moq.; Pfaffia sericea (Moq.) Kunth)
2866 Phacelia Juss. Hydrophyllaceae (Boraginaceae)

South America. Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson var. corrugata (A.

Nelson) Brand (Phacelia corrugata A. Nelson)
See Genera Plantarum 87. 1789, Nova Genera et Species
Plantarum … 2: 20. 1826 and Apuntes de Historia Natural North America. Annual herb
2: 93. 1910, Fl. Il. Entre Ríos. 6(3): 160–203, 251–291. 1987 See United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth
(A fertilizing agent, roots are crushed and a cold maceration Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 251. 1871 and Botanical Gazette
prepared for regulating fertility.) 34(1): 26–27. 1902, Das Pflanzenreich 59[IV,251]: 79. 1913
(Antirheumatic. Veterinary medicine.)

Phacelia Juss. Hydrophyllaceae (Boraginaceae) in English: cleftleaf wild heliotrope

Greek phakelos ‘a cluster, bundle’, in reference to the flow- Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson var. crenulata
ers or to the inflorescence, see Genera Plantarum 129. 1789, (Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson var. funerea J. Voss
ex Munz; Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson var. vulgaris
Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 19. 1794, Medical
Brand; Phacelia intermedia Woot. p.p.)
Repository, ser. 2, 5: 352. 1808, American monthly magazine
and critical review 3: 356. 1818, Narrative of a Journey to North America. Annual herb
the Shores of the Polar Sea 764–765, pl. 27. 1823, Prodromus
See United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 292–293, 296.
Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 251. 1871 and Sida 15: 649–653. 1993
1845, London Journal of Botany 5: 311–312, pl. 12. 1846,
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Veterinary medicine.)
10: 320–322, 326–327. 1875 and Contributions from the in English: cleftleaf wild heliotrope
Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 168: 11. 1949.
Phacelia hastata Douglas ex Lehm.
Phacelia californica Cham. (Phacelia magellanica (Lam.)
Coville fo. californica (Cham.) Brand; Phacelia magellanica North America. Perennial herb
var. californica (Cham.) Jeps. & L.H. Bailey) See Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus 2:
North America. Perennial herb 20–21. 1830 and Madroño 36: 232–247. 1989

See Linnaea 4(4): 494. 1829 and University of California in English: silverleaf phacelia
Publications in Botany 4(13): 218. 1912, A Flora of California Phacelia hastata Douglas ex Lehm. var. hastata (Phacelia
3(2): 247, 249. 1943 alpina Rydb.; Phacelia hastata Douglas ex Lehm. subsp.
hastata; Phacelia hastata Douglas ex Lehm. var. alpina
(Febrifuge, stimulant, cough sedative, stomachic.)
(Rydb.) Cronquist; Phacelia hastata Douglas ex Lehm. var.
in English: California phacelia leucophylla (Torr.) Cronquist; Phacelia leucophylla Torr.;
Phacelia leucophylla Torr. var. alpina (Rydb.) Dundas;
Phacelia campanularia A. Gray
Phacelia leucophylla Torr. var. suksdorfii J.F. Macbr.;
North America. Phacelia oreopola Heckard subsp. simulans Heckard)
See Genera Plantarum 129. 1789, Systema Naturae … editio North America. Perennial herb
decima tertia, aucta, reformata ed. 13 2: 330. 1791, Synoptical See Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus 2:
Flora of North America 2(1): 164. 1878 and University of 20–21. 1830 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 324. 1900,
California Publications in Botany 28: 64. 1955, Munz, P.A. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 32(1): 48, tab. 7b. 1960, Madroño 36:
“Dermatitis produced by Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae).” 232–247. 1989
Science (Wash. D.C.), 76: 194. 1965, Sida 15: 649–653. 1993
(Plant decoction taken for menstrual disorders.)
(This plant causes a dermatitis very similar to poison-ivy
dermatitis.) in English: silverleaf phacelia

in English: California bluebell Phacelia heterophylla Pursh (Phacelia magellanica (Lam.)

Coville fo. heterophylla (Pursh) Brand; Phacelia magel-
Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson lanica fo. robusta Brand; Phacelia magellanica var. hetero-
North America. Annual herb phylla (Pursh) Jeps.; Phacelia magellanica var. heterophylla
(Kuntze) Kuntze)
See United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth
North America. Biennial or perennial herb
Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 251. 1871
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 140. 1813 and
(Veterinary medicine.)
University of California Publications in Botany 4(13): 218.
in English: cleftleaf wild heliotrope 1912, A Flora of California 3(2): 246, 249. 1943
Phaius Lour. Orchidaceae 2867

(Powdered dried plant made into a paste applied to fresh North America. Perennial subshrub, herb
wounds, cuts, boils.)
See Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus 2: 21.
in English: varileaf phacelia 1830
Phacelia heterophylla Pursh subsp. heterophylla (Phacelia (Emetic.)
heterophylla Pursh var. typica Dundas; Phacelia sericea
in English: branching phacelia
(Graham) A. Gray var. biennis (A. Nelson) Brand)
Phacelia ramosissima Douglas ex Lehm. var. ramosissima
North America. Biennial or perennial herb
North America. Perennial subshrub, herb, vegetable
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 140. 1813
See Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus 2: 21.
(Powdered dried plant made into a paste applied to fresh
1830
wounds, cuts, boils.)
(Stomachic, for colic, abdominal pain, gonorrhea.)
in English: varileaf phacelia
in English: branching phacelia
Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holz. (Hydrophyllum lineare
Pursh)
North America. Annual herb Phaius Lour. Orchidaceae
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 134. 1813, Greek phaios ‘dark, grey, swarthy, shining, dusky’, referring
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium to the flowers; see João (Joannes) de Loureiro (1717–1791),
3(4): 242. 1895 and Syesis 10: 125–138. 1977, Sida 12: 409– Flora cochinchinensis: sistens plantas in regno Cochinchina
417. 1987 nascentes. 2: 517, 529. Ulyssipone [Lisboa] 1790.
(Plant decoction for skin diseases.) Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex L’Hér.) Blume (Bletia
tankervilleae (Banks ex L’Hér.) R.Br.; Bletia tankervilleae
in English: threadleaf phacelia
R.Br.; Bletia tankervilleae (Banks) R.Br.; Calanthe bach-
Phacelia neomexicana Thurb. ex Torr. (Phacelia glandulosa maensis Gagnep.; Calanthe speciosa Vieill., nom. illeg.;
Nutt. var. neomexicana (Thurb. ex Torr.) A. Gray; Phacelia Calanthe speciosa Lindl.; Dendrobium veratrifolium Roxb.;
neomexicana Thurb. ex Torr. var. pseudoarizonica (Brand) Dendrobium veratrifolium Lindl.; Limodorum incarvillei
J. Voss) Pers.; Limodorum incarvillei Blume; Limodorum incar-
villiae Pers.; Limodorum spectabile Salisb.; Limodorum
North America. Annual herb
tancarvilleae L’Hérit.; Limodorum tancarvilliae L’Her.;
See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Limodorum tankervilleae Banks ex L’Hér.; Limodorum
… Botany 2(1): 143. 1859, Proceedings of the American tankervilleae Banks; Limodorum tankervilliae Banks;
Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 319. 1875 Pachyne spectabilis (Salisb.) Salisb.; Pachyne spectabi-
lis Salisb.; Phaius bicolor Lindley; Phaius blumei Lindl.;
(Powdered root used for rashes.)
Phaius blumei var. assamica Rchb.f.; Phaius blumei var.
in English: New Mexico phacelia, New Mexico scorpionweed pulchra King & Pantl.; Phaius carronii F.Muell.; Phaius
giganteus Hort. ex Hemsl.; Phaius giganteus Hemsl.; Phaius
Phacelia purshii Buckley (Cosmanthus pectinatus E. Mey.;
grandifolius Lindl., nom. inval.; Phaius grandifolius Lour.;
Phacelia bicknellii Small; Phacelia boykinii (A. Gray)
Phaius grandifolius var. superbus Van Houtte; Phaius gran-
Small; Phacelia ciliata Raf. ex Brand, nom. nud.; Phacelia
diflorus Rchb.f.; Phaius incarvillei (Pers.) Kuntze; Phaius
fimbriata var. boykinii A. Gray; Polemonium ciliatum Willd.
incarvillei Kuntze; Phaius incarvilliae (Pers.) Kuntze;
ex Brand, nom. nud.)
Phaius leucophaeus F.Muell.; Phaius oweniae Sander;
North America. Annual herb Phaius oweniae Hort. Sander; Phaius tankervilleae (Banks)
Blume; Phaius tankervilleae (L’Her.) Blume; Phaius tanker-
See American Journal of Science, and Arts 45(1): 171. 1843,
villeae f. veronicae S.Y. Hu & Barretto; Phaius tankervilleae
Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 5: 366.
var. pulchra (King & Pantl.) Karth.; Phaius tankervilleae
1846, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
var. superbus (Van Houtte) S.Y. Hu; Phaius tankervilliae
Sciences 10: 320. 1875, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
(L’Hérit.) Blume; Phaius tankervilliae (Banks ex L’Hér.)
25(3): 136, 141. 1898 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 251: 62.
Blume; Phaius veratrifolius (Roxb.) Lindl.; Phaius veratri-
1913, Contr. Gray Herb. 168: 1–48. 1949
folius Lindl.; Phaius wallichii Lindl.; Phaius wallichii
(Poultice of plant used for swollen joints.) Hook.f.; Tankervillia cantoniensis Link) (for the English
plant collector Lady Tankerville (Tankarville), d. 1836, wife
in English: Miami mist, scorpion weed
of Charles, Earl of Tankerville; see Arthur D. Chapman, ed.,
Phacelia ramosissima Douglas ex Lehm. Australian Plant Name Index. 2229. Canberra 1991)
2868 Phalaris L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Trop. & Subtrop. Asia to S. Pacific. Pale blue flower North America and southern South America. Annual, tufted,
slender or robust, erect, smooth, unbranched, without rhi-
See Sertum Anglicum 28. 1789, Hortus Kew. 3: 302 (t. 12).
zomes, fibrous roots, fodder, weed
1789, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 529. 1790, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton
9. 1796, Syn. Pl. (Persoon) 2(2): 520. 1807, Hortus Kew. (W.T. See Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 1:
Aiton), ed. 2. 5: 205. 1813, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 8: 374. 1825, 300. 1810, Species Graminum 1: t. 78. 1827, Flora Brasiliensis
Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3746, 3747. 1831, Gen. Sp. Orchid. seu Enumeratio Plantarum 2: 391. 1829, Reliquiae
Pl. 127, 128. 1831, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 250. 1833, London Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 245. 1830, Mémoires de l’Académie
J. Bot. 2: 236. 1843, Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série.
2(9–12): 177. 1856, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 16: 44. 1862, Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde
Fragm. (Mueller) 4(30): 163. 1864, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 675. Partie: Sciences Naturelles 5,3(3): 56. 1839, Nomenclator
1891, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 8: 109. 1898 and Bull. Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 315. 1841, Berberides Americae
Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. sér. 2, 22: 509. 1950, Quart. J. Taiwan Australis 52. Stuttgartiae 1857, Flora of the southern United
Mus. 27: 464. 1974, Chung Chi J. 13(2): 25. 1976, Fl. Ind. States 569. 1860, Grasses of North America for Farmers
Enumerat. - Monocot. 163. 1989 and Students 2: 182. 1896 and Anales del Museo Nacional
de Buenos Aires 21: 63. 1911, Nederlandsch Kruidkundig
(Flowers heated and eaten by women to increase the fertility.) Archief. Verslangen en Mededelingen der Nederlandsche
in English: Chinese ground orchid, northern swamp orchid, Botanische Vereeniging 6: 139. Amsterdam 1917, in Vet.
nun’s hood, nun’s orchid, swamp lily orchid Human Toxicol. 33(5): 465–467. 1991, Webbia 49(2): 295.
1995, Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira. July Dec 19(3–4):
in Japan: kaku-ran 116–122. 1999
Malay name: tubuh ulat (Neuropathological effects and deaths of cattle and sheep,
in Okinawa: chiru-ran, sarunkwa-bana poisoning in cattle.)

in Papua New Guinea: kongimongo in English: Timothy Canary grass, Timothy Canarygrass

in Thailand: ueang phrao, chat pra inn Phalaris aquatica L. (Phalaris altissima Menezes; Phalaris
aquatica Thunb., nom. illeg., non Phalaris aquatica L.;
Phalaris arundinacea subsp. bulbosa Paunero; Phalaris bul-
bosa auct., non L.; Phalaris bulbosa var. alata (Trab.) Maire
Phalaris L. Poaceae (Gramineae) & Weiller; Phalaris bulbosa var. clausonis (Maire & Trab.)
Greek phalaris, phaleris, used by Dioscorides for a kind of Maire & Weiller; Phalaris bulbosa var. genuina Maire;
grass, ribbon grass, canary grass; phalaros ‘having a patch Phalaris bulbosa var. hirtiglumis Trab.; Phalaris commutata
of white, crested’, phalos ‘shining, bright, white, a part of the Roem. & Schult.; Phalaris elongata Braun-Blanq.; Phalaris
helmet’; Latin phalaris or phaleris, idis for the plant canary- nodosa L., nom. illeg. superfl.; Phalaris nodosa var. minor
grass; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 54. 1753 and Lojac.; Phalaris stenoptera Hackel; Phalaris tuberosa L.;
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 29. 1754, Genera Plantarum 11. Phalaris tuberosa var. alata Trabut; Phalaris tuberosa var.
1776, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 201. 1794, Flora clausonis Maire & Trab.; Phalaris tuberosa var. hirtiglumis
der Wetterau 1: 43, 96. 1799, Fundamenta Agrostographiae Trabut; Phalaris tuberosa L. var. stenoptera (Hackel) A.S.
127. 1820 [Jan], Bulletin Botanique [Genève] 1: 220. 1830, Hitchc.; Phalaris stenoptera Hackel)
Étude des Fleurs, éd. 8, 2: 900. 1889 and Iowa State College Mediterranean. Perennial bunchgrass, strong, slender to
Journal of Science 36(1): 1–96. 1961, Taxon 40(3): 475–485. robust, slightly spreading, more or less densely to sparsely
1991, Taxon 41: 567. 1992, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 236– clumped, erect or geniculate, glabrous, deep rooted, rhi-
237. 1994, Webbia 49(2): 265–329. 1995, Taxon 44: 611–612. zomatous, short contracted knotted rhizomes, invasive weed
1995, Am. J. Bot. 90: 235–242. 2003, Contributions from the species, palatable, competitive, perennial pasture, cultivated
United States National Herbarium 48: 140, 270–271, 310, fodder grass, useful in the control of many serious weeds,
479–488, 684. 2003, Grass and Forage Science 59(2): 180– useful for soil conservation purposes
185. 2004, Ibis 146(s1): 92–100. 2004, Ibis 146(s2): 123–130.
2004, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83(4): 509– See Species Plantarum 1: 55. 1753, Centuria I. Plantarum …
525. 2004, Oikos 110(2): 271–282, 409–416. 2005. 1: 4. 1755, Amoenitates Academicae… 4: 264. 1759, Mantissa
Plantarum 557. 1771, Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima
Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin. (Phalaris angusta Nees, tertia 88. 1774, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 19.
nom. illeg., non Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin.; Phalaris 1794, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 403. 1817, De Graminibus
angusta mon. bracteata Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris chilen- Paniceis 254. 1826, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de
sis J. Presl; Phalaris intermedia var. angusta (Nees ex Trin.) France 32(7): 395. 1885, Cat. Phanerogam. Madeira Porto
Chapm.; Phalaris intermedia var. angustata Beal; Phalaris Santo 58. 1894, Flore de l’Algérie 140–141. 1895 and Flora
laxa Spreng. ex Steud.; Phalaris ludoviciana Torr. ex Trin.; Sicula 3: 251. 1908–1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum
Phalaris segetalis Steud. ex Lechler) Regni Vegetabilis 5: 333. 1908, Bulletin de la Société
Phalaris L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 2869

d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord 13: 21. 1922, Maire; Phalaris arundinacea var. picta L.; Phalaris arun-
Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du dinacea var. thyrsoidea Willk.; Phalaris arundinacea var.
Nord 24(7): 230. 1933, Journal of the Washington Academy variegata Parnell; Phalaris caesia Nees; Phalaris hispanica
of Sciences 24(7): 292. 1934, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Coincy; Phalaris japonica Steud.; Phalaroides arundina-
Madrid 8: 489. 1947, Flore de l’Afrique du Nord: 2: 18. 1953, cea (L.) Rauschert; Phalaroides arundinacea subsp. caesia
Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci. 36: 43. 1961, R.N. Oram, J.D. Williams, (Nees) Tzvelev; Phalaroides arundinacea subsp. japonica
“Variation in concentration and composition of toxic alka- (Steud.) Tzvelev; Phalaroides arundinacea var. picta (L.)
loids among strains of Phalaris tuberosa L.” Nature 213: Tzvelev; Phalaroides caesia (Nees) Holub; Phalaroides his-
946–947. 1967, Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina) 2: panica (Coincy) Holub; Phalaroides japonica (Steud.) Czer.;
115. 1969, Fl. Trop. E. Africa 97. 1970, R.N. Oram, “Genetic Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench
and environmental control of the amount and composition Circumboreal, temperate Eurasia, North America. Perennial
of toxins in Phalaris tuberosa L.” in Proceed. International or annual, tall, tufted, sod forming, herbaceous, semi-aquatic,
Grassland Cong.: 785–788. 1970, Cytologia 50: 89–99. highly variable species often densely colonial, erect or genic-
1985, Revista Brasileira de Genética 9(3): 549–554. 1986, ulate, very robust and sturdy, smooth, sometimes rooting at
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 63: 29–66. 1990, the lower nodes, rhizomatous with long creeping rhizomes,
Informatore Botanico Italiano 22: 227–236. 1990, Webbia spreads by seeds or by creeping rhizomes, extremely aggres-
47(1): 20. 1993, Caryologia 46: 47–52. 1993, Bothalia 26(1): sive and very vigorous weed, groundcover, ornamental, inva-
63–67. 1996 sive tendency, hay, cultivated fodder, a serious weed along
(May be toxic or poisonous, Phalaris staggers sometimes.) irrigation banks and ditches, used for erosion control and to
revegetate strip mine spoils, good for streambank stabiliza-
in English: bulbous Canary grass, Harding grass, perennial tion, excellent for rehabilitating waterways
Canary grass, Peruvian winter grass, phalaris, tall Canary
grass, Toowamba Canary grass, Toowomba Canary grass, See Species Plantarum 1: 54–55. 1753, Hortus Kewensis;
Toowoomba Canary grass, Towoomba Canary grass or, a catalogue … The second edition 1: 116. 1789, Flora
Oxoniensis 37. 1794, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici
in Italian: falaride tuberosa … 202. 1794, Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel
in Spanish: alpiste blanco, falaris bulbosa, falaris perenne, Allerton vigentium. 24. Londini [London] (Nov.–Dec.)
mata dulce, rabillo de cordero, triguera 1796, An Arrangement of British Plants, Third Edition
1796, Oekonomisch-Technische Flora der Wetterau 1: 96.
Phalaris arundinacea L. (Arundo colorata Aiton; Arundo Frankfurt a.M. 1799, Fundamenta Agrostographiae 127.
riparia Salisb.; Baldingera arundinacea (L.) Dumort.; 1820, Observations sur les Graminées de la Flore Belgique
Baldingera arundinacea var. picta (L.) Nyman; Baldingera 130, t. 10, f. 40. 1823[1824], Flora Helvetica 1: 160. 1828,
arundinacea var. rotgesii Foucaud & Mandon ex Husn.; Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. A catalogue … 27. 1830,
Baldingera colorata P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.; Bulletin Botanique [Genève] 1: 220. 1830, Florae Africae
Calamagrostis colorata (Aiton) Sibth.; Calamagrostis varie- Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae 6. 1841, Handbok
gata With.; Digraphis americana Elliott ex Loud.; Digraphis i Skandinaviens Flora ed. 4 22. 1843, The Grasses of Britain
arundinacea (L.) Trin.; Digraphis arundinacea f. coarctata 188, t. 82. 1845, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 11.
Prahl; Endallex arundinacea Raf.; Endallex arundinaceae 1855 [1853], Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 40(4):
Raf. ex B.D. Jacks.; Phalaridantha arundinacea (L.) St. Lag.; 145. 1890, Index Kewensis 1: 839. 1893, Journal de Botanique
Phalaris arundinacea f. coarctata (Prahl) Junge; Phalaris (Morot) 8: 207. 1894, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei. Ed. 3
arundinacea f. luteo-picta Voss; Phalaris arundinacea f. 1198. 1898, Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2(1):
minor Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris arundinacea f. pallens 24. 1898, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 7(9): 646. 1899 and
Stebler ex Hegi; Phalaris arundinacea f. pallida Schwarz; Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten.
Phalaris arundinacea f. picta (L.) Asch. & Graebn.; Phalaris Beihefte 3: 60. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
arundinacea f. picta (L.) Paunero, nom. illeg., non Phalaris Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 43(1): 91.
arundinacea f. picta (L.) Asch. & Graebn.; Phalaris arun- 1909, Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en
dinacea f. ramifera Junge; Phalaris arundinacea f. ramosa Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging 6:
Gaudin; Phalaris arundinacea f. thyrsoidea (Willk.) 141–142. 1917, Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de
Paunero; Phalaris arundinacea f. variegata (Parnell) Druce; l’Afrique du Nord 32: 217. 1941, Anales del Jardín Botánico
Phalaris arundinacea race. rotgesii (Foucaud & Mandon ex de Madrid 1947–1948, Flora Neerlandica 243. 1951, Iowa
Husn.) Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris arundinacea subsp. his- St. Coll. J. Sci. 36: 37. 1961, Feddes Repertorium 79(6): 409.
panica (Coincy) Kerguélen; Phalaris arundinacea subsp. 1969, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 10: 80. 1973, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr.
oehleri Pilg.; Phalaris arundinacea subsp. typica Paunero; 123(56): 322. 1976, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica
Phalaris arundinacea var. colorata Hartm.; Phalaris arun- 12(4): 428. 1977, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 27:
dinacea var. genuina Hack.; Phalaris arundinacea var. 581–590. 1981, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II,
japonica (Steud.) Hack.; Phalaris arundinacea var. latifo- Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Cytologia 50: 89–99.
lia Henrard ex Jansen; Phalaris arundinacea var. leioclada 1985, Blyttia 1985: 7–15. 1985, Corcuera, L.J. “Indole
2870 Phalaris L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

alkaloids from Phalaris and other gramineae.” Pages 169– in Japan: kanari-kura-yoshi
177 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. I.
Phalaris minor Retz. (Phalaris ambigua Fig. & De Not.;
Alkaloids. Boca Raton, Fla., USA. 1989, Taxon 40: 481, 483.
Phalaris aquatica Thunb., nom. illeg., non Phalaris aquat-
1991, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994, Webbia 49(2): 268, 270.
ica L.; Phalaris aquatica var. minor (Retz.) Mutel; Phalaris
1995, Oikos 110(2): 271–282, 409–416. 2005
arundinacea var. minor (Retz.) Paunero; Phalaris brevis
(Have caused poisoning to mammals. Sheep in New Trin.; Phalaris canariensis L.; Phalaris capensis Thunb.;
Zealand exhibited Phalaris staggers, which includes dis- Phalaris decumbens Moench; Phalaris gracilis Parl.;
tress, convulsions, and death. Several indole alkaloids are Phalaris haematites Duval-Jouve & Paris; Phalaris hae-
found in reed canarygrass, including hordenine, gramine matites var. granulosa Sennen & Mauricio; Phalaris mau-
and 5-methoxy-N-methyltryptamine. Other indole alkaloids ritii Sennen [dedicated to frère Mauricio, the co-author of
were also found.) Catálogo de la flora del Rif oriental y principalmente de
Phalaris canariensis L. (Phalaris avicularis Salisb.; las Cabilas limitrofes con Melilla… Melilla 1933]; Phalaris
Phalaris canariensis f. bracteata Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris minor f. bracteata Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris minor f. com-
canariensis f. colorata Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris canar- posita Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris minor f. glomerata Henrard
iensis f. vivipara Junge; Phalaris canariensis subsp. typica ex Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris minor f. gracilis (Parl.) Asch.
Posp.; Phalaris canariensis var. debilis Tocl & Rohlena; & Graebn.; Phalaris minor f. haematites Duval-Jouve &
Phalaris canariensis var. nigra Stokes; Phalaris canarien- Paris ex Trab.; Phalaris minor f. subcylindrica Web. & Thell.
sis var. subcylindrica Thell.; Phalaris canariensis var. tenuis ex Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris minor subsp. gracilis (Parl.)
Jansen & Wacht.; Phalaris canariensis var. villosula Jansen Arcang.; Phalaris minor var. comosula Heldr.; Phalaris
& Wacht.; Phalaris ovata Moench) minor var. genuina Maire & Weiller; Phalaris minor var.
gracilis (Parl.) Parl.; Phalaris minor var. haematites Duval-
Western Mediterranean. Annual or short-lived perennial, Jouve & Paris; Phalaris minor var. integra Trab.; Phalaris
herbaceous, non-rhizomatous, glabrous, flimsy to robust, minor var. nepalensis (Trin.) Bor; Phalaris minor var. pha-
clumped or solitary, culms erect or sometimes geniculate at eosperma Cavara; Phalaris nepalensis Trin.; Phalaris trivi-
the base, often branched near the base or unbranched, weed alis Trin.; Tovarochloa peruviana T.D. Macfarl. & But)
species, fodder, forage, hay, palatable to stock, grain crop
Mediterranean. Annual, quick growing, tufted or clumped
See Species Plantarum 1: 54–55. 1753, Methodus Plantas or solitary, glabrous, flimsy, very slender to robust, erect
Horti Botanici … 208. 1794, Prodromus stirpium in or geniculate, articulate and ascending stems, branched or
horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium 17. 1796, A Botanical unbranched, a common weed of cultivation, weed of wheat,
Materia Medica 1: 135. 1812, Flora des Oesterreichischen palatable, succulent and nutritive, fodder, forage for livestock
Kustenlandes 1: 59. 1897 and Sitzungsberichte der or for birdseed
Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 49: 1. 1902, See Centuria I. Plantarum … 4. 1755, Amoenitates
Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten Academicae… 4: 264. 1759, Observationes Botanicae 3:
30: 123. 1912, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden 8. 1783, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium, … 19. 1794,
Gesellschaft in Zürich 56: 271. 1912, Nederlandsch Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici … 208. 1794, Species
Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en Mededelingen der Graminum 1828–1836, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale
Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging 6: 135. 1917, des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie:
Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging Sciences Naturelles 5,3(3): 50, 55. 1839, Plantae Novae vel
52: 213. 1942, Iowa State Journ. Sci. 36: 59. 1961, Fragmenta Minus Notae … 36. 1842, Flora italiana, ossia descrizione
Floristica et Geobotanica 27: 581–590. 1981, Godishen delle piante … 1: 70. 1848, Agrostographiae Aegyptiacae
Zbornik Biologija Bioloshki Fakultet Na Univerzitetot Kiril Fragmenta 10, t. 6. 1853, Bulletin de la Société Botanique
I Metodij Skopje 35: 145–161. 1982, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 69(4): de France 14: 276. 1867, Bulletin de la Société Botanique
511–517. 1984, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 63: de France 32(7): 394. 1885, Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen
29–66. 1990, Informatore Botanico Italiano 22: 227–236. Flora 2(1): 21. 1898, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4: 396.
1990, Taxon 40: 483. 1991, Webbia 49(2): 285. 1995 1898 and Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Verslangen en
Mededelingen der Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging
(Grains used in bladder troubles and in placentary retention.)
6: 131–132. 1917, Bull. dell’ Orto Botanico della Regia
in English: annual Canary grass, birdseed grass, Canary Università di Napoli 9: 42. 1927, Catálogo de la flora del
grass, Canary seed grass, common Canary grass Rif oriental y principalmente de las Cabilas limitrofes con
Melilla… 125. Melilla 1933, Anales del Jardín Botánico
in Spanish: alpiste, alpiste blanco, alpiste de canarios, esco-
de Madrid 8: 489. 1948, Flore de l’Afrique du Nord: 2:
billa, ocuchichupa
23. 1953, Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan
in South Africa: gewone kanariegras, kanariesaadgras, (excluding Bambuseae) 616. 1960, Brittonia 34(4): 478–481,
kwarrelsaadgras f. 1. 1982, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 152–154.
Phaleria Jack Thymelaeaceae 2871

1986, Annali di Botanica 45: 75–102. 1987, Journal of Phaleria cumingii (Meisn.) Fern.-Vill.; Phaleria dubiosa
Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988, Bothalia 18: 114– (Blume) Zoll.; Phaleria urens (Reinw.) Koord.)
119. 1988, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 140–143.
SE Asia, New Guinea, Palau, Micronesia. Treelet or shrub,
1990, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 63: 153–205.
cauliflorous, white flowers
1990, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 1174–1178.
1991, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei See Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 59–60. 1822, Catalogus …
Panormitani 3: 229–250. 1992, Caryologia 46: 47–52. 1993, 69. 1823, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 2: 15. 1828[1825],
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81(4): 784–791. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle 3: 369.
1994, Webbia 49(2): 279–280, 299. 1995, Bothalia 26(1): 1834, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér.
63–67. 1996, Lagascalia 21(1): 149–154. 1999 2, 19: 39. 1843, Natuur- en Geneeskundig Archief voor
Nederlandsch-Indie 1: 616. 1844, Prodromus Systematis
(May be toxic or very poisonous in its young stage but is safe Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14(2): 604. 1857, Enumeratio
when old and dried. Root paste applied on wounds.) Plantarum Zeylaniae 4: 251. 1864[1861], The Flora Sylvatica
in English: annual Canary grass, lesser Canary grass, little-seed for Southern India 180. 1873, Flora Australiensis: a descrip-
Canary grass, little-seeded Canary grass, littleseed Canary tion … 6: 38. 1873, Mededeelingen uit ‘s Lands Plantentuin
grass, Mediterranean Canary grass, small Canary grass 19: 577. 1898 and J. Arnold Arbor. 33: 207. 1952, Rev. Handb.
Fl. Ceylon 2: 501–511. 1981, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5:
in Spanish: alpiste valillo, pasto romano 433–484. 2004, Natural Med., 58: 278–283. 2004, Biological
in Arabic: sha’ir el-far, tassala, tassla & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28(5): 929–933. 2005

in Mauritania: tassala (The extract of Ongael [leaves of Phaleria cumingii (Meisn.)

Fern.-Vill.], enhanced an in vitro phagocytic activity of
in South Africa: kanariegras, kleinsaadkanariegras mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (RAW 264.7).)
in Bhutan: gongey banso, ghongey banso, ragate jihar, yup Phaleria disperma (G. Forster) Baillon (Dais disperma G.
in India: chiriya bajra, phullas Forst.; Drimyspermum billardieri Decne.; Drimyspermum
burnettianum (Benth.) Seem.; Drimyspermum forsteri
Meisn.; Leucosmia burnettiana Benth.; Leucosmia ovata
Decne.; Phaleria burnettiana (Benth.) Knuth)
Phaleria Jack Thymelaeaceae
Australia.
Greek phalaros ‘having a patch of white’, phalos ‘shining,
bright, white’, referring to the flowers; see William Jack See Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 33. 1786,
(1795–1822), in Malayan miscellanies. 2(7): 59. Bencoolen London Journal of Botany 2: 231–232. 1843, Du Petit-
1822, Sylloge Plantarum Novarum 2: 15. 1828[1825], Der Thouars, Abel Aubert, Voyage autour du monde sur le
Deutsche Botaniker Herbarienbuch 65. 1841, Plantarum vas- frégate la Vénus: pendant les années 1836–1839/publié par
cularium genera secundum ordines … tab. diagn. 323, comm. ordre du Roi, sous les auspices du Ministre de la marine,
241. 1841, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. par M. Abel du Petit-Thouars, capitaine de vaisseau, … .
2, 19: 40–41. 1843, London Journal of Botany 2: 231–232. [Botanique, par M.J. Decaisne (1807–1882)], Paris: Gide et
1843 and Contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of cie, 1846, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Harvard University 4: 74–75. 1933, Fl. Vit. Nova 2: 576–592. 14(2): 605. 1857, Flora Vitiensis 208. 1867, Adansonia 11:
1981, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 2: 501–511. 1981, Fl. Australia 318. 1875 and Handbuch der Blütenbiologie 3: 552. 1904
18: 122–214, 323–325. 1990, Austrobaileya 6(1): 95. 2001, (Sedative.)
Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5: 433–484. 2004.
Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Drimyspermum mac-
Phaleria biflora (C.T. White) B.E. Herber (Oreodendron rocarpum Scheff.; Phaleria calantha Gilg; Phaleria pap-
biflorum C.T. White) uana Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb.; Phaleria papuana
SE Asia. Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb. var. wichmannii (Valeton)
Backer; Phaleria wichmannii Valeton)
See Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 59. 1822 and Contributions
from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 4: 74–75, Indonesia, Papua. Dense evergreen tree
pl. 9. 1933, Austrobaileya 6(1): 96. 2001 See Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 1:
(Bark and roots to stop bleeding, for wounds.) 46–47. 1876 and Handleiding tot de Kennis der Flora van
Nederlandsch Indië 3: 111. 1900, Die Flora der Deutschen
Phaleria capitata Jack (Dais dubiosa Blume; Dais dubi- Schutzgebiete in der Südsee 460. 1901, Nova Guinea, Botany
osa Decne., nom. illeg.; Drimyspermum blumei Decne.; 8(2): 411–412. 1910, Icones Bogorienses 4(3): 221–222, pl.
Drimyspermum cauliflorum Thwaites; Drimyspermum phal- 371. 1913, Beknopte Flora van Java (Nood Unitgave) 4a(2,
eria Meisn.; Drimyspermum urens Reinw.; Phaleria blu- fam. 77): 2. 1942, Fl. Malesiana, Ser. 1, Spermatoph. 6: 23.
mei (Decne.) Benth.; Phaleria cauliflora (Thwaites) Bedd.; 1960, International Journal of Oncology 30: 605–613. 2007,
2872 Phanerophlebia C. Presl Dryopteridaceae (Aspleniaceae)

Journal of Experimental Therapeutics & Oncology 8(3): 14: 301–312. 1994, Ann. Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 22: 1–141. 2003,
187–201. 2010 Acta Bot. Yunnan. 25(6): 663–670. 2003
(Eating raw fruit is not recommended because it causes (Rhizome and sporophyll antibacterial, anthelmintic, for
swelling, bruising, and ulcers in the mouth, even unconscious tapeworms.)
poisoning; seeds are very poisonous. Anticancer, antiprolif-
erative, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anti-angiogenic,
fruit, seed, and leaf extracts used for malignant diseases, for Phaseolus L. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
the prevention and/or treatment of breast cancer. Used in con-
junction with other herbs to treat diabetes, hypertension, and Greek phaselos ‘a little boat, a light vessel, a light boat’, refer-
liver disorders; its use is still limited as externally, applied to ring to its likeness to a bean-pod; Latin phaselus (phasellus
skin diseases, itching, scabies, and eczema.) and faselus) or phaseolus (faseolus) for a kind of bean with
an edible pod, French beans, kidney-beans, phasel (Plinius);
in English: crown god, God’s crown see M. Cortelazzo & P. Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della
in Indonesia: made, mahkota dewa (= The name given to this lingua italiana. 2: 413. 1980, Listados Florísticos de México
fruit implies that it descends from heaven, as a benediction 2: 1–100. 1983, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura
from divinity to help mankind.) europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci moderne.
2(2): 516. 1994, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 475–477. 1996, Sida, Botanical
Miscellany 23: i-xviii, 1–300. 2002.
Phanerophlebia C. Presl
Phaseolus lunatus L. (Dolichos tonkinensis Bui-Quang-
Dryopteridaceae (Aspleniaceae)
Chieu; Phaseolus bipunctatus Jacq.; Phaseolus communis
The generic name is based on Greek phaneros ‘evident, Pritzel; Phaseolus esculentus Salisb.; Phaseolus falcatus
shining, manifest’ and phleps, phlebos ‘vein’, see Tentamen Benth. ex Hemsl., nom. nud.; Phaseolus ilocanus Blanco;
Pteridographiae 84–85, 184, 186, pl. 2, f. 19. 1836, Index Phaseolus inamoenus L.; Phaseolus limensis Macfad.;
Filicum lxxxii. 1857. Phaseolus lunatus var. macrocarpus (Moench) Benth.;
Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester Baudet; Phaseolus mac-
Phanerophlebia caryotidea (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.)
rocarpus Moench; Phaseolus portoricensis Bertero ex
Copel. (Aspidium caryotideum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.;
Sprengel; Phaseolus portoricensis Spreng.; Phaseolus pub-
Aspidium caryotideum Wall.; Aspidium falcatum var. cary-
erulus Kunth; Phaseolus rosei Piper; Phaseolus saccharatus
otideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Baker; Cyrtomium cary-
Macfad., nom. illeg.; Phaseolus tunkinensis Lour.; Phaseolus
otideum C. Presl; Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook.
vexillatus sensu Blanco; Phaseolus viridis Piper; Phaseolus
& Grev.) C. Presl; Cyrtomium caryotideum fo. attenuatum
vulgaris sensu Blanco; Phaseolus xuaresii Zuccagni;
(T. Moore) Ching; Cyrtomium caryotideum fo. hastosum (H.
Phaseolus xuarezii Zuccagni)
Christ) Ching; Cyrtomium caryotideum subvar. hastosum H.
Christ; Cyrtomium caryotideum var. attenuatum T. Moore; Central and South America. Perennial shrub, non-climbing
Cyrtomium falcatum subvar. hastosum H. Christ; Cyrtomium to climbing, slender, trailing, leaves trifoliolate, pods oblong,
falcatum var. caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Bedd.; highly variable species
Dryopteris caryotidea Underw. ex A. Heller; Dryopteris
See Species Plantarum 2: 724. 1753, Hortus Botanicus
caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Underw. ex A. Heller;
Vindobonensis 1: 13, 44. 1770, Methodus Plantas Horti
Polystichum caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Diels;
Botanici … 155. 1794, Cent. Observ. Bot. [p. 37] No. A. 1806
Polystichum caryotideum Diels; Polystichum falcatum var.
[Apr 1806 publ. Dec 1806], Collectanea 149. 1806–1810,
caryotideum (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Matsum.)
Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 451. 1823,
China, India. Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 253. 1826, The
Flora of Jamaica 1: 279–280, 282. 1837, Flora Brasiliensis
See Schrad. Journ. 1800 [2]. 31. 1801, Icones Filicum 1(4):
15(1B): 181. 1862, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany
t. 69. 1828, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 376. 1828, Tentamen
… 1(4): 304. 1880 and Candollea 1: 441. 1923, Contributions
Pteridographiae 86, t. 2, f. 26. 1836, Synopsis Filicum 257.
from the United States National Herbarium 22(9): 693–694.
1868, Handbook to the Ferns of British India 211. 1883,
1926, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 110: 71.
Minnesota Botanical Studies 1: 779. 1897, Die Natürlichen
1977, Sida, Botanical Miscellany 23: 103. 2002
Pflanzenfamilien 1(4): 194. 1899 and Index plantarum
japonicarum sive enumeratio plantarum … 1: 342. 1904, (Used in Ayurveda. Toxins. Raw beans poisonous, highly
Genera Filicum [Copeland] 111. 1947, Nat. Hist. Tokai toxic, may be fatal if eaten, mature seeds contain a cyano-
Distr. 2: 35. 1976, Nucleus 20: 105–108. 1977, J. Geobot. genetic glycoside; usually cooked and eaten, but in excess
25: 247–259. 1978, J. Sci. Engin. 22: 121–144. 1985, Ann. may cause headache, vomiting, purging, dysentery. Seeds
Tsukuba Bot. Gard. 3: 1–7. 1985, Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 459– and leaves astringent, antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial,
465. 1989, Cryptog. Himalayas 2: 163–178. 1990, Fern Gaz. anti-proliferative, hypolipidemic, cough sedative.)
Phaulopsis Willd. Acanthaceae 2873

in English: broad bean, Burma bean, butter bean, Carolina Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987, Acta Botanica Sinica 30: 229–235.
bean, civet bean, common bean, common haricot, dwarf bean, 1988, Leg. Afr. Check-list: 421. 1989, Cytologia 54: 51–64,
French bean, garden bean, green bean, haricot bean, Java 97–108. 1989, Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United
bean, kidney bean, Lima bean, Madagascar bean, Rangoon States 3(2): xix, 1–258. 1990, Cytologia 56: 403–408, 459–
bean, runner bean, sieva bean, string bean, white Burma 466. 1991, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:
792–799. 1994, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap.
in Paraguay: cugué
4: 65–110. 2005
in India: aksipidaka, bakla, bonchi, bonchi-kai, dabbale,
(Used in Unani and Sidha. The plant contains toxic HCN,
dambala, dara-dambala, kaci-k-kollu, kaisam bali-pati,
large quantities of the raw mature seed are poisonous.
kalandri, loba, lobia, pothu-dambala, potu-bonchi, rajmah,
Lotions from leaves in the treatment of a variety of skin
sem, vilayti sem
conditions. Leaves and seeds to cure skin diseases and high
in Indonesia: Java bean, kratok blood pressure. The bean eaten as a tonic, purgative and a
nutrient; green pods and seeds mildly diuretic, hypolipid-
in Japan: aoi-mame
emic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive; ground seeds decoction
in Malaysia: kacang china, kacang jawa, kachang china, applied on boils.)
kachang serendeng, kekara kratok
in English: common bean, common haricot, dwarf bean,
in Philippines: bulai-patani, buni, buringi, butingi, gulipatan, French bean, garden bean, green bean, haricot bean, kidney
haba, habichuela, kilkilang, kopani, kutakut, palpadi, parda, bean, navy bean, runner bean, snap bean, string bean
patani, perkoles, puida, sibatse simaron, zabachein Thailand:
in North America: atit (Pawnee)
thua rachamat
in Kenya: maharagwe, mboco, mboso, oganda
in Vietnam: dâu ngu
in Nigeria: tsi
in Madagascar: haricot de Madagascar, kabaro, kalamaka,
konoka, maimbolany in Burma: bo-sa-pè, pè-bya-galè, pè-gya(ni)
in Yoruba: eree, awuje, ewuje, ewa, ewe, popondo, kokondo, in Cambodia: sândaèk barang
sese, ewe
in India: bakla, chavli, chhemi, cimaiyavarai, fejamv, hurali
in Zambia: chinkamba kaayi, hurali kayi, huruli kaayi, loba, lobha, lobia, rajmah,
shravan ghevda, tukhm baqila, tukhm baqla muqqashar, vay-
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Phaseolus aborigineus Burkart;
alavarai, vilayti sem
Phaseolus aborigineus var. hondurensis Burkart; Phaseolus
communis Pritz.; Phaseolus compessus DC.; Phaseolus escu- in Indonesia: buncis
lentus Salisb.; Phaseolus nanus L. & Jusl.; Phaseolus vul-
in Laos: thwàx fàlangx
garis Wall.; Phaseolus vulgaris subsp. aborigineus (Burkart)
Burkart & H. Bruecher; Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus in Malaysia: kacang buncis, kacang merah
(Burkart) Baudet)
in Nepal: asare simi
Americas. Herb, twining, erect, procumbent, climbing, non- in Pakistan: loba fasoulia
climbing, a source of proteins
in the Philippines: butingi, mula
See Species Plantarum 2: 723–725. 1753, Prodr. Stirp. Chap.
Allerton 335. 1796, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. in Thailand: thua khaek, thua phum
5595. 1831–1832, Iconum Botanicarum Index 832. 1855 and in Vietnam: dâu ve
Kew Bulletin, Addit. Ser. 12: 216. 1936, Las Leguminosas
Argentinas (ed. 2) 432, 545–546. 1952, Der Züchter.
Zeitschrift für Theoretische und Angewandte Genetik 23(3):
Phaulopsis Willd. Acanthaceae
71. 1953, Prodr. Enum. Spec. Pl. Agric. et Hort.: 208. 1959,
J. Agric. Sci. (Tokyo) 8: 49–62. 1962, Tropical Crops 1: 304, From the Greek phaulos ‘slight, easy, cheap, simple, ordinary’
fig. 47. 1968, Angewandte Botanik 42: 119. 1968, Economic and opsis ‘appearance’, see Wendland, Johann Christoph
Botany 23: 55. 1969, Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Leguminosae 614. (1755–1828), Botanische Beobachtungen nebst einigen neuen
1971, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 6: 14–17. 1971, Gattungen und Arten. Hannover: Bey den Gebrüdern Hahn,
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 110: 74. 1977, 1798, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3: 4,
Boissiera 28: 1–273. 1978, Cytologia 44: 201–209. 1979, 342. 1800, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 478. 1810,
Ciencia e Cultura (Sao Paulo) 32: 710. 1980, Cytologia Prodr. (DC.) 11: 262. 1847, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 821.
47: 471–480. 1982, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 1890, Histoire des Plantes 10: 432. 1891, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
4: 373–376. 1986, Ciencia e Cultura (Sao Paulo) 38: 911. Nachtr. [Engler & Prantl] I. 305. 1897 and Symb. Bot. Upsal.
1986, Reports from the Botanical Institute, University of 31(2): 1–184. 1996.
2874 Phaulothamnus A. Gray Achatocarpaceae (Phytolaccaceae)

Phaulopsis falcisepala C.B. Clarke (Maori people rubbed their bodies with young branches.)
Tropical Africa. Herb, weak undershrub, weed, erect or Maori name: mairehau, maireire
decumbent, small white corollas, compact inflorescence
See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 5(1): 84. 1899
Phedimus Raf. Crassulaceae
(Powdered plant for wounds, small sores, a decoction as chil-
dren’s fever medicine. Fruits and leaves for toothache and From the Greek pheidos ‘thrifty, sparing’; or from phaidi-
wound dressing.) mos, a personal epithet used of male warriors; it may also be
related to words such as phaos and phaino, which have asso-
ciations with light; words believed to share a common etymol-
Phaulothamnus A. Gray ogy with phaidimos—for example, phaidropos, phaidronous,
Achatocarpaceae (Phytolaccaceae) and phaidruno—potentially allow one to infer a sense of
“notability”; or for Phaidimos, archaic Greek sculptor known
Greek phaulos ‘slight, easy, simple’ and thamnos ‘shrub’, from remains of the Phyle. See Carl Linnaeus, Species
see Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série Plantarum. 1: 430–431. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 197.
4 9: 45. 1858, Proceedings of the American Academy of 1754, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783–1840), Anal.
Arts and Sciences 20: 293–294. 1885 and Die natürlichen Nat. Tabl. Univ. 174. 1815, American monthly magazine and
Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 16c: 174. 1934. critical review 1(6): 438–439. 1817, Florula ludoviciana. 168.
Phaulothamnus spinescens A. Gray New York 1817, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 806. Ansbach 1852, Die
Mexico. natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 3(2a): 30. 1890
See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and and E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus. 133. Massachusetts,
Sciences 20: 294. 1885 USA 1949, Komarov Lectures. 20: 47–61. 1973, Evolution
and Systematics of the Crassulaceae 159–172. 1995, Bot.
(Inner bark burned, the blackened area scraped, water added Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 80(3): 85–88. 1995, Helmut
and the liquid used as eye drops to improve eyesight.) Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Pflanzennamen. 574. Basel 1996, Novon 10(4): 401. 2000.

Phebalium Ventenat Rutaceae Phedimus aizoon (Linnaeus) ‘t Hart (Aizopsis aizoon

(Linnaeus) Grulich; Aizopsis ellacombeana (Praeger) P.V.
Possibly from a Greek poetic name for the myrtle (Myrtus Heath; Anacampseros aizoon (L.) Haw.; Phedimus ellacom-
communis L.), or from phibaleos (Phibalis was a district of bianus (Praeger) ‘t Hart; Sedum aizoon Linnaeus; Sedum
Attica or Megaris), used for a kind of early fig, or from phoi- aizoon var. floribundum Nakai; Sedum aizoon var. glabrifo-
bos ‘radiant, Phoebus, bright’ and eileo ‘to sun’, eile ‘warmth, lium (Kitagawa) Kitagawa; Sedum ellacombeanum Praeger;
the sun’s warmth’; see Ventenat, Étienne Pierre (1757–1808), Sedum ellacombianum Praeger; Sedum kamtschaticum
Jardin de la Malmaison. 2: 102, t. 102. Paris, 1803–1804, Fischer & C.A. Meyer subsp. ellacombeanum (Praeger) R.T.
The Plants Indigenous to the Colony of Victoria 1: 125. 1862 Clausen; Sedum pseudoaizoon Debeaux; Sedum selskia-
and Wilson, Paul Graham (1928– ), “A taxonomic revision of num Regel & Maack var. glaberrimum Kitagawa; Sedum
the genera Crowea, Eriostemon and Phebalium (Rutaceae).” selskianum var. glabrifolium Kitagawa; Sedum yantaiense
Nuytsia. 1(1): 6–155. 1970, Nuytsia 12(2): 270–271. 1998. Debeaux)
Phebalium argenteum Sm. China, Russia. Perennial herbs, tuberous roots, inflorescence
Australia. horizontally branched, yellow petals
See Rees, Abraham (1743–1825), The cyclopædia: or, See Sp. Pl. 1: 430–431. 1753, Synopsis plantarum succu-
Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature/by lentarum … 112. 1812, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien,
Abraham Rees … with the assistance of eminent profes- Zweite Auflage 3(2a): 30. 1890 and Journal of Botany,
sional gentlemen … London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme British and Foreign 55(650): 41–42. 1917, Sedum of North
& Brown [etc.], 1819 etc. America North of the Mexican Plateau 553–554, 566. 1975,
Novon 10(4): 401. 2000, Calyx 4(5): 172. 2001
(Blister plant, vesication when and if the leaves are handled.)
(Stomach upset if large quantities of this plant eaten. Dried
Phebalium nudum Hook. (Leionema nudum (Hook.) Paul
whole plant used as hemostat.)
G. Wilson)
in English: Orpin aizoon
New Zealand. Aromatic shrub or small tree, slender, small
white starry flowers sweetly scented in China: fei cai
See Icones Plantarum 6: t. 568. 1843 and Nuytsia 12(2): 275. Phedimus floriferus (Praeger) ‘t Hart (Phedimus florifer
1998 (Praeger) ‘t Hart; Sedum floriferum Praeger)
Phegopteris (C. Presl) Fée Thelypteridaceae 2875

China. Perennial herbs, ascending, inflorescences terminal Phellodendron Rupr. Rutaceae

and axillary, yellow petals
Cork trees, from the Greek phellos ‘cork’ and dendron
See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 56: 149. 1918 ‘tree’, an allusion to the corky bark, see Bulletin de la
Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale des
(For skin diseases, warts.) Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 15(23): 353–354. 1857.
in China: duo hua fei cai Phellodendron amurense Rupr.
Phedimus odontophyllus (Fröderström) ‘t Hart (Aizopsis Russia, Japan, Korea, China. Tree, deciduous, corky bark,
odontophylla (Fröderström) Grulich; Sedum odontophyllum branchlets brown to brownish-green, opposite leaves papery
Fröderström) dark green above, petiole white hairy, inflorescence pubes-
cent, flowers dioecious yellowish-green, oval drupe green to
China. Perennial herbs, ascending flowering stems rooting at
reddish-green, in mountains
base, yellow petals
See Plant Systematics and Evolution 146: 13–30. 1984,
See Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 7: 117. 1932, Preslia 56(1): Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 69: 1565–1566. 1984, Botaniceskjij
35–37, f. 2, 3 [map]. 1984 Žurnal SSSR 71: 1572–1575. 1986, Acta Botanica Austro
(For boils.) Sinica 5: 161–176. 1989
(Antibacterial, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hypo-
in China: chi ye fei cai
glycaemic, ophthalmic, stomachic, vasodilator. Fruit used
as expectorant. Bark a skin disinfectant and an astringent,
also for diarrhea, leucorrhea, skin diseases, eczema, genito­
Phegopteris (C. Presl) Fée Thelypteridaceae urinary tract infection, arthralgia. Fruit toxic to mosquito
Greek phegos ‘oak’ (Theophrastus, HP. 3.3.1) and pteris larvae, house flies and codling moth larvae.)
‘fern’; see Icones Plantarum 3, 45–48, t. 11, 13. 1763, Genera in English: Amur cork-tree, Siberian cork-tree
Plantarum 2: 757. 1791, Tentamen Pteridographiae 179. 1836,
Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée (1789–1874), Mémoires sur in China: huang bai, huang bo, huang po, po mu
la famille des Fougères. Genera Filicum. 5: 242–243. 1852, in Japan: sikerpe, sikerpe-ni
Histoire des Fougères et des Lycopodiacées des Antilles 58.
in Vietnam: hoang ba
1866, Cryptogames Vasculaires … du Brésil 2: 40. 1873
and Nova Flora Japonica 4: 152. 1939, Journal of Japanese Phellodendron chinense C.K. Schneid.
Botany 24: 8. 1949, Journal of the Washington Academy of
E. Asia, China. Tree, aromatic leaves
Sciences 48: 234. 1958, American Fern Journal 51: 31. 1961,
American Fern Journal 53(4): 154. 1963, Phytologia 17(4): See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768
254. 1968, Webbia 24: 709. 1970. and Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2: 126, f.
79c. 1907, J. Agric. Sci. (Tokyo) 8: 49–62. 1962, Rhodora
Phegopteris auriculata J. Sm. (Cyclogramma auriculata 82: 475–481. 1980, Cytologia 47: 665–681. 1982, Plant
(J. Sm.) Ching; Cyclosorus auriculata (J. Sm.) C.M. Kuo; Systematics and Evolution 146: 13–30. 1984, Newslett. Int.
Dryopteris auriculata (J. Sm.) Ching; Polypodium auricula- Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 23–24. 1997
tum Wall. ex Hook.; Polypodium auriculatum L.; Thelypteris
auriculata (J. Sm.) K. Iwats.) (Bark antibacterial, astringent, cholagogue, febrifuge, aph-
rodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, antirheumatic, hypoglycemic,
India. Dried leaves pounded and used for fermentation of ophthalmic, stomachic, vasodilator. A mixture of the leaves
apong, rice beer of Indigofera suffruticosa, Indigofera tinctoria L., the bark
of Phellodendron chinense C.K. Schneider and pig bile used
See Species Plantarum 2: 1071–1072, 1088. 1753, Icones
against scrofula.)
Plantarum 3, 45–48, t. 11, 13. 1763, Species Filicum 4:
237. 1863, Historia Filicum 233. 1875 and Bulletin of the in English: Amur cork tree, Chinese cork tree
Fan Memorial Institute of Biology 2(2): 196. 1931, Acta in China: chuan huang bo
Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 7(1): 52–53. 1938, Acta
Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 19(1): 11. 1961, Acta
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 8(4): 317. 1963, Fern Gazette 11(2– Phenax Wedd. Urticaceae
3): 141–162. 1975, Taiwania 47(2): 171. 2002
From the Greek phenake ‘false hair’, phenax, phenakos
(Leaves and fronds heated and applied for relief from body ‘cheat, impostor’.
pain and aches and to cure swelling and inflammation.
Crushed leaves mixed with sand and used as a fish poison.) Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd. (Boehmeria ballotaefolia
Kunth; Phenax ballotaefolius (Kunth) Wedd.; Phenax rugo-
in India: rabdak sus var. minor Wedd.; Procris rugosa Poir.)
2876 Philenoptera Hochst. ex A. Rich. Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Millettieae)

South America. in Senegal: gara, karoba, kisos, mogo kolo

See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 628. 1804, in Togo: ahoti, kina
Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 1: 191–
192. 1854, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
16(1): 235(38). 1869 Philodendron Schott Araceae
(A snakebite cure.) Greek philos ‘loving’ and dendron ‘tree’, referring to the
climbing habit; see Wiener Z. Kunst 1829(3): 780. 1829,
Linnaea 6(Lit.): 53. 1831, Meletemata Botanica 1: 19–20.
Philenoptera Hochst. ex A. Rich. 1832, Flora Telluriana 3: 66. 1836[1837], Schott, H. W.
Fabaceae (Leguminosae, Millettieae) (Heinrich Wilhelm) (1794–1865), Synopsis aroidearum com-
plectens enumerationem sytematicam generum et specierum
From Greek philenos ‘traceable’ and pteros ‘wing’, the wing hujus ordinis. Vindobonae, 1856, Bonplandia (Hanover) 7:
makes the pod manageable for dispersal.) 31. 1859, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 255, 269. 1860, Oesterreichische
Philenoptera cyanescens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty Botanische Zeitschrift 15: 34. 1865, Nomenclature Botanique
(Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Benth.; 2(1): 674. 1874, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 3(2): 133–134,
Robinia cyanescens Schumach. & Thonn.) 137–139, 141, 143–145. 1878, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24:
Tropical Africa, Ghana. Perennial non-climbing shrub, 510, 553. 1899, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26(5): 521, 535, 541–542.
scrambling shrub or small tree, winding branches, liana, 1899 and Lexikon Generum Phanerogamarum 62. 1903,
woody climber, living part of the wood bleeding red, leaves Das Pflanzenreich Heft 60 IV.23Db: 20. 1913, Fieldiana,
papery pale green below, flowers sweet scented, petals white Bot. 304–363. 1958, Ayres, S. Jr, Ayres, S. “Philodendron
at start except for purple apex of the wings, later all petals as a cause of contact dermatitis.” Arch. Dermatol., 78:
more or less dark blue, calyx green with blue dots, pods 330–333. 1958, Phytologia 60(5): 306. 1986, D.H. Nicolson,
yellow-green and wrinkled, more or less transparent “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25.
1988, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 100(2): 168. 1989, Mrvos, R., Dean,
See Species Plantarum 2: 722–723. 1753, Nova Genera et
B.S., Krenzelok, E.P. “Philodendron/Dieffenbachia inges-
Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 6: 300. 1824, Beskrivelse af
tions: are they a problem?” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 32: 369. 1990,
Guineeiske planter 351. 1827, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae
McIntire, M.S., Guest, J.R., Porterfield, J.F. “Philodendron—
… 1: 232. 1847, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany
An infant death.” Clin. Toxicol., 28: 177–183. 1990,
4(Suppl.): 96. 1860 and Bull. Inst. Franc. Afr. Noire, Sér. A Systematic Botany Monographs 47: 117. 1996, Ann. Missouri
16: 354. 1954, A Revised Handbook of the Flora of Ceylon Bot. Gard. 84(3): 330–331, 333–335. 1997, Croat, T.B. “A
7: 108–381. 1991, Kew Bull. 55: 81–94. 2000, Journal of revision of Philodendron subgenus Philodendron (Araceae)
Ethnopharmacology 115: 387–408. 2008 for Mexico and Central America.” Annals of the Missouri
(Whole plant and roots used externally for inflammation and Botanical Garden 84(3): 311–704. 1997, Govaerts, R. &
venereal diseases. Roots for leprosy, skin and venereal dis- Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae
eases, rheumatism; decoction of leafy twigs and roots given (and Acoraceae). Kew. 2002, Monographs in Systematic
to women during or after childbirth and also taken as an Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 59–200.
aphrodisiac, to treat arthritic conditions, venereal diseases 2003, Kew Bull. 60(4): 469 (511). 2006 [2005 publ. 2006].
and diarrhea. Embrocation for sprains, leaves used as a poul- Philodendrons can cause poisoning in humans and pets
tice for ulcers and for skin diseases; leaf sap drunk against because of the oxalates. Some species are irritant, and some
intestinal disorders and dysentery. Leaves and bark laxative, can sensitise, reported to cause dermatitis.
astringent, for leprosy, diarrhea. Insecticide.) Philodendron anisotomum Schott
in English: African indigo, big leaf indigo, indigo vine, Mexico to Central America.
local indigo, West African indigo, West African wild indigo,
Yoruba indigo, Yoruba wild indigo See Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 179. 1858

African names: adzudzu, akase, anunu, avantime, dwira, (Reported to be irritant.)

ebelu, mukabote, muteli, suru, talaki, talakiri, wee-chu Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl. (Arum pin-
natifidum Jacq.; Arum pinnatifidum Vell., nom. illeg.;
in Burkina-Faso: garga
Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott; Philodendron bipin-
in Ivory Coast: gara, gra natifidum var. lundii (Warm.) Engl.; Philodendron lundii
Warm.; Philodendron mello-barretoanum Burle-Marx ex
in Liberia: blu, big leaf indigo, wee-chu
G.M. Barroso; Philodendron pygmaeum Chodat & Vischer;
in Nigeria: awa, elu, elu aredudu, elugbawuro, njassi, obele Philodendron selloum K. Koch, nom. nud.; Philodendron
ilu, ochumchu, ojere ilu selloum var. lundii (Warm.) Engl.; Sphincterostigma
Philodendron Schott Araceae 2877

bipinnatifidum (Schott ex Endl.) Schott, nom. inval.; (The leaf juice from this species, after mixing with soft soap,
Sphincterostigma bipinnatifidum Schott, nom illeg.) used to treat eczema, dry scaly eczema and to treat skin dis-
eases of animals.)
Brazil to Argentina. Strong aerial roots, berries relished by
monkeys and bats Vernacular name: philodendron, folha de fonte
See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Plantarum Rariorum Philodendron craspedodromum R.E. Schult.
Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis 2: 31. 1797, Meletemata Colombia.
Botanica 1: 20. 1832, Genera Plantarum 1(3): 237. 1837,
Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 10(16): 276. 1852, Victoria See Rhodora 66: 118. 1964
Naturalist 128. 1867, Flora Brasiliensis 3(2): 169. 1878, (Leaves utilized as a fish poison.)
Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk
Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1879–80: 360. 1880 and Bulletin de Philodendron dyscarpium R.E. Schult.
la Société Botanique de Genève sér. 2 11: 299, f. 264. 1920,
Colombia, Venezuela.
Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 15: 94, t.
8, 9. 1957, Revista del Museo de La Plata, Nueva Serie, See Lloydia 26: 69. 1963
Botanica 119(64): 219. 1971, Genét. Ibér. 30–31: 161–188.
(Oral contraceptive, the dried pulverized inflorescence added
1979, Flora del Paraguay [11:] 1–46. 1988, Kew Bulletin
to the food of women.)
46(4): 601–681. 1991, J. Ethnopharmacol. 71(1–2): 101–
107. 2000 Philodendron fragrantissimum (Hook.) G. Don (Caladium
fragrantissimum Hook.; Philodendron fragrantissimum
(Irritating crystals of calcium oxalate; reported to have
(Hook.) Kunth)
caused dermatitis, crystals are not poisonous. Roots drastic.
Leaves and stem have a caustic juice which is a remedy for Guyana, Brazil. Epiphytic or climbing, scandent
orchitis, rheumatism and ulcers. Antiprotozoal activity, ver-
See Botanical Magazine 61: t. 3314. 1834, Hortus Britannicus
mifuge, the seeds are reputed to be anthelmintic.)
632. 1839, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque
in Brazil: fruto de imbe, imbe de comer Cognitarum 3: 49. 1841
in Paraguay: guembepi (Some toxic effects. Aerial parts decoction demulcent,
diuretic. For rheumatism, leaves warmed and tied over the
Philodendron consanguineum Schott (Philodendron
affected area, reducing inflammation and relieving pain.)
angustatum Schott; Philodendron fuertesii K. Krause;
Philodendron krebsii Schott; Philodendron marginatum in Guyana: bucuruna
Urb.; Philodendron urbanianum K. Krause; Philodendron
wrightii Griseb.) Philodendron hastatum K. Koch & Sello (Philodendron
disparile Schott; Philodendron elongatum Engl.;
Caribbean. Philodendron hastatum Engl.; Philodendron hastatum
Schott; Philodendron hastifolium Regel; Philodendron sim-
See Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumerationem sys-
sii K. Koch, nom. illeg.)
tematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 88. 1856
and Symb. Antill. 7: 172. 1912 Brazil.
(Abortifacient. The very caustic juice of the aerial parts of See Synopsis Aroidearum. I 101. 1856 and Botanische
the plant utilized for contusions and as a cauterizing agent. Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und
The decoction of the leaves, stems and roots extensively used Pflanzengeographie 37: 133. 1905
for expelling intestinal worms. Contact dermatitis.)
(Irritating crystals of calcium oxalate, crystals are not
in Cuba: bejuco de lombriz, macusey, macusey macho poisonous.)
Philodendron cordatum Kunth ex Schott (Arum cordatum Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott (Arum hedera-
Vell.; Philodendron apparicioi G.M. Barroso; Philodendron ceum Jacq.; Pothos hederaceus (Jacq.) Aubl.)
cordatum Kunth)
Mexico to Trop. America.
SE Brazil.
See Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 840. 1775, Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 780.
See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Wiener Zeitschrift für 1829
Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): 780. 1829,
Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: (Plant toxic, the juice was used by black poisoners.)
52. 1841, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 268. 1860, Arquivos do Museu Philodendron imbe Schott ex Endl.
Nacional do Rio de Janeiro 5(1–4): 387. 1881 and Arch. Jard.
Bot. Rio de Janeiro 15: 92. 1957 E. Brazil to Bolivia. Aerial roots long strong slender
2878 Philodendron Schott Araceae

See Gen. Pl. 1: 237. 1837 and Sakuragui, C.M., Mayo, S.J. & Jonker; Philodendron quercifolium Engl.; Philodendron
& Zappi, D.C. “Taxonomic revision of Brazilian species of weddellianum Engl.)
Philodendron.” Kew Bulletin 60: 465–513. 2005
Trop. South America. Spadices give off a carrion-like odor
(The sap from the leaves as a rubefacient, taken internally
See Enum. Pl. 3: 49. 1841, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 546. 1899 and
has a drastic effect. A poultice of fresh leaves for acute and
Acta Bot. Neerl. 15: 143. 1966, Baileya 14: 69. 1966
chronic orchitis; a leaves decoction used as a dressing for
edemas, rheumatic joints and ulcers.) (The fresh leaves spread with oil serve as a dressing for gout
pains.)
in Brazil: bananeira de macaco, cipó imbé, cipó de imbê,
cipóimbe, cucúba, curuba, folha de fonte, imbé, imbê, in Brazil: folha de urubú
guiambê, ombé, quimbé, tajaz de cobra, tracos
Philodendron popenoei Standl. & Steyerm.
in Peru: imbé, suambé
Central America.
Philodendron insigne Schott (Philodendron calophyllum
See Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 9(4): 264–265. 1940
Brongn. ex Linden & André; Philodendron haematinum R.E.
Schult.; Philodendron niveochermesinum Linden & André (Crushed leaves mixed with butter applied to forehead for
ex André; Philodendron prieureanum Brongn. ex Engl.) headache.)
Trop. South America. Philodendron radiatum Schott
See Syn. Aroid. 73. 1856 and Rhodora 66: 120. 1964 Mexico to N. Colombia.
(Used by witch-doctors, they attach magical significance to See Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 3: 378. 1853
the red coloring matter in the spathe of this species.) (A decoction of the leaves as a lotion for rheumatic pains
Philodendron lacerum (Jacq.) Schott and gout.)
Greater Antilles. Philodendron sagittifolium Liebm. (Philodendron dae-
monum Liebm.; Philodendron ghiesbrechtii Linden ex
See Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 780. 1829
Engl.; Philodendron lancigerum Standl. & L.O. Williams;
(The leaf a remedy for caustic sores of the arm.) Philodendron sanguineum Regel; Philodendron tanyphyl-
lum Schott; Philodendron tuxtlanum G.S. Bunting)
Philodendron latifolium K. Koch (Philodendron sellowi-
anum K. Koch) Mexico to Venezuela. Aerial roots
Venezuela. See Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1: 17.
1849 and Ceiba 1: 232. 1951, Gentes Herb. 9: 353. 1965
See Index Seminum (Berlin) 1855(App.): 3. 1855
(Acrid sap to remove warts.)
(Leaf poultice for fever, sprains, rheumatism.)
Philodendron scandens K. Koch & Sello (Arum hed-
Philodendron ochrostemon Schott (Baursea nervosa
eraceum Jacq.; Philodendron acrocardium Schott;
Hoffmanns., nom. nud.; Philodendron nervosum Schott ex
Philodendron cuspidatum K. Koch & Bouché; Philodendron
Engl.)
harlowii I.M. Johnst.; Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.)
Brazil. Schott; Philodendron hederaceum var. hederaceum;
Philodendron hederaceum var. oxycardium (Schott) Croat;
See Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 229. 1860
Philodendron isertianum Schott; Philodendron micans
(The sap from the leaves as a rubefacient, taken internally Klotzsch ex K. Koch; Philodendron micans var. brevipes
has a drastic effect. A poultice of fresh leaves for acute and Engl.; Philodendron micans var. microphyllum (K. Koch)
chronic orchitis; a leaves decoction used also as a dressing Engl.; Philodendron microphyllum K. Koch; Philodendron
for edemas, rheumatic joints and ulcers.) miduhoi Matuda; Philodendron oxycardium Schott;
Philodendron oxyprorum Schott; Philodendron pittieri Engl.;
in Brazile: imbe indo
Philodendron prieurianum Schott; Philodendron scaberu-
Philodendron pedatum (Hook.) Kunth (Caladium pedatum lum C. Wright; Philodendron scandens fo. micans (Klotzsch
Hook.; Dracontium laciniatum Vell.; Philodendron amazo- ex K. Koch) Bunting; Philodendron scandens subsp. cubense
nicum Engl.; Philodendron duisbergii Epple ex G.S. Bunting; (Engl.) I. Arias; Philodendron scandens subsp. isertianum
Philodendron laciniatum (Vell.) Engl.; Philodendron lacini- (Schott) G.S. Bunting; Philodendron scandens subsp. oxy-
atum subsp. weddellianum Engl.; Philodendron laciniatum cardium (Schott) G.S. Bunting; Philodendron scandens
var. palmatisectum Engl.; Philodendron pedatum var. wed- subsp. prieurianum (Schott) G.S. Bunting; Philodendron
delianum Engl.; Philodendron polypodioides A.M.E. Jonker scandens var. cubense Engl.; Philodendron scandens var.
Philoxerus R. Br. Amaranthaceae 2879

cuspidatum (K. Koch & C.D. Bouché) Engl.; Philodendron (Crushed seeds anthelmintic. Contact dermatitis. Stem and
subsessile Gleason) leaves yield a caustic juice used as a resolvent for tumours,
furuncles, abscesses and in gout.)
Mexico to Trop. America.
in Brazil: aninga, aninga iba
See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 31. 1760, Wiener
Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1829(3): Philodendron squamiferum Poepp. (Philodendron acer-
780. 1829, Synopsis Aroidearum: complectens enumeratio- iferum Schott; Philodendron crinipes K. Koch; Philodendron
nem systematicam generum et specierum hujus ordinis. I 82. crinitum Engl.; Philodendron squamiferum var. aceriferum
1856, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 242. 1860 and Gentes Herbarum; (Schott) Engl.)
occasional papers on the kind of plants 10(2): 163, f. 4,
Guianas, N. Brazil. Berries have a sharp peppery taste
16b. 1968, Sellers, S.J. et al. “Toxicologic assessment of
Philodendron oxycardium Schott (Araceae) in domestic cats”. See Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 3: 87. 1845, Monogr. Phan. 2: 417. 1879
Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 19: 92–96. 1977, Contact Dermatitis.
(Crushed leaves serve as a dressing for edemas and dropsy)
6(2): 95–9. 1980, Acta Chemica Scandinavica. Series B:
Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. 36(5): 291–2044. in Brazil: guiambé
1982, Am. J. Contact Dermat. 7(3): 138–45. 1996, Govaerts,
Philodendron tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott (Arum tripartitum
R. & Frodin, D.G. World Checklist and Bibliography of
Jacq.; Caladium trifoliatum Desf.; Caladium tripartitum
Araceae (and Acoraceae). Kew. 2002 [as Philodendron hed-
(Jacq.) Willd.; Philodendron affine Hemsl.; Philodendron fen-
eraceum var. hederaceum.]
zlii Engl.; Philodendron holtonianum Schott; Philodendron
(Chewing the leaves of philodendrons results in painful burn- holtonianum Mast.; Philodendron trilobatum Regel;
ing and swelling of the mouth parts because of the oxalates. Philodendron tripartitum var. holtonianum (Schott) Engl.;
Contact dermatitis also occurs. The insoluble oxalates do not Philodendron tripartitum var. tricuspidatum Engl.)
produce systemic poisoning in humans. Cross sensitivity was Mexico to Trop. America.
observed. Allergic contact sensitivity.)
See Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 780. 1829
in English: heart leaf, heart-leaved philodendron, parlor ivy,
sweetheart plant (Leaf said to cure snakebite.)

Philodendron simsii (Hook.) Sweet ex Kunth (Arosma Philodendron warszewiczii K. Koch & C.D. Bouché
acutifolia Raf., nom. illeg.; Caladium grandifolium Sims, (Anthurium warszewiczii K. Koch; Philodendron ser-
nom. illeg.; Caladium simsii Hook.; Philodendron fon- pens Hook.f.; Philodendron serpens Engl., nom. illeg.;
tanesii Kunth; Philodendron fontanesii Kunth ex Engl.; Philodendron serpens Hort. ex Engl.)
Philodendron linguaeforme K. Koch ex Schott; Philodendron Mexico, C. America. Large fruits sweet juicy edible
linguiforme K. Koch ex Schott; Philodendron simsii Hort. ex
C. Koch; Philodendron simsii (Hook.) G. Don) See Index Seminum [Berlin] App.: 4. 1855 [Appendix
Generum et Specierum Novarum et Minus Cognitarum quae
Guyana, French Guiana, N. Brazil. in Horto Regio Botanico Berolinensi Coluntur 1855.], Bot.
Mag. 104: t. 6375. 1878, Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.]
See Description des Plantes Nouvelles … Jardin de J. M.
2: 421. 1879
Cels 30. 1801, Hortus Britannicus 632. 1839, Enumeratio
Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 48. 1841, (Leaves decoction for rheumatism.)
Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 269. 1860
in Central America: cupapayo, guacamaya, mano de león
(This species is reported to be irritant.)
Philodendron solimoesense A.C. Sm.
Philoxerus R. Br. Amaranthaceae
Tropical America, Brazil. Greek philos ‘loving’ and xeros ‘dry’, referring to the habi-
See J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 289. 1939 tat; see R. Brown, Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et
Insulae van-Diemen. 416. London 1810 and Fieldiana, Bot.
(Aerial roots exudate applied to sting, scorpion stings.) 24(4): 143–174. 1946, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 13: 142–180. 1983,
Philodendron speciosum Schott ex Endl. (Meconostigma Brenesia 41–42: 73–80. 1994.
speciosum Schott, nom. inval.; Philodendron speciosum Philoxerus vermiculatus R. Br. (Achyranthes vermicularis
Schott, nom. illeg.) (L.) Eaton; Achyranthes vermicularis Elliott; Blutaparon
breviflorum Raf.; Blutaparon brevifolium (L.) Raf.;
Bolivia to Brazil.
Blutaparon repens Raf.; Blutaparon vermiculare (L.) Mears;
See Meletemata Botanica 1: 20. 1832, Genera Plantarum Caraxeron vermicularis (L.) Raf.; Cruzeta crassifolia Maza;
1(3): 237. 1837 Cruzeta vermicularis (L.) M. Gómez; Gomphrena crassifolia
2880 Phleum L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

Spr.; Gomphrena vermicularis L.; Illecebrum vermiculatum 36. 1802, Hortus Regius Monspeliensis 132. 1813, Flora
L.; Iresine aggregata (Willd.) Moq.; Iresine crassifolia Moq.; Agenaise 23. 1821, A Natural Arrangement of British
Iresine vermicularis (L.) Moq.; Lithophila vermicularis (L.) Plants 2: 139. 1821, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
Uline; Philoxerus aggregatus (Willd.) Kunth; Philoxerus Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 61(140): 157.
crassifolius Kunth; Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) P. Beauv.; 1828, Voyage botanique dans le midi de l’Espagne 2: 633.
Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) R. Br.; Philoxerus vermicularis 1842, The Tourist’s Flora 398. 1850, Prodromus der Flora
(L.) R. Br. ex Sm.) von Böhmen 38. 1867, Prodromus der Flora von Böhmen 38.
1869, Compendio della Flora Italiana 757. 1883, Synopsis
Tropical Africa, South America.
der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2(1): 9. 1899 and Flora
See Species Plantarum 1: 224–225. 1753, The Cyclopaedia; Pyrenaea … 4: 270. 1901, American Midland Naturalist
or, universal dictionary of arts, … 27. 1814, Palisot de 4: 216. 1915, Revue D’Oka 14: 144, f. 10, no. 3. 1940, Fl.
Beauvois, Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph (1752–1820), Assam 5: 149. 1940, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires
Flore d’Oware et de Benin en Afrique. Paris, Fain [1805– des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 226: 1337. 1948,
1821], Manual of Botany of the Northern States. Second Botaniska Notiser 1953(3): 357. 1953, Grasses Burma Ceyl.
Edition. 91: 2. 1829, Flora Telluriana 3: 38. 1837, New Flora Ind. Pak. 403. 1960, Fl. Iraq 9:312. 1968, Fl. Iran. 70: 287.
and Botany of North America … 4: 45. 1838, Prodromus 1970, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 8: 71. 1971, Flora Republicii
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 340. 1849, Socialiste Romania 12: 123–124. 1972, Candollea 28(1):
Anales del Instituto de Segunda Ensenanza de la Habana 2: 41. 1973, Lejeunia 75: 232. 1975, Acta Botanica Academiae
213. 1896 and Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Scientiarum Hungaricae 23(12): 128. 1977, Magyar Flóra 6:
Botanical Series 2(1): 39. 1900, Taxon 31(1): 113. 1982 185. 1980, Lagascalia 12: 124–128. 1983, Candollea 38(2):
654, 658. 1983, Bot. Zhurn. 69(4): 511–517. 1984, Fl. Sierra
(Leaves for fevers, inflammation.) Nevada 350. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 22:
161–162. 1987, Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 33:
257–265. 1988, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 118–
Phleum L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 120. 1990, Genome 34: 52–58. 1991, Cytologia 56: 437–452.
Greek phleos, phlous, phloun, phleon, ancient name 1991, Fitologija 39: 72–77. 1991, Regnum Veg. 127: 75. 1993,
for a kind of grass growing in the swamps like reeds, Plant Systematics and Evolution 188: 17–30. 1993, Watsonia
Arundo ampelodesmon, or wool-tufted reed, applied by 21: 365–368. 1997, Flora Mediterranea 7: 204–213. 1997,
Theophrastus (HP. 4.8.1, 4.10.1, 4.10.4) to a species of Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 39: 69–77.
Erianthus; Phleos was an epithet of Dionysus; Latin pheos, 1997, Taxon 49(2): 254. 2000, Clinical & Experimental
phleos applied by Plinius to a prickly plant, also called Allergy 33(1): 43–51. 2003, Contributions from the United
stoebe or stoibe; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. States National Herbarium 48: 491–494. 2003, A. Motta et
59. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 29. 1754; Giovanni al., “Phleum pratense pollen starch granules induce humoral
Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario della and cell-mediated immune responses in a rat model of
lingua Greca. 2(1): 304–305, 307. Leo S. Olschki Editore, allergy.” Clinical & Experimental Allergy 34(2): 310–314.
Firenze 1994; Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch- 2004, Clinical & Experimental Allergy 34(2): 310–314. 2004
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 682. Ansbach 1852; H. (A cause of hayfever.)
Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Botanischen
Pflanzennamen. 478–479. 1996. in English: cat’s tail, cultivated Timothy, meadow cat’s tail,
Timothy, Timothy grass
Phleum pratense L. (Phleum intermedium Jord.; Phleum
nodosum L. var. pratense (L.) St.-Amans; Phleum parnas- in China: ti mu cao
sicum Boiss.; Phleum pratense fo. bracteatum A. Braun;
Phleum pratense L. subsp. vulgare (Celak.) Asch. &
Graebn.; Plantinia pratensis (L.) Bubani; Stelephuros pra-
Phlogacanthus Nees Acanthaceae
tensis (L.) Lunell) Greek phlox, phlogos ‘flame’ and akantha ‘thorn, prickle’,
referring to the colour of the flowers, corolla orange, see
Mediterranean region, Eurasia. Perennial bunchgrass, her-
Genera Plantarum 102–103. 1789, Plantae Asiaticae
baceous, often stout, tall, erect, leafy, loosely or densely
Rariores (Wallich). 3: 76, 99. 1832.
clumped or tufted or caespitose, non-rhizomatous, often
swollen at base and forming a small bulb or corm-like, small Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees
seeds, ornamental, numerous varieties available, noxious
Vietnam, Himalaya. Shrub, pink brownish flowers
weed, a prolific seeder, highly palatable and nutritious
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich) 3: 99. 1832
See Species Plantarum 1: 59–60. 1753, Systema Naturae,
Editio Decima 871. 1759, Beschreibung der Gräser 103. (Fresh leaves extract for earache, hot poultice to treat swell-
Leipzig 1769–1810, Flora Anglica, Editio Altera 26. 1778, ings and bruises. A paste from the pounded stem bark applied
Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum 2: 27, t. for treating bone fracture.)
Phlomis L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2881

in India: ficong, labang phlomidis and phlomos, i for mullein, verbascum; see Carl
Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 584–585. 1753.
Phlogacanthus pubinervius T. Anderson
Phlomis betonicoides Diels (Phlomis betonicoides Diels f.
Himalaya. Leaves as vegetable
alba C.Y. Wu)
See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 508. 1867
China.
(Leaves decoction used for cough.)
See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 241. 1912
in India: totsiipa katena
(Roots used for colds and diarrhea.)
Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees
in China: jia qin jiu
India, Himalaya, Burma. Shrub, quadrangular stem, glossy
glabrous leaves, reddish flowers in whorls, leaves and flowers Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. (Phlomis bracteosa
used as vegetable, good fodder for lactating cows Royle; Phlomis bracteosa var. longifolia Hook.; Phlomis
cordata Royle ex Benth.; Phlomis lamiifolia Royle ex Benth.;
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 3: 99. 1829–1832, Phlomis latifolia Royle ex Benth.; Phlomis latifolia Mill.;
FBI 4: 512. 1884 and Taxon 29: 353–355. 1980, J. Econ. Phlomis simplex Royle ex Benth.; Phlomoides bracteosa
Taxon. Bot. Additional Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996 (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm.; Phlomoides lamiifo-
(Flowers and leaves decoction drunk for stomachache; flow- lia (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm.)
ers eaten as stomachic and anthelmintic, to kill intestinal Himalaya. Herb, erect, simple or branched, pubescent, pur-
worms; flower decoction used as febrifuge. Leaf decoction plish blue or white flowers in axillary and terminal dense
taken against cough and fever. Fruits and leaves ash used as clusters, hispid calyx, nutlets obovoid, whole herb as fodder
febrifuge. Magico-religious beliefs, superstitions.)
See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition 3. 1768,
in India: jak-han, nongmangkha angangba, rambha-araung, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 382–383. 1833, The
sitaful, taugan, tite, vasak Flora of British India 4: 693. 1885 and Taxon 30: 707. 1981,
Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Roxb. ex Hardw.) Mabb. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 244. 1990
(Justicia thyrsiformis Hardw.) (Flowers and shoots eye tonic. Roots for burns, cuts, boils.
India, Himalaya. Shrub, stout terminal spikes, orange corolla, Nectar dropped into eyes as eye tonic.)
leaves good fodder for cattle, flowers bee forage in India: chukhari
See Asiat. Res. 6: 349. 1799 and Taxon 29(56): 606. 1980 Phlomis maximowiczii Regel
(Leaf juice and root paste taken as remedy for cough and
China.
cold. Flower decoction mixed with powdered seeds of black
pepper to cure low blood pressure.) See Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-
Pétersbourg 9: 594. 1886
in India: chua, chuaa, kaldona, kising, konadani
(Roots used as a febrifuge, to reduce swelling, and for
Phlogacanthus tubiflorus Nees
furunculosis.)
Himalaya. Shrub, pubescent leaves, red flowers, leaves and
in English: Maximowicz Jerusalem sage
flowers used as vegetable
in China: da ye cao su
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 3: 99. 1829–1832,
FBI 4: 511. 1884 Phlomis medicinalis Diels (Phlomis wangii Hu & Tsai)
(Extract of fresh young leaves drunk for fever and malaria. China.
Flowers and leaves decoction drunk for stomachache.
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3–4): 554. 1900
Ceremonial, flowering twigs used in ceremonies of worship.)
(Astringent, tonic.)
in India: a-ghe kashe, ban-chauk, ban-chha, banchauk,
banchha, chak-ban, sam rongtek in China: luo bo qin jiu
Phlomis mongolica Turczaninow
Phlomis L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) China.
Greek phlomis, phlomos, ancient names for some plant, See Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 24(2): 406. 1851
phlome, probably a species of Phlomis, or mullein, a spe-
(Plants poisonous.)
cies of Verbascum, mentioned by Theophrastus (HP. 9.12.3),
Plinius and Dioscorides; Plinius used Latin phlomis, in English: Mongolian Jerusalem sage
2882 Phlox L. Polemoniaceae

in China: chuan ling cao See Flora Boreali-Americana 2(8): 73, pl. 158. 1838,
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
Phlomis rotata Bentham ex J.D. Hooker (Lamiophlomis
4: 151. 1893 and A Manual of the Flowering Plants of
rotata Kudo; Lamiophlomis rotata (Bentham ex J.D. Hooker)
California … 786. 1925
Kudo; Lamiophlomis rotata var. subglabra C.Y. Wu; Phlomis
rotata subsp. bhutanica R.A. Clement) (Antirheumatic, analgesic.)
China, Himalaya. See also Lamiophlomis rotata in English: mountain phlox
See Species Plantarum 2: 584–587. 1753, The Flora of Phlox austromontana Coville var. austromontana (Phlox
British India [J.D. Hooker] 4(12): 694. 1885 and Memoirs austromontana Coville subsp. lutescens (S.L. Welsh)
of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial Locklear; Phlox austromontana Coville subsp. vera Wherry;
University 2(2): 210–211. 1929, Fl. Xizanica 4: 159. 1985, Phlox austromontana Coville var. lutescens S.L. Welsh)
Edinburgh J. Bot. 50: 38. 1993 North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub
(Aerial parts used for traumatic injuries, fractured bones, See Contributions from the United States National
body pain.) Herbarium 4: 151. 1893 and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29: 518.
in English: common lamiophlomis 1939, Great Basin Naturalist 45(4): 792. 1985
in Bhutan: rtalpags (Roots decoction used for cold, stomachache, body ache.)

in China: du yi wei in English: mountain phlox

Phlomis umbrosa Turczaninow Phlox caespitosa Nutt. (Phlox caespitosa Nutt. subsp. eu-
caespitosa Brand; Phlox caespitosa Nutt. subsp. eucaespi-
China. tosa Brand; Phlox douglasii Hook.; Phlox douglasii subsp.
See Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou (1840) 76. 1840 eu-douglasii Brand; Phlox douglasii Hook. subsp. eudougla-
sii Brand; Phlox douglasii var. caespitosa (Nutt.) H. Mason
(Expectorant.) ex Jeps.; Phlox douglasii Hook. var. caespitosa (Nutt.)
in English: shady Jerusalem sage H. Mason)

in China: cao su North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub

Phlomis umbrosa Turczaninow var. australis Hemsley See Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia 7(1): 41, pl. 6, f. 1. 1834, Flora Boreali-
China. Americana 2(8): 73, pl. 158. 1838 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4,
See Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou (1840) 76. 1840 Fam. 250: 83, 85. 1907, A Manual of the Flowering Plants of
California … [Jepson] 786. 1925
(Stomachic, vermifuge.)
(Cathartic, antiseptic, analgesic, diuretic, for burns, tooth-
in China: nan fang bian zhong ache. Ceremonial.)
Phlomis younghusbandii Mukerjee (Phlomis kawaguchii in English: cushion phlox, tufted phlox
Murata)
Phlox gracilis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene (Collomia chub-
China. utensis Speg.; Collomia eritrichoides Griseb.; Collomia
See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 19: 307. 1938 gracilis Douglas ex Hook.; Collomia gracilis (Douglas ex
Hook.) Douglas ex Benth.; Collomia gracilis var. andicola
(Roots for cough and bronchitis) Wedd.; Collomia gracilis var. andicola Benth.; Collomia
in China: pang xie jia gracilis var. congesta Wedd.; Collomia gracilis var. eritri-
choides (Griseb.) Brand; Collomia micrantha Kellogg; Gilia
gracilis Douglas ex Hook.; Gilia gracilis subsp. eugracilis
Brand; Gilia gracilis subsp. gracilis Brand; Gilia gracilis
Phlox L. Polemoniaceae
subsp. humilis Brand; Gilia gracilis subvar. angustifolia
Phlox, the Greek name for a flame or plants with flame- Brand; Gilia gracilis subvar. congesta (Wedd.) Brand; Gilia
coloured flowers; Latin phlox, phlogis for a flower, other- gracilis var. congesta (Wedd.) Borsini; Gilia gracilis var.
wise unknown (Plinius), see Species Plantarum 1: 151–153. eritrichoides Brand; Gilia gracilis var. glabella Brand; Gilia
1753. gracilis var. glabella Suksd.; Gilia gracilis var. micran-
tha Brand; Gilia gracilis var. minuartioides Borsine; Gilia
Phlox austromontana Coville (Phlox douglasii Hook. var.
gracilis var. stricta Brand; Gilia humilis (Greene) Piper;
austromontana (Coville) Jeps. & H. Mason)
Gilia micrantha (Kellogg) A. Nelson, nom. illeg.; Gilia
North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub micrantha Steud.; Microsteris andicola (Wedd.) Greene;
Phlox L. Polemoniaceae 2883

Microsteris gracilis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene; Microsteris in English: spiny phlox

gracilis subsp. humilis (Greene) V.E. Grant; Microsteris
Phlox longifolia Nutt.
humilis Greene; Microsteris micrantha (Kellogg) Greene;
Navarretia gracilis (Douglas ex Hook.) Kuntze; Navarretia North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub
gracilis Kuntze; Phlox gracilis subsp. humilis (Greene) H. See Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Mason; Polemonium morenonis Kuntze) Philadelphia 7(1): 41–42. 1834
North and South America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub (Antirheumatic, cathartic, astringent, antiseptic, for boils.)
See Botanical Magazine 56: t. 2924. 1829, Edwards’s Botanical in English: longleaf phlox
Register 19: sub pl. 1622. 1833, Nomenclator Botanicus.
Editio secunda 1: 684. 1840–1841, Prodromus Systematis Phlox longifolia Nutt. subsp. longifolia (Phlox cortezana
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 9: 308. 1845, Abhandlungen der A. Nelson; Phlox grahamii Wherry; Phlox longifolia Nutt.
Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 6: subsp. calva Wherry; Phlox longifolia Nutt. subsp. cortezana
129. 1854, Chloris Andina 2: 80, t. 58, f. A. 1859, Proceedings (A. Nelson) Wherry; Phlox longifolia Nutt. subsp. humilis
of the California Academy of Sciences 3(2): 18–19, f. 3. 1863, (Brand) Wherry; Phlox longifolia subsp. humilis (Douglas)
Pittonia 1(8): 141. 1887, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Bot. 5: 356. Wherry; Phlox longifolia Nutt. subsp. typica Wherry; Phlox
1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 433. 1891, Revista de la longifolia var. humilis Brand; Phlox longifolia Nutt. var.
Facultad de Agronomia; Universidad Nacional de La Plata humilis (Douglas) Brand; Phlox longifolia Nutt. var. humilis
3: 619. 1897, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 203. 1898, (Douglas ex Hook.) M. Peck; Phlox longifolia Nutt. var. lin-
Pittonia 3(18D): 301, 303. 1898 and Deutsche Botanische earifolia (Hook.) Brand; Phlox longifolia Nutt. var. linearifo-
Monatsschrift 18: 132. 1900, Contributions from the United lia Brand; Phlox longifolia Nutt. var. puberula E.E. Nelson)
States National Herbarium 11: 461. 1906, Das Pflanzenreich North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub
IV, 250: 88–92. 1907, Manual of the Botany … of the Rocky
See Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Mountain Region . . ed. 2: 399. 1909, Lilloa 8: 212, 214. 1942,
Philadelphia 7(1): 41–42. 1834, Revision of the Western
Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 3: 413. 1951, Aliso 4(1):
North American Phloxes 26. 1899 and Helios 22: 80. 1905,
96. 1958
Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4, Fam. 250: 66. 1907, American Journal
(Whole plant made into a paste applied to wounds and of Botany 18(6): 434. 1931, Proceedings of the Academy of
bruises.) Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 90(9): 135–136, f. 1. 1938,
Notulae Naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
in English: slender phlox Philadelphia 87: 5. 1941, Madroño, 6: 135. 1941, Man. Pl.
Phlox gracilis (Douglas ex Hook.) Greene subsp. gracilis Oregon 571. 1941
North and South America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub (Antirheumatic, purgative, astringent, stomachic, blood puri-
fier, for gastrointestinal disorders, colds, stomachache, diar-
See Pittonia 1(8): 141. 1887 rhea, venereal diseases.)
(Whole plant made into a paste applied to wounds, sores and in English: longleaf phlox
bruises.)
Phlox maculata L.
in English: slender phlox
North America. Perennial herb
Phlox hoodii Richardson
See Species Plantarum 1: 152. 1753
North America. Perennial herb
(Tonic and stimulant as a wash.)
See Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea
733, pl. 28. 1823 and Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982 in English: meadow phlox, wild sweet William, wild
sweetwilliam
(Laxative.)
Phlox maculata L. var. maculata (Phlox maculata L. var.
in English: moss phlox, spiny phlox odorata (Sweet) Wherry; Phlox maculata var. odorata
Phlox hoodii Richardson var. hoodii (Phlox hoodii Wherry)
Richardson subsp. genuina Wherry) North America. Perennial herb
North America. Perennial herb See Species Plantarum 1: 152. 1753 and Bartonia 14: 26.
1932
See Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea
733, pl. 28. 1823 and Notul. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (Tonic and stimulant as a wash.)
87: 14. 1941
in English: meadow phlox, wild sweet William, wild
(Laxative.) sweetwilliam
2884 Phoebe Nees Lauraceae

Phlox multiflora A. Nelson (Contraceptive, antiseptic, disinfectant, for sores.)

North America. Perennial herb in English: cold-desert phlox
See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(5): 278. 1898 Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) A. Heller var. stansburyi (Phlox
(Tonic and stimulant.) longifolia fo. brevifolia A. Gray; Phlox longifolia Nutt. var.
brevifolia A. Gray; Phlox longifolia var. brevifolia (A. Gray)
in English: flowery phlox A. Gray; Phlox longifolia Nutt. var. stansburyi (Torr.) A.
Gray; Phlox stansburyi subsp. eu-stansburyi Brand; Phlox
Phlox multiflora A. Nelson subsp. multiflora (Phlox depressa
stansburyi (Torr.) A. Heller subsp. eustansburyi Brand;
(E.E. Nelson) Rydb.; Phlox multiflora subsp. depressa (E.E.
Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) A. Heller var. brevifolia (A. Gray)
Nelson) Wherry; Phlox multiflora var. depressa E.E. Nelson;
E.E. Nelson; Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) A. Heller var. brevifo-
Phlox multiflora A. Nelson subsp. typica Wherry)
lia (A. Gray) Brand)
North America. Perennial herb
North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub
See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 25(5): 278. 1898,
Revision of the Western North American Phloxes 20. 1899 See Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary
… Botany 2(1): 145. 1859, Proceedings of the American
and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 149. 1906,
Academy of Arts and Sciences 8: 255. 1870, Synoptical Flora
Notulae Naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
of North America 2(1): 133. 1878, Bulletin of the Torrey
Philadelphia 87: 12. 1941
Botanical Club 24(10): 478. 1897, Revision of the Western
(Tonic and stimulant.) North American Phloxes 27. 1899 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4,
Fam. 250: 66. 1907
in English: flowery phlox
(Contraceptive, leaves decoction drunk to facilitate the deliv-
Phlox pilosa L. (Phlox pilosa Walter)
ery of placenta. Ceremonial, ritual, protection.)
North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub
in English: cold-desert phlox
See Species Plantarum 1: 152. 1753, Fl. Carol. [Walter]
96. 1788 Phlox subulata L.

(Blood purifier, aphrodisiac.) North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub

in English: downy phlox, prairie phlox See Species Plantarum 1: 152–153. 1753 and Rhodora 80:
431–440. 1978
Phlox pilosa L. subsp. pilosa (Phlox argillacea Clute &
Ferris; Phlox aristata Michx. var. virens Michx.; Phlox (Plant used for rheumatism.)
pilosa L. var. virens Wherry; Phlox pilosa L. var. virens in English: ground pink, moss phlox, moss pink, mountain
(Michx.) Wherry; Phlox villosissima (A. Gray) Small p.p.; phlox
Phlox villosissima Small)
Phlox subulata L. var. subulata (Phlox setacea L.; Phlox
North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub subulata var. setacea (L.) Brand)
See Species Plantarum 1: 152. 1753, Flora Boreali-Americana
North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub
(Michaux) 1: 144. 1803 and Fl. S.E. U.S. [Small]. 977, 1337.
1903, Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 17: 75. 1911, Bartonia 12: 47. See Species Plantarum 1: 152–153. 1753 and Pflanzenr.
1931, Chromosoma 41: 413–420. 1973 (Engler) 4, Fam. 250: 78. 1907, Rhodora 80: 431–440. 1978
(Blood purifier, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, for wounds, cuts, (Plant used for rheumatism.)
eczema, skin diseases. Ceremonial.)
in English: ground pink, moss phlox, moss pink, mountain
in English: downy phlox, prairie phlox phlox
Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) A. Heller (Phlox longifolia var.
stansburyi (Torr.) A. Gray; Phlox speciosa Pursh var. stans-
buryi Torr.) Phoebe Nees Lauraceae

North America. Perennial herb, shrub or subshrub, food Phoebe (Phoibe), a female Titan, wife of Coeus, mother
of Leto and Asteria, grandmother of Apollo and Artemis,
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 149. 1813, daughter of Uranus and Gaea (Gaia), goddess of Moon
Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary … in Greek mythology, her epithet was Gold-Crowned, see
Botany 2(1): 145. 1859, Proceedings of the American Systema Laurinarum 98, 109. 1836, Prodromus Systematis
Academy of Arts and Sciences 8: 255. 1870, Bulletin of the Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(1): 33, 35. 1864 and Fieldiana,
Torrey Botanical Club 24(10): 478. 1897 Bot. 24(4): 302–344. 1946.
Phoenix L. Arecaceae (Palmae) 2885

Phoebe lanceolata Nees (Laurus lanceolaria Roxb.; Phoenix canariensis Chabaud (Phoenix canariensis hort.
Laurus lanceolata Wall. ex Nees; Laurus ligustrina Wall. ex Chabaud; Phoenix canariensis var. porphyrococca Vasc.
ex Nees; Ocotea lanceolata Nees; Ocotea ligustrina Nees; & Franco; Phoenix cycadifolia Regel; Phoenix dactylifera
Phoebe lanceolata (Wall. ex Nees) Nees; Phoebe ligustrina L. var. jubae Webb & Berthel.; Phoenix erecta Sauv., nom.
(Nees) Nees) inval.; Phoenix jubae (Webb & Berthel.) Webb ex H. Christ;
Phoenix macrocarpa Sauv., nom. inval.; Phoenix tenuis
China, India. Tree, leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
Verschaff., nom. nud.; Phoenix vigieri Naudin)
greenish-yellow flowers in lax panicles, ellipsoid fruits
Canary Isl. Solitary trunk, arching crown, small green-
See Species Plantarum 1: 369. 1753, Histoire des plantes de
yellow inedible fruit
la Guiane Françoise 2: 781, pl. 310. 1775, Plantae Asiaticae
Rariores 2: 71. 1831, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian See Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753, Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries
Plants 2: 309–310. 1832, Systema Laurinarum 98, 109, 113. 3: 289. 1847, Gartenflora 28: 131. 1879, Provence Agric.
1836 and Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988 Hort. Ill. 19: 293. 1882, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 6: 469. 1885, Rev.
Hort. 57: 541. 1885, Rev. Hort. 66: 495. 1894 and Med. J.
(Leaves pounded and applied to scars. Fruit juice rubbed Aust. 154(9): 627–628. 1991, Botanica Acta 106: 170–182.
on the head to remove dandruff; ash of the berries used for 1993, Allergy 50(3): 277–280. 1995
sores.)
(Sharp thorns on the petioles; palm needle induced pseudo-
in China: pi zhen ye nan tumour, with recurrent swelling and pain. Reported a case of
in India: surur occupational bronchial asthma, contact urticaria and rhino-
conjunctivitis caused by Phoenix canariensis pollen, a poten-
tial allergen.)
Phoenix L. Arecaceae (Palmae) in English: Canary date palm, Canary Island date, Canary
Phoinix, phoinikos ‘date-palm, date, palm-frond, purple, Island date palm, Canary Island palm, Canary palm
crimson’, ancient Greek name used by Theophrastus and in Japan: Kanari-sote-tsu-shuro
Plinius; the Phoenicians, from Phoenix, nicis, Phoenices,
were the inhabitants of Phoenice, Phoenicia, the coastal ter- Phoenix dactylifera L. (Palma dactylifera (L.) Mill., nom.
ritory of Syria; Phoenix (Phoi), in Greek legend, was son illegit.; Palma dactylifera Mill.; Palma major Garsault;
of Amyntor and Cleobule (see Homer, Iliad ix. 447–480); Phoenix atlantica A. Chev. var. maroccana A. Chev.; Phoenix
the Phoenix (Phoi) was the fabulous sacred bird of Egypt chevalieri D. Rivera, S. Rios & Obón; Phoenix dactylifera
(see Herodotus and Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species var. adunca D.H. Christ ex Becc.; Phoenix dactylifera var.
Plantarum. 2: 1188. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 496. costata Becc.; Phoenix dactylifera var. cylindrocarpa Mart.;
1754 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 196–299. 1958, Barrow, S.C. Phoenix dactylifera var. gonocarpa Mart.; Phoenix dac-
“A monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae).” Kew tylifera var. oocarpa Mart.; Phoenix dactylifera var. oxy-
Bulletin 53(3): 513–575. 1998, Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, sperma Mart.; Phoenix dactylifera var. sphaerocarpa Mart.;
J. World Checklist of Palms. Kew. 2005, Grau, J. Palms of Phoenix dactylifera var. sylvestris Mart.; Phoenix excelsior
Chile. Ediciones OIKOS Ltda., Santiago de Chile 2006. Cav., nom. illeg.; Phoenix iberica D. Rivera, S. Rios & Obón)

Phoenix acaulis Roxb. (Phoenix acaulis Buch.-Ham. ex Cosmopolitan, widely cultivated.

Roxb.; Phoenix acaulis var. melanocarpa Griff.) See Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753, Geoffroy, Etienne-
India, Himalaya, China. Flowers unisexual, orange-red fruits Francois (1672–1731), Description, vertus et usages de sept
ceuts dix-neuf plantes … : et de cent trente-quartre ani-
See Hort. Bengal. 73. 1814, Pl. Coromandel 3: 69, t. 273. maux…, de m. de Gersault [Garsault, Francois Alexandre
1820, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 346. 1845 Pierre de, 1691–1778], par mm. de Fehrt, Prevost, Duflos,
Martinet, & c./et rangées suivant l’ordre du livre intitulé
(Used in Ayurveda. Pounded roots in water used in diar-
Matiere médicale de m. Geoffroy … Paris, 1767 [Vols. 2,5
rhea. Stem bark of Crateva roxburghii, apical bud of Phoenix
have title: Les figures des plantes et animaux d’usage en
acaulis and seeds of Dolichos biflorus boiled together and the
medecine, décrits dans Matiere médicale de m. Geoffroy …
decoction given as a postpartum remedy; root of Woodfordia
dessinés d’apres nature par m. de Garsault … Paris, L’auteur.],
fruticosa along with apical bud of Phoenix acaulis pounded
The Gardeners Dictionary: … ed. 8. n. 1. 1768, Icones et
and given to control leucorrhea; apical bud eaten as postpar-
Descriptiones Plantarum, quae aut sponte … [Cavanilles]
tum remedy.)
2: 13, t. 125. 1793, Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von
in India: bhuyin kajuri, chamror, indi, intal, ithal, itta, jangli (1794–1868), Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 258. Lipsiae,
khajur, kaadu kharjoora, kajre, kajuri, khajori kanda, khajur, 1838, Malesia Raccolta … 3: 357. 1890 and Comptes Rendus
khajuri, khojori konda, konda ita, sanna ita, sannichai, san- Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 2:
naichal, sannaichala, sannaichi, sannicalu, sannintal, sindhi, 172. 1952, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 196–299. 1958, Diego Rivera
sittugichu, thakal Núñez … [et al.], Las Variedades Tradicionales de Frutales
2886 Phoenix L. Arecaceae (Palmae)

de la Cuenca del Río Segura: Catálogo Etnobotánico 1: 73, pedunculata (Griff.) Govaerts; Phoenix ouseleyana Griff.;
79. Murcia, 1997 Phoenix pedunculata Griff.; Phoenix pusilla Lour., nom.
illeg.; Phoenix pygmaea Raeusch., nom. inval.; Phoenix
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. For cold, dates boiled
robusta (Becc.) Hook. f.)
with some milk and chewed. Young bud used as laxative.
Ritual, dried fruits used in different ceremonies, pujas and India, China and Philippines. Short-stemmed, yellowish
offerings.) flowers, orange edible fruits, pith of upper portion of stem
edible, stem base eaten
in English: date, date palm
See Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753, De Fructibus et Seminibus
in Arabic: el-nakheil, nakhl, nakhla, nekhla
Plantarum… . 1: 24, t. 9. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 614.
in Kenya: epapai, limits, ndende, ntende, tembe, tende 1790, Nomenclator Botanicus ed. 3: 375. 1797, Enum. Pl.
3: 257. 1841, Palms of British East India 139. 1850, Journal
in Brazil: tamareira of Botany, British and Foreign 17(198): 174. 1879, Malesia
in Mexico: nocuana ticaa yaga ciña Raccolta … 3: 382, 384, 392. 1890, The Flora of British India
6: 427. 1892 and Plant Systematics and Evolution 189: 83–122.
in China: wu lou zi 1994, World Checklist of Palms 171. 2005
in India: agraja, balaha, caki, cakituru, chhuhara, ciramak- (Used in Sidha. Root decoction given as cooling. Sharp
arivarukkam, ciravani, cirnaparnam, cuvatumattam, dipya, thorns on the petioles. Magico-religious beliefs, to cure
doqu, eenthappazham, gajjira, gajjirahannu, gajjooramu, wounds, enlarged spleen.)
gajjuramu, gijjira-hanny, gour-e-qurma, hayabhaksha, iccai,
iccamaram, iccan koluntu, iccu, iccucceti, ichu, incu, inju, in English: dwarf date palm, hill date palm, pigmy date palm
inti, ita, itta, ittappalam, ittappana, kaccil, kaccuram, kachoor in India: chind, indi, inji, khajuri, kiri eechalu, kondayita,
kaai, kajjuri, kajura, kamaracakikam, kamirani, kamiranic- kujji-khejuri, malai-icham, odeng, sita, sittiyita, sittreechu
ceti, kantukapatikam, kantukapatitamaram, karacakamata,
karccur, karchuram, karcur, karcuram, karika, karjjiram, in Nepal: thakal
karjora, karjura, karjurakaya, karjuru-kaya, kasayava, khaji, Phoenix paludosa Roxb. (Phoenix andamanensis S. Barrow;
khajjuri, khajur, kharik, kharjooramu, kharjoorapu chettu, Phoenix andamanensis W. Mill.; Phoenix andamanensis
kharjurah, kharjuram, kharjuramu, kharjuri, kharjurika, Hort. ex W. Miller, J.G. Sm. & Taylor; Phoenix andamanen-
kharjjuraha, kharjoor, kharjoora, kharjur, kharjura, khe- sis W. Mill., J.G. Sm. & N. Taylor, nom. inval.; Phoenix sia-
jur, khurma, khurma (khajoor), khurma khushk, khurmae- mensis Miq.)
khushk (fruit), khurmae-yabis (fruit), kokam, kurampai,
kuranci, kuravam, kuravikam, kuravikamaram, kurjoora, India.
madhurasraoa, makacarakkantam, malatiyam, malati- See Hort. Bengal. 73. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions
yamaram, manciyita, manjiyita, mirutupalam, mudarika, of Indian Plants ed. 1832, 3: 789. 1832, Verhandelingen der
muddakarjuramu, muddakharjooram, muddakharjuramu, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen.
muddakharjurapu, mung, nakhleh, nattuiccai, pantuy- Afdeeling Natuurkunde 11(5): 14. 1868 and The Standard
avanam, paruciyam, pend khajur, pereecham, pereecham Cyclopedia of Horticulture 5: 2594. 1916, Kew Bulletin
pazham, periccan, periccankay, periccu, perich-chankay, 53(3): 538. 1998
perichchangayi, perichehu, peridu, perincu, perindu, perinju,
perita, periyaincu, phalapushpa, pindakharjura, pindakhar- (Used in Ayurveda. Fruit juice febrifuge and
jurika, pindakhejur, pindi, pindiphala, pindkhajur, purusako, antiinflammatory.)
rajajambu, sapinda, seemakharjooramu, simakajjura, simak- in India: cuntappana, girakatadu, girukatali, hental, hentala,
harajuramu, simakharjuramu, svadupinda, swadumastaka, hintala, hintalamu, hontalo, kajjura
tamer yabis, tenicca, tenich-chan-kaya, tenitta, titti, tum-
mitti, tummuttikam, tummuttikamaram, uttati, uttatti, vilal- Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. (Phoenix farinifera Roxb.; Phoenix
murimaram, yiccamaram pusilla Lour., nom. illeg.; Phoenix zeylanica Trimen;
Zelonops pusilla (Gaertn.) Raf.)
in Japan: natsume-yashi
India, Sri Lanka.
in Italian: palma da dattero
See Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 24, t. 9. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth (Phoenix hanceana Naudin; 614. 1790, Pl. Coromandel 1: 53, t.74. 1796, Flora Telluriana
Phoenix hanceana var. formosana Becc.; Phoenix hanceana 2: 102. 1837, J. Bot. 23: 267. 1885 and Pl. Syst. Evol. 189:
var. philippinensis Becc.; Phoenix humilis Royle; Phoenix 83–122. 1994
humilis Royle ex Becc.; Phoenix humilis var. hanceana
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha.)
(Naudin) Becc.; Phoenix humilis var. loureiroi (Kunth)
Becc.; Phoenix humilis var. pedunculata (Griff.) Becc.; in India: apirciram, apirciramaram, aricconakacceti, aricco-
Phoenix humilis var. robusta Becc.; Phoenix loureiroi var. nakam, caki, chiltaeita, chinnaicham, chiruta-ita, chirutaita,
Phoenix L. Arecaceae (Palmae) 2887

chitita, chitteenth, chitti-ita, chittita, chittintal, chittiyita, chit- in Nigeria: kijnjiri (Hausa); efu (Nupe); wure (Tiv); ookun
tueatha, chittuitha, churuta ita, cinna eachala, cirottamam, (Yoruba); ukukon (Edo); ngala (Igbo); eyup inuen (Efik)
cirriccai, cirriccankuruntu, cirrincucceti, cirrintal, cirrintu,
in Southern Africa: wildedadelboom, datelboom, kaffer-
cittincu, cittintal, cittintu, cittiyita, eechakeya, eechakoyya,
koffie; iSundu (Xhosa); omuvare (Herero); iDama, iSundu
eechalu, eentha, henthaale, hulleechala, hullicala, hullichala,
(Zulu); aNkindu (Thonga); liLala (Swazi); mutzhema, mut-
hullichu, icakoyya, icalu, iccu, ichai, ichal, ichalu, incu, indu,
shema, mutshevho (Venda); kanjedza, isiPuppu, iSundu
inta, kaccil, kalanku, kayaccam, kiri eechalu, nariyincu,
(Shona); dikindu (Mbukushu)
nilamantalam, nilapparani, palavat, palawat, paravaram,
parimantalam, parusakah, parusakam, parutakam, pittaca- in Tanzania: bukindu, intsanti, lusanda, makindu, mchindu,
manakki, sannaicala, sannaichali, sannaichalu, sannaita, millan, mkindu, mlala, msaa, olpiroo, oltukai, thiaanthii
sannayicalu, sannayichalu, siruintu, siruyinju, sittinju, tatci, in Yoruba: elekikobi, okunkun
tiraparutci, yincucceti
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. (Elate sylvestris L.; Elate ver-
in Japan: ô-kami-yashi sicolor Salisb.; Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.; Phoenix sylvestris
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (Fulchironia senegalensis Lesch.; Thwaites)
Phoenix abyssinica Drude; Phoenix baoulensis A. Chev.; Himalaya, India to Bangladesh. Tall tree, stem with persis-
Phoenix comorensis Becc.; Phoenix djalonensis A. Chev.; tent leaf bases, white flowers in spadix, ripe fruits eaten
Phoenix dybowskii A. Chev. ex A. Chev.; Phoenix dybowskii
A. Chev.; Phoenix equinoxialis Bojer; Phoenix leonensis See Species Plantarum 2: 1188–1189. 1753, Prodr. Stirp.
Lodd. ex Kunth; Phoenix reclinata var. comorensis (Becc.) Chap. Allerton 264. 1796, Hort. Bengal. 73. 1814, Flora
Jum. & H. Perrier; Phoenix reclinata var. madagascarien- Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 787–788. 1832,
sis Becc.; Phoenix reclinata var. somalensis Chiov.; Phoenix Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 329. 1864 and Ann. Agric.
reclinata var. somalensis Becc.; Phoenix spinosa Schumach. Environ. Med. 10(2): 131–136. 2003, J. Investig. Allergol.
& Thonn.) Clin. Immunol. 16(6): 377–384. 2006, Pakistan Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 19(4): 330–332. 2006 [Diuretic and
Trop. & S. Africa. Palm tree, creeping rootstock, dense analgesic effects of the methanol extract of Phoenix sylves-
clump-forming, multiple trunks, sometimes reclinate, stiff tris root.]
and sharp leaves, lower leaflets spiny, flowers in many-
branched panicles, male flowers cream-brown, female flow- (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Pollen allergy, seasonal aller-
ers greenish, oval yellow-brown fruit, leaf stem armored with gic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis. Meristematic
vicious needles near the trunk, roasted seed used as a cof- portion of stem eaten by pregnant women for relief from pain.
fee substitute, sweet ripe fruits eaten, bee forage, in moist Roots crushed and eaten with candy in venereal diseases and
wooded savanna grassland, swamps and rivers menorrhagia; roots chewed to get relief from toothache; paste
of root of very young plants given for nausea. Analgesic and
See Species Plantarum 2: 1188. 1753, Fragmenta Botanica diuretic activities of the methanol extract of Phoenix sylves-
1: 27, plate 24. 1801, Tabl. École Bot., ed. 3: 29. 1829, tris root. Crushed tender green leaves soaked in water, this
Hortus Maurit.: 306. 1837, Enum. Pl. 3: 257. 1841 and water taken on an empty stomach to expel threadworms;
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte leaves juice given in diarrhea and dysentery; young fresh
und Pflanzengeographie 38(3), Beibl. 87: 4–5. 1906, Flore de leaflets chewed and the juice sucked to cure inflammation
Madagascar et des Comores 30: 1–180. 1945, Rev. Int. Bot. in urinary tract. Contact therapy, root tied to the hair of the
Appl. Agric. Colon. 32: 223–224. 1952), Taxon 27: 519–535. pregnant woman to start labor and to make delivery easy;
1978, The Palms of Madagascar i-xii, 1–475. 1995, Ceiba leaflets applied to the body to relieve pain due to black bee
44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005] sting, bee and wasp stings.)
(Roots used for chest complaints, pleurisy. Thorn ingredient in English: date sugar palm, Himalayan palm, India date,
in remedy for pleurisy and lung complaints. Leaves used for wild date, wild date palm
ceremonial and religious purposes.)
in Bangladesh: khejuba
in English: African wild date palm, coffee palm, dwarf
in India: anda eechalu, andadayicalu, andadayichalu,
date palm, feather palm, reclining date palm, Senegal date,
chhind, deshi kajur, duraroha, duraruha, dushpradarsha,
Senegal date palm, wild date palm
eetha, haluka, haripriya, hendada eechalu, hendada mara,
in Japan: kabu-dachi-sotetsu-juro ichala, ichale, ichalu, ichela, ichil, injai, ishanchedi, ita, ita-
chettu, itha, kakakarkati, kallicalu, kallichalu, kalu, kanjoor,
in East Africa: makindu, mkindu, olpiroo
kapila, karavam, kashayi, kattinju, kejur, khaji, khajoor,
in Kenya: alol, emusogot, gedo, gonyora, gonyooriya, itkindu, khajor, khajri, khajra, khajur, khajuri, kharijuri, kharju,
kigangachi, kindwi, konchor, lekawai, lushindu, makindu, kharjura, kharjuri, khejur, khurjjuri, madhukshir, malaiy-
maydho, mchindu, meti, mhongana, mkindu, mkindwi, muki- incu, malaiyintu, mriduchhada, nishreni, paerichhu, ped-
indu, mukindu, muthuthi, nakadoki, oltukai, othith, sosiyot daeeta, peddaeita, peddaita, periccam palam, pind-khajoor,
2888 Pholidota Lindley Orchidaceae

salma, sandole-ka-per, sendhi, shindh, shindi, shindikajoori, (Crushed macerated bulbs applied on rheumatic pain. Root
sindi, skandhappala, sundola, svadi, svadumastaka, tadmad, paste given for curing abdominal pain, juice-latex applied on
tar, tari, thakil, thalma, thangtup, vasudha, yavaneshta, cracked skin on heels and lips, also for treating skin rash.)
yeeta, yeetachettu
in India: kingyo-jopu, patharkela, tolasi, valiyatekkamara-
in Tibet: bro ga, bra go vala, welliathekamaravara
in Brazil: tamareira da India, tamareira de açúcar, tamareira Pholidota pallida Lindl. (Coelogyne calceata Rchb.f.;
selvagem, tamareira silvestre Coelogyne pallida (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Pholidota imbricata
Lindl. var. sessilis Hook.f.; Pholidota pallida var. sessilis
(Hook.f.) P.K. Sarkar; Pholidota schlechteri Gagnep., nom.
Pholidota Lindley Orchidaceae illeg.; Pholidota tixieri Guillaumin; Pholidota yunnanensis
Schltr., nom. illeg.; Pholidota yunpeensis Hu)
Greek pholis, pholidos ‘scale, horny scale’, pholidotos ‘scaly,
clad in scales’, probably referring to the bracts of the inflo- India, Himalaya, Vietnam. Epiphytic, lithophytic, white
rescence or to the sheaths surrounding the pseudobulbs; see flowers
Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), Exotic Flora. 2: See Edwards’s Botanical Register 21: t. 1777. 1836, Ann.
138. Edinburgh 1825 and Taxon 29: 348–350. 1980, Taxon Bot. Syst. 6: 238, 288. 1862, Fl. Brit. India 5: 846. 1890 and
30: 506–507, 704–705. 1981, Cell Chromosome Res. 17(1): Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 378. 1924, Rhodora 27:
40–47. 1994. 107. 1925, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 28: 548. 1957, J.
Pholidota imbricata Lindl. (Coelogyne conchoidea Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 1008. 1984, Kumar, C.S. & Kumar,
(Lindl.) Rchb.f.; Coelogyne conchoidea Rchb.f.; Coelogyne P.C.S. “An Orchid digest of Manipur Northeastern India.”
crotalina (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.; Coelogyne crotalina Rchb.f.; Rheedea 15: 1–70. 2005 [as Pholidota bracteata.]
Coelogyne imbricata Rchb.f.; Coelogyne imbricata (Roots to treat headache and fever. Juice from the pseudo-
(Hook.) Rchb. f.; Coelogyne imbricata (Lindl.) Rchb.f.; bulb applied on cuts and ulcers as hemostatic agent. Leaves,
Coelogyne loricata (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.; Coelogyne loricata stem and roots boiled and used to cure skin rashes and skin
Rchb.f.; Coelogyne triotos (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.; Coelogyne diseases.)
triotos Rchb.f.; Cymbidium imbricatum (Lindl.) Roxb.;
Cymbidium imbricatum Roxb.; Ornithidium imbricatum in India: akongtong, wellia-theka-maravara
(Lindl.) Wall. ex Hook.f.; Ornithidium imbricatum Wall.
ex Hook.f.; Pholidota assamica Hort. Sand. ex Regel;
Pholidota assamica Regel, nom. inval.; Pholidota beccarii Phoradendron Nutt. Viscaceae
Schltr.; Pholidota bracteata (D. Don) Seidenf.; Pholidota Greek phoros ‘bearing, carrying’, phero, phoreo ‘to bear’
calceata Rchb.f.; Pholidota conchoidea Lindl.; Pholidota and dendron ‘tree’; see T. Nuttall, in Journal of the Academy
crotalina Rchb.f.; Pholidota grandis Ridl.; Pholidota of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1: 185. (Aug.) 1848
grandis Kraenzl., nom. illeg.; Pholidota henryi Kraenzl.; and Kuijt, J. “Monograph of Phoradendron (Viscaceae).”
Pholidota imbricata Hook.; Pholidota imbricata var. cori- Systematic Botany Monographs 66: 1–643. 2003.
acea Hook.f.; Pholidota imbricata var. longifolia Schltr.;
Pholidota imbricata var. montana Schltr.; Pholidota imbri- Phoradendron brachystachyum (DC.) Nutt. (Phoradendron
cata var. platyphylla Schltr.; Pholidota loricata Rchb.f.; aureum Trel.; Phoradendron brachyphyllum Trel.;
Pholidota spectabilis Kraenzl. ex Guillaumin; Pholidota Phoradendron brachystachum (DC.) Eichler; Phoradendron
triotos Rchb.f.; Ptilocnema bracteata D. Don) brachystachyum (DC.) Oliv.; Phoradendron diguetia-
num Tiegh.; Phoradendron eduardi Trel.; Phoradendron
Asia tropical and subtropical. Epiphyte, drooping racemes, globuliferum Trel.; Phoradendron riberense Wiggins;
bracts persistent, white flowers, lateral sepals winged Phoradendron saccatum Trel.; Phoradendron tlacolulense
See Hort. Bengal. 63. 1814, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 33. 1825, Loes.; Phoradendron tumidum Trel.; Viscum brachys-
Hooker, William Jackson, Sir (1785–1865), Exotic Flora 2: t. tachyum DC.)
138. Edinburgh, 1823–1827, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 460. 1832, North America.
Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 26(Misc.): 84. 1840, Bonplandia 4: 329.
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4:
1856, Allg. Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 24: 218. 1856,
280. 1830, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Bonplandia 5: 43. 1857, Annales Botanices Systematicae
Philadelphia 1: 185. 1848, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
(Walpers) 6: 237–238. 1862, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker]
Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1864: 176.
5: 846. 1890 and J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 49: 32.
1865, Flora Brasiliensis 5(2): 107. 1868, Bulletin du Muséum
1907, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 1: 109. 1911,
d’Histoire Naturelle 1: 31. 1895 and Syst. Bot. Monogr. 66:
Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich lx. 427. 1915, Notizbl.
1–643. 2003
Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 17. 1921, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
76: 301. 1929, Opera Bot. 89: 100. 1986 (Stems and leaves infusion to cure diarrhea.)
Phoradendron Nutt. Viscaceae 2889

Phoradendron californicum Nutt. (Phoradendron califor- Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnst.; Phoradendron
nicum fo. argenteum Trel.; Phoradendron californicum fo. serotinum (Raf.) M.C. Johnst. var. macrotomum (Trel.)
leucocarpum Trel. ex Munz & I.M. Johnst.; Phoradendron M.C. Johnst.; Phoradendron tomentosum (DC.) Engelm.
californicum fo. nanum Trel.; Phoradendron californicum ex A. Gray subsp. leucarpum (Raf.) Kuijt; Viscum flavens
var. distans Trel.; Phoradendron californicum var. leucocar- Sw.; Viscum flavescens sensu Pursh p.p.; Viscum flavescens
pum (Trel. ex Munz & I.M. Johnst.) Jeps.) Comm. ex Skottsb.; Viscum flavescens Comm. ex DC.)
North America. North America. Perennial subshrub or shrub
See Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of See Prodr. (Swartz) 32. 1788, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 114.
Philadelphia 1: 185. 1848 1813 [dt. 1814; issued Dec 1813], Prodr. (DC.) 4: 286. 1830, J.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia ser. 2, 1: 185. Dec 1847 (1848),
(Stems and leaves infusion to cure diarrhea.)
Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts ser. 2, 4(1): 59. 1849 [Pl. Fendler.],
in English: desert mistletoe Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 212. 1850, Fl. Brit. W.I. [Grisebach]
313. 1860 and Shrubs Florida 121, 133. 1913, Pflanzenr.
Phoradendron flavescens Nutt. (Phoradendron flavescens
(Engler) Myzodendrac. 15. 1914, Southw. Naturalist 2: 45,
Millsp.; Phoradendron flavescens Kuntze, nom. illeg., non
47. 1957, Taxon 38(1): 107. 1989
Phoradendron flavescens Nutt.; Phoradendron leucarpom
(Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst.; Phoradendron leucarpum (Poisonous berries, eating large quantities could be
(Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst.; Phoradendron racemosum dangerous.)
(Aubl.) Krug & Urb.; Viscum flavens Sw., nom. illeg. superfl.;
in English: oak mistletoe
Viscum flavescens Pursh; Viscum racemosum Aublet)
Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel. (Loranthus piperoi-
North America.
des Kunth; Loranthus torulosus Kunth; Phoradendron biol-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1023. 1753, Histoire des plantes de leyi K. Krause; Phoradendron ficulneum Trel.; Phoradendron
la Guiane Françoise 2: 895. 1775, Nova Genera et Species glauco-lutescens Rizzini; Phoradendron latifolium
Plantarum seu Prodromus 32. 1788, Florula Ludoviciana, Griseb.; Phoradendron latifolium fo. hexastichum Urb.;
or, a flora of the state of … 79. 1817, Annales Générales des Phoradendron laurifolium (C. Presl) Eichler; Phoradendron
Sciences Physiques 5: 348. 1820, Systema Vegetabilium, edi- morazanense Standl. & L.O. Williams; Phoradendron piper-
tio decima sexta 1: 488. 1824, Journal of the Academy of oides (Kunth) Nutt.; Phoradendron piperoides fo. composi-
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(2): 185. 1848, The Flora tum Trel.; Phoradendron schottii (Pohl ex DC.) A. Gray;
of Jamaica 2: 195. 1850, Flora of the British West Indian Phoradendron tereticaule (DC.) B.D. Jacks.; Phoradendron
Islands 313. 1860, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 587. torulosum (Kunth) Eichler; Viscum cornifolium C. Presl;
1891, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ Viscum dichotomum Bertero ex Spreng.; Viscum fockea-
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24(1): 46. 1897 and The num Miq.; Viscum latifolium Sw.; Viscum laurifolium C.
Southwestern Naturalist 2(2–3): 45. 1957, Kingsbury, Presl; Viscum piperoides (Kunth) DC.; Viscum schottii Pohl
J.M. Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. ex DC.; Viscum tereticaule DC.; Viscum tereticaule var.
Englewood Cliffs. 1964, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: cubense DC.; Viscum torulosum (Kunth) DC.)
29–79. 1983, Fuller, T.C., McClintock, E. Poisonous Plants
Venezuela.
of California. 1986, Flora of Ecuador 24: 11–112. 1986,
Taxon 38: 107. 1989, Kuijt, J. “Monograph of Phoradendron See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 443.
(Viscaceae).” Systematic Botany Monographs 66: 1–643. 1818[1820], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
2003 4: 280. 1830, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia 1: 185. 1848 and Genus Phoradendron 145.
(Ingesting a large number of the berries or tea made from the
1916, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 375–416. 1937,
berries has led to poisoning and death in humans. American
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 62–86. 1946, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.
mistletoe contains two amines, beta-phenylethylamine and
47(4): 263–290. 1960[1961], Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 13: 29–79.
tyramine, as well as a lectin, phoratoxin. These chemicals
1983, Fl. Ecuador. 24: 11–112. 1986
are probably responsible for toxic reactions after ingestion.)
(Leaf decoction used to bathe children with marasmus, a
in English: American mistletoe
form of serious protein-energy malnutrition.)
Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnst.
in English: bird vine
(Phoradendron eatonii Trel.; Phoradendron flavens
Griseb.; Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. ex A. Phoradendron trinervium (Lam.) Griseb. (Dendropemon
Gray; Phoradendron flavescens Nutt.; Phoradendron domingensis (Desv. ex Ham.) Tiegh.; Dendrophthora myr-
flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. ex A. Gray. var. orbiculatum tilloides (Willd.) Rolfe; Dendrophthora myrtilloides Eichler;
(Engelm.) Engelm.; Phoradendron flavescens var. orbicu- Loranthus domingensis Desv. ex Ham.; Phoradendron
latum (A. Gray) Engelm.; Phoradendron leucarpom (Raf.) apertum Trel.; Phoradendron appunii Trel.; Phoradendron
Reveal & M.C. Johnst.; Phoradendron macrotomum Trel.; baileyae Trel.; Phoradendron domingense (Desv. ex Ham.)
2890 Phormium Forst. & Forst.f. Xanthorrhoeaceae (Agavaceae, Phormiaceae)

Trel.; Phoradendron exile Rizzini; Phoradendron fusco-eru- in English: mountain flax, New Zealand hemp
bescens Rizzini; Phoradendron myrtilloides (Willd.) Griseb.;
Maori name: wharariki
Phoradendron oblongifolium (DC.) Eichler; Phoradendron
rubrum (L.) Griseb. var. brevispicum Eichler; Phoradendron Phormium tenax Forst. & Forst.f. (Chlamydia tenacissima
rubrum var. latifolium Eichler; Phoradendron sanctae-mar- Gaertn.; Lachenalia ramosa Lam.; Phormium atropurpu-
tae Trel.; Phoradendron saxicola Rizzini; Phoradendron reum Hort.; Phormium ramosum Billb.; Phormium ramosum
theloneuron Rizzini; Phoradendron treleasei Rizzini; (Lam.) Billb.; Phormium tenax f. atropurpureum Voss)
Phoradendron trinervium var. domingense (Desv. ex Ham.);
Norfolk I., New Zealand. Bush, dark glossy coarse stiff strong
Phoradendron verticillatum Fawc. & Rendle; Phoradendron
leaves, clusters of yellow and red flowers on short stalks
zuloagae Trel.; Phthirusa domingensis (Desv. ex Ham.)
Eichler; Viscum jamaicense Macfad.; Viscum myrtilloides See Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 71. 1788, Encycl. 3: 373. 1792, Vilm.
Willd.; Viscum oblongifolium DC.; Viscum tetragonum DC.; Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 1072, in syn. 1895
Viscum trinervium Lam.) (Roots for headache, worms, wounds, abscess, ringworm.
West Indies, Jamaica. Gum demulcent, astringent, for old sores, burns, wounds,
diarrhea; root sap for wounds and constipation.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1023. 1753, Prodromus Plantarum
Indiae Occidentalis 33. 1825, Flora 13(1): 110. 1830, The in English: bush flax, flax, New Zealand flax, New Zealand
Flora of Jamaica 2: 195. 1850, Flora of the British West hemp
Indian Islands 314. 1860, Flora Brasiliensis 5(2): 121, 134i. Maori names: harakeke, korari (the stem)
1868, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42: 1170.
1895, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ in Spanish: lino de Nueva Zelanda, lirio de espada
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 38. 1897 and Genus
Phoradendron 102. 1916, Journal of Ethnobiology 3(2):
149–156. December 1983, Taxon 43: 191. 1994 Photinia Lindley Rosaceae
(Plant infusion for pre- and post-natal care, postpartum rem- Greek photeinos ‘shining, bright’, phos ‘light’, the leaves are
edy. Love potion, aphrodisiac.) shining, see Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 6:
pl. 491. 1820, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13(1): 103–104, pl.
10. 1821, Nouvelles archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle
Phormium Forst. & Forst.f. Xanthorrhoeaceae 10: 125, 146. 1874 and Taxon 58(1): 310. 2009.
(Agavaceae, Phormiaceae) Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) K.R. Robertson & J.B.
Phipps (Adenorachis melanocarpa (Michx.) Nieuwl.; Aronia
Greek phormion ‘mat’, referring to the very strong fibres
arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. nigra (Willd.) Seymour; Aronia
used for textiles, cordage and nets, Latin phormio, phor-
melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott; Aronia nigra (Willd.) Koehne;
mionis and formio, formionis for the wicker-work of reeds
Mespilus arbutifolia L. var. melanocarpa Michx.; Pyrus
or rushes, a mat, a straw covering; see Johann Reinhold
arbutifolia (L.) L.f. var. melanocarpa (Michx.) Hook.; Pyrus
Forster (1729–1798) and Johann Georg Adam (1754–1794),
arbutifolia (L.) L.f. var. nigra Willd.; Pyrus melanocarpa
Characteres Generum Plantarum quas in itinere ad insu-
(Michx.) Willd.; Sorbus melanocarpa (Michx.) Heynh.)
las maris Australis, collegerunt, descripserunt, delinearunt,
annis 1772–1775. Joanne Reinoldus Forster … et Georgius North America. Perennial shrub
Forster. Londini, 1776, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 71. 1788 and H.E.
See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 292. 1803, Enumeratio
Connor and E. Edgar, “Name changes in the indigenous New
Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 525. 1809,
Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.”
A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia
New Zealand Journal of Botany. Vol. 25: 115–170. 1987.
1(6): 557. 1821, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 204. 1834,
Phormium colensoi Hook.f. (Phormium cookianum Le Nomenclator Botanicus Hortensis 773. 1841 and American
Jolis; Phormium cookianum Le Jol. subsp. hookeri (Gunn Midland Naturalist 4(3): 94. 1915, Systematic Botany 16(2):
ex Hook.f.) P. Wardle; Phormium cookianum subsp. hookeri 391. 1991
(Gunn) Wardle; Phormium forsterianum Hook., nom. nud.; (Berries infusion for colds.)
Phormium hookeri Hook.f.; Phormium hookeri Gunn)
in English: black chokeberry
New Zealand.
See London J. Bot. 3: 8. 1844, Raoul, Etienne Fiacre Louis
(1815–1852), Choix des plantes de la Nouvelle-Zélande … Phragmanthera Tieghem Loranthaceae
Paris, 1846, Bot. Mag. (1888) t. 6973. 1888 and New Zealand
From the Greek phragma ‘a hedge, a fence, screen’ and
J. Bot. 17(2): 196. 1979
anthera ‘anther’, see Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
(For skin diseases.) Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: 83, 97, 100.
Phragmipedium Rolfe Orchidaceae 2891

1894, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42: 261. 13. 1897 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 50(Heft 12): 43. 1903,
1895 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ Orchid Digest 43(4): 133–148. 1979, Icon. Pl. Trop., ser. 2 6:
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 30: 303. 1901, Polhill, 501–600. 1989, Lindenia 9(2): 137. 1994, Lindleyana 9(2):
Roger Marcus (1937– ), Mistletoes of Africa/by Roger Polhill 137. 1994, Polish Botanical Journal 46(1): 11–12. 2001, Nat.
& Delbert Wiens/with chapters by Clyde Calvin & Carol Ecuad. Orch. 4: 665–883. 2003.
Wilson and Donald Kirkup/line drawings by Christine Grey-
Phragmipedium pearcei (Rchb. f.) Rauh & Senghas
Wilson & Marguerite Scott. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens,
(Cypripedium pearcei (Rchb. f.) hort. ex J.H. Veitch;
Kew, 1998, Plants Res. 3(8): 592–595. 2009.
Cypripedium pearcei Hort. ex Rchb.f.; Cypripedium pear-
Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle (Exostema capitata cei (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.; Paphiopedilum ecuadorense (Garay)
Spreng.; Loranthus angustitepalus Engl.; Loranthus capita- V.A. Albert & B. Pettersson; Paphiopedilum pearcei (Rchb.
tus (Spreng.) Engl.; Loranthus capitatus var. latifolius Engl. f.) V.A. Albert & Pett.; Phragmipedium ecuadorense Garay;
ex Th. Dur. & De Wild.; Loranthus celtidifolius Willd. ex Phragmipedium pearcei var. ecuadorense (Garay) C. Cash
Schultes; Loranthus gossweileri Engl. & Krause; Loranthus ex O. Gruss; Selenipedium pearcei Rchb. f.)
hexasepalus (Tiegh.) Engl.; Loranthus incanus Schumach.;
Loranthus incanus var. albus Sprague; Loranthus incanus South America, Ecuador.
var. gossweileri (Engl. & Krause) Sprague; Loranthus inca- See Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung 21: 298. 1865,
nus var. sessilis Sprague; Loranthus lapathifolius Engl. & Annales Générales d’Horticulture 16: 73. 1865–1867[1866],
Krause; Loranthus leptolobus Benth.; Loranthus luteoflorus Manual of Orchidaceous Plants Cultivated Under Glass in
De Wild.; Loranthus pallidifolius Engl. & Krause; Loranthus Great Britain 4: 60. 1889 and Orchidee (Hamburg) 26(2):
redingii De Wild.; Loranthus sopauxii Engl.; Loranthus soy- 62. 1975, Opera Bot., B 9(225: 1): 15. 1978, Bulletin of
auxii Engl.; Loranthus thollonii (Tiegh.) Pellegr.; Loranthus the Hiroshima Botanical Garden 3: 1–49. 1980, Orchidee
thonningii DC., nom. illeg.; Phragmanthera incana (Hamburg) 45: 207. 1994, Lindleyana 9(2): 137–138. 1994,
(Schumach.) Balle; Phragmanthera lapathifolia (Engl. & Amer. J. Bot. 85(5): 681–687. 1998
Krause) Balle; Phragmanthera redingii (De Wild.) Balle;
Scurrula thonningii (DC.) G. Don; Tapinanthus capita- (Plant infusion drunk for stomach troubles.)
tus (Spreng.) Danser; Tapinanthus lapathifolius (Engl. &
Krause) Danser; Tapinanthus redingii (De Wild.) Danser;
Tapinanthus xanthanthus Danser; Thelecarpus hexasepalus Phragmites Adanson Poaceae (Gramineae)
Tiegh.; Thelecarpus soyauxii (Engl.) Tiegh.; Thelecarpus Referring to the hedge-like growth habit, growing like a
thollonii Tiegh.) fence along streams, from the Greek phragma ‘a hedge, a
Tropical Africa. Parasite, epiphytic, sprawling shrub, coria- fence, screen’, phragmites ‘of fences’, kalamos phragmites
ceous leaves, flowers orange-yellow, viscous pericarp ‘reed of hedges’, Latin phragmites, is for a kind of reed
growing in hedges (Plinius); see Species Plantarum 1: 81.
See Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 34, 559. 1763, Archiv für die
Pflanzenkunde 2: 143. 1821, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske Botanik 1(3): 37. 1798, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 29, 501.
planter 180–181. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. 1817, Cyperaceae et Gramineae Siculae… Pragae 1820,
Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 200–201. 1828, Prodromus Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 197. 1855 [1854],
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 303. 1830, Bot. Journal of the Linnean Society Bot. 19: 112. 1881 and
Jahrb. Syst. xx. (1894) 97. 1894 and Botanische Jahrbücher American Midland Naturalist 3: 332. 1914, E. Yacovleff
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie and F.L. Herrera, “El mundo vegetal de los antiguos peru-
43: 402. 1909, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 4: 416. anos.” Revista del Museo Nacional. 3: 241–322 and 4:
1914, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ 20–102. Lima 1934–1935, Kew Bulletin 21: 113–117. 1967,
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 51: 459. 1914, Kew Bulletin Animal Behaviour Monographs 1(3): 161–311. 1968, Taxon
1956: 168. 1956, Adansonia, n.s. 1: 251, t. 10. 1962, Journal
17: 168–169. 1968, H.I. Aston, Aquatic Plants of Australia.
of Cell and Animal Biology 4(6): 96–102. 2010
207–210. 1973, Kyoto University African Studies 10: 143–
(Ash from the fruit used for rheumatism.) 212. 1976, African Studies Monographs 3: 109–130. 1983,
C.R. Peters, “African wild plants with rootstocks reported
in Congo: bosombo botalatala, masombo botalatala,
to be eaten raw: the Mocotyledons, part I.” Mitteilungen aus
nkunkunda ya mulolo
dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg 23: 935–952.
1990, Flora Mesoamericana 6: 252. 1994, Contributions
from the United States National Herbarium 46: 169, 294,
Phragmipedium Rolfe Orchidaceae
306, 537–539, 623, 635. 2003, Am. J. Bot. 90: 736–748.
Greek phragma ‘partition, division’ and pedilon ‘a slipper’, 2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 1155–1162, 1446–1480.  2004, M.
referring to the divisions of the ovary and to the shape of Namaganda, S. Phillips and K.A. Lye, “The distribution
the lip of these slipper orchids, see Orchid Review 4(47): of grass species in Uganda.” African Journal of Ecology
330, 331–332. 1896, Orchidacearum Genera et Species 1: 42(s1): 48–50. 2004.
2892 Phragmites Adanson Poaceae (Gramineae)

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Arundo altissima [London] (Nov.–Dec.) 1796, Anales de Historia Natural 1:
Benth.; Arundo australis Cav.; Arundo graeca Link; Arundo 100. 1799, Description de l’Égypte, … Histoire Naturelle,
isiaca Delile; Arundo maxima Forssk.; Arundo occidentalis Tome Second 2: 52. 1812, Fundamenta Agrostographiae
Sieber ex Schult.; Arundo palustris Salisb.; Arundo phrag- 134. 1820 [1822], Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der
mites L.; Arundo vulgaris Lam.; Cynodon phragmites (L.) Pflanzenkunde 3: 14. 1822, Mantissa 2: 289. 1824, Annales
Raspail; Oxyanthe phragmites (L.) Nieuwl.; Phragmites des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 5: 302. 1825, Catalogue
altissimus (Benth.) Mabille ex Debeaux; Phragmites aus- des Plantes Indigènes des Pyrénées et du Bas-Languedoc 62.
tralis subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Soó; Phragmites australis 1826, Révision des Graminées 1: 80. 1829, Flora Helvetica
var. berlandieri (Fourn.) C.F. Reed; Phragmites berlandieri 6: 341–342. 1830, Révision des Graminées 2: 277, t. 50. 1830,
E. Fourn.; Phragmites capensis Nees; Phragmites caudatus Reise um die Erde 1: 407. Berlin 1834, Linnaea 9(1): 136.
Nees ex Meyen; Phragmites chilensis Steud.; Phragmites 1834, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 2: 324. 1841,
communis Trin.; Phragmites communis subsp. berland- Florae Africae Australioris Illustrationes Monographicae
ieri (Fourn.) A. & D. Löve; Phragmites communis subsp. 356. 1841, Gramineae 20. 1841, Nova Acta Phys.-Med.
maximus (Forssk.) Clayton; Phragmites communis var. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1): 152. 1843,
berlandieri (Fourn.) Fern.; Phragmites communis var. fla- Catal. Horti Genuensis 27. 1846, Botanisches Centralblatt
vescens Custer; Phragmites communis var. genuina Stuck.; 1846: 242. 1846, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1(3):
Phragmites communis var. genuinus Stuck.; Phragmites 195. 1855 [1854], Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
communis var. hispanicus (Nees) K. Richt.; Phragmites com- London 6: 52. 1862, Manual de la Flore de Belgique (ed.
munis var. isiacus (Delile) Engl.; Phragmites communis var. 2) 345. 1866, Recherches sur les Plantes de la Corse 2: 37,
longivalvis (Steud.) Miq.; Phragmites communis var. mau- 42. 1869, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 24:
ritianus (Kunth) Baker; Phragmites communis var. varie- 178. 1877, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles … 454.
gatus Hitchc. ex L.H. Bailey; Phragmites dioica Hack. ex 1877, Bulletin de la Société Dauphinoise pour l’échange
Hicken; Phragmites dioicus Hack. ex Hicken; Phragmites des Plantes 7: 276. 1880, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-
dioicus Hack. ex Conert, nom. illeg., non Phragmites dioicus medicinische Botanik… 379. 1881, Flora Orientalis 5:
Hack. ex Hicken; Phragmites fissifolius Steud.; Phragmites 563. 1884, Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
hispanicus Nees; Phragmites isiacus (Delile) Kunth; Pteridophyta Reported as Growing Spontaneously
Phragmites longivalvis Steud.; Phragmites martinicensis within One Hundred Miles of New York 69. 1888, Plantae
Trin. ex Steud.; Phragmites mauritianus Kunth; Phragmites Europeae 1: 71. 1890, Über die Hochgebirgsflora des tro-
mauritianus sensu Schwartz; Phragmites maxima (Forssk.) pischen Afrika 133. 1892, Conspectus Florae Africae 5: 876.
Chiov.; Phragmites maximus (Forssk.) Chiov.; Phragmites 1894, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F.
maximus var. berlandieri (E. Fourn.) Moldenke; Phragmites Welwitsch in 1853–61 2(1): 218. 1899 and Anales Museo
maximus var. variegatus (Hitchc. ex L.H. Bailey) Moldenke; Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 7: 194. 1902,
Phragmites occidentalis Trin. ex Steud.; Phragmites phrag- American Midland Naturalist 3: 332. 1914, The Standard
mites (L.) Karst.; Phragmites phragmites (L.) Speg., nom. Cyclopedia of Horticulture 5: 2601. 1916, Physis. Revista de
illeg., non Phragmites phragmites (L.) H. Karst.; Phragmites la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 4: 389. 1918,
vulgaris (Lam.) Crép.; Phragmites vulgaris Britton, Sterns Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano n.s. 26: 80, 110. 1919,
& Poggenb.; Phragmites vulgaris subsp. maximus (Forssk.) Bollettino della Società Botanica Italiana 1923: 113. 1923,
Chiov.; Phragmites vulgaris var. longivalvis (Steud.) W. Rhodora 34: 211. 1925, Phytologia 1(4): 170. 1935, Torreya
Wight; Phragmites vulgaris var. mauritianus (Kunth) T. 36: 93. 1936, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 10:
Durand & Schinz; Reimaria diffusa Spreng.; Trichoon 266. 1941, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 81(1): 33.
phragmites (L.) Rendle; Zizania effusa Munro) 1954, Die Systematik und Anatomie der Arundineae 58–60.
1961, Kew Bulletin 21: 116. 1967, Taxon 17: 168–169. 1968,
Cosmopolitan. Perennial, very large to huge, aquatic, vig-
Brittonia 23(3): 293–324. 1971, Flora Republicii Socialiste
orous, erect, leafy, robust and stiff, hollow culms, many-
Romania 12: 212. 1972, Indian Forester 99(9): 575. 1973,
branched, long rhizomatous, vertical and horizontal creeping
Lejeunia 75: 234–235, 309. 1975, La Flore du Bassin
rhizomes, leaves narrowly lanceolate with long tapering
Méditerranéen. Colloques Internatl. C.N.R.S. 235: 165–173.
ligule, purplish or tawny large terminal panicles erect to
Paris 1975, Phytologia 37(4): 317–407. 1977, Acta Botanica
pendent, adaptable and hardy species, forms floating fens,
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 23(34): 389–390.
invasive and noxious weed, a soil binder, young shoots edi-
1977[1978], Journal of Japanese Botany 55(11): 327. 1980,
ble, rhizomes eaten raw by local people as famine food, high
Feddes Repertorium 93(1–2): 20. 1982, Webbia 38: 715–721.
quality forage, wildlife food, stem eaten by baboons, eaten by
1984, Veröffentlichungen der Geobotanischen Institutes
cattle and horses, tough and unpalatable after maturity, found
der ETH, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich 87: 53–65. 1986, Lejeunia
on marshy ground, saline marshes, coastal marshes, swamps,
120: 139. 1987, Anales de Biologia, Facultad de Biologia,
marsh edge, banks of lakes and streams, in tidal waters
Universidad de Murcia 13: 27. 1987, Phytologia 63(5): 410.
See Species Plantarum 1: 81. 1753, Flora Aegyptiaco- 1987, Genetica 82: 25–31. 1990, Fitologija 39: 72–77. 1991,
Arabica 24. 1775, Flore de France 3: 615. 1778, Prodromus Kromosomo 63–64: 2168–2172. 1991, Folia Geobotanica
stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. 24. Londini et Phytotaxonomica 27: 49–59. 1992, Canadian Journal
Phrynium Willd. Marantaceae 2893

of Botany 71: 1386–1393. 1993, New Zealand Journal of Tropica Africa, tropical Asia, northern Australia. Perennial,
Botany 36: 465–469. 1998, Aquatic Botany 64: 185–208, stout, erect, leafy, reed, hollow culms, with long well-
223–234. 1999, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Acta developed creeping rhizomes, weed species, grazed when
Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 51: 177–186. 2000 young, tolerant of heavy flood, stabilizer of river banks, use-
ful for erosion control, used for making arrow shafts, culms
(Stem diuretic and diaphoretic, expectorant, may be used
used for hookah-pipes and flutes, panicles for brooms, grows
singly as fresh juice or combined with other herbs, for chest
in streams and lakes, river floodplains, along river banks
infections and pneumonia. For varicose veins, pound the
stem and rub the juice over the skin above the veins. Rhizome See Herbarium Amboinenese 15. 1754, Observationes
and roots antiemetic/emetic, diuretic, astringent, diaphoretic, Botanicae (Retzius) 4: 21. 1786, Archiv für die Botanik
used in diabetes, diarrhea. Ceremonial medicine.) [Leipzig] 1(3): 37. 1798, Anales de Historia Natural 1: 100.
1799, Hort. Beng. 8. 1814, Révision des Graminées 1: 79.
in English: bamboo reed, cane, common marsh grass, com-
1829, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel], Editio secunda 1:
mon reed, Danube grass, ditch reed, giant reedgrass, giant
reed, reed, reed grass, reeds, wild reed, yellow cane 143–144. 1840, Nomenclator Botanicus. [Steudel], Editio
secunda 2: 324. 1841, Flora 25(Beibl. 2): 2. 1842, Flora 29:
in Sahara (Tassili): almas 20. 1846, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1(3): 196–197.
in Southern Africa: lehlaka, qhoboi, riete, riet, fleikiesriet, 1854 [1855 publ. 12–13 Apr 1854], The Flora of British India
fluitjiesriet, gewone fluitjiesriet, sonquasriet, vaderlandsriet, 7: 305. 1896 and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 287. 1900, Grasses of
vinkriet, vlakkiesriet; otuu (Herero) Ceylon 34. 1956, Grasses of Burma … 416. 1960, Syst. Anat.
Arundineae 58. 1961, Kromosomo 63–64: 2168–2172. 1991,
in Sudan: boos, gana Blumea 37(1): 233. 1992
in Yoruba: ifu (Roots used for fractures. Roots and rhizomes diuretic, cool-
ing, diaphoretic, anti-diabetes, anthelmintic. Paste of leaves
in South America: acatil, acatl, bi-xilla, bixilla, caña, caña applied locally in paralysis.)
brava, caña de indio, caña de pantano, caña hueca, cañote,
cañoto, carricillo, carrizo, carrizo común, gui, gui-ya-gui, in English: common reed, dog bamboo, great reed, large nau-
guii, halal, holo, pi-xillaqui, picua remo, picuáremu, pixilla nal, nal grass, nodding reed, tall reed, tropical reed
qui gui, qui, quij, taa gui, taa quij, ya-qui, yaga-gui, zacate,
in Nigeria: golbi, golbiho, ifu, wutsiyar giiwaa
zachalal, zak-halal
in Somalia: gul bilanwe
in China: lu gen, lu, wei, chia, lu ken, lu ti ken, lang ku ken
in Yoruba: ifu
in India: dambu, dila, era, nal, nala, nalam, narkul, ped-
darellu, perunanal, pitus in India: bag narri, bagnarri, bansi, bichhra, deonal, dha-
mana, drumbi, dwarena, gwarga, hulugalagu, hulugila hull,
in Indonesia: glagah asu, plumpung hulugilu, jeevaalada kaddi, karka, khaila, khailuwa, kik-
in Japan: ashi, yoshi kasagaddi, maitantos, mettanthisa, naagasvaramu, naanana,
naaval, nada, nadam, naga sara maitantos, nagasvaramu,
Malayan names: mata burong puding, rumput gedabong, nai, nairi, nal, nala, nalam, nali, nalli, nalu, nannana, nar,
tebu salah nara, naria, narkat, narkul, narsal, noto, nuda nar, paika gadi,
patoo-ederoo, peddarellu, perunaanal, perunanal, potagala,
in the Philippines: bagang, bugang, lupi, tabunak, tagisi,
puvvugutthigaddi, sar, sentha, tharbai pul
tambo, tangbo, tanobong, tantanubong, tanubong, uba uba
in Nepal: narkat
in Thailand: o laai, o lai, o lek, o noi
in New Guinea: pit-pit [pit-pit in New Guinea is Saccharum
in Vietnam: say robustum E.W. Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl.], khwof
Phragmites karka (Retzius) Trin. ex Steudel (Arundo in Philippines: tanub
karka Retz.; Arundo roxburghii Kunth; Arundo vallatoria
L.; Oxyanthe japonica Steud.; Oxyanthe japonica (Steud.) in Sri Lanka: nala gas
Steud.; Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steud.; Phragmites in Thailand: ya khaem, ya la pho, yaa khaem, yaa laa pho
australis (Cav.) Steud.; Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.
ex Steud.; Phragmites karka (Retz.) Steud.; Phragmites
laxiflora Steud.; Phragmites laxiflorus Steud.; Phragmites
Phrynium Willd. Marantaceae
nepalensis Nees ex Steud.; Phragmites roxburghii Steud.;
Phragmites roxburghii (Kunth) Steud.; Phragmites val- Greek and Latin phrynion for a plant, called also poter-
latoria (L.) Veldkamp; Phragmites vallatoria (Pluk. ex L.) ion, Greek phrynos ‘a toad’, referring to the marshy habi-
Veldkamp; Sericura japonica Steud.; Trichoon karka (Retz.) tat, see Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 13–14. 1790, Sp. Pl., ed. 4
Roth; Trichoon karka Roth) [Willdenow] 1(1): 1, 17. 1797.
2894 Phthirusa Mart. Loranthaceae

Phrynium parvum (Ridl.) Holttum (Stachyphrynium minus (Invigorating leaves infusion drunk to relieve strains caused
Ridl., nom. illeg.; Stachyphrynium parvum Ridl.) by lifting heavy loads.)
Malaysia. in English: bass and boom, chincery bush
See Mat. Fl. Malay. Penins. 2: 59. 1907, J. Straits Branch Phthirusa stelis (L.) Kuijt (Loranthus aduncus G. Mey.;
Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54: 60. 1910, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13: Loranthus avicularius Mart.; Loranthus conduplicatus
283. 1951 Kunth; Loranthus erythrocarpus Mart.; Loranthus mag-
(For excess of urine in children.) dalenae Cham. & Schltdl.; Loranthus orinocensis Spreng.;
Loranthus paniculatus Kunth; Loranthus retroflexus Ruiz
Malay name: lerek tikus & Pav.; Loranthus stelis L.; Loranthus theobromae Willd.
Phrynium pubinerve Blume (Narukila ovata (L.) Farw.; ex Schult. f.; Loranthus virgatus Mart.; Passowia eryth-
Narukila ovata Farw.; Phrynium capitatum Willd., nom. rocarpa (Mart.) Tiegh.; Passowia magdalenae (Cham. &
illeg.; Phrynium densiflorum Mor.; Phrynium densiflorum Schltdl.) Tiegh.; Passowia odorata H. Karst. ex Klotzsch;
Moritzi ex Körn.; Phrynium densiflorum Blume; Phrynium Passowia orinocensis (Spreng.) Tiegh.; Passowia theo-
laoticum Gagnep.; Phrynium malaccense Ridl.; Phrynium bromae (Willd. ex Schult. f.) Tiegh.; Phthirusa abdita S.
ovatum (L.) Druce, nom. illeg.; Phrynium ovatum Druce; Moore; Phthirusa adenostemon Eichler; Phthirusa aden-
Phrynium ovatum Nees & Mart.; Phrynium philippinense ostemon var. huberi Rizzini; Phthirusa adunca (G. Mey.)
Ridl.; Phrynium pubigerum Blume; Phrynium rheedei Suresh Maguire; Phthirusa adunca var. orinocensis (Spreng.)
& Nicolson; Phrynium thorelii Gagnep.; Phyllodes capitata Steyerm.; Phthirusa caucana Eichler; Phthirusa cochlio-
Kuntze; Phyllodes pubigera (Blume) Kuntze; Phyllodes stylus Ule; Phthirusa cothurnata Rizzini; Phthirusa elon-
pubigerum Kuntze; Phyllodes pubinerve Kuntze; Phyllodes gata Gleason; Phthirusa erythocarpus (Mart.) Eichler;
pubinervis (Blume) Kuntze; Pontederia ovata L.) Phthirusa gonioclada A.C. Sm.; Phthirusa krukovii
A.C. Sm.; Phthirusa magdalenae (Cham. & Schltdl.)
India. Shrub, herbaceous, glabrous leaves, subsessile capitu- Eichler; Phthirusa maritima Rizzini; Phthirusa orino-
lae, white flowers with purple lip, reddish brown capsules censis (Spreng.) Eichler; Phthirusa ovata (DC.) Eichler;
See Species Plantarum 1: 288. 1753, Sp. Pl. (Willd.) 1: 17. Phthirusa paniculata (Kunth) J.F. Macbr.; Phthirusa pap-
1797, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. illosa Pilg.; Phthirusa polystachya Eichler; Phthirusa
Cur. 11(1): 27. 1823, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 38. 1827, Bull. Soc. punctata Gleason; Phthirusa retroflexa (Ruiz & Pav.)
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 35(1): 101. 1862, Revisio Generum Kuijt; Phthirusa robusta Rusby; Phthirusa seitzii Krug &
Plantarum 2: 694–695. 1891, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Urb.; Phthirusa theobromae (Willd. ex Schult. f.) Eichler;
Soc. 32: 180. 1899 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 409–410. Phthirusa theobromae fo. parvifolia Eichler; Phthirusa
1907, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2: 570. 1909, Rep. Bot. Exch. Club tortuosa A.C. Sm.; Phthirusa virgata (Mart.) Eichler;
Soc. Brit. Isles 3: 422. 1913 (publ. 1914), Pap. Michigan Struthanthus aduncus (G. Mey.) G. Don; Struthanthus ret-
Acad. Sci. 3: 91. 1923 (publ. 1924), Taxon 35(2): 355. 1986 roflexus (Ruiz & Pav.) Blume)
(Ceremonial, ritual, leaves used in worship.) South America. Straggling parasitic shrub, roots clasping the
bark of the host, white flowers
in Borneo: sagu belanda
in India: kau-arbau See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 473. 1762, Flora
Peruviana 3: 49–50, t. 279, f. a. 1802, Primitiae Florae
Essequeboensis … 149. 1818, Systema Vegetabilium 2: 129.
Phthirusa Mart. Loranthaceae 1825, Linnaea 3: 219. 1828, Flora 13(1): 110. 1830, Systema
Vegetabilium 7(2): 1731. 1830, Flora Brasiliensis 5(2): 55, 60.
From the Greek phtheir, phtheiros ‘a louse’, a pest on woody 1868, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42: 172.
crops, see Flora 13(1): 110. 1830, Flora Javae 16. 1830, 1895 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 75(3): 301.
Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 4(7): 107. 1846, Botanische 1948, Fieldiana, Botany 28: 224. 1951, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Zeitung. Berlin 10: 305. 1852 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): Gard. 47(4): 263–290. 1960[1961], Revista de la Facultad
62–86. 1946, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(4): 263–290. 1960 de Agronomía 8(3): 92. 1975, Brittonia 32(4): 521. 1980,
[1961], Fl. Ecuador 24: 113–194. 1986. Flora de Venezuela 4(2): 79. 1982, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 13:
Phthirusa caribaea Engl. (Dendropemon caribaeus Krug & 29–79. 1983, Fl. Ecuador. 24: 113–194. 1986, Taxon 43(2):
Urb.; Phthirusa caribaea (Krug & Urb.) Engl.; Struthanthus 193. 1994, Novon 6(1): 33–53. 1996, Arnaldoa 9(2): 43–110.
caribaeus (Krug & Urb.) Stehlé) 2002[2003]

West Indies. (Plant decoction for the relief of hypertension. Leaf decoc-
tion used to bathe children with marasmus, a form of serious
See Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Nactr. [Engler & protein-energy malnutrition.)
Prantl] 1: 135. 1897, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 24: 27. 1897 and Bull.
Soc. Bot. France Mém. 1953–1954: 32. [14 Oct 1954] in English: bird vine
Phyla Lour. Verbenaceae 2895

Phyla Lour. Verbenaceae Fl. Pleine Terre 446. 1863, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4:
563. 1885, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 508. 1891, Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 142.
Greek phyle ‘a tribe, clan, union’, probably referring to the 1894, Anales Univ. Chile 90: 624. 1895, Pittonia 4(20E): 46.
flowers clustered in a tight head or to the spreading mat-like 1899 and Fl. S.E. U.S.: 1012. 1903, Phytologia 1: 98. 1934,
growth, ground-cover; see Familles des Plantes 2: 198, 526. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 48: 42. 1935, Phytologia 2: 22. 1941,
1763, João (Joannes) de Loureiro, Flora cochinchinensis. Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., Santiago de Chile 25: 47. 1951,
1: 63, 66. Ulyssipone [Lisboa] 1790. Phyla has often been Fl. W. Trop. Afr. ed. 2. 2: 435. 1963, Phytologia 27: 69. 1973,
combined with Lippia but differs in characters such as her- Phytologia 40: 468. 1978, Harvard Pap. Bot. 5: 347. 2001,
baceous habit, elongated infructescences, and obovate bracts. Bot. Explor. (Florida) 3: 38. 2003
Phyla nodiflora (L.) E.L. Greene (Blairia nodiflora (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant for uri-
Gaertn.; Blairia nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.; Diototheca repens nary disorders, blood purification, aphrodisiac, menstrual
(Bertol.) Raf.; Diototheca repens Raf.; Lantana larranagae disorders, female diseases. Plant infusion in fever and as a
Moldenke; Lantana repens Sessé & Moç.; Lantana repens postpartum remedy; plant juice to relieve fever, pneumonia,
Larrañaga, nom. illeg.; Lantana sarmentosa Spreng. ex blood dysentery; plant decoction given as a liver tonic, cool-
C.B. Clarke; Lippia aegyptiaca Carrière; Lippia filiformis ing, diuretic, febrifuge, also taken with lime water to eradi-
Schrad.; Lippia fruticosa (Mill.) K. Kenn. ex R.W. Sanders; cate worms; squeezed plant inhaled to treat cough and cold.
Lippia incisa (Small) Tidestr.; Lippia litoralis Phil.; Lippia Extract of young parts given to children in indigestion, and
nodiflora Cham.; Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx.; Lippia also to women as postpartum remedy. Leaves and young
nodiflora f. brevipes Kuntze; Lippia nodiflora var. acuti- shoots for indigestion in children, a decoction cooling agent
folia Kuntze; Lippia nodiflora var. minor Gillies & Hook.; used as a demulcent in cases of venereal diseases; crushed
Lippia nodiflora var. normalis Kuntze, nom. inval.; Lippia leaves applied on forehead in headache; leaves of Eclipta
nodiflora var. repens (Bertol.) Schauer; Lippia nodiflora var. prostrata used in combination with Andrographis panicu-
repens (Bertol.) Schauer; Lippia nodiflora var. sarmentosa lata, Leucas indica, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, Oxalis
(Willd.); Lippia nodiflora var. sarmentosa (Willd.) Schauer; corniculata and Phyla nodiflora given for liver problems,
Lippia repens (Bertol.) Spreng.; Lippia repens Spreng.; jaundice and gastrointestinal disorders; leaves and tops infu-
Lippia repens Hort. ex E. Vilm.; Lippia sarmentosa Spreng.; sion as carminative and diuretic, leaves ground with Allium
Lippia sarmentosa (Willd.) Spreng.; Phyla chinensis Lour.; sativum and made into a paste kept between teeth to check
Phyla filiformis (Schrad.) Meikle; Phyla fruticosa (Mill.) toothache; leaves extract diuretic; boiled leaf extract to cure
K. Kenn. ex Wunderlin & B.F. Hansen; Phyla incisa Small; piles; leaf decoction given for burning sensation during uri-
Phyla nodiflora f. copiapina Acevedo; Phyla nodiflora var. nation; ground leaves paste given to person with deficiency
antillana Moldenke; Phyla nodiflora var. incisa (Small) of sperm. Roots juice for gastric troubles; squeezed plant for
Moldenke; Phyla nodiflora var. longifolia Moldenke; Phyla cold, skin disorders and cough. Veterinary medicine, leaf
nodiflora var. sericea Moldenke; Phyla nodiflora var. texen- paste applied over injured horns to check microbial infec-
sis Moldenke; Piarimula chinensis (Lour.) Raf.; Piarimula tion; plant juice to relieve blood dysentery of cattle. Contact
chinensis Raf.; Platonia nodiflora (L.) Raf.; Platonia nudi- therapy, a necklace prepared from small stem pieces hung
flora Raf.; Verbena capitata Forssk.; Verbena cuneata Willd. around the neck to prevent boils.)
ex Spreng.; Verbena elliptica Willd. ex Spreng.; Verbena fru- in English: Cape weed, daisylawn, fog fruit, frog fruit, knot-
ticosa Mill.; Verbena globiflora Nocca ex Spreng.; Verbena ted-flower phyla, lippia, matgrass, turkey-tangle
lanata Willd. ex Walp.; Verbena nodiflora L.; Verbena repens
Bertol.; Verbena repens Larrañaga, nom. illeg.; Verbena in China: guo jiang teng shu, guo jiang teng
sarmentosa Willd.; Zapania nodiflora (L.) Lam.; Zappania in India: arki mirchi, bafli, bakkan, bhui-okra, bhuiokara,
nodiflora (L.) Lam.; Zappania nodiflora Lam.; Zappania bhuiokra, bhuri okra, bokenaku, bokkena, bokkenaku, btuta-
repens (Bertol.) Bertol.; Zappania repens Bertol.; Zappania lai, bukkan, bukun booti, caivam, calakirakani, calakkirani-
suberosa Spreng.) tipanam, cempucattumuli, cetitta, chinglembi, civakarnanki,
Trop. & Subtrop. Creeping herb, prostrate, rooting at the dhakvel, ilatcumi, jal-butti, jalakarna, jalapapili, jalapim-
nodes, serrate subsessile leaves, white or pink flowers in pali, jalapippali, jalpeepal, kampanatakarai, kattuttippali,
heads, globose oblong fruit, leaves and inflorescences eaten kattuttippili, katu-tippali, kirumutalatai, kotikkaccirukam,
langali, ludra, mulakalakkoti, mulakalam, nakacinku,
See Species Plantarum 1: 20. 1753, De Fructibus et Seminibus navati, nela-hippali, nelaguridi, nelahippali, nilappip-
Plantarum… . 1: 266, t. 56. 1788, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 66. 1790, pili, podutalai, podutalei, potutalai, purcatam, poduthalai,
Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique… Botanique 1: 59, t. poduthalai kudineer, poduthuvalai, ponnankani, perumpo-
17. 1791, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 15. 1803, Med. Repos., tutalaikkoti, potkalam, potta, potutilai, putatalai, ratalio,
II, 5: 352. 1808, Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 69. 1815, Syst. Veg. ratavelio, ratoliya, ratuvel, ratvelio, sakuladani, talaibodam,
(ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 751–752. 1825, Linnaea 7: 213. 1832, talaipotakam, talaipotam, talamputam, talapotam, tipani,
Fl. Tellur. 2: 102. 1837 [1836 publ. Jan–Mar 1837], Repert. tosakkinakunmanacini, toyapanam, toytalai, toytalaikkoti,
Bot. Syst. 4: 48–49. 1845, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 585–586. 1847, vannikai, vannikaikkoti, vasaka, vashira, vekkan
2896 Phyllagathis Blume Melastomataceae

in Japan: iwa-dare-sô branchlets, the flowers appear on leaf-like cladodes; see Carl
Linnaeus (1707–1778), Species Plantarum. 2: 981–982. 1753,
in Nepal: abijali, aikamar, kurkure jhar, phuli jhar
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 422. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2:
in Pakistan: jal-nim, makna, wakan 356. 1763, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 621. 1767, Histoire des
plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 285, 926–927, tt. 323, 354.
in Philippines: busbusi, chachahan, kolud, lopulopu
1775, Sertum Anglicum 29. 1788[1789], Genera Plantarum
Phyla scaberrima (Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke (Lippia asperi- 387. 1789, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2:
folia Rchb., nom. illeg., non Lippia asperifolia A. Rich. 122. 1790, Flora Cochinchinensis 537–538, 543, 557, 598,
ex Marthe; Lippia dulcis Trevir.; Phyla dulcis (Trevir.) 607. 1790, Flora Indiae Occidentalis 2: 1095. 1800, De
Moldenke; Phyla scaberrima Juss.; Zapania scaberrima A. Euphorbiacearum Generibus Medicisque earumdem viri-
Juss. ex Pers.; Zappania scaberrima Juss. ex Pers.) bus tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18 illustratum 19, 23, 109. 1824,
First Catalogues and Circulars of the Botanical Garden
Mexico to Venezuela, Caribbean. Herbaceous, erect, white
of Transylvania University 14. 1824, Neogenyton 2. 1825,
flowers, used as a sweetener
Sylva Telluriana 91–92. 1838, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte
See Species Plantarum 2: 633–634. 1753, Flora 7(1): 200. 1841, Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis
Cochinchinensis 1: 63, 66. 1790, Catalogue des Plantes du en Physiologie 10: 143. 1843, Catalogus Plantarum in Horto
Jardin Medical de Paris 67. 1801, Syn. Pl. 2: 140. 1806, Nova Botanico Bogoriensi Cultarum Alter 240. 1844, Icones
Acta Physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino- Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 5(2): 27, pl. 1901–1904. 1852,
Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia Ephemerides Annales Botanices Systematicae 3: 375–376. 1852, Icones
sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta 13(1): 187–188. Plantarum Indiae Orientalis 6: 13, t. 1994. 1853, Notulae ad
1826, Iconographia Botanica Exotica 2: 27, t. 169. 1829 and Plantas Asiaticas 4: 476. 1854, Étude générale du groupe
Torreya 34(1): 9. 1934, Repertorium Specierum Novarum des Euphorbiacées 559, 616, 645. 1858, Linnaea 32: 2, 50.
Regni Vegetabilis 41(1046/1058): 64. 1936, Fieldiana, Bot. 1863, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 26: sub pl. 2563–2564.
24(6): 25–170. 1949, Fieldiana, Botany 24(9/1–2): 167–236. 1898 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 488. 1905,
1970, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: i-ix, Nachträge zur Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der
1–246. 2000, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005] Südsee 289, 292. 1905, Das Pflanzenreich 147,3(Heft 47):
(Leaves used for gangrenous rectitis, measles and febrile 95. 1911, Nova Guinea 8: 781. 1912, Memoirs of the Torrey
complaints.) Botanical Club 16: 72–74. 1920, Journal of the Linnean
Society, Botany 45: 395. 1921, Bulletin of Miscellaneous
in Southern Africa: beukesbossie, laventelbossie; mosu- Information Kew 1925: 329. 1925, Bibliotheca Botanica
kutswane (Tswana); umsuzwane (Zulu) 89: 315–316. 1927, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 25–170. 1949,
Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 14(1):
32. 1950, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 37: 345. 1957,
Phyllagathis Blume Melastomataceae Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 38: 72. 1957, Annals of the
Missouri Botanical Garden 54(2): 194. 1967, Ann. Missouri
From the Greek phyllon ‘a leaf’ and agathis ‘a ball of thread’,
Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1087–1144. 1988, Flora Zambesiaca
an allusion to the large bracts below the flower-heads or refer-
9(4): 1 et seg. 1996, Contributions from the University of
ring to the acaulous habit and leaves arising from the base,
Michigan Herbarium 23: 381. 2001, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ.
see Ling, S.K. et al. “Lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase inhibi-
Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 73(2): 155–281. 2002, Strugnell,
tory activities of constituents from Phyllagathis rotundifo-
A.M. “A checklist of the Spermatophytes of Mt. Mulanje,
lia and Carallia brachiata.” Malaysian Journal of Science
Malawi.” Scripta Botanica Belgica 34: 1–199. 2006.
24(1): 247–252. 2005.
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Averrhoa acida L.; Cicca
Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Blume
acida (L.) Merr.; Cicca acidissima Blanco; Cicca disticha
Sumatra, Vietnam. Terrestrial creeping herb L.; Cicca nodiflora Lam.; Cicca racemosa Lour.; Diasperus
See Flora 14: 507. 1831 acidissimus Kuntze; Diasperus acidissimus (Blanco) Kuntze;
Phyllanthus acidissimus Noronha; Phyllanthus acidissimus
(Chew the roots with betel as a postpartum remedy; pound Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus acidissimus (Blanco) Müll.Arg.;
the roots with betel and give as a tonic after childbirth. Phyllanthus cicca Griseb.; Phyllanthus cicca Müll.Arg.;
Leaves decoction drunk for stomachache.) Phyllanthus cicca var. bracteosa Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus
Malay names: kachit fatimah, tapak gajah cochin-chinensis Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus cochin-chinensis
Spreng.; Phyllanthus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Müll.Arg.,
nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus distichus Hook. & Arn.; Phyllanthus
distichus (L.) Müll.Arg.. nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus distichus f.
Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)
nodiflorus (Lam.) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus longifolius Jacq.;
Greek phyllon ‘a leaf’ and anthos ‘flower’, in some spe- Phyllanthus longifolius Lam.; Phyllanthus longifolius Sond.;
cies the flowers are produced on leaf-like branches and Tricarium cochinchinense Lour.)
Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) 2897

Brazil, Thailand. Small tree, spreading, glabrous, dense, in Java: cherme, tjareme, tjerme
bushy, crown of rough main branches, leaves broadly ovate
in Laos: mak-nhom, nhôm baanz, nhom ban
to ovate-lanceolate, reddish flowers clustered along a long
rachis on the old wood, pale-yellow waxy edible fruit, very in Malaya: chamin-chamin, cheremai, chermai, chermala,
young leaves eaten raw, hard stone, berries made into jam or chermela, kemangor, kemangur
eaten fresh
in Nepal: amala
See Species Plantarum 1: 428. 1753, Species Plantarum 2:
in Philippines: bangkiling, iba, karmay
981–982. 1753, Novitiarum Florae Suecicae Mantissa 1:
124. 1767, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 621. 1767, Encycl. in Thailand: ma yom, mayom, yom
(Lamarck) 2(1): 1. 1786, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. in Vietnam: cherimbillier, chum ruot, chùm ruôt, tam duot,
5(Art. 4): 22. 1790, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 557. 1790, Pl. Rar. ch[uf]m ru[ooj]t, t[aaf]m ru[ooj]t
Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 36. 1797, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel]
3: 21. 1826, Bot. Beechey Voy. [2]: 95. 1832, Fl. Filip. [F.M. in Belize: wild plum
Blanco] 700. 1837, Linnaea 23: 135. 1850, Linnaea 32: 50. in Central America: grosella
1863, Nachr. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Georg-Augusts-Univ. 166.
1865, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis in Colombia: arbolito
(DC.) 15(2.2): 413, 417. 1866, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 598. 1891 in Mexico: ciruela costeña, ciruelo costeño, cuatelolote; toto-
and U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 148: 17. 1909, An lole (Oaxaca); manzana estrella (Tamaulipas); pimientillo
Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense 314. (Sinaloa)
1917, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 66. 1957, Taxon 29: 536–537. 1980,
F.T.E.A., Euphorb. 1: 36. 1987, Regnum Veg. 127: 34. 1993, Phyllanthus airy-shawii Jean F. Brunel & J.P. Roux
Cytologia 64: 229–234. 1999 India, Thailand.
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. A potential treatment for cys- See Nordic J. Bot. 4: 470. 1984
tic fibrosis. A decoction of roots, leaves and fruits used in
snakebite. Roots purgative and toxic, root infusion taken in (Used in Ayurveda.)
very small doses to alleviate asthma; root as an antidote to in India: kilarnelli, tamalaki
viper venom. Fruits astringent, used as liver tonic, stomachic.
Seeds cathartic. Latex emetic and purgative, also drunk for Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. (Diasperus
coughs. Leaves used as a demulcent against gonorrhea, poul- nanus (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Diasperus niruri (L.) Kuntze;
ticed on sciatica, lumbago or rheumatism; leaves decoction Diasperus nanus Kuntze; Diasperus niruri Kuntze;
given as a sudorific. Root bark juice employed in criminal Nymphanthus niruri (L.) Lour.; Phyllanthus amarus var.
poisoning. Bark poisonous.) baronianus Leandri, nom. inval.; Phyllanthus nanus J.D.
Hooker; Phyllanthus niruri L.; Phyllanthus niruri Klotzsch;
in English: country gooseberry, gooseberry, gooseberry tree, Phyllanthus niruri var. amarus (Schumach. & Thonn.)
Indian gooseberry, Malay gooseberry, Otaheite gooseberry, Leandri; Phyllanthus niruri var. baronianus (Leandri)
star gooseberry, West India gooseberry Leandri; Phyllanthus niruri var. debilis Müll.Arg., p.p.,
in Burma (Myanmar): thinbozi-hpyoo, thinbozihpyoo non Klein ex Willd., nec L.; Phyllanthus niruri var. genui-
nus Müll.Arg., p.p., non L., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus niruri
in Cambodia: kântouot srôk, kântûët var. scabrellus (Webb) Müll.Arg., sensu Govaerts, non
in India: amalakam, amalam, are nelli, arenelli, ari, arinelli, L.; Phyllanthus niruri var. scabrellus (Webb) Müll.Arg.;
arinellikka, arinellimaram, aru-nelli, arunelli, catakam, Phyllanthus niruroides var. madagascariensis Leandri,
catatakamaram, catataram, catataran, chalmeri, cirunelli, nom. inval.; Phyllanthus scabrellus Webb; Phyllanthus
harfarauri, harparauri, harphareori, harpharori, harpurrewdi, swartzii Kostel.; Phyllanthus swartzii Fawc. & Rendle, nom.
jimbling, karinelli, kawl-sun-hlu, kawlsunhlu, kila-nelli, kir- illeg.; Phyllanthus urinaria sensu Linnaeus)
nelli, kirakaniyam, kirakaniyamaram, kirunelli, komalaval- Florida, Mexico to Trop. America. Shrub, woody herb,
kala, labali, lavali, lavani, loda, nakshatra nelli, nari, narphal, sprawling, erect, phyllanthoid branching, green-whitish flow-
neli-pouli, nelipouli, nellippuli, nellipuli, noari, pauttiranelli, ers, sepals green with white margins, ovary yellow-green,
pauttiranellimaram, puttari, puttattiri, raacha usirika, raacha- capsule green smooth, a weed of open ground, waste places,
yusirika, raayanelli, racavusarike, racavusiri, racayusirika, damp grassland, grassland, grassy scrub and dry deciduous
raccavusirikaya, rachauserike, rachausirika, raj avula, rassau- forest, in sandy soils
seriki, ratsausirike, ratsausiriki, ratsavusirikai, ratsavusiroki,
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Flora
rayamalaka, rayaranelli, russausareki, russauserekee, shirakul,
Cochinchinensis 545. 1790, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske
sugandhamoola, tanuttuvacacceti, tanuttuvacai, tanuttuvacam,
planter 421. 1827, Kongl. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skr. 4: 195–196.
tavittuppalam, usiri chettu, vekupattiri, vekupattirimaram
1829, Allgemeine Medizinisch-Pharmazeutische Flora 5:
in Indonesia: caramele, ceremai, cerme 1771. 1836, Niger Fl.: 175. 1849, Linnaea 32: 43. 1863, Flora
2898 Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

47: 514. 1864, Fl. Brit. India 5: 298. 1887, Revisio Generum in Cambodia: préâk phlè
Plantarum 2: 596, 600. 1891 and Journal of Botany, British
in China: ku wei ye xia zhu
and Foreign 57: 66. 1919, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 7: 183–184.
1939, Fl. Pl. Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 2: 93. 1952, J. Arnold in India: accatai, alakaiccuram, alakkaiccuram, amalai, art-
Arbor. 37: 13. 1956, J. Arnold Arbor. 38: 313. 1957, Flore tapatam, avakatavay, avakkattala, baadi aonla, bari amla,
de Madagascar et des Comores 111: 73–74. 1958, F.W.T.A., bhoi amli, bhoo nelli, bhooyiaamli, bhudhatri, bhui amali,
ed. 2, 1, 2: 387. 1958, Agnew, Andrew David Quentin bhuiamloki, bhuineem, bhumi aawala, bhumi amala, bhumi
(1929– ), Upland Kenya Wild Flowers: 212. 1974, Journal of amla, bhumiamla, bhumyamalaki, cankanatticam, chitti
Ethnopharmacology 18: 257–266. 1986, F.T.E.A., Euphorb. usirika, cimutti, cimuttikacceti, cimuttikam, civa, civac-
1: 34. 1987, Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 44(1): 101. 1994 cakacceti, civaccakam, gugario, ilanciyam, jaandees gida,
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant paste along jangli amli, jaramla, kalinai, kamalainivartti, keelanelli,
with Amaranthus spinosus juice mixed in goat milk taken keezha nelli, keezhkai nelli, keezharnelli, kilakkainelli,
against jaundice and liver-related diseases; whole plant of kilanelli, kilarnelli, kilkkay nelli, kilkkaynelli, kilukanelli,
Andrographis paniculata with Phyllanthus amarus dried kilvaynelli, kin-fiayem, kiranelli gida, kirinelli gida,
and powdered and taken to cure jaundice; whole plant ground kirunelli, kirutanelli, kizha nelli, kolavatitam, malakiticam,
into paste mixed with Phyllanthus emblica fruit paste and malantu, maliniyamata, nalla usiri, nela nelli, nela usari, nela
given to improve fertility in women; dried plant powder usiri, nela usirika, nela vusiri, nelanelli, nelausirika, niruri,
taken for diabetes and dysentery; plant juice given in abdom- peruviriyaka, putattiri, puttirakenni, puttiratarapala, put-
inal pain and jaundice; whole plant in jaundice and dysuria; tiri, puttiricceti, tali, talikakkaycceti, taliyacceti, taliyam,
plant paste mixed with curd given orally for liver ailments, tamalakacceti, tamalakam, tamalaki, tamaliti, tiruvampal,
as hepatoprotective, hepatic stimulant; stem bark of Ficus topiloi rai, vakuni, vekuputtiri, vella keezhanelli, vicavalli,
racemosa ground with that of Artocarpus heterophyllus and vitvesam, yavakkal
leaves of Phyllanthus amarus given to promote fertility. An in Indonesia: dukung anak, gosau ma dungi, kekeramilen,
infusion of aerial parts drunk to cure persistent cough; raw memeniran, meniran
branchlets and leaves eaten for curing jaundice. Fruits eaten
to cure asthma. Leaves diuretic, used to treat kidney com- in Malaysia: dukong anak, dukong-dukong anak, rami buah
plaints, stomachache, urinary and venereal diseases, colds,
in Nepal: amala jhar, bhuin amala
skin diseases, fever, malaria, jaundice; leaf paste mixed with
milk or curd given for jaundice; leaf extract dropped in eyes in Papua New Guinea: manjinimbi
to cure cataract; chewed as a cough remedy; boiled to cure
in Philippines: kurukalunggai, sampasampalukan, san pedro
diarrhea, dysentery. Leaf paste applied to the bites of cen-
tipedes and snakes. Roots to treat fever; root extract taken in Thailand: luuk tai bai, ma khaam pom din, yaa tai bai
orally for stomachache. Veterinary medicine, plant given in
in Vietnam: c[aa]y ch[os] d[er], di[eej]p h[aj] ch[aa]u
ephemeral fever. Magico-religious beliefs, spiritual, emo-
tional, ritual, superstitions, talisman, the root as love charm, in Pacific: maigo lalo
to attract the wanted person.)
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. subsp. san-
in Guyana: konali, surinam-bitters yaensis P.T. Li & Y.T. Zhu
in Benin: aribisohou, havigbé, hinlinwe, hlènwè, hlènwè asi, China. See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 421. 1827 and
sobaru J. South China Agr. Univ. 17(3): 118. 1996
in Cameroon: fungi (For cough and colds.)

in Central African Republic: ihina gube in China: san ya ye xia zhu

in Comoros: shidzakiyo, shidzalia mongoni Phyllanthus archboldianus Airy Shaw & G.L. Webster

in Congo: ebandatschi, moundeéké ndzéké, moundziri, mun- New Guinea.

dziri, ndiango, oka apoko See Kew Bull. 26: 88. 1971
in East Africa: mokichinento (Magic, ritual, used for sickness.)
in Kenya: lokaleso Phyllanthus asperulatus Hutch.
in Nigeria: asin Zimbabwe.
in Tanzania: m’mbondo, mmweleka-nyuma, mzalia-nyuma See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1920: 27. 1920
in Togo: ahlivi, alibisso, awassiafé, ehli, hli, hlivi, owunudu, (Plants diuretic, for gonorrhea and genitourinary complaints.
tsekulemegbe Fresh roots given in jaundice.)
Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) 2899

in India: bahupatra (bahu, many; patra, leaf), bhuiamla [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 690. 1837,
Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7892, 7895, 7899 B. 1847, Revis.
Phyllanthus baillonianus Müll.Arg. (Diasperus baillon-
Gen. Pl. 2: 601. 1891 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 26: 96. 1912, J.
ianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus baillonianus Kuntze;
Linn. Soc., Bot. 45: 217. 1920, Webster, G.L. “A revision of
Epistylium cordifolium Baill., nom. nud.; Epistylium lati-
Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) in Eastern Melanesia.” Pacific
folium (Wight) Thwaites; Epistylium latifolium Thwaites;
Science 40: 88–105. 1986
Reidia bailloniana (Müll.Arg.) Gamble; Reidia bailloniana
Gamble; Reidia cordifolia Alston; Reidia cordifolia (Baill.) (Diuretic, used to treat kidney complaints, irregular men-
Alston; Reidia latifolia Wight) strual periods, urinary diseases, diarrhea, malaria, gonor-
rhea; leaves decoction taken by women for leucorrhea; leaves
India, Sri Lanka.
fried in groundnut oil and onion and eaten to cure body
See Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 5(2): t. 1904. 1852, Étude swelling. Plant extract taken orally for liver troubles, jaun-
Euphorb.: 648. 1858, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: [Thwaites] 283. 1861, dice. Veterinary medicine, leaves paste given in dysentery.)
Linnaea 32: 47. 1863, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 598. 1891 and Flora
in English: lagoon spurge
of the Presidency of Madras 1293. 1925, Handb. Fl. Ceylon
6(Suppl.): 258. 1931 in India: amla-sir-ba, kawlsunhlu, neeliaku, nelli
(Plant paste consumed with milk for jaundice and for cooling in Indonesia: memeniran, meniran
the body.)
in Vietnam: di[eej]p h[aj] ch[aa]u y[ees]u
in India: kaattukeelainelli
Phyllanthus emblica L. (Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz; Cicca
Phyllanthus bodinieri (H. Lév.) Rehder (Sterculia bodinieri emblica Kurz; Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze; Diasperus
H. Lév.) emblica Kuntze; Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance; Emblica
arborea Raf.; Emblica officinalis Gaertn.; Phyllanthus glom-
China.
eratus Roxb. ex Wall.; Phyllanthus glomeratus Wall., nom.
See Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 406. 1915, J. Arn. Arb. 18: 212. 1937 inval.; Phyllanthus mairei H. Lév.; Phyllanthus mimosifolius
Salisb.; Phyllanthus taxifolius D. Don)
(Roots and leaves used for traumatic injury.)
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Shrub or small tree, deciduous, mon-
in China: gui zhou ye xia zhu
oecious, bole fluted, bark flaking, feathery crown, small nar-
Phyllanthus brasiliensis (Aubl.) Poir. (Cicca brasiliensis rowly linear leaves, yellow-pink flowers in axillary fascicles
(Aubl.) Baill., nom. nud.; Conami brasiliensis Aubl.; Conami on lower leaves, flowers in dense clusters from leaf axils,
conami (Sw.) Britton; Diasperus brasiliensis (Aubl.) Kuntze; fleshy green semi-translucent juicy fruits, cow pasture-like
Phyllanthus brasiliensis var. genuinus Müll.Arg., nom. odor, mature fruits are very sour and contain vitamin C,
inval.; Phyllanthus conami Sw.) fruits eaten raw or pickled
Lesser Antilles, Trop. America. See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, De Fructibus et
Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 122, t. 108, f. 2. 1791[1790], Prodr.
See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 598. 1891 and Bot. Porto Rico 5: 475.
Stirp. Chap. Allerton 391. 1796, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
1924, Oliveira-Filho, A.T. Catálogo das Árvores nativas
Botanique 5: 298. 1804, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 63. 1825, Sylva
de Minas Gerais. Editora UFLA, Lavas, Brasil. 2006 [as
Tellur. 91. 1838, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7903. 1847, Annales
Phyllanthus acuminatus.]
Botanices Systematicae 3: 375–376. 1852, Ann. Bot. Syst.
(Leaves fish poison.) (Walpers) iii. 376. 1853, Forest Flora of British Burma 2:
352. 1877, FBI 5: 289. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd. (Diasperus debi-
596, 599. 1891 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de
lis (Klein ex Willd.) Kuntze; Diasperus debilis Kuntze;
Géographie, Botanique 25: 23. 1915, Journal of Cytology
Phyllanthus boninsimae Nakai; Phyllanthus debilis Herb.
and Genetics 16: 35–45. 1981
Wight ex Wall.; Phyllanthus debilis Herb. Ham. ex Wall.;
Phyllanthus debilis Willd.; Phyllanthus leai S. Moore; (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Flowers cooling.
Phyllanthus niruri auct. non L.; Phyllanthus niruri var. Pounded leaves used against vomiting; leaf paste applied
debilis (Klein ex Willd.) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus niruri var. to heal wounds; leaf juice given to cure scorpion stings
javanicus Müll.Arg.) and diarrhea; leaves for wound maggots. Fresh fruit eaten
as diuretic, blood purifier, astringent, laxative, tonic; fruits
India, Indonesia, Java. Herb, weed, monoecious, erect, main
of Emblica officinalis pounded with seeds of Sesamum ori-
stem sharply angled, cataphylls narrowly lanceolate, fruit a
entale and given in sexual debility of men; a decoction of
smooth capsule, seeds ribbed, weed of ruderal places, gar-
fruits of Emblica officinalis with roots of Solanum indicum
dens, grassland and rice fields
and stems of Cuscuta reflexa given in influenza; fruit decoc-
See Sp. Pl. 2: 981. 1753, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta tion given with sugar for the treatment of spermatorrhea;
[Willdenow] 4(1): 582. 1805, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 10: t. 16. 1831 pounded mixture of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica with fruits
2900 Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

of Ficus rumphii given in vomiting; fruit decoction used as tecomantaram, tecomantiram, tecomaram, thalu, tiriciyam,
an eye drop for conjunctivitis; Phyllanthus amarus whole tiriciyapalam, tishya, toppi, totti, tottiki, tottikimaram,
plant ground into paste mixed with Phyllanthus emblica fruit triphala, tuppunelli, tuttarikam, usari, usarika, userakee,
paste and given to improve fertility in women; fruits taken useri, userikai, usiri, usirika, usirikaaya, usirikaya, usiriki,
as chutney in headache; dried fruit astringent, stomachic, usiuka, usri, usrikayi, vanamalakam, vayastha, vrishya, vrit-
antiscorbutic, blood purifier, used in diarrhea, dysentery taphala, vusirika, vusirikaya, yankoram, yantikoram
and hemorrhage; fruits chewed and the paste applied on the
in Indonesia: kemloko, ki malaka, malaka
decaying tooth; juice or powder of fruits and leaves taken
before the lunch and dinner helpful in controlling the blood in Laos: khaam poomz, mak kham pom
sugar level; leaves and fruits decoction for stomach and hair
in Lepcha: braong paot
problems. The aqueous extract of fruits mixed with the fruits
of harr (Terminalia chebula) and bahera (Terminalia bellir- in Nepal: amala
ica) used in constipation and cataract. Seed stomachic, used
for asthma, bronchitis, nausea, stomach troubles, biliousness; in Malaysia: asam melaka, laka, laka laka, melaka, pokok
powder of seeds with water given orally to cure syphilis; seed melaka
decoction given in urinary troubles and leucorrhea; a decoc- in Nepal: amala, amba, aonla, ghwarmeth, korosi, kyun,
tion of seeds of Emblica officinalis with shoots of Punica meral, tigi
granatum given in typhoid fever; oil from the seeds mas-
saged on head in madness, hysteria, unconsciousness, ner- in Philippines: nelli
vous breakdown. Seeds, roots and leaves used to treat blood, in Thailand: emblic, kam thuat, kan-tot, ma-khaam pom,
stomach, cough, blood pressure. Bark of this plant with that mang-lu
of Diospyros melanoxylon var. tupru made into a paste and
given in bloody dysentery; bark juice taken against dysentery; in Tibetan: skyurura
bark paste applied on insect bite; roots and bark astringent. in Vietnam: b[oo]ng ng[os]t, chu me, kam lam, kham, me
Veterinary medicine, leaves paste given to a cow or buffalo rung, me r[uwf]ng
to cure stomach pain; fruits pounded with leaves of Ocimum
basilicum and given with honey to cure the loss of appetite. Phyllanthus engleri Pax
Magico-religious beliefs, twigs used when cattle suffer from Tanzania to S. Trop. Africa. Small bushy tree, shrub, spread-
dropsy; ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in dif- ing, red sap when cut, many-branched, leaves on slender
ferent religious pooja ceremonies; a sacred plant worshipped shoots, group of small hard spines at the base of the flowering
during Kartik Mahatma. Bark as fish poison.) shoots, persistent woody thorny catkin-like shoots on older
in English: emblic, emblic myrobalan, emblic myrobalan stems very small white flowers, fruit a small green apple
tree, Indian gooseberry, Malacca tree, myrobalan flushed with red, seeds in spongy edible pulp, young and
mature fruits eaten raw, juicy fruits crushed and squeezed,
in Burma (Myanmar): ta-sha-pen leaves fodder for livestock, tree browsed by wild game, bush-
in Cambodia: karn lam, kam lam ko, kântûët préi land, deciduous woodland

in China: an mo le, yu gan zi See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 236. 1895 and Calane da
Silva, M., Izdine, S. & Amuse, A.B. A Preliminary Checklist
in India: aamla, aaola, aawla, aamalakamu, aamalaki, of the Vascular Plants of Mozambique. Pretoria. 2004
adiphala, ahallya goch, akara, amala, amalagam, amalaka,
amalakam, amalaki, amamalakam, amla, amlaki, amlika, (Bark and roots poisonous. Leaves and fruits chewed for
amraphala, amrita, amritaphala, amrul, amruthaphala, treating coughs and stomachache. Roots boiled and the juice
angaw, anula, aonla, aoula, asereki, assereki, avula, awnl, drunk to treat bilharzia, venereal diseases, abdominal pains,
bahuphali, bettanelli, chyahkya, dhatri, dhatrika, dhat- menstrual problems and chest pain.)
riphala, htaky, isurkaya, jatiphala, karshaphala, kayastha, in East Africa: mgongodi, mgongondi, mungogondi, rutaran-
khulhu, kokkam, konkal, konkam, korankam, korankami-
guga, walendano
kam, korankamikamaram, kotam, kotimukakkini, kotim-
ukakkinimaram, kupu-u-toh, kupu-utoh, lalli, makanti, in Tanzania: indakhakha, maendahakhai, mng’ongo-tandala,
makantika, makantikam, malainelli, mamalakam, mamalak- mgogondi, mgogonti, mkingiligiti, mkuta-manena, mubun-
kay, mankantikamaram, meral, miral, miruntu, mirutupala, tuwa, samangwe
mirutupalamaram, mitintu, mituntumaram, monj, nalli, nayi
in Zambia: mufweba, mwanalusunta
nelli, nelli, nelli kaaya, nellikai, nellimara, nelmarra, nilika,
nilli, onla, oosree, pancharasa, parvakeeta, pedda usirika, Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. (Diasperus epiphyllanthus
peddavusirika, rochani, shadarasa, shanta, shiva, shriphala, (L.) Kuntze; Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus var. genuinus Müll.
shriphali, singair, suam, sun-hlu, tamalaikkay, tantiri, tattari, Arg. nom. inval.; Xylophylla epiphyllanthus (L.) Hornem.;
tattili, tattinimaram, tattirimaram, tattiripalai, tattiripalam, Xylophylla epiphyllanthus (L.) Britton)
Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) 2901

USA, Florida, Caribbean. leaves of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. var. conglom-
erata (Roxb.) Corner together with those of Byttneria pilosa
See Species Plantarum 2: 981. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum
and Phyllanthus fraternus and bark of Callicarpa arborea
147-, 221. 1771, Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis 961.
taken for jaundice and liver complaints; decoction of leaves
1815, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 599. 1891 and Flora of the Florida
of Phyllanthus fraternus with sugar and Cuminum cyminum
Keys 76, 155. 1913
taken orally to treat syphilis and gonorrhea. Fruits in jaun-
(Leaves infusion for toothaches, colds and too frequent dice; fruit with root of Holarrhena pubescens and leaves of
menstruation; chewed leaves for relief from stomachache or Andrographis paniculata powdered and made into tablets
influenza.) given with cow milk to cure insomnia. Fresh roots a remedy
in English: hardhead, rock bush for jaundice; root paste given to children with diarrhea. Milky
juice applied to sores, boils and ulcers. Veterinary medicine,
Phyllanthus fischeri Pax (Phyllanthus fischeri J.L. Ellis) roots used for treating camels suffering from digestive trou-
Ethiopia to Tanzania. Shrub, woody-based herb, multi- bles; whole plant crushed and given as lactagogue.)
branched, twigs tinged brown, corollas cream, sepals with in India: badiamla, ban amlaki, bhonya-ambli, bhonya amli,
white stripes, fruit green bhui-amla, bhui-amlaki, bhuiaola, bhuin aonla, bhuinan-
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Botanische valah, bhuinamla, bhumi amala, bhumiamlaki, bhumya-
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und malaki, chakpa-heikru, dador, dalgola, gugaria, hajardaniu,
Pflanzengeographie 19: 77. 1895 and Bulletin of the Botanical hazarmani, jangli-amli, jar-amla, jaramala, jaramla, kano-
Survey of India 22: 193. 1980 [1982] cha, kella nelli, kiru nelli gida, kirunalt, kirunelli, kizha-nelli,
mithi-sunhlu, mitthi-sun-hlu, mitthisunhlu, nela nelli, nela
(Roots used medicinally, infusion for stomachache.) usiri, nelanelli, nunki, sada hazarmani, tamalaki, triphalamu
in Tanzania: mti wa hondo Phyllanthus glaucus Wallich ex Müll.Arg. (Diasperus
Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. Webster (Phyllanthus frater- flueggeiformis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus glau-
nus subsp. togoensis Brunel & J.P. Roux; Phyllanthus lon- cus (Wall. ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus glaucus
phali Wall., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus lonphali Herb. Madr. Kuntze; Flueggeopsis glauca (Wall. ex Müll.Arg.) D. Das;
ex Wall.) Flueggeopsis glauca (Wall. ex Hook.f.) Das; Flueggeopsis
glauca (Wall. ex Hook.f.) V. Naray.; Hemicicca glauca (Müll.
Pakistan, India. Scandent shrub, erect, weedy, glabrous, Arg.) Hurus. & Yas. Tanaka; Hemicicca glauca (Wall. ex
smooth, grooved, tiny solitary axillary flowers, reddish Müll.Arg.) Hurus. & Yu. Tanaka; Phyllanthus flueggeiformis
brown smooth capsule, light brown seeds Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus fluggeiformis Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Numer. List glaucus (F. Muell.) Baill., nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus glaucus
[Wallich] n. 7895. 1847 and Contributions from the Gray (Labill.) Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus glaucus Wall.,
Herbarium of Harvard University 176: 53. 1955, J. Arnold nom. inval.)
Arbor. 38: 309. 1957, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 122(3–4): 153, 161. Nepal, China.
1975, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Proceedings
of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, C): 67: See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Numer. List
48–49. 1980, Fl. Rwanda 2: 234, fig. 72/3. 1983, Trop. Plant [Wallich] n. 7927 A. 1847, Linnaea 32(1): 14. 1863, Flora
Sci. Res. 1: 1–13. 1983, F.T.E.A., Euphorb. 1: 49. 1987, World 48(25): 386. 1865, Adansonia 6: 343. 1866, Prodromus
Checkl. Bibliogr. Euphorb.: 1288. 2000 Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2.2): 349.
1866, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 599. 1891 and Fl. Assam 4: 158.
(Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant mixed with the whole plant 1940, Fl. E. Himalaya [H. Hara] 179. 1966, J. SouthW. Agric.
of dudhia and the leaves of nim is boiled in mustard oil and Univ. (4): 39–43. 1985
applied on the boils for suppuration; tender leaf decoction of
Ricinus communis along with the whole plants of Phyllanthus (Roots used for infantile malnutrition due to intestinal
fraternus and Eclipta alba given for the treatment of jaundice parasites.)
and liver diseases; stem bark of Sida cordifolia, crushed with
in China: qing hui ye xia zhu
root of Aristolochia indica, tubers of Cyperus scarious, whole
plant of Selaginella bryopteris and Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus gomphocarpus Hook.f. (Diasperus gompho-
made into pills taken to cure epileptic attacks; young shoots carpus (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Phyllanthus accrescens J.J. Sm.;
infusion in dysentery and urinary disorders; plant extract along Reidia gomphocarpa (Hook.f.) C.E.C. Fisch.)
with milk given in jaundice; whole plant decoction taken for
Myanmar to Java, Thailand and Malaysia. Erect shrub, small
flu and cold; whole plant juice used in jaundice, cold, cough,
male flowers panicled, large solitary female flowers, fruit a
diabetes and malaria; whole plant chewed in jaundice, liver
trilobed capsule with inflated lobes, in shady primary forest
problems, diabetes, fever and indigestion. Leaves stomachic,
aphrodisiac, bitter, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, antiseptic; See Fl. Brit. India 5: 301. 1887 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
pasted leaves applied externally to treat syphilis; decoction of 1927: 314. 1927
2902 Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

(Crushed young leaves used to heal wounds; leaf paste Phyllanthus floribundus Kunth; Phyllanthus meruensis Pax;
applied on cuts and wounds; leaf decoction given in diarrhea Phyllanthus salviifolius var. floribundus (Kunth) Müll.Arg.)
and dysentery.)
Tropical Africa. Liana, shrub, spreading, scrambling, scan-
in India: fangtaront dent, climbing, trailing to semi-erect, straggling, creeping,
spiny with short brown thorns, slash pink-orange, small
in Indonesia: chermela hutan
greenish flowers, indehiscent shiny juicy red fruits eaten by
in Malaysia: chermela hutan elephants, tiny fruits eaten by birds
in Thailand: phakwan-changkhlong See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 116.
1817, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 48. 1826,
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. (Diasperus maderaspat- Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 83. 1860, Linnaea 32: 14. 1863,
ensis (L.) Kuntze; Nellica maderaspatana Raf., nom. illeg.; Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 331.
Phyllanthus gueinzii Muell.Arg.; Phyllanthus maderaspat- 1866, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 597. 1891, Botanische Jahrbücher
ensis Forssk., nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus vaccinioides Klotzsch; für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Phyllanthus venosus A. Rich.) 15: 526. 1893 and Cat. Vasc. Pl. S. Tome: 290. 1944
Africa, Madagascar, Pakistan to N. Australia. Herbaceous (Plant used for gonorrhea and eye infections; antimicrobial
or subshrubby, monoecious, low-growing, erect or prostrate, properties of stem bark extracts, stem bark used as a remedy
leaves spreading, greenish-yellow flowers, very narrow leaves for wound healing and tetanus. Leaves boiled and made into
with a flower at the base of each, sepals turning dark red-pur- a soup given to women after delivery, a postpartum remedy.
ple in fruit, in deciduous woodland, wooded savanna, beaches, Roots for rib pain and tuberculosis.)
dunes, disturbed places, also along streams and ponds
in Central African Republic: ondondongé, rindi-seke
See Species Plantarum 2: 982. 1753, Flora Aegyptiaco-
Arabica 159. 1775 and Taxon 30: 707. 1981, Akoègninou, A., in Congo: amedokodoko
van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (eds.) Flore in Ghana: awobe
Analytique du Bénin: 1–1034. 2006
in Nigeria: arunjeran, isayo, magiriyar-kurume
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Said to be poisonous
in Sierra Leone: naojakui
to all stock. A leaf infusion to treat headache, sores. Seeds
laxative, carminative and diuretic, useful in dyspepsia, con- in Tanzania: ipele, mpetalupe, ng’unga
stipation and urinary troubles.)
in Togo: irubre-imbre
in India: adanelli, bhooyi yavali, bhumyamalaki, hazarmani,
in Zaire: bangaka, mulenbalemba
kachora, kanocha, kanochha, katampai, khejario khad, kiru
nelli, kirunelli, madaraas nelli, madaras nelli, madras nelli, Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight) Müll.Arg. (Diasperus
male nelli, mela nelli, melanelli, mele nelli, nal-userekee, myrtifolius (Wight) Kuntze; Macraea myrtifolia Wight;
nalasereki, nalausereki, nalla-usirika, neela cadamboo, nela Phyllanthus myrtifolius Wall.; Phyllanthus myrtifolius
neli, nela usirika, nelanelli, nelausiri, nilakkatampai, nilanelli, Moon; Phyllanthus myrtifolius Moon ex J.D. Hooker)
talakini, tukham kanocha, tukhm kanocha, tukhme kanocha Sri Lanka.
in Kenya: lojemei See Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 65. 1824, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7940. 1847,
in Southern Africa: skilpadbossie; leêtsane (Tswana) Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5(2): 27, pl. 1902, f. 2. 1852, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 15(2): 396.
Phyllanthus marianus Müll.Arg. (Diasperus marianus 1866, The Flora of British India 5(14): 296. 1887, Revis. Gen.
(Müll.Arg.) Kuntze) Pl. 2: 600. 1891 and Chantaranothai, P. “Taxonomic notes
Pacific. on the Genus Phyllanthus L. (Euphorbiaceae) in Thailand.”
Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 33: 16–20. 2005
See Linnaea 32: 17. 1863, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 600. 1891
(For genitourinary infections.)
(Leaves stomachic, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, febri-
fuge, for jaundice.) in China: liu xian ye xia zhu

Common name: gaogao uchan Phyllanthus niruri L. (Diasperus niruri (L.) Kuntze; Niruris
annua Raf.; Nymphanthus niruri (L.) Lour.; Phyllanthus
Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell (Diasperus flo- amarus Schumach. & Thonn.; Phyllanthus filiformis Pav. ex
ribundus (Baill.) Kuntze; Diasperus muellerianus Kuntze; Baillon; Phyllanthus lathyroides Kunth; Phyllanthus niruri
Kirganelia floribunda (Kunth) Spreng.; Kirganelia flori- Schltdl. & Cham.; Phyllanthus niruri Wall.; Phyllanthus
bunda Baill.; Phyllanthus floribundus Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.; niruri Vell.; Phyllanthus niruri Blanco; Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus floribundus (Baill.) Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.; Griseb.; Phyllanthus niruri Thunb.; Phyllanthus niruri var.
Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) 2903

genuinus Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus niruroides in Papua New Guinea: ndron pei, ningi
Müll.Arg.)
in Philippines: kurukalunggai, malakirum-kirum, sampas-
Trop. & Subtrop. America. Small herb, weedy, erect, very ampalukan, talikod
small greenish apetalous flowers, smooth tiny fruits
in Tibet: ta-ma-la
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg)
Phyllanthus niruroides Müll.Arg. (Diasperus niruroides
56. 1784, Flora Cochinchinensis 545. 1790, Beskrivelse af (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze)
Guineeiske planter 421. 1827, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 10: t. 16.
1831 [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831], Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Trop. Africa.
Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 4: 195–196. 1829, Linnaea See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Flora
5: 87. 1830, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 690. 1837, Numer. List Cochinchinensis 545. 1790, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter
[Wallich] n. 7894, 7895 A. 1847, Pl. Wright. (Grisebach) 1: 421. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk.
158. 1860, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts ser. 2, 8(1): [153]–192. Math. Afh. 4{ 195–196. 1829, Revisio Generum Plantarum
1861, J. Bot. 2: 331. 1864, Prodr. (DC.) 15(2.2): 406. 1866, 2: 600. 1891 and J. Arnold Arbor. 37: 13. 1956, Flore de
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 600. 1891 and J. Arnold Madagascar et des Comores 111: 73. 1958
Arbor. 37: 13. 1956, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
111: 73. 1958 (Diuretic, laxative, used to treat kidney complaints, uri-
nary diseases, malaria. Infusion for colds, flu, stomachache,
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant infusion drunk to typhoid fever. Piscicide.)
increase the appetite, to treat dysentery and diabetes, coughs,
kidney troubles, gonorrhea. Leaves and stem infusion drunk Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poiret (Diasperus num-
to reduce fever, for colds, flu, stomachache, typhoid fever, mulariifolius (Poir.) Kuntze; Menarda nummularifolia
dengue fever. Sap diuretic, laxative, used to treat kidney (Poir.) Baill.; Phyllanthus capillaris Schumach. & Thonn.;
complaints, dropsy, sores, boils, urinary diseases, malaria, Phyllanthus capillaris var. stuhlmannii (Pax) Hutchinson;
Phyllanthus nossibeensis Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus num-
jaundice, dysentery. Paste, made from ground flowers mixed
mulariifolius Willd.; Phyllanthus peduncularis Boivin ex
with water, used to soothe spider and caterpillar bites. Roots
Baillon; Phyllanthus roxburghii Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.;
paste given for abortion. Plant extract piscicide.)
Phyllanthus stuhlmannii Pax; Phyllanthus tenellus Müll.
in English: cane peas senna, common leaf-flower, creole Arg., nom. illeg., non Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb.)
senna, egg woman, eruption plant, gale-of-wind, gale-wind
Trop. & S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean. Shrub, herbaceous,
grass, hurricane weed, necklace leaf-flower, seed-under-leaf,
woody at base, leaves dark green on upper, flowers light
stone breaker
green with white tips on petals, fruit red-pink
in South America: chanca piedra, chancapiedra, dormilona,
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Encyclopédie
erva-pombinha, malva-pedra, niruri, piedra con piedra, que- Méthodique, Botanique 5: 302. 1804, Species Plantarum.
bra-pedra, sacha foster Editio quarta 4: 584. 1805, De Euphorbiacearum Generibus
in India: adhyanda, ajada, ajata, ajjhada, ajuta, amala, amlika, Medicisque earumdem viribus tentamen, tabulis aeneis 18
amrita, aphala, arjata, bahupatra, bahupatri, bahuphala, illustratum 23, 109. 1824, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter
bahupushpi, bhonyaabali, bhudatra, bhudhatri, bhui-amla, 417. 1827, Étude générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 609.
bhuiavala, bhuiavali, bhuin-anvalah, bhuinanvalah, bhumy- 1858, Adansonia 2: 45. 1861, Linnaea 5: 32. 1863, Linnaea
avil, bhuniamla, bhumyaamlaki, bhumyamalaki, bhuparva, 32: 47. 1863, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 600. 1891, Die Pflanzenwelt
bhuta-dhatri, boovishirum, charati, chorata, civappunelli, Ost-Afrikas C: 236. 1895 and Catalogus Plantarum
dalaparshini, dridhapadi, hilolika, ishaghni, jada, jar-amla, Madagascariensium Prague 1906–1907, Annuaire du
jaramla, jharika, jhatamala, karunelli, keelan elli, keelkai Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 11/12:
nelli, keezh kai nelli, keezhaarnelli, keezhaarnelli pacha, khi- 35–135. 1908, Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 709. 1912,
zhe nelli, khizkkay nelli, kikkaynelli, kil-kkay-nelli, kilanelli, Catalogue des Plantes de Madagascar, Euphorbiaceae
kilanelly, kilkai nelli, kilkkay nelli, kilkkaynelli, kilvaynelli, 2(23): 1–51. 1935, Check-list For. Trees Shrubs Tang. Terr.:
kiranelligida, kirganelli, kirinelligide, kirunelli, kisha nelli, 223. 1949, Fl. Pl. Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 2: 90. 1952, Mem.
kizh kay-nelli, kizha-nelli, kizha nelli, kizhkay nelli, kizhkai- N.Y. Bot. Gard. 9, 1: 68. 1954, Flore de Madagascar et des
nelli, kizhakkayinelli, kizhanelli, kizhkayinelli, kshetramali, Comores 111: 1–199. 1958, Kew Bulletin 35: 763–777. 1981,
mahidhatrika, mala, neer-poola, nela usirika, nelausirika, Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4,
Section B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 2: 185–199.
nelavusari, nilolika, niruri, putrashronika, sadahazurmani,
1981, Fl. Pl. Lign. Rwanda: 267, fig. 90/2. 1982, Fl. Rwanda
shiva, sukshmadala, sukshmaphala, tali, tamalaki, uchchata,
2: 236, fig. 71/3. 1983, Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of
vishvaparni, vitunnaka, vituntika, vrishya
South Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2), F.T.E.A.,
in Indonesia: udu beta Euphorb. 1: 28. 1987
in Malaysia: amin buah, dukong anak, rami buah (Infusion of young shoots given in chronic dysentery.)
2904 Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

in Madagascar: ambanivihy Malay names: dulang, tuwalang

Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. var. capillaris Phyllanthus pentandrus Schumach. & Thonn. (Diasperus
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Radcl.-Sm. (Diasperus capillaris pentandrus (Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze; Diasperus sco-
(Schumach. & Thonn.) Kuntze; Phyllanthus capillaris parius (Welw.) Kuntze; Menarda linifolia Baill.; Phyllanthus
Schumach. & Thonn.; Phyllanthus capillaris var. stuhlmanii deflexus Klotzsch; Phyllanthus dilatatus Klotzsch;
(Pax) Hutch.; Phyllanthus capillaris var. stuhlmannii (Pax) Phyllanthus linifolius Vahl ex Baill.; Phyllanthus linoides
Hutchinson; Phyllanthus stuhlmanii Pax; Phyllanthus stuhl- Hochst. ex Baill.; Phyllanthus pentandrus Roxb. ex Thwaites;
mannii Pax) Phyllanthus piluliferus Fenzl; Phyllanthus scoparius Welw.)
Tropical Africa. Semi-shrubby, woody herb, undershrub, Tropical and S. Africa. Herbaceous shrub, erect, many-
branched, reddish, whitish light green flowers branched, woody, glabrous, stem reddish, sweetly fragrant,
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Encyclopédie small white-yellowish flowers, young fruits pale green globose
Méthodique, Botanique 5: 302. 1804, Beskrivelse af See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Beskrivelse af
Guineeiske planter 417. 1827, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas Guineeiske planter 419. 1827 and Enumeratio Plantarum
C: 236. 1895 and Flora of Tropical Africa 6(1): 709. 1912, Zeylaniae 282. 1861 and F.T.A. 6, 1: 710. 1912, Wiss. Ergebn.
Kew Bulletin 51(2): 316. 1996 Schwed. Rhod.-Kongo-Exped. 1, 1: 120. 1914, Trans. Roy. Soc.
(Fresh roots in jaundice. Decoction for fevers, snakebite, South Africa 5: 393. 1916, Pflanzenw. Afrikas (Veg. Erde 9) 3,
food poisoning.) 2: 25. 1921, Fl. Pl. Ferns Transvaal: 299. 1932, Fl. Pl. Anglo-
Egypt. Sudan 2: 90. 1952, F.W.T.A., ed. 2, 1, 2: 387. 1958,
Phyllanthus oxyphyllus Miq. (Diasperus frondosus (Wall. Prodr. Fl. SW. Afrika, fam. 67: 39. 1967, F.T.E.A., Euphorb. 1:
ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus kunstleri (Hook.f.) Kuntze; 31. 1987, Lebrun, J.-P. “Catalogue des plantes de la Mauritanie
Phyllanthus frondosus Wall. ex Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus has- et du Sahara Occidental.” Boissiera 55: 1–322. 1998
skarlianus Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus kunstleri Hook.f.)
(Toxic, postpartum remedy, mild purgative.)
Myanmar to Sumatra. Shrub or small tree, bole crooked,
fruit a red subglobose capsule 3-lobed, in evergreen, primary Phyllanthus polyphyllus Willd. (Diasperus emblicoides
or secondary rain forest, in lowland and mountains (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus polyphyllus (Willd.) Kuntze;
Phyllanthus emblicoides Müll.Arg.)
(Leaves decoction febrifuge, diuretic and diaphoretic in treat-
ing gonorrhoea; young leaves taken as a postpartum remedy.) India, Sri Lanka.
in English: piggyback tree See Sp. Pl. 4: 586. 1805, Linnaea 32: 15. 1863, Revis. Gen.
Pl. 2: 599–600. 1891
in Malaysia: asin-asin, cherek hantu, meroyan puteri,
meroyan putri (Unripe fruit paste mixed with milk given in paralysis, fruit
in Thailand: yaai chuung laan, yaai theep laan, yom hin juice applied for paralysis.)

Phyllanthus parvifolius Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Diasperus in India: kaattu seru nelli, kattunelli, kilaranelli, kondapac-
parvifolius (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kuntze; Phyllanthus cari, kondapachaari, krishna neli, manakani, manakanni,
juniperinus Wall. ex Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus parvifolius manikanni, pureedu usiri
Steud.; Phyllanthus roeperianus var. parvifolius (Buch.- Phyllanthus pulcher Wall. ex Müll.Arg. (Diasperus pal-
Ham. ex D. Don) Müll.Arg.) lidifolius Kuntze; Diasperus pulcher (Wall. ex Müll.Arg.)
Pakistan, China, Nepal. Kuntze; Epistylium glaucescens Baill., nom. nud.; Epistylium
phyllanthoides Baill., nom. nud.; Epistylium pulchrum Baill.,
See Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 63. 1825, Nomenclator Botanicus. nom. nud.; Phyllanthus asteranthos Croizat; Phyllanthus lac-
Editio secunda 2: 327. 1841, Linnaea 32: 28. 1863, Revis. erilobus Croizat; Phyllanthus pallidus Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.;
Gen. Pl. 2: 600. 1891 and Symbolae Sinicae 7(2): 223. 1931 Phyllanthus zollingeri Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus zollingeri var.
(Paste of leaf applied to treat boils; roasted leaf for wounds.) microphyllus Müll.Arg.; Reidia glaucescens Miq.)

in Nepal: sunpate China to W. Malesia. Small shrub, monoecious, cataphylls

persistent, fruit a smooth subglobose capsule, invasive,
Phyllanthus pectinatus Hook.f. (Diasperus pectinatus
weedy, in forest clearings, along rivers, in evergreen forest
(Hook.f.) Kuntze; Emblica pectinata (Hook.f.) Ridl.)
See Linnaea 32: 47, 49. 1863, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:
Malaysia.
600. 1891 and J. Jap. Bot. 16: 655. 1940, Caldasia 3: 21. 1944
See Fl. Brit. India 5: 290. 1887, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 601. 1891
(Decoction drunk for stomachache; poultices applied to
and Fl. Malay Penins. 3: 217. 1924
the skin to treat boils, ulcerations, fever, swellings and itch.
(Leaves decoction for fever.) Leaves applied to the gums to treat toothache.)
Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) 2905

in Malaysia: kayu puteh, kelurut, kelurut tanjong, naga buana, dirisat, jhojangi, jojangi, kala-maimuda, kamboi, kamboji,
naga buwana, naga jimat, semelit patong kambojini, karinelli, karunelli, karuppu pula, karuppup-
pilanji, karupu-pillanje, kattuk kilanelli, kattukilanelli, kat-
in Thailand: kaang plaa, trueng baa daan, waan thoraanee
tukkilanelli melanelli, krishna-kamboji, krishnakambhoji,
saan
krsnakamboji, makra, nalla pulicheru, nalla puliichettu,
in Vietnam: me l[as] l[eej]ch nallapuli, nallapulicheru, nallapurugudu, nelapurugudu,
nirppul, nirppula, nirppulanji, nullapulu, pallu kuchchi,
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret (Anisonema reticulatum
pancoli, pandebarranke, pandibarangi, pandibarra, pandi-
(Poir.) A. Juss.; Anisonema reticulatum A. Juss.; Cicca retic-
barrankee, pandibarranki, panjoli, panjuli, pavan, phulsar,
ulata Kurz; Diasperus reticulatus (Poir.) Kuntze; Kirganelia
phulsar nallapurugudu, pichundi, pilangi, pisiki beera, puca,
reticulata (Poir.) Baill.; Phyllanthus reticulatus Lodd.)
pula, pulacam, pulaguvva, pulaguwa, pulakatticceti, pulan,
Trop. Africa, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, Australia. Shrub, scan- pulanci, pulattikam, pulattikiri, pulattikiricceti, pulava,
dent, suberect, rough, many-branched, spines lacking or pulavakikacceti, pulavakitam, pulavayr-puttay, pulicheru,
almost lacking, straggling branchlets, male flowers greenish pulichinta, pulika, pulisar, pulisaru, pullanci, pullaranti, pul-
in axillary fascicles, female flowers reddish-pink, small suc- lanti, pullayusirika, pulsare, pulugudu, purakakki, purakak-
culent dark blue fruits, fodder for goats kicceti, purugudu, purvotam, ramdatawan, sikta, uccilinti,
ukkiratakam, ula, uramanapantu, vararpula, vatapittaraca-
See Genera Plantarum 387. 1789, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
mani, vetapulacam, virarkacacceti, virarkacam
Botanique (Lamarck) 5: 298. 1804, Étude générale du groupe
des Euphorbiacées 613. 1858, Prelim. Rep. For. Veg. Pegu, in Japan: Taiwan-koban-no-ki
App. B. 77. 1875, Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 354. 1877
Malay names: kayu darah belut, kayu tampal besi
and Taxon 29: 353–355. 1980
in Philippines: malatinta, matang-bulud, matang-buyud,
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Used for criminal poison-
tintatintahan
ing. Stems squeezed onto teeth for infected gums and tooth-
ache. For asthma, pound the stem and leaves and rub upon Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret var. reticulatus (Anisonema
the chest. Leaves diuretic and cooling, a decoction for sore dubium Blume; Anisonema intermedium Decne.; Anisonema
throat; fresh leaf juice applied in bleeding gums; dried leaf jamaicense (Griseb.) Griseb.; Anisonema puberulum Baill.;
powder applied to cure ulcers and skin diseases; leaf paste Anisonema wrightianum Baill.; Anisonema zollingeri
applied on forehead to relieve headache or fever; leaves Miq.; Cicca decandra Blanco; Cicca microcarpa Bentham;
decoction given orally as antiseptic, astringent and antibac- Cicca reticulata Kurz; Cicca reticulata (Poir.) Kurz;
terial; young leaves decoction given in stomach disorders Diasperus multiflorus (Baill.) Kuntze; Glochidion micro-
and dysentery. Root juice given to treat malaria; root decoc- phyllum Ridley, nom. illeg.; Kirganelia dubia (Blume)
tion given to children for cough and catarrh. Leaves used Baill.; Kirganelia eglandulosa Baill., nom. nud.; Kirganelia
as a bait for fishing. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves intermedia (Decne.) Baill.; Kirganelia lineata Alston;
extract given in diarrhea, dysentery and insect bite; roots of Kirganelia microcarpa (Benth.) Hurus. & Yu. Tanaka;
Helicteres isora along with leaves of Phyllanthus reticulatus Kirganelia multiflora Baill.; Kirganelia multiflora (Willd.)
pounded and the extract given orally in insect bite; tubers of Baill.; Kirganelia prieuriana Baill.; Kirganelia puberula
Dioscorea bulbifera along with stem bark of Erythroxylum Baill., nom. inval.; Kirganelia reticulata Baillon; Kirganelia
monogynum, leaves of Phyllanthus reticulatus pounded and reticulata (Poir.) Baill.; Kirganelia sinensis Baill., nom.
the extract applied over fractured area and bandaged.) nud.; Kirganelia wightiana Baill.; Melanthesa oblongifolia
Oken; Phyllanthus alaternoides Rchb. ex Baill.; Phyllanthus
in English: potato bush, roast potato plant
chamissonis Klotzsch; Phyllanthus dalbergioides Wallich ex
in Eastern Africa: mgogondi J.J. Smith; Phyllanthus depressus Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn,
nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus erythrocarpus Ridley; Phyllanthus
in Southern Africa: aartappelbos; mkasiri (Swahili);
griseus Wall., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus jamaicensis Griseb.;
inTaba yengwe, iNtabayengwe, umChumelo, munyuswane,
Phyllanthus microcarpus (Bentham) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus
umTswathiba, uButswamtimi (Zulu); thethenya (Tsonga);
multiflorus Willdenow, nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus multiflorus
makhulu-wamutangauma (Venda)
Poiret; Phyllanthus oblongifolius Pax; Phyllanthus pentan-
in Tanzania: mvinzwandimi, mzizima drus Roxb. ex Thwaites, nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus prieuria-
nus (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus puberulus Miq. ex Baill.;
in W. Africa: balanbalan
Phyllanthus scandens Roxb. ex Dillwyn; Phyllanthus sinen-
in Bangladesh: ghung nel sis Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus spinescens Wall., nom. inval.;
Phyllanthus takaoensis Hayata)
in India: abirangi, apiranki, arunelli, atikkamanacivi, ayam,
bahupraja, bahupushpa, bala datun, camulattuvam, cat- Trop. & S. Africa, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, Australia. Shrub,
cuciyam, cempaipparpamakki, cilaciyam, cittakalikacceti, bushy shrub or small tree, monoecious, scandent, many-
civappumvellaiyumaynalkumve, civappuppula, cuvetapula, branched, disagreable scent, flowers green-white, fruit a smooth
2906 Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

black berry, variable and weedy species, in bushland, second- Kuntze; Phyllanthus aspericaulis Pax; Phyllanthus rotundi-
ary vegetation, mixed evergreen forest, along watercourses folius Sessé & Moc.; Phyllanthus rotundifolius var. striola-
tus Müll.Arg.)
See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 621. 1767, Genera Plantarum
387. 1789, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 298. Trop. Africa, Arabian Pen., Pakistan, India. Erect or pros-
1804, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 581. 1805, Étude trate leafy herb
générale du groupe des Euphorbiacées 613–614. 1858, Forest
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4: 584. 1805, Revis.
Flora of British Burma 354. 1877, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 600.
Gen. Pl. 2: 600. 1891, Flora Mexicana 212. 1894 and Bot.
1891 and Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 12: 67, 69. 1910, J. Straits
Jahrb. Syst. 43: 218. 1909, Kew Bull. 35: 763–777. 1981
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 173. 1911, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9:
94. 1920, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1923: 362. 1923, Handb. (For wounds, apply sap.)
Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.): 259. 1931, Fl. E. Himal.: 179. 1966
in Kenya: epetakou
(Used in Ayurveda. Leaves and roots used for the fractures
and traumatic injury; leaves or bark diuretic, alterative, depu- Phyllanthus sellowianus (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg. (Asterandra
rative, refrigerant and odontalgic. Fresh leaf juice applied in sellowiana Klotzsch; Diasperus sellowianus (Klotzsch)
bleeding gum.) Kuntze; Phyllanthus ziziphoides Baill. ex Gibert, nom. nud.)

in Cambodia: prâpéénh chhmôôl Brazil to Paraguay. Shrub or small tree, procumbent, white
yellowish flowers
in China: xiao guo ye xia zhu
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Archiv fur
in India: dirisat, kale-madh-ka-per, kamuni, karuppu-pil- Naturgeschichte 7(1): 200. 1841, Linnaea 32: 37. 1863
lanji, katu-niruri, krishna-kamboji, makra, nalla puliichettu,
nalla-purugudu, nallapurugudu, neer-poola, neerpoola, nir- (Febrifuge.)
poola, nirppula, nullapulu, pallu kuchchi, panjooli, panjuli,
Phyllanthus tsarongensis W.W. Smith
pichundi, pillanji, poolavayr puttay, pula, pulicheru, puru-
gudu, sannakage-soppu, sikta, uccilinti, ukkiratakam, ula, Tibet, China.
uramanapantu, vararpula, vatapittaracamani, vetapulacam,
virarkacacceti, virarkacam See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
13(63–64): 177–178. 1921
in Indonesia: congcong belut, trembilu, wawulutan
(All parts used for urolithiasis.)
in Laos: am ai, kang pa
in China: xi nan ye xia zhu
Malay names: kayu darah belut, kayu tampal besi, tampal besi
Phyllanthus urinaria L. (Diasperus urinaria (Linnaeus) O.
in Philippines: malatinta, matang-buiud, sungot-olang
Kuntze; Diasperus urinaria Kuntze; Phyllanthus urinaria
in Thailand: am aai, kaang plaa khruea, mat kham Wall.; Phyllanthus urinaria Willd.)
in Vietnam: ph[ef]n den, c[aa]y n[oox] Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Shrub, herb, sub-woody, weedy, slen-
der, erect to semiscandent, solitary flowers, tiny warty round
Phyllanthus rheedei Wight (Diasperus rheedei (Wight)
fruits, leaves eaten by cattle
Kuntze; Diasperus rheedei Kuntze; Phyllanthus flaccidus
Thwaites; Phyllanthus kozhikodianus Sivar. & Manilal; See Sp. Pl. 2: 982. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1): 583.
Phyllanthus macraei Müll.Arg. var. hispidus Gamble; 1805, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7895 B, E. 1847, Revis. Gen.
Phyllanthus rheedei var. hispidus (Gamble) M.R. Almeida; Pl. 2: 601. 1891
Phyllanthus rheedii Wight)
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Fruits said to be poisonous to
India, Himalaya. rabbits and pigs. Plant diuretic, a decoction drunk for diar-
See Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 5: t. 1895. 1852, Enum. Pl. rhea, gonorrhea and troubles in urination; whole plant poul-
Zeyl. [Thwaites] 283. 1861, Linnaea 32: 29. 1863, Revis. Gen. ticed for fever in children. Leaves infusion used to induce
Pl. 2: 600. 1891 and Fl. Madras: 902. 1921, J. Indian Bot. abortion; leaf decoction used for dressing sores and swollen
Soc. 56: 165. 1977, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) parts; leaf extract in water taken to regularise menstruation
67: 48–49. 1980, Taxon 31: 597–598. 1982, Fl. Maharashtra and anti-cough. Fish poison, the leaves.)
4B: 345. 2003 in English: leaf flower
(Cooked leaves eaten to cure jaundice.)
in Borneo: rammin buah
in India: kirunelli
in India: adhyanda, ajata, ajuta, amala, aniccuravitam,
Phyllanthus rotundifolius Klein ex Willd. (Andrachne aphala, ara-valli, aruha, badar, bahupatra, bahuphala, bah-
gruvelii Daveau; Diasperus rotundifolius (Klein ex Willd.) upushpa, bhooyimabi, bhudhatri, bhuiavala, bhumy-avli,
Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae) 2907

bhumyamalaki, cenkilanelli, chakpa-heikru, charati, chen- 1987, American Journal of Botany 74(12): 1858. 1988 (1987
gizha-nelli, chirukizhukanelli, chorata, chukanna-kizha- publ. 1988), Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 36: 1–169. 1995,
nelli, chukannakizhanelli, cikappu ttantu, cikappukkilanelli, Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4,
cirappu kilanelli, cirukilanelli, civappu kilanelli, civap- 57(7): 247–355. 2006
pukilanelli, civappunelli, dalasparshini, dridhapadi, erra
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant decoction drunk for diar-
usirika, erra-usirika, ettausirika, hazar mani, hazarmani,
rhea and troubles in urination; whole plant poulticed for fever
hilolika, jada, jharika, jhatamala, keezhkai nelli, kempu kira
in children. Bitter plant tonic, astringent, emmenagogue, abor-
nelli, kempu-kiranelli, kempu nela nelli, kempu nelanelli,
tifacient, liver stimulant, blood purifier, febrifuge, diuretic, in
kempukiranelli, laal mandaj aamvalee, laalbhooyavali, lal
bhuin anvalah, lal-bhuin-anvalah, lalbhuin, lalbhuinanvalah, anemia, kidney complaints, liver and spleen diseases, jaun-
lalmundajanvali, mala, neeti usiri, nilolika, putrashronika, dice, dysentery, diarrhea, cystitis, asthma, bronchitis, to treat
serhi, shiva, shivappu-nelli, shivappunelli, shivapu-nelli, urinary diseases, genitourinary troubles, malaria. Decoction
sukshmadala, sukshmaphala, tali, tamalaki, tamalika, tama- of whole plant dissolves “stone”. Root or seeds given to sleep-
lini, tamravalli, tandi meral, ucha chiyu, uchi usiri, uchchata, less children. Fish poison, leaves highly toxic to fish.)
usirika, vishaghni, vishvaparni, vitunnaka, vituntika, vrishya in English: leaf flower
Malay name: dukong anak in Peru: chanca piedra
in Nigeria: apomolehin in Congo: passa ndzo
in Dominica: gwenn amba fèy in Nigeria: apomolehin
Phyllanthus urinaria L. subsp. urinaria (Phyllanthus ala- in Borneo: rammin buah
tus Blume; Phyllanthus cantoniensis Hornem.; Phyllanthus
cantoniensis Schweigg., nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus cantoni- in Cambodia: prak phlè
ensis Zipp. ex Span.; Phyllanthus chamaepeuce Ridley; in China: chen chu tsao, ye xia zhu, zhen zhu cao
Phyllanthus croizatii Steyerm.; Phyllanthus echinatus
Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus echinatus in India: badar, hajarmani, hazarmani, lal bhuin, lal bhumi,
Wall.; Phyllanthus lauterbachianus Pax; Phyllanthus lepi- lal bur
docarpus Siebold & Zuccarini; Phyllanthus leprocarpus in Indonesia: gosau ma dungi roriha, memeniran, meniran
Wight; Phyllanthus muricatus Wall.; Phyllanthus murica-
tus Herb. Madr. ex Wall.; Phyllanthus nozeranianus Brunel in Laos: khao ham, khao ham ‘sano khok
& J.P. Roux; Phyllanthus nozeranii Rossignol & Haicour; in Malaysia: ambin buah, amin buah, dokong anak, dukong
Phyllanthus quangtriensis Beille; Phyllanthus rubens anak, keman jolok
Bojer ex Baker; Phyllanthus verrucosus Elmer, nom. illeg.;
Phyllanthus verrucosus Thunb.) in Nepal: kanthad

Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Shrub, herb, sub-woody, weedy, in Philippines: ibaiba-an, laiolaioan, takumtakum
slender, erect to semiscandent, solitary flowers, warty fruits in Thailand: ma khaam pom din, maak khai lang, yaa tai bai
green, leaves eaten by cattle, a common weed of waste
places, clearings in Vietnam: cam kiem, ch[os] d[er] r[aw]ng c[uw]a, di[eej]p
h[aj] ch[aa]u, khao ham
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Enumeratio
Plantarum Horti Botanici Hafniensis 29. 1807, Enumeratio Phyllanthus ussuriensis Ruprecht & Maximowicz
plantarum horti botanici Regiomontani … 54. 1812, Bijdr. (Phyllanthus anceps Benth., nom. illeg.; Phyllanthus mat-
Fl. Ned. Ind. 12: 594. 1826, Linnaea 15: 347. 1841, Abh. sumurae Hayata ex Fabe; Phyllanthus simplex Retzius var.
Akad. Muench. iv. II. (1843) 143. 1843, Numer. List [Wallich] chinensis Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus simplex var. ussuriensis
n. 7893 B, 7898. 1847, Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis (Ruprecht & Maximowicz) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus virgatus
[Wight] 5, t. 1895. 1852, Fl. Mauritius 309. 1877, Trans. var. chinensis (Müll.Arg.) G.L. Webster; Phyllanthus wil-
Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3(9): 345. 1893 [1888–94 publ. fordii Croizat & Metcalf)
Nov 1893] and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 325. 1910,
Russia, Japan, Taiwan.
Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 7: 2649. 1915, Bulletin of Miscellaneous
Information Kew 1920: 27. 1920, Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H. See Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg
Lecomte et al.] 5: 584. 1927, Bulletin de la Société Botanique 15: 222. 1857, Fl. Hongk.: 311. 1861, Linnaea 32: 33. 1863
de France 81: 449–454. 1934, Catalogue des Plantes de and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 18: 12. 1904, Lingnan Sci. J. 20: 194.
Madagascar, Euphorbiaceae 2(23): 1–51. 1935, Fieldiana, 1942, J. Jap. Bot. 46: 68. 1971, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71:
Bot. 28: 317. 1952, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, 1572–1575. 1986
C) 67: 48–49. 1980, Taxon 30: 511–512. 1981, Willdenowia
(All parts as an astringent, antidiarrheal.)
14(2): 382. 1985 [1984 publ. 1985], Castanea 51(3): 211–
215. 1986, American Journal of Botany 74(12): 1853–1862. in China: mi gan cao
2908 Phyllanthus L. Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae)

Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. (Diasperus virgatus (G. Forst.) Thwaites, nom illeg.; Phyllanthus gracillimus F. Muell. ex
Kuntze; Diasperus virgatus Kuntze; Phyllanthus chamae- Benth.; Phyllanthus marginatus B. Heyne ex Wall., nom.
cerasus var. vieillardii (Baill.) M. Schmid; Phyllanthus inval.; Phyllanthus minutiflorus F. Muell. ex Müll.Arg.;
simplex Retz.; Phyllanthus simplex var. virgatus (G. Forst.) Phyllanthus minutiflorus var. gracillimus Benth.; Phyllanthus
Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.) miquelianus Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus patens Miq. ex Müll.
Arg.; Phyllanthus pedunculatus Kostel.; Phyllanthus praten-
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Woody herb, prostrate, greenish flow-
sis Pancher ex Baill.; Phyllanthus simplex Retz.; Phyllanthus
ers, small green fruits
simplex subvar. leiospermus (Benth.) Domin; Phyllanthus
See Species Plantarum 2: 981–982. 1753, Florulae Insularum simplex var. brevipes Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus simplex var.
Australium Prodromus 65. 1786, Observationes Botanicae filicaulis (Benth.) Domin; Phyllanthus simplex var. gen-
(Retzius) 5: 29. 1789, Adansonia 2: 236. 1862, Linnaea 32: uinus Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Phyllanthus simplex var.
33. 1863, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 597, 603. 1891 and Taxon 31: 597– gracillimus Domin; Phyllanthus simplex var. leiospermus
598. 1982, Flore de la Nouvelle Calédonie et Dépendances Benth.; Phyllanthus simplex var. minutiflorus (F. Muell. ex
17: 129. 1991 Müll.Arg.) Domin; Phyllanthus simplex var. myriocladus
(Plant antiseptic. All parts are used as medicine for infantile Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus simplex var. myrtifolius Domin;
malnutrition due to intestinal parasites; fresh plant ground Phyllanthus simplex var. pinifolius Domin; Phyllanthus
and the paste applied on bleeding piles. Leaf juice in eye simplex var. pratensis Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus trachygyne
diseases and dysentery, itch and gonorrhea. Roots used in Benth.; Phyllanthus virgatus var. hirtellus Airy Shaw;
mammary abscess. Veterinary medicine, whole plant and Phyllanthus virgatus var. minutiflorus (F. Muell. ex Müll.
root preparations externally applied to abscesses, mammary Arg.) Airy Shaw; Phyllanthus weinlandii K. Schum.)
abscesses.) Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Monoecious, erect to prostrate, fruit
in China: huang zhu zi cao a depressed globose capsule, a weed of roadsides, grassy
places, arable land and upland rice fields
in India: banaunri, bhuiavali, bhiuavate, bhui-amla, biradi
pello, bon baberi, jar amla, kaadu nelli, motibhuiavali, niruri, See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7899 A. 1847, Adansonia 5: 356,
tanda meral, uchchi usirika, uchhiyusirka sphalm. 1865, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 597–600. 1891 and J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 45: 216. 1920, Biblioth. Bot. 22: 876–877. 1927,
Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. var. gardnerianus (Wight) Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 8: 195. 1980
Govaerts & Radcl.-Sm. (Macraea gardneriana Wight;
Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) Baill.; Phyllanthus sim- (Leaf juice an eyewash, antiseptic; fresh leaves, bruised and
plex var. gardnerianus (Wight) Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus vir- mixed with buttermilk, a cure for children’s itch. Root prepa-
gatus var. oblongifolius Müll.Arg.) rations externally applied to abscesses, mammary abscesses.)

India, Sri Lanka. in India: banaunri, bhiuavate, bhui-amla, biradi pello, kaadu
nelli, kadunelli, niruri, tanda meral, uchhiyusirka
See Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5(2): 27. 1852, Étude Euphorb.: 628.
1858, Linnaea 32: 32–33. 1863 and Kew Bull. 51: 177. 1996 in Indonesia: sahakepo

(Aerial portion made into a paste consumed with milk for in Laos: ket ‘hoy, ‘khi doy
cold and fever.) in Philippines: kaya-an, kayut-bulang
in India: kaattunelli in Thailand: khaang amphai, luuk tai bai, phaeng kham hoi
Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. var. virgatus (Diasperus in Vietnam: v[aar]y [oos]c
beckleri Kuntze; Diasperus beckleri (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze;
Diasperus conterminus Kuntze; Diasperus conterminus Phyllanthus welwitschianus Müll.Arg. (Diasperus wel-
(Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus depressus Kuntze; Diasperus witschianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus welwitschianus
minutiflorus (F. Muell. ex Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus Kuntze; Phyllanthus beillei Hutch.; Phyllanthus grahamii
minutiflorus (Mull.Arg.) Kuntze; Diasperus minutiflo- Hutch. & M.B. Moss ex H.M. Gardner; Phyllanthus grahamii
rus Kuntze; Diasperus miquelianus (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Hutch. & M.B. Moss; Phyllanthus nyassae Pax & K. Hoffm.;
Diasperus miquelianus Kuntze; Diasperus pedunculatus Phyllanthus stolzianus Pax & K. Hoffm.; Phyllanthus wel-
(Kostel.) Kuntze; Diasperus pedunculatus Kuntze; Macraea witschianus var. beillei (Hutch.) Radcl.-Sm.)
oblongifolia Wight; Macraea ovalifolia Wight; Melanthesa
Tropical Africa, Vietnam. Shrub or treelet, twiggy, erect,
anceps (Vahl) Miq.; Melanthesa anceps Miq.; Melanthesa
reddish, small yellow flowers
rupestris Miq.; Phyllanthus anceps Vahl; Phyllanthus
beckleri Müll.Arg.; Phyllanthus conterminus Müll.Arg.; See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 2: 330. 1864,
Phyllanthus eboracensis S. Moore; Phyllanthus filicau- Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 601. 1891 and Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.]
lis Benth.; Phyllanthus fruticosus B. Heyne ex Wall., nom. 6(1.4): 733. 1912, Vegetation der Erde [Engler & Drude]
inval.; Phyllanthus fruticosus Baill.; Phyllanthus gardneri 9(3:2): 29. 1921, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 383.
Phyllocephalum Blume Asteraceae 2909

1928, Trees & Shrubs Kenya Col. 49. 1936, Bull. Misc. Phyllodium Desvaux Fabaceae (Desmodieae)
Inform. Kew 1937: 413. 1937, Kew Bull. 35(4): 763–777. 1981
Greek phyllon ‘a leaf’ and -odes ‘resembling, of the nature
(Roots aphrodisiac, stomachic.) of, like’, referring to the dilated petiole; see Nicaise Auguste
Desvaux (1784–1856), in Journal de Botanique. 1: 123.
Paris 1813 and Taxon 28: 274–275. 1979, Guihaia 15(2):
Phyllocephalum Blume Asteraceae 166–171. 1995.
Greek phyllon ‘leaf’ and kephale ‘head’, referring to the leafy Phyllodium elegans (Loureiro) Desvaux (Desmodium blan-
involucre, see Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië dum Meeuwen; Desmodium elegans (Loureiro) Bentham;
15: 888. 1826, Guillemin, Jean Baptiste Antoine (1796–1842), Dicerma elegans A. DC.; Dicerma elegans (Lour.) DC.;
Archives de botanique: ou recueil mensuel de mémoires Hedysarum elegans Loureiro; Meibomia elegans (Lour.)
originaux, d’extraits et analyses bibliographiques, d’annonces Kuntze; Phyllodium elegans var. typicum Schindl.; Zornia
et d’avis divers concernant cette science/rédigées … sous la elegans (Lour.) Pers.)
direction de A.-J. Guillemin. Paris: au Bureau des Archives,
1833, Tanaceteen 44. 1844, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: China, Indonesia. Perennial non-climbing shrub
20. 1856. See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 450. 1790, Synopsis Plantarum
Phyllocephalum phyllolaenum (DC.) Narayana 2(2): 318. 1807, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
(Decaneurum phyllolaenum DC.) Vegetabilis 2: 339. 1825, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne
de Paris 4: 324. 1826, Flora Hongkongensis 83. 1861 and
India. Reinwardtia 6: 247. 1962
See Prodr. (DC.) 7(1): 264. 1838 and Curr. Sci. 51(8): 438. 1982
(Roots and leaves used for cooling blood, and as an antiphlo-
(For sore throat, inflammation, contact therapy, stem pieces gistic and diuretic.)
with Tricholepis glaberrima stem pieces tied around neck.)
in China: mao pai qian shu
in India: kali
Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desvaux (Desmodium pul-
chellu (L.) Benth.; Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Bentham;
Dicerma pulchellum (L.) A. DC.; Hedysarum pulchellum L.;
Phyllochlamys Bureau Moraceae
Meibomia pulchella (L.) Kuntze; Zornia pulchella (L.) Pers.)
From the Greek phyllon ‘leaf’ and chlamys ‘cloak’, see
India, China, SE Asia, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub
Prodr. (DC.) 17: 217. 1873.
See Species Plantarum 2: 747. 1753, Synopsis Plantarum
Phyllochlamis spinosa Bureau
2(2): 318. 1807, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris
Malaysia, India. 4: 324. 1826, Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 217. 1852, Revisio
See Prodr. (DC.) 17: 218. 1873 Generum Plantarum 1: 197. 1891

(For ulcers, boil the bark and poultice.) (Used in Ayurveda. Flowers given in biliousness. Bark
decoction in diarrhea, hemorrhage and eye diseases. Roots
Malay name: pokok temiyang decoction a postpartum medicine; root and black pepper
pasted together and given orally in snakebite, the leaf paste
applied on the affected portion of the body. Roots and leaves
Phyllocladus Mirbel Taxaceae (Phyllocladaceae) used for reducing fever, cooling blood and dispelling stasis.
Greek phyllon ‘leaf’ and klados ‘branch’, referring to the Leaves juice made into paste and given for menstrual disor-
flattened branches and leaf-like branchlets; see Charles F.B. ders, also as antiseptic and to stop bleeding of wounds. Twigs
de Mirbel (1776–1854), in Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire under the mattresses or anywhere in the house to drive out
Naturelle. 13: 48. Paris 1825. bedbugs. Magico-religious beliefs.)

Phyllocladus trichomanoides D. Don (Podocarpus tricho- in China: pai qian shu

manoides (D. Don) Kuntze) in India: chipoto, dhekna, hampilla, jatasalaparni, jatasalpar,
New Zealand. jatsalpan, jenkotte, jenukaddi, kaaduhuralithe, kaadulthi,
kaadumuduru, kadmuduru, kaduhuralite, kadulti, kadu-
See A Description of the Genus Pinus, ed. 3 2: 159. 1832, muduru, kadunhuralite, karra anthina, karraantinta,
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 802. 1891
karranthintha, karrantinta, kattumutira, katumudura, koda-
(Bark for dysentery, leaves for scrofula.) kotirichunddo, konda antinta, kondaantintha, kondanthinta,
kondantinta, kondontinta, krishnopornni, lodhrah, lodrom,
in English: celery pine
nadak, nipithu, salaparni, sarivi, seegate gida, survi, thigari,
in New Zealand: tanekaha (Maori name) tiga velaga, tigure, ummah, ursi, vellalothi
2910 Phylloxylon Baillon Fabaceae (Indigofereae, Leguminosae)

in Japan: uchiwa-tsunagi 1929, Contributions from the Institute of Botany, National

Academy of Peiping 2(3): 63. 1933, Flore de Madagascar
Malay name: serengan kechil
et des Comores 5(/14): 93–121. 1960, Webbia 28(2): 457,
460. 1973
Phylloxylon Baillon Fabaceae (Fronds used in diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, also
(Indigofereae, Leguminosae) as repellent of bedbugs. Plant paste along with leaves of
Clerodendrum paniculatum L. and Sterculia rubiginosa
Greek phyllon ‘leaf’ and xylon ‘wood’, see Adansonia 2: given to check the flow of blood with urine.)
54. 1861, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21: 336. 1884 and Kew Bulletin
50(3): 477–494. 1995.
Phylloxylon perrieri Drake Phymatopteris Pichi Sermolli Polypodiaceae
Madagascar. Deciduous shrub or small tree Greek phyma, phymatos ‘a tubercle, swelling’ and pteris
‘fern’; see R.E.G. Pichi Sermolli, “Fragmenta Pteridologiae
See Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar
- IV.” in Webbia 28(2): 445–477. Dec. 1973, Fern Gaz. 11(2–
30: 192. 1902[1903], Bulletins et Mémoires de l’École
3): 141–162. 1975.
Nationale de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Dakar 9: 355–
386. 1961 Phymatopteris ebenipes (Hook.) Pic. Serm. (Crypsinus
ebenipes (Hook.) Copel.; Phymatodes ebenipes (Hook.)
(The bark as a fish poison.)
Ching; Phymatodes ebenipes Ching; Phymatopsis ebenipes
in Madagascar: arahara (Hook.) J. Sm.; Phymatopsis ebenipes J. Sm.; Pichisermollia
ebenipes (Hook.) Fraser-Jenk.; Pleopeltis ebenipes Bedd.;
Pleopeltis ebenipes (Hook.) Bedd.; Polypodium ebenipes
Phymatodes Presl Dipteridaceae Hook.; Selliguea ebenipes (Hook.) S. Linds.)
Greek phyma, phymatos ‘a tubercle, swelling’, phymatodes China, India.
‘full of tumours’; see Karl (or Carl) B. Presl (1794–1852), See Species Filicum 5: 88. 1864, The ferns of British India.
Tentamen Pteridographiae, seu genera Filicacearum. 195, Madras, 1866, Historia Filicum 105. 1875, Beddome, Richard
t. 8. Prague 1836 and Arthur D. Chapman, ed., Australian Henry (1830–1911), Handbook to the Ferns of British India,
Plant Name Index. 2261–2262. Canberra 1991.
Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. 363–364, pl. 138. 1883
Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. f.) Ching (Chrysopteris and Contributions from the Institute of Botany, National
phymatodes (L.) Link; Chrysopteris phymatodes Link; Academy of Peiping 2(3): 86–87. 1933, Genera Filicum
Drynaria phymatodes Fée; Drynaria vulgaris J. Sm., nom. [Copeland] 206. 1947, Webbia 28(2): 462. 1973, Glimpses
nud.; Microsorum scolopendria Copel.; Microsorum scolo- Pl. Res. 4: 98–130. 1979, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988,
pendria (Burm. f.) Copel.; Phymatodes phymatodes Maxon; Aspects Pl. Sci. 11: 459–465. 1989, Taxon. Revis. Indian
Phymatodes phymatodes (L.) Maxon; Phymatodes vulgaris Subcontinental Pteridophytes 49. 2008, Edinburgh J. Bot.
C. Presl; Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm.; 66(2): 356. 2009, Indian Fern J. 26(1–2): 122. 2010 [2009
Phymatosorus scolopendria Pic. Serm.; Pleopeltis phy- publ. Mar 2010]
matodes (L.) T. Moore; Pleopeltis phymatodes T. Moore;
(Antibacterial.)
Polypodium phymatodes L.; Polypodium scolopendria
Burm.; Polypodium scolopendrium Burm. f.; Polypodium
scolopendrium Buch.-Ham. ex Don)
Phymatosorus Pichi Sermolli
Cosmopolitan. See also Microsorum scolopendria Polypodiaceae (Microsoreae)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1082–1094. 1753, Flora Indica Greek phyma ‘a tubercle, swelling’ and soros ‘a vessel for
… nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 232. holding anything, a cinerary urn, a coffin, a spore case’ but
1768, Mantissa Plantarum 306. 1771, Species Plantarum. also ‘a heap’ from Akkadian sarru, zarru ‘heap of grain’, zaru
Editio quarta 5: 211. 1810, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 1. 1825, Hortus ‘to winnow’, za’ru, zeru ‘seed of cereals’. See R.E.G. Pichi
Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 110. 1833, Tentamen
Sermolli, “Fragmenta Pteridologiae - IV.” in Webbia. 28(2):
Pteridographiae 195–196, t. 8, f. 9–12, 14–16, 18–20. 1836,
445–477. Dec. 1973, Arthur D. Chapman, ed., Australian
Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical
Plant Name Index. 2262. [“Dipteridaceae”] Canberra 1991,
Miscellany (Hooker) 3: 397. 1841, Filicum Species 120,
D.J. Mabberley, The Plant-Book. Second edition. 553.
122. 1841, Journal of Botany, being a second series of
[“Polypodiaceae”] Cambridge University Press 1997.
the Botanical Miscellany 4: 60. 1842, Mémoires sur les
Familles des Fougères 5: 270. 1852, Index Filicum lxx- Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic. Serm. (Colysis
viii. 1857 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9: 352, t. 62. 1905, longissima (Blume) J. Sm.; Colysis longissima J. Sm.;
University of California Publications in Botany 16(2): 112. Phymatodes longissima J. Sm.; Phymatodes longissima
Physalis L. Solanaceae 2911

(Blume) J. Sm.; Phymatosorus longissimus (Blume) Pic. London: George B. Whittaker, 1825, Atlantic Journal 1(4):
Serm.; Phymatosorus suisha-stagnalis (Hayata) Pic. Serm.; 145. 1832, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4:
Pleopeltis longissima (Blume) T. Moore; Pleopeltis longis- 448. 1838, Index Seminum [Halle] 8. 1838, Sylva Telluriana
sima T. Moore; Pleopeltis longissima Bedd.; Polypodium 56. 1838, Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2, 17:
longissimum Blume; Polypodium suisha-stagnale Hayata) 115. 1869, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 4: 328, 332.
1896 and Deutschlands Flora, Abtheilung II, Cryptogamie
China, India. Fern, food 10: 54. 1903, Rhodora 69(777): 82–120. 1967, Rhodora
See Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 2: 127. 1828, Hist. Fil. 101. 69(778): 203–240. 1967, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/1–2): 1–151.
1875 and Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et con- 1974, Flora de Veracruz 49: 1–191. 1986, Acta Universitatis
tributiones ad floram formosanam. 6: 160. 1916, Icon. Pl. Carolinae: Biologica 33: 1–42. 1989, National Research
Formosan. 8: 155. 1919, J. Cytol. Genet. 4: 97–104. 1969, Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of
Webbia 28(2): 459–460. 1973 the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. National
Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1989, Rapid Assessment
(Fronds antibacterial, antiseptic.) Program Working Papers 10: 1–372. 1998, Anales Inst. Biol.
Phymatosorus membranifolium (R. Br.) S.G. Lu Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 69(2): 71–117. 1998.
(Microsorum alternifolium (Willd.) Copel.; Microsorum Physalis alkekengi Linnaeus (Physalis alkekengi Lour.)
membranifolium (R. Br.) Ching; Microsorum nigrescens
(Blume) Copel.; Phymatodes nigrescens (Blume) J. Sm.; China.
Phymatodes nigrescens var. variabilis (Ching) C. Chr. & See Species Plantarum 1: 182–184. 1753, Fl. Cochinch. 1:
Tardieu; Phymatodes variabilis Ching; Phymatosorus mem- 133. 1790 and Fl. Iran. 100: 24. 1972, Taxon 28: 398–400.
branifolius (R. Br.) Pic. Serm.; Phymatosorus membrani- 1979, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 30: 119–
folius (R. Br.) Tindale; Phymatosorus nigrescens (Blume) 136. 1989, Cytologia 62: 103–113. 1997
Pic. Serm.; Phymatosorus variabilis (Mett. ex Kuhn) Pic.
Serm.; Pleopeltis nigrescens (Blume) Carrière; Polypodium (The enclosed immature fruits contain sufficient quantities of
alternifolium Willd.; Polypodium membranifolium R. Br.; solanine, a bitter glycoalkaloid, to cause gastroenteritis and
Polypodium nigrescens Blume) diarrhea in children. The mature fruits are apparently edible,
and are used as a febrifuge. Fruits applied externally to treat
Sri Lanka. Fern, green fronds, sporangia brown, fronds gout and rheumatism; fresh fruit juice taken to treat urinary
eaten, in deep shade, stream bank, along stream by waterfall disorders. Ritual, ceremonial, fruits used as religious symbol.)
in forest
in English: alkekengi, bladder cherry, Chinese lantern,
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 5: 211. 1810, Prodromus Chinese lantern plant, Japanese-lantern, Jewish cherry,
Florae Novae Hollandiae 147. 1810, Enumeratio Plantarum strawberry ground cherry, strawberry tomato, winter cherry
Javae 2: 126. 1828, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis
in Arabic: kakang, kakenedj
2: 110. 1833, Filicum Species 116, 135. 1841, Index Filicum
lxxviii. 1857 and Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi in German: Judenkirsche
Bishop Museum 14: 74. 1938, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial
in China: suan chiang, suan jiang, teng leng tsao (= lantern
Institute of Biology: Botany 10(5): 239. 1941, Webbia 28(2):
plant)
457. 1973, Guihaia 19(1): 27–28. 1999
in India: shoklo
(Fronds antibacterial, antiseptic. Leaves included in a com-
plex remedy used both internally and externally against in Japan: fijichi, hô-zuki, sôtô, tôfunabii
leprosy.) Physalis alkekengi Linnaeus var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino
in English: pimple fern (Physalis alkekengi var. glabripes (Pojark.) Grubov; Physalis
franchetii Mast.; Physalis glabripes Pojark.; Physalis prae-
in Indonesia: keluang lompat, parkis lompat, sorpe lompat termissa Pojark.; Physalis szechuanica Pojark.)
China.
Physalis L. Solanaceae See Species Plantarum 1: 183. 1753, Gardener’s chronicle,
Greek physa ‘a bladder’, physallis, physallidos ‘a blad- ser. 3 16: 434. 1894, and Botanical Magazine 22(253): 34.
der, bubble, pipe’, the calyx is inflated; see Carl Linnaeus, 1908
Species Plantarum. 1: 182–184. 1753, Genera Plantarum. (Fresh berries used as a local analgesic.)
Ed. 5. 85. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged
in Japan: chiukumaw, mu-kuttar
… fourth edition 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 218. 1763,
The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 12. 1768, Physalis angulata L. (Physalis angulata fo. ramosissima
Bowdich, Thomas Edward (1791–1824), Excursions in (Mill.) Stehlé; Physalis angulata var. capsicifolia (Dunal)
Madeira and Porto Santo during the autumn of 1823 … 159. Griseb.; Physalis angulata var. lanceifolia (Nees) Waterf.;
2912 Physalis L. Solanaceae

Physalis angulata var. ramosissima (Mill.) O.E. Schulz; in India: mundugga

Physalis capsicifolia Dunal; Physalis esquirolii H. Lév. &
in Indonesia: angket, cecendet, cecendetan, cecendetan
Vaniot; Physalis lanceifolia Nees; Physalis linkiana Nees;
kunir, cecindit, ceplokan, ceplukan, ceplukan sapi, cicen-
Physalis ramosissima Mill.)
det an, ciciplukan, ciplikan, ciplukan cina, dagameme, daun
Tropical America. Herb, hairy, erect, hollow stem, leaves boba, daun kopi-kopi, daun kopo-kopi, daun loto-loto, dedes,
petiolate alternate, pale yellow to white solitary axillary jorjoran, keceplokan, kenampok, kopok-kopokan, leletokan,
flowers, fruit a globose berry enclosed by the inflated calyx, leletop, padang rase
small seeds, bitter leaves eaten as a salad, in fields, gardens,
in Japan: sen-nari-hôzuki, kâtôgwa
wastelands, fallow fields, along roads, in open forests and
forest margins in Malaysia: chipluan, leletup, ubat pekong
See Species Plantarum 1: 182–184. 1753, The Gardeners in Papua New Guinea: kaipos, oviovi, watosivo
Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 12. 1768, Linnaea 6(3):
471, 473–474. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni in Philippines: putok-putokan, tino tino, toltolaya
Vegetabilis 13(1): 449. 1852, Karstenia. Journal of scientific in Thailand: baa tom tok, pung ping, thong theng
and practical mycology 96. 1857 and Bulletin de la Société
Botanique de France 55: 208. 1908, Symbolae Antillarum in Vietnam: t[aaf]m b[os]p, lu lu c[as]i
6: 143. 1909, Rhodora 60(714): 163. 1958, Field Museum of Physalis angulata L. var. angulata (Physalis angulata fo.
Natural History, Botanical Series 13(5B/1): 3–267. 1962, ramosissima (Mill.) Stehlé; Physalis angulata var. capsici-
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 109: 28. 1962, folia (Dunal) Griseb.; Physalis angulata var. lanceifolia
Rhodora 69(778): 203–240. 1967, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. (Nees) Waterf.; Physalis angulata var. ramosissima (Mill.)
60: 662. 1973, Cytologia 44: 557–560. 1979, Chromosome O.E. Schulz; Physalis angulata var. villosa Bonati; Physalis
Information Service 32: 3–4. 1982, Museo Nacional de capsicifolia Dunal; Physalis lagascae Roem. & Schult.;
Historia Natural (Bolivia) Comunicación 10: 32–52. 1990, Physalis lanceifolia Nees; Physalis linkiana Nees; Physalis
Feddes Repertorium 101: 41–47. 1990, Cytologia 56: 283– minima L.; Physalis parviculea S.F. Blake; Physalis ramo-
288. 1991, Brenesia 41–42: 73–80. 1994 sissima Mill.)
(Depurative, antimycobacteria, analgesic, sedative, diuretic, Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. Herb, more or
stomachic, trypanocidal, antiviral, expectorant, antiinflam- less prostrate, erect, globular bladder-like inflated fruits
matory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, immunosuppres-
sant, antigonorrhea, antidiabetic, cyotoxic, hypotensive, See Species Plantarum 1: 183–184. 1753, The Gardeners
anticoagulant. The aerial parts and the fruits used to cure Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 12. 1768, Prodromus
digestive, intestinal problems, skin problems, sores, boils Florae Novae Hollandiae 447. 1810, Genera et species
and cuts. Fruits used to treat infertility in women, orchitis, plantarum 11. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 679. 1819,
fever, influenza, bronchitis. Leaves and fruits antiseptic, for Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 1:
bacterial infections, fevers. Leaves chewed for toothache and 181. 1821, Linnaea 6(3): 471, 473–474. 1831, Prodromus
mouth ulcers. Leaves and roots as narcotic.) Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(1): 449. 1852,
Karstenia. Journal of scientific and practical mycology 96.
in English: balloon cherry, cut-leaf ground cherry, goose- 1857 and Symbolae Antillarum 6: 143. 1909, Contributions
berry, ground cherry, hogweed, lance-leaf ground cherry, from the United States National Herbarium 24(1): 20. 1922,
monkey gun, pap bush, wild gooseberry, wild physalis, win- Rhodora 60(714): 163. 1958, Bulletin de la Société Botanique
ter cherry de France 109: 28. 1962
in Pacific: tomates chaka (Plant decoction drunk for fevers. Leaves stomachic; juice of
in Brazil: bucho-de-rã, campu, cumapu, juá-de-capote, juá- the crushed leaves used as eye lotion.)
poca, mata-fome in China: xiao suan jiang
in Guyana: papoose Physalis minima L. (Physalis angulata var. villosa Bonati;
in Mexico: p’ak-kanil, p’akmuul, tlemoli, tomate, tomate de Physalis indica Lam; Physalis lagascae Roem. & Schult.;
cáscara, tómatl Physalis minima C.H. Wright; Physalis parviflora R. Br.;
Physalis parviflora Lag., nom. illeg., non Physalis parviflora
in Peru: bolsa mullaca, camapú, capulí cimarrón, mullaca
R. Br.)
in Nigeria: papo
Tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. Herb, erect or decum-
in South Africa: kalkoengif, klapbessie, wildeappelliefie bent, pubescent, pale yellow flowers solitary axillary, fruit-
ing calyx greenish-yellow with purple ribs, yellow berries
in Yoruba: amunibimo, koropoo rakuragba, koropon, papo
surrounded by a papery persistent calyx, orange-yellow dis-
in China: ku zhi, ku chih coid muricate seeds, ripe fruits and leaves edible, in arable
Physalis L. Solanaceae 2913

land, dry rice fields, dry to semi-dry sunny slopes, gardens Salisb.; Physalis latifolia Lam.; Physalis peruviana Mill.;
and waste places Physalis peruviana var. latifolia (Lam.) Dunal; Physalis
peruviana var. latifolia Dunal; Physalis pubescens Willd.
See Species Plantarum 1: 182–184. 1753, Prodromus Florae
ex Nees; Physalis pubescens L.; Physalis pubescens R.Br.;
Novae Hollandiae 447. 1810, Genera et species plantarum
Physalis pubescens Dunal; Physalis pubescens Engelm. &
11. 1816, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 679. 1819 and Flora of
Gray; Physalis pubescens Porter & J.M. Coult.; Physalis
Tropical Africa 4(2): 246. 1905, Journal of Cytology and
tomentosa Medik.; Physalis tomentosa Thunb.; Physalis
Genetics 13: 99–106. 1978, Current Science 50: 423–424.
tomentosa Walter)
1981, Glimpses of Cytogenetics in India 2: 62–67. 1989,
Cytologia 56: 283–288. 1991 Peru and Chile highlands. Erect, herbs, densely villous,
creeping rootstock, yellow flowers with purple blotches,
(Fruit poisonous when consumed in large quantities. Plant
sour-sweet fruits eaten fresh or cooked
juice for earache; crushed fresh plant applied to swellings;
plant decoction drunk for sore throat, cough, cold, fever. See Species Plantarum 1: 182–184. 1753, The Gardeners
Fruits diuretic, alterative, antipyretic, purgative; dried fruits, Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Species
mashed, rolled in a leaf into a cigar-like structure and smoked Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1670. 1763, Gard. Dict., ed.
against toothache. Root febrifuge, eaten as a vermifuge and 8. n. 16. 1768, Historia et Commentationes Academiae
in case of burning of stomach; roots decoction drunk to treat Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Literarum
hypertension and diabetes; chewed roots applied to the lower Theodoro-Palatinae iv. Phys. 184, t. 4. 1780, Fl. Carol.
abdomen to reduce pain. Pounded leaves for headache, fevers, [Walter] 99. 1788, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique …
red spots on skin, ulcers, measles and itches; leaves mixed Botanique 2: 28–29. 1794, Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici
with leaves of Erioglossum rubiginosum pounded in coconut … (Moench) 473. 1794, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 132.
oil and applied to the body as febrifuge; aqueous extract from 1796, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1(2): 1023. 1798, Botanical
the leaves taken against constipation; leaf juice taken orally Magazine 27: t. 1068. 1807, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 447.
against fevers; leaf and fruit paste applied externally for ring 1810, Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo 159. 1825,
worm. Flowers applied for toothache. Veterinary medicine, Linnaea 6: 479. 1831, Boston J. Nat. Hist. v. (1845) 227. 1845,
crushed leaves applied over the snakebitten part; fruits given Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
to horses as diuretic and tonic.) 13(1): 439–440. 1852 and Deutschl. Fl., Abt. II, Cryptog.
(Sturm), 10: 54, 61. 1903, J. Agric. Sci. (Tokyo) 8: 49–62.
in English: Chinese lantern, gooseberry, groundcherry,
1962, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series
lesser ground cherry, little ground cherry, sunberry, wild
13(5B/1): 3–267. 1962, Rhodora 69(777): 82–120. 1967, Ann.
gooseberry
Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 669. 1973, Indian Journal of Botany
in South Africa: kalkoengif, wilde-appelliefie 5: 7–12. 1982, Cell and Chromosome Research 6: 9–10. 1983,
Cytologia 56: 283–288. 1991, Cytologia 62: 103–113. 1997,
in Borneo: letup letup
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88: 279–286. 2003, Journal
in Brunei: letup letup of Ethnopharmacology 106: 158–165. 2006
in China: tian zi, xiao suan jiang (The immature fruits contain sufficient solanine to cause
gastroenteritis and diarrhea if ingested, children should be
in India: badi popati, budama, jangali fakfakay, jangali
discouraged from eating the fruits. Plant diuretic. Leaves
makoe, jangali phakphakay, kala heui, khursani-jhar,
and root diuretic, for coughs, worms and bowel complaints,
kupanti, njodi-njota, papti, parpoti, phakphake, phuga (= bal-
abdominal disorders, painful menstruation, stomachache,
loon), pottari, sanna gumate, sanna gummate, sodakku, tala
to induce labor in childbirth, as an enema for a child with
rah, tatroh, thottakali, tulatipati, umhuk
abdominal upset; leaf decoction against jaundice; heated
in Indonesia: cecendet, ciplukan, lapunonat leaves applied as a poultice to draw pus from inflammations.)
Malayan name: chepulan, chipluan, leletup, letup, letup- in English: Barbados gooseberry, Cape gooseberry, cherry
letup, rumput meranti tomato, gooseberry tomato, ground cherry, husk tomato, love
apple poha, Peruvian cherry, Peruvian ground cherry, purple
in Philippines: amansit, amanti-ti-ugsa, pantug-pantugan
ground cherry, strawberry tomato, wild gooseberry, winter
in Thailand: thong theng, yaa tom tok, pung ping cherry
in Vietnam: th[uf] l[uf] nh[or] in Burundi: intumbashwa, intumbaswa
Physalis peruviana L. (Alkekengi pubescens Moench; in Kenya: nathi, ngavu, nyakonglo, nyatonglo, olnasi, oton-
Boberella peruviana (L.) E.H.L. Krause; Boberella peruvi- glo, tabaako
ana E.H.L. Krause; Boberella pubescens (L.) E.H.L. Krause;
in Madagascar: groseille du Cap, paokapaoka, voanaka,
Boberella pubescens E.H.L. Krause; Herschelia edulis (Sims)
voanakandrivotra, voanantsindrana, voantsindra, voantsipaoka
T.E. Bowdich; Physalis chenopodifolia Lam.; Physalis che-
nopodiifolia Willd.; Physalis edulis Sims; Physalis esculenta in Mauritius: poquepoque
2914 Physaria (Nutt.) A. Gray Brassicaceae

in Rwanda: agaperi, umuhuhu (Plant decoction or infusion for diarrhea and asthma. Fruit
decoction given for throat swelling and fever.)
in Southern Africa: appelderliefde, appelliefie, geel appel-
liefie, gewone appelliefie, Kaapse nooientjie, Kapseklapbes, in English: purple ground cherry, jamberry, Mexican husk
makappelliefie, pampelmoertjie, pompelmoertjie, pompel- tomato, ground cherry, purple gooseberry
moesie, wilde-appelliefie; kusebere (Sotho); murugudani
in East Africa: ensobosobo, enyegarori
(Venda); quzumbele (Zulu)
in Central America: huevito, miltomate, tomatillo
in Tanzania: msupu, tamu-amu
in Mexico: tomatillo, miltomate, tomate, tomate de cáscara,
in Uganda: kitutu, ntuntunwe
tomate verde, taxiu-hixi, tulumisi
in Brazil: bate testa, camapú
in China: mao suan jiang
in Mexico: miltomate, tomate, tomate de cáscara
in Peru: aguallu mantu, aguay manto, aguayllumantu, aguay-
manto, ahuaimanto, capulí, pasa capulí, tomate silvestre Physaria (Nutt.) A. Gray Brassicaceae

in China: deng long guo From the Greek physarion the diminutive of physa ‘bubble,
bladder’, referring to the inflated fruits, see Familles des
in India: kila shi, makoya, malathakkali keera, tholthakolli, Plantes 2: 420. 1763, A Flora of North America: contain-
tipari ing … 1(1): 102. 1838, Genera Florae Americae Boreali-
in Indonesia: cecendet badak, ceplukan Orientalis Illustrata 1: 162. 1849 [dated 1849, published in
Apr-May 1848], Proceedings of the American Academy of
in Japan: budô-hôzuki, ke-hôzuki Arts and Sciences 23(2): 249–255. 1888.
in Nepal: jangali mewa, jungali mewa, rasbharee Physaria chambersii Rollins (Physaria chambersii Rollins
in Philippines: lobo-lobohan var. sobolifera S.L. Welsh)

in Thailand: gusboeri North America. Perennial herb

in Hawaii: pa’ina, poha See Rhodora 41(489): 403–405, pl. 556, f. 15–18. 1939, Great
Basin Naturalist 46(2): 255–256. 1986
Physalis philadelphica Lamarck (Physalis aequata J. Jacq.
ex Nees; Physalis angulata L. var. philadelphica (Lam.) A. (Used as a wash for sore eyes.)
Gray; Physalis cavaleriei H. Léveillé; Physalis chenopo- in English: Chambers’ twinpod
difolia Willd., nom. illeg.; Physalis chenopodifolia Lam.;
Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray (Coulterina didy-
Physalis chenopodiifolia Willd.; Physalis ixocarpa Brot.
mocarpa (Hook.) Kuntze; Coulterina didymocarpa Kuntze;
ex Hornem.; Physalis ixocarpa Hornem.; Physalis ixocarpa
Physaria didymocarpa A. Gray; Physaria didymocarpa
auct., non Hornem., misapplied name; Physalis ixocarpa
(Hook.) A. Gray var. didymocarpa; Physaria didymocarpa
Nees; Physalis laevigata M. Martens & Galeotti; Physalis
(Hook.) A. Gray var. normalis Kuntze; Vesicaria didymo-
philadelphica fo. pilosa Waterf.; Physalis philadelphica var.
carpa Hook.)
minor Dunal)
North America. Perennial herb
Kenya. Annual herb, branched, trailing, spreading rapidly,
leaves opposite, pale yellow flowers in axils of upper leaves, See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(2): 49, pl. 16. 1830, Genera
petals fused into a 5-lobed corolla, berry purplish sticky, Florae Americae Boreali-Orientalis Illustrata 1: 162.
round flattened seeds, a weed of arable lands 1849[1848], Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 931. 1891 and
Sida 12: 409–417. 1987
See Species Plantarum 1: 182–184. 1753, Encyclopédie
Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 2(1): 101. 1786, Species (Abortifacient, stomachic, analgesic, antirheumatic, antiin-
Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 1(2): 1023. 1798, Cat. flammatory. Ceremonial. Veterinary medicine.)
Pl. Hort. Bot. Monsp. 50. 1813, Hortus Regius Botanicus
in English: common twinpod
Hafniensis suppl. 26. 1819, Linnaea 6: 470–471. 1831,
Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray subsp. lanata (A.
de Bruxelles 12: 131. 1845, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Nelson) O’Kane (Physaria didymocarpa var. lanata A.
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(1): 450. 1852, Manual (Gray), Nelson; Physaria lanata (A. Nelson) Rydb.)
ed. 2. 340. 1856 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum
North America. Perennial herb
Regni Vegetabilis 11(286–290): 295. 1912, Rhodora 69(777):
82–120. 1967, Rhodora 69(778): 214–215. 1967(1969), Indian See Flora Boreali-Americana 1(2): 49, pl. 16. 1830, Genera
Journal of Botany 7: 218–223. 1984, Flora de Veracruz 49: Florae Americae Boreali-Orientalis Illustrata 1: 162.
1–191. 1986 1849[1848], Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 931. 1891 and
Physaria (Nutt.) A. Gray Brassicaceae 2915

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 39(7): 322. 1912, Sida 5(6): 13. 1853, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
12: 409–417. 1987, Novon 17(3): 379. 2007 and Sciences 23(2): 254. 1888, Revisio Generum Plantarum
2: 931. 1891 and Pittonia 5(27): 134. 1903, Bulletin of the
(Abortifacient, stomachic, analgesic, antirheumatic, antiin-
Torrey Botanical Club 33(3): 142. 1906, Contributions from
flammatory, antidote. Ceremonial. Veterinary medicine.)
the United States National Herbarium 16(4): 126–127. 1913,
in English: common twinpod Contr. Gray Herb. 207: 101–116. 1977, Phytologia 54: 302–
Physaria douglasii (S. Watson) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz 309. 1983, Novon 12(3): 323. 2002
(Lesquerella douglasii S. Watson; Physaria douglasii subsp. (Plant infusion as emetic. Ceremonial.)
douglasii; Physaria douglasii subsp. tuplashensis (Rollins,
K.A. Beck & Caplow) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz) (Lesquerella in English: Fendler’s bladderpod
S. Watson, for the Swiss-born (Fleurier, near Neuchâtel) Physaria intermedia (S. Watson) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz
American palaeobotanist Charles Léo Lesquereux, 1806– (Lesquerella alpina var. intermedia S. Watson; Lesquerella
1889 (Columbus, Ohio), bryologist, September 1848 to the intermedia (S. Watson) A. Heller)
United States, botanical collector, with Thomas P. James
wrote Manual of the mosses of North America. Boston North America. Perennial herb
1884. See William Jay Youmans, ed., Pioneers of Science in See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
America. New York 1896, J.W. Harshberger, The botanists of Sciences 23(2): 251. 1888, Plant World 1(2): 22. 1897 and
Philadelphia and their work. 1899 and E.M. Tucker, Catalogue Novon 12(3): 324. 2002
of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical (Postpartum remedy, emetic. Roots chewed and juice swal-
Notes upon Botanists. 2: 372. 1965, Joseph Ewan, ed., A Short lowed for diarrhea, heartburn; poultice of chewed root used
History of Botany in the United States. 1969, T.W. Bossert, for snakebite, also applied to sore eyes. Ceremonial.)
compil., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented
in English: mid bladderpod
in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 235. 1972, S. Lenley
et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections Physaria newberryi A. Gray (Coulterina newberryi (A.
and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library Gray) Kuntze; Coulterina newberryi Kuntze; Physaria didy-
of the New York Botanical Garden. 263, 463. 1973, Stafleu mocarpa var. newberryi (A. Gray) M.E. Jones)
and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 2: 849–852. 1979, Joseph
North America. Perennial herb
Ewan, D.S.B. (or Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Editor
in Chief Charles Coulston Gillispie.) 8: 263–265. 1981, F. See Report on the Colorado River 4: 6–7. 1861, Revisio
Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Generum Plantarum 2: 931. 1891, Proceedings of the
Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 125. Berlin & Hamburg 1989.) California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 624. 1895
North America. Perennial herb (Antidote, pectoral, expectorant. Ceremonial, ritual.)
See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and in English: Newberry’s twinpod
Sciences 23(2): 255. 1888 and Syesis 10: 125–138. 1977,
Novon 12(3): 322. 2002 Physaria newberryi A. Gray var. newberryi (Physaria didy-
mocarpa var. newberryi (A. Gray) M.E. Jones)
(Crushed mashed plants applied to sores. Roots chewed and
juice swallowed for diarrhea, heartburn.) North America. Perennial herb

in English: Douglas’ bladderpod See Report on the Colorado River 4: 6–7. 1861, Revisio
Generum Plantarum 2: 931. 1891, Proceedings of the
Physaria fendleri (A. Gray) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (Alyssum California Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 5(18): 624. 1895
fendleri (A. Gray) Kuntze; Alyssum fendleri Kuntze;
Alyssum stenophyllum (A. Gray) Kuntze; Alyssum steno- (Antidote, pectoral, expectorant. Ceremonial, ritual.)
phyllum Kuntze; Lesquerella fendleri (A. Gray) S. Watson; in English: Newberry’s twinpod
Lesquerella foliacea Greene; Lesquerella praecox Wooton &
Standl.; Lesquerella stenophylla (A. Gray) Rydb.; Physaria Physaria rectipes (Wooton & Standl.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz
fendleri (A. Gray) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz; Vesicaria fendleri (Lesquerella rectipes Wooton & Standl.)
A. Gray; Vesicaria stenophylla A. Gray; Vesicaria steno- North America.
phylla var. diffusa A. Gray; Vesicaria stenophylla var. humi-
lis A. Gray; Vesicaria stenophylla var. procera A. Gray) See Contributions from the United States National
Herbarium 16(4): 127. 1913, Novon 12(3): 327. 2002
North America. Perennial herb
(Crushed leaves made into a paste applied for toothache.
See Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science,
Ceremonial.)
new series 4: 9–10. 1849, Boston Journal of Natural History
6(2): 149. 1850, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in English: straight bladderpod
2916 Physocarpus (Cambess.) Raf. Rosaceae

Physocarpus (Cambess.) Raf. Rosaceae (Used for relieving muscular spasm and pain. Flowers and
stems as a haemostatic.)
From the Greek physa ‘a bladder’ and karpos ‘fruit’, an allu-
sion to the inflated follicles or follicular fruits, see Species in English: common physochlaina
Plantarum 1: 489–490. 1753, Beytr. Pfl.-Anat. [Hefts 1–4]: in China: pao nang cao
109. 1799, Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 1: 239,
385–386. 1824, New Flora and Botany of North America … Physochlaina praealta (Decne.) Miers (Belenia praealta
(Rafinesque) 3: 73. 1838 [dt. 1836; issued in Jan–Mar 1838], Decne.; Hyoscyamus praealtus (Decne.) Walp.; Hyoscyamus
Manual (Gray), ed. 2. 113. 1856, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. praealtus Walp.; Physochlaina grandiflora Hook.;
Bot. Sada vi. (1879) 219. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum Physochlaina praealta Miers; Physochlaina urceolata
2: 949. 1891 and N. Amer. Fl. 22(3): 240. 1908. Kuang & A.M. Lu; Scopolia praealta (Decne.) Dunal;
Scopolia praealta Dunal)
Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze (Opulaster capitatus
Kuntze; Opulaster capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze; Opulaster cap- China, India, Himalaya.
itatus Greene; Physocarpus capitatus Kuntze; Physocarpus See Voyage dans l’Inde 4: 114, t. 120. 1844, Annals and
opulifolius (L.) Maxim. var. tomentellus (Ser.) B. Boivin; Magazine of Natural History ser. 2, 5(30): 473. 1850,
Physocarpus opulifolius var. tomentellus (Ser. ex DC.) B. Botanical Magazine 77: pl. 4600. 1851, Prodromus Systematis
Boivin; Spiraea capitata Pursh) Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(1): 554. 1852 and Acta
North America. Perennial shrub Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(4): 409. 1974, Acta Bot. Yunnan.
15: 377–384. 1993
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … (Pursh) 1: 342.
1813, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 219. 1891, Revisio (Leaves narcotic, used as vermifuge and applied to boils; fresh
Generum Plantarum 2: 949. 1891 and Naturaliste Canad. 93: leaves extract applied in eye diseases. Seeds vermifuge, emetic,
toxic, a small amount mixed with tobacco given in liver dis-
434. 1966
eases; ash from seeds applied on teeth to get relief in tooth-
(Root decoction emetic as antidote.) ache; seeds made into a paste and applied to heal wounds.)
in English: Pacific ninebark in China: xi zang pao nang cao
in India: dhandhura, langtang, langthan, langthang, mudu,
ranthang
Physochlaina G. Don Solanaceae
Greek physa ‘a bladder’ and chlaena, chlaenion ‘a cloak,
blanket’, from the inflated calyx, see A General History of Physostegia Benth. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 470. 1837, Voy. Bot. 113–114, t. From the Greek physa ‘a bladder’ and stege, stegos ‘roof, shel-
120. 1844, Linnaea 22: 737. 1849. ter’, alluding to the calyx, see Edwards’s Botanical Register
Physochlaina infundibularis Kuang 15: sub pl. 1289. 1829, Labiatarum Genera et Species 504.
1834 and Contr. Gray Herb. 211: 56. 1982.
China.
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. var. formosior (Lunell)
See Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12(4): 410–411, pl. 80, f. B. Boivin (Dracocephalum formosius (Lunell) Rydb.;
8. 1974 Dracocephalum formosius Rydb.; Physostegia formosior
(A source of alkaloids.) Lunell)

in English: funnelform physochlaina North America.

in China: lou dou pao nang cao See Species Plantarum 2: 594–596. 1753, Edwards’s
Botanical Register 15: sub pl. 1289. 1829, Labiatarum
Physochlaina physaloides (Linnaeus) G. Don (Hyoscyamus Genera et Species 504. 1834 and Bull. Leeds Herbarium 2:
physaloides Linnaeus; Physochlaena dahurica Miers; 7. 1908, Brittonia 1(2): 95. 1931, Le Naturaliste Canadien
Physochlaena physaloides (Linnaeus) Miers; Physochlaina 93(5): 574. 1966
physaloides G. Don; Physochlaina pseudo-physaloides
(Antifertility.)
Pascher; Physochlaina pseudophysaloides Pascher; Scopolia
physaloides Dunal; Scopolia physaloides (Linnaeus) Dunal)
China. Physostigma Balf. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
See Sp. Pl. 1: 180. 1753, Gen. Hist. 4: 470. 1837, Annals and From the Greek physa ‘a bladder’ and stigma ‘a stigma’, an
Magazine of Natural History, ser. 2 4: 471. 1850, Prodr. allusion to the large hood covering the stigma, see Trans.
(DC.) 13(1): 554. 1852 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 22: 310, t. 16. 1861 and Kew Bulletin
166. 1909 20(1): 103–111. 1966.
Phytelephas Ruíz & Pavón Arecaceae (Palmae) 2917

Physostigma cylindrospermum (Baker) Holmes (Mucuna very hard, vegetable ivory, see Systema Vegetabilium
cylindrosperma Welw. ex Baker; Physostigma cylindrosper- Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis 1: 299–302. 1798, Species
mum Holmes; Physostigma cylindrospermum (Welw. ex Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): 890, 1156. 1806
Baker) Holmes; Physostigma cylindrospermum Trimen) and J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 223–224, 228. 1927, Field Guide
to the Palms of the Americas 1–352. 1995.
Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire. Perennial climbing shrub
Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce (Palandra aequatorialis
See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 186. 1871, Journal of Botany,
(Spruce) O.F. Cook)
British and Foreign 17: 186. 1879, Pharm. Journ., ser. 3 9:
913. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 208. 1891 and Ecuador. Tree, unripe nuts are edible
Pollen et Spores 29(1): 21–29. 1987 See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis
(Alkaloids.) 299–301. 1798, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 179, 180. 1869,
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 11: 179–180. 1871
Physostigma mesoponticum Taub. and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17:
Tanzania. Perennial non-climbing herb, straggling, mostly 228–229. 1927, Flórulas de las Zonas de Vida del Ecuador
erect, prostrate, woody rootstock, pseudoracemes terminal 1- 512. 1985, Opera Botanica 105: 1–73. 1991, Botanica
and axillary, petals purple to white-pink-purple, seeds brown Acta 110: 79–89. 1997

See Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 12: (Tonic, stimulant, aphrodisiac.)
81. 1894 and Legum. Trop. Africa: 386–387. 1929, Hooker’s in English: tagua palm, vegetable ivory
Icon. Pl. 33: t. 3214. 1933, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 8:
409. 1954, Kew Bull. 20: 105, fig. 1/B, map 1. 1966, Pollen in Latin America: tagua
et Spores 29(1): 21–29. 1987, Phytotherapy Research 6(3):
155–157. 1992
Phytolacca L. Phytolaccaceae
(Toxins, poison, lethal to humans. Seeds poisonous, anthel-
mintic, parasiticid. Bark used as a fish poison.) Greek phyton ‘a plant’ and the Latin lacca, ae (derived from
Hindi lakh, and referred to a crimson dye); Pseudo Apuleius
in English: wild sweet pea Barbarus in his Herbarium used the word lacca for an
in Zambia: mulyamfumu unknown plant; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 441.
1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 200. 1754, Hortus Kewensis
Physostigma venenosum Balf. 215. 1768, Flora Lusitanica 2: 224. 1804, Narrative of an
Tropical Africa. Perennial climbing shrub, twining, vine, Expedition to Explore the River Zaire 454. 1818, American
creeper, papery glaucous green leaves, pendulous racemes, Journal of Science, and Arts 23: 264. 1833, Flora Telluriana
inflorescence axis swollen in fruit, calyx green and pur- 3: 55. 1836[1837], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
ple with darker purple spots, wings lighter purple-pink, Vegetabilis 13(2): 29–31. 1849 and Das Pflanzenreich IV
round semi-inflated fruit with hairy pulp inside, seeds dark 83(Heft 39): 36, 38, 42, 45, 50–51, 61. 1909, Fieldiana, Bot.
brown, rainforest 24(4): 192–202. 1946, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 85(3): 1924–1928. 2001.
See Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 22:
310. 1861 Phytolacca acinosa Roxburgh (Phytolacca esculenta Van
Houtte; Phytolacca latbenia (Moq.) H. Walter; Phytolacca
(Toxins, poisonous. Anti-cholinesterase. External analgesic, pekinensis Hance; Pircunia latbenia Moq.)
local treatment of articular rheumatism, eye troubles. A weak
decoction of seeds used for edemas, constipation, nervous Japan, China, India. Perennial herbaceous undershrubs,
disorders. A ritual plant, an ordeal poison.) erect, glabrous, branched, succulent, robust fleshy yellowish
root, leaves alternate, greenish-white flowers in cylindrical
in English: African ordeal bean, Calabar bean, chop nut, racemes, succulent dark purple fruits, culinary value, leaves
kalaba bean, ordeal bean, ordeal bean of Calabar cooked and eaten as vegetable
African names: akpi, akpo, esere, iso, shagar lubiyah kalabar See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Flora Indica; or, descrip-
in Congo: nouan, nuan tions of Indian Plants 2: 458. 1832, Flore des Serres et des
Jardins de l’Europe 4: 398 B. 1848, Jour. Bot. 7: 166. 1869
in Sierra Leone: e-lel-e-kalaba, kre and Journal of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese
Medicine 12: 55–57. 1988, CIS Chromosome Information
Service 46: 3–4. 1989, Lu Dequan. Phytolaccaceae. In: Tang
Phytelephas Ruíz & Pavón Arecaceae (Palmae) Changlin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 29: 14–20. 1996
Greek phyton ‘a plant’ and elephas, elephantos ‘elephant, (Toxin. Plant narcotic. Fresh leaves boiled and taken to treat
ivory’, the nut of this palm resembles the true ivory, endosperm body ache. Leaves and leaf juice given orally for indigestion
2918 Phytolacca L. Phytolaccaceae

and gastric ailments. Young shoots eaten to cure body ache (All parts are poisonous, and fresh shoots, leaves and ber-
and rheumatism. Root decoction for indigestion; oil from the ries when eaten in quantity. Highly toxic, may be fatal if
root useful in pain of the joints; root crushed into a paste eaten, all animals may potentially be affected. Poke used as
and taken orally to cure food poison, paste applied in case an emetic, a purgative, a suppurative, lymphatic stimulant,
of scorpion sting or insect bites. Leaves and roots stimulant a spring tonic, and a treatment for various skin maladies,
and contraceptive, used for ascites, edema, erosion of the cer- especially hemorrhoids. Pokeweed mitogen is a mixture
vix uteri; external use for boils, wounds, cuts, joint pain and of glycoprotein lectins that are powerful immune stimu-
acute body pain. Along with other Phytolacca, treats fever lants, promoting T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation and
and all kinds of poison disease. Veterinary medicine, leaves increased immunoglobulin levels. Accidental exposure to
paste for skin diseases.) juices from Phytolacca americana via ingestion, breaks
in the skin, and the conjunctiva has brought about hema-
in English: Indian poke, Indian pokeweed, sweet belladonna tological changes in numerous people, including research-
in Bhutan: dpa-bo-dkar-po ers studying this species. Poke antiviral proteins are of
great interest for their broad, potent antiviral (including
in China: shang lu Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and antifungal properties.
Saponins found in Phytolacca americana and Phytolacca
in India: jagra, jalga, jaringo, jharka, kunthakbi, matazor,
dodecandra are lethal to the molluscan intermediate host of
mutazor
schistosomiasis. When ingested, the roots, leaves, and fruit
in Nepal: hokling may poison animals, including Homo sapiens. Symptoms of
poke poisoning include sweating, burning of the mouth and
in Tibetan: bao, dpa-bo ser-bo throat, severe gastritis, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, blurred
Phytolacca americana L. (Phytolacca decandra L.) vision, elevated white-blood-cell counts, unconsciousness,
and, rarely, death.)
America. Perennial, herb, bush, suffrutescent, coarse, erect,
in English: common pokeweed, garget, inkberry, pigeon-
ascending, branched, hollow succulent reddish-purple stems,
berry, poke (is thought to come from “pocan” or “puccoon,”
root and pedicels slightly reddish, long arching and sprawl-
probably from the Algonquin term for a plant that contains
ing branches, simple leaves alternate, inflorescence opposite
dye), pokeberry, pokeroot, pokeweed, redweed, scoke,
leaf axils, white pink flowers, juicy fruit purple-black when
Virginian poke
mature, persistent calyx, fruit and seeds of Phytolacca amer-
icana eaten and disseminated by birds, an important source in China: chui xu shang lu
of food for mourning doves, young leaves edible after being
in Portuguese: vinagreira, tintureira, uva dos passarinhos
boiled in two waters (the first being discarded) to deactivate
toxins, young shoots eaten as a substitute for asparagus, ripe Phytolacca americana L. var. americana
berries used to color wine and eaten (cooked) in pies, berries America. Perennial herb, bush, suffrutescent, coarse, erect,
have purple juice, garden weed, on dry rocky disturbed soil, ascending
in disturbed woodlands
See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Species Plantarum,
See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 631. 1762 and Small, J.K. “Additions to
Editio Secunda 1: 631. 1762 and Small, J.K. “Additions to the flora of subtropical Florida.” Bull. New York Bot. Gard.
the flora of subtropical Florida.” Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 419–440. 1905, Sauer, J.D. “Pokeweed, an old American
3: 419–440. 1905, Sauer, J.D. “Pokeweed, an old American herb.” Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 38: 82–88. 1950, Sauer,
herb.” Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 38: 82–88. 1950, Sauer, J.D. J.D. “A geography of pokeweed.” Ann. Missouri Bot.
“A geography of pokeweed.” Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 39: Gard. 39: 113–125. 1952, Castanea 29: 155–164. 1964,
113–125. 1952, Hardin, J.W. “A comparison of Phytolacca Lewis, W.H., Smith, P.R. “Poke root herbal tea poisoning.”
americana and P. rigida.” Castanea 29: 155–164. 1964, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 242: 2759–2760. 1979, Jaeckle, K.A.,
Lewis, W.H., Smith, P.R. “Poke root herbal tea poison- Freemon, F.R. “Pokeweed poisoning.” South. Med. J., 74:
ing.” J. Am. Med. Assoc., 242: 2759–2760. 1979, Jaeckle, 639–640. 1981, Regnum Veg. 127: 76. 1993, International
K.A., Freemon, F.R. “Pokeweed poisoning.” South. Med. Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24:
J., 74: 639–640. 1981, Armesto, J.J., G.P. Cheplick and 19–20. 1995
M.J. McDonnell. “Observations of the reproductive biol-
ogy of Phytolacca americana (Phytolaccaceae).” Bull. (Plant poisonous, roots and berries.)
Torrey Bot. Club 110: 380–383. 1983, Caulkins, D.B. and in English: garget, inkberry, pigeonberry, poke, pokeberry,
R. Wyatt. “Variation and taxonomy of Phytolacca ameri- pokeweed, redweed, scoke, Virginian poke
cana and P. rigida in the southeastern United States.” Bull.
Phytolacca americana L. var. rigida (Small) Caulkins &
Torrey Bot. Club 117: 357–367. 1990, Regnum Veg. 127: 76.
R.E. Wyatt (Phytolacca rigida Small)
1993, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
Newsletter 24: 19–20. 1995 North America.
Phytolacca L. Phytolaccaceae 2919

See Small, J.K. “Additions to the flora of subtropical Florida.” saponins from the berries, used in schistosomiasis control.
Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 419–440. 1905, Sauer, J.D. Veterinary medicine, used to treat spasms in animals legs;
“Pokeweed, an old American herb.” Missouri Bot. Gard. leaves infusion given to cure chickenpox in domestic fowls.)
Bull. 38: 82–88. 1950, Sauer, J.D. “A geography of poke-
in English: poke, poke weed
weed.” Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 39: 113–125. 1952, Hardin,
J.W. “A comparison of Phytolacca americana and P. rigida.” in Cameroon: papane
Castanea 29: 155–164. 1964, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110:
in Congo: ite, tidi, tili
380–383. 1983, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117: 357–367. 1990
in East Africa: hoko, ibopola, ihkohko, ihoko, ikikingi, iko-
(All parts are poisonous, and fresh shoots, leaves and berries
boko, ingorisu, ingorosoi, ivesa, kipsugotit, lelekuru, libokho,
when eaten in quantity. Highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten, all
animals may potentially be affected.) luwoko, mbesa, mbopola, mhoko, mkonkola, muhoko,
muogo, omuhoko, rutiri, umuhoko
in English: pokeweed
in South Africa: uMahedeni, inGubivumile (Zulu)
Phytolacca dioica L. (Phytolacca arborea Moq.; Phytolacca
dioica var. ovalifolia Chodat; Phytolacca populifolia Salisb.; in Tanzania: diotapa, ihoko, muhoko, mulemakyanda, mutili,
Pircunia dioica (L.) Moq.; Sarcoca dioica (L.) Raf.) olatapa

Argentina, Brazil. in Yoruba: ogbodosun

See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 632. 1762, Flora in Zambia: ipoko
Telluriana 3: 55. 1836, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Phytolacca heptandra Retz. (Phytolacca icosandra L. var.
Vegetabilis 13(2): 30. 1849 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sessiliflora (O. Hoffm.) H. Walter; Phytolacca stricta Hoffm.;
sér. 2, 1913: 419. 1913, Pesquisas, Bot. 44: 5–40. 1993 Pircunia stricta (Hoffm.) Moq.)
(Emetic, purgative, leaves vulnerary.) South Africa.
in English: beautiful shade, pokeberry tree, tree poke, umbra See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio
tree Decima 2: 1040. 1759, Observationes Botanicae 6: 29. 1779,
in Southern Africa: belhambra, belambraboom, belom- American Journal of Science, and Arts 23: 264. 1833 and
braboom, belhamelboom, ombu, omboe, umbo, koliedruif, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 83(Heft 39): 61. 1909, Steinmann,
Bobbejaandruifboom; uMzimuka (Zulu) V.W. “Phytolacca icosandra L. (Phytolaccaceae): New to the
continental United States.” Madroño 44: 108–109. 1997
in Portuguese: bela sombra
(Toxic.)
in Argentina: ombú
in English: inkberry, wild sweet potato
Phytolacca dodecandra L’Hér. (Phytolacca abyssi-
nica Hoffm.; Phytolacca abyssinica var. apiculata Engl.; in Southern Africa: boesman druiwe, inkbossie; monatja
Phytolacca dodecandra var. apiculata (Engl.) Baker & C.H. (Sotho); umNyanja (Xhosa)
Wright; Phytolacca dodecandra var. brevipedicellata H. Phytolacca heterotepala H. Walter
Walter; Pircunia abyssinica (Hoffm.) Moq.)
North America.
East Africa. Lianescent shrub or small tree or woody vine,
bushy, shrubby, scandent, straggling, climbing, succulent, See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753 and Das Pflanzenreich
rough and extensive roots, milky sap, leaves waxy, many- IV. 83(Heft 39): 51. 1909, Howell, J.T. “A Mexican pokeberry
flowered racemes, very sweet scented flowers white or green- in San Francisco, California.” Leafl. W. Bot. 9: 81–83. 1960
ish yellow, ovary green-yellow, fruits green then red, edge of (For skin diseases.)
a secondary forest, Brachystegia woodland, in open areas,
in forest and forest edges, savanna, leaves said to be edible Phytolacca icosandra L. (Phytolacca altamiranii Ram.
in stews Goyena; Phytolacca americana var. mexicana L.; Phytolacca
decandra Descourt., nom. illeg.; Phytolacca icosandra var.
See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Stirpes Novae aut angustitepala H. Walter; Phytolacca icosandra var. sessili-
Minus Cognitae 143. 1785, American Journal of Science,
flora (O. Hoffm.) H. Walter; Phytolacca longespica Moq.;
and Arts 23: 264. 1833, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 256. 1871
Phytolacca malabarica Crantz; Phytolacca mexicana Crantz;
and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 83(Heft 39): 44. 1909, Flore de
Phytolacca nova-hispania Millsp.; Phytolacca octandra L.;
Madagascar et des Comores 69: 1–8. 1954
Phytolacca octandra var. angustifolia Moq.; Phytolacca
(Poisonous, also used criminally and for suicide; poisonous to purpurascens A. Braun & Bouché; Phytolacca rivinoides
fish, cattle and sheep. Roots in small quantities used as a pur- Kunth & C.D. Bouché; Phytolacca sessiliflora Kunth & C.D.
gative, taenifuge and cathartic, used for febrile complaints. Bouché; Phytolacca stricta O. Hoffm.; Phytolacca triquetra
Leaves poisonous, used for urinary diseases. Molluscicidal Moench; Phytolacca venezuelensis Schmidt)
2920 Picea A. Dietrich Pinaceae

Tropical America. Shrub, perennial, erect, fleshy, narrowly Phytolacca parviflora Hauman; Phytolacca polystigma
pointed leaves, flowers yellow or greenish-white, erect inflo- Benth. ex Moq.; Phytolacca polystyla M.R. Schomb. ex
rescence, succulent mature blackish-purple fruits, young Moq.)
shoots sometimes used as a pot herb, ripe fruits a dye for
Brazil. Tough-stemmed bushy glabrous herb, coarse, pink
cotton, weed in moist areas or near stream, in forest clearings
purplish fleshy stems, small white or pink flowers in erect
See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio arching racemes, small purple-black rounded juicy fruits
Decima 2: 1040. 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1:
See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Nova Genera et Species
631. 1762, Flore des Antilles 5: 32. 1763, Meth. Suppl. 107.
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 2: 183. 1817, Index Seminum [Berlin]
1802, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
1848: 15–16. 1849, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
13(2): 32–33. 1849, Index Seminum [Berlin] 1848: 15–16.
Vegetabilis 13(2): 33. 1849 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot.
1849, Index Seminum [Berlin] 1851: 13. 1852 and Flora
Ser. 13(2/2): 546–558. 1937, American Journal of Botany
Nicaragüense 1: 307. 1909, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 83(Heft
72: 1944–1953. 1985, Pesquisas, Botânica 44: 5–40. 1993,
39): 61. 1909, American Journal of Botany 72: 1944–1953.
1985, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Economic Botany (50)1: 10–25. 1996, Rapid Biological
Botanical Garden 85(3): 1924–1928. 2001 Inventories 1: 1–79. 2000, Proceedings of the California
Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 57(7): 247–355. 2006
(Eating young shoots considered dangerous; small children
poisoned by eating the berries. Roots contain a slow acting (Roots are reputed poisonous. Leaves and young stems eaten
poison. Poisonous to pigs and sheep. Insecticidal, emetic, for the relief of diabetes and a decoction of roots is drunk as
purgative.) a treatment for syphilis. For chiggers’ holes in feet, crushed
fruits juice applied to holes after removal of chiggers, a
in English: forest inkberry, inkberry, inkweed, phytolacca, 6-legged mite larva (family Trombiculidae) that sucks the
pokeweed, red inkweed, scorpion tail, southern poke weed, blood of vertebrates and causes intense irritation.)
southern pokeberry
in English: poke weed
in Southern Africa: bobbejaandruif, bobbejaandruiwe, ink-
bessie, koeliedruif; umNyanja (Xhosa) in Coasta Rica: calalu, colorin, jaboncillo, quelite, quilete

in Honduras: quilete in Guyana: deer-calalu

in Mexico: biaa, piaa, telcox in Honduras: cola de ardilla, quilete

in South America: bledo carbonero, calalu, jaboncillo, in Porto Rico: Juan de Vargas
malambo, manga larga, tinta in Venezuela: grana
Phytolacca latbenia (Moq.) H. Walter (Phytolacca acinosa
Roxburgh; Phytolacca acinosa Hook. f.; Phytolacca escu-
lenta Van Houtte; Phytolacca pekinensis Hance; Pircunia Picea A. Dietrich Pinaceae
latbenia Moq.) Latin picea, ae ‘the pitch-pine’, pix, picis ‘pitch’, Greek pissa,
India. Herb, leaves sometimes used as vegetable pitta and peuke, see Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, Arboretum
et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2329. 1838 and Giovanni
See Species Plantarum 1: 441. 1753, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 2: 458. Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario della
1832, American Journal of Science, and Arts 23: 264. 1833, lingua Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 519. Firenze 1994, G.
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): 29. Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario della
1849 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ lingua Greca. 2(1): 230, 233. 1994, Pl. Syst. Evol. 196: 227–
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 37, Beibl. 85: 12. 1906 241. 1995, Hereditas (Lund) 130: 137–144. 1999.
(Uncooked leaves are poisonous. Whole plant antiarthritic.
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. (Abies excelsa (Lamb.) Poir.; Picea
Fruits eaten as blood purifier)
abies subsp. acuminata Parfenov; Picea abies subsp. euro-
in China: shang lu paea (Tepl.) Hyl.; Picea abies var. acuminata (Beck) Dallim.
& A.B. Jacks.; Picea excelsa (Lamb.) Link; Picea excelsa var.
in India: metha kattal
acuminata Beck; Picea montana Schur; Picea vulgaris Link
in Nepal: hokling var. europaea Tepl.; Pinus abies L.; Pinus excelsa Lamb.)
in Pakistan: lubar, rinsag Europe.
Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D. Bouché (Phytolacca See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
acuminata hort. ex Moq.; Phytolacca australis Phil.; Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flore
Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth; Phytolacca icosandra L.; Françoise 2: 202. 1778, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique
Phytolacca icosandra var. fraseri Moq.; Phytolacca macro- 6: 518. 1805, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, A Description of the
stachya Willd. ex Moq.; Phytolacca micrantha H. Walter; Genus Pinus 2: 5, pl. 3. 1824, A Description of the Genus
Picea A. Dietrich Pinaceae 2921

Pinus, ed. 2 1: 40, t. 26. 1828, Abhandlungen der Königlichen (Used for tuberculosis, respiratory ailments, coughs, eczema.
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin 1827: 180. 1830, Flora Ceremonial, magic, emetic.)
Altaica 4: 201. 1833, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des
in English: Engelmann spruce, Engelmann’s spruce
Naturalistes de Moscou 11: 101. 1838, Linnaea 15: 517. 1841,
Verhandlungen und Mittheilungen des Siebenbürgischen in Mexico: pino real
Vereins für Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt 2: 169.
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (Abies alba (Aiton) Michx.,
1851, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de
nom. illeg., non Abies alba Mill.; Abies canadensis Mill.;
Moscou 41: 249–250. 1869, Dendrologie 2(2): 238. 1873,
Picea alba (Aiton) Link; Picea alba var. albertiana (S. Br.)
Norges Flora 2: 391. 1874, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-
Beissn.; Picea albertiana S. Br.; Picea canadensis (Mill.)
medicinische Botanik… 2/3: 324. 1881, Annalen des K. K.
Link; Picea canadensis (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.,
Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 2: 61. 1887 and Mitteilungen
der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1907(16): 93. nom. illeg., non Picea canadensis (Mill.) Link; Picea
1907, American Midland Naturalist 3: 70. 1913, Acta Horti canadensis var. glauca (Moench) Sudw.; Picea glauca var.
Bergiani 14(8): 307. 1948, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 43: 388. albertiana (S. Br.) Sarg.; Picea glauca var. densata Bailey;
1949, Botaniska Notiser 1953(3): 352. 1953, Silvae Geneticae Picea glauca var. porsildii Raup; Pinus alba Aiton; Pinus
36: 42–44. 1987, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia glauca Moench)
Sinica 10: 203–210. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & North America.
Leningrad) 76: 140–141. 1991, Regnum Veg. 128: 122. 1993,
Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 15–19. 1995, See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
Phyton (Horn) 36: 127–133. 1996 Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. 1768, Verz.
(Poultice of sap or gum applied for boil and abscess pains. Ausland. Baume 73. 1785, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue
Tannin extracted from the bark.) … 3: 371. 1789, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 207. 1803, Fl.
in English: Norway spruce Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, Linnaea 15: 524. 1841, Preliminary
Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as
in China: ou zhou yun shan Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New
Picea asperata Masters York 71. 1888, Division of Forestry: Bulletin [U.S. Department
of Agriculture] 14: 37. 1897 and Torreya 7(6): 126. 1907,
China. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft
See Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824 and Journal of the Linnean 16: 93. 1907 [1908], Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde 273.
Society, Botany 37(262): 419–420. 1906, Memoirs of the 1909, Botanical Gazette 67(3): 208. 1919, Sargentia: con-
Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural tinuation of the contributions from the Arnold Arboretum
Science 8: 1–108. 1988, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 14: 347– of Harvard University 6: 102, pl. 12. 1947, Canad. J. Bot.
352. 1992, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 16(2): 157–164. 1994 46: 649–687. 1968, Plant Systematics and Evolution 153:
119–132. 1986, Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Ehime
(For boil and abscess pains.) University, Series e, Natural Science 8: 1–108. 1988
in China: yun shan (Used for urinary troubles, kidney problems, blood poi-
Picea brachytyla (Franchet) E. Pritzel (Abies brachytyla soning, indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery, colds, flu, coughs,
Franch.) tuberculosis, rheumatism, arthritis, skin rashes, wounds, sca-
bies, scabs, boils, infections, as a postpartum remedy, a laxa-
China. tive. Ceremonial.)
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. in English: white spruce
1754, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, Journal de Botanique (Morot)
13(8): 258. 1899 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zuccarini) Carrière (Abies
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 216–217. jezoensis Siebold & Zuccarini; Pinus jezoensis (Siebold &
1900, J. Sichuan Agric. Univ. 12(1): 84–91. 1994 Zucc.) Ant.)
(Astringent.) See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Fl. Berlin
in China: mai diao shan
1(2): 794. 1824, Flora Japonica 2(2): 19, t. 110. 1842, Traité
Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. (Picea glauca subsp. Général des Conifères ed. 1 255. 1855 and Memoirs of the
engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) T.M.C. Taylor) Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural
Science 8: 1–108. 1988, Hereditas: Genetiskt Arkiv 130: 137–
North America. Perennial tree
144. 1999
See Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 2:
(Expectorant, for skin diseases.)
212. 1863 and Madroño 15(4): 114. 1959, Canad. J. Bot. 46:
649–687. 1968 in China: yu lin yun shan
2922 Picea A. Dietrich Pinaceae

Picea koraiensis Nakai (Picea intercedens Nakai; Picea in English: black spruce
intercedens var. glabra Uyeki; Picea koraiensis var. interce-
Picea meyeri Rehder & E. H. Wilson (Picea meyeri f. pyram-
dens (Nakai) Y.L. Chou; Picea koyamae Shiras var. koraien-
idalis (H.W. Jen & C.G. Bai) L.K. Fu & Nan Li; Picea meyeri
sis (Nakai) Liou & Q.L. Wang; Picea tonaiensis Nakai)
var. mongolica H.Q. Wu; Picea meyeri var. pyramidalis H.W.
China. Gen & C.G. Bai; Picea mongolica (H.Q. Wu) W.D. Xu)
See Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824 and Botanical Magazine China.
27: 128. 1913, Botanical Magazine 33: 195. 1919, Journal
See Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824 and Plantae Wilsonianae 2(1):
of Japanese Botany 17(1): 1–2, 4, pl. 4. 1941, Journal of
28–29. 1914, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 3(3):
Wuhan Botanical Research 3(3): 203–207. 1985, Bulletin
203–207. 1985, Acta Botanica Sinica 28: 270–275. 1986,
of Botanical Research 7(2): 142. 1987, Bulletin of Botanical Bulletin of Botanical Research 6(2): 153. 1986, Bulletin of
Research 14(1): 59–68. 1994, Chromosome Science 3: Botanical Research 14(1): 59–68. 1994, Journal of Beijing
37–41. 1999) Forestry College 17(1): 95. 1995, Novon 7(3): 262. 1997, Acta
(Tannin, resin, and aromatic oils.) Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 20(1): 44–47. 2000
in China: hong pi yun shan (Antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic.)
Picea likiangensis (Franchet) E. Pritzel var. likiangensis in China: bai qian
(Abies likiangensis Franchet; Picea yunnanensis Lacassagne; Picea morrisonicola Hayata
Picea yunnanensis hort. ex Lacass.)
Japan.
China.
See Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824 and J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- Tokyo 25(19): 220. 1908
tion. 1754, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, J. Bot. (Morot) 13(8):
257. 1899 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, (Antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic.)
Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 217. in China: tai wan yun shan
1900, Travaux du Laboratorie Forestier de Toulouse T.1 (3,
1): 246, f. 1–13. 1934 Picea neoveitchii Masters

(For skin diseases.) China.

in China: li jiang yun shan See Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824 and Gardener’s chronicle, ser.
3 33: 116–117, f. 50–51. 1903
Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Abies
mariana Mill.; Picea brevifolia Peck; Picea mariana var. (Antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic.)
brevifolia (Peck) Rehder; Picea nigra (Arnold) Link; Picea in China: da guo qing qian
nigra (Aiton) Link; Picea nigra var. brevifolia (Peck) Rehder;
Pinus abies var. mariana (Mill.) Münchh.; Pinus nigra Picea obovata Ledebour (Abies alpestris (Bruegg.) Stein;
Arnold; Pinus nigra Aiton) Abies excelsa DC.; Abies excelsa var. altaica (Tepl.) Willk.;
Abies excelsa var. obovata (Ledeb.) K. Koch; Picea abies
North America. Perennial tree (L.) H. Karst.; Picea abies subsp. alpestris (Stein) Parfenov;
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners Picea abies (Linnaeus) H. Karsten subsp. obovata (Ledebour)
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The Hultén; Picea abies var. obovata (Ledebour) Lindquist; Picea
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. 1768, alpestris Bruegg.; Picea excelsa (Lam.) Link; Picea excelsa
Der Hausvater 5(1): 224. 1770, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, (Lamarck) Link var. obovata (Ledebour) Blytt; Picea obo-
Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta vata subsp. petschorica Govor.; Picea petchorica Govor.;
Reported as Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Picea vulgaris Link var. altaica Teplouchov; Pinus abies L.
Miles of New York 71. 1888, Spruces of the Adirondacks fo. obovata (Ledeb.) Voss; Pinus obovata (Ledeb.) Turcz.)
13. 1897 and Cyclopedia of American Horticulture 3: 1334. China. Perennial tree
1901, Rhodora 9(103): 109. 1907, Taxon 29: 535. 1980, Plant
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
Systematics and Evolution 153: 119–132. 1986, Memoirs of
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Fl. Berlin
the Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural
1(2): 794. 1824, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie
Science 8: 1–108. 1988, Plant Systematics and Evolution 215:
der Wissenschaften in Berlin 1827: 180. 1830, Flora
229–239. 1999
Altaica 4: 201. 1833, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des
(Antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, for boils, sore mouth, Naturalistes de Moscou 11: 101. 1838, Linnaea 15: 517. 1841,
sore throats, skin rashes, scabies, scabs, burns, wounds and Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou
abscess pains, kidney problems, respiratory infections, tooth- 41: 250. 1869, Dendrologie 2(2): 238. 1873, Norges Flora 2:
aches, diarrhea, venereal disease. Ceremonial.) 391. 1874, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische
Picea A. Dietrich Pinaceae 2923

Botanik… 2/3: 324. 1881 and Mitteilungen der Deutschen 1970, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 7: 146–147 (in
Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1907(16): 93. 1907, Acta Horti obs.), pl. 34, f. 8–13. 1978, Journal of Wuhan Botanical
Bergiani 14(8): 307. 1948, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 43: 388. Research 3(3): 203–207. 1985
1949, Silvae Geneticae 36: 42–44. 1987, Acta Botanica
(Antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic.)
Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 10: 203–210. 1990, Botaničeskij
Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 140–141. 1991 in China: xue ling yun shan
(Poultice of sap or gum applied for boils, burns, wounds and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière (Abies falcata Raf.; Abies
abscess pains. Tannin extracted from the bark.) menziesii Mirb.; Abies menziesii Engelm., nom. illeg.; Abies
menziesii (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl.; Picea falcata (Raf.)
in China: xian bei yun shan
Suringar; Picea menziesii (Engelm.) Engelm.; Picea menzie-
Picea pungens Engelm. (Abies menziesii Mirb. var. parry- sii (Douglas ex D. Don) Carrière; Picea sitchensis Trautv. &
ana André; Picea parryana Barrow ex Sarg.; Picea pungens G. Mey.; Pinus menziesii Douglas ex D. Don; Pinus sitchen-
Engelm. var. glauca Regel; Picea pungens Engelm. f. argen- sis Bong.)
tea Beissn.)
North America. Perennial tree
North America. Perennial tree
See Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 63,
See L’illustration horticole 23: 198. 1876, Gardener’s chron- 70. 1825, Atlantic Journal 1(3): 120. 1832, Mémoires de
icle, new series 11: 334. 1879, Garden & Forest 10(511): l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg.
481–482. 1897 Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et
Naturelles 2(2): 164. 1832, Penny Cyclop. 1: 32. 1833,
(Used for colds, rheumatism, stomachache. Ceremonial,
Traité Général des Conifères 237, 260. 1855, Reise in den
magic, good luck charm.)
Äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens 1(2): Lief.3 87. 1856,
in English: blue spruce, Colorado blue spruce, Colorado spruce American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 34: 330. 1862,
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 2: 212.
Picea rubens Sarg. (Picea australis Small; Pinus mariana
1863 and Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool 30(2): 49.
Du Roi var. rubra Du Roi; Picea nigra (Arnold) Link var.
1927, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 24: 74. 1950
rubra (Du Roi) Engelm.; Picea rubra (Du Roi) Link)
(Analgesic, laxative, antirheumatic, astringent, disinfectant,
North America. Perennial tree
diuretic, for gonorrhea, colds, coughs, tuberculosis, heart
See Dissertatio inauguralis Observationes Botanica sistens trouble, cuts, sores, boils and wounds, sunburn, swellings,
… defendet Joannes Philippus du Roi … 39. Helmstadii 1771, abrasions, stomach troubles, constipation. Ceremonial, ritual,
Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten boughs for protection from death and illness.)
vorkommenden Gewächse 2: 478. 1831, The Silva of North
in English: Sitka spruce
America 12: 33, pl. 597. 1898 and Flora of the Southeastern
United States 30. 1903 Picea smithiana (Wallich) Boissier (Abies khutrow Loudon;
Abies khutrow (Royle ex Turra) Loudon; Abies morinda
(Used for colds, lung trouble, throat trouble, measles.)
Loudon; Abies morinda (Link) Wender.; Abies smithiana
in English: he-balsam, red spruce (Wallich) Lindl.; Picea khutrow Carrière; Picea khutrow
(Royle ex Turra) Carrière; Picea morinda Link; Picea smi-
Picea schrenkiana Fischer & C.A. Meyer (Abies schrenki-
thiana Boiss.; Pinus khutrow Royle ex Turra; Pinus khutrow
ana (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Lindl. & Gord.; Picea morinda
Royle; Pinus smithiana Wallich; Pinus smithiana D. Don
Link subsp. tianschanica (Ruprecht) Berezin; Picea obovata
ex Lamb.)
Ledebour var. schrenkiana (Fischer & C.A. Meyer) Carrière;
Picea prostrata Isakov; Picea robertii P. Vipper; Picea sch- Himalaya. Tree, branches in whorls, drooping branches
renkiana subsp. tianschanica (Ruprecht) Bykov; Picea sch-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
renkiana var. tianschanica (Ruprecht) W.C. Cheng & S.H.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Fl. Berlin
Fu; Picea tianschanica Ruprecht)
1(2): 794. 1824, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6063. 1831–1832,
China. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 24, t. 246. 1832, Penny Cycl.
1: 31. 1833, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
Mountains … [Royle] 350, 353, t. 84, f. 1. 1839, Linnaea 15:
tion. 1754, Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824, Linnaea 15: 522. 1841,
522. 1841, Encycl. Trees and Shrubs 1032, f. 1932. 1842,
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 10: 253. 1842,
Traité Gén. Conif. 258. 1855, Flora Orientalis [Boissier]
Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 5: 212.
5(2): 700. 1884 and Memoirs of the Faculty of Education,
1850, Traité général des conifères 1: 338. 1867, Mémoires
Ehime University, Series e, Natural Science 8: 1–108. 1988
de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg
(Sér. 7) 14(4): 72. 1869 and Flora Kirgizskoi SSR 10: 374. (Oleoresin stimulant, rubefacient, applied on heel cracks and
1962, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 50: 493. for wound healing. Ceremonial.)
2924 Picralima Pierre Apocynaceae

in English: Himalayan spruce, West Himalayan spruce See Species Plantarum 1: 210–211. 1753, Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894(1): 22. 1894, Bulletin
in China: chang ye yun shan
Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2: 1278–1279.
in India: kachhlu, rai, rau, re, riar, sawa, sawu 1896 and Syll. Fl. Cong. 338. 1909, Bulletin du Jardin
Botanique de l’État 2: 338. 1910, Exploration Botanique
in Pakistan: kachal
de l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 1: 427–428. 1920,
Picea spinulosa (Griffith) A. Henry (Abies spinulosa Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985,
Griffith; Picea morindoides Rehder; Picea spinulosa var. African Journal of Pharmacology 1: 35–38. 1986, Journal
yatungensis Silba; Pinus spinulosa (Griff.) Griff.) of Ethnopharmacology 25(3): 263–268. 1989, Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 36(2): 133–135. 1992, Planta
Himalaya.
Medica 59(6): 565–566. 1993, African Journal of Medicine
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners and Medical Sciences 23(1): 85–90. 1994, Journal of
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Fl. Berlin Ethnopharmacology 54: 113–117. 1996, European Journal
1(2): 794. 1824, Journal of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, of Pharmacology 350(1): 101–108. 1998, Phytotherapy
Affghanistan… 1: 259, 265, 275. 1848, Notulae ad Plantas Research 14(5): 368–370. 2000, Journal of Natural Remedies
Asiaticas 4: 17. 1854 and Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 39: 219, 1(2): 135–139. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81:
f. 84. 1906, Phytologia 68(1): 45. 1990 73–79. 2002, Current Medicinal Chemistry 10: 1891–1915.
2003, Pharmaceutical Biology 42(4–5): 274–279. 2004
(Tannin, resin, and aromatic oils.)
(Bitter bark, seeds and roots febrifuge, antimalarial, hypogly-
in China: xu mi yun shan cemic, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, astringent,
Picea wilsonii Masters (Picea mastersii Mayr; Picea watso- hypotensive and hypertensive, antimicrobial, stomachic,
niana Masters; Picea wilsonii var. shanxiensis Silba; Picea sympathomimetic, for pain relief and to treat chest and stom-
wilsonii var. watsoniana (Masters) Silba) ach problems, vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia and intestinal
worms. A bark or root decoction drunk against jaundice.
China. Crushed seeds, roots or fruit pulp ingredients for arrow poi-
See Fl. Berlin 1(2): 794. 1824 and Gardener’s chronicle, ser. 3 son. Immature fruits pounded and thrown in the water as a
33: 133, f. 55, 56. 1903, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany fish poison.)
37(262): 419. 1906, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research in English: Akuamma seeds
3(3): 203–207. 1985, Kromosomo 55–56: 1861–1866. 1989,
Phytologia 68: 46. 1990, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 16(2): in Cameroon: eban, mototoko
157–164. 1994, Acta Botanica Sinica 36(12): 934–939. 1994 in Central African Republic: bambo, modanga, mondanga,
(Tannin, resin, and aromatic oils.) mundanga

in China: qing qian in Congo: limeme, ndudi, opati

in Gabon: eban, obero
in Ivory Coast: denouain
Picralima Pierre Apocynaceae
in Nigeria: erin (Yoruba); osu igwe (Igbo)
Presumably from the Greek pikros ‘bitter’ and lyma ‘filth,
water used in washing, purgations’, the bark used as a feb- in Yoruba: agege
rifuge, seeds as a quinine substitute; related to Hunteria
and Pleiocarpa, see Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris ii. (1896)
1278. 1896 and Planta Medica 58(5): 436–441. 1992, Picramnia Sw. Simaroubaceae (Picramniaceae)
Opera Botanica Belgica 7: 59–102. 1996, African Study
Monographs 23(2): 47–64. 2002, African Study Monographs Greek pikros ‘bitter’ and amnion ‘the amnion, a bowl, the
25(1): 1–27. 2004. membrane around the fetus’, referring to the bark, see Nova
Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus (Swartz) 2, 27.
Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand & H. Durand (Picralima 1788 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 43: 173–186. 1962,
klaineana Pierre; Picralima macrocarpa A. Chev., nom. Brittonia 40(1): 89–105. 1988, Candollea 48: 119–135. 1993,
nud.; Picralima nitida Th. & H. Dur.; Tabernaemontana Taxon 44: 177–181. 1995, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003[2005].
nitida Stapf)
Picramnia antidesma Sw. subsp. fessonia (DC.) W.W.
W. Trop. Africa to Uganda. Small tree or shrub, white latex, Thomas (Picramnia allenii D.M. Porter; Picramnia andicola
leathery leaves, creamy white flowers, inflorescence a ter- Tul.; Picramnia antidesma Sw.; Picramnia antidesma var.
minal or sometimes axillary compound umbel-like cyme, pubescens Schltdl. & Cham.; Picramnia bonplandiana Tul.;
hanging long-stalked fruits in pair, intensely bitter seeds, big Picramnia brachybotryosa Donn. Sm.; Picramnia fessonia
fruits eaten by elephants, in deciduous forest DC.; Picramnia lindeniana Tul.; Picramnia locuples Standl.;
Picrasma Blume Simaroubaceae 2925

Picramnia pistaciaefolia S.T. Blake & Standl.; Picramnia 208. 1838, London Journal of Botany 5: 574. 1846, Revisio
quaternaria Donn. Sm.; Picramnia seemanniana Griseb.; Generum Plantarum 1: 103. 1891
Picramnia tetramera Turcz.; Picramnia velutina Lundell)
(Aphicide.)
Panama, Guatemala, Mexico. Small tree
in English: Jamaica quassia
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 27.
Picrasma javanica Blume
1788, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
2: 66. 1825, Linnaea 6: 427. 1831, Annales des Sciences SE Asia, Java. Tree, dark brown smooth bark, broad rounded
Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 7: 265–266. 1847 and Botanical terminal bud, leaves pinnately compound in spiral arrange-
Gazette 46(2): 110. 1908, Contributions from the United ment, whitish flowers in axillary panicles, black sub-globose
States National Herbarium 20(6): 218. 1919, Contributions fruits, leaves used as vegetable
from the University of Michigan Herbarium 7: 17–18. 1942,
See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 5: 248.
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 54(2): 315–317, f. 1–2.
1825, FBI 1: 520. 1875
1973, Brittonia 40(1): 91. 1988
(Bitter bark decoction febrifuge, astringent, given in dysen-
(Bark and roots soaked in warm water used to wash cuts;
roasted powdered bark put on cuts to promote healing.) tery and fevers; powder of the dry bark with cold water useful
in stomach pain. Young leaves and twigs used as larvicide.
Picramnia pentandra Sw. (Picramnia antidesmoides Leaves applied on sores. Paste and powder of tender leaves
Griseb.; Picramnia cubensis Turcz.; Picramnia micrantha and stem bark applied on wounds to kill maggots. Powder of
Tul.; Picramnia oblongifolia Turcz.) the dry fruits given with cold water in stomach pain.)
Tropical America, West Indies. Small trees, dioecious, pin- in India: bonpashala, chap-alau, nim-teeta, nimteeta, sheng-
nately compound leaves, lack of stipules, long pendulous lauksau, sheng-lokso
spike-like racemes, small unisexual inconspicuous flowers,
male flowers in clusters in the axil of each bract, female flow- Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. var. quassioides
ers usually solitary in the axil of the bract, petals small or (Picrasma ailanthoides (Bunge) Planch.; Picrasma ailan-
absent, round red to black fruits somewhat lobed, curved and thoides Planch.; Picrasma japonica A. Gray; Picrasma
rather angular seeds quassioides Benn.; Picrasma quassioides (Hamilt.) Benn.;
Rhus ailanthoides Bunge; Simaba quassioides D. Don)
See Flora Indiae Occidentalis 1: 220. 1797, Annales des
Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 7: 262. 1847, Bulletin China.
de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 31(1): See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Histoire des plan-
445. 1858, Flora of the British West Indian Islands 140. 1861 tes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 400, t. 153. 1775, Prodromus
and Brittonia 40(1): 89–105. 1988 Florae Nepalensis 248. 1825, Plantae Javanicae Rariores
(A bitter tea to relieve colds, tuberculosis and menstrual 198. 1844, London Journal of Botany 5: 573. 1846, Memoirs
pain.) of the American Academy of Arts and Science, new series
6(2): 383. 1858
in English: bitterbush, snake root
(Bark poisonous to deer. An extract of the bark used as a sto-
machic and a parasiticide for lice and fleas. Stem decoction
Picrasma Blume Simaroubaceae insecticide.)

Greek pikrasmos ‘bitterness’, pikros ‘bitter, pungent, sharp’, in English: quassia wood
possibly referring to the bark, source of quassia, see Bijdr. Fl. in China: ku shu (yuan bian zhong)
Ned. Ind. 5: 247. 1825.
in India: arkhar, hala, hulashi, tithai, tithari, tithu, tutai
Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. (Aeschrion excelsa (Sw.)
Kuntze; Picrasma excelsa Planch.; Picraena excelsa (Sw.) in Japan: niga-ki, njagi, siw-ni, yukrayke-ni
Lindl.; Quassia excelsa Sw.; Simarouba excelsa (Sw.) DC.)
(Aeschrion Vell., possibly from the Greek aischron ‘causing
shame, ugly, ill-favored’.) Picria Lour. Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)
Jamaica. From the Greek pikria ‘bitterness’, see Flora Cochinchinensis
359, 392–393. 1790, Enumeratio Plantarum … 1: 100. 1804,
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 553. 1762, Histoire
Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 9: 320.
des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 859–860, pl. 331–332.
1807, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 812. 1876.
1775, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
67. 1788, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle Picria felterrae Lour. (Curanga amara Juss.; Curanga fel-
17: 424. 1811, Florae Fluminensis 58. 1825, Bijdragen tot terrae Merr.; Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr.; Curanga fel-
de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 247. 1825, Flora Medica terrae (Lour.) Merr.; Picria fel-terrae Lour.)
2926 Picris L. Asteraceae

Vietnam, Malaysia. Creeping herb See Species Plantarum 2: 792–793. 1753, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7: 130. 1838 and
See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 393. 1790, Annales du muséum
Compositae Newsletter 20/21: 12–15. 1992
national d’histoire naturelle 9: 320. 1807 and An Interpretation
of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense 467. 1917 (Antiinflammatory.)
(Toxic glucoside. Plant decoction cardiotonic, bitter, stimu- Picris japonica Thunberg (Aster esquirolii H. Lév.; Picris
lant, vermifuge, for stomachache, colic, headache, nausea, davurica Fisch. ex Hornem.; Picris hieracioides L. subsp.
loss of appetite; for wounds and snakebite, pound the plant japonica (Thunb.) Hand.-Mazz.; Picris hieracioides subsp.
and poultice. A poultice of the leaves applied for skin dis- japonica Krylov; Picris mairei H. Lév.)
eases, headache, wounds, scabies, snakebite; leaves infusion China.
given in whooping cough; leaves eaten for stomachache.)
See Flora Japonica, … 299. 1784, Hortus Regius Botanicus
in China: ku xuan shen, kun ta tjao Hafniensis 155. 1819 and Fl. Altai Government Tomsk 3: 727.
in India: longritong 1904, Flore du Kouy-Tchéou 86. 1914, Bulletin de l’Académie
Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 25: 14. 1915,
in Indonesia: daun kukurang, tamah raheut Symbolae Sinicae 7(4): 1177. 1936, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR. 64(4):
Malay names: beremi, glumak susu, lempedu tanah 582–589. 1979, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 79(2):
135–139. 1994, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 12(2): 201–206. 1994
(Analgesic, antiinflammatory, for swelling and acute
Picris L. Asteraceae mastitis.)
Greek and Latin pikris and picris for a bitter lettuce, a kind of in China: ri ben mao lian cai
salad, a plant that blooms all year round, sour soil (Plinius);
see Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Species Plantarum. 2: 792.
1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 347. 1754 and Taxon 26: Picrorhiza Royle ex Benth.
257–274, 443–452. 1977, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Acta Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)
Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978,
Taxon 28: 395–397. 1979, Taxon 30: 698–699. 1981, Taxon From the Greek pikros ‘bitter, pungent, sharp’ and rhiza
41: 567. 1992, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81: 800–808. 1994, ‘a root’, used as a febrifuge, see Scrophularineae Indicae
Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 133: 47. 1835.
301–318. 1996, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. (Picrorhiza kurrooa
Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999. Royle)
Picris hieracioides L. (Crepis pratensis C. Shih; Picris India, Himalaya. Perennial herb, small, long creeping root-
hieracioides subsp. kamtschatica (Ledeb.) Hultén; Picris stock, bitter roots, leaves radical rather leathery, winged
hieracioides var. alpina Koidz.; Picris hieracioides var. sheath stalk, dense spike of flowers pale or purplish blue,
kamtschatica (Ledeb.) B. Boivin) capsule ovoid swollen, in rock crevices and moist, sandy soil
China, Nepal, North America. See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan
See Species Plantarum 2: 792. 1753, Flora Anglica 342. 1762, Mountains … [Royle] 291. 1833–1840, Scrophularineae
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1554. 1803, Mémoires de Indicae 47. 1835 and CIS Chromosome Information Service
l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg. Avec 43: 7–9. 1987, Proceedings of the Indian National Science
l’Histoire de l’Académie 5: 557. 1815 and Le Naturaliste Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences 55: 177–184. 1989
Canadien 94(5): 632. 1967, Flora of Alaska and Neighboring (Used in Ayurveda. Tonic, bitter, stomachic, cathartic, anti-
Territories; A Manual of the Vascular Plants 943. 1968, allergic, anti-anaphylactic, blood purifier, diuretic, hepa-
Taxon 24: 115. 1976, Taxon 41: 567. 1992 toprotective, used for fevers, cold, cough, liver diseases,
(Whole plant used for lungs and headache.) diarrhea, dyspepsia, to stimulate the immune system, and
also applied in scorpion bites. Used as cooling cardiotonic,
in English: bugloss, hawkweed, hawkweed ox-tongue, hawk- antipyretic, antiperiodic, for jaundice, indigestion and com-
weed picris, ox-tongue mon fever. Dried roots used orally in malarial fever, abdom-
inal pain, liver complaints, anemia and jaundice; root extract
in Nepal: setik
given in cough, colds and fever; root decoction in jaundice,
in Tibet: tza te stomachache; paste of roots mixed with sugar and flower of
saffron to cure dyspepsia and dysentery. Roots and stems
Picris humilis DC. (Crepis juvenalis auct., sensu F.W.T.A.,
chewed to relieve cough. Rhizomes used for children’s stom-
non F.W. Schultz, misapplied name)
ach troubles known as juka. Veterinary medicine, much val-
Nigeria. ued for horse diseases.)
Picrosia D. Don Asteraceae 2927

in English: gentian (Antiinflammatory, antimalarial. Plant pounded and applied

to wounds or boils; latex used to treat warts, leaf juice
in China: hu huang lian
applied to cuts and injuries as hemostatic. Sonchus asper
in India: hanglang, karoo, karru, karu, karwi, katki, katuki, considered poisonous.)
kaur, kauri, kurro, kurru, kutaz, kutki, kutuki, tikta
in English: annual sowthistle, common sowthistle, milk
in Tibet: hong-len thistle, prickly sowthistle, rough sowthistle, sowthistle, spiny
annual sowthistle, spiny sowthistle, thistle, wild thistle
in Tanzania: mchunga, olekule
Picrosia D. Don Asteraceae
in India: akatsu, jalynniar
Greek pikros ‘bitter, pungent, sharp’, see Transactions of the
Linnean Society of London 16: 183–184. 1830. Maori names: taweke, tawheke

Picrosia longifolia D. Don (Picrosia australis Orbign.; in Peru: casha ckaña, ccjana, ckaña, citucasha
Prenanthes subdentata Hook.; Sonchus asper (L.) Hill; in South Africa: doringsydissel, gewone sydissel, sydissel
Sonchus asper (L.) Vill.; Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp.
asper; Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. glaucescens (Jord.) J.
Ball; Sonchus carolinianus Walter; Sonchus nymanii Tineo Picrothamnus Nutt. Asteraceae
& Guss.; Sonchus oleraceus L. var. asper L.; Sonchus spino-
sus Lam.; Tragopogon fritillarioides Less.) From the Greek pikros ‘bitter, pungent, sharp’ and thamnos
‘shrub’, see Transactions of the American Philosophical
Africa, Europe, Asia. Annual herb, weedy, ridged, simple or Society, new series, 7: 417. 1841.
branched, leaves alternate, stem and leaves with white latex,
basal lobes rounded and pressed flat against the stem, inflo- Picrothamnus desertorum Nuttall (Artemisia spinescens
rescence yellow, strongly flattened, ribbed smooth achene, D.C. Eaton)
bitter leaves eaten cooked or raw See Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s. 7: 417. 1841
See Species Plantarum 2: 793–795. 1753, Herbarium (Can be poisonous or fatal to calves and lambs, if consumed
Britannicum 1: 47. 1769, Flore Françoise 2: 86. 1778, Flora in great quantity during spring months.)
Delphinalis 3: 158. 1789, Transactions of the Linnean
Society of London 16: 184. 1830 and Biologicheskii in English: budsage
Zhurnal Armenii 28(1): 95–97. 1975, Taxon 25: 483–500.
1976, American Journal of Botany 63: 1393–1403. 1976,
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 61(6): 873–880. Pieris D. Don Ericaceae
1976, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Adansonia 18: 19–24. Named for the Greek Muses, the Pierides; the cult was intro-
1978, Taxon 27: 223–231. 1978, Taxon 28: 395–397. 1979, duced into Pieria, a country of Macedonia, from Thrace;
Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, Journal Pieris was a daughter of Pierus, a Muse; see Edinburgh New
of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Taxon 29: 715. 1980, Anales Philosophical Journal 17(33): 159. 1834, Transactions of the
del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 36: 401–405. 1980, Taxon American Philosophical Society, new series, 8: 268. 1842, A
30: 829–842. 1981, Taxon 31: 574–575. 1982, Madroño 29: Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Ed. 2.
62. 274. 1982, Cell and Chromosome Research 7: 26–28. 253–254. 1856, Dendrologie 2: 116. 1872, Genera Plantarum
1984, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education: Section 2: 588. 1876, Synoptical Flora of North America 2(1): 31–32.
IIB 35: 31–42. 1984, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449. 1878 and Proceedings of the Washington Academy of
1984, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 69(7): Sciences 3(21): 573. 1901, Shrubs of Florida 96, 133. 1913,
972–975. 1984, Zapovedniki Belorussii Issledovaniia 12: Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 63: 136. 1982.
3–8. 1988, Pakistan Journal of Botany 20: 177–189. 1988,
Pieris floribunda (Sims) Benth. (Andromeda floribunda
Cell and Chromosome Research 11: 28–29. 1988, Cell and
Pursh ex Sims; Andromeda floribunda Pursh; Portuna flori-
Chromosome Research 12: 17–18. 1989, Iranian Journal of
bunda (Pursh) Nutt.)
Botany 4: 189–196. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow &
Leningrad) 74: 53–59. 1989, Genética Ibérica 41: 135–145. North America. Evergreen shrub, hairy twigs, flowers in ter-
1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, minal erect clusters, fruit a round capsule
Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in
See Botanical Magazine 38: pl. 1566. 1813, Fl. Amer. Sept.
Wien 128: 19–39. 1991, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 1993,
(Pursh) 1: 293–294. 1813, Transactions of the American
Flora Mediterranea 3: 187–210. 1993, Annals of the Missouri
Philosophical Society, new series, 8: 268. 1843[1842],
Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994, Darwiniana 34(1–4):
Genera Plantarum 2(2): 588. 1876
213–231. 1996, American Journal of Botany 86(7): 1003–
1013. 1999, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Biodiversity (Leaves and nectar from flowers are poisonous, may be fatal
Biogeogr. Kuril Islands Sakhalin 2: 93–110. 2006 if eaten.)
2928 Pilea Lindley Urticaceae

in English: evergreen mountain, fetter bush, mountain India.

andromeda, mountain fetter-bush
See Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 193. 1856, The
Pieris formosa (Wall.) D. Don (Andromeda formosa Wall.; Flora of British India 5(15): 552. 1888 and Bulletin of the
Lyonia formosa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz.; Pieris bodinieri H. Chinese Botanical Society 1(1): 4. 1935, Bulletin of Botanical
Lév.; Pieris formosa fo. longiracemosa Fang; Pieris formosa Research 2(3): 111. 1982
var. forrestii (Harrow) Airy Shaw; Pieris forrestii Harrow;
(Root juice to ward off dandruff.)
Pieris huana W.P. Fang; Pieris japonica subsp. formosa
(Wall.) Kitam.) in China: yi ye leng shui hua
Nepal. in Nepal: chhal
See Asiatic Researches 13: 395. 1820, A General History Pilea bracteosa Wedd. (Pilea bracteosa var. striolata Hand.-
of the Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 832. 1834, Edinburgh New Mazz.; Pilea obliqua Hook. f.)
Philosophical Journal 17(33): 159. 1834 and Notes from
India, Himalaya. Whole plant as vegetable
the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 8(38): 196–197.
1914, Botanical Magazine 157: pl. 9371. 1934, Symbolae See Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9(1–2): 245.
Sinicae 7(4): 790. 1936, Contributions from the Biological 1856, The Flora of British India 5(15): 558. 1888 and Symbolae
Laboratory of the Science Society of China: Botanical Sinicae 7(1): 137. 1929, Cytologia 44: 799–808. 1979
Series 10: 240. 1938, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica
(Analgesic.)
25(2–3): 37. 1972
in China: duo bao leng shui hua
(Leafy shoots extract used as an anthelmintic.)
in India: ekhruo
in China: mei li ma zui mu
Pilea cadierei Gagnepain & Guillaumin
in Nepal: peyru, probha
Vietnam. Spreading to erect, perennial herb, whitish minute
Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don (Andromeda
flowers
japonica Thunb.)
See Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, sér. 2 10(6):
Japan. Evergreen shrub, hairless twigs, flowers in terminal
629. 1938, Cytologia 53: 671–678. 1988, Systematics
drooping clusters, fruit a round capsule
Association Special Vol. 40(2): 131–135. 1989
(Leaves and nectar from flowers are poisonous, may be fatal
(All aerial parts poisonous, toxic to some animals.)
if eaten.)
in English: aluminium plant, aluminum-plant, watermelon
in English: Japanese andromeda, Japanese pieris, lily of the
pilea
valley bush
Pilea involucrata (Sims) Urban (Pilea chrysosplenioides
in Japan: asebi
Wedd.; Pilea involucrata (Sims) Wright & Dewar; Pilea
involucrata Urb.; Pilea involucrata (Sims) Small; Pilea ova-
lis Griseb.; Pilea pubescens Liebm. var. involucrata (Sims)
Pilea Lindley Urticaceae Wedd.; Urtica involucrata Sims; Urtica involucrata Roxb.,
Latin pileus or pilleus, i ‘a cap, felt cap, hat’, Greek pilos ‘a nom. illeg.)
cap’, referring to the female flowers or to the calyx cover-
South America.
ing the achene or to the shape of one perianth segment; see
John Lindley (1799–1865), in Collectanea Botanica; or, fig- See Botanical Magazine 51: t. 2481. 1824, Flora Indica;
ures and botanical illustrations of … Exotic Plants. 1. (Apr.) or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 592. 1832, Annales des
London 1821 and Fernald, M.L. “Pilea in eastern North Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 18: 231. 1852, Archives
America.” Contr. Gray Herb. 113: 169–170. 1936, Field Mus. du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9(1–2): 258. 1856, Flora
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 331–367. 1937, Fieldiana, Bot. of the British West Indian Islands 159. 1859, Prodr. 16(1):
24(3): 396–430. 1952, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(2): 179– 153. 1869, Johnson’s Gard. Dict. 1056. 1894, Symbolae
198. 1960, Fieldiana, Bot. 40: 218–283. 1977, Chen, C.J. “A Antillanae seu Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis
monograph of Pilea (Urticaceae) in China.” Bull. Bot. Res., (Urban). 1(2): 298. 1899 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(2):
Harbin 2: 1–132. 1982, Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 179–198. 1960, Fieldiana, Bot. 40: 218–283. 1977, Bull. Nat.
31(1): 9–25. 2001, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 31(1): 9–25. 2001
85(3): 2479–2495. 2001, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 57(7):
(To treat tuberculosis and swellings.)
247–355. 2006.
in English: friendship plant
Pilea anisophylla (Hook. f.) Wedd. (Pilea anisophylla var.
robusta Hook. f.; Pilea secunda S.S. Chien) in Central America: panamica
Pilea Lindley Urticaceae 2929

Pilea japonica Handel-Mazzetti (Achudemia japonica d’Histoire Naturelle 9(1–2): 174. 1856, Mus. Bot. 2(1–8):
Maximowicz; Achudemia insignis Migo; Nanocnide clo- 44. 1856, Cat. Pl. Cub. [Grisebach] 59. 1866, Prodromus
sii Léveillé & Vaniot; Pilea japonica (Maximovicz) Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 106–107. 1869,
Handel-Mazzetti) Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 4(2): 1147. 1879 and Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 331–367. 1937, Fieldiana, Bot.
China.
24(3): 396–430. 1952, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(2): 179–
See Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint- 198. 1960, Fieldiana, Bot. 40: 218–283. 1977, Proc. Indian
Pétersbourg 9: 627. 1876 and Symb. Sin. 7: 141. 1929 Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 65: 121–122. 1978, Cytologia 53:
671–678. 1988, Lilloa 37: 97–98. 1990, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
(Used to relieve internal fever and as a diuretic.)
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2479–2495. 2001, Bull. Nat. Hist.
in China: shan leng shui hua Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 31(1): 9–25. 2001
Pilea lancifolia Hook.f. (Whole plant diuretic, anthelmintic, a paste applied on rheu-
matic joints and skin diseases, for gastric and intestinal trou-
India. bles. Leaves paste applied to sores and bruises.)
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5: 553. 1888 in English: artillery plant, artillery weed, gunpowder plant,
(Leaves decoction taken orally for fever in children.) pistol plant, rockweed
In India: sam rongtek in China: xiao ye leng shui hua
Pilea longicaulis Handel-Mazzetti in Japan: kogome-mizu
China. in the Philippines Isl.: alabong, isang dakot na bigas

See Symb. Sin. 7: 127. 1929, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin. 2(3): Pilea oxyodon Wedd. (Pilea bracteosa var. oxyodon (Wedd.)
52. 1982 H. Hara)

(Used as a diuretic and to treat traumatic injuries.) Nepal, India. Whole plant used as vegetable

in China: chang jing leng shui hua, huang hua leng shui hua, See Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9(1–2): 221.
nie shi leng shui hua 1856 and Flora of Eastern Himalaya 3: 24. 1975

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. (Dubrueilia microphylla (Diuretic, astringent, for skin diseases.)
Gaudich.; Parietaria microphylla L.; Pilea callitrichoides in China: ya zhi leng shui hua
Schltdl.; Pilea callitrichoides Kunth; Pilea callitrichoides
(Knuth) Knuth; Pilea callitrichoides Blume; Pilea micro- in India: ekhruo
phylla Griseb.; Pilea microphylla Liebm.; Pilea microphylla Pilea peploides W.J. Hooker & Arnott (Dubrueilia pep-
var. longifolia Wedd.; Pilea muscosa Lindl., nom. illeg.; Pilea loides Gaudichaud-Beaupré; Pilea peploides (Gaudichaud-
muscosa var. microphylla (L.) Wedd.; Pilea portula Liebm.; Beaupré) W.J. Hooker & Arnott; Pilea peploides var.
Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Hook. & Arn.; Pilea serpyllacea major Weddell)
(Kunth) Wedd.; Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Liebm.; Pilea
serpyllacea Liebm.; Pilea succulenta Hook. f.; Pilea trian- China.
thmoides (Sw.) Lindl. var. microphylla (L.) Wedd.; Urtica See Voy. Uranie, Bot. 495. 1830, The Botany of Captain
microphylla Sw.; Urtica microphylla (L.) Sw.; Urtica micro- Beechey’s Voyage 96. 1832
phylla Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss.; Urtica serpyllacea Kunth)
(Used to relieve pain and to treat snakebites.)
South America, India. Herb, prostrate, ascending or creep-
ing, tiny small pale green flowers in China: tai shui hua

See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1308. 1759, Kongl. Pilea pubescens Liebm. (Pilea guyanensis Wedd.; Pilea
Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 8: 66. 1787, Nova pubescens var. guyanensis (Wedd.) Wedd.)
Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 2: 37. 1817, Brazil. Herbaceous weed
Collectanea Botanica, pl. 4. 1821, Voyage autour du Monde,
See Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter,
entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de
Naturvidenskabeli Mathematisk Afdeling 2: 302. 1851,
S. M. l’~Uranie~ et la ~Physicienne~ … Botanique 495.
Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 18: 221.
1826[1830], The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 96.
1852, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
1832, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20: 182.
16(1): 153. 1869 and Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 31(1):
1847, Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter,
16. 2001
Naturvidenskabeli Mathematisk Afdeling 5(2): 296–297,
302. 1851, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. (Whole plant in hot water, allowed to steep, the mixture used
3 18: 207. 1852, Linnaea 27: 495. 1856, Archives du Muséum as a wash for snakebite.)
2930 Piliostigma Hochst. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae)

Pilea pumila A. Gray (Pilea mongolica Weddell; Pilea (Used to stimulate the spleen and relieve edema.)
pumila (L.) A. Gray; Pilea pumila Liebm.; Pilea viridissima
in China: liu guo leng shui hua
Makino; Urtica pumila L.)
North America.
See Sp. Pl. 2: 984. 1753, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 10: 364. 1896 Piliostigma Hochst. Fabaceae
(Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae)
(Diuretic, to alleviate itching.)
Greek pilos ‘hat, cap, felt cap’ (or pilos ‘hair’) and stigma;
in English: clearweed
pilleus, pileus was worn by the Romans at festivals, and was
in China: tou jing leng shui hua given as sign of freedom to a slave; see Christian Ferdinand
Hochstetter (1787–1860), Flora oder allgemeine Botanische
Pilea racemosa (Royle) Tuyama (Pilea subalpina Hand.-
Zeitung. 29: 598. 1846, Genera Plantarum 1: 576. 1865 and
Mazz.; Pilea wightii Wedd. var. roylei Hook. f.; Procris rac-
Advan. in Legume Systematics, Part 1: 107–116. 1981. Often
emosa Royle)
in Bauhinia.
India, China.
Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. (Bauhinia reticulata
See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan DC.)
Mountains … pl. 83, f. 1. 1836, Annales des Sciences
Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 1: 186. 1854, The Flora of Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub, trunk
British India 5(15): 555. 1888 and Symbolae Sinicae 7(1): twisted, dark bark, coriaceous leaves, short terminal or axil-
142, pl. 3, f. 4. 1929, Flora of Eastern Himalaya 1: 61. 1966 lary panicles, white flowers, woody pods shortly pubescent,
cattle food, pods edible, seeds eaten by humans
(Paste of leaves as an insecticide and a poison.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 374–375. 1753, Mémoires sur la
in China: ya gao shan leng shui hua Famille des Légumineuses 13: 484. 1825, Flora 29: 598–599.
in India: gileng-seley 1846 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004

Pilea serpyllifolia (Poir.) Wedd. (Parietaria serpyllifolia (Febrifuge, expectorant. Powder of roots on ulcer; juice of
Poir.) fresh roots, local application for wounds. Infusion of leaves
after a difficult delivery. Bark astringent, a decoction used for
South America.
hemorrhoids; gum laxative. Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldu-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1052. 1753, Encyclopédie lensis with ripe fruits of Piliostigma boiled and taken orally
Méthodique, Botanique 5: 16. 1804, Prodromus Systematis for menstrual disorders. Magic, contact therapy, stem bark
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 107. 1869 tied round the waist helping to delay childbirth.)
(Fresh leaves juice used against fevers and for intestinal in Burkina Faso: gountour-sâ, li-nabanjali, nabali, nabandi,
troubles.) nyama, vononyobyolo
in Ecuador: preñadilla in Cameroon: kargo
Pilea swinglei Merrill (Pilea crateriforma Metcalf; Pilea in Guinea: barke, niama, yorokoye
henryana C.H. Wright; Pilea peploides (Gaudichaud-
Beaupré) J.D. Hooker & Arnott var. minutissima Hsu) in Ivory Coast: bagande, baghen daaga, banya, barendé,
barkéï, barkel, barkelehi, barna, bê, bembamo, bodengé,
China. diamba, gaméla, gnama ba, gnambélé, gountour sa,
See Philipp. J. Sci., Ser. C. 13: 136. 1918 iérouram, iéoura, insinko, kalongo, li-nabanjali, maerkehi,
nabali, nabandi, niama, niamairi, nyama, piti pata, thïama,
(Used to relieve fever.) vaniéno, vononyobyolo
in China: bo li cao in Mali: barkeewi, gnama, koibo, koiboii
Pilea verrucosa Handel-Mazzetti (Pilea gracillis Handel- in Mauritania: barkeewi
Mazzetti; Pilea nanchuanensis C.J. Chen; Pilea purpurella
C.J. Chen; Pilea symmeria Weddell var. subcoriacea Handel- in Niger: barky, hadugu, kalgo, kalul, kosorey
Mazzetti; Pilea verrucosa Killip; Pilea verrucosa Handel- in Nigeria: mpulatake; kalga, kalgo, kargo (Hausa); kharum
Mazzetti var. verrucosa) (Shuwa Arabic); karkehi (Fula); kalur (Kanuri)
China.
in Senegal: bakehi, barkede, barkeewi, barkehi-faara,
See Collectanea Botanica, sub pl. 4. 1821, Archives du barkevi, barkey, barki, bordedji, bu rekatod, dama, gigis,
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9(1–2): 246. 1856 and Symb. guiguis, lag, mbarkey, nama, nama ke, namatene, namele,
Sin. 7: 134. 1929, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin. 2(3): 52, 56. 1982 ngayoh, ngigis, n’guiguis, niama, niama tiéné
Piliostigma Hochst. Fabaceae (Caesalpiniaceae, Cercideae) 2931

in Sudan: kharub, tambarib pods, people eat dried pod, fruits for fodder, pods eaten by
chimpanzees, sweet pod pulp eaten in small amounts as
in Togo: klo, nyama, okokotaka, tamenasi
an emergency food, bee forage, in woodland, seasonally
in W. Africa: barki, kalgo, kortige, kortinge, kosorey, niama- flooded grassland
keni (Bambara), nyama ke, nyamace
See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 203–204. 1827, Kongel.
in Yoruba: abafe Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 223–
224. 1828 and Kew Bulletin 1, 10–25. 1937, Hooker’s Icones
Piliostigma rufescens (Lam.) Benth. (Adenolobus rufescens
Plantarum 35: pl. 3460, p. 2. 1947, Journal of Veterinary
(Lam.) Schmitz; Bauhinia rufescens Lam.)
Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3: 261–273. 1980, Journal
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree of Ethnopharmacology 12: 35–74. 1984, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst.
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 391. 1785 Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21:
and Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 29: 37. 1956 109–125, 253–277. 1987, Economic Botany 44(3): 382–390.
[1955], Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 1990, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 225–228. 1999,
43(3–4): 399. 1973, Kew Bulletin 31: 399–406. 1976, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000, African
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–244. 2004, Journal Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative
of Ethnopharmacology 97: 421–427. 2005, Journal of Medicines 2: 134–152. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78. 2006 97: 421–427. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104:
68–78. 2006
(Antimicrobial. Roots used as astringent and febrifuge.
Leaves for eye treatment; powdered leaves for snakebite; (Shoots of the plant eaten raw for dysentery. For cough and
leaves decoction for gingivitis.) influenza, decoction of roots, leaves and barks. Leaves decoc-
tion febrifuge, tonic, astringent, used for gastric pains, dysen-
in Burkina Faso: ti pohega tery, diarrhea and gingivitis. Leaves cooked in pot with water
in Mali: cartu-baleejo, séségéré and smoke/steam inhaled to get rid of coughs or demons;
tender leaves chewed and the juice swallowed to treat stom-
in Niger: dirga, jiga, jirga, nammare, nammary, shishi, sisi, achache, coughs and snakebite. The ash obtained from burnt
taedaeyni leaves is rubbed into snakebite wounds after scarification in
in Nigeria: disga order to hasten healing. Roots anthelmintic, used to treat pro-
longed menstruation, hemorrhage and miscarriage in women
in Senegal: cartu-baleejo, mamadi, namariyel, rand and also for coughs, colds, body pain and venereal diseases.
in Sudan: kulkul Bark infusion used to treat coughs, colds, chest pains and
snakebite. Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis with ripe
in Togo: nator fruits of Piliostigma boiled and taken orally for menstrual
Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. (Bauhinia disorders. Febrifuge, the decoction of the leaves of Guiera
thonningii Schumach. & Thonn.; Bauhinia thonningii senegalensis, Piliostigma thonningii, Piliostigma reticula-
Schum.; Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach. & Thonn.) tum, Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & K. Krause) Danser,
Milne-Redh.) (the specific name after the Danish botanist Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC.) Danser, Tapinanthus ophi-
and traveller Peter Thonning, 1775–1848, plant collector, odes (Sprague) Danser.)
between 1799–1803 he was with the Danish Ole Haaslund in English: camel foot, camel’s foot tree, monkeybread,
Smith (d. 1802) on a botanical expedition to Danish Guinea, Rhodesian bauhinia, wild bauhinia
now in Ghana. See Martin H. Vahl (1749–1804), M. Vahlii …
Enumeratio Plantarum. Hauniae (& Lipsiae) [1804–] 1805– in Angola: mbanga, tola
1806, Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher (1757–1830), in Benin: bakambou, bakourou, barkeyi, dotipititibou, gous-
Beskrivelse af Guineiske Planter som ere fundne af Danske souri, klon, lamahoun
Botanikere isaer af Etatsraad Thonning. [Copenhagen 1828–
1829] and Carl Frederik Albert Christensen (1872–1942), in Central African Republic: domo, douma, duma, enge,
Den danske Botaniks Historie med tilhørende Bibliografi. kolongo, ndoma
Copenhagen 1924–1926 and Den danske botaniske litteratur
in Congo: kaw
1880–1911. Kopenhagen 1913, C.D. Adams, “Activities of
Danish botanists in Guinea, 1783–1850.” in Transactions of in Eastern Africa: chumutwet, mchikichiki, mulama,
the Historical Society of Ghana. 3: 30–46. 1957) murema, mutseketse, ogali, ogalo, omutuutuu, omutuutu
Guinea. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or small tree, in Ethiopia: alamati, amam-gemel, ambarda, dabdi, frqa,
spreading, rounded crown, curving branches, trunk twisted, kora, lilu, qalqalla, yeqolla-wanza
coriaceous bilobed leaves with reddish pubescence, white-
in Ghana; bafanyan, klotsho, kotobata, otokotaka, tofotafa
cream-pinkish flowers in small panicles axillary or termi-
nal, reddish sepals, woody pubescent pendulous twisted in Guinea: barquedje, nyaman, barkè, yorogoe
2932 Pilocarpus Vahl Rutaceae

in Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso: baagd yanga, baghen nyanga, Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes (Pilocarpus cearensis
banya, barendé, barkéï, barkohi, barna, bê, bembamo, Rizzini; Pilocarpus officinalis Poehl, nom. inval.)
bodengé, diamba, djamala, djamla, gaméla, gnamahon,
Brazil.
gnamman, gnamon, gountour da, iéoura, iérouram, insinko,
kalongo, konkan, nabaana, nabali, niama, niamairi, nyama See Pharm. J. Trans. ser. 3 22: 875. 1892 and Leandra: revista
ba, piti pata, po, thiama, vaniéno, vononyon de informação científica do departamento de botânica 6: 34,
t. 1, f. b. 1975, Fl. Neotrop. 33: 145. 1982
in Kenya: chumutwet, epapai, ilsagararam, kimanjala, kip-
sarkiat, kumulamalama, kumuyenjayenja, mchekeche, (Parasympathomimetic.)
mchikichi, mchikichiki, mkayamba, msegese, mtsekeshe, in Brazil: jaborandi
mukolokolo, mukura, mukuura, mulama, mulana, murema,
mutseketse, oga lo, ogal, ogali, ogalo, olsagararam
in Mali: barkere, kosaie, niama, nyama ba Pimelea Banks & Sol. Thymelaeaceae

in Nigeria: kaego, kalgo, kargo (Hausa); omepa (Igede); Greek pimeles ‘fat, soft fat, lard’, referring to its richness
kharum (Shuwa Arabic); barkehi (Fula); kalur (Kanuri); in oil or to the fleshy cotiledons; see Characteres Generum
bafin (Nupe); nyihar (Tiv); abafe (Yoruba); okapoatu, okpo Plantarum 4. 1775, Voyage aux Indes Orientales 2: 231. 1782,
atu (Igbo) Joseph Gaertner, De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. 1: 186.
Stuttgart, Tübingen 1788, Systema Naturae … editio decima
in Senegal: abamb, bakehi, barbey honno, barkede, barkehi, tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 19, 24. 1791, Kongl. Vetenskaps
barkevi, barki, bu rekatod, dama, guiguis, ka falad, karamba, Academiens Handlingar 269–272. 1818, Genera Plantarum
lag, mbarkey, mour tessi, mour toki, nama, ñama ba, nama 331. 1837, Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de
ke, namatene, namele, ngayoh, ngayoh gor, ngigis, ngigis l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg
bambuk, nguiguis, seguene, seguine, soump 4: 72–74. 1845, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis 11: 218. 1847, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des
in Southern Africa: kolokotso (Eastern Transvaal); iKolo-
Naturalistes de Moscou 25(2): 177–178. 1852 and Fl. New
kotso, muKukutu, muSekesa, muSekese, muSumo,
Zealand 1: 286–298. 1961, Brunonia 5: 118. 1983, B.L. Rye,
muTombo, muTukutu (Shona); mokgoropo (North and north “A revision of Western Australian Thymelaeaceae.” Nuytsia.
east Transvaal); mukalakata, mukolokote, mukulokota 6(2): 129–278. 1988, Fl. Australia 18: 122–214, 323–325.
(Venda); mutukutu (Botswana, eastern Caprivi); nsekese 1990, Fl. Australia 49(1): 200–202. 1994, New Zealand J.
(Kalanga: Northern Botswana); mubaba, musekese (Kololo); Bot. 46(2): 127–176. 2008.
mupapama (Mbukushu)
Pimelea flava R. Br. subsp. dichotoma (Schltdl.) Threlfall
in Sudan: fara, faro, gafe, niamake, nima bâ (Pimelea dichotoma Schltdl.; Pimelea dichotoma Colenso,
in Tanzania: chitembe, chitimbe, galapi, ilsagararam, itogoto, nom. illeg.; Pimelea flava var. diosmifolia A. Cunn. ex
itugutu, jitimbo, kifumbe, mbamba ngoma, mchekeche, Meisn.; Pimelea flava var. parvifolia (Meisn.) Meisn.;
mchihichi, mchikichiki, mfumbe, mgonambogo, mguwauwa, Pimelea parvifolia Meisn.)
mkichikichi, mkombalwike, mkombalwiko, mngalapo, Australia.
mnsakansaka, msakanasaka, msegese, msegesege, msindaga,
msindamboga, mtindambogo, mtindwa-mbogo, mtsekeshe, See Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 361. 1810, Linnaea 20(5):
mugalapo, muhela, musasu, mutseketse, mvambangoma, 581–582. 1847, Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) 6: 396. 1848,
nakifumbe, olsagararami, os sangararam, titimbo Linnaea 26(3): 345–346. 1853[1854], Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14(2): 510. 1857, Transactions
in Uganda: chumutwet, ogal, ogali and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 22: 485–486.
1889[1890] and Brunonia 5(2): 168–169. 1983
in W. Africa: barkere, diamara, foro, klon, nyama ba, nyam-
aba, nyamamuso, nyamata, tibisaa (Toxic leaves, vomiting and diarrhea.)
in Yoruba: abafe in English: yellow riceflower

in Zaire: kifoo-umbie
in Zambia: mufumbe Pimelodendron Hassk. Euphorbiaceae
Greek pimele ‘fat’ and dendron ‘tree’; see Herbert Kenneth
Airy Shaw (1902–1985), in Kew Bull. 35: 577–700. 1980.
Pilocarpus Vahl Rutaceae
Pimelodendron amboinicum Hassk. (Carumbium
From the Greek pilos ‘cap, hat, felt cap’ and karpos ‘fruit’, amboinicum (Hassk.) Miq.; Daphniphyllum conglutinosum
the shape of the fruit, see Eclogae Americanae 1: 29–30, t. Hemsl.; Pimelodendron naumannianum Pax & K. Hoffm.;
10. 1796[1797] and Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975. Pimelodendron papuanum Warb.)
Pimenta Lindley Myrtaceae 2933

Sulawesi to Solomon Is. Large tree Pimenta pimenta Cockerell; Pimenta pimenta (L.) H. Karst.,
nom. inval., tautonym; Pimenta tabasco (Willd. ex Schltdl.
See Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch.
& Cham.) Lundell; Pimenta vulgaris Lindl.; Pimenta vul-
4: 140. 1855, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 137. 1895
garis Bello; Pimentus aromatica Raf.; Pimentus geminata
(Leaves squeezed in water and the solution drunk to treat a Raf.; Pimentus vera Raf., nom. illeg.)
cough.)
Mexico to C. America, Caribbean.
in Papua New Guinea: kalisic
See Species Plantarum 1: 470–472. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Systema
Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1056. 1759, The Gardeners
Pimenta Lindley Myrtaceae Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768, Botanical
Spanish pimento, pimienta, pimiento, French piment, Magazine 29: t. 1236. 1809, Collectanea Botanica 4: sub
Latin pigmentum ‘a color, pigment, the juice of plants’; see t. 19. 1821, Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der
Collectanea Botanica 4: sub t. 19. 1821, Sylva Telluriana in der Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 9: t. 37.
105. 1838, Linnaea 27(2–3): 348, 415. 1854[1856], 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Handbuch der Pharmaceutischen Botanik 1: 339–340. 3: 285. 1828, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique pl.
1855, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3, 7: 71–72. 1893 418. 1829, Linnaea 5: 542. 1830, Allgemeine Medizinisch-
and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis Pharmazeutische Flora 4: 1525. 1835, Sylva Telluriana 105.
17: 403–404. 1921, Symbolae Antillarum 9: 468, 484–485. 1838, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti
1928, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums Bononiensis 4: 422, 442. 1840, Linnaea 27(2–3): 257–258,
zu Berlin-Dahlem 15: 512–513. 1941, Taxon 5: 145 (1956, 423, 425. 1854 [1856], Handbuch der Pharmaceutischen
Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern Botanik 339. 1855, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-
English. 2: 1095. 1967, Wrightia 4(6): 180. 1971, Botanikae medicinische Botanik… 790. 1882, Naturaleza [Sociedad
Közlemények 64: 212–213. 1978, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo méxicana de historia natural], ser. 2, 1: app. 83. 1888, Bulletin
Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. 4: 929. of the Torrey Botanical Club 19: 95. 1892, Die Natürlichen
Bologna 1985, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della Pflanzenfamilien 3, Abt. 7: 71. 1893, Anales de la Universidad
lingua italiana. XIII: 459–460, 486. UTET, Torino 1986, de Chile 98: 707. 1897 and Contributions from the Gray
Fl. Neotrop. 45: 1–178. 1986, Brenesia 31: 53–73. 1989, Fl. Herbarium of Harvard University 165: 37. 1947, Ceiba 3(3):
Lesser Antilles 5: 463–532. 1989, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, 172. 1953, Flora de Cuba 3: 1–502. 1953, Wrightia 2(2): 58.
Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. 1960, Fieldiana, Botany 24(7/3): 283–405. 1963, Flora of
Aufl. 152. 1989, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis
der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 485. 1996, Brittonia 49(4): 1–342. 1982, Fl. Neotrop. 45: 1–178. 1986, Brenesia 31:
508–536. 1997. 53–73. 1989, Flora de Veracruz 62: 1–146. 1990, Descriptive
Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta
Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (Blepharocalyx divaricatus var. 3: 1–461. 1994
ovalis (O. Berg) Reiche; Caryophyllus pimenta (L.) Mill.;
Caryophyllus pimento Mill.; Eugenia divaricata O. Berg (Antifungal, astringent. Used for digestive upsets, rheumatic
var. ovalis O. Berg; Eugenia micrantha Bertol., nom. illeg., aches, pains, menstrual cramps.)
non Eugenia micrantha (Kunth) DC.; Eugenia pimenta (L.) in English: allspice, bay tree, Jamaica pepper
DC.; Eugenia pimenta var. longifolia (Sims) DC.; Eugenia
pimenta var. longifolia DC.; Eugenia pimenta var. ovali- in Spanish: pimento
folia DC.; Evanesca crassifolia Raf., nom. illeg. superfl.; Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W. Moore (Amomis acris (Sw.)
Evanesca micrantha Bertol.; Myrtus aromatica Salisb., nom. O. Berg; Amomis acris var. grandifolia O. Berg; Amomis
illeg.; Myrtus aromatica Poir. nom. illeg.; Myrtus tabasco acris var. obtusata O. Berg; Amomis acris var. parvifolia O.
Willd. ex Schltdl. & Cham.; Myrtus dioica L.; Myrtus Berg; Amomis caryophyllata (Jacq.) Krug & Urban; Amomis
pimenta L.; Myrtus pimenta var. brevifolia Hayne; Myrtus caryophyllata var. grisea (Kiaersk.) Urb.; Amomis grisea
pimenta var. longifolia Sims; Myrtus pimentoides (DC.) T. (Kiaersk.) Britton; Amomis oblongata O. Berg; Amomis
Nees; Myrtus piperita Sessé & Moc.; Myrtus tabasco Willd. oblongata var. occidentalis O. Berg; Amomis oblongata var.
ex Schltdl. & Cham.; Pimenta aromatica Kostel., nom. illeg.; orientalis O. Berg; Amomis pimento O. Berg; Amomis pimento
Pimenta communis Benth. & Hook.f.; Pimenta dioica var. var. jamaicensis O. Berg; Amomis pimento var. surinamensis
tabasco (Willd. ex Schltdl. & Cham.) Standl.; Pimenta offi- O. Berg; Amomis pimentoides (DC.) O. Berg; Caryophyllus
cinalis Lindl.; Pimenta officinalis var. cumanensis Schiede racemosus Mill.; Myrcia acris (Sw.) DC.; Myrcia pimen-
& Deppe; Pimenta officinalis var. longifolia (Sims) O. Berg, toides DC.; Myrtus acris Sw.; Myrtus caryophyllata Jacq.;
nom. illeg. superfl.; Pimenta officinalis var. ovalifolia (DC.) Myrtus pimenta Ortega; Myrtus tabasco Willd. ex Schltdl.
O. Berg; Pimenta officinalis var. tabasco (Willd. ex Schltdl. & Cham.; Pimenta acris (Sw.) Kostel.; Pimenta acris var.
& Cham.) O. Berg; Pimenta officinalis var. tenuifolia O. grisea Kiaersk.; Pimenta acris var. pimentoides (DC.)
Berg; Pimenta pimenta (L.) Cockerell, nom. inval., tautonym; Griseb.; Pimenta acuminata Bello & Espinosa; Pimenta
2934 Pimpinella L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

dioica var. tabasco (Willd. ex Schltdl. & Cham.) Standl.; Latin America, China.
Pimenta officinalis var. cumanensis O. Berg; Pimenta offi-
See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753, The British Herbal
cinalis var. tabasco (Willd. ex Schltdl. & Cham.) O. Berg;
424. 1756, Classis Umbelliferarum: emendata cum generali
Pimenta pimento (O. Berg) Griseb.; Pimenta racemosa var.
seminum tabula et figuris aeneis in necessarium Instit. rei
grisea (Kiaersk.) Fosberg; Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa;
herbar. supplementum 101. 1767, De Fructibus et Seminibus
Pimenta tabasco (Willd. ex Schltdl. & Cham.) Lundell)
Plantarum… . 1: 102, pl. 23, f. 1. 1788 and Deutschl. Fl.,
Caribbean to Venezuela. Tree, inflorescence paniculate, Abt. II, Cryptog. 12: 56. 1904, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia,
small flowers, spreading sepals, white petals, blackish berries Series Botanica 24: 159–189. 1982, Biologicheskie Nauki
See Species Plantarum 1: 471. 1753, Nova Genera et Species (Alma-Ata) 11: 78–84. 1988
Plantarum seu Prodromus 79. 1788, Prodromus Systematis (Seeds infusion carminative, tonic, anthelmintic, antispas-
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 243. 1828, Linnaea 5: 542. modic and expectorant, digestive, stomachic; roots used as a
1830, Handbuch der Pharmaceutischen Botanik 339–340. cathartic, stomachic.)
1855, Linnaea 27: 419. 1856, Flora of the British West Indian
Islands 241. 1860, Anales de la Sociedad Española de in English: anise, anise burnet saxifrage, anise plant, ani-
Historia Natural 10: 270. 1881 and Bernice P. Bishop Mus. seed, sweet cumin
Bull. 102: 33. 1933, Fl. Suriname. 3: 56–158. 1951, Ceiba in Bolivia: anis, pampa anisa
3(3): 172. 1953, Fl. Guayane Française. 3: 138–167. 1953,
Wrightia 2(2): 58. 1960, Fl. Neotrop. 45: 1–178. 1986, Fl. in China: huai hsiang, huei hsiang, hui qin, pa yueh chu
Lesser Antilles. 5: 463–532. 1989 in India: dodda-jirige, muhuri
(Expectorant. Leaf decoction or infusion for flu, chills, flatu- Malayan names: anise, jintan manis
lence, cold in chest, fever, pneumonia, stroke, to ease cramps.)
in Arabic: habba helwa, habbet hléoua
in English: allspice, bay leaf, bay leaf tree, bay rum, bay tree,
Jamaica pepper, spice, spice leaf Pimpinella atropurpurea C.Y. Wu ex R.H. Shan & F.T. Pu
(Pimpinella chateriana J.F.M. Cannon & Farille)
in Dominica: bois d’Inde, bwa denn
China.
See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753 and Acta
Pimpinella L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Phytotaxonomica Sinica 21(1): 81, pl. 1, f. 1–5. 1983
From the MedLatin pipinella, perhaps from pepo, peponis (Astringent, stomachic, cooling.)
‘a pumpkin’, or derived from Latin pampinus, i ‘a tendril
or young shoot of a vine, a vine-leaf’; see Carl Linnaeus, in China: shen zi hui qin
Species Plantarum. 1: 263–264. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Pimpinella candolleana Wight & Arnott (Carum candol-
Ed. 5. 128. 1754, The British Herbal 424. 1756, Elenchus leanum (Wight & Arnott) Franchet)
Plantarum Novarum 46. 1838 and Flora URSS 16: 599. 1950,
Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern China.
English. 2: 1095–1096. New York 1967, Manlio Cortelazzo See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753, Prodr. Fl. Ind.
& Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. Orient. 1: 369. 1834, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, sér. 8, 6: 128.
4: 929. Bologna 1985, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizion- 1894 and Cytologia 51: 479–488. 1986, Journal of Cytology
ario della lingua italiana. XIII: 486. Torino 1986, Giovanni and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988
Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario
della lingua Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 502, 517. Firenze (Carminative, aphrodisiac.)
1994, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der in China: xing ye hui qin
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 485–486. Basel 1996. This
large, widespread, and taxonomically complex genus is gen- Pimpinella coriacea (Franchet) H. de Boissieu (Carum cori-
erally characterized by the small, rather featureless fruits. aceum Franchet)
Chinese species Pimpinella bisinuata, Pimpinella candolle- China.
ana, Pimpinella coriacea, Pimpinella renifolia, Pimpinella
rockii, Pimpinella tibetanica and Pimpinella yunnanensis See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753, Bull. Soc. Philom.
form part of a species complex with papillose or granular Paris, sér. 8, 6: 127. 1894 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 56: 351.
fruit and heteromorphic leaves. 1909
Pimpinella anisum L. (Anisum vulgare Gaertner; Apium (Carminative, tonic.)
anisum (L.) Crantz; Carum anisum (L.) Baillon; Selinum
in China: ge ye hui qin
anisum (L.) E.H.L. Krause; Sison anisum (L.) Sprengel;
Tragium anisum (L.) Link) Pimpinella diversifolia DC.
Pinanga Blume Arecaceae (Palmae) 2935

China, E Asia, Himalayas. Erect branched herb, greenish- Pimpinella stewartii (Dunn) E. Nasir (Eriocycla stew-
white flowers, ovoid fruits, widespread and very variable artii (Dunn) Wolff; Pimpinella stewartii (Dunn) Nasir;
species Pituranthos stewartii Dunn)
See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753, Prodromus Pakistan.
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 122. 1830 and
See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753 and Flora of West
Kromosomo, II 6: 178–185. 1977, Taxon 29: 543. 1980,
Pakistan 20: 66. 1972, Plant Systematics and Evolution 154:
Candollea 35: 497–510. 1980, Plant Systematics and
11–30. 1986
Evolution 154: 11–30. 1986, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
(Pruhonice) 31: 13–16. 1999 (Stomachic.)
(Roots and seeds stomachic, carminative, aphrodisiac. Pimpinella thellungiana H. Wolff
Extract of leaves and seeds used in skin diseases.)
China.
in China: yi ye hui qin
See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753 and Das
in India: saonf Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft 90): 304. 1927
Pimpinella heyneana Wall. (Helosciadium heyneanum DC.; (Aphrodisiac, astringent, for skin diseases, mental illness.)
Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Benth.)
in China: yang hong shan
India. Herb, seeds used as condiment
Pimpinella tibetanica H. Wolff
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 566. 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 106.
1830, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 894. 1867 and China.
Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50. 1970,
Cytologia 45: 389–402. 1980 See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753 and Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 27(741–750): 319–320. 1930
(Plant extract given with honey or Madhuca indica liquor in
asthma and rheumatism; plant extract drunk for stomachache (Stomachic, aphrodisiac.)
and indigestion. Seeds aphrodisiac.)
in China: zang hui qin
in India: azola, dongar-jeera, kavar, nadgiova, ran-erandos
Pimpinella wallichiana (Miq.) Gandhi
Pimpinella hirtella A. Rich. (Pimpinella peregrina auct., plur.
Afr., non L., misapplied name; Pimpinella volkensii Engl.) India.

East Africa. See Fl. Hassan Distr. Karnataka, India 417. 1976, Indian
Forester 102(4): 232. 1976, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 360. 1998
See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753, Tentamen Florae
Abyssinicae … 1: 323. 1848 (Resin for ulcers, boils.)

(Astringent, stomachic.) Pimpinella yunnanensis (Franchet) H. Wolff (Carum yun-

nanense Franchet; Pimpinella pseudocandolleana H. Wolff)
Pimpinella monoica Dalzell
China.
India.
See Species Plantarum 1: 263–264. 1753, Bull. Soc. Philom.
See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 212. 1851 and J.
Indian Bot. Soc. 57: 342–345. 1978 Paris, sér. 8, 6: 128. 1894 and Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft
90): 266. 1927, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
(Powdered seeds for jaundice.) Vegetabilis 27(734–740): 189. 1929
in India: tinpano (Leprosy, cooling, febrifuge.)
Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb. in China: yun nan hui qin
Java, Indonesia. Perennial aromatic herb
See Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm (1809–1864), Plantae
Pinanga Blume Arecaceae (Palmae)
Junghuhnianae: enumeratio plantarum, quas, in insulis
Java et Sumatra detexit Fr. Junghuhn. Lugduni-Batavorum From the Malayan name pinang, see Bulletin des Sciences
[Leiden, The Netherlands], Parisiis, [1853?]–1857 [Confusion Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande 1: 65. 1838, Wendland
on dating of fasicles exists.] & O. Drude, “Palmae Australasicae.” in Linnaea 39: 155–238.
1875 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
(Aromatic roots diuretic, aphrodisiac.)
zu Berlin-Dahlem 13: 188. 1936, O. Beccari & R.E.G. Pichi
in Indonesia: antanan gunung, purwa tjeng Sermolli, “Subfamiliae Arecoidearum Palmae Gerontogeae.
2936 Pinellia Tenore Araceae

Tribuum et Generum Conspectus.” 25 Mar. 1955, seors. impr. Pinanga gracilis Blume (Areca gracilis Buch.-Ham.; Areca
ex Webbia. 11: 1–187. 31 Mar. 1956, Edwino S. Fernando, “A gracilis Roxb., nom. illeg.; Nenga gracilis (Blume) Becc.;
revision of the genus Nenga.” Principes 27(2): 55–70. 1983. Pinanga patula Blume var. gracilis Scheff.; Seaforthia grac-
ilis (Blume) Mart.; Seaforthia gracilis Mart.)
Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume (Areca coro-
nata Blume; Areca coronata Blume ex Mart.; Areca costata Tibet, Nepal. Slender palm, pinnate leaves, 2-fid solitary spa-
(Blume) Kurz; Areca costata Kurz; Areca oriziformis var. dix, scarlet to orange-red fruits
gracilis Giseke; Pinanga coronata var. teijsmannii Scheff.;
See Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5(2): 310. 1826, Fl. Ind.
Pinanga costata Blume; Pinanga kuhlii Blume; Pinanga
ed. 1832, 3: 619. 1832, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 184–185. 1838,
kuhlii var. alba Scheff.; Pinanga kuhlii var. sumatrana
Rumphia 2: 77, 87. 1839, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 32:
Scheff.; Pinanga noxa Blume; Pinanga sumatrana (Scheff.)
178. 1871, Malesia 1: 25. 1877
H. Wendl.; Ptychosperma alba Scheff.; Ptychosperma album
Scheff.; Ptychosperma coronata Miq.; Ptychosperma coro- (Nuts used as masticatory.)
natum (Blume ex Mart.) Miq.; Ptychosperma costata Miq.;
in China: xian xi shan bin lang
Ptychosperma costatum (Blume) Miq.; Ptychosperma kuhlii
(Blume) Miq.; Ptychosperma kuhlii Miq.; Ptychosperma in India: turaung-araung
noxa Miq.; Ptychosperma noxa (Blume) Miq.; Seaforthia
in Brazil: pinanga rabo de peixe
coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Mart.; Seaforthia coronata Mart.;
Seaforthia costata (Blume) Mart.; Seaforthia costata Mart.;
Seaforthia kuhlii (Blume) Mart.; Seaforthia kuhlii Mart.;
Seaforthia montana Blume; Seaforthia montana Blume ex Pinellia Tenore Araceae
Mart.; Seaforthia reinwardtiana Mart.) Named for the Italian Giovanni Vincenzo Pinelli, 1535–
Indonesia. 1601, owner of a botanic garden in Naples; see D.H.
Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana.
See Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl.: 80. 1792, Rumphia 2: 83–85, t. 10: 15–25. 1988.
112–113. 1836[1839], Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3(7):
179, 183, 185. 1838, Rumphia 2: 80–82. 1839, Historia Pinellia pedatisecta Schott (Pinellia tuberifera Ten. var.
Naturalis Palmarum [Mart.] 3(ed. 2): 179, 185, t. 158, f. pedatisecta (Schott) Engl.; Pinellia wawrae Engler; this
2, 4. 1845, Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3: 313. 1849, species dedicated to the Austrian (b. Brünn) botanist Dr.
Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 3: 21, 23–25. 1855, Natuurk. Heinrich Ritter Wawra von Fernsee (Ritter von Fernsee),
Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27: 26. 1864, Natuurk. Tijdschr. 1831–1887 (d. near Vienna), traveller, plant collector (Brazil,
Ned.-Indië 32: 181, 183. 1873, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Luanda and South Africa), ship’s surgeon, ennobled 1873;
Nat. Hist. 43(2): 200. 1875 [1874 publ. 26 Apr 1875], Ann. see John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists.
Hort. Belge Étrangère 25: 60. 1875 and Botanica Acta 110: 3: 466. 1965)
79–89. 1997 C. & S. China. Perennial herb, strong taste, tubers whit-
(Green bark crushed and steeped and the infusion used to ish oval to much depressed, thin blades weakly glossy and
bathe swollen joints and limbs, in beriberi; this treatment can dark green above, spadix peduncle greenish, erect-spreading
cause miscarriage and is avoided for swelling in pregnant inflorescence among leaves, female and male flowers on the
woman. Endosperm of the fruit used as an ingredient of the axis, fruits medium dark yellow-green, shady places, on
masticatory called sirih; endosperm eaten raw to lower blood damp slopes, under trees
pressure, to purge, to kill intestinal worms.) See Atti della R. Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e
in Indonesia: gaat Matematiche di Napoli 4: 57, 69. 1839 [also Atti Reale Accad.
Sci. Sez. Reale Borbon.], Oesterreichisches Botanisches
Pinanga disticha (Roxb.) H. Wendl. (Areca curvata Griff.;
Wochenblatt 7: 341. 1857, Monographiae Phanerogamarum
Areca disticha Roxb.; Areca humilis Roxb. ex H. Wendl.;
2: 557, 567. 1879 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 24: 157–
Pinanga bifida Blume; Ptychosperma disticha Miq.;
160. 1986, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 35(3): 208–214.
Ptychosperma distichum (Roxb.) Miq.; Ptychosperma dis-
1997, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 23(2): 67–8,
tichum Miq.; Seaforthia disticha (Roxb.) Mart.; Seaforthia
89, 127. 1998, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
disticha Mart.)
28(11): 1015–8. 2003, China Journal of Chinese Materia
Thailand, Sumatra. Medica 29(10): 963–6. 2004, Planta Med. 71(6): 580–4.
2005, J. Biosci. 32(2): 241–9. 2007
See Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 184–185. 1838, Rumphia 2: 92. 1839,
Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 28. 1855, Palmiers 231, 253. 1878 (Toxic traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Stinging crystals.
Poisonous tubers used as medicine for treatment of enlarge-
(Stomachic, an antidote to poisons ingested.)
ment of lymph node, apoplexy, tetanus, rheumatic disease and
Malay name: pinang penawar urinary tract infection; external use for snakebite.)
Pinguicula L. Lentibulariaceae 2937

in China: huzhang, hu zhang, tian nanxing, ben cao gang mu, fresh tuber contains a substance that is strongly irritating.
xin xiu ben cao, zhang ye ban xia According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the remedy is
commonly used as an antitussive and expectorant. The plant
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino (Alocasia ternata (Thunb.)
is applied externally to wounds to obtain a hemostatic and
Raf.; Arisaema cochinchinense Blume; Arisaema loureiri
analgesic effect.)
Blume; Arisaema macrourum (Bunge) Kunt; Arisaema
ternatum (Thunb.) Schott; Arum bulbiferum Salisb., nom. in China: ban xia, pan hsia
illeg.; Arum bulbosum Pers. ex Kunth; Arum fornicatum
in Japan: karasu-bishaku (karasu = crow)
Roth; Arum macrourum Bunge; Arum subulatum Desf.;
Arum ternatum Thunb.; Arum triphyllum Houtt., nom. illeg.;
Atherurus ternatus (Thunb.) Blume; Hemicarpurus fornica-
tus Nees; Pinellia angustata Schott; Pinellia cochinchinensis Pinguicula L. Lentibulariaceae
(Blume) W. Wight; Pinellia fornicata (Roth) Pritz.; Pinellia Latin pinguiculus, a, um ‘fattish, somewhat fat’, pinguis,
ternata (Thunb.) Druce, non. illeg. isonym; Pinellia ternata e ‘fat’, referring to the appearance of the viscid leaves, see
f. angustata (Schott) Makino; Pinellia ternata f. atropur- Species Plantarum 1: 17. 1753, Analyse des Familles de
purea (Makino); Pinellia ternata var. atropurpurea Makino; Plantes 19, 23. 1829.
Pinellia tuberifera Tenore, nom. illeg. superfl.; Typhonium
tuberculigerum Schott) Pinguicula lutea Walter

China to Temp. E. Asia. North America. Perennial herb

See Species Plantarum 2: 964. 1753, Handl. Pl.-Kruidk. 2(2): See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 63. 1788
184. 1774, Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 827. 1784, Flora Japonica, … (Analgesic, stomachic, for abdominal pain, colic.)
233. 1784, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 260. 1796, Tableau
de l’École de Botanique 7 et 385. 1829, Melet. Bot. 17. 1832, in English: yellow butterwort
Enum. Pl. China Bor.: 67. 1833, Rumphia 1: 107–108, 136. Pinguicula pumila Michx. (Pinguicula pumila Michx. var.
1836–1837, Fl. Tellur. 3: 64. 1837, Atti della R. Accademia buswellii Moldenke)
delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche di Napoli 4: 57, 69. 1839,
Icon. Bot. Index: 846. 1855, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi North America. Perennial herb
1: 123. 1863, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin 37: 687. 1879 and See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 11. 1803 and Phytologia
Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 15: 135–136. 1901, Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. 1(2): 98–99. 1934
U.S.D.A. 142: 35. 1909, (Report) Botanical Society and
Exchange Club of the British Isles 4: 640. 1917, Bull. Natl. (Analgesic, stomachic, for abdominal pain, colic.)
Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 68. 1953, Journal of the Pharmaceutical in English: small butterwort
Society of Japan 85(9): 832–835. 1965, China Journal of
Chinese Materia Medica. 14(11): 646–648, 701. 1989 [A Pinguicula vulgaris L. (Pinguicula vulgaris L. var. ameri-
survey on the medicinal history of Pinellia ternata Breit.] cana A. Gray)
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 16(3): 135–136, North America. Perennial herb
189. 1991 [Status of Yunnan drug banxia and its botanical
origin.], Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 29(5): 423–430. 1991, See Species Plantarum 1: 17. 1753 and Fragm. Florist.
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 18(4): 195–196, Geobot. 1: 16–31. 1954, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ.
239, 253. 1993 [A comment on two medicinal aroids huzhang Comenianae, Bot. 25: 1–18. 1976, Taxon 31(2): 344–360.
and tiannanxing.], Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 35(3): 208– 1982, Preslia 63: 323–328. 1991, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999
214. 1997, China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 23(2): (Ceremonial, magico-religious beliefs, good luck charm.)
67–68, 89, 127. 1998 [Textual research on herb youba.], Acta
Agronomica Sinica 26(1): 83–86. 2000, Guang Pu Xue Yu in English: butterwort, common butterwort
Guang Pu Fen Xi. 24(4): 427–430. 2004 [Study on the iden-
tification of standard and false BanXia by two-dimensional
infrared correlation spectroscopy.], Arch. Virol. 150(1): 125– Pinus L. Pinaceae
135. 2005 [Further molecular characterisation of potyviruses
Ancient Latin name pinus, i, probably from pix, picis ‘pitch’
infecting aroid plants for medicinal use in China.], Planta
(Akkadian pehum ‘to caulk’, pihu, pehum ‘caulker’); Anglo-
Med. 72(9): 844–847. 2006 [Authentication of Pinellia ter-
Saxon pin, pinhnutu, Sanskrit pitu-daruh ‘a kind of pine’;
nata and its adulterants based on PCR with specific primers.]
see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1000–1002. 1753,
(Standard BanXia. Tuber poisonous, used as traditional Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 434. 1754, Elementa botanica …
Chinese medicine for treatment of coughs, for reducing 3: 369. 1790, Systema orbis vegetabilium 35. 1830, Lotos 4:
phlegm, stopping vomit; externally for treatment of breast 94. 1854 and Flora of the Southeastern United States 29,
mastitis and otitis media. Tubers of Pinellia ternata are 1326. 1903, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32: 597.
one of the well-known traditional Chinese medicines; the 1905, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 36–56., Ernest Weekley, An
2938 Pinus L. Pinaceae

Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1097. 1967, in China: jia le bi song

Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico
Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon (Pinus contorta Douglas
della lingua italiana. 4: 930. 1985, Salvatore Battaglia,
ex Loudon subsp. contorta)
Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XIII: 499. 1986,
Pines Mex. Centr. Amer. 1–231. 1991, Giovanni Semerano, North America, Mexico. Perennial tree
Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario della lingua
See Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2292, f. 2210,
Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 518. 1994.
2211. 1838 and Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 95–100. 1993
Pinus aristata Engelm. (Pinus balfouriana subsp. aristata
(Resin used for consumption, tuberculosis, stomach pain and
(Engelm.) Engelm.; Pinus balfouriana Balf. var. aristata
stomach troubles, colds, coughs, burns, body sores, boils, sores,
(Engelm.) Engelm.; Pinus balfouriana var. aristata Engelm.)
skin diseases, broken skin, heart trouble, rheumatism, paraly-
North America. Perennial tree sis, ulcers. Inner bark blood purifier, purgative and diuretic,
cathartic, for consumption, tuberculosis and gonorrhea.)
See American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2, 34: 331.
1862, Wheeler 6: 375. 1878, Geological Survey of California, in English: beach pine, lodgepole pine, shore pine
Botany 2: 125. 1880, Transactions of the Academy of Science
Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. murrayana (Balf.)
of St. Louis 4: 176. 1880 and J. Fujian Coll. Forest. 12: 437–
Engelm. (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon subsp. mur-
444. 1992
rayana (Balf.) Critchfield; Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana
(Poultice of heated pitch applied to sores and boils.) (Balf.) Engelm.; Pinus murrayana Balf.)
in English: bristlecone pine, Colorado bristlecone pine, North America. Perennial tree
Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine
See Geological Survey of California, Botany 2: 126. 1880,
Pinus banksiana Lamb. (Pinus divaricata (Aiton) Sudw.; Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 4: 177.
Pinus divaricata Dum. Cours.; Pinus sylvestris var. divari- 1880 and Publication of the Maria Moors Cabot Foundation
cata Aiton) for Botanical Research 3: 106. 1957
North America. Perennial tree (For eye problems, sore eyes.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Hortus Kewensis; in English: Sierra lodgepole pine
or, a catalogue … 3: 366. 1789, A Description of the Genus
Pinus coulteri Lamb. ex D. Don (Pinus macrocarpa Lindl.;
Pinus 1: 7, pl. 3. 1803, Le Botaniste Cultivateur, … edition
Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson; Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex
seconde 6: 457. 1811 and Journal of Heredity 72: 193–198.
Lawson & C. Lawson; Pinus ponderosa subsp. coulteri (D.
1981, Plant Systematics and Evolution 153: 119–132. 1986,
Don) E. Murray; Pinus ponderosa subsp. coulteri (Lamb. ex
Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Ehime University,
D. Don) E. Murray; Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex D. Don)
Series e, Natural Science 8: 1–108. 1988, Biologia 48:
95–100. 1993 North America. Perennial tree
(Inner bark decoction applied to cuts, boils, wounds. See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Edwards’s
Anticonvulsive, stimulant, for stomachache, fainting.) Botanical Register 26: 62. 1832, Descr. Pinus (ed. 3) 1832,
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17: 440. 1836,
in English: gray pine, jack pine, Labrador pine, scrub pine
Agricultural Monographs. U.S. Department of Agriculture
in French: pin gris 354. 1836 and Sierra Club Bulletin 4: 130. 1902, Illustrated
Flora of the Pacific States 1: 1–557. 1923, J. Arnold Arbor.
in China: bei mei duan ye song
45: 260–273. 1964, Kalmia 12: 23. 1982, Flora Neotropica
Pinus caribaea Morelet (Pinus caribaea var. honduren- 75: 1–291. 1997
sis (Sénécl.) W.H.G. Barrett & Golfari; Pinus hondurensis
(Stomachic, tonic.)
Loock)
in English: Coulter’s pine
West Indies.
Pinus echinata Mill. (Pinus mitis Michx.; Pinus taeda L.
See Bull. Forest. Union S. Africa no. 35: 210, tab. 25.
var. echinata (Mill.) Castigl.; Pinus virginiana Mill. var.
1950 [Pines Mexico & Brit. Honduras], Fieldiana, Bot.
echinata (Mill.) Du Roi)
24(1): 36–56. 1958, Ceiba 22(1): 41–64. 1978, Journal of
Ethnobiology 3(2): 149–156. December 1983, Brenesia 21: North America. Perennial tree
269–291. 1983, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92:
See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 12.
9–10. 2003
1768, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 204. 1803
(Oil used in inhalers. Love potion, inner bark.)
(Analgesic, anthelmintic, emetic, cathartic, cold infusion of
in English: Caribbean pine, Cuban pine buds taken for worms, swellings.)
Pinus L. Pinaceae 2939

in English: long-tag pine, short-leaf pine, shortleaf pine, Pinus glabra Walter
spruce pine, yellow pine
North America. Perennial tree
in China: meng ya song
See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 237. 1788 and J.
Pinus edulis Engelmann (Caryopitys edulis (Engelmann) Heredity 71: 297. 1980
Small; Pinus californiarum D.K. Bailey subsp. fallax (Little)
(Anthelmintic, laxative, stimulant, antirheumatic, febrifuge,
D.K. Bailey; Pinus cembroides subsp. edulis (Engelm.) A.E.
antidiarrheal, for colics and gout, cough, catarrh, swollen
Murray; Pinus cembroides Zuccarini var. edulis (Engelmann)
breast, piles, fever.)
Voss; Pinus edulis var. fallax Little; Pinus monophylla Torr.
& Frém. var. fallax (Little) Silba) in English: cedar pine, spruce pine
North America. Perennial tree Pinus halepensis Mill.
See Wislizenus, F.A. (Frederick Adolph) (1810–1889), Algeria, Spain.
Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico: connected with Col.
Doniphan’s Expedition in 1846 and 1847. 88. Washington: See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Gardeners
Tippin & Streeper, printers, 1848, Zoë 2(3): 251–252. 1891 Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 2. 1768
and Flora of the Southeastern United States 29, 1326. 1903, (For skin diseases.)
Phytologia 17(4): 331–335. 1968, Kalmia 12: 22. 1982, Notes
from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 44: 279. 1987, in English: Aleppo pine, halepensis pine, Jerusalem pine
Phytologia 68: 54. 1990, J. Fujian Coll. Forest. 12: 437–
in South Africa: denneboom
444. 1992
Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zuccarini (Apinus koraiensis
(Stomachic, febrifuge, disinfectant, emetic, fumigant, expec-
(Siebold & Zuccarini) Moldenke; Pinus cembra L. var. mand-
torant. Pine resin used as a heating ointment, can be rubbed
schurica (Rupr.) Carrière; Pinus mandschurica Ruprecht;
on joints, burns, cuts, sores. Ceremonial, witchcraft medi-
Pinus prokoraiensis Y.T. Zhao et al.; Strobus koraiensis
cine, magic, ritual, protection from sorcery.)
(Siebold & Zuccarini) Moldenke)
in English: Colorado pine, Colorado pinyon, piñón, pinyon,
China.
pinyon pine, two-leaf nut pine, twoneedle pinyon
Pinus elliottii Engelm. (Pinus caribaea sensu Small, non See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Flora Japonica
Morelet; Pinus densa (Little & Dorman) Gaussen var. aus- 2: 28, pl. 116, f. 5–6. 1844, Lotos 4: 94. 1854, Bulletin de
trokeyensis Silba, nom. inq.; Pinus heterophylla (Elliot) la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale
Sudw., nom. illeg., 1893, not K. Koch, 1849; Pinus hetero- des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 382. 1857, Traité
phylla K. Koch; Pinus taeda var. heterophylla Elliott, p.p.) général des conifères 1: 390. 1867 and Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club 32: 597. 1905, Revista Sudamericana de
North America. Perennial tree Botánica 6: 30. 1939, Phytologia 4(2): 125. 1952, Silvae
See A Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia Genet. 32: 119–124. 1983, Scientia Silvae 21(1): 75–79. 1985,
2: 636. 1824, Linnaea 22: 295. 1849, Transactions of the Bulletin of Botanical Research 10(4): 69–70. 1990
Academy of Science of St. Louis 4(1): 186–190, pl. 1–3. 1880, (Seeds tonic, stomachic.)
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 20(2): 45. 1893
in English: Korean pine
(Analgesic, antirheumatic.)
in China: hong song, hai song zi, hai sung
in English: Honduras pine, pine tree, slash pine
Pinus lambertiana Douglas (Pinus lambertiana var. mar-
in China: shi di song tirensis Silba; Pinus lambertiana var. minor Lemmon; Pinus
in South Africa: den lambertiana var. purpurea Lemmon; Strobus lambertiana
(Douglas) Moldenke)
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D. Don (Pinus gerardiana Wall.
ex Lamb.; Pinus gerardiana Wall.) North America. Perennial tree, sugary resin, sweet-scented
fresh-cut wood
North West Himalayas. Tree, edible seeds
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Trans. Linn.
See Kalmia 13: 13. 1983
Soc. London, Bot. 15: 500. 1827, Lotos 4: 94. 1854, Biennial
(Oil from the seeds carminative, stimulant and expectorant, Report of the California State Board of Forestry 2: 70, 83.
applied as a dressing to wounds and ulcers.) 1888, Cone-bearing Trees of the Pacific Slope, ed. 3 22. 1895
and Phytologia 4(2): 128. 1952, Cytologia 45: 555–560. 1980,
in China: xu mi bai pi song
Silvae Genet. 32: 119–124. 1983, Phytologia 68: 52. 1990, Fl.
in India: chigoza, chilgoza, neoza, ree Neotrop. 75: 1–291. 1997
2940 Pinus L. Pinaceae

(Carminative, anthelmintic, laxative, cathartic, for stomach Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don (Pinus strobus subsp.
gas, sore eyes.) monticola (Douglas ex D. Don) E. Murray; Pinus strobus
var. monticola (Douglas ex D. Don) Nutt.; Strobus monticola
in English: giant pine, sugar pine
(Douglas ex D. Don) Rydberg)
Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lamb. (Pinus longifolia Roezl ex
North America. Tree, roasted seeds eaten
Lamb., nom. illeg.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Descr. Pinus (ed.
India. Evergreen tree, winged seeds
3) 1832, The North American Sylva 3: 118. 1849 and Flora
See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 398. 1796, A Description of of the Rocky Mountains 1060. 1917, Kalmia 12: 23. 1982,
the Genus Pinus 1: 29, t. 21. 1803 Silvae Genet. 32: 119–124. 1983, Memoirs of the Faculty of
Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural Science 8:
(Hot leaves decoction applied locally to treat sprains, swell-
1–108. 1988
ings and snakebite. Resin boiled in water with salt and drunk
to relieve cough, also for urinary troubles. Roasted seeds (Astringent, for skin diseases.)
eaten as a galactagogue. Ceremonial, ritual.) in English: white pine
Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl. (Pinus oocarpa fo. tri-
Burma, Sumatra. Tree foliata Martínez, nom. inval.; Pinus oocarpa var. manza-
noi Martínez; Pinus oocarpa var. oocarpoides (Lindl. ex
See Pl. Nov. Ind. Bot. 5, pl. 2. 1845, Rumphia 3: 210. 1847 Loudon) Endl.; Pinus oocarpoides Lindl. ex Loudon; Pinus
(Charcoal made from the wood included in an oral remedy tecumumani Schwertfeger, nom. inval.)
for dysentery. Needles and resin boiled, a wash to treat skin Mexico, Guatemala. Tree
rash. Part of Pandanus fruit mixed with pitch boiled and the
liquid drunk for urinary problems.) See Linnaea 12: 491–492. 1838, Synopsis Coniferarum 152.
1847, An Encyclopaedia of Trees and Shrubs 1118. 1883 and
in Indonesia: tusam Anales del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional
in Thailand: mishu de México 11: 70. 1940, Anales del Instituto de Biología de la
Universidad Nacional de México 16: 197. 1945
Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frém. (Caryopitys monophylla
(Torr. & Frém.) Rydb.; Pinus californiarum D.K. Bailey; (Sap applied to skin to kill worms.)
Pinus californiarum subsp. fallax (Little) D.K. Bailey; Pinus palustris Mill. (Abies alba (Aiton) Michx.; Picea alba
Pinus cembroides subsp. monophylla (Torr. & Frém.) A.E. (Aiton) Link; Pinus alba Aiton; Pinus australis F. Michx.;
Murray; Pinus cembroides var. monophylla (Torr. & Frém.) Pinus australis var. filius Michx.; Pinus elliottii Engelm.;
Voss; Pinus edulis var. fallax Little; Pinus edulis var. mono- Pinus longifolia Salisb.)
phylla Torr., nom. nud.; Pinus fremontiana Endl., nom. illeg.
superfl.; Pinus monophylla Hort. ex Parl.; Pinus monophylla North America. Perennial tree
var. californiarum (D.K. Bailey) Silba; Pinus monophylla See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 14.
var. fallax (Little) Silba) 1768, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 371. 1789,
North America. Perennial tree Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 207. 1803, Histoire des Arbres
Forestiers de l’Amerique Septentrionale 1: 64, pl. 6. 1810 and
See Rep. Exped. Rocky Mts. 2: 319. t. 4. 1845, Synopsis Proc. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Tokai Univ. 1: 7–16. 1982
Coniferarum 183. 1847, Report on the Colorado River 4: 28,
pl. 4. 1861, Prodr. (DC.) 16(2.2): 385. 1868 and Mitteilungen (Analgesic, antirheumatic. Pine oil an ingredient of sprays
der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 123. 1904, used for killing and repelling flies on cattle.)
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(11): 597. 1905, in English: Georgia pine, long-leaf pine, longleaf pine, pitch
Phytologia 17(4): 331–335. 1968, Kalmia 12: 22. 1982, Notes pine, southern pine, southern yellow pine
from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 44: 278–279.
1987, Phytologia 68: 54. 1990 in China: chang ye song
Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson
(Carminative, contraceptive, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic,
antiemetic, astringent, analgesic, disinfectant, for intestinal North America. Tree, seeds eaten
parasites, diarrhea, nausea, cuts and sores, rheumatism, cold,
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Agricultural
cough, to stop menstruation. Veterinary medicine, gum poul-
Monographs. U.S. Department of Agriculture 354. 1836 and
tice applied to horses for cuts. Magic, witchcraft medicine,
MacDonald, M.A. “Pine needle abortion in range beef cattle.”
ritual, gum applied to forehead as a protection from sorcery.)
J. Range Manage., 5: 150–155. 1952, James, L.F., Call, J.W.
in English: nut pine, single-leaf pinyon pine, singleleaf pin- “Pine-needle (Pinus ponderosa)—induced abortion in range
yon, stone pine cattle.” Cornell Vet., 62: 519–524. 1972, Plant Systematics
Pinus L. Pinaceae 2941

and Evolution 153: 119–132. 1986, Memoirs of the Faculty in India: charathoos (dried female cones), chil, chir, dhinies
of Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural Science 8: (the resinous pieces of wood), jeegan (the resin), sarala,
1–108. 1988, Gartner, F.R., Johnson, F.D., Morgan, P. “Cattle smuther (the dried leaves), sowl
abortion from ponderosa pine needles: ecological and range
in Nepal: aule sallo, dhup, khote salla, khote sallo, rani salla,
management considerations.” Pages 71–94 in James, L.F.,
thangsing
Ralphs, M.H., Nielsen, D.B., eds. The Ecology and Economic
Impact of Poisonous Plants on Livestock Production. Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex D. Don (Pinus coulteri Lamb.
Westview Press, Boulder, Colo., USA. 1988, Murdoch, W.J. ex D. Don)
et al. “Evaluation of histopathologic and physiologic changes
North America.
in cows having premature births after consuming ponderosa
pine needles.” Am. J. Vet. Res., 50: 285–289. 1989, J. Fujian See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Descr. Pinus
Coll. Forest. 12: 437–444. 1992 (ed. 3) 1832, Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
17: 440. 1836 and Griffin, J.R. “Cone morphology in Pinus
(Pregnant cows that ingest the needles abort within 2 days
to 2 weeks. Cows in the third trimester are affected; the sabiniana.” J. Arnold Arbor. 45: 260–273. 1964
problem usually occurs during winter and spring, when for- (Sedative.)
age is scarce. Cows may retain the placenta. Several toxic
compounds have been suspected, including diterpene resin Pinus strobiformis Engelm. (Apinus flexilis (E. James) Rydb.;
acids. Warmed resin placed on boils. Heated needles placed Pinus ayacahuite C. Ehrenb. ex Schltdl. subsp. strobiformis
on the abdomen of pregnant women to help deliver the pla- (Engelm.) A.E. Murray; Pinus ayacahuite var. brachyptera
centa. Pitch made into a paste and applied for rheumatism Shaw; Pinus ayacahuite var. novogaliciana Carvajal; Pinus
and backache.) ayacahuite var. reflexa (Engelm.) Voss; Pinus ayacahuite
var. strobiformis Sarg. ex Lemmon; Pinus ayacahuite var.
in English: Ponderosa pine strobiformis (Engelm.) Lemmon; Pinus bonapartea Roezl ex
Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel (Pinus cembra Linnaeus var. Gordon; Pinus flexilis E. James; Pinus flexilis subsp. reflexa
pumila Pallas; Pinus cembra var. pygmaea Loudon) (Engelm.) A.E. Murray; Pinus flexilis var. reflexa Engelm.;
Pinus flexilis var. reflexa (Engelm.) Engelm.; Pinus novogali-
China. ciana (Carvajal) Carvajal; Pinus reflexa (Engelm.) Engelm.;
See Fl. Ross. 1(1): 5. 1784, Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1858: Pinus strobiformis var. carvajalii Silba; Pinus strobiformis
23. 1859 var. potosiensis Silba)

(Aphrodisiac.) North America, Mexico. Perennial tree

in China: yan song See An Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the

Rocky Mountains 2: 27, 34, 35. 1823, Memoir of a Tour
Pinus roxburghii Sargent (Pinus longifolia Roxb.) to Northern Mexico: connected with Col. Doniphan’s
India, Himalayas, China, Nepal. Tree, spreading dimorphic Expedition in 1846 and 1847 102–103. 1848, Gardener’s
more or less whorled branches, leaves in clusters, male cones chronicle, ser. 3 1858: 358. 1858, Report Upon United States
in clusters, winged seeds, a source of resin, gregarious tree Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian,
in Charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler … vol. vi—Botany
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, The Silva 6: 258. 1879, Botanical Gazette 7(1): 4. 1882, Cone-bearing
of North America 11: 9. 1897 and Plant Systematics and Trees of the Pacific Slope, ed. 2 4. 1892 and Bulletin of the
Evolution 153: 119–132. 1986, Memoirs of the Faculty of Torrey Botanical Club 32(11): 598. 1905, Mitteilungen der
Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural Science 8: Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 16: 92. 1907[1908],
1–108. 1988, J. Fujian Coll. Forest. 12: 437–444. 1992 Kalmia 12: 23. 1982, Kalmia 13: 21. 1983, Phytologia 59: 131.
(Antimicrobial activity. Hot leaves decoction applied locally 1986, Phytologia 68: 61–62. 1990, Flora Novo-Galiciana 17:
to treat sprains, swellings and snakebite. Resin boiled in 48. 1992
water with salt and drunk to relieve cough, also for urinary
(Stomachic, astringent, expectorant, febrifuge, sedative, for
troubles, and as a plaster for burns, skin infections, boils,
cough, fever. Ceremonial emetic, good luck charm.)
wounds, heel cracks, swellings and bone fractures. Roasted
seeds eaten as a galactagogue. The pollen mixed with red in English: limber pine, Mexican white pine, Southwestern
loam used as a plaster for bone fractures. Ceremonial, ritual, white pine
immature needles tied to form a broom used in sacred places
in Mexico: pino enano
of deities, temples.)
Pinus strobus L. (Leucopitys strobus (L.) Nieuwl.; Pinus
in English: chir pine, emodi pine, Himalayan long-leaved
chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen; Pinus monticola Douglas
pine, long-leaved Indian pine, long-leaved pine
ex D. Don; Pinus strobus Thunb., non L.; Pinus strobus
in China: xu mi chang ye song subsp. chiapensis (Martínez) E. Murray; Pinus strobus var.
2942 Piper L. Piperaceae

chiapensis Martínez; Strobus monticola (Douglas ex D. applied on heel cracks and skin diseases; resin used as a plas-
Don) Rydb.; Strobus strobus (L.) Small) ter for bone fractures. Veterinary medicine, leaves crushed
with clay soil, the paste applied externally for treating inter-
North America.
nal injuries of cattle.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Lotos 4: 94.
in English: Bhutan pine, blue pine, Himalayan white pine
1854, Flora Japonica, … 275. 1874 and American Midland
Naturalist 3: 69–70. 1913, Flora of the Rocky Mountains in Bhutan: tongphu
1060. 1917, Anales del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad
in China: qiao song
Nacional de México 11(1): 81–84, f. 19–23. 1940, Phytologia
10(6): 417–421. 1964, Biologia 34: 3–13. 1979, Taxon 29: in India: biar, byans, chilla, chir, dhurasala, dolchilla, kaiar,
535. 1980, Kalmia 12: 23. 1982, Silvae Genet. 32: 119–124. kail, lamshing, lim, lumshiny, neet-kung, raislla, safed chi-
1983, Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis ulu, tongsehi, yiro
Comenianae, Botanica 34: 21–25. 1987, Memoirs of the
in Lepcha: neet-kung
Faculty of Education, Ehime University, Series e, Natural
Science 8: 1–108. 1988 in Nepal: gobre salla, dhupi, jhule sallo, sa-la, thansin
(Stomachic, astringent, expectorant, sedative, for cough.) Pinus yunnanensis Franch. (Pinus insularis Endl. var. yun-
nanensis (Franch.) Silba; Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon
in English: eastern white pine, Weymouth pine
subsp. yunnanensis (Franch.) Businsky; Pinus sinensis D.
in China: bei mei qiao song Don var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Shaw; Pinus tabuliformis
Carrière var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Dallim. & A.B. Jacks.)
Pinus tabuliformis Carrière (Pinus densiflora Siebold &
Zucc.; Pinus densiflora var. tabuliformis (Carrière) Mast.; China. Tree
Pinus leucosperma Maximowicz; Pinus sinensis Mayr
See Gardeners’ magazine. London 16: 8. 1840, Journal de
(1894), non D. Don (1828) non (Beissner) Voss (1913); Pinus
Botanique (Morot) 13(8): 253–254. 1899 and Sargentia; con-
tabulaeformis Carr.; Pinus tabuliformis f. jeholensis Liou
tinuation of the contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of
& Q.L. Wang; Pinus tabuliformis f. purpurea Liou & Q.L.
Harvard University 2: 17. 1914, Handbuch der Coniferen-
Wang; Pinus tabuliformis var. bracteata Takenouchi; Pinus Benennung 3: 563. 1948, Phytologia Memoirs 7: 52. 1984, J.
tabuliformis var. tokunagai (Nakai) Takenouchi; Pinus tai- Fujian Coll. Forest. 12: 437–444. 1992, J. Wuhan Bot. Res.
hangshanensis Hu & Yao; Pinus tokunagai Nakai) 16(3): 280–282. 1998, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36(3): 222–231.
China. 1998, Acta Průhon. 68: 24. 1999, J. Nanjing Forest. Univ.
23(1): 49–52. 1999
See Species Plantarum 2: 1000–1002. 1753, Flora Japonica
2: 22, pl. 112. 1844, Traité général des conifères 510. 1867 (Worshipped, twigs and leaves burned as incense.)
and Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26: 549. 1902, J. in China: ta zai, yun nan song
Nanjing Forest. Univ. 23(1): 49–52. 1999
in Tibet: dong min
(For rheumatism.)
in English: Chinese pine, Chinese red pine
Piper L. Piperaceae
in China: song jie, you song
Greek peperi ‘pepper’, Latin piper, eris, Sanskrit pippali,
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. (Pinus excelsa Wall. ex D.
pipuli for pepper (see Charaka Samhita, the materia med-
Don; Pinus excelsa Wall.; Pinus excelsa Lam.; Pinus excelsa
ica of ancient India); see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
Wall. ex Lamb.; Pinus griffithii McClell.; Pinus griffithii
1: 28–30. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 18. 1754,
Parl.; Pinus nepalensis Chambray; Pinus nepalensis Royle
Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum 123. 1792,
ex Lindl. & Gord.)
Flora Peruviana 1: 35, 37–38. 1798, Neue Entdeckungen im
China, Himalayas. Evergreen tree, branches in whorls, male Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 1: 255. 1820, Linnaea
cones in clusters, winged seeds 5: 74. 1830, Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles
en Néerlande 2: 447, 450. 1839, Miquel, Friedrich Anton
See Fl. Franç. (Lamarck) 2: 202. 1779 [1778 publ. after 21
Wilhelm (1811–1871), Systema Piperacearum. Roterodami:
Mar 1779], A Description of the Genus Pinus, ed. 2 1: 40, t.
Apud H. A. Kramers, 1843 [Issued in 2 fasc., 1843–1844.],
26. 1828, Traité Arbr. Resin. Conif. 342. 1845, Notulae ad
Linnaea 18: 606. 1845, Notul. Pl. Asiat. (Posthum. Pap.) 4:
Plantas Asiaticas 4: 17. 1854, Prodr. (DC.) 16(2.2): 411. 1868
383. 1854, P. Fanfani, Vocabolario dell’uso toscano. Firenze
and American Midland Naturalist 3: 70. 1913, Bulletin of
1863, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1938(2): 85. 1938
16(1): 240–241. 1869, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 441–537. 1886
(Bark antibacterial, used for bone fracture. Oleoresin anti- and Amer. J. Bot. 10: 513. 1923, Candollea 1: 65–415. 1923,
bacterial, stomachic, wound healing, a remedy for gonorrhea, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 69: 315.
Piper L. Piperaceae 2943

1930, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Tableau
73(5): 329–330. 1934, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: 81. 1791,
Garden 37(1): 1–120. 1950, The Piperaceae of northern Flora Peruviana 1: 35, 38, t. 57, 60, f. a. 1798, Enumeratio
South America 1–838. 1950, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 228–337. Plantarum … 1: 312. 1805, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
1952, Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 82(5): (quarto ed.) 1: 50. 1815 [1816], Synopsis Plantarum 1: 119.
355–356. 1955, Fieldiana, Botany 35: 5–218. 1971, Tseng 1839, Linnaea 13: 609–610, 622–623, 633–638. 1839 [1840],
Yung-chien, Chen Pei-shan & Zhu Pei-zhi. Piperaceae. In: Comm. Phytogr. 32, 40. 1840, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale
Tseng Yung-chien, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 20(1): des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 10(1): 130. 1843,
11–78. 1982, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 20(2): 193– Systema Piperacearum 434, 451–452, 528. 1844, Prodromus
236. 1990, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 282. 1869,
(Botany) 23(1): 1–50. 1993, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique 30(1): 203.
della cultura europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di 1891 [1892], Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(2): 274. 1898
voci moderne. 2(2): 518. Firenze 1994, Ceiba 42(1): 1–71. and Mededeelingen van’s Rijks-Herbarium 27: 7. 1915,
2001 [2002], Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005], Flora de la Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 71(6): 7–8. 1920,
región del Parque Nacional Amboró Bolivia 2: 1–209. 2004. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
All species of Piper may be used for herbal baths. 26(2): 37. 1927, Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium 26(4): 170–171, 175, 178, 184. 1929, Field
Piper aduncum L. (Artanthe adunca (L.) Miq.; Artanthe
Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 10: 160. 1931,
angustifolia (Lam.) Miq.; Artanthe celtidifolia (Kunth) Miq.;
Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Serie
Artanthe elongata (Vahl) Miq.; Artanthe galeotti Miq.; Piper
Botánica 33: 48. 1936, Publications of the Field Museum of
aduncifolium Trel.; Piper aduncum var. brachyarthrum
Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2): 161–162. 1936, Field
(Trel.) Yunck.; Piper aduncum var. laevifolium C. DC.; Piper
Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 12: 104. 1936,
anguillaespicum Trel.; Piper angustifolium Lam.; Piper
Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(4):
angustifolium Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg., non Piper angusti-
347–350. 1938, Caldasia 1: 86–87. 1940, Ciencias (Mexico)
folium Lam.; Piper celtidifolium Kunth; Piper cuatrecasa-
2(5): 207–208. 1941, Phytologia 58(1): 28, 59. 1985, Newslett.
sii Trel., nom. inval.; Piper cumbricola Trel., nom. inval.;
Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Pruhonice) 31: 13–16. 1999, Revista
Piper disparispicum Trel.; Piper elongatifolium Trel.; Piper
Boliviana de Ecología y Conservación Ambiental 7: 93–114.
elongatum Vahl; Piper elongatum var. brachyarthrum Trel.;
2000, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri
Piper elongatum var. elongatum; Piper elongatum var. lae-
Botanical Garden 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001, Fl. Rep. Cuba,
vifolium (C. DC.) Trel.; Piper elongatum var. pampayacu-
ser. A 9(3): 81. 2004, Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2): 257–
sum Trel.; Piper fatoanum C. DC.; Piper flavescens (C. DC.)
296. 2005
Trel.; Piper herzogii C. DC.; Piper intersitum Trel.; Piper
intersitum fo. porcecitense Trel.; Piper kuntzei C. DC.; Piper (Plant used on fresh cuts, the stem and bark scraped and
lineatum Ruiz & Pav.; Piper lineatum var. hirtipetiolatum placed on wounds. Leaves used as a mild aromatic tonic, seda-
Trel.; Piper multinervium M. Martens & Galeotti; Piper tive, cooling, stimulant and internal styptic, for constipation.)
multinervium Trel., nom. illeg., non Piper multinervium M.
in English: black wattle, pepper, Spanish elder
Martens & Galeotti; Piper multinervium var. amplum Trel.;
Piper multinervium var. flavicans Trel.; Piper multinervium in Indonesia: seuseureuhan
var. hirsuticaule Trel.; Piper multinervium var. kantelolense
in Papua New Guinea: garoac, karawe, kili
Trel.; Piper multinervium var. paralense Trel.; Piper multi-
nervium var. peracutum Trel.; Piper multinervium var. pro- in Peru: cordoncillo, matico
ductipes Trel.; Piper multinervium var. protractifolium Trel.;
Piper amalago L. (Enckea ceanothifolia (Kunth) Kunth;
Piper multinervium var. puberulipedunculum Trel.; Piper
Enckea orthostachya Kunth; Enckea plantaginea (Lam.)
multinervium var. pubescenticaule Trel.; Piper multinervium
Kunth; Enckea sieberi Miq.; Piper adenophlebium Trel.;
var. skutchii Trel.; Piper multinervium var. telanum Trel.;
Piper amalago fo. ceanothifolium (Kunth) Steyerm.; Piper
Piper oblanceolatum Trel.; Piper oblanceolatum var. fragili-
amalago var. medium (Jacq.) Yunck.; Piper berlandieri C.
caule Trel.; Piper pseudovelutinum C. DC.; Piper pseudove-
DC.; Piper calvescens Trel.; Piper calvescens var. aguanum
lutinum C. DC. var. flavescens C. DC.; Piper purpurascens
Trel.; Piper calvescens var. cangrejalense Trel.; Piper calves-
D. Dietr.; Piper reciprocum Trel.; Piper stevensonii Trel. &
cens var. pedunculatum Trel.; Piper calvescens var. potreril-
Standl.; Piper submolle Trel.; Steffensia adunca (L.) Kunth;
losense Trel.; Piper ceanothifolium Kunth; Piper cobanense
Steffensia angustifolia (Lam.) Kunth; Steffensia celtidifolia
Trel.; Piper cobanense var. sarculatum Trel.; Piper comaya-
(Kunth) Kunth; Steffensia elongata (Vahl) Kunth)
guanum Trel. ex Yunck.; Piper compactum Trel.; Piper con-
Central and South America. Monoecious, shrub or small versum Trel.; Piper cubilquitzianum C. DC.; Piper deamii
tree, leaves ovate, inflorescence arching, flowers in dense spi- var. yojoanum Trel.; Piper decrescens (Miq.) C. DC.; Piper
ral, floral bracts densely yellow-white ciliate, fruit a berry, an decrescens var. ovatum C. DC.; Piper gaumeri Trel.; Piper
aggressive weed, in open or disturbed areas, roadsides, forest gracillimum Trel.; Piper gracillimum var. dantoense Trel.;
edges and along streams, bushland Piper henshenii C. DC.; Piper lundellianum Trel.; Piper
2944 Piper L. Piperaceae

lundellii Trel.; Piper medium Jacq.; Piper medium var. cean- See Rec. Bot. Surv. India vi. 25. 1912
othifolium (Kunth) Trel. & Yunck.; Piper nicoyanum C. DC.;
(For newborn children, a postpartum remedy.)
Piper orthostachyum Kunth; Piper plantagineum Lam.;
Piper realgoanum C. DC.; Piper recuperatum Trel.; Piper Malay name: sireh rimau puteh
reticulatum L.; Piper reticulatum Vell.; Piper saururoides
Desv. ex Ham.; Piper sieberi (Miq.) C. DC.; Piper siguate- Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq. (Piper attenuatum
pequense Trel.; Piper siguatepequense var. subrhombifolium Herb. ex Link; Piper attenuatum Willd. ex Kunth, nom.
Trel. ex Yunck.; Piper syringaefolium Balb. ex Kunth; Piper inval.; Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.)
tenuipes C. DC.; Piper tigerianum C. DC., nom. illeg.; Piper India. Vine, woody climber, densely foliaceous, leaves ovate-
tiguanum C. DC.; Piper tilaranum Trel.; Piper vaccinum lanceolate, unisexual dioecious flowers in axillary spikes,
Standl. & Steyerm.; Piper victorianum C. DC.; Piper wilso-
smooth dark brown berry
nii Trel.; Piper xanthoneurum Trel.)
See Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 63. 1820, Linnaea 13: 603.
West Indies.
1839[1840], Systema Piperacearum (F.A.W. Miquel) 306.
See Species Plantarum 1: 29. 1753, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 1843–1844, FBI 5: 92. 1886
1: 56. 1815, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 4: 218,
300. 1866, Catalogus plantarum cubensium … 64. 1866 and (Used in Sidha. Plant rubefacient, used in headache, pains
Botanical Gazette 70(3): 174. 1920, Contributions from the and bodyache. Dried fruits for cough and catarrh. Roots
United States National Herbarium 26(4): 131–132. 1929, diuretic, a juice given in common colds. Ceremonial, leaves
Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 10: 161. used in ceremonies of worship.)
1931, Piperac. N. South Amer. 1: 69. 1950, Fieldiana, Bot. in China: luan ye hu jiao
24(3): 228–337. 1952, Brittonia 14: 189. 1962, J. Arnold
Arbor. 54: 400. 1973, Fl. Venez. 2(2): 322. 1984, Fontqueria in India: ai-bithi, ai-tithi, aibithi, arenukai, arenukam, cut-
44: 59. 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): tirapippili, insipane, irenukai, irenukam, kattu milaku, kat-
1928–1984. 2001, Novon 17(1): 11–19. 2007 tumilagu, kattumulaka, kaunti, renukam
(Green leaves infusion a remedy for coughs.) Piper auritum Kunth (Artanthe aurita (Kunth) Miq.;
in English: black wattle, crab wood Artanthe aurita Miq.; Artanthe seemanniana Miq.; Piper
alstonii Trel.; Piper auritilaminum Trel.; Piper auritilimbum
Piper arborescens Roxb. (Piper arborescens Thwaites; Trel.; Piper auritum Sieber ex Kunth; Piper auritum var.
Piper arborescens Miq.; Piper arborescens Wall.; Piper amplifolium C. DC.; Piper auritum var. seemannianum Trel.;
arborescens var. angustilimbum Quisumb.; Piper kotoense Piper auritum var. seemannianum (Miq.) Trel.; Piper her-
Yamam.) aldi Trel.; Piper heraldi var. amplius Trel.; Piper heraldi var.
India, Indonesia. Climbing liane, green inflorescence cocleanum Trel.; Piper perlongipes Trel.; Piper rafaeli Trel.;
Schilleria aurita (Kunth) Kunth; Schilleria aurita Kunth)
See Hort. Bengal. 80. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of
Indian Plants ed. Carey & Wall., 1: 161. 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Mexico.
Carey, i. 159. 1832, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6648 A. 1832,
Syst. Piperac. (F.A.W. Miquel) 320. 1843–1844, Enum. Pl. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) [H.B.K.]
Zeyl. [Thwaites] 293. 1858–1864 and Philippine Journal of 1: 54. 1815[1816], Linnaea 13: 698, 713–714. 1839[1840],
Science 43(1): 22–23, f. 2, 5–6. 1930, Journal of the Society Systema Piperacearum (F.A.W. Miquel) 400. 1844, The
of Tropical Agriculture, Taiwan 4: 304. 1932 Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 199, t. 39. 1854,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
(Whole plant decoction taken for rheumatism. Crushed 16(1): 321. 1869 and Contributions from the United States
leaves applied as an ointment to relieve irritation from insect
National Herbarium 26(2): 40. 1927, Publ. Field Mus. Nat.
stings; crushed leaves applied as a cold poultice to the abdo-
Hist., Bot. Ser. 9: 277. 1940, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
men to reduce swelling after childbirth. Fresh root infusion
Garden 27(3): 287, 292. 1940, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri
drunk to treat malaria. Powdered yellow root strong bitter-
tasting infusion drunk to treat stomachache and diarrhea.) Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001

in English: (proud) caterpillar, proud caterpillar, yellow vine (Leaves infusion drunk to treat abdominal pains.)

in China: lan yu feng teng Piper bantamense Blume (Piper attenuatum auct., non
Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.)
in Indonesia: ala balet, aka unga, balang ulet
Indonesia. Climber, dioecious, woody, flowers in solitary
Malay name: sireh bubut spikes, fruit a berry, in forest and thickets
Piper argyritis Ridl. ex C. DC.
See Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunst. xi. (1826) 164. t. 3. f. 5.
Malaysia. 1826
Piper L. Piperaceae 2945

(A poultice of the bark, mixed with ginger, clove and nutmeg barge-tanbol, beetla, beetla-codi, betre, bhakshyapatra, bhu-
applied to cramped muscles of arms and legs. Fresh leaves, jangalata, bhujangavalli, bithi-auk, burg pan taza, burg tam-
mixed with some water, used to relieve headache.) bul, caruku, catakalatcumi, chigurele, cigurele, cilanatini,
cinakini, citankani, cittirappen, civanacini, civanakini, civa-
in Indonesia: bleng, cabe utan bebau, oyod tepel
nakiniyilai, civanakkini, civattanam, cukkuli, cukkuliyilai,
Piper betle L. (Chavica betle (L.) Miquel; Chavica betle Miq.; culi, culilai, culini, culiniyilai, cuntaramatu, divabhishta, ele,
Piper betel Blanco; Piper pinguispicum C. DC. & Koord.) ele balli, eleballi, elevalli, gnyhasaya, gryashya, hapre, hu
(the name betel or betle, meaning “simple leaf”, probably mo, ikali, ikani, ilaikkodi, ilaiyamutu, illi, irakani, irakkani
from betre, from Malayalam language in South India) kalaskanda, kamacanani, kamatenu, kameraku, kammaru
verrilai, kammeaaku, kammeraku, kanicci, kanicciyilai,
Central and eastern Malesia, Java. Evergreen perennial climb-
karamattam, karavali, karavalli, karavallikkoti, karunkoti,
ing vine, epiphytic, dioecious, stout, woody or semi-woody kenitam, khasi pan, khavayache-pan, khushk pan, kodinjaali,
to herbaceous, stem swollen at the nodes, short adventitious kodinjaali pacha, kontinni, kotikkal, kotikkarkoti, kotinnali,
roots, heart-shaped simple coriaceous leaves, inflorescence mannilaventan, mannilaventanilai, mannilventan, matik-
a cylindrical pendulous spike, minute flowers, fruit fleshy, kuruvi, mellataku, mellilai, naaga valli, naagavaela, naaga-
leaves chewed, a very variable species vali, naagavalli, nag vel, naga-valli, nagar-bel, nagarbeldo,
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Fl. Filip. [F.M. nagavali, nagavallari, nagavalli, nagavallika, nagawalli,
Blanco] 22. 1837, Systema Piperacearum. (F.A.W. Miquel) nagini, nagvel, nagveliche pan, nakai, nakanavalli, nakat-
228. 1843–1844, FBI 5: 85. 1886 and Proc. Roy. Acad. taiccuranamakki, nakavallari, nakavalli, nakavallittalam,
Amsterdam, xiv. No. 4, 37. 1909, Koorders, Sijfert Hendrik nakavalliyilai, nakini, navilai, nilakantanilai, niravalli, nir-
(1863–1919), Koord. Exkursionsfl. Java ii. 24. 1912, Current valli, nirvatan, nitakam, ompulakkanni, paan, paanu, paan-
Science 50: 197–198. 1981, Tseng Yung-chien, Chen Pei- vel, pacaki, pacakikkoti, pacatam, paccai, pachadam, palia
shan & Zhu Pei-zhi. Piperaceae. In: Tseng Yung-chien, ed., tua, pallalaki, pallukkalaku, pan, pan tamboli, pan-dawng,
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 20(1): 11–78. 1982, Cytologia pan desi, pan ke patton ka pani, pan-ruang, pana, panal,
50: 583–592. 1985, Botanical Magazine 99: 289–299. 1986, panamana, pandawng, pannalakai, pannalatai, pannalatai-
Kew Bulletin 42: 465–470. 1987, Acta Botanica Indica 16: kkoti, pannavalli, panu, parna, parnaguhashaya, parnalata,
186–194. 1988, Plant Systematics and Evolution 166: 105– patam, pattivilye, phanirajavalli, phanivalli, pitikuruvi, sap-
117. 1989, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 33(2): 149–153. talata, saptashira, saptasira, sivanagini, sivangagini, suk-
1998, Cytologia 64: 301–307. 1999 kuli, sulini, tamalapaku, tamalapakutamulapataku, tambla,
tambol, tamboola, tambul, tambula, tambulah, tambulam,
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Leaves and fruits anti- tambulavallari, tambulavalli, tambuli, tambulivalli, tam-
bacterial, antiseptic, masticatory, carminative, stimulant, sto- pulakkamalam, tampulakkanni, tampulam, tampulamata,
machic, expectorant, analgesic, anesthetic, tonic, astringent, tampulapalam, tampulavalli, tampulikkoti, tampuliyilai,
sialagogue, laxative, anthelmintic and aphrodisiac. Leaves tanbol, tekalatcumi, tembul, tevapetcaiyilai, tevappetcai,
applied on wounds, ulcers, boils and bruises; leaf juice given tevappittai, thamaalapaaku, thamulapat aaku, tirai, tiraiyal,
at the time of delivery; fresh juice mixed with lime applied to tiraiyalali, tiraiyalalikkoti, uraikkumilai, urakavalli, utari,
the throat in glandular inflammation; essential oils antiseptic, vativalaki, veelayada yele gida, veelyadele, vellilai, verrila,
used in treating catarrhal affections, diphtheria, inflamma- verrilai, verrilaikkoti, verrilaivalli, verrilamatippu, vethilai,
tions of the throat and ear, larynx and bronchi; a decoction vetrilai, vetta, vettila, vettilai, vettilaichurul, vettilaikodi,
of the leaves used to bathe a woman after childbirth; leaves vettilakkoti, vettilamatippu, vettilei, vicayam, videchapana,
smeared with warm ghee and used as a poultice upon the vidyache paan, vidyache pan, vidyache-pan, vidyachi pan,
wounds, sores, to soothe the swelling and pain of boils. vilaydele, vile, vileya, villayadelay, villayadele, villedele,
Petiole taken for whooping cough. If pasted root taken by vilya, vilyadaballi, vilye, virakkoti, virarkoti, vite, vitika,
a lady, she will never produce child, given also for abortion; vitikai, yele balli
roots chewed in order to stop pregnancy. Sacred plant, leaves
used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, ingredient of in Indonesia: aka unga kalong, seureuh, sirih, sirih biasa,
suruh, udu sepak
Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies, spiritual
rituals of birth and death, of courtship and marriage.) in Laos: ph’u
in English: betel, betel leaf pepper, betel leaves, betel pepper, in Malaysia: kerakap, sireh china, sireh hudang, sireh melayu,
betel vine, betle pepper, necklace vine, sucking herb sirih, tunas sireh
in Cambodia: mlu in Papua New Guinea: bala, daka, kimu, raurau, venge
in China: ju jiang, lou ye in Philippines: buyo, buyo-anis, buyo-buyo, buyog, buyok,
buyu, gaued, gauod, gok, ikmo, itmo, kanisi, mamin,
in India: aakumadupa, ahivalli, akilatam, akumadhupa,
mamon, samat
akumadupa, akumadupu, ambaadi yele, ambaadiyaele,
ambadiyele, arpositakkoti, arppositam, aumi pan, baccire, in Thailand: phlu, see keh
2946 Piper L. Piperaceae

in Tibet: na-ga Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 23(1): 1–50. 1993, Ceiba 44(2):
105–268. 2003[2005], Novon 17(1): 11–19. 2007
in Vietnam: lau, mjau, tr[aaf]u, tr[aaf]u kh[oo]ng, trau khong,
trau luong (Leaves for venereal diseases, to stop bleeding.)
Piper boehmeriifolium (Miq.) Wall. ex C. DC. (Chavica Piper caducibracteum C. DC.
boehmeriifolia Miq.; Piper boehmeriifolium Wall.; Piper
Indonesia. Shrub, dioecious, woody, straggling, leaves
boehmeriifolium (Miquel) C. DC.; Piper boehmeriifolium
arranged spirally, petiole sheathing at base, solitary spikes,
var. tonkinense C. DC.; Piper spirei C. DC.; Piper spirei var.
fruit a berry dark brown to black
pilosius C. DC.; Piper terminaliflorum Y.C. Tseng)
See An Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense
China, Vietnam, Himalaya. Small climber, similar to Piper
183. 1917
pedicellatum C. DC.
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, A Numerical List (Antibacterial, antiseptic, masticatory, carminative, stimu-
of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 6654 A. 1832, Systema lant, stomachic, expectorant, tonic, astringent, sialagogue,
Piperacearum 1: 46, 222, 265. 1843, J. Bot. 4: 164. 1866, laxative, anthelmintic and aphrodisiac.)
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) in Indonesia: amelaun albar, sirih kandati, sirih utan
16(1): 348. 1869 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine [P.H.
Lecomte et al.] 5: 81, 87–88. 1910, Acta Phytotaxonomica Piper caninum Blume (Piper banksii Miquel; Piper lauter-
Sinica 17(1): 30–31, f. 7. 1979, Tseng Yung-chien, Chen Pei- bachii C. DC.; Piper macrocarpum C. DC.)
shan & Zhu Pei-zhi. Piperaceae. In: Tseng Yung-chien, ed., Malesia. Dioecious climber, epiphytic, slender, hairy twigs
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 20(1): 11–78. 1982
and petioles, male inflorescence often longer than the leaves,
(Used in Ayurveda. Crushed leaves antibacterial, antisep- fruit a berry, lowland, mixed forest, in disturbed and mon-
tic, mixed with leaves of Peliosanthes bakeri (Peliosanthes tane forests
griffithii Baker) for venereal diseases.)
See Verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap
in China: zhu ye ju van kunsten en wetenschappen 11: 214, f. 26. 1826 and Fl.
Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach] 255. 1900
in India: cavya, gajapippali, meriang penui, patia taluba
[1901 publ. Nov 1900], Nova Guinea 8: 421. 1910
Piper bredemeyeri Jacq. (Artanthe bredemeyeri (Jacq.)
Miq.; Artanthe flexuosa (Kunth) Miq.; Artanthe radula (A decoction of the leaves used to bathe a woman after child-
(Kunth) Miq.; Piper alveolatifolium Trel.; Piper amagarum birth, a postpartum remedy, to stop or reduce bleeding after
Trel., nom. nud.; Piper bredemeyeri var. angustifolium Trel. delivery. Heated leaves rubbed onto pimples on the skin. For
& Yunck.; Piper bredemeyeri var. flexuosum (Jacq.) Trel. hoarseness, chew the leaves along with betel.)
& Yunck.; Piper copacabanense Trel.; Piper faviculiferum in English: common pepper vine
Trel.; Piper flexuosum Jacq.; Piper flexuosum Willd.; Piper
flexuosum Rudge; Piper pelliticaule Trel.; Piper pseudopsis in India: kwa-manbi
C. DC.; Piper radula Kunth; Piper villibracteum C. DC.; in Indonesia: mrican
Steffensia flexuosa Kunth; Steffensia radula (Kunth) Kunth)
in Malaysia: chambai, erok sireh, lada hantu, setebal, sireh
Venezuela.
dayak, sireh hutan, sireh pachat
See Rudge, Edward (1763–1846), Plantarum Guianae
Rariorum Icones et Descriptiones … 13, t. 13. Londini, 1805 in Papua New Guinea: mocuc
[i.e. 1805–1806], Jacquin, Joseph Franz von (1766–1839), in Philippines: buyo-buyo, detid, tampadan
Eclogae plantarum rariorum aut minus cognitarum…
Vindobonae: Sumptibus auctoris, typis Antonii Strauss …, in Vietnam: ti[ee]u ch[os]
1811–1844, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) Piper capense L.f. (Coccobryon capense Klotzsch;
1: 48–49. 1815[1816], Linnaea 13: 644, 650–651. 1839[1840], Coccobryon capense (L.f.) Miq.; Piper bequaertii De Wild.;
Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811–1871), Systema Piper emirnense Baker; Piper humblotii C. DC.; Piper odo-
Piperacearum 426–427, 429, 454. Roterodami, 1844 [Issued ratum C. DC.; Piper sacleuxii C. DC.; Piper trichopodum C.
in 2 fasc., 1843–1844.], Primitiae Florae Costaricensis DC.; Piper volkensii C. DC.; Piper volkensii C. DC. forma
2(3): 248–249. 1899 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et crassiusculum Peter; Piper volkensii C. DC. forma eucorda-
Jardin Botaniques de Genève 21: 233–234. 1920, Journal tum Peter; Piper volkensii C. DC. forma ovatum Peter)
of the Washington Academy of Sciences 19(15): 329. 1929,
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium Tropical Africa. Herb, evergreen shrub or liana, aromatic,
26(4): 157. 1929, Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical tuberous rootstock, creamy white inflorescence, globose-
Series 17(4): 345, t. 11. 1938, Candollea 1: 88. 1940, The ovoid drupe, shiny seeds, forage, spice, closely related to
Piperaceae of northern South America 1: 87, 186. 1950, Bull. Piper nigrum L.
Piper L. Piperaceae 2947

See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Supplementum Boissier 6: 493–494. 1898 and Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot.
Plantarum 90. 1781 [1782], Syst. Piperac. (F.A.W. Miquel) Genève 21: 234, 251. 1920, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot.
343. 1843, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 22: 514–515. 1887, Bot. Jahrb. Ser. 13(2): 3–253. 1936, Publications of the Field Museum of
Syst. xix. (1894) 225. 1894 and Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 51–52. Natural History, Botanical Series 18(1): 362. 1937, Piperac.
1911, Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 8 N. South Amer. 1: 89. 1950, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot.
(Suppl. Bot.): 10. 1920, Candollea 1: 178. 1923, Journal of 20(2): 193–236. 1990
Ethnopharmacology 13(2): 209–215. 1985, Phytochemistry
(Aromatic leaves infusion drunk as an aid to digestion.)
30(5): 1649–1652. 1991, Phytochemistry 30(11): 3759–3762.
1991, Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 12(4): Piper clusii (Miq.) C. DC. (Cubeba clusii Miq.; Piper clusii
471–483. 1992, Tetrahedron Letters 33(39): 5673–5676. 1992, C. DC.)
Flora of Tropical East Africa 1–24. 1996, Phytochemistry 49:
Tropical Africa, India.
2019–2023. 1998, Bothalia 30(1): 25–30. 2000, South African
Journal of Science 98(1–2): 25–28. 2002, Pharmaceutical See Systema Piperacearum (F.A.W. Miquel) 304. 1843,
Biology 41(5): 330–339. 2003 Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
16(1): 340. 1869
(Fruits taken as a cough medicine, vermifuge, diuretic, sto-
machic, to treat heart and kidney problems. Leaves and fruits (Used in Ayurveda.)
cough sedative, anthelmintic, insecticide, febrifuge. Leaves
in English: African black pepper, African cubeb, West
antifungal, antibacterial, acaricidal, to treat abdominal disor-
African black pepper
ders, kwashiorkor, epilepsy, fever and hematuria. Leaves and
stems as a postpartum remedy. Bark infusion given to treat in India: kankolam
sterility, sore mouth and throat, chest complaints, venereal
Piper crassipes Korth. ex C. DC. (Cubeba crassipes Miq.)
diseases; a paste applied on wounds and against vaginal dis-
charge. Root anthelminthic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, tonic, Malaya.
expectorant. Veterinary medicine, for gastroenteritis, intesti-
See Prodr. (DC.) 16(1): 344. 1869
nal parasites, worms, anaplasmosis; leaves applied to swollen
legs of cattle.) (Used in Ayurveda.)
in English: wild pepper in India: kankolam
in Southern Africa: matimati (Shona) Piper cubeba L.f. (Cubeba officinalis Raf.; Piper cubeba
Bojer; Piper cubeba Vahl) (from Arabic kubaba, al-
in Tanzania: mdeka
kabaabah, see in Studi veneziani. XVII-XVIII: 465. [piper
in Yoruba: ata iyere, iyere, iyere gidi in chubebe.] 1975–1976)
Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav. (Carpunya lessertiana (Miq.) Indonesia, Java, India. Liana, perennial, climbing, round
C. Presl; Carpunya lessertiana C. Presl; Carpunya peru- branches, rooting at the joints, leaves acuminate and very
viana C. Presl; Ottonia carpunga Miq.; Ottonia carpunya smooth, flowers arranged in spikes at the end of the branches,
Miq.; Ottonia carpunya (Ruiz & Pav.) Miq.; Ottonia les- stalked berries, aromatic pungent bitter fruit
sertiana Miq.; Piper cocherense Trel.; Piper colombianum
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Supplementum
C. DC.; Piper crassinervium Kunth var. hartwegianum C.
Plantarum 90. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Enum. Pl. [Vahl] i.
DC.; Piper glabrirameum C. DC.; Piper glanduligerum C.
332. 1804, Hortus Maurit. 355. 1837, Sylva Telluriana 84. 1838
DC. var. subcoriaceum C. DC.; Piper lenticellosum C. DC.;
Piper lessertianum (Miq.) C. DC.; Piper lessertianum C. (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Stimulant, expectorant,
DC.; Piper nieblyanum C. DC.; Piper pallidirameum C. DC.; stomachic, carminative, diuretic, antiseptic, used in catarrh,
Piper pallidirameum var. subcrassifolium C. DC.; Piper pal- asthma, gonorrhea, venereal diseases, chronic bronchitis,
lidirameum var. sublongirameum C. DC.; Piper subdurum dysentery, cystitis, chronic bladder diseases, leucorrhea, ure-
Trel.; Schilleria carpunya Kunth; Schilleria carpunya (Ruiz thritis, prostate infections, on the mucous membranes of the
& Pav.) Kunth) urinary and respiratory tracts.)
South America, Peru. Fragrant leaves in English: cubeb, cubeb pepper, cubebs, Java pepper, tailed
cubebs, tailed pepper, West African black pepper
See Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 1: 37, t, 63, f. b. 1798,
Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 1: 48. 1816, Linnaea 13: 676–677, in Arabic: kababa hindiya, kababa tchini, kababah, kebbaba,
693–694. 1840, Systema Piperacearum (F.A.W. Miquel) kubaba
546–547. 1844, Epimel. Bot. 229. 1851, Abhandlungen der
in China: bi cheng qie, pi cheng ch’ieh
Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
ser. 5 6: 589. 1851, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 4: in India: ainnilam, alankaram, aranukam, arenu, arenu-
164, 167, 215. 1866, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni gam, arenukam, aripalugam, aripalukam, atturati, autaci-
Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(1): 240, 258, 298. 1869, Bull. Herb. yamilaku, avattam, baala menasu, balamenasu, balmenasu,
2948 Piper L. Piperaceae

calani, calavamiriyalu, calini, caluvamiriyamu, catavikam, (Used in Sidha. Aromatic leaves infusion drunk as an aid to
catavikamilaku, catuttam, cavika, cevviyam, chalava-miri- digestion.)
yalu, chaluva-miriyalu, chaluvamiriyaalu, chanakbab, china-
in India: kantattippili, tayshavarum
munchi, chinimulaku, cikkam, cinamilaku, cinamnnci,
cinamulagu, cinatiksna, cinaviram, ciniamulaku, cinorana, Piper diffusum Vahl (Piper diffusum Blume ex Miq.)
cubab chinie, cur, curam, curamilaku, curmilaku, elava-
India. Stout climber, spreading herb, rooting at nodes, scan-
lukam, gandha-menasu, gandha menasu, gandhamenasu,
dent branches, leaves subcoriaceous, fruit as spice
gandhamunchi, gandhamunci, habb-ul-arus, hima simire,
ilatai, ilepam, illi, ittakam, kaapoorcheenee, kabab chini, See Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 333. 1804, Linnaea 20: 130. 1847,
kabab-chini, kababah, kababchini, kababchini, kabacini, FBI 5: 96. 1886
kakkola, kanacam, kanacamilaku, kanakam, kanakamilaku, (Infusion of leaves or crushed leaves juice applied for sprains,
kankol, kankola, kankolaka, kankolam, kankolika, katturi- spasm and swellings. Root juice given in indigestion. Fruit
kai, kaulakam, kaunti, kauntiriyacceti, kauntiriyam, kavab- for headache and stomachache.)
chini, kavinti, kibabeh, kirusnai, kiruttinai, kolakam, kolam,
macati, maceti, malukam, mara menasu, maramenasu, mari- in India: ahonka, aukang, bithi-aukang, okang, okeng,
cam, maricinam, mayenam, mothi, nalvaci, pimpli, pipli, pawhrual, soh-myret
ponkam, renuka, sheetal-chini, shital-chini, sital-chini, Piper flaviflorum C. DC.
sitalachini, sugandhamaricha, sugandhamarichatai, sugand-
hamarichu, sugandhamuricha, takkolam, takkolamilaku, China.
thandi chini, thokamiriyaalu, toka-miriyalu, tokamiriyalau, See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753 and Notizbl. Bot.
tokamiriyalu, tokamiriyamulu, tsalavamiriyalu, tulati, vaal Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 6(62): 477. 1917
milagu, vaalmilagu, val milagu, val-milaku, valmilagu,
valmilaku, valmilakukkoti, valmilgu, valmulaku, vanmilaku (Seeds stomachic, carminative.)

in Indonesia: kemukus, rinu in China: huang hua hu jiao

Malayan names: kekumus, kemukus, lada berekor Piper gamblei C. DC.

in Tibet: kakola India.

in Madagascar: sakaiala, tsimalatsaka See Candollea i. 204. 1923, Candollea ii. 208. 1925

Piper darienense C. DC. (Ottonia glaucescens Miq.; Piper (Leaves applied on swellings.)
acuminatissimum C. DC.; Piper dariense C. DC.; Piper in India: rambhale, randhale
fagopyricarpum Trel.; Piper laxispicum Trel.; Piper laxispi-
cum var. latifolium C. DC. ex Trel.; Piper permari Trel.) Piper griffithii C. DC.

Panama. India. Climber, adventitious roots, coriaceous leaves with

cordate base
See The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ 200.
1854, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 4: 166. 1866, FBI
16(1): 374. 1869 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 5: 81. 1886
85(3): 1928–1984. 2001 (Leaves juice given in constipation.)
(Used in bath for colds and snakebites.) in India: ai-rikang, cachapani
in Panama: kana Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn.
Piper dichotomum Ruiz & Pav. (Peltobryon dichotomum Africa tropical. Evergreen, climber, herbaceous and woody,
Klotzsch ex Miq.; Peltobryon dichotomum (Ruiz & Pav.) slender, prominent nodes, stems rooting at nodes, older stem
Klotzsch; Peltobryon mathewsii Miq.; Piper dichotomum winged, glaucous leaves aromatic when crushed, very small
Hort. Par. ex Kunth; Piper dichotomum Poepp. ex Kunth; dull yellow-green flowers, fruits red-orange, fruit and leaves
Piper dichotomum Pohl ex Miq.; Piper mathewsii C. DC.; edible, gorillas eat leaves, usually in wet places, secondary
Piper matthewsii C. DC.; Piper tenuistylum C. DC.) deciduous forest, evergreen forest and forest edges
South America. Fragrant leaves See Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 19–20. 1827, Kongel.
Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk. Math. Afh. 3: 39. 1828
See Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 1: 35 t. 60. 1798,
Linnaea 13: 594, 647. 1840, Systema Piperacearum 46, (Used in Ayurveda. Fruits and leaves antibacterial, sto-
369, 372. 1844, London Journal of Botany 4: 441. 1866, machic, insecticide, carminative, antimicrobial, sedative,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) hypotensive, anticonvulsant, postpartum remedy, embroca-
16(1): 260–262. 1869 tion for sprains. Leaves used to regulate the menstrual cycle.
Piper L. Piperaceae 2949

Leaves chewed with betel nut (Areca catechu) as a substitute in English: long pepper
for Piper betle. Seeds stomachic, carminative. Roots chewed
in Brazil: pimenta-longa
and the juice swallowed as an aphrodisiac.)
Piper hispidum Sw. (Artanthe asperifolia (Ruiz & Pav.)
in English: Ashanti pepper, Benin pepper, Guinea cubeb
Miq.; Artanthe hirsuta (Sw.) Miq.; Artanthe olfersiana
in French: poivrier d’Afrique (Kunth) Miq.; Artanthe scabra (Kunth) Miq.; Piper adorna-
tispicum Trel.; Piper albuginiferum Trel.; Piper alluvicola
in India: kankolam
C. DC.; Piper angremondii C. DC.; Piper apertum Trel.;
in Central African Republic: mombolou Piper apertum var. nodosum Trel.; Piper aquacalientis
Trel.; Piper argentamentum Trel. & Yunck.; Piper articulo-
in Congo: kaketu, nkefo, toketu
sum Trel.; Piper aspericaule Trel.; Piper asperifolium Ruiz
in Tanzania: ilende-lya-kenyinamwami, mpilili manga, & Pav.; Piper baculiferum Trel.; Piper barbirostre Trel.;
mtambuu mwitu, pilipili-manga, tambuu Piper bayamonanum Trel.; Piper carminis Trel.; Piper car-
tagoanum C. DC.; Piper casitense Trel.; Piper cataracta-
Piper hancei Maximowicz (Chavica leptostachya Hance,
rum Trel.; Piper caudatifolium Trel.; Piper cerro-puntoense
not Piper leptostachyon Nuttall; Micropiper leptostachyon
Trel.; Piper chanekii Trel.; Piper coronatibracteum Trel.;
Small; Micropiper leptostachyon (Nutt.) Small; Peperomia
Piper curridabatanum Trel.; Piper erectamentum C. DC.;
cumulicola Small; Peperomia humilis var. cumulicola
Piper fraguanum Trel.; Piper fraguanum var. viride Trel.;
(Small) D.B. Ward; Peperomia leptostachya Hook. & Arn.;
Piper fusco-bracteatum Trel.; Piper genuflexum Trel.; Piper
Piper leptostachyon Nutt.; Piper matthewii Dunn)
gonagricum Trel.; Piper hirsutum Sw.; Piper hirsutum var.
China. tonduzii C. DC.; Piper hispidiseptum Trel.; Piper hispidum
Kunth; Piper hispidum var. ellipticifolium Yunck.; Piper
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Flora Peruvianae,
hispidum var. lanceolatum Trel. & Yunck.; Piper hispidum
et Chilensis Prodromus 8, pl. 2. 1794, American Journal of
var. magnifolium C. DC.; Piper hispidum var. obliquum
Science, and Arts 5(2): 287–288. 1822, Species Plantarum.
Trel. & Yunck.; Piper hispidum var. trachydermum (Trel.)
Editio sexta 1: 168. 1831, The Botany of Captain Beechey’s
Yunck.; Piper humoense Trel.; Piper imperspicuibracteum
Voyage 96. 1832, Systema Piperacearum 1: 46, 222. 1843,
Trel.; Piper inhorrescens Trel.; Piper injucundum var. prae-
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 6(70): 301–302. 1868,
calvinervium Trel.; Piper injucundum var. praepubinerv-
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 31(1): 94. 1887 and
ium Trel.; Piper killipii Trel.; Piper killipii var. calderanum
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 47(10): 377. 1909,
Trel.; Piper konkintoense Trel.; Piper lanatibracteum Trel.;
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 22(263–264): 197.
Piper lancetillanum Trel.; Piper lanosibracteum Trel.; Piper
1921, Manual of the Southeastern Flora [Small] 400. 1933,
maestranum Trel.; Piper margaretae Trel.; Piper meritum
Tseng Yung-chien, Chen Pei-shan & Zhu Pei-zhi. Piperaceae.
Trel.; Piper obsessum Trel.; Piper pavasense Trel.; Piper
In: Tseng Yung-chien, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 20(1):
pejivallense Trel.; Piper pergeniculatum Trel.; Piper perspi-
11–78. 1982, Novon 11(3): 363. 2001
cuibracteum Trel.; Piper pervicax Trel.; Piper phaeophyllum
(Stimulant, insecticide, antimicrobial, sedative.) Trel. & Standl.; Piper phanerolepidum Trel.; Piper prodigum
Trel.; Piper pseudoviridicaule var. nievecitanum Trel.; Piper
in China: shan ju
pseudo-viridicaule var. nievicitanum Trel.; Piper pullibrac-
Piper haridasanii Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar teatum Trel.; Piper punctiunculatum Trel.; Piper revi-vetusti
Trel.; Piper rivialbi Trel. & Yunck.; Piper rivi-vetusti Trel.;
India, Himalaya.
Piper roseovenulosum Trel.; Piper sabanillanum Trel.; Piper
See J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25(2): 293. 2001 sancti-felicis Trel.; Piper scabrilimbum C. DC.; Piper sca-
briseptum Trel.; Piper scabriseptum var. reductum Trel.;
(Whole plant ground into a paste and tied on the fractured part,
Piper scabrum Sw.; Piper scalpens Trel.; Piper sepicola C.
also for skin irritation, inflammation and new bone fracture.)
DC.; Piper speratum Trel.; Piper subasperatum Trel.; Piper
in India: loass sumideranum Trel.; Piper tenuiculispicum Trel. ex Yunck.;
Piper torresanum Trel.; Piper trachydermum Trel.; Piper
Piper hispidinervum C. DC.
trichophlebium Trel.; Piper valetudinari Trel.; Piper wil-
South America. Shrub, nodose, branching, rather slen- liamsii Trel.; Piper yoroanum Trel.; Steffensia hirsuta (Sw.)
der upper internodes, somewhat angular, glabrous or very Kunth; Steffensia scabra Kunth)
sparsely pubescent, somewhat glandular dotted
Venezuela, Ecuador.
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753 and Notizblatt des
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 6:
15. 1788, Flora Peruviana 1: 37, pl. 56, f. b. 1798, Linnaea
451. 1917
13: 644–646. 1839[1840], Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Nierl. 1839:
(A source of sassafras oil, the source of safrol, a phenolic 447, 451. 1840, Systema Piperacearum 441, 445–446.
ether.) 1844 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 7:
2950 Piper L. Piperaceae

224. 1927, Contributions from the United States National intestinal worms, in cough and cold. Roots and fruits antidote
Herbarium 26(2): 33. 1927, Contributions from the United to snakebite and scorpion sting. Root laxative, anthelmin-
States National Herbarium 26(4): 177. 1929, Annals of the tic, carminative, stomachic, useful in bronchitis, abdominal
Missouri Botanical Garden 27(3): 289. 1940, Annals of the pains; roots pounded with roots of Zanthoxylum nitidum
Missouri Botanical Garden 37(1): 33. 1950, The Piperaceae given in influenza; powder of root useful in fever; powder of
of Northern South America 1: 256–257, 273–274, f. 218, 236, dry shoots of Croton tiglium with roots of Piper longum used
237. 1950, Novon 17(1): 11–19. 2007 as snuff in respiratory troubles. Roots of this plant, mixed
with fruits of black pepper, ginger and nilkanth, are boiled in
(Leaves soaked in cool water used as a wash for snakebite.)
ghee and given in cold and cough, and also given to women
Piper hostmannianum (Miq.) C. DC. (Artanthe berbicense for development of breasts.)
Miq.; Artanthe hostmanniana Miq.; Artanthe ramiflora Miq.
in English: Indian long pepper, long pepper
ex C. DC., nom. inval.; Artanthe remiflora Miq. ex C. DC.,
nom. invalid.; Piper hostmannianum C. DC.; Piper hostman- in China: bi ba, pi po
nianum var. berbicense (Miq.) C. DC.; Piper hostmannianum
in India: akaci, akari, alakalunku, alakaman, amirtai,
var. glabrirameum Trel. & Yunck.; Piper hostmannianum
amirutai, ampinati, ampu, arakanti, arake, argadi, aricitip-
var. ramiflorum C. DC.; Piper rio-paraguanum Trel. ex V.M.
pili, arippalam, arisi thippili, ariyantippilli, ariyapalam, ari-
Badillo, nom. nud.; Piper subcrassifolium Yunck.)
yappalam, arkali, arkati, arke, arkki, arsithippili, arttikam,
Colombia. atcatti, ati maruntu, atimaruntu, atti, attikatiyam, bithi-
paukang, calani, calini, camilaki, camilakikam, camivaci,
See London Journal of Botany 4: 465. 1845, Prodromus
canam, capala, capalai, capalatikam, caram, catalam, cat-
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(1): 287–
evi, cati, catikam, catikasira, cattu-tirpali, cattutirpali, cau-
288. 1869 and Catalogo de la Flora Venezolana 1: 243. 1945,
canti, caunti, cauntikam, cavikam, cavuntai, cavuntakam,
Piperac. N. South Amer. 1–838. 1950, Boletín de la Sociedad
cavuntam, cavunti, cavvantam, cayalati, cayini, cayinikam,
Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 23(101): 68, f. 4. 1962,
cayulati, cayutai, cemmai, ceruppatai, chanchala, chapala,
Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 23(1): 1–50. 1993
chupula, cilerpananaci, cilettumanaci, cilettumanacini,
(Crushed leaves applied as a poultice to warts.) cilettumattukkati, cincatai, civalokatti, cukkumatantulam,
cukkumattantulam, cuttaterpati, dantakapha, dar-filfil, dar
in English: shoe string
filfil, dippili, ekalakikam, ekam, ekavacam, elivari, eranda,
in Colombia: cordoncillo erantai, eranti, etakam, etam, eytumalan, farpipar, filfil-i-
daraz, filfilderaz, filfildray, filfilmoya, filfilsiya, gazpipal,
Piper interitum Trel. (Piper interitum Trel. ex Macbride)
gonamika, granthika, granthikam, hipli, hippali, hippali
Peru. balli, hippaliballi, inkai, ippali, irattai, kagophale, kakari,
kakattiruppi, kalidi, kalini, kaliti, kallni, kamam, kaman,
See Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History,
kamanam, kamanpuli, kana, kanai, kanam, kanamekam-
Botanical Series 13(2): 176. 1936
pokki, kanamula, kanamuli, kanavatai, kanna, kannatam,
(A snuff from the dried leaves and roots.) kantankanam, kantumulam, kati, kattitosana, kattu-t-tippili,
kattutipali, kattutippali, kattuttippilikkodi, katubija, katu-
Piper longum L. (Chavica roxburghii Miq.)
granthikam, kavarkulikam, keccarutti, kindigam, kintikam,
India, Sri Lanka. Aromatic herb, creeping, trailing, rambling, kirandigam, kirantikam, kirantiver, kirauncatanam, kirayan-
climbing, leaves ovate-cordate, lower leaves stalked alternate tam, kirumanisattini, kirupantikam, kirusnam, kiruttinam,
nerved, upper leaves sessile or subsessile, cylindrical pedun- kiruttinatantulam, kittinacaram, kittinan, kola, kolagam,
culate spikes, male spike yellow, unripe fruits sweet, ripe kolaiarukki, kolaiyarukki, kolaiyarukkuncuran, kolakam,
fruits used as condiment kolamula, koli, kolikam, kolya, korangi, kotittippili, kri-
kala, krishna, krishnapippali, krsna, krsnatandula, kulam,
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Systema Piperacearum
kuna, kuna balli, kutari, magadha, magadhaja, magadhajam,
46, 222, 239. 1843, FBI 5: 78. 1886 and Taxon 30: 696. 1981,
magadham, magadhi, magadhika, magadhodbhava, magadi,
Current Science 50: 197–198. 1981, Cytologia 50: 583–592.
magudhi, maghz-pipal, makati, malayaviretam, milagu,
1985, Kew Bulletin 42: 465–470. 1987, Plant Systematics
modi, moti, motiver, mukattamancari, mukayi, mula, naruk-
and Evolution 166: 105–117. 1989, Journal of Cytology and
kuttippili, narukkuveru, natikantai, osanam, palappiratikam,
Genetics 33(2): 149–153. 1998, Cytologia 64: 301–307. 1999
palappiratitam, palappiretam, panam, paplamul, peepail,
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Bark decoction given peepul, peppelu pippallu, pila mol, pili, pilpil, pimpalee, pim-
in indigestion. Leaves as masticatory. Dried unripe fruit pli, pipal, pipal mal, pipar, pipili, pipla, piplamol, piplamul,
alterative, tonic, used in biliousness. Ripe fruit aromatic, sto- piplee, pipli, pipli-mool, pipoli, pipool, pippalai, pippali, pip-
machic, carminative, aphrodisiac, astringent, useful in diar- pali-katte, pippali mula, pippalika, pippalimulam, pippallu,
rhea, dysentery, piles asthma, jaundice, fevers, leprosy and pippalu, pippili, pippuli, pippuloo, pipramoor, pipri, pipul,
insomnia; powdered fruit mixed with honey taken against pipulmul, piranciyapalam, pirapalam, potakam, rali, ralli,
Piper L. Piperaceae 2951

ratintikam, rudhakam, ruthakam, sadgraathi, sadgranthi, Bononiensis 4: 407, t. 36. 1840, Verslagen Meded. Vier
sarvagranthikam, saundi, shaundi, shoundi, shyama, suksh- Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. Letterk. Schoone Kunsten
matandula, sumulakam, syama, takkolam, tandula, tanman, 1842: 197. 1843, Systema Piperacearum 380–382, 406.
tanmantanmulam, tantapacalai, tantapalai, tantulam, tan- 1844, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
tuli, tecavaram, tevanati, thippali balli, thippili, thippili ver, 16(1): 246. 1869, Linnaea 37: 351–352. 1872, Bulletin de
thippiliver, thippli, tiksnatandula, tiktatandula, tipali, tipi- l’Herbier Boissier 6: 492. 1898 and Symbolae Antillarum 3:
lie, tipilli, tippali, tippall, tippam, tippili, tippili ver, tippilik 172. 1902, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
kattai, tippilikkoti, tippilittavayam, tippli, tirantikam, titca- 13(16): 366–367. 1923, Contributions from the United
nam, titcanatantulam, tittatantulam, tiyaipi, tiyonti, trikana, States National Herbarium 26(4): 133. 1929, Annals of the
tulampikkiri, tulavi, tulavikam, tunavi, tuttan, ulakulam, Missouri Botanical Garden 25(4): 826. 1938, Annals of
ulavainaci, uncaram, upakilliyam, upakuliyai, upakuliyam, the Missouri Botanical Garden 27(3): 297. 1940, Annals
upakullikam, upakulliyai, upakulya, upkulya, upukulya, of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37(1): 1–120. 1950,
usana, usanai, usanam, ushuna, utanai, uvakulam, vaidehi, The Piperaceae of Northern South America 1–838. 1950,
vaidehikana, vaitaki, vaitakikam, vaiteki, vaitekikam, vaitti, Flora de Venezuela 2(2): 480–482, f. 69. 1984, Phytologia
vanapippili, vatakunmanacini, vayateki, vayatorri, vettilai,
58(1): 65. 1985, Monographs in Systematic Botany from
videhee, videhi, viyalkana, viyalkanakam, yippali
the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001,
in Lepcha: kuntim paot Listados Florísticos de México 22: 1–55. 2001, Harvard
Papers in Botany 9(2): 257–296. 2005
in Malaysia: bakek, chabai, kadok, sireh kadok
(Leaf infusion a bath for flu, drunk to ease parturition, to
in Nepal: pipi, pipla
treat headache. Root tea for heat.)
in Sanskrit: pippali
in English: cake bush
in Tibetan: drosman, drosman narmo, na-le-sam, pi-pi-ling,
pi pi lin, pi pi lin gi rtsa ba Piper methysticum G. Forst. (Macropiper latifolium Miquel;
Macropiper methysticum (G. Forster) Hooker & Arnott;
Piper marginatum Jacq. (Artanthe alaris (Desv. ex Ham.) Piper methystichum L.f., nom. inval.)
Miq.; Artanthe catalpaefolia (Kunth) Miq.; Artanthe caudata
(Vahl) Miq.; Artanthe marginata (Jacq.) Miq.; Piper alare Pacific, Vanuatu. Shrub, dioecious, woody, main stem erect,
Desv. ex Ham.; Piper anisatum Kunth; Piper catalpaefolium swollen nodes, prominent scars, leaves deciduous, stipules
Kunth; Piper caudatum Vahl; Piper decumanum Aubl., nom. persistent, inflorescence a spike, fruit a berry, from the roots
illeg., non Piper decumanum L.; Piper marginatum fo. catal- and basal stem a traditional ethnic beverage
paefolium (Kunth) Steyerm.; Piper marginatum var. anisa- See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Supplementum
tum (Kunth) C. DC.; Piper marginatum var. catalpaefolium Plantarum 91. 1781 [1782], Florulae Insularum Australium
(Kunth) C. DC.; Piper marginatum var. marginatum; Piper
Prodromus 76. 1786 and Pacific Science 45: 169–185. 1991
marginatum var. niceforoi (Trel. & Yunck.) Steyerm.; Piper
niceforoi Trel. & Yunck.; Piper patulum Bertol.; Piper patu- (Roots and leaves for rheumatism, respiratory tract infec-
lum var. cordifolium Trel.; Piper pseudomarginatum C. DC.; tions, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, headaches, pulverized plant
Piper regressum Anders. in Miq., nom. inval., as syn.; Piper material drunk or applied topically. Psychoactive, tranquil-
san-joseanum C. DC.; Piper sanjoseanum C. DC.; Piper izer, tonic or narcotic, roots and stembase. Religious, ritual,
sanjoseanum var. chiriquinum Trel.; Piper sanjoseanum var. ceremonial, an item of gift giving to other people, or religious
kobense Trel.; Piper sanjoseanum var. minor Trel.; Piper offerings to the spirits; a source of a ceremonial beverage.)
sanjoseanum var. panamanum Trel.; Piper sanjoseanum
var. remediosense Trel.; Piper sanjoseanum var. tabogense in English: kava, kava-kava
Trel.; Piper uncatum Trel.; Schilleria catalpaefolia (Kunth) in Indonesia: bari, waghi, wati
Kunth; Schilleria caudata (Vahl) Kunth; Schilleria margin-
ata (Jacq.) Kunth) in Papua New Guinea: keu, koniak, oyo

South America. Shrub, fragrant purple-veined leaves, vola- in Hawaii: ‘awa, kava, pu’awa
tile oil Piper mullesua Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don (Chavica
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Histoire des plan- mullesua (D. Don) Miq.; Chavica mullesua (Buchanan-
tes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 21. 1775, Collectanea 4: Hamilton ex D. Don) Miquel; Chavica sphaerostachya
128. 1790, Icones Plantarum Rariorum 2: t. 215. 1792, Wallich ex Miquel; Chavica sphaerostachya Miq.; Piper
Eclogae Americanae 1: 3. 1796, Nova Genera et Species brachystachyon Vahl; Piper brachystachyum C. DC., nom.
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 58–59. 1815 [1816], Prodromus illeg.; Piper brachystachyum Wall., nom. inval. nom. nud.;
Plantarum Indiae Occidentalis 3. 1825, Linnaea 13: Piper brachystachyum Wallich ex J.D. Hooker, nom. illeg.,
676–677, 716–719. 1839 [1840], Comm. Phytogr. 32, 40. non Piper brachystachyum Vahl; Piper guigual Buchanan-
1840, Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Hamilton ex D. Don; Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham.)
2952 Piper L. Piperaceae

India. Many-branched twining woody climbers, trailing, postpartum remedy, stomachic, treat diarrhea, rheumatic
male and female flowers in separate spikes minute greenish- pains, digestion, asthma, chronic bronchitis, scabies, sores,
yellow, slender drooping male spikes, orange-red berries and poisons, especially food poisoning from meat; fruits
crushed and taken for relief from cold, cough and fever;
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1:
Mimosa pudica roots, Musa sapientum peel, Drymaria cor-
354. 1804, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 20. 1825, Systema
data leafy twigs and Piper nigrum seeds ground together
Piperacearum 46, 222, 278–280. 1843, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. t.
and made into pills given orally to pregnant women to cause
1931. 1853, Fl. Ind. Bat. 1(2): 446. t. 27 B. 1859, Prodr. 16(1):
abortion; decoction of whole plant of Cyperus scariosus with
296, 388. 1869, The Flora of British India 5(13): 87. 1886
Piper nigrum given to cure influenza, cough, cold, fevers.
(Used in Ayurveda. Crushed stem applied for toothaches. Fruits pesticide, insecticide, for fungal infection. Veterinary
Roasted fruits eaten to relieve cough headache and stom- medicine, a mixture of leaves of Pergularia extensa, Piper
achache; fruits boiled in mustard oil and massaged on chest nigrum seeds and Allium sativum juice put into eyes for any
in cough and cold; dried fruits taken for coughs and colds. kind of disease in cattle. Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of
Leaves taken as a substitute of betel leaf; leaf paste applied Patra pooja in different religious pooja ceremonies.)
for rheumatism.)
in English: black pepper, black peppercorns, common pep-
in China: duan ju per, green peppercorns, Madagascar pepper, Malabar black
in India: cab, caikama, cavika, cavya, cavyah, gajapippali, peppercorns, pepper, pepper plant, pepper vine, round pep-
kaatu kurumulaku, kattukurumulaku, kattumilagu, kattu- per, Tellicherry black peppercorns, Tellicherry peppercorns,
mulaku, kurumulaka, meriang penui, pahari pipar, patiatus white pepper, whole black pepper
taluba, peepla, sevasu, thippalli in Guyana: gol-mirch
in Nepal: chabo, pipala in Honduras: pimienta negra
Piper muricatum Blume in Burma (Myanmar): ngayok-kaung
Malesia. in Cambodia: mréch
See Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg … (Blume) 33. 1823 in China: hei hu jiao, hu chiao, hu jiao
(Roots soup for rheumatism.) in India: aguttam, akuttam, alar, alarkay, alarkaycceti, alar-
Malay name: lada tanah mancal, alivaliyanmani, amiram, anam, apanam, apayam,
aricam, aricu, aricuvai, arisu, arittam, arunapakam, aru-
Piper nigrum L. (Piper aromaticum Lam.; Piper aromati- tam, aruttakam, aruttam, aruttan, arutti, atittam, aucati-
cum C. DC.; Piper aromaticum Willd.; Piper nigrum Wall.; kam, autatalakamilaku, ayilakikam, bikran, cakankam,
Piper nigrum Beyr. ex Kunth; Piper nigrum Lam. ex Link) canucam, canucam, canukam, carapantam, carumapantam,
Tropical Asia, India. Woody vine, climber, stout, rooting at catalam, catalamilaku, cattu-molagoi, cavi, cavviyam, cav-
nodes, aerial roots, ovate papery alternate petiolate leaves, viyapalam, cavyam, celavikacceti, celaviyam, cevviyam,
young leaves pinkish, flowers usually dioecious, inflores- ceytakar, chocamirch, cirovikam, ciroviruttam, citamari-
cence green ripening red, fruiting spikes very variable, cam, citamarucam, citamarucu, citamarukam, cullituvan,
spherical berry, infructescence green to black, seeds black cunam, cuppiramaniyam, cur, dhanwantari, dharmapattana,
to dark brown dharmavarttana, dolo maricho, eddemunchi, eddemunci,
fiffile-asvad, fifile-asvad, fifile-gird, filfil aswad, filfil-e-
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Enum. Pl. Suppl. siyah, filfil siah, filfile-gird, filfile-siyah, filfilgird, filful
[Willdenow] 3. 1814, Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 60. 1820, aswad, filfilsiya, filfiluswud, gol mirc, gol-mirch, golmirch,
Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4429. 1831, Numer. List [Wallich] golmorich, gulmirch, habush, hapusha, impikam, impilam,
n. 6643, E, F. 1832, Linnaea 13: 618. 1840, FBI 5: 90. 1886 irambivam, irampikam, irampilam, irampivam, itukam, itu-
and Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 1: 355. 1901, Taxon 30: 696. kamilaku, ivainakitam, ivanattam, jalook, jaluk, kaalimirch,
1981, Current Science 50: 197–198. 1981, Ciencia e Cultura kaalu menasu, kadu menasu, kali mirch, kalimirc, kalimirch,
(Sao Paulo) 34: 753. 1982, Botanical Magazine 99: 289–299. kalamiri, kalappakacceti, kalappakam, kali mirch, kalimirch,
1986, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 283. 1987, Kew Bulletin 42:
kalimirich, kalinai, kalinaikkollu, kalinaimilaku, kalin-
465–470. 1987, Plant Systematics and Evolution 166: 105–
kam, kallinai, kami, kamicakam, kanakam, kanattai, kan-
117. 1989, Cytologia 58: 27–31. 1993, Journal of Cytology and
danaguli, kankola, kantanakuli, kantankuli, kaphavirodhi,
Genetics 33(2): 149–153. 1998, Cytologia 64: 301–307. 1999
karam, karee menasu, kari, karikkay, karimenasu, karunelli,
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Roots and fruits of karutturupayan, karyam, katti, kattirican, katu, katuka, kay,
Deeringia amaranthoides pounded with roots of Piper kayam, kevakatiraviyam, kevalatiraviyam, kirantikantikam,
nigrum and given in stomach pain. Seed powder mixed kirusnam, kiruttinam, kola, kolai, kolagam, kolaka, kolakam,
with water given orally to cure malaria and fevers. Dried kolam, kolicam, kolikacceti, krishnam, krishnamushana,
unripe fruit rubefacient, carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant, krsna, kuru-milagu, kuru-mulaka, kurumilagu, kurumilaku,
Piper L. Piperaceae 2953

kurumulagu, kurumulaka, kurumulaku, maarichamu, maci- South America, Brazil.

yam, maikkurotikam, maiyi, makaracitakaram, malaittiruk-
See Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins für die Provinz
kal, malaivacapancam, malaiyalam, malaiyali, malaiyaracan,
Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden Länder 47: 105–106.
malaiyavikam, maliyavikacceti, malaiyinmunivan, malina,
1905, Anales de la Universidad Central del Ecuador
marica, marica-valli, maricam, maricamu, maricha, mari-
19(135): 203. 1905, Publications of the Field Museum of
cham, marichamu, marichi, marichipatra, marici, marisam,
Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2): 152, 170. 1936,
mariyal, maruci, marukkam, matankan, meervaela, mellag-
The Piperaceae of Northern South America 1: 34–35, 146–
hoo, menasina balli, menasinaballi, menasinakaalu, mena-
147, f. 26, 124. 1950, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 19:
sinakalu, menasu, mensukaai, milagu, milagu-valli, milaku,
117–158. 1989
milakucceti, milakuvalli, mir vel, mirc, mirch, mirch siah,
mire, mireem, miremu, miri, miricam, miricanam, mirici, (Leaves and stems infusion strongly diuretic, drunk in the
mirim, miriyaalathige, miriyaalu, miriyal, miriyala-tige, treatment of bronchial ailments, tuberculosis.)
miriyalakam, miriyalatige, miriyalu, miriyamu, miriyarkoti,
Piper pedicellosum Wall.
miryala-tige, miryalatige, molago-codi, molagacodi, moloo-
vookodi, mrishta, mulaku, mulaku koti, mulakukoti, mulatti, India. Climber, glabrous, coriaceous leaves
munchi, munci, muntan, mupparitam, mupparitamilaku,
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6646 A, B. 1832
murialtiga, musanam, mutanam, nakarenu, nallamilaku,
nalmilaku, nattumilaku, neriyal, nettakam, nettam, nitiyam, (Leaves useful in sprains.)
olle menasu, ollemenasinaballi, ollemenasu, ollimonasu,
in India: radhk, radkh
ooshnam, palini, paluk, paluka, parici, pattuvanestam, pavita,
pavitam, pilpil, piramamaricam, piramaparicam, pittam, Piper peepuloides Roxb. (Piper peepuloides Wall.)
pokhlem-mirim, pulipacitam, repam, ruksha, sabe-ricke,
India, Himalaya. Leaves edible
safedmirch, sarvahita, savyamu, shakanga, shevium, shirovr-
itta, shivika, shudha, shyama, siyah mirch, suvrtta, tarapat- See Hort. Bengal. 4. 1814, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall., i. 159.
tanam, tarmapattanam, tarumapittam, tattuvacam, tavalam, 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 157. 1832, Numer. List [Wallich]
tavalamilaku, thinghmarcha, ticcanam, tikshna, tiksna, n. 6650. 1832
tiraipokki, tirankal, tirankalam, tirankam, tirankanal, tirkuta,
titcanam, tuvinam, ucakam, ucanam, uciram, usakam, usana, (Roasted fruits chewed to cure cough. Dried leaves ground
usanaka, usanam, ushanam, utanam, uttanam, vacampu, and mixed with water and consumed for relief from fever.)
vacankiyam, vacikam, vacitam, vallacam, vallicam, vallija, in India: amlipan, kopta, lamcho-pipla, lamchopipla, pan
vallijam, vallikacceti, valliyam, vara, varishtha, vatamaruk- shingho
kinron, vatanacani, vellaiccatikam, vellaiccatikamilaku,
vellaimilaku, vellaja, vellajam, vellija, venkakkiyam, ven- in Nepal: pipla
kakkiyamilaku, venmilaku, venticam, venticamilaku, venuja,
Piper porphyrophyllum N.E. Br.
venuka, venunam, villajam, virani, viruttapalam, viruttapam,
volloymenasu, vrittaphala, wollemenasu, yavanappiriyam, SE Asia. Climber
yavanapriya, yavaneshtha, yeddemunci, zira siyah
See Gard. Chron. (1884) II. 438. 1884
in Indonesia: lada, maritja, merica
(Roots and leaves as postpartum remedy. For swellings,
in Laos: ph’ik no:yz, ph’ik th’ai rheumatism, lung complaints, leprosy, pound the leaves and
in Malaysia: lada, lada hitam poultice; chew leaves with lime and betel nut and spread on
chest to cure heart pain.)
in Papua New Guinea: daka
Malay names: akar buger, karakek antu, sireh harimau, sireh
in Philippines: malisa, pamienta, paminta, paminta-liso rimau
in Thailand: phrik-noi, phrik-thai Piper retrofractum Vahl (Chavica officinarum Miquel;
in Tibetan: na le sa ma, na le sam, na-le-sham, nale sham, Piper chaba Hunter; Piper officinarum (Miquel) C. DC.;
pho-ba-ri, pho (ba) ris Piper officinarum C. DC.)
in Vietnam: hat tieu, ho tieu, h[oof] ti[ee]u, may loi, ti[ee]u Tropics. Climber, liana, glabrous, rather fleshy, cylindrical
stems, prominent nodes, coriaceous simple alternate leaves,
in Madagascar: tsimahalatsaka
flowers very small in dense spikes, small peltate bract, male
in Tanzania: pilipili manga and female spikes separated, very small bright red berries
broadly round
Piper obtusilimbum C. DC. (Piper cochleatum Sodiro;
Piper confusionis Trel.; Piper florencianum Trel. & Yunck.; See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Enumeratio
Piper griseovenosum Trel.; Piper schultesii Yunck.) Plantarum … 1: 314. 1804, Asiatic Researches 9: 391. 1809,
2954 Piper L. Piperaceae

Systema Piperacearum 46, 222, 256. 1843, Prodromus Malay name: sireh murai
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(1): 356. 1869
Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (Chavica hainana C. DC.;
(Used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani. Unripe fruits carmi- Chavica sarmentosa (Roxb.) Miq.; Chavica sarmentosa
native, sudorific, stimulant; seeds laxative. Roots decoc- (Roxb. ex Hunter) Miq.; Piper albispicum C. DC.; Piper
tion antitoxic, stomachic, mutagenic, oxytocic, spasmolytic, brevicaule C. DC.; Piper gymnostachyum C. DC.; Piper lolot
hypertensive, insecticide, antioxidant, carminative, antidi- C. DC.; Piper pierrei C. DC.; Piper saigonense C. DC.)
arrhea, expectorant, anti-cough, postpartum remedy. Stem
SE Asia, Vietnam. Creeper, erect or ascending, often sto-
used as a vegetable in the diet of pregnant women. Magic,
loniferous herb or shrublet, stem swollen at the nodes, inflo-
possession, burn the leaves, the smoke may drive evil spirits
rescence an erect axillary spike of unisexual flowers, fruit
from the neighbourhood of a newborn infant.)
a single-seeded berry, all parts contain an essential oil, in
in China: jia bi ba humid areas, in thickets, in forests and along streambanks
in India: anai tippili, anaiddippili, cavakam, cavika, cavi- See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Hort. Bengal. 4. 1814,
kai, caviyam, cavya, cavyaka, chab, chabchini, chabya, chai, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 162–163.
chaikama, chaiprai, chavak, chavak lakadi, chavaka, chav- 1820, Systema Piperacearum 46, 222, 242. 1843, Annuaire
ala, chavana, chavi, chaviaka, chavika, chavya, chavyam, du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 2: 272–
chawika, chuve, filfil-i-siyah, gaj-pipal, gajapippaleemoola, 273, 275–276. 1898 and Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 5:
gajapippali, gajphal, gajpippal, gandhanakuli, hasti, has- 78–79, 85. 1910
tipippali, kaattukodi veru, kabab chini, kabachini, kankala,
(Antiinflammatory and anodyne, used to cure skin diseases,
kankol mirch, kankolmirch, kantirai, katuka, katukapini,
rheumatism, headache, diarrhea and toothache. Whole plant
kola, kolaka, kolavalli, kolavallika, krikara, kutilasaptaka,
used as an expectorant, the leaf as a carminative.)
milaku ver, miravela, mirch kankol, nakuli, peepal chab,
pippalimulam, purandara, saevamu, saevasu, sainhali, in English: lolot pepper
sevasu, sreyasi, tikshnakarikanavali, uchhishta, ushana,
in Cambodia: chaphlu, môrech ansai
ushanah, vashira
in China: jia ju
in Indonesia: cabai jawa, cabai panjang, cabe alas, cabe jawa,
cabe sula, cabean, cabi jamo, cabi onggu, cabi solah, cabia, in Indonesia: cabean, karuk, sirih tanah
lada pandjang, tjabé djawa, lada panjang
in Laos: ‘i: lë:d
Malay name: kadok, kadok kampong
in Malaysia: chabai, chabei tali, kadok batu, setebai, sireh
in Philippines: amaras, buyo-buyo, kamara, kayungo, litlit, jehok gebil
saog-machin, sabia, subon-manuk
in Philippines: patai-butu
in Thailand: dee plee, dee plee chueak
in Thailand: cha phlu (central), nom wa, phlu ling
in Tibet: dbyi moi lo ma, dbyi mon dkar po, tsa-bya
in Vietnam: ti[ee]u l[oos]t, tat ph[aws]t, l[as] l[oos]t, t[aas]t
Piper rhytidocarpum Hook.f. (Piper madidum Y.Q. Tseng; b[as]t
Piper nigrum var. macrostachyum C. DC.)
Piper sintenense Hatusima (Piper hispidum Kunth; Piper
India, Himalaya. hispidum Hayata, nom. illeg.; Piper hispidum Sw.; Piper his-
pidum M. Martens & Galeotti)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1):
363. 1869, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 5(13): 92. 1886 [Aug China.
1886] and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 24(5): 382–383, pl.
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Prodr. (Swartz) 15.
1. 1986
1788, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 1: 50. 1816 and Journal of the
(Stem blazed and the pith ground with water and consumed College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): 234.
for relief from vomiting and nausea.) 1911, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 4(4): 210. 1935
in China: zhou guo hu jiao (Stomachic, rubefacient, abortive.)
in India: ricka in China: xiao ye pa ya xiang
Piper ribesioides Wall. Piper siriboa L. (Piper austro-caledonicum C. DC.; Piper
austrocaledonicum C. DC.; Piper betle var. siriboa (Miq.)
Malaysia.
C. DC.; Piper siriboa B. Heyne; Piper siriboa G. Forst.,
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6637. 1832 nom. illeg.)
(For dropsy, crush the leaves and rub over the body.) India.
Piper L. Piperaceae 2955

See Species Plantarum 1: 29. 1753, Florulae Insularum See Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Neerl. 1839: 447, 448. 1839, Comm.
Australium Prodromus 4. 1786, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6651 Phyt. 34. 1840, London Journal of Botany 5: 556. 1846,
B. 1832, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
(DC.) 16(1): 346. 1869 and J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Additional 16(1): 242. 1869 and J. Cytol. Genet. 33(2): 149–153. 1998,
Series, 12, pp. 367–372. 1996 Cytologia 64: 301–307. 1999
(Superstitions, magico-religious beliefs, taboo.) (Ripe fruits of the plant and leaves of Ocimum sanctum
ground and boiled and the mixture given in cough and fever.)
in India: kwamana
in India: mirch
Piper stylosum Miq.
Piper trioicum Roxb.
Malaysia.
India.
See Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi i. 139. 1863
See Hort. Bengal. 4. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of
(Roots a postpartum remedy. Arrow or dart poison.)
Indian Plants 1: 153. 1820, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 151. 1832
Malay names: blay pendi, kadok hutan
(Root diuretic.)
Piper sylvaticum Roxb. (Chavica sylvatica (Roxb.) Miq.;
in India: miryaalathige, pamu miriyaalu
Chavica sylvatica Miq.)
Piper umbellatum Linnaeus (Heckeria sidaefolia (Link &
India.
Otto) Kunth; Heckeria subpeltata (Willd.) Kunth; Heckeria
See Hort. Bengal. 4. 1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions subpeltatum (Willdenow) Kunth; Heckeria umbellata (L.)
of Indian Plants, ed. Carey & Ball., 1: 158–159. 1820, Fl. Kunth; Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Raf. ex Ramamoorthy;
Ind., ed. Carey, i. 156. 1832, Systema Piperacearum (F.A.W. Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Raf.; Lepianthes umbellatum (L.)
Miquel) 248. 1843 Rafinesque; Lepianthes umbellatum (Linnaeus) Rafinesque
ex Ramamoorthy; Peperomia subpeltata (Willd.) A. Dietr.;
(Used in Ayurveda. Fruit carminative.)
Peperomia umbellata (L.) Kunth; Peperomia umbellata
in English: mountain long pepper Miq.; Piper cuernavacanum C. DC.; Piper dombeyanum
(Miq.) C. DC.; Piper peltatum Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg., non
in China: chang bing hu jiao
Piper peltatum L.; Piper postelsianum Maximowicz; Piper
in India: auni pan, pahari-pipul, paharipipal, pippali, roqueanum Trel.; Piper sidaefolium Link & Otto; Piper
vanapippali subpeltatum Willdenow; Piper umbellatum var. glabrum C.
DC.; Piper umbellatum var. majus C. DC.; Piper umbellatum
Piper sylvestre Lam. (Piper spurium Link; Piper sylvestre
var. subpeltatum (Willdenow) C. DC.; Piper umbellatum var.
Lour.)
vestitum C. DC.; Pothomorphe alleni Trel.; Pothomorphe
India, Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean islands. dombeyana Miq.; Pothomorphe sidaefolia (Link & Otto)
Miq.; Pothomorphe subpeltata (Willdenow) Miquel;
See Fl. Cochinch. 1: 30. 1790 and Curr. Sci. 50: 197–198.
Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.; Pothomorphe umbel-
1981
lata fo. glabra (C. DC.) Steyerm.; Pothomorphe umbellata
(Leaves and stems chewed to protect from caries. Leaf var. cuernavacana (C. DC.) Trel. & Yunck.; Pothomorphe
infusion diuretic and depurative, drunk to prevent epileptic umbellata var. glabra (C. DC.) Trel. & Yunck.; Pothomorphe
attacks, to treat fever.) umbellata var. vestita (C. DC.) Yuncker; Pothomorphe
umbellatum (Linnaeus) Miquel)
Piper thomsonii (C. DC.) Hook. f.
Mexico, South America. Shrub or woody herb, scrambling,
India. Shrub, robust, scandent branches, 5-nerved leaves aris-
succulent, rooting at the nodes, inflorescence an axillary or
ing from the base, red sub-globose fruiting spike
leaf-opposed spike, flowers bisexual, fruit a drupe angled,
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis sweet ripe fruits eaten, young leaves and spikes eaten raw,
16(1): 389. 1869, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] steamed or boiled as a condiment with fish or rice
5(13): 87. 1886
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Flora Peruvianae, et
(Leaves used as masticatory.) Chilensis Prodromus 8, pl. 2. 1794, Species Plantarum. Editio
quarta 1(1): 166–167. 1797, Flora Peruviana 1: 38, t. 59, f. a.
in China: qiu sui hu jiao
1798, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 124. 1822, Species Plantarum.
in India: brikan-auk-chau Editio sexta 1: 144. 1831, Sylva Telluriana 84–85, 165. 1838,
Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande
Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C. DC. (Muldera trichostachya
2: 447, 450. 1839, Linnaea 13: 569, 571. 1839 [1840], Miquel,
Miq.; Piper trichostachyon C. DC.)
Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811–1871), Commentarii
India. Phytographici 36–37. Lugduni Batavorum, 1838–1840 [fasc.
2956 Piper L. Piperaceae

II. Observationes de piperaceis et malastomaceis.], Systema Malay name: bakung

Piperacearum 211. 1843, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Piper wallichii (Miquel) Handel-Mazzetti (Chavica wal-
Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 332–333. 1869, Linnaea 37: 363–
lichii Miquel; Piper aurantiacum Wallich ex C. DC., nom.
364. 1872, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences
illeg.; Piper aurantiacum var. hupeense C. DC.; Piper emei-
de St- Pétersbourg 31(1): 93–94. 1886, Pharm. Rundschau
ense Y.Q. Tseng; Piper emeiensis Y.C. Tseng; Piper henryci
12: 240, 285. 1894 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin
C. DC.; Piper ichangense C. DC.; Piper martinii C. DC.;
Botaniques de Genève 11–12: 57. 1908, Publications of the
Piper wallichii var. hupeense (C. DC.) Hand.-Mazz.)
Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2):
224. 1936, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37(1): China, Nepal, India.
1–120. 1950, The Piperaceae of Northern South America 2:
440–441. 1950, Fieldiana, Botany 35: 5–218. 1971, Journal See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Systema
of Arnold Arboretum 54: 380 ff. 1973, Flora of Hassan Piperacearum 46, 222, 254, 256. 1843, Prodromus
District, Karnataka, India 52. 1976, Flora de Venezuela 2(2): Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 357. 1868,
604. 1984, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 289. 1987, Bulletin of Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève
the Natural History Museum, London (Botany) 23(1): 1–50. 2: 271. 1898 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum
1993, Flora of Tropical East Africa 1–24. 1996, Journal of de Paris 3: 41–42. 1914, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens
Ethnopharmacology 99: 215–220 2005, Phytochemistry 66: und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 6(62): 478, 480. 1917,
1017–1025. 2005 Symbolae Sinicae 7(1): 155. 1929, Acta Phytotaxonomica
Sinica 24(5): 385–386, pl. 3. 1986
(Leaves and roots irritant in high doses, inflammation of the
gastrointestinal tract. Roots antioxidant, analgesic, antiin- (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. For skin diseases, vermifuge.)
flammatory, in the treatment of skin cancer. Fruits chewed in China: shi nan teng
with betel for cough. Leaves galactagogue, antioxidant, anal-
gesic, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, anti-malarial, emollient, in India: kaattu milagu, kattu milagu, renuka, renuka beej,
vulnerary, astringent, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, renuka beeja, renukabeej, renukah, sambhalukabeej, yetti
anti-abortive, antihemorrhagic, used against tapeworm,
in Tibet: nalesam
burns, abscesses, wounds or contusions, epilepsy, for stom-
ach and menstrual problems, to relieve jaundice, malaria, Piper wichmannii C. DC. (Piper methysticum var. wich-
urinary and kidney problems, syphilis and gonorrhea, leu- mannii (C. DC.) Lebot)
corrhea. Leaves poultice in pushing the protruding uterus
back to its proper place. Scraped, boiled bark of the lower New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago. Shrub or tree, dioe-
part of the stem and root of Lepianthes umbellatum an ingre- cious, prop roots
dient with no admixtures for arrow poison.) See Novon 16(1): 4. 2006
in English: cow-foot leaf, shrubby pepper (Young leaves rubbed on scabies during bathing.)
in Congo: elembe, iboaboa, ilelembe, leleme, maboaboa in Papua New Guinea: kapi
in Ghana: amuaha, auaua, mumuaha Piper wightii Miq.
in Tanzania: mtunda ya mbwa India.
in China: da hu jiao See London Journal of Botany 5: 552. 1846 and J. Cytol.
in India: attanari, gandamarom Genet. 33(2): 149–153. 1998, Cytologia 64: 301–307. 1999

Piper versteegii C. DC. (Crushed stem applied for toothaches. Roasted fruits eaten
to relieve cough headache and stomachache; fruits boiled in
New Guinea. mustard oil and massaged on chest in cough and cold; dried
fruits taken for coughs and colds.)
See Nova Guinea 8: 415. 1910
in India: eya kodi, kattu kurumulaku
(Leaves rubbed on the forehead and body as general cures for
aches, fevers, etc.) Piper yunnanense Y.C. Tseng
Piper vestitum C. DC. China.
Malay Peninsula, Borneo. Herb See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753 and Acta Phytotax.
Sin. 17(1): 32–33, pl. 9. 1979
See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 4: 166. 1866
(Anthelmintic, abortifacient.)
(Leaves or fruits rubbed as an antidote for ipoh poisoning,
Antiaris toxicaria.) in China: ju zi
Piperia Rydb. Orchidaceae 2957

Piperia Rydb. Orchidaceae Bot. Club 28: 626–627. 1901, Orchidaceae 4: 71. 1910, Fl.
N.W. Coast: 110. 1915, Fl. S. Brit. Columbia: 92–93. 1915,
For the American (born in Victoria, British Columbia,
Fl. Calif. 1: 331. 1921, Acta Universitatis Lundensis, n.s.
Canada) botanist Charles Vancouver Piper, 1867–1926,
39(1): 478. 1943, Native Orchids of the U.S. and Canada 225.
agronomist, studied at the University of Washington, in
1975, Acta Bot. Fenn. 169: 380. 2000
1890 founded the Herbarium at State College (Pullman,
Washington), 1893–1903 professor of botany at the State (Antirheumatic, disinfectant, analgesic. Magic, ritual, good
College, 1903–1926 Director of the office of forage crops luck charm, love medicine.)
for US Department of Agriculture, his writings include The
in English: bog orchid
flora of the Palouse region. Pullman, Washington 1901 and
Flora of the State of Washington. Washington 1906. See
Kraenzlin, Friedrich (Fritz) Wilhelm Ludwig (1847–1934),
Orchidacearum Genera et Species. Berlin, Mayer & Müller,
Piptadenia Benth. Fabaceae
1897–1904 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28: 269. (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)
1901, E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the Library of the Arnold From the Greek piptein, pipto ‘to fall’ and aden ‘gland’, an
Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933, Joseph Ewan, allusion to the falling glands of the stamens, see Altschul,
Rocky Mountain Naturalists. The University of Denver Press S. von R. “A taxonomic study of the genus Anadenanthera.”
1950, Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
on the Flowering Plants of Mexico. 584. Philadelphia 1964, University 193: 3–65. 1964, Kew Bulletin 39(3): 666–667.
John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 88. 1984, Brittonia 38(3): 222–229. 1986.
1965, J. Ewan, ed., A Short History of Botany in the United
States. 11. 1969, I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond, Index of col- Piptadenia adiantoides (Spreng.) J.F. Macbr. (Acacia adi-
lectors in the Edinburgh herbarium. Edinburgh 1970, T.W. antoides Spreng.; Mimosa fruticosa Vell.; Mimosa fruticosa
Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented Roxb.; Piptadenia adiantoides J.F. Macbr.; Piptadenia laxa
in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 311. 1972, S. Lenley Benth.; Piptadenia laxa var. pubescens Benth.; Pityrocarpa
et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival Collections adiantoides (Spreng.) Brenan)
and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of Brazil. Shrub, scandent, spiny branches
the New York Botanical Garden. 327–328. 1973, Fl. Canada
2: 93–545. 1978 [1979], R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 40. 1814, Systema
and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 146. 1826, Journal of
Aufl. Stuttgart 1993, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
29: 18–22. 1998. (Hooker) 4: 335, 339. 1841, Flora Brasiliensis 15(3): 274. 1876
and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
Piperia dilatata (Pursh) Szlach. & Rutk. var. leucostachys University 59: 17. 1919, North American Flora 23(3): 190.
(Lindl.) Szlach. & Rutk. (Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) 1928, Kew Bulletin 10(2): 176. 1955, Fl. Analit. Fitogeogr.
Hook. var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Ames; Habenaria flagel- Sao Paulo 1: 235. 1969, Public Library of Science (PLoS)
lans S.Watson; Habenaria graminifolia (Rydb.) J.K. Henry; Neglected Tropical Diseases 2(12): e348. 2008
Habenaria leptoceratitis J.K. Henry; Habenaria leu-
costachys (Lindl.) S. Watson; Habenaria leucostachys var. (Cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, trypanocidal and
robusta (Rydb.) J.K. Henry; Habenaria leucostachys var. anti­leishmanial.)
virida Jeps.; Habenaria pedicellata S. Watson; Limnorchis Piptadenia flava (DC.) Benth. (Acacia flava DC.; Mimosa
dilatata var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Efimov; Limnorchis buceragenia Robinson; Mimosa carbonalis Ant. Molina;
graminifolia Rydb.; Limnorchis leucostachys (Lindl.)
Piptadenia leptocarpa Rose; Piptadenia suaveolens Griseb.;
Rydb.; Limnorchis leucostachys subsp. robusta (Rydb.)
Pityrocarpa flava (DC.) Brenan)
Piper & Beattie; Limnorchis leucostachys var. robusta
Rydb.; Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Central America. Perennial non-climbing tree
Hultén; Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Luer;
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Platanthera hyperborea var. leucostachys (Lindl.) Kraenzl.;
2: 456, 469. 1825, Transactions of the Linnean Society of
Platanthera leucostachys Lindl.)
London 30(3): 371. 1875 and Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35(3):
North America. 101–208. 1936, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37(2): 184–314.
1950, Botanical Museum Leaflets—Harvard University
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 588.
24(1): 1–28. 1974, Brenesia 18: 15–90. 1980, Cuscatlania
1814[1813], Botany of the Northern and Middle States 347.
1(2): 1–16. 1989, Kew Bull. 46(1): 159–168. 1991, Ceiba 42(1):
1833, The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants 288.
1–71. 2001 [2002], Harvard Pap. Bot. 7(2): 381–398. 2003,
1835, Geological Survey of California, Botany 2: 134. 1880,
Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005]
Orchidacearum Genera et Species 640. 1899 and Memoirs
of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 106. 1900, Bull. Torrey (Recorded to possess psychotomimetic constituents.)
2958 Piptadeniastrum Brenan Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

Piptadenia obliqua (Pers.) J.F. Macbr. (Acacia obliqua abortifacient, applied to treat fever, toothache, pneumonia,
Desv.; Acacia thibaudiana DC.; Goldmania constricta skin complaints, wounds, lumbago, rheumatism, to expel
Micheli; Goldmania constricta Micheli & Rose ex Micheli; worms; bark decoctions taken for cough, bronchitis, men-
Piptadenia constricta (Micheli) J.F. Macbr.; Piptadenia con- ingitis, convulsion, anemia, headache, stomachache, mental
stricta (Micheli & Rose ex Micheli) J.F. Macbr.; Piptadenia disorders, hysteria, hemorrhoids, genitourinary infections,
moniliformis Benth.; Pityrocarpa constricta (Micheli) dysmenorrhea, female infertility, male impotence. Absence
Britton & Rose; Pityrocarpa constricta (Micheli & Rose ex of alkaloids in Piptadenia africana Hook.f. Leaves to poi-
Micheli) Britton & Rose; Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) son mice and bark mixed with rice to poison mice. Bark
Luckow & R.W. Jobson; Pityrocarpa obliqua (Pers.) Brenan; used in arrow poison, as ordeal poison and fish poison;
Sophora obliqua Pers.) bark rubbed and juice dropped into eye of suspected thief,
if guilty he will be blinded; bark and leaves of Pentaclethra
Mexico, Brazil. Perennial non-climbing tree
macrophylla used as fish poison mixed with Piptadenia
See Synopsis Plantarum 1: 452. 1805, Journal de Botanique, africana (Piptadeniastrum africanum), Strychnos icaja
Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et and Manilkara sp. Root bark and stem bark both used as an
aux Arts 3: 67. 1814, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni ingredient of arrow poison. A magic tree.)
Vegetabilis 2: 456, 469. 1825, Journal of Botany, being a
in English: African greenheart, African light greenheart,
second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4(31): 339–340.
African oak, false sasswood, light African greenheart,
1841 and Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire
redwood
Naturelle de Genève 34: 274–275, pl. 20. 1903, Contributions
from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 18. in Cameroon: atui, atuij, ay-chuk, bohambo, bokombolo,
1919, North American Flora 23(3): 190. 1928, Darwiniana dabéma, edoundou, ekombile, jondo, kungu, ndondon,
9(1): 63–96. 1949, Kew Bulletin 10(2): 176. 1955, Botanical tombo, touambo, toul, wunga
Museum Leaflets—Harvard University 24(1): 1–28. 1974,
in Central African Republic: agboin, dabéma, daboma,
Revista Brasil. Genét. 12(1): 81–92. 1989, Kew Bull. 46(1):
159–168. 1991, Systematic Botany 32(3): 573. 2007 dahoma, ekhimi, itare, iteruku, koungou, kunga, kungu,
mokoungou, ohe, ohia, onitoto, osaga, owanghan, sanga,
(Recorded to possess psychotomimetic constituents.) shaghan, ubam, ufi
in Congo: bolunda, dabema, malunda, moussinga, n’singa
Piptadeniastrum Brenan Fabaceae in Gabon: dabema, ekango, ensale, ghekango, itoumbe,
(Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) dabema, nchioumbou, nehoumbou, oabema, toum

A genus allied to Piptadenia, astrum is a Latin substanti- in Ghana: agboin, dahoma, dani, ikkimi, odahoma, oda-
val suffix indicating inferiority or incomplete resemblance, huma, odani, ofrafraha
may be confused with Newtonia, see Kew Bulletin 10(2): in Guinea: bé, béa, bébé, beila, bélé, blé, lollo
179–180. 1955.
in Ivory Coast: abe, akassanoumou, dabéma, ehe, g’bon,
Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan (Piptadenia galo, kuanga-iniama, kuanguariniama, nainvi, nete
africana Hook.f.)
in Liberia: dabema, gaw, mbeli, mkeli
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, bole straight
and cylindrical, flowers whitish or yellowish, inflorescence in Nigeria: kiriyar kurmi (Hausa); sanchi kuso (Nupe); aga-
an axillary or terminal spike-like false raceme, fruit a dark igi, agboin, agbonyin (Yoruba); ekhimi, ekimi (Edo); ufi
brown flattened linear pod, papery wing surrounding the (Igbo); shagan (Ijaw); owangan (Urhobo); onitoto (Itsekiri);
seed, flowers a source of nectar for honey bees, leaves eaten ubam (Efik); ebomme (Ekoi); kachi kabiam (Boki)
by gorillas in Sierra Leone: dabema, kornere, lolo, mee, melawula,
See Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical peiyengo
Miscellany 2(11): 135. 1840, Niger Flora 320. 1849 and in W. Africa: bolondo, dabema, edundu
Fitoterapia 70: 579–585. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharma­
cology 76: 263–268. 2001, African Study Monographs
23(2): 47–64. 2002, Afr. J. Traditional, Complementary and
Piptanthus Sweet Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Alternative Medicines (2007) 4(3): 294–298. 2007
Greek pipto ‘to fall, fall down’ and anthos ‘flower’, see
(Toxins, toxic effects of the bark; sawdust urticant. Bark
The British Flower Garden … [Sweet] 3: t. 264. 1828 and
decoction poisonous. Fruits and leaves aphrodisiac, tonic,
Brittonia 32(3): 281–285. 1980.
abortifacient, enema, used in urethritis. Root extracts applied
against mental disorders, and as an abortifacient and aph- Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) D. Don (Anagyris indica
rodisiac. Bark externally used as an antidote, purgative and Lindl.; Anagyris indica hort. ex Steud.; Anagyris nepalensis
Pipturus Wedd. Urticaceae 2959

Graham, nom. nud.; Baptisia nepalensis Hook.; Piptanthus (Antiviral, antimicrobial, used for infectious diseases.
bicolor Craib; Piptanthus bombycinus C. Marquand; Fruit used as a laxative and in nursing mothers for thrush.
Piptanthus concolor Harrow ex Craib; Piptanthus con- Refreshing tonic herbal tea used for lowering high blood
color subsp. harrowii Stapf; Piptanthus concolor subsp. pressure, lowering cholesterol, diabetes, stomach and colon
yunnanensis Stapf; Piptanthus forrestii Craib; Piptanthus problems, liver and bowel troubles, bladder problems, in
laburnifolius (D. Don) Stapf; Piptanthus laburnifolius fo. pregnancy and childbirth.)
nepalensis Stapf; Piptanthus laburnifolius fo. sikkimensis
in Hawaii: mamake, mamaki, waimea
Stapf; Piptanthus leiocarpus Stapf; Piptanthus leiocar-
pus Stapf var. sericopetalus P.C. Li; Piptanthus nepalensis Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob. (Pipturus asper
(Hook.) Sweet; Piptanthus nepalensis Sweet; Piptanthus Wedd.; Pipturus fauriei Yamam.; Urtica arborescens Link)
nepalensis fo. leiocarpus (Stapf) S.Q. Wei; Piptanthus
Philippines. Shrub or small tree, male flowers in dense axil-
nepalensis fo. sericopetalus (P.C. Li) S.Q. Wei; Piptanthus
lary fascicles, female flowers in dense hemispherical heads,
nepalensis var. leiocarpus (Stapf) X.Y. Zhu; Piptanthus nep-
white soft fleshy receptacle
alensis var. sericopetalus (P.C. Li) X.Y. Zhu; Thermia labur-
nifolia (D. Don) Spreng.; Thermopsis laburnifolia D. Don; See Species Plantarum 2: 983–985. 1753, Enumeratio
Thermopsis nepaulensis DC.) Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera 2: 386. 1822 and
Philippine Journal of Science 6(1): 13–14. 1911, Journal of
India, Nepal. Perennial non-climbing shrub, leaves for fodder the Society of Tropical Agriculture 4: 51. 1932
See Exotic flora 2: 131. 1824, Annales des Sciences (Scraped bark applied externally as a cataplasm for boils.)
Naturelles (Paris) 4: 98. 1825, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis
239–240. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta in Japan: ô-iwa-ga-ne
4(2): 171. 1827, The British Flower Garden, … 3: t. 264. in Hawaii: mamake, mamaki
1828, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London
7: 245. 1830, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5340. in Philippines: agandong, dalunot, himaramai
1831, Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda 1(1–2): 83. Pipturus argenteus (G. Forst.) Wedd. (Pipturus argenteus
1840 and The Gardeners’ Chronicle, ser. 3 60: 228, 289–290. Wedd.; Pipturus propinquus (Decne.) Wedd.; Pipturus pro-
1916, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 48(321): 169– pinquus Wedd.; Urtica argentea G. Forst.)
170. 1929, Botanical Magazine 1931: pl. 9234. 1931, Flora
Xizangica 2: 719–720, f. 219: 9–13. 1985, Flora Reipublicae Pantropical, Australia, Pacific. Small tree or shrub, leaves
Popularis Sinicae 42(2): 392, pl. 100, f. 10–11. 1998, Legumes alternate, greenish flowers, fruit light green berry-like,
of China 595. 2007 spherical fleshy receptacle, cooked leaves eaten as a vegeta-
ble, extremely variable species, in secondary forest, in dis-
(Squeezed bark and leaves as fish poison.) turbed habitats
in China: guang guo huang hua mu, huang hua mu, mao ban See Species Plantarum 2: 983–985. 1753, Florulae Insularum
huang hua mu, ni bo er huang hua mu Australium Prodromus 65. 1786, Nouvelles Annales du
in Nepal: jhyan, suga phul Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, série 3, 3: 491. 1834, Annales
des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 1: 194, 196. 1854,
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. viii. (1855–1856) 447. t. 15 D. 1855–1856,
Pipturus Wedd. Urticaceae Prodr. (DC.) 16(1): 235(19). 1869 and Acta Horti Gotoburgensis
7: 43–63. 1932, Acta Horti Gotoburgensis 8: 111–118. 1933,
Greek pipto ‘to fall’ and oura ‘tail’, referring to the decid- Annales de l’Institut Botanico-Géologique Colonial de
uous stigma or to the long petiolated leaves or to the long Marseille série 6, 7/8: 9–91. 1950, Flore de Madagascar et
inflorescence; see Hugh Algernon Weddell (1819–1877), in des Comores 56: 1–101. 1964, International Journal of Crude
Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 1: 196–197. (Jan.-Jun.) 1854 Drug Research 22: 111–119. 1984, International Journal of
and Acta Horti Gothob. 8: 117. 1933. Crude Drug Research 24: 31–40. 1986, International Journal
of Crude Drug Research 25: 231–235. 1987, International
Pipturus albidus A. Gray ex H. Mann (Boehmeria albida
Journal of Crude Drug Research 27: 55–61. 1989
Hook. & Arnott; Perlarius albidus (Hook. & Arnott) Kuntze;
Pipturus taitensis Wedd.) (Abortifacient, antibacterial. Used in the treatment of asthma,
cough, stomachache and centipede bites. Leaves used for
Pacific, Hawaii. Shrub or small tree, small clusters of small
poulticing boils, burns and herpes. Juice applied locally to
flowers, small white edible fruit, leaves eaten raw or cooked,
fresh wounds, muscular swellings or to an aching tooth; leaf
highly variable
juice mixed with leaf juice of Bridelia tomentosa and given
See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 1: 197. 1854, Proc. Amer. Acad. to patients suffering with fits; juice from the crushed leaves
Arts vii. (1867) 201. 1867 and Journal of Tropical Pediatrics drunk to relieve fever or headache. Scraped bark applied to
22(6): 260–262. 1976, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49(1): spear wounds to help extract the spear head; the sap from
23–32. 1995 scraped inner bark drunk to assist a woman in labor. Roots
2960 Piscidia L. Fabaceae (Millettieae)

squeezed and the juice drunk to treat malaria or severe cough; Harvard University 70: 71. 1924, Bulletin of Miscellaneous
root juice applied to wounds or aching teeth.) Information Kew 1936(1): 3–4. 1936
in English: false stinger, native mulberry, white nettle (Aerial portions and bark as a fish poison.)
in Australia: koomeroo-koomeroo Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. (Erythrina piscipula L.;
Ichthyomethia americana (Sessé & Moc.) S.F. Blake;
in India: pankam, pankuh ivei, penkam
Ichthyomethia communis S.F. Blake; Ichthyomethia piscipula
in Indonesia: bedreg, ki beunteur, lobiri (L.) Hitchc.; Ichthyomethia piscipula Hitchc.; Ichthyomethia
piscipula (L.) Kuntze; Ichthyomethia piscipula var. typica
in Papua New Guinea: evakau, helo, hulious, kaligalamo, Stehlé & Quentin; Piscidia americana Sessé & Moc.; Piscidia
kwelakwela, lhe, lul, lumbai, oningo, ritsiring, tsitsiring, yiwiya carthaginensis Jacquin; Piscidia communis (S.F. Blake)
Pipturus ruber A. Heller (Pipturus albidus (Hook. & Arnott) Harms; Piscidia communis (S.F. Blake) I.M. Johnst.; Piscidia
A. Gray var. kauaiensis Hochr.) erythrina L.; Piscidia inebrians Medik.; Piscidia piscipula
Sarg.; Piscidia toxicaria Salisb.; Robinia alata Mill.)
Pacific. Shrub, perennial
West Indies. Perennial non-climbing tree, odd-pinnate leaves,
See Minnesota Bot. Stud. 760–922. 1897 congested panicles of red-striped purple to white flowers,
(Used for infectious diseases.) curly winged seedpods in clusters

in English: red pipturus See Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), A voyage to the Islands
Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica
in Hawaii: waimea t. 176, f. 4. London 1707–1725, Species Plantarum 2: 707.
Pipturus verticillatus H.J.P. Winkl. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1151, 1155, 1376.
1759, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 6.
New Guinea. 1768, Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öcon-
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lvii. 589. 1922 omischen Gesellschaft 2: 394. 1787, Prodr. Stirp. Chap.
Allerton 336. 1796, Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de his-
(Used to treat sores, boils, cuts, etc.) toria natural], ser. 2, 1, app. 116. 1889, Garden & Forest 4:
436, 472. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 191. 1891
and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 9(9):
Piscidia L. Fabaceae (Millettieae) 247–248. 1919, Verhandlungen des Botanischen Vereins für
die Provinz Brandenburg und die Angrenzenden Länder
Latin piscis, is ‘fish’ and caedo ‘to kill, destroy, cut down,
65: 91. 1923, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of
slaughter’, the roots yield a fish poison, see Systema Naturae,
Harvard University 70: 71. 1924, Flore de Guadeloupe et
Editio Decima 2: 1151, 1155, 1376. 1759 and Bull. Misc.
Dependances … 2(2): 123. 1948, James Britten, The Sloane
Inform. 1936(1): 1–16. 1936, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 1–425.
Herbarium … revised and edited by J.E. Dandy. London
1946, Flora de Cuba 2: 224–367. 1951, Ann. Missouri Bot. 1958, Phytologia 18: 436. 1969, J. Arnold Arbor. 54(4): 435–
Gard. 52(1): 1–54. 1965, Rudd, V.E. “A synopsis of the 470. 1973, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 280: 365–368. 1988
genus Piscidia (Leguminosae).” Phytologia 18(8): 473–499.
1969, Rhodora 83(834): 161–236. 1981, Listados Floristicos (Toxins, not poisonous to humans, very low toxicity, poten-
de Mexico 1: 47–61. 1983, Acta Botanica Cubana 33: 1–5. tially toxic effects if used in large amounts, taking more than
1985, Listados Floristicos de Mexico 4: 90–112. 1986, Flora the recommended dose can cause a marked sedative effect,
Novo-Galiciana 5: 1–786. 1987, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 lowered blood pressure. Bark and root bark sedative, antiin-
[2005], Caribbean Journal of Science 40(2): 169–181. 2004. flammatory, febrifuge, analgesic, narcotic, anesthetic, anti-
spasmodic, astringent, tonic, acrid, bitter, sweat-promoter,
Piscidia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I.M. Johnst. (Derris gran- for asthma, cough, insomnia, migraine, anxiety, panic, fear,
difolia Donn. Sm.; Ichthyomethia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) headache, toothache, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea. For head-
S.F. Blake; Piscidia grandifolia I.M. Johnst.; Piscidia gran- ache, crushed leaves around the head, inhale the essence.
difolia var. glabrescens Sandwith) (Greek ichthys ‘fish’ and Insecticides to control lice, fleas, and larvae. Leaves and
methyo ‘to get drunk, to be drunken with’, referring to the twigs as fish poison.)
nature of the leaves.)
in English: dogwood, dogwood bark, fish catching coral
South America. Perennial non-climbing tree, resinous hard tree, fish-fuddle tree, fish poison, fish poison tree, fishfuddle,
wood Florida fishpoison tree, Jamaica dogwood, Jamaica dogwood
bark, Jamaica fish-fuddle tree, Jamaican dogwood, May
See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three
bush, Maytree of the Creoles, West Indian dogwood
Parts 296. 1756 and Botanical Gazette 56(1): 55–56. 1913,
Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 9(9): in Latin America: guana hedionda, mulungú, murungú, palo
245. 1919, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of de zope, zopilocuave
Pisonia L. Nyctaginaceae 2961

Pisonia L. Nyctaginaceae Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 111: 785–796. 2007
For the Dutch (b. Leiden) physician Willem (Wilhelm) Piso
(Guillaume Le Pois), circa 1611–1678 (d. Amsterdam), bota- (Leaves used for rheumatic pains, to treat skin problems, sca-
nist and traveller, pharmacist, pioneer of tropical medicine, bies and ulcers. Bark and leaves used as counterirritant for
received M.D. at Caen (1633), from 1636 to 1644 physician swellings and rheumatic pains; juice with pepper given in pul-
of the Dutch settlement in Brazil (with Johan Maurits van monary complaints of children. Roots used to treat cough.)
Nassau), with the German naturalist and traveller [Georgius in English: devil’s claw pisonia, pisonia vine, pull-and-hold-
Marcgravius, Markgraf, Marcgraf, Georg Marggraff or back, thorny pisonia
Margraff, etc.] Georg Marcgrave (1610–1644) wrote Historia
naturalis Brasiliae: De Medicina Brasiliensi libri IV (Piso); in China: xian guo teng
Historiae Rerum Naturalium Brasiliae libri VIII (Margraff). in India: antu hannu gida
Lugdun. Batavorum (F. Hackius), Amstelodami (L. Elzevir)
1648 and (a second edition, much enlarged, with Margraff in Indonesia: alar, cuhun-lamarang, rampari
and the Dutch physician in the East Jacobus Bontius, 1592 in Japan: toge-kazura (= spiny vine)
or 1599–1631) De Indiae utriusque Re Naturali et Medica
libri XIV: libri VI (Piso); libri II (Margraff); libri VI in Philippines: digkit, pakat-aso, puriket
(Bontius), to which is appended Mantissa Aromatica (Piso). in Thailand: huu cha luang, khat khao, ma kang phee
Amstelaedami (L. & D. Elzevir) 1658. See Carl Linnaeus,
Species Plantarum. 2: 1026. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. in Vietnam: b[if] s[ow]n nh[oj]n, tuy[ees]n qu[ar] d[awf]ng
5. 451. 1754, Theoria Systematis Plantarum 363. 1858, Die in Southern Africa: umQopho, uSondesa, Nsuwu (Zulu)
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(1b): 29. 1889 and Contr. U.S.
Pisonia grandis R.Br. (Ceodes grandis (R.Br.) D.Q. Lu;
Natl. Herb. 13(11): 385–386. 1911, Garrison and Morton,
Pisonia alba Span.; Pisonia grandis A. Cunn. ex Hook.f.;
Medical Bibliography. 5303, 1825. New York 1961, John H.
Pisonia grandis Vieill. ex Guillaumin; Pisonia sylvestris
Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 2: 89. 1965,
Teijsm. & Binnend.)
S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival
Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey. India, SE Asia, China. Tree, leaves opposite, flowers bisex-
Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 328. 1973, ual, perianth funnel-shaped, row of viscid prickles
Peter W. van der Pas, in D.S.B. 10: 621–622. 1981, Mariella
See Characteres Generum Plantarum 71. 1775, Prodromus
Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca
Florae Novae Hollandiae 1: 422. 1810, Bot. Antarct. Voy. II.
dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 215. Palermo 1988. (Fl. Nov.-Zel.). 1: 209. 1853 and Ann. Mus. Col. Marseille,
Pisonia aculeata L. (Pallavia aculeata (L.) Vell.; Pisonia 1911, Sér. II. ix. 210, in syn. 1911, Flora Reipublicae
aculeata var. macranthocarpa Donn. Sm.; Pisonia aculeata Popularis Sinicae 26: 3–4. 1996–1997
var. pedicellaris Griseb. ex Heimerl; Pisonia grandifolia (Leaves crushed or heated and applied to swellings or open
Standl., nom. illeg., non Pisonia grandifolia Warb.; Pisonia ulcers; leaves diuretic, astringent and purgative, also used for
loranthoides Kunth; Pisonia macranthocarpa (Donn. Sm.) dysentery.)
Donn. Sm.; Pisonia monotaxadenia C. Wright ex Sauv.;
Pisonia pedicellaris (Griseb. ex Heimerl) Heimerl; Pisonia in English: bird catching tree, bird killer tree, cabbage tree,
sieberi Schlecht.; Pisonia villosa Poir.; Pisonia villosa Poir.; giant pisonia, lettuce tree, Malayan lettuce tree, Moluccan
Pisonia yaguapinda D. Parodi) cabbage

Pantropical. Shrub, climbing, scandent woody liane, wide- in Rodrigues Isl.: bois mapou
angled branches, armed with axillary recurved thorns, green- in China: kang feng tong
ish unisexual flowers in cymes, female flower campanulate,
fruits 5-ribbed with glands, often weedy in India: bhaggachura, nachukootai keerai

See Species Plantarum 2: 1026. 1753, Florae Fluminensis in Indonesia: dagdag see, kol bandang, sayur putih pulu,
151. 1825, Botanical Gazette 16(7): 198. 1891, Botanical wijaya kusuma
Gazette 20(7): 293. 1895, Botanische Jahrbücher für in Malaya: kemudu, kemudu selat, kemudu Siam, mengkudu,
Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie mengkudu selat, mengkudu Siam
21: 633. 1896, Jahresb. Oberrealsch. Fünfhaus 23: repr. 23.
1897 and Contributions from the United States National in Philippines: koles-maluko, maluko
Herbarium 13(11): 391. 1911, Blumea 12: 284. 1964, Journal in Thailand: saeng chan
of the Arnold Arboretum 55: 1–37. 1974, Fieldiana: Botany,
in Tonka: pukovai
New Series 13: 180–199. 1983, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003
[2005], Flora de la región del Parque Nacional Amboró Pisonia umbellifera (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Seem.
Bolivia 2: 1–209. 2004, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco (Calpidia excelsa (Blume) Heimerl; Ceodes umbellifera J.R.
2962 Pistacia L. Anacardiaceae

Forst. & G. Forst.; Pisonia alba Span.; Pisonia brunoniana Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Pistacia atlantica DC.; Terebinthus
Endl.; Pisonia excelsa Blume; Pisonia umbellifera Seem. ex atlanticus (Desf.) Dum.Cours.)
Nadeaud; Pisonia umbellifera Seem.)
Mediterranean. Large tree, deciduous or semi-evergreen,
South Africa, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia. Shrub or tree, massive stout trunk, broad canopy, linear leaves pinnately
branched inflorescence terminal, flowers funnel-shaped compound, inconspicuous flowers greenish white, edible
oil from the seeds, often the leaves of Pistacia atlantica
See Characteres Generum Plantarum 142. 1775, Bijdragen have galls
tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 735. 1825, Linnaea
15: 342. 1841, Bonplandia 10: 154. 1862, Fl. Vit. [Seemann] See Species Plantarum 2: 1025–1026. 1753, Fl. Atlant.
195. 1866, Énum. Pl. Tahiti 46. 1873 and Oesterreichische 2: 364. 1799, Bot. Cult. 3: 575. 1802, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 64.
Botanische Zeitschrift 63: 287. 1913 1825 and Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei
Panormitani 11: 117–169. 1999
(Leaves used for rheumatic pains; leaves decoction against
poisoning by marine fishes.) (Fruits antiseptic, expectorant, sudorific, heart stimulant, for
stomach disorders, cough, cold. Resin masticatory, antisep-
in English: bird catcher tree, bird-lime tree, para-para, piso- tic for wounds, for sterility, colic, tonic, digestive, depilatory,
nia tree gums strengthening, resolutive for furuncles. Galls expecto-
in China: jiao guo mu rant, diuretic, asthma, chest diseases; decoction of leaves and
galls for intestinal disorders. For blood clots, tonsillitis.)
in Indonesia: angkola, gendala, hares
in English: mount Atlas mastic, mount Atlas pistache, ter-
in Japan: ô-kusa-boku ebinth tree, turpentine tree
in Papua New Guinea: fafoni-mo, namba namba, paribui in Arabic: botoum

in Philippines: anilin, anuring, balagasaha Pistacia integerrima J.L. Stewart ex Brandis (Pistacia chi-
nensis Bunge subsp. integerrima (J.L. Stewart ex Brandis)
in Vietnam: b[if] s[ow]n t[as]n Rech. f.; Pistacia integerrima Stewart)
Himalayas. Tree, deciduous, dioecious, small red flowers,
Pistacia L. Anacardiaceae shiny round fruits
See Species Plantarum 2: 1025–1026. 1753, Enumeratio
Latin pistacia for a pistachio-tree, Latin pistacium and pis-
Plantarum, quas in China Boreali 15. 1833, The forest flora of
taceum and Greek pistakion, pistake, for the fruit of the
North-West and Central India 122. 1874 and Flora Iranica:
pistachio-tree; see Species Plantarum 2: 1025–1026. 1753,
Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden
Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire
Gebirge: Persien, Afghanistan, Teile von West-Pakistan,
431. 1818 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 177–195. 1949, Ernest
Nord-Iraq, (cont) 63: 8. 1969, Journal of Cytology and
Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2:
Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988
1101. New York 1967.
(Galls expectorant, tonic, astringent, in the treatment of
Pistacia aethiopica Kokwaro (Pistacia aethiopica Dale &
coughs, phthisis, asthma, respiratory troubles, dysentery.
Greenway; Pistacia lentiscus L. var. emarginata Engl.)
Fruit ash antiinflammatory, bitter, astringent, blood purifier,
Tanzania, Kenya. Spreading tree or shrub, evergreen, exud- to treat cough, asthma; powdered and fried in ghee given in
ing a resinous gum if cut, leaves aromatic, compact heads of dysentery and as antidote to snakebites and scorpion stings.)
very small flowers greenish purplish or yellow-cream, no pet- in India: kakadshringi, kakar singhi, kakarsinghi, kakkar
als, tiny petal-like bracteoles, small rounded fruit red on one singi, kakrae, kakrasing, kokar singi, karkatsinghi
side only, tree a source of bee forage, nutritious gum chewed,
most parts smell of turpentine or mango when crushed, in Pakistan: kakar-singhi
upland dry evergreen forest, wooded grassland, bushland Pistacia khinjuk Stocks
See Kew Bulletin 34(4): 755. 1980 Pakistan, Iran.
(Leaves used for the diseases of ear, nose and throat; roots See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 143. 1852 and
boiled with water and used for the common cold.) NUCIS Newsletter 12: 30–31. 2004
in English: mastic tree (Used in Ayurveda. Insect galls produced on the tree trunk
used in cough and asthma. Leaves and bark to relieve back-
in Kenya: mûheheti
ache; ointment from leaves and branches to facilitate healing
in Tanzania: iltorel, lasamarai, ol-daangudwa, oldangudwa, of burns; resin used to help the healing of wounds and sores.
olongoronok Powder of galls, pipramul (Piper longum) and dried ginger
Pistia L. Araceae 2963

given in fever and joint pain, rheumatic arthritis, inflamma- Engl.; Pistia stratiotes var. obcordata (Schleid.) Engl.; Pistia
tion and osteoporosis.) stratiotes var. spathulata (Michx.) Engl.; Pistia texensis
Klotzsch; Pistia turpini Blume; Pistia turpini K. Koch;
in English: Bombay mastic, China turpentine, East Indian
Pistia turpinii K. Koch; Pistia weigeltiana C. Presl; Zala
mastic
asiatica Lour.)
in India: kakar singhi, kakarsinghi, kakroi, shringi
Tropics and Subtropics. Perennial free-floating herb, monoe-
in Pakistan: gun goonjak, gwan, gwan gir cious, fleshy, fibrous plumose roots, rosette of leaves, bract
yellowish, flowers white to green, fruit a dry ellipsoid berry,
Pistacia lentiscus L.
seed ovoid wrinkled, an aquatic weed, young leaves cooked
Mediterranean. and used as vegetable, fodder for rabbits and pigs, a serious
pest in some areas of the world, a single highly variable spe-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1025–1026. 1753 and Taxon 27:
cies, ponds, lagoons, dams, rivers and lakes
519–535. 1978
See Species Plantarum 2: 963. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5; 411.
(Astringent, stomachic.)
1754, Flora Cochinchinensis 401, 405. 1790, Flora Boreali-
in English: lentisk, mastic, mastic tree Americana 2: 162. 1803, Rumphia 1: 78–79. 1836, Allgemeine
Gartenzeitung 6: 19–20. 1838, Linnaea 18: 81. 1844,
in Italian: lentisco
Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft
in Arabic: dharou, derw, dirw, darw, shagar el-mastika der Wissenschaften 6: 600. 1851, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin
10: 577. 1852, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie
Pistacia weinmannifolia J. Poiss. ex Franch. (Pistacia coc-
der Wissenschaften in Berlin 351–352, 354, 356. 1853, Flora
cinea Collett & Hemsl.; Pistacia weinmanniifolia J. Poiss.
Brasiliensis 3(2): 214–215. 1878 and Darwiniana 5: 369–416.
ex Franch.)
1941, J. Asiat. Soc. 8: 115–135. 1966, Flora de la Provincia de
China. Shrub Buenos Aires 4(1): 304. 1968, Revista del Museo de La Plata,
Nueva Serie, Botanica 119(64): 219. 1971, Flore de Madagascar
See Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 33: 467. 1886 and J. Biol. (Vietnam)
et des Comores 31: 1–71. 1975, Proceedings of the Indian
3(3): 23 (-24; fig. 1). 1981
Science Congress Association (III, C) 65: 110. 1978, Perkins,
(Antioxidant, leaves rich in phenolic compounds, gallotan- K.D. and W.W. Payne. Guide to the Poisonous and Irritant
nins. Histamine-release inhibitors.) Plants of Florida. Gainesville, Florida. 1978, Cytologia 43:
in China: qing xiang mu 289–303. 1978, Taxon 32: 127. 1983, Flora del Paraguay
[11]: 1–46. 1988, Cytologia 53: 59–66. 1988, Aquatics 11(3):
21–24. 1989, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. 1990, Proceedings of
the Indian Science Congress Association 78(3,VIII): 136–137.
Pistia L. Araceae
1991, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association
Greek pistos ‘drinkable, water’ (pino ‘drink’), referring to 80(3:VIII): 150. 1993, Blumea Suppl. 8: 1–161. 1995, Rapid
the aquatic habitat or to the floating habit; see Carl Linnaeus, Biological Inventories 1: 1–79. 2000, Flora of Puná Island
Species Plantarum 2: 963. 1753 and Genera Plantarum Ed. 1–289. 2001, Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 8(2):
5. 411. 1754, Aphorismi Botanici 130. 1822, Georg Christian 19–34. 2001, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the
Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 697. Missouri Botanical Garden 92: 59–200. 2003, Biodiversidad
Ansbach 1852, and Fieldiana, Bot. 304–363. 1958, D.H. del estado de Tabasco Cap. 5: 111–144. 2005
Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. All parts poisonous,
10: 15–25. 1988.
calcium oxalate crystals, toxic if large quantities eaten.
Pistia stratiotes L. (Apiospermum obcordatum Klotzsch; Leaves demulcent, astringent, stomachic, diuretic, emol-
Apiospermum obcordatum (Schleid.) Klotzsch; Limnonesis lient, expectorant, laxative, insecticide, repellent, used for
commutata Klotzsch; Limnonesis commutata (Schleid.) urinary tract infection, swellings, abdominal disorders,
Klotzsch; Limnonesis friedrichsthaliana Klotzsch; Pistia asthma, coughs, dysentery; used externally for skin dis-
aegyptiaca Schleid.; Pistia aethiopica Fenzl ex Klotzsch; eases, boils, piles and syphilitic sores; juice from the leaves
Pistia africana C. Presl; Pistia amazonica C. Presl; Pistia dropped into the eye. Roots laxative, emollient, also used
brasiliensis Klotzsch; Pistia commutata Schleid.; Pistia for treating burns and wounds. Economically and biologi-
crispata Blume; Pistia cumingii Klotzsch; Pistia gardneri cally important as a breeding site for insects, especially spe-
Klotzsch; Pistia horkeliana Miq.; Pistia leprieuri Blume; cies of mosquitoes in the genus Mansonia. Many species
Pistia linguaeformis Blume; Pistia linguiformis Blume; of insects worldwide have been reported to feed on Pistia
Pistia minor Blume; Pistia natalensis Klotzsch; Pistia obcor- stratiotes; those shown to be effective in biological control
data Schleid.; Pistia occidentalis Blume; Pistia schleide- include Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae:
niana Klotzsch; Pistia spathulata Michx.; Pistia stratiotes Erirhininae) and Samea multiplicalis (Lepidoptera:
var. cuneata Engl.; Pistia stratiotes var. linguiformis (Blume) Pyralidae: Pyraustinae). Poisonous to rabbits.)
2964 Pisum L. Fabaceae (Vicieae)

in English: Nile cabbage, Nile lettuce, shell flower, tropical Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 727. 1753 and Genera
duckweed, water fern, water lettuce Plantarum. Ed. 5. 324. 1754 and P. Sella, Glossario latino
italiano. Stato della Chiesa—Veneto—Abruzzi. Città del
in China: da piao
Vaticano 1944, related to Lathyrus, Lens and Vicia.
in India: aakaasha thaamare, aakayatamarai, agasatamarai,
Pisum sativum L. (Lathyrus oleraceus Lam.; Pisum
akasa thamarai, akasatamara, akashamuli, akayat-tamarai,
arvense L.; Pisum humile Boiss. & Noe; Pisum sativum L.
akayat tamarai ilai, akayaddamarai, akayattamarai, antara
subsp. arvense (L.) Tzvelev; Pisum sativum subsp. arvense
gange, antara-t-tamarai, antaragange, antarat tamarai, anthara
(L.) Čelak.; Pisum sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Poir.; Pisum
daavare, anthara gange, anthara thaamara, ashakumbhi, bar-
sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Asch. & Graebn.; Pisum sati-
iparni, calacarakkuli, calakkan, calakkaran, calaputpam,
vum subsp. hortense Asch. & Graebn.; Pisum sativum
calaputpapalava, calavakaram, calavataram, carata, dalad-
subsp. hortense (Neilr.) Asch. & Graebner; Pisum sativum
haka, hathah, ilatcumicirestar, inattamarai, irecakunak-
L. subsp. humile (Holmboe) Greuter, Matthäs & H. Risse;
koti, irecakunam, jala kumbika, jalakumbhi, jalakumbhika,
Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.; Pisum sativum var.
jalavalkala, jalkhumbi, jalkumbhi (jal, water, kumbh, a jar,
hortense Neilr.; Pisum sativum var. humile Poir.; Pisum
a water pot), kavutikam, kavutittamarai, khali, khamulika,
sativum var. macrocarpon Ser.; Pisum vulgare Judz.; Pisum
kodda-pail, koddapail, kumbhika, kumuda, kutrina, pac-
vulgare S.B. Jundz.)
caikkottai, paccaikkottaittamarai, paniyaprishthaja, pan-
kacakam, pankacakitam, pariparni, parni, pankacakam, Cosmopolitan. Climbing herb, highly variable, for human
pankacakitam, patumacarini, patumapattiri, pauttarata- and animal consumption, tender leaves cooked as vegetable,
marai, picacutamarai, prashni, sataraltayutas, shvetaparna, seeds edible
thoodi koora, titcaram, tokapana, untarei-tamara, varapicam,
See Species Plantarum 2: 727. 1753, Encyclopédie
varimuli, variparni, velittamarai
Méthodique, Botanique 5: 456. 1804 and Korean J. Bot.
in Indonesia: kayu apu, ki apu, kiambang 17: 113–117. 1974, Jap. J. Genet. 50: 291–299. 1975,
Cytologia 41: 291–298. 1976, Cytologia 42: 639–644.
in Japan: botan-uki-kusa (= tree-peony floating herb)
1977, Bot. Not. 130: 437–440. 1977, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat.
in Malaysia: kambiang, kiambang Univ. Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Protoplasma 101:
73–80. 1979, Proc. 3rd All Indian Congr. Cytol. Genet. 3:
in Nepal: kumbhika
493–499. 1981, Nucleus 25: 181–185. 1982, Cytologia 47:
in Okinawa: uchikusa 409–418, 743–757. 1982, Cytologia 48: 51–58. 1983, Agric.
Res. Rep. Center Agric. Publishing Doc. 815. 1983, Acta
in Philippines: alaluan, apon, dagaylo, darahuo, daraido,
Genetica Sinica 11(3): 195–201. 1984, Plant Systematics and
darauo, kiapo, kiupu, loloan
Evolution 148: 25–35. 1984, Willdenowia 14(2): 283. 1985
in Thailand: chok, kaa kok, phak kok [1984 publ. 1985], Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 4:
in Vietnam: b[ef]o c[as]i, b[ef]o tai t[uw][owj]ng, d[aj]i ph[uf] 373–376. 1986, Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Evol. Biol. 3: 57–71. 1986,
b[if]nh Vicieae Database Project, Southampton University 1–75.
1986, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 124–129.
in Congo: okula 1986, Plant Systematics and Evolution 158: 97–106. 1988,
in Madagascar: azafo, hazafo, raizafy, ranomanfaka, rasan- Bulletin of the Hiroshima Agricultural College 8: 691–706.
jaka, savamanipaka, tsikafonkafona 1989, Cytologia 54: 51–64. 1989, Cytologia 56: 403–408,
511–515. 1991, Botanical Research 1: 60–61. 1993, Cytologia
in Nigeria: kainuwa, oju oro, ojuolo 58: 67–76, 247–255. 1993, Plant Systematics and Evolution
in N. Rhodesia: lungwe 194: 231–239. 1995, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research
16(3): 280–282. 1998, J. Yantai Norm. Coll., Nat. Sci. 18(4):
in South Africa: waterslaai 280–283. 2002, Genetika 41: 1665–1673. 2005
in Tanzania: chantende, ileve, kakomakoma, nyamayingiya, (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Root juice given for
saladi ya majini fever. Seed contraceptive, fungistatic, spermicide, for diabe-
in West Africa: kapwra, mbola tes, acne and wrinkled skins, wounds and bruises, skin com-
plaints; flour from the seeds emollient and resolvent, applied
in Zaire: iloko, maloko as a cataplasm.)
in English: canning pea, common pea, dun pea, field pea, gar-
den pea, green pea, grey pea, maple pea, mutter pea, partridge
Pisum L. Fabaceae (Vicieae)
pea, pea, pea pod, snap pea, snow pea, sugar pea, wild pea
Latin pisum, i and pisa, ae ‘the pea, a species of legu-
in Burma: sadaw-pè
minous plant’ (Plinius), Greek pison; Akkadian pesum,
pa’asum, Hebrew pasa ‘to open wide’, pasam ‘to split’; see in Cambodia: sândaèk muul
Pitcairnia L’Hérit. Bromeliaceae 2965

in China: ching hsiao tou, jung shu, wan dou, wan tou Pitcairnia integrifolia Ker Gawl. (Hepetis anthericoides
(Mez) Mez; Hepetis integrifolia (Ker Gawl.) Mez; Hepetis
in India: ammatinkam, arad krasna, arukkanakkatalai,
integrifolia Mez; Hepetis tenuis (Mez) Mez; Hepetis tenuis
ativartula, bahtahna, baramattar, bataan, bataani, bataani
Mez; Pitcairnia alta Hassk.; Pitcairnia anthericoides Mez
kadale, batagadle, batani, batgadale, batgadle, batra, battani,
ex Mart.; Pitcairnia anthericoides Mez; Pitcairnia decora
battanichola, bhattani, buttani, chane, cokkayakkatalai, cok-
A. Dietr.; Pitcairnia graminea Beer; Pitcairnia graminifo-
kayam, desi mattar, golmattar, gundu sanighelu, gundusani-
lia Hort. ex Baker; Pitcairnia graminifolia Hort. ex Schrad.;
ghelu, harenso, harenu, houwaitharak, hummus, iravikentam,
Pitcairnia graminifolia Schrad., nom. inval.; Pitcairnia
kalaon, kalaya, kalayah, kalayaka, kalayam, kanti, kappar-
graminifolia Baker; Pitcairnia hartmannii Mez; Pitcairnia
katalai, karsana (matar), katalaippattani, kaun, kerav, kerava,
integrifolia var. major Regel; Pitcairnia intermedia Hort. ex
khindaka, malankatala, matar, matar mah, mathar, mattar,
Baker; Pitcairnia intermedia Baker; Pitcairnia intermedia
matur, mundachandaka, nilaka, panti, patanlu, pathanikat-
Hort. ex Schult.f.; Pitcairnia tenuis Mez)
ala, pattani, pattanippayar, peddaib, potayakkatalai, pota-
yam, potayattam, puttanie, renuka, saheela, sateena, satila, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil.
satilaka, satina, satinaka, shaman, triputa, vartula, vartu-
See Sertum Anglicum 7. 1789, Botanical Magazine 36: t.
lakalaya, vatana, vatane, vatano, vatonem, vellaippattani,
1462. 1812, Blumenbachia 27. 1827, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis
vellappattani, watana, wattahna
[Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1248. 1830, Allg. Gartenzeit.
in Indonesia: kacang polong, kapri xv. (1847) 353. 1847, Verh. Nat. Ver. Nederl. Ind. i. (1856)
5. 1856, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] (1869): 24. 1869,
in Japan: saya-endô, shru-indô
Handb. Bromel. 94, 108. 1889, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 3(3): 441.
in the Philippine Isl.: citzaro, sitsaro 1894, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.]
9: 973–974. 1896 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum
Malayan names: kacang ercis, kachang puteh
Regni Vegetabilis 16: 8. 1919
in Nepal: matar
(Waxy powdered leaf rubbed on male’s venereal lesions.)
in Tibet: sran-ma
Pitcairnia pungens Kunth (Hepetis pungens (Kunth) Mez;
in Vietnam: dâu hoà lan Hepetis pungens Mez; Pitcairnia concolor Baker; Pitcairnia
laevis Willd. ex Schult.f.; Pitcairnia laevis Beer)
in Kenya: minji
Colombia to Peru.
in Tanzania: njegere, njengere
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.)
[H.B.K.] 1: 294–295. 1815[1816], Systema Vegetabilium ed.
Pitcairnia L’Hérit. Bromeliaceae 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): 1249. 1830, Fam. Brom.
60. 1856 [1857 publ. Sep–Oct 1856], J. Bot. 19: 269. 1881,
For the English (b. Fife) physician William Pitcairn, Monographiae Phanerogamarum [A. DC. & C. DC.] 9:
1711(1712?)-1791 (d. London), 1750 Fellow of the Royal 974. 1896 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 495–
Society, 1755–1785 President of the Royal College of 592. 1936
Physicians, Archibald Menzies (1754–1842) and William
Brass (d. at sea 1783) collected plants for him; see William (Roots ground and cooked used as a diuretic, infusion for
Munk, The roll of the Royal College of physicians of London. liver and kidney.)
2: 172–174. London 1878 and F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, in Ecuador: hurco-huicundo, quindi sungaña
Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl.
152. Berlin & Hamburg 1989, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of
British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 554. 1994. Or Pithecellobium C. Martius Fabaceae
named for the Scottish (b. Edinburgh) physician Archibald
(Ingeae, Leguminosae, Mimosaceae)
Pitcairne (Archibaldus Pitcarnius), 1652–1713 (d. Edinburgh),
M.D. Rheims, professor of medicine at Edinburgh and From the Greek pithekos ‘an ape, monkey’ and ellobion
Leyden, his works include Roberto Graio Scoto Londini ‘ear-ring’, (lobos ‘a pod’), referring to the coiled fruits;
medicinam profitenti, Archibaldus Pitcarnius Scotus S. [A see [Schrank, Franz von Paula von, 1747–1835, Martius,
poem.] [1690?], Dissertatio de Legibus Historiae Naturalis. Carl Friedrich Philipp von, 1794–1868] Hortus Regius
Edinburgi 1696, Dissertationes medicae. Roterodami 1701, Monacensis: Verzeichniss der im Königlichen Botanischen
Oratio, qua ostenditur medicinam ab omni philosophorum Garten zu München wachsenden Pflanzen: nach der natürli-
secta esse liberam. Lugduni Batavorum 1692 and Elementa chen Methode georduet, mit Hinweisung auf das Linneische
Medicinae physico-mathematica. Londini 1717; see Prodr. System und summarischer Angabe des Vaterlands, der
(Swartz) 4, 56. 1788, Sert. Angl. 7. 1789 and Georg Christian Cultur und Benützungsweise: auch als Schlüssel und
Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 697. Übersicht in deutschen Garten und für Herbarien zu
1852 and Theodore M. Brown, in D.S.B. 11: 1–3. 1981. gebrauchen Königlicher Botanischer Garten 188. München:
2966 Pithecellobium C. Martius Fabaceae (Ingeae, Leguminosae, Mimosaceae)

Im Königlichen Central-Schulbücher-Verlage; Leipzig: In 3: 199. 1844, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 370. 1845, Abh.
Commission bei F. Fleischer, 1829, Heinrich von Martius Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 495. 1845, Botanische
(1781–1831), in Flora oder allgemeine Botanische Zeitung. Bemerkungen (C. Presl): 65. [Jan–Apr 1846], Fl. Brit. Ind.
20(2, Beibl.): 114. (Beibl. 8) 1837 [21 Oct 1837] and North 2: 302. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 184, 187. 1891
American Flora 23(1): 1–76. 1928, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. and Tropical Woods 11: 15. 1927, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New
35(3): 101–208. 1936, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 1–425. 1946, Delhi). 7: 252–260. 1979, Acta Botanica Brasilica 5(2): 37–51.
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37(2): 184–314. 1991, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 792–799.
1950, Flora de Cuba 2: 224–367. 1951, Catálogo ilustrado 1994, Harvard Papers in Botany 7(2): 381–398. 2003
de las plantas de Cundinamarca 3: 1–136. 1968, Flowering
(Used in Sidha. Roasted seeds eaten as blood purifier. Bark
Plants of Jamaica 1–848. 1972, Mem. New York Bot.
powder febrifuge, astringent, a decoction used as enema; bark
Gard. 25(1): 1–152. 1973, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
applied in scorpion sting. Roots for rabies; root bark to cure
55(1): 67–118. 1974, Phytologia 48(1): 1–71. 1981, Listados
dysentery. Boiled leaves eaten for indigestion and leprosy but
Florísticos de México 2: 1–100. 1983, Descriptive Flora of
in excess may cause abortion in case of pregnant women.)
Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta 2: 1–481.
1988, Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward in English: ape’s ear ring, Deccan babool, Madras thorn,
Islands (Dicotyledoneae--Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Kew Manila tamarind, Manilla tamarind, soap brak tree
Bulletin 46(3): 493–521. 1991, Biodiversidad del estado de
in East Africa: maramata, mkwaju wa kihindi
Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005.
in Madagascar: kihy vazaha, kilimbezaha, kilimbezana,
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Acacia obliquifolia
kilivazaha
M. Martens & Galeotti; Albizia dulcis F. Muell.; Albizia
dulcis (Roxb.) F. Muell.; Feuilleea dulcis (Roxb.) Kuntze; in South America: azabuche, bebguiche, becigui, becii
Feuilleea dulcis Kuntze; Inga camatchili Perr.; Inga dulcis guii, beguiche, biciiguii, biguiche, buamuchil, chininango,
Mart.; Inga dulcis (Roxb.) Willd.; Inga dulcis Willd.; Inga chucum blanco, cuamochitl, cuamuche, cuamuchil, dinde,
java Pittier; Inga javana DC.; Inga javanica DC.; Inga lan- espino playero, gallinero, guachimol, guamachi, guamachil,
ceolata sensu Blanco; Inga lanceolata Humb. & Bonpl. ex guamoche, guamúche, guamuchil, guamúchil, guamuti, gua-
Willd.; Inga leucantha C. Presl; Inga pungens Willd.; Inga muvhil, guau-mochtli, guaymochil, guichigui, huamachil,
pungens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.; Mimosa dulcis Roxb.; huamuchil, humo, jina extranjera, macachuni, mangollano,
Mimosa dulcis Vell.; Mimosa edulis Gagnep.; Mimosa pun- matúrite, michiguiste, mochiguiste, mongollano, muchite,
gens (Willd.) Poir.; Mimosa pungens Poir.; Mimosa pun- múchitl, nempa, nipe, nocuana beguiche, nocuana-guiche,
gens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir.; Mimosa unguis-cati ojito de nena, opiuma, payandé bobo, pe-qui-che, pecigui,
L.; Mimosa unguis-cati Blanco; Pithecellobium littorale pequiche, picijgui, piquiche, tiraco, umi, umuh, yaga be
Record; Pithecellobium littorale Britton & Rose ex Record; guiche, yaga-piquiche
Pithecellobium dulce Benth.; Pithecollobium dulce (Roxb.)
in Burma: kway-tanyeng, kwaytanyeng, kywetanyin
Benth.; Zygia dulcis (Roxb.) Lyons)
in Cambodia: âm’pül tük
South America. Perennial non-climbing tree or shrub, multi-
stemmed or single stemmed, armed with short spines at the in China: niu ti dou
base of each leaf pair, persistent stipular spines, prominent
in India: cakkuli, cakli, chakkuli, chakkuli mara, chakli,
raised leaf scars, branches drooping, leaves papery, small
chich, cikantakam, cikantakamaram, cimaiccintukam,
creamy flowers in globose heads, red style, pods spirally
cimaippuli, cunkatari, cunkatarimaram, cunnamanon,
twisted, glossy black seeds, fleshy red and white edible aril,
dakhani babul, dakhinibabul, deccanibabul, ekadasi, hatich-
tannin, oil from the seeds, roasted seeds edible
inch, inka, jangal jalebi, jangal-jalebi, jangli jalebi, jun-
See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners gal jalebi, karkapilli, kattuppilli, kattuppuli, keraka pulle,
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 2. 1754, kerakapulle, kikar, kodaikaapulli, kodukkappuli, konap-
Cothenius, Christian Andreas (1708–1789), Dispositio veg- puli, konapuli, koni, korakaasuli, korika, korikamaram,
etabilium methodica a staminum numero desumta 12. korkapille, korukapuli, korukka, korukkappuli, korukkay,
Berolini, 1790, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 67, t. korukkayppuli, kottaam puli, kotukkay, kotukkay puli,
99. 1795, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 4(2): kurkkampuli, madaraas mullu, manila hunase, naraimiri,
1004–1005. 1806, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … palampuli, parankikkorukkaippuli, parankikkorukkayppuli,
(Lamarck) Supplément 1(1): 36. 1810, Encycl. (Lamarck) pardeshi amli, phirangi-chinch, picamalam, seema chinta,
Suppl. 5. 529. 1817, Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3: 122. 1825, seemachinduga, seemachinta, simaachinduga, simachin-
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) duga, simachinta, simacinta, simahunase, simakoina, sima-
2: 436. 1825, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 11: t. 4. 1831 [1827 publ. 29 koya, simechinta, taracatam, taracatamaram, tipanam,
Oct 1831], Flora de Filipinas 731. 1837, Flora 20(2): Beibl. tivanam, tuk-pi, uppukkuruti, urucikaram, vekka, vetiyup-
114. 1837, Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et pukkatti, vilaaythichinch, vilaiti yimli, vilaitiyambi, vilaiti-
Belles-lettres de Bruxelles 10(2): 317. 1843, London J. Bot. yamli, vilati, vilayati ambli, vilayati amli, vilayati babul,
Pittosporopsis Craib Icacinaceae 2967

vilayati-chinch, vilayati hunasi, vilayati imli, vilayti chinch, The Bahama Islands 255. New York, 1905, North American
vilayatiyambi Flora 23(1): 1–76. 1928, Listados Floristicos de Mexico 2:
31–38. 1983, Kew Bulletin 46(3): 495. 1991, Mem. New York
in Indonesia: asam Belanda, asam koranji, asem londo
Bot. Gard. 74(2): 10. 1997
in Japan: kinki-ju
(Leaves infusion or chewed to stop menstruation few months
in Laos: khaam th’ééd after parturition.)
in Malaysia: asam kranji, asam tjina in English: black bead, ram’s horn
in Nepal: jalebi in Belize: xa-coy
in Pakistan: jangal jalebi in Mexico: xiax-k’aax
in Philippines: camatsilis, chamultis, damortis, damulkis,
kamachile, kamachili, kamachilis, kamanchilis, kamansile,
kamantsile, kamantilis, kamantiris, kamatsele, kamatsile, Pittosporopsis Craib Icacinaceae
kamatsili, kamonsili, kamunsil, kamunsili, komonsili, Greek pitta ‘pitch, resin’, sporos ‘a seed’ and opsis ‘like’, seeds
komontos, komontres with oily endosperm resembling those of Pittosporaceae, see
in Thailand: ma-kham-thet, makam ted, makham-khong, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1911: 28. 1911.
makham-thet Pittosporopsis kerrii Craib (Pittosporopsis nervosa
in Vietnam: keo tây, me keo Gagnepain; Pittosporum nervosum (Gagnep.) Gowda;
Stemonurus yunnanensis H.H. Hu)
in Hawaii: ‘opiuma
China. Edible seeds
Pithecellobium heterophyllum (Roxb.) J.F. Macbr. (Mimosa
heterophylla (Willd.) Roxb.; Mimosa heterophylla Roxb.; See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 28. 1911, Notulae
Mimosa heterophylla Lam.; Mimosa heterophylla Hassl.; Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 13(1–2): 136.
Pithecellobium angulatum Benth.; Pithecellobium hetero- 1947, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 32(4): 327. 1951,
phyllum (Roxb.) Harid. & R.R. Rao) Chang Hung-ta & Yan Su-zhu. Pittosporaceae. In: Chang
Hung-ta, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 35(2): 1–36. 1979
India.
(Seeds stimulant, digestive, stomachic.)
See Encycl. (Lamarck) 1(1): 14. 1783, Hortus Bengalensis, or a
catalogue … 40. 1814, London Journal of Botany 3: 208. 1844 in China: jia hai tong
and Bull. Herb. Boissier Sér. II. vii. 354. 1907, Contributions
from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 3. 1919,
Bulletin. Organisatie voor Indonesië Wetenschappelijk Pittosporum Banks ex Gaertner Pittosporaceae
Onderzoek in Indonesië 20(11): 47. 1954, Forest Fl. Meghalaya
341. 1985, Austrobaileya 6(3): 468. 2003 Greek pitta ‘pitch, resin’ and sporos ‘a seed’, the seeds are
covered with a resinous, viscid and sticky pulp; see Familles
(Bark powder mixed with coconut oil used in skin diseases. des Plantes 2: 449. 1763, Joseph Gaertner, De fructibus et
Root poultice applied to boils, swellings and smallpox.) seminibus plantarum. 1: 286, t. 59, f. 7. Stuttgart, Tübingen,
in India: mongal 1788, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Handwörterbuch. 698. Ansbach 1852 and Austral. J. Bot.,
Pithecellobium keyense Britton (Inga guadalupensis (Pers.) Suppl. Ser. 3: 10–11. 1972, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Name
Desv.; Mimosa guadalupensis Pers.; Pithecellobium baha- changes in the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986
mense Northr. var. keyense (Britton) Isely; Pithecellobium and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New Zealand Journal
guadalupense Chapman; Pithecellobium guadalu- of Botany. 25: 115–170. 1987, Arthur D. Chapman, ed.,
pense (Pers.) Chapm.; Pithecellobium keyense Britton; Australian Plant Name Index. 2297–2300. Canberra 1991.
Pithecellobium keyense Britton ex Coker; Zygia guadalu-
pensis A. Heller; Zygia guadalupensis (Desv.) A. Heller) Pittosporum brevicalyx (Oliver) Gagnepain (Euonymus
provicarii H. Léveillé; Pittosporum brevicalyx var. brevis-
Bahamas, North America. Perennial non-climbing tree, tamineum Gagnepain; Pittosporum neelgherrense Wight &
shrub, spreading, coiled spirally twisted fruits
Arn.; Pittosporum neelgherrense Wight & Arnott var. laxi-
See Synopsis Plantarum 2(1): 262. 1806, Journal de florum Franchet; Pittosporum pauciflorum Hooker & Arnott
Botanique, Appliquée à l’Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la var. brevicalyx Oliver)
Médecine et aux Arts 3: 70. 1814, Flora of the southern United
China.
States 116–117. 1860 and Catalogue of North American
Plants North of Mexico (ed. 2) 5. 1900, Mem. Torrey Bot. See Species Plantarum 1: 197. 1753, De Fructibus et
Club 12: 38, pl. 5. 1902, Shattuck, George Burbank (b. 1869), Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59, f. 7. 1788, The Botany
2968 Pittosporum Banks ex Gaertner Pittosporaceae

of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 168, 259, pl. 32. 1838, Hooker’s de Moscou 236: 562. 1863 and Publications of the Bureau of
Icon. Pl. 16(4): t. 1579. 1887 and Bulletin de la Société Science Government Laboratories 35: 16–17. 1905
Botanique de France 55(7): 545–546. 1908, Catalogue des
(Roots analgesic.)
Plantes de Yun-Nan 34. 1915
in China: guang ye hai tong
(Roots, bark and capsules in the treatment of chronic bron-
chitis and coughs.) Pittosporum glabratum Lindley var. neriifolium Rehder &
E.H. Wilson (Pittosporum cavaleriei H. Léveillé)
in China: duan ye hai tong
China.
Pittosporum crispulum Gagnepain (Pittosporum lignilobum
Hu & F.T. Wang) See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59,
f. 7. 1788, Journal of the Horticultural Society of London
China.
1: 230. 1846 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59, Vegetabilis 11(301–303): 492. 1913, Plantae Wilsonianae
f. 7. 1788 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 3(2): 328. 1916
55(7): 546. 1908, Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of
(Roots analgesic.)
Biology, new series 1: 98. 1941
in China: xia ye hai tong
(To treat nephritis and stop vomiting.)
Pittosporum heterophyllum Franchet var. heterophyllum
in China: zhou ye hai tong (Pittosporum truncatum Pritzel var. tsaii Gowda)
Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq. China.
India. See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59,
See Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811–1871), Analecta f. 7. 1788, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 33: 415.
botanica indica, etc. Amsterdam, 1850–1852 1886 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(3–4): 378–379. 1900,
(Febrifuge.) Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 32(4): 340. 1951
Pittosporum ferrugineum Aiton (Pittosporum ferrugineum (Roots and bark in the treatment of broken bones, burns and
Dryand. ex W.T. Aiton) cuts.)
SE Asia. Small tree or shrub, yellow sapwood, leaves spirally in China: yi ye hai tong
arranged clustered at the tips of twigs, reddish-brown leaf
indumentum, yellowish white flowers with honey fragrance, Pittosporum illicioides Makino (Pittosporum illicioides
inflorescence terminal, many-flowered panicles, ovary rusty var. angustifolium Huang ex S.Y. Lu; Pittosporum illici-
hairy, fruit a capsule, seeds bright red in a sticky pulp, oides var. oligocarpum (Hayata) Kitamura; Pittosporum
bark has a pungent unpleasant smell, near the sea, edges of illicioides var. stenophyllum P.L. Chiu; Pittosporum illi-
swamps or along rivers cioides var. stenophyllum P.L. Chiu ex H.T. Chang & S.Z.
Yan; Pittosporum kobuskianum Gowda; Pittosporum oli-
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W.T. Aiton), The gocarpum Hayata; Pittosporum oligospermum Hayata;
second edition 2: 27. 1811 Pittosporum sahnianum Gowda)
(Stem bark emetic, used as a poison antidote. Root bark a cure China.
for the toothache and malaria; as a febrifuge, pound the root
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59, f.
and poultice. Bruised leaves and fruit used as a fish poison.)
7. 1788 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14(154): 32–33. 1900, Journal
in English: rusty pittosporum of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1):
35. 1911, Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contri-
Malay names: belalai puak, belalang puak, chemperai ikan butiones ad floram formosanam 3: 31. 1913, Journal of the
in Papua New Guinea: boedobu, finamueta, gotubang, Arnold Arboretum 32(4): 303–307. 1951, Flora Reipublicae
ukhewa Popularis Sinicae 35(2): 16. 1979

Pittosporum glabratum Lindley var. glabratum (Pitto­ (For skin diseases.)

sporum fortunei Turczaninow; Pittosporum glabratum Merr.) in China: hai jin zi
China. Pittosporum kerrii Craib
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59, China. This species is close to Pittosporum wightii A.K.
f. 7. 1788, Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 1: Mukherjee (Pittosporum floribundum Wight & Arnott, Oct
230. 1846, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes 1834, not Royle, Jun 1834)
Pittosporum Banks ex Gaertner Pittosporaceae 2969

See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59, (Antiseptic, antibacterial, for wounds, boils.)
f. 7. 1788 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925(1): 16–17. 1925
Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merrill (Aquilaria
(Roots and bark antiinflammatory, for skin diseases.) pentandra Blanco; Pittosporum brachysepalum Turcz.)
in China: yang cui mu Taiwan. Tree, aromatic, leaves arranged spirally, inflores-
Pittosporum napaulense (DC.) Rehder & Wilson var. napau- cence terminal or axillary, petals white, fruit a compressed
lense (Celastrus verticillata Roxb.; Celastrus verticillatus globose capsule, in secondary forest, in rain forest
Roxb., non Ruiz & Pavon 1802; Pittosporum floribundum
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 49. 1783,
Wight & Arn.; Pittosporum napaliense Sherff; Pittosporum
Flora de Filipinas 373–374. 1837 and Publications of the
napaulense var. rawalpindiense Gowda; Pittosporum verti-
Bureau of Science Government Laboratories 27: 19. 1905
cillatum Wall.; Senacia napaulensis DC.)
India, Nepal. Sweet-scented trees, evergreen, white fragrant (Bark used as a febrifuge and in large amounts as a general
flowers, calyx-lobes ovate, fruits green turning orange and antidote; it is also effective in bronchitis.)
dehiscing, red seeds in Philippines: antoan, basuit, mamalis
See Species Plantarum 1: 196–197. 1753, De Fructibus et Pittosporum perryanum Gowda var. perryanum
Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59, f. 7. 1788, Tabl. Encycl. (Pittosporum membranifolium S.C. Huang ex W.C. Yin)
(Ill. Gen.) 2: 95. 1797, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis 1: 347. 1824, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae China.
Indiae Orientalis 154. 1834 and Plantae Wilsonianae 3(2):
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl.
326. 1916, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 32(4): 332. 1951
59, f. 7. 1788 and Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 32(3):
(Bark for chronic bronchitis and leprosy. Oil extracted from 290–291. 1951
the plant used for local application, or for internal use, for
skin diseases, sprains, bruises and chest infections. Roots (Capsules can be used in the treatment of jaundice.)
paste for dropsy, swellings, rheumatism.) in China: feng xian hai tong
in India: kattu sampanki, pacha murakku, vellai
Pittosporum podocarpum Gagnepain var. podocar-
in Nepal: khorsane pum (Pittosporum glabratum var. chinense Pampanini;
Pittosporum glabratum var. ciliicalyx Franchet; Pittosporum
Pittosporum neelgherrense Wight & Arn. (Pittosporum
monanthum C.Y. Wu)
nilghirense Wight & Arn.)
India. Evergreen tree China.

See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 154. 1834, Bulletin de la Société See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. 59,
Botanique de France 33: 414–415. 1886 f. 7. 1788, Journal of the Horticultural Society of London
1: 230. 1846, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
(Bark for chronic bronchitis, fever and leprosy. Stem bark 33: 414. 1886 and Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, new
paste applied for leucoderma.) series 17(2): 285–286. 1910, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier
in India: analivenga, vanchi maram du Museum de Paris 8(4): 211. 1939
Pittosporum ochrosiifolium Bojer (Pittosporum brachy- (The roots, leaf blades and capsules for skin diseases, head-
andrum Tul.; Pittosporum capitatum Baker; Pittosporum ache, swellings.)
humblotianum Baill.; Pittosporum ochrosiaefolium Bojer;
Pittosporum pachylobum Tul.) in China: bing guo hai tong

East Africa. Pittosporum resiniferum Hemsl.

See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. Asia.

59, f. 7. 1788, Rapport annuel sur les travaux de la société
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894: 344.
d’histoire naturelle del’Île Maurice 15. 1842, Annales des
1894
Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 53–61, 95–106.
1843, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 4, (Fruit used to treat abdominal pain.)
8: 44–163. 1857, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne
de Paris 1: 330–1199. 1882–1894, Bulletin Mensuel de la Pittosporum tetraspermum Wight & Arn.
Société Linnéenne de Paris 471. 1885, Journal of the Linnean India. Evergreen tree, yellowish-green fragrant flowers, dark
Society, Botany 25: 294. 1889 and Flore de Madagascar et des red seeds with orange-red aril
Comores 92: 1–39. 1955, Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique
de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétale 6: 1–272. 1955 See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 154. 1834
2970 Pityrogramma Link Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae)

(Root bark paste taken internally against snakebite, after Pityrogramma Link Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae)
mixing with cow’s urine. Bark for chronic bronchitis and
leprosy.) Greek pityron ‘chaff, dandruff, bran’ and gramma ‘line,
writing, letter’, the undersurface of the fronds is powdery
in India: analivegum and scaly; see Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link, Handbuch
Pittosporum trigonocarpum H. Léveillé zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vork-
ommenden Gewächse. 3: 19–20. 1833, Filicum Species
China. 141. 1841, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5(Gen.
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 286, pl. Filicum): 164–165. 1852 and Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162.
59, f. 7. 1788 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni 1975, Brenesia 16: 96. 1979, Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. (Bolivia)
Vegetabilis 11(301–303): 492. 1913 Com. 10: 32–52. 1990, Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115.
1995, Brenesia 62: 1–14. 2004, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4,
(Roots and bark for the treatment of asthma.) 57(7): 247–355. 2006.
in China: ling guo hai tong Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link (Acrostichum calo-
Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims (Pittosporum abyssini- melanos L.; Acrostichum calomelas Sw.; Acrostichum cau-
cum var. angolense Oliv.; Pittosporum antunesii Engl.; datum Hook.; Acrostichum caudatum Cav.; Acrostichum
Pittosporum commutatum Putt.; Pittosporum floribundum ebeneum L.; Ceratopteris calomelanos (L.) Underw.;
Wight & Arn.; Pittosporum kruegeri Engl.; Pittosporum Ceropteris calomelaena Link; Ceropteris calomela-
malosanum Baker; Pittosporum ochrosiifolium Bojer; nos (L.) Link; Ceropteris calomelanos (L.) Underw.;
Pittosporum quartinianum Cufod.; Pittosporum ripicolum Ceropteris serrata Fée; Gymnogramma calomelanos Kaulf.;
subsp. katangense Leonard; Pittosporum sinense Desf.; Gymnogramma calomelanos (L.) Kaulf.; Gymnogramma
Pittosporum viburnifolium Hayata; Pittosporum viridiflorum calomelanos var. aureoflava Hook.; Gymnogramma calome-
subsp. malosanum (Baker) Cufod.; Pittosporum viridiflorum las Link; Gymnogramma ochracea C. Presl; Gymnogramme
subsp. quartinianum (Cufod.) Cufod.; Pittosporum viridiflo- calomelanos (L.) Kaulf.; Neurogramma calomelanos (L.)
rum var. angolense (Oliv.) Cufod.; Pittosporum viridiflorum Diels; Neurogramme calomelanos (L.) Diels; Pityrogramma
var. commutatum (Putt.) Moeser ex Engler; Pittosporum austroamericana Domin; Pityrogramma calomela Link;
viridiflorum var. kruegeri (Engl.) Engl.; Pittosporum vossel- Pityrogramma calomelanos var. aureo-flava (Hook.) Weath.;
eri Engl.) Pityrogramma calomelanos var. aureo-flava (Hook.) Weath.
ex L.H. Bailey; Pityrogramma calomelanos var. aureoflava
South Africa. Tree, slender, branched, spreading rounded (Hook.) Weath. ex L.H. Bailey; Pityrogramma calomelanos
crown, brown swollen dots, leaves dark green with red var. austroamericana (Domin) Farw.; Pityrogramma calo-
petiole, leaves aromatic when bruised, flowers sweetly melanos var. austroamericana Farw.; Pityrogramma calo-
scented, corollas yellow-green, fruit orange with red aril- melanos var. ochracea (C. Presl) R.M. Tryon; Pityrogramma
late sticky seeds, fruits borne in clusters at the apices of insularis Domin; Pityrogramma ochracea (C. Presl) Domin)
twigs, at the edge of montane forest, at forest edge, at forest
edge among rocks, in understory among rocks, in riverine Malaysia, Subtropical and tropical America and Africa.
forest, in bushland Terrestrial fern, tufted fronds
See Botanical Magazine 41: t. 1684. 1814, Prodromus Florae See Species Plantarum 2: 1071–1072. 1753, Observ. Bot.
Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 154. 1834, Syn. Pittosp. 10. (Swartz) 396. 1791, Descripción de las Plantas 242. 1802,
1839, Rapport annuel sur les travaux de la société d’histoire Enumeratio Filicum 76. 1824, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1):
naturelle del’Île Maurice 15. 1842, Kew Bulletin 1897: 244. 17. 1825, Hortus Regius Botanicus Berolinensis 2: 52. 1833,
1897 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufig-
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 43: 371. 1909, Icones plan- sten vorkommenden Gewächse 3: 19–20. 1833, Icon. Pl.
tarum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram 3: t. 215. 1839, Filicum Species 141–142. 1841, Mémoires
formosanam. 3: 32. 1913, Die Vegetation der Erde 3(1): 850. sur les Familles des Fougères 8: 81. 1857, Sp. Fil. 5. 244.
1915, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 20: 227. 1950, 1864, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1(4): 264. 1899 and
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 34: 164. 1960 Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 29: 632. 1902, Bulletin
of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1929(7): 221. 1929,
(Stem bark emetic, febrifuge, used for malaria and febrile
American Midland Naturalist 12: 280. 1931, Fl. Madagasc.
complaints, chest complaints.)
5(5): 113–168. 1958, Contr. Gray Herb. 189: 61–62. 1962,
in Madagascar: ambovitsika, hazoambo, maimbovitsika, Brit. Fern Gaz. 9(6): 219. 1965, Pteridologia 2A: 127. 1989
maimbovitsikybe, mawimbovitsika
(Whole plant aqueous extract for venereal diseases and kid-
in South Africa: umFusamvu (Zulu) ney troubles. Root decoction for dysentery. Leaves infusion
stomachic; leaves decoction drunk for the relief of colds;
in Tanzania: ardarati
either macerated leaves or juice placed on cuts and bruises to
in India: kattu sampanki, pacha murakku, vellai stop bleeding; frond juice given to relieve acidity.)
Plagiobothrys Fischer & C. Meyer Boraginaceae 2971

in English: silver fern, silverback fern, wild maran Asperifoliarum Nuciferae 2: 319. Berolini, 1818, Flora 7:
234. 1824, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 86. 1840, Prodr.
in Guyana: aisegay
(DC.) 10: 86, 99, 101, 132, 588. 1846, Proceedings of the
Malay name: paku ragi American Academy of Arts and Sciences 20: 283. 1885 and
Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) IV. 252(Heft 97): 108. 1931, J.
in Nepal: dankerno
Arnold Arbor. 34: 281. 1953, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ.
Comenianae, Bot. 23: 1–23. 1974, Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ.
Comenianae, Bot. 26: 1–42. 1978, Cellular and Molecular
Plagiobothrys Fischer & C. Meyer Boraginaceae Life Sciences (CMLS) 34(11): 1499–1501. 1978, Mitt. Bot.
Greek plagios and bothros ‘a pit’, referring to the scar on Staatssamml. München 27: 29–32. 1988, Fl. Medit. 5: 289–
the mericarps, to the hollows on the nutlets; see Species 317. 1995, Taxon 45: 567. 1996, Taxon 48: 84. 1999, Taxon
Plantarum 1: 132–133. 1753, Commentationes Societatis 53(3): 802. 2004, Phytotherapy Research 19(2): 141–147. 2005
Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores 4: 186. 1819, (Used in Ayurveda. Root antibacterial, antibiotic, wound
Flora 7(1): 234. 1824, Fl. Helv. 2: 4, 57. 1828, Friedrich Ernst healing, astringent and vulnerary, used externally in the
Ludwig von Fischer (1782–1854) and Carl Anton von Meyer treatment of varicose veins, indolent ulcers or indolent leg
(1795–1855), Index seminum, quae Hortus botanicus impe- ulcers, bed sores and itching rashes. Radical scavenging
rialis petropolitanus pro mutua commutatione offert. 2: 46. activity of Alkanna tinctoria root extracts.)
[St. Petersburg (Jan.) 1836], Linnaea 17: 304. 1842 and Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/2): 539–609. 1960, Bot. in English: alkanet, dyer’s-alkanet, dyer’s bugloss, forget-me-
Jahrb. Syst. 120(1): 45–85. 1998. not popcorn flower, Spanish bugloss

Plagiobothrys arizonicus (A. Gray) Greene ex A. Gray in India: ratanajota

(Eritrichium canescens (Benth.) A. Gray var. arizonicum A. in Arabic: henna el-ghula, kahla
Gray; Plagiobothrys arizonicus Greene ex A. Gray)
in Italian: arganetta azzurra
North America. Herbaceous, annual, red pigment
Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (A. Gray) A. Gray (Eritrichium
See Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas 326. 1849, nothofulvum A. Gray)
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
10: 57. 1874, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts North America. Annual herb, leaves eaten
and Sciences 17: 227. 1882, Proceedings of the American See Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
Academy of Arts and Sciences 20: 284. 1885 and Journal of Sciences 20: 285. 1885
Chemical Ecology 30(2): 229–254. 2004
(Ritual for fun, a dye.)
(Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Ceremonial, ritual.)
in English: rusty popcornflower
in English: Arizona popcornflower
Plagiobothrys myosotoides (Lehm.) Brand (Anchusa tincto-
ria (L.) L.; Anchusa tinctoria L.; Anchusa tinctoria Woodv.; Plagiochasma Lehm. & Lindenb. Aytoniaceae
Anchusa tinctoria Sieber ex Steud.; Anchusa tinctoria Pall.;
From the Greek plagios ‘oblique’ and chasma ‘an open-
Alkanna lehmannii (Tineo) DC.; Alkanna lehmanni A. DC.;
ing, a chasm’, chasma, chasmatos ‘open, any wide open-
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch; Alkanna tinctoria Tausch;
ing’, chasme ‘gaping, yawning’, chasmamai ‘to yawn’, see
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) DC., nom. illeg.; Alkanna tinctoria
Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus 4: 13. 1832.
subsp. lehmannii (Tineo) Nyman; Eritrichium tinctorium A.
DC.; Lithospermum myosotoides Lehm.; Lithospermum tinc- Plagiochasma appendiculatum Lehm. & Lindenb.
torium Bertol.; Lithospermum tinctorium L.; Lithospermum China, Himalaya.
tinctorium Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg.; Lithospermum tinctorium
Vahl; Lithospermum tinctorium Aucher ex DC.; Plagiobothrys See Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus 4: 14.
myosotoides Brand; Plagiobothrys tinctorius A. Gray) 1832 and Hikobia 9: 65–70. 1984, Lindbergia 15: 99–102.
1989, J. Cytol. Genet. 25: 1–11. 1990, La Clinica Terapeutica
Northern Africa, Western Asia. Biennial or perennial, herba- 161(4): 359–364. 2010
ceous, blue to purple trumpet-shaped flowers, edible leaves,
see also Alkanna tinctoria (Wound healing in diabetes mellitus.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 132–134. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1:
192. 1762, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) ii. 33. t. 28. 1791, Woodville,
Plagiocheilus Arn. ex DC. Asteraceae
William (1752–1805), Medical botany. London, 1790–1793,
Flora Peruviana [Ruiz & Pavon] 2: 4, t. 114. 1799, Lehmann, From the Greek plagios ‘oblique’ and cheilos ‘lip’, see Nov.
Johann Georg Christian (1792–1860), Plantae e Familiae Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 4: 301. 1820, Prodromus
2972 Planchonella Pierre Sapotaceae

Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 6: 142. 1838 Planchonella obovata (R. Brown) Pierre (Achras obovata F.
[1837 publ. early Jan 1838]. Muell. ex Benth.; Chrysophyllum acuminatum Bojer, nom.
nud.; Chrysophyllum obovatum Wall. ex A. DC.; Hormogyne
Plagiocheilus bogotensis (Kunth) Wedd. (Hippia bogotensis
cochinchinensis Dubard; Planchonella argentea Pierre;
Kunth; Leptinella bogotensis DC.; Plagiocheilus bogotensis
Planchonella attenuata (A. DC.) Pierre; Planchonella ban-
Wedd.; Plagiocheilus prostratus Benth.)
cana (Burck) Pierre; Planchonella chrysophylla (de Vriese)
Colombia. Pierre; Planchonella clarkeana R. Kumari & Thothathri;
See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 158, 291. 1771, Nova Genera et Planchonella cochinchinensis Dubard; Planchonella fer-
Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 237. 1820[1818], Bull. Sci. ruginea (Hook. & Arn.) Pierre; Planchonella glabra (Ridl.)
Soc. Philom. Paris 1822: 127. 1822, Plantas Hartwegianas H.J. Lam; Planchonella indica (Burck) Pierre; Planchonella
imprimis Mexicanas 136. 1844, Chloris Andina 1(3): 62. javensis (Burck) Pierre; Planchonella kingiana R. Kumari
1856 [1855 publ. 30 Jun 1856] and Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 7: & Thothathri; Planchonella kingiana var. andamanica R.
1–21. 1981 Kumari & Thothathri; Planchonella lanceolata (Burck)
Pierre; Planchonella merrillii Dubard; Planchonella
(Whole plant infusion for backache.) nodosa (Burck) Pierre; Planchonella philippensis Dubard;
in Ecuador: parlera sacha, perlera sacha Planchonella polymorpha Dubard; Pouteria glabra (Ridl.)
I.M. Turner; Pouteria obovata (R. Brown) Baehni; Pouteria
obovata var. dubia (Koidz. ex Nakai) H. Hara; Sapota obovata
Planchonella Pierre Sapotaceae (R. Br.) Radlk. ex Holle; Sersalisia ferruginea (Hook. & Arn.)
Nakai; Sersalisia liukiuensis (Nakai) Nakai; Sersalisia obo-
For the French botanist Jules Émile Planchon, 1823–1888, vata R. Brown; Sideroxylon ahernianum Merr.; Sideroxylon
professor of botany, co-editor of Flore des Serres. 1849– apoense Elmer; Sideroxylon argenteum Spreng., nom. illeg.;
1881, from 1844 to 1848 assistant to William Jackson Hooker Sideroxylon attenuatum A. DC.; Sideroxylon bancanum
at Kew. See Charles Henri Marie Flahault (1852–1935),
Burck; Sideroxylon brownii F. Muell.; Sideroxylon chryso-
L’oeuvre de Jules Émile Planchon. Montpellier 1889, Pierre,
phyllum de Vriese; Sideroxylon coriaceum Merr., nom.
L. (Louis) (1833–1905), Notes Botaniques. Sapotacées 1: 34,
illeg.; Sideroxylon dubium Koidz. ex Nakai; Sideroxylon
36. Paris, P. Klincksieck, 1890–[91] and Annales des Sciences
ferrugineum Hooker & Arnott; Sideroxylon glabrum Ridl.;
Naturelles Botanique, sér. 8, 19: 39. 1904, E.M. Tucker,
Sideroxylon glomeratum Volkens; Sideroxylon indicum
Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
Burck; Sideroxylon javense Burck; Sideroxylon lanceolatum
University. 1917–1933, Elmer Drew Merrill, in Contr. U.S.
Burck; Sideroxylon liukiuense Nakai; Sideroxylon merrillii
Natl. Herb. 30: 242–243. 1947 and in Bernice P. Bishop Mus.
(Dubard) Merr.; Sideroxylon nodosum Burck; Sideroxylon
Bull. 144: 151. 1937, H.H. Allan, Fl. New Z. 1: 539. 1961,
Ida Kaplan Langman, A Selected Guide to the Literature on novoguineense K. Schum.; Sideroxylon obovatum Burck,
the Flowering Plants of Mexico. 586–587. Philadelphia 1964, nom. illeg.; Sideroxylon obovatum (R. Br.) Sm., nom. illeg.;
John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 90. Sideroxylon obovatum Griff., nom. illeg.; Sideroxylon obo-
1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists vatum var. ceramense Burck, nom. illeg.; Sideroxylon philip-
Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 312. pense (Dubard) Merr.; Sideroxylon timorense Blume ex
1972, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 283–289. Pierre; Sideroxylon undulatum Burck)
1983, J. Arnold Arbor. 67: 109–122. 1986. Seychelles to NW Pacific. Wood reddish brown, hard and
Planchonella annamensis Pierre ex Dubard (Planchonella thick
annamensis Pierre; Pouteria annamensis (Pierre) Baehni; See Prodr. 530. 1810, Notes botaniques. Sapotacées. 1: 36.
Pouteria annamensis (Pierre ex Dubard) Baehni; Pouteria 1890 and Li Shu-gang (as Lee Shu-kang). Sapotaceae. Fl.
hainanensis (Merr.) Baehni; Sideroxylon annamense (Pierre) Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 60(1): 47–83. 1987, J. Econ. Taxon.
Lecomte; Sideroxylon annamense (Pierre ex Dubard) Bot. 13: 47. 1989, Novon 6: 223. 1996, Govaerts, R., Frodin,
Lecomte; Sideroxylon annamensis (Pierre ex Dubard) D.G. & Pennington, D. World Checklist and Bibliography
Lecomte; Sideroxylon hainanense Merrill) of Sapotaceae. Kew. 2001 [2002] [as Pouteria obovata.],
China, Vietnam. Good tasting fruit fleshy and juicy Cladistics 23: 201–228. 2007
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 85–86, (Leaves decoction for stomachache, pain in the chest. Paste
pl. 33. 1775 and Notul. Syst. (Paris) 2: 83. 1911, Lingnan Sci. of leaf warmed and applied to treat headache, jaundice, lum-
J. 9: 41. 1930, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 3: 892. 1930, bago, cold and body pains. Ritual, magic, wood burnt in birth
Candollea 9: 311–312. 1942 houses during new maternity; against the evil spirits, leaves
juice mixed with pig blood rubbed on the belly of a pregnant
(Bark used medicinally.)
woman to protect the child.)
in English: Annam pouteria
in English: black ash, northern yellow boxwood, obovate
in China: tao lan planchonella, yellow teak
Planchonia Blume Lecythidaceae (Barringtoniaceae) 2973

in China: shan lan in English: fleawort, leafy-stemmed plantain, psyllium,

Spanish psyllium, whorled plantain
in India: rok toh
in Arabic: merwash, bezer
in Malaysia: gombirat, nasi, nasi-nasi, pelangas
Plantago afra L. subsp. afra (Plantago psyllium L.)
Mediterranean.
Planchonia Blume Lecythidaceae
(Barringtoniaceae) See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753, Species Plantarum,
Editio Secunda 1: 167–168. 1762 and Kew Bulletin 23: 509.
After the French botanist Jules Émile Planchon, 1823–1888, 1969, Fl. Trop. E. Africa 6. 1971, Flora of Ecuador 4: 25–38.
see Australian Systematic Botany 19(2): 147–153. 2006. 1975, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei
Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) Knuth (Barringtonia careya Panormitani 1: 303–364. 1991, Bocconea, Monographiae
F. Muell.) Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 3: 229–250. 1992,
Candollea 48(1): 221–230. 1993, Flora Mediterranea 7: 218–
Australia. Small tree or large bush with edible fruits 221. 1997
See Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae (Mueller) 5(39): (Official in British pharmacopeia codex under psyllium, used
183. 1866 and Pflanzenreich IV, 219: 56. 1939 in dysentery.)
(Bark can be used to poison fish, fresh water.)
Plantago amplexicaulis Cav.
in English: billygoat plum, cockey apple, cocky apple
Pakistan.
in W. Australia: banggiya, mangaloo, yundu
See Lagascalia 9: 249–284. 1980, Cytologia 64: 181–196.
1999
Plantago L. Plantaginaceae (Seeds to relieve dysentery, with blood and pus in the feces.)
Latin plantago, inis for a plantain (Plinius), planta, ae ‘sole in Pakistan: danichak
of foot’, referring to the leaves; see Carl Linnaeus, Species
Plantarum. 1: 112–116. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 52. Plantago amplexicaulis Cav. subsp. bauphula (Edgew.)
1754, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- Rech. f. (Plantago amplexicaulis var. bauphula (Edgew.)
tion 1754 and Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary Pilger; Plantago amplexicaulis subsp. bauphula Edgew.;
of Modern English. 2: 1106. 1967, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/4): Plantago amplexicaulis var. bauphuloides Pomel; Plantago
462–466. 1974, Botanisk Tidsskrift 73(2): 107, 109. 1978, bauphula Edgew.)
Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico Algeria.
della lingua italiana. 4: 920–921. 1985, Salvatore Battaglia,
Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XIII: 293. 1986, See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753, J. Bot. (Hooker)
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 108(1): 51–52. 2: 285. 1840, Nouveaux matériaux pour la flore atlan-
1992, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea. tique. Paris, 1874–1875 and Lagascalia 9: 249–284. 1980,
Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 520. Cytologia 64: 181–196. 1999
1994, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 120(2): 196–
(For diarrhea. The juice is taken in the hot weather as a cool-
197. 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3):
ing drink.)
1984–1985. 2001.
Plantago afra L. (Plantago cynops Linn.; Plantago in Pakistan: danich, isafghol, spighwol
psyllium L.) Plantago aristata Michx. (Plantago aristata Michx. var.
Europe, Mediterranean. nuttallii E. Morris; Plantago aristata Michx. var. nuttallii
(Rapin) Morris; Plantago gnaphalioides Nutt. var. aristata
See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753, Species Plantarum, (Michx.) Hook.; Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. aristata
Editio Secunda 1: 167–168. 1762 and Kew Bulletin 23: (Michx.) A. Gray)
509. 1969, Fl. Trop. E. Africa 6. 1971, Flora of Ecuador
4: 25–38. 1975, Lagascalia 9: 249–284. 1980, Bocconea, North America. Annual or perennial herb
Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panormitani 1: 303–
See Icones Plantarum Rariorum [Jacquin] 2: 9, t. 306. 1786–
364. 1991, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei
1793, Flora Boreali-Americana (Michaux) 1: 95. 1803, The
Panormitani 3: 229–250. 1992, Candollea 48(1): 221–230.
Genera of North American Plants [Nuttall] 1: 100. 1818,
1993, Flora Mediterranea 7: 218–221. 1997
Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 123. 1838, A Manual of the
(Official in British pharmacopeia codex under psyllium, used Botany of the Northern United States. (Gray) Second Edition
in dysentery.) 269. 1856
2974 Plantago L. Plantaginaceae

(Leaves made into a paste applied to forehead for headache, hirtella var. veratrifolia (Decne.) Pilg.; Plantago hirtella
to burns, blisters, ulcers, insect stings. Root infusion taken Kunth var. veratrifolia Pilg.; Plantago kurtzii Pilg.; Plantago
for poisonous bites and stings, snakebites, bowel complaints, leptophylla Decne.; Plantago leucophylla Decne.; Plantago
diarrhea and dysentery, as a postpartum remedy.) macropus Pilg.; Plantago macrostachya Decne.; Plantago
macrostachya fo. brachypus (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago macro-
in English: bracted plantain, largebracted plantain
stachya var. accrescens (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago macrostachya
Plantago asiastica L. (Plantago asiatica Ledeb.; Plantago var. angustifolia Pilg.; Plantago macrostachya var. brachy-
asiatica Turcz.) pus Pilg.; Plantago macrostachya var. denudata (Pilg.)
Pilg.; Plantago macrostachya var. gigantea (Decne.) Pilg.;
China. Perennial herbs, prostrate, stout rootstock, yellow-
Plantago macrostachya var. stuckertii (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago
white flowers, tiny black seeds, a common weed in open
macrostachys Decne.; Plantago macrostachys f. brachypus
wet places Pilg.; Plantago macrostachys Decne. var. accrescens Pilg.;
See Sp. Pl. 1: 113. 1753, Fl. Altaic. [Ledebour]. 1: 143. Plantago macrostachys var. angustifolia Pilg.; Plantago
1829 and Kromosomo 50: 1635–1651. 1988, Journal of macrostachys Decne. var. brachypus Pilger; Plantago mac-
Phytogeography and Taxonomy 37: 27–35. 1989, Journal of rostachys var. denudata Pilg.; Plantago macrostachys var.
Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 40: 19–30. gigantea Pilg.; Plantago macrostachys var. stuckertii Pilg.;
1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(5): Plantago myosuros var. latifolia Speg.; Plantago pachy-
98–101. 1996, Guihaia 18(2): 115–118. 1998, Journal of neura subsp. pflanzii (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago pachyneura
Phytogeography and Taxonomy 48: 19–24. 2000 var. chamaeclina (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago pachyneura Steud.
var. chamaeclina Pilg.; Plantago pachyneura var. hauthalii
(Whole plant and seeds used for urinary stones and infec- (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago pachyneura Steud. var. hauthalii Pilg.;
tions, diarrhea, bronchitis, cold, cough, acute conjunctivitis; Plantago pachyneura var. latifolia Pilg.; Plantago pflanzii
external use, apply crushed fresh herb, for skin inflammation Pilg.; Plantago pflanzii var. chamaeclina Pilg.; Plantago
and boils. Seeds in inflammatory diseases of mucous mem- pflanzii var. grandidens Pilg.; Plantago pflanzii var. hauthalii
branes, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, an infusion Pilg.; Plantago pflanzii var. mollior Pilg.; Plantago refracta
taken to treat diarrhea.) Pilg.; Plantago schiedeana Decne.; Plantago schiedeana
in English: Asiatic plantain, Asian plantain, common plantain var. minor Pilg.; Plantago sodiroana Pilg.; Plantago stuck-
ertii Pilg.; Plantago stuckertii subsp. catamarcensis Pilg.;
in China: che qian, che qian zi Plantago tomentosa Lam.; Plantago tomentosa var. glabre-
in India: jaldya scens Schltdl. ex J.A. Schmidt; Plantago veratrifolia Decne.;
Plantago virginica var. hirtella Kuntze; Plantago virginica
Plantago australis Lam. (Plantago accrescens Pilg.; var. hirtella (Kunth) Kuntze)
Plantago asplundii Pilg.; Plantago australis subsp. ecuador-
ensis (Pilg.) Rahn; Plantago australis subsp. hirtella (Kunth) South America. Perennial herb
Rahn; Plantago australis subsp. oreades (Decne.) Rahn; See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1:
Plantago australis subsp. sodiroana (Pilg.) Rahn; Plantago 339. 1792, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.)
bicallosa Decne.; Plantago brachypus Pilg.; Plantago can- [H.B.K.] 2: 229, t. 127. 1817[1818], Flora 32: 406. 1849, Prodr.
dollei Raf.; Plantago cantagallensis Zahlbr. ex Wawra; (DC.) 13(1): 708, 721, 723–726. 1852, Revisio Generum
Plantago capillaris E. Mey. ex Decne.; Plantago denu- Plantarum 2: 532. 1891 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1:
data Pilg.; Plantago durvillei Delile ex Fisch. & G. Mey.; 369. 1900, Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 53: 278. 1902, Notizbl.
Plantago durvillei subsp. mollior (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 259–261. 1912, Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
durvillei subsp. pflanzii (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago durvillei 50(2–3): 254, 264, 266–268, 276–280. 1913, Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
var. chamaeclina (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago durvillei var. gran- 62: 19, 24, 27. 1928, Botanisk Tidsskrift 60: 49–50, 54. 1964,
didens Pilg.; Plantago durvillei var. hauthalii (Pilg.) Pilg.; Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/4): 462–466. 1974, Aliso 9: 193. 1978,
Plantago durvillei var. latifolia (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago gale- Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 18: 87–90. 1986, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
ottiana Decne.; Plantago gigantea Decne.; Plantago hart- Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1984–1985.2001
wegii Decne.; Plantago hirtella Kunth; Plantago hirtella
fo. minor (Pilg.) Pilg.; Plantago hirtella Kunth f. minor (Poultice of leaves applied to cuts and boils.)
Pilg.; Plantago hirtella Kunth subsp. galeottiana (Decne.) in English: dwarf plantain, Mexican plantain
Thorne; Plantago hirtella var. brachypus Pilg.; Plantago
in Central America: cola de ardilla, lantén, llanten, ractzi
hirtella var. denticulata Pilg.; Plantago hirtella var. gale-
ottiana (Decne.) Pilg.; Plantago hirtella Kunth var. galeot- Plantago brachyphylla Edgew. ex Decne. (Plantago brachy-
tiana Pilg.; Plantago hirtella var. glabrescens (Schltdl. ex phylla Roem. & Schult.)
J.A. Schmidt) Pilg.; Plantago hirtella Kunth var. glabre-
India, Himalaya.
scens Pilg.; Plantago hirtella var. janeirensis Pilg.; Plantago
hirtella var. mollior Pilg.; Plantago hirtella var. plantensis See Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 136. 1818,
Pilg.; Plantago hirtella Kunth var. platensis Pilg.; Plantago Prodr. (DC.) 13(1): 696. 1852
Plantago L. Plantaginaceae 2975

(Leaves and roots astringent, vulnerary, used in cough, pul- external use, crushed fresh herb applied for skin inflamma-
monary disorders, asthma; crushed leaves applied to wounds.) tion and boils. Contact therapy, magic, plant parts tied around
the belly of infants for their good health.)
in India: isagbul, parharpangi, pushtu
in English: depressed plantain
Plantago ciliata Desf. (Plantago ciliata Boiss.)
in Bhutan: tha-ram
Eurasia.
in China: cheqiancao
See Fl. Atlant. 1: 137, t. 39. 1798, Boissier, Pierre Edmond
(1810–1885), Voyage botanique dans le midi de l’Espagne in India: isabgol, tharam
pendant l’année 1837. Paris, 1829–1845 and Fl. Pl.
in Tibet: tha-ram
Baluchistan 62. 1909, Fl. Iran. 15: 18. 1965, Taxon 34: 727–
730. 1985, Cytologia 64: 181–196. 1999 Plantago erosa Wall. ex Roxb. (Plantago erosa Wall.)
(A remedy for diarrhea, dysentery.) India. Herb, leaves as vegetable
in Pakistan: baluchi, naren danichk See Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey & Wall. 1: 423. 1820 and Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 70: 328. 2002
Plantago ciliata Desf. subsp. lanata (Boiss.) Rech. f.
(Plantago ciliata var. lanata Boiss.; Plantago penicillate (Whole plant spasmolytic, for inflammation, on burns,
Endl. & Fenzl) wounds; whole plant crushed into a paste and used as hemo-
static. Leaf paste antiseptic, for chest pain and cold, applied
Eurasia. around the wounds, cuts, varicose veins; leaves as plaster
See Fl. Pl. Baluchistan 62. 1909, Fl. Iran. 15: 18. 1965, for bone fracture and dislocation of bones. Leaves and seeds
Taxon 34: 727–730. 1985, Cytologia 64: 181–196. 1999 for cuts and diarrhea. Fruit for diarrhea. Seeds crushed into
fine powder and decoction taken to cure stomach ailments;
(Cure for dysentery.) seed for abortion. Roots paste applied in case of fracture of
in Pakistan: baluchi, naren danichk bones and to treat boils on the joints; root juice for indiges-
tion and pneumonia.)
Plantago cordata Lam.
in India: achenmug, akaba, akshosang, ichapana, isab-
North America. Perennial herb gol, isapgol, ishappukol, kanejhar, kran-shit, kupat, lahy-
See Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 1: rya, luhurya, mapihamang, mepi, namlang, nila chakka,
339. 1792 njaramboori, riew-kai, sira potla gida, tsanghu, uluku gida,
yempat, zimbrejhar
(Crushed leaves made into a paste applied to wounds, cuts,
sores, burns and boils.) in Nepal: ghortapre, sano dhable

in English: heartleaf plantain, heartleaved plantain Plantago exigua Murray

Plantago depressa Willd. (Plantago depressa Schltdl.) India. Herb

Eurasia. See Opuscula 94, t. 5. 1778

Perennial herb, glabrous or slightly pubescent, rootstalk (Seeds laxative.)

short, leaves a basal rosette, leaves with three parallel pri- Plantago himalaica Pilg.
mary veins, inflorescence scape with white-greyish flowers,
calyx in 4 segments, corolla 2-lobed, fruit opening circularly India, Himalaya.
toward the base, angled seeds, leaves eaten as vegetable See Pflanzenr. (Engler) Plantaginac. 62. 1937
See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753, Enumeratio (Leaves slightly bruised applied for wounds. Oil from the
Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … [Willdenow] seeds antimicrobial, for chronic diarrhea and shigellosis, a
Suppl.: 8. 1814 and Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & bacillary dysentery.)
Leningrad) 65(5): 659–668. 1980, Phyton. Annales Rei
in India: ashwakaran
Botanicae 21: 1–24. 1981, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow &
Leningrad) 80(12): 119. 1995, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow Plantago insularis Eastw.
& Leningrad) 81(5): 98–101. 1996, Ethnobotany 17: 127–
North America.
136. 2005
See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,
(Aerial parts or whole plant to cure dysentery and diarrhea.
Series 3, 1: 112. 1898
Paste of leaves and seeds applied on cuts, wounds and piles.
Whole plant and seeds used for urinary stones and infec- (Seeds with sugar and water produce an edible glutinous
tions, diarrhea, bronchitis, cold, cough, acute conjunctivitis; mass ingested as a remedy for stomachache.)
2976 Plantago L. Plantaginaceae

in English: woolly plantain inflamed surfaces, skin diseases; leaves decoction taken to
purify blood; leaves infusion taken for cough, earache and
Plantago lagocephala Bunge
bronchial infections.)
Iran, Pakistan.
in English: buckhorn, buckhorn plantain, English plantain,
See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753 and Jour. Ind. Bot. German psyllium, lamb’s tongue, lamb’s tongues, narrowleaf
Soc. 1: 266. 1920, Fl. Iran. 15, 18. 1965 plantain, narrow-leaved plantain, narrow-leaved ribwort,
plantain, rib plantain, ribbed plantain, ribgrass, ribwort, rib-
(Various preparations of the plant are used against grippe,
wort plantain, ripplegrass, small plantain, wild sago
constipation and boils.)
in Italian: arnoglossa, lanciola, lanciuola, piantaggine lan-
in Pakistan: baluchi, brohl, naren danichk, piddari
ceolata, piantaggine lunga, piantaggine minore, piantagine
Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantago altissima auct. non minore
L.; Plantago attenuata Wall.; Plantago attenuata James; in Southern Africa: klein tongblaar, oorpynhoutjie, oorpy-
Plantago lanceolata (Bast.) Karnauch; Plantago lanceolata nwortels, ribbetjiesgras, smalblaarplantago, smalweëblaar,
Hook.; Plantago lanceolata L. subsp. communis (Schltr.) smalweegbree, weeblaar; bolilanyana (Sotho)
Jahand. & Maire; Plantago lanceolata L. var. lanuginosa
Bastard; Plantago lanceolata L. var. sphaerostachya Mert. in India: kashur-gula
& W.D.J. Koch; Plantago orientalis Stapf) in Japan: hera-ô-ba-ko
Cosmopolitan, Europe. Perennial or annual or biennial herb, in Pakistan: aspangara, brohi barz, danichk, gola, isabgool,
erect, long narrow lance-shaped leaves at the base, short purhat
greenish cylindrical flower head, erect sulcate scapes, dense
spikes, very variable species, fodder for cattle Plantago macrocarpa Cham. & Schltdl.

See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753, Fl. Ind., ed. Carey North America. Perennial herb, leaves eaten
& Wall. 1: 422. 1820, Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 2: 123, partim. See Linnaea 1(2): 166–167. 1826
1829–1840 and Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Plantaginaceae 6. 1971,
Taxon 28: 395–400, 635–636. 1979, Taxon 29: 704. 1980, (Decoction of root taken as a tonic.)
Lagascalia 9: 249–284. 1980, Giornale Botanico Italiano in English: seashore plantain
114: 100. 1980, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Biologicheskie
Nauki 11(227): 74–79. 1982, Anales del Jardín Botánico de Plantago major L. (Plantago borysthenica (Rogow.)
Madrid 38: 507–514. 1982, Nucleus 25: 10–13. 1982, Taxon Wissjul.; Plantago dregeana Decne.; Plantago latifolia
31: 367–368. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Salisb.; Plantago major fo. scopulorum Fries; Plantago
Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Cytologia 49: 351–357. major var. borysthenica Rogow.; Plantago major var.
1984, Informatore Botanico Italiano 16: 251–260. 1984, egastachya (Wimm.) Graebn.; Plantago major var. major;
Candollea 40: 217–230. 1985, Botanische Jahrbücher für Plantago major var. paludosa Bég.; Plantago major var.
Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie phyllostachya Wallr.; Plantago officinarum Crantz)
107: 203–228. 1985, Cytologia 52: 725–731. 1987, Journal Cosmopolitan. Perennial herb with a small stout rootstock,
of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 37: 27–35. 1989, CIS whole plant used as a vegetable
Chromosome Information Service 49: 13–15. 1990, Watsonia
18: 415–417. 1991, Plant Systematics and Evolution 181: See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753, Institutiones
1–9. 1992, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, Verhandlungen der Rei Herbariae 2: 329. 1766, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton
Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 129: 215–226. 46. 1796 and Fl. Trop. E. Africa, Plantaginaceae 6. 1971,
1992, Nucleus 37(1, 2): 23–24. 1994, New Botanist 21: 29–35. Taxon 28: 400–401, 635–636. 1979, Taxon 29: 704. 1980,
1994, Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Giornale Botanico Italiano 114: 100. 1980, Lagascalia 9:
Part B, Biological Sciences 61: 339–346, 471–478. 1995, 249–284. 1980, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 67(3): 360–365.
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 80(12): 119. 1982, Taxon 31: 367–368. 1982, Le Naturaliste Canadien
1995, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists 111: 447–449. 1984, Blyttia 1985: 7–15. 1985, Candollea
40: 217–230. 1985, Ciencia e Cultura (Sao Paulo) 38:
Newsletter 24: 15–20. 1995, Thaiszia 7: 75–88. 1997, Flora
889. 1986, Revista Brasileira de Genética 9: 21–40. 1986,
Mediterranea 7: 204–213. 1997, Lagascalia 20(2): 302–308.
Informatore Botanico Italiano 18: 168–175. 1986, Cytologia
1998, Cytologia 64: 181–196. 1999, Opera Botanica 137:
52: 725–731. 1987, Berichte des Geobotanischen Institutes
1–42. 1999
der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Stiftung
(Whole plant and seeds expectorant, antiinflammatory, Rübel 53: 47–63. 1987, International Organization of
laxative, antibacterial, for asthma, colds, cough, catarrh; Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 9: 4–5. 1987, Journal of
an infusion used for poisonous bites, stings and snakebites. Phytogeography and Taxonomy 37: 27–35. 1989, Journal of
Seeds used as drastic purgative and hemostatic. Leaf paste Hokkaido University of Education: Section IIB 40: 19–30.
applied to wounds, blisters, ulcers, insect stings, sores and 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75:
Plantago L. Plantaginaceae 2977

118–120. 1990, Plant Systematics and Evolution 181: 1–9. Malayan names: ekor angin, ekor anjing, sejumbok
1992, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
in Nepal: isabgol, palunge, phayug
Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow
& Leningrad) 80(12): 119. 1995, Proceedings of the Indian in the Philippines: lanting, lantin, lanting haba, ilantin, wild
National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences 61: saso plantain
471–478. 1995, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Ann. Bot.
in Tibetan: tha-ram, be-khur
(Oxford) 97: 541–548. 2006
in Vietnam: ma de, xa tien
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Plant astringent,
tonic, deurative, diuretic; plant decoction taken as vermi- in Hawaii: kuhekili, laukahi
fuge; leaves of Blumea balsamifera boiled with those of Plantago maritima L. (Plantago juncoides Decne.;
Centella asiatica and the liquid drunk against fever, when Plantago juncoides Lam.; Plantago juncoides Lam. var.
mixed with Plantago major the juice taken to cure diabetes. decipiens Fernald; Plantago juncoides Lam. var. decipiens
Whole plant and seeds used for urinary stones and infections, (Barneoud) Fernald; Plantago juncoides Lam. var. glauca
diarrhea, bronchitis, cold, cough, acute conjunctivitis; seeds (Hornem.) Fernald; Plantago juncoides Lam. var. glauca
used with sugar for dysentery, gastric complaints, burn- Fernald; Plantago juncoides Lam. var. laurentiana Fernald;
ing sensation in stomach; external use, apply crushed fresh Plantago maritima Willk.; Plantago maritima W.P.C.
herb, for skin inflammation and boils, ointment for burns. Barton; Plantago maritima L. subsp. borealis (Lange) Blytt
Leaves cooling and diuretic, antiseptic, analgesic and demul- & O.C. Dahl; Plantago maritima L. subsp. borealis (Lange)
cent, used for headaches, infantile diseases, insect bites and Blytt; Plantago maritima subsp. juncoides (Lam.) Hultén;
stings; pounded leaves applied to cuts, bruises and wounds Plantago maritima var. juncoides (Lam.) A. Gray; Plantago
as a hemostatic and to promote healing; root or leaf decoc- oligantha Phil.; Plantago oliganthos Roem. & Schult.;
tion taken as an antipyretic; roots and leaves for coughs and Plantago oliganthos Roem. & Schult. var. fallax Fernald)
tuberculosis; leaf maceration after childbirth as a postpartum
remedy. Flowering spikes and root used in cases of bleed- North America. Perennial herb, food
ing piles and chronic colitis. Veterinary medicine, extract of See Species Plantarum 1: 114–115. 1753, Encyclopédie
whole plant as antiseptic dressing.) Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 342. 1783, Fl. Philadelph.
in English: bears ears, broadleaf, broad-leafed plantain, Prodr. 26. 1815, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]
broad-leaved plantain, broad-leaved ribwort, cart-track plant, 3: 122. 1818, Flora 35: 291. 1852, Prodr. (DC.) 13(1): 731.
cart-tract plant, common plantain, giant plantain, great plan- 1852, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.
tain, greater plantain, large plantain, larger ribwort plantain, Second Edition 268. 1856, Manual (Gray), ed. 5. 311. 1867,
plantain, ribgrass, ribwort, ripplegrass, rippleseed plantain, Anales Univ. Chile 91: 270. 1895 and Haandb. Norges Fl.
way bread, white-man’s-foot, wild lettuce, wild sago [7]: 651. 1905, Rhodora 27: 100–103, pl. 150, fig. 5–7. 1925,
Flora of Alaska and Yukon 9: 1431. 1949, Lagascalia 7:
in French: grand plantain 191–216. 1978, Taxon 28: 395–397. 1979, Bol. Soc. Brot. 53:
in Italian: piantaggine 995–1012. 1981, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja, Sar. A 2, Biol.-
Geogr. 3: 1–12. 1982, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 22: 315–317. 1985,
in Central America: cola de ardilla, lantén, llanten, plantè, Naturaliste Canad. 112: 319–331. 1985, Linzer Biol. Beitr.
ractzi 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999, Newslett. Int.
in North America: plantain, sinia-maka (Omaha-Ponca) Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 30: 10–15. 1999

in Arabic: lisan el-hamal, lisan hamad (Stimulant, tonic, stomachic.)

in North Africa: massasah, mesaisa in English: goose tongue, sea plantain, seaside plantain

in Southern Africa: breëblaar, breëblaarplantago, groottong- Plantago media L. (Plantago media Hook. & Arn.; Plantago
blaar, grootweëblaar, grootweegbree, platvoet, tongblaar, media Blanco)
weegbree, weegbreedieblaar; indlebe-ka-tekwane (Zulu) North America, India.
in China: che chien See Species Plantarum 1: 113. 1753, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M.
Blanco] 38. 1845 and Biol. Nauki (Moscow) 11 (227): 74–79.
in India: akaba, asvagola, barhang, bartang, dziipao, hal-
1982, Izv. Akad. Nauk Belorussk. SSR, Ser. Biol. Nauk 6:
dukhata, isabgol, ishappukol vitai, jangali sabgol, jharam,
3–8. 1985, Zapov. Belorussii Issl. 11: 62–69. 1987, Monogr.
kaneyjhar, karecha, kelbean, lahuriya, luhuriya, musay
Inst. Pirenaico Ecol. 5: 331–335. 1990, Watsonia 19: 134–
kanay, naram, nasho jhar, lahuriya, riew-kai, singa gach, sir-
137. 1992, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24:
apottagida, yakram
15–19. 1995, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Bot.
in Indonesia: daun urat 137: 1–42. 1999
in Japan: erumkina, erumsar, Taiwan-ô-ba-ko, ukokaptuyep (Insecticide, insect repellent.)
2978 Plantago L. Plantaginaceae

in English: hoary plantain, lamb’s-tongue bhusi, isabgol dana, isabgul, isabgul bhusi, isabogoli ottu,
isadgola, isapagala, isapagalavittulu, isapakulvittu, isapga-
in Italian: petacciuola pelosa, petacciuola piccola, piantag-
luvittulu, ishadgol, ishadgola, ishappukol, ishappukolvirai,
gine mezzana
iskol, iskolvitai, ispaghal, ispaghul musallam, ispagul, issuf-
in India: longma gul, isvarabola, jiru, karkatasringi, shlakshnajira, sitabija,
snigddhajirakam, snigdhabija, snigdhabijah, snigdhajeeraka,
Plantago ovata Forssk. (Plantago argentea Desf.; Plantago
snigdhajiraka, subus isapghol
argentea Ten.; Plantago argentea Lam.; Plantago argentea
Brot.; Plantago argentea Webb; Plantago argentea Sieber ex in Pakistan: isabghol
Rapin; Plantago argentea Chaix; Plantago brunnea Morris;
Plantago paralias Decne. (Plantago grisebachii Hieron.;
Plantago decumbens Forssk.; Plantago decumbens Bernh.
Plantago tomentosa Lam.; Plantago tomentosa Cham. &
ex Rchb.; Plantago decumbens Gay ex Barnéoud; Plantago
Schltdl.; Plantago tomentosa Gilib.; Plantago tomentosa
decumbens Forssk.; Plantago fastigiata Morris; Plantago
Isabelle ex Decne.; Plantago tomentosa Schiede ex Decne.)
gooddingii A. Nelson & Kennedy; Plantago insularis
Eastw.; Plantago insularis Eastw. var. fastigiata (Morris) Argentina.
Jeps.; Plantago insularis Eastw. var. fastigiata Jeps.;
See Fl. Lit. Inch. i. 17. 1782, Tableau Encyclopédique et
Plantago insularis Eastw. var. scariosa Jeps.; Plantago insu-
Méthodique … Botanique 1(2): 340. 1792, Linnaea 1: 169.
laris Eastw. var. scariosa (Morris) Jeps.; Plantago mauritii
1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Sennen; Plantago minima A. Cunn.; Plantago ovata Phil.;
(DC.) 13(1): 723, 725. 1852, Boletín de Academia de Ciencias,
Plantago trichophylla Nab.)
Bellas Letras y Nobles Artes. Córdoba, Spain 4: 52. 1881 and
Europe. Annual herb Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-
Dahlem 11: 328. 1932, Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires 4(5): 331–342,
See Species Plantarum 1: 112–116. 1753, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.
380–389, 413–419. 1965
30–31. 1775, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné (Villars) 1: 376 and 2: 302.
1786, Fl. Atlant. 1: 136. 1798, Fl. Lusit. 1: 156. 1804, Mém. (Vulnerary, astringent, antiphlogistic, hemostatic, antitumor,
Soc. Linn. Paris 6: 464. 1827, Iter Hispan. [Webb] 17. 1838, emollient.)
Monogr. Plantag. 44. 1845, Anales Univ. Chile 91: 251.
in Argentina: llantén, llantén velludo
1895, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 3, 1: 112. 1898 and Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 27: 115–116. 1900, Muhlenbergia 3: 142. Plantago patagonica Jacq. (Plantago patagonica Bert. ex
1908, Man. Fl. Pl. Calif. [Jepson] 956. 1925, Catálogo de Steud.; Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. breviscapa (Shinners)
la Flora del Rif Oriental y principalmente de las cabilas Shinners; Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. gnaphalioides
limitrofes con Melilla/por F. Sennen [y] Mauricio. 1933, (Nutt.) A. Gray; Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. oblonga
Sennen, F. (1861–1937), Diagnoses des nouveautés parues (Morris) Shinners; Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. spinu-
dans les exsiccata: plantes d’Espagne et du Maroc, de losa (Decne.) A. Gray; Plantago patagonica var. spinulosa
1928 à 1935. [1936], Botanisk Tidsskrift 74: 13–20. 1979, (Decne. ex DC.) A. Gray; Plantago picta E. Morris; Plantago
United Arab Rep. J. Bot. 23: 127–129. 1980, Proceedings picta Colenso; Plantago purshii Roem. & Schult.; Plantago
of the Indian Science Congress Association 68 (Sect. VI): purshii Roem. & Schult. var. breviscapa Shinners; Plantago
81. 1981, Current Science 55: 658–659. 1986, Cytologia purshii Roem. & Schult. var. oblonga (Morris) Shinners;
52: 725–731. 1987, Plant Systematics and Evolution 181: Plantago purshii Roem. & Schult. var. picta (E. Morris) Pilg.;
1–9. 1992, Bocconea, Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Plantago purshii var. spinulosa (Decne. ex DC.) Shinners;
Panormitani 3: 229–250. 1992, Proceedings of the Indian Plantago purshii Roem. & Schult. var. spinulosa (Decne.)
National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences 61: Shinners; Plantago spinulosa Decne.; Plantago wyomingen-
471–478. 1995, Cytologia 63: 141–148. 1998, Caryologia 51: sis Gandog.)
149–158. 1998, Cytologia 64: 181–196. 1999
North America. Annual herb
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Seed decoction to treat
See Icones Plantarum Rariorum [Jacquin] 2: 9, t. 306. 1786–
loose motions, diarrhea and dysentery, cholera, intestinal
1793, Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes]
infections, stomach disorders.)
3: 120. 1818, Flora 32: 405. 1849, Prodr. (DC.) 13(1): 713.
in English: desert Indian wheat, Indian wheat 1852, Manual (Gray), ed. 2. 269. 1856, Trans. & Proc. New
Zealand Inst. xxii. 1889: 481. 1890 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
in India: aliyakocam, aliyakocavirai, aspaghol, asvabija,
28: 118. 1901, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 221. 1919, Pflanzenr.
asvagola, asvakarna, aswakarnabija (aswa, horse, karna, ear
(Engler) [Heft 102] 4, Fam. 269: 369. 1937, Field & Lab. 18:
pinna, bija, seed), bartang, bazre-katima, bazre-quatuna,
117–118. 1950, Sida 3: 121–122. 1967, Taxon 31(2): 344–360.
bhusi isabgol, cheleyam, chitrak, eeshvarbola, esabagola, esa-
1982, Sida 12: 409–417. 1987, Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad.,
bakolu, esabgolu, esamgolu, esangola, esapagala, espagola,
B 56: 199–204. 1990, Pl. Syst. Evol. 181: 1–9. 1992
ghoda, icapkol, icappakolvirai, icappukolvitai, icapukolvitai,
icippukkovitai, icukkolvittu, icupakol, icuponkolvitai, isaba- (Plant infusion for diarrhea, dysentery, to reduce appetite.
kolu, isabghul, isabgol, isabgol beej, isabgol bhushi, isabgol Leaves paste applied to boils, sores. Ceremonial.)
Platanthera Rich. Orchidaceae 2979

in English: woolly plantain Orchid Journal 4(2): 168–172. 1998, Novosti Sist. Vyssh.
Rast. 40: 48, 50. 2008.
Plantago purshii Roem. & Schult.
Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl. (Blephariglottis ciliaris
North America.
Rydb.; Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb.; Blephariglottis fla-
See Systema Vegetabilium ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: viflora Raf.; Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.; Habenaria cilia-
120. 1818 ris var. alba (Michx.) Morong; Orchis ciliaris L.; Platanthera
ciliaris Lindl.)
(To treat diarrhea and dysentery.)
North America. Perennial
Plantago rugelii Decne.
See Sp. Pl.: 2: 939. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(1):
North America.
9. 1805, Hortus Kewensis; or, a Catalogue of the Plants
See Prodr. (DC.) 13(1): 700. 1852 and Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. London (2nd
Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 19–20. 1995, ed.) 5: 194. 1813, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 292. 1835, Fl. Tellur.
Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 97: 541–548. 2006 2: 38–39. 1837 [1836 publ. Jan–Mar 1837], Fl. South. U.S.
460. 1860, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20: 38. 1893 and Man. Fl.
(Leaves paste applied to burn and inflammation.)
N. States: [Britton] 296. 1901
in English: American plantain, black-seed plantain, Rugel’s
(Roots used for snakebites, dysentery, diarrhea.)
plantain
in English: yellow fringed orchid
Plantago rugelii Decne. var. asperula Farw.
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex L.C. Beck (Habenaria
North America. Perennial herb dilatata (Pursh) Hook.; Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb.;
See Prodr. (DC.) 13(1): 700. 1852 and Pap. Michigan Orchis dilatata Pursh; Piperia dilatata (Pursh) Szlach. &
Acad. Sci. 1: 99. 1923, Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Int. Organ. Rutk.; Piperia dilatata var. dilatata; Platanthera dilatata
Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 19–20. 1995, Ann. Bot. (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck var. angustifolia Hook.; Platanthera
(Oxford) 97: 541–548. 2006 dilatata var. dilatata; Platanthera hyperborea subsp. dila-
tata (Pursh) Rchb.f.; Platanthera hyperborea subsp. dila-
(Leaves paste applied to burn, swellings and inflammation.) tata (Pursh) K. Richt.; Platanthera hyperborea var. dilatata
in English: American plantain, blackseed plantain, black- (Pursh) Kraenzl.)
seed plantain, Rugel’s plantain North America. Perennial herb, sometimes as Piperia dila-
Plantago virginica L. (Plantago virginica Riehl ex Steud.; tata or Habenaria dilatata
Plantago virginica Giseck. ex Roem. & Schult.; Plantago vir- See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 588. 1813 [dt. 1814, issued
ginica Walter; Plantago virginica L. var. viridescens Fernald) in Dec 1813], Exotic Flora 2: pl. 95. 1825, Botany of the
North America. Annual or biennial herb Northern and Middle States 347. 1833, Plantae Europeae 1:
281. 1890, Orchidacearum Genera et Species 640. 1899 and
See Species Plantarum 1: 113. 1753, Fl. Carol. [Walter] 85. Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 294.
1788, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 3: 122. 1818, 1901, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 18–22.
Flora 32: 410. 1849 and Rhodora 40(479): 456–457, tab. 530, 1998, Acta Botanica Fennica 169: 380. 2000
f. 4–6. 1938, Chin. Bull. Bot. 10(2): 57. 1993
(Leaves poisonous. Root juice drunk for urinary troubles,
(Ceremonial, ritual, garlands or wreaths worn by old men.) gravel.)
in English: dwarf plantain, pale-seed plantain, sand plantain, in English: scentbottle
Virginia plantain
Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex L.C. Beck var. dila-
tata (Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook.; Limnorchis dilatata
(Pursh) Rydb.; Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck
Platanthera Rich. Orchidaceae
var. angustifolia Hook.)
Greek platys ‘broad’ and anthera ‘anther’, broad anther, see
North America. Perennial herb, sometimes as Piperia dila-
Richard, Louis-Claude (1754–1821), De Orchideis Europaeis
tata or Habenaria dilatata
Annotationes 20, 26, 35. Parisiis: ex typ. A. Belin, 1817,
Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 4: 48, 57. 1818, See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 588. 1813 [dt. 1814, issued
Orchidacearum Genera et Species 1: 651. 1899 and Memoirs in Dec 1813], Exotic Flora 2: pl. 95. 1825, Botany of the
of the New York Botanical Garden 1: 104–106. 1900, Ill. Fl. Northern and Middle States 347. 1833, Plantae Europeae 1:
N. U.S. (Britton & Brown), ed. 2. 1: 556. 1913, Flora URSS 281. 1890, Orchidacearum Genera et Species 640. 1899 and
4: 752. 1935, J. Phytogeogr. Taxon., 28(1): 2. 1980, Acta Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 294.
Phytotax. Sin. 36(5): 450. 1998, North American Native 1901, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 18–22.
2980 Platanthera Rich. Orchidaceae

1998, N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 4(2): 168–172. 1998, Acta (Magic, ritual, protection.)
Botanica Fennica 169: 380. 2000
in English: greater purple fringed orchid
(Leaves poisonous. Root juice drunk for urinary troubles,
Platanthera hookeri (Torr.) Lindl. (Habenaria hook-
gravel.)
eri Torr. ex A. Gray; Habenaria hookeri Torr.; Habenaria
in English: scentbottle hookeri var. abbreviata Fernald; Habenaria hookeriana
Lindl.; Habenaria oblongifolia (C.N. Paine) G.G. Niles;
Platanthera edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) R.K. Gupta
Lysias hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) Rydb.; Lysias hookeriana
(Habenaria edgeworthii Hook.f. ex Collett; Habenella edge-
(Lindl.) Rydb.; Orchis hookeri (Torr.) Alph. Wood; Orchis
worthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) Szlach. & Kras-Lap.; Platanthera
hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray) Alph. Wood; Orchis hookeri-
edgeworthii (Hook. f. ex Collett) K.Y. Lang; Platantheroides
ana (Lindl.) Oakes; Platanthera hookeri (Torr. ex A. Gray)
edgeworthii (Hook.f. ex Collett) Szlach.)
Lindl.; Platanthera hookeri f. abbreviata (Fernald) P.M. Br.;
Himalaya, India, Pakistan. Platanthera hookeri f. oblongifolia (C.N. Paine) P.M. Br.;
Platanthera hookeri var. abbreviata (Fernald) W.J. Schrenk;
See Flora Simlensis 504, f. 166. 1902, Fl. Nainital.: 349.
Platanthera hookeri var. oblongifolia C.N. Paine)
1968, Taxon 30: 512. 1981, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica
36(5): 457. 1998, Richardiana 4(3): 106. 2004, Richardiana North America.
6: 35. 2006
See Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 286. 1835, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist.
(Used in Ayurveda.) New York 3: 228. 1835, The American Botanist and Florist
327. 1870 and Manual of the Flora of the northern States
in India: riddhi
and Canada 295. 1901, Rhodora 35: 239, tab. 252. 1933, Die
Platanthera grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindl. (Blephariglottis Orchidee 28: 69. 1977, N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 1: 14. 1995,
grandiflora (Bigelow) Rydb.; Blephariglottis grandiflora Wild Orchids Canad. Marit. & N. Gr. Lakes: 284. 2006
f. albiflora (E.L. Rand & Redfield) Baumbach & P.M. Br.;
(Roots stimulant, tonic, nervine, used in urinary and gastric
Blephariglottis grandiflora f. bicolor (P.M. Br.) Baumbach
disorders.)
& P.M. Br.; Blephariglottis grandiflora f. carnea (P.M. Br.)
Baumbach & P.M. Br.; Blephariglottis grandiflora f. men- Platanthera huronensis Lindl. (Habenaria dilatata (Pursh)
totonsa (Fernald) Baumbach & P.M. Br.; Blephariglottis Hook. f. chlorantha (Hultén) B. Boivin; Habenaria dila-
psycodes Rydb. var. grandiflora (Bigelow) J.H. Schaffn.; tata var. media (Rydb.) Ames; Habenaria dilatata (Pursh)
Fimbriella grandiflora (Bigelow) Efimov; Fimbriella Hook. var. media (Rydb.) Hultén; Habenaria huronen-
psycodes (L.) Butzin var. grandiflora (Bigelow) Butzin; sis (Nutt.) Spreng.; Habenaria hyperborea var. huronensis
Habenaria fimbriata (Aiton) R. Br.; Habenaria fimbriata Farw.; Habenaria hyperborea var. huronensis (Nutt.) Farw.;
f. albiflora E.L. Rand & Redfield; Habenaria fimbriata Habenaria hyperborea var. media (Rydb.) Farw.; Habenaria
f. mentotonsa Fernald; Habenaria grandiflora (Bigelow) media (Rydb.) G.G. Niles; Habenaria media G.G. Niles;
Torr.; Habenaria grandiflora (Bigelow) Torr. ex L.C. Beck; Habenaria x media G.G. Niles; Limnorchis huronensis (Nutt.)
Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. var. grandiflora (Bigelow) Rebrist. & Elven; Limnorchis huronensis (Nutt.) Rydb.;
A. Gray; Orchis fimbriata Aiton; Orchis grandiflora Bigelow; Limnorchis media Rydb.; Orchis huronensis Nutt.; Orchis
Platanthera fimbriata (Aiton) Lindl.; Platanthera fimbriata hyperborea var. huronensis (Nutt.) Alph. Wood; Platanthera
Lindl. var. grandiflora (Bigelow) Hook.; Platanthera grandi- convallariifolia (Fisch. ex Lindl.) Lindl. var. dilatatoides
flora Lindl.; Platanthera grandiflora f. albiflora (E.L. Rand Hultén; Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck var.
& Redfield) Catling; Platanthera grandiflora f. bicolor P.M. chlorantha Hultén; Platanthera huronensis (Nutt.) Lindl.;
Br.; Platanthera grandiflora f. carnea P.M. Br.; Platanthera Platanthera hyperborea var. huronensis Luer; Platanthera
grandiflora f. mentotonsa (Fernald) P.M. Br.; Platanthera hyperborea var. huronensis (Nutt.) Luer; Platanthera hyper-
psycodes (L.) Lindl. var. grandiflora (Bigelow) Torr.) borea var. major Lange; Platanthera media (Rydb.) Luer;
Platanthera media Luer; Platanthera × media (Rydb.) Luer
North America. Perennial
(pro sp.) [dilatata × hyperborea]; Platanthera x media Luer)
See Hort. Kew. 3: 297. 1789, Hortus Kew. 5: 193. 1813,
North America. Perennial
Flora Bostoniensis… . second edition … . 321–322. 1824,
Botany of the Northern and Middle States 349. 1833, Gen. See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 189. 1818,
Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 294. 1835, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 200. Syst. Veg. 3: 688. 1826, Bot. North. Middle States: 347. 1833,
1839, American Journal of Science, and Arts 38(2): 310. The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants 287–288.
1840, Flora of New York 2: 278. 1843 and Man. Fl. N. States 1835, A Class-book of Botany ed. 29: 533. 1853 and Manual
[Britton] 296. 1901, Cat. Ohio Vasc. Pl. 161. 1914, Rhodora of the Flora of the northern States and Canada 294. 1901,
48: 184. 1946, Willdenowia 11: 324. 1981, Naturaliste Canad. Rhodora 10(112): 70. 1908, Papers of the Michigan Academy
109(2): 277. 1982, N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 1: 12. 1995, of Science, Arts and Letters 1: 92. 1923, Acta Univ. Lund.,
Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 40: 49 2008 (publ. 2009), N. Amer. n.s., 39(2): 476–477. 1943, Naturaliste Canad. 94: 636. 1967,
Native Orchid J. 15: 74. 2009 Native Orchids of the U.S. and Canada 229–230. 1975,
Platanthera Rich. Orchidaceae 2981

Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 2(1): Baumbach & P.M. Br.; Blephariglottis psycodes f. rosea
434. 2008 (P.M. Br.) Baumbach & P.M. Br.; Blephariglottis psycodes
f. varians (M.M. Bryan) Baumbach & P.M. Br.; Fimbriella
(Magic, a love charm.)
psycodes (L.) Butzin; Habenaria fissa (Muhl. ex Willd.)
Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. (Gymnadenia hyper- Spreng., nom. illeg.; Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng.;
borea (L.) Link; Habenaria borealis Cham.; Habenaria dila- Habenaria psycodes f. albiflora Ralph Hoffm.; Habenaria
tata var. borealis (Cham.) Muenscher; Habenaria hyperborea psycodes f. ecalcarata (M.M. Bryan) Dole; Habenaria psy-
(L.) R. Br.; Limnorchis borealis (Cham.) Rydb.; Limnorchis codes f. varians (M.M. Bryan) Fernald; Habenaria psycodes
brachypetala Britton & Rydb.; Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) var. ecalcarata M.M. Bryan; Habenaria psycodes var. vari-
Rydb.; Orchis acuta Banks ex Pursh; Orchis hyperborea L.; ans M.M. Bryan; Habenaria racemosa Raf.; Orchis fissa
Orchis koenigii Gunnerus; Platanthera borealis (Cham.) Pursh; Orchis fissa Muhl. ex Willd.; Orchis incisa Muhl.
Rchb.f.; Platanthera hyperborea f. alba M.H.S. Light; ex Willd.; Orchis psycodes L.; Platanthera fissa (Muhl. ex
Platanthera hyperborea var. minor Lange; Platanthera koe- Willd.) Lindl.; Platanthera psycodes f. albiflora (R. Hoffm.)
nigii (Gunnerus) Lindl.; Platanthera makinoi Y. Yabe) R.E. Whiting & Catling; Platanthera psycodes f. ecalcarata
(M.M. Bryan) P.M. Br.; Platanthera psycodes f. rosea P.M.
Greenland to Iceland. Br.; Platanthera psycodes f. varians (M.M. Bryan) P.M. Br.)
See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 121. 1767, Hortus Kewensis; or, North America. Perennial
a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic
Garden at Kew. London (2nd ed.) 5: 193. 1813, Handbuch See Species Plantarum 2: 943. 1753, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow]
zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkom- 4(1): 40. 1805, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta
menden Gewächse 1: 242. 1849, Consp. Fl. Groenland.: 118. 3: 693. 1826, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 294. 1835 and Man. Fl.
1880 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 104. 1900, Bull. New N. States [Britton] 296. 1901, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 4:
York Bot. Gard. 2: 161. 1901, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 621. 37–38. 1917, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 36: 248. 1922, Bull.
1901, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17: 19. 1903, Lindleyana 4: 158. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 243–244: 19. 1923, Repert.
1989, N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 4(2): 168–172. 1998 Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Sonderbeih. A 2: 308. 1935, Rhodora
48: 184. 1946, Willdenowia 11(2): 324. 1981, Naturaliste
in English: green-flowered bog-orchid Canad. 109: 278. 1982, N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 1: 289.
Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. (Habenaria orbicu- 1995, N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 15(2): 75. 2009
lata (Pursh) Hook.; Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr.; (Analgesic, disinfectant, postpartum remedy, for skin dis-
Habenaria orbiculata var. lehorsii Fernald; Habenaria eases, blisters, cuts.)
orbiculata var. menziesii (Lindl.) Fernald; Lysias orbiculata
Rydb.; Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb.; Orchis orbiculata in English: lesser purple fringed orchid
Pursh; Platanthera orbiculata fo. lehorsii (Fernald) P.M. Br.; Platanthera stricta Lindl. (Habenaria borealis Cham.
Platanthera orbiculata var. lehorsii (Fernald) W.J. Schrenk) var. viridiflora Cham.; Habenaria convallariifolia (Fisch.
North America. Perennial ex Lindl.) B. Boivin var. dilatatoides (Hultén) B. Boivin;
Habenaria gracilis (Ledeb.) S. Watson, nom. illeg.;
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … (Pursh) 2: 588. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. var. viridiflora (Cham.)
1813 [dt. 1814; issued in Dec 1813], Exot. Fl. t. 145. 1825, S.L. Welsh; Habenaria neomexicana Tidestr.; Habenaria
Comp. Fl. N. Middle States 318. 1826, Gen. Sp. Orchid. purpurascens (Rydb.) Tidestr.; Habenaria saccata Greene;
Pl.: 286. 1835 and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 103. 1900, Habenaria saccata var. gracilis (Lindl.) B. Boivin; Habenaria
Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada septentrionalis Tidestr.; Habenaria stricta (Lindl.) Rydb.,
294–295. 1901, Rhodora 52: 61, tab. 1157, fig.1, 2. 1950, nom. illeg.; Limnorchis gracilis (Lindl.) Rydb.; Limnorchis
Die Orchidee 28: 69. 1977, North American Native Orchid saccata (Greene) A. Löve & Simon; Limnorchis stricta
Journal 1: 15. 1995 (Lindl.) Rydb.; Limnorchis viridiflora (Cham.) Rydb.; Orchis
(Leaves for skin diseases, cuts, scrofula, blisters.) dolichorhiza Fisch. ex Lindl.; Platanthera convallariifo-
lia (Fisch.) Lindl.; Platanthera convallariifolia (Fisch. ex
in English: large roundleaved orchid, lesser roundleaved Lindl.) Lindl.; Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. ex Beck
orchid var. gracilis Ledeb.; Platanthera dilatata var. viridiflora
(Cham.) Ledeb.; Platanthera dolichorrhiza (Fisch. ex Lindl.)
Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl. (Blephariglottis fissa
Rchb.f.; Platanthera gracilis (Ledeb.) Kraenzl., nom. illeg.;
(Muhl. ex Willd.) G. Keller & Soó; Blephariglottis fissa
Platanthera gracilis Lindl.; Platanthera hyperborea (L.)
(R.Br.) G. Keller & Soó; Blephariglottis psycodes (L.)
Lindl. var. dilatatoides Hultén; Platanthera hyperborea var.
Rydb.; Blephariglottis psycodes Rydb.; Blephariglottis psy-
gracilis (Lindl.) Luer; Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl.
codes f. albiflora (Ralph Hoffm.) Baumbach & P.M. Br.;
var. viridiflora (Cham.) Luer; Platanthera saccata (Greene)
Blephariglottis psycodes f. albispicata House; Blephariglottis
Hultén; Platanthera stricta var. gracilis (Lindl.) Hultén)
psycodes f. ecalcarata (M.M. Bryan) Baumbach & P.M. Br.;
Blephariglottis psycodes f. fernaldii (J. Rousseau & Rouleau) North America. Perennial
2982 Platanus L. Platanaceae

See Linnaea 3(1): 28. 1828, Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 287–288. 1841, Les Platanes 17. 1869, Dendrologie 2(1): 469. 1872,
1835, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 12: 276. 1877, Erythea 3: 49. Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 636. 1891, Handbuch der
1895, Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 639. 1899 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Laubholzkunde 3: 279. 1893 and Proceedings of the American
Club 28: 616, 627. 1901, Fl. Ariz. New Mex.: 731. 1941, Acta Academy of Arts and Sciences 36(27): 493. 1901, Bulletin de
Univ. Lund., n.s., 39(1): 29. 1943, Ark. Bot., a.s., 7(1): 35. la Société Dendrologique de France 7: 67. 1908, Botanical
1967 (publ. 1968), Naturaliste Canad. 94(5): 636. 1967, S.W. Gazette 67(3): 230. 1919, Belgian Journal of Botany 130(2):
Naturalist 13: 339. 1968, Native Orchids U.S. & Canada 127. 1998
excluding Florida: 232–233. 1975, N. Amer. Native Orchid J.
(Abortifacient, emetic, analgesic, antidiarrheal, purgative,
4(2): 168–172. 1998
cathartic, astringent, blood purifier, postpartum remedy,
(Magic, ritual, a love charm.) used for hemorrhages, cold and cough, catarrh, rheumatism,
dysentery, diarrhea, indigestion, sore throat, infected sores,
in English: Modoc bog orchid, slender bog orchid, tall
wounds, cuts, skin eruptions, eczema, measles, infant rash,
Alaskan green orchid
ulcers, for gynecological and menstrual problems, respira-
tory and gastrointestinal troubles, tuberculosis.)
Platanus L. Platanaceae in English: American plane, American plane-tree, American
sycamore, buttonball, buttonwood, eastern sycamore, plane-
Latin platanus for the platane or Oriental plane-tree tree, sycamore, sycamore tree
(Plinius), Greek platanos used by Theophrastus (HP. 4.5.6)
and Dioscorides, etymology uncertain, presumably from the in Italian: platano occidentale
Greek platys ‘broad, ample’, possibly referring to the shape in China: xuan ling mu
of the leaves and to the nature of the branches; see Species
Plantarum 2: 999. 1753, Botanographie Élémentaire 526. in Japan: Amerika-suzu-kake-ki, Amerika-suzukake-ki
1826, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Platanus racemosa Nuttall (Platanus californica Benth.;
Handwörterbuch. 700. 1852, Trelease, William (1857–1945), Platanus orientalis L. var. racemosa (Nutt.) Kuntze; Platanus
“Lettres de M.W. Trelease, Directeur du Jardin botanique racemosa Nutt. ex Audubon; Platanus racemosa subsp.
de Missouri, à M.E. Gadeceau sur les platanes.” Bull. Soc. wrightii (S. Watson) A.E. Murray; Platanus racemosa var.
Sci. Nat. Ouest. France, 5, 1895 and Dode, Louis-Albert wrightii (S. Watson) L.D. Benson; Platanus wrightii S. Watson)
(1875–1943), “Notes dendrologiques sur les platanes.” Bull.
Soc. Dendrol., 1908, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological North America. Perennial tree
Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1105, 1107. 1967, Kalmia See N. Amer. Sylv. 1(1): 47, pl. 15. 1842, The botany of the
14: 15. 1984, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 54. 1844, Proceedings of the
etimologico della lingua italiana. 4: 941. 1985, Salvatore American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 349. 1875,
Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XIII: Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 636. 1891 and American
645–646. Torino 1986, G. Semerano, Le origini della cultura Journal of Botany 30(3): 237. 1943, Kalmia 12: 23. 1982
europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci moderne.
2(2): 520. 1994, Lundellia 6: 103–137. 2003. (Bark febrifuge, expectorant, blood purifier, for influenza,
asthma.)
Platanus occidentalis Linnaeus (Platanus densicoma
Dode; Platanus excelsa Salisb.; Platanus glabrata Fernald; in English: Arizona sycamore, California sycamore, western
Platanus integrifolia Hort. ex C. Koch; Platanus lobata sycamore
Moench; Platanus occidentalis Hook. & Arn.; Platanus
occidentalis unranked hispanica Wesm.; Platanus occiden-
talis unranked lobata (Moench) Bommer; Platanus occi- Platostoma P. Beauv. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
dentalis L. var. glabrata Sarg.; Platanus occidentalis var.
From the Greek platos ‘width, plane surface’ and stoma
glabrata (Fernald) Sarg.; Platanus orientalis var. occiden-
‘mouth’, referring to the mouth of the corolla, see Fl. Owar.
talis (L.) Kuntze; Platanus orientalis var. palmeri Kuntze;
ii. 61. t. 95. 1805, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 14: 838. 1826, Edwards’s
Platanus occidentalis var. palmeri (Kuntze) Nixon & J.M.
Botanical Register 15: sub tt. 1282. 1829 & 1300. 1830,
Poole ex Geerinck; Platanus pyramidalis Bolle ex Koehne;
Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 18. 1831, Fragm. (Mueller)
Platanus pyramidalis Hort. ex Dippel; Platanus vulgaris var.
5(33): 52. 1865, Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.]
angulosa Spach)
2(2): 1163, 1172. 1876 and Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-
North America. Perennial tree Kongo-Exped. 1911–1912 i. 277. 1916, Journ. Bot., Lond.
1936, lxxiv. 35. 1936, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 17: 28.
See Species Plantarum 2: 999. 1753, Methodus Plantas Horti
1943, Kew Bull. 52(2): 272–274, 276, 279, 281, 286. 1997.
Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi
(Moench) 358. 1794, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 393. 1796, Platostoma africanum P. Beauv. (Geniosporum palisoti
Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 293. Benth.; Ocimum flaccidum A. Rich.; Ocimum sylvaticum
Platostoma P. Beauv. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2983

Thonn.; Platostoma buettnerianum Briq.; Platostoma djalo- in China: wang e mu

nense A. Chev., nom. nud.; Platostoma flaccidum Benth. &
in India: mir-krem
Hook.f.; Platostoma flaccidum (A. Rich.) Benth.; Platostoma
flaccidum Briq., nom. illeg.; Platostoma leptochilon Robyns Platostoma hispidum (L.) A.J. Paton (Acrocephalus blumei
var. louisii Robyns) Benth.; Acrocephalus capitatus (Roth) Benth.; Acrocephalus
capitellatus (L.f.) Druce; Acrocephalus hispidus (L.)
Tropical Africa, India. A slender prostrate to erect herb,
climbing, creeping, procumbent, spreading, pubescent, Nicolson & Sivad.; Acrocephalus indicus (Burm. f.) Kuntze;
weed, many-branched, aromatic leaves, slender racemes of Acrocephalus indicus var. spicatus (C.B. Rob.) Keng;
very small white or pale purple flowers, essential oil, leaves Acrocephalus scariosus Benth.; Acrocephalus spicatus C.B.
cooked and eaten, damp sites in savanna and waste places, Rob.; Gomphrena hispida L.; Lumnitzera capitata (Roth)
wet forest regions, stream banks, grassland, in open miombo Spreng.; Mentha cephalotes B. Heyne ex Steud.; Ocimum
acrocephalum Blume; Ocimum capitellatum L.f.; Ocimum
See Fl. Oware 2: 61, t. 95, f. 2. 1818, Beskrivelse af capitatum Roth; Platostoma hispidum (L.) A.J. Paton;
Guineeiske planter 270. 1827, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 179. 1850, Prunella indica Burm. f.)
Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 1173. 1876, Fl. Brit.
India 4: 611. 1885, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 165–166. 1894 and Tropical and Subtropical Asia.
Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Française See Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 1: 326. 1762, Flora Indica … nec non
… i. 513. 1920, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: Prodromus Florae Capensis 130. 1768, Syst. Veg. 2: 687. 1825,
289, in syn. 1931, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 17: 20. 1943 Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1282. 1829, Edwards’s
(Inflorescence for venereal diseases, palpitation of the heart. Bot. Reg. 15: t. 1300. 1830, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:
Fruits eaten to cure cough. Roots for arthritis, rheumatism, 511. 1891 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 6: 356. 1911, Rep. Bot. Soc.
headache and as an aphrodisiac. Leaves antiabortifacients or Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 602. 1917, Gard. Bull. Singapore
to correct sterility in woman; a poultice drunk in cold water 24: 27. 1969, Taxon 29(2–3): 324. 1980, Kew Bulletin 52(2):
as cough cure; juice of the leaves applied for leprosy; leaves 273. 1997
and roots febrifuge; leaves and seeds for naso-pharyngeal
(Leaves aromatic, stimulant, used for cold and high fever.
affections. Magic.)
Decoction of roots of Acrocephalus indicus along with
in Congo: erussa, odendemba Andrographis nallamalayana given orally for leucorrhea.)
in Ghana: asiresidie, asisirew in English: Indian acrocephalus
in Ivory Coast: buogon, séséreké, zakwagaguga, znissiriwa in China: jian tou hua
in Liberia: ze leh in India: adavitulasi, imramolitong, min angani, silhak,
in Senegal: bogono usturak, utkund

in Tanzania: kisogo, kisugu in Nepal: lerui jhangi

Platostoma coloratum (D. Don) A.J. Paton (Geniosporum Platostoma menthoides (L.) A.J. Paton (Elsholtzia oci-
coloratum (D. Don) Kuntze; Geniosporum colora- moides Pers.; Geniosporum gracile Benth.; Geniosporum
tum Kuntze; Geniosporum coloratum (D. Don) Briq.; menthoides (L.) Druce; Geniosporum menthoides var. pros-
Geniosporum strobiliferum Wall., nom. illeg.; Plectranthus tratum (L.) Press & Sivar.; Geniosporum prostratum (L.)
coloratus E. Mey. ex Bentham p.p.; Plectranthus coloratus Benth.; Geniosporum tenuiflorum var. gracile (Benth.) S.R.
D. Don; Plectranthus coloratus E. Mey., nom. illeg.) Sriniv.; Lumnitzera prostrata (L.) Spreng.; Mentha ocymoi-
des Lam.; Ocimum macrostachyum Poir.; Ocimum menthoi-
Himalaya, India, China. Shrub, obscurely quadrangu- des L.; Ocimum prostratum L.; Thymus indicus Burm.f.)
lar stem, serrate ovate-lanceolate leaves, white flowers in
dense spikes India, Sri Lanka.

See Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 116–117. 1825, Numer. List [Wallich] n. See Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 3: 418. 1913 [publ. 1914],
2749. 1829, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 2: 18. 1830, Fl. Tamil Nadu, India 2: 174. 1987, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat.
Comm. Pl. Afr. Austr. (Meyer) 228. 1835, Commentariorum Hist.), Bot. 19: 116. 1989, Kew Bulletin 52(2): 274. 1997
de Plantis Africae Australioris 238. 1838, FBI 4: 610. 1885, (Used in Sidha.)
Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 517. 1891 and Kew Bull. 52(2): 274. 1997
in India: nilattulaci
(Tubers of Curculigo orchioides pounded with roots of
Geniosporum coloratum given in impotency. Magic, ritual, Platostoma palustre (Blume) A.J. Paton (Geniosporum
flowering twigs offered to the dead at the time of cremation, parviflorum Benth.; Mesona chinensis Bentham; Mesona
forbidden to bring the plant into the house, and a plant usu- elegans Hayata; Mesona palustris Blume; Mesona parviflora
ally planted in the place of cremation.) (Benth.) Briq.; Mesona philippinensis Merr.; Mesona pro-
2984 Platycarya Siebold & Zucc. Juglandaceae

cumbens Hemsley; Mesona wallichiana Benth., nom. illeg.; See Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe
Platostoma chinense (Benth.) A.J. Paton) der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
3(3): 741–742, pl. 5, f. 1, k1-k8. 1843, Journal of the
Tropical Asia, China.
Horticultural Society of London 1: 150. 1846 and Journal of
See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 838. the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1):
1826, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 18. 1830, Prodr. 12: 46. 1848, Flora 284–285. 1911, London Clay Flora 138. 1933, Formosan
Hongkongensis 274–275. 1861, Annals of Botany. Oxford trees indigenous to the Island (revised) 82. 1936, Botanische
9(33): 155–156, pl. 7. 1895, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3a): 365. Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
1897 and Journal of the College of Science, Imperial Pflanzengeographie 71(2): 171–172. 1941, Flora Reipublicae
University of Tokyo 22: 360, pl. 16. 1906, Philipp. J. Sci., C Popularis Sinicae 21: 9. 1979, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica
7: 101. 1912, Kew Bulletin 52(2): 281–282. 1997, Taiwania 28(4): 328–329, pl. 1. 1990, Kor. J. Pharmacog., 27: 238–245.
43(1): 38–58. 1998 1996, Kor. J. Pharmacog., 29: 353–356. 1998, J. Nat. Prod.,
59(10): 997–999. 1996, J. Appl. Biol. Chem., 46: 268–270.
(A decoction of dried plants mixed with rice water is used as 2003, Archives of Pharmacal Research 31(6): 727–735. 2008
a cooling drink.)
(Roots aromatic, antifungal, for colon inflammation, intes-
in China: liang fen cao tinal inflammation, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel
Platostoma rotundifolium (Briq.) A.J. Paton (Geniosporum disease.)
affine Gürke; Geniosporum angolense Briq.; Geniosporum in China: hua hsiang, hua xiang shu, huai hsiang, tou lo po
paludosum Baker; Geniosporum rotundifolium Briq.; hsiang
Geniosporum scabridum Briq.; Ocimum konianense A.
Chev.; Ocimum paludosum (Baker) Roberty)
West Africa. Herb or sub-shrubby, stout, woody based, Platycelyphium Harms Fabaceae (Sophoreae)
erect, scandent, creeping, many-branched, densely pubes- Greek platys ‘broad, flat’ and kelyphos ‘pod, shell, sheath,
cent stem, corolla purplish white, conspicuous white or case, hollow’, see Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xxxviii. (1905) 74. 1905,
mauve-tinged bracts, crushed leaves aromatic, in damp Opera Botanica 68: 1–223. 1983, related to Dicraeopetalum
grassland, at forest edge and Bolusanthus.
See Flore d’Oware 2: 61. 18 Apr-Mai 1808, Exotic flora 3: t. Platycelyphium voense (Engl.) Wild (Commiphora
202. 1826., Edwards’s Botanical Register 15: pl. 1300. 1830, voense Engl., Burseraceae; Commiphora voensis Engl.;
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte Platycelyphium cyananthum Harms; Platycelyphium voen-
und Pflanzengeographie 19: 163. 1894 and Kew Bulletin 52: sis (Engl.) Wild)
287. 1997
Tanzania, Tropical East Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree,
(Medicinal plant for malaria.) small deciduous tree, leaves imparipinnate, sweetly scented
violet to deep blue flowers, calyx glandular, racemes pro-
duced before the leaves, flat papery indehiscent pod
Platycarya Siebold & Zucc. Juglandaceae See Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis
From the Greek platys ‘broad’ and karyon ‘nut’, referring 2: 66. 1797 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
to the winged nutlets, see Versuch über die Arzneikräfte Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 34(3): 312.
der Pflanzen 143. 1818, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch- 1904, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie schichte und Pflanzengeographie 38: 74. 1905, Boletim da
der Wissenschaften 3(3): 741. 1843, J. Hort. Soc. London 1: Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 33: 76. 1959, Acta Bot. Neerl.
150. 1846 and Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32(5): 411–418. 1994, J. 19: 227–248. 1970, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
Wuhan Bot. Res. 13(2): 107–112. 1995. 21(6–7): 711–714. 1993
(Alkaloids. Ritual, when burned it produces a smell believed
Platycarya strobilacea Siebold & Zucc. (Fortunaea chi-
to chase away snakes.)
nensis Lindl.; Petrophiloides strobilacea (Siebold & Zucc.)
Reid & Chandler; Petrophiloides strobilacea var. kawaka- in Kenya: mkalamu
mii (Hayata) Kaneh.; Platycarya kwangtungensis Chun ex
Kuang & A.M. Lu, nom. nud.; Platycarya longipes Y.C. Wu;
Platycarya simplicifolia G.R. Long; Platycarya simplici- Platycerium Desv. Polypodiaceae
folia var. ternata G.R. Long; Platycarya sinensis Mottet;
Platycarya strobilacea var. kawakamii Hayata) Greek platykeros and Latin platyceros, otis ‘broad-horn,
having spreading horns, broad-horned, flat-horned’, Greek
China. Tree, deciduous, inflorescences yellow-green, scaly platys ‘broad’ and keras ‘horn’, referring to the appearance
cones, famine food, young leaves cooked of the fertile fronds; see Species Plantarum 2: 1067–1072.
Platycladus Spach Cupressaceae 2985

1753, Deliciae Pragenses 159. 1822, Nicaise Auguste (Fern rubbed and liquid used to treat earache.)
Desvaux (1784–1856), Prodrome de la Famille des Fougères.
in English: staghorn fern
213. [Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris. 6(2): 213. Mai 1827.] Paris (Jul.-
Sept.) 1827, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 6: 275.
1899 and Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe, “Morphology and phylog-
eny of Platycerium species.” Biotropica 4: 93–117. 1972, Fern Platycladus Spach Cupressaceae
Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, Hennipman, E., A monograph Greek platys ‘broad, flat’ and klados ‘branch’, flattened
of the fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae). Amsterdam; branches or stems, see Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles
New York: North-Holland, 1982 [Verhandelingen der 34: 308. 1825, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach) 11: 333. 1841 [1842
Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. publ. 25 Dec 1841], Synopsis Coniferarum 46. 1847.
Natuurkunde. Tweede reeks, deel 80.], Salvatore Battaglia,
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (Biota orientalis (L.)
Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XIII: 647. [from the
Endl.; Platycladus orientalis (L.) Spach; Platycladus stricta
Greek platys and kerion ‘honeycomb’] 1986.
Spach; Thuja chengii Bordères & Gaussen; Thuja orientalis
Platycerium angolense Welw. ex Hook. (Alcicornium ango- L.; Thuja orientalis var. argyi Lemée & H. Lév.)
lense Underw.; Platycerium elephantotis Schweinf.)
China, India, Japan. Evergreen tree or dense shrub, small
Tropical Africa, Congo, Tanzania. bushy tree, strong odor, erect or pyramidal, branches com-
pressed, small scaly opposite imbricate leaves, scale-like
See Synopsis Filicum 245. 1868, Botanische Zeitung (Berlin)
yellow-green leaves, catkins of monoecious flowers, female
29: 361, f. 1871
flowers terminal, young female cones blue-green glaucous,
(Leaf decoction given as last resort.) mature cones brown, two seeds per scale, on dry slopes
in Central African Republic: pepere-gbukù See Species Plantarum 2: 1002. 1753, Histoire Naturelle
des Végétaux - Phanérogames (Tome) 11: 333, 335. 1841,
in Nigeria: ebe-usha ori
Synopsis Coniferarum 46–47. 1847 and Monde des Plantes;
Platycerium biforme Blume revue mensuelle de botanique 17(95): 15. 1915, Travaux du
Laboratorie Forestier de Toulouse I. 3(6): 6. 1939, Bull.
SE Asia, Malaysia.
Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 73: 284. 1939, Portugaliae Acta
See Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 213. 1827, Biologica, Série B, Sistemática, Ecologia, Biogeografia e
Fl. Javae Fil., 14, t. 18. 1828, Journal of Botany, being a Paleontologia: 33–34. 1949, Chinese Traditional and Herbal
second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 402. 1841, Gen. Drugs 20(6): 34–35. 1989, Journal of Wuhan Botanical
Fil. [Hooker] t. 80 B. 1842 Research 16(3): 280–282. 1998
(For enlarged spleen, burn the plant and rub the ashes over (Bark astringent, applied in skin diseases. Leaves used for epi-
the body.) staxis hematuria, arthritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic
bronchitis, alopecia, baldness. Seeds used for neurasthenia,
Malay name: semun bidadari
insomnia, constipation. Used in religious ceremonies, burned
Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr. (Acrostichum in prayers as incense, wood used to build temples, root used
bifurcatum Cav.; Alcicornium bifurcatum (Cav.) Underw.; as wick for butter lamps. Worshipped, leaf and stem burned
Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. bifurcatum Hennipman & in religious ceremonies; used for firewood and to control the
M.C. Roos) spread of disease.)
New Guinea. in English: Chinese arbor-vitae, oriental arbor-vitae
See Ann. Hist. Nat. Madrid 105. 1799 and Bulletin of the in French: arbre de vie, thuya d’Orient
Torrey Botanical Club 32: 594. 1905, Index Filicum fasc. 8: in China: cebai, shi bu zai
496, 498. 1906, Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B
8(3): 189–191. 2007 in Tibet: sho leh, sho li, sho pah, shuo li, xo ba
(Antibacterial.) in Vietnam: co tong pec, trac ba
in English: elkhorn fern, staghorn fern
Platycerium wallichii Hook. (Alcicornium wallichii (Hook.) Platycodon A. DC. Campanulaceae
Underw.)
Greek platys ‘broad’ and kodon ‘a bell’, referring to the flow-
Thailand. ers, see Monographie des Campanulées 125. 1830.
See Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette 764. 1858, Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (Campanula gen-
Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 6: 275. 1899 and tianoides Lam., nom. superfl.; Campanula glauca Thunb.;
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32(2): 596. 1905 Campanula grandiflora Jacq.; Platycodon autumnalis
2986 Pleconax Raf. Caryophyllaceae

Decne.; Platycodon chinensis Lindl. & Paxton; Platycodon Pleconax Raf. Caryophyllaceae
glaucus (Thunb.) Nak.; Platycodon glaucus (Siebold &
Zucc.) Nakai; Platycodon glaucus f. albiflorus Honda; From the Greek pleko ‘to twist, enfold’, see Autikon
Platycodon glaucus f. albus Makino; Platycodon glaucus f. Botanikon 24. 1840, App. Alt. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1867:
bicolor Makino; Platycodon glaucus f. subasepalus Honda; 1. 1867, Annales de la Société Linneenne de Lyon, sér. 2 16:
Platycodon glaucus f. violaceus Makino; Platycodon glaucus 344. 1868, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(1b): 70. 1889
var. monanthus Nakai; Platycodon glaucus var. pentapeta- and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 1921, 48: 92. 1921, Novosti Sist.
lus (Makino) Makino; Platycodon glaucus var. planicorol- Vyssh. Rast. 14: 77–78. 1977.
latus Makino; Platycodon glaucus var. rugosus Makino; Pleconax conoidea Šourk. (Conosilene conica Fourr. subsp.
Platycodon glaucus var. subasepalus (Honda) Nakai; conoidea (L.) Á. Löve & E. Kjellqvist; Conosilene conica
Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC.; Platycodon grandiflorum subsp. conoidea Á. Löve & Kjellq.; Pleconax conica (L.)
(Jacq.) A. DC.; Platycodon grandiflorus A. DC.; Platycodon Šourková subsp. conoidea Á. Löve & Kjellq.; Pleconax
grandiflorus f. albiflorus (Honda) H. Hara; Platycodon conoidea (L.) Šourková; Silene conoidea Linnaeus; Silene
grandiflorus f. bicolor (Makino) H. Hara; Platycodon gran- conoidea Huds.)
diflorus f. leucanthus H. Hara; Platycodon grandiflorus f.
monanthus (Nakai) Hyun S. Kim; Platycodon grandiflorus Himalaya. Pubescent herb with solitary pink flowers on
f. subasepalus (Honda) H. Hara; Platycodon grandiflorus leaf axil
var. albus Stubenrauch; Platycodon grandiflorus var. autum-
See Species Plantarum 1: 418. 1753, Fl. Angl. (Hudson), ed.
nalis (Decne.) Voss; Platycodon grandiflorus var. duplex
2 1: 189. 1778, Annales de la Société Linneenne de Lyon,
Makino; Platycodon grandiflorus var. glaucus Siebold &
sér. 2 16: 344. 1868 and Oesterr. Bot. Z. 119(4–5): 579. 1972,
Zucc.; Platycodon grandiflorus var. glaucus (Thunb.) Sieb. &
Lagascalia 4(1): 14. 1974, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 2, 53: 595–
Zucc.; Platycodon grandiflorus var. japonicus Stubenrauch;
643. 1980, Biol. Ecol. Medit. 7: 15–26. 1980, Thaiszia 5:
Platycodon grandiflorus var. mariesii Lynch; Platycodon
13–19. 1995
grandiflorus var. pentapetalus Makino; Platycodon grandiflo-
rus var. planicorollatus (Makino) Nakai; Platycodon grandi- (Fumigant, emollient, demulcent. Leaf juice to cure eye
florus var. rugosus (Makino) Nakai; Platycodon grandiflorus diseases.)
var. semiplenus Stubenrauch; Platycodon grandiflorus var.
striatus Stubenrauch; Platycodon mariesii (Lynch) Wittm.; in China: mai ping cao
Platycodon mariesii f. albonanus H. Hara; Platycodon in India: jatu, takkla
mariesii f. striatus (Stubenrauch) H. Hara; Platycodon marie-
sii var. albus Wittm.; Platycodon sinensis Lem.)
Russia, Japan, China. Perennial herb, erect, glabrous and Plecospermum Trécul Moraceae
glaucous, milky latex, cylindrical root branched and twisted,
long pedunculate solitary broadly campanulate flowers, fruit From the Greek pleko ‘to twist, enfold’ and sperma ‘seed’,
an ovoid capsule dehiscent at the top, compressed seeds vio- see Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 1289. 1759, The
let and brown Genera of North American Plants 2: 233–235. 1818, Genera
Plantarum ad Familias Suas Redacta 13. 1835, Annales
See Species Plantarum 1: 163. 1753, Hortus Botanicus des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 8: 124. 1847 and
Vindobonensis 3: 4, t. 2. 1776, Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 211. 1784, Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van
Flora Japonica, … 88. 1784, Monographie des Campanulées Wetenschappen, Series C: Biological and Medical Sciences
125. 1830 [5 or 6 May 1830], Abh. Math.-Phys. Akad. Wiss. 89(3): 245. 1986 [Maclura sect. Plecospermum (Trécul) C.C.
Muench. 4(3): 179. 1846, Revue horticole, sér. 3 2: 361. 1848, Berg], Fl. Zambesiaca 9(6): 13–76. 1991.
Fl. Gard. 2: 121, t. 61. 1853 and Botanical Magazine 38(456):
301. 1924, J. Jap. Bot. 11: 43–44. 1926, J. Jap. Bot. 15: 186. Plecospermum spinosum Trécul (Maclura spinosa (Roxb.
1939, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 2: 101–102. 1952, Fl. Coreana 6: ex Willd.) C.C. Berg; Trophis spinosa Roxb. ex Willd.)
97. 1976, Taxon 29: 544–545. 1980, Acta Phytotaxonomica
Sinica 22: 243–249. 1984, Journal of Hokkaido University of India. Armed, dioecious, straggling shrub, milky latex, ses-
Education: Section IIB 37: 5–17. 1986, Chinese Traditional sile creamy male and female flowers aggregated into capi-
and Herbal Drugs 20(6): 34–35. 1989 tate clusters

(Roots used for colds, cough, syphilis, bronchitis, sore throat, See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three
antipyretic, antivirus.) Parts 357. 1756, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 734.
1806, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 8:
in English: balloon flower, bellflower, Chinese bellflower, 124. 1847 and Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse
Japanese bellflower Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series C: Biological and
in China: chieh keng, jie geng, ju gen Medical Sciences 89(3): 245. 1986
in Japan: kikyô, chichô (Latex applied on aching teeth, to get relief from toothache.)
Plectocephalus D. Don Asteraceae 2987

in India: achchangkodi, adavikokinta, adivikorinta, alasale, Vahl, nom. illeg.; Plectranthus rupestris Vatke ex Baker;
allusalai, allusalali, bendaka, benduga, gorti, gariga, goriti Plectranthus tenuiflorus (Vatke) Agnew; Plectranthus zatar-
chettu, goriti donda, gorthi chettu, gortidonka, guti, kokinta, hendi (Forssk.) E.A. Bruce)
koriti, madogoli, pottimurda chettu, saali chettu, sali
Eritrea, Zimbabwe, Arabian Pen.
See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 372. 1790 and Fl. Trop.
Plectocephalus D. Don Asteraceae Afr. 5: 409, 435. 1900, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 487. 1913, Dansk
Bot. Ark. 4(3): 21. 1922, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1935: 590.
Greek plektos ‘twisted, plaited’ and kephale ‘head’; see The 1935, Upland Kenya Wild Flowers: 636. 1974
British Flower Garden, … series 2 [Sweet] 1: pl. 51. 1830
and J.M. Greenman, “Notes on Southwestern and Mexican (Drop of leaf extract used to treat infected ears.)
Plants I. The Indigenous Centaureas of North America.” in Arabic: shar
Botanical Gazette. 37: 219–222. 1904, Kew Bull. 22: 107–
140. 1968, Roalson, E.H. and K.W. Allred, “A clarifica- Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Coleus amboini-
tion of Centaurea americana and Centaurea rothrockii cus Lour.; Coleus amboinicus var. violaceus Gürke; Coleus
(Compositae: Cardueae).” New Mexico Botanist 7: 3–5. 1998. aromaticus Benth.; Coleus carnosus Hassk.; Coleus crassi-
Plectocephalus is not closely related to Centaurea in a narrow folius Benth.; Coleus subfrutectosus Summerh.; Coleus sub-
sense. Morphologically Plectocephalus is difficult to separate orbicularis Zoll. & Moritzi; Coleus suganda Blanco; Coleus
from the more derived and highly diverse Centaurea. vaalae (Forssk.) Deflers; Majana amboinica (Lour.) Kuntze;
Majana carnosa (Hassk.) Kuntze; Majana suganda (Blanco)
Plectocephalus varians (A. Rich.) C. Jeffrey ex Cufod. Kuntze; Ocimum vaalae Forssk., nom rej.; Plectranthus aro-
(Centaurea abyssinica (Boiss.) Sch.Bip.; Centaurea abyssi- maticus (Benth.) Roxb.; Plectranthus unguentarius Codd)
nica (Boiss.) Schultz-Bip. ex Oliver & Hiern; Centaurea vari- (Coleus Lour., from the Greek koleos ‘a sheath’, referring
ans A. Rich.; Centaurea varians A. Rich. var. macrocephala to the connate staminal filaments, Latin coleus or culleus,
Vatke; Plectocephalus abyssinicus Boiss.; Plectocephalus culeus ‘the scrotum, a sack for holding liquids’.)
cyanoides Boiss.)
Trop. to S. Africa, India. Erect or spreading, hairy, perennial,
Tropical Africa. very strongly aromatic herb, leaves fried and eaten
See Species Plantarum 2: 909–919. 1753, The British See Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 111. 1775, Stirpes Novae aut Minus
Flower Garden, … series 2 1: pl. 51. 1830, Tentamen Florae Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 372.
Abyssinicae … 1: 453. 1848, Diagnoses plantarum orienta- 1790, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 690.
lium novarum, ser. 2, 3: 61–62. 1856, Linnaea 39: 512. 1875, 1825, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 2: 15–16. 1830,
Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 436. 1877 and Senckenbergiana Flora 25(2 Beibl.): 25. 1842, Syst. Verz.: 4. 1846, Prodr. (DC.)
Biologica 47: 262. 1966 12: 72. 1848, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 524. 1891, Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
(Stimulant, astringent, antiseptic.) 19: 210. 1894 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 392. 1928,
South African Pollen Grains and Spores 11 (4): 387. 1975,
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 94: 619–626.
1985, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 175: 1–293.
Plectranthus L’Hérit. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
1998, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: i-ix,
Greek plektron ‘a spur, cock’s spur’ and anthos ‘flower’, 1–246. 2000
referring to the shape of the flowers, to the base of the
(Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant for bronchitis, plant paste
corolla tube; see Charles Louis L’Héritier de Brutelle (1746–
applied in giddiness. Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispas-
1800), Stirpes novae aut minus cognitae. 84, t. 41. Parisiis
modic, carminative, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic, insect
1788, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 690. 1788,
repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge and antimalarial. Root
Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 372. 1790, Beskrivelse af
infusion for menorrhagia. Leaf infusion for indigestion, stom-
Guineeiske planter 271. 1827, Flora 25. Beibl. 2: 25. 1842,
achache, cold, mild cough, child fever; leaves decoction used
Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3a): 358. 1897 and Bulletin du Muséum
as a postpartum remedy and for heart disease. Veterinary
d’Histoire Naturelle, sér. 2 2: 692, 694. 1930, J. Linn.
medicine, leaves juice for tympany. Magic, enchantment,
Soc., Bot. 58: 231–282. 1962, Bothalia 11: 371–442. 1975,
juice of the leaves to ensure the protection of a good spirit
Adansonia sér. 2, 15(4): 515–529. 1976, Fl. Madagasc. 175:
for a house.)
1–293. 1998.
in English: allspice, country borage, French thyme, Indian
Plectranthus aegyptiacus (Forssk.) C. Chr. (Coleus ghinda-
borage, Indian mint, Mexican mint, soup mint, Spanish
nus Schweinf. ex Baker; Coleus helenae Buscal. & Muschl.;
thyme, wild thyme
Coleus rupestris Hochst. ex Baker, nom. inval.; Coleus tenui-
florus Vatke; Coleus zatarhendi Benth.; Majana zatarhendi in India: dodda pathre, dodda pathre soppu, kaattukulinja-
(Forssk.) Kuntze; Ocimum aegyptiacum Forssk.; Ocimum varaipatchilai, kannikkurkka, karpoora valli, karpooravalli,
zatarhendi Forssk., nom. inval.; Plectranthus crassifolius karpurahalli, karpuravalli, karuvaeru, omavali, pan ajamo,
2988 Plectranthus L’Hérit. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

panikkurkka, patharcur, pathurchur, patta ajavauin, sugand- Tanzania, Arabian Pen., India. Aromatic erect herb, stout,
havalakam, sugandhavalkam, vamu aaku bluish purple flowers, floral bracts closely imbricate, fruting
calyx enlarged
in Indonesia: adjeran, daun djinten, daun kutjing
See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, Flora
Malay names: bebangun, magun-magun, mangun-mangun,
Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 372. 1790, Species Plantarum.
membangun, nilam
Editio quarta 3(1): 169. 1800, Botanist’s Repository, for
in Philippines: limon, oregano, sildu, suganda new, and rare plants 9: pl. 594. 1810, Plantae Asiaticae
Rariores 2: 15. 1830, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien div.
in Vietnam: hung chanh, rau tan la day 4(3a): 359. 1897, Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2:
Plectranthus asirensis J.R.I. Wood (Coleus arabicus Benth.; 235. 1898 and Kew Bulletin 32: 550. 1977, Kew Bulletin 40:
Majana arabica (Benth.) Kuntze; Teucrium mazziarii Heldr. 95. 1985, Taxon 37: 398. 1988, Novon 8: 265. 1998, Kew
ex Nyman, nom. inval.) Bulletin 58: 4. 2003 [2004]

Arabian Pen. Shrub (Used in Ayurveda. Plant paste applied between the toes as
a treatment for sores, infections and itches. Leaves decoc-
See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 524. 1891 and Kew Bull. 37: 601. 1983 tion taken for curing liver and pancreas ailments, and also
(Leaves to treat rash and itching of babies.) gall bladder; warmed leaves applied on the chest of babies
and children suffering from cold and cough; leaf paste
in Arabic: sana’abur applied between the toes as a treatment for sores and itches.
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Coleus barbatus Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sto-
(Andrews) Benth.; Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth. ex G. machic, tonic, cooling, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febri-
Don; Coleus barbatus Benth., nom. inval.) fuge and antimalarial, for morning sickness, body weakness.
Root extract for lowering blood pressure.)
Tanzania, Arabian Pen., India. Aromatic erect herb, stout,
bluish purple flowers, floral bracts closely imbricate, flower in India: dhoom-ka-jaintul, esidia, fiwari, garmalu, gurmal,
spikes and tubers eaten mainmul, oomavalli, paara adamba, pukhankur

See Botanist’s Repository, for new, and rare plants 9: pl. in Kenya: muvou
594. 1810, Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 483. 1830, Pl. Asiat. Rar. Plectranthus barbatus Andrews var. grandis (L.H. Cramer)
(Wallich). 2: 15. 1830 Lukhoba & A.J. Paton (Coleus grandis L.H. Cramer; Coleus
(Used in Ayurveda. Root extract for lowering blood pressure. kilimandschari Gürke ex Engl.; Plectranthus grandis (L.H.
Roots and leaves antiseptic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, Cramer) R.H. Willemse; Plectranthus kilimandschari (Gürke
antispasmodic, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic, cooling, insect ex Engl.) H.I. Maass)
repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge and antimalarial, used for Trop. Africa.
muscular pains. Leaves purgative, stomachic, for stomach-
ache, measles, fevers; leaves ground with black peppers and See Verz. Landwirtsch. Gartn. Kulturpfl. 3: 1136. 1986, Kew
the paste given to children with diarrhea. Veterinary medi- Bulletin 58: 4. 2003 [2004]
cine, roots given to buffaloes for lactation.)
(Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sto-
in India: bana-juani, dhoom-ka-jaintul, esidia, fiwari, garm- machic, tonic, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge and
alu, gurmal, mainmul, oomavalli, paara adamba, pukhankur, antimalarial.)
rakuna-hatapochha Plectranthus caninus Roth (Coleus caninus (Roth) Vatke;
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews var. barbatus (Coleus coe- Coleus flavovirens Gürke; Coleus heynei Benth.; Coleus
rulescens Gürke; Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq.; Coleus omahekense Dinter; Coleus omahekensis Dinter; Coleus
forsskaolii (Poir.) Briq.; Coleus forsskaolii var. adoensis pachyphyllus Gürke; Coleus spicatus Benth.; Coleus spi-
Briq.; Coleus penzigii Baker; Coleus penzigii Dammann ex catus var. rondinella Spreng.; Germanea crassifolia Poir.;
Baker; Coleus speciosus Baker f.; Coleus vestitus Baker; Majana canina (Roth) Kuntze; Majana spicata (Benth.)
Germanea forsskaolii Poir.; Majana forsskaolii (Poir.) Kuntze; Ocimum monadelphum R.Br. ex Roth; Plectranthus
Kuntze; Ocimum asperum Roth; Ocimum cinereum R.Br.; caninus Vatke; Plectranthus monadelphus (R.Br. ex Roth)
Orthosiphon asperus (Roth) Benth. ex Sweet; Plectranthus Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.)
asper (Roth) Spreng.; Plectranthus coerulescens (Gürke)
Trop. & S. Africa, India to Myanmar.
R.H. Willemse; Plectranthus comosus Sims; Plectranthus
forskohlaei auct., sensu Aiton f.; Plectranthus forskohlii See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, Novae
Willd.; Plectranthus forsskaolii (Poir.) Willd., nom. illeg.; Plantarum Species 279. 1821, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afrikas, C:
Plectranthus monadelphus Roxb.; Plectranthus pseudobar- 347. 1895 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 168. 1906, Repert. Spec.
batus J.K. Morton) Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 53: 123. 1928
Plectranthus L’Hérit. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2989

(Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84. 1788, Fl. Brit.
stomachic, tonic, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge India 4: 623. 1885, Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 2:
and antimalarial.) 234. 1898 and Taxon 31: 775. 1982, Proceedings of the Indian
Academy of Sciences 94: 619–626. 1985
Plectranthus congestus R.Br.
(Used for colds, drop of leaf extract used to treat infected
New Guinea, N. Australia. Herbaceous, inflorescence
ears.)
branched, white or blue flowers, aromatic
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus in English: large flowered plectranthus
[Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland.] 506. 1810 and Contr. Queensland in Arabic: shar
Herb. 9 (1971) 52. 1971
in India: gaggera kura
(Whole plant used for malaria and fevers. Leaves squeezed
and rubbed on scabies and on sores.) Plectranthus incanus Link
in Papua New Guinea: kawa India.
Plectranthus edulis (Vatke) Agnew (Coleus aquaticus See Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Berolinensis Altera
Gürke; Coleus edulis Vatke; Coleus palustris Vatke; Coleus 2: 120. 1822
rivularis Vatke; Coleus tuberosus A. Rich., non Benth., nom.
illeg.; Majana richardiana Kuntze) (Fried seeds powdered and taken with ghee to cure cold and
cough.)
Eritrea to Zaire.
in India: bantulsi, chhichhdi, gondri, nonadakasa,
See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, perim-tolassi
Linnaea 37: 319–320. 1872, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 524. 1891, Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 19: 218. 1894 Plectranthus lanuginosus (Hochst. ex Benth.) Agnew
(Coleus albidus Vatke; Coleus gallaensis Gürke; Coleus
(Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sto- gomphophyllus Baker; Coleus lanuginosus Hochst. ex
machic, tonic, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge and Benth.; Coleus schweinfurthii Baker; Coleus sodalium
antimalarial.) Baker; Coleus somalensis S. Moore; Majana lanuginosa
(Hochst. ex Benth.) Kuntze)
Plectranthus esculentus N.E. Br. (Coleus coppinii Heckel;
Coleus dazo A. Chev.; Coleus esculentus (N.E. Br.) G. NE. Trop. Africa, Zaire, Arabian Pen.
Taylor; Coleus floribundus Robyns & Lebrun; Coleus flo-
ribundus (N.E. Br.) Robyns & Lebrun; Coleus floribundus See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788, Bull.
Baker; Coleus langouassiensis A. Chev.; Englerastrum flo- Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 225. 1895 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 5: 432,
ribundum (N.E. Br.) T.C.E. Fr.; Englerastrum floribundum 526. 1900, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 169. 1906, Upland Kenya
T.C.E. Fr.; Plectranthus floribundus N.E. Br.; Plectranthus Wild Fl.: 638. 1974, Fl. Somalia 3: 354. 2006
floribundus var. longipes N.E. Br., nom. illeg.) (Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sto-
Tropical Africa. machic, tonic, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge.)

See Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1894: 12–13. 1894 and Fl. Trop. Plectranthus laxiflorus Benth. (Coleus laxiflorus (Benth.)
Afr. [Oliver et al.] 5(3): 438. 1900, Agriculture Pratique des Roberty; Germanea laxiflora (Benth.) Hiern; Germanea
Pays Chauds 4: 104. 1904, Vég. Utiles Afrique Trop. Franç. 1: laxiflora (Benth.) Hiern var. genuina Hiern; Plectranthus
127. 1905, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums albus Gürke; Plectranthus almamii A. Chev.; Plectranthus
zu Berlin-Dahlem 9: 73. 1924, Rev. Zool. & Bot. Africaines fraternus T.C.E. Fr.; Plectranthus glandulosus Hook.f.;
16: 359. 1928, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 69: Plectranthus hylophilus auct., non Gürke, concept invalid;
Suppl. 2: 158. 1931 Plectranthus hylophilus Gürke; Plectranthus johnsto-
nii Baker; Plectranthus kondowensis Baker; Plectranthus
(Leaves and roots antiinflammatory and febrifuge.) laxiflorus Benth. var. genuinus Briq.; Plectranthus laxiflo-
rus Benth. var. stenodontus Briq.; Plectranthus neumannii
Plectranthus fruticosus L’Hér. (Coleus fruticosus Wight ex
Gürke; Plectranthus triflorus Baker; Plectranthus urticoides
Benth.; Plectranthus arthropodus Briq.; Plectranthus beh-
Baker; Plectranthus violaceus Gürke)
rii Compton; Plectranthus charianthus Briq.; Plectranthus
deccanicus Briq.; Plectranthus fruticosus Wight ex Hook.f.; Trop. & S. Africa.
Plectranthus fruticosus (Wight ex Benth.) Hook.f., nom.
See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788,
illeg.; Plectranthus fruticosus Wight; Plectranthus galpinii
Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 372. 1790, Commentariorum
Schltr.; Plectranthus peglerae T. Cooke)
de Plantis Africae Australioris 228. 1838 and Bulletin de
S. India. Succulent l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire A 16 (1): 331. 1954
2990 Plectranthus L’Hérit. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

(Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sto- (Plant decoction taken as a sedative. Tubers a medicine for
machic, tonic, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge and crawcraw. Leaves poultice applied to whitlow and abscesses;
antimalarial.) cold infusion stomachic, drunk by a pregnant woman to
induce labor; juice squeezed from scorched leaves applied
Plectranthus malabaricus (Benth.) R.H. Willemse (Coleus
to yaws. Ceremonial, ritual, used in purification ceremonies.)
leptostachys Benth.; Coleus macraei Benth.; Coleus mala-
baricus Benth.; Coleus ovatus Benth.; Coleus walkeri Plectranthus monostachyus (P. Beauv.) B.J. Pollard subsp.
Benth.; Plectranthus malabaricus Herb. Madr. ex Wall.; monostachyus (Coleus africanus Benth., nom. illeg.;
Plectranthus malabaricus var. leptostachys (Benth.) R.H. Solenostemon africanus Briq.; Solenostemon ocymoides
Willemse) Schumach. & Thonn.)
India, Sri Lanka. Tropical Africa.
See Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich) 2: 16. 1830, Numer. List See Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 54. 1832, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 181.
[Wallich] n. 2735. 1831, Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 57–58. 1832, 1894 and Kew Bulletin 54(4): 980. 2001
Prodr. (DC.) 12: 77. 1848 and Blumea 25(2): 509–510. 1979 (Leaves for headache, fever, colic, labor pains.)
(Whole plant made into a paste applied for muscular pain Plectranthus montanus Benth. (Burnatastrum cylin-
and knots.) draceum (Hochst. ex Benth.) P.V. Heath; Geniosporum
in India: ellambi lasiostachyum Briq.; Germanea cylindracea (Hochst. ex
Benth.) Hiern; Plectranthus cylindraceus Hochst. ex Benth.;
Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) Spreng. (Ocimum cordifolium Plectranthus densiflorus T. Cooke; Plectranthus fischeri
Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Ocimum maypurense Roth; Ocimum Gürke; Plectranthus glomeratus R.A. Dyer; Plectranthus
molle Aiton; Plectranthus cordifolius D. Don; Plectranthus marrubioides Hochst. ex Benth.; Plectranthus moschosmoi-
divaricatus Weinm.; Plectranthus incanus Link; Plectranthus des Baker; Plectranthus spiciformis R.A. Dyer; Plectranthus
maypurensis (Roth) Spreng.; Plectranthus secundus Roxb.) villosus T. Cooke)
India, Himalaya, Myanmar. Trop. & S. Africa, India.
See Syst. Veg. 2: 690–691. 1825, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 116. 1825 See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788,
and Taxon 30: 515. 1981, Journal of Palynology 17: 93–102. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 17. 1830, J. Proc. Linn. Soc.,
1981, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences 94: Bot. 6: 17. 1862, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 164, 201–202, 283. 1894,
619–626. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102(2): Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iv. III. A. 358. 1897 and
246–255. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): Flora of Tropical Africa 5: 412, 414, 417. 1900, Bull. Misc.
1–24. 2006 Inform. Kew 1909: 378. 1909, Fl. Pl. South Africa 24: t. 946.
1944, Calyx 4(5): 175. 2001, Kew Bulletin 59: 315–318. 2004
(Used in Siddha. Whole plant smoke to repel insects.
Crushed leaves applied on wounds and cuts, between toes. (Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sto-
Vasoconstrictor. For pain in uterus during first month of machic, tonic, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge and
conception, flowers of Nelumbo nucifera, Santalum album antimalarial. Stem boiled for morning sickness; stem crushed
wood paste and root of Plectranthus mollis, in equal quanti- and soaked in water for body weakness, peptic ulcers.)
ties ground with water and then given internally with milk as
in Kenya: kio
adjuvant. Fried seeds powdered and given with ghee for cold
and cough; seed extract taken as tonic. Leaves as fish poison.) Plectranthus ovatus Benth. (Ocimum gratissimum Forssk.,
nom. illeg.; Ocimum suave Willd.; Ocimum viride Willd.;
in India: bantulsi, chhichhdi, gondri, jungli tili, nonadakasa, Ocimum viridiflorum Roth)
perim-tolassi
Trop. & Subtrop. Old World, Arabian Pen. Herb, small
Plectranthus monostachyus (P. Beauv.) B.J. Pollard shrub, woody-based, erect, leaves simple sparsely hairy,
(Ocimum monostachyum P. Beauv.; Plectranthus palisotii (P. strongly scented, flowers creamy white or yellowish in
Beauv.) Benth., nom. illeg.; Solenostemon monostachyus (P. paniculate racemes, small calyx 2-lipped, small capsules, in
Beauv.) Briq.; Solenostemon ocymoides var. monostachyus deciduous forest, savanna, on sandy soil, disturbed ground,
(P. Beauv.) Baker) tall grassland
Tropical Africa. Herb, weed, aromatic, square-stemmed, Arabian Pen.
sprawling, small tuberous roots, purple bluish terminal flowers
See Species Plantarum 2: 597–598, 1197. 1753, Enumeratio
See Flore d’Oware 2: 60, t. 95, f. 1. 1818, Labiatarum Genera Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 629. 1809,
et Species 39. 1832, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3a): 359. 1897 Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 264. 1827 and Taxon
and Flora of Tropical Africa 5: 421. 1900, Die Natürlichen 29: 166. 1980, Nucleus 25: 59–64. 1982, Proceedings of
Pflanzenfamilien IV. 3a: 359. 1915, Kew Bull. 56(4): 980. 2001 the Indian Science Congress Association 71(3-vi): 80–81.
Plectranthus L’Hérit. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 2991

1984, Cytologia 50: 253–263. 1985, Journal of Cytology 51: t. 2460. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta
and Genetics 21: 15–20. 1986, Cytologia 51: 225–234. 1986, 2: 690. 1825, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 15. 1830, Labiat. Gen. Spec.:
Cytologia 54: 223–229. 1989, Opera Botanica 121: 159–172. 59. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 12: 72. 1848, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 524.
1993, Cell and Chromosome Research 17(2&3): 54–57. 1994, 1891, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Kew Bulletin 60: 3–75. 2005, Scripta Botanica Belgica 34: schichte und Pflanzengeographie 19: 220. 1894, Bulletin
1–199. 2006, Scripta Botanica Belgica 35: 1–438. 2006, of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894: 10. 1894 and Rev.
Ajose, Frances O. A. “Some Nigerian plants of dermatologic Cult. Colon. 8: 164. 1900, Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires
importance.” International Journal of Dermatology, 46 des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 130: 1268. 1901,
(Suppl. 1): 48–55. October 2007 Bull. Herb. Boissier, II, 3: 1075. 1903, Les Végétaux Utiles
de l’Afrique Tropicale Française 1: 101, 109, 119. 1905,
(Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, sto-
J. Bot. (Morot) 22: 124. 1909, Journal of Botany, British
machic, tonic, insect repellent, antidiarrheal, febrifuge and
and Foreign 2: 112–128. 1909, Exploration Botanique de
antimalarial. Leaves used to treat ulcers and stomachache;
l’Afrique Occidentale Française … 520. 1920, Journal of the
tea used to treat stomachache; decoction of leaves used by
Linnean Society, Botany 58: 272. 1962, Calyx 6(2): 51. 1999
women to relieve menstrual pains. Leaves added to oil and
rubbed on womens bodies. Used to treat coughs.) (Leaves for skin diseases, for the treatment of dysentery
and stomachache, to treat blood in the urine as well as eye
in English: East Indian basil, fever leaf, fever plant, fever
disorders.)
plant of Sierra Leone, Russian basil, shrubby basil, tea bush
Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. (Calchas acumi-
in Central African Republic: mandoumbali
natus (Benth.) P.V. Heath; Calchas atropurpureus (Benth.)
in Congo: dumaduma P.V. Heath; Calchas crispipilus (Merr.) P.V. Heath; Calchas
scutellarioides (L.) P.V. Heath; Calchas scutellarioides var.
in Tanzania: akashwagala, donondo, muodo, muwodo,
angustifolia (Benth.) P.V. Heath; Calchas scutellarioides var.
mvumbas, mvumbasi, mzumbasha, ormanyinyikwa, orma-
crispipilus (Merr.) P.V. Heath; Calchas scutellarioides var.
nyinyikwai, vumbasa
limnophila (Benth.) P.V. Heath; Coleus acuminatus Benth.;
in Yoruba: efinfin nla, efinrin nla, efinrin oso, efinrin ogaja, Coleus atropurpureus Benth.; Coleus atropurpureus var.
efinrin, amowokuro aye, woromoba densiflorus Benth.; Coleus atropurpureus var. javanicus
Benth.; Coleus atropurpureus var. ramosus Benth.; Coleus
in Cambodia: ling leak kranam
blancoi Benth.; Coleus blumei Benth.; Coleus crispipilus
in Indonesia: kemangi hutan, ruku-ruku rimba, selaseh Merr.; Coleus crispipilus (Merr.) Merr.; Coleus formosa-
mekah nus Hayata; Coleus gaudichaudii Briq.; Coleus gibbsiae
S. Moore; Coleus grandifolius Benth.; Coleus grandifo-
in Malaysia: selaseh besar, ruku-ruku hitam
lius Blanco, nom. illeg.; Coleus hybridus Cobeau; Coleus
in Thailand: kaphrao-chang, horapha-chang, yira igolotorum Briq.; Coleus ingratus Benth.; Coleus ingratus
(Blume) Benth.; Coleus integrifolius Elmer; Coleus lacini-
in Vietnam: huong nhu trang, h[uw][ow]ng nhu tr[aws]ng, [es]
atus (Blume) Benth.; Coleus laciniatus Benth.; Coleus mac-
l[as] l[ows]n
ranthus var. crispipilus Merr.; Coleus multiflorus Benth.;
Plectranthus rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng. (Calchas parvi- Coleus petersianus Vatke; Coleus pubescens Merr.; Coleus
florus (Benth.) P.V. Heath; Calchas parvifolius (Benth.) P.V. pumilus Blanco; Coleus pumila Blanco; Coleus rehneltianus
Heath; Coleus dysentericus Baker; Coleus pallidiflorus A. A. Berger; Coleus savannicola K. Schum.; Coleus scutel-
Chev.; Coleus parviflorus Benth.; Coleus rehmannii Briq.; larioides (L.) Benth.; Coleus scutellarioides Benth.; Coleus
Coleus rotundifolius A. Chev. & Perrot; Coleus rotundifo- scutellarioides Elmer; Coleus scutellarioides var. angustifo-
lius (Poir.) A. Chev. & Perrot; Coleus rotundifolius var. nigra lia Benth.; Coleus scutellarioides var. blumei (Benth.) Miq.;
A. Chev.; Coleus rugosus Benth.; Coleus salagensis Gürke; Coleus scutellarioides var. celebicus Miq.; Coleus scutellar-
Coleus ternatus (Sims) A. Chev.; Coleus ternatus A. Chev.; ioides var. gibbsiae (S. Moore) Keng; Coleus scutellarioides
Coleus tuberosus A. Rich.; Coleus tuberosus Benth.; Coleus var. gracilis Miq.; Coleus scutellarioides var. grandifolius
tuberosus (Blume) Benth.; Germanea rotundifolia Poir.; (Benth.) Keng; Coleus scutellarioides var. ingratus (Blume)
Majana tuberosa Kuntze; Majana tuberosa (Blume) Kuntze; Miq.; Coleus scutellarioides var. integrifolius (Elmer) Keng;
Plectranthus coppinii Cornu; Plectranthus coppinii Heckel; Coleus scutellarioides var. laciniatus (Blume) Miq.; Coleus
Plectranthus ternatus Sims; Plectranthus tuberosus Blume; scutellarioides var. laxa Benth.; Coleus scutellarioides var.
Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir.) J.K. Morton) limnophila Benth.; Coleus secundiflorus Benth.; Coleus ver-
schaffeltii Lem.; Coleus zschokkei Merr.; Germanea nudi-
Tropical Africa. Erect herb, branched, succulent, 4-angled
flora Poir.; Majana acuminata Kuntze; Majana acuminata
stem, clusters of round tubers, bluish flowers, tubers cooked
(Benth.) Kuntze; Majana blancoi Kuntze; Majana blancoi
and eaten
(Benth.) Kuntze; Majana grandifolia Kuntze; Majana gran-
See Encycl. (Lamarck) 2(2): 763. 1788, Encyclopédie difolia (Benth.) Kuntze; Majana multiflora Kuntze; Majana
Méthodique, Botanique 2: 763. 1812, Botanical Magazine multiflora (Benth.) Kuntze; Majana pumila Kuntze; Majana
2992 Plectranthus L’Hérit. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

pumila (Blanco) Kuntze; Majana scutellariodes Kuntze; Malay name: daun hati-hati
Majana scutellariodes (L.) Kuntze; Majana scutellarioides
in Papua New Guinea: jangata, jeune, ka, kamali, miango,
var. atropurpureus (Benth.) Kuntze; Majana scutellarioides
mongko, okavu, osidade
var. blumei (Benth.) Kuntze; Majana secundiflora Kuntze;
Majana secundiflora (Benth.) Kuntze; Ocimum peltatum in Philippines: badiara, dafronaya, daponaya, laponaia,
Hort. ex Steud.; Ocimum peltatum Schweigg. ex Schrank; laponaya, lapunaya, maiana, maianau, malaina, maliana,
Ocimum scutellarioides L.; Perilla nankinensis Wender.; saimayu, taponaya, tapunaya
Plectranthus aromaticus Roxb.; Plectranthus blumei
Plectranthus sylvestris Gürke (Plectranthus bosseri Hedge)
(Benth.) Launert; Plectranthus ingratus Blume; Plectranthus
laciniatus Blume; Plectranthus nudiflorus (Poir.) Willd.; Tropical Africa. Shrub, woody-based herb, creeping, scram-
Plectranthus scutellarioides R. Br.; Plectranthus scutellari- bling, aromatic, straggling, pink-purple blue flowers
oides Blume, nom. illeg.; Solenostemon blumei (Benth.) M.
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 205. 1894 and Flore de Madagascar
Gómez; Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd)
et des Comores 175: 214–216, t. 24, carte 11. 1998
Trop. & Subtrop. Asia, Australia. Herb, erect, branched,
(Leaves for chest and abdominal pains, fevers, malaria.)
fleshy, stems purplish 4-angled, flowers purplish or white,
rice fields Plectranthus unguentarius Codd (Plectranthus amboinicus
(Lour.) Spreng.)
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 834. 1763, Flora
Cochinchinensis 2: 358, 372. 1790, Prodromus Florae Namibia.
Novae Hollandiae 506. 1810, Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb.
See Stirpes Novae aut Minus Cognitae 84 verso. 1788 and
ii. (1822) 55. 1822, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 14: 837. 1826, Pl.
Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). ii. 16. 1830, Edwards’s Botanical Bothalia 11(4): 387. 1975
Register 15: sub t. 1300. 1830, Labiat. Gen. Spec. 53, 56. (Carminative.)
1832, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 203. 1841, Revis.
Gen. Pl. 2: 524. 1891 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 382. 1910, Plectranthus urticifolius (Lam.) Salisb. (Coleus urticifolius
Bol. Secr. Agric. Comerc. Trab., Cuba 22: 127. 1914, Leafl. Benth.; Plectranthus beddomei (Benth.) Raizada; Plectranthus
Philipp. Bot. 7: 2696–2697. 1915, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. urticaefolius Salisb.; Plectranthus urticifolius Hook. f.;
München 7: 301. 1968, Gard. Bull. Singapore 24: 58. 1969, Plectranthus urticifolius (Benth.) Hook. f., nom. illeg.)
Bothalia 11(4): 439. 1975, Baker, R.E.D. Labiatae. Flora of India. Robust herb, short stems, flowers in cymes in very
Trinidad and Tobago 2(6): 421–435. Port-of-Spain. 1995 [as large branched panicles
Coleus atropurpureus.], Calyx 5(4): 160. 1997, Calyx 6(2):
51. 1999, Isabelle S. Zumstega and Caroline S. Weckerle, See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 691. 1788,
“Bakera, a herbal steam bath for postnatal care in Minahasa Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 88. 1796, Nova Genera et
(Indonesia): Documentation of the plants used and assess- Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 12: 78. 1848, Fl. Brit.
ment of the method.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 622–623. 1885 and Fl. Madras 1122.
641–650. 2007 1924, Indian Forester 84: 503. 1958

(Hallucinogen, leaves used in divinatory rites. Contact aller- (Fresh leaves extract drunk for boils and blisters.)
genicity. Plant anthelmintic, abortifacient, carminative,
in India: padappan thalai
emmenagogue, sedative, for headache, bruises, wounds.
Juice from the leaves sometimes mixed with gambir, Uncaria Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) N.P. Singh & B.D. Sharma
gambir, drunk for abdominal pain, anorexia, wasting sick- (Coleus vettiveroides Jacob; Plectranthus vettiveroides (K.C.
ness, distension of the stomach, heartburn, indigestion, nau- Jacob) H.I. Maass)
sea, dyspepsia, diarrhea and bloody diarrhea, also used as
eyedrops for eye inflammation. Leaves and stems heated, South India. Herb, bushy, pubescent, succulent, strongly fra-
crushed and rubbed on insect bites and skin rash to relieve grant fibrous roots, leaves opposite, in sandy loams, along
itch, skin diseases, scabies, eczema: crushed leaves and riverbanks
stems applied as a poultice to wounds as antiseptic. Seeds See Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 42: 320.
chewed for fever, sinusitis and breathing problems.) 1941, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79(3): 712. 1982 [publ. 1983],
in English: cat herb, coleus, flame nettle, mosquito herb, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): 1–24. 2006
painted nettle, skullcap-like coleus (Used in Ayurveda. Roots antipyretic, used in treating burn-
in Borneo: ati ati, hati-hati ing eyes, diarrhea, fever, haemorrhage, strangury, leprosy,
leucoderma, ulcer, skin diseases, headache, insanity and
in China: wu cai su quenching thirst.)
in India: aipongtsung
in India: hriberam, iruveli, kuriveru, kuruver, lavanchi,
in Indonesia: daun iler, reruku, trangon, udu langau, udu ngeau muchiva, muchivala, udicya, valak, valakam, vettiver, vettiveru
Plectronia L. Oliniaceae (Penaeaceae, Rubiaceae) 2993

Plectronia L. Oliniaceae (Penaeaceae, Rubiaceae) (Hallier f.) Stapf; Pleiocarpa breviloba Stapf; Pleiocarpa
flavescens Stapf; Pleiocarpa micrantha Stapf; Pleiocarpa
Greek plektron ‘a spur, cock’s spur’, referring to the spiny microcarpa Stapf; Pleiocarpa pycnantha Stapf; Pleiocarpa
branches; see Species Plantarum 1: 111. 1753, Carl Linnaeus, pycnantha var. tubicina (Stapf) Pichon; Pleiocarpa swyn-
Systema Naturae. Ed. 12. 2: 138, 183. 1767, Mantissa nertonii S. Moore; Pleiocarpa tubicina Stapf; Pleiocarpa
Plantarum. 16, 52. 1767, Dictionnaire classique d’histoire welwitschii Stapf ex Hiern)
naturelle 13: 171. 1828, Flora Capensis 2: ix. 1862, Catalogue
of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853-- Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, scrambling, sublianescent,
61 1(2): 369, 370. 1898. white milky latex, axillary clusters of scented greenish white
flowers, globose or ellipsoid yellow to bright orange follicles
Plectronia ventosa L. (Canthium ventosum (L.) S. Moore;
Olinia cymosa Thunb.; Olinia cymosa (L.f.) Thunb.; Olinia See Genera Plantarum 1: 351. 1862, Botanische Jahrbücher
ventosa (L.) Cufod.; Sideroxylon cymosum L.f.) für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
23: 222. 1896, Cat. Afr. Pl. (Hiern) 1: 665. 1898, Bull. Misc.
South Africa.
Inform. Kew 1898: 804. 1898, Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst.
See Species Plantarum 1: 192–193. 1753, Systema Naturae, 17: 189. 1899 and Flora of West Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.]
ed. 12 138, 183. 1767, Mantissa Plantarum 1: 16. 1767, Suppl. 4(1.1): 99–102. 1902, J. Bot. 45: 49. 1907, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
Pl. 152. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], Archiv für die Botanik 40: 138. 1911, Bol. Soc. Brot., II, 27: 132. 1953, Helvetica
2(1): 4. Mai–Jul 1800 [1799] and Journal of the Linnean Chimica Acta 52(1): 33–55. 2004
Society, Botany 40: 91. 1911, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 107: 106. 1960,
(Roots laxative. Leaves for jaundice, edema and infection by
Bothalia 11: 491. 1975
roundworms.)
(Leaves used for stomach and intestinal complaints, dysen-
in Congo: bapipi
tery and diarrhea.)
Pleiocarpa rostrata Benth. (Carpodinopsis rostrata
in South Africa: umVuthwamimi (Zulu)
(Benth.) Pichon; Carpodinopsis talbotii (Wernham) Pichon;
Carpodinopsis uniflora Pichon; Hunteria rostrata (Benth.)
Hallier f.; Pleiocarpa mutica Benth.; Pleiocarpa talbotii
Pleiocarpa Benth. Apocynaceae Wernham)
From the Greek pleios ‘many, full of’ and karpos ‘fruit’, Nigeria, Cameroon and Gabon. Small tree or shrub, lianes-
related to Hunteria and Picralima, see Genera Plantarum cent, white latex, white flowers, beaked warted fruits
[Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(2): 685, 699. 1876.
See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 12: tt. 1181, 1182. 1876, Genera
Pleiocarpa mutica Benth. (Hunteria pleiocarpa Hallier Plantarum 2: 685, 699. 1876, Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen
f.; Pleiocarpa bakueana A. Chev., nom. nud.; Pleiocarpa Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 17: 194. 1899 and Cat. Pl.
rostrata Benth.; Pleiocarpa salicifolia Stapf; Pleiocarpa ter- Oban: 62. 1913, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana II, 27: 144,
nata A. Chev., nom. nud.; Pleiocarpa tricarpellata Stapf.) 147–148. 1953, Helvetica Chimica Acta 55(3): 752–771. 1972
Tropical Africa. Small tree, lianescent shrub, latex milky (A cold infusion of the bark against stomachache.)
white, axillary clusters of fragrant white flowers, globose or
ellipsoid yellow to bright orange follicles, seed flesh white,
sticky exudate, evergreen and deciduous forests
Pleioceras Baillon Apocynaceae
See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 12: tt. 1181, 1182. 1876, Genera
Greek pleios ‘many, full of’ and keras ‘a horn’, genus
Plantarum 2: 685, 699. 1876 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 99.
closely related to Wrightia, see Naturl. Pflanzenfam. iv. 2
1902, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1915: 47. 1915, Explor. Bot.
(1895) 186. 1895 and International Journal of Crude Drug
Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 413. 1920, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979,
Research 24(3): 147–153. 1986, Bulletin of Environmental
Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Contamination and Toxicology 55(5): 643–649. 1995.
76(1): 99–103. 2001
Pleioceras barteri Baillon
(Bark febrifuge, laxative, to treat stomach pains; root bark
against kidney diseases and malaria. Roots hypotensive, Tropical Africa, Nigeria. Shrub or small tree, liana, white
blood purifier, hepatoprotective, febrifuge, antimalarial, milky latex, inflorescence a lax terminal panicle, calyx red-
nematocidal, stimulant of the central nervous system, to treat dish-green, pendulous double-horn shaped follicles
jaundice and convulsions.)
See Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 759. 1888 and Fitoterapia
in Yoruba: enu marugbo 64(1): 81–82. 1993
Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K. Schum.) Stapf (Hunteria (Seeds toxic. Roots and stem abortive. Stem, stem bark, root
breviloba Hallier f.; Hunteria pycnantha K. Schum.; bark, seed and fruit extracts abortifacient. Leaves antibac-
Pleiocarpa bagshawei S. Moore; Pleiocarpa breviloba terial, a paste applied against rheumatism. Bark, fruits and
2994 Pleiospermium (Engl.) Swingle Rutaceae

seeds used as an emmenagogue and against malaria, a strong India.

and large dose is abortifacient. Root extract antimicrobial.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1082, 1091. 1753, Syst. Veg., ed.
in Yoruba: afeni, dagba, efo, eru ire, irena kekere, ologbo iyan 14 (J. A. Murray). 937. 1784, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 337. 1784,
Hort. Kew. 3. 465. 1789, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
[Willdenow] 5(1): 147, 149. 1810, Berlinisches Jahrbuch
Pleiospermium (Engl.) Swingle Rutaceae fur die Pharmacie und fur die Damit Verbundenen
Wissenschaften 21: 41. 1820, Enumeratio Filicum 245.
From the Greek pleios ‘many, more than one, full’ and sperma 1824, Reliq. Haenk. 1. 23 t. 1 f. 4. 1825, Mém. Soc. Linn.
‘seed’, see Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(4): 189. 1896 Paris 6(3): 228. 1827, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 309, 322.
and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 6: 427. 1828, Tentamen Pteridographiae 193. 1836, Journal of
1916. Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany
Pleiospermium alatum (Wight & Arn.) Swingle (Limonia (Hooker) 4: 59. 1841, Nova Acta 19. Suppl. I. 454. 1843, Sp.
alata Wall.; Limonia alata Wight & Arn.; Naringi alata Fil. 4: 234. 1862, Polypodiacea et Cyatheacea Herbarii
(Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) J.L. Ellis) Bungeani 39. 1873, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 24. 152. 1886, Die
Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 1(4): 323.
India. 1899 and Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 6: 131. 1940,
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 6363. 1832, Prodromus Florae Companion Beddome’s Handb. Ferns Brit. India 86. 1974.
Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 92. 1834 and Journal of the 1974, Sci. & Cult. 41: 181–183. 1975
Washington Academy of Sciences 6: 427–428. 1916, Bull. (Leaves used internally for the treatment of itches and skin
Bot. Surv. India 22(1–4): 193. 1980 [publ. 1982], J. Plant Sci., diseases; fresh leaves decoction taken to cure cold and
2: 113–117. 2007 cough; paste of leaves applied on forehead for relief from
(Stem bark along with that of Azadirachta indica boiled in headache, cough and cold, also to protect cuts and wounds
water and the decoction given orally as a postpartum remedy. from any infection. Fern decoction used for cold and sore
Leaves and bark for rheumatic pains.) throat.)
in India: nalla munukudu in India: panja
Pleopeltis viridis Moore & Ridl.
Malaysia.
Pleopeltis Humb. & Bonpland ex
Willdenow Polypodiaceae See Journ. Mal. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 4. 93. 1926
Greek pleos ‘full, filled’ and pelte ‘a shield’, referring to the (Febrifuge, pound the leaves in water and sprinkle the water
paraphyses; see Carl L. von Willdenow, Species Plantarum. over the head of the patient.)
Ed. 4, 5: 211. 1810 and Fl. Madagasc. 5(14): 93–121. 1960.
Malay name: keluwah
Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) Kaulf. (Drynaria
lepidotum Fée; Drynaria macrocarpa Fée; Lepicystis lan-
ceolata (L.) Diels; Lepicystis lanceolata Diels; Marginaria Plesiatropha Pierre ex Hutch. Euphorbiaceae
lanceolata (L.) Herter; Marginaria macrocarpa (Bory ex
Willd.) B.K. Nayar & S. Kaur; Niphobolus lanceolatus From the Greek plesios ‘near, close to’, plesiastos ‘approach-
Keyserl.; Niphobolus lanceolatus (L.) Keyserl.; Niphobolus able’ and trophe ‘food’, or referred to the genus Jatropha, see
lanceolatus Trimen; Phlebodium lanceolatum (L.) J. Sm.; Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1.5): 799, in syn. 1912.
Phlebodium lanceolatum J. Sm.; Pleopeltis lanceolata (L.) Plesiatropha carpinifolia (Pax) Breteler var. carpinifo-
C. Presl; Pleopeltis lanceolata Kaulf.; Pleopeltis lanceo- lia (Jatropha fallax Pax; Mildbraedia fallax (Pax) Hutch.;
lata (L.) Kaulf.; Pleopeltis macrocarpa Kaulf.; Polypodium Mildbraedia fallax Hutch.; Neojatropha fallax (Pax) Pax;
elongatum Desv.; Polypodium elongatum Goldm.;
Neojatropha fallax Pax)
Polypodium elongatum Ait.; Polypodium elongatum
Schrad.; Polypodium elongatum Mett.; Polypodium elonga- Kenya.
tum (Sw.) Mett.; Polypodium elongatum Wall.; Polypodium
See Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 240. 1895 and Bot.
elongatum Wall. ex Hook.; Polypodium lanceolatum L.;
Jahrb. Syst. 33: 284. 1903, Pflanzenr., (Engler) Euphorb.-
Polypodium lanceolatum var. lanceolatum; Polypodium
Jatroph. IV, 147, I: 114–115. 1910, Flora of Tropical Africa
lepidotum Willd. ex Schltdl.; Polypodium macrocarpum
[Oliver et al.] 6(1.5): 800–801. 1912, Adansonia III, 27(2):
Bory ex Willd.; Polypodium macrocarpum C. Presl, nom.
325–335. 2005
illeg.; Polypodium marginale L.; Polypodium marginale
Bory ex Willd.; Polypodium marginale Thunb.; Polypodium (Whole herb purgative, pectoral, expectorant, for venereal
marginale Wall.) diseases, chest problems.)
Pleuraphis Torrey Poaceae (Gramineae) 2995

Pleuraphis Torrey Poaceae (Gramineae) India. Aromatic roots as condiment

Greek pleura ‘side, lateral’ and raphis ‘a needle’, referring to See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4:
the lateral spikelets and the position of awn on lower glume, 245. 1830, The Flora of British India 2(6): 703–704. 1879
sometimes confused with and referred to as Hilaria Kunth, and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(25):
type Pleuraphis jamesii Torr., may become infested with 289. 1929, Feddes Repertorium 110(1999) 7–8: 485. 1999
ergot, see Nova Genera et Species Plantarum 1: 116–118, pl.
(Root ground into powder for stomachache, typhoid fever,
37. 1815 [1816], Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of
body pain, also given to the children suffering from dysen-
New York 1(1): 148–150, t. 10. 1824 and E.R. Sohns, “The
tery due to cold.)
genus Hilaria (Gramineae).” Journal of the Washington
Academy of Sciences 46(10): 311–321. 1956, American Journal in China: gui ye leng zi qin
of Botany 45: 757–767. 1958, Memoir San Diego Society of
in India: chhipi, choru
Natural History 12: 1–140. 1981, Taxon 33: 126–134. 1984,
Global Change Biology 5(6): 659–668. Aug 1999, Ecological Pleurospermum aromaticum W.W. Smith (Oreocomopsis
Entomology 25(4): 403–412. Nov 2000, Contributions from aromatica (W.W. Smith) Pimenov & Kljuykov)
the United States National Herbarium 41: 128–129. 182–183.
China.
2001, New Phytologist 150(2): 449–458. May 2001, Global
Change Biology 8(3): 247–264. Mar  2002, Flora of North See Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8(40): 341–342. 1915
America North of Mexico 25: 1–783. 2003.
(For skin diseases.)
Pleuraphis jamesii Torrey (Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth.;
in China: fang xiang leng zi qin
Hilaria sericea Benth.; Pleuraphis sericea Nutt. ex Benth.)
Pleurospermum benthamii (Wallich ex DC.) C.B. Clarke
Northern America, USA, Mexico, California. Perennial bunch-
(Hymenidium benthamii (Wallich ex DC.) Pimenov &
grass, erect or decumbent, rhizomatous, nodes hairy, leaves
Kljuykov; Hymenidium benthamii (DC.) Pimenov &
recurved when dry, erect spikes, forage, scrub and woodland
Kljuykov; Hymenidium davidii (Franchet) Pimenov &
areas, on well-drained sandy soils, dry flats and foothills
Kljuykov; Hymenolaena benthamii Wallich ex DC.;
See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York Pleurospermum davidii Franchet)
1(1): 148–150, t. 10. 1824, Journal of the Linnean Society,
China.
Botany 19: 62. 1881
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4:
(Cold infusion given to babies in loss of appetite. Ceremonial.)
246. 1830, Fl. Brit. India 2(6): 703. 1879, Nouvelles archives
in English: curly grass, galleta grass, James’ galleta du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 8: 247. 1885 and
Feddes Repert. 111(7–8): 542–543. 2000
in Spanish: galleta
(Astringent.)
in China: bao xing leng zi qin
Pleurospermum Hoffm. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Pleurospermum brunonis Benth. ex C.B. Clarke
From the Greek pleura, pleuron ‘side, rib, lateral’ and sperma
‘seed’, referring to the ridges on the fruits, see Genera India, Himalaya. Small plant, tapering root, radical cauline
Plantarum Umbelliferarum 8. 1814, An Introduction to the leaves, white flowers, oblong fruits with narrow wings
Natural System of Botany 21. 1836.
See The Flora of British India 2(6): 706. 1879
Pleurospermum amabile Craib & W.W. Smith (Hymenidium
(For curing wounds, cuts. Dried part plant insecticide. Dried
amabile (Craib & W.W. Smith) Pimenov & Kljuykov)
leaves and flowers to prepare a kind of dhoop. Veterinary
China, Himalaya. medicine, leaves for curing the throat of sheep and goats
filled with watery fluid.)
See Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 26(2): 154–155. 1913, Feddes
Repert. 111(7–8): 545. 2000 in India: losar, lossar, nesar
(Stomachic, febrifuge, antidote.) Pleurospermum candollei Benth. ex C.B. Clarke
in Bhutan: rtsad India, Himalaya.
in China: mei li leng zi qin See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2: 703. 1879
Pleurospermum angelicoides (Wall. ex DC.) Benth. ex C.B. (Fresh stem and roots eaten for dysentery.)
Clarke (Angelica forrestii Diels; Hymenolaena angelicoi-
in India: tukar
des Wall. ex DC.; Pterocyclus angelicoides (Wall. ex DC.)
Klotzsch; Pterocyclus forrestii (Diels) Pimenov & Kljuykov) Pleurospermum densiflorum Benth. ex C.B. Clarke
2996 Plicosepalus Tieghem Loranthaceae

Himalaya. & Leningrad) 79(10): 104. 1994, Acta Phytotaxonomica

Sinica 42(6): 563. 2004
See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 2(6): 706. 1879
(Purgative.)
(Massage to relieve joint pain.)
in China: xi ma la ya leng zi qin, xi zang leng zi qin
in India: guggal, lossar
Pleurospermum pilosum C.B. Clarke ex H. Wolff
Pleurospermum franchetianum Hemsley (Pleurospermum
(Hymenidium pilosum (C.B. Clarke ex H. Wolff) Pimenov
longipetiolatum H. Wolff; Pleurospermum pilgerianum
& Kljuykov)
Fedde ex H. Wolff; Pleurospermum rockii Fedde ex H. Wolff)
China.
China.
See Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 117–118. 1929
See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 29(202): 307–308. 1892 and
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 27: (Blood purifier.)
120–121. 1929 in China: shu mao leng zi qin
(For uterine diseases.) Pleurospermum rivulorum (Diels) M. Hiroe (Angelica rivu-
in China: song pan leng zi qin lorum Diels; Pleurospermum rivulorum (Diels) K.T. Fu &
Y.C. Ho; Pterocyclus rivulorum (Diels) H. Wolff)
Pleurospermum giraldii Diels (Hymenidium giraldii (Diels)
Pimenov & Kljuykov; Pleurospermum limprichtii H. Wolff; China.
Pleurospermum meoides Diels) See Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(25):
China. 288–289. 1912, Symbolae Sinicae 7(3): 727. 1933, Umbell.
World 747. 1979, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 55(1):
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29(3–4): 492–493. 1900, Repertorium 152. 1979
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 12: 477. 1922
(Febrifuge.)
(All parts of the plant to cure stomachache.)
in China: xin ye leng zi qin
in China: tai bai leng zi qin
Pleurospermum uralense Hoffmann (Pleurospermum aus-
Pleurospermum hookeri C.B. Clarke (Aulacospermum triacum Hoffm. subsp. uralense Sommier; Pleurospermum
hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Farille & S.B. Malla; Hymenidium camtschaticum Hoffmann; Pleurospermum uralense Turcz.)
hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Pimenov & Kljuykov)
China, Russia.
Himalaya.
See Journal of Plant Biology 39: 15–22. 1996
See The Flora of British India 2(6): 705. 1879 and Candollea
40(2): 525. 1985, Feddes Repert. 111(7–8): 547. 2000 (Febrifuge, tonic.)

(Roots for inflammation, body ache, heart disorders and as in China: leng zi qin
an antidote.)
in Bhutan: tang-kun-dkar-po Plicosepalus Tieghem Loranthaceae
in China: xi ma la ya leng zi qin Latin plico ‘to fold, to wind together’, Greek pleko ‘to twist,
Pleurospermum hookeri C.B. Clarke var. thomsonii C.B. enfold’, plektos ‘twisted, plaited’, Hebrew pelek ‘spindle’,
Clarke (Hymenidium chloroleucum (Diels) Pimenov & Akkadian pelakku, pilakku ‘spindle’, see Genera Plantarum
Kljuylov; Pleurospermum affine H. Wolff; Pleurospermum 3: 208. 1880, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 41:
likiangense H. Wolff; Pleurospermum markgrafianum H. 504. 1894 and Enumération des Plantes à Fleurs d’Afrique
Wolff; Pleurospermum pseudoinvolucratum H. Wolff; Tropicale 2: 1–257. 1992.
Pleurospermum tibetanicum H. Wolff; Trachydium chloro- Plicosepalus acaciae (Zucc.) Wiens & Polhill (Loranthus
leucum Diels) acaciae Zucc.; Loranthus croceus E. Mey.; Loranthus cro-
China. ceus R. Br.; Loranthus gibbosulus Balle; Loranthus gibbosu-
lus A. Rich.; Tapinostemma acaciae Tiegh.; Tapinostemma
See Fl. Brit. India 2(6): 705. 1879 and Notes from the acaciae (Zucc.) Tiegh.)
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 5(25): 290–291. 1912,
Tropical Africa.
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis,
Beihefte 12: 448. 1922, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 2(7): See Enumeratio Stirpium Plerarumque, quae sponte cres-
294–296. 1926, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni cunt in agro Vindobonensi 55, 230, pl. 3. 1762, Abhandlungen
Vegetabilis 27: 116–120. 1929, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich
Plocama W. Aiton Rubiaceae 2997

Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Plantarum Pluchea Cass. Asteraceae

Novarum 249: t. 2/III. 1843, Zwei Pflanzengeogr. Docum.
(Drège) 200, nomen. 1843–1844 [other title: Flora, oder, After the French abbot Noël-Antoine Pluche, 1688–1761 (d.
Allgemeine botanische Zeitung; reprint issued in 1844 in near Paris, France), seminary teacher, naturalist, rejected most
Leipzig], Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 41: 504. of the Enlightenment thought, among his works are Le spec-
1894, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 42: 257. tacle de la nature. [8 vols.] Paris 1732–1750, De Linguarum
1895 and Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 17: 238. 1944, Nordic artificio et doctrina. Paris 1751 and Histoire du Ciel, consid-
Journal of Botany 5: 221. 1985, Fitoterapia 72(4): 431–434. eré selon les idées des Poëtes, des Philosophes, et de Moïse.
2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111(3): 657–666. 2007 Paris 1739–1741 [The history of the heavens. London 1743,
second English edn., Engl. transl. by J.B. de Freval.]; see The
(Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic, leaves and stems, Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 6. 1768, Flora
to treat common infections.) Boreali-Americana 2: 126. 1803, Florula Ludoviciana, or, a
flora of the state of … 63–64. 1817, A.H.G. de Cassini, Bull.
Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris. Année 1817. 31. 1817, Dictionnaire
Plocama W. Aiton Rubiaceae des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 49: 337. 1827,
Greek plokamos ‘lock of hair’, see Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 1: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 93–94,
292 and 3: 508. 1789. 375–376, 453, 540. 1836, Hooker’s Journal of Botany and
Kew Garden Miscellany 3: 331. 1851, Linnaea 25(4): 403–
Plocama aucheri (Guill.) M. Backlund & Thulin (Gaillonia 404. 1852[1853], Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 1(2):
aucheri (Guill.) Jaub. & Spach; Jaubertia aucheri Guill.; 33–34. 1858, Flora Australiensis: a description … 3: 527.
Neogaillonia aucheri (Guill.) Puff) (Jaubertia Guill., for the 1866[1867], Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
French botanist Hyppolyte François Jaubert, 1798–1874, poli- and Sciences 17: 212. 1882 and Camille Limoges, in D.S.B.
tician, one of the founders of the Société botanique de France, 11: 42–44. 1981, Phytologia 67(2): 162, 164. 1989, Fl. Venez.
with Édouard Spach wrote Illustrationes plantarum orienta- Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997, Englera 1–136. 2001, Sida 21(4):
lium. Parisiis 1842–1857; see Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue 2023–2037. 2005.
of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Pluchea absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) H. Rob. (Baccharis
Notes upon Botanists. 2: 247. 1965, Theodore W. Bossert, absinthioides Hook. & Arn.; Gynheteria incana Spreng.;
compil., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) DC.)
the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 196. 1972.) South America.
Arabian Pen., Iran to Pakistan. See Species Plantarum 2: 860–861. 1753, Florae
See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 16: 60. 1841, Ann. Sci. Nat., Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 112, tab. 24, center.
Bot., II, 20: 87. 1843 and J. Linn. Soc. 84(4): 375. 1982, Taxon 1794, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin
56(2): 323. 2007 Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten
Naturkunde 1(2): 140. 1807, Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen
(Leaves and flowers sedative, tonic for pregnant women.)
Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 135–136, t. 1, f. 4b-11.
in Pakistan: tussu 1821[1820], The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 57.
1830, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5:
457. 1836 and Phytologia 27: 284. 1973, Kurtziana 12–13:
Plocoglottis Blume Orchidaceae 47–62. 1979

Greek pleko ‘to twist, enfold’, plokos ‘folded, a lock of hair, (Incense burned in traditional ceremonies.)
wreath, a braid’ and glottis, glottidos, glotta ‘tongue, small in Chile: brea
tongue’, referring to the lip, see Bijdragen tot de flora van
Nederlandsch Indië 6: t. 2, f. 91. 1825. Pluchea arguta Boiss.
Plocoglottis lowii Rchb.f. (Plocoglottis lowii var. papuana Pakistan.
J.J. Sm.; Plocoglottis porphyrophylla Ridl.) See Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 2, 3: 5.
Vietnam, New Guinea. 1856
See Gard. Chron. 1865: 434. 1865, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, (Mixed fruits, leaves and stems infusion to treat urinary tract
Bot. 3: 368. 1893 and Nova Guinea 12: 197. 1915 diseases and stomachache.)
(Magic, bewitchment, plant used for sprinkling water in Pakistan: majusar
through the house after a death in it to keep the spirit from
Pluchea baccharis (Mill.) Pruski (Baccharis viscosa Walter,
haunting it.)
nom. illeg.; Baccharis viscosa Lam.; Conyza baccharis
Malay name: sepuleh dudok, sepuleh dudor Mill.; Pluchea rosea R.K. Godfrey)
2998 Pluchea Cass. Asteraceae

USA, Mexico. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 31. 1817, Linnaea 6: 150.
1831 and Philippine Journal of Science 19(3): 329–388. 1921,
See Species Plantarum 2: 860–861. 1753, The Gardeners
Taxon 26: 557–565. 1977, Botanical Bulletin of Academia
Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 16. 1768, Encyclopédie
Sinica 19: 53–66. 1978, Taxon 31: 576–579. 1982, Pakistan
Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 345. 1783[1785], Flora
Journal of Botany 20: 177–189. 1988, Annals of the Missouri
Caroliniana, secundum … 202. 1788, Synopsis Generum
Botanical Garden 81: 800–808. 1994
Compositarum … 203–204. 1832 and Journal of the Elisha
Mitchell Scientific Society 68(2): 266–269, pl. 21, f. 5–6. (Febrifuge and diaphoretic, antiinflammatory, stimulant,
1952, Sida 21(4): 2023–2037. 2005 diuretic and antidiabetic, stomachic, galactagogue, cough
medicine, against leucorrhea, to cure hemorrhoids, a rem-
(An infusion to expel worms.)
edy for dysentery, against ulcers and sores, for rheumatic
Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don (Conyza carolinensis pains, for longevity, lumbago, dysuria, fever, headache,
Jacq.) sprains, dyspepsia.)
North America. in English: Indian fleabane, Indian (marsh) fleabane, Indian
See Collectanea 2: 271–2. 1788, Icones Plantarum Rariorum pluchea
Fascicle 1(Bound as Vol. 3): pl. 585. 1786–1793[1788], in Cambodia: pros anlok
Synopsis Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Hortus
Britannicus 350. 1839 and Taxon 26: 591. 1977 in China: luan xi

(A tea for cough, or for a mouthwash to relieve toothaches.) in Indonesia: baruntas, beluntas, luntas

Pluchea foetida (L.) DC. (Baccharis foetida L.; Conyza in Japan: hiiragi-giku
foetida (L.) Willd.; Conyza foetida Lam.; Pluchea foetida in Laos: nat luat
Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.; Pluchea foetida (L.) Britton,
Sterns & Poggenb., nom. illeg.) in Malaysia: beluntas, beluntas paya
North America. Perennial herb in Papua New Guinea: a’apu
See Species Plantarum 2: 861. 1753, Encyclopédie in Philippines: banig-banig, bauing-bauing, kalapini, lagund-
Méthodique, Botanique 2(1): 85. 1786, Species Plantarum. ing late, tulo-lalaki
Editio quarta 3(3): 1932. 1803, Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 452. 1836, Preliminary in Thailand: khlu, khlu khlun, naat ngua, naat wua, nuat
Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta Reported as ngiu, nuat ngua
Growing Spontaneously within One Hundred Miles of New in Vietnam: cuc tan, c[us]c t[aaf]n, l[as] l[uws]c, phat pha,
York 28. 1888 and Taxon 58(3): 978. 2009 tu bi
(Leaves decoction taken as a febrifuge.)
Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B. Clarke (Berthelotia lan-
in English: stinking camphorweed, stinking fleabane ceolata DC.; Berthelotia lanceolata DC. var. senegalensis;
Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern)
Pluchea foetida (L.) DC. var. foetida (Pluchea tenuifolia
Small) India. A weed
North America. Perennial herb See Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 31. 1817, Prodromus
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 375–376. 1836,
5: 452. 1836, Prelim. Cat. (1888) 28. 1888 and Man. S.E. Fl. Compositae Indicae 94. 1876, Flora of Tropical Africa 3:
[Small] 1399, 1509. 1933 329. 1877 and Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kashm.
768. 1972, Fl. Iran. 145: 8. 1980, Pakistan Journal of Botany
(Leaves decoction taken as a febrifuge.) 20: 177–189. 1988, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
in English: stinking camphorweed, stinking fleabane 81: 800–808. 1994, Fl. Ind. 13: 155. 1995, Willdenowia 29:
203–220. 1999, Fl. Egypt 3: 189. 2002
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. (Baccharis indica L.; Erigeron
denticulatum Burm. f.) (Used in Ayurveda. Plant extract is used as a cooling agent in
summer. Leaves decoction in gout, sciatica, arthritis and rheu-
India to southern China. Shrub, evergreen, slender, erect, matism. Root decoction given in rheumatism and paralysis.)
many-branched, leaves aromatic when crushed, small flowers
all tubular, corolla filiform lilac or pale violet, fruit a cylin- in India: chithramoolaka, elaparni, mukta, phaar, ra-sna,
drical achene, pappus white, along swamps, in moist lowland rasana, rashna, rasna, rasya, sreyasi, sugandha, surabhi,
surasa, suvaha, yukta
See Species Plantarum 2: 860–861, 863–865. 1753, Flora
Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis 180. 1768, in Pakistan: phar buti, reshami, sarmei
Plukenetia L. Euphorbiaceae 2999

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. (Conyza cortesii Kunth; Conyza See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, Encyclopédie
odorata Willd. ex Steud.; Conyza odorata L.; Conyza pur- Méthodique, Botanique 2(1): 94. 1786, Florae Fluminensis
purascens Sw.; Pluchea cortesii (Kunth) DC.; Pluchea corte- Icones 8: pl. 100. 1827[1831], Synopsis Generum Com­
sii DC.; Pluchea odorata Cass.; Pluchea purpurascens Torr. positarum … 203–204. 1832, Prodromus Systematis
& A.Gray; Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC.; Pluchea pur- Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 450. 1836, Histoire des Plantes
purascens DC.) 8: 303. 1886[1882], Revisio Generum Plantarum 3(3): 168.
1898 and Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 3(1):
Mexico, Jamaica. Herb, erect, smooth, pinkish lavender
36. 1949
flower heads smell very strongly of camphor
(Carminative.)
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1213. 1759, Nova
Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus (Swartz) 112. in Argentina: lucera, quitoc
1788, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] 4: 75 Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville (Berthelotia sericea (Nutt.)
[ed. quarto], 59 [ed. folio]. 1820, Dictionnaire des Sciences Rydb.; Eremohylema sericea (Nutt.) A. Nelson; Polypappus
Naturelles [Second edition] [F. Cuvier] 42: 3. 1826, Synopsis sericeus Nutt.; Tessaria sericea (Nutt.) Shinners)
Generum Compositarum … 203–204. 1832, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 452. 1836, North America. Perennial shrub
Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 414. 1840, Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. See Contributions from the United States National
& A. Gray) 2: 261. 1842, Anales de la Sociedad Española de Herbarium 4: 128. 1893 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Historia Natural 19(2): 273. 1890 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): Club 33(3): 154. 1906, University of Wyoming Publications
164–181, 496–502. 1976, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78: in Science. Botany 1: 54. 1924, Sida 3(2): 122. 1967
85–122. 1996
(Herbage infusion to treat sore eyes.)
(Leaves for influenza, cough, cold, fever, hypertension, pneu-
monia, headache; leaves infusion for stomachache.) in English: arrow weed, marsh fleabane

in English: salt marsh fleabane, sweet scent in Spanish: cochinilla

in Mexico: ahuapatli, alaa-patli, alinanché, canela, canelo,

chalcay, chalché, cihuapatle, cipatle, clina, comalpatli, flor Plukenetia L. Euphorbiaceae
de ángel, flor de Guadalupe, hierba de Santa María, hoja de
playa, Santa María, siguapate, teposa For the British physician Leonard Plukenet, 1642–1706
(London), botanist, author of Almagesti botanici mantissa.
in Latin America: chalche, santa maria Londini 1700; see Species Plantarum 2: 1192. 1753, R.
Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. (Baccharis ovalis Pers.; Pulteney, Historical and biographical sketches of the prog-
Baccharis ovata Hook. & Arn.; Baccharis ovata Sieber ex ress of botany in England. 2: 18–29. London 1790, Flora
DC.; Baccharis ovata Sieber; Pluchea ovalis DC.; Pluchea Cochinchinensis 601, 635. 1790, Bijdragen tot de flora van
tomentosa DC.) Nederlandsch Indië 612–613. 1826, Florae Fluminensis 9:
t. 127, 128. 1832, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 7(1): 190. 1841,
India, Pakistan. Shrub, multi-branched, strongly scented Flora 25(2, Beibl. 3): 41. 1842, Genera Plantarum Suppl. 3:
98. 1843, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië
See Species Plantarum 2: 860–861. 1753, Synopsis Plantarum
10: 141. 1843, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-
(Persoon) 2(2): 424. 1807, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817:
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 708. Ansbach 1852, Synopsis
31. 1817, Contributions to the Botany of India [Wight] 16.
Plantarum 5: 331. 1852, Flora 47: 530. 1864, Prodromus
1834, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15(2): 772. 1866,
(DC.) 5: 450. 1836, J. Bot. (Hooker) 3: 22. 1840 and Ann.
Genera Plantarum 3(1): 327. 1880, Botanische Jahrbücher
Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kashm. 768. 1972, Botanica
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Macaronesica 7: 67–76. 1980, Willdenowia 29: 203–220.
26: 329. 1899 and J.D. Milner, Catalogue of Portraits of
1999, Englera 1–136. 2001
Botanists Exhibited in the Museums of the Royal Botanic
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves decoction in gout, sci- Gardens. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London 1906,
atica, arthritis and rheumatism.) Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 635–636. 1908, E.M.
Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum
in India: kalamba, kalambaka, kolumbu, kolumpuver, of Harvard University. 1917–1933, Das Pflanzenreich
sinhalatikta 147,9(Heft 68): 11, 17, 20–21. 1919, Archivos do Jardim
Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera (Conyza sagittalis Lam.; Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 4: 112. 1925, Fieldiana, Bot.
Gnaphalium suaveolens Vell.; Pluchea quitoc DC.; Pluchea 24(6): 25–170. 1949, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of
suaveolens (Vell.) Kuntze) the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 225.
Oxford 1964, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
Uruguay, Brazil. Botanists. 3: 93. 1965, Isaac Henry Burkill (1870–1965),
3000 Plumbagella Spach Plumbaginaceae

Chapters on the History of Botany in India. 9–10. Delhi Plumbagella micrantha (Ledebour) Spach (Plumbago
1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists micrantha Ledebour; Plumbago spinosa Hao)
Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 313.
Eurasia, China.
1972, Blanche Henrey, British Botanical and Horticultural
Literature before 1800. 1: 140–145. Oxford 1975, M. Hadfield See Fl. Altaic. 1: 171–172. 1829, Hist. Nat. Veg. 10: 333. 1841
et al., British Gardeners: a Biographical Dictionary. London and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
1980, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 298–301. 36(942–950): 222–223. 1934
Utrecht 1983, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(3): 1087–1144. (Leaves decoction in arthritis and rheumatism.)
1988, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, Bot. 71(1):
11–18. 2000, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón. México, in English: littleflower plumbagella
Bot. 73(2): 155–281. 2002. in China: ji wa cao
Plukenetia conophora Müll.Arg. (Angostylidium conopho-
rum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Cleidion mannii Baker;
Cleidion preussii (Pax) Baker; Mallotus preussii Pax; Plumbago L. Plumbaginaceae
Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll.Arg.) Hutch. & Dalziel; Latin plumbago, inis (plumbum, i ‘lead’ and the termina-
Tetracarpidium staudtii Pax) (Tetracarpidium Pax, from tion -ago), Plinius used for a plant called molybdaena; see
the Greek tetra ‘four’ and karpos ‘a fruit’, Latin carpidium Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 151. 1753, Genera
‘carpel’.) Plantarum. Ed. 5. 75. 1754, Flora Cochinchinensis 94, 119.
Tropical Africa. Liana, climber, seeds boiled and eaten 1790, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Handwörterbuch. 708. Ansbach 1852 and Salvatore Battaglia,
See Flora 47: 530. 1864, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 525. 1897, Bot. Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XIII: 675. Torino
Jahrb. Syst. 26: 329. 1899 and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1910: 1986, Peng Ze-xiang (as Peng Tse-hsiang) in Li Shu-gang (as
343. 1910, Das Pflanzenreich 147,9(Heft 68): 17. 1919, Fl. W. Lee Shu-kang), ed. Plumbaginaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis
Trop. Afr. 1: 307. 1928 Sin. 60(1): 1–47. 1987, Luteyn, J.L. “The Plumbaginaceae
in the flora of the southeastern United States.” Sida 14:
(Leaves and fruits aphrodisiac, tonic, stimulant, for head-
169–178. 1990, Carlquist, S. and C.J. Biggs. “Wood anatomy
ache. Ritual, magic, 5-lobed fruits are good luck charms.)
of Plumbaginaceae.” Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 135–147.
in English: awusa nut, conophor nut 1996, Lledó, M. D. et al. “Systematics of Plumbaginaceae
based upon cladistic analysis of rbcL sequence data.” Syst.
in Cameroon: casu, kaso, ket
Bot. 23: 21–29. 1998.
in Yoruba: awusa
Plumbago auriculata Lam. (Plumbago alba Pasq.;
in Zaire: tobe Plumbago alba Hort. ex Pasq.; Plumbago auriculata fo. alba
(Pasq.) Z.X. Peng; Plumbago capensis Thunb.; Plumbago
Plukenetia corniculata Sm. (Hedraiostylus corniculatus
capensis Willd.)
(Sm.) Hassk.; Hedraiostylus glaberrimus Hassk.; Pterococcus
corniculatus (Sm.) Pax & K. Hoffm.; Pterococcus glaberri- South Africa.
mus Hassk.; Sajorium corniculatum (Sm.) D. Dietr.; Sajorium
See Species Plantarum 1: 151. 1753, Encyclopédie
corniculatum (Sm.) Baill.) Méthodique, Botanique 2: 270. 1786, Prodromus Plantarum
Tropical Asia. Capensium, … 33. 1794, Catalogo del Real Orto Botanico
di Napoli 82. 1867 and F.T.E.A., Plumbaginaceae: 5. 1976,
See Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsal. 6: Taxon 29: 353–355. 1980, Flora Reipublicae Popularis
4. 1799, Flora 25(2): 41. 1842, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Sinicae 60(1): 7. 1987, Flora of Ecuador 39: 39–48. 1990,
Physiol. 10: 141. 1843, Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Flora de Veracruz 97: 1–11. 1997, Monographs in Systematic
Botanico Bogoriensi Cultarum Alter 234. 1844, Synopsis Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(3): 1985–
Plantarum 5: 331. 1852, Étude Euphorb.: 484. 1858 and 1986. 2001
Pflanzenr., IV, 147, IX: 22. 1919
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. The entire plant, especially
(Leaf paste eaten as laxative.) the root, contains plumbagin, a toxic naphthoquinone deriva-
in India: kodi gandlam tive (oil of plumbago), which may cause severe skin irrita-
tion or blistering in humans and may also be toxic to other
animals. Maceration of root and seed given in pyorrhea and
dental caries.)
Plumbagella Spach Plumbaginaceae
in English: blueflowered leadwort, Cape leadwort, forget-me-
The diminutive of the genus Plumbago L., see Genera
not, leadwort, plumbago
Plantarum 92. 1789, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux.
Phanérogames 10: 333. 1841. in Italian: plumbago, piombaggine, piombina
Plumbago L. Plumbaginaceae 3001

in Southern Africa: syselbos; umaBophe, umThi wamadola lal-chitra, lalcitra, mukaklei, nalichitrak, rakta, raktachita,
(Xhosa); utshilitshili (Zulu) raktacitra, raktacitraka, rakto chitaaparu, ronga agechita,
senkodiveli, senkoduveri, sitaparu, sivappukkodiveli, sweta
in India: alakalavitaniram, chitraka, chitramulamu, chitrika,
chitaapaaru, tambdi-chitrak, telhidak, thambadachitra-
karun-kodi-ver, karunkodiveli, karunkotiveli, karuppu-chit-
moola, yerracitramulam
tira-mulam, karuppuccittira mulam, kodiveli, krishtnachi-
traka, lalchitra, nalla chithra moolamu, nalla chitrmulamu, in Indonesia: tjeraka merah
nallachitramulam, nallacitramulamu, neeli chitra moola,
neeli chithramoola, nila-citramula, nilaccittiramulam, nila- Malayan names: binasa, cheraka, cheraka merah, setaka
chitramula, nilacitraka, nilacitramula, nilagnishikha, nila- in Philippines: hangad ang babae, laurel, pampasapit,
godiveli, nilakkotiveli, nilakkotuveli, nilanirakkotiveli, panting-panting
nilashikha, nilaveli, telhidak
Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbago rosea L.; Plumbago
in Japan: ruri-matsuri scandens L.; Plumbago zeylanica var. glaucescens Boiss.)
Plumbago indica Linnaeus (Plumbago rosea Linnaeus; India. Perennial herb or shrub, creeping, scandent or sub-
Plumbago rosea var. coccinea (Lour.) Hook.; Thela coccinea scandent, succulent roots, leaves oblong, white flowers in
Loureiro) sticky glandular terminal panicles, leathery fruits with viscid
India. Herbaceous perennial, shrub, bright red flowers glandular persistent calyx

See Species Plantarum 1: 151. 1753, Herbarium Amboinense See Species Plantarum 1: 151. 1753, Species Plantarum,
(Linn.) 24. 1754, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 215– Editio Secunda 1: 215–216. 1762, FBI 3: 480. 1882 and
216. 1762, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 94, 119. 1790, Botanical Fl. Southern Africa 26: 17. 1963, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/2):
Magazine 89: t. 5363. 1863 and Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 207–210. 1966, Prodr. Fl. SW. Afr. 105: 4. 1967, F.T.E.A.,
13(5/1): 203–205. 1959, Fl. Nouvelle Caledonie & Depend. Plumbaginaceae: 5. 1976, Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979,
12: 130–131. 1983, Economic Botany (46)3: 330–335. 1992 Fontqueria 14: 37–44. 1987, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1985–1986. 2001
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant used in cases of sprain,
paralysis and rheumatic pain, wounds. Bark for stomach (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Roots contain an irri-
troubles, diarrhea, piles, cough, diabetes, skin diseases. tant poisonous juice; not to be taken by pregnant women, root
Roots and stem bark vesicant abortifacient, a remedy for paste or powder given for abortion, birth control or to prevent
leprosy. Roots made into a paste with black pepper given conception. Roots washed, pounded and boiled in milk and
orally to prevent conception and for permanent sterility; root given to relieve muscular pain; root decoction with bark of
powder or decoction taken on empty stomach for abortion; Oroxylum indicum and roots of Carissa congesta given for
root paste along with the root of Michelia champaca given to jaundice; root paste in goat milk given for stomach disor-
induce abortion, in higher doses used as poison and vesicant; ders; root paste to cure skin diseases, measles, ringworm;
root paste applied and bandaged for healing cuts, wounds root extract on leprosy, taken with tea for fever; root decoc-
and knife cuts; root juice given for gastric pain; roots insect tion given for rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis; roots insect
repellent; root poultice for headache and boils; root ground repellent. Plant stimulant, antifertility, contraceptive, expec-
with a little water and taken orally to cause abortion. Pills torant, antitumour, antimicrobial, insect antifeedant, used for
made from leaves paste and whole plants of Habenaria con- chest pain, jaundice and liver related diseases, tuberculosis,
stricta given after menstrual cycle as contraceptives. Twig hypertension, leprosy, dyspepsia; plant decoction as a post-
introduced in vagina for abortion. Magic, ritual, contact ther- partum remedy. Decoction of foliar part of the plant and stem
apy, pieces of fresh roots of Melothria heterophylla tied with of Tinospora cordifolia used for malaria. Latex mixed with
roots of Plumbago indica and rhizome of Curcuma domes- mustard oil used in rheumatism. Leaf juice applied to the
tica worn around the neck to cure jaundice.) forehead in headache; warmed leaves applied on boils; for
in English: fire plant, Indian leadwort, officinal leadwort, delayed menstruation, eat the leaves with betel; leaves and
rosy-flowered leadwort roots rubefacient, vesicatory, antibiotic, antibacterial, abor-
tifacient. Veterinary medicine, root paste applied on tumors,
in Bangladesh: kaing-khao skin diseases and warts; leaves of Cassia occidentalis
in China: zi hua dan (Senna occidentalis) with root extract of Plumbago zeylan-
ica pounded in milk and given orally for rheumatism; leaves
in India: agechhit, agnichita, agnih, agyachit, akkini, ground with those of Vitex altissima given in fevers. For
cegappu-godiveli, cengodiveli, cenkodiveli, cenkotiveli,
snakebites, root decoction drunk. Magico-religious beliefs,
cettikkotuveli, citraka, citrakah, citrakah-rakta, cittira
contact therapy, for general debility in children a piece of
mulam, cittiramulam, cuvannakotuveli, dahanah, dvipih,
root tied on the neck. Roots as fish poison.)
erra chitamoolamu, erra chitramulamu, errachithramoolam,
kempu chitra moola, kempu chithra moola, kempucit- in English: Ceylon leadwort, doctorbush, white leadwort,
ramula, kotiveli, kotuveli, laalchithra, lal chita, lal chitra, white-flowered leadwort, whiteflower leadwort
3002 Plumeria L. Apocynaceae

in China: bai hua dan, bai hua dan shu vacankam, vaccakaram, vahni, vaishavanara, valakaccikai,
vallari, vallivanni, vanama, vanamacacceti, vanamacam,
in India: adigarradi, agea, agia, agni, agnika, agnimaata,
vancakacuram, vancakaram, vancira, vanciracceti, vanhi,
agnimaatha, agnimata, agnimatha, agnipaavaka, agnishikha,
vanhinama, vanni, vannipiliyam, vannippiriyacceti, vannip-
agnisikha, akanati, akanaticceti, akanatitam, akkini, alal,
piriyam, varalam, veli, vellai kodiveli, vellaiccittiramulam,
alarcuti, anal, anala, analam, analanama, angodiveli, anin-
vellaikkotiveli, vellaikkotuveli, vellakotuveri, ven-chittira
cakacceti, anincakam, anincil, ankaracatti, ankotiveli, ari,
mulam, vencittiramulam, venkodiveli, venkotimulam, ven-
arunaveli, aticanaci, atikanalacceti, atikanalam, atikanari,
kotiveli, vibhakara, vibhavasu, viratattuvam, vyala
atikari, atikarrati, atimakamuli, atinatippuntu, atipatinci, ati-
patinki, atipatinkicceti, atipatunkaicceti, atipatunki, barhi, in Indonesia: bama, daun encok, daun entjok, ki encok
bhali, bilay-chitramula, bili chitra mool, bili chitra moola, bir
in Japan: seiron-matsuri
kitamuli, boga, boga agechita, brihadbhanu, cataveta, cata-
vetai, catti, cattuvati, cerukkan, cerukkanvelicceti, chatawar, in Laos: pit pi’ khao
chatri, cheeta jad, cheeta ki chhal, chicha, chintamul, chit,
in Malaysia: cheraka, cheraka merah, daun jarak, jarak
chita, chita-lakdi, chita lakri, chitaber, chitani, chitarak, chi-
tawa, chitawar, chitaway, chithira moolam, chithiramulam, in Nepal: abjjale kuro, chitu, kalamnath
chithra moolam, chithra-mualm, chithraka, chithramoola,
in the Philippines: bangbang, sampaga, sandikit, sangdidikit,
chithramoolamu, chithramulam, chiti, chitra, chitra lakdi,
sangdikit, talangkau, talankan
chitra moolamu, chitra-mulam, chitraca, chitrak, chitrak
mool mota, chitrak mool thin, chitrak moolbreek, chitraka, in Thailand: chettamun phloeng khaao, pit piu khaao
chitrakmool, chitrakavrikshaha, chitral, chitramoola, chitra-
in Tibet: tsi tra, kru trug tres, kru tug tres, tsa gran ka,
moolam, chitramoolan, chitramula, chitramulam, chitramul-
tsi-tra-ka
amu, chitramulike, chitramulu, chitranga, chitraval, chitravar,
chitro, chitruk, chittira, chittira mulam, chittiragam, chitti- in Vietnam: du[oo]i c[oo]ng tr[aws]ng, b[aj]ch hoa x[af],
ramulam, chitur, chitwar, cilaiman, cita, citra, citrak, citraka, du[oo]i c[oo]ng hoa tr[aws]ng
citrakah, citrakah-sveta, citramula, citramulamu, citramu-
in Hawaii: hilie’e, ‘ilie’e, ‘ilihe’e, lauhihi
like, cittar muli, cittarmulam, cittarmuli, cittimulam, cit-
tira mulam, cittirakacceti, cittirakam, cittirakkoti, cittiram, in Pacific: ilieo, kahauta, kenikeni, lau tafifi, natuna, tutuna
cittiramulam, cittiratam, cittramoolum, civam, cotikantam,
in Kenya: mukya
cotimulam, cotimuli, cuci, cuvalini, dahaka, dahana, daruna,
dhi-chitrak, dhobchintamul, dhola chitaaparu, dvipi, eluna, in Yoruba: inabii, inabiri
elunacceti, eri, han-jaring, himarati, hiranyareta, hutab- in Zambia: sikalutenta
huk, hutasa, hutasana, ilataivanni, jataveda, jvalanakhya,
jyoti, jyotishka, kal, kalchita, kalchitta, kanali, kanalintiran, Plumbago zeylanica L. var. zeylanica (Plumbago viscosa
kanalintirankoti, kanilam, kanilindiran, karikai, karimai, Blanco; Thela alba Loureiro)
kavikkaruppi, kodivaylie, kodiveli, kodivelli, koduveli, kolu, SE Asia, Sri Lanka.
komucciravalli, konunkakalam, koticci, kotitti, kotiveli, koti-
ver, kotiyatakam, kotunali, kotunavi, kotunavicceti, kotuveli, See Species Plantarum 1: 151. 1753, Species Plantarum,
krishanu, krishnavartma, krsanu, kuriyavanni, kuta, lech- Editio Secunda 1: 215–216. 1762, Flora Cochinchinensis 1:
kuro, lohitanga, makaratacceti, makaratam, makarutam, 119. 1790, Flora de Filipinas 1: 78. 1837 and Fl. Southern
mulike, natakkaiyarival, nekili, neruppumuli, nirdahana, Africa 26: 17. 1963, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/2): 207–210. 1966,
nirdahani, oli, olikaicceti, olikam, paandaraa chithra, pachi, Prodr. Fl. SW. Afr. 105: 4. 1967, F.T.E.A., Plumbaginaceae:
pakappati, palaka, pali, pathi, pathina, patinam, pavaka, 5. 1976, Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979, Fontqueria 14: 37–44.
rakta, sadaveda, safed-buti, safed chitrak, saptarshi, schetti- 1987, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1985–
codiveli, seetrok, shitaraj, shambara, shardula, shikhavana, 1986. 2001
shikhi, shitarak, shitirah, shura, shushma, shwetachitraka, (Plant paste applied on boils. Root juice given for stomach
sikhi, sikhin, sitaparu, sitawel, sitraval, sittragam, sufaid, disorders, chest pain, tuberculosis, hypertension.)
sweta chitaapaaru, swetchita, takam, talal, talarkoti, tama-
raki, tamarakicceti, tanalakini, tanalakinicceti, tanalarri, in China: bai hua dan
tanuptam, tapanakacceti, tapanakam, tapanan, taruvanavak- in Kenya: mukya
kini, telhidak, tella-chitramulamu, tellachitramulam, tel-
lachitramulamu, tellacitramulamu, thellachithramoolamu,
ticaina, ticainacceti, tigana, tikana, tikanati, tikanaticceti,
Plumeria L. Apocynaceae
tikku, tita, tivipinamam, tivipinapakkoti, tivipinapam, tom-
bacodavelli, tumba-codiveli, tumpukotiveli, tumpukotuveli, For the French (b. Marseilles) monk Charles Plumier,
tuvayakkini, ukkan, umilnirpperukki, ushana, utacanam, 1646–1704 (d. near Cádiz, Spain), Franciscan missionary,
utacanan, utakavan, utalveticci, utankan, vaahini, vacakam, naturalist, botanical artist, explorer and botanist, traveller
Plumeria L. Apocynaceae 3003

in the West Indies, 1689 and 1690 Martinique, Guadeloupe See Species Plantarum 1: 209–210. 1753, Enumeratio
and Haiti, his works include Description des plantes de Systematica Plantarum 13. 1760, A General History of the
l’Amerique. Paris 1693, Nova plantarum americanarum Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 94. 1838
genera. Parisiis 1703. See Species Plantarum 1: 209–210.
(The latex is irritant, acrid, caustic.)
1753, Primae Lineae Systematis Naturae 70. 1834 and Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 189–224. 1938 [1937], H.N. Clokie, Plumeria rubra L. (Plumeria acuminata Aiton; Plumeria
Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany in the acutifolia Poir.; Plumeria acutifolia var. gasparrini A. DC.;
University of Oxford. 225–226. 1964, Ida Kaplan Langman, Plumeria angustifolia A. DC.; Plumeria arborea Noronha;
A Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants Plumeria arborescens G. Don; Plumeria aurantia Endl.;
of Mexico. 587. 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes Plumeria aurantia Lodd. ex G. Don; Plumeria aurantiaca
upon Botanists. 3: 93. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical Steud.; Plumeria bicolor Ruiz & Pav.; Plumeria bland-
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute fordiana Lodd. ex G. Don; Plumeria carinata Ruiz & Pav.;
Portrait Collection. 313. 1972, Paul Jovet & J.C. Mallet, in Plumeria conspicua G. Don; Plumeria gouanii D. Don ex
D.S.B. 11: 47–48. 1981, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. G. Don; Plumeria incarnata Mill.; Plumeria incarnata Ruiz
Gard. 85(1): 116–132. 2001, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. & Pav.; Plumeria incarnata var. milleri (G. Don) A. DC.;
2005, Darwiniana 44(2): 453–489. 2006, Darwiniana 47(1): Plumeria jamesoni Hook.; Plumeria kerrii G. Don; Plumeria
140–184. 2009. kunthiana Kostel.; Plumeria lambertiana Lindl.; Plumeria
loranthifolia Müll.Arg.; Plumeria lutea A. Chev.; Plumeria
Plumeria alba L. (Plumeria alba A. DC.; Plumeria alba lutea Ruiz & Pav.; Plumeria macrophylla Lodd. ex G. Don;
Aubl.; Plumeria alba Kunth) Plumeria mariaelenae J.F. Gut. & J. Linares; Plumeria
India. Small tree or shrub, broad fleshy leaves, small fragrant megaphylla A. DC.; Plumeria mexicana Lodd.; Plumeria
flowers in terminal cymes milleri G. Don; Plumeria mollis Kunth; Plumeria northiana
Lodd. ex G. Don; Plumeria purpurea Ruiz & Pav.; Plumeria
See Species Plantarum 1: 209–210. 1753, Histoire des plantes rubra f. acuminata (W.T. Aiton) Woodson; Plumeria rubra
de la Guiane Françoise 1: 259. 1775, Nova Genera et Species fo. acutifolia (Poir.) Woodson; Plumeria rubra fo. lutea
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 3: 230. 1819, Prodromus Systematis (Ruiz & Pav.) Woodson; Plumeria rubra fo. tricolor (Ruiz &
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 392. 1844 and Research Pav.) Woodson; Plumeria rubra var. acuminata (W.T. Aiton)
Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, R.S. Rao & Balamani; Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Poir.)
University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Bot. Commelins 44. L.H. Bailey; Plumeria tenuifolia Lodd. ex G. Don; Plumeria
1983, Kalita D., Saikia C.N. “Chemical constituents and tricolor Ruiz & Pav.)
energy content of some latex bearing plants.” Bioresour.
Technol. 92(3): 219–227. 2004 Central America. Shrub or small tree, erect, succulent, white
latex, leaves alternate clustered near ends of branches, flow-
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Milky latex rubefacient, cor- ers sweet smelling, corolla lobes contorted, fruit brown
rosive, toxic, purgative, used in the treatment of warts, ulcers,
herpes, scabies, gout, rheumatism. Latex in large doses used See Species Plantarum 1: 209–210. 1753, The Gardeners
for abortion when introduced into uterus.) Dictionary: … eighth edition n. 2. 1768, Flora Peruviana
2: 20–21, t. 138–142, 187. 1799, Hortus Kewensis; or, a
in English: West Indian jasmine, white champa catalogue … The second edition 2: 70. 1811, Encyclopédie
in Spanish: flor de Mayo Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 2(2): 667. 1812,
Gen. Hist. 4: 93–94. 1837, Prodr. 8: 390–391, 393–394.
in India: adavi-ganneru, belcampaka, bili daeva kanigalu, 1844, Fl. Bras. 6(1): 42. 1860 and Annals of the Missouri
champa, champo, daevaganneru, gulachpul, gulchin, haalu Botanical Garden 25(1): 189–224. 1938 [1937], Research
sampige, kadusampige, kananakaravira, khad champ, khair- Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany,
champa, peru, perumalari, perumallari, perumalli, peruma- University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970, Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat.
ram, perungalli, perunkalli, seemai arali, vellachampaka, Belg. 53: 342–371. 1983, Bot. Commelins 44. 1983, J. Indian
velutharali, veyyivarahaalu, veyyivarahalu Bot. Soc. 63: 227. 1984, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, Journal
of Cytology and Genetics 25: 308–320. 1990, Journal of
in Mexico: cacaloxochitl, flor de Mayo, nikté ch’om,
Ethnopharmacology 33(3): 289–292. 1991 [Traditional
saknikte (= flor blanca), popojoyó, sacnicté, tizalxochitl,
medicinal plants of Thailand. XVII. Biologically active con-
tlauhquecholxochitl
stituents of Plumeria rubra.], Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191.
in Peru: amancayo, azucena, hamancay, lirio 2005, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54(7): 2726–2731. 2006, J.
Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine. 2: 2. 2006
in South America: caracucha, caracucha blanca, frangipani
(Used in Ayurveda. Fruits reported to be used for abortion.
Plumeria inodora Jacq. (Plumeria alba var. inodora (Jacq.)
Latex toxic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, molluscicidal, cyto-
G. Don)
toxic and antibacterial, rubefacient, purgative and irritant,
India. Small tree, large white flowers large doses may be fatal, poisonous; latex rubbed to relieve
3004 Poa L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

body aches; latex injurious to eyes. Blunt ended portion of in Japan: Indo-sokei
twigs abortifacient; young shoot inserted into vagina as abor-
Malayan names: bunga kubor, bunga kubur, chempaka,
tifacient. Root paste given orally and also placed into uterus
chempaka biru, kamboja, kemboja, pokok kubur
for abortion; powdered root used in bone fractures; root
bark drastic purgative, antiviral, used in herpes and venereal in Nepal: chuwa, golanchi, gulechi, rato chuwa
sores. Bark infusion bath for piles; bark decoction purgative,
in Papua New Guinea: frangipani, pegi-pegi, prengipeni,
emmenagogue, febrifuge, anti-herpes, useful in gonorrhea,
sale, siale
venereal diseases and headache. Bath of leaves for erysipelas;
boiled aqueous extract of the leaves sprinkled on the floor to in the Philippines: calacalacutsi, kachuchi, kalachuche, kala-
eradicate flies and mosquitoes. Roasted fresh peduncle made nutsi, kalasuche, kalatsutse, kalatsutsi, kalatuche, kalisuchu,
into a paste applied to affected part due to paralysis. Flowers kalunache, kara-karikucha, kulaloche, talisocho
used for the treatment of dysentery. Veterinary medicine,
dry fruit crushed with asafoetida mixed in milk and given to in Vietnam: hoa cham pa, mien chi tu
cattle suffering from spasm. Bark as fish poison.)
in English: common frangipani, dogbane, frangipani, Poa L. Poaceae (Gramineae)
Mexican frangipani, pagoda tree, red frangipani, red plume-
ria, temple flower, temple tree, West Indian jasmine From the ancient Greek name poa, poie, poia ‘grass, pasture
grass’, a very difficult genus, type Poa pratensis L. see Species
in Mexico: acalztatsim, ayotectli (= vaso de calabazo), caca- Plantarum 1: 63, 67–68. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio
joyó, cacalosúchil, cacalosúchil rojo, cacaloxóchitl, chaknicte Decima 2: 874. 1759, Enumeratio Methodica Plantarum 207.
(= flor roja), cundá, flor de mayo, huiloicxitl (= pata de pal- 1759, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 179. 1810, Essai
oma), jacalosúchil blanco, jacalosúchil rojo, litie, nikté, nikté
d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 97. 1812, Flora Americae
ch’om, parandachicua, parandichiena, popojoyó, suchicahue,
Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 76. 1814, Nova Genera et Species
tlapalticcacaloxochitl (= flor del cuervo roja)
Plantarum 1: 158. 1815 [1816], Systema Vegetabilium, edi-
in Peru: aleli, amancayo, amapola, atapaimo, azucena, bel- tio decima sexta 2: 696. 1817, Chloris Melvilliana 29. 1823,
laco caspi, caracucha, caracucho, hamancay, lirio, lirio de la Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 271. 1830, An Introduction to
costa, plumeria, suche, suche amarillo, suche blanco, suche the Natural System of Botany 450. 1836, Flora Telluriana
rojo, suche turumbaco, suchi, tamaiba 1: 18. 1837, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United
States 596. 1848, Flora Rossica 4(13): 392. 1852, Fl. N.Z. 1:
in South America: acuanjoche, alejandría, campechana, cam-
307. 1853, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 263, 279,
potonera, caracucha, caracucha blanca, caracucha colorada,
288. 1854, Flora der Provinz Brandenburg 1: 844. 1864,
flor blanca, flor de cuervo, flor de mayo, frangipani, lengua de
toro, palo de la cruz, sacuanjoche, saugran, suchi, tlapalitos Conspectus florae europaeae: seu Enumeratio methodica
plantarum phanerogamarum Europae indigenarum, indicatio
in China: ji dan hua, ji dan hua shu distributionis geographicae singularum etc. 835. 1882, Flora
in India: adavi-ganneru, adaviganneru, ara golainchi, arali, Europaea 26: 186. 1891, Contributions from the United States
arhataganneru, arhathaganneru, belchampaka, campakam, National Herbarium 3(4): 262. 1895, Botanische Jahrbücher
chameli, champadka, champaka, champe, chanipe, chempe, für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
daeva ganneru, daevaganigalu, daevaganigile, dala maram, 25(5): 716–717. 1898, Circular, Division of Agrostology,
dalan phul, dalanphool, dev-champo, deva kanagilu, deva United States Department of Agriculture 9: 5. 1899 and
kanigalu, devaganagalu, devaganagile, devaganigalu, deva- Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 387. 1900,
ganigile, dhala, ganagala, ganagalekaai, ganagile, ganigile, T.N.Z.I 46: 38. 1914, American Midland Naturalist 4: 221.
garurchampa, goburchamp, golainchi, gosampige, gove sam- 1914, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
pige, gulachin, gulanchi, gulchin, gulechin, gunach, gutti- Berlin-Dahlem 10(97): 725. 1929, Publications of the Field
ganneru, hozaar phul, ilattalari, kaadu sampige, kaat champa, Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 8(5): 298. 1931, Flora
kaathachampaa, kadusampage, kadusampige, kallimandarai, URSS 2: 397, 401, 415. 1934, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 32: 296.
kanagala, kanagile, katchampa, khad champ, khagi-leihao, 1938, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50(4):
khagi-leihao-angangba, khair champa, khair-champo, khair- 1–838. 1952, Austral. J. Bot. 9: 152–161. 1961, New Zealand
champa, khseera sampige, kshira, ksiracampaka, kuppiyalari, Journal of Botany 6: 267–276. 1968, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast.
lal champa, lal dalan champa, lal golainchi, magaganagile, 8: 34. 1971, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 11: 49. 1974, Bulletin of
mogaganagile, mogaganigile, mogaganigalu, navilla, navil- the British Museum (Natural History), Botany 8: 395–396.
lavalari, nuruvarahaalu, nuruvarahalu, perungalli, rhura- 1981, Darwiniana 23: 303–306. 1981, Kew Bulletin 40(4):
chaapa, sampai, segappu arali, sonchampa, svetacampaka, 728. 1985, New Zealand J. Bot. 24: 425–503. 1986, Flora
torato, vaadaganneru, vada ganneru, vadaganneru, vai ngai, and Fauna Alpine Australasia. 413–434. 1986, Systematic
vaingai, velattalari, vellachampakam, vellachampige, velu- Botany 16(3): 512, 513, 523. 1991, Phytologia 71(5): 410.
tharali, veluttalari, veyyivarahaalu, veyyivarahalu, xenso 1991, Bulletin, University Museum, University of Tokyo 34:
golainchi, yerra devaganneru 169–249. 1991, Blumea 38: 421. 1994, Giovanni Semerano,
Poa L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 3005

Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionari Etimologici. (Root juice for indigestion.)
Basi semitiche delle lingue indeuropee. Dizionario della lin-
in China: bo fa zao shu he
gua Greca. 2(1): 236. Leo S. Olschki Editore, Firenze 1994,
Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea 7: 19–23. 1995, Australian in India: chirai
Journal of Botany 43: 577–599. 1995, Novon 8(2): 187–188,
Poa caespitosa Poir. (Poa caespitosa G. Forst., nom. nud.;
193. 1998, Willdenowia 28: 172. 1998, Taxon 49(2): 254.
Poa caespitosa G. Forst. ex Spreng.; Poa caespitosa (G.
2000, Ber. Institut  für Landschafts-  und Pflanzenökologie
Forst.) Hook. ex Speg.)
Univ. Hohenheim 16: 58–59. Stuttgart 2003, Flora
Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 9(2): 178–179, 198, 210. 2003, Australia, New Zealand.
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
See Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 89. 1786,
48: 119, 245, 468, 473–476, 477, 505–580, 581, 582–583.
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 5: 73. 1804,
2003, Am. J. Bot. 91: 1709–1725. 2004.
Plantarun Novarum ex Herbario Sprengelii Centarium 9.
Poa attenuata Trin. (Poa albertii Regel, also spelled alberti; 1807, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersbourg. 2: 302. pl. 8. 1808, Anales
Poa albertii subsp. poophagorum (Bor) Olonova & G.H. del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 5: 91. 1896 and New
Zhu; Poa attenuata Czetz, nom. illeg., non Poa attenuata Zealand Journal of Botany 24(3): 446. 1986
Trin.; Poa attenuata subsp. argunensis (Roshev.) Tzvelev;
(Grass decoction for rheumatic pains.)
Poa attenuata subsp. dahurica (Trin.) Olon.; Poa attenuata
var. botryoides (Trin. ex Griseb.) Tzvelev; Poa attenuata var. in English: low tussock, silver tussock
dahurica (Trin.) Turcz.; Poa attenuata var. dahurica (Trin.)
Maori name: wi
Griseb.; Poa attenuata var. dahurica (Trin.) Krilov, nom.
illeg., non Poa attenuata var. dahurica (Trin.) Griseb.; Poa Poa fendleriana (Steudel) Vasey (Atropis californica Munro
botryoides (Trin. ex Griseb.) Kom.; Poa dahurica Trin.; Poa ex A. Gray; Atropis californica Munro ex Thurb.; Atropis
densissima Roshev. ex Ovcz.; Poa glauca subsp. litvinoviana fendleriana (Steud.) Beal; Eragrostis fendleriana Steud.;
(Ovcz.) Tzvelev; Poa glauciculmis Ovcz.; Poa juldusicola Panicularia fendleriana (Steud.) Kuntze; Poa andina var.
Regel; Poa koelzii Bor; Poa lahulensis Bor; Poa litvino- major Vasey; Poa andina var. spicata Vasey; Poa brevi-
viana Ovcz.; Poa marginata Ovcz.; Poa neglecta Steud.; Poa paniculata Scribn. & T.A. Williams; Poa brevipaniculata
nemoralis var. ligulata Stapf; Poa poophagorum Bor; Poa var. subpallida T.A. Williams; Poa californica (Munro ex
rangkulensis Ovcz. & Czukav.; Poa roemeri Bor; Poa ruida Thurb.) Scribn., nom. illeg., non Poa californica Steud.; Poa
var. mongholica Litvin. ex Pavlov; Poa serotina var. botryoi- eatonii S. Watson; Poa fendleriana subsp. fendleriana; Poa
des Trin. ex Griseb.; Poa sinattenuata Keng; Poa sinattenu- fendleriana var. arizonica T.A. Williams; Poa fendleriana
ata Keng; Poa sinoglauca Ohwi; Poa sphondylodes Trin. var. spicata (Vasey) Scribn.; Poa longepedunculata Scribn.;
var. dahurica (Trin.) Melderis; Sesleria pavlovii Litv.) Poa longepedunculata var. viridescens T.A. Williams; Poa
scabriuscula T.A. Williams; Puccinellia fendleriana (Steud.)
India, China, Russia. Drought tolerant, found in ditches,
Ponert; Uralepis poaeoides Buckley) (species dedicated to the
drainage ditches, along roadsides, dark brown soil, river
American botanist Daniel Cady Eaton, 1834–1895, explorer,
banks, well-drained soils, sandy loam, gravel, rocky soil,
student of ferns, for many years professor of paleobotany
subalpine meadow
at Yale University, with Sereno Watson (1826–1892) on the
See Flora Carniolica 189. 1760, Enumeratio Plantarum, quas Clarence King Expedition, his writings include Ferns of the
in China Boreali 71. 1833, Mémoires Présentés à l’Académie Southwest. 1878, The ferns of North America. Boston [1877–]
Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers 1879–1880, Filices wrightianae et fendlerianae. 1860 and
Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées 2: 527. St. Petersburg “List of ferns from southern Patagonia.” in J.N. Rose, “List
1835, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de of plants collected by the U.S.S. Albatross in 1887-’91 along
Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, the western coast of America.” Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1(5):
Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles 135–142. 1892, he was a grandson of Amos Eaton (1776–
4,2(1): 63. 1836, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 2: 253. 1842). See J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists.
1854, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de 1: 491. 1965; Joseph Ewan, Rocky Mountain Naturalists. The
Moscou 29(1): 38. 1856, The Flora of British India 7: 341. University of Denver Press 1950; T.W. Bossert, Biographical
1896 and Fl. Altaica 7: 1656. 1914, Kew Bulletin 3(1): 143. Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
1948, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 11: 31. 1974, Enum. Fl. Pl. Portrait Collection. 113. 1972; J. Ewan, ed., A Short History
Nepal 1: 140–144. 1978, Probl. Bot. 14 (1): 29–33. 1979, of Botany in the United States. New York and London 1969;
Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 19: 28–39. 1984, Fl. S. Lenley et al., Catalog of the Manuscript and Archival
Xizangica 5: 95–121. 1987, Fl. Intramongol. (ed. 2) 5: 79–99. Collections and Index to the Correspondence of John Torrey.
1994, Consp. Fl. Outer Mongolia (Vasc. Pl.) 15–25. 1996, Pl. Library of the New York Botanical Garden. 146–148. 1973;
Central Asia 4: 156–177. 2001, Fl. Repub. Pop. Sinicae 9(2): Georges Perrot, Value to History of the study of the Fine
91–226. 2003, Rheedea 14(1–2): 67–68. 2004, Flora of China Arts … Translated and annotated by D.C. Eaton. [1899]; Carl
22: 308. 2006 Friederichs, Greek Sculpture. Translated and annotated by
3006 Poa L. Poaceae (Gramineae)

D.C.E. New Haven 1883; Joseph William Blankinship (1862– meadows, in moist forests, in moist regions at higher eleva-
1938), “A century of botanical exploration in Montana, 1805– tions, along roadsides, dry woods and edges, deep clay loam,
1905: collectors, herbaria and bibliography.” in Montana gravelly brown loamy soils, meadows, on streambanks
Agric. Coll. Sci. Studies Bot. 1: 1–31. 1904)
See Johannes Scheuchzer (1684–1738), Agrostographia sive
Northern America, Canada, USA. Perennial bunchgrass, graminum, juncorum, cyperorum, cyperoidum, iisque affin-
pale bluish-green to bright green, leaves mostly in a basal ium historia… Tiguri [Zürich] 1719, Species Plantarum 1:
clump, erect inflorescence, forage grass, less palatable when 61–63, 67, 69–70. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 495. 1763,
mature, common on well-drained soils in open woodland and Flora Danica 6(17): 3, t. 964. 1790, Samuel Liljeblad (1761–
forested areas, open places, meadows, dry mountain sides, 1815), Utkast til en Svensk Flora, Andra Uplagan 37. 1798,
loose gravelly soil Flora Britannica 106. 1800, Alpina 3: 27, 36. 1808, Essai
See Linnaea 10(3): 306. 1836, Synopsis Plantarum sur la Flore du Département de Maine et Loire 29. 1809,
Glumacearum 1: 278. 1854, Proceedings of the Academy of Agrostologia Helvetica, definitionem … 1: 184. 1811, Essai
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 14: 94, 336. 1862, United d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 16,146, 181. 1812, Systema
States Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth Parallel. Vegetabilium 2: 545. 1817, A Flora of the Northern and Middle
Botany 386. 1871, Report Upon United States Geographical Sections of the United States 1: 111. 1823, Flora Suecica 1:
Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in Charge 59. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4: Cur.
of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler … vol. vi--Botany 6: 290. Post. 36. 1827, Flora Helvetica 1: 240. 1828, Transactions
1878, Geological Survey of California, Botany 2: 309. of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 5: 146.
1880, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 10(1): 31. 1883, 1835, Flora italiana, ossia descrizione delle piante … 1:
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 782. 1891, U.S. Department 360. 1848, Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae 731. 1866,
of Agriculture. Division of Botany. Bulletin 13(2): t. 74. The Tennessee Flora; With Special Reference to the Flora
1893, Grasses of North America for Farmers and Students of Nashville 99. 1887, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 759.
2: 576. 1896, Bulletin, Division of Agrostology United States 1891 and Linnaea 36(4): 424. 1904, Prodrome de la Flore
Department of Agriculture 5: 31. 1897, Bulletin, Division of Corse 1: 137. 1910, American Midland Naturalist 4: 216,
Agrostology United States Department of Agriculture 11: 222. 1915, Flora URSS 2: 397. 1934, Botanische Jahrbücher
54, t. 11. 1898, Circular, Division of Agrostology, United für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
States Department of Agriculture 9–10: 2–5. 1899 and 69: 546. 1939, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad.
Feddes Repertorium 84(9–10): 739. 1974, Great Basin Nat. Nauk SSSR 11: 30. 1949, Journal of the Bombay Natural
45: 407. 1985 History Society 50(4): 1–838. 1952, Claves Generum et
Specierum Graminearum Primarum Sinicarum Appendice
(Pollen used for ceremonial, ritual, medicine.) Nomenclatione Systematica 165–166. 1957, Novosti Sist.
in English: Fendler bluegrass, mutton bluegrass, mutton Vyss. Rast. 9: 50. 1972, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 11: 31.
grass, muttongrass 1974, Fl. Fennica 5: 1–209. 1975, Flora of Tierra del Fuego
1–396. 1983, Great Basin Naturalist 45: 395–422. 1985,
Poa nemoralis L. (Agrestis alba (L.) Lunell; Agrostis alba Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 9: 470–486.
L.; Agrostis alba f. alba; Agrostis alba var. alba; Agrostis 1985, Gayana, Botánica 42: 1–157. 1985, Taxon 34: 159–164.
stolonifera f. alba (L.) Schur; Agrostis stolonifera var. alba 1985, Willdenowia 15: 393–400. 1986, Fitologija 31: 21–33.
(L.) Lilj.; Agrostis stolonifera var. alba (L.) Kuntze, nom. 1986, New Zealand Journal of Botany 24: 425–503. 1986,
illeg., non Agrostis stolonifera var. alba (L.) Lilj.; Agrostis Denkschriften der Schweizerischen [Naturforschenden
vulgaris var. alba (L.) Gatt.; Decandolia alba (L.) Bastard; Gesellschaft] [Akademie der Naturwissenschaften]
Festuca capitata Balb.; Paneion nemorale (L.) Lunell; Poa 100: 1–130. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23:
asperula Steud.; Poa balbisii Parl.; Poa balfourii auct.; Poa 38–52. 1988, Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique, Université
capitata Nutt.; Poa glaucanthos Gaudin, also spelled glau- Mohammed V. Série Botanique 35: 1–168. 1988, Boletim da
cantha; Poa hypanica Prokudin; Poa kamtschatica (L.) Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 64: 35–74. 1991, Bulletin of
Fisch. ex Komarov; Poa lapponica Prokudin; Poa nemoralis Botanical Research 14(2): 140. 1994, Opera Botanica 137:
Torr., nom. illeg., non Poa nemoralis L.; Poa nemoralis L.
1–42. 1999, Taxon 49(2): 255. 2000
subsp. balbisii (Balb.) Hack.; Poa nemoralis subsp. hypanica
(Prokudin) Tzvelev; Poa nemoralis L. subsp. nemoralis; Poa in English: forest bluegrass, wood bluegrass, wood meadow
pratensis var. fagetorum Rech.f. & Scheff.; Vilfa alba (L.) P. grass
Beauv.) (the specific name from the Latin nemorosus, a, um
Poa palustris L. (Paneion triflorum (Gilib.) Lunell; Paneion
(nemus, moris ‘a tree, wood, grove’) ‘woody, wooded, inhab-
triflorum Lunell; Poa crocata Michx.; Poa eyerdamii Hultén;
iting woods, growing in groves’)
Poa fertilis Host; Poa glauca var. crocata (Michx.) M.E.
Europe, Algeria, Morocco, Asia. Perennial bunchgrass, Jones; Poa janczewskii Zapal.; Poa kamtschatica (L.) Fisch.
herbaceous, densely to loosely tufted, sometimes rhizoma- ex Komarov; Poa palustris var. strictula (Steud.) Hack.;
tous, fine stems erect to spreading, turf, lawns and playing Poa pinetorum Klokov; Poa rotundata Trin.; Poa serotina
fields, pasture and hay, common in well-drained mountain Ehrh.; Poa serotina Ehrh. ex Hoffm.; Poa serotina Ehrh. ex
Poa L. Poaceae (Gramineae) 3007

Schrad.; Poa strictula Steud.; Poa tanfiljewii Roshev.; Poa Poa costata Schumach.; Poa florida N.R. Cui; Poa garanica
triflora Gilib.; Poa volhynensis Klokov) Ikonn.; Poa gelida Roem. & Schult.; Poa ianthoides Roiv.;
Poa intermedia Steud., nom. illeg., non Poa intermedia
Temperate and tropical Asia, Europe, Northern America.
Koeler; Poa luzoniensis Merr.; Poa magensiana Potztal;
Perennial, herbaceous, yellow-green or purple, erect, caes-
Poa maydelii Roshev.; Poa menachensis Schweinf.; Poa
pitose, clumped or densely bunched, flimsy to robust stems,
oligeria Steud.; Poa peckii Chase; Poa pinegensis Roshev.;
purplish lower stems usually curved and decumbent at the
Poa pratensis proles. costata (Schumach.) Asch. & Graebn.;
base, stems rooting at the nodes like stolons, forage, use-
Poa pratensis subsp. attica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Rech.f.; Poa
ful for erosion control and revegetation, occurs in wetlands,
pratensis var. costata (Schumach.) Fr.; Poa pratensis var.
marshes, in meadow habitats, lowland, meadows and wet
gelida (Roem. & Schult.) Boch.; Poa pratensis var. laxiflora
meadows, mountain meadows, moist conditions, shores and Lange; Poa pratensis var. macounii Boivin; Poa praten-
thickets, moist woods, in moist forests and forest openings, sis var. stricta Hook.; Poa pratensis L. var. subglabriflora
wet soils, alluvial soils, wet floodplains, sandy gravelly soils, Roshev.; Poa pratensis var. urjanchaica (Roshev.) Bondar
gravelly soil with coarse fragments, hillsides, swamps, shores, ex O.N. Korovina; Poa rigens Hartm.; Poa rigens Hartm.
sloughs, stream banks, ditches, loamy soil, boggy ground subsp. colpodea (Th. Fr.) D. Löve; Poa serotina Ehrh.; Poa
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 874. 1759, Beiträge subglabriflora Roshev.; Poa turfosa Litv.; Poa urjanchaica
zur Naturkunde 6: 83. 1791, Exercitia Phytologica 2: 531. Roshev.; Poa viridis Gilib.; Poa viridis Schreb. ex Pursh; Poa
Lugduni Gallorum 1792, Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 68. viridis Muhl
1803, Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum 3: Europe, Asia temperate and tropical, large climate range.
10, t. 15. 1805, Flora Germanica 1: 299. 1806, Mémoires de l’ Perennial, very variable, loosely or densely tufted, erect,
Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième ascending or geniculate, sod-forming, low-growing, herba-
Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles ceous, smooth, leaves mostly basal, rhizomatous with slen-
1(4): 387. 1830, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 426. der creeping rhizomes, cultivated fodder grass and widely
1855 [1854], Bull. Soc. Bot. France 9: 453. 1862, Bulletin de naturalized, pasture species, highly palatable and nutritious
l’Herbier Boissier 7(9): 710. 1899 and Synopsis der mittel- when young and green, seepage areas, pastures, in prairies
europäischen Flora 2: 418. 1900, Contributions to Western and fields, uncut lawns, in disturbed and well-watered sites
Botany 14: 14. 1912, American Midland Naturalist 4: 223.
1915, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 1: 1–557. 1923, See Species Plantarum 1: 67–68. 1753, Florulae Insularum
Acta Universitatis Lundensis 38(1): 206, f. 3e-h. 1942, Journal Australium Prodromus 8. 1786, Beiträge zur Naturkunde 6:
of the Bombay Natural History Society 51(1): 53–103. 1952, 83. 1791, Exercitia Phytologica 2: 530. 1792, Agrostologia
Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories; A Manual of Helvetica, definitionem … 1: 214. 1811, Catalogus Plantarum
the Vascular Plants i-xxi, 1–1008. 1968, Flora Europaea 5: Americae Septentrionalis 11. 1813, Flora Americae
159–1167. 1980, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 60: Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 79. 1814, A Sketch of the Botany
148–153. 1981, Gayana, Botánica 42: 1–157. 1985, Great of South-Carolina and Georgia 1: 160. 1816, Systema
Basin Naturalist 45: 395–422. 1985, Fitologija 31: 21–33. Vegetabilium 2: 540. 1817, Handbok i Skandinaviens Flora
1986, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 476–479. 1991, ed. 1 448. 1820, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 246. 1840,
Bulletin, University Museum, University of Tokyo 34: 169– Summa Vegetabilium Scandinaviae 76. 1846, Flora Novae-
249. 1991, Vascular Plants of British Columbia 129–138. Zelandiae 306. 1853, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium
1994, Flora of the Yukon Territory i-xvii, 1–669. 1996, Taxon novarum, ser. 2, (fasc. 13): 57. 1853 [or 1854?], Synopsis
49(2): 256. 2000 Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 252, 426. 1854, Öfversigt af
Förhandlingar: Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien 26:
(Poa palustris, like Poa nemoralis, is one of the most com- 138. 1869, Conspectus Florae Groenlandicae 1: 177. 1880,
plicated and polymorphic species. Hybridization with Poa Mexicanas Plantas 2: 113. 1886 and Flora Capensis 7: 713.
nemoralis, coupled with apomixis, has formed a series of 1900, Synopsis der mitteleuropäischen Flora 2: 433. 1900,
morphologically and genetically distinct populations.) Philippine Journal of Science 1(Suppl.): 180. 1906, a Museo
in English: fowl bluegrass, fowl meadow grass, swamp botanico Academiae imperialis scientiarum Petropolitanae
meadow grass editum Sanktpeterburg Repertorium Specierum Novarum
Regni Vegetabilis 11: 25. 1912, American Midland
Poa pratensis L. (Paneion pratense (L.) Lunell; Poa agas- Naturalist 4: 222. 1915, Schedae ad herbarium Florae
sizensis Boivin & D. Löve; Poa anceps var. breviculmis Rossicae, 1898–1911, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States
Hook.f.; Poa angustifolia Elliott, nom. illeg., non Poa 1: 1–557. 1923, T.R.S.N.Z. 65: 2. 1935, Field Museum of
angustifolia L.; Poa angustifolia L.; Poa angustifolia subsp. Natural History, Botanical Series 13(1/1): 96–261. 1936,
costata (Schumach.) Richt.; Poa angustifolia var. pratensis Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 28(2):
Simonk.; Poa angustiglumis Roshev.; Poa articulata Ovcz., 54, f. 2. 1938, Journal of the Bombay Natural History
nom. illeg., non Poa articulata Schrank; Poa attica Boiss. Society 51(1): 53–103. 1952, Annales Botanici Societatis
& Heldr.; Poa bidentata Stapf; Poa boliviensis Hack.; Poa Zoologicae-Botanicae Fennicae “Vanamo” 28(2): 199.
bourgeaei E. Fourn. ex Hemsl.; Poa bourgeaei E. Fourn.; 1954, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
3008 Podandrogyne Ducke Capparaceae (Capparidaceae, Cleomaceae)

University 184: 1–223. 1958, Willdenowia 2: 168. 1959, Podandrogyne mathewsii (Briq.) Cochrane (Cleome brachy-
Grasses of Burma … 559. 1960, Le Naturaliste Canadien carpa Vahl ex DC., nom. nud.; Cleome brachycarpa M. Vahl
87: 173–176, f. 1. 1960, Taxon 17(1): 89. 1968, British ex Triana & Planchon; Cleome densiflora (Benth.) Triana &
Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports 60: 1–202, 1–6 pls. 1968, Planch.; Cleome hirsuta Ruiz & Pav. ex DC., nom. nud.; Cleome
Check-list of the Vascular Plants of Greenland 1–40. 1968, lateralis Triana & Planch.; Gynandropsis brachycarpa DC.;
Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories; A Manual Gynandropsis briquetiana Diels; Gynandropsis densiflora
of the Vascular Plants i-xxi, 1–1008. 1968, Flora de la Benth.; Gynandropsis hispidula DC.; Gynandropsis lateralis
Provincia de Buenos Aires 4(2): 39. 1970, Flora Patagónica (Triana & Planch.) Pax & Hoffm.; Gynandropsis mathewsii
3: 1–583. 1978, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 15: 221. 1979, Briq.; Gynandropsis ulei Gilg ex Briq.; Pedicellaria lehm-
Flora Europaea 5: 159–1167. 1980, Provancheria 12: 62. annii Hieron.; Podandrogyne brachycarpa (DC.) Woodson;
1981, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 60: 148–153. Podandrogyne brevipedunculata Cochrane; Podandrogyne
1981, Flora of Pakistan. n. 143. Poaceae 410. 1982, Flora densiflora (Benth.) H.H. Iltis & Cochrane)
of Tierra del Fuego 1–396. 1983, New Zealand J. Bot. 24: India, Ecuador. Suffrutex, shrub or treelet, glandular, herb,
459. 1986, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 21: 155. 1986, erect, sticky viscid foul-smelling foliage, red-orange flowers,
Denkschriften der Schweizerischen [Naturforschenden inflorescences erect, black seeds with white arils
Gesellschaft] [Akademie der Naturwissenschaften] 100:
1–130. 1987, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
1988, Warren Lambert Wagner, Manual of the Flowering 1: 238, 240. 1824 [mid Jan 1824], Plantas Hartwegianas
Plants of Hawaii 2: 1481–1604. University of Hawaii imprimis Mexicanas 160. 1845, Annales des Sciences
Press, Honolulu 1990, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, Naturelles; Botanique, (Paris) série 4 17: 72–73. 1862,
ser. 2 63: 29–66. 1990, Cytologia 56: 437–452. 1991, Bot. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(2): 113–114. 1992, Flora und Pflanzengeographie 20 (Beibl. 49): 20. 1895 and Annuaire
Mesoamericana 6: 230–231. 1994, Blumea 38: 409–457. du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 17: 385,
1994, Grassland of China 1995(1): 16–20. 1995, Bothalia 387. 1914, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage
27: 75–82. 1997, Taxon 48(1): 157–159. 1998, Guide to the 17b: 218. 1936, Biblioth. Bot. 116: 88. 1937, Annals of the
Vascular Plants of Florida i-x, 1–806. 1998, Bothalia 29(2): Missouri Botanical Garden 35: 143. 1948, Selbyana 2(1): 32
335–341. 1999, Taxon 49(2): 254. 2000, Taxon 49(4): 802. (-36), t. 9, 10. 1977, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de
2000, Flora of Bhutan 3(2): i-vii + 457–883. 2000, Brittonia Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 65: 268. 1989, Novon
54(3): 154–163. 2002 7(4): 353–354. 1997[1998]

(The pollen of this species may cause hay fever.) (Tonic bath. Veterinary medicine, plants used to cure worms
in camel’s nose.)
in English: common meadow grass, June grass, junegrass,
in India: navli, noddi
Kentucky bluegrass, meadow grass, meadow poa, smooth
meadow grass, smooth-stalked meadow grass, spear grass, in Ecuador: acuradapé, yacu guandu
winter grass
in French: pâturin des prés
Podanthus Lagasca Asteraceae
in Spanish: grama de prados, poa común, zacate poa
From the Greek pous, podos ‘a foot’ and anthos ‘flower’,
in Colombia: pasto azul de Kentucky referring to the stalked flower-heads, see Gen. Sp. Pl.
in Mexico: zacate azul de las praderas, zacate azul del [Lagasca] 24. 1816.
Kentucky Podanthus ovatifolius Lag. (Euxenia ovalifolia Kuntze)
in Portuguese: capim-do-campo Chile. Shrub
in Japan: nagahagusa See Genera et species plantarum 24. 1816, Revis. Gen. Pl.
1: 338. 1891
(Stem emmenagogue, also for bladder disorders.)
Podandrogyne Ducke Capparaceae
(Capparidaceae, Cleomaceae) in Chile: mitique, mitrio, mitrique, palo negro

Greek pous, podos ‘a foot’, androgynos ‘man-woman, her-

maphrodite’, Latin androgynus ‘having male and female Podocarpium (Benth.) Y.C. Yang & S.H. Huang
flowers separate but on the same inflorescence’, see Archivos
Fabaceae (Desmodieae, Leguminosae)
do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 5: 115, f. 9. 1930, Field
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 984–1006. 1938, Monogr. From the Greek pous, podos ‘a foot’ and karpos ‘fruit’, see
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 566–584. 2001. Pl. Jungh. 226. 1852, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(2):
Podocarpus L’Hérit. ex Pers. Podocarpaceae 3009

520. 1865 and Ginkgoana 1: 120. 1973, Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E. Edgar, “Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand
E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 4: 4. 1979, Edinburgh J. Bot. 57(2): Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New
173. 2000. Zealand Journal of Botany. 25: 115–170. 1987, Blumea 32:
209–211. 1987, Fl. Colombia 5: 1–73. 1988, Notes from the
Podocarpium repandum (Vahl) Yen C. Yang & P.H. Huang
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 45(2): 377–395. 1989 [dt.
(Desmodium repandum (Vahl) DC.; Desmodium scalpe
1988, issued 22 Feb 1989], Botanical Journal of the Linnean
DC.; Hedysarum repandum Vahl; Meibomia repanda (Vahl)
Society 112(1): 59–74. 1993, Bothalia 25(2): 233–236. 1995,
O. Kuntze)
South African Journal of Science 100: 629–632. 2004. The
Africa, Asia, Sri Lanka, India. Herb erect, suffrutescent, nomenclature is confusing and in need of clarification; some
woody at the base, simple or branched, rootstock woody, authors consider Afrocarpus as comprising only a single,
leaves 3-foliolate chartaceous, racemose inflorescence termi- variable species, recently separated from Podocarpus.
nal and axillary, corolla orange to red, pod densely hairy,
Podocarpus dacrydioides A. Rich. (Dacrycarpus dac-
along water courses, in grassland, open places and forest
rydioides (A. Rich.) de Laub.; Nageia dacrydiodes (A. Rich.)
margins, see also Hylodesmum repandum (Vahl) H. Ohashi
F. Muell.)
& R.R. Mill
New Zealand. Tree, straight, slender upright branches, tiny
See Species Plantarum 2: 745–751. 1753, Enumeratio
green scale-like leaves, shiny black seeds in a fleshy scarlet
Methodica Plantarum 168. 1759, Symbolae Botanicae … 2:
cup
82. 1791, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
2: 334. 1825, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 197. 1891 and See Voyage de Découverts de l’~Astrolabe~ … Botanique 1:
Bulletin of Botanical Laboratory of North-Eastern Forestry 358. 1832, Select Plants … Melbourne 138. 1876 and Journal
Institute 4: 1, 13. 1979, Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57(2): of the Arnold Arboretum 50(3): 337. 1969
185. 2000
(Bark tonic, used for bruises. Leaves, vapor baths, for urinary
(Diuretic, astringent, used for diarrhea, dysentery. Ritual.) complaints.)
in Indonesia: leng-elengan, potong kujang, waliketupa sapi in English: white pine
in Laos: kh’üa s’a:thwa’ Maori name: kahikatea
in Burundi: akagonderamuhoro, akagumiramuhoro Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirbel (Afrocarpus
falcatus (Thunb.) C.N. Page; Decussocarpus falcatus
in Congo: anjoba, irhuza likasi, irhuza lilume, ituza,
(Thunb.) de Laub.; Decussocarpus fleuryi (Hickel) de Laub.;
medingofe
Nageia falcata (Thunb.) Carrière; Nageia falcata (Thunb.)
in Kenya: ladakat Kuntze; Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) Endl.; Podocarpus
in Madagascar: vahietatra fleuryi Hickel; Podocarpus gracilior sensu Burtt Davy, non
Pilg.; Podocarpus gracillimus Stapf; Taxus falcata Thunb.)
in Rwanda: ituza
East Africa. Evergreen tree, straight, bark flaking, narrow
in Tanzania: kuloko la kuku leaves shiny, 1–3 male axillary catkins, hard fruit rounded,
inner flesh eaten by monkeys and birds, in upland rain forest,
forest, often associated with Juniperus
Podocarpus L’Hérit. ex Pers. Podocarpaceae
See Species Plantarum 2: 1040. 1753, De Fructibus et
Greek pous, podos and karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 191. 1788, Prodromus Plantarum
length of the fleshy stalks; see De Fructibus et Seminibus Capensium, … 117. 1800, Syn. Pl. 2(2): 580. 1807, Mémoires
Plantarum… . 1: 191. 1788, Novae Hollandiae Plantarum du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 75. 1825, Synopsis
Specimen 2: 71, t. 221. 1806, Charles Louis L’Héritier de Coniferarum 219. 1847, Revue Horticole 40: 370. 1869 and
Brutelle, Synopsis Plantarum. (Persoon) 2(2): 580. 1807, Bulletin de la Société Dendrologique de France 76: 75. 1930,
Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 48. 1825, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 50: 340, 355, 359. 1969
Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 88. 1827, Synopsis Coniferarum 203,
(An infusion from the bark to treat stomachache.)
221. 1847, Bonplandia (Hanover) 10: 366. 1862, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 513. 1868, in English: bastard yellowwood, common yellowwood, East
Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 20: 65. African yellowwood, Outeniqua yellowwood, podo, smooth-
1874 and Das Pflanzenreich 45(18): 58. 1903, Philippine barked yellowwood
Journal of Science 2(4): 259. 1907, Journal of the Arnold
in East Africa: muthengera, mvavavi, ol-pirripirri
Arboretum 29(1): 57. 1948, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 20–23.
1958, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 50: 315. 1969, Trav. in Southern Africa: geelhout, kolander, nikolander, niet-
Lab. Forest. Toulouse tome 2, sect. 1, vol. 1(2), chap. 20: 113, lander, Outeniekwageelhout; umSonti (Swazi); mogobagoba,
122. 1974, Blumea 30(2): 251–278. 1985, H.E. Connor and mogôbagôba (North Sotho); umSonti, uNomphumelo,
3010 Podocarpus L’Hérit. ex Pers. Podocarpaceae

umHlenhlane, umGeya, umKhandangoma, umPume (Zulu); in Southern Africa: opregte geelhout, regte geelhout,
umKhoba, umKoleya, umGeya (Xhosa) Kaapse geelhout, wittegeelhout; monyaunyau, mogobagoba,
mogôbagôba (North Sotho); umKhoba, umSonti, umGeya
Podocarpus ferrugineus G. Benn. ex D. Don (Nageia ferru-
(Zulu); umCheya, umGeya (this same word used also for
ginea (G. Benn. ex D. Don) F. Muell.; Prumnopitys ferruginea
giraffe), umKhoba, umSonti (Xhosa); muhovho-hovho
(G. Benn. ex D. Don) de Laub.; Stachycarpus ferrugineus (G.
(Venda); ruHombge, muNyenza (Shona)
Benn. ex D. Don) Tiegh.)
Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don (Margbensonia
New Zealand. Forest tree, straight trunk, roundish spread-
macrophylla (Thunb.) A.E. Bobrov & Melikyan; Nageia
ing crown, dark green curved pointed spikes, male trees with
macrophylla (Thunb.) F. Muell.; Nageia macrophylla
small cones, fleshy bright red fruits plum-like, flesh yields an
(Thunb.) Kuntze; Nageia macrophylla Kuntze; Podocarpus
oil with turpentine flavour
macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet; Podocarpus macrophyllus D.
See Lambert, Aylmer Bourke (1761–1842), A Description Don; Taxus macrophylla Thunb.; Taxus macrophylla Banks
of the Genus Pinus ed. 2 2: 189. London, Weddell, 1832, ex Endl.)
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 38: 173. 1891 and
Asia. Evergreen shrub or tree, elongated pollen cones
Blumea 24(1): 190. 1978
yellowish
(Gum insecticide, for wounds and ulcers; oil as a tonic after
See Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. iv. 38. 1783, Fl.
fever. Bark antiseptic, astringent, an infusion for stomach-
Jap. (Thunberg) 276. 1784, Syst. Vegetabilium. Editio dec-
ache; leaves and bark for gonorrhea.)
ima quarta (J.A. Murray) 895. 1784, Hortus suburbanus
in English: rusty podocarpus Londinensis 211. 1818, A Description of the Genus Pinus 2:
22. 1824, Select Plants … New South Wales ed. 204. 1881,
in New Zealand: miro, toromiro
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 800. 1891 and Jap. J. Genet.
Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirb. (Nageia 63: 413–423. 1988
latifolia (Wall.) Gordon; Podocarpus latifolius Blume,
(Fleshy seeds toxic if eaten.)
nom. illeg., non Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) R. Br. ex
Mirb.; Podocarpus latifolius Wall.; Podocarpus milanjia- in English: bigleaf podocarp, Japanese yew, shrubby yew
nus Rendle; Podocarpus thunbergii Hook.; Taxus latifolia podocarpus, southern yew, yew podocarp
Thunb.; Taxus latifolius Thunb.)
in Japan: inu-maki
East Africa, Sudan, South Africa, China. Evergreen, dioe-
cious tree, straight and cylindrical, female cone terminal, in Okinawa: chagi, kyangi
male cone axillary, a fleshy receptacle at the base of the seed, in China: lo han mu, lo han sung, luo han song, luo han
included in the IUCN Red list song shi
See Species Plantarum 2: 1040. 1753, De Fructibus et Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don (Podocarpus discolor
Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 191. 1788, Thunberg, Carl Peter Blume; Podocarpus leptostachyus Blume; Podocarpus
(1743–1828), Prodromus Plantarum Capensium … 117. macrophyllus var. acuminatissimus E. Pritz.; Podocarpus
Upsaliæ: J. Edman, 1794–1800, Syn. Pl. 2(2): 580. 1807, neglectus Blume)
Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 75. 1825,
Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 1: 89. 1827, Plantae Asiaticae China. Evergreen tree or shrub, dioecious, bole straight,
Rariores 1(2): 26, t. 30. 1830, Gordon, George (1806–1879), dark green drooping foliage, whorled spreading branches,
The Pinetum 138. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1858 and Cheng flowers in axillary catkins, clustered pollen cones, seed
Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chao Chi-son. Podocarpaceae. In: cones solitary, receptacle bright red and succulent when
Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis ripe, seeds edible
Sin. 7: 398–422. 1978, Journal of the Indian Chemical See A Description of the Genus Pinus London: J. White,
Society 66(6): 423–424. 1989, Int. J. Plant Sci. 153: 572– 1803–1824 [David Don, 1799–1841, is the author of vol.
588. 1992, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70: 21, 71–73. 1994, 2.], Hort. Brit. [Sweet] 371. 1826, Rumphia 3: 213–214.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70: 281–300. 2000 1836–1849, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 800. 1891 and
(A bark infusion taken to treat stomachache. A leaf decoction Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
drunk as vermifuge.) und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 213. 1900, Blumea 4: 437.
1941, Journal Arnold Arboretum 39: 460, 467. 1958, Fl.
in English: broad-leaved yellowwood, East African yel- Malesiana 1, 10: 400, map fig. 45. 1988
lowwood, podo, real yellowwood, red-fruited podo, rough-
barked yellowwood, true yellowwood, upright yellowwood, (Leaves decoction used as an alterative in rheumatism and
yellowwood for painful joints.)
in India: karunthumbi, karuntumpi in China: bai ri qing
Podophyllum L. Berberidaceae (Podophyllaceae) 3011

in India: halis, sarthing, thiangfar, thlang-phar, thlangfar, referring to the shape of the leaves; see Species Plantarum
tring-thi 1: 505. 1753, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-
botanisches Handwörterbuch. 558. Ansbach 1852 and
Malay name: podo bukit
Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana.
Podocarpus spicatus R. Br. (Austrotaxus spicata (R. Br.) XIII: 705. Torino 1986, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches
Compton; Nageia spicata (R. Br.) F. Muell.; Podocarpus Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 495. Basel
spicatus R. Br. ex Mirb.; Podocarpus spicatus Poepp. & 1996. Several lignans and their glycosides, present in the
Endl.; Podocarpus spicatus Poepp.; Prumnopitys spicata resin extracted from rhizomes and roots, exhibit antitumor
(Poepp.) Molloy & Muñoz-Schick; Stachycarpus spicatus activity. Etoposide, a semisynthetic derivative of one of the
(R. Br.) Tiegh.) lignans, is currently used in the treatment of small-cell lung
cancer and testicular cancer. Rootstock produce podophyl-
New Zealand. Forest tree, black fruits
lol, a sticky resin, quarcetin and podophyllo-toxin of medici-
See Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris xiii. 75. 1825, Nova Genera nal importance.
ac Species Plantarum (Poeppig & Endlicher) 3: 18. 1841,
Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Royle (Podophyllum emodi
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 38: 173. 1891 and
Wall., nom. nud.; Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Hook.f. &
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 45: 427. 1922, New
Thomson; Podophyllum emodi var. hexandrum (Royle) Chatt.
Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 190. 1999
& Muker.; Podophyllum hexandrum Royle; Podophyllum
(Juice from the trunk tonic, antiseptic, for consumption.) sikkimensis Chatterjee & Mukerjee; Sinopodophyllum
emodi (Wall. ex Royle) T.S. Ying; Sinopodophyllum emodi
in English: black pine
T.S. Ying; Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying;
Maori name: matai Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying var. emodi
(Wall., Hook.f. & Thomson) J.M.H. Shaw)
Podocarpus totarus G. Benn. ex D. Don (Nageia totara (G.
Benn. ex D. Don) F. Muell.; Podocarpus totara G. Benn. ex China, Pakistan, Himalaya. Perennial herb, erect, somewhat
D. Don; Podocarpus totarus D. Don) fleshy or succulent, rhizome short, creeping rootstock, pal-
mate leaves reflexed, flowers erect, petals deep pink, berry
New Zealand. Forest tree, straight, leaves with sharply
oblong-ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid, fruits said to be edible, a
pointed tips, fruit a small nut with a succulent red base, ber-
medicinal resin is obtained from the plant, very variable spe-
ries edible
cies in stature or overall size and number of stamens, and any
See A Description of the Genus Pinus. London, 1803–1824 separation of taxa on these characters will be valueless, see
also Sinopodophyllum hexandrum
(Smoke from burning wood for skin and venereal diseases,
piles. Inner bark for fever. Held sacred by the Maori people.) See Species Plantarum 1: 505. 1753, Numer. List [Wallich]
n. 814. 1829, Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan
in English: true totara
Mountains … [Royle] 64. 1834, Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson]
in New Zealand: totara 1: 232. 1855 and Beaut. Fl. Kash. 1: 27. 1928, Records of the
Botanical Survey of India 16(2): 45, 48. 1953, Fl. Afghan. 133.
Podocarpus usambarensis Pilg. (Afrocarpus dawei
1960, Ann. Catl. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kashmir 282. 1972,
(Stapf) C.N. Page; Afrocarpus mannii (Hook.f.) C.N. Page;
Bot. Zhurn. 64 (11): 1539–1551. 1979, Acta Phytotaxonomica
Afrocarpus usambarensis (Pilg.) C.N. Page; Decussocarpus
Sinica 17(1): 15–16. 1979, Taxon 30: 75. 1981, Wu, Zhengyi,
mannii (Hook.f.) de Laub.; Nageia mannii (Hook.f.) Kuntze;
Flora Xizangica [Tibet]. [China], 1983, Genetica 82: 59–62.
Nageia mannii var. usambarensis (Pilg.) Silb.; Podocarpus
1990, Glimpses Pl. Res. 12(1): 165–171, 191–198. 1998,
dawei Stapf; Podocarpus mannii Hook.f.)
Ethnobotany 17: 127–136. 2005, Hanburyana 4: 36. 2009
Congo to Kenya and Tanzania. Tree, close to Afrocarpus
(Leaves and roots of Podophyllum hexandrum are poisonous;
falcatus
plant highly poisonous, it should not be prescribed for pregnant
See Das Pflanzenreich 5: 70. 1903, Notes from the Royal women. Soft warmed fresh leaves applied to boils. Fruit used
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 45: 384. 1988, Journal of the for gynecological problems, blood disorders, for easy delivery;
International Conifer Preservation Society 7(1): 28. 2000 ripe fruits eaten as a mild laxative. Roots and rhizomes pur-
gative, stimulant, vermifuge, cholagogue, cytostatic. Rhizome
(An infusion from the bark to treat stomachache, applied to
paste applied to the vagina to treat infections; rhizome paste
itching rash. Seed oil in the treatment of gonorrhea and vene-
eaten as a purgative. Rhizomes, roots, fruits and seeds for cuts
real diseases.)
and wounds, skin diseases, fever, gastric ulcers.)
in Bhutan: hol-mo-se
Podophyllum L. Berberidaceae (Podophyllaceae)
in India: angwaly, bajkakri, bakrachimaka, bankakdi,
Derived from Anapodophyllum Catesby, Latin anas, anatis bankakri, banwangan, galakada, ghee, giriparpat, kakrya,
‘the duck’, Greek pous, podos ‘a foot’ and phyllon ‘a leaf’, papari, papra, papri, rikhpat, shatjalari, wanwangun
3012 Poeciloneuron Beddome Guttiferae (Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Clusiaceae)

in Nepal: golapani, haamung, laghu patra, shinmendo (Root made into a paste taken as an oral contraceptive.
Magico-religious beliefs and performances.)
in Pakistan: bankakri, banwangan, papra
in India: pootham kolli, poothamkolli, vayila, vazha
in Tibet: ol mo se
Podophyllum peltatum L.
Poga Pierre Anisophylleaceae (Rhizophoraceae)
North America. Perennial rhizomatous herb, creeping
underground stems, palmately dissected peltate leaves, A vernacular name from Gabon, see Bulletin Mensuel de la
whitish nodding apple-blossom-like flowers, yellow or red Société Linnéenne de Paris 2: 1254. 1896.
egg-shaped berry, fruit for food Poga oleosa Pierre
See Species Plantarum 1: 505. 1753 and Rosenstein, G. et al. Tropical Africa, Cameroon. Tree, straight and cylindrical
“Podophyllum—a dangerous laxative.” Pediatrics 57: 419– stem, gray bark, purplish rough branchlets, leathery smooth
421. 1976, Bot. Zhurn. 64(11): 1539–1551. 1979, Annals of the glossy leaves, very small flowers stalkless, green rough fruits
Carnegie Museum 49: 265–305. 1980, Cassidy, D.E., Drewry, with brown spots on them, kernels edible, in forest
J., Fanning, J.P. “Podophyllum toxicity: a report of a fatal case
and a review of the literature.” J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 19: See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 2:
1254. 1896
35–44. 1982, Dewick, P.M. “Tumour inhibitors from plants.”
in: G.E. Trease and W.C. Evans. Pharmacognosy, ed. 12. (Kernel emollient, laxative, for skin diseases. Oil used with
London. pp. 629–647. 1983, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Dorstenia multiradiata as a treatment for psoriasis.)
Series Botanica 29: 19–30. 1987, International Organization
in English: African Brazil nut, inoi nut
of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Regnum
Veg. 127: 77. 1993 in Cameroon: angale, fo, mpoi, ngale, pobo
(The ripe fruit of Podophyllum peltatum is considered edible, in Gabon: afo, m’poga, ovoga
but in limited quantity; all other parts of the plant are toxic, in Nigeria: imono (Ibo); inoi (Efik); onyo (Boki)
root considered poisonous, misuse has caused toxic reactions
and even fatalities; if taken in large amounts leaves, roots and in Yoruba: iku, ikujebu
seeds can be poisonous, highly toxic, may be fatal if eaten. in Western Tropical Africa: afo, inoi nut, inoy, poga
Insecticide, emetic, tonic, purgative, laxative, cathartic,
antirheumatic, anthelmintic, on ulcers and sores, boils, for Pogonarthria Stapf Poaceae (Gramineae)
rheumatism, constipation, deafness. Roots purgative, to treat From the Greek pogon ‘beard’ and arthron ‘a joint’, possibly
jaundice and fevers. Podophyllotoxin, an antitumor com- referring to the rachilla joints, hairy, between Eragrostis and
pound. Veterinary medicine, a laxative for horses. Magico- Harpachne, type Pogonarthria falcata (Hack.) Rendle, see
religious beliefs, ceremonial, a love charm.) Flora Capensis 7: 316. 1898, Catalogue of the African Plants
in English: American mandrake, Indian-apple, man- collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853–61 2(1): 232. 1899 and
drake, may apple, raccoon-berry, wild jalap, wild lemon, Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 8(3): 362. 1908,
wild-mandrake Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in
Zürich 57: 532. 1912, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information
in Canada: podophylle pelté, pomme de mai Kew 1932: 325. 1932, Senckenbergiana Biologica 47(4):
303–307. 1966, Journal of Biogeography 27(6): 1385–1401.
in Italian: podofillo
Nov  2000, David C. Hartnett, Andre F. Potgieter and Gail
W. T. Wilson, “Fire effects on mycorrhizal symbiosis
and root system architecture in southern African savanna
Poeciloneuron Beddome Guttiferae grasses.” African Journal of Ecology Volume 42(4): 328–
(Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Clusiaceae) 337. Dec 2004, Qing Liu, Nan-Xian Zhao, Gang Hao, Xiao-
Ying Hu and Yun-Xiao Liu, “Caryopsis morphology of the
From the Greek poikilos ‘spotted, mottled, many-coloured’ Chloridoideae (Gramineae) and its systematic implications.”
and neuron ‘nerve’, see Species Plantarum 1: 513–514. 1753, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 148(1): 57–72.
Theoria Systematis Plantarum 121. 1858, Journal of the May 2005.
Linnean Society, Botany 8: 267, t. 17. 1865.
Pogonarthria squarrosa (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Pilg.
Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd. (Eragrostis marlothii Hack.; Leptochloa falcata Hack.
India. Trees, white flowers in axillary and terminal panicles, ex Schinz; Leptochloa falcata Hack.; Panicum natalense
beaked globose capsule Hochst.; Poa squarrosa Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.; Poa
squarrosa Roem. & Schult.; Pogonarthria falcata (Hack.
See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 8: 267. 1865 [17 Feb 1865] ex Schinz) Rendle; Pogonarthria falcata (Hack.) Rendle;
Pogonatherum P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae) 3013

Pogonarthria hackelii Chiov.; Pogonarthria orthoclada 73–87. Jan  2003, Weed Biology and Management 5(2):
Peter; Pogonarthria squarrosa (Roem. & Schult.) Pilg.) 62–68. Jun 2005.
Tropical Africa, eastern and southern Africa. Perennial, Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth (Andropogon cri-
very variable, tufted to densely tufted, erect, unbranched, nitum Thunb.; Andropogon crinitus Thunb.; Andropogon
clumped, stiff, sometimes shortly rhizomatous, shallow monandrus Roxb.; Andropogon peduncularis Kunth; Cinna
rooted, leaf blade usually rolled and pointed, leaf sheath gla- filiformis Llanos, nom. illeg., non Cinna filiformis Link;
brous and more or less keeled to rounded, ligule a ring of Homoplitis crinita (Thunb.) Trin.; Ischaemum crinitum
short white hairs, inflorescence linear-oblong to pyramidal, (Thunb.) Trin.; Panicum polystachyum Burm. ex Kunth,
sickle-shaped racemes ascending or spreading, 4–10 spike- nom. illeg., non Panicum polystachion L.; Pogonatherum
lets flowered, racemes grouped simply or arranged spirally, refractum Nees; Pogonatherum saccharoideum var. crini-
glumes lanceolate, lemmas 3-nerved sharply acuminate, tum (Thunb.) F.N. Williams; Pogonatherum saccharoideum
pioneer grass, weed species hard and unpalatable, very low var. monandrum (Roxb.) Hack.; Pogonatherum crinitum
grazing value, possibly a source of vegetable salt, usually in (Thunb.) Steud.; Pogonopsis tenera J. Presl; Pollinia monan-
disturbed areas, open waste places, grassland, sandy soil, dra Spreng.)
uncultivated lands, poor soils, along roadsides, woodland and
Asia, Japan, Afghanistan to India. Perennial, slender, tufted,
open woodland, old lands
wiry, weak, trailing, reddish-brown
See Species Plantarum 1: 55, 67. 1753, Genera Plantarum
23. 1776, Essai d’une Nouvelle Agrostographie 71. 1812, See Species Plantarum 1: 5, 55. 1753, Species Plantarum
Systema Vegetabilium 2: 553. 1817, Flora 29: 113. 1846, 2: 1045, 1049. 1753, Flora Japonica, … 40, t. 7. 1784,
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ Systema Vegetabilium. Editio decima quarta 14: 903. 1784,
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 11: 404. 1889, Bulletin de Fundamenta Agrostographiae 166. 1820, Flora Indica; or
l’Herbier Boissier 3(8): 386. 1895, Flora Capensis 7: 316. descriptions … 1: 264. 1820, Systema Vegetabilium, editio
1898, Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. decima sexta 1: 288. 1825, Révision des Graminées 1: 166.
Welwitsch in 1853--61 2(1): 232. 1899 and Notizblatt des 1829, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 333, t. 46. 1830, Mémoires
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 5: de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg.
149. 1910, Annali di Botanica 10(3): 413. 1912, Repertorium Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 40(1. Naturelles 2(3): 298. 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium
Anhang): 79. 1930, Cytologia 19: 97–103. 1954, Bothalia 17: Hucusque Cognitarum 1: 478. 1833, Nomenclator Botanicus.
135–136. 1987 Editio secunda 2: 261. 1841, Gramineae 50. 1841, Fragmentos
de Algunas Plantas Filipinas 9. 1851, Genera Plantarum 3(2):
(Roots for bilharzia and skin infections.) 1127. 1883, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 193. 1889
in English: cross grass, herringbone grass, sickle grass and Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 222. 1900, Bulletin de l’Herbier
Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 221. 1904, J. Arnold Arbor. 31: 131. 1950,
in Angola: kaxixi Grasses of Ceylon 172. 1956, Flora of Pakistan. n. 143.
in Nigeria: lammu lammugel, lammulammugel Poaceae 272. 1982

in Southern Africa: pluimsekelgras, sekelgras, meerja- (A paste of the ashes of the whole plant applied for skin
rige denneboomgras, ausdauerndes tannengras; lefieloane diseases.)
(Sotho); lefheto (Tswana) in English: bamboo grass
in China: bi zi cao
Pogonatherum P. Beauv. Poaceae (Gramineae) in Japan: itachi-gaya
From the Greek pogon ‘a beard’ and ather ‘awn’, referring to in Okinawa: hâmei-kûgii
the glumes, to the appearance of the inflorescences, resem-
bling Lophopogon, type Pogonatherum saccharoideum P. in Thailand: yaa phai yong, ya phai yong, ya yung, yaa yuung
Beauv. (nom. illeg. superfl. for Saccharum paniceum Lam.),
Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hackel (Perotis polystachya
see Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois
Willd.; Pogonatherum polystachyum (Willd.) Roem. & Schult.;
(1752–1820), Essai d’une nouvelle Agrostographie. 56, 176,
Pogonatherum saccharoideum P. Beauv.; Pogonatherum sac-
pl. 11, f. 7. Paris (Dec.) 1812, Fundamenta Agrostographiae
charoideum var. genuinuum Hack.; Pollinia polystachya
166. 1820, Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(4–5): 333, t. 46. 1830,
(Willd.) Spreng.; Saccharum paniceum Lam.)
Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 379. 1854 and J. Arnold
Arbor. 31: 130–132. 1950, Reinwardtia 2: 333–334. 1953, East Africa. Perennial, ornamental, wiry, tufted, stiff, erect,
Boissiera. 382. 1960, Grasses of Burma … 200, 202. 1960, reddish, leaves acuminate and hispid, sessile spikelet usually
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 2-flowered, lower floret staminate, upper floret with two sta-
46: 252, 540–541. 2003, Diversity & Distributions 9(1): mens, wet places and riversides
3014 Pogostemon Desf. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

See Species Plantarum 1: 54. 1753, Encyclopédie Méthodique, in Bangladesh: krombe

Botanique 1: 595, 40, f. 1. 1783, Hortus Kewensis 1: 85. 1789,
in China: shui zhen zhu cai
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1: 324. 1797, Essai d’une
Nouvelle Agrostographie 56: 176, pl. 11, f. 7. 1812, Systema in Indonesia: kambing kambing, ke kucing, ketumpang, pan-
Vegetabilium 2: 497. 1817, Genera Plantarum 3(2): 1127. yap leniau
1883, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 193. 1889 and
Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift für Systematik, Floristik, in Malaysia: ekor kuching, kekucing
Pflanzengeographie 12: 178. 1906 in Philippines: buntot pusa
(A paste of the ashes of the whole plant applied for skin in Thailand: saapraeng saapkaa
diseases.)
in Vietnam: c[or] c[of], t[us] h[uf]ng h[if]nh tai
Malay names: rumput sembor batu, rumput sumbu buta
Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze (Mentha integra
Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Origanum benghalense Burm.f.;
Pogostemon Desf. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Origanum bengalense B. Heyne ex Wall.; Origanum indi-
cum Roth; Pogostemon benghalense (Burm.f.) Kuntze;
Greek pogon ‘beard’ and stemon ‘stamen, thread’, allud-
Pogostemon benghalensis Kuntze; Pogostemon frutescens J.
ing to the filaments; see Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire
Graham; Pogostemon parviflorus Benth.; Pogostemon plec-
Naturelle 2: 154–155. 1815, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
tranthoides Desf.; Pogostemon plectranthoides auct., non
Regni Vegetabilis 12: 151, 154. 1848, Ferdinand von Mueller,
Desf.; Pogostemon purpuricaulis Dalzell)
Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. 1: 55. Melbourne
(Jul.) 1858 and Smith, A.C. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new Pakistan, Vietnam. Herb, bushy shrubs, strong, solid, many-
flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 5: 1–626. Pacific Tropical branched, inflorescence a terminal false spike, white or pink
Botanical Garden, Lawai. 1991. corolla, fruit composed of 4 shining obovoid nutlets, in open
riverine forest
Pogostemon amaranthoides Benth.
Himalaya, India, Nepal. See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L.
Burman) 128, pl. 38, f. 3. 1768, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. ii.
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 12: (1803) 155. t. 6. 1803, Annales du muséum national d’histoire
153. 1848 naturelle 2: 155. 1815, Nov. Pl. Sp. 265. 1821, Numer. List
[Wallich] n. 1532. 1829, Cat. Pl. Bombay 149. 1839, Hooker’s
(Root juice applied on forehead to treat headache. To treat
J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 336. 1850, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 529.
cough, root chewed and leaf juice applied on the forehead,
1891 and Advances Pl. Sci. 12(2): 445–449. 1999
the chest and the back.)
(Plant paste given in body pain. Root juice to treat indiges-
in Nepal: nampani, rasangan, rudila
tion and fevers. Oil used as a stimulant and styptic. Leaves
Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. (Dysophylla auricu- used to check bleeding, diarrhea, dysentery; fresh leaves to
laria (L.) Blume; Dysophylla auricularia Blume; Mentha clean wounds; leaf paste on cuts and wounds; leaf juice for
auricularia L.; Mentha foetida Burm.f.) piles; leaves eaten as stomachic. Veterinary medicine, whole
plant ash mixed with mustard oil used to kill worms in ani-
Trop. Asia, China. Herb, erect or procumbent, strong smell- mal wounds.)
ing, weak, leaves glandular, inflorescence a dense termi-
nal spike, calyx gland-dotted corolla lavender, pale pink or in India: badagandhuri, bantulsi, gondri poolu, jui-lata,
white, schizocarpous nutlets enclosed in the persistent calyx kala basingu, kali-bhant, kusurijang, lamgi-thoiding, lujrya,
morotanam, naati pachhe thene, phangla, puka sunga, rau-
See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 81. 1767, Flora Indica … nec
dera, rudrilla, shuklati, sukloti
non Prodromus Florae Capensis 126. 1768, Bijdragen tot de
flora van Nederlandsch Indië 14: 826–827. 1826, Tijdschr. in Nepal: kohabar, nampani, rudilo
Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 127. 1843
in Thailand: niam nguang chaang, om
(Whole plant stomachic, used in the treatment of simple
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Mentha auricularia
stomach problems and urinary trouble in children. A poultice
Blanco; Mentha auricularia L.; Mentha cablin Blanco;
made from the leaves applied as a cure for diarrhea, colic,
Pogostemon battakianus Ridl.; Pogostemon cablin Benth.;
worms, sores, kidney problems; leaves juice as eye drops in
Pogostemon comosus Miq.; Pogostemon javanicus Backer
hysteria. Leaves chewed against colic; a decoction drunk to
ex Adelb.; Pogostemon mollis Hassk.; Pogostemon patchouli
cure malaria, a lotion applied as a rubefacient against rheu-
Pellet.; Pogostemon patchouli var. suavis (Ten.) Hook. f.;
matism; leaves decoction as a steam to reduce fever.)
Pogostemon patchouly var. suavis J.D. Hooker; Pogostemon
in English: tiger steam suavis Ten.; Pogostemon tomentosus Hassk.)
Pogostemon Desf. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) 3015

Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Perennial herb, fragrant, erect, in English: Esquirol pogostemon
branched, glandular opposite leaves dull green, calyx tubu-
in China: mo ye ci rui cao
lar, corolla bilabiate light reddish purple, nutlets smooth,
source of patchouly oil Pogostemon glaber Bentham
See Species Plantarum 2: 576–578. 1753, Mant. Pl. 81. 1767, Himalaya to Indochina.
Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 154. 1815, See Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 154. 1815,
Flora de Filipinas 473–474. 1837, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 31. 1830, Labiatarum Genera et Species
Physiol. 10: 126. 1843, Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor.: 131. 1844, fasc. 2: 154. 1833
Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 5:
277, pl. 7. 1845 [Mém. Soc. Sci. Phys. Orléans 5: 277. 1845], (Plant juice febrifuge, diuretic, tonic, stimulant.)
Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 329. 1845, Giornale Botanico in English: glabrous pogostemon
Italiano 1 2: 56. 1847, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis (DC.) 12: 156. 1848, Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 963. 1859, in China: ci rui cao
The Flora of British India 4(12): 634. 1885 and J. Malayan in Nepal: nampani
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1: 85. 1923, Reinwardtia 3: 150, f.
1. 1954, Taxon 33: 756–760. 1984, Cell and Chromosome Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. (Pogostemon suavis Ten.)
Research 13: 18–20. 1990 India, Malaysia. Fragrant leaves, in thickets, old clearings,
(Used in Ayurveda. Roots for diarrhea and headache. Stems stream banks
and leaves used for headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, diar- See Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 154. 1815,
rhea, fungal infections; leaves rubbed to relieve stomachache. Pl. Asiat. Rar. (Wallich) 1: 31. 1830, Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2: 56.
The leaves are leech repellent. Oil for cuts and itches, a rem- 1847 and Taxon 31: 361–362. 1982, Proceedings of the Indian
edy for diarrhea. Leaf baths for bewitchment.) Science Congress Association 70(3--VI): 88–89. 1983,
Taxon 33: 126–134. 1984, Cytologia 58: 439–444. 1993,
in English: Cablin patchouli, patchouli, patchouly
Friedmann, F. Flore des Seychelles Dicotylédones: 1–663.
in China: guang huo xiang, huo xiang ORSTOM Éditions. 1994, Advances in Plant Sciences 12(2):
445–449. 1999
in India: katir paccai, paci, patcholi
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Used as a carminative,
in Indonesia: nilam, nilam wangi, singalon
diuretic, insecticide and diuretic; leaf juice rubbed on body
in Papua New Guinea: amtianga of newborn to make him stronger; leaves decoction for cough
and asthma; for jaundice, pound the leaves with rice and
in Philippines: cablin, cadling, cadlom, kablin, kabling, poultice.)
kadling, kadlum, katluen, pacholi, patchouli
in English: Indian patchouli, Indian patchouly, Java patchouli,
in Malaysia: dhalum wangi, tilam wangi pachouli, patchouli
in Thailand: phimsen in India: daeva kanisha, kadirpachai, kadirpachi, kannok-
in Vietnam: hoac huong, ho[aws]c h[uw][ow]ng kikyacceti, kannokkiyam, katirppaccai, katirppaccaic-
ceti, paach paath, pachapat, pacholi, paci, parutippaccai,
Pogostemon elsholtzioides Benth. parutippaccaicceti
India, Himalaya. Leaves used as vegetable in Indonesia: dhilep, dilem, dilem kembang
See Prodromus (DC.) 12: 153. 1848 in Malaysia: boon khalif, nilam, nilam bukit, rumput kuku
(Leaves decoction taken for relief from cough, cold and in Philippines: kadlum, lagumtum, malbaka
headache.)
Pogostemon myosuroides (Roth) Kuntze (Dysophylla myo-
in India: bangka-tanam, phiziio, wichou suroides (Roth) Benth. ex Wall.; Dysophylla myosuroides
Pogostemon esquirolii (H. Léveillé) C.Y. Wu & Y.C. Huang (Roth) Benth.; Dysophylla myosuroides Benth.; Eusteralis
(Caryopteris esquirolii H. Léveillé; Pogostemon esquirolii myosuroides (Benth.) M.R. Almeida; Mentha myosuroides
var. tsingpingensis C.Y. Wu & Y.C. Huang) Roth; Pogostemon myosurodes Kuntze; Pogostemon myo-
suroides (Roth) El Gazzar & L. Watson)
S. China.
India.
See Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 2: 154. 1815
See Nov. Pl. Sp.: 257. 1821, Numer. List [Wallich] no. 1547.
and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9(222–226): 449. 1911,
1829, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich) 1: 30. 1830,
Flora Yunnanica 1: 743. 1977, Fl. Hainan. 4: 532. 1977
Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 530. 1891 and Taxon xvi. 187. 1967, Fl.
(Stimulant.) Maharashtra 4A: 147. 2003
3016 Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq. Cecropiaceae (Urticaceae)

(Fumes by burning dried leaves and inflorescences used to (Leaves decoction given in stomach pain, and mixed with
treat chicken pox.) mustard oil rubbed in bodyache.)
in India: iswara daal in India: han-bila, hanbila, nampi-jauk-an
Pogostemon parviflorus Benth.
India, Bangladesh. Stout erect branched glabrous pubescent Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq.
purple-coloured herbs, flowers in dense cone-like spikes, Cecropiaceae (Urticaceae)
bilabiate corolla violet, ovoid smooth nutlets
Greek poikilos ‘spotted, many-coloured, varied, varie-
See Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 31. 1830, Flora Hongkongensis 275. gated’ and sperma ‘seed’, see Bijdragen tot de flora van
1861 Nederlandsch Indië 483–484. 1825, Annales Museum
(Plant extract to cure ringworm, the water infection in rainy Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 203. 1864.
season. For headache extract of fresh leaves consumed orally, Poikilospermum suaveolens (Blume) Merr. (Conocephalus
also used as eye drop. Leaf paste antiseptic, applied on the sinensis C.H. Wright; Conocephalus suaveolens Blume;
wound to stop bleeding; bruised fresh leaves styptic, applied Poikilospermum sinense (C.H. Wright) Merr.)
for cleaning wounds. Roots a postpartum remedy; roots for
uterine hemorrhage, antidote for snakebite and scorpion Malaysia, China. Epiphyte
sting. Young twigs paste applied on the scrotum in case of See Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 9: 483–
inguinal hernia. Leaves insecticide and insect repellent, put 484. 1825, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(178):
or mixed with food grains. Seed and leaves for foodgrain 471. 1899 and Contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of
pests, mosquito and insect repellent.) Harvard University 8: 47, 51. 1934
in India: fangla, pakhankhol, pangli, panglo, phangla, sam (For itch, pound the roots and poultice. Steam from boil-
sanum, shangbrei, shinedm ing leaves and flowers or fruits warming the affected part in
Pogostemon plectrantoides Desf. (Mentha fruticosa Roxb. gonorrhea.)
ex D. Don; Mentha secunda Roxb.; Ocimum bengalense in Borneo: entaban
Poir.; Wensea pyramidata J.C. Wendl.)
in China: zhui tou ma
India to Bangladesh. Semishrub, solid, angular, inflores-
cence a terminal false spike, calyx inflated, corolla tubular Malay names: murah, tentawan
purple 2-lipped, fruit composed of 4 nutlets obovoid, open
bush vegetation
Polemonium L. Polemoniaceae
See Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2: 155. 1815, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
115. 1825 Greek polemonion, ancient name of a plant, perhaps a spe-
cies of Hypericum, Latin polemonia, ae for the Greek vale-
(A kind of patchouli oil is distilled from the leaves, used for
rian, otherwise called philetaeria and philetaeris (Plinius),
headache, fever, nausea, vomiting.)
Greek philetairion; see Species Plantarum 1: 162–163.
in India: dumobadotoko, gaggerakura, goggakoora, kali 1753, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
basuti, kali-basuti, kusurijang, pangli, panglo, pangra, pedda Handwörterbuch. 713. 1852, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler
tulasi, phangla, phangli, rudilo, thekkali & Prantl] 4(3a): 52. 1891 and Fl. Rocky Mts. 680. 1917,
Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana.
in Thailand: niam nguang chaang, om
XIII: 730–731. UTET, Torino 1986, G. Semerano, Le origini
Pogostemon purpurascens Dalzell della cultura europea. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1):
237. 1994, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der
India, Himalaya.
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 496. 1996, Novosti Sist. Vyssh.
See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2: 337. 1850 Rast. 30: 141. 1996.
(Leaves paste applied locally on burns and wounds.) Polemonium caeruleum L. (Polemonium coeruleum L.)
in India: sal smalwking, shangbrei China, India, Himalaya.
Pogostemon villosus (Roxb.) Benth. (Elsholtzia villosa See Species Plantarum 1: 162. 1753 and Bot. Zhurn. SSSR
Roxb.; Pogostemon villosus var. macrophyllus Benth.) 68 (6): 827–835. 1983, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad)
76: 903. 1991
India. Villous herb, ovate acuminate leaves, white flowers in
terminal or axillary panicles, flowering shoots used as vegetable (Roots sedative, astringent, diaphoretic.)
See Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 4. 1832, Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 153– in English: common polemonium, Greek valerian, Jacob’s
154. 1833, FBI 4: 632. 1885 ladder
Polianthes L. Asparagaceae (Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae) 3017

in China: hua ren Polianthes tuberosa L. (Agave polianthes (L.) Thiede &
Eggli; Agave polianthes Thiede & Eggli; Agave tuberosa (L.)
in Italian: polemonio
Thiede & Eggli, nom. illeg.; Agave tuberosa Mill.; Crinum
Polemonium elegans Greene angustifolium Houtt.; Polianthes gracilis Link; Polianthes
tuberosa f. plena Moldenke; Polianthes tuberosa var. graci-
North America. Perennial herb, leafy, stout stems, funnel-
lis (Link) Beurl.; Polianthes tuberosa var. gracilis (Link)
shaped violet flowers
Baker; Polianthes tuberosa var. gracilis Link & Otto ex
See Pittonia 3(18D): 305. 1898 Baker; Tuberosa amica Medik.)
(A decoction as a wash for the head and hair.) Mexico. Sweetly scented flowers
in English: elegant Jacob’s-ladder, elegant polemonium See Species Plantarum 1: 316. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 4.
Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. subsp. lindleyi (Wherry) 1768, Nat. Hist. 12: 165. 1780, Hist. & Commentat. Acad.
V.E. Grant (Polemonium fasciculatum Eastw.; Polemonium Elect. Sci. Theod.-Palat. 6(Phys.): 430. 1790, Enumeratio
humile Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Polemonium humile Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … Alt. 1: 330.
Willd.; Polemonium humile Turcz. ex Ledeb.; Polemonium 1821, Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 40: 110.
humile Salisb.; Polemonium humile Lindl.; Polemonium 1854[1856] and Phytologia 3: 41. 1948, Souder P. Poisonous
lindleyi Wherry; Polemonium pulcherrimum Hook. var. plants on Guam. In: Keegan H.L., Macfarlane W.V. (Eds)
lindleyi (Wherry) J.P. Anderson) Venomous and Poisonous Animals and Noxious Plants of
the Pacific Region, pp. 15–29. New York. 1963, Regnum Veg.
North America. Perennial herb 127: 78. 1993, Davidse, G., Souse Sanchez, M. & Charter,
See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 125. 1796, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 A.O. (eds. Flora Mesoamericana 6: 1–543. Universidad
bis [Roemer & Schultes] 4: 792. 1819, Botanical Magazine Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. 1994, Kakteen
57: t. 2979. 1830, Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 3(1,8): 84. 1847 and And. Sukk. 50(5): 112. 1999, Kakteen And. Sukk. 52: 166.
Botanical Gazette 37(6): 442. 1904, American Midland 2001, Stevens, W.D. et al. (eds.) Flora de Nicaragua 1: 1–943.
Naturalist 27(3): 748. 1942, Iowa State College Journal of Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 2001, Jin, J.M.,
Science 24(2): 225. 1950, Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Botanical Zhang, Y.J., Yang, C.R. “Spirostanol and furostanol glyco-
Gazette 150(2): 163. 1989 sides from the fresh tubers of Polianthes tuberosa.” J. Nat.
Prod. 67(1): 5–9. 2004, Nidiry, E.S., Babu, C.S. “Antifungal
(A decoction as a wash for the head and hair.) activity of tuberose absolute and some of its constituents.”
in English: Jacob’s-ladder Phytother. Res. 19(5): 447–449. 2005
Polemonium reptans L. (Irritant. Antifungal, bulbs decoction used in gonorrhea,
pimples and skin diseases. Emollient plasters from the roots.)
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub
in English: tuberose
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 925. 1759
in English: Greek valerian, Jacob’s ladder, spreading in Mexico: guia chilla, margaritas blancas, omixochitl (= flor
Jacob’s-ladder doble o de hueso), quije chilla

Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans in India: andi-mallery, gulcheri, gulsabo, gulshabba, nelas-
ampenga, nilasampangi, rajanigandha, sandhyaraga, sukan-
North America. Perennial herb, subshrub daraji, undi-mandare, virusampenga
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 925. 1759 in Japan: chuberosa, gekka-kô
(Diuretic, cathartic. A decoction as a wash for the head
Malayan names: sandarmalam, sundal malam
and hair.)
in Philippines: azucena
in English: Greek valerian, Jacob’s ladder, spreading
Jacob’s-ladder in Italian: tuberosa

Polianthes L. Asparagaceae Poliomintha A. Gray Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

(Agavaceae, Amaryllidaceae)
Greek polios ‘white, whitish, grey’ and minthe ‘mint’, see
From the Greek polios ‘white, whitish, grey’ and anthos Synopsis Plantarum 2(1): 131. 1807[1806], Proceedings of
‘a flower’, see Species Plantarum 1: 316. 1753, Contr. U. the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 8: 295. 1870.
S. Natl. Herb. 5: 155. 1899 and Nomencl. Fl. Ital. 1: 134.
Poliomintha incana (Torr.) A. Gray (Hedeoma incana Torr.)
1950, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 103–145. 1952, Fl. Mesoamer.
6: 44–45. 1994. North America. Perennial subshrub or shrub
3018 Pollia Thunb. Commelinaceae

See Rep. U.S. Mex. Boundary … Botany 2(1): 130. 1858, London 1800 and John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 296. 1870 upon Botanists. 3: 96. 1965, T.H. Arnold & B.C. de Wet, eds.,
Plants of Southern Africa: Names and Distribution. National
(Leaves chewed by medicine woman.)
Botanical Institute. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey
in English: frosted mint, hoary rosemarymint of South Africa, no. 62. 305. Pretoria 1993, R. Zander, F.
Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der
Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. 1993.
Pollia Thunb. Commelinaceae Pollichia campestris Aiton (Bergia abyssinica A. Rich.;
The genus was named for Jan van der (de) Poll, Dutch Pollichia campestris [Soland.])
Consul; see Thunberg, Carl Peter (1743–1828), Nova genera
South Africa. Shrublet, twiggy, herb, slender, erect, small
Plantarum. 1: 11. Upsaliae [Uppsala]: Apud J. Edman [etc.],
flowers in dense axillary clusters, petals and sepals white,
1781–1801 [Some parts have title: Genera nova plantarum.]
waxy-white fruits
and Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 81: 301–325. 1980.
Pollia condensata C.B. Clarke (Aclisia condensata G. See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … (W. Aiton) 1: 5 and
Brückn.; Aclisia condensata (C.B. Clarke) G. Brückn.) 3: 505. 1789

Tropical Africa. Small herb, petals cream-yellowish (Roots infusion or decoction emetic, astringent, for malaria,
dysentery, diarrhea.)
See Monogr. Phan. [A. DC. & C. DC.] 3: 125. 1881 and Die
natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage [Engler & in South Africa: kafferdruiwe
Prantl] 15a: 176. 1930
(Fruits rubbed for back pain.) Polyalthia Blume Annonaceae
in Congo: ikandila, ikangila, makandila, makangila
Greek polys ‘many’ and althos ‘a cure, something that
Pollia hasskarlii R.S. Rao (Pollia aclisia Hassk., nom. illeg.) heals, a healing’, althaimo ‘to heal’, referring to its use in
native and popular medicine; see Karl Ludwig von Blume
Himalaya.
(1796–1862), Flora Javae nec non insularum adjacentium.
See Reliq. Haenk. 1: 137–138, t. 25. 1827, Commelin. Ind. Anonaceae. 68, 71. Bruxelles: Sumtibus Librariae J. Frank,
55 (-56). 1870 and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 25(2): Typis H. Remy, 1828 [i.e., 1828–1851], Flora Indica: being a
188. 1964 systematic account of the plants . . [Hooker f. & Thomson]
1: 145. 1855, The Flora of British India 1: 74. 1872, Icones
(Stem water extract used as eye drop to cure sore eyes.)
Bogorienses 1: 196. 1899 and Journal of the Straits Branch
in India: nipobapak of the Royal Asiatic Society 75: 8. 1917, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow
& Leningrad) 59(4): 551–552. 1974. The Polyalthia genus
Pollia japonica Thunberg (Pollia japonica Hance)
is considered to be of medicinal importance because of the
Japan to Vietnam. presence of clerodane diterpenoids and alkaloids in various
parts of the plant.
See Nov. Gen. Pl. 1: 12. 1781, Fl. Jap. 138. 1784, J. Bot. 16:
233. 1878 and J. Jap. Bot. 46(3): 67. 1971 Polyalthia barnesii Merr.
(Root sedative, stimulant, carminative, used for the treatment Philippines.
of colds and vertigo.)
See Publications of the Bureau of Science Government
in China: du ruo, tu heng, tu jo, zhu ye lian Laboratories 17: 16–17. 1904, Phytochemistry 37(6): 1659–
in Japan: yabu-myôga 1662. 1994
(Crushed leaves infusion used to soak burned skin. Cytotoxic
diterpenes from the stem bark.)
Pollichia Aiton Caryophyllaceae (Illecebraceae)
in Indonesia: udu kalong aka
No etimology is given, genus possibly named after the
German physician Johann Adam Pollich, 1740–1780, bota- Polyalthia beccarii King (Polyalthia cauliflora Hook. f. &
nist, author of Historia plantarum in Palatinatu electorali Thomson var. beccarii (King) James Sincl.)
sponte nascentium. Mannhemii [Mannheim] 1776–1777 and
Sumatra, Borneo. Small tree
Dissertatio … de nutrimento incremento statu ac decre-
mento corporis humani, etc. Argentorati [Strasbourg, 1763]; See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
see Hortus Kew. (W. Aiton) 1: 5. 1789, Jonas C. Dryander, history 61(1): 65–66. 1892 and Garden’s Bulletin, Straits
Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks. Settlements 14: 294. 1955
Polyalthia Blume Annonaceae 3019

(Roots infusion drunk by husband and wife for birth con- SE Asia.
trol. Leaves pounded, the poultice applied for skin diseases.
See Philipp. Journ. Sci. iii. 222. 1908
Magic, ceremonial, contact therapy, roots for birth control.)
(The plant when chewed produces itching.)
Malaya name: mengala hutan
Polyalthia evecta (Pierre) Finet et Gagnep. (Polyalthia
in Sarawak: balet
evecta Finet & Gagnep.)
Polyalthia cauliflora Hook. f. & Thomson
SE Asia. Small shrub, solitary axillary yellow flowers, red-
Borneo. dish fruits
See Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . See Bull. Soc. Bot. France liii. Mém. IV. 91 1906,
[Hooker f. & Thomson] 1: 138. 1855 Phytochemistry 47(1): 131–133. 1998, J. Nat. Prod. 69(1):
(Poultice for skin diseases.) 68–72. 2006

Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Bedd. (Antiplasmodial activity. Root decoction relieves abdominal
(Guatteria cerasoides (Roxb.) Dunal; Polyalthia cerasoi- pain caused by muscular cramps, increases milk secretion.)
des (Roxb.) Bedd.; Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Hook.f. in Thailand: norn noi
& Thomson; Polyalthia crassipetala Merr.; Uvaria cera-
soides Roxb.) Polyalthia fragrans Bedd. (Guatteria fragrans Dalzell;
Polyalthia fragrans (Dalzell) Hook.f. & Thomson; Polyalthia
China, India. Tree, warty brown bark, inner bark yellow, fragrans Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hook.f.)
black lenticellate twig, used for rearing insects and produc-
ing lacs India. Tree, greenish-yellow flowers, ovoid tomentose
fruitlets
See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 30, t. 33. 1795,
Monogr. Anonac. 127. 1817, The Flora Sylvatica for Southern See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 206. 1851, The
India pl. 1. 1869, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 63. 1872 and Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 63. 1872
Philippine Journal of Science 23(3): 243–244. 1923, Taxon (Used in Sidha.)
29: 165–166. 1980
in India: cela, chela, chella, chilkaduduga, chilukadudduga,
(Bark decoction in diarrhea, diabetes; a paste applied on cilukadudduga, gauri, gowri, gowri mara, habbe, kakkanaral,
ulcer. Leaf paste applied on boils.) kekenneral, kodanci, kodanji, kodanyi, miroy, nedunar, netu-
in India: chilakadadduga, chilakaduddi, chilukadudduga, nar, pularei, pullarci, pulluri, udambilai, udumballi
chilakadudug, chilakaduduga, chilkadaddu, chilkaduddam, Polyalthia hypoleuca Hook.f. & Thomson (Maasia hypo-
chilkaduddi, chilkaduduga, chittaduduga, chittidudduga, leuca (Hook.f. & Thomson) Mols, Kessler & Rogstad)
chittiduduga, cilukaduddi, cilukaduddu, cilukadudduga, cit-
tidudduga, doodooga, dudduga, duduga, dudugu, gova, guthi, India. Trees
gutti, habbe, hoom, nobunisoro, panjon, panyon, sanhesare, See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 63. 1872 and
sannaheccara, sugran, sunnasaree, vabbina Syst. Bot. 33(3): 493. 2008
Polyalthia crassa R.N. Parker (For childbirth and postpartum remedy, roots decoction.)
India. Malay name: larak hutan
See Indian Forester 1929, lv. 375. 1929, J. Nat. Prod. 69(12): Polyalthia jenkinsii (Hook. f. & Thomson) Hook. f. &
1728–1733. 2006 Thomson (Guatteria jenkensii Hook. f. & Thomson;
(Cytotoxic lactones from the leaves and twigs.) Polyalthia jenkensii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. &
Thomson; Polyalthia jenkensii Hook.f. & Thomson)
Polyalthia debilis (Pierre) Finet et Gagnep. (Polyalthia debi-
lis Finet & Gagnep.) India.
SE Asia. See Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants.
1: 141. 1855, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 64.
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53(Mém.) 4(2): 96. 1906 [Dec
1872 and Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 11: 190. 1974
1906], J. Nat. Prod. 66(5): 616–619. 2003, European Journal
of Scientific Research 38(4): 596–603. 2009, Molecules (Leaves pounded in coconut oil, warmed and applied in
14(11): 4414–4424. 2009, Phytomedicine 17(7): 513–518. 2010 bodyache.)
(Roots antimalarial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic; the seeds anti- in India: topilek
proliferative, apoptotic and antimutagenic.)
Polyalthia korinti Hook. f. & Thoms. (Guatteria korinti
Polyalthia elongata Merr. Dunal; Polyalthia korinti (Dunal) Hook.f. & Thomson;
3020 Polyalthia Blume Annonaceae

Polyalthia korinti (Dunal) Thwaites; Polyalthia korintii anthelmintic, hypotensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-
Hook.f. & Thomson) tumor and cytotoxic, useful in fever, skin diseases, diabetes,
hypertension, helminthiasis; dried ground stembark taken to
India, Sri Lanka. Shrub or small tree, slender, greenish
treat gonorrhea. Seeds antibacterial and antifungal. Sacred
flowers
plant, ceremonial, ritual, decoration and pooja, leaves auspi-
See Hort. Malab. 5: 27, t. 14. 1685, Monogr. Anonac. 133 cious garland hung around gate.)
(-134). 1817, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 398. 1864, Fl. Brit.
in English: Indian willow, mast tree
India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 64. 1872 and Taxon 29: 165–166. 1980
in India: acokam, acoku, acuvattai, arana, aranamaram, ara-
(Used in Sidha.)
nei, aruna, arunna, asapala, ashok, ashoka, ashokam, asho-
in India: corinti-panel, elli dabba, katsjau-panel, nella gutti, kamu, ashvattam, asodham, asogam, asogu, asok, asoka,
tsjerou-panel, uluvintai asoka pattai, asokam, asokamu, asokan, asoke, asopalav,
asopalava, assotham, assothi, assoti, asvattamu, asvattham,
Polyalthia lateriflora (Blume) King (Guatteria lateriflora
asvatthamu, atimalakamaram, cacupam, celai, celeci, celeci-
Blume; Polyalthia lateriflora Kurz; Polyalthia lateriflora
maram, celokatam, celokatamaram, centu, centukam, centu-
King)
kamaram, choranai, chorani, choruna, chorunna, cilai, corani,
SE Asia. Trees, large leaves daevadaaru, debdari, debdaru, dedbari, deodar, devadar,
devadaru, devdaru, devidari, ghangu, hebbe, hemapushpam,
See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1: 20. 1825, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt.
kacam, kacupam, kakaccam, kalgoli, kalkoli, kambada mara,
2, Nat. Hist. 43(2): 52. 1874, Journal of the Asiatic Society
kanthri kadama, kastadaruh, kasthadaru, kasubam, kelikam,
of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 61(1): 58. 1892 and Plant
kiri, kirimaram, kolerengi, kolikkudi, kolikkuti, kommati,
Systematics and Evolution 144: 165–177. 1984, Wiart, C.
kommatimaram, kumbada mara, naadu ashoka, nakacam,
et al. “Antimicrobial screening of plants used for tradi-
nara mamidi, naramaamidi, nattivetam, nedunar, neettilin-
tional medicine in the state of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia.”
gam, netlingi, nettilingam, nettilingu, nettilinkam, nettilinki,
Fitoterapia. 75(1): 68–73. 2004
nettlingum, nettulingam, nettulinkam, nittilinkam, pandil,
(Antibacterial and antifungal activities.) paymaravirutcam, pundi, pungu, putharajeevi, putrajiva,
putrajivi, puttrajivi, ravadam, saribam, selai, sendu, suvattai,
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites (Guatteria longifo-
tevataru, ubbina mara, ulkatah, unboi, vanamutti, vanamut-
lia (Sonn.) Wall.; Polyalthia longifolia Benth. & Hook. f.;
timaram, vanculam, vanjolam, vanmutti, vanmuttimaram,
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Hook.f. & Thomson; Unona
yukampatikam, yukampatikamaram, yukmapattirikai
longifolia Steud.; Unona longifolia Dunal; Unona longifolia
(Sonn.) Dunal; Uvaria altissima Pennant, nom. illeg.; Uvaria Polyalthia lopadantha Diels (Greek lopas, lopados ‘plate,
longifolia Sonn.) dish’ and anthos ‘flower’.)
SE Asia. Borneo. Small tree
See Supplementum Plantarum 44, 270. 1782, Voy. Indes, See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
iii. 260. 1782, Flora Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus Berlin-Dahlem 11: 81. 1931
85. 1794, Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 109.
(Crushed leaves juice squezeed into eyes.)
1817, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] 6442.
1832, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 2: 730, sphalm. 1841, in Sarawak: semukau
Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] 398. 1864, Fl.
Polyalthia macropoda King (Polyalthia macropoda (Miq.)
Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 62. 1872 and J. Arnold Arbor. 29:
F. Muell.; Polyalthia sinclairiana I.M. Turner)
186–192, plate 1. 1948, Plant Systematics and Evolution 144:
165–177. 1984, Cytologia 55: 187–196. 1990, Planta Med. Singapore.
57(4): 380–383. 1991, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
See Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von (1825–1896),
23(3): 331–332. 1995, J. Nat. Prod. 63(11): 1475–1478. 2000,
Descriptive Notes on Papuan Plants 1: 95. Melbourne: G.
Med. Chem. 1(4): 327–333. 2005, Phytother. Res. 19(10): 881–
Skinner, Acting Govt. Printer, 1875–[1890], Journal of the
884. 2005, Fitoterapia 76(3–4): 336–339. 2005, Planta Med.
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 61(1): 60.
72(14): 1344–1347. 2006, Indian Journal of Pharmacology
1893 and Gard. Bull. Singapore 58(2): 275. 2007
40(3): 126–128. 2008, British Journal of Pharmacology
159(5):1143–1150. 2010, Pharmacognosy Review 4: 62–68. (Leishmanicidal, the stem bark.)
2010, Pharmaceutical Biology 48(6): 690–696. 2010
Polyalthia nemoralis Aug. DC. (Polyalthia oligogyna Merr.
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaves decoction given in & Chun)
diarrhea. Bark and leaves antimicrobial, antileishmanial,
China.
anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, purgative, cytotoxic, anti-
ulcer, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive. Bark anti- See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 4: 1069. 1904,
inflammatory, bitter, acrid, cooling, antipyretic, febrifuge, Sunyatsenia 2(1): 27–28. 1934, China Journal of Chinese
Polyalthia Blume Annonaceae 3021

Materia Medica [Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo African Agricultural Journal; see Ray Desmond, Dictionary
zhongyao zazhi] 35(1): 53–57. 2010 of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 295. 1994.)
(Cytotoxic activities, from the branches and leaves.) Tropical Africa.
Polyalthia rufescens Hook.f. & Thomson See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1241, 1250, 1378.
1759, Characteres Generum Plantarum [second edition]
India.
121. 1775, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III. Teil 2.
See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 66. 1872 Nachtr. 1: 160. 1897 and Monographien afrikanischer
Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen 6: 42, t. 16/C. 1901,
(Leaf paste consumed with water for cough.)
Adansonia: recueil périodique d’observations botanique,
in India: kaattuperuvengaipatchilai n.s. 9: 89–90. 1969, Acta Leidensia 59(1–2): 377–82. 1990,
J. Ethnopharmacol. 102(2): 185–190. 2005, Nat. Prod. Res.
Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook. f. & Thomson
20(4): 391–397. 2006, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20(12):
Tropical Asia. 3495–3498. 2010
See The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 65. 1872 and (Stem bark antitrypanosomal, anthelmintic, analgesic,
Planta medica 76(7): 721–725. 2010 antiparkinsonian, antihypertensive, antifilarial, cytotoxic,
antileishmanial and antifungal, for stomachache, malaria,
(Anti-HIV-1 diterpenoids from leaves and twigs.)
blackwater fever.)
Polyalthia simiarum (Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. & Thomson)
in Central Africa: agudugbu, azinda, bolinda, bombaie bo
Benth. (Guatteria simiarum Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. &
ilo, botunga, dep, dolindu, hoda, imbaie, lole mufike, mam-
Thomson; Polyalthia simiarum Benth. ex Hook.f.; Polyalthia
pimpini, moamba, moamba dombe, modiengue, mokosa,
simiarum (Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f.
mudinda, ntshindi, ndo, odda, otunga, otungui, tanda, tshinga
& Thomson; Polyalthia simiarum (Hook.f. & Thomson)
Hook.f. & Thomson; Unona simiarum Baill. ex Pierre) in Cameroon: botunga, otungo, otungui
SE Asia, Himalayas. Tree, smooth fibrous bark, yellowish in Congo: dep
wood, coriaceous leaves, yellowish green flowers in fascicles,
in Gabon: otunga
fleshy carpels orange-red to blackish
in Nigeria: agudugbu, amuje, amoje (Yoruba); atorewa,
See Flora Indica … [Hooker f. & Thomson] 1: 142. 1855,
osharo (Sobo); ewai (Edo); osharo (Urhobo); eleku, okenren,
Genera Plantarum 1(1): 25. 1862, The Flora of British
okeren, eleku-okeren (Itsekiri); nchua (Boki); ewai, otutu
India [J.D. Hooker] 1(1): 63. 1872, Flore Forestière de la
(Benin); agudugbu (Ikale)
Cochinchine 1: t. 23. 1880 and Taxon 24: 501–516. 1975
Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites (Guatteria suberosa
(Stembark paste applied on scorpion stings.)
(Roxb.) Dunal; Phaeanthus cumingii Miq.; Polyalthia
in India: boga-khamtou, bogakhamton, bolang banchi bak, suberosa (Roxb.) Hook.f. & Thomson; Uvaria suberosa
borschi, borsthi, dieng jaroi, heirawt, jiri, langaya, manchuri- Roxb.)
araung, mongai, phang-put-araung, zathu
India, Sri Lanka. Twiggy bush or small tree, small solitary
Polyalthia suaveolens Engl. & Diels (Greenwayodendron pale yellow flowers, sepals and petals slightly hairy, cluster
suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verdc.; Maba gossweileri Greves; of purplish fleshy fruits more or less edible
Polyalthia acuminata Oliv.; Polyalthia aubrevillei Ghesquiere
See Plants of the Coast of Coromandel 1: 31, t. 34. 1795,
ex Aubrev.; Polyalthia mortehani De Wild.; Polyalthia
Monog. Anonac. 128. 1817, Fl. Ind. [Hooker f. & Thomson]
oliveri Engl.; Xylopia otunga Exell) (Greenwayodendron
1: 146. 1855, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(2): 51. 1858,
Verdc., for the South African (b. Transvaal) botanist Percy
Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] 398. 1864, Fl.
(Peter) James Greenway, 1897–1980, from 1927 to 1950
Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 1: 65. 1872 and Phytochemistry
East African Agricultural Research Station (Amani), in
53(8): 1079–1082. 2000, Planta Med. 67(6): 572–575. 2001
1928 a Fellow of the Linnean Society, 1950–1958 botanist
of the East African Herbarium in Nairobi, systematic bota- (Antiviral, anti-HIV, from the stems. Cytotoxic, from an
nist, plant collector with Colin Graham Trapnell and John P. extract of leaves and twigs. Decoction of fresh roots used as
Micklethwait Brenan (1917–1985) in Northern and Southern abortifacient.)
Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1970–1971 President of the Kew
in India: buddadadduga, buddadudduga, cham-khirni, chi-
Guild, author of A Swahili-Botanical-English Dictionary
laka duduga, chilakadudug, chilkadoodooga, chilkadud-
of Plant Names. Dar es Salaam 1940 and “The Pawpaw or
duru, chilkadudu, chilkaduduga, cilukadudduga, etidudduga,
Papaya.” E.A. Agri. Journ. 13: 228–233. Nairobi 1948, co-
kuradia
author (with Ivan Robert Dale, 1904–1963) of Kenya Trees
& Shrubs. Nairobi 1961, editor of Jessie Williamson’s Useful in Philippines: baling-manok, duhat-duhatan, duhat-matsing,
Plants of Nyasaland. Zomba, Nyasaland 1955 and of the East duyat-nasi, lanutan, munat, tagputagpuan
3022 Polycarpaea Lam. Caryophyllaceae (Polycarpaeaceae)

Polyalthia viridis Craib chedi, nilachadachchi, nilaisedachi, okharadi, paade mullu

gida, pallippuntu, parpata, poude mullu, poude mullu gida,
SE Asia. Tree, cylindrical bole, thin yellow-green bark, stiff
rajuma, tadagamritikodbhava, zutniokhad
leaves with nerves very prominent, green flowers borne in
clusters of two or three, each carpel is stalked Polycarpaea corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck var.
corymbosa
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1914(1): 4.
1914, Ichino, C. et al. “Screening of Thai medicinal plant Senegal, Nigeria. Low herb with silvery foliage, eaten by stock
extracts and their active constituents for in vitro antimalarial
activity.” Phytother. Res. 20(4): 307–309. 2006 See Species Plantarum 1: 205. 1753, Tableau Encyclopédique
et Méthodique … Botanique 2: 129. 1794, Flora 26(45): 763.
(Antimalarial activity.) 1843, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 145. 1868, Linnaea 37: 291.
in Thailand: yang-don 1871 and Rhodora 65: 35, f. 1–2, pl. 1280–1283. 1963
(Plant infusion drunk for fatigue.)
Polycarpaea Lam. Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck var. effusa
(Polycarpaeaceae) Oliv.

Greek polys ‘many’ and karpos ‘fruit’, polykarpos ‘fruit- Ghana, Tropical Africa. Many-branched, spreading, silvery
ful, rich in fruit’; see Flora Cochinchinensis 97, 164. 1790, sepals, eaten by stock
Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de Lamarck (1744– See Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 145. 1868
1829), in Journal d’Histoire Naturelle. 2: 3, 5, t. 25. Paris
(Jul.) 1792, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. (Plant infusion drunk for fatigue.)
Nat. Cur. 13(1) (1826) 276. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Polycarpaea linearifolia DC. (Paronychia linearifolia DC.;
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 373. 1828, Conspectus Regni Polycarpaea linearifolia (DC.) DC.)
Vegetabilis Secundum Characteres Morphologicas … 49.
1835, Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von (1825–1896), Tropical Africa. Erect herb, weed, flowers in white many-
Report on the plants collected during Mr. Babbage’s expe- flowered globose heads solitary at the ends of the branches,
dition into the north-western interior of South Australia in silvery sepals, relished by sheep and goats
1858. Melbourne, 1858. See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi-
Polycarpaea aurea Wight & Arn. tion vol. 3. 1754, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 26.
1804, Prodr. (DC.) 3: 374. 1828
India.
(Leaves tonic. Poultice applied as a remedy for ringworm.
See Ann. Nat. Hist. 3(15): 91. 1839
Plant decoction to cure cough; plant infusion drunk for
(To restore speaking power in dumb people, this plant along fatigue. Rituals, the leaves.)
with Cassia fistula flowers and leaves smoked as cigarettes.)
in India: pakhuno khuro
Polycarpon Loefl. ex L. Caryophyllaceae
Polycarpaea corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck (Achyranthes
corymbosa Linnaeus; Cerastium soratense Rohrb.; Greek polys and karpos ‘fruit’, Latin polycarpos for a plant,
Polycarpaea atherophora Steud.; Polycarpaea corymbosa also called polygonous; see C. Linnaeus, Systema Naturae.
Oliv., nom. illeg.; Polycarpaea nebulosa Lakela) Editio Decima 2: 859, 881, 1360. 1759.

Senegal, Nigeria. Low herb with silvery foliage, eaten by stock Polycarpon prostratum (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. ex
Asch. (Alsine prostrata Forssk.; Alsine prostrata A. Heller;
See Species Plantarum 1: 205. 1753, Tableau Encyclopédique Loeflingia indica Retz.; Pharnaceum depressum L., nom.
et Méthodique … Botanique 2: 129. 1794, Flora 26(45): 763. illegit.; Polycarpaea prostrata Decne.; Polycarpon depres-
1843, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 145. 1868, Linnaea 37: 291. sum Rohrb.; Polycarpon glaucifolium A. Chev.; Polycarpon
1871 and Rhodora 65: 35, f. 1–2, pl. 1280–1283. 1963 indicum (Retz.) Merr.; Polycarpon loeflingii Wight &
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant decoction an antidote in Arn. ex Benth., nom. illegit.; Polycarpon prostratum Pax;
snakebite. Root and leaf paste administered for cobra bite. Polycarpon prostratum (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.;
Pounded leaves as poultice over boils and inflammatory Robbairea prostrata Boiss.)
swellings, antidote for venomous snakebites. Roots for boils,
China, Pakistan. Prostrate herb, flowers in paniculate bracte-
liver complaints.)
ate cymes
in China: bai gu ding
See Species Plantarum 1: 35, 272. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum
in India: bhisatta, bommasari, bugyale, cataicciver, dholi- 2: 562. 1771, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 207. 1775,
phuli, katu-mailosina, koyap, maitosin, malligai mottu Observationes Botanicae 4: 8. 1786, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér.
Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels Annonaceae 3023

2, 3: 263. 1835, Genera Plantarum 1: 153. 1862, Fl. Orient. in English: white milkwort
[Boissier] 1: 735. 1867, Flora Brasiliensis 14(2): 257, pl. 59.
Polygala arenaria Oliv. (Polygala arenaria Willd.)
1872, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 1b (1889) 87.
1889, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 39: 128. 1889 Malawi. Herb, many-branched, aromatic, erect, prostrate,
and Philippine Journal of Science 10(5): 302–303. 1915, Flore flowers in dense heads-like racemes, bracts pale green, peri-
Vivante de l’Afrique Occidentale Française 1: 306. 1938 anth pink
(An infusion of roasted leaves given for coughs, fever in See Species Plantarum 3: 880. 1802, Flora of Tropical Africa
measles.) 1: 128. 1868
in China: duo jia cao (Plant decoction for gonorrhea; a decoction together with
palm wine drunk by women to correct barrenness. Leaves for
in India: ghima, gima, sureta skin disease, influenza, wound dressing, the juice for sores;
crushed leaves poultice applied to smallpox. Taken with lime
juice or melon as purgative.)
Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels Annonaceae
in Ghana: koklokpo, nyankoma ntiri
Greek polys ‘many’, keras ‘a horn’ and karpos ‘a fruit’,
‘many-horned fruit’, see Notizblatt des Königlichen bota- Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Polygala arillata
nischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 3: 53, 56. 1900. var. ovata Gagnep.; Polygala wistariifolia Chodat)

Polyceratocarpus scheffleri Engl. & Diels Nepal, India. Shrub, yellow flowers

Tanzania. Tree, dioecious, young leaves red, flowers borne See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 199. 1825 and Botanische
on juvenile branches, flower stalks thick and curved, 3 sepals Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Pflanzengeographie 52(1–2, Beibl. 115): 70–71. 1914, Flore
joined to form a circular calyx wrinkled and rusty hairy
Générale de l’Indo-Chine Suppl. 1: 231. 1939
outside, strongly curved cylindrical almost stalkless carpels
twisted together, forest, rainforest (Root paste taken for dysentery, chronic dysentery; root bark
and stem bark paste febrifuge, antiinflammatory.)
See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
Berlin-Dahlem 3: 56. 1900 in China: he bao shan gui hua
(Tonic.) in India: dieng jakba, dieng sohtynka, marcha gachh,
nepali-kanti
in Tanzania: mkenene, muenene
Polygala arvensis Willd. (Polygala arvensis Roxb.; Polygala
arvensis Wall.; Polygala chinensis auct.)
Polygala L. Polygalaceae India. Herb, erect or diffuse, glabrous or pubescent, yel-
Greek polygalon, ancient name used by Dioscorides, polys lowish flowers subsolitary or in short racemes, orbicular-
‘much’ and gala ‘milk’, Latin polygala, ae for the herb milk- oblong capsules
wort (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linnaeus, Carl See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(2):
von Linné), Species Plantarum. 2: 701–706. 1753 and Genera 876. 1802, Hort. Bengal. 53. 1814, Numer. List [Wallich] n.
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 315. 1754, Flore portugaise ou description 4172. 1831, Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire
de toutes les … 1: 62. 1809 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 5–22. Naturelle de Genève 31(2): 386. 1893
1949, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 2(1): 78. 1980, Dennis E.
Breedlove and Robert M. Laughlin, The Flowering of Man. (Used in Sidha. Whole plant made into a paste and applied on
A Tzoltzil Botany of Zinacantán. Smithsonian Contributions boils. Leaf juice applied on swollen joints, for rheumatism;
to Anthropology. number 35. Washington 1993, Monogr. leaf poultice for inflammation. Root paste antiinflammation,
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2154–2167. 2001, Flora for fever, dizziness.)
of Tropical East Africa. Polygalaceae. Kew 2007, Nordic in India: cankankolakacceti, cankankolakam, citaninankai,
Journal of Botany 25: 288. 2007. katu-vistna-clandi, kirikanankai, kirikanankaicceti, kodatsjeri,
Polygala alba Nutt. (Polygala alba Nutt. var. suspecta S. maccarekacceti, maccarekam, makanankai, makanankaic-
ceti, marcha, meradu, milakaynankai, milakunankai, mirdoi,
Watson)
nanavitacceti, nilkanta, orupanankaicceti, piriyanankai, piri-
North America. Perennial herb yanankaicceti, sanjivani, vacampuvaca, varappikacceti, varap-
pikam, vecinankai, vecinankaicceti, veppilainankai
See The Genera of North American Plants 2: 87. 1818,
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Polygala butyracea Heckel
21: 416. 1886 and Taxon 32: 504. 1983
Ghana. Stout, weedy, softly pubescent, long branches, pink-
(Root decoction for earache.) ish yellowish flowers in dense racemes, glabrous seeds
3024 Polygala L. Polygalaceae

See Bull. Geogr. 13: 222. 1889 See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 1:
62. 1855
(Tonic.)
(Analgesic.)
Polygala capillaris E. Mey. subsp. perrottetiana (Paiva)
Paiva (Polygala micrantha Perr. & Guill.; Polygala perrotte- in English: Sierra milkwort
tiana Paiva)
Polygala cornuta Kellogg var. cornuta
Senegal, Cameroon. Herb, erect, white or mauve flowers in
North America. Perennial subshrub or shrub
racemes, marshy meadows
See Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 1:
See Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 39. 1831 and
62. 1855
Willdenowia 12: 52. 1982, Paiva, Jorge Americo Rodrigues
(1933– ), Polygalarum Africanarum et Madagascariensium (Cough sedative, emetic.)
prodromus atque gerontogaei generis Heterosamara Kuntze, in English: Sierra milkwort, Sierran milkwort
a genere Polygala L. segregati et a nobis denuo recepti, syn-
opsis monographica Madrid: Camino de los Vinateros, 1998. Polygala crotalarioides Buch.-Ham. ex DC.
[Fontqueria 50: 161. 1998] China. Herb
(Used as a purge, good for the liver.) See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1:
Polygala chinensis L. 327. 1824

India. (Whole plant and root expectorant, for catarrh, snakebite.

Root paste given for vomiting out the poison.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 701–706. 1753
in China: xi nan yuan zhi
(Leaf decoction antiinflammatory. Plant paste given in cold
and cough of children; root powder given to cure asthma.) in India: lil kathi, neel kantha, nil-kanti

in English: Chinese milkwort, Indian senega, leafy milkwort Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd.

in China: da jin niu cao, hua nan yuan zhi India.

in India: belesoppu, bili cheeni kanigalu, ciriya nankai, ciriya See Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(2): 879. 1802
nantai, ciriyanankai, ghuntaani, meradu, negli, nelajanumu, (Plant used in constipation. Root paste rubbed on body
nilkathi, phutni, rali against fever and shivering. Veterinary medicine, plant juice
in Japan: Shinchiku-hime-hagi applied externally on cows to get rid of lice.)

Polygala chinensis L. var. chinensis (Polygala densiflora in India: kukkani, peria-nankai, periya nangai, periya nan-
Blume; Polygala glomerata Lour.; Polygala telephioides kai, uttaretalu
Willd.; Polygala telephioides Boiss. & Balansa) (Greek tele- Polygala erioptera DC.
pheion ‘health’, telephion used by Dioscorides for a species
of Andrachna, Latin telephion, ii ‘a kind of herb resembling East Africa.
purslane’, Plinius) See Prodr. (DC.) 1: 326. 1824 [mid Jan 1824]
India, China. Perennial herb, purplish stems (Paste of stem and leaves applied on wounds. Powdered bark
See Flora Cochinchinensis 2: 426. 1790, Species Plantarum. for wounds, ulcers, leprosy. Plant juice given in jaundice,
Editio quarta [Willdenow] 3(2): 876. 1802, Bijdragen tot de constipation and liver disorders.)
flora van Nederlandsch Indië 59. 1825, Diagn. Pl. Orient. in Kenya: lonomokerio
ser. 2, 5: 49. 1856
in India: bhonya-san, rati bhonyasan
(Leaf paste mixed with hot water taken as antivenom for
Polygala fruticosa Berg. (Polygala latifolia Ker Gawl.;
cobra bite. Leaves infusion in asthma and chronic bronchitis,
Polygala oppositifolia L.; Polygala oppositifolia var. latifo-
a remedy against diarrhea.)
lia (Ker Gawl.) Harv.)
in China: hua nan yuan zhi
South Africa. Shrub, white flowers
in India: periya nankai
See Species Plantarum 2: 701–706. 1753, Flora Capensis 1:
in Indonesia: lidah ajam 82. 1860
Polygala cornuta Kellogg (Roots used for scrofula.)
North America. Perennial subshrub or shrub in South Africa: iThethe (Zulu)
Polygala L. Polygalaceae 3025

Polygala hongkongensis Hemsl. var. hongkongensis in English: candy-weed, candyweed, orange milkwort, yel-
(Polygala loureiroi Gardner & Champ.; Polygala monopetala low bachelor’s-button, yellow milkwort
Cambess.; Polygala sibirica L.; Polygala sibirica var.
Polygala paniculata L. (Polygala paniculata J. Le Conte ex
monopetala (Camb.) Chodat; Polygala sibirica var. sibirica; Torr. & A. Gray, nom. illeg.; Polygala paniculata var. leo-
Polygala trichorachis Migo) coptera S.F. Blake)
China, Hong Kong. Jamaica. Herb
See Species Plantarum 2: 701–706. 1753, Hooker’s Journal See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1154. 1759, A
of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 1: 242. 1849, Journal Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 129. 1838
of the Linnean Society, Botany 23(152): 60–61, t. 2, f. 1–6. and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
1886 and Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 13: 85–86. University 47: 101. 1916, Fl. Jamaica 4: 242. 1920
1943, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 77(2):
113–114. 1992 (Whole plant crushed, heated, placed on a boil as a salve.)

(Antidiabetic, astringent, demulcent.) in China: yuan zhui hua yuan zhi

Polygala irregularis Boiss. Polygala paucifolia Willd. (Triclisperma paucifolia (Willd.)

Nieuwl.)
India.
North America. Perennial herb
See Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 1: 8. 1843
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 880. 1802 and
(For stomachache and gastric troubles.) American Midland Naturalist 3(7): 181. 1914, Taxon 31(2):
344–360. 1982, Taxon 32: 320. 1983
in India: bhana-major, boyasan
(Plant decoction as a wash for boils and syphilitic sores.)
Polygala kalaxariensis Schinz (Polygala kubangensis
Gürke; Polygala reflexa Schinz) in English: bird-on-the-wing, flowering wintergreen, fringed
polygala, gay-wings, gaywings
South Africa.
Polygala polygama Walter (Anthalogea polygama (Walter)
See Species Plantarum 2: 701–706. 1753 Nieuwl.; Polygala aboriginum Small; Polygala polygama
(For skin diseases.) Walter var. obtusata Chod.; Polygala polygama Walter var.
ramulosa Farw.)
Polygala longifolia Poir. (Polygala discolor Buch.-Ham. ex
D. Don North America. Biennial herb

Polygala leptalea DC.; Polygala longifolia A. Dietr.; Polygala See Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 179. 1788, New Flora
longifolia Gilib. ex Steud.; Polygala longifolia C. Presl; and Botany of North America … 4: 88. 1836[1838]
Polygala oligophylla DC.; Polygala pyramidalis H. Lév.) (Plant decoction as a cough sedative.)
China. in English: racemed milkwort
See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck) 5: 501. Polygala rosmarinifolia Wight & Arn. (Polygala rosmarini-
1804, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis folia Eckl. & Zeyh.)
(DC.) 1: 325, 353, 358. 1824, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis India. Annual herb, small yellow flowers
199. 1825, Allg. Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 2: 117. 1834,
Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 445. 1845 and Flore See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 37. 1834, Enum. Pl. Afric.
du Kouy-Tchéou 317. 1914–1915 Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 1: 20. [Dec 1834–Mar 1835]

(Bitter root bark a wash to stimulate hair.) (Astringent, diaphoretic, emollient.)

Polygala rugelii Shuttlew. ex A. Gray (Pilostaxis rugelii
in China: chang ye yuan zhi
(Shuttlew. ex A. Gray) Small; Pilostaxis rugelii (Shuttlew. ex
Polygala lutea L. (Pilostaxis lutea (L.) Small; Pilostaxis Chapm) Small)
lutea Small) North America. Annual herb
North America. Biennial herb See Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 41. 1852
See Species Plantarum 2: 705. 1753 and Manual of the and Manual of the Southeastern Flora [Small] 774. 1933
Southeastern Flora [Small] 774. 1933 (Antirheumatic, blood purifier; plant infusion taken for
snakebite.)
(Antirheumatic, dried blossom made into a paste applied to
swellings.) in English: yellow milkwort
3026 Polygonatum Miller Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae)

Polygala ruwenzoriensis Chodat North America. Annual herb

East Africa. See Species Plantarum 2: 706. 1753 and Bartonia 13: 8, 12,
pl. 3, fig. 1. 1931, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982
See Species Plantarum 2: 701–706. 1753, Journal of Botany,
British and Foreign 199. 1896 (Plant infusion given to babies.)
(For skin diseases.) in English: whorled milkwort
Polygala senega L. (Polygala senega L. var. latifolia Torr. Polygala vulgaris L. (Polygala vulgaris Desf.; Polygala vul-
& A. Gray) garis Thunb.; Polygala vulgaris Asso)
South America. Perennial herb Europe, Chile.
See Species Plantarum 2: 701–706. 1753 and Taxon 31(2): See Species Plantarum 2: 702. 1753, Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 277.
344–360. 1982 1784, Fl. Atlant. 2: 127. 1798 and Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser.
Bot. 22: 129–153. 1980, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München
(Used in Sidha. Purgative, hemostat, stimulant, blood puri-
20: 348. 1984
fier, tonic, anticonvulsive. Ceremonial.)
(Warm plant infusion taken as diuretic.)
in English: milkwort, rattlesnake root, seneca snakeroot, sen-
ega root, senega snakeroot in English: gang flower, gand flower, milkwort
in India: cenakanankai
in Brazil: poligala, poligala-da-virgínia, senega, senega Polygonatum Miller Asparagaceae
colubrina (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae)
Polygala sphenoptera Fresen. (Polygala aethiopica Chodat; Greek polys and gony ‘the knee-joint’, referring to the rhi-
Polygala ehlersii auct., sensu De wild., non Gürke, misap- zomes, Latin polygonaton, i for the plant called Solomon’s
plied name; Polygala ellenbeckii Gürke ex Chodat; Polygala seal, Convallaria polygonatum L., another name for leuca-
filifera Chodat; Polygala fischeri auct., non Gürke, misap- cantha (Plinius), see The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged
plied name; Polygala gagnebiniana Chodat; Polygala per- … fourth edition (1109). 1754, Flora Pedemontana 1: 131.
sicariaefolia sensu Eyles non DC.; Polygala persicariifolia 1785 and Bush, B.F. “The species of Polygonatum.” Amer.
auct., sensu Eyles; Polygala quartiniana Quart.-Dill. ex Midl. Naturalist 10: 385–400. 1927, Abramova, L.I. “On
A. Rich.; Polygala quartiniana A. Rich.; Polygala tristis the taxonomical structure of the genus Polygonatum Mill.”
Chodat; Polygala ukambica Chodat) Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 60: 490–497. 1975,
East Africa. Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M.
Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1–435.
See Species Plantarum 2: 701–706. 1753, Museum Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. 1989, Rechinger, K.H.,
Senckenbergianum ii: 274. 1837 Browicz, K., Perssom, K. & Wendelbo, P. Flora Iranica
(Bark for chronic bronchitis, malaria, fever and leprosy.) 165: 1–194. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien. 1990, Noltie,
H.J. Flora of Bhutan 3(1): 1–456. Royal Botanic Garden,
in India: sherita Edinburgh. 1994, Czerepanov, S.K. Vascular Plants of
Polygala stenopetala Klotzsch (Polygala viminalis Gürke) Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR): 1–516.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1995, Zhengyi,
Tropical Africa. Slender, flowers bright blue
W. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) Flora of China 24: 1–431. Missouri
See Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 6(Bot., 1): 114. Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. 2000, Grubov, V.I.
1861, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C. 234. 1895 Key to the Vascular Plants of Mongolia 1: 1–411. Science
Publishers, Inc. Enfield, USA. Plymouth, U.K. 2001, Flora of
(Leaves purgative, for sore throat and syphilis.)
North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America
Polygala verticillata L. North of Mexico 26: 1–723. Oxford University Press, New
York, Oxford. 2002, Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr,
North America. Annual herb
E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. “A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs
See Species Plantarum 2: 706. 1753 and Taxon 31(2): 344– and Climbers of Myanmar.” Contributions from the United
360. 1982 States National Herbarium 45: 1–590. 2003.
(Plant infusion given to babies.) Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott (Convallaria angus-
tifolia (Pursh) Poir.; Convallaria biflora Walter; Convallaria
in English: whorled milkwort
canaliculata Willd.; Convallaria commutata Schult. &
Polygala verticillata L. var. verticillata (Polygala pretzii Schult.f.; Polygonatum angustifolium Pursh; Polygonatum
Pennell) biflorum f. ramosum (McGivney) Fernald; Polygonatum
Polygonatum Miller Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae) 3027

biflorum subvar. ellipsoidale Farw.; Polygonatum biflorum Club 42(5): 254–256. 1915, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult.f.) Morong; Polygonatum Club 44(3): 121, 123–124, 126. 1917, Amer. Midl. Naturalist
biflorum var. giganteum (A. Dietr.) Alph.Wood; Polygonatum 5: 94. 1917, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 170.
biflorum var. hebetifolium R.R. Gates; Polygonatum biflorum 1918 [Annual report of the Michigan academy of science,
var. melleum (Farw.) R.P. Ownbey; Polygonatum biflorum var. arts, and letters.], Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 22:
necopinum R.P. Ownbey; Polygonatum biflorum var. ovatum 181. 1921, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 9: 664. 1925, Amer.
Farw.; Polygonatum biflorum var. virginicum (Greene) Farw.; Midl. Naturalist 10: 391, 397. 1927, Amer. Midl. Naturalist
Polygonatum canaliculatum (Willd.) Pursh; Polygonatum 11: 78. 1928, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 503. 1935,
canaliculatum Pursh; Polygonatum canaliculatum f. folia- Rhodora 46: 12. 1944, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
tum (H.M. Clarke) J.W. Moore; Polygonatum canaliculatum Garden 31(4): 399, 401. 1944, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 39:
f. ramosum (McGivney) Clute; Polygonatum canaliculatum 762. 1948, Rhodora 52: 55–56. 1950, Taxon 30: 845–851.
subvar. ellipticum (Farw.) Farw.; Polygonatum canaliculatum 1981, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
var. americanum (Hook.) Farw.; Polygonatum canalicula- Newsletter 24: 19–20. 1995
tum var. giganteum (A. Dietr.) Miq.; Polygonatum canalicu-
(Used as a root tea for digestion, coughs and as a laxative;
latum var. oblongifolium Farw.; Polygonatum canaliculatum
root poultice for skin irritations and rheumatism. A safe-
var. ovatum (Farw.) E.J. Palmer & Steyerm.; Polygonatum
guard against witches.)
canaliculatum var. rotundifolium J.W. Moore; Polygonatum
cobrense (Wooton & Standl.) R.R. Gates; Polygonatum in English: Solomon’s seal
commutatum (Schult. & Schult.f.) A. Dietr.; Polygonatum
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle (Convallaria cir-
commutatum f. foliatum H.M. Clarke; Polygonatum com-
rhifolia Wall.; Convallaria cirrhosa Griff.; Polygonatum
mutatum f. ramosum McGivney; Polygonatum commuta-
bulbosum H. Lév.; Polygonatum cirrhifoliodes D.M. Liu &
tum var. lineamentosum Lunell; Polygonatum commutatum
W.Z. Zeng; Polygonatum fargesii Hua; Polygonatum fuscum
var. ovatum (Farw.) R.R. Gates; Polygonatum commutatum
Hua; Polygonatum lebrunii H. Lév.; Polygonatum mairei
var. virginicum (Greene) R.R. Gates; Polygonatum ellipti-
H. Lév.; Polygonatum prattii Baker; Polygonatum souliei
cum Farw.; Polygonatum giganteum A. Dietr.; Polygonatum
Hua; Polygonatum strumulosum D.M. Liu & W.Z. Zeng;
hebetifolium (R.R. Gates) Bush; Polygonatum latifolium
Polygonatum trinerve Hua)
Pursh, nom. illeg.; Polygonatum latifolium var. commu-
tatum (Schult. & Schult.f.) Baker; Polygonatum melleum Himalaya, China. Herb, erect, climbing in vegetation,
Farw.; Polygonatum multiflorum var. americanum Hook.; creeper, stem pale red, coiled tendril-like tips, large yellow-
Polygonatum multiflorum var. biflorum (Walter) Alph.Wood; ish stout creeping rhizomes, leaves lanceolate green above
Polygonatum multiflorum var. canaliculatum (Willd.) Alph. glaucous below, flowers white to dull purple, fruits with
Wood; Polygonatum ovatum (Farw.) Bush; Polygonatum papery outer sheath, green foliage as vegetable, leaves used
parviflorum A. Dietr.; Polygonatum virginicum Greene; as animal fodder
Salomonia biflora (Walter) Britton; Salomonia biflorum
See Species Plantarum 1: 314–316. 1753, The Gardeners
Farw.; Salomonia cobrensis Wooton & Standl.; Salomonia
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Asiatic
commutata (Schult. & Schult.f.) Britton; Salomonia commu-
Researches 13: 380–382, pl. 5. 1820, Illustrations of the Botany
tatum Farw.; Sigillaria angustifolia Raf.; Sigillaria angusti-
… of the Himalayan Mountains … 1: 380. 1839, Hooker’s
folia (Pursh) Raf.; Sigillaria biflora Raf.; Sigillaria biflora
Icones Plantarum ser. 4 23(1): pl. 2217. 1892, Journal de
(Walter) Raf.; Sigillaria canaliculata (Willd.) Raf.; Sigillaria
Botanique (Morot) 6(22–23): 427–428, 444–447. 1892 and
elliptica Raf.)
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7(152–
North America. Herb, erect, buds green, corolla greenish- 156): 384. 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
white, berries blue-black Vegetabilis 11(286–290): 302. 1912, Repertorium Specierum
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12(341–345): 536. 1913, Hara,
See Species Plantarum 1: 314–316. 1753, Flora Caroliniana,
H., Stearn, W.T. & Williams, H.J. An Enumeration of the
secundum … 122. 1788, Flora Americae Septentrionalis;
Flowering Plants of Nepal 1: 1–154. Trustees of British
or, … 1: 234. 1814 [1813], A Sketch of the Botany of South-
Museum, London. 1978, Bulletin of Botanical Research
Carolina and Georgia 1: 393. 1817, Syst. Veg. 7: 1671. 1820,
6(2): 91–92, photo 1–2. 1986, Journal of Wuhan Botanical
Systema Vegetabilium 7(2): 1671. 1830, Garten-Zeitung.
Research 5: 1–10. 1987, Cell and Chromosome Research
Monatsschrift für Gärtner un Gartenfreunde 3: 222–223.
11: 93–97. 1988, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
1835, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 176. 1839, Autik. Bot.: 68. 1840, Ann.
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 115(1): 1–26.
Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 148. 1867, Amer. Bot. Fl. 1870:
1993, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 15: 377–384. 1993, Acta
346. 1870, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 555. 1875, Bull. Torrey
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 31: 549–559. 1993
Bot. Club 20: 480. 1893, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical
Club 5(8): 115. 1894 and Rep. (Annual) Commiss. Parks (Used in Ayurveda. Whole plant antibacterial, used for fevers,
Boulevards Detroit 11: 53. 1900, Man. Fl. N. States: 273. cold and cough. Root used for long life, strength, cold and
1901, Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1: 181. 1906, Contr. U. S. cough, stomach, appetite, inflammation, a tonic for kidney
Natl. Herb. 16: 113. 1913, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical and heart; a paste for wounds and cuts. Stewed, dried roots
3028 Polygonatum Miller Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae)

used for rheumatism and blood pressure problems. Dried root govaniana Wall., nom. inval.; Convallaria multiflora L.;
mixed with other plants and used for wounds.) Convallaria multiflora var. ambigua Des Moul.; Convallaria
multiflora var. bracteata (B. Thomas) W.D.J. Koch;
in China: juan ye huang jing
Polygonatum ambiguum Rouy; Polygonatum ambiguum
in India: meda, salammisri (Des Moul.) B.D. Jacks., nom. illeg.; Polygonatum ambig-
uum Link; Polygonatum ambiguum Link ex Schult.f.;
in Nepal: gomesha
Polygonatum bracteatum G. Don; Polygonatum bractea-
in Tibet: la sha chong wa, ra sha tum (B. Thomas) G. Don; Polygonatum govanianum Royle;
Polygonatum gussonei Parl.; Polygonatum intermedium
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (Polygonatum brachynema
Dumort.; Polygonatum multiflorum Kunth; Polygonatum
Hand.-Mazz.; Polygonatum henryi Diels; Polygonatum
multiflorum All.; Polygonatum multiflorum race ambiguum
martini H. Lév.; Polygonatum multiflorum var. longifolium
(Des Moul.) Rouy; Polygonatum multiflorum var. brac-
Merr.) (from the Greek kyrtos ‘curved, arched’ and nema ‘a
teatum (B. Thomas) Kunth; Polygonatum multiflorum var.
thread, filament’.)
latifolium Kunth; Polygonatum multiflorum var. latifolium
China. (Willd.) Alph.Wood; Polygonatum salamonis Montandon;
Polygonatum salamonis Friche-Joset & Montandon;
See Journal de Botanique (Morot) 6(21): 393–394. 1892
Polygonatum × intermedium Brügger)
and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 247. 1900, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr.
Bot. 12: 262. 1903, Lingnan Sci. J. 7: 299. 1929 (publ. Eurasia, Pakistan to W. Himalaya. Herb, erect to suberect,
1931), Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 5: 1–10. 1987, unbranched, stems grooved, flowers pendulous up to 3 in
Cytologia 55: 443–466. 1990, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica group, perianth white, lobes green, stamens white
29(6): 511–516. 1991, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 31: 353–
See Species Plantarum 1: 314–316. 1753, The Gardeners
361. 1993
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flora
(Rhizomes used for thirst, dry cough, weakness.) Pedemontana 1: 131. 1785, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer
& Schultes] 7(1): 299. 1829, Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 131. 1830,
Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl. (Polygonatum
Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 380. 1839, Syn. Fl. Jura 311.
agglutinatum Hua; Polygonatum cavaleriei H. Lév.;
1856, Fl. Ital. (Parlatore) 3(1): 44. 1858 and Fl. France
Polygonatum darrisii H. Lév.; Polygonatum ericoideum H.
[Rouy & Foucaud] 12: 445. 1910, Index Kew., Suppl. 4: 187.
Lév.; Polygonatum esquirolii H. Lév.; Polygonatum huanum
1913, Proceedings, Indian Academy of Sciences. Section
H. Lév.; Polygonatum kingianum var. cavaleriei (H. Lév.)
B, Biological Sciences 48: 255–263. 1982, Davis, P.H. (ed.)
C. Jeffrey & McEwan; Polygonatum kingianum var. ericoi-
Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8: 1–632.
deum (H.Lév.) C. Jeffrey & McEwan; Polygonatum kingia-
Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. 1984, Karthikeyan,
num var. grandifolium D.M. Liu & W.Z. Zeng; Polygonatum
S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa, M. Florae Indicae
kingianum var. uncinatum (Diels) C. Jeffrey & McEwan;
Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1–435. Botanical Survey
Polygonatum uncinatum Diels)
of India, Calcutta. 1989, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow &
China, Indochina. Perennial herb, terrestrial, rootstock Leningrad) 75: 652–658. 1990, Rechinger, K.H., Browicz,
creeping, leaves verticillate linear-lanceolate, reddish flowers K., Perssom, K. & Wendelbo, P. Flora Iranica 165: 1–194.
in axillary spikes, perianth tubular, globose berry red when Naturhistorisches Museums Wien. 1990, Botanische
ripe, mountains, in moist ground Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Pflanzengeographie 115(1): 1–26. 1993, International
See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 28(189–191):
Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19.
138, pl. 21. 1890, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 6(21): 393–
1995, Tamura, M.N., A.E. Schwarzbach, S. Kruse, and R.
394. 1892 and Nouv. Contrib. Liliac. Chine: 11. 1906, Repert.
Reski. “Biosystematics studies on the genus Polygonatum
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 384. 1909, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
(Convallariaceae) IV. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based
Veg. 8: 59. 1910, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden,
on restriction site mapping of the chloroplast gene trnK.”
Edinburgh 5(25): 297–298. 1912, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Feddes Repert. 108: 159–168. 1997, Opera Botanica 137:
Veg. 12: 536. 1913, Kew Bulletin 34(3): 464. 1980, Journal of
1–42. 1999
Wuhan Botanical Research 6: 311–314. 1988, Fl. Sichuanica
7: 230. 1991, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 15: 377–384. 1993, (Rhizomes tonic, astringent, liver tonic and topical for
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 31: 549–559. 1993 bruises.)
(Rhizomes used for thirst, dry cough, weakness.) in China: huang ching
in English: King Solomon’s seal Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce (Convallaria odo-
rata Mill.; Convallaria polygonatum L.; Polygonatum hon-
in China: huang jing
doense Nakai ex Koidz.; Polygonatum japonicum C. Morren
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. (Convallaria ambigua & Decne.; Polygonatum langyaense D.C. Zhang & J.Z.
Schrank; Convallaria bracteata B. Thomas; Convallaria Shao; Polygonatum maximowiczii F. Schmidt; Polygonatum
Polygonatum Miller Asparagaceae (Convallariaceae, Liliaceae) 3029

odoratum fo. ovalifolium Y.C. Chu; Polygonatum offici- and Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 5: 1–10. 1987,
nale All.; Polygonatum officinale var. papillosum Franch.; Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 20(6): 34–35. 1989,
Polygonatum planifilum Kitag. & Hir. Takah.; Polygonatum Noltie, H.J. Flora of Bhutan 3(1): 1–456. Royal Botanic
quelpaertense Ohwi; Polygonatum sigillum Druce, nom Garden, Edinburgh. 1994, Czerepanov, S.K. Vascular Plants
illeg.; Polygonatum simizui Kitag.; Polygonatum thunbergii of Russia and Adjacent States (The Former USSR): 1–516.
C. Morren & Decne.; Polygonatum vulgare Desf.) Cambridge. 1995, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 28:
187–208. 1998
Europe to Japan. Perennial herb, simple, cylindrical, many
nodes, roots creamy-white, leaves alternate, flowers cam- (Rhizomes used for thirst, dry cough, weakness.)
panulate 1–3 axillary, white tubular perianth, bluish-black
Polygonatum singalilense H. Hara
globose berry, mountains, under trees
Himalaya, India.
See Species Plantarum 1: 314–316. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The See Journal of Japanese Botany 40: 102. 1965
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 4. 1768, Flora
(Rhizomes for wounds and boils.)
Pedemontana 1: 131. 1785, Annales du muséum national
d’histoire naturelle 9: 49. 1807, Annales des Sciences in Bhutan: lug-mnye
Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 2: 311–312. 1834, Reisen im
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. (Campydorum verticil-
Amur-Lande 185. 1868, Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum
latum (L.) Salisb., nom. inval.; Campydorum verticillatum
Imperio 1: 302. 1884 and Annals of Scottish Natural History
Salisb.; Convallaria leptophylla D. Don; Convallaria stelli-
60: 226. 1906, Florae Symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae 34.
folia Peterm.; Convallaria verticillata L.; Evallaria verticil-
1930, Journal of Japanese Botany 13(6): 443. 1937, Journal
lata (L.) Neck.; Evallaria verticillata Neck.; Polygonatum
of Japanese Botany 22(10–12): 176–177. 1948, Journal of
angustifolium Bubani, nom. illeg.; Polygonatum eryth-
Japanese Botany 46(10): 307–309, f. 1, 2. 1971, Natural
rocarpum Hua; Polygonatum jacquemontianum Kunth;
Resources Research 2: 4. 1979, Informatore Botanico
Polygonatum kansuense Maxim. ex Batalin; Polygonatum
Italiano 14: 229–233. 1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja:
kasuense Maxim. ex Batalin; Polygonatum leptophyllum (D.
Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Blyttia
Don) Royle; Polygonatum leptophyllum Royle; Polygonatum
1985: 7–15. 1985, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 5:
macrophyllum Sweet; Polygonatum minutiflorum H. Lév.;
1–10. 1987, Studia Botanica, Universidad de Salamanca 6:
Polygonatum roseum Hook., nom. illeg.; Polygonatum ver-
159–162. 1987, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 26: 165–172.
ticillatum All.; Polygonatum verticillatum var. gracile Baker
1988, Journal of Yantai Normal College, Natural Science 4:
ex Aitch.; Sigillum verticillatum (L.) Montandon; Sigillum
41–44. 1988, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 10:
verticillatum Friche-Joset & Montandon; Troxilanthes
203–210. 1990, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)
angustifolia Raf.)
75: 652–658. 1990, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 29(6): 511–
516. 1991, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 30(5): 438–449. Europe to China. Herb, bulbous, perennial, trailing, erect
1992, Guihaia 12(2): 101–102, f. 2. 1992, Verhandlungen or suberect, glaucous, robust, creeping rootstock, whorled
der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 129: 215– lanceolate leaves, 3 sessile leaves per node, small white-
226. 1992, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 31: 353–361. 1993, yellowish green flowers, fruits axial pendulous glaucous
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 79(7): 134–135. dark purplish, green foliage eaten as vegetable, rhizome/
1994, Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 32(2): 180–182. bulbs edible
1995, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
See Species Plantarum 1: 314–316. 1753, The Gardeners
Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flora
Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 15–18. 1997, Opera Botanica 137:
Pedemontana 1: 131. 1785, Elem. Bot. (Necker) 3: 189.
1–42. 1999, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica
1790, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 380. 1839, Syn. Fl. Jura
20(5): 882–888. 2000
310. 1856, Gen. Pl. [Salisbury] 64. 1866, J. Linn. Soc.,
(Rhizome as a tonic; root as a mouthwash.) Bot. 18: 103. 1880, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 6(22):
424–426. 1892 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale
in English: aromatic Solomon’s seal
de Géographie, Botanique 25: 38. 1915, Hara, H., Stearn,
in China: yu zhu, yu chu, wei jui W.T. & Williams, H.J. An Enumeration of the Flowering
Plants of Nepal 1: 1–154. London. 1978, Taxon 31: 583–587.
in Japan: etoruratkip
1982, Proceedings, Indian Academy of Sciences. Section B,
Polygonatum sibiricum F. Delaroche (Convallaria sibirica Biological Sciences 48: 255–263. 1982, Davis, P.H. (ed.)
(F. Delaroche) Ker; Polygonatum chinense Kunth) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands 8: 1–632.
Edinburgh. 1984, Cell and Chromosome Research 11: 93–97.
Siberia to Korea and Bhutan.
1988, Karthikeyan, S., Jain, S.K., Nayar, M.P. & Sanjappa,
See J. Sci. Arts (London) 1: 182. 1816, Enumeratio M. Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1–435.
Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum 5: 146. 1850 Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. 1989, Rechinger, K.H.,
3030 Polygonum L. Polygonaceae

Browicz, K., Perssom, K. & Wendelbo, P. Flora Iranica Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur; Aconogonon alpinum var.
165: 1–194. Naturhistorisches Museums Wien. 1990, stewartii S.P. Hong; Aconogonum hultenianum (Yurtsev)
Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft Tzvelev; Aconogonum hultenianum (Yurtsev) Tzvelev var.
in Wien 128: 19–39. 1991, Journal of Wuhan Botanical lapathifolium (Cham. & Schltdl.) S.-P. Hong; Persicaria
Research 10: 201–206. 1992, Botanische Jahrbücher für alpina H. Gross; Persicaria alpina (All.) H. Gross; Persicaria
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie angustifolia (Pall.) Ronse Decr.; Pleuropteropyrum alpi-
115(1): 1–26. 1993, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 31: num (All.) Kitag.; Pleuropteropyrum alpinum (All.) Nakai;
353–361. 1993, Noltie, H.J. Flora of Bhutan 3(1): 1–456. Pleuropteropyrum alpinum Koidz.; Pleuropteropyrum
Edinburgh. 1994, International Organization of Plant jeholense Kitag.; Pleuropteropyrum undulatum Á. Löve &
Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995 D. Löve; Pleuropteropyrum undulatum (Murray) Á. Löve
& D. Löve; Polygonum alaskanum W. Wight ex Hultén;
(Used in Ayurveda. Poisonous. Tender parts of the plant Polygonum alaskanum W. Wight ex Hultén var. glabrescens
cooked and eaten as a tonic. White fleshy corms for sper- Hultén; Polygonum alpinum Schur.; Polygonum angusti-
matorrhea and sexual debility in males. Rhizomes tonic, folium Hort. ex Poir.; Polygonum angustifolium D. Don;
diuretic, anthelmintic, sedative, appetizer, for kidney trou- Polygonum angustifolium Roth; Polygonum angustifolium
bles; powdered rhizome used for piles, tumors and inflamma- Sessé & Moc.; Polygonum angustifolium Raf.; Polygonum
tion. Tuber aphrodisiac, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, a paste for angustifolium Pall.; Polygonum jeholense (Kitag.) Baranov
wounds and cuts. Roots used to cure liver and stomach ail- & Skvortsov ex S.X. Li & Y.L. Chang; Polygonum undula-
ments, for the treatment of sexual diseases; root mixed with tum P.J. Bergius; Polygonum undulatum Murray; Polygonum
other herbs in a pill, used medicinally for joints and back.) weyrichii F. Schmidt var. alpinum Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav.)
in Bhutan: ra-mnye Europe, India. Perennial herb, leaves used as vegetable
in China: lun ye huang jing See Descr. Pl. Cap. 135. 1767, Auctuarium ad synopsim
in India: khirkyanali, khirkyaneli, khol, maha meda, maha- methodicam stirpium Horti Regii Taurinensis 4: 42, 94.
meda, mitha doodhia, safed misri, salam mishri, salam misri, 1773, Nov. Com. Gotting. 5: 34, t. 5. 1775, Fl. Pedem. ii. 206.
salammisri, vodzii t. 68. f. 1. 1785, Encycl. (Lamarck) 6(1): 139. 1804, Prodr.
Fl. Nepal. 70. 1825, Fl. Tellur. 3: 16. 1837 [1836 publ. Nov-
in Nepal: keruwa, khinraulaa, setak chini Dec 1837], Verh. Siebenb. Ver. Naturw. ii. (1851) 170. 1851,
Verh. Siebenb. Ver. Naturw. iv. (1853) 64. 1853, Enumeratio
in Tibet: ra-mnye, ra ni
Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium … 2: 402.
1875, Fl. Mexic., ed. 2 97. 1894 and Bulletin de l’Académie
Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 23: 31. 1913,
Polygonum L. Polygonaceae Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1916, xxx. 78. 1916, Report of the First
Greek polygonon, polygonos, referring to the many-jointed Scientific Expedition to Manchoukou 4: 12, 77. 1936, Report
or swollen stems, Latin polygonos, polygonus, polygonium of the Institute of Scientific Research, Manchoukuo 1: 295.
or polygonon, for a plant, herba sanguinalis or sanguinaria 1937, Bot. Not. 114: 38. 1961, Bot. Zhurn. 68 (5): 638–640.
(Plinius), knotgrass; see Dioscorides 4.4 (ed. M. Wellmann, 1983, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98(4): 367. 1988, Fitologija 41: 70–75.
Berlin 1907–14); Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 359– 1991, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 30(2): 81. 1992
365. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 170. 1754, Natuurlijke (Roots astringent.)
Historie 2(8): 427. 1777, Meissner, C.F. (Carl Friedrich)
(1800–1874), Monographiae Generis Polygoni Prodromus in English: Alaska wild rhubarb
43, 55, 66. Genevæ, sumtibus auctoris, 1826, Handbuch des in China: gao shan shen xui ning
Naturlichen Pflanzensystems 236. 1837 and Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 444–468. 1937, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): in India: chokladdur
104–137. 1946, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(4): 323–359. Polygonum amphibium L. (Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray;
1960[1961], Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22(2): 1–95. 1978, Botanical Persicaria amphibia var. terrestris (Leyss.) Munshi &
Journal of the Linnean Society 98(4): 321–371. 1988, Javeid; Persicaria amurensis (Korsh.) Nieuwl.; Persicaria
Travaux de l’Institut Scientifique, Université Mohammed V. muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Small; Polygonum amphibium var.
Série Botanique 35: 1–168. 1988, Li Anjen, Kao Tsoching, amurense Korsh.; Polygonum amphibium L. var. aquaticum
Mao Zumei & Liu Yulan. Polygonaceae. In: Li Anjen, ed., Leyss.; Polygonum amphibium var. muehlenbergii Meisn.;
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 25(1): 1–209. 1998, Monogr. Syst. Polygonum amphibium var. natans Michx.; Polygonum
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2167–2176. 2001. Often as amphibium L. var. terrestre Leyss.; Polygonum amphibium
genus Persicaria. var. vestitum Hemsl.; Polygonum muhlenbergii (Meisn.) S.
Watson; Polygonum natans (Michx.) Eaton)
Polygonum alpinum All. (Aconogonum alaskanum (W.
Wight ex Hultén) Soják; Aconogonum alaskanum (W. North America. Perennial, weak stems on water or erect
Wight ex Hultén) Soják var. glabrescens (Hultén) H. Hinds; stems on land
Polygonum L. Polygonaceae 3031

See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gard. Dict. (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Seeds astringent, laxative,
Abr. ed. 4. 28 Jan 1754, Flora Halensis 391. 1761, Flora stomachic, tonic, antipyretic, antiseptic, diuretic, haemostatic
Boreali-Americana 1: 240. 1803, A Natural Arrangement and vermifuge; infusion in diarrhea.)
of British Plants 2: 268. 1821, A Manual of Botany of the
in English: bird knotgrass, bird knotweed, centinode, door
Northern United States, . . third revised edition 400. 1822,
yard knotweed, goose grass, hogweed, knotgrass, knotweed,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14(1):
116. 1856, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts mat grass, prostrate knotweed, wire weed
and Sciences 14: 295. 1879, Journal of the Linnean Society, in Arabic: gerda, gordhab, qoddab, qordab
Botany 26(176): 333. 1891 and Flora of Colorado 111. 1906,
Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 80: 422–430. 1970, Anales del in East Africa: chonge
Jardín Botánico de Madrid 38: 507–514. 1982 in Southern Africa: duisendknoop, kamferfoelie, knopgras,
(Stimulant, diuretic.) koperdraadgras, lidjiesgras, varkgras, voëlduisendknoop;
lira-ha-li-bonoe (Sotho)
in English: water smartweed, willow grass
in China: bian xu, fen chieh tsao, pien hsu
in China: liang qi liao, tien liao
in India: anjabar, ban-natia, bannalia, bigbund, bijband, bikh
Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don var. amplexicaule anjabar, endrani, hisonali, hunraj, kuwar, machoti, miromati,
(Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene; Bistorta amplexi- nisomali
caulis var. alba Munshi & Javeid; Bistorta petiolata (D. Don)
V. Petrov; Bistorta speciosa (Meisner) Greene; Persicaria in Japan: michi-yanagi
amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decraene; Polygonum ambig- in Pakistan: bannali, kersu
uum Meisner; Polygonum amplexicaule var. speciosum
(Meisner) J.D. Hooker; Polygonum oxyphyllum Wallich ex Polygonum barbatum L. (Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Hara;
Meisner; Polygonum petiolatum D. Don; Polygonum specio- Persicaria omerostroma (Ohki) Sasaki; Polygonum barba-
sum Meisner) tum Comm. ex Meisn.; Polygonum barbatum Baker & C.H.
Wright; Polygonum barbatum Walter; Polygonum barbatum
Asia. Tuberous, flowers pink or deep red
G. Mey.; Polygonum barbatum Wall.; Polygonum barba-
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners tum Roxb.; Polygonum barbatum Thunb.; Polygonum koto-
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Prodromus shoense Ohki; Polygonum omerostromum Ohki)
Florae Nepalensis 70. 1825, Monographiae Generis Polygoni
India. Herb, creeping, ascending, terete, swollen nodes, pseu-
Prodromus 66. 1826 and Leaflets of botanical observation
dospikes, white flowers
and criticism 1: 21. 1904
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
(Rhizome decoction diuretic, expectorant, stomachic.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Flora
Tuberous roots dried and crushed, boiled in water, sugar and
Caroliniana, secundum … 131. 1788, Hort. Bengal. 29.
milk, given as tea in colds and as a stimulant; roots for cuts
and wounds.) 1814, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 158. 1818, Numer. List [Wallich] n.
1708 F. 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 14(1): 115. 1856 and Flora of
in China: bao jing quan shen Tropical Africa 6(1): 109. 1909, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 39: 362.
in India: amli, kutrya, masloon 1925, List Pl. Formos. 170. 1928, Flora of Eastern Himalaya
[H. Hara] 70. 1966, Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22(2): 1–95. 1978,
Polygonum aviculare Linn. var. aviculare (Polygonum avic- Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association
ulare subsp. monspeliense (Thiéb.-Bern. ex Pers.) Arcang.; (III, C): 65: 91–92. 1978, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7:
Polygonum aviculare var. heterophyllum Munshi & Javeid; 261–271. 1979, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress
Polygonum aviculare var. heterophyllum (Lindm.) Munshi Association (III, C): 67: 50. 1980, Trop. Plant Sci. Res. 1:
& Javeid; Polygonum aviculare var. vegetum Ledebour; 1–13. 1983, Kew Bulletin 45: 621–636. 1990, Taxon 47: 461.
Polygonum centinodum Lam.; Polygonum erectum Roth; 1998, Taxon 49(2): 269. 2000
Polygonum heterophyllum Lindman, nom. illeg. superfl.;
Polygonum monspeliense Thiéb.-Bern. ex Pers.) (Used in Unani and Sidha. Whole plant burnt and the ashes
applied on snakebite. Plant decoction febrifuge; shoot decoc-
Cosmopolitan, Eurasia. tion a wash for ulcers; for diarrhea, pound the plant and poul-
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners tice the abdomen. Leaf juice applied externally on scabies;
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Syn. Pl. when leaf decoction is poured on soil, earthworm comes out
1: 439. 1805, Flora Rossica 3: 532. 1850, Compendio della of the soil. Leaf paste or crushed plant as fish poison. Root
Flora Italiana 583. 1882 and Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 6(3): astringent and cooling. Veterinary medicine, for bot-worms
690–692, pl. 23, f. 1–9; pl. 24–25. 1912, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. in the skins of goats, dry the plant and powder, rub the pow-
Belgique 91: 294. 1959, Syst. Stud. Polygn. Kashm. & Himal. der into the wounds; crushed plant infusion applied as a wash
55. 1986, FOC 5: 284. 2003 to treat dogs’ mange.)
3032 Polygonum L. Polygonaceae

in English: bearded knotweed, crazy poison, water milkwort Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen
Vereins zu Bremen 21: 276. 1912, Botanische Jahrbücher
in China: mao liao
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
in India: aat-alarie, alakupuccuti, anbawng, arralari, atalari, 49(2): 277. 1913, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 24: 76. 1987
ayacilitacempi, bekh-unjubaz, belutta-modela-mucca, bikhe
(For urinary disorders, extract of roots and the leaves of
unjubaz, bish kantal, cenkoticci, cenkottacceti, dhaktash-
Hedyotis scandens consumed orally. Paste from crushed nuts
eral, kondamalle, konde malle, kondemalle, kukar mukku,
applied on the forehead as a remedy for brief memory loss
kulattukkulkuratti, mutalaippuntu, mutcenkonrai, nali, nha-
and senselessness. Seeds analgesic.)
chu, neer alari, neeruganneru, nikchamerem-tong, niralari,
niralicceti, nirarali, nirthe, safed-mirchi, velutta-modela- in English: garden knotweed
mucca, yelang in China: tou hua liao
in Indonesia: tiking, tuba beriking in India: chingma, narri
Malay names: johong beraleh, pabchis-panchis, tebok Polygonum chinense L. (Ampelygonum chinense (L.) Lindl.;
seludang Ampelygonum chinense Lindl.; Persicaria chinensis (L.)
in the Philippines Isl.: bukakau, kanubsuban, kaykayu, saim- H. Gross; Persicaria chinensis var. siamensis H. Léveillé;
bangan tubig, sigan-lupa, subsuban Polygonum adenopodum Samuelsson; Polygonum brachia-
tum Poiret; Polygonum chinense Houtt.; Polygonum sinense
Polygonum bistorta Linnaeus (Bistorta lapidosa Kitagawa; J.F. Gmelin)
Bistorta major S.F. Gray; Bistorta officinalis Rafinesque,
nom. illeg., non Bistorta officinalis Delarbre; Persicaria China. Straggling shrub, climbing herb, oblong-elliptic
bistorta (Linnaeus) Sampaio; Polygonum bistorta Garcke; leaves, white or pink flowers in panicles, leaves and shoots
Polygonum bistorta Walter; Polygonum lapidosum Kitag.; used as vegetable, given to cattle, plant very variable, see also
Polygonum lapidosum (Kitagawa) Kitagawa) Persicaria

China, Japan. Perennial herb, erect, simple, slender, glabrous, See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
robust woody rootstock purplish or black, root orange-brown, Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Syst. Nat.,
basal leaves long-petiolate, inflorescence a compact terminal ed. 13[bis]. 2(1): 639. 1791, Edwards’s Botanical Register
spike, flowers reddish or white, very small trigonous glossy 24: Misc. 62–63. 1838, FBI 5: 44. 1886 and Botanische
nuts reddish-brown, in grassland, on slopes, under trees Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Pflanzengeographie 49(2): 269. 1913, Proceedings of the
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Indian Science Congress Association (III, C): 67: 50. 1980
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Fl. Carol.
[Walter] 131. 1788, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants (Plant tonic, vulnerary, antiscorbutic; leafy twig extract
2: 267. 1821, Flora Telluriana 3: 12. 1836 and Herbário taken for stomachache; anthelmintic, a mixture drunk to kill
Português 41. 1913, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 2: 290. worms, also applied as a poultice to sores; for stomachache,
1938, Informatore Botanico Italiano 14: 221–225. 1982, pound the plant and poultice the abdomen. Roots ground in
Taxon 32: 664. 1983, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 153. 1994 milk or water used in diarrhea; root and bark eaten for dys-
entery and stomachache. Leaves ground with lemon juice
(Rhizomes used medicinally for diarrhea, enteritis, hem- and the paste applied all over the head against giddiness; leaf
orrhoids, skin inflammation, stomatitis; external use for juice taken orally against fever.)
gingivitis.)
in China: huo tan mu
in English: adderwort, bistort, dragonwort, Easter ledges,
patience dock, snakeweed in India: akhi-marauk, akhi-marauk-pau, ameta, angom-yen-
sil, basavana paada, basayana paada, bilee cheenee kanigalu,
in China: chuan shen, mou meng, quan shen, tzu shen bilee kanagilu, bilee konde, bili cheenee kanigalu, bilikonde,
in India: moh sarali jangli palak, jaryndem, kaabasale, kakakarumbu, kanne
gida, leibung tharam, modhusoleng, mukkala, oduthan,
Polygonum capitatum Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don piripu, ran-sisori, taham, thaham, thiruthanni, vandigya
(Cephalophilon capitatum (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don)
Malay name: semuloh
Tzvelev; Persicaria capitata (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don)
H. Gross; Persicaria capitata (D. Don) Gross; Polygonum Polygonum erectum Linnaeus (Polygonum erectum Vell.)
capitatum Korth. ex Meisn.; Polygonum capitatum D. Don)
North America.
China.
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Fl. Flumin.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Prodr. 162. 1829 [1825 publ. 7 Sep–28 Nov 1829], Fl. Flumin. Icon.
Fl. Nepal. 73. 1825, Prodr. (DC.) 14(1): 128. 1856 and 4: t. 42. 1831 [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831]
Polygonum L. Polygonaceae 3033

(Astringent.) venomous); root powder given for urinary disorders, urinary

stones. Paste of leaves applied to boils and wounds, for fever
Polygonum filicaule Wall. ex Meisn. (Koenigia filicaulis
and colic pains; stem paste applied on dislocated bones in
(Wall. ex Meisn.) Hedberg; Koenigia nepalensis D. Don;
children; leaves infusion in colic, stomachache and as a feb-
Persicaria minuta (Hayata) Nakai; Polygonum filicaule
rifuge. Whole plant as fish poison.)
Wall., nom. inval.; Polygonum minutum Hayata; Polygonum
radicans Hemsl.) in China: guang liao
India, Nepal. Often as Koenigia nepalensis in India: arralari, atalari, atlaria, attarali, bhilongoni, bihagni,
bihangi, burada gogu, cutalaippucceti, dongra, gangaura,
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 74. 1825, Numer.
kempu nelagumbala, lal-mirchi, lalborna, mangarleta, manj,
List [Wallich] n. 1694. 1829, Plantae Asiaticae Rariores
mosalegadde gida, neeru ganneru, neeru kanagilu, neeru
(Wallich). 3(12): 59. 1832, Journal of the Linnean Society,
kanigalu, neeru sanne soppu, nirukanigalu, pani-ki-mirch,
Botany 26(176): 347. 1891 and Journal of the College of
raktha rohitha, ranga bihalogoni, schovanna-modela-mucca
Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 25(19): 185, pl. 30.
1908, Fl. Jap. Suppl. 173. 1936, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don (Bistorta macrophylla
40: 391. 1946 (D. Don) Soják)
(Dried leaves infusion diuretic.) Himalaya, Nepal.
in China: xi jing liao See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 70. 1825 and Preslia
46(2): 152. 1974
in India: bakrolya
(Roots antibacterial, febrifuge, astringent, used for fevers;
Polygonum glabrum Willd. (Persicaria densiflora (Meisn.)
juice of the root given in cases of diarrhea and dysentery.)
Moldenke; Persicaria densiflora Moldenke; Persicaria gla-
bra (Willd.) M. Gómez; Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Nemoto; in Bhutan: spang-ram
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Grabovsk.; Persicaria portoricen-
Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don var. macrophyllum
sis (Bertero ex Small) Small; Persicaria portoricensis Small;
(Bistorta chinensis H. Gross; Bistorta macrophylla (D. Don)
Polygonum densiflorum Meisn., nom. illeg., non Polygonum
Soják; Bistorta sphaerostachya (Meisn.) Greene; Bistorta
densiflorum Blume; Polygonum densiflorum Blume;
sphaerostachya Greene; Polygonum affine D. Don; Poly­
Polygonum glabrum Baker & C.H. Wright; Polygonum gla-
gonum affine Wall.; Polygonum affine Steph. ex Spreng.; Poly­
brum Hort. ex Rchb.; Polygonum glabrum Roxb.; Polygonum
gonum macrophyllum fo. tomentosum Kitam.; Polygonum
glabrum Roxb. ex D. Don; Polygonum glabrum Cham. &
sphaerostachyum Meisn.; Polygonum tenue D. Don)
Schltdl.; Polygonum portoricense Bertoloni ex Endlicher;
Polygonum portoricense Bertero ex Small, nom. illeg.) China, Nepal. Herb, fibrous rootstock, pink flowers in
racemes
India, Pantropical. Herb, glabrous, rooting from the lower
nodes, glandular-punctate leaves, pink-red perianth, dark See Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) [Sprengel] 2: 256. 1825, Prodromus
brown nuts Florae Nepalensis 70. 1825, Monographiae Generis Polygoni
Prodromus 53. 1826, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1683/3. 1829
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
and Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: 21.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Species
1904, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie,
Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 2(1): 447. 1799, Hort.
Botanique 23: 18. 1913, F. & Fl. Nep. Him. 117. 1955, Preslia
Bengal. 29. 1814, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 71. 1825, Bijdr. Fl. Ned.
46(2): 152. 1974
Ind. 11: 533. 1826, Linnaea 3: 46. 1828, Gen. Pl. [Endlicher]
Suppl. iv. II. 47. 1848, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 5(1): (Herb astringent. Roots antibacterial, anodyne, used for
13–14. 1855, Memoirs from the Department of Botany of fevers. Juice of the root given in cases of diarrhea and dysen-
Columbia College 1: 46, pl. 10. 1895, Anales del Instituto de tery; a drop of leaf juice drunk and rubbed on abdomen for
Segunda Enseñanza de la Habana 2: 278. 1896 and Flora abdominal complaints. Crushed powdered leaves rubbed for
of the Southeastern United States [Small]. 377. 1903, Flora treatment of headache, burns and scald.)
of Tropical Africa 6, 1: 113. 1909, Torreya 34(1): 7. 1934,
in China: yuan sui quan shen
Fl. Jap. Suppl. 171. 1936, Proceedings of the Indian Science
Congress Association (III, C): 65: 91–92. 1978, Proceedings in India: inni, yamli
of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, C): 67: 50.
in Nepal: chyau phul, khaldhi
1980, Kew Bulletin 45: 621–636. 1990
in Tibet: tambur
(Used in Sidha. Plant powder with honey given for white
discharge in women; whole plant made into a paste taken Polygonum meisnerianum Cham. & Schltdl. (Persicaria
with water to kill intestinal worms. Roots in piles, jaundice, meisneriana (Cham. & Schltdl.) M. Gómez; Persicaria mei-
debility; roots decoction given to neutralize the Krait poi- sneriana var. beyrichiana (Cham. & Schltdl.) C.C. Freeman;
son (Bungarus caeruleus, the common Krait, a snake highly Persicaria strigosa (R. Br.) Nakai; Persicaria strigosa (R.
3034 Polygonum L. Polygonaceae

Br.) H. Gross; Polygonum beyrichianum Cham. & Schltdl.; Polygonum paleaceum Wallich ex J.D. Hooker var. pale-
Polygonum brachypodum Baker; Polygonum chamissoea- aceum (Bistorta chinensis H. Gross; Bistorta paleacea
num Wedd.; Polygonum meisnerianum var. beyrichianum (Wallich ex J.D. Hooker) Yonekura & H. Ohashi; Bistorta
(Cham. & Schltdl.) Meisn.; Polygonum meissneri Wall.; paleacea (Wall.) Yonekura & H. Ohashi; Bistorta yunnanen-
Polygonum meissnerianum Cham. & Schltdl.; Polygonum sis H. Gross; Polygonum yunnanense (H. Gross) H. Léveillé,
strigosum auct., misapplied name; Polygonum strigosum R. nom. illeg., non Polygonum yunnanense H. Lév.)
Br.; Tracaulon strigosum Greene; Tracaulon strigosum (R.
Asia, China.
Br.) Greene; Truellum strigosum (R. Br.) Soják)
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
South America. Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, The Flora
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners of British India 5(13): 32. 1886 and Bulletin de l’Académie
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Natuurlijke Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 23: 18–19. 1913,
Historie 2(8): 427. 1777, Prodromus Florae Novae Catalogue des Plantes de Yun-Nan 208. 1916, Journal of
Hollandiae 420. 1810, Linnaea 3(1): 40–43. 1828, Numer. Japanese Botany 72(3): 157. 1997
List [Wallich] n. 1693. 1829, Flora Telluriana 3: 13. 1836, (Astringent.)
Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 5(1): 19. 1855, Journal of the
Linnean Society, Botany 20: 239. 1883, Anales del Instituto in China: cao xue jie
de Segunda Enseñanza de la Habana 2: 278. 1896 and Polygonum paronychioides C.A. Mey. (Polygonum eng-
Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1: 22. 1904, lerianum H. Gross; Polygonum himalayense H. Gross;
Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 308. 1913, Preslia 46(2): 149. 1974, Sida Polygonum lemannianum Meisn.; Polygonum meyeri Steud.;
21(1): 291. 2004 Polygonum mezianum H. Gross; Polygonum mucronatum
(Leaves for stomach troubles. For skin diseases, wounds, Royle ex Bab.; Polygonum paronychioides Small ex Rydb.,
boils.) nom. illeg.; Polygonum paronychioides Small)

Polygonum milletii (H. Lév.) H. Lév. (Bistorta milletii H. China, India, Himalaya. Herbaceous, young leaves eaten as
Lév.; Bistorta taipaishanensis (H.W. Kung) Yonekura & H. vegetable
Ohashi; Polygonum taipaishanense H.W. Kung) See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes
China, Nepal. Seeds eaten after being baked de Moscou 11: 356. 1838, Transactions of the Linnean
Society of London 18(1): 115. 1838 [1841 publ. 21 Jun 1838],
See The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edi- Nomenclator Botanicus. Editio secunda [Steudel] 2: 376.
tion 194. 1754 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Vegetabilis 12(325–330): 286. 1913, Catalogue des Plantes (DC.) 14: 91. 1856 and Memoirs of the New York Botanical
de Yun-Nan 207. 1916, Chinese Journal of Botany 1(1): 13, Garden 1: 130. 1900, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
pl. 3. 1936, Journal of Japanese Botany 72(3): 158. 1997 Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 49(2): 342–
(Tonic, stimulant.) 344. 1913

in China: da hai quan shen (Leaf extract taken to cure jaundice; leaf juice applied to
the eyes believed to cure cataract. Boiled roots cooling,
in Nepal: rambu astringent.)
Polygonum molle D. Don var. molle (Aconogonon molle in China: xian ye bian xu
(D. Don) H. Hara; Ampelygonum molle (D. Don) Roberty &
Vautier; Coccoloba totnea Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Persicaria in India: sanyalo, snyalo
mollis (D. Don) H. Gross; Polygonum molle D. Don) Polygonum pensylvanicum Linnaeus (Persicaria bicornis
China, India. Scandent shrub, inflorescence racemose, white (Raf.) Nieuwl.
flowers, terminal leaves eaten as vegetable, flowers and nuts Persicaria longistyla (Small) Small; Persicaria mississippi-
fed to poultry and pigs ensis (Stanford) Small; Persicaria omissa (Greene) Greene;
Persicaria omissa (Greene) Small, nom. illeg., non Persicaria
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 72. 1825 and Bulletin de
omissa (Greene) Greene; Persicaria pensylvanica (Linnaeus)
l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 23: 31.
M. Gómez; Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) Small; Persicaria
1913, Boissiera. Mémoires du Conservatoire de Botanique
pensylvanica var. dura (Stanford) C.F. Reed; Polygonum
et de l’Institut de Botanique Systématique de l’Université de
bicorne Raf.; Polygonum longistylum Small; Polygonum
Genève 10: 31. 1964, Flora of Eastern Himalaya 68. 1966
longistylum var. omissum (Greene) Stanford; Polygonum
(Stimulant, digestive, tonic, cooling, astringent.) mexicanum auct. non Small; Polygonum mississippiense
Stanford; Polygonum mississippiense Stanford var. interius
in India: masumalangjatong, thotne
Stanford; Polygonum omissum Greene; Polygonum pensyl-
in Nepal: thotne vanicum var. durum Stanford; Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonum L. Polygonaceae 3035

var. eglandulosum Myers; Polygonum pensylvanicum L. (Used in Ayurveda. Fresh portions of the green plant,
var. genuinum Fernald; Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laev- strained juice from, to relieve constipation and stomachache;
igatum Fernald; Polygonum pensylvanicum var. nesophilum plant paste with curd given for blood pressure and dysentery;
Fernald; Polygonum pensylvanicum var. rosiflorum Norton) powdered herb for pneumonia; juice of the whole plant used
in dysentery, diarrhea, abdominal disorders; young floral
North America. Annual herb, see also Persicaria
buds of Waldheimia stoliczkae ground with young twigs of
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Polygonum plebeium, the paste mixed with curd and given
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Bulletin of the for dysentery. Leafy stem believed to promote lactation.
Torrey Botanical Club 21(4): 169. 1894, Anales del Instituto Leaves smashed into paste and applied as a balm for ring-
de Segunda Ensenanza de la Habana 2: 278. 1896 and Fl. worm and eczema; young leaves used as chutney and consid-
S.E. U.S. 279. 1903, Pittonia 5: 200. 1903, Leaflets of botani- ered digestive and useful in pneumonia. Rootstock given for
cal observation and criticism 1(2): 24. 1904, Bulletin of the bowel complaints.)
Torrey Botanical Club 33(1): 57. 1906, Rhodora 19(220): 73. in Bangladesh: chemti sag
1917, Rhodora 27(322): 180, 183–184. 1925, Manual of the
Southeastern Flora 456. 1933, Castanea 7(4/5): 74–75. 1942, in India: catibbaji, chati baji, chati bhaji, chatibhaji, chem-
Castanea 7(8): 126. 1942, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982 tisag, chikni-sag, choti-macheti, dondya, kempu nela akki,
kempu nellakki, kempu nellanakki, lalbuti, liguru, machechi,
(Known to cause dermatitis and photosensitization. Leaves mui-ara, munj-ara, neerkodi, piplichi, pushitoa, sarpaksi, sar-
infusion taken as a postpartum remedy. Infusions and decoc- palocana, seeranige soppu, sermachen, tarakmana, tharaikodi
tions used as drugs for humans and horses. Piscicide.)
in Pakistan: gul surh
in English: Pennsylvania smartweed
Polygonum polystachyum Wall. ex Meisn. var. polys-
in Mexico: watonaka, yerba del pescado tachyum (Aconogonon polystachyum (Wall. ex Meisn.)
Polygonum perfoliatum (L.) L. (Ampelogonum perfoliatum M. Král; Aconogonon polystachyum (Wall. ex Meisn.)
Roberty & Vautier; Ampelygonum perfoliatum (L.) Roberty Haraldson; Persicaria polystachya Opiz; Persicaria polys-
& Vautier; Chylocalyx perfoliatus (L.) Hassk. ex Miq.; tachya (Wall. ex Meisn.) H. Gross; Persicaria wallichii
Echinocaulon perfoliatum (L.) Meisn. ex Hassk.; Fagopyrum Greuter & Burdet; Peutalis polystachya (Wall. ex Meisn.)
perfoliatum (L.) Raf.; Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross; Raf.; Pleuropteropyrum polystachyum (Wall. ex Meisn.)
Polygonum arifolium L. var. perfoliatum L.; Tracaulon per- Munshi & G.N. Javied; Reynoutria polystachya (Wall. ex
foliatum (L.) Greene; Truellum perfoliatum (L.) Soják) Meisn.) Moldenke; Rubrivena polystachya (Wall. ex Meisn.)
M. Král)
India.
China. Erect, branched undershrubs, stems glabrous, white
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1006. 1759, Flora flowers tinged with pink in large glabrate or pubescent termi-
Telluriana 3: 10. 1836[1837], Edwards’s Botanical Register nal and axillary spreading panicles, nut trigonous
24(Misc.): 63. 1838, Flora 25(2, Beibl.): 20. 1842 and Leaflets
of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1: 22. 1904, Beihefte See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 61. 1832, New Flora and
zum Botanischen Centralblatt 37(2): 113. 1919, Boissiera. 10: Botany of North America … 4: 50. 1838, Lotos 2: 229. 1852
31. 1964, Preslia 46(2): 148. 1974 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 49(2): 315. 1913, Bulletin of
(Fruit paste taken with hot water for stomachache.) the Torrey Botanical Club 68(9): 675. 1941, Preslia 41(3): 259.
in China: gang ban gui 1969, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 22(2): 69. 1978, Preslia
57(1): 66. 1985, Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany,
in India: lilhar, ma sein thli, ma seinthli, seolilahara Additional Series 78. 1986, Willdenowia 19(1): 41. 1989
Polygonum plebeium R. Br. (Polygonum aviculare var. minu- (Shoots for acidity, indigestion. Crushed roots mixed with
tiflorum Franch.; Polygonum changii Kitag.; Polygonum dry- mustard oil and the mixture rubbed to relieve skin pain,
andri Spreng.; Polygonum herniarioides Spreng.; Polygonum burns and scalds.)
humifusum var. mandshuricum Skvortsov; Polygonum par-
in India: amahaldi, khelya, kholya
viflorum Y.L. Chang & S.H. Li; Polygonum plebeium subsp.
changii (Kitag.) Vorosch.; Polygonum roxburghii Meisn.) Polygonum posumbu Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Persicaria
posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross; Persicaria
Australia, India. Prostrate herb, many-branched, trailing,
yokusaiana (Makino) Nakai; Polygonum caespitosum
glabrous grooved stems, axillary flowers, white perianth,
subsp. yokusaianum (Makino) Danser; Polygonum cespi-
dark brown glossy trigonous nutlets, whole plant eaten as
tosum Blume; Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum
vegetable
(Bruijn) Steward; Polygonum procumbens Y.L. Chang &
See Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 420. 1810 and Fl. S.X. Li; Polygonum pronum C.F. Fang; Polygonum yoku-
Madagasc. 65: 1–19. 1953 saianum Makino)
3036 Polygonum L. Polygonaceae

India, Nepal. Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. aquatile (Mart.) Fassett;

Polygonum punctatum var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett;
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 71. 1825, Plantae
Polygonum punctatum var. eciliatum Small; Polygonum
Junghuhnianae 3: 307. 1854 and Botanische Jahrbücher
punctatum var. ellipticum Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var.
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
49(2): 313. 1913, Botanical Magazine 28: 116. 1914, littorale Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. majus (Meisn.)
Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. mexicanum Fassett;
University 88: 67. 1930, Report of the Institute of Scientific Polygonum punctatum var. parviflorum Fassett; Polygonum
Research, Manchoukuo 1(8): 322–, in nota. 1937, Phytologia punctatum var. parvum Vict. & Rouss.; Polygonum puncta-
63(5): 410. 1987 tum var. riparium (Meisn.) Fassett; Polygonum punctatum
var. robustius Small; Polygonum punctatum var. tacubaya-
(Whole plant as a fish poison.) num (Nieuwl.) Fassett; Polygonum punctatum var. typicum
in China: cong zhi liao Fassett; Polygonum robustius (Small) Fernald)

in India: ruri USA, South America. Variable, ascending, alternate slen-

der lanceolate leaves, small white flowers in racemes, small
Polygonum pulchrum Blume (Persicaria attenuata (R. black nut-like seeds, weedy, grows in ditches and shallow
Br.) Soják subsp. pulchra (Blume) K.L. Wilson; Persicaria ponds, floating
lapathifolia (L.) Gray; Persicaria pulchra (Blume) Soják;
Polygonum pulcherum Blume; Polygonum tomentosum See Flore Françoise 3: 234. 1778, A Sketch of the Botany
Willd., nom. illeg., non Polygonum tomentosum Schrank) of South-Carolina and Georgia 1(5): 455–456. 1821[1817],
Spix, Johann Baptist von (1781–1826), Reise in Brasilien…,
Tropical Africa, Indonesia. Herbaceous perennial, woody in den Jahren 1817 bis 1820/gemacht und beschrieben von
rootstock, fodder, edible leaves, swamps and rivers and damp
Joh. Bapt. von Spix und Carl Friedr. Phil. von Martius.
sites
München, 1823–1828, Flora Brasiliensis 5(1): 18, pl. 5, f. 1.
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners 1855, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21(11): 477–478.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Flore 1894 and Flora of the Southeastern United States [Small].
d’Auvergne ed. 2: 519. 1800, A Natural Arrangement of 379, 1330. 1903, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 36(8):
British Plants 2: 270. 1821, Bijdragen tot de flora van 455. 1909, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 131. 1913, Rhodora
Nederlandsch Indië 9: 530. 1825, Bijdragen tot de flora van 23(270): 147. 1921, Contributions de l’Institut Botanique de
Nederlandsch Indië 11: 530. 1826 and Preslia 46: 152. 1974, l’Université de Montréal 36: 13. 1940
Kew Bulletin 45(4): 629. 1990
(On contact with the skin the crushed leaves and stems pro-
(Used for arthritis, rheumatism, blood disorders, dropsy, duce burning and inflammation. Antiseptic, antihemorrhoidal,
swellings, edema, venereal diseases; rhizome resin with a astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue, abortifacient, rubefacient.
depressant action on the heart. Leaves infusion used to treat Leaves and stem decoction used for regulating fertility.)
venereal diseases. Veterinary medicine.)
in English: smartweed, water smartweed
in China: li liao
in Argentina: catay, chile de perro, chileperro, sanguinaria,
in India: katavaikkiriyacceti, katavaikkiriyam yerba picante
in Tanzania: lukantamila, nyakisumbi in Nicaragua: tabaquillo de los rios
Polygonum punctatum Elliott (Persicaria hydropiper sensu in Paraguay: ka’a tai
Degener & I. Degener; Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small;
Persicaria punctata Small; Persicaria punctata var. eciliata Polygonum recumbens Royle ex Bab. (Polygonum mirajabii
Small; Persicaria punctata var. robustior (Small) Small; Chaudhri)
Persicaria punctata var. tacubayana Nieuwl.; Persicaria India.
robustior (Small) E.P. Bicknell; Persicaria robustior E.P.
Bicknell; Polygonum acre Kunth; Polygonum acre var. aqua- See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 18(1):
tile Meisn.; Polygonum acre var. brachystachyum Meisn.; 116. 1838 [1841 publ. 21 Jun 1838] and Pakistan Systematics
Polygonum acre var. confertiflorum Meisn.; Polygonum 3: 28. 1987
acre var. leptostachyum Meisn.; Polygonum acre var. majus (Crushed leaves for dysentery.)
Meisn.; Polygonum acre var. riparium Meisn.; Polygonum
antihaemorrhoidale Mart. fo. aquatile Mart.; Polygonum in India: bisalyakarani, oglya jhar
antihaemorrhoidale fo. riparium Mart.; Polygonum anti-
Polygonum runcinatum Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don var.
haemorrhoidale var. aquatile Mart.; Polygonum antihaemor-
sinense Hemsley (Polygonum runcinatum var. exauricula-
rhoidale var. riparium Mart.; Polygonum epilobioides Wedd.;
tum Lingelsheim)
Polygonum hydropiperoides Pursh; Polygonum punctatum
fo. longicollum Fassett; Polygonum punctatum fo. stipitatum China.
Polygonum L. Polygonaceae 3037

See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners 35–46, 96–99. 1903, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Prodromus 65: 1–19. 1953, Preslia 46: 155. 1974, Kew Bulletin 45(4):
Florae Nepalensis 73. 1825, Journal of the Linnean Society, 621–636. 1990
Botany 26(176): 347–348. 1891 and Repertorium Specierum
(Leaves and whole plant rubbed for rheumatism, inflamma-
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 12: 361. 1922
tion, swellings, syphilitic sores. Molluscicidal.)
(Antiinflammatory.)
in China: ma liao
in China: chi jing san
Polygonum setosulum Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Persicaria quar-
Polygonum scandens L. (Anredera scandens (L.) Sm.; rei (De Wild.) Soják; Persicaria setosula (A. Rich.) K.L.
Anredera scandens (L.) Moq., nom. illeg., non Anredera Wilson; Polygonum mildbraedii Dammer; Polygonum nyik-
scandens (L.) Sm.; Anredera vesicaria (Lam.) C.F. Gaertn.; ense Baker; Polygonum quarrei De Wild.; Polygonum seto-
Basella vesicaria Lam.; Bilderdykia scandens (L.) Greene; sulum A. Rich.)
Fagopyrum scandens (L.) H. Gross; Fallopia scandens (L.) East Africa.
Holub; Reynoutria scandens (L.) Shinners)
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, Tentamen Florae
China. Abyssinicae … 2: 227. 1851
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners (For skin diseases, antiseptic.)
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Familles des
Plantes 2: 277, 557. 1763, Natuurlijke Historie 2(8): 639. 1777, Polygonum strigosum R. Br. (Persicaria strigosa (R. Br.)
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 382. 1785, Genera Nakai; Polygonum bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot; Tracaulon
Plantarum 84. 1789, Supplementum Carpologiae 3(2): 176. strigosum (R. Br.) Greene; Truellum strigosum (R. Br.) Soják)
1807, The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … Tanzania.
39: Anredera n. 1. 1818, Genera Plantarum 84. 1789, Florula
belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore … 18. 1827, See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 13(2): Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Natuurlijke
230. 1849 and Leaflets of botanical observation and criti- Historie 2(8): 427. 1777, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae
cism 1: 23. 1904, Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale de 420. 1810, Linnaea 3(1): 40–43. 1828, Flora Telluriana 3:
Géographie, Botanique 23: 22. 1913, Fl. Jamaica 3: 174. 1914, 13. 1836, Flora Brasiliensis 5(1): 19. 1855, Journal of the
Sida 3(2): 118. 1967, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica Linnean Society, Botany 20: 239. 1883, Anales del Instituto de
6(2): 176. 1971, Systematics of the Basellaceae 1–279. 1987, Segunda Ensenanza de la Habana 2: 278. 1896 and Bulletin
Lu Dequan. Basellaceae. In: Tang Changlin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. de l’Académie Internationale de Géographie, Botanique 11:
Popularis Sin. 26: 43–47. 1996 343. 1902, Leaflets of botanical observation and criticism 1:
22. 1904, Science World (Japan) 24: 299. 1926, Preslia 46(2):
(Antiinflammatory.) 149. 1974, Sida 21(1): 291. 2004
Polygonum senegalense Meisn. (Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) (Leaves for stomach troubles. Shoot paste for dysentery. For
Gray; Persicaria nodosa (Pers.) Opiz; Persicaria sambe- skin diseases, wounds, boils. Veterinary medicine, shoot
sicum (J. Schust.) Soják; Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) paste for dysentery of cattle.)
Soják; Persicaria tanganyikae (J. Schust.) Soják; Persicaria
vaniotiana H. Léveillé; Polygonum komarovii H. Léveillé; in India: moi arali, mousarali, ranga arali
Polygonum lapathifolium L.; Polygonum lapathifolium L. Polygonum tinctorium Aiton (Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton)
subsp. nodosum (Pers.) Weinm.; Polygonum lapathifolium Spach)
var. lapathifolium; Polygonum lapathifolium var. xantho-
phyllum H.W. Kung; Polygonum nodosum Pers.; Polygonum See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners
pyramidale H. Léveillé; Polygonum sambesiacum J. Schust.; Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Hortus
Polygonum senegalense Meisn. var. numidicum Maire; Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 31. 1789, Syst. Veg. 10: 536.
Polygonum tanganikae J. Schust.; Polygonum vaniotianum 1841
(H. Léveillé) H. Léveillé) (Astringent.)
Ghana, Senegal, Nigeria. Erect or decumbent, prostrate, in China: liao lan
semi-decumbent, leaves glandular-punctate, pink and white
Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall. (Bistorta vacciniifolia
flowers, leaves eaten as vegetable, in riverbeds and swamps
Greene; Bistorta vacciniifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Greene;
See Species Plantarum 1: 359–365. 1753, The Gardeners Persicaria vacciniifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Ronse Decr.;
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Syn. Pl. Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall. ex Meisn., nom. nud.;
1: 440. 1805, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: Polygonum vacciniifolium var. flagelliforme Wall. ex Meisn.;
270. 1821, Monographiae Generis Polygoni Prodromus Polygonum vacciniifolium var. medium Wall. ex Meisn.;
54. 1826 and Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9: Polygonum vacciniifolium var. obtusifolium Wall. ex Meisn.)
3038 Polypodium L. Polypodiaceae

Nepal, India, Himalaya. Herb, slender, trailing, deep pink Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique sér, 5. 18: 283.
flowers in terminal racemes, see also Bistorta vacciniifolia 1873, Smith, John (1798–1888), Historia Filicum 87–88.
London: Macmillan, 1875 [with 30 lithographic plates by
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1695. 1829, Plantae Asiaticae
Walter Hood Fitch (1817–1892) illustrating the characters of
Rariores 3: 54. 1832 and Leaflets of botanical observation
the tribes.] and Torreya 5(10): 171. 1905, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3):
and criticism 1: 21. 1904, Botanical Journal of the Linnean
141–162. 1975, Brenesia 10–11: 116. 1977, Webbia 31: 247.
Society 98(4): 368. 1988 1977, American Fern Journal 71(3): 93. 1981, Phytologia
(Whole plant juice given for dysentery, in snakebite and insect 59(1): 58, text f. 1985, American Fern Journal 83: 37. 1993,
stings. Juice of the root given to treat fever. Fish poison.) Kew Bulletin 52(3): 737–738. 1997, The Gardens’ Bulletin
Singapore 58(2): 245. 2007.
in China: wu fan shu ye liao
Polypodium angustifolium var. angustifolium
in India: langang mentok (Campyloneurum angustifolium (Sw.) Fée; Campyloneurum
in Nepal: pulunge jhar angustifolium var. ensifolium (Willd.) Farw.; Campyloneurum
difforme T. Moore; Campyloneurum ensifolium (Willd.) J.
Polygonum viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Persicaria Sm.; Campyloneurum taeniosum (Willd.) Fée; Cyrtophlebium
kuekenthalii H. Lév.; Persicaria viscosa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. angustifolium (Sw.) J. Sm.; Cyrtophlebium difforme Lodd.;
Don) H. Gross ex T. Mori; Persicaria viscosa (Buch.-Ham. ex Goniophlebium angustifolium (Sw.) Brack.; Grammitis
D. Don) H. Gross ex Nakai; Persicaria viscosa (Buch.-Ham. angustifolia (Sw.) Heward; Marginaria angustifolia (Sw.) C.
ex D. Don) Nakai; Persicaria viscosa H. Gross ex Nakai, Presl; Marginaria ensifolia (Willd.) C. Presl; Polypodium
nom. inval.; Polygonum kuekenthalii H. Lév.; Polygonum angustifolium var. ensifolium (Willd.) Hicken; Polypodium
viscosum Bastard ex Meisn.; Polygonum viscosum var. minus angustifolium var. gramineum Sodiro; Polypodium calaguala
Hook. f.) Ruiz; Polypodium crassifolium fo. angustissimum Rosenst.;
Nepal. Polypodium difforme (Lodd.) Kunze; Polypodium ensifolium
Willd.; Polypodium taeniosum Willd.)
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 71. 1825, Prodr. (DC.)
14(1): 119. 1856 and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 286. Guatemala.
1913, Catalogue des Plantes de Yun-Nan 207. 1916, Enum. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 130.
Pl. Corea 134. 1922 1788, Tentamen Pteridographiae 188–189. 1836, Magazine
of Natural History 2: 458. 1838, Botanical Magazine 72: 12.
(Crushed whole plant as fish poison.)
1846, Linnaea 23: 69. 1850, Mémoires sur les Familles des
in China: xiang liao Fougères 5: 257. 1852, United States Exploring Expedition.
Botany. Cryptogamia. Filices 16: 33. 1854, Cryptogamae
in Nepal: rato pire
vasculares Quitenses 366. 1893 and Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 32:
158–173. 1993
Polypodium L. Polypodiaceae (Roots boiled for rheumatism.)
Greek polypodion, polys ‘many’ and podion ‘little foot’, in Ecuador: calaguala
pous, podos ‘a foot’, referring to the scars on the rhizomes; Polypodium microrhizoma C.B. Clarke ex Baker
Plinius applied Latin polypodium (-ion) to a kind of fern, (Goniophlebium fieldingianum (Kunze ex Mett.) T. Moore;
polypody; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1082– Goniophlebium lachnopum (Wall. ex Hook.) Bedd.;
1094. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 485. 1754, Histoire Goniophlebium microrhizoma (C.B. Clarke ex Baker)
des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 962. 1775, Jacquin, Clarke ex Bedd.; Polypodiodes lachnopus (Wall. ex Hook.)
Nicolaus (Nicolaas) Joseph von (1727–1817), Collectanea Ching; Polypodiodes microrhizoma (C.B. Clarke ex Baker)
3: 187. Vindobonæ: ex officina Wappleriana, 1786–96, Ching; Polypodium deorsipinnatum Copel.; Polypodium
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 5: 211. 1810, Annales des fieldingianum Kunze ex Mett.; Polypodium lachnopum
Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 3: 508. 1824, Dictionnaire clas- Wall. ex Hook.; Polypodium lachnopum var. xerophyti-
sique d’histoire naturelle 6: 587–588. 1824, Annales des cum Mehra; Polypodium microrhizoma var. xerophyticum
Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 5: 463–465. 1825, Tentamen Mehra; Polypodium subapertum Rosenst. ex Rodl-Linder;
Pteridographiae 179, 185, 189, pl. 7, f. 13–14. 1836, Plantae Polypodium taliense H. Christ; Schellolepis lachnopa (Wall.
Javanicae Rariores 4–5. 1838, Genera Filicum t. 51. 1840, ex Hook.) J. Sm.)
Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical
China, India.
Miscellany 3: 18. 1840, Journal of Botany, being a sec-
ond series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 56, 58, 60. 1841, See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 10: pl. 952. 1854, Index
London Journal of Botany 1: 195. 1842, Botanische Zeitung. Filicum 389. 1862, Ferns of British India pl. 163. 1866,
Berlin 4: 425. 1846, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères Synopsis Filicum (ed. 2) 511. 1874, Historia Filicum 93. 1875,
5: 242–243. 1852, Flora Novae-Zelandiae 2: 43. 1855, Supplement to the Ferns of Southern India and British India
Polyscias Forster & Forster f. Araliaceae 3039

21, pl. 384. 1876 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 16(4): 27. See Species Plantarum 2: 1083–1084. 1753, Tentamen
1978, Glimpses Pl. Res. 4: 98–130. 1979, J. Cytol. Genet. 19: Pteridographiae 189–190. 1836, Journal of Botany, being a
111–112. 1984, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988, Bot. Mag. second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 58. 1841 and Fl.
(Tokyo) 105: 105–124. 1992 L. Antill. 2: 341. 1977
(Plant paste applied on cuts, itches and wounds. Rhizome (Leaves decoction and tea used for regulating fertility.)
and leaves decoction for gastrointestinal disorders, jaundice,
in Paraguay: calaguala
backache; dried leaves paste mixed with palm kernel oil
applied for wound healing. Veterinary medicine, dried leaves Polypodium semisagittatum Roxb. (Christella semisagittata
paste applied for wound healing in sheep and cattle.) (Roxb.) Holttum)
in English: golden locks India.
in Nepal: daluko See Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 491. 1844 and Kew Bull. 31(2):
334. 1976
Polypodium nudatum Roxb. (Pronephrium nudatum (Roxb.)
Holttum; Thelypteris nudata (Roxb.) C.V. Morton) (Powdered root given with cow milk for excessive bleeding
during menstruation.)
India.
in India: raktabidar
See Calcutta Journal of Natural History and Miscellany of
the Arts and Sciences in India 4: 491. 1844 and Blumea 20(1): Polypodium vulgare L. (Polypodium vulgare (Hook. & Arn.)
111. 1972, Contributions from the United States National Fernald; Polypodium vulgare Michx.; Polypodium vulgare
Herbarium 38(7): 352. 1974 subsp. issaevii Askerov & A.E. Bobrov; Polypodium vulgare
L. var. attenuatum Milde; Polypodium vulgare L. var. com-
(Root decoction as a gargle for sore throat.)
mune Milde)
in India: boiddanath
China, Eurasia.
Polypodium penangianum Hook. (Abacopteris penan-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1082–1094. 1753, Flora Boreali-
giana (Hook.) Ching; Asplenium porphyrophlebia C. Chr.;
Americana 2: 271. 1803 and Lang, F.A. “The Polypodium
Christella porphyrophlebia Lév.; Dryopteris penangiana
vulgare complex in the Pacific Northwest.” Madroño 21:
(Hook.) C. Chr.; Dryopteris rampans C. Chr.; Goniopteris
235–254. 1971, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural
costata J. Sm.; Goniopteris lineata Presl; Goniopteris pen-
History), Botany 15(2): 123–161. 1986, Regnum Veg. 127:
angiana C. Chr.; Nephrodium costatum Bedd.; Nephrodium
78. 1993, Collectanea Botanica a Barcinonensi Botanico
rampans Bak.; Polypodium costatum Wall. nom. nud.;
Instituto Edita 23: 73–77. 1998, Flora Mediterranea 8: 262–
Polypodium lineatum (Wall.) Colber. ex Hook.; Polypodium
271. 1998
urophyllum Wall.; Pronephrium penangianum (Hook.)
Holttum; Thelypteris penangiana (Hook.) C.F. Reed) (Used in Unani. Contraceptive.)
China, India. in English: adder’s fern, common polypody, European poly-
pody, golden maidenhair, wall fern
See Species Plantarum 2: 1082–1094. 1753, Familles des
Plantes 2: 20. 1763, Icones Plantarum ed. Keller, Manipulus in China: shui long gu
I 3, 45–48, t. 11, 13. 1763, Tentamen Pteridographiae 181– in India: basfaif, bis faiaz, bisfaij, bisfaij nim kofta, bisfaiz,
183, pl. 7, f. 9–11. 1836, Abhandlungen der Königlichen bisphaiz, visfaiz
Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 618–619.
1851, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 3: 309–310.
1852, Species Filicum 5: 13. 1864, Ferns of British India,
Polyscias Forster & Forster f. Araliaceae
pl. 232. 1867 and Index Filicum fasc. 5: 283. 1905, Bulletin
of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology: 8(4): 255–259. Greek polys ‘many’ and skias ‘a canopy, pavilion’, skia
1938, Phytologia 17(4): 303. 1968, Blumea 20(1): 110. 1972, ‘shade, shadow’, polyskios ‘very shady’, in reference to the
Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23: 38–52. 1988 foliage or to the umbel of flowers; see Species Plantarum 2:
1058–1059. 1753, J.R. Forster & J.G. Forster, Characteres
(Rhizomes for the metrorrhagia, menstrual disorders, the
generum plantarum. [second edition] 63, t. 32. (Nov.) 1775,
fronds for irregular menstruation.)
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 610. 1788, Genera
in China: pi zhen xin yue jue Nova Madagascariensia 13. 1806, Revue Horticole 16: 109.
1854, J. Bot. 3: 73, 174, 179, t. 27. 1865 and Bulletin de
Polypodium phyllitidis L. (Campyloneurum phyllitidis (L.)
la Société Botanique de France 53: 305. 1905, Bull. Mus.
C. Presl; Cyrtophlebium phyllitidis (L.) J. Sm.)
Natl. Hist. Nat., séries 4, Section B, Adansonia. Botanique
West Indies. Phytochimie 11: 117–155. 1989, Monographs in Systematic
3040 Polyscias Forster & Forster f. Araliaceae

Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, L.; Panax fruticosa var. crispum W. Bull ex Rafarin; Panax
1–1286. 1993. fruticosa var. deleauana hort. ex N.E. Br.; Panax fruticosus
L.; Panax fruticosus var. deleauanus (L. Linden) N.E. Br.;
Polyscias cumingiana (C. Presl) Fern.- Vill. (Anomopanax
Panax obtusum Blume; Panax plumatum W. Bull ex hort.;
cumingianus (C. Presl) Merr.; Aralia filicifolia C. Moore
Panax plumatus W. Bull ex W. Richards; Panax plumatus
ex E. Fourn.; Aralia naumanii Marchal, also naumannii;
Barb. Rodr., nom. illeg.; Polyscias fruticosa var. plumata
Arthrophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Clarke; Arthrophyllum pin-
(W. Bull ex W. Richards) L.H. Bailey; Polyscias fruticosa
natum (Lam.) Maingay ex C.B. Clarke; Nothopanax cris-
var. plumata (W. Bull ex hort.) L.H. Bailey; Polyscias obtusa
patum (hort. ex W. Bull) Merr.; Nothopanax crispatus (W.
(Blume) Harms, nom. illeg., non Blanco; Tieghemopanax
Bull) Merr.; Nothopanax cumingianus (C. Presl) Seem.;
Nothopanax cumingii (C. Presl) Seem.; Nothopanax orna- fruticosus (L.) R. Vig.)
tum (hort. ex W. Bull) Merr.; Nothopanax ornatus (hort. SE Asia.
ex W. Bull) Merr.; Nothopanax pinnatum (Lam.) Miq.;
Nothopanax pinnatus (Lam.) Miq.; Panax bandanensis See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum
Zipp. ex Span., nom. inval.; Panax crispatum hort. ex W. 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda
Bull; Panax crispatus W. Bull; Panax cumingiana (C. Presl) 1513. 1763, Characteres Generum Plantarum [second edi-
Rolfe; Panax cumingianus (C. Presl) Rolfe; Panax cumingii tion] 63, pl. 32. 1775, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch
(C. Presl) Harms ex Engl. & Prantl; Panax ornatum hort. Indië 880. 1826, Flora de Filipinas 223. 1837, Plantae
ex W. Bull; Panax pinnatum Lam.; Panax pinnatus Lam.; Junghuhnianae 3: 425. 1855, Flora van Nederlandsch
Panax rumphiana Harms; Panax secundum Schult., nom. Indië 1(1): 765–766. 1856, Revue Horticole 48: 216. 1876,
illeg.; Panax secundus Schult., nom. illeg.; Paratropia cum- Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Gazette II 9: 439. 1878,
ingiana C. Presl; Polyscias crispata (W. Bull) M.R. Almeida; L’illustration horticole 30: 109, t. 492. 1883, Die Natürlichen
Polyscias cumingii Harms; Polyscias filicifolia (C. Moore Pflanzenfamilien III(8): 45. 1894 and Bulletin de la Société
ex E. Fourn.) L.H. Bailey; Polyscias rumphiana Harms; Botanique de France 53: 305. 1905, Annales des Sciences
Polyscias sorongensis Gibbs) Naturelles; Botanique, série 9 4: 61. 1906, Flora of Manila
358. 1912, The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture 2747.
Philippines, Pacific. 1916, Rhodora 18: 153. 1916
See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum (Stimulant, vulnerary, emetic.)
2: 1058–1059. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum [second
edition] 63, pl. 32. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique in English: aralia, India polyscias, Ming aralia
2: 715. 1788, Systema Vegetabilium 6: 215. 1820, Bijdragen in China: nan yang shen
tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 878. 1826, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 265. 1830, Linnaea in Japan: Taiwan momiji
15: 208. 1841, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen in the Philippines Isl.: bani, makan, papua
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 610. 1851, Bonplandia
(Corrientes) 4: 139. 1856, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië in Vietnam: cay goi ca
1(1): 765. 1856, Flora Vitiensis 114. 1866, L’illustration hor- Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms (Botryopanax fulvus (Hiern)
ticole 23: 73, t. 240. 1876, The Flora of British India 2: 734. Hutch.; Panax ferrugineus Hiern (also ferrugineum); Panax
1879, Novissima appendix 102. 1880, Journal of the Linnean fulvum Hiern; Panax fulvus Hiern; Panax nigericum A.
Society, Botany 21: 310. 1884, Botanische Jahrbücher für Chev.; Panax nigericus A. Chev.; Polyscias elliotii Harms;
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 7: Polyscias ferruginea (Hiern) Harms; Polyscias malosana
469. 1886, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 45. 1894 Harms; Polyscias polybotrya Harms; Polyscias preussii
and Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 19: 13. Harms; Sciadopanax elliotii (Harms) R. Vig.; Sciadopanax
1904, Philippine Journal of Science C 7: 241. 1912, Rhodora ferrugineus (Hiern) R. Vig.; Sciadopanax fulvus (Hiern) R.
18: 153. 1916, Philippine Journal of Science 17: 300. 1920 Vig.; Sciadopanax malosanus (Harms) R. Vig.; Sciadopanax
[publ. 1921], Fl. Maharashtra 2: 367. 1988 polybotrya (Harms) R.Vig.; Sciadopanax preussii (Harms)
(Stimulant, antiviral.) R. Vig.)
in English: angelica, fern-leaf aralia, fern-leaf polyscias East Africa, Tropical Africa. Deciduous, tall tree, straight
and slender, flat-topped crown, branches whorled, leaves
Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms (Aralia deleauana L. Linden;
pinnate, very small honey-scented creamy-yellow flowers,
Aralia fruticosa (L.) L.H. Bailey; Aralia tripinnata Blanco;
small oval ribbed fruit closely clustered, forest, in wetter
Nothopanax fruticosa (L.) Miq.; Nothopanax fruticosa
highland forests
var. plumatum (W. Bull ex hort.) Merr.; Nothopanax fruti-
cosus (L.) Miq.; Nothopanax fruticosus var. plumata (W. See Species Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Characteres
Bull ex W. Richards) Merr.; Nothopanax obtusum (Blume) Generum Plantarum [second edition] 63, pl. 32. 1775,
Miq.; Panax aureus Sander; Panax diffusus W. Bull; Panax Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 1: 3, 5. 1863,
dumosus W. Bull; Panax fissus W. Bull; Panax fruticosa J. Bot. 3: 74. 1865, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 28. 1877, Die
Polyscias Forster & Forster f. Araliaceae 3041

Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(8): 45. 1894, Botanische Polyscias samoensis (A. Gray) Harms (Arthrophyllum
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und kaltenbachii Riedl & Riedl-Dorn; Arthrophyllum kalten-
Pflanzengeographie 26: 245. 1899 and Notizbl. Königl. Bot. bachii Riedl-Dorn & Riedl; Cheirodendron samoense
Gart. Berlin 3: 20. 1902, Bulletin de la Société Botanique (A. Gray) Seem.; Nothopanax samoense (A. Gray) Seem.;
de France 52: 304–305. 1905, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 58(8): Nothopanax samoensis (A. Gray) Seem.; Panax samoense
178. 1911 [publ. 1912], The Genera of Flowering Plants 2: A. Gray; Panax samoensis A. Gray)
57. 1967
Vanuatu, Samoa.
(Roots and whole plant tonic, aphrodisiac, for cough, inflam-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Characteres
mation. Bark decoction taken for obesity.)
Generum Plantarum [second edition] 63, pl. 32. 1775,
in English: parasol tree Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 878. 1826,
United States Exploring Expedition 1: 717. 1854, Flora
in Cameroon: ndongue, nkogoe, nkoguele
van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 765. 1856, Flora Vitiensis
in East Africa: mborori, mutati, setala, yaroro 116. 1865, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III 8: 45. 1894
and Linzer Biologische Beiträge 18: 374. 1986, Bulletin du
in Kenya: soiyet
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Section B,
Polyscias guilfoylei (W. Bull) L.H. Bailey (Aralia guil- Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 11: 117–155. 1989
foylei W. Bull; Aralia guilfoylei Cogn. & March.; Aralia
(Poultice for skin diseases.)
maculata W. Bull; Aralia monstrosa hort. ex Truff.; Aralia
monstrosa B.S. Williams; Nothopanax fruticosus var. vic- Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.) Fosberg (Aralia balfou-
toriae (W. Bull ex hort.) Merr.; Nothopanax fruticosus var. riana André; Aralia balfouriana Hort. ex André; Aralia
victoriae (W. Bull) Merr.; Nothopanax guilfoylei (W. Bull) cochleata Lam., nom. illeg.; Aralia latifolia Wight & Arn.,
Merr.; Panax dumosus W. Bull ex hort.; Panax guilfoylei nom. inval.; Aralia polyscias Spreng. ex Seem.; Aralia
(W. Bull) Cogn. & Marchal; Panax laciniata Williams rotunda W. Bull; Aralia rotundifolia Hort. ex Truff.;
ex hort.; Panax laciniatus B.S. Williams ex W. Richards; Crassula scutellaria Burm.f.; Crasula scutellaria Burm. f.;
Panax victoriae W. Bull; Panax victoriae W. Bull ex hort.; Hedera cochleata Sweet; Hedera cochleata (Lam.) Sweet,
Panax victoriae Barb. Rodr.; Polyscias guilfoylei var. lacini- nom. illeg.; Hedera latifolia Wight & Arn.; Nothopanax
ata (B.S. Williams ex W. Richards) L.H. Bailey; Polyscias cochleatum (Lam.) Miq., nom. illeg.; Nothopanax cochlea-
guilfoylei var. laciniata (Williams ex hort.) L.H. Bailey; tus (Lam.) Miq.; Nothopanax scutellarium (Burm.f.) Merr.;
Polyscias guilfoylei var. monstrosa (B.S. Williams) L.H. Nothopanax tricochleatum Miq.; Nothopanax tricochlea-
Bailey; Polyscias guilfoylei var. monstrosa (hort. ex Truff.) tus Miq.; Panax balfourii (hort. ex André) Sander; Panax
L.H. Bailey; Polyscias guilfoylei var. victoriae (W. Bull) balfourii (André) Sander; Panax cochleatus (Lam.) DC.,
L.H. Bailey; Polyscias guilfoylei var. victoriae (W. Bull ex nom. illeg.; Panax conchifolium Roxb., nom. illeg.; Panax
hort.) L.H. Bailey) (after the Australian botanist William conchifolius Roxb., nom. illeg.; Panax forsteri Decne.
Robert Guilfoyle, 1840–1912, former Director Melbourne & Planch.; Panax heyneanum G. Don; Panax heyneanus
Botanic and Domain Gardens, author of Australian Plants Wall. ex G. Don; Panax manguette Vieill.; Panax pinnatum
suitable for gardens, parks, timber reserves, etc. Melbourne (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) Baill., nom. illeg.; Panax rotun-
1911 and First Book. Australian Botany: specially designed datus B.S. Williams; Panax rumphii Hassk.; Panax scu-
for the use of schools. Melbourne 1878) tellarioides Reinw. ex Blume; Paratropia latifolia (Wight
& Arn.) K. Koch; Polyscias balfouriana (hort. ex André)
Malaysia, SE Asia.
L.H. Bailey; Polyscias balfouriana (André) L.H. Bailey;
See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274. 1753, Species Plantarum Polyscias pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Polyscias scu-
2: 1058–1059. 1753, Characteres Generum Plantarum tellaria cv. tricochleata (Miq.) A.C. Sm. & B.C. Stone;
[second edition] 63, pl. 32. 1775, Flora van Nederlandsch Polyscias scutellarioides (Reinw. ex Blume) M.R. Almeida;
Indië 1(1): 765. 1856, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Polyscias tricochleata (Miq.) Fosberg; Polyscias umbellata
Gazette II 5: 735. 1876, Gardener’s Chronicle & Agricultural Spreng., nom. illeg.)
Gazette II 19: 404, f. 60. 1883, Revue Horticole 63: 224, f. 54.
Malaysia, SE Asia.
1891, Hortus Flumenensis 1892: 243. 1895 and Rhodora 18:
153. 1912, Flora of Manila 358. 1912, Rhodora 18: 153. 1916, See Species Plantarum 1: 273–274, 282–283. 1753, Species
Harvard Papers in Botany 9(2): 257–296. 2005 Plantarum 2: 1058–1059. 1753, Flora Indica … nec non
Prodromus Florae Capensis 78. 1768, Characteres Generum
(A frequent cause of dermatitis.)
Plantarum [second edition] 63, pl. 32. 1775, Characteres
in English: coffee tree, geranium aralia, geranium-leaf ara- Generum Plantarum [second edition] 64, t. 32. 1776,
lia, Guilfoyle polyscias, wild coffee Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 224. 1783, Pl. Nov.
Herb. Spreng. 39. 1807, Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue
in Sierra Leone: anjelika (Krio)
… 21. 1814, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië
in Japan: arariya 880. 1826, Hortus Britannicus [Sweet] 193. 1826, Prodromus
3042 Polysphaeria Hook.f. Rubiaceae

Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 4: 253. 1830, See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Fl. Ind. (ed. 1832) 2: 77. 1832, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae 4: 445. 1830, Niger Fl. 412. 1849, Genera Plantarum 2:
Indiae Orientalis 376. 1834, A General History of the 108. 1873, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 128. 1877, Die
Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 385. 1835, Revue Horticole 3: 105. Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 383. 1895 and Kew Bulletin 35:
1854, Plantae Junghuhnianae 3: 425. 1855, Bonplandia 4: 132. 1980
139. 1856, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1(1): 765–766. (Roots used for treatment of stomachache.)
1856, Wochenschrift für Gärtnerei und Pflanzenkunde 2:
365. 1859, Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel in Tanzania: kanala, mchambago, mkame, mkanja, mlapaa,
1: 340. 1860, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, mrigi, nifonzefonze
série 4 16: 66. 1862, Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden
Gesellschaft zu Halle 9: 220. 1866, Journal of Botany,
British and Foreign 6: 138. 1868, Histoire des Plantes 7: 197.
Polystachya Hooker Orchidaceae
1879, Revue Horticole 63: 224. 1891, Revue Horticole 70: Greek polys ‘many’ and stachys ‘a spike’, the inflorescence
229. 1898 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413–415. 1912, Rhodora 18: 153. is single and terminal usually with short flowered branches,
1916, Interpret. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 409. 1917, Occas. Pap. see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 824. 1775,
Univ. Hawaii 46: 9. 1948, Phytologia 5: 290. 1955, Taxon 14: Du Petit-Thouars, Aubert Aubert (1758–1831), Histoire par-
285. 1965, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 49: 455. 1968, ticulière des plantes orchidées recueillies sur les trois îles
Taxon 35: 126. 1986, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., séries 4, australes d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar
Section B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 11: 117–155. … Paris 1822, Exotic Flora 2: ad pl. 103. 1824 and Harvard
1989, Fl. Maharashtra 2: 367. 1998 Pap. Bot. 5(2): 383–466. 2001, Botanical Journal of the
Linnean Society 165: 235–250. 2011.
(Stomachic, astringent, disinfectant. Leaves used for ulcers.)
Polystachya cultriformis (Thouars) Lindl. ex Spreng.
in English: Balfour aralia, Balfour polyscias (Dendrobium cultriforme Thouars; Dendrorkis appendicu-
in China: yuan ye nan yang shen lata (Kraenzl.) Kuntze; Polystachya appendiculata Kraenzl.;
Polystachya coelogynochila Kraenzl.; Polystachya cultrata
Malay name: daun mangkok Lindl., nom. superfl., nom. illeg.; Polystachya cultrifor-
mis (Thouars) Spreng.; Polystachya cultriformis Lindl. ex
Spreng.; Polystachya cultriformis var. africana Schltr.;
Polysphaeria Hook.f. Rubiaceae Polystachya cultriformis var. autogama Schltr.; Polystachya
cultriformis var. humblotii Rchb.f.; Polystachya cultriformis
Greek polys ‘many’ and sphaira ‘a globe, ball’, referring to var. nana S. Moore; Polystachya cultriformis var. occidenta-
the fruit, see Genera Plantarum [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): lis Kraenzl.; Polystachya gerrardii Harv.; Polystachya kirkii
108. 1873. Rolfe; Polystachya lujae De Wild.; Polystachya monophylla
Polysphaeria lanceolata Hiern subsp. lanceolata Schltr.)
(Polysphaeria lanceolata var. obtusior Hiern; Polysphaeria Trop. & S. Africa, W. Indian Ocean. Glabrous herb, epi-
schweinfurthii Hiern) phytic, fairly long and narrowly conical clustered pseudo-
Tropical Africa. Climber, tree bulbs nearly covered by membranous sheaths, flowers mostly
white, inflorescence usually arching or pendulous, in deep
See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 128. 1877 and Kew Bulletin shade in sub-montane evergreen forest, riverine forests
35: 123. 1980
See Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis,
(Roots purgative, astringent, for colds, coughs. Veterinary ser. 2, 6: 82. 1799, Histoire particulière des plantes orchidées
medicine, roots astringent, boiled with roots of other plants t. 87, 101. 1822, Botanical Register; consisting of coloured
to treat diarrhea.) … 8: t. 686. 1822, Exotic flora 2: pl. 103. 1824, Appendix
to the first … A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River
in Tanzania: mmweteni Colony… . 10: sub t. 851. 1824, Systema Vegetabilium, editio
Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiern (Polysphaeria parvifolia var. decima sexta 3: 742. 1826, Thesaurus Capensis 2: 49, t. 176.
glabra Hiern) 1863, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 283. 1895 and Notizblatt
des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem
Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, dense, slender, arching, 3: 238. 1903, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 9: 20. 1924,
side branches above the nodes, opposite stipitate leaves, white Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 39: 119. 1926, Bull. Misc.
flowers in small stalkless clusters at the nodes, orange-red Inform. Kew 1926: 292. 1926
berries in dense clusters, crushed leaves and damaged fruit
(Astringent, disinfectant, stomachic.)
smelling of cooked coffee, ripe fruits eaten fresh, a source
of bee forage, in coastal areas, forest margin, dry evergreen Polystachya ottoniana Reichb. f. (Dendrorchis capen-
forest, woodland, coastal bushland and scrub sis (Rchb. f.) Kuntze; Dendrorchis ottoniana (Rchb. f.)
Polystichum Roth Dryopteridaceae (Aspleniaceae) 3043

Kuntze; Dendrorkis capensis (Sond. ex Harv.) Kuntze; to the Ferns of British India 209. 1883 and Icones plantarum
Dendrorkis ottoniana (Rchb.f.) Kuntze; Pleurothallis cap- formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram formo-
ensis (Sond. ex Harv.) Lindl.; Polystachya capensis Sond. sanam. 5: 335–337, f. 140. 1915, Hedwigia 56(5): 339. 1915,
ex Harv.; Polystachya glaberrima Schltr.; Polystachya Nucleus 20: 105–108. 1977, J. Sci. Engin. 22: 121–144. 1985
pisobulbon Kraenzl.)
(Antibacterial, antiseptic.)
S. Trop. & S. Africa. Epiphytic or lithophytic herb, chains Polystichum orbiculatum (Desv.) J. Rémy & Fée (Aspidium
of asymmetrical pseudobulbs, flowers white, riverine forest aculeatum (L.) Sw.; Aspidium lobatum (Huds.) Sw.;
and woodland Aspidium orbiculatum Desv.; Aspidium pycnolepis Kunze
See Exotic flora 2: pl. 103. 1824, Hamburger Garten- und ex Klotzsch; Jamesonia paleacea Kunze; Nephrodium poly-
Blumenzeitung 11: 249. 1855, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 658. 1891, phyllum C. Presl; Polypodium aculeatum Vell.; Polypodium
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte aculeatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Polypodium aculeatum
und Pflanzengeographie 20(50): 11. 1895 and Bot. Jahrb. Raddi; Polypodium aculeatum L.; Polypodium crenato-
Syst. 48: 397. 1912, South African Journal of Science 97, dentatum Klotzsch; Polypodium crenatodentatum Klotzsch;
September/October 2001 Polypodium lobatum Rich. ex Willd.; Polypodium lobatum
Huds.; Polypodium rigidum E.J. Lowe; Polypodium rigidum
(Medicinal for diarrhea; seeds as snuff. Veterinary medicine, Aubl.; Polypodium rigidum Hoffm.; Polypodium rigidum
whole plant crushed and mixed in a bucket of cold water, Hook. & Grev.; Polypodium saxatile Klotzsch; Polystichum
splashed against the walls of the kraal; this protects the ani- aculeatum (L.) Bedd.; Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Schott;
mals from evil and ensures good health. The procedure is Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth ex Mert.; Polystichum bob-
only administered by traditional healers.) oense Hieron.; Polystichum cochleatum (Klotzsch) Hieron.;
in South Africa: iPhamba, iphamba lehlathi, thahame Polystichum gelidum (Kunze ex Klotzsch) Fée; Polystichum
lobatum (Huds.) C. Presl; Polystichum lobatum Bast.;
Polystichum polyphyllum (C. Presl) C. Presl; Polystichum
pycnolepis (Kunze ex Klotzsch) T. Moore; Polystichum pyg-
Polystichum Roth Dryopteridaceae (Aspleniaceae)
maeum Copel.; Polystichum sodiroi H. Christ)
Greek polys ‘many’ and stichos ‘a row, series’, the sori
South America.
in many rows; see Albrecht Wilhelm Roth (1757–1834),
Tentamen Florae Germanicae. 3: 31, 69. Lipsiae (Jun.–Sep.) See Species Plantarum 2: 1090–1091. 1753, Flora Anglica
1799, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré (1789–1854), [Botany 459. 1762, Hist. Pl. Guiane 2. 963. 1775, Tentamen Florae
of the Voyage.] Voyage autour du Monde … sur … l’Uranie Germanicae 3(1): 79. 1800, Schrad. Journ. 1800(2): 37. 1801,
et la Physicienne, pendant … 1817–1820. 330. Paris 1826, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 5(1–2): 164.
Keyserling, Alexander Friedrich Michael Leberecht Nikolaus 1810, Opusc. Sci. 3: 228. 1819, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis
Arthur von (1815–1891), Polypodiacea et Cyatheacea herbarii 4. 1825, Pl. Bras. 1: 27 t. 42. 1825, Icon. Filic. t. 163. 1829,
Bungeani/recensuit Alexander Keyserling. 11. Lipsiae, 1873 Fl. Flumin. Icon. 11: t. 65. 1831 [1827 publ. 29 Oct 1831],
and Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 9: 121–122. 1940, Bhardwaja, Tentamen Pteridographiae 83. 1836, Linnaea 20. 384. 1847,
Triloki Nath (1933–  ), Perspectives in Pteridology: Present Flora Chilena 6: 515. 1853 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.
and Future (Professor S.S. Bir commemoration volume) part 77: 297–305. 1990, Fern Gaz. 15: 25–40. 1995, Fl. Medit. 8:
1/editors: T.N. Bhardwaja, C.B. Gena. New Delhi, 1991, Acta 262–271. 1998
Phytotax. Sin. 32(3): 259, 266. 1994, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34(1): (Fronds antiinflammatory, antirheumatic.)
68–69, 71, 73. 1996, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34(2): 194. 1996,
Fraser-Jenkins, Christopher Roy (1948– ), Himalayan Ferns: Polystichum squarrosum (D. Don) Fée (Aspidium squar-
A Guide to Polystichum. Dehra Dun, India: International rosum D. Don; Aspidium squarrosum Wall., nom. nud.;
Book Publishers, 1997, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36(3): 243–244. Polystichum apicisterile Ching & S.K. Wu; Polystichum gar-
1998, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37(1): 81. 1999. hwalicum N.C. Nair & K. Nag; Polystichum integripinnulum
Ching; Polystichum squarrosum Fée; Polystichum squarro-
Polystichum biaristatum (Blume) T. Moore (Aspidium sum Y.S. Wu, K. Wong & Pong)
aculeatum (L.) Sw. var. biaristatum (Blume) C.B. Clarke;
Aspidium biaristatum Blume; Polystichum aculeatum var. India. Erect or suberect, terrestrial and lithophytic fern,
biaristatum (Blume) Bedd.; Polystichum aculeatum var. woody rhizomes densely scaly, tender parts cooked as
durissima Rosenst.; Polystichum biaristatum T. Moore; vegetable
Polystichum subapiciflorum Hayata) See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 4. 1825, A Numerical List
of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 356. 1828, Mémoires sur
China, India.
les Familles des Fougères 5: 278. 1850–1852 and Bulletin of
See Enumeratio Plantarum Javae fasc. 2: 164–165. 1828, the Department of Biology: College of Science: Sun Yatsen
Index Filicum (T. Moore) 86. 1858, Transactions of the University 3: 86, pl. 34. 1932, Journal of Japanese Botany
Linnean Society of London, Botany 1(8): 510. 1880, Handbook 51(5): 138–140, pl. 1. 1976, Wu, Zhengyi, Flora Xizangica
3044 Polytoca R. Br. Poaceae (Gramineae)

[Tibet]: vol. 1. The Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
the Quinghai-Xizang Plateau, Academia Sinica/edited by history 74(3): 693. 1908
Wu Cheng-yih., [China]: Science Press, 1983
(Pain at the heart, abdominal complaints, ulcers, boil the
(Rhizome decoction given for curing stomach ailments.) plant and poultice.)
in Nepal: rato unyu Malay names: lepa, lipah, peparu hitam, sekeras akar
Polystichum stenophyllum H. Christ (Aspidium caespito-
sum Wall. ex Mett. var. stenophyllum Franch.; Polystichum
deversum H. Christ; Polystichum niitakayamense Hayata; Polytrichum Hedw. Polytrichaceae
Polystichum pseudostenophyllum Tagawa; Polystichum From the Greek polys ‘many’ and thrix, trichos ‘hair’, refer-
stenophyllum var. abbreviatum Tagawa) ring to the hairy calyptra (or cap) which covers the capsule
China, Nepal. before it is fully mature, the sporophyte has distinct hairs
protruding from the calyptra, see Hedwig, Johann (1730–
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 367. 1828, Plantae Davidianae 1799), Species Muscorum Frondosorum Lipsiae (Leipzig):
ex Sinarum Imperio 2: 155. 1888 and Bulletin de la Société sumtu J.A. Barthii; Parisiis, A. Koenig, 1801 [Supplementum
Botanique de France 52(Mém. 1): 27–28. 1905, Botanical primum-quartum scriptum a Friderico Schwaegrichen …
Magazine 21(240): 14. 1907, Botanical Gazette 51(5): 353– Lipsiae (Schwägrichen, Christian Friedrich, 1775–1853)],
354. 1911, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3(2): Bridel, Samuel Elisee von (1761–1828), Muscologia recentio-
92–93. 1934, Acta Bot. Sin. 26: 1–10. 1984, J. Sci. Engin. 22: rum seu Analysis, historia, et descriptio methodica omnium
121–144. 1985 muscorum frondosorum hucusque cognitorum ad normam
(Rhizome paste applied to treat cuts and wounds.) Hedwigii /…, Gothae, apud C.G. Ettingervm; Parisiis, apud
Barrois Ivniorem, 1797–1803 and Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 56:
in Nepal: simal 241–300. 1986, Trop. Bryol. 25: 35–70. 2004.
Polytrichum commune Hedw. (Pogonatum madagas-
Polytoca R. Br. Poaceae (Gramineae) sum (Hampe) A. Jaeger; Polytrichum assimile Hampe;
Polytrichum atrichoides Müll. Hal., invalid; Polytrichum
Greek polys ‘many’ and tokos ‘a birth’, polytokia ‘fecundity’, brachypelma Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum buchananii Broth.;
referring to the numerous offsprings, type Polytoca bracte- Polytrichum cataractarum Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum com-
ata R. Br., see John Joseph Bennett (1801–1876) and Robert mune Linn. ex Hedw.; Polytrichum commune fo. uliginosum
Brown, Plantae Javanicae rariores. 15, 18, 20, f. 5. London (Wallr.) Mönk.; Polytrichum commune subsp. jensenii (I.
(Jul.) 1838, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 403. 1854 Hagen) Albr. Rohn.; Polytrichum commune subsp. perigoni-
[1855] and Kew Bull. 35(4): 813–818. 1981, Blumea 47(3): ale (Michx.) Kindb.; Polytrichum commune subsp. swartzii
545–580. 2002 [Revision of Chionachninae (Gramineae: (Hartm.) C. Hartm.; Polytrichum commune subsp. yuccaefo-
Andropogoneae).]. lium (Ehrh. ex Funck) Giacom.; Polytrichum commune var.
Polytoca macrophylla Benth. (Chionachne macrophylla africanum Müll. Hal., invalid; Polytrichum commune var.
(Benth.) Clayton) humile Sw.; Polytrichum commune var. jensenii (I. Hagen)
Mönk.; Polytrichum commune var. perigoniale (Michx.)
Malesia, New Guinea. Perennial, robust, monoecious, spike- Hampe; Polytrichum commune var. swartzii (Hartm.)
lets unisexual, cattle fodder, see also Chionachne Nyholm; Polytrichum commune var. uliginosum Wallr.;
See Plantae Javanicae rariores 15, 18, 20, f. 5. London (Jul.) Polytrichum commune var. yuccaefolium (Ehrh. ex Funck)
1838, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 403. 1854 [1855], Hook. & Taylor; Polytrichum elatum P. Beauv.; Polytrichum
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 19: 52. 1881 and Kew flaccido-gracile Müll. Hal., invalid; Polytrichum flexicaule
Bulletin 35(4): 814. 1981, Blumea 47(3): 545–580. 2002 Müll. Hal., illegitimate; Polytrichum jensenii I. Hagen;
Polytrichum leonii Papp; Polytrichum madagassum Hampe;
(Leaf shoots heated and squeezed into a sore ear.)
Polytrichum mildbraedii Broth.; Polytrichum paludi-
in Papua New Guinea: bagona cola Broth., illegitimate; Polytrichum paludicola Cardot;
Polytrichum perigoniale Michx.; Polytrichum purpura-
scens Brid.; Polytrichum quadrangulare Gilib.; Polytrichum
Polytrema C.B. Clarke Acanthaceae radulifolium Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum rehmanni Müll. Hal.,
invalid; Polytrichum remotifolium P. Beauv.; Polytrichum
Greek polys ‘many’ and trema ‘hole, aperture’, see Journal of
subformosum Besch. var. anomalum Thér.; Polytrichum
the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 74(3):
swartzii Hartm.; Polytrichum yuccaefolium Ehrh. ex Funck
693. 1908 [27 Mar 1908].
var. perigoniale (Michx.) Martensson)
Polytrema vulgare C.B. Clarke
Europe. Robust, dark green, unbranched, stems rigid and
Malaysia. erect, gray rhizoids, long pointed leaves arranged spirally
Pomaderris Labill. Rhamnaceae 3045

around the stem and at right angles to it, single sexed, the setifolium Sw.; Polytrichum strictum var. alpestre (Hoppe)
males have enlarged heads at the tips of the plant, the females Rabenh.; Polytrichum subpiliferum Cardot; Polytrichum
produce the sporophytes, sporophytes common at the tips, sullivanii Hampe; Polytrichum tasmaniae Müll. Hal.;
stalk wiry and very long, in moist coniferous forests Polytrichum thysanomitrium Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum
tristani Duby; Polytrichum tysdalei Müll. Hal.)
See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 293. 1803, Prodrome des
Cinquième et Sixième Familles de l’Aethéogamie 85–86. America, China. Bluish green, shiny, short to long, slender
1805, Muscologia Recentiorum Supplementum 1: 56. 1806, to stout, upright, unbranched, brown tips on the leaves and
Flora Cryptogamica Erlangensis 83. 1817, Nomenclator the rolled over leaf edges that cover the lamellae, leaves with
Botanicus 2: 353. 1824, Adnotationes Botanicae 141. 1829, a well-developed system of tiny tubes for carrying water,
Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae 1: 202. 1831, Linnaea 13: grows in mats, an important pioneer on many types of soils
44. 1839, Linnaea 38: 216. 1874, Revue Bryologique 5: 70. and a stabilizer of sand
1878, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 6, 10:
258. 1880, Flora 64: 378. 1881, Botanische Jahrbücher für See Botanisches Taschenbuch 1801: 198. 1801, Deutschlands
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24. Flora … Zweite durchaus umgearbeitete Ausgabe,
253. 1897, European and N. American Bryineae (Mosses) 2: Kryptogamische Gewächse 3: 58. 1813, Species Muscorum
163. 1897, Hedwigia 36: 346–347. 1897, Index Bryologicus Frondosorum, Supplementum Primum 2: 311. 1816,
997. 1898, Hedwigia 38: 62. 1899 and Bulletin de la Société Deutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora 238. 1848, Journal of the
Botanique de Genève 1: 131. 1909, Die Süsswasser-Flora Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Botany, Supplement 2:
Mitteleuropas, zweite Auflage 14: 101. 1914, Journal of 155. 1859, Linnaea 30: 635. 1860, Journal of the Linnean
Botany, British and Foreign 72: 78, 106. 1924, Die natürli- Society, Botany 12: 620–621. 1869, Mémoires de la Société
chen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 11: 514. 1925, J. Bryol. de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève 21: 366.
11: 609–689. 1981 [1982], Crum, Howard, Mosses of the 1 f. 2. 1872, Linnaea 38: 577–579. 1874, Linnaea 40: 316.
Great Lakes Forest. University of Michigan. 1983, Moerman, 1876, Revue Bryologique 21: 39. 1894, Bulletin of the Torrey
Daniel E. Native American Ethnobotany. 427. 1998 Botanical Club 23: 491. 1896, Nuovo Giornale Botanico
Italiano, new series 4: 17. 1897, Flora 83: 328–329. 1897,
(Detergent, febrifuge, diuretic, laxative, hemostatic, antibac- Hedwigia 36: 343–347. 1897, Index Bryologicus 987. 1898
terial and antiinflammatory, disinfectant, chewed by women
and Revue Bryologique 27: 42. 1900, Revue Bryologique
in labor. Teas made from this genus of moss have been taken
32: 35. 1905, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
to relieve and dissolve gall bladder and kidney stones.)
Vegetabilis 48: 251. 1940, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 6: 183.
in English: common hair cap moss, hair cap moss, hair moss f. 8: 7–14. 1984
Polytrichum juniperinum Willd. ex Hedw. (Pogonatum (A powerful diuretic, postpartum remedy, the tea used to
rubiginosum (Müll. Hal.) Paris; Polytrichum alpestre treat urinary obstructions, dropsy and prostate problems.)
Hoppe; Polytrichum altisetum Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum
in English: juniper hair cap
altisetum var. humilisetum Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum angus-
ticaule Müll. Hal. ex E. Britton; Polytrichum antillarum
fo. chimborassi (Lorentz) K.H. Walther; Polytrichum
apiculatum Kindb.; Polytrichum appressum Schwägr., Pomaderris Labill. Rhamnaceae
illegitimate; Polytrichum aristiflorum Mitt.; Polytrichum Greek poma ‘a lid’ and derris ‘a skin’, referring to the mem-
beccarii Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum behringianum Kindb.; branous valve or to the membranous covering of the capsule;
Polytrichum chimborassi Lorentz; Polytrichum conforme see Jacques Julien Houtton de Labillardière (1755–1834),
Mitt.; Polytrichum cypellomitrium Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen. 1: 61, tt. 86. 87.
densifolium Hampe, illegitimate; Polytrichum densifolium Parisiis (Jul.) 1805, Sylva Tellur. 154. 1838 and Muelleria 10:
Wilson ex Mitt.; Polytrichum equisetiforme Müll. Hal.; 28–30. 1997.
Polytrichum ghiesbreghtii Besch.; Polytrichum implica-
tum Voit, illegitimate; Polytrichum juniperifolium Hoffm. Pomaderris kumeraho A. Cunn. (Pomaderris kumeraho A.
ex Funck; Polytrichum juniperinum var. alpestre (Hoppe) Cunn. ex Fenzl)
Röhl.; Polytrichum juniperinum var. australe A.W.H. New Zealand. Shrub, leaves underside covered in soft white
Walther; Polytrichum juniperinum var. australe Müll. Hal.; tangled hairs, golden yellow flowers
Polytrichum juniperinum var. piliferoides W. X. Xu & R.L.
Xiong; Polytrichum juniperinum var. waghornei Kindb.; See Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen 1: 61. 1805,
Polytrichum longipilum Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum lyco- Endlicher, Istvan Laszlo (1804–1849), Enumeratio plan-
podioides Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum nodicoma Müll. Hal.; tarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad
Polytrichum novae-hollandiae A. Jaeger; Polytrichum pat- Fluvium Cygnorum et in Sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus
ens Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum piliferum Hedw.; Polytrichum liber baro de Hügel. 21. Vindobonae, 1837 [Bentham, George
rhynchomitrium Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum rubiginosum Müll. (1800–1884), Fenzl, Eduard (1808–1879), Hügel, Carl
Hal.; Polytrichum ryparomitrium Müll. Hal.; Polytrichum Alexander Anselm von (1794–1870), Schott, H. W. (Heinrich
3046 Pometia Forst. & Forst.f. Sapindaceae

Wilhelm) (1794–1865)], Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. I. iii. (1839) 248. in Borneo: enselan, kasai
1839 and Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 20d: 110. 1953
Malayan names: asam kuang, kasai, kasai daun kechil,
(Leaves for skin diseases, blood purifier, chest complaints, kelisar, langsir
for colds and asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis.)
in Papua New Guinea: ibula, lavakoko, taun, ton
in English: golden tainui, gumdigger’s soap, poverty weed
Maori names: kumarahou, papapa
Poncirus Raf. Rutaceae
From poncire, the French name for a species of citron; see
Pometia Forst. & Forst.f. Sapindaceae C.S. Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana. 143. 1838.
After the French botanist Pierre Pomet, 1658–1699, mer- Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (Aegle sepiaria DC.; Bilacus
chant, apothecary to the French Court, druggist, author of trifoliata (L.) Kuntze; Citrus trifolia Thunb.; Citrus trifoliata
Droguier curieux, ou catalogue des drogues simples et com- L.; Citrus trifoliata subfo. monstrosa (T. Itô) Hiroë; Citrus tri-
posées, mis par alphabet. Seconde édition … corrigée. Paris foliata var. monstrosa T. Itô; Citrus triptera Desf.; Poncirus
1709 and Histoire générale des drogues, traitant des plan- trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Itô) Swingle; Pseudaegle sepi-
tes, des animaux et des mineraux. [The most comprehensive aria (DC.) Miq.)
medical and botanical account of drugs of its time.] Paris
1694; see Characteres Generum Plantarum 55. 1775, Florae China. Deciduous shrub or tree, green angled thorny stems,
Fluminensis 80. 1825, Flora Brasiliensis 7: 105. 1863 and leaves alternate divided with 3 leaflets, solitary aromatic flow-
Lexikon Generum Phanerogamarum 456. 1904, Recueil des ers, fruit dull yellow fragrant when ripe, peel thick and rough
Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 33: 166. 1936. See Flora Japonica, … 294. 1784, Prodromus Systematis
Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Irina tomentosa Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 538. 1824, Sylva Telluriana 143.
Blume; Pometia pinnata Forst.; Pometia pinnata fo. tomen- 1838 and Encycl. Jap. 2: 1056. 1909, Forest Pl. History Jap. Is.
tosa (Blume) Jacobs; Pometia tomentosa (Blume) Teijsm. & 1: 209. 1974, Pl. Syst. Evol. 146: 13–30. 1984, Ci. & Cult. (Sao
Binn.; Pometia tomentosa Kurz) Paulo) 36: 868. 1984, Caryologia 38: 335–346. 1985, China
Citrus 17: 3–4. 1988, Acta Hort. Sin. 15: 223–228. 1988, Acta
New Guinea, China, Pacific. Tree, straight, small green-
Genet. Sin. 15: 409–415. 1988, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 11: 103–
ish flowers in terminal panicles, calyx cup-shaped, globose
106. 1989, Cytologia 54: 705–708. 1989, Acta Hort. Sin. 16(1):
drupe, whitish or white translucent pulp surrounding the
78–80. 1989, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 8: 1–7. 1990, Revista Brasil.
seed, ripe fruit has a glutinous honey-like taste
Genét. 20(3): 489–496. 1997, J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 69: 22–28.
See Characteres Generum Plantarum 110, t. 55. 1775, 2000, Amer. J. Bot. 87(5): 735–747. 2000
Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 5: 231. 1825,
(Fruits toxic if eaten, also skin irritation with prolonged
Prodr. (DC.) 15(2.2): 780. 1866 [late Aug 1866], Catalogus
contact.)
plantarum quae in Horto botanico bogoriensi … 214. 1886
and Reinwardtia 6: 130. 1962 in English: bitter orange, Japanese bitter orange, trifoliate
(Young fruits in rheumatism. Bark decoction in diabetes and orange
mouth ulcers; fresh stem bark chewed and the juice swal- in China: gou ju, zhi shi, zhi
lowed to relieve asthma and alleviate abdominal pains;
boiled bark to bathe the patient in chicken pox; bark infusion in Japan: karatachi
taken as a diuretic, to cure diarrhea in children, for treat-
ing stomach troubles, coughs accompanied by fever; a juice
squeezed from the inner bark used to treat influenza and joint Ponerorchis Reichb.f. Orchidaceae
pain; bark is said to have contraceptive properties; sap from Greek poneros ‘miserable, worthless, good-for-nothing’ and
bark and young leaves drunk as an oral contraceptive; the orchis ‘orchid’, referring to the nature and appearance of the
bark, when mixed with the barks of Dendrocnide harveyi plants, see Linnaea 25: 227. 1852 and Repertorium Specierum
and Claoxylon fallax Müll.Arg., is a treatment for arthritis. Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 4: 91–92. 1919, Flora
Leaves can be steeped to produce a cure for dysentery or URSS, ed. Komarov, 4: 670–671, 753 (Addenda). 1935.
mixed with the top of the reed Miscanthus floridulus and the
leaves of Centella asiatica to treat diarrhea.) Ponerorchis chusua (D. Don) Soó (Amitostigma beesia-
num (W.W. Sm.) T. Tang & F.T. Wang; Chusua donii Nevski;
in English: pinnate pometia
Chusua pauciflora (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt; Chusua pulchella
in China: fan long yan (Hand.-Mazz.) P.F. Hunt; Chusua roborowskyi (Maxim.) P.F.
Hunt var. delavayi (Schltr.) P.F. Hunt; Chusua roborowskyi
in Fiji: dawa
var. giraldiana (Kraenzl.) P.F. Hunt; Chusua roborowskyi
in Tonga: tava var. nana (King & Pantl.) P.F. Hunt; Chusua roborowskyi
Pongamia Vent. Fabaceae (Millettieae) 3047

var. tenii (Schltr.) P.F. Hunt; Chusua roborowskyi var. uni- indica L.; Galedupa pinnata (L.) Taubert; Galedupa pin-
foliata (Schltr.) P.F. Hunt; Chusua secunda Nevski, nom. nata Taub.; Galedupa pungam Blanco; Galedupa pungum
illeg.; Gymnadenia chusua (D. Don) Lindl.; Gymnadenia J.G. Gmel.; Millettia novo-guineensis Kaneh. & Hatus.;
chusua (D. Don) Lindl. ex Wall.; Gymnadenia chusua Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi; Pongamia glabra Vent.,
var. nana (King & Pantl.) Finet; Gymnadenia pauciflora nom. illeg.; Pongamia glabra Vent. var. xerocarpa (Hassk.)
Lindl.; Gymnadenia puberula Lindl. ex Wall., nom. inval.; Prain; Pongamia mitis Kurz, nom. illeg.; Pongamia mitis
Habenaria chusua (D. Don) Benth.; Orchis beesiana W.W. (L.) Kurz; Pongamia mitis (L.) Kurz var. xerocarpa (Hassk.)
Sm.; Orchis chusua D. Don; Orchis chusua var. delavayi Merr.; Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr.; Pongamia pinnata (L.)
(Schltr.) Soó; Orchis chusua var. nana King & Pantl.; Orchis Pierre var. xerocarpa (Hassk.) Alston; Pongamia xerocarpa
chusua var. pulchella (Hand.-Mazz.) T. Tang & F.T. Wang; Hassk.; Pterocarpus flavus Lour.; Robinia mitis L.)
Orchis chusua var. tenii (Schltr.) Soó; Orchis delavayi Schltr.;
Orchis giraldiana Kraenzl.; Orchis mairei H. Lév.; Orchis Indochina, Pacific. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or
nana (King & Pantl.) Schltr.; Orchis parcifloroides Hand.- small tree, densely foliaceous, spreading branches, young
Mazz.; Orchis pauciflora Fisch. ex Lindl., nom. inval.; Orchis branchlets drooping, shiny leaflets, strongly fragrant pink-
pulchella Hand.-Mazz.; Orchis secunda (Nevski) Vorosch.; ish violet flowers in axillary panicles, flat woody compressed
Orchis tenii Schltr.; Orchis unifoliata Schltr.; Ponerorchis pods, reniform seeds
beesiana (W.W. Sm.) Soó; Ponerorchis chusua (D. Don) Soó See Species Plantarum 2: 741. 1753, Encyclopédie Métho­
subsp. nana (King & Pantl.) Soó; Ponerorchis chusua var. dique, Botanique 2: 594–595. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis
delavayi (Schltr.) Soó; Ponerorchis chusua var. giraldiana 432. 1790, Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis]. 2(2): 1086. 1792 [1791
(Kraenzl.) Soó; Ponerorchis chusua var. nana (King & Pantl.) publ. late Apr–Oct 1792], Jard. Malmaison 1: 28, t. 28.
R.C. Srivast.; Ponerorchis chusua var. tenii (Schltr.) Soó; 1803, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 558. 1837, FBI 2: 240. 1876,
Ponerorchis chusua var. unifoliata (Schltr.) Soó; Ponerorchis Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 167. 1891, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
nana (King & Pantl.) Soó; Ponerorchis pauciflora (Lindl.) [Engler & Prantl] iii. 3 (1894) 344. 1894, Flore Forestière de
Ohwi; Ponerorchis pulchella (Hand.-Mazz.) Soó) la Cochinchine 4: sub pl. 385. 1899 and An Interpretation
India, Himalaya. of Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense 271. 1917, Bot. Mag.
(Tokyo) lvi. 367. 1942, Journal of the Bombay Natural History
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 23. 1825, A Numerical Society 68(1): 303. 1971, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi). 7:
List of Dried Specimens 7058. 1832, The Genera and Species 252–260. 1979, Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae—Part 1)
of Orchidaceous Plants 280. 1835, Journal of the Linnean 4: 334–538. 1988, Panigrahi, Gopinath (1924–2004), Flora
Society, Botany 18: 355. 1881 and Repertorium Specierum of Bilaspur District, Madhya Pradesh 1: 210. Calcutta, 1989
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 9(222/226): 433–434. 1911, Notes
from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 8(38): 193–194. (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Poisonous, antiviral,
1914, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, antibacterial, antimalarial, insecticidal, hypoglycemic, anti-
Beihefte 4: 91–92. 1919, Annales Historico-Naturales Musei ulcer, antiinflammatory, wound healing, antinematodal, anti-
Nationalis Hungarici 26: 344. 1929, Flora of the U.S.S.R. oxidant. Flowers used in diabetes. Crushed leaves made into
4: 671. 1935, Symbolae Sinicae 7(5): 1325, pl. 41, f. 2. 1936, a paste applied on piles, bleeding piles and eczema; leaves
Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 5(2): 145. 1936, decoction given in malaria. Extracts from the leaves, bark
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 1(1): 57. 1951, Acta Botanica and seed applied as antiseptic against skin diseases and
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 12: 352–353. 1966, Kew rheumatism; bark and leaves infusion used for bathing to
Bulletin 26(1): 175–176. 1971, Acta Botanica Academiae reduce fever; leaves poultice applied to ulcers and wounds
Scientiarum Hungaricae 20(3–4): 351–352. 1975, Nation. infested with worms. Bark for malaria and bleeding piles;
Acad. Sci. Letters 18(3–4): 61. 1996 stem bark paste given orally for stomachache; powdered stem
bark taken in leucorrhea; heated bark for toothache; bark and
(Useful in diarrhea, dysentery, fevers.) leaves paste applied on head to cure ulcers; root bark decoc-
in China: guang bu xiao hong men lan tion taken as an abortifacient. Seed oil antimicrobial, applied
to the body after bathing for treating eczema, scabies, burns
and itches, ringworm and different parasitic skin diseases;
Pongamia Vent. Fabaceae (Millettieae) fruits or roots of Helicteres isora, seeds of Pongamia glabra
and stem bark of Tinospora cordifolia mixed and crushed
Pongam is the vernacular Malabar name for Pongamia pin-
into powder eaten to cure diabetes; powdered seeds of
nata. See van Rheede in Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 6: t. 3.
Givotia rottleriformis mixed with Pongamia pinnata seed oil
1686, Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 322, 593. 1763, Étienne Pierre
and made into a paste applied as an ointment to skin diseases,
Ventenat (1757–1808), Jardin de la Malmaison. 28, t. 28.
eczema, psoriasis; seeds boiled and crushed and the oil mas-
Paris (Dec.) 1803, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 167. 1891.
saged on the body in the rainy season to protect from cold;
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Cajum pinnatum (L.) Kuntze; seeds taken internally for bronchitis and whooping cough.
Cajum pinnatum Kuntze; Cytisus pinnatus L.; Dalbergia Seeds and leaves botanical pesticides, against insects, fungi
arborea Willd.; Derris indica (Lam.) Benn.; Galedupa and bacteria; leaves put in stored grains to protect from pests.
3048 Pongamiopsis R. Viguier Fabaceae (Millettieae)

Root juice in sores, ulcers, gonorrhea; contact therapy, root pungamaram, pungammaram, pungei, pungon, pungu,
tied to the waist of children to cure venereal diseases. Roots punha maram, punka, punkaimaram, punkam, punkan,
as fish poison; pounded and roasted seeds can be used as a punku, punkumaram, punnu, punti, puntikarancakam, punu,
fish poison. Veterinary medicine, bark and leaves given to putika, putikaranja, putiparna, putipatraka, puvanti, rakta
cattle for better digestion; seed oil applied in eczema; seeds honne, rochana, sadgrantha, shadagrantha, shamagashta,
of Cassia auriculata (Senna auriculata) along with stem bark snigdhapatra, soma valka, sukhchain, sukhchein, tamala,
of Pongamia pinnata, latex of Argemone mexicana pounded tamala-vrikshaha, tamalavrikshaha, tamgkua, tapasvi, tat-
and the extract applied for skin diseases; stem bark ground taippunku, tavanatcavalli, theep, tiripilan, totakatti, ucaku,
with leaves of Cleome gynandra, Albizia lebbeck and cow udakirya, udakiryah, ulokatitam, unga, ungha, ungin tholi,
urine given in trypanosomiasis; stem bark decoction given ungin tholi pacha, ungin veru, ungu, unju, unnu, utaku, vaca-
in dysentery. Magico-religious beliefs, contact therapy, dried putpam, vahni, varuni, viaghranakamu, vishari, vrittaparna,
fruits tied around the neck or waist of children to get relief vyaghra-ekamru, vyaaghranakamu, yayariyam
from cough, for healthy growth.)
in Indonesia: bangkong, ki pahang laut, kranji, tuba jek
in English: Indian beech, karum tree, mullikulam tree, pon-
in Japan: kuro-yona, ohbaki, okaha
gam, pongam oil tree, pongame oil tree, pongamia, poonga oil
tree, pungum seed, quick poison, seashore mempari, thinwin in Laos: (do:k) ko:m ko:y
in Borneo: biansu in Malaysia: biangsu, jador, kachang kayu laut, malapari,
mempari, pari pari
in China: shui liu dou
in Nepal: sadum
in India: aciruntam, aciruttam, agirunanandam, akirantam,
akirantamaram, akirantanam, akirunanantam, akirunan- in Papua New Guinea: poklen, vailail
tam, aktemakat, alam, alamarikam, alamarikamaram, alati,
in Philippines: balikbalik, balok, bani
angaravalli, badhaphala, batta, batti, boichune, canaga, chi-
taveelya, chirabilva, ciravilva, cittakikam, dahur-karanja, in Thailand: khayi, yi-nam
dhana, gaanuga, gal-karanda, ganuga, garangi, gataran (nat-
in Tibetan: ma-nu shu-zur, jam bras, ka ra ndza, jam-bras,
afal), gaura, ghanerakaranji, ghanerakaranj, ghratakaranja,
ghritaparnaka, ghrtapura, gucchapuspaka, guchhapushpaka, sve ta ka ra nja
hastija, hedem-araung, honga, hongay, honge, honge beeja, in Vietnam: d[aa]y lim, d[aa]y m[aas]u, kh[oor] s[aa]m hoa
honge mara, hongemara, hongey, huligali, huligili, huligilu,
huligiri, hungay, ilanci, ilancu, ilanji, intirani, intiranikam,
intiranikamaram, kaadepathige, kaagu, kaangu, kaanuga Pongamiopsis R. Viguier Fabaceae (Millettieae)
chettu, kaggera, kagu, kaidarya, kakaghni, kakananam,
kalimara, kamu, kanaga, kancaccam, kancatam, kandga, Resembling Pongamia Vent., see Notulae Systematicae.
kanga, kaniga, kanja, kanjanam, kanji, kannaji, kanniga, Herbier du Museum de Paris 14(1): 74. 1950.
kanoogoo, kanuga, kanuga-chettu, kanugacettu, kanugu, Pongamiopsis pervilleana (Baill.) R. Vig. (Deguelia grevei
karabhandika, karach, karamji, karancakam, karancam, Drake; Diphaca pervilleana Baill.; Neodunnia edentata R.
karancamam, karancamamaram, karanda, karanga, karani, Vig.; Neodunnia longeracemosa R. Vig.; Neodunnia longi-
karanj, karanj beej, karanj beeja, karanj chal, karanj chhal, racemosa R. Vig.)
karanj tel, karanja, karanjah, karanjaka, karanjbeej, karan-
jchaal, karanjh, karanji, karanjwa, karanjwah, karany, kar- Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing tree
cha, karchaw, karjani, karinje, karnaga, karuinj, karunga, See Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris
karunja, kaunga, keedamaar, kentikam, kentitamaram, 1(52): 416. 1884 and Histoire Physique, Naturelle et
kerong, khaiulmalisa, kidamar, kiramal, kolliyam, kol- Politique de Madagascar 30: 189–190. 1902[1903], Notulae
liyamaram, korangi, koranja, koranjo, korengi, koringe, Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 14(1): 72–74.
korinta, korngu, kraanuga, kranuga, krovi, kucco, kuppu- 1950, Phytochemistry 45(1): 189–192. 1997, Phytochemistry
cam, kurundi, magul-karanda, mahota, mancaripputpam, 63(4): 471–474. 2003
matry, minnari, naguttam, nakatamalam, naktahva, nak-
tamala, naktamalah, naktamalaka, nakuttam, nanandam, (Toxins. Root bark cytotoxic, anticancer. Fish poison.)
nanantam, nanantamaram, nankaimaram, nantam, nanta- in Madagascar: amaninomby, anakaraka, anakaraky, kitsao,
malam, nattaka, nattakamaram, nattam, nattamalakima- manary, morango, sarikifatsy, tsilaiby, vasilambato
ram, nattamalam, nattamaram, nattmalakam, nirppungu,
nirppunkan, nirppunku, oongu, palpunku, pamahuo, papar,
paphri, papra, pirakacakamatu, pirakarancam, pirakari,
Popowia Endl. Annonaceae
pong, ponga, pongai, pongam, pongan, pongu, ponka, pon-
nam, ponnamu, ponnu, poona, poonam, porimalar, prakirya, For Johannes Siegmund Valentin Popowitsch, 1705–1774,
punga, punga maram, pungai, pungam, pungam-maram, professor of botany in Vienna, author of Versuch einer
Populus L. Salicaceae 3049

Vereinigung der Mundarten in Deutschland. Wien 1780, Populus L. Salicaceae

see also Christian Gottlieb Schwarz, Untersuchungen vom
Meere. Frankfurt und Leipzig 1750, Genera Plantarum. Latin populus or popplum ‘poplar’, Greek pelea, ptelea,
[S.L. Endlicher] 831. (Jun.) 1839, Repertorium Botanices apellon ‘black poplar’; Akkadian papallu ‘shoot, bud,
Systematicae 1: 252. 1842. sprout’, apellum, alpu, ablu ‘son’, Greek apellon; see Carl
Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 1034–1035. 1753, Genera
Popowia cauliflora Chipp (Clathrospermum mannii Oliv.; Plantarum. Ed. 5. 447. 1754, Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de
Monanthotaxis cauliflora (Chipp) Verdc.; Monanthotaxis (1778–1841), Botanicon Gallicum; seu Synopsis plantarum in
diclina (Sprague) Verdc.; Popowia caulantha Exell; Flora gallica descriptarum.1: 427. Paris: Desray, 1828–1830,
Popowia diclina Sprague; Popowia diclina Sprague & Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 15: 30,
Chipp; Popowia djumaensis De Wild.; Popowia ferruginea 32. 1841, Griffith, William (1810–1845), Posthumous papers
Engl. & Diels; Popowia mannii Engl. & Diels; Popowia bequeathed to the Honorable the East India Company: and
mannii (Oliver) Engl. & Diels; Popowia mannii Baill.; printed by order of the government of Bengal, Itinerary
Unona ferruginea Oliv.) notes of plants collected in Khasyah and Bootan mountains,
1837–1838, in Afghanistan and neighbouring countries,
Tropical Africa. Liana, scented leaves
1839–1841/by the late William Griffith; arranged by John
See Genera Plantarum 831. 1839, Genera Plantarum M’Clelland. Calcutta: Mr. J.F. Bellamy, 1848, Mémoires
1: 29. 1862, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 25, 35. 1868, Presentés a l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-
Adansonia 8: 320. 1868, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées
Linnéenne de Paris 2: 878. 1890 and Monographien afri- 7: 498. 1851, Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 382. 1854, Prodromus
kanischer Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen 6: 45–46, Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 328. 1868 and
49, t. 17 f. D. 1901, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University, Ser. 4,
Kew 1908: 53. 1908, Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. Biology 13: 385. 1938, s 24(3): 342–348. 1952, E. Weekley,
5, 3[1]: 76. 1909 [1911–1912 publ. Aug 1909], Bulletin of An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1125.
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1923: 182, descr. emend. New York 1967, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 58(3): 194.
1923, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 70(Suppl. 1): 1977, Wang Chan & Fang Cheng-fu, eds. Salicaceae. Fl.
208. 1932, Kew Bulletin 1953: 72. 1953, Kew Bulletin 25(1): Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 20(2): 1–403. 1984, AAU Reports 34:
21, 25, 30–31. 1971, Phytochemistry 17: 1363–1367. 1978, 1–443. 1994, G. Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea.
Phytochemistry 55(5): 439–446. 2000, Pharmaceutical Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 524.
Biology 42(4 & 5): 269–273. 2004, Phytotherapy Research Firenze 1994, Intermountain Flora 2B: 1–488. 2005.
18(7): 507–510. 2004, Pharmaceutical Biology 47(12):
1130–1136. 2009 Populus balsamifera L. (Aigeiros balsamifera Lunell;
Aigeiros balsamifera (L.) Lunell; Populus balsamifera Mill.;
(Bark extract anxiolytic and anti-depressive, antiviral, anti- Populus balsamifera Lyall; Populus balsamifera var. simonii
fungal and antibacterial, cytotoxic, antiviral, antiherpes. (Carrière) Wesm.; Populus simonii Carrière)
Leaves for skin diseases. Fish poison.)
North America. Tree, dry leaves used as fodder during winter
Popowia gracilis Engl. & Diels (Popowia gracilis Oliv. ex season
Engl. & Diels; Popowia gracilis Ast; Popowia gracilis Jovet-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1034–1035. 1753, Revue Horticole
Ast; Sphaerocoryne gracilis (Engl. & Diels) Verdc.)
1867: 360. 1867, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Belgique
Tanzania. 26: 378. 1887 and Elysium Marianum 2: 15. 1910, American
Midland Naturalist 4(7): 298. 1916, Illustrated Flora of the
See Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und Pacific States 1: 1–557. 1923, Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Taxon
-Gattungen 6: 48. 1901, Fl. Indo-Chine [P.H. Lecomte et 31: 120–126. 1982
al.] Suppl.: 91. 1938, Notul. Syst. (Paris) 9: 86. 1940, Kew
Bulletin 41(2): 295. 1986 (Buds infusion taken for flu, headache, stomachache and
colds; when boiled in grease an ointment for sores and
(Whole plant and fruit stomachic, astringent, for colds, infection.)
coughs, bronchial congestion, diarrhea, stomachache.)
in English: balsam poplar, cottonwood
Popowia odoardi Diels
in India: chakmakaro
Borneo.
Populus balsamifera L. subsp. balsamifera
See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
Berlin-Dahlem 11: 82. 1931 Alaska.
See Species Plantarum 2: 1034–1035. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed.
(Warmed whole plant juice squeezed into infected eyes.)
8. n. 5. 1768, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 134. 1863 [1864
in Sarawak: semukau publ. 1863], Revue Horticole 1867: 360. 1867, Bulletin de la
3050 Populus L. Salicaceae

Société Botanique de Belgique 26: 378. 1887 and Elysium Marianum: Ferns and Fern Allies. 2: 15. Washington, D.C.:
Marianum 2: 15. 1910, American Midland Naturalist 4(7): [s.n.], 1907–1908 [circa 1909], Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4:
298. 1916, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 1: 1–557. 298. 1916, Bot. Gaz. 67: 213. 1919, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
1923, Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982 xlvii. 5. 1957, Stud. Bot. Univ. Salamanca 6: 163–167. 1987,
Intermountain Flora [Cronquist et al.] 2(B): 121–122. 2005
(Buds infusion taken for flu, headache, stomachache and colds;
when boiled in grease an ointment for sores and infection.) (Inner bark used as antiscorbutic.)
in English: balsam poplar, cottonwood in English: broad-leaved poplar, Carolina poplar, cotton-
wood, eastern cottonwood, Fremont’s cottonwood, match
in India: chakmakaro
poplar, necklace poplar, quaking aspen, quiver-leaf, southern
Populus caspica Bornm. (Populus caspica (Bornm.) Bornm.) cottonwood, trembling aspen
India. in Southern Africa: vuurhoutjiepopulier; popoliri (Sotho)
See Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 47: Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall var. fremontii
70, pl. 283. 1939 (S. Watson) Cronquist (Populus canadensis var. fremontii
(Bark decoction taken as tonic and febrifuge.) (S. Watson) Kuntze; Populus canadensis Moench var. fre-
montii Kuntze; Populus deltoide W. Bartram ex Marshall;
in English: white poplar Populus deltoides Marshall; Populus deltoides W. Bartram
in India: yarpa ex Marshall var. fremontii (S. Watson) Cronquist; Populus
fremontii S. Watson; Populus fremontii var. pubescens Sarg.)
Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle (Populus ciliata Wall.;
Populus ciliata Schur) North America.

India. Tree, dry leaves and young branches as fodder during See Arbustrum Americanum 106. 1785, Proceedings of the
winter season American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 350. 1875, Revisio
Generum Plantarum 2: 643. 1891 and Bot. Gaz. 67: 213. 1919,
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2796. 1831, Illustrations of the Intermountain Flora [Cronquist et al.] 2(B): 121–122. 2005
Botany … of the Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 346
and 2: t. 84a or 98, f. 1. 1839, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 625. 1866 (Inner bark used as anti scorbutic.)
and Taxon 29: 353–355. 1980, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 40: in English: broad-leaved poplar, Carolina poplar, cotton-
63 (–66; fig. 5). 2008 [2008 publ. 30 Mar 2009] wood, eastern cottonwood, Fremont’s cottonwood, match
(Bark tonic, stimulant and blood purifier; powdered bark poplar, necklace poplar, quaking aspen, quiver-leaf, trem-
mixed with ash of cow dung applied to subdue swelling. bling aspen
Green peeling of bark as splints for broken limbs of humans Populus euphratica Olivier (Balsamiflua euphratica
and animals.) (Olivier) Kimura; Populus ariana Dode; Populus diversifolia
in English: Himalayan poplar Schrenk; Populus euphratica (L.) Garcke; Populus euphra-
tica (L.) Garcke var. bonnetiana (Dode) Maire; Populus
in China: yuan mao yang euphratica (L.) Garcke var. mauritanica (Dode) Maire;
in India: benu, biaon, chakmakaro, chalauj, challoon, cha- Populus litwinowiana Dode; Populus mauritanica Dode;
loon, chalun, chalunj, gar peepal, karamal, mangal, pahari Populus transcaucasica Jarm. ex Grossh.; Turanga euphra-
piepal, pahari pipal, phalsh, pharipepal, syan, talunj, yarpa tica (Olivier) Kimura)
in Nepal: syolmo Japan, China.
Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall (Aigeiros del- See Species Plantarum 2: 1034–1035. 1753, Voyage dans
toides (W. Bartram ex Marshall) Tidestr.; Aigeiros deltoides l’Empire Othoman 3: 449, f. 45–46. Paris 1807, Bull. Sci.
Tidestr.; Populus canadensis Moench; Populus canaden- Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 10: 253. 1842, Itinerary
sis Desf.; Populus canadensis Foug.; Populus canadensis Notes of Plants collected in the Khasyah and Bootan moun-
Castigl.; Populus canadensis F. Michx.; Populus deltoide W. tains (Posthumous Papers) 211. 1848 and Bulletin de la
Bartram ex Marshall; Populus deltoides Marshall) Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 18: 174–175, pl. 11: A.
1905, Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University,
North America.
Ser. 4, Biology 13: 385–386. 1938, Science Reports of the
See Arbustrum Americanum 106. 1785, Verzeichniss Tôhoku Imperial University, Ser. 4, Biology 14: 191. 1939
auslädndischer Bäume und Stauden des Luftschlosses
(Dried or fresh leaves used to relieve joint pain. In former
Weissenstein 81. 1785, Viaggio Amer. Sett. 1785–1787, 2:
U.S.S.R., the resin of the bark, under the name of buriarmini,
334. 1790, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and
considered to have medicinal properties.)
Sciences 10: 350. 1875, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 643.
1891 and Tidestrom, Ivar (Frederick) (1864–1956), Elysium in China: hu yang
Porcelia Ruíz & Pav. Annonaceae 3051

in Pakistan: bahan, bhan, patak Populus tremula L.

Populus grandidentata Michx. (Populus tremula L. subsp. China, Europe.
grandidentata (Michx.) Á. Löve & D. Löve)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1034. 1753 and Taxon 29: 713–714,
North America. 722–723. 1980, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 24: 113–126.
1982, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja, Sar. A 2, Biol.-Geogr. 3:
See Species Plantarum 2: 1034–1035. 1753, Flora Boreali-
1–12. 1982, Stud. Bot. Univ. Salamanca 6: 163–167. 1987,
Americana 2: 243. 1803 and Taxon 31(1): 120. 1982
Silvae Genet. 40: 72–74. 1991, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
(Diuretic.) Newslett. (Zurich) 24: 11–14. 1995, Nordic J. Bot. 18(4):
471–473. 1998, Guihaia 25(4): 338–340. 2005, Contact
Populus nigra L. var. italica Koehne (Populus fastigiata
Dermatitis, 52(2): 93–95. 2005, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 43(6):
Poir.; Populus italica Moench; Populus nigra subsp. pyrami-
539–544. 2005
dalis Čelak.; Populus nigra var. pyramidalis Spach; Populus
pyramidalis Rozier) (Allergic contact dermatitis.)
Europe. Deciduous tall tree, greenish flowers, dry leaves in English: aspen, quaking aspen
used as fodder
in China: i yang, fu i, ou zhou shan yang, tang ti, chang ti
See Species Plantarum 2: 1034. 1753, Die harbkesche wilde
Baumzucht: theils Nordamerikanischer und anderer frem- Populus tremuloides Michx. (Populus aurea Tidestr.;
der, theils einheimischer Bäume, Sträucher und strauchar- Populus tremula subsp. tremuloides (Michx.) Á. Löve & D.
tigen Pflanzen … 141. 1772, Verzeichniss ausldndischer Löve; Populus tremuloides var. aurea (Tidestr.) Daniels)
Bdume und Stauden des Luftschlosses Weissenstein 79. North America.
1785, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 395. 1796, Encyclopédie
Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 5(1): 235–236. 1804, See Species Plantarum 2: 1034–1035. 1753, Flora Boreali-
Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique 215: 31. 1841, Americana 2: 243. 1803 and American Midland Naturalist 2:
Deutsche Dendrologie 81. 1893 35. 1911, Flora of Boulder, Colorado, and vicinity 265. 1911,
Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 505. 1975 [1976]
(Seed hairs applied to heal wounds. Resin from the buds used
as salve and to promote hair growth.) (Bark infusion drink for fractures, ruptures. Mosquito repellent.)

in English: black poplar, Italian poplar, Lombardy poplar, in English: American aspen, aspen, quaking aspen
pyramidal poplar Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray (Populus balsamifera
in China: zuan tian yang L. subsp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) Brayshaw; Populus
balsamifera var. californica S. Watson; Populus balsam-
in India: kashur-phras, yulat ifera var. hastata (Dode) Brayshaw; Populus hastata Dode;
in Japan: Amerika-yama-narashi, popura Populus trichocarpa subsp. hastata (Dode) Dode; Populus
trichocarpa var. cupulata S. Watson; Populus trichocarpa
in Southern Africa: Italiaanse populier, Lombardy populier, var. hastata (Dode) A. Henry)
regop populier; popoliri (Sotho)
North America.
Populus pamirica Kom.
See Icones Plantarum 9: pl. 878. 1852, American Journal
China, Himalaya. of Science, and Arts 115: 135–136. 1878 and Bulletin de la
See Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 19: 510, f. 3. 1934 [Bot. Société d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 18: 222, pl. 12, f. 105.
Zhurn. S.S.S.R.] 1905, The trees of Great Britain & Ireland 7: 1837. 1913,
Bulletin de la Société Dendrologique de France 44: 80.
(Poultice for wounds.) 1922, The Canadian Field-Naturalist 79(2): 95. 1965, Arkiv
in English: balsam poplar för Botanik, Andra Serien 7(1): 36. 1967[1968]

in China: pa mi yang (Leaves as a poultice applied on wounds, boils. Infusion

of young cottonwood branches, roots of Rosa woodsii and
in India: yarpa Potentilla glandulosa drunk for syphilis.)
Populus sieboldii Miq. in English: black cottonwood, western balsam poplar
Japan.
See Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 29. 1867
Porcelia Ruíz & Pav. Annonaceae
(Peeled bark used to bandage wound as a disinfectant.)
Possibly for a friend of Ruíz and Pavón, Antonio Porcel, see
in Japan: kurni, nup-kurnni Species Plantarum 1: 536. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2: 365.
3052 Porophyllum Adans. Asteraceae

1763, Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus 84, t. 16. var. ellipticum (Cass.) A. Gray ex B.L. Rob.; Porophyllum
1794, Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis ruderale var. macrocephalum (DC.) Cronquist; Tagetes inte-
1: 144. 1798, Monographie de la famille des Anonacées 83. grifolia Muschl.)
1817 and Murray, N.A. “Revision of Cymbopetalum and
Venezuela. Herb
Porcelia (Annonaceae).” Systematic Botany Monographs 40:
1–121. 1993. See Histoire de l’académie royale des sciences. Avec les
mémoires de mathématique & de physique 1750: 377–378.
Porcelia macrocarpa (Warm.) R.E. Fr. (Porcelia goyazensis
1754, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 8-, 28. 1760, Nova
R.E. Fr.; Porcelia macrocarpa R.E. Fr.; Uvaria macrocarpa
Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 110. 1788,
Warm.; Uvaria macrocarpa Vahl ex DC.) Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 43: 56.
South America. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5:
648. 1836, Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle
See Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: 489. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 2: 441. 1838, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 6: 64.
1817], Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk 1896, Symbolae Antillarum 1(3): 468. 1899 and Proceedings
Forening i Kjøbenhavn 10: 142. 1874, Acta Horti Bergiani of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49(8): 509.
10(1): 31–33. 1930–31, Planta Medica 73(3): 292–295. 2007 1913, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
(Antifungal from the branches.) schichte und Pflanzengeographie 50(2/3, Beibl. 111): 77.
1913, University of Kansas Science Bulletin 48(7): 233. 1969,
Madroño 20(5): 255. 1970, Amer. J. Bot. 62: 1100–1103.
Porophyllum Adans. Asteraceae 1975, Amer. J. Bot. 66: 173–178. 1979, Amer. J. Bot. 86(7):
1003–1013. 1999
Greek poros ‘opening, pore’ and phyllon ‘leaf’, referring
to the appearance of the gland-dotted leaves, see Species (Leaf decoction for stomach complaints, nausea during men-
Plantarum 2: 834. 1753, Histoire de l’académie royale des struation. A snakebite remedy, antispasmodic, sudorific. Eye
sciences. Avec les mémoires de mathématique & de physique wash for children.)
1750: 377–378. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 122. 1763, in Curaçao: mampuritu
Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second edition] 43:
56. 1826, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
5: 649. 1836. Portulaca L. Portulacaceae
Porophyllum gracile Benth. (Porophyllum caesium Casar.; Latin portulaca, porcilaca, porcillaca, name used by Plinius
Porophyllum caesium Greene, nom. illeg.; Porophyllum and Marcus Terentius Varro et al. for Portulaca oleracea L.,
cedrense Rose & Standl. ex Rydb.; Porophyllum confertum etymology uncertain, possibly from Latin portula, ae, the
Greene; Porophyllum confertum var. ochroleucum (Rydb.) diminutive of porta, ae ‘a door, gate’, referring to the cap-
I.M. Johnst.; Porophyllum junciforme Greene; Porophyllum sules, or from porcus, referring to the female organs; see
leucospermum Greene; Porophyllum nodosum M.E. Jones; Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 445–446. 1753, Genera
Porophyllum ochroleucum Rydb.; Porophyllum pinifolium Plantarum. Ed. 5. 204. 1754, Florae Lusitanicae et Brasiliensis
Rydb.; Porophyllum vaseyi Greene) Specimen 35, t. 2 f. 15. 1788, Genera Plantarum 312. 1789,
Mexico, USA. Elementa botanica … 2: 382. 1790, Genera Plantarum 949.
1840, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
See The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 29–30. 1844 Handwörterbuch. 723. 1852 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 207–
and Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 2(8): 214. 1946, Anales Museo Nacional Montevideo, ser. 2 7(3):
154–156. 1911, North American Flora 34: 189, 192. 1916, 1–147. 1962, C.T. Onions, The Oxford Dictionary of English
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series Etymology. Oxford University Press 1966, Ernest Weekley, An
4, 12: 1209. 1924, Contributions to Western Botany 18: 82. Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1174. New York
1933, Taxon 25: 483–500. 1976, Amer. J. Bot. 64: 680–686. 1967, Matthews, J.F. and P.A. Levins. “The genus Portulaca in
1977, Sida 17(1): 259–263. 1996 the southeastern United States.” Castanea 50: 96–104. 1985,
Flora de Veracruz 51: 1–38. 1986, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande
(Stem infusion as a remedy for colds and for a difficult deliv-
dizionario della lingua italiana. XIII: 893, 996. Torino 1986,
ery. Roots infusion to cure toothache and diarrhea.)
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2180–2183.
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. (Cacalia porophyllum 2001, Flora de la región del Parque Nacional Amboró Bolivia
L.; Cacalia ruderalis (Jacq.) Sw.; Kleinia porophyllum (L.) 2: 1–209. 2004, Biodiversidad del estado de Tabasco Cap. 4:
Willd.; Kleinia ruderalis Jacq.; Porophyllum ellipticum Cass.; 65–110. 2005. The ingestion of purslane may have a protec-
Porophyllum latifolium Benth.; Porophyllum macroceph- tive effect against oxidative stress caused by vitamin A defi-
alum DC.; Porophyllum oblanceolatum Rusby; Porophyllum ciency. Many authors have shown Portulaca oleracea to have
porophyllum (L.) Kuntze; Porophyllum ruderale subsp. the highest content of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants of
macrocephalum (DC.) R.R. Johnson; Porophyllum ruderale any green leafy vegetable examined to date.
Portulaca L. Portulacaceae 3053

Portulaca foliosa Ker-Gawl. (Portulaca fischeri Pax var. from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85(3): 2180–2183. 2001,
robusta Poelln.; Portulaca foliosa DC., nom. illeg.) Ann. Nutr. Metab. 48(4): 288–295. 2004
Ghana. Herb, erect or decumbent, leaves succulent (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Whole plant juice
given to children to get rid of hookworms; eaten in scurvy
See Species Plantarum 1: 445–446. 1753, Botanical Register;
and diseases of lungs, liver and kidney. The extract of stem
consisting of coloured … 1: t. 793. 1825
applied on skin against burning sensation and prickly heat.
(Poultice to treat boils.) Leaves slightly acidic used as refrigerant, antidote, purifier,
anti-scorbutic, astringent, in dysuria, irritation of bladder,
Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulaca aurea Hort. ex DC.; hematuria, hemoptysis and gonorrhea; herb teas for intestinal
Portulaca consanguinea Schltdl.; Portulaca intermedia worms. Black granulated seeds used as a demulcent, astrin-
Link ex Schltdl.; Portulaca laevis Buch-Ham.; Portulaca gent, diuretic and vermifuge; powdered seeds spread or the
marginata Kunth; Portulaca mundula I.M. Johnst.; seed smoke diffused inside the homes or huts to repel away
Portulaca neglecta Mack. & Bush; Portulaca officina- insects, bugs and mice.)
rum Crantz; Portulaca oleracea subsp. granulatostellulata
(Poelln.) Danin & H.G. Baker; Portulaca oleracea subsp. in English: children’s spinach, common purslane, garden
nicaraguensis Danin & H.G. Baker; Portulaca oleracea purslane, jump up and kiss me, little hogweed, money plant,
L. subsp. sylvestris (DC.) Thell.; Portulaca oleracea var. pigweed, portulaca, purslane, pursley, pussley
granulatostellulata Poelln.; Portulaca oleracea var. mac- in Italian: porcachia, porcacchia, porcellana, procacchia,
rantha Eggers; Portulaca oleracea L. var. opposita Poelln.; purciddana
Portulaca oleracea var. parvifolia (Haw.) Griseb.; Portulaca
oleracea L. var. sylvestris DC.; Portulaca olitoria Pall.; in Arabic: bleibsha, blibcha, farfah, farfena, rashad, rigla
Portulaca parvifolia Haw.; Portulaca pilosa L.; Portulaca in Rodrigues Isl.: pourpier, pourpier rouge
pilosa L. var. mundula (I.M. Johnst.) D. Legrand; Portulaca
pusilla Kunth; Portulaca retusa Engelm.; Portulaca suffru- in Congo: baselesele, poli, selesele
ticosa Thw.; Portulaca viridis Hort. ex DC.) in East Africa: akalitete, danga danga, eleketete, gatumia,
obwanda, ssezzira
Cosmopolitan. Annual, short-lived herb, variable, succulent,
prostrate or semi-prostrate, many-branched, flowers solitary in Ghana: adwera, adwere, afla, aflatokpui, deviwo fe ama,
in leaf axils or in terminal clusters, fruit a spherical capsule, hleyu, mle yumu, zinerigu, zinyurigu
leaves eaten raw, fodder for cows and camels, currently it is
in Kenya: ekaletelete, elete, engaiyagut, gatumia, kamama,
fed to poultry to reduce egg cholesterol, cooked and eaten as
kamumama, kelpomough, kinyukwi, litoto-lia-bamia,
a vegetable, liked by baboons
mwere, nturmayei, obwanda, tumeighio, tumeiw’o
See Species Plantarum 1: 445–446. 1753, Synopsis planta-
in Swaziland: silele
rum succulentarum … 122. 1812, Nova Genera et Species
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 72–73. 1823, Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: in Tanzania: danga-danga, engaiyagut, tako-da-hasani,
154. 1850, Linnaea 24: 693. 1851, Botanische Zeitung. Berlin tako-la-hasani
11(38): 667. 1853, Flora of the British West Indian Islands in West Africa: arata yace, ma kil ma-aro, tondo wolii
57. 1864, FBI 1: 246. 1874, The Flora of St. Croix and the
Virgin Islands 27. 1879 and Transactions of the Academy in Yoruba: akorelowo, papasan, segunsete, semolese
of Science of St. Louis 12(7): 81–82. 1902, La flore adven- in Zulu: amalenyane
tice de Montpellier 222. 1912, Occasional Papers of the
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 12(9): 5. 1936, Journal of in South America: kotspu, llutu-llutu, llutuyuyu, nocuana
the Arnold Arboretum 29(2): 195–196. 1948, Blumea 17: 292. ceeche, verdolaga, zeeche
1969, Israel Journal of Botany 27(3–4): 186–187, 189–194, f. in Bhutan: phagpa jakpo
1, 3–8, 11–14, 16–17. 1978 [1979], Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New
Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. in China: ma chih hsien, ma chi xian
1980, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 13: 217–222. 1983, in India: ab khurfa siyah murrawaq, bachale soppu, bada
Kromosomo 41: 1255–1262. 1986, Proceedings of the Indian lania, badi noni, baglatulhumqa, baqlat-ul-fathima, baqlat-
Science Congress Association 74(3,VI): 175. 1987, Systematic ul-hamqa, baqlat-ul-laina, baqlat-ul-mubark, baqlat-ul-
Botany 15: 370–377. 1990, Proceedings of the Indian Science mutlaqa, baqlat-ul-zahar, baqlatul humqa, bara laniya, bara
Congress Association 79(3:VIII): 132–133. 1992, Investigatio lonia, baralaniya, baraloniya, baralunia, bhuigholi, bod-
et Studium Naturae 12: 48–65. 1992, Rhodora 95: 177. dupavilikoora, boddupavilikura, boondaqi, boondqi, brh-
1993, Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 23: 71–96. 1993, allonika, brhatloni, brihalloni, brihallonika, budagora,
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 80(2): 87–90. buklut-ul-kukema, buklutulkukema, chhotalunia, cholza,
1995, Fl. Ecuad. 55: 46. 1996, Journal of Cytology and daliara, dodda goni soppu, dodda gonisoppu, doddagoni
Genetics 34(1): 9–13. 1999, Monographs in Systematic Botany soppu, duda-gorai, dudagorai, fafees, ganga paavilikoora,
3054 Portulaca L. Portulacaceae

gangapavilikura, ghoi, gholbhaji, ghole, gholika, ghotika, Portulaca parvula A. Gray; Portulaca pilosa fo. mexicana
gol-golchi-bhaji, golisoppu, gonikasa, han-thai, irattarputak- D. Legrand; Portulaca pilosa var. mundula (I.M. Johnst.)
kirai, kara-tsjira, kariccira, karikkirai, karpakantakkirai, kar- D. Legrand; Portulaca pilosa var. setacea DC.; Portulaca
pakantam, kherefeh, khurfa, khurfah, khurfekasag, khursa, sedoides Spruce ex Rohrb.; Portulaca teretifolia Kunth)
kirigoli, kolikkirai, kolikkurumpan, kolikkurumpankirai,
SE Asia. Prostrate woolly herb, terete stems, small red flow-
koluppa, koluppaccira, koricchira, koshi keerai, kotakam,
kourfa kara, kozuppa, kulfa, kulfo, kuravaki, kuravakikki- ers surrounded by long hairs, subglobose capsule, many
rai, kurfah, kurfakara, kutbo, leipak-kundo, lona, loni, lonia, black shining seeds, highly variable species, whole plant as
lonika, lunia, luniakulfah, luniya, lunkha, lunuk, lunya, vegetable
mhotighol, motighol, motiluni, muncha, munya, myay-pyit- See Species Plantarum 1: 445–446. 1753, Nova Genera
ywet, nicakarakkirai, nicakaram, noniya, nonkha, nuchhu et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 73–74. 1823, Index
goli palya, nunia, pacalai, pappu kura, pappukoor aaku, pap- Seminum [St. Petersburg] 11: supp. 60–61. 1846, Calques
pukoora, pappukura, parpukire, parukire, paruppu keerai, des Dessins de la Flore du Mexique 389. 1874, Proceedings
paruppu kirai, paruppu-k-kirai, paruppukeerai, paruppuk- of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 22(2): 274.
kirai, paruppuukkirai, parupukkirai, passalakkirai, pedda 1887 and Publications of the Field Columbian Museum,
pavali kura, pedda pavilikoora, peddapavila kura, peddapa- Botanical Series 2: 299. 1909, Fl. Trinidad & Tobago 50.
vilikura, peddapuvilakura, pulikkirai, punnacakkirai, pun- 1928, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
nakam, qalfaa, qarfaa, rajala, ram jata, siyah, suvandacheera, 37(14–20): 257–258. 1934, Repertorium Specierum Novarum
talvari, talvarikkirai, tirehkhurfeh, tork, tukhm-i-khurfa, Regni Vegetabilis 50(6–12): 93–94. 1941, Journal of the
tukhm-i-khurfa-i-siyah, tukhm khurfa, tukhm khurfa siyah, Arnold Arboretum 29(2): 195–196. 1948, Anales Museo
tukhm khurja siyah, tukhme khurfa, tulkhm-i-khurfa, turk, Nacional Montevideo, ser. 2 7(3): 82. 1962, Blumea 17:
turuk, upodika, urfaj, urfajain, vayalai kodi 292, 294. 1969, Taxon 36: 661. 1987, Systematic Botany
in Japan: suberi-hiyu 15: 370–377. 1990, Association of Southeastern Biologists
Bulletin 38: 106. 1991, Sida 15(1): 71–89. 1992, Association
Malayan names: gelang, gelang pasir, rumput beremi, segan
of Southeastern Biologists Bulletin 39: 77–78. 1992, Korean
jantan
Journal of Plant Taxonomy 23: 71–96. 1993, Fl. Ecuad. 55:
in Okinawa: ninbutukâ 46. 1996
in Pakistan: khurfa, kulfe ka sag, lunak, salunak (Leaves intensely bitter, diuretic, cooling, stomachic and
emmenagogue. Boils in the groin, make a poultice of it along
in Philippines: alusiman, ausiman, bakbakad, dupdupil, gola-
with Monochoria vaginalis and turmeric.)
siman, gulasiman, kolasiman, lungum, ngalug, olasiman,
sahihan, sahikan, ulisiman in China: mao ma chi xian
in Vietnam: ma xi hien, rau sam in India: boddakoora, gedde geni soppu, koli mulaiyan, koli
in Australia: common pigweed, common purslane, muny- munaiyan, mukkuli keerai, mukkuli-kirai, mukkulik-kirai,
eroo (Aboriginal name in Central Australia) mukkulikkirai

in Hawaii: ‘ihi, ‘akulikuli kula, ‘akulikuli lau li’i Malay name: penawar

Portulaca oleracea L. var. sativa DC. (Portulaca oleracea Portulaca pilosa Linnaeus subsp. pilosa (Portulaca tuberosa
var. sativa (Haw.) DC.) Roxb.)

India. Pantropical. Perennial, reddish stem, many-branched, petals

purplish to reddish, shiny capsules, granulate seeds
See Species Plantarum 1: 445–446. 1753, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 3: 43. 1828, See Hort. Bengal. 91. 1814, Fl. Ind. ii. 464. 1832, Fl. Brit.
Landwirthschaftliche Flora 111. 1866 India 1: 246. 1875 and Blumea 17: 295. 1969, Fl. Malesiana
1, 7: 131. 1971
(Refrigerant, anti-scorbutic, astringent.)
(Boils in the groin, make a poultice of it along with
in Pakistan: kulfe ka sag Monochoria vaginalis and turmeric.)
Portulaca pilosa Linnaeus (Portulaca ehrenbergii Poelln.; Malay name: penawar
Portulaca eriophora Casar.; Portulaca foliosa DC., nom.
illeg., non Portulaca foliosa Ker Gawl.; Portulaca gaga- Portulaca quadrifida L. (Illecebrum verticillatum Burm.
tosperma Millsp.; Portulaca karwinskii Fisch. & E. Mey.; f.; Meridiana quadrifida Poir.; Portulaca anceps A. Rich.;
Portulaca lanata Rich.; Portulaca lanuginosa Crantz; Portulaca diptera Zipp. ex Sparo; Portulaca formosana
Portulaca lanuginosa Kunth; Portulaca mundula I.M. (Hayata) Hayata; Portulaca geniculata Royle; Portulaca
Johnston; Portulaca oleracea L.; Portulaca papulosa Schltdl. linifolia Forssk.; Portulaca meridiana L.f.; Portulaca micro-
ex Poelln., nom. illeg., non Portulaca papulosa Schltdl.; phylla A. Rich.; Portulaca quadrifida var. formosana Hayata;
Potalia Aublet Gentianaceae (Loganiaceae, Potaliaceae, Potalieae) 3055

Portulaca quadrifida var. meridiana DC.; Portulaca repens in Tanzania: kinyorwe

Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.; Portulaca walteriana Poelln.)
Portulaca rubricaulis Kunth (Portulaca phaeosperma Urb.)
East Africa. Herb, short-living, prostrate or decumbent,
Venezuela.
creeping, rooting at nodes, fleshy ovate leaves in opposite
pairs, yellow flowers terminal solitary, globose capsules See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.)
or obovoid, minute seeds laterally compressed, leaves and [H.B.K.] 6: 73. 1823 and Symbolae Antillarum (Urban). 4(2):
young shoots eaten raw, eaten by cattle, camels, donkeys, 233. 1905, Castanea 50(2): 96–104. 1985, Fl. Ecuador. 55:
goats and sheep 28–53. 1996
See Species Plantarum 1: 445–446. 1753, Mantissa (Infusion for tight bowels; also a baby’s tea.)
Plantarum 1: 73. 1767, Supplementum Plantarum 248. 1781, Portulaca tuberosa Roxb.
Histoire Physique, Politique et Naturelle de l’Ile de Cuba
… Botanique—Plantes Vasculaires 620. 1845 and Journal of West Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Peninsular India. It is distin-
the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30(1): guished from the closely allied, Australian, Portulaca napi-
37. 1911, Fl. Malesiana 1, 7: 127. 1971, Kromosomo 41: formis F. Muell. by its long stipular and involucral hairs and
1255–1262. 1986, Taxon 36: 661. 1987 comparatively longer flowers and fruit

(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Portulaca quadrifida See Fl. Ind. 2: 464. 1824, Diet. Econ. Prod. Ind. 6(1): 331.
may contain oxalates in toxic quantities, which may cause 1892, Fl. Ceylon 1: 89. 1893
death in livestock. Whole plant cooling, for wounds, burns, (Used in Sidha. Seeds used as a vermifuge. The fresh acidic
boils, ulcer, skin diseases. Leaves diuretic, cooling, used leaves are used in dysuria and externally applied in erysipelas.)
in dysuria and externally applied in erysipelas; leaf paste
applied on burns, pimples and ulcers; juice of the plant a rem- in India: mukkulikkirai, safed mushali
edy for skin diseases; leaves eaten as vegetable in stomach in Pakistan: lunak, jangli gajar
disorders. Seeds used as a vermifuge.)
Portulaca wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (Portulaca
in English: chickenweed, single-flowered purslane, small- wightiana Wall. & G. Don; Portulaca wightiana Wall.)
leaved purslane, ten o’clock plant
India.
in China: si ban ma chi xian
See Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis [Wight
in India: antaratecarikkoti, antarattecari, bachhale soppu, & Arn.] 356. 1834, Gen. Hist. 3: 75. 1834 and Repert. Spec.
baglatulaarabbiyah, baglatulyamaniyah, baqlatul-aarabbi- Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 314, descr. 1934
yah, baqlatul-yamaniyah, baralunia, bhumy gol, bhuyigola,
(Whole plant juice drunk to reduce body heat.)
budelut-ul-mobarik, budelutulmubarik, chaulayi, chaunlayi,
chooti lodda, chota luniya, chotaluniya, chotki-lonia, cirupa- in India: passalaikkirai
calai, cokkali, goddupaavili koora, goddupavili, goni soppu,
gonisoppu, haali dajjili, haalu bachhale, haalu bachhali, hali
bachchele, halibachcheli, ilaippacalai, ilaippacali, kathe Potalia Aublet Gentianaceae
chanval, kathechanval, khatechawal, kotippacalai, kshudrag- (Loganiaceae, Potaliaceae, Potalieae)
holika, kura, laghughonika, laghulonika, leipak-kundo, loni, Greek poton ‘drink, drinking water’, leaves and green stems
lonia, lonika, loniya, loonia, mantotayakkaratimuli, mara- used in a very bitter and regurgitive herbal tea, Latin potare
imuli, mukkili, mukkuli, nelatsjira, nilicam, nunisak, nuniya, “to drink”, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise
oopadykee, otunkani, otunkanikkirai, pacalai, pacarai, pas- 1: 394, t. 151. 1775, Genera Plantarum 1: 283. 1789, Journal
alai, pasalai keerai, pasarai, pasarai keerai, passalaikkirai, of Linnean Society of London, Botany 1: 52–115. 1857 and
passelie keeray, passelikkirai, passraikeeray, pavanatamatu, Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Series 18 (part
pavili, payalaaku, payalaku, payviri, payvirikkoti, ped- 3): 919–929. 1938, Caldasia 15: 71–91. 1986, James A.
dapaavili, peddapavili, pikan, ram-jata, ranghol, sanna goni, Duke and Rodolfo Vasquez, Amazonian Ethnobotanical
sannapappu, sannapayal aaku, saunapailkoora, saunapappu, Dictionary. CRC Press. 1994, Cladistics 10: 175–206.
saunapavili, sinnaparpukkirai, sinnaparupukkirai, siruppas- 1995[1995], Schultes, R.E. and R.F. Raffauf. The Healing
saraikkirai, soin-pappu-kirai, sunapailkura, taraippacali, Forest: Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest
upadyki, uram, vacalai Amazonia. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Or. 1995, Harvard
Papers in Botany 3: 63–71, 181–197. 1998, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Malay name: rumput segan
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): 1235–1239. 2001, Jensen, S.R.
in Pakistan: chota nunya, lunki buti, nunya ka sag and J. Shripsema. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of
Gentianaceae. Pp. 573–632 in Gentianaceae—Systematics
in Ghana: asaseneabo, tuomobo
and Natural History, eds. L. Struwe and V.A. Albert.
in Kenya: echadae Cambridge. 2002, Syst. Bot. 29(3): 670–701. 2004.
3056 Potamogeton L. Potamogetonaceae

Potalia amara Aubl. (Nicandra amara (Aubl.) Gmel.; See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … (Martius) 2: 90,
Nicandra amara J.F. Gmel.; Potalia amara Desf.) t. 170. 1826, Flora Brasiliensis [Martius] 6(1): 268. 1868 and
Systematic Botany 29(3): 687–691. 2004
Guianas, Brazil. Treelet or shrub, stiff leaves, flowers are
borne in clusters at the top of the stem, round fruits, bitter (Leaves applied as a snakebite remedy.)
taste
Common names: curarina, sacha curarina
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 394, pl.
Potalia turbinata Struwe & V.A. Albert
151. 1775, Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis]. 2(1): 677. 1791, Cat. Pl. Horti
Paris. ed. 3, 127. 1829 and Planta Medica 71(10): 977–979. Costa Rica. Shrub
2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133(2): 917–921. 2011
See Systematic Botany 29(3): 691–693. 2004
(Antimalarial, sudorific, analgesic, bitter, emmenagogue,
(Sedative.)
to treat abscess, ophtalmia and venereal diseases, jaundice,
urethritis, poisoning, venomous ant stings, cassava poison Potalia yanamonoensis Struwe & V.A. Albert
antidote. A snakebite remedy. Doctrine of Signatures usage.) Peru. Small trees
Common names: anilapouie, bokokini See Systematic Botany 29(3): 693–694. 2004
Potalia chocoensis Struwe & V.A. Albert (Colombia: Chocó) (To treat abscess and venereal diseases.)
Colombia. Treelet
See Systematic Botany 29(3): 677, 679. 2004
Potamogeton L. Potamogetonaceae
(Analgesic.)
Potamogeiton, from the Greek potamos and geiton ‘a neigh-
Potalia coronata Struwe & V.A. Albert bour’, a neighbour of the river, referring to the aquatic natural
habitat; Plinius applied Latin potamogeton and potamogiton
Brazil, western Amazonia. Tree and shrub, small trees
to a water-plant, pondweed, water-milfoil; see Carl Linnaeus
See Systematic Botany 29(3): 679–681. 2004 (1707–1778), Species Plantarum. 1: 126–127. 1753, Genera
Plantarum. Ed. 5. 61. 1754, Florula belgica, opera majoris
(A snakebite remedy.)
prodromus, auctore … 163. 1827, Icones florae germanicae
Common names: curarina, sacha curarina et helveticae 7: 10. 1845 and N. Amer. Fl. 17(1): 14. 1909,
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 68–73. 1958, Fl. Canada 2: 93–545.
Potalia crassa Struwe & V.A. Albert
1978[1979], Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 13–15. 1994, Novon 6(4): 389.
Colombia: Chocó. Treelet 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2183–
2184. 2001, Fl. Neotrop. 85: 1–52. 2003.
See Systematic Botany 29(3): 681, 684. 2004
Potamogeton crispus L. (Potamogeton crispus Laterr.;
(To treat abscess, ophtalmia and venereal diseases.)
Potamogeton crispus Darl.)
Potalia elegans Struwe & V.A. Albert
Europe, India. Herb, rootstock used as vegetable
Colombia. Tree or small tree
See Species Plantarum 1: 126. 1753 and Bull. Bot. Soc.
See Harvard Papers in Botany 3(2): 185, f. 2. 1998 Bengal 34: 83–88. 1980, Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 25:
57–77. 1983, Taxon 35: 563–573. 1986, Bull. Bot. Gard.
(For venereal diseases.)
Toyama 37: 1–6. 1998
Common names: palo de mato, temblador
(Plants as blood purifier.)
Potalia maguireorum Struwe & V.A. Albert (after the
in English: crispate-leaf pondweed, crispate-leaved pond-
American botanist Bassett Maguire, 1904–1991, explorer,
weed, curled pondweed, curly-leaf pondweed, curly muck-
plant collector, from 1943 New York Botanical Garden, and
weed, curly pond-weed, curly pondweed, pondweed
his wife Celia.)
in South Africa: fonteingraskruid, krulblaarfonteinkruid
Brazil, Venezuela, Amazonas. Small tree or shrub
in China: zu cao
See Harvard Papers in Botany 3(2): 189, f. 3. 1998
in Japan: ebi-mo
(Antiinflammatory, febrifuge, a snakebite remedy.)
Potamogeton gramineus L. (Potamogeton gramineus f.
Potalia resinifera Mart. (Potalia amara var. resinifera
gramineus; Potamogeton gramineus fo. maximus Morong
(Mart.) Progel)
ex Bennett; Potamogeton gramineus subsp. heterophyllus
Brazil. Shrubs or treelets (Schreb.) Schinz & R. Keller; Potamogeton gramineus var.
Potamogeton L. Potamogetonaceae 3057

graminifolius Fr.; Potamogeton gramineus var. maximus sinicus Migo; Potamogeton teganumensis (Makino) Makino;
Morong ex A. Benn.; Potamogeton gramineus var. myrio- Potamogeton volhynicus Besser ex Roem. & Schult.;
phyllus J.W. Robbins; Potamogeton gramineus var. typicus Potamogeton zizii Mert. & W.D.J. Koch; Potamogeton zizii
Ogden; Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb.; Potamogeton Koch ex Roth; Potamogeton zizii f. pulcherrimus Hagstr.;
heterophyllus auct. non Schreb.; Potamogeton heterophyllus Potamogeton zizii var. gracilis A. Benn.; Potamogeton zizii
fo. myriophyllus (J.W. Robbins) Morong; Potamogeton wolf- var. porrectifolius A. Benn.; Spirillus lucens (L.) Nieuwl.)
gangii Kihlm.)
India, Philippines.
British Columbia. Perennial, aquatic or semi-terrestrial herb,
See Species Plantarum 1: 126. 1753 and Annuaire Conserv.
strong rhizomes, stems freely branched, submersed leaves
Jard. Bot. Genève 9: 94. 1905, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 19: 142.
narrowly lanceolate not clasping the stem, floating leaves
different from the submersed ones, inflorescence spikelike, 1905, Pflanzenr., IV, 11: 79, 81, 83. 1907, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)
lakes, lake margins, ponds in peat bogs, ditches and slowly 26: 122. 1912, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., n.s.,
flowing streams and rivers 55(5): 214. 1916, J. Shanghai Sci. Inst., Sect. III 3: 1. 1934,
J. Jap. Bot. 60: 238. 1985, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 33: 241–
See Species Plantarum 1: 126–127. 1753, Spicilegium Florae 316. 1998
Lipsicae 21. 1771, A Manual of Botany of the Northern
United States (ed. 5) 487. 1867, Journal of Botany, British (Rootstock tonic, astringent, nutritious.)
and Foreign 19: 241. 1881, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical in English: shining pondweed
Club 3(2): 24. 1893 and N. Amer. Fl. 17(1): 14. 1909, Mem.
Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s. 17: 1–183. 1932, Rhodora 45: 57–105, in China: guang ye yan zi cai
119–163, 171–214. 1943, Rhodora 76: 564–649. 1975, Potamogeton natans L. (Buccaferrea natans (L.) Bubani;
Rhodora 78: 650–673. 1976, Sida 11: 173–188. 1985, Flora Buccaferrea variifolia (Thore) Bubani; Potamogeton affi-
Neotropica 85: 1–52. 2003 nis Boenn. ex Cham. & Schlecht.; Potamogeton besseri
(High phenolic acid content.) Steud.; Potamogeton natans subsp. kirkii (Syme) Nyman;
Potamogeton natans subsp. petiolatus (Wolfg.) K. Richt.;
in English: grass-leaved pondweed, grassy pondweed, varia- Potamogeton gramineus subsp. variifolius (Thore) Nyman;
bleleaf pondweed, various-leaved pondweed Potamogeton kirkii Syme; Potamogeton morongii A.
in China: he ye yan zi cai Benn.; Potamogeton natans var. major W.D.J. Koch & Ziz;
Potamogeton natans var. petiolaris Nyman; Potamogeton
Potamogeton lucens L. (Buccaferrea lucida Bubani; natans var. petiolatus (Wolfg.) Nyman; Potamogeton natans
Potamogeton acuminatus Schumach.; Potamogeton ameri- var. minor Hook.f., nom. illeg.; Potamogeton paludosus
canus Roem. & Schult.; Potamogeton angustifolius Bercht. Bory ex Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton petiolaris C. Presl,
& J. Presl ex Opiz; Potamogeton caudatus Seidl ex Opiz; nom. illeg.; Potamogeton petiolatus Wolfg.; Potamogeton
Potamogeton coriaceus (Nolte ex Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) plantago T. Bastard; Potamogeton polygonifolius var. par-
Fryer; Potamogeton corniculatus Schur; Potamogeton cor- nassiifolius (Schrad. ex Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) Nyman;
nutus J. Presl & C. Presl; Potamogeton dentatus Hagstr.; Potamogeton samariformis Hagstr.; Potamogeton spargani-
Potamogeton gaudichaudii Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton ifolius Bab., nom. illeg.; Potamogeton uliginosus Boenn. ex
gramineus subsp. zizii (Mert. & W.D.J. Koch) K. Richt.; Cham. & Schlecht.; Potamogeton × fluitans var. petiolatus
Potamogeton lanceolatus Eichw., nom. illeg.; Potamogeton (Wolfg.) Nyman; Spirillus natans (L.) Nieuwl.)
lindenbergii Lehm. ex Graebn.; Potamogeton longifolius
J. Gay ex Poir.; Potamogeton lucens f. longifolius (J. Gay North America, Temp. & Subtrop. Northern Hemisphere.
ex Poir.) Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton lucens subsp. Perennial herb
brasiliensis A. Benn.; Potamogeton lucens subsp. macro- See Delic. Prag.: 151. 1822, Linnaea 2: 216. 1827, Nomencl.
phyllus (Wolfg.) Nyman; Potamogeton lucens subsp. sini- Bot., ed. 2, 2: 384. 1841, Engl. Bot., ed. 3, 9: 31. 1869, Consp.
cus (Migo) H. Hara; Potamogeton lucens subsp. vaginans Fl. Eur.: 681–682. 1882, Consp. Fl. Eur., Suppl. 2: 286. 1890
Bojer ex A. Benn.; Potamogeton lucens subsp. zizii (Mert. and J. Bot. 42: 145. 1904, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 16. 1913,
& W.D.J. Koch) Nyman; Potamogeton lucens subsp. zizii
Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., n.s., 55(5): 166. 1916
(Koch ex Roth) Nyman; Potamogeton lucens var. acumi-
natus (Schumach.) Fr.; Potamogeton lucens var. coriaceus (Decoction of plant taken as ceremonial emetic.)
Nolte ex Mert. & W.D.J. Koch; Potamogeton lucens var.
in English: floating pondweed
fluitans Coss. & Germ.; Potamogeton lucens var. longifolius
(J. Gay ex Poir.) Crép.; Potamogeton lucens var. teganumen- Potamogeton nodosus Poir. (Potamogeton america-
sis Makino; Potamogeton lucens var. zizii (Koch ex Roth) nus Cham. & Schltdl., nom. illeg.; Potamogeton ameri-
Asch.; Potamogeton lucidus Gueldenst.; Potamogeton mac- canus subsp. mascarensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) A. Benn.;
rophyllus Wolfg.; Potamogeton nitens Willd. ex Cham. & Potamogeton americanus var. novaeboracensis (Morong)
Schltdl., nom. illeg.; Potamogeton proteus Cham. & Schltdl.; A. Benn.; Potamogeton americanus var. thunbergii (Cham.
Potamogeton rotundifolius Schultz, nom. illeg.; Potamogeton & Schltdl.) A. Benn.; Potamogeton canariensis Link;
3058 Potamogeton L. Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton × fluitans f. brevifolius G. Fisch.; Potamogeton (Used in Sidha. Leaf pasted with hot water to treat cuts and
× fluitans f. congestus G. Fisch.; Potamogeton × fluitans f. wounds. Rootstock tonic, astringent, nutritious.)
latifolius G. Fisch.; Potamogeton × fluitans f. spathulifolius
in India: allikkilanku, alliyakkilanku, ammatti, citti, cit-
G. Fisch.; Potamogeton × fluitans proles mascarensis (Cham.
tikkilanku, elakkotti, elakkottikkilanku, kanmaykkilanku,
& Schltdl.) Graebn.; Potamogeton × fluitans proles novaebo-
kanmaykkotti, kopapattiram, kothe gida, kottaimulam, kotti,
racensis (Morong) Graebn.; Potamogeton × fluitans proles kotti-k-kilanku, kotti kizhangu, kottikkilanku, kottikkizhangu,
syriacus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Graebn.; Potamogeton × fluitans lottirakkilanku, lottiram, metuvacakkilanku, metuvacam,
proles thunbergii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Graebn.; Potamogeton naiciyakkotti, naiciyam, namma dumpa, nanna puvvumokka,
× fluitans subsp. americanus Graebn.; Potamogeton × flui- nava dumpa, neeru balli, neeru kasa, paraikilangu, parua-
tans var. robustus Tab. Morais; Potamogeton × fluitans kelangu, utumparacitakkilanku, utumparacitam
var. stagnatilis W.D.J. Koch; Potamogeton fluitans subsp.
americanus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Graebn.; Potamogeton flui- in Japan: sasa-ba-mo
tans var. novaeboracensis (Morong) Graebn.; Potamogeton in Sri Lanka: kekatiya
gaudichaudii Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton indicus Roxb.,
nom. illeg.; Potamogeton insulanus Hagstr.; Potamogeton Potamogeton octandrus Poir. (Hydrogeton heterophyllus
leschenaultii Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton lonchites Lour.; Potamogeton asiaticus A. Benn.; Potamogeton hubei-
Tuck.; Potamogeton lonchites var. novaeboracensis Morong; ensis W.X. Wang; Potamogeton huillensis Welw. ex Schinz,
Potamogeton machianus Lowe ex Graebn.; Potamogeton nom. inval.; Potamogeton javanicus Hassk.; Potamogeton
malaianus Miq.; Potamogeton mascarensis Cham. & limosellifolius Maxim. ex Korsh.; Potamogeton miduhi-
Schltdl.; Potamogeton mexicanus A. Benn.; Potamogeton kimo Makino; Potamogeton octandrus subsp. limosellifolius
montanus C. Presl; Potamogeton natans f. capensis Kunth; (Maxim. ex Korsh.) Vorosch.; Potamogeton octandrus var.
Potamogeton natans var. canariensis (Link) T. Durand & asiaticus (A. Benn.) Tzvelev; Potamogeton octandrus var.
Schinz; Potamogeton natans var. capensis T. Durand & limosellifolius (Maxim. ex Korsh.) Tzvelev; Potamogeton
octandrus var. minduhikimo (Makino) Hara; Potamogeton
Schinz, nom. illeg.; Potamogeton natans var. mexicana M.
parvifolius Buchenau; Potamogeton tenuicaulis F. Muell.)
Martens & Galeotti; Potamogeton natans var. serotinus
(Schrad. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Boiss.; Potamogeton nodosus Tropics, subtropics, Old World. Aquatic herb rooting in fresh
f. angustissimus Hagstr.; Potamogeton nodosus f. brevifo- water, submerged, densely tufted, leaves floating, green and
lius (G. Fisch.) Soó; Potamogeton nodosus f. congestus (G. brown inflorescence above water surface
Fisch.) Soó; Potamogeton nodosus f. latifolius (G. Fisch.)
See Fl. Cochinch.: 244. 1790, Encyclopédie Méthodique.
Soó; Potamogeton nodosus f. spathulifolius (G. Fisch.)
Botanique … Supplément 4: 534. 1816, Acta Societatis Regiae
Soó; Potamogeton nodosus var. stagnatilis (W.D.J. Koch)
Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae 1(8): 26. 1856, Fragmenta
Soó; Potamogeton nuttallii var. portoricensis (Graebn.)
Phytographiae Australiae 1: 90, 244. 1858, Abhandlungen
Graebn.; Potamogeton occidentalis Sieber ex Cham. & herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu
Schltdl.; Potamogeton owaihiensis Cham. & Schltdl.; Bremen 7: 32. 1880, Illus. Fl. Japan 1(9): 2, t. 54. 1891,
Potamogeton pennsylvanicus var. portoricensis Graebn.; Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft
Potamogeton peruviana C. Presl; Potamogeton rotundatus 1: 61. 1891 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin
Hagstr.; Potamogeton roxburghianus Schult. & Schult.f.; Botaniques de Genève 9: 103. 1905, Journal of Japanese
Potamogeton semicoloratus A. Benn.; Potamogeton sero- Botany 20(6–7): 331. 1944, Fl. Madagasc. 21: 1–16. 1950,
tinus Schrad. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; Potamogeton stag- Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 26(2): 160–161, pl. 1. 1988
norum Hagstr.; Potamogeton syriacus Cham. & Schltdl.;
Potamogeton thunbergii Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton (Schistosomiasis, bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever, a
wrightii Morong; Spirillus lonchites (Tuck.) Nieuwl.) parasitic disease caused by several species of fluke of the
genus Schistosoma. This herb is associated with the host-
Cosmopolitan. snail habitats.)
See Supplementum Plantarum 32, 214. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr in English: pondweed
1782], Symb. Bot. (Vahl) iii. 51. 1794, Hort. Bengal. 12. 1814,
Encycl., Suppl. 4: 535 (1816, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer in South Africa: fonteingraskruid
& Schultes] 3: 516. 1818, Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich ed.) 1: Potamogeton pectinatus L. (Coleogeton pectinatus (L.)
471. 1820, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 11: 148. 1842, London J. Bot. Les & R.R. Haynes; Coleogeton striatus (Ruiz & Pav.) Les
3: 402. 1844, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 564. 1893 and & R.R. Haynes; Coleogeton vaginatus (Turcz.) Les & R.R.
Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Aponogetonac. IV, 13: 11. 1906, Haynes; Potamogeton columbianus Suksd.; Potamogeton
Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., n.s., 55(5): 153–154, diffusus (Hagstr.) Herte; Potamogeton exstipulatus Bonpland
159, 188. 1916, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16: 365. 1970 ex Bennett; Potamogeton filiformis auct.; Potamogeton fla-
[publ. 1971], Inform. Bot. Ital. 17: 91–98. 1985, Proc. Indian bellatus Bab.; Potamogeton interruptus Kit.; Potamogeton
Sci. Congr. Assoc. 86(3,IV): 94–95. 1999, Ethnobotanical intramongolicus Ma, nom. inval.; Potamogeton macrocar-
Leaflets 11: 258–265. 2007 pus Dobrochot.; Potamogeton marinus L.; Potamogeton
Potentilla L. Rosaceae 3059

pectinatus var. diffusus Hagstr., nom. illeg.; Potamogeton in Hawaii: limu alolo
pectinatus var. interruptus (Kit.) Asch.; Potamogeton pec-
in China: bi chi yan zi cai
tinatus var. striatus (Ruiz & Pav.) Hagstr.; Potamogeton
pectinatus var. ungulatus Hagstr.; Potamogeton pectinatus in Japan: ryu-no-hige-mo
var. vaginatus (Turcz.) Asch. & Graebn.; Potamogeton pec-
tinatus var. vulgaris Cham. & Schltdl.; Potamogeton stria-
tus Ruiz & Pav.; Potamogeton tenuifolius Kunth, nom. illeg., Potentilla L. Rosaceae
non Potamogeton tenuifolius Raf.; Potamogeton vaginatus
Turcz.; Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Boerner; Stuckenia striata Latin potens, potentis ‘powerful, able, mighty’ (possum,
(Ruiz & Pav.) Holub; Stuckenia vaginata (Turcz.) Holub) potes, potui, posse ‘to be able’), referring to the medicinal
or astringent properties of some species; see Carl Linnaeus,
North America. Perennial, invasive, polymorphic, fast grow- Species Plantarum. 1: 495–500. 1753 and Genera Plantarum.
ing, very variable in size and thickness of leaf and stipular Ed. 5. 219. 1754, The British Herbal 6. 1756, Familles des
sheath, flowers hermaphrodite. Potamogeton pectinatus dif- Plantes 2: 295. 1763, Traité Arbr. Arbust. (Duhamel) 2: 99.
fers from Potamogeton filiformis Pers. in having an open 1775, Autikon Botanikon 167–168. 1840, G.C. Wittstein,
stipular sheaths, larger fruitlets and a short style, tubers Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 723. Ansbach
sometimes used as food, leaves and stem eaten, provides very 1852, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon sér. 2, 16: 371. 1868, A Monograph
good food source for ducks and other water fowl, found in of the North America Potentilleae 190–205, pl. 102, f. 1–5;
ponds, rivers, canals, ditches pl. 103–111. 1898 [Memoirs from the Department of Botany
See Species Plantarum 1: 126–127. 1753, Flora Peruviana of Columbia University. Vol. 1–2 (1895–1898). New York,
1: 70, f. 106b. 1798, Schultes, Joseph August (1773–1831), N.Y., Columbia University—Contents include: Monograph
Oestreichs Flora … : ein Taschenbuch auf botanischen on the North America Species of the genus Polygonum/
Excursionen. 1794, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum by John Kunkel Small—Monograph of the North America
(quarto ed.) 1: 296. 1815, Manual of British Botany (ed. 3) Potentilleae/by Per Axel Rydberg.] and A Manual of the
343. 1851, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes Flowering Plants of California … 483. 1925, Fieldiana, Bot.
de Moscou 27: 65. 1854, Fl. Baicalensi-Dahurica 2: 162. 24(4): 432–484. 1946, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizion-
1856, Flora der Provinz Brandenburg 1: 666. 1864, Journal ario della lingua italiana. XIII: 1103. UTET, Torino 1986,
of Botany, British and Foreign 18. 1890 and Deutsche Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der bota-
Botanische Monatsschrift 19(6): 92. 1901, Abhandlungen nischen Pflanzennamen. 503–504. Basel 1996.
herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu
Potentilla anserina L. (Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.;
Bremen 21: 258. 1912, Eine Flora für das deutsche Volk 713.
1912, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar Argentina anserina Rydb.; Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb.
55(5): 46, 51, f. 18L. 1916, Revista Sudamericana de Botánica var. concolor (Ser.) Rydb.; Argentina anserina var. seri-
6: 132. 1940, Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 21: 1–16. cea (Hayne) Piper; Argentina anserina var. sericea Piper;
1950, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR 14: 70. Argentina argentea (L.) Rydb.; Dactylophyllum anserinam
1951, Acta Bot. Fenn. 49. 1970, Fl. Iran. 83: 8. 1971, Annot. (L.) Spenn.; Dactylophyllum anserina Spenn.; Fragaria
Cat. Vas. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kash. 30. 1972, Turun Yliopiston anserina (L.) Crantz; Fragaria anserina Crantz; Potentilla
Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, anserina fo. sericea (Hayne) Hayek; Potentilla anserina L.
Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 3(1): 8. 1983, subsp. anserina; Potentilla anserina L. var. concolor Ser.;
Aquatic Botany 20: 343–349. 1984, Folia Geobotanica et Potentilla anserina var. nuda Gaudin; Potentilla anserina
Phytotaxonomica 19: 215. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR var. sericea Hayne; Potentilla anserina var. viridis W.D.J.
71: 1572–1575. 1986, Journal of Science of Hiroshima Koch; Potentilla anserina L. var. yukonensis (Hultén)
University, Series B, Division 2 (Botany) 22: 271–352. 1989, B. Boivin; Potentilla egedii Wormsk. subsp. yukonensis
Flora Mesoamericana 6: 13–15. 1994, Novon 6(4): 390. (Hultén) Hultén; Potentilla yukonensis Hultén)
1996, Preslia 68(4): 364. 1996 [1997], Folia Geobotanica India, China. Perennial herb
et Phytotaxonomica 33: 241–316. 1998, Aquatic Botany 60:
337–358. 1998, Flora Neotropica 85: 1–52. 2003 See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Brit. Herbal 6.
1756, Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der
(A decoction of the plant used in the treatment of a feverish Arzneykunde Gebräuchlichen Gewächse 4: 31. 1816, Flora
liver. High phenolic acid content. Rootstock tonic, astringent, Helvetica 3: 405. 1828, Fl. Friburg. 3: 1084. 1829, Synopsis
nutritious.) Florae Germanicae et Helveticae 213. 1835, A Monograph
in English: fennel-leaf pondweed, fennel-leaved pondweed, of the North America Potentilleae 159. 1898 and Flora of
fennel pondweed, potamogeton, sago pondweed Southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho (Piper &
Beattie) 142. 1914, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
in Kenya: esidiko
Vegetabilis, Beihefte 30(1): 689. 1926, Taxon 29: 707–709.
in South Africa: fonteingraskruid, fonteinkruid, 1980, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-
skede­fonteinkruid Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Bot. Zhurn. 67 (6): 778–787.
3060 Potentilla L. Rosaceae

1982, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 80(3): guinea Lodd.; Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd., G. Lodd. &
85–88. 1995 W. Lodd.)
(Whole plant paste with mustard oil rubbed on joints. India, Himalaya. Herb, erect, robuste
Leaves and roots astringent, analgesic, tonic; leaf decoction
See Botanical Cabinet; consisting of coloured delinea-
taken against diarrhea, dysentery, arthritis and to remove
tions . . 8(9): t. 786. 1823, Numer. List. [Wallich] n. 1020.
kidney stones.)
1829, Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus
in English: cinquefoil, goose grass, goose tansy, silverweed, [Lehmann] 3: 36. 1831, Autik. Bot. 165. 1840, Fl. Brit. India
silverweed cinquefoil [J.D. Hooker] 2(5): 357. 1878 [Jul 1878] and Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 37(2): 353. 1979
in China: jue ma
(Whole plant antibacterial. Leaves analgesic, chewed for
in India: penma, toma, troma strong teeth, also used to treat wounds; ashes of leaves and
in Nepal: masino jhaar roots applied to burns with mustard oil. Flowers decoction
administered to treat angina pectoris.)
in Tibetan: gro-lo sa-dzin
in China: zi hua yin guang wei ling cai
Potentilla arguta Pursh (Drymocallis agrimonioides (Pursh)
Rydb.; Drymocallis arguta (Pursh) Rydb.; Geum agrimonioi- in India: kamlua, role
des Pursh; Potentilla arguta Pursh subsp. arguta; Potentilla in Tibet: rgyu-mkhris
agrimonioides var. arguta (Pursh) Farw.; Potentilla pensyl-
vanica var. arguta (Pursh) Ser.) Potentilla bifurca Linn. var. bifurca (Schistophyllidium
bifurcum (L.) Ikonn.)
North America. Perennial subshrub, herbaceous
China. Forage
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Mantissa
Plantarum 1: 76. 1767, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753 and Taxon 30: 853–
… 2: 736. 1814 [1813], Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni 854. 1981
Vegetabilis 2: 581. 1825, Asa Gray Bulletin 3(8): 7. 1895, A (Astringent.)
Monograph of the North America Potentilleae 190–205, pl.
102–111; pl. 102, f. 1–5. 1898 in China: er lie wei ling cai

(Astringent, demulcent, postpartum remedy, for headache, Potentilla canadensis Pursh (Callionia canadensis
dysentery, cuts, boils, wounds, sores.) (L.) Greene; Callionia pumila (Poir.) Greene; Potentilla
canadensis L. var. canadensis; Potentilla canadensis var.
in English: tall cinquefoil, tall potentilla, white cinquefoil pumila (Poir.) Torr. & A. Gray; Potentilla caroliniana Poir.;
Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm. (Potentilla argyro- Potentilla pumila Poir.; Potentilla pumila var. caroliniana
phylla Wall.) (Poir.) P.W. Graff)

India, Himalaya. Herb, erect, robuste, long-stalked yellow North America. Perennial herb
flowers in terminal panicles, achenes glabrous See Species Plantarum 1: 498. 1753, Encyclopédie
See Numer. List. [Wallich] n. 1020. 1829, Novarum et Minus Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 5: 594–595. 1804,
Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus [Lehmann] 3: 36. 1831, Fl. A Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 443. 1840
Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 2(5): 357. 1878 [Jul 1878] and Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1(19):
238. 1906, Castanea 10(4): 96. 1945, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
(Roots infusion for throat rashes, toothache, gingivitis; root Newslett. (Zurich) 13: 17–19. 1989
juice or a paste applied to treat toothache; powdered root
used as a tonic. Leaves decoction to treat diarrhea, arthritis (Crushed roots infusion taken for diarrhea. Ceremonial, rit-
ual, magico-religious beliefs, witchcraft medicine.)
and kidney stones.)
in English: cinquefoil, dwarf cinquefoil, running five-fingers,
in English: silver weed
running fivefingers
in China: yin guang wei ling cai
Potentilla chinensis Seringe var. chinensis (Potentilla
in India: kamlua, tama, vajradanti chinensis subsp. trigonodonta Handel-Mazzetti; Potentilla
chinensis var. xerogenes Handel-Mazzetti; Potentilla exal-
in Nepal: bajradanti
tata Bunge)
Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm. var. atrosan-
China.
guinea (Lodd., G. Lodd. & W. Lodd.) Hook. f. (Potentilla
argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm. var. atrosanguinea (G. Lodd.) See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Prodromus
Hook.f.; Potentilla atrosanguinea Raf.; Potentilla atrosan- Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 581. 1825,
Potentilla L. Rosaceae 3061

Mémoires Présentés à l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de freyniana var. nitens Pamp.; Potentilla longepetiolata H.
St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées Léveillé; Potentilla morii Hayata; Potentilla sutchuenica
2: 98. 1831 and Symbolae Sinicae 7(3): 512–513. 1933, Cardot)
Cytologia 56: 1–10. 1991, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow &
China.
Leningrad) 80(3): 85–88. 1995
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Mélanges
(Diuretic.)
Biologiques Tirés du Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de
in China: wei ling cai l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 9: 159–
160. 1873 and Mittheilungen der Thüringischen Botanischen
Potentilla crinita A. Gray (Potentilla crinita A. Gray var.
Vereins 20: 12. 1904, Repertorium Specierum Novarum
crinita; Potentilla vallicola Greene)
Regni Vegetabilis 7(143–145): 199. 1909, Nuovo Giornale
North America. Perennial herb Botanico Italiano, new series 17(2): 293. 1910, Icones planta-
rum formosanarum nec non et contributiones ad floram for-
See Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science,
mosanam 3: 95–96. 1913, Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du
new series 4(1): 41–42. 1849 and Leaflets of Botanical
Museum de Paris 3: 239–240. 1914, Cytologia 56: 1–10. 1991
Observation and Criticism 2(7): 137–138. 1911
(Stomachic.)
(Whole plant infusion as a postpartum remedy, stimulant,
tonic.) in China: san ye wei ling cai
in English: bearded cinquefoil Potentilla fruticosa L. (Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb.;
Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L.) O. Schwarz; Potentilla fruti-
Potentilla discolor Bunge (Potentilla discolor var. formo-
cosa Pursh)
sana (Hance) Franchet; Potentilla formosana Hance)
China, India. Erect or low spreading shrub, bright yellow
China.
flowers solitary terminal, silky stalks, hairy achenes
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Mémoires de
See Species Plantarum 1: 495. 1753, A Monograph of the
l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième
North America Potentilleae 188. 1898 and Mitteilung der
Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles 2: 99.
Thüringischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 1: 105. 1949, Bot.
1833, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 5, 5:
Zhurn. 65(1): 51–59. 1980, Taxon 30: 853–854. 1981
212. 1866, Plantae Delavayanae 212. 1890
(Leaves for fever. Roots decoction given in asthma, cold and
(Astringent.)
fever.)
in China: an bai cao
in English: bush cinquefoil, golden hardhack, golden hard-
Potentilla fragarioides L. (Potentilla fragarioides Vill.; hack, shrubby cinquefoil, widdy
Potentilla fragarioides Willd. ex Schltdl.; Potentilla fra-
in China: jin lu mei
garioides Schltdl. & Cham.; Potentilla fragarioides Poir.;
Potentilla fragarioides Hablitz; Potentilla fragarioides var. in Tibetan: spen-ma
major Maxim.; Potentilla fragarioides var. sprengeliana
Potentilla fruticosa L. var. arbuscula (D. Don) Maxim.
(Lehm.) Maxim.; Potentilla palczewskii Juz.; Potentilla
(Potentilla arbuscula D. Don; Potentilla lespedeza H. Lév.;
sachalinensis Juz.; Potentilla sprengeliana Lehm.)
Potentilla rigida Wall. ex Lehm.)
China, Himalaya, India.
Nepal, India.
See Species Plantarum 1: 496. 1753, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 256. 1825, Revisionem
(Villars) 3(1): 561. 1788, Encycl. (Lamarck) 5: 586. 1804,
Potentillarum 19, pl. 1. 1856, Mélanges Biologiques Tirés
Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. Ges. Naturf.
du Bulletin Physico-Mathématique de l’Académie Impériale
Freunde Berlin 7: 285. 1816, Monographia Generis
des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 9: 158. 1873 and Bibliotheca
Potentillarum 49. 1820, Linnaea 2: 25. 1827, Primitiae Florae
Amurensis 95. 1859, Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Botanica 16: 57. 1908
Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 9: 160. 1873 and Cytologia 56: (Astringent, antispasmodic.)
1–10. 1991, Biodiversity Biogeogr. Kuril Islands Sakhalin 2:
in China: fu mao jin lu mei
93–110. 2006
in India: penma
(Leaves infusion taken as astringent.)
in Nepal: pema
in China: mei ye wei ling cai
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. (Drymocallis glandulosa
Potentilla freyniana Bornmüller var. freyniana (Potentilla Rydb.; Drymocallis glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb.; Potentilla
fragarioides Linnaeus var. ternata Maximowicz; Potentilla arguta Pursh var. glandulosa Cockerell; Potentilla arguta
3062 Potentilla L. Rosaceae

Pursh var. glandulosa (Lindl.) Cockerell; Potentilla glandu- in China: chang rou mao wei ling cai
losa Kras.; Potentilla glandulosa Boulay; Potentilla glandu-
Potentilla hippiana Lehm. (Pentaphyllum hippianum
losa subsp. glandulosa; Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. subsp.
(Lehm.) Lunell; Pentaphyllum hippianum Lunell; Potentilla
typica D.D. Keck; Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. var. campan-
hippiana Lehm. var. diffusa A. Gray ex Lehm.; Potentilla
ulata C.L. Hitchc.; Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. var. incisa
hippiana Lehm. var. diffusa Lehm.; Potentilla hippiana
Lindl.; Potentilla rhomboidea Rydb.)
Lehm. var. hippiana; Potentilla leucophylla Torr., nom. illeg.;
North America. Perennial herbaceous subshrub, leafy many- Potentilla leucophylla Pall.; Potentilla leucophylla F. Sauter;
stemmed, sticky hairs, compound pinnate leaves, yellow Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. hippiana (Lehm.) Torr. & A.
flowers in branching clusters Gray; Potentilla propinqua (Rydb.) Rydb.; Potentilla propin-
See Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 736. 1813 [dt. 1814; publ. qua Rydb.)
Dec 1813], Edwards’s Botanical Register 19: t. 1583. 1833, North America. Perennial herb
Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 23: tab. 1973. 1837, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 17:
303. 1867, West American Scientist 5(40): 11. 1888, Bull. See Mant. Pl. 76. 1767, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural
Torrey Bot. Club 23: 248. 1896, A Monograph of the North History of New York 2: 197–198. 1827 [1828], Novarum
America Potentilleae 198. 1898 and N. Amer. Fl. 22: 366. et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus [Lehmann] 2: 7.
1908, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 520: 44. 1940, Vasc. Pl. 1830, A Flora of North America: containing … (Torr. &
Pacific NorthW. [C.L. Hitchcock et al.] 1: 861. 1969 A. Gray) 1(3): 438. 1840, Index Sem. (Hamburg) 1849: 8.
[1849], Oesterr. Bot. Z. 39: 211. 1889, Bulletin of the Torrey
(Tonic, stimulant, for swellings.) Botanical Club 24(1): 1. 1897 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
in English: gland cinquefoil, sticky cinquefoil 28(3): 176. 1901, American Midland Naturalist 4: 416. 1916,
Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Novon 17(3): 317. 2007
Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. (Potentilla gracilis
Wall. ex Hook.f., nom. inval.; Potentilla gracilis Douglas (For skin diseases, burns, wounds, boils, sores.)
ex Hook. var. gracilis; Potentilla longipedunculata Rydb.; in English: woolly cinquefoil
Potentilla macropetala Rydb.)
Potentilla kleiniana Wight & Arnott (Potentilla anemonifo-
North America. Perennial herbaceous subshrub lia Lehmann; Potentilla bodinieri H. Léveillé)
See Botanical Magazine 57: t. 2984. 1830, Fl. Brit. India Asia, Japan, India.
[J.D. Hooker] 2: 359. 1878, Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Coll.
2: 39. 1898 [Monogr. N. Amer. Potent.] and N. Amer. Fl. 22: See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Prodromus Florae
313. 1908 Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 300. 1834 and Bulletin de
la Société Botanique de France 55: 56–57. 1908, Journal of
(Tonic, astringent, stimulant, analgesic, antirheumatic, blood Japanese Botany 64: 361–367. 1989
tonic and purifier, for swellings, body ache; crushed roots
infusion taken for diarrhea, gonorrhea, also as a wash for (Plant astringent, fresh leaves powdered applied to abscesses.
sores, wounds, scabies, skin diseases.) For jaundice. Roots and stems pounded and applied to bites
by snakes and centipeds; root of Equisetum diffusum mixed
in English: graceful cinquefoil, slender cinquefoil with the root of Potentilla kleiniana squeezed and the liquid
Potentilla granulosa T.T. Yu & C.L. Li given to relieve fever.)
China. in China: she han wei ling cai
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753 and Acta in India: rattanjot
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(1): 11–12, pl. 4, f. 1. 1980 in Nepal: ilipalang
(Febrifuge.) Potentilla leuconota D. Don var. leuconota (Potentilla leu-
in China: xian li wei ling cai conota var. morrisonicola Hayata; Potentilla morrisonicola
(Hayata) Hayata)
Potentilla griffithii J.D. Hooker var. velutina Cardot
(Potentilla beauvaisii Cardot; Potentilla leschenaultiana Japan.
Ser. var. concolor Cardot)
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Prodromus
India, China. Florae Nepalensis 230. 1825 and Journal of the College of
Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo 25(19): 83–84, pl.
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Prodromus
5. 1908
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 584. 1825, The Flora
of British India 2(5): 351. 1878 and Notulae Systematicae. (Laxative. Roots for toothache, paste of roots applied to treat
Herbier du Museum de Paris 3: 230, 234–235. 1916 swollen gum, to relieve toothache.)
(Tonic.) in China: yin ye wei ling cai
Potentilla L. Rosaceae 3063

in India: bajardantu, bajradanti, khalepey, rattanjot, samokhi Nepal.

Potentilla lineata Trevir. (Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex Hook., See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1025. 1829, Nov. Stirp. Pug.
nom. inval.; Potentilla fulgens Hook.; Potentilla fulgens Wall. [Lehmann] 3: 33, descr. 1831 and Candollea 43(2): 452–
ex Lehm.; Potentilla fulgens Lehm.; Potentilla fulgens var. 453. 1988
acutiserrata (T.T. Yu & C.L. Li) T.T. Yu & C.L. Li; Potentilla
(Pounded seeds to relieve fever.)
fulgens var. macrophylla Cardot; Potentilla martini H. Lév.;
Potentilla siemersiana Lehm.; Potentilla siemersiana var. in Nepal: salyan sai
acutiserrata T.T. Yu & C.L. Li; Potentilla splendens Buch.-
Potentilla multifida Linn. var. multifida (Potentilla asiae-
Ham. ex Trevir.; Potentilla splendens Ramond; Potentilla ×
mediae Ovcz. & Koczk.; Potentilla hypoleuca Turcz.;
splendens W.D.J. Koch)
Potentilla multifida var. angustifolia Lehmann; Potentilla
China, Nepal. Herb, flowers yellow multifida var. hypoleuca (Turcz.) Th. Wolf; Potentilla pluri-
See Fl. Franç. (DC. & Lamarck), ed. 3. 4: 467. 1805, Ind. juga Handel-Mazzetti)
Sem. Hort. Wratisl. (1823) 3. 1823, Botanical Magazine 53: China.
t. 2700. 1826, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2. 243. 1843 and
Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris 3: 232. See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Monogr.
1914, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(1): 7, pl. 1, f. 1. 1980, Potentilla 64. 1820 and Bibliotheca Botanica 71: 157.
Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 37: 263, pl. 39, f. 3–4. 1908, Acta Horti Gothoburgensis 13(9): 308. 1939, Taxon
1985, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 112: 159–186. 1993 28: 265–268. 1979, Taxon 30: 853–854. 1981, Taxon
31(2): 344–360. 1982, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow &
(Whole plant for stomatitis, wounds. Aerial parts for cough Leningrad) 76: 476–479. 1991, Folia Geobotanica et
and colds. Root eaten raw to relieve throat infection, effective Phytotaxonomica 27: 167–176. 1992
against gastric pain, indigestion, uterine disorders; charred
powdered root for toothache and the juice to treat peptic (For diarrhea, dysentery.)
ulcer, diarrhea; paste of roots applied to treat swollen gum, in China: duo lie wei ling cai
to relieve toothache.)
Potentilla nana Willd. ex Schltdl. (Potentilla emarginata
in English: silver weed Pursh; Potentilla emarginata Desf.; Potentilla emarginata
in Bhutan: seng-ge-sbar-ma Desf. subsp. nana (Willd. ex Schltdl.) Hultén; Potentilla fla-
bellifolia Hook. ex Torr. & A. Gray var. emarginata (Pursh)
in China: xi nan wei ling cai B. Boivin; Potentilla hyparctica Malte; Potentilla hyparctica
in India: bajardantu, bajradanti, khalepey, rattanjot, samo- Malte subsp. nana (Willd. ex Schltdl.) Hultén; Potentilla
khil, vajradanti hyparctica Malte var. elatior (Abrom.) Fernald; Potentilla
robbinsiana (Lehm.) Oakes ex Rydb. subsp. hyparctica
in Nepal: bajradanti, kanthamun, rehu (Malte) D. Löve)
Potentilla longifolia Willdenow ex Schltdl. (Potentilla vis- North America. Perennial herb
cosa Donn ex Lehmann; Potentilla viscosa Donn, nom. inval.;
Potentilla viscosa (Rydb.) Fedde; Potentilla viscosa Steud., See Tableau de l’École de Botanique 177. 1804, Der
nom. inval.; Potentilla viscosa var. macrophylla Komarov) Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin
für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten
China. Naturkunde 7: 296. 1813, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or,
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Hort. Cantabrig., … 1: 353. 1814[1813] and Rhodora 36(425): 177–178. 1934,
ed. 2. 68. 1800, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Rhodora 45(531): 111. 1943, Flora of Alaska and Yukon 6:
zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der 1016. 1945, Taxon 17(1): 89. 1968, Le Naturaliste Canadien
Gesammten Naturkunde 7: 287. 1816, Nomencl. Bot. 93(4): 435. 1966, Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens
[Steudel] 653. 1821, Revisionem Potentillarum 57. 1856 and Handlingar 13(1): 20. 1971, Taxon 28: 265–268. 1979, Opera
Fl. Manschur. 2: 501. 1904, Bot. Jahresber. (Just) 36, pt. 2: Bot. 52: 1–38. 1979
494. 1910, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76:
(Roots eaten as stimulant, tonic.)
476–479. 1991, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 27:
167–176. 1992, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) in English: arctic cinquefoil
80(3): 85–88. 1995
Potentilla nepalensis Hook. (Potentilla nepalensis Raf.;
(For burns, cuts.) Potentilla × aurantiaca Soják)
in China: xian mao wei ling cai Himalaya. Erect, perennial, hairy herbs, flowers in terminal
panicles, glabrous achenes
Potentilla monanthes Wall. ex Lehm. (Potentilla monan-
thes Lindl.; Potentilla monanthes Lindl. & Lehm.) See Autik. Bot. 165. 1840 and Willdenowia 33(2): 415. 2003
3064 Potentilla L. Rosaceae

(Used in Ayurveda. Roots depurative, used for treating tooth- Himalaya.

ache; roots ashes applied with oil to burns; roots boiled and
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 230. 1825 and J. Jap. Bot.
the liquid taken for cold, chest pain and fevers. Leaves boiled
64: 361–367. 1989
in milk and applied to boils.)
(Roots for dysentery.)
in India: bajra-danti, dora, dora ghas, dori ghas, panzpater,
ratanajota, ratanjot, rattanmundi in Bhutan: gro-ma, groma
Potentilla norvegica L. (Potentilla monspeliensis L.; in China: zong geng wei ling cai
Potentilla monspeliensis var. norvegica (L.) Farw.; Potentilla
Potentilla pensylvanica L. (Pentaphyllum pensylvanicum
monspeliensis var. norvegica (L.) Rydb., nom. illeg., non
(L.) Lunell; Potentilla atrovirens Rydb.; Potentilla bipinnati-
Potentilla monspeliensis var. norvegica (L.) Farw.; Potentilla
fida Douglas ex Hook. var. glabrata (Lehm. ex Hook.) Kohli
norvegica subsp. monspeliensis (L.) Asch. & Graebn.;
& Packer; Potentilla bipinnatifida Douglas ex Hook. var.
Tridophyllum monspeliense (L.) Greene; Tridophyllum nor-
glabrata (Hook.) Kohli & Packer; Potentilla glabrella Rydb.;
vegicum (L.) Greene)
Potentilla pensylvanica Willd.; Potentilla pensylvanica
North America. Rchb.; Potentilla pensylvanica Willk. & Lange; Potentilla
pensylvanica Schur; Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. atro-
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753 and Asa Gray
virens (Rydb.) T. Wolf; Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. gla-
Bulletin 3(8): 7. 1895, A Monograph of the North America
brata (Lehm. ex Hook.) S. Watson; Potentilla pensylvanica
Potentilleae 46. 1898 and Synopsis der Mitteleuropäischen
L. var. glabrata (Bunge ex Hook.) S. Watson; Potentilla pen-
Flora 6(1): 748. 1904, Leaflets of botanical observation and
sylvanica L. var. ovium Jeps.; Potentilla pensylvanica L. var.
criticism 1(14): 188–189. 1906, Bot. Zhurn. 65 (5): 659–668.
pensylvanica; Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. strigosa Pursh;
1980, Taxon 30: 853–854. 1981, Taxon 31(2): 344–360.
Potentilla pensylvanica L. var. strigosa Pall. ex Pursh;
1982, Phytologia 61: 119–125. 1986, Zapov. Belorussii Issl.
Potentilla platyloba Rydb.; Potentilla pseudosericea auct;
11: 62–69. 1987, Phytologia 64: 390–398. 1988, Zapov.
Potentilla pseudosericea Rydb.; Potentilla strigosa (Pall. ex
Belorussii Issl. 12: 3–8. 1988, International Organization
Pursh) Pall. ex Tratt.; Potentilla strigosa Pall. ex Pursh)
of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Taxon
51(2): 542. 2002 North America. Perennial herb
(Astringent.) See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 76. 1767, Enum. Pl. [Willdenow]
1: 553. 1809, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 356. 1813, Fl. Bor.-
in English: Norwegian cinquefoil, rough cinquefoil, tall
Amer. (Hooker) 1(4): 188. 1832, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 189.
fivefinger
1866, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 554. 1873, Prodr. Fl.
Potentilla norvegica L. subsp. monspeliensis (L.) Asch. & Hispan. 3(1): 236. 1874, Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Coll. 2:
Graebn. (Potentilla monspeliensis L.; Potentilla monspelien- 94–95, 98. 1898 [Monogr. N. Amer. Potent.] and Man. Fl. N.
sis var. norvegica (L.) Farw.; Potentilla monspeliensis var. States [Britton] 505. 1901, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 143.
norvegica (L.) Rydb., nom. illeg., non Potentilla monspelien- 1906, American Midland Naturalist 4: 416. 1916, Fl. Calif.
sis var. norvegica (L.) Farw.; Potentilla norvegica L. subsp. [Jepson] 2: 184. 1936, Canad. J. Bot. 54(8): 714. 1976, Taxon
hirsuta (Michx.) Hyl.; Potentilla norvegica L. var. hirsuta 31(2): 344–360. 1982, Sida 12: 409–417. 1987, Bot. J. Linn.
(Michx.) Lehm.; Potentilla norvegica L. var. labradorica Soc. 132: 263–280. 2000
(Lehm.) Fernald; Tridophyllum monspeliense (L.) Greene;
(Roots stimulant, tonic.)
Tridophyllum norvegicum (L.) Greene)
in English: Pennsylvania cinquefoil, prairie cinquefoil
North America. Annual, biennial or perennial herb
Potentilla recta L. (Potentilla recta Jacq.; Potentilla recta
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753 and Asa Gray
L. var. obscura (Nestler) W.D.J. Koch; Potentilla recta L.
Bulletin 3(8): 7. 1895, A Monograph of the North America
var. pilosa (Willd.) Ledeb.; Potentilla recta L. var. sulphurea
Potentilleae 46. 1898 and Synopsis der Mitteleuropäischen
(Lam. & DC.) Peyr.; Potentilla sulphurea Lam.)
Flora 6(1): 748. 1904, Leaflets of botanical observation and
criticism 1(14): 188–189. 1906, Taxon 30: 853–854. 1981, Greece, North America. Perennial herb, in grass fields
Phytologia 61: 119–125. 1986, Phytologia 64: 390–398.
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Fl. Austriac.
1988, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
(Jacquin) 4: t. 383. 1776, Fl. Franç. (Lamarck) 3: 114.
Newsletter 13: 17–19. 1989, Taxon 51(2): 542. 2002
1779 [1778 publ. after 21 Mar 1779] and Synopsis der
(Astringent, antiseptic, analgesic, cathartic, for sore throat.) Mitteleuropäischen Flora 6(1[34,35]): 671, 750–751. 1904,
Flora URSS 10: 160. 1941, Taxon 28: 398–400. 1979, Taxon
in English: Norwegian cinquefoil, rough cinquefoil, tall
29: 709–710, 718–720. 1980, Taxon 30: 853–854. 1981, Taxon
fivefinger
31(2): 344–360. 1982, Naturaliste Canad. 111: 447–449.
Potentilla peduncularis D. Don 1984, Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 13: 17–19.
Pothomorphe Miq. Piperaceae 3065

1989, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 132: 263–280. 2000, Iran. J. Bot. 1584–1594. 1981, Taxon 30: 853–854. 1981, Bot. J. Linn.
11(2): 185–192. 2006 Soc. 132: 263–280. 2000
(Poisonous. Crushed leaves and stems made into a paste (Decoction of flowers and fruits in fever. Roots tonic, febri-
applied to open sores, ulcers, boils and wounds.) fuge, astringent, given in fever.)
in English: common tormentil, rough-fruited cinquefoil, sul- in China: chao tian wei ling cai
fur cinquefoil, sulphur cinquefoil, upright cinquefoil
in India: rathanjot
in China: zhi li wei ling cai
Potentilla tanacetifolia Willdenow ex Schltdl. (Potentilla
Potentilla rosulifera H. Léveillé (Potentilla freyniana acervata Soják; Potentilla conferta Bunge; Potentilla filipen-
Bornmüller var. grandiflora Th. Wolf; Potentilla querpaer- dula Willdenow ex Schltdl.; Potentilla nudicaulis Willdenow
tensis Cardot; Potentilla yokusaiana Makino) ex Schltdl.; Potentilla strigosa Pall. ex Pursh; Potentilla stri-
gosa var. conferta (Bunge) Kitagawa; Potentilla tanacetifo-
China, Japan.
lia f. decumbens Krylov; Potentilla tanacetifolia f. erecta
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753 and Bibliotheca Krylov; Potentilla tanacetifolia var. decumbens (Krylov) Th.
Botanica 16(Heft 71): 640. 1908, Repertorium Specierum Wolf; Potentilla tanacetifolia var. erecta (Krylov) Th. Wolf)
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 7(143–145): 198. 1909, Botanical
Magazine 24: 142. 1910 Europe.

(Stomachic.) See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Flora Americae

Septentrionalis; or, … 1: 356. 1814 [1813], Der Gesellschaft
in China: qu zhi wei ling cai Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten
Potentilla sericea L. (Potentilla sericea Grev.; Potentilla Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde 7: 286,
sericea Dulac) 296. 1816, Flora Altaica 2: 240–241. 1830 and Bibliotheca
Botanica 16(Heft 71): 314–315. 1908, Report of the Institute
China. of Scientific Research, Manchoukuo 4: 89. 1940, Folia
See Species Plantarum 1: 495–496. 1753, Mem. Wern. Soc. Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 5: 99. 1970, Botaničeskij
3: 430. 1821, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées 308. 1867 and Taxon 30: Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 76: 476–479. 1991, Folia
853–854. 1981, Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 27: 167–176. 1992 Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 27: 167–176. 1992

(Leaf extract astringent, styptic, antiseptic, as a gargle in sores (Astringent.)

and ulcers in throat and mouth, also applied to cuts, wounds.) in China: ju ye wei ling cai
in India: tasmo Potentilla tridentata Sol. (Sibbaldiopsis tridenta (Sol.)
Potentilla simplex Michx. (Callionia simplex (Michx.) Rydb.)
Greene; Potentilla canadensis var. simplex (Michx.) Torr. & North America.
A. Gray; Potentilla simplex Michx. var. argyrisma Fernald;
Potentilla simplex Michx. var. calvescens Fernald; Potentilla See Species Plantarum 1: 495–500. 1753, Hortus Kewensis;
simplex Michx. var. typica Fernald) or, a catalogue … 2: 216. 1789, A Monograph of the North
America Potentilleae 187–188, pl. 100, f. 6–10. 1898 and
North America. Perennial herb, low spreading, compound Willdenowia 19: 199–213. 1989
leaves, solitary yellow flowers
(Vermifuge.)
See Flora Boreali-Americana (Michaux) 1: 303. 1803, A
Flora of North America: containing … 1(3): 443. 1840 and in English: mountain white potentilla, three-tooth cinquefoil
Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism 1(19): 238. Potentilla venusta Soják
1906, Rhodora 33: 188–189, 191. 1931
India.
(Roots infusion astringent, febrifuge, antiseptic, for diarrhea,
dysentery, skin diseases.) See Candollea 43(1): 171. 1988

in English: common cinquefoil, old-field cinquefoil (Whole plant antibacterial. Leaves analgesic, chewed for
strong teeth, also used to treat wounds. Flowers decoction
Potentilla supina L. (Tridophyllum supinum (L.) Greene) administered to treat angina pectoris.)
India. Diffuse many-branched hairy herb, leaves pinnate,
yellow solitary flowers, smooth ovoid achenes
Pothomorphe Miq. Piperaceae
See Species Plantarum 1: 497. 1753 and Leaflets of
Botanical Observation and Criticism 1(14): 189. 1906, From the genus Pothos and the Greek morphe ‘a form, shape’,
Bot. Zhurn. 65 (5): 659–668. 1980, Bot. Zhurn. 66 (11): superficially resembling that genus; see Species Plantarum
3066 Pothomorphe Miq. Piperaceae

1: 28–30. 1753, Allgemeine Medizinisch-Pharmazeutische 1993, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri
Flora 2: 445. 1833, Sylva Telluriana 84–85, 165. 1838, Botanical Garden 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001
Linnaea 13: 564. 1839[1840], F.A.W. Miquel, in Bulletin des
(Leaves diuretic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, analgesic,
Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande. 2: 447, 450.
antirheumatic, antioxidant, used to alleviate the pain of
Rotterdam 1840, Comm. Phytogr. 32, 36. 1840, Linnaea 23:
muscle spasm, headache, backache, cutaneous ulcers; a bath
680. 1850 and Trelease, W. & T.G. Yuncker, The Piperaceae
for rheumatism and arthritis; boiled leaves and stem eaten
of northern South America 1–838. 1950, Annals of the
to clean the mouth, to treat stomachache and worms in chil-
Missouri Botanical Garden 37(1): 1–120. 1950, Fieldiana,
dren. Dried leaf used as an antifertility. Leaves rubbed on
Bot. 24(3): 228–337. 1952, Lilloa 27: 97–303. 1953, Flora
the body to kill lice; leaf as poultice for headache. Stems
of Hassan District, Karnataka, India 52. 1976, Bull. Nat.
used for a cold.)
Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 23(1): 1–50. 1993, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984. 2001. Common names: San Diego, santiago, u-tu-it
Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miq. (Heckeria peltata Kunth; in English: cowfoot bush, cowfoot leaf
Heckeria peltata (L.) Kunth; Heckeria scutata Kunth;
in Indonesia: balang
Heckeria scutata (A. Dietr.) Kunth; Heckeria speciosa
(Kunth) Kunth; Heckeria speciosa Kunth; Lepianthes pel- in Brazil (Amazonas): mahekoma hanaki
tata (L.) Raf. ex R.A. Howard; Lepianthes peltata (L.) Raf.;
in Guyana: dobori banaro
Peperomia peltata (L.) A. Dietr.; Peperomia peltata A. Dietr.;
Peperomia peltata C. DC.; Peperomia pruinosa (Kunth) in Panama: patza
Bonpl.; Peperomia pruinosa Kunth; Peperomia scutata
in Peru: hoja santamaria
A. Dietr.; Peperomia speciosa Kunth; Peperomia speciosa
(Kunth) Bonpl.; Peperomia ottoniana Kunth ex Miq.; Piper Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. (Heckeria sidaefolia (Link
ottonis (Miq.) C. DC.; Piper peltatum L.; Piper peltatum Ruiz & Otto) Kunth; Heckeria umbellata (L.) Kunth; Lepianthes
& Pav.; Piper pruinosum Kunth; Piper scutatum Willd., nom. umbellata (L.) Raf. ex Ramamoorthy; Lepianthes umbel-
inval.; Piper scutiphyllum Ham.; Piper speciosum Kunth; lata (L.) Raf.; Peperomia sidaefolia (Link & Otto) A. Dietr.;
Pothomorphe almirantensis Trel.; Pothomorphe baileyo- Peperomia umbellata (L.) Kunth; Piper dombeyanum (Miq.)
rum Trel.; Pothomorphe baileyorum var. paucispica Trel.; C. DC.; Piper peltatum Ruiz & Pav.; Piper sidaefolium Link
Pothomorphe iquitosensis Trel.; Pothomorphe ottonis Miq.; & Otto; Piper umbellatum L.; Piper umbellatum var. majus
Pothomorphe peltata var. hypoleuca Trel.; Pothomorphe C. DC.; Pothomorphe alleni Trel.; Pothomorphe dombeyana
scutata (A. Dietr.) Miq.; Pothomorphe speciosa (Kunth) Miq.; Pothomorphe sidaefolia (Link & Otto) Miq.)
Miq.; Pothomorphe tecumensis Trel.; Pothomorphe tecu-
South America. Herb, often as Piper umbellatum L.
mensis var. grandis Trel.)
See See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Flora Peruvianae,
South America. Shrub, soft-wooded to herbaceous, ribbed
et Chilensis Prodromus 8, pl. 2. 1794, Species Plantarum.
stems, leaves peltate, white or greenish apical spikes, minute
Editio quarta 1(1): 166–167. 1797, Flora Peruviana 1: 38,
flowers, often as Lepianthes peltata (L.) Raf., Piper peltatum
t. 59, f. a. 1798, Synopsis Plantarum 1: 124. 1822, Species
L. or Piper peltatum Ruiz & Pav.
Plantarum. Editio sexta 1: 144. 1831, Sylva Telluriana 84–85,
See Species Plantarum 1: 28–30. 1753, Flora Peruvianae, et 165. 1838, Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en
Chilensis Prodromus 8, pl. 2. 1794, Nova Genera et Species Néerlande 2: 447, 450. 1839, Linnaea 13: 569, 571. 1839 [1840],
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 1: 59–60. 1815 [1816], Synopsis Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811–1871), Commentarii
Plantarum (Kunth) 1: 124. 1822, Prodromus Plantarum Phytographici 36–37. Lugduni Batavorum, 1838–1840 [fasc.
Indiae Occidentalis 3–4. 1825, Species Plantarum. Editio II. Observationes de piperaceis et malastomaceis.], Systema
sexta 1: 142–143. 1831, Sylva Telluriana 84–85, 165. 1838, Piperacearum 211. 1843, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): 332–333. 1869, Linnaea 37: 363–
2: 447, 450. 1839, Linnaea 13: 565–569. 1839 [1840], Comm. 364. 1872, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences
Phytogr. 36. 1840, Systema Piperacearum (F.A.W. Miquel) de St- Pétersbourg 31(1): 93–94. 1886, Pharm. Rundschau
100, 207. 1843, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni 12: 240, 285. 1894 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin
Vegetabilis 16(1): 332. 1869, Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Botaniques de Genève 11–12: 57. 1908, Publications of the
Genève 2: 277. 1898 and Amer. J. Bot. 10: 513. 1923, Sci. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2):
Surv. Porto Rico 5: 229. 1924, Field Museum of Natural 224. 1936, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37(1):
History, Botanical Series 12: 408–409. 1936, Annals of the 1–120. 1950, The Piperaceae of northern South America 2:
Missouri Botanical Garden 27(3): 306–307. 1940, J. Arnold 440–441. 1950, Fieldiana, Botany 35: 5–218. 1971, Journal
Arbor. 54: 381. 1973, Flora of Hassan District, Karnataka, of Arnold Arboretum 54: 380 ff. 1973, Flora of Hassan
India 52. 1976, Botanical Magazine 99: 289–299. 1986, Plant District, Karnataka, India 52. 1976, Flora de Venezuela 2(2):
Systematics and Evolution 166: 105–117. 1989, Bulletin of 604. 1984, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 289. 1987, Bulletin of
the Natural History Museum, London (Botany) 23(1): 1–50. the Natural History Museum, London (Botany) 23(1): 1–50.
Pothos L. Araceae 3067

1993, Flora of Tropical East Africa 1–24. 1996, Journal of Pothos curtisii Hook.f. (Pothos kunstleri Hook.f.; Pothos
Ethnopharmacology 99: 215–220 2005, Phytochemistry 66: latifolius L.; Pothos latifolius Hook.f., nom. illeg.; Pothos
1017–1025. 2005 maingayi Hook.f.; Pothos peninsularis Alderw.)
(Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Thailand, Indonesia.
Vulnerary, stimulant, diuretic and detergent, emmenagogue,
See Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) 25. 1754, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2:
anti-abortive and antihemorrhagic, used against tapeworm.
1252. 1759, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 6: 554. 1893 and
Leaves eaten raw or along with meals for madness, hysteria,
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 1: 381. 1920
nervous disorders, body pain; vegetable soup of fresh leaves
taken for inflammatory conditions and enlargement of liver; (Fresh leaves and stems extract taken for curing toxicity and
applied on abscesses, wounds or contusions; decoction taken poisoning.)
for stomach problems, and as a diuretic; leaves boiled with
In India: garore
Piper auritum in a tea to treat colds and coughs. Scraped,
boiled bark of the lower part of the stem and root an ingredi- Pothos kerrii Buchet ex P.C. Boyce (Pothos guangxiensis H.
ent for arrow poison.) Li; Pothos kerrii Buchet ex Gagnepain)
in Central America: kótomo China, Vietnam.
in India: attanari, gandamarom See Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 6: 1085, f. 102: 5. 1942,
Blumea 45(1): 168–172. 2000
(Used to treat traumatic injury.)
Pothos L. Araceae
in China: chang geng shi gan
From the Sinhalese name potha for Pothos scandens
L.; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 968. 1753, Pothos ovatifolius Engl. (Pothos merrillii K. Krause; Pothos
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 415. 1754, Familles des Plantes ovatifolius var. simalurensis Alderw.)
2: 470. 1763, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Philippines, Indonesia. Vine, herbaceous climber
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: 604. 1851, Revisio
Generum Plantarum 2: 742. 1891 and Flore de Madagascar See Pflanzenr. (Engler) Arac.-Poth., IV, 23B: 40. 1905, Bot.
et des Comores 31: 1–71. 1975, D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation Jahrb. Syst. 45: 657. 1911, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 4:
of Aroid Generic Names.” Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988, 337. 1922
Blumea 45: 147–204. 2000. Latin pothos, from Greek (Leaves heated over fire and applied as a poultice to reduce
pothos ‘desire’, used by Plinius for a summer flower, other- pain and swelling, stomachache, enlarged spleen.)
wise unknown.
in Indonesia: aka malung
Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merrill (Pothos balansae Engl.;
Pothos cathcartii Schott; Pothos chinensis var. lotienensis Pothos pilulifer Buchet ex P.C. Boyce (Pothos pilulifer
C.Y. Wu & H. Li; Pothos seemanni Schott; Pothos warburgii Buchet ex Gagnep.)
Engl.; Pothos yunnanensis Engl.; Pothos yunnanesis Engl. China, Vietnam.
var. bonii Buchet; Tapanava chinensis Raf.)
See Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 6: 1085, f. 102: 4. 1942,
Himalaya. Many-branched perennial climber, tender leaves Blumea 45(1): 175–177. 2000
cooked and eaten
(Parts of plant used for epilepsy.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Familles des Plantes
2: 470. 1763, Flora Telluriana 4: 14. 1838, Aroideae 1: 12, in China: di gan
t. 44. 1853, Bonplandia 5: 45. 1857, Botanische Jahrbücher Pothos scandens L. (Batis hermaphrodita Blanco;
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie Podospadix angustifolia Raf.; Pothos angustifolius C. Presl;
25(1–2): 2–3. 1898 and Das Pflanzenreich (Engler) Arac.- Pothos angustifolius Reinw. ex Miq., nom. illeg.; Pothos
Poth. IV. 23B (Heft 37): 28. 1905, Journal of the Arnold angustifolius Presl; Pothos angustifolius (Raf.) C. Presl;
Arboretum 29(2): 210. 1948, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Pothos auriculatus S.Y. Hu; Pothos chapelieri Schott;
15(2): 101–102. 1977 Pothos cognatus Schott; Pothos decipiens Schott; Pothos
exiguiflorus Schott; Pothos fallax Schott; Pothos hermaph-
(All plant used to treat rheumatic arthralgia, traumatic injury,
roditus Merr.; Pothos hermaphroditus (Blanco) Merr.;
fractures, cough, infantile malnutrition caused by intestinal
Pothos horsfieldii Miq.; Pothos leptospadix e Vriese; Pothos
parasites. Used fresh and applied topically on insect and ani-
leschenaultii Buchet; Pothos longifolius C. Presl, nom. illeg.,
mal bites; entire plant as a decoction in bath to treat wounds,
non Pothos longifolius Hoffm.; Pothos longifolius Link &
burns, swellings; plant boiled and the liquid drunk for cough.
Otto ex Steud.; Pothos longipedunculatus Engl., nom. illeg.;
Leaves fried in ghee and consumed to cure body pain.)
Pothos microphyllus C. Presl, nom. illeg., non Pothos micro-
in China: shi gan zi phyllus Hook.; Pothos nosibeensis Buchet; Pothos roxburghii
3068 Pottsia Hooker & Arnott Apocynaceae

de Vriese; Pothos scandens D. Don; Pothos scandens Hook.; Pothos tener Wall. (Pothos gracilis Roxb., nom. illeg.;
Pothos scandens Wall.; Pothos scandens fm. angustior Pothos rumphii Schott; Pothos rumphii var. giganteus
Engl.; Pothos scandens var. cognatus (Schott) Engl.; Pothos Engl.; Scindapsus arborum C. Presl, nom. illeg.; Scindapsus
scandens var. falconeri Buchet; Pothos scandens var. gode- rumphii (Schott) C. Presl; Scindapsus rumphii C. Presl;
froyi Buchet; Pothos scandens var. helferianus Engl.; Pothos Scindapsus tener C. Presl; Scindapsus tener (Wall.) C. Presl)
scandens var. javanica de Vriese; Pothos scandens var.
Sulawesi to Vanuatu.
macrospadix Buchet; Pothos scandens var. sumatranus de
Vriese; Pothos scandens var. zeylanicus de Vriese; Pothos See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Meletemata Botanica 21.
scandens var. zollingerianus (Schott) Engl.; Pothos vriese- 1832, Epimel. Bot. 242. 1851, Abhandlungen der Königlichen
anus Schott; Pothos zollingeri Schott; Pothos zollingerianus Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: 602. 1851
Schott; Tapanava indica Raf.; Tapanava rheedei Hassk.)
(Applied as a treatment of new bone fracture.)
Indian Ocean, Trop. & Subtrop. Asia. Climber, liana, many-
branched, creeping, thickened internodes, variable leaves,
sheathed peduncles, green cuspidate spathe, yellow stipitate Pottsia Hooker & Arnott Apocynaceae
globose spadix
For John Potts, d. 1822 (Middx), plant collector, travel-
See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ler (China and Bengal), gardener for Horticultural Society
ed. 2. 2: 391. 1841, Epimel. Bot. 242. 1851, Abhandlungen der of London; see Emil Bretschneider, History of European
Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 6: Botanical Discoveries in China. [Reprint of the original edi-
602–603. 1851, Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt tion 1898.] Leipzig 1981, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British
5: 19. 1855, Fl. Ind. Bat. 3: 178. 1856, Aroideae 21–22, t. & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. London 1994, Gordon
32, 35, 36, 41, 48. 1856–1857, Bonplandia 5: 245–247. 1857, Douglas Rowley, A History of Succulent Plants. Strawberry
Bonplandia 7: 165. 1859, Prodromus systematis Aroidearum Press, Mill Valley, California 1997.
560. 1860, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 2: 84. 1879,
Pottsia laxiflora (Blume) Kuntze (Pottsia cantonensis
FBI 6: 551. 1893 and Das Pflanzenreich IV. 23 B(Heft 23):
Hooker & Arnott; Pottsia hookeriana Wight; Pottsia laxi-
26. 1905, Species Blancoanae 90. 1918, Taxon 14: 211.
flora var. pubescens (Tsiang) P.T. Li; Pottsia ovata A. DC.;
1965, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18(1–4): 33. 1976, Cell and
Pottsia pubescens Tsiang; Vallaris laxiflora Blume)
Chromosome Newsletter 1: 28. 1978, Taxon 32: 127. 1983,
Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (The stem and leaves are used to treat fractures and injury
78(3,VIII): 136–137. 1991 and the latex and roots for anemia and rheumatism.)
(Stem paste used as plaster on bone fracture; stem mixed in English: hairy pottsia
with camphor and smoked like tobacco for asthma. Dried
in China: hua guai teng gen, lian zi teng
leaf powder applied on sores of smallpox; stem and leaves
an antidote for snakebites. Leaves for smallpox and asthma;
leaves poultice with turmeric applied on dog bite; leaf decoc-
tion used for traumatic injury, bodyache and rheumatic Poupartia Comm. ex Juss. Anacardiaceae
arthralgia, as a blood coagulant, principally for wounds. Poupartia birrea (A. Rich.) Aubrév. (Poupartia birrea
Convulsions and epilepsy, pound the leaves in cold water (Hochst.) Aubrév.; Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.;
and use the water for bathing. Roots bruised and fried in oil Spondias birrea A. Rich.)
applied to cure abscess. Veterinary medicine, leaves mixed
Tropical Africa.
with pig blood given to hounds.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 371. 1753, Genera Plantarum
in Burma: wai mai
372. 1789, Florae Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 152, t. 41. 1831,
in China: tang lang die da Flora 27 Bes. Beil. 1. 1844 and Flore Forestière Soudano-
Guineenne 405, t. 89, 1–4. 1950
in India: adhika beeluballi, adike beelu balli, adike beelu
soppu, adikebiluballi, adke beelu balli, adkebiluballi, aga- (Irritant.)
choppu, agechoppu, ana-parua, anaparua, anapparuva, arke-
Poupartia caffra (Sond.) H. Perrier (Sclerocarya birrea
buru, appachhi balli, arkeburu, bendarli, gechoppu, harsoo,
subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro; Sclerocarya caffra Sond.)
kurobitho, lowsik-lomic, mithan-auchu, murugina beelu,
(the specific name based on the word birr, the common name
tomap
for the tree in Senegambia)
in Laos: cha-kep, ma nok hon
East Africa, South Africa. Tree, unripe fruit green
Malay names: juloh juloh, seginting
See Genera Plantarum 372. 1789, Flora 27 Bes. Beil. 1.
in Thailand: kaw kin bai noi, kaw kin boi-lek, t’kap, wai so 1844, Linnaea 23: 26. 1850 and Mémoires du Muséum
toi, wai-ta-moi National d’Histoire Naturelle 18: 245. 1944, Kew Bulletin
Pourouma Aubl. Urticaceae (Cecropiaceae, Moraceae) 3069

34: 756. 1980, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 62: Pouteria Aublet Sapotaceae
117–130. 1989
Pourama pouteri, native Indian name from the Guiana; see
(Sclerocarya caffra has an irritant effect. Bark used for gan- Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet (1720–1778), Histoire
grenous rectitis.) des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise. 1: 85–86. Londres; Paris:
in English: cider tree, maroola plum, marula P.F. Didot jeune, 1775, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem
197. 1777, Molina, Giovanni Ignazio (1740–1829), Saggio
in Southern Africa: maroela, meroola; mufula (Venda); mfula sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 186–187, 352. 1782, Nova
(Kalanga, northern Botswana); muFuna, muFura, muGanu, Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus (Swartz) 2,
iKanyi, muKwakwa, muPfura, muShomo, muSomo, muT- 32. 1788, Elementa botanica … 1: 225. 1790, Fl. Ind. Occ.
somo (Shona); umGanu (Zulu); umganu (Swazi); nkanyi i. 263, t. 6. 1797, Memórias de Mathematica e Phisica da
(Tsonga); morula (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa 3: 19–22. 1812,
Botswana); morula (North Sotho: north and north east Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 174–
Transvaal); morwa (Yei, Ngamiland); uge, muge (Deiriku: 175. 1844, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
Okavango Native Territory); omuongo (Herero); omuongo of Philadelphia 4(1): 18–19. 1848, Flora Brasiliensis 7: 105–
(Northern South West Africa) 106. 1863, Botaniska Notiser 1: 24. 1890, Notes Botaniques.
in Tanzania: mng’ongo, mumbu Sapotacées 11, 13, 19–21, 23–27, 46–47, 49–52. 1890–[1891]
[68 p., issued in 2 fascicles. Incomplete. No more pub-
lished.], Histoire des Plantes 11: 282–283, 285, 290–291, 293.
Pourouma Aubl. Urticaceae 1892[1891], Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris
(Cecropiaceae, Moraceae) 925. 1891, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 4(1), Nachtrag
274–275. 1897 and Symbolae Antillarum 5: 97, 112. 1904,
From the native name in Guiana, see Histoire des plantes de Lexikon Generum Phanerogamarum 456. 1904, Annales de
la Guiane Françoise 2: 891–892, t. 341. 1775 and Fieldiana, l’Institut Botanico-Géologique Colonial de Marseille 10: 8.
Bot. 24(4): 10–58. 1946. 1912, Annales de l’Institut Botanico-Géologique Colonial
Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius de Marseille 20: 34, 36. 1912, Journal of the Washington
Academy of Sciences 3(6): 160. 1913, Archivos do Jardim
Amazon region. Tree, edible grape-like fruit Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 4: 158, 161, t. 17, 19. 1925, Recueil
See Molecules. 15(12): 8543–8552. 2010, J. Agric. Food des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 33: 166, 170, 178, 184.
Chem. 58(4): 2100–2110. 2010 1936, Candollea 9: 217–218, 268, 282. 1942, Archives des
Sciences 17(1): 77. 1964, Boissiera 11: 52. 1965, Candollea
(Anthocyanins, flavonols and chlorogenic acids; anthocy-
22: 230. 1967, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden
anin-rich extract of the fruit showed moderate cytotoxicity.)
23(9): 203, 219. 1972, Wrightia 5(7): 254–255. 1976, Flora
in Brazil: uva caimarona, uvilla Neotropica 52: 519–520. 1990, Pennington, Terence Dale
in Peru: chimico blanco, cocura, cucura, guití, imbáuba de (1938– ), The Genera of the Sapotaceae. Kew: Royal Botanic
cheiro, mapatí, shuvia, suiya, uba-uba, xëxun Gardens, Kew, 1991.

Pourouma cucura Standl. & Cuatrec. (Pourouma garciana Pouteria adolfi-friedericii (Engl.) A. Meeuse subsp. austra-
Cuatrec.) lis (J.H. Hemsl.) L. Gaut. (Aningeria adolfi-friedericii (Engl.)
Robyns & G.C.C. Gilbert subsp. australis J.H. Hemsl.)
Venezuela.
Tanzania to Zimbabwe. Very tall tree, clear straight bole,
See Fieldiana, Botany 28(1): 211. 1951, Caldasia 7: 298. 1956 a relatively small dense crown, white latex if cut and an
(Bark infusion rubbed on aching joints, rheumatic pains, unpleasant smell, leaves stiff and large, very small flowers
swellings.) cream-green in clusters beside leaves, hard fruit, oily seeds,
sweet ripe fruit pulp eaten raw, in upland rainforest, fre-
in Peru: cocura, cucura quently associated with Podocarpus
Pourouma guianensis Aubl. (Pourouma scabra Rusby;
See Bothalia 7: 341. 1960, Kew Bulletin 15: 282. 1961
Pourouma subtriloba Rusby)
(Anthelmintic and emetic.)
French Guiana.
in Tanzania: kuti, mkuti, mwale, mwengele
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 892, t.
341. 1775 and Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn (Achradelpha
6(22): 498. 1910, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden mammosa Cook; Achras mammosa Bonpl. ex Miq., nom.
7: 232. 1927, Fl. Neotrop. 51: 123. 1990, Phytomedicine 11(2– illeg.; Bassia jussaei Griseb.; Calocarpum huastecanum
3):114–120. 2004 Gilly; Calocarpum mammosum var. bonplandii (Kunth)
Pierre; Calocarpum mammosum var. candollei (Pierre) Pierre;
(Antileishmanial activity of isolated triterpenoids.) Calocarpum mammosum var. ovoideum (Pierre) Pierre;
3070 Pouzolzia Gaudich. Urticaceae

Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr.; Calospermum mammosum the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.
var. bonplandii (Kunth) Pierre; Calospermum mammosum Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 396–430.
var. candollei Pierre; Calospermum mammosum var. ovoidea 1952, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47(2): 179–198. 1960, John H.
Pierre; Calospermum parvum Pierre; Lucuma bonplandii Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 105. 1965, I.C.
Kunth; Lucuma mammosa (L.) Gaertn.f.; Lucuma mammosa Hedge and J.M. Lamond, Index of collectors in the Edinburgh
Gaertn.f.; Pouteria mammosa Jacq.; Pouteria mammosa (L.) herbarium. Edinburgh 1970, Opera Bot. 129: 5–103. 1996.
Cronquist; Sapota mammosa Mill.; Sideroxylon sapota Jacq.)
Pouzolzia auriculata Wight
Mexico to Central America. Erect tree, narrow or spreading
India.
crown, white gummy latex, leaves spirally arranged clustered
at the end of branches, small white to pale-yellow flowers in See Wight, Robert (1796–1872), Icones plantarum Indiae
clusters in the axils of fallen leaves along the branches, fruit a Orientalis … Madras, 1838–1853
leathery dark-brown berry, skin hard rough and brittle, sweet
soft flesh pinkish red, slow growing tree, bare branches with (Root paste applied on fresh wounds; root juice administered
tufts of leaves at the tip, flowers borne on naked branches, orally for muscular pain.)
fruit eaten fresh in India: kallar vetti var, mukruti, vippiri
See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 71: 659. 1944, Taxon 16: 383. 1967 Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight
(The milky sap from the bark and green fruit irritant to the India. Herb, fodder for goats
eyes, caustic and vesicant to the skin, used as an anthelmintic
and emetic, to remove warts, and to cure fungal skin infec- See Wight, Robert (1796–1872), Icones plantarum Indiae
tions. Oil from the seeds used as a sedative in ear and eye Orientalis … Madras, 1838–1853
ailments. Seed infusion used as an eyewash; pulverized seed (Plant ground along with crabs and eggs used for cuts and
coat reported to be a remedy for coronary trouble and, taken fractures.)
with wine, is said to be helpful against kidney stones and
rheumatism. The seed has stupefying properties; the leaves in India: narali kola, sera thandan
are reportedly poisonous.) Pouzolzia denudata De Wild. & Th. Dur. (Pouzolzia andon-
in English: mammee sapote, marmalade plum, naseberry gensis Hiern; Pouzolzia batesii Rendle; Pouzolzia guineen-
sis auct.)
in Central America: sapote
Uganda.
in Mexico: cochitzapotl (= zapote del sueño), guela gue,
guela xron, iztac tzapotl (= zapote blanco), mamey, quela See Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, …
que, tezontzapotl (= zapote como piedra de lava), ya xron éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S.M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne
… Botanique 503. 1830 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique
in Peru: hison suma, sapote, zapote, mamey colorado, mamey de Belgique 38: 54. 1900
zapote, níspero, zapotillo
(Antibacterial, antimicrobial.)
in Indonesia: ciko mama
Pouzolzia frondosa Kuntze
in Malaysia: chico-mamey
India.
in Philippines: chico-mamey
See Revis. Gen. Pl. 630. 1891
in Vietnam: tru’ng g
(Roots ground and made into a paste plastered on a fracture.)
Pouzolzia guineensis Benth. (Parietaria guineensis G. Don)
Pouzolzia Gaudich. Urticaceae
Guinea. Woody herb, subshrub, erect, spreading, leafy,
After the French botanist Pierre Marie Casimir de Pouzolz woody below, viscid, yellow pubescent clustered flowers,
(Pouzols), 1785–1858, author of Flore du département du
sticky coiled fruits, leaves as a vegetable
Gard, etc. Montpellier, Paris 1862 and Catalogue des plan-
tes qui croissent naturellement dans le Gard. Nismes [Nîmes] See Niger Flora 518. 1849
1842. See Genera Plantarum 400. 1789, Charles Gaudichaud-
(Whole plant decoction as an aphrodisiac. Leafy shoots juice
Beaupré (1789–1854), Voyage autour du Monde … sur …
as an enema for dysentery. Leaves vulnerary.)
l’Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant … 1817–1820. [Botany
of the Voyage.] Paris 1826 [–1830], Kongelige Danske viden- in Yoruba: aboloko pinran, eemowere
skabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabeli Mathematisk
Pouzolzia mixta Solms (Pouzolzia hypoleuca Wedd.)
Afdeling 2: 311. 1851, Annales des Sciences Naturelles;
Botanique, série 4 1: 203. 1854 and Mededeelingen van’s Rijks- Malawi, Tanzania. Small spreading tree or shrub to shrublet,
Herbarium 27: 77. 1915, Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of succulent, branching, scrambling, leaning, leaves white
Pouzolzia Gaudich. Urticaceae 3071

woolly beneath, very small stalkless flowers in dense axil- See Species Plantarum 2: 983–985. 1753, Enumeratio
lary clusters beside new leaves or in axils of fallen leaves, Systematica Plantarum 9, 31. 1760, Bijdragen tot de flora van
green sepals, a source of bee forage, tender leaves as a veg- Nederlandsch Indië 501. 1826, Museum Botanicum 2: 202.
etable, wooded grassland, along edges of riverine forest 1851, Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9(1–2): 383.
1856, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
See Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender
(DC.) 16(1): 228. 1869, FBI 5: 581. 1888 and Journal of the
Freunde zu Berlin 1864: 1. 1864
Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 84(Spec. No.):
(Antibacterial, antimicrobial. Root, stems and leaves for diar- 233. 1921, Flora of Eastern Himalaya 3: 28. 1975, Cytologia
rhea, dysentery. Adventitious roots crushed and the jelly-like 44: 799–808. 1979
liquid obtained used to treat burns. The hairs on the leaves
cause itching. Veterinary medicine, anthelmintic, antibacte- (Young twigs ground to paste and applied to wounds. Leaves
rial and cytotoxic.) stomachic. Roots infusion used in hemorrhage; paste of roots
applied to treat boils.)
in English: soap nettle
in China: hong wu shui ge (yuan bian zhong)
in Malawi: thing, tingo
in India: mosiilo, supsepwatong, ut-kra
in Southern Africa: seepnetel, wildebraam, isikukuku;
uDekane (Zulu); nthadzwa (Tsonga); muthanzwa, mur- in Nepal: lipe
ovhadembe (Venda); muNanzwa (Shona) Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. & R. Br. (Parietaria indica
in Tanzania: mkaafuu, mtwaki L.; Parietaria zeylanica L.; Pouzolzia indica (L.) Gaudich.;
Pouzolzia indica (L.) G. Benn., nom. illeg., non Pouzolzia
Pouzolzia parasitica (Forssk.) Schweinf. (Boehmeria procrid- indica (L.) Gaudich.; Pouzolzia indica var. alienata (L.)
ioides (Wedd.) Blume; Margarocarpus procridioides Wedd.; Wedd.; Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Bennett; Pouzolzia zeylan-
Pouzolzia phenacoides Killip; Pouzolzia procridioides (Wedd.) ica Bennett & R. Br.; Pouzolzia zeylanica var. alienata (L.)
Wedd.; Pouzolzia procridioides var. hirsuta Wedd.; Urtica Sasaki; Urtica alienata L.; Urtica glomerata Klein ex Willd.)
muralis Vahl, nom. illeg. superfl.; Urtica parasitica Forssk.)
SE Asia, Sri Lanka. Herb, hirsute, shrublet, monoecious,
Central Africa, Tanzania. Straggling woody herb, leaning, erect, ascending, creeping, rooting, erect brittle branches,
trailing, petals yellow-green, forest edge, along seasonal flowers in a sessile bisexual cluster, perianth tubular ribbed or
river, bushland winged, tender shoot tip used for making a dish, damp open
See Species Plantarum 2: 983–985. 1753, Enumeratio forest, grasslands, disturbed habitats, wet places, Pouzolzia
Systematica Plantarum 9, 31. 1760, Flora Aegyptiaco- zeylanica misidentified as Parietaria officinalis L.
Arabica 160. 1775, Symbolae Botanicae, … 1: 77. 1790, See Species Plantarum 2: 983–985, 1052. 1753, Systema
Enumeratio Plantarum … 1: 22, 212. 1805, Voyage autour Vegetabilium. Editio decima tertia 709. 1758, Mantissa
du Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Plantarum 128. 1767, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta
Corvettes de S. M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne … Botanique [Willdenow] 4(1): 361. 1805, Voyage autour du Monde,
503. 1830, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de
4 1: 203–204. 1854, Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle S. M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne … Botanique 503. 1830,
9(1–2): 412–413. 1856, Museum Botanicum 2(13): 204. 1857, Plantae Javanicae Rariores 67. 1838, Voyage autour de
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(1): Monde éxécuté pendant les Années 1836 et 1837 sur la
231. 1869, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 4(appendix 2): 145. Corvette la Bonite … Botanique 411, t. 27. Paris, 1844–
1896 and Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 1846, 1851, 1866, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
15(13): 299. 1925, Publications of the Field Museum of Vegetabilis (DC.) 16(1): 221. 1869 and Cytologia 53: 671–
Natural History, Botanical Series 13(2/2): 364. 1937, Opera 678. 1988, Opera Botanica 129: 5–103. 1996, Rev. Handb.
Botanica 129: 5–103. 1996 Fl. Ceylon 13: 269. 1999
(Veterinary medicine, anthelmintic, antibacterial, insecticide.) (Aerial parts for boils, wounds, cuts and cataract. Against
in Tanzania: lushori wa kiume worms, plant pounded and applied to the abdomen, and also
eaten; plant paste applied on the region of a snakebite. For
Pouzolzia sanguinea (Blume) Merr. var. sanguinea
snakebite, whole plant infusion drunk, also used for cough,
(Boehmeria nepalensis Wedd.; Boehmeria viminea Blume;
sore throat, and as a diuretic and galactagogue; decoction
Pouzolzia ovalis Miq.; Pouzolzia sanguinea var. nepalensis
of roots and leaves taken for urinary and spleen disorders.
(Wedd.) Hara; Pouzolzia viminea (Blume) Wedd.; Pouzolzia
Leaves poultice vermifuge, stomachic, externally applied for
viminea Wedd., nom. illeg. superfl.; Urtica sanguinea Blume)
sores, boils, wounds, ulcers, syphilis, gonorrhea; leaves infu-
India, China, Nepal. Subshrub, semi-woody, small pale green sion as a gargle for toothache; leaves decoction taken as a
white flowers in dense axillary clusters, ovoid achenes, leaves vermifuge, or eaten; paste of leaves in honey applied on boils.
and shoots used as vegetable, along streams and marshes Fresh leaves juice or a decoction of the dried leaves drunk as
3072 Prangos Lindl. Apiaceae

a galactagogue. Whole plant used for bone fractures, shoot Hiroe; Prangos cylindrocarpa Korovin; Prangos lamellata
crushed, paste applied as poultice.) Korovin; Prangos pabularia Lindl. subsp. cylindrocarpa
(Korovin) Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom.; Prangos pabularia
in Borneo: rubai
Lindl. subsp. lamellata (Korovin) Pimenov & V.N. Tikhom.)
in China: wu shui ge
India, Himalaya. Erect perennial plant, large umbels of yel-
in India: borali bokua, bula, chaulu, chipli, chopli, fakrum, low flowers, good fodder for cattle, sheep and goats
kalkuri, kalluruki, kambipoovu, miensa miyo, sindabash-
See Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. & Zool. Acad. Sci. Uzbekistan.
kher, supsepwatong
xii. 24. 1948, Umbellif. Asia no. 1, 147. 1958, Fl. Uzbekistan.
in Indonesia: deresan, jukut krincing, urang-aring 4: 490. 1959, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(3): 443.
1975, Sosud. Rast. SSSR: 28. 1981, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl.
in Malaysia: aubi etek, daun balam, gubai, kudu paya, rubai,
Biosyst. (Oslo) 29: 23–24. 1998, Phytochemistry. 59(6): 649–
ubai etek, ubai-ubai
654. 2002, Phytomedicine. 11(7–8): 645–651. 2004
in Philippines: apoyapoyan, kayutkoran, tuia
(Green plants cause temporary blindness among horses.
in Vietnam: b[oj] m[aws]m, thu[oos]c d[of]i Roots decoction taken in small doses to cure urinary dis-
orders. Fruits to treat stomach complaints and irregular
menstruation. Seeds carminative, antibacterial, antioxidant,
Prangos Lindl. Apiaceae antiseptic, for skin diseases, burns. Veterinary medicine, to
increase early lactation.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 246. 1753, Quarterly Journal of
Science, Literature, and the Arts 19: 7. 1825, Enumeratio in India: avipriva, niyamak, palano, plans, prangos, prangs
Plantarum Novarum 1: 64. 1841 and Umbelliferae of Asia 1: Prangos platychlaena Boiss.
146. 1958, Boissiera 26: 78. 1977, Feddes Repert. 94(3–4):
160–163. 1983, Candollea 52(1): 111. 1997. Turkey.
Prangos asperula Boiss. See Asie Min., Bot. (P.A. Tchichatscheff) 1: 457. 1860 and
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(3): 193–197. 1995
Mediterranean.
(It stops bleeding and heals the scars when applied externally.)
See Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1, 10: 54. 1849 and Cell Prolif.
41(6): 1002–1012. 2008, J. Ethnopharmacol. 119(1): 109– Prangos tschimganica B. Fedtsch.
116. 2008 Eurasia.
(Used against diabetes. Antiproliferative effects of essential See Taxon 32: 663–664. 1983, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo).
oils.) 49(7): 877–880. 2001, Phytomedicine. 11(7–8): 645–651. 2004
Prangos ferulacea Lindl. (Cachrys alata Bieberd.; Cachrys (Antioxidants.)
alata Hoffm.; Cachrys alpina M. Bieb.; Cachrys ferulacea
Calest.; Prangos alata Grossh.; Prangos alata (M. Bieb.) Prangos uloptera DC. (Cachrys uloptera (DC.) Herrnst. &
Grossh.; Prangos alata Benth. & Hook. ex Drude; Prangos Heyn; Cachrys uloptera Herrnst. & Heyn; Cachrys uloptera
biebersteinii Karjagin) Takht.; Cachrys uloptera (DC.) Takht.)
Iran. Iran.
See Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 217. 1808, Quarterly Journal See Prodr. (DC.) 4: 239. 1830 and Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
of Science, Literature, and the Arts 19: 7. 1825, Nat. Edinburgh 33(3): 443. 1975, Fl. Medit. 14: (435–447). 2004,
Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. VIII. 174. 1898 and Bioorg. Khim. 35(3): 414–416. 2009, Nat. Prod. Res. 23(16):
Taxon 32: 663–664. 1983, Iran. J. Bot. 3: 67–73. 1985, Chem. 1522–1527. 2009, Nat. Prod. Res. 24(9): 797–803. 2010, Nat
Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 52(7): 853–854. 2004, Biol. Pharm. Prod Res. 25(7): 663–668. 2009 [2011], Biol. Res. 42(4):
Bull. 27(5): 702–705. 2004, Contraception. 73(5): 554–556. 517–522. 2010
2006, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Roots extract cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, phyto-
58(2): 162–167. 2007, Cell Prolif. 41(6): 1002–1012. 2008, toxic, used for treatment of leukoplakia, digestive disorders
Nat. Prod. Res. 24(6): 530–533. 2010 and healing scars.)
(Plant used for gastrointestinal disorders, but it seems it has
an abortifacient effect on pregnant women; essential oils of
fruits and umbels, antioxidant, antibacterial.) Pratia Gaudich. Campanulaceae (Lobelioideae)
Prangos pabularia Lindl. (Cachrys pabularia Herrnst. Named for the French naval officer Charles Louis Prat-
& Heyn; Cachrys pabularia (Lindl.) Herrnst. & Heyn; Bernon (died c. 1817, at sea), in September 1817 accompanied
Koelzella pabularia (Lindl.) M. Hiroe; Koelzella pabularia Louis de Freycinet in his scientific voyage around the world.
Premna L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae) 3073

See Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré (1789–1854) in Annales Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer (Gumira barbata (Wall.)
des Sciences Naturelles. 5: 103. 1825, Charles Gaudichaud- Kuntze; Gumira barbata (Wall. ex Schauer) Kuntze; Premna
Beaupré in L.C.D. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du Monde barbata Wall.; Premna barbata Voigt; Premna barbata var.
entrepris par ordre du Roi … sur les corvettes de S.M. anodon C.B. Clarke; Premna calycina Haines; Premna ser-
“L’Uranie” et “La Physicienne”. [Botany of the Voyage.] ratifolia Blanco; Premna serratifolia L.)
Paris 1826 [–1830], F. Grille, Louis de Freycinet: sa Vie de
India, Pakistan. Tree or shrub, leaves stinking, flowers in
Savant et de Marin. Paris 1853 and C. Duplomb, Campagne
terminal panicles, pubescent calyx, corolla greenish-yellow,
de L’Uranie: Journal de Madame Rose de Saulces de
drupe verrucose
Freycinet. Paris 1937, John Dunmore, Who’s Who in Pacific
Navigation. Honolulu 1991, New Zealand J. Bot. 30: 181– See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252–253. 1771, A Numerical
187. 1992, J. Pl. Res. 108: 257–268. 1995. List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 1768. 1828, Hortus
Suburbanus Calcuttensis 468. 1845, Flora de Filipinas
Pratia angulata Hook. f.
342. 1845, Prodr. 11: 636. 1847, Fl. Brit. India 4: 579. 1885,
India, New Zealand. Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 507. 1891
See Bot. Antarct. Voy. I. (Fl. Antarct.). 1: 43. 1844 [ante 16 (Ripe fruits eaten to treat fever and chilblain. Stem juice used
Aug 1844] for eczema. Wood rubbed on a stone with some water, the
paste applied on wounds. Paste of stembark mixed with the
(Leaves and fruits juice for curing dysentery.) ripe fruit paste and taken in throat pain.)
in India: choaka-thi in India: aganyo, dambroo
Pratia nummularia (Lam.) A. Braun & Asch. (Lobelia in Nepal: giliyar, ginar, ginari, ginderi, gineri
begonifolia Wall.; Lobelia horsfieldiana Miq.; Lobelia
javanica Thunb.; Lobelia nummularia Lam.; Lobelia obli- in Pakistan: ganhila
qua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, nom. nud.; Piddingtonia num- Premna bengalensis C.B. Clarke (Gumira bengalensis (C.B.
mularia (Lam.) A. DC.; Pratia begonifolia (Wall.) Lindl.; Clarke) Kuntze; Gumira bengalensis Kuntze)
Pratia nummularia A. Braun & Asch.; Pratia nummularia
Benth. ex Kurz; Pratia nummularia Kurz; Pratia nummu- India.
laria Kuntze; Pratia nummularia Benth.; Pratia zeylanica See Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 577. 1885, Revis. Gen. Pl.
Hassk.; Rapuntium nummularium (Lam.) C. Presl) 2: 507. 1891
Indonesia, Thailand. (Leaves decoction improves the body immune system. A
See Species Plantarum 2: 929–933. 1753, Asiatic Researches decoction of the bark of Premna bengalensis, Mimusops
13: 377. 1820, Florula Javanica 9. 1825, Prodromus Florae elengi and Terminalia arjuna applied in paralysis.)
Nepalensis 158. 1825, Edwards’s Botanical Register 16: sub in India: upongtha
t. 1373. 1830, Flora 25: 2. 1842, Index Seminum [Berlin]
1861, Append. 6. 1861, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal Pt. 2, Nat. Premna chrysoclada (Bojer) Gürke (Premna chrysoclada
Hist. 46(2): 210. 1877, Revis. Gen. Pl. 381. 1891 Gürke; Premna zanzibarensis Vatke; Premna zanzibarensis
Vatke ex Engl.; Vitex chrysoclada Bojer)
(Whole plant crushed with sugar and the juice drunk for
stomachache, ulcers, kidney trouble, diarrhea, dysentery, and Tropical Africa.
in case of urine discharge mixed with semen or blood. Roots See Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., II, 4: 268. 1835, Linnaea 48: 531.
of Amaranthus caudatus boiled with the leaves of Pratia 1882, Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1890) 26 et 34, nomen. 1890
nummularia and the liquid drunk for urogenital affections. and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 293. 1903
Roots and stems pounded and used to treat skin diseases.
Crushed fruit placed on snakebite.) (Leaves and roots for kidney diseases, venereal infections,
fevers, dysentery.)
in India: cho-ak-thi, choakathi, keehom-maan,
Premna cordifolia Roxb. (Gumira cordifolia (Roxb.) Kuntze;
tsula­mesentong
Premna cordifolia Wight, nom. illeg; Premna cordifolia
Brandis, nom. illeg; Premna cordifolia J. Graham; Premna
cordifolia L. ex B.D. Jacks., nom. illeg.; Premna perrottetii
Premna L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)
C.B. Clarke)
Greek premnon ‘the stump of a tree, a tree-trunk’, refer-
Vietnam, Malay Peninsula.
ring to the stature of the species; see C. Linnaeus, Mant.
Pl. Altera. 154, 252–253. 1771 [Oct 1771], Die Natürlichen See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 95. 1814, Fl. Ind.
Pflanzenfamilien 4(3a): 170. 1897 and Florae Reipublicae ed. 1832, 3: 78. 1832, A Catalogue of the Plants Growing in
Popularis Sinicae, Addenda 65(1): 211. 1982. Bombay and its Vicinity 155. 1839, Icones Plantarum 1483.
3074 Premna L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

1850, The forest flora of North-West and Central India 367. See Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 58: 231.
1874, Fl. Brit. India 4: 572. 1885, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 507. 1891 1921, Philippine Journal of Science 21: 532. 1922
(Leaves antiinflammatory, for rheumatism. Roots decoction (Heated leaves, often with leaves of Premna foetida, applied
drunk for stomachache and diarrhea.) as a poultice in malaria, liver and spleen problems, worms
and constipation.)
Malay name: akar tulang
in English: worm herb
Premna crassa Handel-Mazzetti
in China: xian ye dou fu chai
China, Vietnam.
in Indonesia: udu lekahan
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252–253. 1771 and Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 33(2): 293. 1903, Anzeiger der Akademie Premna henryana (Handel-Mazzetti) C.Y. Wu (Premna
der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematische- steppicola Handel-Mazzetti var. henryana Handel-Mazzetti)
naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. Wien 58: 230. 1921, China.
Phytologia 18: 421. 1967
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252–253. 1771 and Symbolae
(For skin diseases.) Sinicae 7(4): 902. 1936, Flora Yunnanica 1: 433. 1977
in English: thick premna (For cough and colds.)
in China: shi shan dou fu chai in China: meng zi dou fu chai
Premna cumingiana Schauer (Gumira cardiophylla Premna herbacea Roxb. (Gumira herbacea Kuntze; Gumira
(Schauer) Kuntze; Gumira cumingiana (Schauer) Kuntze; herbacea (Roxb.) Kuntze; Premna acaulis (F. Muell.) Merr.;
Premna cardiophylla Schauer; Premna cumingiana f. cor- Premna acaulis Wall.; Premna herbacea Roxb.; Premna
data Moldenke; Premna cumingiana f. dentata Moldenke; nana Collett & Hemsl.; Premna obovata Merr.; Premna
Premna cumingiana var. glabrescens Moldenke) sessilifolia H.J. Lam; Pygmaeopremna herbacea (Roxb.)
Malesia, Philippines. Moldenke; Pygmaeopremna herbacea var. thailandica
Moldenke; Pygmaeopremna humilis Merr.; Pygmaeopremna
See Prodr. (DC.) 11: 634, 638. 1847, Revisio Generum nana (Collett & Hemsl.) Moldenke; Pygmaeopremna sessili-
Plantarum 2: 507. 1891 and Phytologia 5: 14. 1954, folia (H.J. Lam) Moldenke; Pygmaeopremna subacaulis (F.
Phytologia 8: 162. 1962 Muell.) Moldenke; Tatea acaulis F. Muell.; Tatea herbacea
(Leaves infusion diuretic, a remedy for dropsy.) (Roxb.) Junell; Tatea humilis (Merr.) Junell; Tatea subacaulis
F. Muell.) (Pygmaeopremna Merrill, Greek pygmaios ‘dwarf-
in Philippines: banaba, kilig, magilik, malaapi, manaba, ish’ and the genus Premna L., Greek premnon ‘the stump of
palan-diauan a tree, a tree-trunk’; see E.D. Merrill, in Philippine Journal
Premna esculenta Roxb. (Gumira esculenta (Roxb.) Kuntze) of Science. 5: 225. Manila (Aug.) 1910.)

India, Thailand. Shrub China, Trop. Asia. Herb, low-growing, herb, dwarf under-
shrub, creeping woody rhizome, corolla white or green-
See Hortus Bengalensis, or a catalogue … 46. 1814, Fl. Ind. ish-white, fruit black, young shoots cooked and eaten as
ed. 1832, 3: 81. 1832, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 507. vegetable, in open grasslands
1891
See Hort. Bengal. 46. 1814, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1776.
(Root paste for urinary problems, also to expel stones.) 1829, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 6: 34.
in Bangladesh: kamrah 1883, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 507. 1891 and Philipp. J. Sci., C 5:
225. 1910, Phytologia 2: 54. 1941, Known Geogr. Distrib.
Premna foetida Reinw. ex Blume (Gumira foetida (Reinw. Verbenac. & Avicenniac. 78. 1942, J. Arnold Arbor. 32:
ex Blume) Hassk.) 75, 77. 1951, Phytologia 7: 84. 1959, Munir, A.A. “A taxo-
nomic revision of the genus Premna L. (Verbenaceae) in
Tropical Asia.
Australia.” Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 7(1):
See Bijdr.: 816. 1826, Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor.: 135. 1844 1–44. 1984
(Heated leaves, often with leaves of Premna glandulosa, (Used in Sidha. Crushed leaves applied on forehead in head-
applied as a poultice in malaria, liver and spleen problems, ache. Fresh leaves and roots decoction given in rheumatic
worms and constipation.) pain, cough, fever, cold. Root paste used in ulcers, rheuma-
tism and gout; whole plant of Andrographis paniculata with
Premna glandulosa Hand.-Mazz. (Premna glandulosa
root of Pygmaeopremna herbacea powdered and made into a
Merr.)
paste applied on sprain; juice from roots and rhizomes used
China. Climber, aromatic leaves for dropsy, cough, asthma, fever, rheumatism and cholera.)
Premna L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae) 3075

in India: adavinellikura, bhant, bharangi, bharangmul, bhui 1891 and Bot. Bihar Orissa: 717. 1925, Phytologia 41(5):
jamun, bhumijambuk, bhuminerale, borogriha, cerutekku, 346. 1979, Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress
chingphak, cirutekku, gathiabad, ghantubhaarangi, ghiti, Association 72(3-VI): 41. 1985, Indian Verbenac.: 253. 2002
janna, kamraj, kantu paranki, kantuparanki, kuranelli, nee-
(Used in Sidha. Stem juice used for aganyo, a type of eczema;
lanaeraedu, oak mana
stem bark extract to cure ringworm and boils, skin diseases,
in Thailand: khaang hua lek, phaen din yen, som kang itches, to reduce fever; bark juice applied to boils. Leaves
diuretic, aromatic, given internally and applied externally in
in Vietnam: c[as]ch c[or]
dropsy; leaves boiled in water and a bath taken in case of body
Premna hispida Benth. (Gumira hispida (Benth.) Kuntze) allergy; leaves used to repel lice of hens, bedbugs. Veterinary
medicine, bark extract of Alangium salviifolium with dried
Tropical Africa.
leaves of Hygrophila auriculata, leaves of Premna latifolia,
See Niger Fl.: [W.J. Hooker]. 485. 1849, Revisio Generum dry chillies and salt pounded and fermented and given orally
Plantarum 2: 507. 1891 in edema.)
(Leaves for fevers, gastrointestinal disorders, body ache, ear- in English: broad-leaf premna
ache, toothache.)
in China: da ye dou fu chai
Premna ligustroides Hemsley
in India: aganyo, aggibatthu, agnimantha, agnium, akond, ang-
China. kelauk-araung, bakar, bakaru, baker, bhankahar, bharkhar,
bukar, celumalaron, chedi munnai, dieng lamarawai, dieng
See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 256. 1890
soh phandkhar, dukhemi, dukhemibol, erumaimunnai, eru-
(Febrifuge.) munnai, erumunnaimaram, gaimali gunarua, gainali, gandhi
sinduar, gejeru, gin, gin bhankar, gohara, gonderi, gunaru,
in English: privet-like premna
gunarua, ilatatavikam, ilatatavikamaram, kalakamitanti,
in China: chou huang jing zi, xiu huang jing karanattuppuntu, karunaimunnai, karunaimunnaimaram,
konda manga, kondamanga, minni, munnai, navuru, nelli,
Premna maxima T.C.E. Fr.
nelli chettu, nelli koora, pachumallai, pedda nelli kura, pedda-
Kenya. nallakura, peddanellakura, peddanelli, peddanellikoora, ped-
danellikura, phla-phla, pinnamelli, takli, tuthekmi, upongtha,
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771 and Notizblatt des
vacukintan, valarvatimaran, yuntaranayukantan
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8:
700. 1924 in Nepal: setogeeneri
(Stomachic, febrifuge.) Premna mucronata Roxb. (Premna latifolia Roxb. var.
mucronata Clarke)
Premna mollissima Roth (Gumira mollissima (Roth)
Kuntze; Gumira mollissima Kuntze; Premna latifolia Roxb.; India. Tree, ovate cuneate leaves, greenish white flowers in
Premna latifolia Thwaites, nom. illeg., non Premna latifolia terminal corymbose panicles, globose purple fruits, bark
Roxb.; Premna latifolia var. cuneata C.B. Clarke; Premna eaten fresh or cooked in time of scarcity, sometimes as a
latifolia var. gamblei Haines; Premna latifolia var. henryi synonim of Premna mollissima
D. Naras. ex A. Rajendran & P. Daniel; Premna latifolia var.
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771, Hort. Bengal. 46,
major Moldenke; Premna latifolia var. mollissima (Roth)
95. 1814, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 76.
C.B. Clarke, nom. illeg.; Premna latifolia var. mucronata
1832, FBI 4: 578. 1885 and Proceedings of the Indian Science
(Roxb.) C.B. Clarke; Premna latifolia var. viburnoides C.B.
Congress Association 72(3-VI): 41. 1985
Clarke; Premna mucronata Roxb.; Premna viburnoides Wall.
ex Schauer; Premna viburnoides Wall.; Premna viburnoides (Used in Ayurveda. Stem juice used for eczema; stem bark
Kurz; Premna viburnoides A. Rich.) extract to cure ringworm and boils. Leaves boiled in water
and bath taken in case of body allergy.)
China, Tropical Asia. Tree, downy leaves, small yellowish
flowers in compound inflorescence, wrinkled drupes, young in English: broad-leaf premna
leaves and shoots eaten as vegetable, bark eaten fresh or
in India: aganyo, agnimantha, agnium, akond, bakar, baker,
cooked in time of scarcity
bhankahar, bukar, gin, gin bhankar, gohara, gonderi, naka-
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771, Hort. Bengal. 46, pher-tum, upongtha
95. 1814, Nov. Pl. Sp.: 286. 1821, Numer. List [Wallich] n.
Premna nauseosa Blanco (Gumira nauseosa (Blanco)
2646 C. 1831, Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants
Kuntze; Gumira nauseosa Kuntze; Premna leucostoma
3: 76, 80. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 11: 635. 1847, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.
Náves ex Fern.-Vill.; Premna leucostoma Miq.)
[Thwaites] 242. 1861, Fl. Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 4: 578.
1885, Forest Fl. Burma ii. 261. 1877, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 508. Philippines, Malesia.
3076 Premna L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae, Verbenaceae)

See Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 489. 1837, Fl. Filip., ed. 3, in English: pyramidal premna
4(13A): 159. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 508. 1891
in China: ta xu dou fu chai
(Leaves for stomach troubles.)
Malay names: bebuas, piat
in Philippines: agrau, alagau-gubat, ananghit, malamulauin,
Premna racemosa Wallich ex Schauer (Gumira corymbosa
mulauin-aso
(Wall. ex Schauer) Kuntze; Premna racemosa var. sikkimensis
Premna odorata Blanco (Gumira odorata Kuntze; Gumira Moldenke; Surfacea racemosa (Wall. ex Schauer) Moldenke;
odorata (Blanco) Kuntze; Gumira vestita (Schauer) Kuntze; Surfacea racemosa var. sikkimensis (Moldenke) Moldenke)
Gumira vestita Kuntze; Premna cumingiana var. pierre-
China, Himalaya. Tree, white flowers
ana (Dop) P.H. Hô, nom. inval.; Premna curranii H.J. Lam;
Premna flavida Miq.; Premna goeringii Turcz.; Premna odo- See Prodr. 11: 633. 1847, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 508.
rata f. crenulata Koord. & Valeton ex Moldenke; Premna 1891 and Phytologia 5: 18. 1954, Phytologia 46: 60. 1980
odorata var. detergibilis (C.B. Clarke) Moldenke; Premna
(Dried leaf powder applied to remove lice from cattle and
odorata var. pierreana (Dop) Moldenke, nom. inval.; Premna
tomentosa Willd. var. detergibilis C.B. Clarke; Premna poultry birds.)
tomentosa var. pierreana Dop; Premna vestita Schauer) in English: racemose premna
Philippines, Taiwan. in China: zong xu dou fu chai
See Sp. Pl. 3: 314. 1800, Flora de Filipinas 488. 1837, Prodr. in India: ginari
11: 631. 1847, Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 570. 1860[1861],
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(2): 216. 1863, Fl. Brit. Premna serratifolia L. (Cornutia corymbosa Burm. f.;
India 4: 576. 1885, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 508. 1891 Gumira corymbosa (Burm. f.) Kuntze; Premna alstonii
and The Verbenaceae of the Malayan Archipelago 116. 1919, Moldenke; Premna barbata Voigt; Premna corymbosa
Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 808. 1935, Phytologia 21: 418–419. 1971 (Burm. f.) Rottler & Willd.; Premna corymbosa (Burm. f.)
Merr., nom. illeg., non Premna corymbosa (Burm. f.) Rottler
(Sudorific, analgesic, pectoral, carminative, a decoction of & Willd.; Premna corymbosa var. obtusifolia (R. Br.) H.R.
roots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Plant a remedy for headache.) Fletcher Premna hircina Wall.; Premna integrifolia Willd.;
in China: mao yu xiu mu Premna integrifolia L.; Premna integrifolia var. obtusifolia
(R. Br.) C. P’ei; Premna obtusifolia R. Br.; Premna obtusi-
in Philippines: adgau, adiyo, alagau, argau, atinge, lagan, folia fo. serratifolia (L.) Moldenke; Premna obtusifolia var.
lassi, tangle serratifolia (L.) Moldenke; Premna serratifolia Blanco)
Premna puberula Pampan. var. puberula (Premna martinii Tropical Asia and E. Africa. Tree or shrub, inflorescence
H. Léveillé; Premna subcordata Nakai) in terminal corymb, white flowers in terminal cymes, blue-
black ripe berries, fruits eaten mixed with rice, Premna hain-
China.
anensis Chun & How allied to Premna serratifolia
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771 and Nuovo Giornale
See Species Plantarum 2: 628. 1753, Flora Indica … nec
Botanico Italiano, n.s. 17(4): 701–702. 1910, Repertorium
non Prodromus Florae Capensis 132, pl. 41, f. 1. 1768,
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10(260–262): 440.
Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252, 253. 1771, Der Gesellsschaft
1912, Botanical Magazine 40(477): 487. 1926, Fl. Yunnan.
Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4:
1: 422. 1977
187–188. 1803, Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 512.
(Stem bark juice in mouth blisters.) 1810, Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis 468. 1845, Flora de
Filipinas, ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 342. 1845, Revisio Generum
in English: puberulent premna Plantarum 2: 507. 1891 and Memoirs of the Science Society of
in China: hu xiu chai China 1(3): 75. 1932, Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh 19: 178. 1936, Phytologia 28(4): 403. 1974,
Premna pyramidata Wallich ex Schauer (Gumira pyrami- Phytologia 29(1): 101. 1974, Phytologia 36(5): 438. 1977
data (Wall. ex Schauer) Kuntze; Premna pyramidata Wallich)
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Whole plant for rheumatism
India. Tree, leaves opposite with trinerved base and neuralgia, headache. Raw fruits or decoction for treat-
ment of cough. Leaves hypoglycemic; leaf paste used exter-
See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 1779. 1828,
nally for body pain; leaves juice stomachic; leaves rubbed
Prodr. 11: 633–634. 1847, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:
with pepper and given in colds and fevers; leaf decoction
508. 1891
given in fever and to treat cough and headache. Root decoc-
(For worms in children, chew the tender shoots with leaves of tion stomachic, tonic, for liver complaints, cardiac troubles,
Caesalpinia bonduc and Cyathula prostrata and spray upon rheumatism, headache, neuralgia; contact therapy, root tied
the abdomen.) to the waist to cure rheumatism.)
Prenanthes L. Asteraceae 3077

in English: headache tree Premna tomentosa Willd. (Premna tomentosa Miq. ex C.B.
Clarke; Premna tomentosa Kurz)
in French: arbre de la migraine
Burma, Thailand. Ripe fruits eaten
in China: san xu xiu huang jing
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771, Systema Plantarum
in India: ageta, agibath, agnimanth, agnimantha, agniman-
3: 314. 1800, Forest Flora of British Burma 2: 260. 1877
than (agni, fire), arni, bhut-bhiravi, chawro, eegi gida, ganiari,
and Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Plant
ganioli, gejeri, genderi, kulamani, kulmunnai, monkun,
Sciences 98: 139–148. 1988
muney-kerai, munna, munnai, munnay, naaruva, nagoora,
nagum, nagura, nalla pinna, narara, paamanthi, padmaka, (Used in Sidha. Whole plant pounded and rubbed on cat-
pamanti, pasumunnai, pedda naaruva, pedda narava, pedda erpillar stings. Leaves diuretic, a decoction as a postpar-
narva, peddanarava, peddanaruva, peddanarva, poddana- tum remedy; leaf juice taken for biliousness and abdominal
ruva, pomanti, seeiththalai, takkila, tamonja, upatecikai, pains; crushed leaves applied locally on scabies, skin rashes
upatecikamaram and itching. Oil from the roots a remedy for stomach dis-
orders. Veterinary medicine, bark decoction given to cattle
in Japan: Taiwan-no-kusagi (= Taiwan Clerodendrum) for indigestion.)
in Papua New Guinea: alowalo, kalokalo, karuwana, kiyar, in English: bastard teak
niggrp, ninggrp, ningriek, tisibo
in India: bije, chambara, cummotakam, cummotakama-
in Vietnam: cach nui, vong cach ram, eeje mara, eeji mara, eesha, hije, ichu, icu, ije, iji,
Premna steppicola Handel-Mazzetti ilancimotakamaram, ishe, iti, kadara, kampu gummudu,
kalarcevakam, kalarcevakamaram, kampugumadu, kam-
China. pugummudu, kampugumudu, kattutekka, kattuthekku,
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771 and Symbolae kirusnappalai, kokkiti, kolakatitek, kolakatiteku, kolakat-
Sinicae 7(4): 902. 1936 taithekku, kolaketta, kollikattutekka, kollikkattait tekku,
kolukkattai-thekku, kolukkattaittekku, kozhukkattathekku,
(For skin diseases.) madak, madike, malaithaekku, malaithakku, masathekku,
in English: steppe-living premna motakam, motakattekku, motakattekkumaram, mowa,
munnai, munnu, naarale, naarike, naaruva, nagal, nagu,
in China: cao po dou fu chai naguru, naguru chettu, naguruchettu, naithekku, namuru,
Premna sunyiensis C. P’ei naooroo, naoru, naragodu, narale, narana, narava, naravalu,
narave, narele, naruva, naruvaalu, naruvalu, narva, narvu,
China. natekka, naura, naurasa, naurava, nauru, navaru, navooru,
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771 and Memoirs of the navuru, nayteku, neravu, pidan-gunari, pidangunaari, pinari,
Science Society of China 1(3): 84. 1932 pitankunari, pite, podaganari, potakanari, potakanarimaram,
putakanari, sona chal, suundi, tavadaka, tavadike, tavadke,
(Astringent, stomachic.) thavadike, vakkanai, valuvi, valuvittekku
in China: tang shi jiao in Malaya: kapiat, piat, sarang burong
Premna szemaoensis P’ei Premna urticifolia Rehder
China. China.
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771 and Memoirs of the See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771 and Plantae
Science Society of China 1(3): 76. 1932 Wilsonianae 3(3): 458. 1917
(Wound healing, stomachic.) (For skin diseases.)
in China: si mao dou fu chai in China: ma ye dou fu chai
Premna tahitensis Schauer (Gumira taitensis (Schauer)
Kuntze; Premna taitensis Schauer)
Prenanthes L. Asteraceae
Pacific. Shrub or small tree, leaves opposite, small flowers in
Greek prenes ‘prone, prostrate, with face downwards’ and
terminal panicles, fruit globose
anthos ‘flower’, referring to the flower-heads, see Species
See Mantissa Plantarum 154, 252. 1771, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 797–798. 1753.
Plantarum 1: 508. 1891
Prenanthes brunoniana Wall. ex DC. (Prenanthes bruno-
(Bark used in tonics.) niana Wall.)
in Tonga: volovalo Himalaya.
3078 Prestonia R. Br. Apocynaceae

See A Numerical List of dried specimens of plants in the see Species Plantarum 1: 142–145. 1753, The British
East India Company’s Museum: collected under the super- Herbal 68. 1756, Botanisches Wörterbuch 2: 240. 1797,
intendence of Dr. Wallich of the Company’s botanic gar- Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 532. 1810, Aug.
den at Calcutta. n. 3278. 1828–1849 and Bull. Misc. Info. Pyrami de Candolle Botanicon Gallicum 1: 384. 1828,
Kew 159, 312–314. 1925, Bot. & Hist. Hort. Malab. 90–91, Edwards’s Botanical Register 32: pl. 31. 1846, Bulletin
102–105. 1980 de la Société Botanique de France 32: 272. 1855, Bulletin
de la Société Botanique de France 45: 178–179. 1898 and
(Flower and leaf paste taken to cure fever.)
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 39: 178. 1913,
in Nepal: chakatik Flora URSS 18: 143. 1952, Aarbok for Universitetet i
Bergen, Matematisk-Naturvitenskapelig Ser. 11: 34. 1961,
B. Migliorini, Parole d’autore (onomaturgia). Firenze 1975,
Prestonia R. Br. Apocynaceae Novon 2(3): 236. 1992, Phytologia 79(2): 71. 1995 [1996],
Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der bota-
For Charles Preston, 1660–1711, British physician, M.D.
nischen Pflanzennamen. 505–506. 1996, Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Edinburgh 1694, professor of botany, sent plants to H.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2184–2185. 2001, Brittonia 59(1):
Sloane; see Plukenet, Leonard (1642–1706), Almagesti
81. 2007.
botanici mantissa. 12. Londini 1700, On the Asclepiadeae
58. 1810, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of Primula buryana Balf. f.
London 6: 70–71. 1825[1826], Prodromus Systematis
China, India.
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 486–487. 1844, [John Ray],
The Correspondence of J. Ray. Edited by E. Lankester. See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1922(4):
380–388. London 1848, Flora Brasiliensis 6(1): 172–173, 151–152. 1922
pl. 51. 1860, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(2): 188.
(Veterinary medicine, powdered roots for killing leeches.)
1895 and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of
Harvard University 52: 78–79. 1917, Annals of the Missouri in China: zhu feng chui hua bao chun
Botanical Garden 18(4): 552. 1931, Annals of the Missouri
in India: nergus phool
Botanical Garden 23(2): 278, 284, 296–297, 344. 1936,
James Britten, The Sloane Herbarium … revised and edited Primula denticulata Sm. (Primula denticulata Wight)
by J.E. Dandy. 1958, H.R. Fletcher and W.H. Brown, Royal
China. Small to robust, finely hairy herb, short stout rhizome,
Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 1670–1970. 26–30. Edinburgh
long thick roots, broadly ovate bud scales, purplish flowers in
1970, Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 395–
compact heads at the ends of flowering scapes, oblong cap-
396. 1983, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, Taschenwörterbuch
sules included in the calyx, flowers eaten in salad
der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Aufl. 156. Berlin &
Hamburg 1989, Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British & See Exotic Botany 2: 109. 1806, Icones Plantarum Indiae
Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 563. London 1994, Orientalis 6, pl. 2000. 1853
Novon 9(1): 89–91. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
(Poisonous to cattle. Plant used externally as anodyne.
Gard. 85(1): 116–132. 2001, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191.
Leaves, roots and flowers for cough and cold. Powder of roots
2005, Darwiniana 44(2): 453–489. 2006, Darwiniana
used for killing leeches.)
47(1): 140–184. 2009.
in China: qiu hua bao chun
Prestonia amazonica (Benth. ex Müll.Arg.) J.F. Macbr.
(Haemadictyon amazonicum Benth. ex Müll.Arg.; in India: bishjopra, chailaduer
Prestonia amazonica J.F. Macbr.; Prestonia amazonica
Primula inayatii Duthie
(Benth.) J.F. Macbr.)
Brazil. India. Scapigerous herb, scapes with 3–4 flowers, persistent
campanulate sepals, dark brown winged seeds
See Flora Brasiliensis 6(1): 166. 1860 and Field Museum
of Natural History, Botanical Series 11(1): 34. 1931, J. Am. See Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. 9(1): 49,
Chem. Soc. 79: 5735–5736. 1957 t. 61. 1901

(Hallucinogenic.) (Leaf juice against ringworms.)

in Brazil: yajé Primula involucrata Wall. ex Duby (Primula involucrata

Wall.; Primula involucrata Sw. ex Duby)
China, India.
Primula L. Primulaceae
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7107. 1832, Bot. Mag. t. 2842.
Primula veris, a Medieval name for the daisy; Latin pri- 1844, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
mus, primulus ‘first’, Akkadian pir’u, per’u ‘offspring’; (DC.) 8: 42. 1844
Prinsepia Royle Rosaceae 3079

(Poisonous to cattle. May cause dermatitis. Plant used exter- Prinsepia Royle Rosaceae
nally as anodyne.)
For the English archeologist James Prinsep, 1799–1840,
in China: hua bao bao chun traveller, Secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, editor
Primula macrophylla D. Don (Primula nivalis Pall. var. of the Journal of the Asiatic Society, his works include An
macrophylla (D. Don) Pax) Epitome of Ancient History. [Calcutta School Book Society;
the English compiled by Prinsep and others.] Calcutta 1830,
India, Nepal. Benares Illustrated, in a series of drawings by J. Prinsep.
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 80. 1825 Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta 1831, Essays on Indian
Antiquities, etc. Edited by E. Thomas. [With a memoir of J.
(Leaves and rootstock extract taken to treat cold and cough.) Prinsep by H.T. Prinsep.] London 1858 and Modification of
in China: da ye bao chun the Sanskrit Alphabet from 543 B.C. to 1200 A.D. London
1850; see Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan
in India: kangla, kelche-karpa, nakla, sulumentok Mountains … [Royle] 206. 1835, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum
Primula minutissima Jacquem. ex Duby (Primula heydei 16(2): t. 1526. 1886, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine t.
Watt) 260. 1892 and Plantae Wilsonianae 2(2): 344–345. 1915,
Taxon 31(3): 561. 1982, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim
China, Himalaya. and S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14.
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) Aufl. 772. 1993.
8: 42. 1844, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 20(123– Prinsepia utilis Royle (Prinsepia utilis Royle ex Hook.)
124): 5, t. 4C. 1882 [1884 publ. 18 Dec 1882]
China, Himalaya. Shrub, deciduous, arching, armed, fleshy
(Roots used as emetic.) fruits with persistent calyx, edible oil and fruits
in China: gao feng xiao bao chun See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan
Primula obconica Hance Mountains … [Royle] 206, pl. 38, f. 1. 1835 and Silvae
Geneticae 22: 188–190. 1973
China. Perennial herb, leaves basal with glandular hairs, ter-
minal funnel-shaped flowers, fruit a capsule (Oil from the plant rubbed on the body to relieve rheumatic
pains, joint pain; seed oil applied on forehead to subdue
See Species Plantarum 1: 142–144. 1753, Journal of cough and cold; oil taken to avoid giddy feelings, giddiness.
Botany, British and Foreign 18(212): 234. 1880 and Feddes Root decoction used to check stomach disorders; root bark
Repertorium 99: 113–132. 1988 to check stomach disorders. Fruit used as insect repellent.
Magic, ritual, ceremonial, the branches said to be effective in
(Poisonous parts the glandular hairs on leaves and stems
doing away with evil spirits, to drive away the ghosts; flowers
Sensitized humans develop dermatitis from exposure to the
and leaves used in worshipping Lord Shiva.)
allergen contained in hairs on leaves and other plant parts.
Pollen also can cause dermatitis and skin irritation. Some in China: bian he mu
other species of the genus Primula can cause dermatitis as
in India: arund, bekala, bekhli, bekhra, bekkli, bekkra,
well. Primin, a quinone, is the allergen in primula.)
bhainkal, bhainkuli, bhek, bhekal, bhekala, bhekar, bhekkli,
in English: German primrose, poison primrose, primrose bhekoi, bheku, bhenkuli, bhigal, breklin, cherara, dhatelu,
dhatila, dieng-sia-soh-khar, garandu, gurinda, jhataloo, jhi-
in China: e bao chun talu, jhatela, jhatelu, jintoi, jioti, karanga, kharangura, krun-
Primula ramzanae W.W. Sm. & H.R. Fletcher gora, mhat, phulwara, sohmon-rit, tatua, topthejmu, totua

India, Nepal. Perennial herb, corolla oblong or cylindrical, in Nepal: dhatelo, tisya
campanulate calyx
See Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc., Lond. lxxix. 358. 1954 Prioria Grisebach Fabaceae
(A repellent of lice and other domestic insects.) (Caesalpiniaceae, Detarieae)
Primula rosea Royle (Primula rosea Hort. & Pax) For the British (b. Wilts) botanist Richard Chandler
Alexander Prior (olim Alexander, in 1859 took name Prior),
India, Himalaya. 1809–1902 (d. London), physician, traveller (South Africa,
See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Canada, USA, Jamaica, West Indies), plant collector, Fellow
of the Linnean Society 1851; see G. Murray, History of the
Mountains … [Royle] 311, t. 75, f. 1. 1836 and Pflanzenr.
collections contained in the Natural History Departments of
(Engler) Primul. 56. 1905
the British Museum. 1: 175. London 1904, Publ. Field Mus.
(Stimulant, tonic.) Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18(2): 487–559. 1937, Ann. Missouri Bot.
3080 Prismatomeris Thwaites Rubiaceae

Gard. 38(1): 1–94. 1951, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria China.
of the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford.
See Species Plantarum. Editio Quarta 1(1): 193. 1797 and
228–229. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
American Journal of Botany 28: 440. 1941, Bull. Mus.
upon Botanists. 3: 112. 1965, T.W. Bossert, Biographical
Hist. Nat. Par., Ser. 2, 30: 466. 1958, Mémoires de l’Institut
Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute
Français d’Afrique Noire 64: 85. 1962
Portrait Collection. 318. 1972, S. Lenley et al., Catalog of
the Manuscript and Archival Collections and Index to the (Root decoction given to encourage the return of the menses.)
Correspondence of John Torrey. Library of the New York
in China: bian shuo teng
Botanical Garden. 467. 1973, Mary Gunn and Leslie E.
Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. 287–288. Malay names: akar beting, akar bintang, serapat akar
A.A. Balkema Cape Town 1981, Ray Desmond, Dictionary
of British & Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. 565. 1994,
Libro Rojo Pl. Colombia 4(1): 1–232. 2007. Priva Adans. Verbenaceae
Prioria copaifera Griseb. Meaning not clear, perhaps derived from the Latin privus, a,
Jamaica, Nicaragua. Perennial non-climbing tree um ‘without, individual, single, one’s own, deprived of’, or
from an Indian vernacular name, see Familles des Plantes
See Flora of the British West Indian Islands 215. 1860 (Adanson) 2: 505. 1763, Synopsis Plantarum 2: 139. 1806 and
(Resin used to treat venereal ulcers, as well as mange in Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/1–2): 167–236. 1970.
animals.) Priva cordifolia (Linn.f.) Druce (Buchnera cordifolia
Linn. f.; Priva abyssinica Jaub. & Spach; Priva cordifolia
Druce; Priva cordifolia (L.) Druce; Priva leptostachya Juss.;
Prismatomeris Thwaites Rubiaceae Streptium asperum Roxb.; Tortula aspera (Roxb.) Roxb.
Greek prisma, prismatos ‘a prism’ and meris ‘a part, por- ex Willd.; Tortula aspera Roxb. ex Willd.; Tortula chisosa
tion’, referring to the sharply cut petals, see Hooker’s Journal Magill; Tortula chisosa Magill, C. Delgadillo & L.R. Stark)
of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 8: 268, t. 7 A. 1856. Indian to Myanmar.
Prismatomeris albidiflora Thwaites See Familles des Plantes 2: 505. 1763, Pl. Coromandel ii. 25.
Sri Lanka. t. 146. 1798, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 3(1): 359. 1800, Ann.
Mus. Par. vii. (1806) 70. 1806 and Rep. Bot. Exch. Cl. Brit.
See Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany Isles 1916: 641. 1917, Ann. Cat. Vas. Pl. W. Pakistan & Kash.
8: 269. 1856 607. 1972, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70(1): 200. 1983
(Leaves poulticed for skin diseases. Arrow or dart poison.) (Seed used for wounds, sores and skin diseases. Leaves for
Malayan names: kayu sepedili, mundess ophthalmia.)

Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum. (Coffea tetran- in South Africa: isiNama (Zulu)
dra Roxb.) Priva curtisiae Kobuski
Sri Lanka, India. Tree or small tree, white flowers Tropical Africa.
See Species Plantarum 1: 172. 1753, Flora Indica; or descrip- See Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 13: 7, t. 2. 1926
tions of Indian Plants 2: 193. 1824, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(4):
138. 1891 (Leaves for conjunctivitis, skin diseases.)

(Bark powder or ashes of leaves mixed with mustard oil

applied to cuts and wounds. Leaf juice in stomachache.) Prochnyanthes S. Watson
Asparagaceae (Agavaceae)
Pristimera Miers Celastraceae Probably from the Greek prochoos, prochon ‘a jug, ewer,
vase’ and anthos ‘flower’, referring to the shape of the flower,
Greek prizo, prio ‘saw, serrated’ and meris, meros
see Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 457. 1887.
‘part, portion’, referring to the parts of the flower, see
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 28: 330, Prochnyanthes mexicana (Zucc.) Rose (Agave bulliana
360, 364. 1872, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(5): (Baker) Thiede & Eggli; Bravoa bulliana Baker; Polianthes
228. 1893 and Brittonia 3(3): 341–555. 1940, Ann. Missouri mexicana Zucc.; Prochnyanthes bulliana (Baker) Baker;
Bot. Gard. 52(1): 81–98. 1965. Prochnyanthes viridescens S. Watson)
Pristimera indica (Willd.) A.C. Sm. (Hippocratea indica See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 457. 1887, Bot. Mag. 121: t.
Willd.; Reissantia indica (Willd.) N. Hallé) 7427. 1895 and Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 8(1): 14. 1903
Proiphys Herbert Alliaceae (Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae) 3081

(A remedy for snakebites, toothache. Veterinary medicine, Prosartes hookeri Torr. (Disporum hookeri (Torr.) G.
a wash from the roots used as an insecticide upon animals.) Nicholson; Disporum hookeri var. oblongifolium (S. Watson)
Britton; Disporum hookeri var. oreganum (S. Watson) Q.
in Mexico: amole, apintli
Jones; Disporum hookeri var. parvifolium (S. Watson)
Britton; Disporum hookeri var. trachyandrum (Torr.) Q.
Jones; Disporum oreganum (S. Watson) Benth. & Hook.
Proiphys Herbert Alliaceae f. ex Howell; Disporum oreganum (S. Watson) W.T. Mill.;
(Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae) Disporum parvifolium (S. Watson) Britton; Disporum trachy-
andrum (Torr.) Britton; Lethea oregana (S. Watson) Farw.;
Greek pro ‘early’ and phyo ‘to grow, to bring forth’, referring
Prosartes hookeri var. oblongifolia S. Watson; Prosartes
to the premature germination of the seed, see App. [Bot. Reg.]
hookeri var. oregana (S. Wats.) Kartesz; Prosartes hookeri
42. 1821, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7(2): lvi,
var. parvifolia (S. Watson) Kartesz; Prosartes hookeri var.
909. 1830 and Taxon 29(5–6): 601. 1980.
trachyandra (Torr.) Kartesz; Prosartes oregana S. Watson;
Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb. (Amaryllis rotundifolia Prosartes parvifolia S. Watson; Prosartes trachyandra Torr.)
Lam.; Cearia amboinensis (L.) Dumort.; Crinum nervo-
North America.
sum Willd. ex Roxb., nom. illeg.; Crinum nervosum L’Hér.;
Eurycles alata Sweet; Eurycles amboinensis (L.) Loudon; See Pacif. Railr. Rep. Parke, Bot. 4(5): 144. 1857, Proceedings
Eurycles amboinensis (L.) Lindl. ex Loudon; Eurycles aus- of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 14: 271.
tralasica (Ker Gawl.) G. Don; Eurycles australis (Spreng.) 1879, Geological Survey of California, Botany 2: 179. 1880,
Schult. & Schult.f., nom. illeg.; Eurycles coronata Sweet; The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, … 1: 484. 1885,
Eurycles javanica M. Roem.; Eurycles nervosa G. Don ex Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15(7): 188. 1888 and
Loudon; Eurycles nuda Sweet; Eurycles rotundifolia M. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture 1: 496. 1900, A Flora
Roem.; Eurycles sylvestris Salisb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.; of Northwest America 6: 659. 1902, Papers of the Michigan
Pancratium amboinense L.; Pancratium australasicum Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 2: 20. 1922 (publ.
Ker Gawl.; Pancratium australe Spreng., nom. illeg.; 1923), Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
Pancratium nervifolium Salisb.; Pancratium ovatifolium University 173: 32, 36. 1951
Stokes; Stemonix nervosus (L’Hér.) Raf.) (Eurycles Salisb. ex (Poison. Aphrodisiac.)
Schultes & Schultes f., from the Greek eurys ‘large, broad’
and kleio ‘to close, to shut, to shut up’, referring to the often in English: drops of gold, fairy bells, wavy leaf soap plant
imperfect cup, the tube of the flower is closed up by the broad Prosartes lanuginosa (Michx.) D. Don (Disporum lanu-
corona; see Johann Jakob Roemer and Josef August Schultes, ginosum Britton; Disporum lanuginosum G. Nicholson;
Systema Vegetabilium. 7(2): lvi, 909. 1830) Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.) G. Nicholson; Streptopus
Thailand, Australia. lanuginosus Michx.; Uvularia lanuginosa (Michx.) Pers.)

See Sp. Pl.: 291. 1753, Fl. Ind. 2: 135. 1824, Hort. Brit.: 117. North America.
1830, Syst. Veg. 7(2): 909. 1830, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 4: See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 201. 1803, Synopsis
156–157. 1847 Plantarum 1: 360. 1805, Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of London 1: 48. 1839, The Illustrated Dictionary of
(Leaves chewed to cure swellings and to obtain relief from
Gardening, … 1: 485. 1885, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club xv. (1888)
pains, rheumatism and aches. Bulbs emetic, cathartic. Magic,
188. 1888
possession, sprinkle water with leaves about the house to
ensure that a spirit will not haunt it.) (Analgesic, for internal pains.)
Malay name: sapenoh
in English: yellow fairy bells
in Papua New Guinea: puipuimuk
Prosartes trachycarpa S. Watson (Disporum canadense
in Philippines: abud, dausum, katangal, katungal, osol, pana- Shafer; Disporum majus (Hook.) Britton; Disporum trachy-
bor, talaunur, tambal, tanual, tonuar carpum (S. Watson) Benth. & Hook.f.; Disporum trachycar-
pum var. subglabrum Kelso; Lethea trachycarpa (S. Watson)
Farw.; Uvularia lanuginosa var. major Hook.) (Disporum
Prosartes D. Don Liliaceae Salisb. ex Don, from the Greek dis ‘twice’ and spora ‘seed’,
referring to the usually two-seeded fruits, there are two
(Asparagaceae, Convallariaceae)
ovules in each chamber or locule of the ovary.)
Greek prosartes ‘attached’, see Genera Plantarum 48. 1789,
Canada to New Mexico.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1: 48. 1839
and Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard See Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 331. 1812, Prodromus Florae
University 173: 11. 1951. Nepalensis 50. 1825, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 174. 1838, Report of
3082 Prosopis L. Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel: made by in Guinea: gbelen, tchelem-tchelemadje
order of the Secretary of War according to Acts of Congress
in Mali: ‘a’nu, gele, guele, gwele, kilè, kin, ngwele, nièbere,
of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of
niebere, tidene, zamturi
A.A. Humphreys. Vol. 5, Botany. Washington: Government
Printing Office, 344–345. 1871, Genera Plantarum 3: in Niger: kiriya, kirya, kohy, zam-turi, zamtouri
832. 1883, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 188. 1888 and Ann.
in Nigeria: ayan, kiriya, kohi, kpaye, mbuci oro, okeye, san-
Carnegie Mus. 1: 109. 1901, Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 20.
chi lati, ubwa
1922 [1923], Rhodora 39: 150. 1937, Taxon 33: 351–354. 1984
in Senegal: celen-celenayi, koy, telentélénad
(For kidney ailments. Aphrodisiac.)
in Togo: balo
in English: rough fruit fairybells, wartberry fairy bell
Prosopis alba Griseb. var. panta Griseb. (Prosopis panta
(Griseb.) Hieron.)
Prosopis L. Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)
South America.
From the late Latin prosopis, idis and prosopites, ae, Greek
See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der
prosopis and prosopites (perhaps from prosopon ‘face’),
Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 131. 1874, Grisebach,
ancient names for the burdock; see C. Linnaeus, Mantissa
August Heinrich Rudolph (1814–1879), Symbolae ad Floram
Plantarum. 10, 68. 1767, Systema Naturae. Ed. 12. 2: 282,
Argentinam 118. Göttingen, 1879, Boletín de la Academia
293. 1767 and Darwiniana 4(1): 57–128. 1940, Darwiniana
Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina 4: 284. 1881
9(3–4): 315–347. 1951, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
57(4): 450–525. 1976. (Leaves and fruits astringent, tonic, for eye diseases.)
Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Coulteria africana in Argentina: algarrobo panta, impanta
Guill. & Perr.; Entada coulteria Roberty; Prosopis lanceo-
Prosopis alpataco Phil. (Prosopis alba Griseb.; Prosopis
lata Benth.; Prosopis oblonga Benth.)
alba fo. fruticosa (Hauman) Monticelli; Prosopis atacamen-
Tropical Africa, Cameroon, Sudan. Perennial non-climbing sis Phil.; Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.; Prosopis juliflora fo.
tree, yellow-dull red slash, a typical gland lies between pairs fruticosa Hauman; Prosopis siliquastrum (Cav. ex Lag.) DC.
of pinnae and leaflets, fruits sausage-shaped var. longisiliqua Phil.; Prosopis stenoloba Phil.)
See Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 282, 293. 1767, Nova Genera Argentina.
et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 328. 1824, Florae
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 256. 1830, Journal of Botany,
447. 1825, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 21(2): 394.
being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4(31):
1862, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der
347–348. 1841, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3(3): 119.
Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 131. 1874 and Anales Museo
1893 and Economic Botany 44(3): 382–390. 1990, Australian
Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 24: 391.
Journal of Botany 45: 879–891. 1997, Ethnopharmacologia
1913, Lilloa 3: 347. 1938, Darwiniana 4(1): 57–128. 1940,
27: 12–30. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92: 233–
Darwiniana 7(2): 240–321. 1946, Darwiniana 10(4): 637–
244. 2004, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78.
643. 1954, J. Arnold Arbor. 56(4): 398–412. 1975, J. Arnold
2006, Biosystems Engineering 95(2): 197–205. 2006, World
Arbor. 57(4): 450–525. 1976, Darwiniana 21(1): 49–60. 1977,
Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5(1): 90–93. 2009
Legum. Agric. Boliv. 409–423. 1996
(Leaves sedative, antalgic, aphrodisiac, sedative, for anxi-
(Leaves and fruits astringent, tonic, for eye diseases.)
ety, hysteria. Seeds decoction, cataplasm on throat for cold,
cough, influenza. Antimicrobial, diaphoretic, vulnerary, in Argentina: algarrobo blanco
leaves, bark, twigs and roots used to treat and relieve bron-
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Adenanthera aculeata
chitis, rheumatism, dermatitis, tooth decay, dysentery, asthe-
(Roxb.) W. Hunter; Adenanthera aculeata Roxb.; Mimosa
nia, malaria and stomach troubles; cold decoction of twigs
cineraria L.; Prosopis cineraria Druce; Prosopis cineraria
and leaves for piles. Boiled roots serve as poultice for sore
J.F. Macbr.; Prosopis cineraria (L.) J.F. Macbr., nom. illeg.,
throat, root decoction for toothache. Bark a dressing or lotion
non Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce; Prosopis spicata Burm.
for wounds or cuts, dried bark pounded and applied to bleed-
f.; Prosopis spicigera L.)
ing gums. Fish poison.)
India. Perennial non-climbing tree, deciduous, spinescent,
in Benin: akakanyi, bènswurou, gaijndan, guésowourou,
conical spines, yellow flowers in axillary spikes, foliage is
guinnou, kakacagni, kaké, kiryia, kohy, koun, shoba, soba
much lopped for fodder, pods used for fodder and the sweet-
in Burkina: seinga ish pulp around the seeds is eaten green or dry, raw or cooked
in Central African Republic: engere, mbangere, mbwangere, See Sp. Pl. 1: 517. 1753, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1311. 1759,
sele Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 516–523. 1762,
Prosopis L. Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae) 3083

Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 282, 293. 1767, Mantissa M. Bieb.; Prosopis aculeata Koenig; Prosopis farcta (Sol. ex
Plantarum 1: 68. 1767, Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Russell) J.F. Macbr.; Prosopis stephaniana (Willd.) Spreng.;
Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 102. 1768, Asiat. Res. 4: Prosopis stephaniana (M. Bieb.) Kunth ex Sprengel)
405. 1795, Asiat. Res. 6: 66. 1799 and Botanical Exchange
Middle East, India. Perennial non-climbing tree, young parts
Club and Society of the British Isles (Report) 3: 422. 1914,
browsed by camels, goats and sheep, gall-affected pods yield
Fl. Pres. Madras 1: 419. 1919, Contributions from the Gray
a light yellow dye
Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 16. 1919, Darwiniana
4(1): 57–128. 1940, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 57(4): See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, The Gardeners
450–525. 1976, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 24: 179– Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition no. 1. 1754,
183. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 79. 1993, Australian Journal of Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 282, 293. 1767, The Natural
Botany 45: 879–891. 1997 History of Aleppo 2: 266. 1794, Species Plantarum. Editio
quarta 4(2): 1088. 1806, Flora Taurico-Caucasica 3: 288.
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Leaf paste applied on boils
1819, Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 2: 326.
and blisters; leaf juice given as vermicide; leaves decoction
1825, Asiatic Researches 4: pl. X, 18. 1866 and Contributions
as a wash for bone fracture. Stem bark a remedy for rheu-
from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University 59: 17.
matism. Powder of root bark in fever, rheumatism. Powder
1919, Darwiniana 4(1): 57–128. 1940, Flora URSS 11: 14.
of ripe pods used for indigestion; powdered fruits given for
1945, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 57(4): 450–525. 1976,
loose motions in children. Pods and roots astringent, used
Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias [Universidad
in dysentery. Flowers mixed with sugar taken by pregnant
Nacional de Cuyo] 22: 39–42. 1981, Flora Mediterranea 6:
women against miscarriage, to prevent abortion and against
262–266. 1996
habitual abortion. Dried root paste mixed with sugar and
then eaten by a pregnant woman for checking miscarriage. (Used in Ayurveda. Leaves juice antimicrobial, given to chil-
Veterinary medicine, roots ground with Sesamum indicum dren in stomachache, indigestion, flatulence.)
and leaves of Leucas aspera given in Babesiosis; leaf paste
in English: locust pods
applied on boils, blisters, and also mouth ulcers in livestock.
Sacred plant, used in religion and magico-religious beliefs, in Jordan: yanbout
tree worshipped on the occasion of Dussera; falling or cut-
in India: bethikhijdi, sami, samudrasami
ting of this tree is a taboo; according to Atri-samhita, no
one should stay during the day time under the shade of the in Pakistan: jinjak
tree; ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in different
Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. torreyana (L.D. Benson) M.C.
religious pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja; stem used in
Johnst. (Prosopis glandulosa subsp. torreyana (L.D. Benson)
havan or homa, sacrifice, a religious ceremony performed in
A.E. Murray; Prosopis juliflora var. torreyana L.D. Benson)
temples and in homes that involves worship through the use
of a sacred fire; leaves are sacred.) USA. Perennial non-climbing tree
in India: banni, banni gida, banni mara, bhadra, chani, See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York
chaunkra, chonkar, duritadamani, havirgandha, ishana, 2: 192–193, pl. 2. 1827 and American Journal of Botany
ishani, ishta, jambi, jambu, jammi, jand, jhand, kabanni, 28(9): 751–752, pl. 1, f. 4. 1941, Brittonia 14(1): 82. 1962,
kachariphala, kalisam, kananari, keshahantra, keshama- Darwiniana 19(2–4): 357–372. 1975, Kalmia 12: 23. 1982
than, khar, khejari, khejda, khejdi, khejra, khejri, khijado,
(Leaves emetic. Bark of green or young branches soaked in
khijdo, kulisam, lakshmi, mangalya, medhya, oonjal, pap-
water and the water taken as a laxative. Milky sap dissolved
anashini, papashamani, parambai, pavitra, perumbe, priya-
in water and used as eye drops.)
darshini, priyadarsini, saktuphala, sami, samira, samudra,
sangri, sankuphala, saundad, saundar, saunder, savandad, in English: honey mesquite, mesquite, western honey
seemaimullu, semi, shaktuphali, shambaree, shamee, shami, mesquite
shankari, shankaphalika, shanta, shastra mara, shemi, shiva,
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. (Acacia cumanensis Humb. &
shivaphala, shive, shubhada, shubhadra, shubhakari, siva,
Bonpl. ex Willd.; Acacia cumanensis Willd.; Acacia juli-
sukhada, sumri, supatra, surabhi, tamali, tapanatanaya,
flora (Sw.) Willd.; Acacia salinarum (Vahl) DC.; Acacia
tunga, usila maram, vanhigarbha, vanni, vidadhari, viravr-
siliquastrum Cav. ex Lag.; Algarobia juliflora (Sw.) Heynh.;
iksha, vunne mara
Ceratonia chilensis Molina; Desmanthus salinarum (Vahl)
in Pakistan: jand, kandi Steud.; Mimosa juliflora Sw.; Mimosa piliflora Sw.; Mimosa
rotundata Sessé & Moc.; Mimosa salinarum Vahl; Mimosa
in Tibet: sa ma
siliquastrum Cav., nom. nud.; Neltuma bakeri Britton & Rose;
Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) Macbride (Acacia stephaniana Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf.; Neltuma occidentalis Britton &
Willd.; Lagonychium farctum (Banks & Solander) Bobrov; Rose; Neltuma pallescens Britton & Rose; Prosopis brac-
Lagonychium stephanianum M. Bieb.; Mimosa farcta Banks teolata DC.; Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz; Prosopis
& Sol.; Mimosa farcta Sol. ex Russell; Mimosa stephaniana cumanensis (Willd.) Kunth; Prosopis cumanensis (Humb. &
3084 Prosopis L. Fabaceae (Mimosaceae, Mimoseae)

Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth; Prosopis domingensis DC.; Prosopis (Used in Sidha. Respiratory allergy due to its pollen grains.
dulcis Kunth var. domingensis (DC.) Benth.; Prosopis schi- Dry leaves toxic to livestock. Warm solution of its bark used
nopoma Stuckert; Prosopis siliquastrum (Cav. ex Lag.) DC.; as antiseptic and applied on wounds and sores. Pods or leaves
Prosopis vidaliana Náves ex Fern.-Vill.; Prosopis vidaliana infusion an excellent eyewash, also used to treat diarrhea;
Fern.-Vill.) leaves paste applied to cure warts and wounds.)
Central America, Mexico. Perennial non-climbing shrub in South America: algarroba, algarrobo, algarrobo amarillo,
or small tree, erect or decumbent, spreading, arching, algarrobo de Chile, be, bee, bihi, carbón, espino blanco,
umbrella-shaped, thorny, stipular spines very long, fragrant espino real, garroba, guarango, huaranca, huarancu, hua-
flowers yellowish green-white sweet-scented, yellow-green rango, mesquite, mezquite, mizquitl, pe, pee, pile, tacco,
pods pendent, sweet fleshy fruit pulp eaten, in arid regions, thacco, thaco, yaga be, yaga bihi, yaga bii
in saline soils, on edge of beach, on top of dune, along the
in East Africa: eterai
seashore, very fast growing, leaves eaten by livestock, fruit
food for cattle in India: angreji babul, bavalio, bilayati babul, bilayti babul,
bilyti-babul, cimaikkaruvel, circar kampa, circar mullu,
See Species Plantarum 1: 516–523. 1753, Species Plantarum
kabuli kikar, kabuli kikkar, kikar, valaitij, vanni, velikattan,
2: 1026. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged …
vilayati babul, vilayati khejra, vilayati kikar, vilayati kikkar
fourth edition no. 1. 1754, Systema Naturae, ed. 12 2: 282,
293. 1767, Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 172. in Philippines: aromang dagat
1782, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
Prosopis nigra Hieron. (Prosopis algarobilla Griseb.;
85. 1788, Flora Indiae Occidentalis 2: 986. 1800, Elenchus
Prosopis algarobilla var. nigra Griseb.; Prosopis dulcis
Plantarum Horti Regni Botanici Matritensis 24. 1803,
Kunth; Prosopis dulcis var. australis Benth.; Prosopis nigra
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 1044, 1058, 1076–
(Griseb.) Hieron.)
1077. 1806, Eclogae Americanae 3: 35. 1807, Genera et spe-
cies plantarum 16. 1816, Mimoses 110, pl. 34. 1822, Nova Argentina. Perennial non-climbing tree
Genera et Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 310. 1823,
See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 447,
Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 24: 118. 1879, Boletín de la
456. 1825, Sylva Telluriana 119. 1838, Plantas Hartwegianas
Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba, Argentina 4: 283.
imprimis Mexicanas 13. 1839, Nomenclator Botanicus.
1881[1882] and Darwiniana 4(1): 57–128. 1940, Darwiniana
Editio secunda 1(3): 269. 1840, Journal of Botany, being
5: 276–278, 369–416. 1941, Darwiniana 7(2): 240–321. 1946,
a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4(31): 350.
Darwiniana 9(3–4): 315–347. 1951, Contr. Gray Herb. 184:
1841, Anales de la Universidad de Chile 21(2): 394. 1862,
1–223. 1958, Darwiniana 18(3–4): 437–452. 1974, Journal
Naturaleza [Sociedad méxicana de historia natural], ser. 2,
of the Arnold Arboretum 57(4): 450–525. 1976, Darwiniana
1, app. 178. 1890 and Bulletin de l’Académie Internationale
23(1): 3–35. 1981, Legum. Agric. Boliv. 409–423. 1996
de Géographie, Botanique 13: 87. 1904, U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Bureau of Plant Industry. Inventory of seeds (Fruits for ophthalmic problems, antivenereal, eupeptic.)
and plants imported by the office of foreign seed and plant
in Argentina: algarrobo blanco
introduction 31: 85. 1914, North American Flora 23(3): 185.
1928, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Prosopis pubescens Benth. (Prosopis emoryi Torr.; Prosopis
Botanical Series 18(2): 487–559. 1937, Darwiniana 4(1): odorata Torr. & Frem.; Strombocarpa odorata (Torr. &
57–128. 1940, Publications of the Field Museum of Natural Frem.) A. Gray; Strombocarpa pubescens (Benth.) A. Gray)
History, Botanical Series 13(3/1): 1–506. 1943, Annals
North America, California. Perennial non-climbing tree
of the Missouri Botanical Garden 37(2): 184–314. 1950,
Johnston, I.M. “The North American Mesquites Prosopis See London Journal of Botany 5: 82–83. 1846, Smithsonian
Sect. Algarobia (Leguminosae)” Brittonia 14(1): 72–90. Contributions to Knowledge 3(5): 60. 1852 and J. Arnold
1962, Carrillo, F.E. “Las leguminosas del valle del Rimac Arbor. 57(4): 450–525. 1976
(Sub-Familias: Mimosoideae y Caesalpinoideae).” Boletin
(Inner bark to treat wounds.)
de la Sociedad Peruana de Botanica 7(1/2): 40–68. 1974,
Darwiniana 19(2–4): 357–372. 1975, Journal of the Arnold in English: Fremont screwbean, screwbean
Arboretum 57(4): 450–525. 1976, Recent Res. Pl. Sci.
in Spanish: tornillo
(New Delhi) 7: 252–260. 1979, Seymour, F.C. “Bipinnate
Leguminosae of Nicaragua.” Phytologia 48(1): 1–71. 1981, Prosopis ruscifolia Griseb.
Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias [Universidad
Argentina. Perennial non-climbing tree
Nacional de Cuyo] 22: 39–42. 1981, Acta Botanica Brasilica
5(2): 37–51. 1991, Guía de Árboles de Bolivia 1–958. 1993, See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der
Las Leguminosas en la Agricultura Boliviana: Revision de Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 19: 130–131. 1874, Pl. Lorentz.
Informacion 409–423. 1996, Australian Journal of Botany 82–83. 1874 and Darwiniana 4(1): 57–128. 1940, Darwiniana
45: 879–891. 1997, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005] 7(2): 240–321. 1946, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 51: 417–461.
Protea L. Proteaceae 3085

1953, Darwiniana 18(3–4): 437–452. 1974, J. Arnold Arbor. in East Africa: emungomani, etugnisth, mugoiduet
56(4): 398–412. 1975, J. Arnold Arbor. 57(4): 450–525. 1976,
in Southern Africa: Afrikaanse witsuikerbos, groot suikerbos;
Darwiniana 23(1): 3–35. 1981
sitsuru, sundhla, tshundha, muBanda, muBonda, chiBonja,
(A decoction of leaves and branches abortive.) chiDendere, muMonda, mondo, muNdendere, muOnda
(Shona); isiqalaba (Ndebele: Central and southern Transvaal);
in Paraguay: olkjá
tshizungu (Venda: Southpansberg, northern Transvaal)
in Tanzania: ihalangwa
Protea L. Proteaceae in Uganda: lolac
After the marine demi-god Proteus, son of Poseidon or Protea madiensis Oliv. (Protea argyrophaea Hutch.; Protea
Neptune, capable of appearing in many different forms. See elliottii C.H. Wright; Protea elliottii var. angustifolia Keay)
Species Plantarum 1: 94. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5.
41. 1754, Mantissa Plantarum. 1: 187. (Oct.) 1767, Mantissa Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, low-spreading shrub, white
Plantarum 187, 194, 328. 1771, Genera Plantarum 78. 1789, flowers
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10: 50. 1810. See Mantissa Plantarum 187, 194, 328. 1771, Transactions of
Protea caffra Meisn. (Protea bolusii Phill.; Protea multibrac- the Linnean Society of London, Botany 29: 143, t. 92. 1875
teata Phill.; Protea rhodantha Hook.f.; Scolymocephalus (Bark emetic, astringent; bark or leaves pounded for cough.
caffer (Meisn.) Kuntze) Roots laxative, anthelmintic. Powdered stem for hysteria,
South Africa. Shrub or small tree, rounded crown, many tiny psychosis, against bad spirits. Ashes of dried leaves for bron-
single flowers clustered together in the flower head, flower chitis. Ritual, magic, ceremonial, to avert bad spell, bad luck,
heads borne singly or in clusters, outer bracts reddish to pink magical charm. Veterinary medicine, roots laxative, anthel-
or cream, copious nectar mintic, astringent, for dysentery, diarrhea.)

See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 14: in Burundi: igihunger, igihungere
237. 1856, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 581. 1891 and Kew in Central African Republic: téyéli
Bulletin 1910, 230–231. 1910
in Congo: cishasha, igihungeli, ikibangwa, kishasha,
(Veterinary medicine, root bark decoction for diarrhea.) umukubangwa
in English: common sugarbush, highveld protea, Natal in Nigeria: halshen-tunkiya, halshensa (Hausa); dehinbolo-
sugarbush run (Yoruba); okwo (Igbo)
in Southern Africa: gewone suikerbos, suikerbos; isiQalaba- in Rwanda: igihungeli, ikihungele
sentaba, uHlinkihlane, isiQalaba (Zulu); isiQwane, isiQal-
aba, iNdlunge (Xhosa); sekila (South Sotho: Lesotho, Orange in Southern Africa: chiRapadzungu (Shona)
Free State, south east Transvaal); sengenge, mohlanko, moga- in Tanzania: msese, nteruki, umpapa
lagala (North Sotho: north and north east Transvaal)
in Yoruba: dehinbolorun, dehinkolorun, dehinkorun
Protea gaguedi Gmelin (Protea abyssinica Willd., nom.
illeg.; Protea chrysolepis Engl. & Gilg.; Protea trigona Phill.; Protea nitida Mill. (Protea arborea Houtt.; Protea grandi-
Scolymocephalus abyssinicus (Willd.) Kuntze) (the specific flora Thunb.; Protea nitida Kuntze)
name after one of the common names for the tree in Ethiopia) South Africa.
East Africa. Small tree or shrub, twisted, well-branched, See Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 3. 1768, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 580. 1891
grey bark, bracts yellow-green with white pubescence, flow-
(Bark infusion for treating diarrhea.)
ers perianth white, fruit golden brown, often found in colo-
nies, on mountain slopes, in Brachystegia woodland., on in English: wagon tree
stony sites
in Southern Africa: blousuikerbos, bobbejaansuikerbos,
See Systema Naturae … editio decima tertia, aucta, refor- brandhout, waboom, wagonboom; isAdlunge (Xhosa)
mata 2: 225. 1791, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 1:
Protea repens (L.) L. (Leucadendron repens L.; Protea mel-
522. 1798, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 581. 1891 and
lifera Thunb.; Protea mellifera Thunb. var. albiflora Andr.)
Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition 222, t. 95. 1903, Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information Kew 1910: 230. 1910 South Africa. Shrub
(Leaves burned, powdered, rubbed onto chest for fever. (Nectar in a syrup for chest complaints.)
Veterinary medicine, bark and leaves extract applied for lice.)
in English: common sugarbush, honey-bearing protea,
in English: African white sugarbush, sugarbush sugarbush
3086 Protium Burm.f. Burseraceae

in South Africa: stroopbos, suikerbos, suikerbossie heterophyllum (Engl.) Rose; Icica aracouchini Aubl.; Icica
heterophylla DC.; Protium aracouchili L. Marchand;
Protea simplex Phillips (Protea doddii Phillips; Protea fla-
Protium aracouchini var. angustifolium Swart; Protium
naganii Phillips; Protea transvaalensis Phillips)
divaricatum Engl. var. intermedium Swart; Terebinthus
South Africa. heterophylla Rose; Terebinthus heterophylla (Engl.) Rose;
Tingulonga aracuchini (Aubl.) Kuntze)
See Kew Bulletin 1910, 232. 1910, Kew Bulletin 1911, 81–82.
1911 Brazil.
(Decorticated root and bark infusions used for dysentery, See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 343–344,
cholera and diarrhea. Veterinary medicine, root and bark t. 133. 1775, Prodr. (DC.) 2: 77. 1825, Adansonia 8: 51–52.
infusions for diarrhea and dysentery.) 1867, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 46. 1883, Traité
de Botanique Médicale Phanérogamique 2: 951. 1884,
Protea welwitschii Engl. (Leucadendron leucoblepharis Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 108. 1891 and Contributions
Hiern; Leucadendron welwitschii (Engl.) Hiern; Protea from the United States National Herbarium 10: 119. 1906,
abyssinica Willd. var. adolphi-fridericii Engl.; Protea abys- North American Flora 25: 247. 1911, Recueil des Travaux
sinica var. brevifolia Engl.; Protea congensis Engl.; Protea Botaniques Néerlandais 39: 199. 1942, Acta Botanica
eickii Engl.; Protea goetzeana Engl.; Protea hirta Klotzsch, Neerlandica 15: 45. 1966
nom. illeg., non L.; Protea hirta subsp. glabrescens Beard;
Protea kirkii C.H. Wright; Protea leucoblepharis (Hiern) (Sap from the bark aromatic, astringent, used for skin
Baker; Protea melliodora Engl. & Gilg; Protea myrsinifolia diseases.)
Engl. & Gilg; Protea obtusifolia De Wild.; Protea swynner- Protium divaricatum Engl. (Tingulonga divaricata (Engl.)
tonii S. Moore; Protea uhehensis Engl.; Protea welwitschii Kuntze; Tingulonga divaricata Kuntze)
subsp. adolphi-friderici (Engl.) Beard; Protea welwitschii
subsp. glabrescens (Beard) Beard; Protea welwitschii subsp. Brazil. Small tree
goetzeana (Engl.) Beard; Protea welwitschii subsp. hirta See Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 12(2): 279, t. 55. 1874,
Beard; Protea welwitschii subsp. melliodora (Engl. & Gilg) Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 108. 1891
Beard; Protea welwitschii subsp. mocoensis Beard; Protea
(Resin used as an incense in diagnosing disease.)
welwitschii var. goetzeana (Engl.) Beard; Protea welwitschii
var. melliodora (Engl. & Gilg) Beard) Protium guianense (Aubl.) Marchand (Icica guianensis
Aubl.; Icica viridiflora Lam.; Protium heptaphyllum var. pub-
Tropical Africa.
erulum Engl.; Protium hostmannii (Miq.) Engl.; Tingulonga
See Mantissa Plantarum 187, 194, 328. 1771, Transactions guianensis Kuntze; Tingulonga guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze)
of the Linnean Society of London 10: 50. 1810, Flora 28: 76.
Guyana.
1845, Über die Hochgebirgsflora des tropischen Afrika 196.
1892 and Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 340 t. 131.
F. Welwitsch in 1853–61 1: 918. 1900, Bothalia 7: 60. 1958, 1775, Adansonia 8: 52. 1867, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
Kirkia 3: 181. 1963 107. 1891
(Veterinary medicine, infusion of the inner part of the roots (Purgative, for stomachache.)
for diarrhea.) Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand (Icica heptaphylla
Aubl.; Icica surinamensis Miq.; Protium angustifolium
Swart; Protium heptaphyllum L. Marchand; Protium hep-
Protium Burm.f. Burseraceae taphyllum var. floribundum Swart; Protium heptaphyllum
From a Javanese name or from Proteus, referring to the var. multiflorum (Engl.) Swart; Protium heptaphyllum var.
rate of growth; see Rumphius, Georgius Everhardus (1627– multiflorum (Engl. ex Mart.) Swart; Protium heptaphyl-
1702), Herbarium Amboinense Amstelædami: apud Mein lum var. surinamense (Miq.) Swart; Protium heptaphyllum
Gerdum Uytwerf, 1750 [Het amboinsch kruid-boek, etc., var. unifoliolatum Swart; Protium hostmannii (Miq.) Engl.
Amstelædami, 1750. 6 vols.], Linnaeus, Carl von (1707–1778), var. brasiliense Swart; Protium multiflorum Engl.; Protium
Herbarium Amboinense …/sub praesidio Caroli Linnaei; octandrum Swart; Tingulonga heptaphylla (Aubl.) Kuntze;
submittit Olavus Stickman. Upsaliae, [1754], Nicolaas Tingulonga heptaphylla Kuntze; Tingulonga multiflora
Laurens Burman, Flora Indica. (N.L. Burman) 88. Lugduni Kuntze; Tingulonga multiflora (Engl.) Kuntze; Tingulonga
multiflora (Engl. ex Mart.) Kuntze)
Batavorum (Mar.–Apr.) 1768, Revisio Generum Plantarum
1: 107. 1891 and Brittonia 44(3): 280. 1992, Contr. U.S. Natl. South America. Tree, hard translucent whitish resin
Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007, Brittonia 59(1): 2. 2007.
See Herbarium Amboinense 7: 54. 1755, Histoire des plantes
Protium aracouchini (Aubl.) Marchand (Bursera ara- de la Guiane Françoise 1: 337, t. 130. 1775, Videnskabelige
couchili Baill.; Bursera heterophylla Engl.; Elaphrium Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn
Protorhus Engl. Anacardiaceae 3087

5: 54–55. 1873, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 12(2): 266 (-267). 1874, 1841, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 107–108. 1891 and Meded. schichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 365–426. 1881.
Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht, No. 89, 190. 1942,
Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl. (Anaphrenium longifo-
Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 39: 190–191,
lium Bernh.; Rhus longifolia (Bernh.) Sond.)
198, 297–298. 1942, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 15: 52. 1966
South Africa.
(Pungent resin used in preparing the coca-ash mixture.)
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in English: Brazilian elemi, incense tree, taca-mahaca gum
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 377, 422. 1881
in Colombia: brea, hitamaká, pergamím
(Leaves in diarrhea and stomatitis.)
Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl. (Bursera serrata
in English: red beech
Wall. ex Colebr.)
in Southern Africa: rooiboekenhout, rooibeukehout, harpuis-
India, China. Deciduous canopy tree, broad rounded but-
boom; umHlangothi, imFuce (Swazi); isiFice, isiFico, isiFico
tresses, leaf pinnately compound, leaflets strictly opposite
sehlathi, uNhlangothi, umHlangothi, umHluthi, umHluthi
with a terminal leaflet, light green flowers with 5 parts, fruit wehlathi (Zulu); uZintlwa, umKhumiso, umKomiso, umKu-
2-locular, raw fruits eaten, used for rearing insects and pro- pati, iKhubalo, umHluthi (Xhosa)
ducing lacs, one of the best lac-host trees
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 361,
pl. 4. 1827, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 4: 88. 1883 and Prunella L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Blumea 7(1): 155. 1952 Corruption of brunella, brunelle, used in the 15th and 16th
(Stomachic.) centuries by German herbalists, it probably derives from the
German braun (Latin prunum) ‘purple’ or Bräune ‘quinsy’;
in English: Indian red-pear see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 600. 1753 and Genera
in China: ma ti guo Plantarum. Ed. 5. 261. 1754 and Webb, C.J., Sykes, W.R
& Garnock-Jones, P.J. Flora of New Zealand 4: 1–1365.
in India: busi, chitreka, chitrika, cittirekka, dieng sohmir, R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington. 1988, Helmut
dongsoradi, errabusi, kanrior, karakabusi, konda mavu, Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
munutikaraka, nimburu, thikring, yerrabusi Pflanzennamen. 509. Basel 1996.
Protium unifoliolatum Engl. (Icica pubescens Benth.; Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus (Brunella vulgaris L.; Prunella
Protium benthamii Swart; Protium pubescens (Benth.) Engl.; vulgaris Greene)
Protium unifoliolatum var. inconforme Swart; Protium uni-
foliolatum var. macrophyllum Huber; Protium unifoliolatum Temp. & Subtrop. Northern Hemisphere, Central America.
var. puberulum Hoehne; Protium unifoliolatum var. sub- Perennial herb, spreading, prostrate, sprawling, pubescent,
serratum Engl.; Tetragastris unifoliolata (Engl.) Cuatrec.; leaves petiolate, flowers blue-violet, terminal spikes, floral
Tingulonga simplicifolia (Mart. ex Engl.) Kuntze) leaves bract-like, bell-shaped calyx 2-lipped, smooth ovoid
nutlets 2-celled, seeds black, on forest edges, in disturbed
Brazil. secondary grassland, roadsides
See Herbarium Amboinense 7: 54. 1755, Histoire des plantes See Species Plantarum 2: 600–601. 1753, Tekhno-Bot.
de la Guiane Françoise 1: 337, t. 130, 132. 1775, De Fructibus Slovar. 355. 1820, Man. Bot. San Francisco 293. 1894 and
et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 130. 1790, Hooker’s Journal Taxon 28: 395–397. 1979, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja:
of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 4: 16. 1852, Flora Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Revue de
Brasiliensis 12(2): 262. 1874, Revisio Generum Plantarum Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales, le Botaniste 7: 5–16. 1984,
1: 107. 1891 and Commissão de Linhas Telegraphicas, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449. 1984, Memórias da
Botanica 5(6): 31. 1915, Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Sociedade Broteriana 27: 27–75. 1984, Proceedings of the
Néerlandais 39: 324. 1942, Acta Botanica Neerlandica 1: Indian Academy of Sciences 94: 619–626. 1985, Botaniceskjij
249. 1952, Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Žurnal SSSR 71: 195–200. 1986, Journal of the Indian
Botânica 11: 10. 1961 Botanical Society 65: 304–309. 1986, Botaniceskjij Žurnal
(Resin of trunk dissolved in water and drunk for congestion SSSR 72: 1069–1074. 1987, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow &
and respiratory infections, also crushed fruits sniffed.) Leningrad) 75: 118–120. 1990, Informatore Botanico Italiano
22: 216–226. 1990, Fitologija 41: 70–75. 1991, Regnum Veg.
127: 79. 1993, Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997,
Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999, Danton, P. & Perrier, C.
Protorhus Engl. Anacardiaceae
“Liste de la Flore vasculaire de l’île Robinson Crusoe archi-
Greek protos ‘first’ and Rhus, maybe because Protorhus pel Juan Fernández, Chili.” Journal de Botanique Société de
approaches the genus Rhus, see Genera Plantarum 1425. Botanique de France 24: 67–78. 2004
3088 Prunus L. Rosaceae

(Plant paste applied on backache. Flowers decoction strong 1944, Rhodora 52: 58. 1950, Kungl. Svenska Vetens.-akad.
expectorant and antispasmodic, antidiabetes, taken to relieve Handl. 13(1): 366. 1971, Taxon 28: 395–397. 1979, Turun
fever and headache. Inflorescence or whole plant used for Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3:
headache, tinnitus, dry cough, boils, skin inflammation, con- 1–12. 1982, Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales,
junctivitis, for mild fevers, gum inflammation, sore throats; le Botaniste 7: 5–16. 1984, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111:
leaf and flower poultice astringent and antiinflammatory for 447–449. 1984, Memórias da Sociedade Broteriana 27:
insect bites and scratches; leaves pasted in castor oil used 27–75. 1984, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences
externally for treating piles.) 94: 619–626. 1985, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 71: 195–200.
1986, Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65: 304–309.
in English: common self-heal, heal-all, self-heal, sicklewort
1986, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 72: 1069–1074. 1987,
in China: hsia ku tsao, xia ku cao Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 118–120.
1990, Informatore Botanico Italiano 22: 216–226. 1990,
in India: dharu, kal-veoth, kalweoth, syangara, tharu Fitologija 41: 70–75. 1991, Regnum Veg. 127: 79. 1993, Linzer
in Nepal: lugro mhumpo Biologische Beiträge 29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Botanica 137:
1–42. 1999, Danton, P. & Perrier, C. “Liste de la Flore vas-
in Vietnam: ha kho thao culaire de l’île Robinson Crusoe archipel Juan Fernández,
Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. asiatica (Nakai) H. Hara Chili.” Journal de Botanique Société de Botanique de
(Prunella asiatica Nakai; Prunella asiatica var. albiflora France 24: 67–78. 2004
(Koidzumi) Nakai; Prunella japonica Makino; Prunella (Plant paste applied on backache. Flowers decoction strong
vulgaris f. taiwanalpina T. Yamaz.; Prunella vulgaris subsp. expectorant and antispasmodic, antidiabetes, taken to relieve
aleutica (Fernald) Hultén; Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus var. fever and headache. Inflorescence or whole plant used for
albiflora Koidzumi; Prunella vulgaris var. aleutica Fernald; headache, tinnitus, dry cough, boils, skin inflammation, con-
Prunella vulgaris var. nanhutashanense S.S. Ying; Prunella junctivitis, for mild fevers, gum inflammation, sore throats;
vulgaris var. taiwaniana S.S. Ying; Prunella vulgaris var. leaf and flower poultice astringent and antiinflammatory for
taiwaniana T. Yamaz.) insect bites and scratches; leaves pasted in castor oil used
China to Aleutian Is. Perennial herb externally for treating piles.)

See Rhodora 15: 185. 1913, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 158. in English: common self-heal, heal-all, self-heal, sicklewort
1914, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 44: 19. 1930, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 1:
222. 1948, Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 8: 136. 1975, Mem. Coll.
Agric. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 25: 98. 1985, Botaničeskij Žurnal Prunus L. Rosaceae
(Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 1675–1678. 1989, Botaničeskij From prunus, the ancient Latin name for the plum tree, Greek
Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 1783–1786. 1990, Fl. proumne ‘plum-tree’, proumnon plum’; see Carl Linnaeus,
Japan 3a: 299. 1993 Species Plantarum. 473. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5.
(Used as a diuretic.) 213. 1754 and Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary
of Modern English. 2: 1113, 1162. New York 1967, Manlio
in English: Asian self-heal Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della
lingua italiana. 4: 995, 996. 1985, Salvatore Battaglia,
in China: shan bo cai Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XIV: 829–832.
Torino 1988, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura
Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus subsp. vulgaris (Prunella caro-
europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci moderne.
liniana Mill.; Prunella vulgaris L. subsp. hispida (Benth.)
2(2): 533. 1994.
Hultén; Prunella vulgaris L. var. atropurpurea Fernald;
Prunella vulgaris L. var. calvescens Fernald; Prunella vul- Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman (Pygeum africanum
garis L. var. hispida Benth.; Prunella vulgaris L. var. minor Hook.f.; Pygeum crassifolium Hauman)
Sm.; Prunella vulgaris L. var. nana Clute; Prunella vulgaris
East Africa. Evergreen tree, bitter-almond smell, rough bark,
L. var. parviflora (Poir.) DC.; Prunella vulgaris L. var. par-
branchlets dotted with lenticels, glossy leaves, green-white
viflora (Gilib.) J.W. Moore; Prunella vulgaris L. var. rou-
very small scented flowers, rounded fruits red to purple when
leauiana Victorin; Prunella vulgaris L. var. vulgaris)
ripe, in moist evergreen forest, in riverine areas, grasslands
Temp. & Subtrop. Northern Hemisphere, Central America.
See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, De Fructibus
Perennial herb
et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 218. 1788, Journal of the
See Species Plantarum 2: 600–601. 1753, Gard. Dict., ed. Proceedings of the Linnean Society 7: 191–192. 1864 and
8. n. 6. 1768, Tekhno-Bot. Slovar. 355. 1820, Man. Bot. San Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 22: 93. 1952, Blumea
Francisco 293. 1894 and Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 3: 11. 1902, 13(1): 1–115. 1965, Trees of S. Afr. 1: 679, cum 2 fig. 1972,
Rhodora 15: 185–186. 1913, Naturaliste Canad. 71: 207. Medicinal Plant Conservation 5: 18. 1999
Prunus L. Rosaceae 3089

(Stem and roots for inflammation, kidney and prostate dis- Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Aiton (Lauro-cerasus carolin-
eases. Bark infusion purgative, a remedy for stomachache. iana (Mill.) M. Roem.; Padus caroliniana Mill.)
Fruits extremely bitter.)
North America. Evergreen tree, flowers in an elongated clus-
in English: bitter almond, red stinkwood ter, black fleshy fruits with a large pit/stone
in Cameroon: alumty, vla See The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition Padus no.
6. 1768, Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 163. 1789,
in East Africa: mkonde-konde, muiri, ntasesa
Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae
in Kenya: mueri 90. 1847
in Southern Africa: bitteramandel, nuwehout, rooistinkhout; (Wilted leaves, twigs, stems and seeds are poisonous, highly
mogotlhori (North and north east Transvaal); mulala-maanga toxic, cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin, may be fatal if
(Venda); umDumezulu, umDumizula, iNkokhokho, umLal- ingested.)
ume, nGubozinyeweni, umKhakhazi (Zulu); muChambati,
chati (Shona); iNyazangoma, umKakase, umKhakhazi in English: Carolina cherry laurel, cherry laurel, laurel
(Xhosa) cherry, mock orange, wild orange

Prunus americana Marshall Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Cerasus cera-

soides (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) S.Y. Sokolov; Cerasus cera-
North America. soides (D. Don) S.Y. Sokolov; Cerasus cerasoides (D. Don)
See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, Arbustrum Tsitsvidze & Matinyan; Cerasus phoshia Buch.-Ham. ex
Americanum 111. 1785 and McVaugh, R. “A revision of the D. Don; Cerasus puddum Wall.; Cerasus puddum Roxb. ex
North American black cherries (Prunus serotina Ehrh., and Wall.; Cerasus puddum Roxb. ex Ser.; Maddenia pedicel-
relatives).” Brittonia 7: 279–315. 1951, Taxon 31(2): 344–360. lata Hook. f.; Prunus ceraseidos Maxim.; Prunus ceraseidos
1982, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians … 35. Koidz.; Prunus cerasoides D. Don; Prunus puddum Roxb.
1991, Erigenia 11: 1–8. 1991 ex Brandis; Prunus puddum Roxb. ex Wall.; Prunus puddum
(Roxb. ex Ser.) Brandis; Prunus puddum Hort. ex Hook.)
(The bark of the roots, scraped and boiled, a remedy for abra-
sions of the skin and scars. Used for ceremonies and rituals.) India, Himalaya. Trees, pink subumbellate flowers, yellow
oblong drupes
in English: American red plum, August plum, goose plum,
hog plum, sloe, wild plum See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Prodr. (DC.)
in North America: kantsh, kantsh-hu (Winnebago), niwaha- 2: 537. 1825, Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 239. 1825, Pl.
rit, niwaharit-nahaapi (Pawnee), plum tree, wild plum Asiat. Rar. (Wallich). 2: 37, t. 143. 1831, Fl. Brit. India [J.D.
Prunus amplifolia Pilg. Hooker] 2: 318. 1878 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 1911, xxv. 259.
1911, Trees & Shrubs URSS 3: 736. 1954, Bull. Princ. Bot.
South America. Gard. Acad. Sci. URSS No. 38. 19. 1960, Silvae Geneticae
See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 538. 1906, Publ. Field Mus. 22: 188–190. 1973
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/3): 1063–1119. 1938, Journal of (Ground bark decoction taken for venereal diseases, fever,
Ethnopharmacology 69(2): 127–137. 2000 diarrhea. Bark as a nose decongestant, spasmolytic, a cough
(Antimalarial.) suppressant and analgesic for sore muscles and joints; bark
paste applied on the forehead for the treatment of headache;
Prunus amygdalus Batsch (Amygdalus communis L.; Prunus stem bark liquid or juice rubbed on the skin to relieve mus-
amygdalus Stokes, nom. illeg., non Prunus amygdalus Batsch; cular pain; ash of the bark mixed with mustard oil applied to
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch; Prunus persica Stokes) wounds, sprains, cuts and burns. Bark of the plant mixed with
Europe. bark of Fraxinus floribunda and Ficus semicordata and made
into a paste tied with cloth over fractured or swelling portion
See Species Plantarum 1: 472–475. 1753, Batsch, August
of the body. Ceremonial, ritual, the tree is a sacred one, leaves
Johann Georg Carl (1761–1802), Descriptions of Prunus
and twigs used in religious ceremonies and marriages.)
tenella and Prunus pumilio. 1: 30. 1801 [Beytr. Entw. Prag.
Gesch. Drey. Natur-Reiche], A Botanical Materia Medica 3: in English: wild cherry tree, wild Himalayan cherry
101. 1812 and Cytologia 53: 665–670. 1988
in India: daiyan, faza, paiyan, paiyun, paiyung, panya, payan,
(Digestive. Oil emollient. Kernels taken orally for dysuria. pezie, poinyu
Ceremonial, ritual, seeds used in pujas and offerings.)
in Nepal: painyu
in English: almond
Prunus cerasus L. (Cerasus cerasus (L.) Eaton & Wright,
in India: badam nom. illeg.; Cerasus vulgaris Mill.)
3090 Prunus L. Rosaceae

South America. in China: ba dan xing ren

See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners Prunus laurocerasus L. (Cerasus laurocerasus (L.) Dum.
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The Cours.)
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 1. 1768, A
Cultivated. Shrub or tree, evergreen, glossy dark green coria-
Manual of Botany 189. 1840 and Journal of the American
ceous leaves, flowers white, fleshy fruit black with a large
Society for Horticultural Science 107: 779–781. 1982
pit/stone
(For skin diseases.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners
in English: pie cherry, sour cherry Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition (300). 1754, Le
in Mexico: belohui naxiñaa, yaga belohui naxiñaa, biziaa Botaniste Cultivateur, … 3: 390. 1802 and Taxon 51(2):
nayi xtilla, piziaa nayi castilla 543. 2002

Prunus ceylanica Miq. (Cyanogenetic glycoside amygdalin. Wilted leaves, twigs,

stems and seeds are poisonous, highly toxic, cyanogenic gly-
Sri Lanka. Tree, ripe fruits and roasted seeds eaten coside, amygdalin, may be fatal if ingested.)
See Blumea 13(1): 52–55. 1965, Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon in English: bay laurel, cherry bay, cherry laurel, English
3: 378. 1981 cherry laurel, English laurel, laurel cherry
(Bark juice given for the treatment of jaundice in children.) Prunus nigra Aiton (Armeniaca dasycarpa (Ehrh.) Borkh.;
in India: bol-shendu Prunus dasycarpa Ehrh.; Prunus nigra Desf., non Aiton 1789)

Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch. (Amygdalus davidiana Europe.

(Carrière) de Vos ex Henry; Amygdalus davidiana (Carrière) See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, Meth. 15. 1754,
Yu; Amygdalus davidiana var. davidiana; Armeniaca david- Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 2: 165. 1789, Beiträge
iana Carrière; Armeniaca sibirica var. davidiana (Carrière) zur Naturkunde 5: 91. 1790, Archiv für die Botanik 1(2): 37.
Y.C. Zhu; Persica davidiana Carrière; Prunus persica var. 1797, Tableau de l’École de Botanique 3: 297. 1829
davidiana (Carrière) Maxim.)
(Astringent, aphrodisiac, for skin diseases.)
China.
Prunus pensylvanica L.f.
See Species Plantarum 1: 472–475. 1753, The Gardeners
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Meth. North America. Deciduous tree glandular leaves, red fleshy
15. 1754, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1(1): 3. fruits with a large pit/stone, fruits used for jelly or syrup
1783, Batsch, August Johann Georg Carl (1761–1802), See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, Supplementum
Descriptions of Prunus tenella and Prunus pumilio. 1: Plantarum 252. 1781 [1782] and Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982
30. 1801 [Beytr. Entw. Prag. Gesch. Drey. Natur-Reiche],
Revue Horticole 1872: 74, f. 10. 1872, Nouvelles archives du (Wilted leaves, twigs, stems and seeds are poisonous, highly
muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 5: 255. 1883, Bulletin de toxic, cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin, may be fatal if
l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg 29(1): ingested. Livestock that ingest pin cherry plant material can
81–82. 1883 and Revue Horticole 1902: 290 f. 120. 1902, be poisoned. The leaves have an average N rate of 91 mg/100
Taxonomy of the Fruit Trees in China 29: 6. 1979, Plantae g, these levels are potentially lethal to livestock if ingested.)
Medicinales Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 502. 1989 in English: bird cherry, fire cherry, pin cherry, red cherry
(Seeds used for amenorrhea, constipation, strains, contu- Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Amygdalus communis L.;
sions, dysmenorrhea.) Amygdalus communis Bunge; Amygdalus persica L.;
in English: Chinese wild peach, David’s peach Amygdalus persico-amygdala Rchb.; Amygdalus pumila L.;
Amygdalus pumila Lour.; Cerasus vulgaris Mill.; Persica
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (Amygdalus communis L.; vulgaris Mill.; Prunus amygdalo-persica Rehder; Prunus
Amygdalus dulcis Mill.; Prunus amygdalus Stocks) amygdalus Stokes, nom. illeg.; Prunus amygdalus Batsch;
China. Prunus persica Stokes; Prunus persica (L.) Stokes, nom.
illeg., non Prunus persica (L.) Batsch; Prunus persica
See Species Plantarum 1: 472–475. 1753, The Gardeners
Siebold & Zucc.; Prunus vulgaris (Mill.) Schur; Prunus vul-
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754 and Feddes
garis Schur)
Repertorium 74: 24. 1967, Fl. Libya 31: 12. 1977
China, India, Japan. Deciduous tree, glandular leaves, edible
(Emollient.)
fleshy fruits with a large rough pit/stone
in English: almond, almond tree
See Species Plantarum 1: 472–475. 1753, The Gardeners
in Mexico: bizoya xtilla, pizoya castilla Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Mant. Pl.
Prunus L. Rosaceae 3091

74. 1767, Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 2: 341. 1767, The Gardeners URSS 3: 736. 1954, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 23:
Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 1. 1768, Batsch, August 219–228. 1988
Johann Georg Carl (1761–1802), Descriptions of Prunus
(Ground bark decoction taken for venereal diseases, fever,
tenella and Prunus pumilio. 1: 30. 1801 [Beytr. Entw. Prag.
diarrhea; bark made into a paste and applied to heal fracture
Gesch. Drey. Natur-Reiche], A Botanical Materia Medica 3:
of bones. Young small branches crushed, soaked in water and
100–101. 1812, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 21. 1833, Schur, Philipp
taken internally to stop abortion.)
Johann Ferdinand (1799–1878), Enumeratio Plantarum
Transsilvaniae Index. Vindobonae, 1866 and Journ. Arnold in English: flowering cherry, Himalayan bird cherry
Arboretum 3: 26. 1922, Journ. Arnold Arboretum 1927, viii.
in Lepcha: kaong ki koong
125. 1927, Boletin Genetico 10: 29–33. 1979, Chromosome
Information Service 36: 7–9. 1984, Journal of Science of Prunus pumila L. (Cerasus pumila (L.) Michx.; Prunus
Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 2 (Botany) 21: pumilus Focke)
1–66. 1987, Cytologia 53: 665–670. 1988, Cytologia 58: 257–
North America.
262. 1993, Breeding Science 49: 49–51. 1999, Monographs in
Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners
2202–2206. 2001, Taxon 51(2): 541. 2002 Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Flora Boreali-
Americana 1: 286. 1803 and Taxon 31(2): 344–360. 1982
(Wilted leaves, twigs, stems and seeds are poisonous, highly
toxic, cyanogenic glycoside, amygdalin, may be fatal if (Stomachic.)
ingested. Peach (Prunus persica) and apricot (Prunus arme-
in English: sand cherry
niaca) have pits with enough toxin to cause poisoning and
death in humans and animals. Bark infusion in whooping Prunus salicina Lindl. var. salicina (Prunus botan André;
cough. Oil from the seeds used to treat eczema, also applied Prunus botan Hort. ex Chow; Prunus gymnodonta Koehne;
on joints to get relief from rheumatic pain. Seeds used for Prunus ichangana C.K. Schneid.; Prunus staminata Hand.-
amenorrhea, constipation, strains, contusions, dysmenorrhea; Mazz.; Prunus thibetica Franch.; Prunus triflora Roxb.;
dried ripe seed kernel for persistent vomiting of pregnant Prunus triflora Raf.; Prunus triflora var. spinifera Koehne)
woman. Fresh leaves used as piscicide. Veterinary medicine,
China.
crushed young shoots applied in hoofrot of cattle.)
See Hort. Bengal. 38. 1814, Nouvelles archives du muséum
in English: nectarine, peach
d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 8: 215. 1885, Revue Horticole
in Italian: pesca 1895: 160. 1895 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum
Regni Vegetabilis 1(4): 50–51. 1905, Repertorium Specierum
in Arabic: khoukh
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11(286–290): 266. 1912, Plantae
in Mexico: turusi, yaga nocuana naxi castilla Wilsonianae (Sargent) 1(2): 279–280. 1912, Symbolae Sinicae
7(3): 535. 1933, Familiar Trees Hopei, Peiping 211. 1934
in Southern Africa: perskeboom; umumpetshisi (Zulu)
(Ripe fruits of Prunus triflora useful for jaundice. Stembark
in China: tao, tao ren, tao ye
of Croton oblongifolius, Prunus triflora, rhizome of Curcuma
in India: aaru, adu, jungli aadu, bemi, kirol, rag, zarosei domestica, ripe fruits of Averrhoa carambola and root of
Capsicum annuum crushed together and boiled in water and
in Japan: momo, kii-mumu
the extract given in jaundice.)
in Nepal: aaru
in English: Japanese plum
in Vietnam: co tao, dao, may phang, phieu kiao
in China: chia ching tzu, li
Prunus puddum Miq. (Cerasus cerasoides (Buch.-Ham.
in India: ahombogori, paman-kam
ex D. Don) S.Y. Sokolov; Cerasus puddum Roxb. ex Ser.;
Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don; Prunus puddum in Japan: su-momo, sumomo, sumumu
(Roxb. ex Ser.) Brandis)
Prunus serotina Ehrh. (Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh.;
Himalaya. Deciduous tree, quick-growing, many-branched Padus serotina Borkh.; Padus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav.
crown, shiny bark peeling, glossy leaves, pink flowers, small ex Spreng.) R. Büttner; Prunus capuli Cav.; Prunus serotina
yellow berries Roth; Prunus serotina Schur; Prunus serotina Poir.; Prunus
serotina Poit. & Turp.; Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners
McVaugh; Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav. ex
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Prodromus
Spreng.) McVaugh; Prunus serotina Poit. & Turp. var. capuli
Florae Nepalensis 239. 1825, Prodromus Systematis
(Cav.) Hatus.)
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 537. 1825, Annales Museum
Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 90. 1865, The forest flora of North America. Perennial tree or shrub, white fragrant flow-
North-West and Central India 194. 1874 and Trees & Shrubs ers hang in drooping clusters, dark-red to black cherry fruits
3092 Przewalskia Maxim. Solanaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners Observ. Bot. 12. 1771, Flora Boreali-Americana (Michaux)
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, 1: 285. 1803, Pardee, G.K. “Case of poisoning by the wild
Gartenkalender 3: 285. 1784, Beiträge zur Naturkunde cherry.” West. Lancet 6: 289–291. 1847 and Mulligan, G.A.,
[Ehrhart] 3: 20. 1788, Archiv für die Botanik [Leipzig] 1(2): Munro, D.B. “The biology of Canadian weeds. 51. Prunus
38. 1797, Anales de Historia Natural 2: 110–111. 1800, virginiana L. and P. serotina Ehrh.” Can. J. Plant Sci., 61:
Encycl. (Lamarck) 5: 665. 1804 and Brittonia 7(4): 308. 977–992. 1981, Majak, W. et al. “The cyanide potential of
1951, Taxon 29: 713–714. 1980, Mulligan, G.A., Munro, D.B. Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) and choke-
“The biology of Canadian weeds. 51. Prunus virginiana L. cherry (Prunus virginiana).” Can. J. Anim. Sci., 61: 681–686.
and P. serotina Ehrh.” Can. J. Plant Sci., 61: 977–992. 1981, 1981, Cheeke, P.R., Shull, L.R. Natural Toxicants in Feeds
Cheeke, P.R., Shull, L.R. Natural Toxicants in Feeds and and Poisonous Plants. AVI Publishing Company, Inc.,
Poisonous Plants. AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, Westport, Conn., USA. 1985
Conn., USA. 1985, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series
Botanica 28: 65–85. 1986, AAU Reports 34: 1–443. 1994 (Two cyanogenetic glycosides, amygdalin and prunasin, are
found in red chokecherry plant material. Children have been
(High toxicity. The plant contains chemicals that can release poisoned and have died after ingesting large quantities of
hydrogen cyanide in animals, all parts are potentially toxic. berries, which contain the seeds. All types of livestock can
All types of animals can be poisoned by ingesting leaves be poisoned by ingesting the plant material. Related spe-
and twigs, ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, deer) are more at cies, including peach (Prunus persica) and apricot (Prunus
risk. Cyanide poisoning interferes with respiration and blood armeniaca), have pits with enough toxin to cause poisoning
circulation; death is often swift. Two cyanogenic glycosides and death in humans and animals. The bark or root boiled
are found in black cherry. Amygdalin and prunasin are found for stomach inflammations. Cold infusion for dry coughs
in the leaves, twigs, and seeds. Hydrogen cyanide is formed and arthritis.)
when the glycosides are hydrolyzed by plant enzymes after
damage or by rumen organisms. Symptoms of cyanide poi- in English: chokecherry, red chokecherry, wild cherry
soning are common to all animals. Leaves and bark used as in Spanish: capulin
a piscicide.)
in English: black cherry, rum cherry, wild black cherry
Przewalskia Maxim. Solanaceae
in Mexico: usabi
For the great Russian naturalist Nikolay Mikhaylovich (Nikolai
Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina
Michailowicz or Mikhailovich) Przhevalsky (Prejevalsky,
North America. Perennial tree or shrub Przewalski, Przheval’sky, Przseválszkij, Prschevalskij),
See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners 1839–1888, traveller, geographer, explorer of Central Asia,
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, his writings include Mongolia, the Tangut Country and the
Gartenkalender 3: 285. 1784, Beiträge zur Naturkunde solitudes of northern Tibet. [Translated from the Russian
[Ehrhart] 3: 20. 1788, Archiv für die Botanik [Leipzig] 1(2): by E.D. Morgan] London 1876 and From Kulja, across the
38. 1797, Anales de Historia Natural 2: 110–111. 1800, Tian Shan to Lob-Nor. [Translated by E.D. Morgan] London
Encycl. (Lamarck) 5: 665. 1804 and Brittonia 7(4): 308. 1879 [1878]; see John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
1951, Taxon 29: 713–714. 1980, Mulligan, G.A., Munro, D.B. Botanists. 3: 114. 1965; Vasiliy A. Esakov, in D.S.B. 11: 180–
“The biology of Canadian weeds. 51. Prunus virginiana L. 182. 1981; Donald Rayfield, The Dream of Lhasa. The Life
and P. serotina Ehrh.” Can. J. Plant Sci., 61: 977–992. 1981, of Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839–1888) Explorer of Central
Cheeke, P.R., Shull, L.R. Natural Toxicants in Feeds and Asia. Paul Elek 1976; E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library
Poisonous Plants. AVI Publishing Company, Inc., Westport, of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933;
Conn., USA. 1985, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series T.W. Bossert, compil., Biographical Dictionary of Botanists
Botanica 28: 65–85. 1986, AAU Reports 34: 1–443. 1994 Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 319.
1972; Emil Bretschneider (1833–1901), History of European
(The plant contains chemicals that can release hydrogen cya- Botanical Discoveries in China. [Reprint of the original edi-
nide in animals. All types of animals can be poisoned by tion 1898.] Leipzig 1981; I.C. Hedge and J.M. Lamond, Index
ingesting leaves and twigs.) of collectors in the Edinburgh herbarium. 1970.
in English: black cherry, rum cherry, wild black cherry Przewalskia tangutica Maximowicz (Mandragora shebbea-
Prunus virginiana L. (Cerasus virginiana (L.) Michx.; rei C. Fischer; Przewalskia roborowskii Batalin; Przewalskia
Prunus virginiana Du Roi) shebbearei (C. Fischer) Grubov)
North America. Sikkim Himalaya. Herb, succulent, erect
See Species Plantarum 1: 473–475. 1753, The Gardeners See Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Diss. Pétersbourg 11: 274–275. 188l
Psacalium Cass. Asteraceae 3093

(Analgesic, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic. Roots used as Psammogeton biternatum Edgew.

a medicine for relieving muscular spasm, pain and swelling.)
Iran.
in English: Tangut przewalskia
See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(1): 57. 1846 [1851 publ. 29
in China: ma niao pao, ma niao pao shu Aug 1846]
(Seeds to relieve stomach ache.)
Psacalium Cass. Asteraceae in Pakistan: buzi izbuthak
Greek psakalon ‘new-born, new-born animal’, referring to
the flowers, see Robinson, H. and R.D. Brettell. “Studies in
the Senecioneae (Asteraceae). III. The genus Psacalium.” Psammosilene W.C. Wu & C.Y.
Phytologia 27: 254–264. 1973, Compositae Newsletter 37: Wu Caryophyllaceae
i-iii, 1–84. 2001.
Greek psammos ‘sand’, see Wu, Wen Cheng, Icones
Psacalium decompositum (A. Gray) H. Rob. & Brettell Plantarum Medicarum e Libro Tien-Nan-Pen-Tsao
(Cacalia decomposita A. Gray; Mesadenia decomposita Lanmaoano 1: Table 1. 1945 [Description of Psammosilene.].
(A. Gray) Standley; Odontotrichum decompositum (A.
Psammosilene tunicoides W.C. Wu & C.Y. Wu (Silene
Gray) Rydberg; Senecio decompositus Sch. Bip. ex Hieron.;
cryptantha Diels; Silene cryptantha Viv.)
Senecio grayanus Hemsl.)
China.
North America, Mexico. Herb
See Viviani, Domenico (1772–1840), Florae Libycae
See Species Plantarum 2: 834, 866–872. 1753, Dictionnaire
Specimen. Genuæ (Genova), 1824, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
des Sciences Naturelles [Second édition] 43: 461–462. 1826,
Edinburgh 5: 180. 1912, Icones Plantarum Medicarum e
Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic
Libro Tien-Nan-Pen-Tsao Lanmaoano 1: Table 1. 1945
Improvement 8: 247. 1832, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-
Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie (Astringent, for skin diseases, antiseptic.)
der Wissenschaften 1: 311. 1832, Smithsonian Contr.
in China: jin tie suo
Knowledge 5(6): 99. 1853, Biologia Centrali-Americana; …
Botany … 2(10): 241. 1881 and Botanische Jahrbücher für
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 28:
634. 1901, Contributions from the United States National Pseudarthria Wight & Arnott
Herbarium 19: 749. 1915, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Fabaceae (Desmodieae)
Club 51(10): 414. 1924 From the Greek pseudes ‘false’ and arthron ‘a joint’, the pod
(Piscicide. Roots used to treat insulin-resistant diabetes. Root is imperfectly articulated, see Prodromus Florae Peninsulae
tea or tincture a liniment for sprains and acute arthritis; roots Indiae Orientalis 1: 209. 1834 and Bothalia 18: 11–24. 1988.
infusion to improve blood circulation, for varicose veins.
Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn. (Anarthrosyne densi-
Moderate toxicity.)
flora Klotzsch; Anarthrosyne robusta E. Mey.; Desmodium
in English: indian-plantain kerstenii O. Hoffm.; Pseudarthria alba A. Chev.;
Pseudarthria lactescens Bojer; Pseudarthria robusta (E.
in Mexico: chicura, mataril, matarique, maturi, maturí,
Mey.) Schltr.; Pseudarthria robusta Schltr. ex Zahlbr.)
pichichagua
Indian Ocean, Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing
Psacalium peltatum (Kunth) Cass. (Cacalia peltata Kunth;
shrub, woody rootstock, subshrub, herbaceous, semi-woody,
Senecio peltatus DC.; Senecio peltifer Hemsl.)
erect, angular ribbed hairy stems, many-flowered branched
Mexico. Herb, white flowers inflorescences terminal and in the upper leaf axils, white
pink-purple flowers, red-brown fruits
See Species Plantarum 2: 834, 866–872. 1753, Nova Genera
et Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 133, t. 361. 1820 [1818], See Commentariorum de Plantis Africae Australioris
Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second édition] 43: (Meyer) 124. 1835, Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters]
461–462. 1826, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 6(Bot., 1): 41. 1861, Linnaea 43: 127. 1881 and Annalen
2(10): 245. 1881 des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 20: 25. 1905, Bulletin
de la Société Botanique de France 58: Mém. VIII. 160.
(For diabetes.)
1912 [1911 publ. 1912], Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 12: 10. 1937,
Check-list For. Trees Shrubs Tang. Terr.: 436. 1949, Kew
Bulletin 24: 65. 1970, F.T.E.A., Leguminosae, Pap.: 484,
Psammogeton Edgew. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
fig. 69/1–9. 1971, Kirkia 8: 225. 1972, Kirkia 9: 534. 1974,
Greek psammos ‘sand’ and geiton ‘a neighbour’. African Study Monographs 11(2): 101–114. 1990, Journal
3094 Pseuderanthemum Radlk. Acanthaceae

of Ethnopharmacology 48(1): 43–51. 1995, Biotechnol. muyyaku ponna, muyyakuponna, nayaku ponna, nayaku-
Agron. Soc. Environ. 4(3): 135–156. 2000, Systematics ponna, neermali, nirmalli, ottuchedi, pitani, prsniparni, sala-
and Geography of Plants 71(2): 639–659. 2001 [“Plant parni, saliparni, sanaparni
Systematics and Phytogeography for the Understanding of
African Biodiversity”], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92:
177–191. 2004, Pharmaceutical Biology 43(1): 72–78. 2005, Pseuderanthemum Radlk. Acanthaceae
African Journal of Ecology 45(s1): 34–40, 48–51. 2007, Afr.
J. Trad. Complementary and Alternative Medicines 4(1): Greek pseudes and Eranthemum L.; see Ludwig A.T. Radlkofer
17–22. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113(3): 521– (1829–1927), in Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physi-
540. 2007, Pharmazie 63(2): 164–168. 2008 kalischen Classe der k.b. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
München. 13(2): 282, 286. 1883–1884, Naturl. Pflanzenfam.
(Estrogenic, anti-hypertensive, diuretic. Roots for stomach- iv. 3b (1895) 330. 1895 and Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 31: 292.
ache, malaria, venereal diseases, epilepsy, helminthiasis, 1953, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/4): 328–462. 1974.
diarrhea, dysentery. Leaves chewed for relief of menstrual
cramps, painful menstruation, irregular menstruation, exces- Pseuderanthemum album Merr. (Pseuderanthemum album
sive bleeding and prolapsed uterus; leaves ashes anti-pneu- Radlk.; Pseuderanthemum album (Roxb.) Merr.)
mococcal, for cough; ointment, crushed leaves, for ulcers, India. Herb
boils, skin diseases, syphilis. Magic, ceremonial, protection
against witchcraft, sorcery.) See Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.
München 13: 286. 1883 (1884) and Journ. As. Soc. Mal. i.
in English: bug catcher, velvet bean 37. 1923
in Burundi: umugubugubu, umukobekobe
(Leaf paste applied on earache, mumps.)
in Congo: igobagoba
in India: hinkok, lanoh, tomapivo
in Ivory Coast: agnible, pongongiéni, tchéguenimin, woinzo
Pseuderanthemum hildebrandtii Lindau
in Madagascar: dikazolahy, sofindambo
Tropical Africa. Subshrub or shrub, erect, perennial herb,
in Malawi: nyambati purple-white to orange-pink flowers
in Rwanda: ingobagoba, ubugobogobo See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xx. (1894) 39. 1894 and Proc. Calif.
in Sierra Leone: dengadenga-na, tiabolokoma Acad. Sci. 52(12): 143–158. 2000

in Swaziland: uphandosi, uqhonqo, uqwashu (Whole plant and leaves for venereal disease, snakebite and
stomachache.)
in Upper Volta: jalligué, sugbafi, suloigbavi
in Zaire: amagoba-goba
in Zambia: mulanata Pseudobombax Dugand Bombacaceae

in Zimbabwe: mutapatsikidzi, nyakatohwa, rutpatsikidzi Greek pseudes ‘false’ and Bombax L., see Histoire des plan-
tes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 725–726, pl. 291–292. 1775
Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Arn. (Desmodium and Caldasia 6: 65. 1943, Brenesia 47–48: 17–36. 1997,
leschenaultii DC.; Desmodium timoriense DC.; Desmodium Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. 2003 [2005].
viscidum auct. non DC.; Glycine viscida (L.) Willd.; Hedysarum
viscidum L.; Pseudarthria gyroides Z. & M.; Pseudarthria Pseudobombax septenatum (Jacq.) Dugand (Bombax balanoi-
timoriensis (DC.) Z. & M; Rhynchosia viscida (L.) DC.) des Ulbr.; Bombax barrigon (Seem.) Decne.; Bombax barrigon
Decne.; Bombax carabobense Pittier; Bombax heptaphyllum
India. Perennial non-climbing shrub Tussac; Bombax heptaphyllum L.; Bombax heptaphyllum Cav.;
See Species Plantarum 2: 747–748. 1753, Der Gesellsschaft Bombax septenatum Jacq.; Pachira barrigon Seem.)
Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 4: 209. South America.
1803, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
387. 1825 See Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 26. 1760, Sp. Pl. ed.
2, 2: 960. 1763, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 457. 1767, The Botany of the
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant used in biliousness, rheu-
Voyage of H.M.S. ~Herald~ [Seemann] 3: 83–84. 1853 and
matism, fever, asthma, piles, worms, heart diseases. Roots to
Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-
treat diarrhea. Leaf paste mixed with rice gruel and taken by
Dahlem 6: 156. 1914, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 171.
women for lactation.)
1918, Bol. Comercial Industr. 2: 434, 435. 1921, Arb. Arbust.
in India: antu bele gida, antuparni, gas-gonika, gaskonika, Venez. 2–3: 32. 1923, Caldasia 2(6): 65–67. 1943, Bulletin
kalasi, kotiottai, moovila, muvila, muvilai, muvilaippunnai, du Jardin Botanique de l’État. Bruxelles 33: 36, 37. 1963,
muvilaippunnaimaram, muvvila, muyak, muyaku ponna, Brenesia 47–48: 17–36. 1997
Pseudocedrela Harms Meliaceae 3095

(Astringent.) Adams; Blumea guineensis auct., Berhaut, non DC.; Blumea

guineensis auct. var. foliolosa DC., Berhaut, non DC.;
in Panama: urtuwala
Blumea lyrata (Kunth) V.M. Badillo; Blumea obliqua (L.)
Druce; Blumea obliqua var. aurita (L.f.) V.N. Naik & P.Y.
Pseudocedrela Harms Meliaceae Bhogaonkar; Blumea viscosa (Mill.) V.M. Badillo; Blumea
viscosa (Mill.) D’Arcy, nom. illeg., non Blumea viscosa
Greek pseudes ‘false’ and the genus Cedrela, see Botanische (Mill.) V.M. Badillo; Blumea viscosa var. lyrata (Kunth)
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und D’Arcy; Conyza aurita L.f.; Conyza chiapensis Brandegee;
Pflanzengeographie 22: 153–154. 1895. Conyza lyrata Kunth; Conyza lyrata var. pilosa Fernald;
Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms (Cedrela kotschyi Conyza senegalensis Willd.; Conyza viscosa Mill.; Erigeron
Schweinf.; Pseudocedrela chevalieri C. DC.; Pseudocedrela lyratus (Kunth) M. Gómez; Ernstia lyrata (Kunth) V.M.
kotschyi Harms; Soymida roupalifolia Schweinf.) Badillo, nom. inval.; Eschenbachia lyrata (Kunth) Britton
& Millsp.; Eupatorium lyratum J.M. Coult.; Laggera aurita
Tropical Africa, Senegal. Tree, monoecious, wavy-toothed (L.f.) Sch. Bip., nom. inval.; Laggera aurita (L.f.) Sch.Bip.
leaflets, inflorescence an axillary panicle, male and female ex C.B. Clarke; Laggera aurita (L.f.) C.B. Clarke; Laggera
flowers very similar, fruit a club-shaped erect capsule aurita (L.f.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke; Laggera lyrata (Kunth)
See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts Leins; Pseudoconyza lyrata (Kunth) Cuatrec.; Pseudoconyza
158, pl. 10, f. 1. 1756, Schweinfurth, Georg August (1836– viscosa var. lyrata (Kunth) D’Arcy)
1925), Reliquiae Kotschyanae. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1868 Madagascar, Pakistan, South America. Erect herb, annual,
[Kotschy, Karl Georg Theodor (1813–1866)], Botanische taproot, sticky, glandular-aromatic, smell of turpentine,
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und flowering head pink to white, achenes cylindrical, see also
Pflanzengeographie 22: 153–154. 1895 and Bull. Soc. Bot. Laggera and Blumea
France 54(Mém. 8a): 12. 1907, Discovery and Innovation
13(3/4): 132–135. 2001, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88: See Species Plantarum 2: 836–839, 863–865. 1753, The
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 8. 1768,
19–44. 2003, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93(1): 43–49.
Supplementum Plantarum 367. 1781, Methodus Plantas Horti
2004, Pharmaceutical Biology 43(1): 72–78. 2005, Journal
Botanici … 573. 1794, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5(9): 724–728. 2006,
(folio ed.) 4: 55. 1820 [1818], Synopsis Generum Compositarum
Journal of Natural Products 70(1): 9–13. 2007, Journal of
… 203–204. 1832, Archives de Botanique 2: 514. 1833,
Ethnopharmacology 110: 99–104. 2007
Contributions to the Botany of India 16. 1834, Linnaea 19:
(Bark antibacterial, antioxidant, antiradical, antimicrobial, 391. 1847, Tentamen Florae Abyssinicae … 393. 1848, Genera
molluscicidal, anti-HIV, anti-ulcer, applied to ulcers, sores, Plantarum 2(1): 290. 1873, Compositae Indicae 92. 1876, Ana.
itch, rheumatism, leprosy, syphilis, yaws, skin diseases; bark Hist. Nat. Madrid 19(2): 272. 1890, Botanical Gazette 16(4):
diuretic, febrifuge, astringent and aphrodisiac, taken to treat 96. 1891 and Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
fever, stomachache, diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves anthel- and Sciences 36(27): 506. 1901, Report. Botanical Exchange
mintic, ascaricidal, against intestinal helminthiasis. Root Club. London 1916: 609. 1917, The Bahama Flora 444.
and root bark antileishmanial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti- 1920, University of California Publications in Botany 10(8):
protozoal, antiradical, aphrodisiac, diuretic, astringent, feb- 419. 1924, Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias
rifuge, given to treat asthma, fever, liver troubles, jaundice, Naturales 10: 257. 1946, Catalogo de la Flora Venezolana
dysentery, to facilitate childbirth. Veterinary medicine, stem 2: 504. 1947, The Journal of American Folklore 69(272):
bark to treat trypanosomiasis; leaves given against intestinal 147–174. 1956, Ciencia (Mexico) 21(1): 30–31, f. 4a-i. 1961,
worms, nematodes. Bark for arrow poison, and a fish poison.) Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung München 9:
107–108. 1971, Phytologia 25(5): 281. 1973, Revista de la
in English: dry-zone cedar, hard cedar-mahogany
Facultad de Agronomía 7(3): 9–16. 1974, Phytologia 30(1):
in Mali: sinzan, zaza, zega 5. 1975, ILCA Bulletin—Bulletin du CIPEA 17: 19–23. 1984,
Acta Botanica Indica 20(1): 49. 1992, Fl. Egypt 3: 189. 2002,
in Nigeria: tuna (Hausa); emigbegi, emigbegeri (Yoruba)
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 1198–1205. 2008
in Yoruba: emi gbegbari, emi gbegberi, emi gbegi, emi gberi
(Used in Sidha. Anthelmintic, leaf juice; leaves to stop bleed-
ing from cuts. Leaves have cicatrisant properties, applied to
heal cuts and to bruises; leaves prepared as an enema used to
Pseudoconyza Cuatrec. Asteraceae
cure constipation and dysentery. Powdered plant or infusion
Greek pseudes ‘false’ plus Conyza Less., see Fieldiana, given for dyspepsia and indigestion. Magic.)
Botany 24(12): 164–181, 496–502. 1976, Flora of Bhutan
in Nigeria: hankaki adako
2(3): 1397–1632. 2001.
in Mexico: yepantlzoctli, yepantzoctli
Pseudoconyza viscosa (Mill.) D’Arcy (Blumea aurita (L.f.)
DC.; Blumea aurita (L.f.) DC. var. foliolosa (DC.) C.D. in India: marang-puru
3096 Pseudognaphalium Kirpiczn. Asteraceae

Pseudognaphalium Kirpiczn. Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt
(Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.; Gnaphalium obtusifolium var.
Greek pseudes ‘false’ and the genus Gnaphalium L., refer- praecox Fernald)
ring to a superficial resemblance, from the Greek gnaphal-
lion, gnaphalon, knaphallon ‘soft down’, referring to the North America.
habit of the plant; Latin gnaphalium, ii or gnaphalion, ii See Species Plantarum 2: 851. 1753 and Rhodora 38(450):
‘cudweed, cotton-grass’ (Plinius); see Carl Linnaeus, Species 231–232, pl. 434, f. 1–3. 1936, Botanical Journal of the
Plantarum. 850. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 368. Linnean Society 82(3): 205. 1981
1754 and Moisey Elevich Kirpicznikov (1913–  ), in Trudy
Botaniceskogo Instituta Akademii nauk SSSR. Ser. 1. Flora i (Anaphrodisiac, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, astringent,
sistematika vyssih rastenij. 9: 33. Moscow & Leningrad 1950. diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, vermifuge,
insect repellent. Whole plant infusion expectorant, pecto-
Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderb. (Gnaphalium ral, used internally in the treatment of throat ulcers, bron-
affine D. Don; Gnaphalium confusum DC.; Gnaphalium chitis, coughs, chest complaints, lung affectations, intestinal
javanicum DC. Gnaphalium luteoalbum subsp. affine (D. and respiratory catarrh; applied externally as a poultice to
Don) J. Kost.; Gnaphalium luteoalbum var. multiceps (Wall. bruises. Leaves and flowers infusion a mild sedative, diuretic
ex DC.) Hook. f.; Gnaphalium multiceps Wall. ex DC.; and antispasmodic. Fresh juice considered to be aphrodisiac
Gnaphalium ramigerum DC.; Helichrysum griffithii Boiss.; or anaphrodisiac.)
Laphangium affine (D. Don) Tzvelev; Pseudognaphalium
in English: cudweed, everlasting
luteoalbum subsp. affine (D. Don) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt)
in Mexico: gordolobo
India.
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 173. 1825, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 222. 1837 and Pseudolachnostylis Pax Phyllanthaceae
Blumea 4(3): 484–485. 1941, Botanical Journal of the Linnean (Euphorbiaceae)
Society 82(3): 206. 1981, Opera Botanica 104: 146. 1991
Greek pseudes ‘false’ and the genus Lachnostylis Turcz.
(Leaves juice in skin diseases.)
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax
in India: bukiphool, rip
Tanzania to S. Africa. Small tree or shrub, dioecious, many-
Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum (DC.) Hilliard & B.L. branched, light grey flaking bark, young stem brown with
Burtt (Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC.) pale brown lenticels, new foliage bronze, flowers yellow-
green with purple in centre, fairly pleasant but somewhat
India. Terrestrial herb, yellow flowers musty odor, fruit yellowish brown with white-yellowish
See Contributions to the Botany of India 21. 1834 and spots, fruits with sticky juice, poles for building, in mixed
Nucleus 18: 6–19. 1975, Taxon 28: 401–402. 1979, Botanical woodland, in Kalahari woodlands, in dry rocky soil, on deep
Journal of the Linnean Society 82(3): 205. 1981 white Kalahari sands

(Plant paste taken to control cough and backache.) See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 19–20. 1899
in Nepal: soraka
(Poisonous. Roots purgative, for stomachache, cough, mus-
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt cular pains, body ache, amenorrhea.)
(Gnaphalium humillimum Spreng.; Gnaphalium luteo-
album L.; Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.; Gnaphalium luteoal- in East Africa: mukalanyanga
bum subsp. pallidum Mahesw.; Gnaphalium nanum Kunth, in Tanzania: magalyambisi, msolo, msungwi, mtoro, mtun-
nom. illeg.; Laphangium luteoalbum (L.) Tzvelev) gulu, ng’oro
India, Europe.
See Species Plantarum 2: 850–857. 1753, Nova Genera et Pseudolysimachion (Koch) Opiz
Species Plantarum (folio ed.) 4: 66. 1820[1818], Systema Scrophulariaceae (Plantaginaceae)
Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 3: 476. 1827 and Journal
of the Bombay Natural History Society 57(2): 377. 1960, Greek pseudes ‘false’ and lysimachion for a plant, otherwise
unknown, see Species Plantarum 1: 9–14. 1753, Synopsis
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 82(3): 206. 1981
Florae Germanicae et Helveticae 527. 1837, Seznam Rostlin
(Whole plant pasted and applied on the breast for lactation. Kveteny Ceske 80. 1852 and J. Jap. Bot. 57(11): 349–350.
Leaves and flowers for fever, gout. Ceremonial, graveyard 1982, Preslia 70(3): 195. 1998.
ceremonies.)
Pseudolysimachion linariifolium (Pallas ex Link)
in India: syntiew kubi Holub subsp. dilatatum (Nakai & Kitagawa) D.Y. Hong
Pseudopogonatherum A. Camus Poaceae (Gramineae) 3097

(Pseudolysimachion galactites (Hance) Holub; Veronica Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde

angustifolia Fischer var. dilatata Nakai & Kitagawa; Partie: Sciences Naturelles 4,2(1): 90. 1836, Hooker’s
Veronica galactites Hance; Veronica jeholensis Nakai; Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 2: 101.
Veronica linariifolia subsp. dilatata (Nakai & Kitagawa) 1850, Synopsis Plantarum Glumacearum 1: 381, 412.
D.Y. Hong; Veronica linariifolia Pallas ex Link var. dilatata 1854 [1855], Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 8:
(Nakai & Kitagawa) Nakai & Kitagawa; Veronica linariifo- 118. 1873, Journal de Botanique (Morot) 4: 81. 1890,
lia var. jeholensis (Nakai) Kitagawa) Revisio Generum Plantarum 1(2): 775. 1891 and Annales
de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, sér. 2 68: 203–206.
China. Edible, used as a vegetable
1921, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 7: 256. 1922, The
See Rep. Exped. Manchoukuo sect. 4(1): 54. 1934, Folia Botany of Bihar and Orissa 5: 1018. 1924, Die natürlichen
Geobot. Phytotax. Praha, 2: 422, 424. 1967, Novon 6: 23. 1996 Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 14e: 121. 1940, Blumea
4(3): 521. 1941, Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 18:
(Antiallergic.)
3. 1947, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18(4): 489. 1980,
in China: shui man jing, xi ye sui hua Acta Botanica Yunnanica 4(4): 351. 1982
in India: poshagas, saoni (Plant decoction taken as carminative, febrifuge, diuretic;
a paste of the ash of the whole plant applied for skin
diseases.)
Pseudopogonatherum A. Camus in India: pansi-tasad
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Greek pseudes ‘false’ and the genus Pogonatherum
Beauv., sometimes included in and referred to Eulalia, see Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose Cactaceae
K.S. Kunth, Révision des Graminées. 1: 160. Paris 1829, Greek pseudes ‘false’ plus Rhipsalis Gaertner.
Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-
Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Pseudorhipsalis amazonica (K. Schum.) Ralf Bauer
Physiques et Naturelles. Seconde Partie: Sciences Naturelles (Discocactus amazonicus (K. Schum.) D.R. Hunt; Disocactus
4,2(1): 90. 1836, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2(2): 24. amazonicus (K. Schum.) D.R. Hunt; Wittia amazonica K.
1887, Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6: 189, t. 1, f. 13. Schum.; Wittia panamensis Britton & Rose; Wittiocactus
1889, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 788. 1891 and Aimée amazonicus (K. Schum.) Rauschert; Wittiocactus panamen-
Antoinette Camus (1879–1965), in Annales de la Société sis (Britton & Rose) Rauschert)
Linnéenne de Lyon. 68: 204. 1922, Fl. Indo-Chine 7: 254. South America.
1922, The Botany of Bihar and Orissa 5: 1018. 1924, Bulletin
of the Tokyo Science Museum 18: 2. 1947, Index Grass Sp. 3: See Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde 13(8): 117–118, f. A-E.
203. 1962. 1903, The Cactaceae; descriptions and illustrations of plants
of the cactus family 4: 213. 1923, Taxon 31(3): 559. 1982,
Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Brongn.) A. Camus Cactus and Succulent Journal of Great Britain 44(1): 2.
(Andropogon asthenostachys Steud.; Andropogon kore- 1982, Haseltonia 9: 101–106, f. 2–6, map 1. 2002 [2003]
trostachys Trin.; Erianthus articulatus (Trin.) F. Muell.;
Eulalia concinna Nees ex Steud.; Eulalia contorta (Brongn.) (Used for colds.)
Kuntze; Eulalia contorta (Brongn.) Pilg.; Eulalia koretro-
stachys (Trin.) Henrard; Pogonatherum contortum Brongn.;
Pollinia articulata Trin.; Pollinia collina Balansa; Pollinia Pseudosabicea N. Hallé Rubiaceae
setifolia Nees; Pseudopogonatherum collinum (Balansa)
Greek pseudes ‘false’ plus Sabicea Aublet.
A. Camus; Pseudopogonatherum koretrostachys (Trin.)
Henrard; Pseudopogonatherum koretrostachys (Trin.) Ohwi, Pseudosabicea arborea (K. Schum.) N. Hallé subsp. bequae-
nom. illeg., non Pseudopogonatherum koretrostachys (Trin.) rtii (De Wild.) Verdc. (Sabicea bequaertii De Wild.)
Henrard; Pseudopogonatherum setifolium (Nees) A. Camus;
Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania.
Puliculum articulatum (Trin.) Haines)
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 192.
Indochina, India, Australia. Annual, tufted, slender, leaves
1775, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
linear, spikelets pedicellate
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 57. 1899 and Plantae
See Species Plantarum 2: 1045. 1753, Voyage autour Bequaertianae 2: 229. 1923, Adansonia: recueil périodique
du Monde 2(2): 90, t. 17. 1831, Mémoires de l’Académie d’observations botanique, n.s. 3: 170, 172. 1963, Kew Bulletin
Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième 31: 183. 1976, Flora of Tropical East Africa 415–747. 1988
Série. Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles
(Lactogenic.)
2(3): 273. 1832, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des
Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences in Rwanda: umuzigamfizi
3098 Pseudosmodingium Engl. Anacardiaceae

Pseudosmodingium Engl. Anacardiaceae Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: 187. 1867, Journal of

the Linnean Society, Botany 23(152): 68–69. 1886, Bulletin
Greek pseudes ‘false’ plus the genus Smodingium E. Meyer
de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg:
ex Sonder.
Nouvelle Série Sér. 5 9: 391. 1898 and Die natürlichen
Pseudosmodingium perniciosum (Kunth) Engl. (Rhus per- Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 16c: 318. 1934
niciosa Kunth)
(Stimulant, tonic, stomachic.)
South America. Shrub or tree, reddish papery bark, white
in China: hai er shen
flowers, red fruits
Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torr.) W.A. Weber & R.L.
See Species Plantarum 1: 265–267. 1753, Nova Genera et
Hartm. (Alsine glutinosa A. Heller; Alsine jamesiana (Torr.)
Species Plantarum (quarto ed.) 7: 10. 1824, Flora Capensis
A. Heller; Alsine jamesii (Torr.) Holz.; Arenaria jamesiana
1: 523. 11–31. 1860, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
(Torr.) Shinners; Stellaria jamesiana Torr.)
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 1: 381, 419–
420. 1881 and International Journal of Plant Sciences 161(3): North America. Perennial herb
509–519. 2000
See Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2:
(Irritant, this species can produce dermatitis, the sap and 169. 1827 and Bulletin of the Southern California Academy
wood are acrid causing skin eruptions.) of Sciences 2(6): 67. 1903, Sida 1(1): 50. 1962, Phytologia
in Mexico: chupire, cuajiote campanudo, tetlate 44(4): 314. 1979, Taxon 37: 397–398. 1988
(Poultice for injuries and skin diseases. Ceremonial, ritual.)
in English: tuber starwort
Pseudosopubia Engl. Scrophulariaceae
Pseudostellaria sylvatica (Maximowicz) Pax (Kraschen­
Greek pseudes ‘false’ plus the genus Sopubia Buch.-Ham.
inikovia sylvatica Maximowicz; Stellaria corei Shinners;
ex D. Don.
Stellaria sylvatica (Maximowicz) Maximowicz ex Regel)
Pseudosopubia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Engl. (Pseudosopubia
China.
elata Hemsl; Pseudosopubia obtusifolia Engl.; Pseudo­
sopubia polemonioides Chiov.; Sopubia hildebrandtii Vatke) See Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9:
East Africa. 57. 1859, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes
de Moscou 35(1): 302. 1862 and Die Natürlichen
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 88. 1825, Annuario del Pflanzenfamilien 16c: 318. 1934, Sida 1(2): 103. 1962
Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 7: 28. 1897
(Stimulant, tonic, stomachic.)
(Magic, sap for love potion.)
in China: xi ye hai er shen
in Kenya: echama

Pseudotaxus W.C. Cheng Taxaceae

Pseudostellaria Pax Caryophyllaceae
Greek pseudes ‘false’ plus the genus Taxus L.
Greek pseudes ‘false’ and the genus Stellaria L., refer-
ring to the placement of the species, see Novi Commentarii Pseudotaxus chienii (W.C. Cheng) W.C. Cheng (Nothotaxus
Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae 16: 551. chienii (W.C. Cheng) Florin; Pseudotaxus liana Silba; Taxus
1772, Genera Plantarum 13: 968. 1840, Flora Baicalensi- chienii W.C. Cheng)
Dahurica 1: 238. 1842, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des China.
Naturalistes de Moscou 15: 609. 1842 and Die natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 16c: 318. 1934. See Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc. Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot.,
9(3): 240. 1934, Res. Notes Forest. Inst. Nat. Centr. Univ.
Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miquel) Pax Nanking, Dendrol. Ser. 1: 1. 1947, Phytologia 81: 327. 1996
(Krascheninikovia heterophylla Miquel; Krascheninikovia
rhaphanorrhiza (Hemsley) Korshinsky; Pseudostellaria (A poultice on boils, wounds, cuts.)
rhaphanorrhiza (Hemsley) Pax; Stellaria heterophylla in China: bai dou shan
(Miquel) Hemsley; Stellaria rhaphanorrhiza Hemsley)
China.
Pseudotsuga Carrière Pinaceae
See Species Plantarum 1: 421–423. 1753, Novi Commentarii
Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae 16: 548, Greek pseudes and the genus Tsuga (Antoine) Carrière, see
551, 555. 1772, Genera Plantarum 13: 968. 1840, Annales Traité général des conifères 1: 256. 1867.
Pseudowintera Dandy Winteraceae 3099

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Abies menziesii North America. Perennial tree
Mirb.; Abies menziesii Engelm., nom. illeg.; Abies mucronata
See Linnaea 15: 524. 1841 and Mitteilungen der Deutschen
Raf.; Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir.; Pinus douglasii Sabine
Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1901: 57. 1901, Mitteilungen
ex D. Don; Pinus taxifolia Lamb.; Pseudotsuga douglasii
der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 11: 86.
(Sabine ex D. Don) Carrière; Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.)
1902, Synopsis der Mitteleuropäischen Flora 1: 187. 1913,
Sudw.; Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britton; Pseudotsuga
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft
taxifolia subsp. mucronata (Raf.) Schwer.)
33: 91. 1923, Bulletin de la Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de
North America. Perennial tree Toulouse 71: 74. 1937, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana ser.
2 24: 77. 1950, Kalmia 12: 24. 1982
See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 399. 1796, A Description
of the Genus Pinus 1: 27, 51, pl. 33. 1803, Encyclopédie (Blood purifier, analgesic, tonic, emetic, febrifuge, disinfec-
Méthodique, Botanique 6: 523. 1805, Mémoires du Muséum tant, antiseptic, for anemia, stomach troubles, colds, sores,
d’Histoire Naturelle 13: 63, 70. 1825, Atlantic Journal 1(3): mouth sores, sore throats, fevers. Ceremonial emetic, good
120. 1832, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 4: 2319, f. luck charm.)
2231. 1838, American Journal of Science, and Arts, ser. 2,
34: 330. 1862, Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. in English: Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir
Louis 2: 212. 1863, Transactions of the New York Academy
of Sciences 8(3–4): 74. 1889, Contributions from the United
States National Herbarium 3(4): 266. 1895 and Mitteilungen Pseudowintera Dandy Winteraceae
der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1922(32): 59. To honor John Winter, travelled with Sir Francis Drake on his
1922, Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 24: 74. 1950, first voyage to Virginia in 1577, vice-admiral of Sir Francis
Kromosomo 1996: 2901–2908. 1996 Drake’s voyage to Tierra del Fuego in 1578, genus Wintera
(Disinfectant, tonic, diuretic, antirheumatic. Green bark Forst.f.; see Syst. Veg., ed. 14 (J.A. Murray). 507. 1784,
infusion for stomach troubles. Needles infusion drunk for Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 42. 1786 and E.F.
colds, venereal diseases. Pitch for colds. Ceremonial.) Benson, Sir Francis Drake. London 1927, Journal of Botany,
British and Foreign 71: 121. 1933, W. Vink, in Blumea. 18:
in English: Douglas fir, Oregon pine 225–354. 1970, H.E. Connor and E. Edgar, “Name changes in
in French: sapin de Douglas the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina
Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New Zealand Journal of Botany.
in China: hua qi song Vol. 25: 115–170. 1987, H. Suzanne Maxwell and Martin F.
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Mayr) Gardner, “The quest for Chilean green treasure: some nota-
Franco (Abies lindleyana A. Murray; Pseudotsuga caesia ble British collectors before 1940.” The New Plantsman. 4(4):
Flous; Pseudotsuga douglasii (Sabine ex D. Don) Carrière; 195–214. December 1997.
Pseudotsuga douglasii var. caesia Schwerin; Pseudotsuga Pseudowintera axillaris (J.R. Forst. & Forst.f.) Dandy
douglasii var. glauca (Beissn., in Jager & Beissn.) Mayr; (Drimys axillaris J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Wintera axillaris
Pseudotsuga flahaultii Flous; Pseudotsuga glauca (Beissn.,
(J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.) G. Forst.)
in Jager & Beissn.) Mayr.; Pseudotsuga glauca var. caesia
(Schwerin) Fitschen; Pseudotsuga glaucescens Carrière; New Zealand. Aromatic shrub
Pseudotsuga globulosa Flous; Pseudotsuga guinieri Flous;
See Characteres Generum Plantarum (ed. 3) 84, t. 42. 1776
Pseudotsuga guinieri var. mediostrobus Flous; Pseudotsuga
and J. Bot. 71: 121. 1933
guinieri var. parvistrobus Flous; Pseudotsuga lindley-
ana (Roezl) Carrière; Pseudotsuga macrolepis Flous; (Bark aromatic, astringent, stimulant, a substitute for quinine.
Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (Beissn., in Jager & Leaves decoction for stomachache; chewed for toothache.)
Beissn.) A.E. Murray; Pseudotsuga menziesii var. caesia
in English: pepper tree
(Schwerin) Franco; Pseudotsuga menziesii var. flahaultii
(Flous) Silba; Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. Maori name: horopito
glauca (Beissn.) Franco; Pseudotsuga menziesii var. oaxa-
Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy (Drimys axillaris
cana Debreczy & I. Rácz; Pseudotsuga merrillii Flous;
var. colorata (Raoul) Kirk; Drimys colorata Raoul)
Pseudotsuga rehderi Flous; Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp.
caesia (Schwerin) Asch. & Graebn.; Pseudotsuga taxifo- New Zealand. Aromatic shrub
lia subsp. glauca (Beissn., in Jager & Beissn.) Schwerin;
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 3 121.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia subsp. glaucescens (Carrière) Schwer.;
1844, Forest Fl. New Zealand 2. 1889 and Journal of Botany,
Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. brevifolia Sudw.; Pseudotsuga
British and Foreign 71: 121. 1933
taxifolia var. glauca Sudw.; Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.)
Britton var. glauca (Beissn.) Sudw.; Tsuga douglasii Lindl.; (Bark aromatic, astringent, stimulant, a substitute for qui-
Tsuga douglasii var. glauca Beissn.; Tsuga lindleyana Roezl) nine. Sap for gonorrhea and skin eruptions.)
3100 Psiadia Jacq. Asteraceae

in English: pepper tree Syzygium ellipticum K. Schum. & Lauterb.; Syzygium ellip-
ticum Wall.)
Maori name: horopito
Trop. & Subtrop. America. Small tree or shrub, slender,
smooth bark, leaves short-petioled, white solitary axillary
Psiadia Jacq. Asteraceae flowers, calyx persistent, edible fruits globose

Greek psias, psiados ‘a drop’, referring to the exudation See Species Plantarum 1: 470–471. 1753, Herb. Amboin.
from the leaves, see Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei (Linn.) 7. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged …
Schoenbrunnensis 2: t. 152. 1797. fourth edition. 1754, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1055. 1759, Species
Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 672. 1762, Flora Indica … nec
Psiadia arabica Jaub. & Spach non Prodromus Florae Capensis (N.L. Burman) 114. 1768,
Yemen. Shrub Hist. Pl. Guiane 1: 485, t. 191. 1775, Encycl. (Lamarck) 3(1):
16. 1789, Symbolae Botanicae, … (Vahl) 2: 56. 1791, Actes
(Heated branches applied to treat rheumatic pain.) Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 110. 1792, Pl. Rar. Hort. Schoenbr.
in Arabic: tubbak 3: 62. 1798, Descourtilz, Michel Étienne (1775–1835), Flore
pittoresque et médicale des Antilles. Paris, 1821–1829,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
Psidium L. Myrtaceae 3: 233. 1828, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 3587. 1831, Fl. Filip.
[F.M. Blanco] 417. 1837, J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 318. 1840, Mus.
Latin psidium, from the Greek sidion, from side, sida, sibde Bot. 1(5): 72. 1850 [1 May 1849 publ. Apr 1850], Linnaea
‘pomegranate’, Akkadian sedum ‘red’; see Carl Linnaeus, 27: 364. 1856, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 14(1): 396, 522. 1857,
Species Plantarum. 1: 470. 1753 and Genera Plantarum. Flora of the British West Indian Islands 241. 1860, FBI 2:
Ed. 5. 211. 1754, Familles des Plantes 2: 88, 563. 1763, 468. 1878, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … 1(5):
Linnaea 27(2–3): 138, 347. 349–352. 1854[1856], Enumeratio 406. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 239–240. 1891,
Myrtacearum Brasiliensium 33. 1893 and Notizblatt des Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 7: 36. 1893, Botanische Jahrbücher
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 15: für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
486, 488. 1941, Taxon 5: 136. 1956, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 19(4): 566–567. 1894, Revisio Generum Plantarum 3[3]: 91.
45(2): 165–201. 1958, S. Battaglia, Grande dizionario della 1898 and Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee [Schumann & Lauterbach]
lingua italiana. XIV: 866. 1988, Brenesia 31: 53–73. 1989, 476. 1900 [1901 publ. Nov 1900], Myrtaceae du Paraguay
Fl. Lesser Antilles 5: 463–532. 1989, F. Boerner & G. Kunkel, 10, t. 13. 1903, Enum. 336. 1906, Interpret. Rumph. Herb.
Taschenwörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 4. Amb. 33, 391. 1917, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and
Aufl. 157. 1989, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della cultura the Virgin Islands 6(1): 25–43. 1925, Flora of Suriname 3:
europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi semitiche delle lingue 56–158. 1951, Flora de Cuba 3: 1–502. 1953, Field Museum
indeuropee. Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 261. 1994, of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(4/2): 569–818. 1958,
Brittonia 49(4): 508–536. 1997. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 45(2): 165–201.
Psidium guajava L. (Guajava pumila (Vahl) Kuntze; 1958, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
Guajava pumila Kuntze; Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze; University 184: 1–223. 1958, Lilloa 32: 323–368. 1966,
Guajava pyrifera Kuntze; Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze; Flora Analítica e Fitogeográfica do Estado de São Paulo
Myrtus guajava Kuntze; Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) 3: 548–610. 1970, Loefgrenia 70: 5. 1976, Flora Ilustrada
Catarinense 1(Mirt): 573–730. 1977, Selbyana 4(1–6): i-xxx,
Kuntze; Psidium angustifolium Lam.; Psidium aromaticum
1–628. 1978, Listados Florísticos de México 2: 1–100. 1983,
Blanco, nom. illeg.; Psidium aromaticum Aubl.; Psidium aro-
Boissiera 37: 7–294. 1985, Dodson, Calaway H. (1928–  ),
maticum D. Don ex O. Berg; Psidium aromaticum Descourt.;
Flórulas de las Zonas de Vida del Ecuador 1–512. 1985
Psidium cujavillus Burman f.; Psidium cujavus L.; Psidium
[La Flora de Jauneche: los Rios, Ecuador/C.H. Dodson,
fragrans Macfad.; Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burman
A.H. Gentry y F.M. Valverde.], Cytologia 50: 513–520.
f.) Krug & Urb.; Psidium guajava L. var. cujavillum Krug
1985, Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward
& Urb.; Psidium guajava var. guajava; Psidium guajava
Islands 5: 463–532. 1989, Flora de Veracruz 62: 1–146. 1990,
var. minor Mattos; Psidium guava Griseb.; Psidium guava
Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands:
Radd. ex Hemsley, nom. inval.; Psidium guayava Raddi;
Spermatophyta 3: 1–461. 1994, Identificación de Especies
Psidium guyava var. pomiferum (L.) Duthie; Psidium guy-
Vegetales en Chuquisaca—Teoría, Práctica y Resultados
ava var. pyriferum (L.) Duthie; Psidium igatemyense Barb.
1–129. 2000
Rodr.; Psidium igatemyensis Barb.Rodr.; Psidium interme-
dium Zipp. ex Blume; Psidium pomiferum L., nom. illeg. (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Twigs decoction taken
superfl.; Psidium prostratum O. Berg; Psidium pumilum orally for malaria and fevers; juice from tender shoots given
Vahl; Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense DC.; Psidium in dysentery. Leaves antimalarial, astringent, styptic, anti-
pyriferum L., nom. illeg.; Psidium pyriferum var. glabrum bacterial, antiemetic, for wounds, ulcers, blisters in mouth,
Benth.; Psidium sapidissimum Jacq.; Psidium vulgare Rich.; astringent for bowels; leaves eaten raw to treat diarrhea;
Psilanthus Hook.f. Rubiaceae 3101

young leaves chewed to cure mouth blisters; leaves juice or jampandu, jamphal, jamrukh, jaram, kalarkacikam,
leaf paste taken for diarrhea and dysentery; young leaves kalarkacikamaram, kalippacitam, kalippacitamaram, kawi-
boiled, honey added, and the decoction mixture drunk for am, kawiam, kawl-dai, kawlthei, khototochcho, koava,
diarrhea, especially in children; leaves decoction for stom- kondajami, koyapalam, koyya, kuyavo, kuyya, lal peyara,
achache, cough, cold, gargled for toothache. Tea from the lal saphari, lal sufrium, madhuram, madhuramla, madhu-
bark or from the leaves an excellent remedy for diarrhea, ria, madhuriam, malacka-pela, malackapela, malakkapera,
dysentery, sores, vomiting, cuts and sore throat. Bark juice malampera, mansala, motiram, motiramtong, mrduphalam,
given in diarrhea and dysentery; paste of stem bark applied mridu, muhuriam, paera, paheda, palaccaram, palaccarama-
on burns; bark decoction or bark juice a remedy for stom- ram, palamper, pearlu, pela, pera, perakkaya, perala, perala-
achache, skin diseases; root bark pounded and plastered on hannu, peralehannu, peramaram, perangai, perangayi, perla,
bone fracture and in sprains. Fruits styptic, an infusion for peru, peruka, perukah, perukam, perunjaam, perunkoyya,
dysentery; unripe fruit effective in bowel disorders, diarrhea, peyara, pita, piyara, piyra, pungdol, pyara, rub-i-amrud,
dysentery; powdered tender fruits mixed with water given for safed safari, safedsafari, samphrang, saphed saphari, sebe,
loose motions and as emetic. Fresh flowers along with juice sebe hannu, seebe, segappugoyya, sengoyya, shebe-hannu,
applied as anthelmintic.) shibe, shibi, sibe, sibi, sibihannu, sippiannu, sirugoyya, soh
pri am, tavitatikam, tavitatikamaram, tellajama, thellajaama,
in English: apple guava, common guava, guava, wild guava, tomprosee, tupkel, tuvara, uyyakkondan, uyyakkontan,
yellow guava uyyakontan, vastula, vellaikoyya, yasoh, zetton
in Central America: bec, bee, behui, bui, cak, ch’amxuy, in Indonesia: djambu bidji, djambu klutuk, jambu biji, jambu
coloc, eanandí, enandi, goeajaba, guaiaba dulce, guava, klutuk, simo
guave, guayaba, gwiyav, ikiec, jalocote, patá, pataj, pehui,
pichi, pojosh, posh, pox, sori, yaga behui, yaga huii, yaga in Japan: banjirô, banshirû, benshirû
pehui, xalácotl in Laos: si da
in South America: araçá-uaçu, arazapuitá, bimpish, chuará- Malay names: jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu bereksa,
catoco, goiaba, goiabeira, guaiaba, guava, guayaba, guaya- jambu biji, jambu burong, jambu kampuchia, jambu padang
billo, guayabo, hoja de guayaba, huallaba, huayaba, huayabo,
kima, kumaski, llómy, matos, matus, matus sacha, sacha in Nepal: aamba, amba, belauti
guayaba, sahuintu, sailla, shahuinto, tehua, tspata, yocaan in Papua New Guinea: guafeng, guape, guava, gwawa, koava,
in Congo: ipela, mapela kopa, kuava, tuava, watuwa

in East Africa: mpera, mubera, mupeera in Philippines: bagabas, bayabas, bayabo, bayauas, bayaya,
biabas, gaiyabat, gaiyabit, gayabas, geyabas, guayabas, guy-
in Madagascar: goavy abas, kalimbahin, tayabas
in South Africa: koejawel, wilde koejawel in South Laos: mak sidaa (Nya Hön)
in Tanzania: mabera, mpera, mushana in Thailand: chom puu, chumpo, fa-rang, farang, ma-chin,
in W. Africa: biaki, byaghe, goyaki ma-kuai, ma-man, ma-pun, na-mam, ya-mu

in Yoruba: guaba, guafa, guroba, gurofa in Hawaii: kuawa, kuawa ke’oke’o, kwava lemi, kuawa
momona, puawa
in Brunei: jambu batu
Psidium nitidum C. Wright
in Burma: malakapen
South America.
in Cambodia: trapaek sruk
See Anales de la Academia de Ciencias Medicas … 5: 433.
in China: fan shi liu gan 1868, Sauvalle, Francisco A. (Francisco Adolfo) (1807–1879),
in India: am, ambak, ambok, amirtapala, ampalakkani, Flora cubana. 1873
amratafalam, amrood, amroot, amrud, amrut, amruta- (Aromatic leaves as warm bath for the relief of rheumatism.)
phalam, aprithaktvacha, atakkappalam, avakacitam,
avakacitamaram, bahu-bija-phalam, balehannu, cen-
koyyamaram, cepe, chaprim, cheape, chepe, chopakaya, Psilanthus Hook.f. Rubiaceae
cikappu, cikappukkoyya, coya, coyya, dridhabija, errajama,
Greek psilos ‘bare, naked’ and anthos ‘flower’, sometimes
ettajama, goaachhi, goachi-phal, gova, goyya, goyya-pandu,
considered to be part of Coffea, see Kew Bulletin 42(2): 453–
goyya-pazham, goyyapandu, iamrud, irattakkoyyamaram,
460. 1987.
irattakoyya, irattamatappal, irattamatappalmaram, jaama
pandu, jaamachettu, jama, jama-phala, jam-pandu, jama, Psilanthus bengalensis (Roxb. ex Schult.) J.-F. Leroy (Coffea
jama-phala, jamaphala, jamaphalada, jamba, jam-pandu, bengalensis Roxb.; Coffea bengalensis Roxb. ex Schult.;
3102 Psilotrichum Blume Amaranthaceae

Coffea benghalensis Roxb.; Coffea benghalensis Heyne ex Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. 11: 544–545.
Roem. & Schult.; Coffea floreifoliosa A. Chev.; Coffea semiex- (Jan.) 1826, Cat. Bogor. 83. 1844 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France
serta Colebr. ex Roxb.; Paracoffea bengalensis J.-F. Leroy; 99: 183–187. 1952, Fl. Madagasc. 67: 1–51. 1954, Kew
Psilanthus bababudanii Sivar., Biju & P. Mathew; Psilanthus Bulletin 34(2): 210. 1979, Kew Bull. 35(1): 134. 1980, Kew
bengalensis (Roem. & Schultes) J.-F. Leroy; Psilanthus benga- Bull. 35(2): 377–378. 1980.
lensis J.-F. Leroy; Psilanthus bengalensis (Roxb.) J.-F. Leroy)
Psilotrichum elliottii Baker
Nepal, Vietnam. Herb, glabrous ovate-acuminate membra-
Tropical Africa, Nigeria, Ethiopia. Vine-like, prostrate to
nous leaves, white fragrant flowers, leaves cooked as vegetable
ascending shrublets
See Hort. Bengal. 15. 1814, Syst. Veg. [Roem. & Schult.] 5: See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 6(1.1): 58. 1909
200. 1819, Fl. Ind. 2: 195. 1824, Fl. Ind. 1: 540. 1832, FBI
3: 153. 1880 and Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 18: 836. 1938, (Roots analgesic, hemostatic, aphrodisiac, for snakebites.
Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquée Leaf paste given to improve eyesight.)
14: 276. 1967, Ass. Sci. Internat. Café, 9e Colloque: 481. 1980, in India: manalik keerai
Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia Sér. 4, 3(3): 252. 1982
[1981 publ. 1982], Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., n.s., 33: 212. 1992 Psilotrichum ferrugineum (Roxb.) Moq. (Achyranthes fer-
ruginea Roxb.; Psilotrichum ferrugineum F.C. How & H.X.
(Stimulant, febrifuge, astringent. A leaf decoction as a treat- Qiu; Psilotrichum ferrugineum Moq.; Psilotrichum ferru-
ment for liver problems. Leaf poultice on sores. Seed decoc- gineum (Roxb.) Voigt)
tion for flu, fever, jaundice. Root juice or root tea drunk for
scorpion sting. Magic, ceremonial, leafy twigs used in the India.
altar during worship.) See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants, ed. Carey
in India: akhaji, dewamali, kothnaphul, kotoi sag, lek-luru, 2: 502–503. 1824, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch
mir-herai, mir-thelau, mirherai, paurk-anthu Indië 11: 545. 1825, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 318. 1845,
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
Psilanthus ebracteolatus Hiern (Cofeanthus ebracteola- 13(2): 279. 1849 and Lingnan Science Journal 6: 276. 1928,
tus (Hiern) A. Chev.; Coffea ebracteolata (Hiern) Brenan; Flora Hainanica 1: 408, f. 219. 1964, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
Coffea ebractiolata (Hiern) Brenan; Coffea lamtoensis 8(3): 147. 1988, Guihaia 13(2): 107. 1993
Portères; Psilanthus ebractiolatus Hiern)
(Leaf decoction applied on cuts, wounds and injuries.)
Tropical Africa, Guinea, Cameroon. Shrub or small tree,
slender, fragrant flowers solitary terminal, white tubular in China: lin di xian
corolla, distinctly 2-lobed obovoid to ellipsoid drupe, black
Psilotrichum ferrugineum (Roxb.) Moq. var. ferrugineum
leathery pyrenes
(Achyranthes ferruginea Roxb.; Psilotrichum trichotomum
See Flora of Tropical Africa [Oliver et al.] 3: 186. 1877 and Blume; Psilotrichum trichotomum Merr.)
Encyclopédie Biologique 28(3): 226. 1947 [Cafeiers du Globe
India.
Fasc. 3, Syst. (Encycl. Biol. xxviii.) 226 (1947), in obs.], Kew
Bulletin 8: 115. 1953, J. Agric. Trop. Bot. Appl. 10: 165, in See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 502–503.
adnot. 1963 1824, Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 11: 545.
(Leaves used against Guinea worm.) 1825, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
13(2): 279. 1849 and Lingnan Science Journal 6: 276. 1928
Psilanthus travancorensis (Wight & Arn.) J.-F. Leroy
(Coffea travancorensis Wight & Arn.; Psilanthus travan- (Leaf decoction applied on cuts, wounds and injuries.)
corensis Leroy in China: lin di xian
India. in India: chichirimeri
See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 435. 1834 [10 Oct 1834] and Psilotrichum scleranthum Thwaites (Psilotrichum africa-
Ass. Sci. Internat. Café, 9e Colloque: 482. 1980 num Oliv.)
(Used in Ayurveda.)
Tropical Africa. Shrub, straggling, white spike
in India: katu-mulla, puskaramulam, tsjeru-mulla
See Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae [Thwaites] 248. 1861,
Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 16: t. 1542. 1886, Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. II.
ii. (1887) 345. 1887
Psilotrichum Blume Amaranthaceae
(Root bark analgesic, aphrodisiac, for menstrual disorders.)
Greek psilos and thrix, trichos ‘hair’, referring to the leaflets
enclosing the fruits; see Karl Ludwig von Blume (1796–1862), in Tanzania: mehala chala, msuka tenga bonde
Psilotum Swartz Psilotaceae 3103

Psilotum Swartz Psilotaceae Psittacanthus americanus Mart.; Psittacanthus calyculatus

G. Don; Psittacanthus chrismarii Urb.)
From the Greek psilos ‘naked’, referring to the aerial shoots
or to the leafless stems or branches; see Botanisches Magazin South America, Mexico.
(Römer & Usteri) 2(6): 15, 17. 1789, O.P. Swartz, Journal See Species Plantarum 1: 331. 1753, Candolle, Augustin
für die Botanik. [Edited by H.A. Schrader] Göttingen 1802, Pyramus de (1778–1841), Collection de mémoires pour ser-
Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux, Classés par Familles 3: vir à l’histoire du règne végétal … Paris, Treuttel et Würtz,
478 and 4: 315. 1802, Exposition des Familles Naturelles 1: 1828–1838, Flora 13(1): 108. 1830, A General History of the
39. 1805 and Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, Fieldiana, Dichlamydeous Plants 3: 415. 1834, Botanische Jahrbücher
Bot., n.s. 12: 1–91. 1983, Fl. Paraguay 1–9. 1987, Fl. für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Veracruz 55: 1–6. 1987, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 12: 1–91. 1993, 24(1): 13. 1897 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 62–86. 1946, Ann.
Fl. Mesoamer. 1: 3–4. 1995, Brenesia 62: 1–14. 2004. Missouri Bot. Gard. 74(3): 529. 1987, J. Nat. Prod. 62(7):
Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. (Bernhardia antillarum 1036–1038. 1999, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86(2–3):
Müll. Hal.; Bernhardia deppeana Müll. Hal.; Bernhardia 213–218. 2003, Pharm. Biol. 48(7): 732–739. 2010
dichotoma Willd. ex Bernh., nom. illeg.; Hoffmannia aphylla (Antimicrobial, vasoactive, anticancer and antioxidan, used
Willd.; Lycopodium nudum L.; Psilotum domingense Gand.; for the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases.)
Psilotum floridanum Michx.; Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb.,
isonym; Psilotum triquetrum Sw.; Psilotum triquetrum var.
gracile Grev. & Hook.; Tristeca nuda (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Psophocarpus Necker ex DC.
St.-Hil.)
Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)
India, West Indies. Small herb Greek psophos ‘a noise, sound’ and karpos ‘fruit’, refer-
See Species Plantarum 2: 1100–1101. 1753, Botanisches ring to the opening of the capsules or to the seeds and the
Magazin (Römer & Usteri) 2(6): 15. 1789, Journal für rattling noise in the pods, see Familles des Plantes 2: 326.
die Botanik 1800(2): 109, 132. 1801, Histoire Naturelle 1763, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2:
des Végétaux, Classés par Familles 3: 478; 4:315. 1802, 403. 1825 and Kew Bulletin 33(2): 191–227. 1978, Economic
Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 281. 1803, Exposition des Botany 44(3): 391–409. 1990.
Familles Naturelles 1: 39. 1805, Prodrome des Cinquième Psophocarpus grandiflorus R. Wilczek (Psophocarpus
et Sixième Familles de l’Aethéogamie 106, 112. 1805, palustris sensu Westphal)
Botanical Miscellany 2: 362. 1831, Botanische Zeitung.
Berlin 14: 234–235. 1856, Systematische Untersuchungen Congo, Uganda. Perennial climbing herb, twining, extensive
130. 1857 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France root system, flowers mauve-purple, shoots can root at nodes,
66: 306. 1919 leaves and young pods eaten after boiling in water or milk,
roasted seeds eaten
(Whole plant infusion given to children suffering from
thrush, and as purgative and also in diarrhea; the juice anti- See Bulletin de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-
bacterial. Only the spores given to infants to stop diarrhea.) lettres de Bruxelles 24: 414. 1954
(Leaf infusion given to induce labor in humans and cattle.)
in English: whisk-fern
in Zaire: indubaruba, mgoraorwe, muhulula
in China: shi shua ba
Psophocarpus scandens (Endl.) Verdc. (Botor palustris
in Japan: matsuba-ran (= pine-leaved orchid) sensu Hiern; Diesingia scandens Endl.; Dolichos suffultus
in Okinawa: awa-ran Graham; Mucuna comorensis Vatke; Psophocarpus como-
rensis (Vatke) Baill.; Psophocarpus golungensis Romariz;
Psophocarpus golungensis Welw. ex Romariz; Psophocarpus
longepedunculatus Hassk.; Psophocarpus longipeduncu-
Psittacanthus C. Martius Loranthaceae
latus Hassk.; Psophocarpus mabala Welw.; Psophocarpus
Greek psittakos ‘a parrot’ and anthos ‘flower’, see palmettorum sensu Andrews; Psophocarpus palustris sensu
Enumeratio Stirpium Plerarumque, quae sponte crescunt auct.; Psophocarpus palustris sensu R. Vig.; Psophocarpus
in agro Vindobonensi 55, 230, pl. 3. 1762, Flora 13(1): tetragonolobus sensu auct.)
106–108. 1830, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 5(2): 24, 26–27, 42. 1868
Papua New Guinea, Gabon, Kenya. Perennial climbing herb,
and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 62–86. 1946, Ann. Missouri Bot.
sprawling, twining, liana, scandent, vigorous, extensive root
Gard. 47(4): 263–290. 1960 [1961], Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 13:
system, light blue mauve-purple flowers visited by bees and
29–79. 1983, Fl. Ecuador 24: 113–194. 1986.
ants, winged pods, seeds very hard, famine food, flowers and
Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don (Loranthus leaves eaten as a vegetable, closely related to Psophocarpus
calyculatus DC.; Psittacanthus americanus (L.) Mart.; palustris Desv.
3104 Psoralea L. Fabaceae (Psoraleeae)

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 9: 420. 1826, Psoralea L. Fabaceae (Psoraleeae)
A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5564. 1831, Florae
Senegambiae Tentamen 1: 222. 1832, Flora 15: 113, 117. 1832, Greek psoraleos ‘scabby, warty, warted, scurfy’, psora
Flora 25(2): Beibl. 75. 1842, Apontamentos Phytogeographicos ‘mange’, referring to glandular and resinous dots on plants
589. 1858, Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 28: 262. of the genus; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 762–
764. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 336. 1754 and N. Amer.
1878, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris
Fl. 24(1): 17. 1919, Southw. Naturalist 10: 88. 1965, Taxon 41:
1(48): 380. 1883, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 163. 1891
568. 1992, Taxon 44: 611–612. 1995.
and Portug. Acta Biol., ser. B 3: 283. 1952, Taxon 17: 539.
1968, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 279–291. 1980 Psoralea ensifolia (Houtt.) Merr. (Psoralea capitata L.f.)
(Leaves as a galactagogue, made into a poultice applied in South Africa. Perennial non-climbing herb
the treatment of lumbago, cuts, wounds and hemorrhoids;
leaves infusion taken to relieve stomachache.) See Supplementum Plantarum 339. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr
1782], Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 194. 1891 and Journal
in English: African winged bean, tropical African winged of the Arnold Arboretum 19: 348. 1938
bean
(Leaves to cleanse and to hasten healing of ulcers and
in Indonesia: jaat monyet, kecipir monyet wounds.)
in Zaire: lutete, m’pava-n’gumbi in South America: huallicaya, yerba de San Agustín, yerba de
la Trinidad, yerba del Carnera
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (Botor tetragonolo-
bus (L.) Kuntze; Botor tetragonoloba (L.) Kuntze; Dolichos Psoralea pinnata L. (Lotodes pinnata Kuntze; Lotodes pin-
ovatus Graham; Dolichos tetragonolobus L.) natum (L.) Kuntze; Psoralea pinnata Andrews, nom. illeg.,
non Psoralea pinnata L.; Psoralea pinnata Sieber ex Walp.)
Peninsular Malaysia, origin not certain. Perennial climb-
ing herb, vine, pale to bright blue flowers, four-angled pods, South Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree
young green leaves and shoots eaten as a vegetable, roots and
green pods eaten See Species Plantarum 2: 762–763. 1753, Linnaea 13: 512.
1839, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 193–194. 1891 and
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 1162. 1759, Revisio Taxon 41: 568. 1992
Generum Plantarum 1: 162. 1891 and Economic Botany
31(2): 180–188. 1977, Pharmaceutical Biology 17(2): 57–60. (Roots for hysteria.)
1979, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 80: 279–291. 1980, J. Econ. Taxon. in English: African scurf-pea, blue-pea, dally pine, fountain
Bot. 3: 201–225. 1982, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 7: 249–276. 1985, bush, fountain tree, North American prairie turnip
Economic Botany 46(2): 187–191. 1992, J. Wuhan Bot. Res.
16(1): 23–26. 1998, Pharmaceutical Biology 45(1): 31–36. in Southern Africa: bloukeur, fonteinbos, fonteinhout, pen-
2007, Afr. J. Trad. CAM 4(1): 59–63. 2007, Pharmaceutical wortel (= taproot), pinwortel, umHlonishwa (Zulu)
Biology 46(4): 261–265. 2008
Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh (Lotodes floribunda Kuntze;
(Seeds contain several toxins. Pods antimicrobial, fungi- Lotodes floribundum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Kuntze;
cidal. Leaves decoction bactericidal, used as a lotion upon Lotodes tenuiflora (Pursh) Kuntze; Lotodes tenuiflora
the skin for smallpox; leaves and seeds eaten to cure skin Kuntze; Lotodes tenuiflorum (Pursh) Kuntze; Pediomelum
sores, boils and ulcers. Tuberous roots tonic; roots antimi- tenuiflorum (Pursh) A.N. Egan; Psoralea bigelovii Tidestr.;
crobial, fungicidal.) Psoralea bigelovii (Rydb.) Tiderstr.; Psoralea floribunda
Torr.; Psoralea floribunda Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray; Psoralea
in English: asparagus bean, asparagus pea, four-angled bean, floribunda Torr. & A. Gray; Psoralea obtusiloba Torr. & A.
Goa bean, prince’s pea, princess bean, short-day asparagus Gray; Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh var. bigelovii (Rydb.) J.F.
pea, wing bean, winged bean, winged pea Macbr.; Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh var. floribunda (Nutt.)
in India: chaukoni sem, dara-dambala Rydb.; Psoralea tenuiflora var. floribunda (Nutt. ex Torr.
& A. Gray) Rydb.; Psoralea tenuiflora var. obtusiloba
in Japan: hane-mi-sasage (Torr. & A. Gray) S. Watson; Psoralidium bigelovii Rydb.;
Psoralidium floribundum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb.;
Malay name: kacang botol, kachang belimbing
Psoralidium floribundum Rydb.; Psoralidium floribun-
in New Guinea: aglmong dum (Nutt.) Rydb.; Psoralidium obtusilobum (Torr. & A.
Gray) Rydb.; Psoralidium obtusilobum Rydb.; Psoralidium
in Philippines: amale, batung-baimbing, beyed, buligan,
tenuiflora (Pursh) Rydb.; Psoralidium tenuiflorum Rydb.;
calamismis, cigarillas, kalamismis, kamaluson, palag,
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.)
palam, pallang, parupagulong, segadilla, serenella, sigadi-
lyas, sigarilyas North America, Mexico. Perennial non-climbing herb
Psorospermum Spach Clusiaceae 3105

See Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 475. See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 21: 324. 1884,
1814[1813], A Flora of North America: containing … (Torr. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 22: 453. 1886[1887]
& A. Gray) 1(2): 300. 1838, Smithsonian Miscellaneous and Flore de Madagascar et des Comores 136: 1–92. 1951
Collections 258: 255. 1878, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1:
(Used for cough.)
194. 1891, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 21: 97. 1894
and N. Amer. Fl. 24(1): 15–16. 1919, Contr. Gray Herb. 65: in Madagascar: harongampanihy
14. 1922, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 25: 304, 305. 1925, Novon
19(3): 311. 2009 Psorospermum corymbiferum Hochr. (Psorospermum
guineense auct., misapplied name)
(Poisonous.)
Ghana, Tanzania. Tree or shrub, papery leaves, stigma
orange, fruit red, wooded savannah, firewood
Psorospermum Spach Clusiaceae See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2,
From the Greek psora and sperma ‘a seed’, referring to the 5: 157. 1836 and Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin
nature of the seeds, see Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botaniques de Genève 21: 58. 1919, Kew Bulletin 1953: 291.
Botanique, sér. 2, 5: 157. 1836. 1953, Ripert, C. et al. “[An epidemiological study of human
filariasis: loaiasis, dipetalonemiasis, tetrapetalonemiasis, in
Psorospermum alternifolium Hook. f. Douala fisherman of the river Wouri estuary (Cameroon).”
Guinea, Mali and Sierra Leone. Shrub, tree Rev. Epidemiol. Santé Publique. 28(3): 331–9. 1980

See Niger Flora [W.J. Hooker]. 243. 1849 (Roots boiled and drunk for fever. The bark, with its red
resin, and the pounded dried roots a remedy for skin diseases
(Used to treat fevers and skin troubles. Infusion of leaves such as scabies and craw-craw (= a term applied in West
taken as diuretics and strong febrifuges.) Africa to a pruritic papular skin eruption, which may lead
in Guinea: keti to ulceration; also a name for onchocerciasis with chronic
skin changes in West Africa.) Pulped roots and bark applied
in Sierra Leone: b’atue, funkui, giji, kisui, runko locally for skin diseases.)
Psorospermum androsaemifolium Baker (Psorospermum in French: millepertuis velu
fanerana Baker; Psorospermum malifolium Baker)
in Gambia: katijankumo, wollo koyo
Madagascar. Small tree, branched, yellow to red latex, res-
inous leaves, inflorescences terminal, flowers white-cream, in Ghana: kaluwuya
calyx green, stamens yellow, young fruit with small red dots in Guinea-Bissau: catidjancuómo, codidjancuma
See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20: 19. 1882, in Nigeria: cawaiki, cidakara, kaskawami, kiskawali, kiska-
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 25: 295–296. 1889 woli, légun oko
and Githens T.S. Drug Plants of Africa. Philadelphia,
University of Pennsylvania Press 1949 in Senegal: diura sungalani, gi komonir, kari diakuma, kati
diankuma, kating diankumo, kato diankuma, kiti diankuma,
(Antimalarial. A preparation of the root and leaf used topi- koti diankuma, kurkutumandi
cally as a treatment for eczema.)
in Tanzania: ngogansonta
in Madagascar: aleriky, fanerandahy, harongampanihy, tam-
bitsy, tsiarongarongana in Togo: akpalami, nina deyu

Psorospermum baumannii Engl. Psorospermum corymbiferum Hochr. var. kerstingi (Engl.)

Keay & Milne-Redh. (Psorospermum corymbiferum Hochr.
Guinea, Togo. var doeringii Keay & Milne-Redhead; Psorospermum kerst-
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ ingii Engl.)
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 55: 382. 1919 Tropical Africa.
(Boiled root reported to be an effective remedy against sca- See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
bies and lice.) schichte und Pflanzengeographie 55: 384. August 1919,
Psorospermum cerasifolium Baker (Psorospermum emar- Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève
ginatum Baker) 21: 58. 1919, Kew Bulletin 1953: 291. 1953, Ripert, C. et al.
“[An epidemiological study of human filariasis: loaiasis,
Madagascar. Shrub, small tree, yellow-red latex, young dipetalonemiasis, tetrapetalonemiasis, in Douala fisherman
leaves brown, white flowers, petals cream with brown stripes, of the river Wouri estuary (Cameroon).” Rev. Epidemiol.
green-red fruit, very attractive to butterflies Santé Publique. 28(3): 331–9. 1980
3106 Psorospermum Spach Clusiaceae

(Leaves and twigs, boiled and the oil skimmed off, used for Kew Bulletin 1953: 290. 1953, Rhod. Agr. Journ. 52: 235,
craw-craw.) cum tt. 1955, Planta Med. 52(3): 207–10. 1986, J. Nat. Prod.
53(1): 23–41. 1990, Cancer Res. 54(12): 3191–5. 1994
Psorospermum febrifugum Spach (Psorospermum albi-
dum (Oliv.) Engl.; Psorospermum angustifolium Spirlet; (Bark infusion used in the treatment of subcutaneous wounds,
Psorospermum bakeri Hochr.; Psorospermum bauman- eruptions, rashes. Juice mixed with water and drunk to lower
nii Engl.; Psorospermum campestre Engl.; Psorospermum fever. Roots boiled and drunk for fever, gonorrhea, stomach
chariense A. Chev.; Psorospermum corymbosellum Spirlet; pains and Bilharzia; roots and leaves boiled and the juice
Psorospermum corymbosum Spirlet; Psorospermum dis- drunk to treat leprosy. Ground root mixed with oil a remedy
color Baker, nom. illeg., non Psorospermum discolor Spach; for pimples, scabies, skin eruptions and wounds. Bark for
Psorospermum ellipticum Spirlet; Psorospermum febrifu- parasitic skin diseases; fruits for boils. Cytotoxic, antileuke-
gum Spach var. albida Oliv.; Psorospermum febrifugum mic and antineoplastic activity of psorospermin. Powdered
var. albidum Oliv.; Psorospermum febrifugum var. ferru- leaves of Acalypha ornata Hochst. ex A. Rich. together with
gineum (Hook. f.) Keay & Milne-Redh.; Psorospermum powdered flowers of Psorospermum febrifugum sprinkled on
febrifugum var. glabrum Oliv.; Psorospermum ferrugineum circumcision wounds.)
Hook.f.; Psorospermum floribundum Hutch. & Dalziel; in English: Christmas berry, Rhodesian holly
Psorospermum gillardinii Spirlet; Psorospermum kaniamae
Spirlet; Psorospermum kisantuense Spirlet; Psorospermum in French: millepertuis vert
lanceolatum (Choisy) Hochr.; Psorospermum leopoldvil- in Gambia: katwan-kumo
leanum Spirlet; Psorospermum macrophyllum Spirlet;
Psorospermum magniflorum Spirlet; Psorospermum mah- in Ivory Coast: wanzokoroma
agiense Spirlet; Psorospermum microphyllum A. Chev.; in Nigeria: légun oko, owegba, sowike
Psorospermum mossoense Spirlet; Psorospermum nigrum
Spirlet; Psorospermum niloticum Kotschy ex Schweinf. & in Southern Africa: muLapamasi, muMenu, muMimu, muS-
Asch.; Psorospermum orbiculare Spirlet; Psorospermum waswa, muTskwatsgwa (Shona)
ovatum Spirlet; Psorospermum pauciflorum Spirlet, non in Yoruba: iyun orisa, legun oko, legun kuro
Baker, nom. illegit.; Psorospermum pectinatum Spirlet;
Psorospermum pubescens Spirlet; Psorospermum revolu- in N. Rhodesia: kavandula, muhota
tum (Choisy) Hochr.; Psorospermum rotundatifolium Spirlet; in Sierra Leone: e-nanka, kiliongume, mbeibamba, nyoba-
Psorospermum salicifolium Engl.; Psorospermum staneranum lia, teli
Spirlet; Psorospermum stuhlmannii Engl.: Psorospermum
stuhlmannii var. cuneifolium Engl.; Psorospermum uelense in Tanzania: da-aahugmo, da-aaslsmo, kalijenge, kangulu-
Spirlet; Psorospermum victoranum Spirlet) lungululu, kibabibabi, kihibihibi, kihivahivi, kinuva, ligogas-
anta, machakwe, marandula, mchakwe, mfwifwi, mhelahela,
Tropical Africa, Tanzania. Tree or shrub, corky, flaking, mkandandogowe, mofere, msalunhunda, mwilanyama, ngo-
sticky exudate, orange-brown sap, leaves papery coriaceous, gansonia, ngogansonka, ngogansonta
sweet-smelling cream-white flowers in branched heads,
young fruits red with deeper red spots, fruits dark to bright in W. Africa: karijakuma
red in terminal clusters, bee forage, sweet ripe fruits eaten Psorospermum glaberrimum Hochr.
fresh, on deep Kalahari sands, open grassland, deciduous
woodland, wooded grassland, savanna grassland, on season- West Africa, from The Gambia to Dahomey. Shrub, many-
ally flooded river banks branched, fallow land, degraded coastal forest

See Florae Lusitanicae et Brasiliensis Specimen 51, f. 24. See Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de
1788, Syn. Pl. 2: 86. 1807, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Genève 21: 63. 1919, B. Botta et al. “Psorolactones and other
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 542. 1824, Annales des Sciences metabolites from Psorospermum glaberrimum.” Tetrahedron
Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 5: 157, 160, 162. 1836, Niger 44(23): 7193–7198. 1988
Flora 241. 1849, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 20: (Psorolactones, anthranoids.)
94. 1883, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 21: 325.
in Guinea: catidjancuómo, codidjancuma
1884, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 17: 84. 1893 and Journ. in Sierra Leone: e-turibwerakantr, funsari banko
Linn. Soc., Bot. 40: 26. 1911, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 5: 420.
Psorospermum guineense (L.) Hochr. (Hypericum guineense
1916, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
L.; Vismia guineensis (L.) Choisy)
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 55: 382. 1919, Annuaire
du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 21: 56, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Mali. Tree or shrub, woody, low
58. 1919, Flora of West Tropical Africa ed. 1 1: 232. 1927, branching, bark densely fissured, exudate transluscent, red
Bol. Soc. Estud. Col. Moçamb. 26: 42. 1935, Proc. & Trans. latex, flowers white-green, fruits green with longitudinal
Rhod. Sci. Ass. 43: 89. 1951, F.T.E.A. Hyperic.: 17 t. 4. 1953, lines of reddish dots, aromatic odor
Psorothamnus Rydb. Fabaceae (Amorpheae) 3107

See Species Plantarum 2: 783–787. 1753, Hypericum 4, t. 8, f. See Plantae Novae Thurberianae 315. 1854 and Catalogue
1. 1776, Florae Lusitanicae et Brasiliensis Specimen 51, f. 24. of North American Plants North of Mexico (ed. 2) 6.
1788, Monographie du genre Hydrocotyle… 36. 1821, Annales 1900, Taxon 35: 405–406. 1986, Journal of Experimental
des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 5: 157. 1836 and Therapeutics & Oncology 2(4): 228–236. 2002
Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève
(Two active compounds: dalrubone and 5-methoxydalrubone.)
21: 57. 1919, J. Ethnopharmacol. 110(1): 99–104. 2007
Psorothamnus fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Barneby (Dalea
(Antileishmanial, antiparasitic.) fremontii Torr. ex A. Gray; Dalea fremontii var. johnsonii
Psorospermum lanatum Hochr. (S. Watson) Munz; Dalea johnsonii S. Watson; Parosela
fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Vail; Parosela fremontii var.
West Africa, Guinea, Madagascar. Shrub, white flowers johnsonii (S. Watson) Jeps.; Parosela johnsonii (S. Watson)
Vail; Psorodendron fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Rydb.;
See Annuaire du Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de
Psorodendron johnsonii (S. Watson) Rydb.)
Genève 21: 59. 1919
North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub
(A decoction of the plant taken for neuralgia. The bark used
for all manner of skin troubles.) See Plantae Novae Thurberianae 316. 1854, United States
Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5,
in Guinea: keti diankuma, kokunu, loli Botany 64–65. 1871, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
Psorospermum senegalense Spach 24(1): 16–17. 1897 and North American Flora 24(1): 43. 1919,
A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 558.
Senegal to Sierra Leone. Bush, zig-zag branches, wooded 1925, A Manual of Southern California Botany 598. 1935,
savanna Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 27: 40–41, pl.
4. 1977
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 5:
157, 164. 1836 (Antihemorrhagic,)
(Used for all manner of skin troubles and affections, dermati- in English: Fremont’s dalea
tis, herpes, eczema, leprous and syphilitic conditions. Magic
Psorothamnus fremontii (Torr. ex A. Gray) Barneby var.
treatments against evil, amulet.)
fremontii (Dalea fremontii Torr. ex A. Gray; Dalea fre-
in Guinea: angway biyil, catidjancuómo, codidjancuma montii Torr. ex A. Gray var. johnsonii (S. Watson) Munz;
Psorothamnus fremontii var. attenuatus Barneby)
in Senegal: diurasumgalani, eklen, katendakomo, katidia-
kuma, katidiemkumo, katodiakuma (= mange of the cat), kun- North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub
kutu, kurkutumadi, madio, makarakun koyoté, sukus, unklen See Plantae Novae Thurberianae 316. 1854, United States
Psorospermum tenuifolium Hook. f. Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth Parallel. Vol. 5,
Botany 64–65. 1871, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
Gabon, South Nigeria, Cameroon, Zaire. Shrub or small 24(1): 16–17. 1897 and North American Flora 24(1): 43. 1919,
tree, many-branched, red-orange exudate, leaves young pale A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California … 558.
red-green, petals pink to yellow-green, stamens numerous, 1925, A Manual of Southern California Botany 598. 1935,
immature fruits green, red berries, forest, swamp forest Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 27: 40–41, pl.
4. 1977
See Niger Flora 242, t. 21. 1849 and Phytochemistry 26(9):
2611–2613. 1987 (Roots decoction for gastronintestinal disorders, stomach
troubles.)
(Used for treatment of all skin troubles.)
in English: Fremont’s dalea
in Zaire: bukú bukú
Psorothamnus polydenius (Torr. ex S. Watson) Rydb. (Dalea
nummularia M.E. Jones; Dalea polydenia Torr. ex S. Watson;
Dalea polydenia Torr.; Dalea polydenia var. subnuda S.
Psorothamnus Rydb. Fabaceae (Amorpheae)
Watson; Parosela polydenia (Torr.) A. Heller; Parosela
From the Greek psoros ‘mangy, scabby’ and thamnos ‘bush’, polydenia var. subnuda (S. Watson) Parish; Psorothamnus
see Opera Varia 244. 1758, Descripción de las Plantas 185. nummularius (M.E. Jones) S.L. Welsh; Psorothamnus
1802 and North American Flora 24(1): 41, 45–46. 1919, polydenius (Torr.) Rydb.; Psorothamnus polydenius var.
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 27: 284. 1977. jonesii Barneby; Psorothamnus subnudus (S. Watson) Rydb.)
Psorothamnus emoryi (A. Gray) Rydb. (Dalea emoryi A. North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub
Gray; Parosela emoryi (A. Gray) A. Heller)
See United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth
North America, Mexico. Perennial non-climbing shrub Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 64, pl. 9. 1871, Geological Survey
3108 Psychilis Raf. Orchidaceae

of California, Botany 2: 441. 1880 and Catalogue of North Psychilis Raf. Orchidaceae
American Plants North of Mexico (ed. 2) 6. 1900, Botanical
Gazette 55(4): 305. 1913, North American Flora 24(1): 46. Greek psyche and cheilos ‘a lip’, referring to the coloured
1919, Contributions to Western Botany 18(Extract): 41–42. lip; see Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, in Flora Telluriana.
1933, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 27: 51–52. 4: 40. 1836 [1838] and E.D. Merrill, Index Rafinesquianus.
1977, A Utah Flora: Third Edition, revised 417. 2003 104. 1949.

(Plant or bark infusion purgative, cathartic, for colds, cough, Psychilis bifida (Aubl.) Sauleda (Encyclia bifida (Aubl.)
influenza, pneumonia, kidney ailments, kidney pain and Britton & P. Wilson; Encyclia bifida (Aubl.) W.J. Schrenk;
urine incontinence, muscular pains, venereal diseases; stem Encyclia ekmanii (Mansf.) Dod; Encyclia papiliona-
decoction used for stomachaches, smallpox, influenza.) cea (Vahl) Schltr.; Epidendrum auropurpureum Lindl.;
Epidendrum bifidum Lindl. ex Rchb.f., nom. illeg.;
in English: dotted dalea, Nevada dalea Epidendrum bifidum Aubl.; Epidendrum brittonianum A.D.
Psorothamnus polydenius (Torr. ex S. Watson) Rydb. var. Hawkes; Epidendrum ekmanii Mansf.; Epidendrum papilio-
polydenius (Dalea polydenia Torr. ex S. Watson; Dalea naceum Vahl; Epidendrum papilionaceum var. grandiflorum
polydenia Torr.; Dalea polydenia var. subnuda S. Watson) Cogn.; Psychilis amena Raf., nom. superfl.)

North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub Caribbean.

See United States Geological Expolration [sic] of the Fortieth See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 824. 1775
Parallel. Vol. 5, Botany 64, pl. 9. 1871, Geological Survey of and Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 6: 74. 1919, Ark. Bot.
California, Botany 2: 441. 1880 20 A(15): 16. 1926, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the
Virgin Islands 6: 532. 1930, Die Orchidee 28(3): 99. 1977,
(Plant disinfectant, diuretic, antiseptic, stomachic, for mea- Moscosoa 2: 15. 1983, Phytologia 65: 8. 1988
sles, tuberculosis. Bark infusion purgative, astringent, anal-
gesic, cathartic, for colds, sore throat, cough, influenza, (Vermifuge.)
pneumonia, diarrhea; stem decoction used for whooping
cough, stomachaches, smallpox.)
in English: dotted dalea, Nevada dalea
Psychotria L. Rubiaceae

Psorothamnus scoparius (A. Gray) Rydb. (Dalea scoparia Probably from the Greek psychotria ‘vivifying, exhilarating’
A. Gray; Dalea scoparia fo. suberosea Cockerell; Parosela or psyche ‘soul, life’ and iatria ‘therapy, medicine’, referring to
scoparia (A. Gray) A. Heller; Parosela scoparia fo. arsenei the healing properties of some species; or modified and coined
Standl.) by Linnaeus from the Greek word psychotrophon, psychros
‘cold’ and trophe ‘food’, a name already applied by Patrick
North America. Perennial non-climbing shrub, subshrub Browne (1720–1790) to describe a Jamaican taxon; Latin
See Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Science, psychotrophon, i used by Plinius for a plant, betony. See C.
new series 4(1): 32. 1849, Science 7: 625. 1898 and Catalogue Linnaeus, Systema Naturae. Ed. 10. 929, 1122, 1364. (May–
of North American Plants North of Mexico (ed. 2) 7. 1900, Jun.) 1759, Systema orbis vegetabilium 49. 1830, Videnskabelige
North American Flora 24(1): 48. 1919, Publications of the Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn
Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17(2): 1852(2–4): 31–32, 37. 1853[1852], Genera Plantarum 2: 124.
195. 1937 1873, Adansonia 12: 227. 1879 and Recueil des Travaux
Botaniques Néerlandais 31: 289, 291–292. 1934, Kew Bulletin
(Plant infusion emetic, stomachic, rubbed on spider bites.) 13: 88. 1958, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 34: 28.
in English: broom dalea 1964, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 23: 484,
516–517, 566. 1972, Schultes, R.E. and R.F. Raffauf. The
Psorothamnus spinosus (A. Gray) Barneby (Asagraea spinosa Healing Forest: Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest
(A. Gray) Baill.; Dalea spinosa A. Gray; Parosela spinosa (A. Amazonia. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Or. 1995, Annals of
Gray) A. Heller; Psorodendron spinosum (A. Gray) Rydb.) the Missouri Botanical Garden 88(3): 511. 2001.
North America, Mexico. Perennial non-climbing tree Psychotria adenophylla Wall. (Grumilea adenophylla
See Adansonia 9: 233. 1870 and Catalogue of North American (Wall.) Miq.; Psychotria connata Kurz, nom. illeg.;
Plants North of Mexico (ed. 2) 7. 1900, North American Flora Psychotria siamensis Ridl.; Uragoga adenophylla (Wall.)
24(1): 45. 1919, Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden Kuntze; Uragoga adenophylla Kuntze)
27: 25. 1977, J. Nat. Prod. 69(2): 261–264. 2004 [Metabolites Trop. Asia.
of the “smoke tree”, Dalea spinosa, potentiate antibiotic
activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.] See Fl. Ind. ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 166. 1824, Flora van
Nederlandsch Indië 2: 297. 1857, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 10.
(Antimicrobial.)
1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 959. 1891 and J. Straits
in English: desert smoke tree, smoke tree Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59: 120. 1911
Psychotria L. Rubiaceae 3109

(Used for stomachache, intestinal complaints and breast (Antiinflammatory. Crushed leaves or leaves decoction used
pain.) as a remedy for contusions and swellings; leaves and stem
decoction resolvent and stimulant, useful for treating tooth-
Psychotria alba Ruiz & Pav. (Mapouria alba (Ruiz & Pav.)
ache and earache. Root infusion for malaria; root decoction
Müll.Arg.; Mapouria rigida Rusby; Psychotria carthagenen-
used for edema, boils, wounds, backache and snakebite. Not
sis Jacq.; Uragoga alba (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze; Uragoga alba
to be used by pregnant women.)
Kuntze; Uragoga carthagenensis (Jacq.) Kuntze; Uragoga
carthagenensis Kuntze) Psychotria brachiata Sw. (Cephaelis polycephala Schltdl.;
Myrstiphyllum brachiatum (Sw.) C.L. Hitchc.; Palicourea
S. Venezuela to W. South America. Lacking the small appen-
dices along the vein on the underside of the leaf caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Schult.; Psychotria capitellata DC.;
Psychotria caerulea Ruiz & Pav.; Uragoga brachiata (Sw.)
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. Kuntze; Uragoga caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze)
1759, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 16. 1760, Histoire
des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 175. 1775, Flora Trop. America.
Peruviana 2: 58, t. 205, f. a. 1799, Flora 59: 458. 1876, See Linnaea 28: 532. 1857, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2:
Adansonia 12: 323. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 960. 1891
1: 299. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 959. 1891
and Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 7: 376. (A leaves infusion to treat breathing problems, toxic in
1927, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard excess.)
University 184: 1–223. 1958, Govaerts, R. World Checklist Psychotria brachypoda (Müll.Arg.) Britton (Mapouria
of Selected Plant Families. Kew. 2003 [as Psychotria car- brachypoda Müll.Arg.; Palicourea brachypoda (Müll.Arg.)
thagenensis.], Delprete, P.G., Smith, L.B., Klein, R.M. Flora L.B. Sm. & Downs; Palicourea gilgiana Standl.; Psychotria
Ilustrada Catarinense 2: 349–842. Herbário “Barbosa arrabidae Müll.Arg.; Psychotria pycnantha Standl.;
Rodrigues”, Atají, Brasil. 2005 [as Psychotria carthage- Psychotria umbellata Vell.; Rudgea umbellata (Vell.) Müll.
nensis.], Oliveira-Filho, A.T. Catálogo das Árvores nativas Arg.; Uragoga brachypoda (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga
de Minas Gerais. Editora UFLA, Lavas, Brasil. 2006 [as umbellata (Vell.) Kuntze)
Psychotria carthagenensis.]
South America, Brazil.
(Sometimes used with Ayahuasca.)
See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 18: 109. 1891, Revisio Generum
Psychotria andamanica Kurz (Uragoga andamanica (Kurz) Plantarum 2: 955, 958. 1891 and Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Kuntze) Bot. Ser. 8: 379. 1931, Sellowia 7: 89. 1956, Govaerts, R.
India, Andaman. Large shrub, shortly pedicelled flowers in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database. Kew.
cymes, terminal fruits 2003 [as Palicourea brachypoda.]

See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 13: 328. 1875, (Presence of alkaloids and potential analgesic activity.)
Adansonia 12: 323. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: Psychotria cantleyi Ridl.
959. 1891 and Broteria Genet. 15(3): 147–154. 1994
Malaya.
(For skin complaints, fever, enlarged spleen, to expedite
childbirth.) See J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61: 24. 1912

Psychotria asiatica L. (Antherura rubra Lour.; (May be used as a medicine after parturition, a postpartum
Aucubaephyllum lioukiense Ahlb.; Polyozus lanceolata remedy.)
Lour.; Psychotria antherura Schult., nom. illeg.; Psychotria Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke (Grumilea capensis
esquirolii H. Lév.; Psychotria reevesii Wall.; Psychotria (Eckl.) Sond.; Logania capensis Eckl.; Uragoga capensis
reevesii var. pilosa Pit.; Psychotria rubra Poir.; Psychotria (Eckl.) Kuntze)
rubra (Lour.) Poir.; Psychotria rubra var. lanceolata H.L.
Li, nom. illeg.; Psychotria rubra var. pilosa (Pit.) W.C. Ethiopia to S. Africa. Evergreen shrub or small tree, slen-
Chen; Psychotrophum asiaticum (L.) Crantz; Uragoga rubra der stem, horizontal branches and pale brown bark, smooth
(Lour.) Kuntze) and leathery leaves shiny light to dark green above and paler
below, golden yellow flowers borne in flattish, terminal
SE Asia, Vietnam, Japan. Shrub, glabrous coriaceous oppo-
branched heads, showy red and yellow berries, in evergreen
site leaves
forests, forest margins, shrub and dune bush, edges of rivers
See Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 929. 1759, Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 259.
See S. African Quart. J. 1: 371. 1830, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25:
1766, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 962. 1891 and Repert.
230. 1875, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 959. 1891
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 435. 1912, Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 362.
1924, J. Arnold Arbor. 24(3): 374. 1943, nom. illeg., Acta (Used for gastric complaints, and root infusions taken to
Phytotax. Sin. 30: 272. 1992 cause vomiting.)
3110 Psychotria L. Rubiaceae

in English: bastard lemonwood, bird-berry, black bird-berry, 18: 296. 1844, Flora 59: 458. 1876, Adansonia 12: 323. 1879,
izele tree, lemon bush Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 299. 1891, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 2: 959. 1891, Anales de Historia Natural 23:
in Southern Africa: swartvoëlbessie; uDzilidzili omhlo-
294. 1894 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
phe (Swazi); iZele, isiThitibala, isThithibala, umGongono,
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 28: 494. 1900,
uSinga lwamadoda, uManyanya (Zulu); umGono-gono,
Symbolae Antillarum 7: 450. 1913, Memoirs of the New York
umGonogono (Xhosa); tshidiri (Venda)
Botanical Garden 7: 376. 1927, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique
Psychotria capitata Ruiz & Pav. (Uragoga capitata (Ruiz & de l’État 11: 107. 1928, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
Pav.) Kuntze) 8: 209. 1930, Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais
Trop. America. 31: 286. 1934, Flore de la Guayane Française 3: 549. 1953,
Fl. Guyane Franc. 3: 549. 1954, Kew Bulletin 36: 536.
See Fl. Peruv. 2: 59. 1799, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 1981, Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
959. 1891 University 184: 1–223. 1958, Flora de la Provincia de Buenos
(A decoction of the leaves consumed hot to relieve conges- Aires 4(5): 342–375. 1965, Boissiera 37: 7–294. 1985, Annals
tion from severe colds.) of the Missouri Botanical Garden 76(1): 67–111. 1989, AAU
Reports 24: 1–241. 1990, Monographs in Systematic Botany
Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (Mapouria alba (Ruiz from the Missouri Botanical Garden 73: 1–177. 1999
& Pav.) Müll.Arg.; Mapouria alba f. intermedia Chodat &
Hassl.; Mapouria alba var. tristis (Müll.Arg.) Chodat & Hassl.; (Added with Ayahuasca.)
Mapouria australis Müll.Arg.; Mapouria catharinensis Müll. in Peru: cawa, chacruna, mito micunan, rami eppe, rumi
Arg.; Mapouria compagniata Müll.Arg.; Mapouria crassa caspi, ucumi micuna
Müll.Arg.; Mapouria ficigemma (DC.) Lemée; Mapouria
fockeana (Miq.) Bremek.; Mapouria luschnathiana (Klotzsch Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq. (Mapouria alba f. interme-
ex Schltdl.) Müll.Arg.; Mapouria luschnathii (Klotzsch ex dia Chodat & Hassl.; Mapouria alba var. tristis (Müll.Arg.)
Mart.) Müll.Arg.; Mapouria martiana Müll.Arg.; Mapouria Chodat & Hassl.; Mapouria australis Müll.Arg.; Mapouria
pallescens Rusby; Mapouria pohliana Müll.Arg.; Mapouria catharinensis Müll.Arg.; Mapouria compagniata Müll.Arg.;
riedeliana Müll.Arg.; Mapouria rigida Rusby; Mapouria tris- Mapouria crassa Müll.Arg.; Mapouria ficigemma (DC.)
tis Müll.Arg.; Mapouria velhana Müll.Arg.; Psychotria alba Lemée; Mapouria fockeana (Miq.) Bremek.; Mapouria lus-
Ruiz & Pav.; Psychotria ardisiifolia Kunth; Psychotria chi- chnathiana (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) Müll.Arg.; Mapouria lus-
onantha (DC.) Britton; Psychotria decidua Vell.; Psychotria chnathii (Klotzsch ex Mart.) Müll.Arg.; Mapouria martiana
densiflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Psychotria elliptica Müll.Arg.; Mapouria pohliana Müll.Arg.; Mapouria riede-
Ker Gawl., nom. illeg.; Psychotria ficigemma DC.; Psychotria liana Müll.Arg.; Mapouria rigida Rusby; Mapouria tristis
fockeana Miq.; Psychotria foveolata Ruiz & Pav.; Psychotria Müll.Arg.; Mapouria velhana Müll.Arg.; Psychotria ardisi-
hundensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Psychotria ilheosana ifolia Kunth; Psychotria chionantha (DC.) Britton; Psychotria
Standl.; Psychotria luschnathiana Klotzsch ex Schltdl., nom. decidua Vell.; Psychotria densiflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex
illeg.; Psychotria luschnathii Klotzsch ex Mart.; Psychotria Schult.; Psychotria elliptica Ker Gawl., nom. illeg.; Psychotria
pallescens (Rusby) Standley; Psychotria patula Humb. & ficigemma DC.; Psychotria fockeana Miq.; Psychotria foveo-
Bonpl. ex Schult.; Psychotria proxima Standl.; Psychotria lata Ruiz & Pav.; Psychotria hundensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex
sagraeana Urb.; Psychotria trinitensis Urb.; Psychotria tris- Schult.; Psychotria ilheosana Standl.; Psychotria luschnathi-
ticula Standl.; Simira nitida Poir.; Tapiphyllum cinerascens ana Klotzsch ex Schltdl., nom. illeg.; Psychotria luschnathii
subsp. laevius (K. Schum.) Verdc.; Uragoga alba (Ruiz & Klotzsch ex Mart.; Psychotria patula Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Pav.) Kuntze; Uragoga australis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga Schult.; Psychotria proxima Standl.; Psychotria sagreana
carthagenensis (Jacq.) Kuntze; Uragoga catharinensis (Müll. Urb.; Psychotria trinitensis Urb.; Psychotria tristicula Standl.;
Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga compaginata (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Simira nitida Poir.; Uragoga australis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze;
Uragoga ficigemma (DC.) Kuntze; Uragoga fockeana (Miq.) Uragoga australis Kuntze; Uragoga carthagenensis (Jacq.)
Kuntze; Uragoga foveolata (Ruiz & Pav.) M. Gómez; Uragoga Kuntze; Uragoga catharinensis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga
jacobaschii Kuntze; Uragoga mapouria Kuntze; Uragoga compaginata (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga ficigemma (DC.)
pohliana (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga tristis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga fockeana (Miq.) Kuntze; Uragoga jacobas-
Kuntze; Uragoga velhana (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga wat- chii Kuntze; Uragoga mapouria Kuntze; Uragoga pohliana
soniana Kuntze; Vangueria velutina var. laevior K. Schum.) (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga pohliana Kuntze; Uragoga tris-
tis Kuntze; Uragoga tristis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga vel-
Mexico to Trop. America.
hana (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga velhana Kuntze; Uragoga
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. watsoniana Kuntze)
1759, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 16. 1760, Histoire
Mexico to Trop. America. Shrub, rainforest
des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 175. 1775, Flora
Peruviana 2: 58, 59, t. 205, 207, f. a, b. 1799, Prodromus See Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 300. 1891, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 954,
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 510. 1830, Linnaea 956, 958–960, 962–963. 1891 and Symb. Antill. 7: 441, 450.
Psychotria L. Rubiaceae 3111

1913, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 376. 1927, Publ. Field Kuntze; Uragoga acuminata (H. Karst.) Farw., nom. illeg.;
Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 209. 1930, Fl. Guyane Franc. 3: Uragoga acuminata Farw.; Uragoga cuspidata (Bredem. ex
549. 1954, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 10(2): 195–223. Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze; Uragoga cuspidata (Bredem. ex
1984, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12(2): 179–211. 1984, Schult.) Kuntze; Uragoga cuspidata Kuntze; Uragoga uro-
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54(1): 37–40. 1996, Journal phylla (Schltdl.) Kuntze; Uragoga urophylla Kuntze)
of Ethnopharmacology 65(1): 29–51. 1999
SE. Mexico to Trinidad and Peru.
(Hallucinogenic, used for religious, medicinal and social
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364.
purposes. An ingredient in the entheogenic tea Ayahuasca, a
1759, Systema Vegetabilium 5: 192. 1819, The botany of
South American hallucinogenic beverage from the Amazon
the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 107. 1845, Linnaea 28: 522.
Indians, a psychoactive substance used in a religious or
shamanic context. Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage 1857, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 299. 1891, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 955,
derived by boiling the bark of the Malpighiaceous liana 960, 963. 1891 and Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Banisteriopsis caapi together with the leaves of various 67(2): 344. 1980; Monographs in Systematic Botany from
admixture plants, viz. Psychotria viridis, Psychotria car- the Missouri Botanical Garden 73: 1–177. 1999, Govaerts,
thagenensis, or Diplopterys cabrerana. The experimental R. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Kew. 2003
psychosis observed after drinking Ayahuasca, reproduces the [as Psychotria acuminata.], Biodiversidad del estado de
pathologic transmethylation theory of schizophrenia.) Tabasco Cap. 4: 65–110. 2005

Vernacular names: amyruca, rami appane, rani appani, (Expectorants and emetics. Used for rheumatism, insomnia,
sameruca, wy-soo-dö, yagé, yage-chacruna headaches. Fruits and seeds considered poisonous.)

Psychotria colorata (Willd. ex Schult.) Müll.Arg. (Cephaelis Common names: anal, female anal, ix-anal
colorata Willd. ex Schult.; Uragoga colorata (Willd. ex Psychotria deflexa DC. (Psychotria venulosa Müll.Arg.;
Schult.) Kuntze) Uragoga deflexa (DC.) Kuntze; Uragoga deflexa Kuntze)
Colombia, N. South America, Brazil. C. Mexico to Trop. America. Evergreen shrub, paired dark-
See Fl. Bras. 6(5): 372. 1881 green elliptic to oblong lanceolate leaves, persistent bilobed
long-pointed stipules, few-flowered terminal panicles, small
(Strong opioid-like analgesic activity has been detected in white sessile flowers, in moist and wet forests
alkaloids from Psychotria colorata.)
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364.
Psychotria connata Wall. (Mapouria connata (Wall.) K. 1759, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Schum.; Psychotria arnottiana Steud.; Psychotria connata (DC.) 4: 510. 1830, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 960. 1891
Kurz, nom. illeg.; Psychotria laevigata Wight & Arn., nom.
illeg.; Psychotria viticina Steud.; Uragoga connata (Wall.) (For urinary problems.)
Kuntze; Vitex laevigata Wight & Arn.) in English: nodding wild coffee
India. in Panama: cachimbo, garricillo
See Fl. Ind. 2: 163. 1824, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient.: 433. 1834, in Peru: sanaguillo
Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 408, 410. 1841, Forest Flora of
British Burma 2: 10. 1877, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Psychotria densinervia (K. Krause) Verdc. (Camptopus
4(4): 112. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 960. 1891 densinervia K. Krause; Camptopus densinervius K. Krause;
Cephaelis densinervia (K. Krause) Hepper)
(Leaves juice applied externally to reduce the body heat.)
Cameroon to Gabon.
in India: thaalai
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364.
Psychotria crassifolia Miq. 1759 and Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums
Borneo. Small tree zu Berlin-Dahlem 7(68): 42. 1920, Kew Bulletin 16: 153.
1962, Kew Bulletin 30: 259. 1975
See Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 205. 1869
(Used for lumbago.)
(Roots decoction as a postpartum remedy.)
Psychotria egensis Müll.Arg. (Uragoga egensis (Müll.Arg.)
in Borneo: kelebua danum
Kuntze; Uragoga egensis Kuntze)
Psychotria cuspidata Bredem. ex Roem. & Schult.
Colombia, Venezuela, N. Brazil.
(Psychotria acuminata Benth.; Psychotria acuminata
subsp. boraginoides Dwyer; Psychotria cuspidata var. gen- See Flora 59: 542, 545. 1876, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 960. 1891
uina Müll.Arg., nom. inval.; Psychotria urophylla Schltdl.; and Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Uragoga acuminata (Benth.) Kuntze; Uragoga acuminata Database. Kew. 2003 [as Psychotria polycephala.]
3112 Psychotria L. Rubiaceae

(Leaves with emetic properties.) Pulle; Uragoga hoffmannseggiana Pulle; Uragoga tribrac-
teata (C. Wright ex Griseb.) M. Gómez)
Psychotria extensa Miq. (Psychotria leptothyrsa Miq.;
Uragoga extensa (Miq.) Kuntze; Uragoga extensa Kuntze) Trop. America.
Java, Indonesia. See Linnaea 18: 748. 1845, Fl. Bras. 6(5): 330, 336–337, 339.
1881, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 955, 959–960. 1891, Anales Soc.
See Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 288. 1857, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 960. 1891
Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 294. 1894 and Enum. Vasc. Pl. Surinam
(Used for infected eyes, skin eruptions and ulcers.) 447. 1906, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 607–608. 1972,
Davis, A.P. et al. “The typification and characterization of
Psychotria forsteriana A. Gray (Psychotria forsteriana var.
the genus Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae).” Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 135:
vitiensis A. Gray; Uragoga forsteriana (A. Gray) Drake)
35–42. 2001, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of Selected Plant
SW. Pacific. Shrub Families Database. Kew. 2003 [as Psychotria hoffmannseg-
giana var. hoffmannseggiana.]
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364.
1759, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4: 44. 1858, Revis. Gen. Pl. (Antiinflammatory.)
2: 960. 1891 and Planta Med. 52(6): 450–3, 523. 1986,
Psychotria horizontalis Sw. (Myrstiphyllum horizonta-
Phytochemistry 31(1): 317–319. 1992, Opera Botanica
lis (Sw.) Millsp.; Psychotria bimea L. Riley; Psychotria
Belgica 7: 249–260. 1996
divaricata Kunth; Psychotria divaricata Blume; Psychotria
(Psychedelic. Polyindoline alkaloids from the leaves, these divaricata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.; Psychotria divaricata
alkaloids showed a higher toxicity on HTC cells than vincris- Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult.; Psychotria glaucescens
tine, an alkaloid currently used in antitumor chemotherapy.) Kunth; Psychotria horizontalis subsp. basicordata Dwyer;
Psychotria horizontalis subsp. glaucescens (Kunth) Borhidi;
in English: Forster’s psychotria
Psychotria horizontalis var. glaucescens (Kunth) Steyerm.;
Psychotria griffithii Hook.f. (Uragoga malaccensis Kuntze) Psychotria horizontalis var. psilophylla Steyerm.; Psychotria
longicollis Benth.; Psychotria longicollis Benth. ex Oerst.;
Malaya.
Uragoga glaucescens Kuntze; Uragoga glaucescens (Kunth)
See Fl. Brit. India 3: 171. 1880, Revisio Generum Plantarum Kuntze; Uragoga horizontalis Kuntze; Uragoga horizon-
2: 956. 1891 talis (Sw.) Kuntze; Uragoga longicollis Kuntze; Uragoga
longicollis (Benth.) Kuntze; Uragoga longicollis (Benth. ex
(A decoction of the roots drunk for pain in the bones.)
Oerst.) Kuntze)
Psychotria hoffmannseggiana (Willd. ex Schult.) Müll.
Mexico to Trop. America. Shrub, shade-tolerant, heterosty-
Arg. (Carapichea patrisii DC.; Cephaelis dichotoma Schult.,
lous flowers, fleshy berries, tannins, non alkaloids
nom. illeg.; Cephaelis furcata Bartl. ex DC.; Cephaelis
hoffmannseggiana Willd. ex Schult.; Cephaelis micro- See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three
cephala Miq., nom. illeg.; Cephaelis patrisii (DC.) D. Dietr.; Parts 152. 1756, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929,
Cephaelis rubra Willd. ex Schult.; Psychotria barbiflora 1122, 1364. 1759, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu
var. amazonica Müll.Arg.; Patabea capitellata Wawra; Prodromus 43, 44. 1788, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer
Psychotria capitellata (Wawra) Benth. & Hook.f., nom. & Schultes] 5: 191. 1819, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 358
illeg.; Psychotria erythrophylla Müll.Arg.; Psychotria flavi- [ed. quarto], 279 [ed. folio]. 1819, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg
cans Müll.Arg.; Psychotria hoffmannseggiana f. pubescens (Blume) 53. 1823, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk
Steyerm.; Psychotria hoffmannseggiana var. celsa Steyerm.; Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1852(2–4): 33–34.
Psychotria hoffmannseggiana var. erythrophylla (Müll. 1853, Adansonia 12: 323. 1879, Revisio Generum Plantarum
Arg.) Steyerm.; Psychotria hoffmannseggiana var. tribrac- 1: 300. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 960–961. 1891
teata (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Steyerm.; Psychotria micro- and Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History,
cephala Miq.; Psychotria microcephala Miq.; Psychotria Botanical Series 2(1): 102. 1900, Kew Bulletin 1927: 124.
rubra (Willd. ex Schult.) Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.; Psychotria 1927, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 55(1): 42.
rubra var. gracilis Müll.Arg.; Psychotria rubra var. lan- 1968, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 472. 1972, Acta Bot.
ceolata Müll.Arg.; Psychotria rubra var. virens Müll.Arg.; Hung. 37: 87. 1992, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri. Bot. Gard.
Psychotria tenuiramea Müll.Arg.; Psychotria tribracteata 73: 1–177. 1999
C. Wright ex Griseb.; Uragoga capitellata (Wawra) Kuntze;
(For ceremonials.)
Uragoga capitellata Kuntze; Uragoga carapichea Kuntze;
Uragoga erythrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga eryth- Psychotria insularum A. Gray (Psychotria atroviridescens
rophylla Kuntze; Uragoga flavicans (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Rech.; Psychotria insularum var. typica Hochr., nom. inval.;
Uragoga flavicans Kuntze; Uragoga hoffmannseggiana Psychotria insularum var. aprica Rech.; Psychotria insu-
(Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze; Uragoga hoffmannseggiana larum var. montanum Christoph.; Psychotria insularum
(Willd. ex Schult.) Kuntze; Uragoga hoffmannseggiana var. paradisii Fosberg; Psychotria tutuilensis Christoph.;
Kuntze; Uragoga hoffmannseggiana (Willd. ex Schult.) Uragoga insularum (A. Gray) Kuntze)
Psychotria L. Rubiaceae 3113

SW & SE Pacific. Shrub, leaves opposite, flowers white Malesia.

See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. See Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 208. 1869, Revis.
1759, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4: 45. 1860 and Candollea 5: Gen. Pl. 2: 959. 1891 and Journal of Natural Products 73(7):
268. 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 154: 54, 59. 1938, 1207–1213. 2010
Brittonia 16: 256. 1964, Pacific Science 50: 317–323. 1996,
(Insecticidal, cytotoxic, anti-HIV, antimicrobial.)
Andersson, Dunstan C. et al. “Evaluation of some Samoan
and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis Psychotria leptothyrsa Miq. var. longicarpa Valeton
and rat ear oedema assays.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology (Psychotria tubiflora Hosok.)
57(1): 35–56. 1997, Samoan Medicinal Plants and Their
Usage. ADAP Project, American Samoa Community Pacific.
College, College of Micronesia, Northern Marianas College, See Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 208. 1869, Revis.
University of Guam, and University of Hawaii. 2001 Gen. Pl. 2: 959. 1891 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 63: 315. 1930,
(Psychedelic. For wounds and inflammations and supernatu- Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 32: 19. 1942, Journal of
rally induced ailments. Leaves, together with nonu, as a poul- Natural Products 73(7): 1207–1213. 2010
tice for mumu fau pu’e (localized cellulites with swelling); (Insecticidal, cytotoxic, anti-HIV, antimicrobial.)
leaves used as poultice for mumu filogia (hard swelling on
any part of the body); leaves, together with fue sina (Vigna Psychotria ligustrifolia (Northr.) Millsp. (Myrstiphyllum
marina (Burm.) Merr.), taken internally and used externally ligustrifolium Northr.; Psychotria bahamensis Millsp. ex
for pu’ai toto (vomiting, or coughing up of blood).) Britton; Psychotria bahamensis Millsp.)

in Samoa: matalafi Florida, N. Caribbean. Little-branched shrubs or small trees,

opposite leaves tapering below to a short petiole, inflores-
Psychotria kirkii Hiern (Psychotria beniensis De Wild.; cence with a long common stalk
Psychotria ciliatocostata Cufod.; Psychotria collicola
K. Schum.; Psychotria hirtella Oliv.; Psychotria kass- See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts
neri Bremek.; Psychotria kirkii var. hirtella (Oliv.) Verdc.; 152. 1756 and Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 12: 68.
Psychotria kirkii var. mucronata (Hiern) Verdc.; Psychotria 1902, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 451. 1905, Publ. Field
kirkii var. nairobiensis (Bremek.) Verdc.; Psychotria kirkii var. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 172. 1906
swynnertonii (Bremek.) Verdc.; Psychotria kirkii var. taram-
(Shrub boiled, a bath for swelling or dropsy.)
bassica (Bremek.) Verdc.; Psychotria kirkii var. volkensii (K.
Schum.) Verdc.; Psychotria maculata S. Moore; Psychotria in English: wild coffee
marginata Bremek., nom. illeg.; Psychotria mucronata
Hiern; Psychotria nairobiensis Bremek.; Psychotria petrox- Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fern.-Vill. (Coffea
enos K. Schum. & K. Krause; Psychotria pubifolia De Wild.; luconiensis Cham. & Schltdl.; Coffea luzoniensis Cham. &
Psychotria punctata Vatke var. hirtella Chiov.; Psychotria Schltdl.; Grumilea luconiensis Merr.; Grumilea luzoniensis
rutshuruensis De Wild.; Psychotria subhirtella K. Schum.; (Cham. & Schltdl.) Merr.; Paederia malayana Fern.-Vill.;
Psychotria swynnertonii Bremek.; Psychotria tarambassica Paederia tagpo Blanco; Psychotria luconiensis (Cham. &
Bremek.; Psychotria volkensii K. Schum.; Uragoga kirkii Schltdl.) Fern.-Vill.; Psychotria malayana Fern.-Vill.)
(Hiern) Kuntze; Uragoga mucronata (Hiern) Kuntze)
Philippines. Shrub, glabrous, smooth, erect, leaves shining,
Gabon to Ethiopia and Zimbabwe. Leaf galls, bacterial leaf cyme compact, flowers white, berry somewhat fleshy yellow
nodulation or reddish, in secondary forest
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. See Linnaea 4: 32. 1829, Fl. Filip., ed. 3, 4(13A): 112. 1880
1759, Flora of Tropical Africa 3: 206, 211. 1877, Trans. Linn. and Philipp. J. Sci., C 10: 131. 1915
Soc. London, Bot. 2: 336. 1887 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 557.
1907, Pl. Bequaert. 2: 333, 408, 417. 1924, Journal of Botany, (Root decoction for dysentery, bark decoction for intestinal
British and Foreign 71: 277–280. 1933, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. pains; scraped fresh roots used for infected wounds. Fresh
Ital. 55: 90. 1948, Kew Bulletin 28: 321. 1973, Kew Bulletin leaves used topically for headaches; a decoction of the young
30: 262–263. 1975, Van Oevelen, S. et al. “Identification leaves used for ulcers.)
of the bacterial endosymbionts in leaf galls of Psychotria in Philippines: alitakbo, altoko, burubugnai, dumamai,
(Rubiaceae, angiosperms) and proposal of ‘Candidatus kadpaayan, kalabol, kalabubo-labayo, katagpo, katagpong-
Burkholderia kirkii’ sp. nov.” Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. gubat, kombateo, kombates, lugani, madantauan, nguspul,
52: 2023–2027. 2002 tagpo, tagpong-gubat, takpo, tatanok
(A root decoction drunk against malaria.)
Psychotria malayana Jack (Chassalia expansa Miq.;
Psychotria leptothyrsa Miq. (Uragoga beccarii (K. Schum.) Psychotria aurantiaca Wall.; Psychotria odorata Blume ex
Kuntze) Miq.; Psychotria stipulacea Wall.; Psychotria stipulacea
3114 Psychotria L. Rubiaceae

var. grandifolia Craib; Uragoga malayana (Jack) Kuntze; fadyenii Urb.; Psychotria granadensis Benth.; Psychotria
Uragoga malayana Kuntze) hirta Kunth, nom. illeg.; Psychotria hirta Schult.; Psychotria
horizontalis Spreng. ex DC., nom. illeg.; Psychotria lan-
Thailand to Malesia. Small tree, white flowers, lowland forest
ceolata Nutt.; Psychotria nervosa subsp. rufescens (Kunth)
See Malayan Misc. 1(1): 3. 1820, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 961. 1891 Steyerm.; Psychotria nervosa var. hirta Steyerm.; Psychotria
and Fl. Siam. 2: 201. 1934 nervosa var. lanceolata (Nutt.) Sarg.; Psychotria nervosa
var. rufescens (Kunth) L.O. Williams; Psychotria oligot-
(Poisonous alkaloids. A decoction of the leaves, sometimes
richa DC.; Psychotria portoricensis DC.; Psychotria qui-
together with those of Eurycoma longifolia, taken as a rem-
niifolia Dwyer; Psychotria rufescens Kunth; Psychotria
edy for fevers. May be used as a medicine after parturition,
for infected eyes, skin eruptions and ulcers; boil the roots rufescens var. ferruginea (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.; Psychotria
with the roots of Uvaria micrantha and use the decoction as rufescens var. haenkeana DC.; Psychotria rufescens var.
a postpartum remedy.) hirta Steyerm.; Psychotria stipulacea Sw. ex DC., nom.
illeg.; Psychotria undata Jacq.; Psychotria undata var. chi-
in Indonesia: berahin bapak marrhoides (DC.) Stehlé & Quentin; Psychotria undata
Malay names: meroyan sakat, salang, sesalang var. poitaei Urb.; Psychotria undulata Poir.; Uragoga elon-
gata Kuntze; Uragoga elongata (Benth.) Kuntze; Uragoga
Psychotria marginata Sw. (Myrstiphyllum marginatum elongata (Benth. ex Oerst.) Kuntze; Uragoga granadensis
(Sw.) Hitchc.; Psychotria nicaraguensis Benth. ex Oerst.; (Benth.) Kuntze; Uragoga granadensis Kuntze; Uragoga
Uragoga marginata (Sw.) Kuntze; Uragoga marginata oligotricha Kuntze; Uragoga oligotricha (DC.) Kuntze;
Kuntze; Uragoga nicaraguensis (Benth. ex Oerst.) Kuntze; Uragoga rufescens (Kunth) Kuntze; Uragoga rufescens
Uragoga nicaraguensis Kuntze; Uragoga nicaraguensis Kuntze; Uragoga stipulacea Schum.; Uragoga stipulacea
(Benth.) Kuntze) Kuntze; Uragoga stipulacea (Sw. ex DC.) Kuntze, nom.
S. Mexico to Trop. America. illeg.; Uragoga undata (Jacq.) Baill.; Uragoga undata Baill.;
Uragoga undata Kuntze; Uragoga undulata (Poir.) Kuntze;
See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 957, 961. 1891 Uragoga undulata Kuntze)
(An Ayahuasca admixture.) Florida to Trop. America. Little-branched shrubs or small
Psychotria mindoroensis Elmer trees, opposite glossy green leaves tapering below to a short
petiole, white corolla, inflorescence with a long common
Philippines. stalk, stone of the fruit with shallow ridges
See Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 3: 1031. 1911 See Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 7: 371. 1880, Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler
(Used for infected eyes, skin eruptions and ulcers.) & Prantl] iv. 4 (1891) 120. 1891, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 301. 1891,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 960–963. 1891, Rep. (Annual) Missouri
in Philippines: tagulinau Bot. Gard. 2: 958. 1893 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53:
Psychotria montana Blume (Chassalia montana (Blume) 108. 1966, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 480–481. 1972,
Miq.; Psychotria expansa Blume; Psychotria tabacifolia Phytologia 26: 493. 1973
Wall., nom. nud.; Psychotria viridissima Kurz; Uragoga (Root to cure dysentery.)
montana (Blume) Kuntze; Uragoga montana Kuntze)
in English: wild coffee
SE China to Trop. Asia. Shrub, erect, glabrous, base of stip-
ules clasping the petiole as a conspicuous ring, inflorescence Psychotria nilgiriensis Deb & M.G. Gangop. (Grumilea
paniculate compact, flowers greenish to whitish, berry red congesta Wight & Arn.; Psychotria congesta Cordem.;
turning blackish, in forest Psychotria congesta (Wight & Arn.) Hook.f., nom. illeg.;
Psychotria nilgiriensis (Wight & Arn.) Deb & M.G. Gangop.;
See Catalogus 54. 1823, Numer. List 8334. 1847, Fl. Ned.
Uragoga congesta (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze; Uragoga con-
Ind. 2: 281. 1857, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41(2):
gesta Kuntze)
315. 1872, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 961. 1891
India.
(Root for ulcers and swellings. Boiled leaves on swellings,
rheumatism and stomachache; decoction taken for bacillary See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 432. 1834, Fl. Brit. India 3:
dysentery.) 162. 1880, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 960. 1891, Fl. Réunion (E.J. de
Cordemoy) (1895) 513. 1895 and Taxon 31(3): 546. 1982
in Malaysia: kayu semelit, selada
(Plant paste consumed for gastric complaints.)
in Vietnam: l[aas]u, n[us]i, m[aj]y c[as]n c[aa]n
in India: marakalangipatchilai
Psychotria nervosa Sw. (Bertiera ferruginea Willd. ex
Schult.; Myrstiphyllum undatum (Jacq.) Hitchc.; Psychotria Psychotria nudiflora Wight & Arn. (Uragoga nudiflora
chimarrhoides DC.; Psychotria elongata Benth.; Psychotria (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze)
Psychotria L. Rubiaceae 3115

India. subsp. barcellana (Müll.Arg.) Steyerm.; Psychotria tomen-

tosa Hemsl.; Psychotria tomentosa Müll.Arg.; Psychotria
See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 434. 1834, Revis. Gen. Pl.
tomentosa (Aublet) Müll.Arg., nom. illeg.; Tapogomea
2: 961. 1891 and Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25(1–4): 215. 1983
tomentosa Aublet; Uragoga barcellana (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze;
(publ. 1985)
Uragoga barcellana Kuntze; Uragoga chinantlensis Kuntze;
(Leaves, flowers and tender fruits made into a paste con- Uragoga pardina Kuntze; Uragoga pardina (Müll.Arg.)
sumed for giddiness and leucoderma.) Kuntze; Uragoga poeppigiana (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze; Uragoga
poeppigiana Kuntze; Uragoga tomentosa (Aubl.) K. Schum.;
in India: kalpoo, odaikaapipatchilai
Uragoga tomentosa Kuntze; Uragoga tomentosa Schum.)
Psychotria officinalis (Aubl.) Raeusch. ex Sandwith
Mexico, Brazil, Trop. America.
(Nonatelia officinalis Aubl.; Oribasia officinalis (Aubl.) J.F.
Gmel.; Psychotria involucrata Sw., nom. illeg.; Psychotria See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. 1759,
officinalis (Aubl.) Raeusch., nom. nud.; Uragoga officinalis Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 100, 160–162,
(Aubl.) Baill.) t. 39, 61. 1775, Prodr. (Swartz) 42. 1788, Genera Plantarum
126, 196. 1789, Systema Naturae … ed. 13[bis]. 2(1): 371.
Mexico, Trop. America. Shrub, aromatic 1791, Eclogae Americanae 1: 19. 1796, Species Plantarum.
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 182, t. 70, Editio quarta 1: 977. 1798, Prodr. (DC.) 4: 533. 1830, Bulletin
f. 1. 1775, Syst. Nat.: 367. 1791, Nomenclator Botanicus, ed. de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de
3 55. 1797, Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 413. 1797, Hist. Pl. 7: 376. 1880 Bruxelles 11(1): 135. 1844, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 6(5):
and Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 473. 1931, Arnaldoa 9(2): 369–371. 1881, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler &
43–110. 2002 [2003] Prantl] IV. 4: 120. June 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum
1: 301. 1891, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 955, 959, 962. 1891 and
(Leaves infusion or decoction pectoral, for asthma, coughs. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
Leaves used as a fish poison.) 18(3): 123. 1916, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 65: 34. 1918, Publ.
in French Guiana: azier à l’asthme, raguet l’asthme Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 184. 1930, Mem. New York
Bot. Gard. 23: 680. 1972, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Psychotria olivacea Valeton Garden 67(1): 81, f. 17. 1980, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. 1990,
New Guinea, Solomon Is. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri. Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999

See Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 77. 1927 (The root used as a treatment for pulmonary ailments. A hot
drink is consumed and also rubbed on the chest.)
(Leaves eaten with betel nut (Areca catechu L.) to relieve
stomachache. Stem sap used for gonorrhoea; leaves boiled- Psychotria polyneura DC. (Uragoga polyneura (DC.)
macerated applied to sore legs.) Kuntze; Uragoga polyneura Kuntze)

Psychotria platyneura Kurz (Uragoga platyneura (Kurz) India.

Kuntze; Uragoga platyneura Kuntze) See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus 4:
India. Shrubs, flowers in cymes, wrinkled fruits 520. 1830, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 962. 1891

See Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 13: 327. 1875, (Leaves decoction a remedy for fevers. May be used as a
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 962. 1891 medicine after parturition, for infected eyes, skin eruptions
and ulcers.)
(Poisonous alkaloids. A decoction of the leaves a remedy
for fevers. May be used as a medicine after parturition, for Psychotria psychotriifolia (Seem.) Standl. (Cephaelis psy-
infected eyes, skin eruptions and ulcers.) chotriifolia Seem.; Psychotria psychotriaefolia (Seem.)
Standley; Psychotria psychotriifolia Standl.; Psychotria
Psychotria poeppigiana Müll.Arg. (Callicocca tomen- sinuensis Standl.; Uragoga psychotriifolia (Seem.) Kuntze;
tosa J.F. Gmel.; Callicocca tomentosa (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel.; Uragoga psychotriifolia Kuntze)
Cephaëlis barcellana Standl.; Cephaelis barcellana (Müll.
Arg.) Standl.; Cephaelis cyanocarpa Moc. & Sessé ex Trop. America.
DC.; Cephaelis hirsuta M. Martens & Galeotti; Cephaelis See Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 4: 138. 1854, Revisio
sagotii Gand.; Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Willd.; Generum Plantarum 2: 957. 1891 and Contr. U. S. Natl.
Cephaëlis tomentosa Vahl; Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Herb. 18: 133. 1916, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7:
Vahl; Cephaelis vultusmimi Dwyer; Evea tomentosa (Aubl.) 114. 1930, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 76(3):
Standl.; Evea tomentosa Standl.; Psychotria barcellana 886–916. 1989
Müll.Arg.; Psychotria hirsuta (M. Martens & Galeotti)
(Ayahuasca recipe, confirmed Ayahuasca admixture plant.)
Müll.Arg.; Psychotria hirsuta (M. Martens & Galeotti)
Müll.Arg. ex Mart., nom. illeg., non Psychotria hirsuta Sw.; Psychotria racemosa Rich. (Nonatelia racemosa Aubl.;
Psychotria pardina Müll.Arg.; Psychotria poeppigiana Oribasia racemosa J.F. Gmel.; Oribasia racemosa (Aubl.)
3116 Psychotria L. Rubiaceae

J.F. Gmel.; Psychotria longistipula Benth.; Psychotria rac- Psychotria rufipilis A. Chev. ex De Wild. (Cephaelis konkou-
emosa (Aubl.) Raeusch., nom. illeg.; Psychotria racemosa rensis Schnell; Psychotria konkourensis Schnell; Psychotria
Willd.; Uragoga racemosa (Aubl.) Kuntze; Uragoga rac- nimbana Schnell; Psychotria nimbana f. vallicola Schnell;
emosa (Rich.) Kuntze; Uragoga racemosa Kuntze) Psychotria nimbana var. djalonensis Schnell; Psychotria
nimbana var. gaidensis Schnell; Psychotria psychotrioides
Mexico, Trop. America, Trinidad.
(Schnell) Schnell, nom. illeg.; Psychotria rufipila A. Chev.;
See Syst. Nat., ed. 13[bis]. 2(1): 367. 1791, Actes Soc. Hist. Psychotria rufipila Valeton; Psychotria rufipilis var. konk-
Nat. Paris 1: 107. 1792, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 1(2): 966. ourensis Hepper; Uragoga psychotrioides Schnell; Uragoga
1798, Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 227. 1841, Revisio psychotrodes Kuntze)
Generum Plantarum 2: 962. 1891
W. tropical Africa.
(Fruits used to kill rats.)
See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 957. 1891 and Icon. Bogor. [Boerlage]
Psychotria remota Benth. (Mapouria remota Müll.Arg.; 3: t. 291. 1909, Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franc. i. 342. 1920,
Mapouria remota (Benth.) Müll.Arg.; Mapouria remota var. Pl. Bequaert. 2: 415. 1924, Bull. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire
angustifolia Müll.Arg.; Mapouria remota var. genuina Müll. 15: 118. 1953, Mém. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire 50: 50, 68,
Arg., nom. inval.; Mapouria remota var. longifolia Müll. 70, 72–73. 1957, Bull. Jard. Bot. État 30: 365. 1960, Kew
Arg.; Mapouria remota var. ovata Müll.Arg.; Psychotria Bulletin 16: 337. 1962
alboviridula K. Krause; Uragoga remota (Benth.) Kuntze;
(Useful in the detection of pregnancy.)
Uragoga remota Kuntze)
in Sierra Leone: kafei
Trop. America.
Psychotria sarmentosa Blume (Mapouria sarmentosa
See Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 225. 1841, Flora
(Blume) K. Schum.; Mapouria sarmentosa K. Schum.;
59: 459. 1876, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 6, pt. 5: 407–408. 1881,
Uragoga sarmentosa (Blume) Kuntze; Uragoga sarmen-
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 962. 1891 and Notizbl. Bot.
tosa Kuntze)
Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 6: 208. 1914
Trop. Asia. Climber, panicle dense, flower greenish, corolla
(A leaf concoction to rub on the bites of fire ants.)
finely hairy, berry obovate, a very variable species, in forest
Psychotria rhinocerotis Reinw. ex Blume (Gaertnera
See Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 957. 1891 and Medical Science
lasianthoides C.E.C. Fisch.; Psychotria curtisii King &
Research 27(10): 715–718. 1999
Gamble; Psychotria subrufa Miq.; Uragoga rhinocerotis
Drake; Uragoga rhinocerotis Kuntze; Uragoga rhinocerotis (Leaves analgesic and antihyperalgesic, to poultice sores,
(Reinw. ex Blume) Kuntze; Uragoga rhinocerotis (Reinw. itches and boils. Plant used to expedite childbirth.)
ex Blume) Drake; Uragoga subrufa (Miq.) Kuntze; Uragoga
in India: milahan-ah
subrufa Kuntze)
in Malaysia: akar daldaru, gilik, pena kara jantan, rambai
Myanmar to W. Malesia.
padang
See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16: 961. [Oct 1826–Nov 1827],
in Thailand: duuk kai yaan, yaa ruat
Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 962. 1891, J. Bot. (Morot) ix.
(1895) 237. 1895 and J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 74(2): 18. in Vietnam: l[aas]u leo
1906, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1927: 209. 1927
Psychotria serpens L. (Grumilea serpens (L.) K. Schum.;
(Plant may be used as a medicine after parturition, a postpar- Psychotria scandens Hook. & Arn.; Psychotria serpens var.
tum remedy.) latifolia Pit.; Uragoga serpens (L.) Kuntze)
Malay name: gambir batu SE Asia, Japan. Epiphytic creeper
Psychotria rostrata Blume (Chassalia rostrata (Blume) See Mant. Pl. 2: 204. 1771, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 301. 1891, Nat.
Miq.; Chassalia rostrata Miq.; Polyozus acuminata Blume; Pflanzenfam. 4(4): 116. 1891 and Fl. Indo-Chine 3: 353. 1924
Polyozus latifolia Blume; Uragoga rostrata (Blume) Kuntze;
(Taken to improve the blood circulation, and to cure rheuma-
Uragoga rostrata (Miq.) Kuntze)
tism, backache, arthritis and wounds.)
Indochina to W. Malesia. Shrub, slender, erect, panicle slen-
Psychotria stenostachya Standl. (Rudgea thyrsiflora
der glabrous, flowers white, berry ribbed orange, a variable
Donn. Sm.)
species, in lowland forest
Costa Rica to Bolivia.
See Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 281. 1857, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 300. 1891
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364. 1759,
(Leaves decoction for constipation.)
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 8: 327. 1807
in Malaysia: nyarum, piralu, sedoman, segerang, telor ayam and Botanical Gazette 61(5): 375–376. 1916, Publications of
Psydrax Gaertner Rubiaceae 3117

the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 8(3): 207. glomerata (Kunth) Kuntze; Uragoga glomerata Kuntze;
1930, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999 Uragoga microdesmia (Oerst.) Kuntze; Uragoga microdes-
mia Kuntze; Uragoga trispicata (Griseb.) Kuntze; Uragoga
(Reported as being incorporated in Ayahuasca.)
trispicata Kuntze; Uragoga viridis Kuntze; Uragoga viridis
Vernacular names: rumo sacha, yagé (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze)
Psychotria tahanensis Ruhsam. (Psychotria brachybotrys Trop. America, SE Mexico. Small tree or shrub, smooth
Ridl., nom. illeg.) dark green leaves, bilobed stipules, small white flowers
tubular, small indehiscent berry, in rainforest, flooded low-
Pen. Malaysia.
land, moist soil
(Leaves crushed in water applied to the eyes as drops to obtain
See Systema Naturae, Editio Decima 2: 929, 1122, 1364.
“clear vision”, helps see animals in the hunt and allows one to
1759, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 172, pl.
“see with understanding”.)
66. 1775, Flora Peruviana 2: 61, t. 210, f. b. 1799, Systema
Psychotria tenuifolia Sw. (Psychotria laurifolia Bertol. ex Vegetabilium 5: 195. 1819, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum
DC., nom. illeg.; Psychotria pulverulenta Urb.; Psychotria (quarto ed.) 3: 362. 1818 [1819], Videnskabelige Meddelelser
sessilifolia M. Martens & Galeotti; Psychotria sulzneri fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1852(2–4):
Small; Uragoga sessilifolia (M. Martens & Galeotti) Kuntze; 36–37. 1853, Adansonia 12: 323. 1879, Revisio Generum
Uragoga tenuifolia (Sw.) Kuntze) Plantarum 2: 960–961, 963. 1891, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 3: 299. 1891 and Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela.
10(2): 195–223. 1984, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12(2):
See Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 11(1): 228. 1844, Revis. 179–211. 1984, AAU Reports 24: 1–241. 1990, Journal of
Gen. Pl. 2: 962–963. 1891 and Fl. Miami 176. 1913, Symb. Ethnopharmacology 54(1): 37–40. 1996, Monogr. Syst.
Antill. 7: 456. 1913 Bot. Missouri. Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177. 1999, Rapid Biological
Inventories 1: 1–79. 2000, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 306(1):
(For bathing wounds, rashes, swellings. Leaves and flowers
73–83. 2003
applied as poultice on infected sores.)
(Psychedelic drugs, psychoactive. Spiritual. In Perú, Ecuador,
Vernacular names: dog’s tongue, lengua de perro, x’anal,
Colombia, and parts of Brazil, the leaves of Psychotria viri-
male anal
dis and Psychotria carthaginensis are commonly prepared
Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. ex Blume (Grumilea viridi- with Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi) to make the ceremo-
flora (Reinw. ex Blume) Miq.; Grumilea viridiflora Miq.; nial visionary healing medicine Ayahuasca.)
Psychotria jackii Hook.f.; Psychotria sylvatica Blume;
Vernacular names: amiruca panga, chacruna, folha, chac-
Psychotria viridiflora Reinw. ex Kurz; Psychotria viridiflora
rona, reinha, sami ruca
Zoll. ex Miq.; Uragoga jackii (Hook.f.) Kuntze; Uragoga
jackii Kuntze) Psychotria zombamontana (Kuntze) E.M.A. Petit (Grumilea
kirkii Hiern; Psychotria meridianomontana E.M.A. Petit;
Indochina to Malesia. Shrub or small tree, leathery variable
Psychotria meridianomontana var. angustifolia E.M.A.
leaves, inflorescence paniculate, flowers greenish-pink or
Petit; Psychotria meridianomontana var. glabra E.M.A.
white, variable succulent berry yellowish to red, in second-
Petit; Psychotria meridio-montana E.M.A. Petit; Uragoga
ary forest and hedges
zombamontana Kuntze)
See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16: 963. [Oct 1826–Nov 1827], Fl.
Tanzania to Northern Prov.
Brit. India [J.D. Hooker] 3: 167. 1880, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:
961. 1891 See Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 216. 1877, Revisio Generum Plantarum
2: 958. 1891 and Bull. Jard. Bot. État 34: 86, 88–90. 1964
(Leaves, bark and stem juice used for skin complaints, and
bites of poisonous insects and snakes. Leaves as an antisep- (A bark infusion used for fever.)
tic wash for cleaning septic wounds; warm leaves applied
on wounds.)
Psydrax Gaertner Rubiaceae
in Borneo: engkarabai
Greek psydrax, psydrakos ‘blister, bump’, in allusion to the
in Indonesia: halan, ki kores, tenam betul
warted and wrinkled fruits of some species or to the pim-
in Malaysia: jarum-jarum, julong-julong bukit, sepanggang, ply seeds, see De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1:
ubat halan 125. 1788.
Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. (Palicourea viridis (Ruiz Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. (Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.)
& Pav.) Roem. & Schult.; Palicourea viridis (Ruiz & Pav.) Merr.; Canthium dicoccum Merr.; Plectronia dicocca
Schult.; Psychotria glomerata Kunth; Psychotria micro- (Gaertn.) F. Muell.; Polyozus bipinnata Lour.; Vangueria
desmia Oerst.; Psychotria trispicata Griseb.; Uragoga dicocca (Gaertn.) Miq.)
3118 Psydrax Gaertner Rubiaceae

India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, SE China. Treelet, densely folia- (Roots used for bruise, fever, toothache, wounds; roots boiled
ceous, bark cracked in irregular pieces, deep green shining and drunk for stomach problems.)
leaves, creamy white fragrant flowers, black fruits, leaves
in English: false turkey-berry, mottled-bark canthium
edible, wet deciduous forest, semi-evergreen forest
in Tanzania: bulindi, isugula, izogwa, kiviruviru, mbahuza
See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 16. 1767, De Fructibus et
mtwe, mbwanhubwanhu, mdoghwe, mfilu dume, mgango,
Seminibus Plantarum 1: 125, t. 26, f. 2. 1788, Fl. Cochinch.:
mgubalu, mkamu, mpakapaka, msongwansimba, mudoghwe,
74. 1790, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 251. 1857,
mudogwe, namu, ngubalu, nkamu
Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 9: 185. 1875 and
Philippine Journal of Science 35(1): 8. 1928, Fitoterapia Psydrax locuples (K. Schum.) Bridson (Canthium locuples
72(3): 201–205. 2001 (K. Schum.) Codd; Plectronia locuples K. Schum.)
(Bark applied on fracture; stem bark decoction given in order Mozambique to South Africa.
to get relief from gas trouble. Leaves extract taken for easy See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 16. 1767, Botanische Jahrbücher
delivery. Used in religious functions, 15th day after death. für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Stem bark, leaves and fruits used as fish poison.) 28: 75. 1899 and Kirkia 1: 108. 1961, Portugaliae Acta
in India: abalu, abblu, alumba, arsul, baelaache, balasu nai- Biologica, Série B, Sistemática, Ecologia, Biogeografia e
kinna, bilachi, dahjan, ellele, gandukakkorala, haldu, hanagi Paleontolgia 11: 219–247. 1972, Kew Bulletin 40: 708. 1985
gaare, hatharaanike, hattaraanike, hatteranike, heddaraanike, (Relieves headaches, fresh leaves crushed, then placed on the
hunnageru, imburuttam, kakkorla, kallurukolu, karai, karu, forehead.)
korla, nakkareni, nakkena, nakkini, nalla, nalla balasu, nal-
labalusu, naumpapala, nekkeni, nikanimaram, niralli, tupa in English: whipstick canthium

in Sri Lanka: poro palu in Swaziland: isikhondlwane

Psydrax livida (Hiern) Bridson (Afrocanthium burttii Psydrax parviflora (Afzel.) Bridson (Canthium afzelianum
(Bullock) Lantz; Afrocanthium parasiebenlistii (Bridson) Hiern; Canthium vulgare (K. Schum.) Bullock; Pavetta par-
Lantz; Canthium burttii Bullock; Canthium clityophyllum viflora Afzel.; Plectronia afzeliana (Hiern) Holland)
Bullock; Canthium gymnosporioides Launert; Canthium Tropical Africa. Tree, erect, straight, slender, bole fluted,
huillense Hiern; Canthium junodii (Burtt Davy) Burtt Davy; small fruits
Canthium lividum Hiern; Canthium parasiebenlistii Bridson;
Canthium syringodorum (K. Schum.) Bullock; Canthium wil- See Remedia guineensia, quorum collectionem… 47. 1815,
dii (Suess.) Codd; Plectronia heliotropiodora K. Schum. & K. Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 142. 1877, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C:
Krause; Plectronia huillensis (Hiern) K. Schum.; Plectronia 386. 1895 and Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 9: 359. 1915, Bulletin
junodii Burtt Davy; Plectronia livida (Hiern) K. Schum.; of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1932: 374. 1932, Kew
Plectronia syringodora K. Schum.; Plectronia wildii Suess.) Bulletin 40(4): 700. 1985

Zaire, Kenya to S. Africa. Small tree or shrub, leafy, woody, (Insecticide.)

straggling, subprostrate, pale bark, between young leaves a Psydrax parviflora (Afzel.) Bridson subsp. rubrocostata
pair of oval pointed membranous stipules, small white axil- (Robyns) Bridson (Canthium rubrocostatum Robyns)
lary flowers slightly fragrant, each flower tubular, dense clus-
ters of fleshy smooth black fruits, leaves browsed by cattle, Sudan to Malawi. Evergreen shrub or tall tree, bark with
ripe fruit pulp eaten, miombo woodland, on banks of stream, a distinctive almond smell if cut, triangular stipules, tiny
in woodland, dry woodland cream-white flowers in dense stalked heads, soft and black
fruit, bee forage, ripe fruits eaten fresh, moist lowland for-
See Species Plantarum 1: 110. 1753, Mantissa Plantarum 1: ests, montane rainforests
16. 1767, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 602. 1785,
Museum Botanicum 1: 178. 1850, Flora of Tropical Africa See Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 602. 1785 and
3: 144. 1877, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C: 386. 1895, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-
Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch Dahlem 10: 616. 1929, Kew Bulletin 40(4): 700, 702. 1985
in 1853--61 1: 476. 1898 and Botanischer Jahresbericht 1898 (Roots and fruits vermifuge, general tonic, for cough, influ-
(1): 393. 1900, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 540. 1907, Bull. Misc. enza. Fruits for coughs and colds. Roots cooked with meat
Inform. Kew 1921: 192. 1921, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: and bones and taken as a treatment for intestinal worms.)
373, 382. 1932, Kew Bulletin 1933: 146. 1933, Bull. Misc.
in Tanzania: livilo, mgongo, mkomambuzi, mkome, msada,
Inform. Kew 1935: 568. 1935, Transactions of the Rhodesia
msechela, mshangati, mshangule, muebe, omemuta
Scientific Association 43: 59. 1951, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml.
München 2: 314. 1957, Kirkia 1: 109. 1961, Kew Bulletin Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson var. subcordata
40: 705. 1985, Flora of Tropical East Africa 3: 870. 1991, (Canthium glabriflorum Hiern; Canthium polycarpum
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 278. 2004 Schweinf. ex Hiern; Canthium welwitschii Hiern; Plectronia
Ptaeroxylon Ecklon & Zeyher Ptaeroxylaceae 3119

formicarum K. Krause; Plectronia glabriflora (Hiern) K. Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. (Kirkia lentiscoides
Schum.; Plectronia laurentii var. katangensis De Wild.; Engl.; Ptaeroxylon obliquum Radlk.; Ptaeroxylon utile Eckl.
Plectronia subcordata (DC.) K. Schum.; Plectronia wel- & Zeyh.)
witschii (Hiern) K. Schum.)
South Africa.
Trop. Africa. Tree, compact crown, slash whitish, leaves
See Enum. Pl. Afric. Austral. [Ecklon & Zeyher] 1: 54.
green, flowers white heavily scented, in swamp forest,
[Dec 1834–Mar 1835], Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl.
open areas
Bayer. Akad. Wiss. München xx. (1890) 165. 1890
See Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 139–140. 1877 and Kew Bulletin 40: 698.
(Decoction of stems, leaves, used for boils, insecticidal.)
1985
(Leaves for treating prolonged menstruation. Molluscicides. in English: sneezewood
Twig, bark, for pulmonary troubles, mental troubles; bark in East Africa: mwandara
rubbed on the body as a stimulant. Ceremonial, ritual.)
in Southern Africa: nieshout, muandara mahogany, umtata,
in Central African Republic: monzononzono umTati; umThathe, uBhaqa (= torch) (Zulu); umThathi
in Congo: mataata (Xhosa); munukha-vhaloi (= tree smelling evilly of witches)
(Venda); umThathi (Swazi); tati (Western Transvaal, north-
in Guinea: ka, ndaka ern Cape, Botswana); Ambhandadzwidzwi (Thonga)
in Sierra Leone: an ram, aowolikpoi, diango, ka, mana, mbeli
wa-waa, mbeli-wawa, ngega, ngele-gale
Pteleopsis Engl. Combretaceae
Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson (Canthium dicoc-
cum (Gaertn.) Merr. var. umbellata (Wight) Santapau & Greek ptelea ‘an elm tree’ and opsis ‘aspect, appearance,
Merchant; Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Merr. var. umbel- resemblance’.
latum (Wight) Santapau & Merchant; Canthium umbellatum Pteleopsis hylodendron Mildbr. (Pteleopsis albidiflora De
Wight; Canthium umbellulatum Korth.; Plectronia didyma Wild.; Pteleopsis bequaertii De Wild.)
var. umbellata (Wight) Gamble; Plectronia korthalsii K.
Schum.; Plectronia umbellata Kuntze; Plectronia umbel- Tropical Africa.
lata (Wight) K. Schum.; Plectronia umbellata Schum.; See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der
Plectronia umbellata Benth. & Hook.f.; Plectronia umbel-
Wissenschaften in Berlin 25. 1894 and Notizblatt des
lata Baker)
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8:
India. 61. 1921
See Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 3: t. 1034. 1845, Ned. (Triterpenoids and saponins in stem bark.)
Kruidk. Arch. ii. II. 235. 1851, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker
in Cameroon: mobito, rissiehe, sikon
f.] 2(1): 115. 1873, Forest Fl. Burma ii. 35. 1877, J. Linn. Soc.,
Bot. 20: 168. 1883 [1884 publ. 1883], Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 293. in Central Africa: miong, nka, sikon
1891, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl]
in Congo: miong
4(4): 92. 1891 and Leafl. Philipp. Bot. i. 28, 360. 1906, Flora
of the Presidency of Madras 2: 624(440). 1921, Philippine in Gabon: nka
Journal of Science 35(1): 8. 1928, Bulletin of the Botanical
in Ivory Coast: koframire
Survey of India 3: 107. 1962, Kew Bulletin 48(4): 762. 1993
in Zaire: mukala, osanga
(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Stem bark ground with palm
jaggery and given for intestinal disorders, stomachache, gas, Pteleopsis myrtifolia (M.A. Lawson) Engl. & Diels
diarrhea and dysentery. Veterinary medicine, leaf extract
Tropical Africa. Tree, spreading, ascending, drooping, flow-
given orally for a normal parturition.)
ers aromatic, white inflorescence
in India: ababaln, abblu, alambamaram, alampamaram, ana-
See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 431. 1871 and Monographien
kombi, arsul, ellele, gandukakkorla, gandukakorle, irum-
afrikanischer Pflanzen-Familien und -Gattungen 4: 4, t.
barappan, kari, nakkena, nallamandharam, nannul, njanjul,
oppele, vappe, vappe maram, varapoola, yellal 1/B. 1900
(Roots antifungal, antiproliferative, used for dysentery, ste-
rility, infertility, venereal diseases, swelling of the stomach,
Ptaeroxylon Ecklon & Zeyher Ptaeroxylaceae wounds. Leaves used to drive away evil spirits.)
Greek ptairo, ptairein ‘to sneeze’ and xylon ‘wood’, the red in Tanzania: mgovu, mlakwentz, mlawilila, mneke, mngogi,
heartwood contains peppery irritating oil. mwindi, ngora, ngovu
3120 Pteridium Gled. ex Scopoli Dennstaedtiaceae (Pteridaceae)

Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels Cosmopolitan. Terrestrial fern, climbing fronds, sorus brown,
tender leaves cooked and eaten, ripe fruits eaten, probably
See Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der
the most widespread species of all vascular plants, aggres-
Wissenschaften in Berlin 25. 1894 and Botanische Jahrbücher
sive, invading disturbed areas as weeds in pastures
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
39: 509. 1907 See Species Plantarum 2: 1073–1077. 1753, Flora Carniolica
(Saponins and tannins.) 169. 1760, Botanik von Ost-Afrika 3(3): 11. 1879 and
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Rhodesia-
in Mali: nanyinge, tereni Kongo-Expedition, 1911–1912, unter Leitung von Eric Graf
in Nigeria: wuyan giwa von Rosen 1: 7. 1914, Ferns S. Afr. ed. 2: 264, t. 134. 1915,
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, ser. 2 30: 22. 1956, Fl.
in W. Africa: nyanyanga Madagasc. 5(4): 65–112. 1958, Cody, W.J., Crompton, C.W.
“The biology of Canadian weeds. 15. Pteridium aquilinum
(L.) Kuhn.” Can. J. Plant Sci., 55: 1059–1072. 1975, Nucleus
Pteridium Gled. ex Scopoli 20: 105–108. 1977, Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 15(2):
Dennstaedtiaceae (Pteridaceae) 123–161. 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83: 4389–
4393. 1986, Canad. J. Bot. 65: 647–652. 1987, Fenwick,
Pteridion, diminutive of the Greek pteris ‘fern’, from pteron
G.R. “Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)—toxic effects and
‘a wing, a feather’, from Sanskrit pat ‘to fly’, patara ‘fly-
toxic constituents.” J. Sci. Food Agric., 46: 147–173. 1988,
ing’; see Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723–1788), Flora
Aspects of Plant Sciences 11: 459–465. 1989, International
Carniolica. 169. Viennae 1760 and Cockayne, Leonard
Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 24: 15–19.
(1855–1934), [Botanical reports to the New Zealand
1995, British Fern Gazette 15: 141–149. 1996, Recherches
Department of Lands]. Wellington, Gov’t. Printer, 1907–
pour le Développement, Série Sciences Biologiques 15:
1929, Tryon, R.M. “A revision of the genus Pteridium.”
23–42. 1999
Rhodora 43: 1–31, 37–67. 1941, Fl. Madagasc. 5(4): 65–112.
1958, Page, C.N. “The taxonomy and phytogeography (Pteridium aquilinum toxicity moderate, all parts of bracken-
of bracken—A review.” J. Linn. Soc., Botany 73: 1–34. fern contain toxic chemicals. Ingesting fresh or dry fronds or
1976, Perring, F.H. and B.G. Gardener, eds. “The biol- underground rhizomes caused toxic signs and death in rumi-
ogy of bracken. [Symposium.]” J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 73(1–3): nants and non-ruminants; bracken has been shown to contain
i-vi, 1–302. 1976, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural thiaminase and other compounds with mutagenic and carci-
History), Botany 15(2): 123–161. 1986, Reports from the nogenic properties. Cattle, sheep and wild animals poisoned
Botanical Institute, University of Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987, after ingesting bracken. Rhizome pounded up and used along
Cuscatlania 1: 1–28. 1989, Fieldiana: Botany, New Series with Selaginella to treat snakebite; an ointment for curing
22: 1–128. 1989 [Tryon, R.M. & R.G. Stolze, Pteridophyta wounds and burns; rhizome for disorders of spleen. Leaves
of Peru—Part II: 13. Pteridaceae—15. Dennstaedtiaceae], shoot infusion taken for skin diseases; crushed fronds anti-
Hirono, I. Carcinogenic Bracken Glycosides. Pages 239– septic and astringent. Ceremonial, used in worship; magico-
251 in Cheeke, P.R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. II. religious beliefs, used to manufacture temporary clothing for
Glycosides. Boca Raton. 1989, Rapid Assessment Program women working in pond fields and worn or carried as protec-
Working Papers 10: 1–372. 1998, Memoirs of the New York tion against lightning.)
Botanical Garden 88: 1–1054. 2004.
in English: bracken, bracken fern, brackenfern, brake, brake
Pteridium centrali-africanum (Hieron.) Alston (Allosorus fern, eagle fern, eastern bracken, hog brake, hog-pasture
aquilinus (L.) C. Presl; Allosorus capensis (Thunb.) Pappe brake, pasture brake
& Raws.; Allosorus lanuginosus (Bory ex Willd.) C.
Presl; Asplenium aquilinum (L.) Bernh.; Cincinalis aqui- in Ecuador: llashipa
lina (L.) Gled. ex Trevisan; Eupteris aquilina (L.) Newm.; in Congo: esiela, koungou, kungu
Ornithopteris aquilina (L.) J. Sm.; Paesia aquilina (L.)
Keys.; Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn; Pteridium aquilinum in Kenya: tilalwet
subsp. capense (Thunb.) C. Chr.; Pteridium aquilinum subsp. in Southern Africa: adelaarsvaring; ukozani (Zulu); hombewe,
centraliafricanum Hieron.; Pteridium aquilinum subsp. typi-
hombge, mondgio (Shona); muvanguluvha (Venda)
cum R.M. Tryon; Pteridium aquilinum var. glabrum (Hook.)
Luerss.; Pteridium aquilinum var. lanuginosum Henriq.; in Tanzania: mshilu, siru
Pteridium aquilinum var. lanuginosum (Hook.) Luerss.;
in Zambia: luputu, mukochi, mushilu, ngoni
Pteridium capense (Thunb.) Krasser; Pteris aquilina L.;
Pteris aquilina Michx.; Pteris aquilina fo. glabrior Carruth.; in China: jue
Pteris aquilina var. lanuginosa (Bory ex Willd.) Hook.;
in India: seneya, theeppana
Pteris capensis Thunb.; Pteris coriifolia Kunze; Pteris lanu-
ginosa Bory ex Willd.) in Japan: warabi (= bracken)
Pteris L. Pteridaceae (Dryopteridaceae) 3121

in Nepal: ainu See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 107.

1828, Recensio Specierum Generis Pteridis 22. 1839 and
in Philippines: ‘anam’am
Indian Fern J. 8: 87–92. 1991, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 105: 105–
in Thailand: kt-kiah 124. 1992
Pteridium esculentum (Forst.f.) Nakai (Pteridium esculen- (Antibacterial. Stem mashed and the extract applied on cuts
tum (G. Forst.) Cockayne; Pteris esculenta Forst.f) and wounds to stop bleeding and infection. Fern fronds infu-
sions for influenza, cough, fever, kidney disorders; frond
Australia, Pacific. Herbaceous perennial, stout blackish hori-
juice applied on cuts and boils. Root decoction for dysentery;
zontal rhizome, erect coarse leaves
roasted rhizome eaten to get relief from backache; rhizome
See Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus 74. 1786, paste applied on pimples.)
Botanik von Ost-Afrika 3(3): 11. 1879 and Rep. Bot. Suv.
in Nepal: guhya sattar, mauro pire unyu, tamda
Tongariro Natl. Park 34. 1908 [Survey of the Tongariro
National Park (Dept. of Lands N.Z., C.-11, 1908), Botanical Pteris biaurita L. (Campteria biaurita (L.) Hook.; Campteria
Magazine 39(461): 109. 1925 galeotti (Fée) T. Moore; Litobrochia biaurita (L.) J. Sm.;
Litobrochia galeottii Fée; Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.)
(Poisonous, prolonged ingestion of large amounts of green or
Link; Pteris acanthoneura Alston; Pteris atrovirens H.B.
dry bracken fern produces aplastic anemia.)
Willd; Pteris biaurita C. Chr., nom. illeg., non Pteris biau-
in English: Austral bracken, bracken, bracken fern, common rita L.; Pteris biaurita Tardieu, nom. illeg., non Pteris biau-
bracken rita L.; Pteris flavicaulis Hayata; Pteris galeotti (Fée) Hook.;
Pteris linearis Poir.; Pteris mildbraedii Hieron.; Pteris
Malay name: paku rotan quadriaurita var. biaurita (L.) J. Bommer & H. Christ)
Maori names: marohi, rahurahu, rarahu, rarauhe, takata India. Terrestrial fern, erect, perennial, single stout rachis,
scaly rhizome densely hairy, fronds unipinnate used for the
preservation of eggs for a long period
Pteris L. Pteridaceae (Dryopteridaceae)
See Species Plantarum 2: 1072, 1076. 1753, Handbuch zur
Greek pteris ‘fern’ (Theophrastus), Latin pteris, pteridis for a Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkom-
species of fern (Plinius), see Species Plantarum 2: 1073–1077. menden Gewächse 3: 19–20. 1833, Genera Filicum, pl. 65,
1753, The British Herbal 525, t. 74. 1756, Flora Carniolica A. 1842, Cultivated Ferns 37. 1857, Bulletin de la Société
170. 1760, Syst. Pl. [Gleditsch] 289. 1764, Novae Hollandiae Botanique de Belgique 35(1): 190. 1896 and Index Filicum
Plantarum Specimen 96, t. 245. 1804, Principes Fond. 593. 1906, Fl. Lesser Antill. 2: 145. 1977, Aspects of Plant
Somiol. 26. 1814, Analyse des Familles de Plantes 205. 1815, Sciences 11: 459–465. 1989, Proceedings of the Indian
American monthly magazine and critical review 4: 195. 1819, Academy of Sciences. Plant Sciences 99(2): 131–134. 1989,
J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 262. 1819, Med. Fl. 2: 254. 1830, Indian Fern Journal 6: 131–132. 1989
Tentamen Pteridographiae 146–148, pl. 5, f. 19, 26. 1836,
Recensio Specierum Generis Pteridis 76. 1839, Presl, Carl (Plant juice given to sterile woman for fertility. Stem mashed
(Karl, Carel, Carolus), (1794–1852), Epimeliae Botanicae and the extract applied as antibacterial on cuts and wounds
101. Pragæ, 1849, Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries (Phytogr.). 3: 449– to stop bleeding and infection. Fern fronds infusions for flu,
450. 1849–1850, Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen cough, fever, kidney disorders. Root decoction for dysentery.)
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: 460–461. 1851, in English: silver fern, silverback fern
Mémoires sur les Families des Fougères, Gen. Filic. 139–
140, t. 11A. 1852, Keyserling, Alexander Friedrich Michael in India: nara, thaday uniu
Leberecht Nikolaus Arthur von (1815–1891), Polypodiacea Malay name: paku ragi
et Cyatheacea herbarii Bungeani. Lipsiae, W. Engelmann,
1873, Nomenclator Botanicus. 1(1): 570. 1873, Historia in Nepal: hade unyu
Filicum 294–295. 1875, Flora of the Hawaiian Islands 631. Pteris camerooniana Kuhn (Pteris bonapartei C. Chr.;
1888 and Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 7(4): 275, f. 1–3. Pteris manniana Mett. ex Kuhn; Pteris pellucida C. Presl)
1907, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 5:
Tropical Africa, Philippines. Terrestrial herb
38. 1908, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, Kew Bull. 29:
726. 1974 (publ. 1975), Proceedings of the Biological Society See Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1): 55. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium,
of Washington 89(61): 727, f. 7. 1977, Acta Bot. Austro Sin. 1: editio decima sexta 4(1): 73. 1827, Filices Africanae 84, 207.
2. 1983. See also Dryopteris Adans. 1868 and Catalogue des Plantes de Madagascar, Pterid. 52.
1932, Fl. Madagasc. 5(4): 65–112. 1958
Pteris aspericaulis Wall. ex J. Agardh (Pteris aspericaulis
Wall.) (Rhizome made into paste and applied over burns.)
China, Nepal. in India: kalchuruli
3122 Pteris L. Pteridaceae (Dryopteridaceae)

Pteris cretica L. (Pteris cretica var. nervosa (Thunb.) (Young fronds juice astringent, a decoction given in dysentery;
Ching & S.H. Wu; Pteris nervosa Thunb.; Pteris nervosa rhizome juice applied to the glandular swelling of the neck.)
Wall.; Pteris pentaphylla Willd.; Pteris serraria Sw.; Pteris
in English: sword brake
treacheriana Baker; Pteris trifoliata Fée; Pteris trifoliata H.
Christ; Pteris triphylla Mett.; Pteris triphylla M. Martens & in Japan: hoko-shida
Galeotti; Pteris triphylla Bertero; Pteris triphylla Bertero
in the Philippines: pakong parang
ex Colla; Pteris triphylla Agardh; Pteris triphylla Baker;
Pycnodoria cretica (L.) Small; Pycnodoria cretica Small) Pteris geminata Wall. (Campteria kleiniana C. Presl, nom.
nud.; Pteris kleiniana (C. Presl) H. Christ; Pteris kleiniana
China, India, Himalaya. Fern, fronds as vegetable Christ; Pteris maxima Baker)
See Mantissa Plantarum 1: 130. 1767, Syst. Veg., ed. 14 China, Nepal.
(J.A. Murray). 930. 1784, Flora Japonica, … (Thunberg)
332. 1784, Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 65. 1801, See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 2180.
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta [Willdenow] 5(1–2): 1829, Tentamen Pteridographiae 147, pl. 5, f. 19. 1836, Syn.
362. 1810, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 96. 1828, Herbarium Fil. (Hooker & Baker) 165. 1867, Synopsis Filicum (Hooker
Pedemontanum 6: 199. 1836, Recensio Specierum Generis & Baker) ed. 2. 480. 1874, Bull. Herb. Boissier 4. 666. 1896
Pteridis [J. Agardh] 16 (–17). 1839, Nouveaux Mémoires (Frond juice applied to treat cuts and wounds.)
de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et belles Lettres de
Bruxelles 15: 51, t. 14, f. 1. 1842, Mémoires sur les Familles in Nepal: thadho nyuro
des Fougères 8: 114. 1857, Fl. Bras. (Martius) 1(2): 596. Pteris grandifolia L. (Heterophlebium grandifolium (L.)
1870, Journal of Botany, being a second series of the Fée; Litobrochia altissima (Poir.) Fée; Litobrochia grandi-
Botanical Miscellany 17: 65. 1879, Bulletin de l’Herbier folia (L.) J. Sm.; Litobrochia grandis Fée; Litobrochia kun-
Boissier 7(1): 7. 1899 and Ferns of Florida 91. 1932, Contr. zeana (J. Agardh) Fée; Pteris altissima Poir.; Pteris elata J.
Gray Herb. 194: 192. 1964, J. Jap. Bot. 50: 23–29. 1975, Agardh; Pteris grandifolia var. campanae Rosenst.; Pteris
Aspects Pl. Sci. 6: 119–181. 1983, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. kunzeana J. Agardh; Pteris protea Liebm.)
Assoc. 70(3-VI): 37. 1983, New Bot. 10: 115–116. 1983,
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. B, Biol. Sci. 86: 471–472. Peru, Mexico.
1985, Caryologia 40: 71–78. 1987, J. Cytol. Genet. 22: See Species Plantarum 2: 1073–1074. 1753, Encyclopédie
156–161. 1987, J. Cytol. Genet. 23: 38–52. 1988, Aspects Méthodique, Botanique 5: 722. 1804, Journal of Botany,
Pl. Sci. 11: 459–465. 1989, Journal of Phytogeography and being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 4: 163.
Taxonomy 37: 113–119. 1989, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Pl. 1841, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 140, t. 11A,
Sci. 99(2): 131–134. 1989, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 3(1): f. 9–12. 1852 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
28. 1990, New Botanist 17: 267–272. 1990, Plant Tissue Vegetabilis 7: 291–292. 1909, Fl. Lesser Antill. 2: 143. 1977
Culture Letters 8: 179–184. 1991, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 105:
105–124. 1992, J. Jap. Bot. 71: 214–222. 1996, Brit. Fern (To bathe the entire body following a snakebite, especially by
Gaz. 15: 141–149. 1996, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. a fer-de-lance.)
(Pruhonice) 33: 25–26. 2001 Pteris longifolia L. (Pteris aequalis C. Presl; Pteris longi-
(Fronds eaten as laxative; fresh fronds decoction given for folia Cav.; Pteris longifolia Wall., nom. illeg.; Pteris longi-
dysentery. Rhizome juice applied to glandular swellings.) folia auctt.; Pteris longifolia var. angusta H. Christ; Pteris
longifolia var. angusta H. Christ ex Donn. Sm.; Pycnodoria
in English: Cretan brake longifolia (L.) Britton; Pycnodoria longifolia Britton)
in India: lingra South America. Fern, fronds used as vegetables
Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. (Onychium chinense (Desv.) Fée; See Species Plantarum 2: 1074. 1753, Encyclopédie
Phorolobus chinensis Desv.; Pteris crenata Sw.; Pteris ensi- Méthodique, Botanique 5: 711. 1804, Synopsis Filicum
formis var. merrillii (C. Chr. ex Ching) S.H. Wu; Pteris mer- 96. 1806, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 367. 1810,
rillii C. Chr. ex Ching; Pteris stricta Poir.) Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 601. 1816,
Reliquiae Haenkeanae 1(1): 54. 1825, Voyage autour du
India. Young fronds steamed and eaten
Monde, entrepris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les
See Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis Corvettes de S. M. l’~Uranie~ et la ~Physicienne~ …
230. 1768, Journal für die Botanik 1800(2): 65. 1801, Botanique 387. 1827, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5(1): 713. 1804, [Wallich] n. 111. 1828, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 171, t. 7–8. Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
1827, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 132. 1852 24: 98. 1897 and Botanical Gazette 37(6): 423. 1904, Flora
and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 9(4): 348–349. 1964, Flora of Bermuda 418, fig. 453. 1918, Ferns of Florida 89. 1932,
Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 3(1): 39. 1990 Acta Botanica Austro Sinica 1: 6. 1983
Pteris L. Pteridaceae (Dryopteridaceae) 3123

(Rhizome extract or paste applied to treat scrofula, swelling. Botanicus Berolinensis 56. 1841, Mémoire sur les Fougères
Leaves extract taken to treat acute diarrhea and blood dysen- du Mexique 53. 1842, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères
tery. Fronds laxative, tonic.) 8: 75. 1857, Species Filicum 2: 204. 1858, Index Filicum (T.
Moore) 220. 1861, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 35, pt. 1: 189.
in English: Chinese bracken, Chinese brake, Chinese ladder
1896, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
brake, ladder brake, rusty bracken, rusty brake
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 99. 1897 and Primitiae
in India: lingru, tatkhar Florae Costaricensis 3(1): 22. 1901, Bulletin de l’Herbier
Boissier, sér. 2, 5: 160. 1905, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Pteris longipes D. Don (Hypolepis pteridioides Hook.;
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 53:
Hypolepis pteroides Mett.; Pteris brevisora Baker; Pteris
397, 400. 1915, Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Afrique
longipes Blume; Pteris pellucens J. Agardh; Pteris pteridioi-
Noire 28: t. 12, f. 3. 1953
des (Hook.) Ballard; Pteris zollingeri Mett. ex Miq.)
(Rhizome made into a paste and applied over boils, to take
China, India. out the pus; crushed rhizome astringent, emollient. Leaves
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 15–16. 1825, Enum. Pl. extract used in households as repellent for insects, red ants
Javae 2: 212. 1828, Recensio Specierum Generis Pteridis 43. and termites.)
1839, A Second Century of Ferns 39, t. 39. 1861, Synopsis in India: njandu thuravan, vayalchuruli
Filicum (Hooker & Baker) 162. 1867, Annales Museum
Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 4(4): 97. 1868–1869 and Bulletin in Nepal: mauro
of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1937: 348. 1937, J. Cytol. Pteris setulosocostulata Hayata (Pteris setuloso-costulata
Genet. 22: 156–161. 1987, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. Hayata)
(Pruhonice) 33: 25–26. 2001
India. Herbaceous ferns, sori on ventral margins
(Antibacterial.)
See Icones plantarum formosanarum nec non et contributio-
Pteris multifida Poir. (Pteris serrulata L.f.; Pteris serrulata nes ad floram formosanam. 4: 241–242, f. 168. 1914
Forssk.; Pteris serrulata M. Martens & Galeotti, nom. illeg.;
Pycnodoria multifida (Poir.) Small) (Leaf paste as a strong antiseptic. Leaf juice applied on
wounds to check bleeding and for a quick recovery.)
India, China.
in India: tharee unyo
See Supplementum Plantarum 445. 1781[1782], Encyclopédie
Méthodique, Botanique 5: 714. 1804, Mémoire sur les Pteris similis Kuhn (Pteris spinulifera Schumann)
Fougères du Mexique 52. 1842 and Ferns of the Southeastern East Africa.
States 104, 468. 1938, J. Pl. Res. 108: 181–184. 1995
See Species Plantarum 2: 1073–1077. 1753, Reisen in Ost-
(Fronds and rhizome decoction given in dysentery, also as Afrika 3(3): 21. 1879
vermifuge, made into a paste applied to the skin affections
of infants.) (Leaves juice for hemorrhoids. Veterinary medicine.)

Pteris quadriaurita Retz. (Campteria galeotti (Fée) T. in Congo: cikanganyambwe, mbalizi

Moore; Campteria galeottii T. Moore; Litobrochia galeottii Pteris vittata L. (Pteris costata Bory; Pteris diversifolia
Fée; Pteris biaurita Tardieu; Pteris biaurita var. repandula Sw.; Pteris aequalis C. Presl; Pteris ensifolia Poir.; Pteris
(Link) Kauh; Pteris diestelii Hieron.; Pteris edentula Kunze; inaequilateralis Poir.; Pteris longifolia Cav.; Pteris longi-
Pteris galeotti (Fée) Hook.; Pteris galeottii Hook.; Pteris folia Wall., nom. illeg.; Pteris longifolia auctt.; Pteris lon-
nemoralis Willd.; Pteris nemoralis var. major M. Martens & gifolia L.; Pteris microdonata Gaudin; Pteris vittata fo.
Galeotti; Pteris plumula Desv.; Pteris prolifera J. Bommer; cristata Ching; Pycnodoria vittata (L.) Small; Pycnodoria
Pteris prolifera Hieron.; Pteris quadriaurita var. asperula H. vittata Small)
Christ; Pteris quadriaurita var. curtidens H. Christ; Pteris
quadriaurita var. strigulosa H. Christ, nom. illeg.; Pteris China. Fodder
repandula Link) See Species Plantarum 2: 1074. 1753, Encyclopédie
Méthodique, Botanique 5: 711. 1804, Synopsis Filicum
Sri Lanka. Terrestrial herb, used for catching crabs from
96. 1806, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 367. 1810,
their holes
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 601. 1816, Reliquiae
See Observationes Botanicae 6: 38–39. 1791, Enumeratio Haenkeanae 1(1): 54. 1825, Voyage autour du Monde, entre-
Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, … 2: 1073–1074. pris par Ordre du Roi, … éxécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M.
1809, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin l’~Uranie~ et la ~Physicienne~ … Botanique 387. 1827, A
Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Numerical List of Dried Specimens [Wallich] n. 111. 1828
Naturkunde 5: 324. 1811, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne and Ferns of Florida 89. 1932, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica
de Paris 6(3): 297. 1827, Linnaea 9: 75. 1834, Hortus Regius 1: 6. 1983
3124 Pternandra Jack Melastomataceae

(Whole plant poisonous. Plant demulcent, hypotensive, Pternopetalum Franchet Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
antiviral, antibacterial, tonic, antiseptic. Magico-religious
beliefs, spiritual, emotional, planted to keep the enemy away Greek pterna ‘heel’ and petalon ‘leaf, petal’, see Nouvelles
from the villages.) archives du muséum d’histoire naturelle, sér. 2, 8: 246. 1885
(1886) and Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 28(2): sub t. 2737.
in English: Chinese bracken, Chinese brake, Chinese ladder 1902 [1905 publ. May 1902], Das Pflanzenreich IV 228(Heft
brake, ladder brake, rusty bracken, rusty brake 90): 175, 179. 1927.
in China: wu gong cao Pternopetalum botrychioides (Dunn) Handel-Mazzetti
in India: tatkhar var. botrychioides (C.B. Clarke) Ridley (Cryptotaeniopsis
botrychioides Dunn)
in Japan: moe-jima-shida
China.
in Nepal: sechik, unigar
See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 35(247): 494–
Pteris wallichiana J. Agardh (Campteria wallichiana (J. 495. 1903 [1901–1904 publ. 1903], Symbolae Sinicae 7(3):
Agardh) T. Moore; Litobrochia wallichiana (J. Agardh) Fée; 718. 1933
Pteris morrisonicola Hayata; Pteris yunnanensis H. Christ)
(Stomachic.)
India, China, Japan.
in China: san xue qin
See Recensio Specierum Generis Pteridis 69–70. 1839, Journal
of Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany Pternopetalum delavayi (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti (Carum
3: 404. 1841, Mémoires sur les Familles des Fougères 5: 135. delavayi Franchet; Cryptotaeniopsis delavayi (Franchet)
1852, Index Filicum 221. 1861, Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier Dunn; Cryptotaeniopsis delavayi Dunn)
6(12): 957. 1898 and Botanical Magazine 23(265): 33. 1909, China.
Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 3(1): 83. 1990
See Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris sér. 8, vi. (1894) 120. 1894 and
(Rhizome antibacterial. Whole plant fish poison. Veterinary Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 35(247): 495. 1903
medicine, plant fed to animals in case of indigestion.) [1901–1904 publ. 1903], Symb. Sin. 7(3): 718. 1933
in India: rugdik (Astringent, stomachic.)
in Nepal: dalumo in China: lan cang nang ban qin
Pternopetalum leptophyllum (Dunn) Handel-Mazzetti
Pternandra Jack Melastomataceae (Cryptotaeniopsis leptophylla Dunn; Cryptotaeniopsis
viridis C. Norman; Pternopetalum confusum C. Norman;
Greek pterna, pteren ‘heel’ and aner, andros ‘male, stamen’, Pternopetalum viride (C. Norman) Handel-Mazzetti)
the anthers are heeled; see William Jack, in Malayan miscel-
lanies. Bencoolen [Benkulen, Indonesia, Sumatran Mission China.
Press] 2(7): 60. 1822. See J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 495. 1903 [1901–1904 publ. 1903],
Pternandra coerulescens Jack (Pternandra caerulescens J. Bot. 67: 146. 1929, Symb. Sin. 7(3): 719. 1933, J. Bot. 78:
Jack) 231. 1940

Malay Peninsula. (Astringent, stomachic.)

See Malayan miscellanies 2(7): 60–61. 1822 in China: bao ye nang ban qin
(Fruits for hydrocele.) Pternopetalum nudicaule (H. Boissieu) Handel-Mazzetti
(Cryptotaeniopsis nudicaulis H. Boissieu; Pternopetalum
in English: cursed shade nudicaule var. esetosum Handel-Mazzetti)
Malayan names: benyut paya, bunut paya, delek puteh, kelat China.
biru, kulit nipis, lidah katak, menaun, nipis kulit, sial mena-
hun, sial menaun, sial munahun, ubah merkatak See Bull. Acad. Geogr. Bot. xvi. 184. 1906, Symb. Sin. 7(3):
718. 1933
Pternandra cogniauxii M.P. Nayar
(Blood purifier.)
Malay Peninsula. Shrub
in China: luo jing nang ban qin
See Bull. Bot. Surv. India 17(1–4): 52. 1975 [publ. 1978]
Pternopetalum trichomanifolium (Franchet) Handel-
(Fruits eaten to prevent boils and abscesses.)
Mazzetti (Carum trichomanifolium Franchet;
in Borneo: pulu Cryptotaeniopsis decipiens C. Norman; Cryptotaeniopsis
Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae) 3125

kiangsiensis H. Wolff; Cryptotaeniopsis trichomanifolia 419. 1825, Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus

(Franchet) H. Boissieu; Cryptotaeniopsis trichomanifolia 27, 37, 42. 1837, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 202. 1891
H. Boissieu; Cryptotaeniopsis trichomanifolia H. Wolff; and Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 10(1): 142–156. 1958, Ann.
Pimpinella trichomanifolia (Franchet) Diels; Pternopetalum Missouri Bot. Gard. 52(1): 1–54. 1965, Justo P. Rojo (1935– ),
decipiens (C. Norman) M. Hiroe; Pternopetalum kiangsiense Phanerogamarum Monographiae Tomus 5: 1–119. Lehre,
(H. Wolff) Handel-Mazzetti) J. Cramer, 1972, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Monographs in
Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 9:
China. 1–163. 1985, Acta Bot. Venez. 15(2): 65–98. 1987, Fl. Lesser
See Pflanzenr. (Engler) Umbellif.-Apioid.-Ammin. 181–182. Antilles. (Dicotyledoneae-Part 1) 4: 334–538. 1988, Contr.
1927, Journ. Bot. 1929, lxvii. 146. 1929, Symb. Sin. 7(3): 719. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. 2007.
1933, Umbelliferae World 1013. 1979 Pterocarpus amazonum (Benth.) Amshoff (Ancylocalyx
(Astringent, stomachic.) acuminata Tul.; Lingoum acuminatum (Tul.) Kuntze;
Phellocarpus acutus Benth.; Phellocarpus amazonum Benth.;
in China: mo jue nang ban qin Phellocarpus amazonum Mart. ex Benth.; Pterocarpus ama-
Pternopetalum vulgare (Dunn) Handel-Mazzetti var. acu- zonum (Mart. ex Benth.) Amshoff; Pterocarpus ancylocalyx
minatum C.Y. Wu ex R.H. Shan & F.T. Pu Benth.; Pterocarpus ancylocalyx Benth. var. angustifolius
Benth.; Pterocarpus ulei Harms)
China.
South America. Perennial non-climbing tree
See Symb. Sin. 7(3): 719. 1933, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3):
68. 1978 See Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus 42.
1837, Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér.
(Emollient.) 2, 20: 137. 1843, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany
in China: jian ye wu pi qing 4(Suppl.): 79. 1860, Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 15(1B):
269. 1862, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 193. 1891
Pternopetalum vulgare (Dunn) Handel-Mazzetti var. strigo- and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
sum R.H. Shan & F.T. Pu schichte und Pflanzengeographie 37: 346. 1906, Meded.
China. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 52: 56. 1939, Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 69(2): 127–137. 2000
See Symb. Sin. 7(3): 719. 1933, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3):
68. 1978 (Antimalarial.)

(Antiseptic, emollient, astringent.) Pterocarpus angolensis DC. (Pterocarpus bussei Harms;

Pterocarpus dekindtianus Harms; Pterocarpus dekindtianus
in China: mao ye wu pi qing var. latifoliolatus De Wild.)
Pternopetalum vulgare (Dunn) Handel-Mazzetti var. vul- Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, bole straight,
gare (C.B. Clarke) Ridley (Cryptotaeniopsis vulgaris Dunn; open spreading flat crown, rough bark producing dark red
Deringa vulgaris (Dunn) Koso-Poljansky; Pimpinella sticky resin when slashed, spines yellowish green, fragrant
clarkeana Watt ex Banerji; Pternopetalum vulgare var. folio- flowers golden-yellow to orange, inflorescence an axillary
sum R.H. Shan & F.T. Pu) raceme, winged circular indehiscent fruit with plumose bris-
tles, brown kidney-shaped seed, leafy twigs as fodder, flow-
China.
ers eaten by chimpanzees, spiny centre of the fruit favours
See Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 28: t. 2737. 1902 [1905 publ. May dispersal by animals
1902], Symb. Sin. 7(3): 719. 1933, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16(3):
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
69. 1978
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 30: 89. 1901, Botanische
(Astringent, stomachic.) Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Pflanzengeographie 33: 171. 1902, Annales du musee
in China: wu pi qing
du Congo. Série 1, Botanique, sér. 4 2: 78. 1913, Flore
du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 6: 25. 1954,
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 12: 35–74. 1984, Journal
Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae of Ethnopharmacology 14: 159–172. 1985, Journal of
(Dalbergieae, Leguminosae) Ethnopharmacology 29: 295–323. 1990, South African
Journal of Botany 73: 378–383. 2007
Greek pteron ‘wing’ and karpos ‘fruit’, referring to the
broadly winged pod, see Herbarium Amboinenese (Linn.) (Resin astringent, to treat eye problems, nose bleeding, head-
10. 1754, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia ache, severe cough, diarrhea, heavy menstruation, stomach-
… 283–284. 1763, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 30: 116. ache, schistosomiasis, ulcers, sores and skin problems. Stem
1769, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: bark used to treat typhoid and ulcers; bark pounded and
3126 Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae)

mixed with water, drunk for diarrhea; powdered root bark membranous-papery winged prickly circular indehiscent
to treat headache and toothache, powdered root bark mixed fruit with many bristles in center, leaves and leafy branches
with water to treat high fever. Root to cure malaria, black- browsed by livestock
water fever and gonorrhea. Seed ash applied as a dressing on
See Familles des Plantes 2: 319. 1763, Selectarum
wounds and psoriasis. Veterinary medicine, a ntibacter ia l,
Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 283. 1763, Tableau
antiinflammatory, for the treatment of wounds and retained
Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 3: 162.
placenta in livestock; stem sap used against cough and fever
1796, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 5: 728. 1804,
in dogs. Bark as fish poison.)
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 419.
in English: African teak, bloodwood, false dragon’s blood, 1825, Flora de Filipinas Nov. App. 68. 1877, Revisio Generum
Matabeleland deal, paddle wood, Rhodesian teak, sealing- Plantarum 1: 193. 1891 and Economic Botany 18(4): 329–341.
wax tree, Transvaal teak, wild teak 1964, Phytomedicine 6(3): 187–195. 1999, Pharmaceutical
Biology 40(2): 117–128. 2002, East and Central African
in Angola: ambila, gulomnila, kaionga, kumba luva, lila-
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(1): 15–19. 2003,
honde, mudilahonde, mukula, mun haneca, mutete, muva,
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89(2–3): 291–294. 2003,
ndilasonde, njila-sonde, omuliahond, omulilahonde, omu-
Phytotherapy Research 17(7): 756–760. 2003, Phytomedicine
paku, sonde, umbila
11(2–3): 157–164. 2004, African Journal of Biotechnology
in Malawi: mlombwa, mtumbali, mtumbati 4(8): 823–828. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99:
273–279. 2005, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103: 350–
in Mozambique: imbilo, moquombire-bire, shuiaan, thondo
356. 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 68–78.
in Namibia (Ovamboland): omuva, omuuva 2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114: 44–53. 2007,
South African Journal of Botany 74: 76–84. 2008
in Southern Africa: bloedhout, dolfhout, greinhout, kajat,
kajatenhout, kehatenhout, kiaat (= from old Dutch name for (Exudate used internally to treat diarrhea, dysentery, malaria,
teak, kajaten), lakboom, lakhout, moroto, morôtô, mukwa, fever, gonorrhea and intestinal worm infections, externally to
munaabenaabe, murhotso, mutondo, ngillasondo, Transvaal treat eye complaints, ulcers and sores. Leaf decoctions aph-
kajatenhout, vhangazi, wilde-kiaat; mukwa (Zimbabwe); rodisiac and insect repellent, applied to treat fever, syphilis;
iMvangasi, muBvamakova, muBvamaropa, muBvangazi, leaves and fruits for skin diseases and fevers. Bark and resin
muKwirambira, muKurambira, muVamaropa, muVunzama- decoction astringent in severe diarrhea and dysentery; leafy
ropa (Shona); umVangazi, umBilo, inGozina, inDlandlovu stem tops decoction used as a febrifuge; bark and leaves in
(Zulu); umVangatzi, umVangati (Swazi); mokwa, moroto- case of snakebites. Decoctions or infusions of bark or roots
madi (= exudes blood) (Western Transvaal, northern Cape, antiseptic, antiemetic, purgative and tonic, for bronchial
Botswana); moroto (North Sotho: North and north east infections, venereal diseases, gonorrhea, toothache, ring-
Transvaal; mutondo (Venda); mulombe (Subya: Botswana, worm infections, dysentery, menstruation complaints, ane-
eastern Caprivi); uguva, muguva (Deiriku); moowa mia, postpartum hemorrhage, leprosy, wounds, tumours and
(Mbukushu: Okavango Swamps and western Caprivi); ulcers. Veterinary medicine, stem bark astringent, for diar-
ugruva (Sambui: Okavango Native Territory) rhea, eyes diseases.)
in Tanzania: luyeya, mhagata, miminga, mininga, mninga, in English: African kino, African rosewood, barkwood,
mnninga, mnyinga, mtumbati, muninga, munyinga, mwinga, barwood, Gambian rosewood, kino, kino of Gambia, san-
titwego tal of Africa, Senegal rosewood, West African kino, West
African rosewood
in Zaire: mukula, mulombo, mulombua, mulombwa,
mulumba, musekeh, mutondo in Benin: ahoundiahoundi, akpékpé, baa, bani, bannouki,
boutombou, gbagbé, gbédjama, hahikpé, koso, kosso, mado-
in Zambia: mukula, mukulakula, mukwa, mulambi,
bihia, mbani, noirgue, noroum, osoundoudou, santal, songa,
mulombe, mulombwa, muzwamwloa, ndombe
soona, tchagbé, tem, tona, toti, yarondou, yessigougué
in Zimbabwe: muBuaropa, muBvamaropa, muBvinza-
in Burkina: bani, banuhi, gbinnin yiri, noeeka, noiga, vêne
maropa, muKurambira, mukwa, mvangasi, umvangazi,
umvagaz, umVagazi in Dahomey: ven
Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Lingoum erinaceum (Poir.) in East Africa: mininga, mninga, mtumball
Kuntze; Pterocarpus adansonii DC.; Pterocarpus africa-
in Ghana: doti, krayie, pulinyie, segbe, senya, tandasi, tim
nus Hook.; Pterocarpus erinaceus Lam.; Pterocarpus eri-
naceus Villar) in Guinea: ani dané, bani, bani bale, bani bahlé, banigué,
bary, bèn, gbé, gbèn, gbènè, kamélo, karé, karenyi, kari, kar-
Nigeria, Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree,
inyi, khari, koïla, kouéla, m’gouin
straight cylindrical bole, branchlets densely pubescent, red
resin, papery leaves pinnately compound, inflorescence an in Ivory Coast: guénou, modia baka, mouinaka, nohéma,
axillary or terminal panicle, bright yellow fragrant flowers, nwnféniaraka, orouvia, rovia, sourounbouni souni, tolo
Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae) 3127

in Mali: bani, banuhi, genu, gènu, goni, gouéni, gwani, (Roots antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, spasmolytic, feb-
gweni, nangerenge, nyanyaranga, nyanyerenge, nyinii, ven, rifuge, used for venereal diseases. Leaves decoction drunk
vene, waya, yèho to treat dysentery; leaves chewed for stomachache; leaves for
malaria and wounds. Bark chewed by girls with menstrual
in Nigeria: aara, akpékpé, akume, apepe, ara, arira, ariraju,
irregularities; bark decoction drunk for pneumonia. Bark
arun, aze egu, banuhi, banuki, bekaka, buma, eyiyi, mado-
red resin mixed with water and drunk to treat anemia, pneu-
bia, madobihia, madobiya, mai jini, mokoli-koli, muengi,
monia; bark sap to stop diarrhea, and applied on sores and
ookwangangeenee, oshun, osun, osun dudu, panatan, tahuv-
wounds; sap used to relieve toothache and as an antidote for
asa, tôlo, tulum, uffe, ufilarha, uhie, ukpa, ume, upeka, uvi-
ara, ven, vene, venni, yabmatchal, zanchi, zanci poisoning. Flowers and leaves to relieve headache.)

in Senegal: ban, bani, bani balewi, banibaley, kakon, keno, in English: Amboyna-wood, Andaman redwood, bloodwood,
mguèni, vèn, vène Burmese rosewood, Malay padauk, narra, New Guinea rose-
wood, Papua New Guinea rosewood, red narra
in South Africa: kajatenhout
in Burma: angsanah, padouk
in Sudan: goni, guenou
in China: zi tan
in Togo: buto, butumbu, n’tém
in India: andaman honne, erravegisa, gandamrigamnet-
in Zaire: moolumbwa, mulombwa, mutondo tura, gandamrygapunetturu, gandhamriga punetturu, hane,
in Zambia: mulombwa hani, honne, padooku mara, seemaganda mrigapuneetturu,
simagandamriganetturu, simagandamryganetturu, vengai,
in French Guiana: m’gouin, vene yerravegisa
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (Lingoum echinatum (Pers.) in Japan: yaeyama-shi-tan
Kuntze; Lingoum echinatum Kuntze; Lingoum indicum
(Willd.) Kuntze; Lingoum indicum Kuntze; Lingoum in Java: sono kembang
rubrum Rumph.; Lingoum santalinum Kuntze; Lingoum in Malaysia: angsana, sena
santalinum (L.f.) Kuntze; Lingoum saxatile Rumph.;
Lingoum wallichii (Wight & Arn.) Pierre; Pterocarpus blan- in Papua New Guinea: amaurakara, arabea, bahink, buringai,
coi Merr.; Pterocarpus carolinensis Kaneh.; Pterocarpus harabea, kamac, kinagi, maradawa, marawa, pingho, sawari
casteelsi var. ealaensis Hauman; Pterocarpus draco sensu in Philippines: agana, asana, balauning, bital, daitanag,
auct.; Pterocarpus echinata Pers.; Pterocarpus indica hagad, kamarag, Manila padouk, naga, nala, nara, narra,
Willd.; Pterocarpus indicus R. Vig.; Pterocarpus indi- odiau, Philippine padauk, sagat, tagga, tagka, vitali
cus Herb. Madr. ex Wallich; Pterocarpus klemmei Merr.;
Pterocarpus obtusatus Miq.; Pterocarpus pallidus Blanco; in Thailand: mai pradoo
Pterocarpus papuana F. Muell.; Pterocarpus papuanus F. in Fiji Islands: cibi cibi
Muell.; Pterocarpus pubescens Merr.; Pterocarpus san-
talinus L.f.; Pterocarpus santalinus Blanco, nom. illeg., Pterocarpus lucens Guill. & Perr. (Dalbergia praecox
non Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.; Pterocarpus vidalianus Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Lingoum lucens (Lepr. ex Guill. &
Rolfe; Pterocarpus wallichii Wight & Arn.; Pterocarpus Perr.) Kuntze; Lingoum simplicifolium (Baker) Kuntze;
zollingeri Miq.) Pterocarpus abyssinicus Hochst. ex A. Rich.; Pterocarpus
abyssinicus Hochst.; Pterocarpus leucens Guill. & Perr.;
SE Asia. Large perennial non-climbing tree, high buttresses, Pterocarpus lucens Lepr.; Pterocarpus lucens Lepr. ex Guill.
red sap, round leaflets, crinkled petals, fragrant flowers in & Perr.; Pterocarpus lucens var. simplicifolius (Baker) A.
many-flowered leafy panicles, prickly fruits Chev.; Pterocarpus simplicifolius Baker)
See Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 283. Tropical Africa, from Ethiopia to Senegal. Perennial non-
1763, Familles des Plantes 2: 319. 1763, Supplementum climbing tree, shrub or small tree, thornless, straight bole,
Plantarum 318. 1781 [1782], Species Plantarum. Editio dense and narrow crown, spike-like axillary raceme or pani-
quarta 3(2): 904. 1802, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens
cle produced on leafy branches, yellow sweetly scented flow-
n. 5915. 1831–1832, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae
ers, fruits are indehiscent pods and functionally samaras,
Orientalis 1: 267. 1834, Flora de Filipinas 560–561. 1837,
honey plant, palatable leaves and fruits eaten by camels and
Austral. J. Pharm. 1: 123. 1886, Revisio Generum Plantarum
livestock, foliage forage for all kinds of livestock
1: 193. 1891, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 383. 1898
and Publications of the Bureau of Science Government See Familles des Plantes 2: 319. 1763, Tentamen Florae
Laboratories 6: 7. 1904, Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Sér. B Abyssinicae … 1: 228, 233, 238. 1847, Flora of Tropical
43(1): 404. 1924, Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 49: 352. 1935, Africa 2: 238. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 193.
Fl. Congo Belge 6: 25. 1954, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de 1891 and Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale
l’État 24: 225. 1954, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 21: 381–391. 1997 Française … 1: 213. 1920, Leg. Trop. Afr. 540. 1929, Revue
3128 Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae)

d’Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux Ougeinia oojeinensis and Pterocarpus marsupium given for
45(2): 179–190. 1992 menorrhagia; bark of Oroxylum indicum along with barks
of Pterocarpus marsupium, Bridelia retusa, Dalbergia lan-
(Sawdust may cause irritation in workers. Bark a powerful
ceolaria and Albizia lebbeck crushed with water and the
astringent for diarrhea, dysentery and tapeworm infections.
extract given for jaundice; bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria
Leaves to heal wounds and for abdominal problems. Roots,
along with barks of Oroxylum indicum, Albizia lebbeck and
leaves and bark to treat tapeworm, diarrhea, migraines and
Pterocarpus marsupium crushed with water and the extract
headaches; root decoction applied against lumbago, arthritis,
given for jaundice; pounded bark in water given when blood
rheumatism and to treat kidney complaints. A treatment for
passes with urine. In obesity, a decoction of the heartwood
rashes, the leaves with the bark of Citrus sp. boiled together,
taken mixed with honey. Magic, ritual.)
this is used for bath; leaf macerations to treat headache.)
in English: barwood, small-leaved bloodwood, small-leaved in English: East Indian kino, gum kino, Indian kino tree,
kiaat kino, Malabar kino, Malabar kino tree

in Burkina Faso: tebelahi in China: ma la ba zi tan

in Mali: cami in India: acamai, acanapanni, aine, anaitteri, anaitterima-

ram, asaaha, asan, asana, asanah, asanam, atimuttakam,
in Niger: cami baenga mara, banda, bandhukapushpa, bange, bebla, bed-
in Senegal: bala, bala dié, ga-tyák, mbélãngerlảg, pokvafay, dagi, beeja patta, beeja saramu, beejaka, beejsal, beeya, beja,
tiagé, tiagi, tiami, tiani, tiañi bejasal, bendaga mara, benga, bengai, bengha, bethonne,
bhiyero, bia, bibbla, bibla, bij, bija, bija mara, bija sal, bijak,
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. (Lingoum marsupium bijaka, bijakah, bijavriksha, bijasal, bijasar, bijasara, bijesar,
(Roxb.) Kuntze; Lingoum marsupium Kuntze; Pterocarpus bijesar-ka-per, bilwas, bivala, biwala, biya, biyo, byasa, cak-
bilobus Roxb. ex G. Don; Pterocarpus marsupium fo. acumi- kiravan, cantanati, carutacam, carutakam, carutakamaram,
nata (Prain) Prain; Pterocarpus marsupium fo. acuta Prain; caruvacatakam, carvacaram, carvacatakam, carvavetikam,
Pterocarpus marsupium fo. biloba (Roxb. ex G. Don) Prain; carvavetikamaram, cenkira, cenkiravirutcam, cevvenkai,
Pterocarpus marsupium var. acuminata Prain) cevvenkaimaram, cikaivenkai, cikaivenkaimaram, cipanta-
India. Large deciduous many-branched perennial non-climb- nalam, citalaippalam, citalaippulavu, citalappalam, citalap-
ing trees, fissured bark, leaves pinnate, yellow flowers in pulavu, cittaromacan, civakam, civakamaram, civikatitam,
terminal and axillary panicles or racemes, winged orbicular civikatitamaram, dam al akhwain, dam-ul-akhwain, dam-
stipitate pods, leaves used as fodder for cattle mul-akhvaine-hindi, dammulakvainehindi, damul-akhwain,
damul akwain asli, damulakhvain, dhorbenla, dhorbioza,
See Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 283. egi, egisa, egisi, gamalu, gammala, gammalu, gan-malu,
1763, Familles des Plantes 2: 319. 1763, Plants of the Coast gond china ar dhak, hane, hane mara, hanemara, hannemara,
of Coromandel 2: 9–10, pl. 116. 1799, A General History of hid, hira-dokhi, hiradakhan, hiradokhi, hond, hone, honi,
the Dichlamydeous Plants 2: 376. 1832, Revisio Generum honnai, honne, honne mara, honnemara, huni, iraticuttakam,
Plantarum 1: 193. 1891, Journal of the Asiatic Society of irattakura, irattatturu, irattavenkai, kalakantam, kanavu-
Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 66(2): 455. 1897 and Taxon tiram, kanavutiravirutcam, kandamiruga-mirattan, kani,
29: 711. 1980, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 173–219. kanivenkai, kanivenkaimaram, karintakara, karinthagara,
1990, Ethnobotany 16: 52–58, 139–140. 2004 karuvenkai, katuppekikam, katuppekikamaram, kayata-
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Heartwood astringent, pumaram, kempu honne, kholar-manda, khune-siyavashane-
bitter acrid, antiinflammatory, anthelmintic and anodyne, for hindi, khune-siyavushane-hindi, khunesiahwasham, kino,
diabetes, elephantiasis, leucoderma, diarrhea, dysentery, rect- kirusnavirutcam, kuntalvirikam, kuntalvirikamaram,
algia, cough; stem paste applied on ringworm. Taken inter- kurinji, mahakutaja, mahasarja, maidu, malantakara, murga,
nally for chest pains. For diabetes, water in which the wood natcattirakkatci, nattuvenkai, necicantana, nemicantana,
has been soaked overnight. Reddish gum from stem astrin- nemicantanamaram, netra, netrahonne, nettaruhonne, net-
gent, used for diarrhea, dysentery, fever, toothache, red-urine tharu honne, netturuhonne, neyccarikam, neyccarikamaram,
disease, urinary discharges; gum consumed to regularize nilaka, olehonne, olle honne, ollehonne, ooderie vaynghie,
menstruation. Crushed leaves applied on boils, sores and skin paleasan, pankal, paramayudha, peddagi, peddavegisa,
diseases; tender leaves crushed and given to children to treat peddavesiga, peddayegi, peddegi, pedega, pedegi, pedegu,
hookworm and threadworm infections; leaves hypoglyce- pedei, peisar, peppikanam, peyartanam, peyatanam, pharsi,
mic. Bark astringent, for diarrhea, dysentery, toothache; bark piasai, piasal, piasala, pidagaragam, pidasaralam, piracan-
extract taken orally for anemia, diabetes and dysentery; bark tan, piracaram, pirakaram, pirasaram, piriyakam, pitacalam,
extract applied to boils; stem bark decoction given in boil; pitacaram, pitacarati, pitacaratimaram, pitakarakam, pita-
bark juice given after delivery as tonic, a postpartum rem- karam, pitasala, pitasalaka, pitasara, pitashala, pitsal, pit-
edy; bark chewed in tongue diseases; Mitragyna parvifolia shal, pitshola, pontai, pontu, potaki, potakimaram, priyaka,
bark extract with extract of barks of Dalbergia lanceolaria, priyasalaka, puli, pulimaram, putpantakam, putpaviccakam,
Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae) 3129

ragatbera, raktha honne, raktahonne, rang-barat, rekam, belizensis Standl.; Pterocarpus crispatus Moc. & Sessé ex
roktahonne, romavenkai, romavenkaimaram, sarudagam, DC.; Pterocarpus crispatus DC.; Pterocarpus draco L.;
sarvasadagam, sauri, talini, tamam, tamaraivaki, tamark- Pterocarpus draco Lam.; Pterocarpus hemipterus Gaertn.;
kavaki, tamarkkavam, tamarkkavamaram, tamira, tami- Pterocarpus moutouchi Poir.; Pterocarpus officinalis L.;
ravirutcam, tamisu, tannani, tannini, tanninu, timicam, Pterocarpus suberosus (Aubl.) Pers.)
timicu, timili, tintacam, tipicu, ukiram, ukiramaram, ump-
South America, Guianas. Perennial non-climbing tree,
aromavenkai, uroman, uromavenkai, uromavenkaimaram,
horizontally spreading roots, dark red latex, bright yellow-
uruttiravenkai, utarakirimaram, utirakiri, utiraromavenkai,
orange-dark purple flowers, flat round winged pods, honey
utiravenkai, utirvenkai, uyirvi, uyirvikam, uyirvikamaram,
plant, frequently associated with mangroves, in freshwater
uyirvimaram, vacantaputpam, vanculam, vanculamaram,
coastal wetlands
vantunamaram, vattuvenkai, vegi, vegisa, vellai, venga, ven-
gai, vengai-maram, vengakaathal, vengamaram, vengay, ven- See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1662. 1763,
gisa, vengisi, vengo, vengsha, vengur, venkai, venkai-c-ciray, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 283–284,
venkaimaram, venna, venna-maram, vetavenkai, veuga, pl. 183, f. 92. 1763, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane
vicuvaci, vicuvacimaram, vijaisaar, vijaisar, vijayasar, vijay- Françoise 2: 748–750, pl. 299. 1775, De Fructibus et
saar, vijaysar, vijsal, viram, viramaram, virutcacam, yagisa, Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 351, pl. 156, f. 2. 1791, Tableau
yeanga, yeangesha, yega, yegeshi, yeggi, yeggie, yegi, yegisa, Encyclopédique et Méthodique … Botanique 3: 161. 1796,
yegise, yegisha, yegishi, yegishie, yegisi, yerra yegisa Synopsis Plantarum 2(2): 277. 1807, Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 418. 1825, Bentham, George,
in Nepal: bijayasal
1800–1884, Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus
in Tibet: asanap, samana 30. Vindobonae (Vienna): J.P. Sollingeri, 1837 [also pub-
lished in Ann. Wien Mus. Naturgeschichte, 2, 1840. pp.
Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms (Pterocarpus mildbraedii
61–142.], Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 193. 1891 and
subsp. usambarensis (Verdc.) Polhill; Pterocarpus usam-
Tropical Woods 7: 6–7. 1926, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
barensis Verdc.)
Bot. Ser. 18 (2): 487–559. 1937, Rhodora 83(834): 161–236.
Gabon, Ghana. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree, small 1981, Acta Bot. Venez. 15(2): 65–98. 1987, Economic Botany
compact rounded crown, drooping branches, flowers golden- 56(3): 231–241. 2002, Annals of Epidemiology 15(9): 686–
yellow, inflorescence a raceme or little-branched panicle, 699. 2005
fruit an obovate-orbicular pod with very broad membranous
(Latex abortifacient, astringent, hemostatic, disinfectant.)
wing, leaves cooked and eaten
in English: bloodwood, corkwood, dragon blood tree, drag-
See Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
on’s blood tree, dragonsblood tree, Guadaloupe dragon’s
Berlin-Dahlem 8(72): 152–153. 1922, Kew Bulletin 9(1):
blood, mang tree, swamp bloodwood
37–38. 1954, Kew Bulletin 23(3): 487. 1969, Global Ecology
and Biogeography Letters 2(6): 196–206. 1992, Nigerian in South America: bambudo bebe, bebe hoedoe, corticeira,
Journal of Natural Products and Medicines 6: 8–10. 2002, gwe gwe, itikiboro, kanirabe, kaway, lagunero, moetoesi,
International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance mutushi, otoshimik, palo de pollo, palo de sangre, sangre de
Sciences 3(1): 6–11. 2007, Journal of Ethnopharmacology drago, sangre de gallo, sangrillo, suela, tinteira, waata gwe
115(3): 387–408. 2008 gwe, watrabebe
(High levels of hydrogen cyanide and oxalate. Leaves, fruits Pterocarpus osun Craib (Pterocarpus zenkeri Harms)
and roots antiseptic, astringent, febrifuge, to treat diarrhea,
Gabon, Nigeria. Perennial non-climbing tree, spreading
fevers, urinary tract infections.)
crown, red latex, inflorescence an axillary or terminal pani-
in English: black oha cle, yellow flowers with clawed petals, winged orbicular flat-
tened indehiscent prickly hairy pod
in Cameroon: mbel afum
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in Ivory Coast: aguaya
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 26: 299. 1899 and Bulletin
in Nigeria: gbodogbodo, geneghar, gennigar, ire, kakupipi, of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1910(9): 329–330. 1910,
kakupupu, madobiyar rafi, mádoóbìyaá, oha ojii, ohasji, Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 2(6): 196–206.
panatan, uluhe, urhuko, uru-kho, urube, urugho, uruhe, 1992, Fitoterapia 71(4): 433–435. 2000, Pakistan Journal of
yabmatchal Biological Sciences 8(8): 1074–1077. 2005, African Journal
of Biotechnology 4(5): 460–462. 2005, Journal of Zhejiang
in Tanzania: mkula
University—Science B 7(9): 713–718. 2006, International
Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. (Lingoum officinale (Jacq.) Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences
Kuntze; Moutouchi crispata (DC.) Benth.; Moutouchi 3(1): 6–11. 2007, H. Rodolfo Juliani, James E. Simon, Chi-
crispata (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Benth.; Moutouchi draco Tang Ho, editors, African Natural Plant Products: New
(L.) Benth.; Moutouchi suberosa Aubl.; Pterocarpus Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry and Quality.
3130 Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae)

ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 1021, Chapter 15, pp 263–276. 1921, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu
American Chemical Society 2009 Berlin-Dahlem 9: 1039. 1926, Tropical Woods 16: 38. 1928,
Fieldiana, Botany 28(2): 261. 1952, Acta Bot. Venez. 15(2):
(Stems and leaves antimicrobial, antioxidant, used in the
65–98. 1987
treatment of acne, pimples to promote healing of fractured
bones, to prevent infections of the freshly severed umbilical (Leaves decoction drunk as febrifuge.)
cord; stems for the treatment of sickle cell disease, anemia,
in Brazil: aldrago, pau-drago, pau-sangue, sangue-de-drago
amenorrhea; powdered stem applied to treat skin diseases, to
treat stiff joints, sprains and rheumatic complaints; the anti- Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce (Amerimnon
microbial action of stem extracts resolves all symptoms of rotundifolium (Sond.) Kuntze; Amerimnon rotundifolium
hairy tongue, black tongue or lingua villosa, the temporary Kuntze; Dalbergia rotundifolia Sond.; Lingoum melliferum
condition caused by the growth of bacteria or yeast. Roots for Kuntze; Lingoum melliferum (Welw. ex Baker) Kuntze;
asthma. Ritual, superstitions, magic.) Lingoum sericeum (Benth.) Kuntze; Lingoum sericeum
Kuntze; Pterocarpus buchananii Schinz; Pterocarpus claes-
in English: camwood
sensi De Wild.; Pterocarpus homblei De Wild.; Pterocarpus
in Cameroon: mbel oswé, mohingué mossoumbé martinii Dunkley; Pterocarpus mellifer Welw. ex Baker;
Pterocarpus melliferus Welw. ex Baker; Pterocarpus mel-
in Nigeria: akume, bekaka, boko, boko anya, bokoanya,
liferus Welw.; Pterocarpus mutondo De Wild.; Pterocarpus
erhán-obarp, erhonbaro, eyiyi, irosun, isele, mboghe-ekuwe,
polyanthus Harms; Pterocarpus rotundifolius Druce;
mokoli-koli, ōlyōrù, osun, osun pupa, ozaka, ubie, uke, ukme,
Pterocarpus rotundifolius subsp. martinii (Dunkley) Lock;
ukpa, úkpà, ume, urheri isele
Pterocarpus rotundifolius subsp. polyanthus (Harms) Mend.
Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl (Amphymenium rohrii Kunth; & Sousa; Pterocarpus rotundifolius var. martinii (Dunkley)
Amphymenium rohrii (Vahl) Kunth; Amphymenium villosum Mend. & Sousa; Pterocarpus sericeus Benth.)
Mart. ex Benth.; Apalatoa spicata Aubl.; Lingoum rohrii
Botswana, Malawi. Perennial non-climbing tree, shrub or
(Vahl) Kuntze; Lingoum rohrii Kuntze; Lingoum rufescens
small tree, often many-stemmed, spreading crown, inner
(Benth.) Kuntze; Lingoum rufescens Kuntze; Lingoum vil-
bark exuding a reddish gum on slashing, inflorescence a
losum (Mart. ex Benth.) Kuntze; Lingoum villosum Kuntze;
laxly branched terminal hairy panicle, fragrant bright yellow
Lingoum violaceum (Vogel) Kuntze; Lingoum violaceum
or orange-yellow flowers, clawed petals, oval to subcircular
Kuntze; Phellocarpus floridus Benth.; Phellocarpus laxi-
flattened indehiscent pod surrounded by a thick membranous
florus Benth.; Piscidia florida Mart. ex Benth., nom. nud.;
wing, creamy white heartwood smelling, cattle and game
Piscidia florida Benth.; Pterocarpus apalatoa Rich.;
browse the young leaves, a source of nectar for honeybees
Pterocarpus floribundus Pittier; Pterocarpus floribundus
Wall.; Pterocarpus floribundus Kuntze; Pterocarpus haye- See Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 239. 1871, Linnaea 23: 35.
sii Hemsl.; Pterocarpus magnicarpus Schery; Pterocarpus 1850, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 4(Suppl.): 75.
reticulatus Standl.; Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl var. rubiginosus 1860, Flora of Tropical Africa 2: 239. 1871, Bulletin de la
Schery; Pterocarpus rufescens Benth.; Pterocarpus rupes- Société Botanique de Genève 6: 66. 1891, Revisio Generum
tris Pittier; Pterocarpus steinbachianus Harms; Pterocarpus Plantarum 1: 159, 193. 1891 and Ann. Mus. Congo Belge,
villosus Mart.; Pterocarpus villosus Mart. ex Benth.; Bot. sér. 4, [1(2)]: 57, pl. 14. 1902 [1902–1903 publ. Jul 1902],
Pterocarpus villosus (Mart. ex Benth.) Benth.; Pterocarpus Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 13: 113.
violaceus Vogel; Pterocarpus violaceus Vogel var. angusti- 1914, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
folia Benth.; Pterocarpus zehntneri Harms) schichte und Pflanzengeographie 53: 473. 1915, (Report)
Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles
South America. Perennial non-climbing tree
1916: 642. 1917, Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Sér. B 43(1): 406.
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 382–384, 1924, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1935(5):
pl. 147. 1775, Symbolae Botanicae, … 2: 79–80. 1791, Actes 260–261. 1935, Flowering Plants of S. Africa 16: t. 622.
de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 111. 1792, 1940, Bol. Soc. Brot., 2, 42: 263–275. 1968, Kew Bull. 54(1):
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 2(1): 539. 1799, Nova 208. 1999
Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto ed.) 6: 380.
(Sap from the tree used as eye drops; root decoction drunk
1823, A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5846. 1831,
to treat anemia.)
Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus 31, 42–43.
1837, Linnaea 11: 416. 1837, Journal of the Proceedings of in English: round-leaved bloodwood, round-leaved kiaat,
the Linnean Society, Botany 4(Suppl.): 79. 1860, Diagnoses round-leaved teak, white mukwa
Plantarum Novarum … Mexicanarum 1: 8. 1878, Revisio
in Malawi: balitsa, mbalisa, mbalitsa, mbongosi, mdilaniya,
Generum Plantarum 1: 193, 203, 211. 1891, Bot. Jahrb.
mlelesi, mpale
Syst. 26(3–4): 299. 1899 and Contributions from the
United States National Herbarium 20(3): 123, f. 60. 1918, in Southern Africa: blinkblaar, dopperkiaat, muChinane,
Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 17: 443. muChirara, Muhataha, muHungu, muKuhutu, muMbhungu,
Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae) 3131

Mumbungu, Mumhungu, muMungu, Munungu, Mupungu, gunduru, gyadar kurmi, kereke, magaci, maganchi, nja, ntu-
muWayawaya, umdlandlovu rukpa, ositua, pori-pori, totohoti, uruhe, uturukpa
in Southern Zambia: mulianzoha in Senegal: désaha, diado, diadum, diagu, diav, diégo, diégu,
diéku, diekumadi, fan dimi, ga-ndyál, jagu, jako, jegu, jogum
Pterocarpus santalinoides DC. (Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.)
jogomayi, kurdiẽgdiẽg, ndiagu, ndiaku
Willd.; Lingoum esculentum (Schumach. & Thonn.)
Kuntze; Pterocarpus amazonicus Huber; Pterocarpus in Peru: mayãprúa
amazonum (Mart. ex Benth.) Amshoff; Pterocarpus escu-
Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Lingoum santalinum (L.f.)
lentus Schumach. & Thonn.; Pterocarpus grandis Cowan;
Kuntze; Pterocarpus santalinus Blanco, nom. illeg.;
Pterocarpus michelii Britton; Pterocarpus michelii Cowan;
Pterocarpus santalinus Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.)
Pterocarpus santalinoides L’Hér. ex DC.)
India. Perennial non-climbing tree, yellow flowers in short
South America, Tropical Africa, Senegal, Central African
axillary or terminal racemes, pod suborbicular, fresh bark
Republic, Congo. Perennial non-climbing tree, small tree,
used in the curing of betel nuts
fast growing, straggling, crown dense, inner bark yellowish
white to pinkish exuding a little reddish gum on slashing, See Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 283.
shiny leaves, aromatic flowers yellow-orange, clawed petals, 1763, Suppl. Pl. 318. 1782 [1781 publ. Apr 1782], A Numerical
inflorescence an axillary raceme, almost orbicular flattened List of Dried Specimens n. 5842. 1831–1832, Fl. Filip. [F.M.
indehiscent wrinkled warty winged pod, roasted seeds edi- Blanco] 561. 1837, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 193. 1891
ble, cooked young leaves eaten as a vegetable, hummingbirds and Publications of the Bureau of Science Government
suck the nectar, fodder, in riparian forests, growing in water, Laboratories 6: 7. 1904, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical
along stream Sciences 115–116. 2006, Pharmaceutical Biology 45: 468–
474. 2007.
See Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia …
283. 1763, Familles des Plantes 2: 319. 1763, Histoire (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. Fruits tonic, astringent,
des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 740–742, pl. 296. a decoction in chronic dysentery. Heartwood and fruits to
1775, Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 910. 1802, reduce the burning sensation, to give cooling effect, to stop
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: bleeding, for edema and skin disorders, as a paste in burning
419. 1825, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 330. 1827, sensation, inflammation, headache. Heartwood astringent,
Commentationes de Leguminosarum Generibus 42. 1837, tonic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, antiseptic,
Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 193. 1891, Annals of the cooling and diaphoretic, used in the form of powder and
New York Academy of Sciences 7: 86. 1892 and Boletim do decoction to treat hiccough, chronic bronchitis, mental
Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia 5(2): aberrations, skin disorders, pimples, acne, wrinkles, ulcers,
402–403. 1909, Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum wounds, blood diseases, high blood pressure, hemorrhage,
en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht 52: 1–78. fracture, chronic fever, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, spider-
1939, Flore de la Guayane Française vol. 2. 1952, Memoirs poisoning, menorrhagia and defects of vision; wood infusion
of the New York Botanical Garden 10(4): 86–87, f. 56. 1961, for diabetes. Oil useful orally, in gonorrhea. Veterinary med-
Agriculture and Environment 3(1): 33–41. 2003, African icine, for papilloma.)
Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative
in English: Indian sandalwood, red sandalwood, red sandas,
Medicines 2(2): 134–152. 2005, International Journal of
red sanders, red saunders, red saunderswood, ruby wood,
Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences 3(1): 6–11. 2007
rubywood, sandal wood
(Raw seeds are toxic; seeds anthelmintic. Stem extracts anti-
in China: tan xiang zi tan, tzu tan
malarial. Roots for asthma. Leaves and roots abortifacient,
astringent, for diarrhea. Bark, roots and leaves decoctions in India: agaru, agaru-gandhakashtaha, agarugandha, aga-
for hemorrhoids, fever, applied to promote wounds healing; rugandhamu, akilankattai, andana, anukam, anukkapitam,
taken internally to treat bronchial complaints, pulmonary anukkapitamaram, arakkam, arakta, aricantanam, ariccanta-
troubles, amebic dysentery, stomachache, to prevent abor- nam, arikantam, arka, asukla candana, atti, benne, bhaskar-
tion and ease childbirth; leaves antimicrobial, astringent, priya, buckum, burada sandal safaid, burada sandal surkh,
used in the treatment of diarrhea, acne, eczema and pimples. calavimpam, calliyam, calyam, candana, candanam, canta-
Magic, ritual.) navenkai, cantani, cemmaram, cencandanam, cencantam,
cencantanakkatti, cencantanam, cenkantam, cenkunkumam,
in Guinea: dyamu, dyegu, khaanbé
chadana kempu, chan-chandanam, chandal lal, chandam,
in Ivory Coast: assiaoto chandan, chandan chura lal, chandan gatti lal, chandan-lal,
chandana, chandanam, chandanamu, chekke, chenchan-
in Mali: duguja, jagu, jako, jawu, jegu, ko jau
danam, cikappu cantanam, cikappuccantanam, citacaram,
in Nigeria: aku-emzi, akumeze, gbangògi, gbengbe, gbeng- civantacantam, civappuccantanam, civappuccenturam,
ben, gbengbendo, gbingbin, gbingbindo, gedar-kurumi, curonitavirutti, curonitaviruttimaram, cuttiracantanam,
3132 Pterocarpus Jacq. Fabaceae (Dalbergieae, Leguminosae)

dul-surkh, dulsurkh, erra chandanam, erra-gandamu, erra- Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, Sér. B 43(1): 404. 1924, Bulletin
gandhapu-chekka, erracandamanu, errachandamu, errachan- du Jardin Botanique de l’État 24: 225. 1954, Fl. Congo
danam, erragandhapu, ettachandamu, gandham, gosircha Belge 6: 25.1954, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 180: 39–51.
chandana, harichandana, hima, honne, iracitam, irancanam, 1978, Plantes Médicinales et Phytotherapie 19(2): 75–83.
irattacantanam, kapi, kempu gandha, kempu-gandha-chekke, 1985, Contact Dermatitis 50: 384–385. 2004, International
kempugandha, kempugandha chakke, kempugandha chekke, Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences 3(1):
kshudrachandana, kucandana, kucantanam, kuchandanam, 6–11. 2007
kuchandanamu, kuchrasara, kulavari, kulaviri, kulavukacam,
(The dry sawdust may cause irritation to skin, nose and bron-
kulavuri, kumoda, kunchandanamu, kusandanam, kushi-
chi, allergic contact dermatitis. Powdered wood on wounds,
kam, lal chandan, lal chandan lakadi, lalcandan, lalchandan,
to treat skin diseases, ringworm and yaws. Heartwood for
lalchandan gatti, lalchandana, lalchnadan powder, locitam,
skin diseases, parasitic infection. Sap wood for hemorrhoids,
lohita, lohitacandana, lohitachandana, makakantam, malay-
diarrhea, dysentery, venereal diseases. Bark and leaves for
aja, malcantanam, malcantanamaram, mantaram, maturam,
pulmonary troubles, fevers, diarrhea, wound dressing. Bark
nallacantanam, nattuccantanam, nittittam, ooruttahchan-
very astringent, abortifacient, aphrodisiac, antifungal; as
danam, panaka, patranga, patrangam, pattanga, pattankam,
an enema to treat dysentery and against toothache, gonor-
pattirankam, picanam, pidagattam, pravalphala, pulliri, ragat
rhea and excessive menstruation; a decoction drunk to treat
chandan, ragatchandan, rajanakuchandana, rakta candana,
dysmenorrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, uterine hemorrhage;
rakta chandan, rakta chandan chura (powder), rakta chandana,
bark boiled and water drunk to induce periods. Inner bark
rakta chandana choorna, rakta chandana taila, rakta-chanda-
for dropsy, swellings, edema. Veterinary medicine, to ward
nam, rakta-channanam, rakta-gandham, rakta gandhamu,
off skin parasites. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, the red sap for
rakta tchandana, raktabija, raktacandan, raktacandana, rak-
circumcision, initiation, marriage, delivery and widowing.)
tacandanah, raktacandanam, raktacandanamu, raktachan-
dan, raktachandana, raktachandanam, raktachandanamu, in English: African coral wood, African padauk, African
raktachendana, raktagandham, raktagandhamu, raktakta, padouk, barwood, camwood, coralwood, Gabon padauk,
raktanga, raktasara, raktashandana, raktashandanam, rak- large fruited camwood, padauk, redwood, West African
tavrksa, raktchandan, raktha chandanam, raktha-chandan- padauk, West African padouk
amu, raktha chandan, rakthachandanam, rakthagandhamu,
in French: bois corail, bois rouge, padauk d’Afrique, padouk
ranjana, ratanjali, rathaanjili, rattacantanam, rukhto chandan,
d’Afrique
rukhtochandan, rukto-chandan, salliyam, sandal surkh, san-
dale ahmar, sandale-surkh, sandaleahmar, sandalesurkh, san- in Cameroon: bo, ebeul, epion, m’bea, mbe, mbe miki, mbel,
danam, sandanavengai, sandulhamra, sandulsurkh, segapoo mbele, mbie, mbil, mbili, mohingue, mohingue mossoumbe,
shandanum, semmaram, sen santhanam, sensandanakkattai, mouengue moussoumbe, muenge, ngele, ngola, padouk
senshendanam, shandam, shandanamu, shen-chandanam,
in Central African Republic: embema, embima, koula
shen-shandanam, shweta chandana, sivappu, sivappuccanda-
nam, sivapu chandanam, sun, sundhanam, surakta, tailaparni, in Congo: boi sulu, boisolu, bongola, bosolo, bosulu, kisese,
tambadachandana, tambada chandana, tamirakam, tam- kisesi, m’bio, m’bole, mongola, ngele, ngo, ngula, nkula,
rabhra, tamrasara, tamravriksha, tanmalokitam, tanpaloki- nzali, ongouele, onguele, tizeze, wele
tam, teyvakala, teyvakalamaram, thambada chandana,
in Gabon: corail, ebel, ebeul, ezigo, igoungou, issipou, mbe,
tilapari, tilaparni, tilaparnni, tilparnni, tsandanam, undum,
mbel, mogonda, mongonda, ohinego, padouk, tiseze, tisseze
uruttachandanam, uruttucandanam, uruttushandanam, vata-
ppatiram, vattiyam, yerra chandanam, yerra chandanamu, in Guinea: enve, palo rojo
yerrachandanam, yerragandhamu
in Nigeria: akume, atu, auchi, awo, boko, boku, eba, ebe,
in Java: almug ebel, ekuiyong, erhán-obaro, ídúòt, ìgbìlhà, igbuli, ihie, mbe,
mbe-miki, mbea, mbonde, mbondi, mohingui, muenge,
in Tibetan: dmar, tsan dan damar po, tsan-dan dmar-po, tsa
muengi, nkohen, nkui-yang, osun pupa, osunpupa, padouk,
nda na dmar po, tsen den marpo
sako, uhiye, ukpa, ùkpá, ume, wosoka
Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. (Pterocarpus casteelsi De
in West Africa: ndimbo
Wild.; Pterocarpus casteelsii var. ealaensis Hauman)
Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. (Lingoum tinctorium
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, red exudate,
(Welw.) Kuntze; Pterocarpus albopubescens Hauman;
bright yellow or orange-yellow flowers with dark brown hairy
Pterocarpus cabrae De Wild.; Pterocarpus chrysothrix
calyx, inflorescence an axillary or terminal many-branched
Taub.; Pterocarpus delevoyi De Wild.; Pterocarpus hockii
panicle, flat papery winged indehiscent fruit, leaves eaten as
De Wild.; Pterocarpus holtzii Harms; Pterocarpus kaessneri
a cooked vegetable, gorillas eat flowers and leaves
Harms; Pterocarpus megalocarpus Harms; Pterocarpus
See Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia … 283. odoratus De Wild.; Pterocarpus stolzii Harms; Pterocarpus
1763, Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 24: pl. 2369. 1895 and tinctorius var. chrysothrix (Taub.) Hauman; Pterocarpus
Pterocaulon Elliott Asteraceae 3133

tinctorius var. macrophyllus Welw. ex Baker; Pterocarpus (Leaves decoction stimulant, a bath.)
tinctorius var. odoratus (De Wild.) Hauman; Pterocarpus
in Philippines: sabosob-a-balang, sambong-gala, sambung,
velutinus De Wild.; Pterocarpus zimmermannii Harms)
subosub
Tropical Africa. Perennial non-climbing tree, dense crown
Pterocaulon virgatum (L.) DC. (Anaphalis oligandra DC.;
round or flattened, inner bark exuding a reddish sap on slash-
Baccharis erioptera Benth.; Chlaenobolus alopecuroides
ing, fragrant flowers with clawed petals cream coloured to
(Lam.) Cass.; Chlaenobolus virgata (L.) Cass.; Conyza alope-
orange-yellow, inflorescence an axillary or terminal panicle,
curoides Lam.; Conyza polystachya Michx.; Conyza virgata
orbicular flattened indehiscent hairy pod with a thin leathery
DC.; Conyza virgata (L.) L.; Gnaphalium spicatum Mill.;
wavy wing, wrinkled seed, foliage browsed by goats, fruits
Gnaphalium steudelii Sch. Bip. ex Hochst.; Gnaphalium
eaten by chimpanzees, young leaves and flowers eaten by
undulatum L.; Gnaphalium virgatum L.; Pseudognaphalium
baboons, leaves eaten by colobus monkeys and chimpanzees,
undulatum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt; Pterocaulon alope-
bees visit the flowers
curoides (Lam.) DC.; Pterocaulon rugosum (Vahl) Malme;
See Apontamentos Phytogeographicos 584. 1858, Flora of Pterocaulon subvirgatum Malme, nom. nud.; Pterocaulon
Tropical Africa 2: 239. 1871, Revisio Generum Plantarum undulatum C. Mohr; Pterocaulon virgatum fo. alopecuroi-
1: 193. 1891, Die Pflanzenwelt Ost-Afrikas C 218. 1895 and des (Lam.) Arechav.; Pterocaulon virgatum var. alopecuroi-
Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot. sér. 4, [1(2)]: 58. 1902 [1902– des (Lam.) Griseb.)
1903 publ. Jul 1902], Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
North and South America.
Vegetabilis 11: 543. 1913, Repertorium Specierum Novarum
Regni Vegetabilis 13: 113. 1914, Botanische Jahrbücher für See Species Plantarum 2: 852. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 53: Decima 2: 1211. 1759, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda
472, 474. 1915, Ann. Soc. Sc. Brux. Sér. B 43(1): 407. 1924, 2: 1206. 1763, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition
Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 6: 21–22. 1954, no. 24. 1768, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2(1): 93.
Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 24: 224. 1954, Journal 1786, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 126. 1803, A Sketch of
of Ethnopharmacology 8(3): 265–277. 1983, International the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia 2(4): 323–324.
Journal of Primatology 4(1): 1–31. 1983, African Study 1824[1823], Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [Second
Monographs 8(2): 125–128. 1987 edition] 49: 339–340. 1827, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis
Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 5: 385, 454. 1836, Catalogus plan-
(The sawdust may cause irritation to workers. Bark decoction
tarum cubensium … 150. 1866 and Contributions from the
for child’s respiratory diseases, applied as a rectal washing to
United States National Herbarium 6: 790. 1901, Anales del
treat lung congestion in children. Leaves used to treat cough.
Museo Nacional de Montevideo 6(3): 268–269. 1908, Flore
Medicinal plant for chimpanzees, leaves and buds.)
de Madagascar et des Comores 189(1): 249. 1960, Botanical
in Tanzania: kilufi, kimkulungu, mkulo, mkulungu, mkuro, Journal of the Linnean Society 82(3): 205 (1981). 1981, Sida
mninga maji, mputuka, mscroti, msiloti, msiroti, mwenge, 21(2): 711–715. 2004
mwesia, nkulungu, sondwa, umwenge
(Digestive.)
in Madagascar: ahepotsy
Pterocaulon Elliott Asteraceae
Greek pteron and kaulos ‘a stem, a branch or stalk’, referring
Pterocelastrus Meissner Celastraceae
to the decurrent leaves; see Walter, Thomas (1740?–1788),
Flora Caroliniana, secundum … 203. Londini: sumptibus Greek pteron ‘wing’ and Celastrus L., kelastron, kelastros,
J. Fraser, 1788, Stephen Elliott (1771–1830), A sketch of an ancient name used by Theophrastus for an evergreen tree
the botany of South Carolina and Georgia. 2(4): 323–324. whose fruits were on the tree throughout winter; the seeds
Charleston, S.C.: J.R. Schenck, 1821–24 and Kirkia 9(2): 295. are winged, see Pl. Vasc. Gen. 1: 68. 1837.
1974, Hickenia 1(30): 160. 1978, Darwiniana 21(2–4): 202.
Pterocelastrus rostratus Walp. (Asterocarpus rostra-
1978, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 177–393. 1997.
tus (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.; Celastrus rostratus Thunb.;
Pterocaulon redolens (Willd.) Fern.-Vill. (Conyza redolens Pterocelastrus rostratus (Thunb.) Walp.)
Willd.; Gnaphalium redolens G. Forst.; Monenteles redolens
South Africa. Tree or shrub, often confused with Apodytes
(Willd.) DC.; Pterocaulon cylindrostachyum C.B. Clarke;
dimidiata
Tessaria redolens (Willd.) Less.)
See Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(3): 482–500, 513–
Philippines.
537. 2008
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3: 1915. 1803, Linnaea
(Roots for spinal disease.)
6: 151. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis 5: 455. 1836, Compositae Indicae 98. 1876 in English: beaked pterocelastrus, red candlewood
3134 Pteroceltis Maxim. Ulmaceae

in Southern Africa: rooikershout, seHlulamanya, uGobandl- (Whole plant used for diarrhea, dysentery, cough, cold,
ovu, uSahlulamanye fevers, stomachache, colic pain, hypertension, edema, gout,
as an antidote. Root paste taken to treat high fever.)
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus Sond. (Pterocelastrus litoralis
Walp.; Pterocelastrus stenopterus Walp.; Pterocelastrus tet- in Bhutan: spang-rtsi-do-bo
rapterus Walp.) in Nepal: panze
South Africa. Tree or shrub, very variable, straight trunk,
spreading, small sweet-scented creamy-white flowers, horned
orange capsules, reddish black seeds Pterocymbium R. Br. Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)
See Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119(3): 482–500. 2008 Greek pteron ‘wing’ and kymbe ‘boat’, kymbos ‘cavity’, refer-
ring to the ovaries, see Pterocymbium, with observations on
(Astringent, antimycobacterial, for respiratory ailments.) Sterculieae, the tribe to which it belongs 219. 1844, Pl. Jav.
in English: candlewood, cherrywood Rar. [Benn.] 219. t. 45. 1844.

in Southern Africa: iBholo, iTywina, kershout, kers(ie)hout, Pterocymbium tinctorium Merr. (Heritiera tinctoria Blanco)
kersiehout, rooikersiehout, seHlulamanya, uTwina, witpeer, Malaya, Philippines.
witpeerhout
See Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalogue … 3: 546–547. 1789,
Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco] 653. 1837

Pteroceltis Maxim. Ulmaceae (Bark and fruit said to be poisonous.)

From the Greek pteron ‘wing’ and the genus Celtis L., refer- in Philippines: taluto
ring to the winged fruits.
Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maximowicz (Pteroceltis tatari- Pterocypsela C. Shih Asteraceae
nowii var. pubescens Handel-Mazzetti; Ulmus cavaleriei
H. Léveillé) From the Greek pteron ‘wing’ and kypsele ‘a hollow vessel,
beehive, basket’, see Species Plantarum 2: 797–798. 1753,
China. Tree Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
7(1): 176–177. 1838 and Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie ser. 7, 6:
See Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 18: 292–293.
169–200. 1923, Kew Bull. 18(3): 427–486. 1966, Taxon 26:
1873 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis
557–565. 1977, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 19: 53–66. 1978, Acta
11(286–290): 296. 1912, Sinensia 2(11): 133. 1932
Phytotaxonomica Sinica 26(5): 385. 1988, Grassl. China
(Oil extracted from the seeds.) 1995(1): 16–20. 1995.
in China: qing tan Pterocypsela indica (L.) C. Shih (Brachyramphus sini-
cus Miq.; Lactuca amurensis Regel & Maxim.; Lactuca
brevirostris Champ. ex Benth.; Lactuca brevirostris var.
foliis indivisis Hemsl.; Lactuca cavaleriei H. Lév.; Lactuca
Pterocephalus Adans. Dipsacaceae
indica fo. indivisa (Maxim.) H. Hara; Lactuca indica L.;
(Caprifoliaceae) Lactuca indica var. dentata (Komar.) Chu; Lactuca indica
Greek pteron ‘wing’ and kephale ‘head’, alluding to the fruit- var. foliis indivisis (Hemsl.) Ling; Lactuca kouyangensis H.
ing head, see Fam. Pl. (Adanson) 2: 152, 595. 1763. Lév.; Lactuca mauritiana Poir.; Lactuca squarrosa (Thunb.)
Maxim.; Lactuca squarrosa fo. indivisa Maxim.; Lactuca
Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Diels (Pterocephalus squarrosa var. dentata Komar.; Lactuca squarrosa var. inte-
batangensis Pax & K. Hoffm.; Pterocephalus hookeri grifolia Kom.; Prenanthes squarrosa Thunb.)
(C.B. Clarke) Airy Shaw & M.L. Green; Scabiosa hookeri
C.B. Clarke) India, China.
See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 278. 1771, Flora Japonica, …
Nepal. Fragrant deep purple flowers
303. 1784, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 292. 1813,
See Species Plantarum 1: 98–101. 1753, The Flora of Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany
British India [J.D. Hooker] 3(8): 218–219. 1881 and 4: 237. 1852, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 42. 1857,
Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte Journal de Botanique Néerlandaise 1: 105. 1861, Annales
und Pflanzengeographie 29(5): 601. 1901, Repertorium Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 2: 189. 1865, Bulletin
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 12: 497. de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg
1922, Hand-List Rock Gard. Pl. Royal Bot. Gard. Kew ed. 4 19: 526. 1874, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 23:
109. 1934, Taxon 41: 569. 1992 480. 1888 and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni
Pterodiscus Hook. Pedaliaceae 3135

Vegetabilis 8(185–187): 450. 1910, Contributions from the Greek name, rhegnymi ‘to break, break asunder, rend’, rhexis
Institute of Botany, National Academy of Peiping 3: 187. 1935, ‘breaking, bursting, cleft’; Plinius applied Latin rhexia, ae to
Enumeratio Spermatophytarum Japonicarum 2: 220. 1952, a plant, also called onochilis.)
Fl. Madagasc. 189: 623–911. 1963, Acta Phytotaxonomica
South America.
Sinica 26(5): 387. 1988
See Descriptiones rariorum plantarum … e terra surina-
(Latex used as a substitute for opium.)
mensi 9, t. 5. 1776, Rottboll, Christen Friis (1727–1797),
Descriptiones plantarum quarundam surinamensium; cum
Fragmenta materiæ medicæ … surinamensis. Hafniæ et
Pterodiscus Hook. Pedaliaceae Lipsiæ, 1798, Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de
From the Greek pteron ‘wing’ and diskos ‘a disc’, from the Paris 1: 108. 1792, Monographia Melastomacearum 72, t. 27.
broadly winged disk of the fruit. 1813, Prodr. (DC.) 3: 136, 141. 1828, Linnaea 18: 619. 1845,
Linnaea 20: 102. 1847, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 3, 13: 181.
Pterodiscus ruspolii Engl. (Pedalium ruspolii (Engl.) Engl.; 1850, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Pedalium ruspolii Engl. var. aureus Chiov.; Pterodiscus Handwörterbuch. 759. 1852, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28(1):
somaliensis Baker ex Stapf; Pterodiscus wellbyi Stapf) 39. 1871 [8 Dec 1871–13 Jan 1872], Flora Brasiliensis (Martius)
East Africa. 14(3): 261–264, 279. 1885, Monographiae Phanerogamarum
7: 266. 1891 and Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 522: 333. 1940,
See Annuario del Reale Istituto Botanico di Roma 7: 31. 1897 Diario de Observaciones de Jose Celestino Mutis, 1760–
(Veterinary medicine, infusion given to remove afterbirths 1790. Bogota, 1957–1958, Willdenowia 2(5): 772. 1961,
in cows.) H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Pflanzennamen. 534–535. 1996
in Kenya: lotuk
(Analgesic, antiinflammatory.)
Vernacular name: chachiquis
Pterolepis (DC.) Miq. Melastomataceae
Greek pteron ‘wing, feather’ and lepis ‘a scale’, see Sp. Pl. 1:
346. 1753, Humboldt, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Pterolobium R. Br. ex Wight & Arnott Fabaceae
von (1769–1859), Monographia Melastomacearum. Paris, (Caesalpiniaceae, Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae)
1816–1823, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 298. 1823,
Greek pteron ‘wing’ and lobos ‘a pod’, the winged pods; see
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3:
Robert Wight and G. Arnott Walker Arnott, Prodromus flo-
134–135, 138, 140. 1828, Gen. Pl. [Endlicher] 1214. 1840,
rae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. 1: 283. London, 1834 and
Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1811–1871), Commentarii
Webbia 13: 133–228. 1957.
phytographici 72. Lugduni Batavorum, 1838–1840, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 13: 355. 1850, Trans. Linn. Soc. London Pterolobium hexapetalum Santapau & Wagh (Pterolobium
28(1): 38–39. 1871 [8 Dec 1871–13 Jan 1872] and Ceiba 19(1): hexapetalum (Roth) Santapau & Wagh)
1–118. 1975, Nordic J. Bot. 14(1): 73­–104. 1994, Monogr.
India.
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): 1339–1419. 2001,
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 394–574. 2007. See Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 5: 108. 1964,
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6: 35. 2006
Pterolepis trichotoma (Rottb.) Cogn. (Arthrostemma
exiguum Naudin; Arthrostemma goudotianum Naudin; (Antimicrobial, tonic. Decoction of leaves prepared in water
Arthrostemma ladanoides (Rich.) DC.; Arthrostemma is drunk by pregnant women during delivery to reduce deliv-
pumilum (Bonpl.) Naudin; Arthrostemma pusillum (Miq.) ery pain. Sources of Resveratrol and its analogues.)
Naudin; Osbeckia pumila (Bonpl.) DC.; Osbeckia pumila
in India: baadu bakka, baadu bakkana mullu, bada bakka,
DC.; Pterolepis egleri Brade & Markgr.; Pterolepis gou-
chirukotigoru, errasikaaya, gurrapugacha, guvva korinda,
dotiana Triana; Pterolepis goudotiana (Naudin) Triana;
kabali mullu, karu indu, kodimudusu, korinda, kotigooru,
Pterolepis hispida (Rich.) Gleason; Pterolepis ladanoi-
pulithodugu, sanna korinda, valakaduda, vallikatura, waleka-
des (Rich.) Triana; Pterolepis lanceolata Cogn.; Pterolepis
dooda, yerrachikai, yerrachiku, yerraseengai, yerrasiku
pohliana Cogn.; Pterolepis pumila Crueg.; Pterolepis pumila
Cogn.; Pterolepis pumila (Bonpl.) Cogn.; Pterolepis pumila Pterolobium macropterum Kurz (Pterolobium indicum
var. procera Cogn.; Pterolepis pumila var. ramosa Cogn.; Hance var. macropterum (Kurz) Kurz ex Baker; Pterolobium
Pterolepis pumila var. robusta Cogn.; Pterolepis pusilla sinense J.E. Vidal)
Miq.; Rhexia hispida Rich.; Rhexia ladanoides Rich.; Rhexia
India. Climber, armed with small sharp prickles, white flowers
pumila Bonpl.; Rhexia pumila Humb. & Bonpl.; Rhexia pum-
ila Mutis; Rhexia strigosa Rich.; Rhexia trichotoma Rottb.; See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
Tibouchina strigosa (Rich.) Cogn.) (Rhexia L., an ancient history 42(2): 71. 1873, The Flora of British India 2(5):
3136 Pterospermum Schreber Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)

259. 1878, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 21(10): (Bark useful in intestinal complaints, anemia, headache and
297–298. 1883 and Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire pains. Bark and leaves used in smallpox. The indumentum
Naturelle 227. 1974, Adansonia sér. 2, 15(3): 391. 1976 [1975 from the lower side of leaf is said to be used to prevent bleed-
publ. 1976] ing from wounds; leaf paste applied on headache. Flowers
and bark charred and mixed with kamala (Mallotus philip-
(Fresh leaves chewed or a decoction drunk to treat tuberculo-
pensis) applied on suppurating smallpox. A tonic from the
sis and respiratory diseases.)
flowers a cure for inflammation, ulcers, tumours, headache,
in China: da chi lao hu ci abdominal pain, indigestion, dehydration, blood troubles and
leprosy; calyx made into a paste and applied on glandular
in Vietnam: durc thuỳ, (dây) song trang do
swellings around neck. The flowers kept among cloths impart
Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) Brenan (Acacia stellata a pleasant perfume and keep away insects. Roots juice given
(Forssk.) Willd.; Acacia stellata Willd.; Cantuffa exosa J.F. as antidote in poisoning; roots applied as a paste on wounds.)
Gmelin; Cantuffa stellata Chiov.; Mimosa stellata Lour.;
in English: maple-leaf wing-seed-tree, maple-leaved bayur
Mimosa stellata Forssk.; Pterolobium exosum (J.F. Gmel.)
Bak.f.; Pterolobium exosum Baker f.; Pterolobium lacerans in China: chi zi shu
R. Br., nom. inval.; Pterolobium lacerans Wall.)
in India: dieng-khong-swet, dieng-tharo-masi, hathipaila,
South Africa. Climbing or straggling shrub, armed with hatipahele, hatipeala, kanak-champa, kanako champa,
small recurved sharp prickles, small sweetly scented yellow kaniar, karnikara, katha-champa, kaungla-araung, laukaung-
or whitish flowers, inflorescence a dense raceme, winged kraung-araung, laupauk-lauk-araung, mackchand, mack-
pod, a source of red dye, impenetrable live fence chun, matsa kanda, mayeng, moragos, morra, muchkund,
muchkunda (much, mucus; kund, fragrant flower), much-
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 177. 1775, Syst. Nat., ed.
13[bis]. 2(1): 677. 1791, Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 4(2): 1078. kundachapa, muchukenda, mukundachapa, muskunda, num-
1806, Voy. Abyss. [Salt] 64. 1814 and Ann. Bot. (Roma) 13: bong, siksil, taguru-changne, taun-poewun, waisip-thing
409. 1915, Legum. Trop. Africa 3: 621. 1930, Memoirs of the in Nepal: hattipaila, kathe chaanp
New York Botanical Garden 8(4): 425. 1954, Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard. 68: 551, 557. 1981, Journal of Ethnobiology and in Pakistan: kanack champa, moo chkund
Ethnomedicine 2: 54. 2006 Pterospermum blumeanum Korth.
(Root decoction against stomachache and ear, nose and throat Sumatra, Java.
diseases; a root infusion drunk by women against infertility.
Juice of the roots is swallowed to treat snakebites.) See Ned. Kruidk. Arch. i. 311. 1848

in English: kantuffa, redwing (For enlarged spleen, abdominal complaints, fever, pound the
bark and apply as a poultice. Roots decoction as a postpar-
in Kenya: mûtandambogo tum remedy.)
in Southern Africa: katdoring, rank-wag’n-bietjie, vlam-wag- Malay names: bayor, bayor rimba, bayur
’n-bietjie; luhakangue (Venda); igado (Shona)
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume
in Tanzania: mutanda
Philippines.
See Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 88. 1825
Pterospermum Schreber Sterculiaceae (Malvaceae)
(Bark and flowers used in smallpox.)
Greek pteron and sperma ‘seed’, with reference to the
in Philippines: bayok
winged seeds; see J.C.D. von Schreber, Genera Plantarum.
2: 461. 1791. Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance (Pterospermum levi-
nei Merr.)
Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. (Pentapetes acerifolia
Linn.; Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd.) China.
India. Tree, orbicular-oblong leaves white-downy below, See Genera Plantarum 2: 461. 1791, Journal of Botany,
white flowers in axillary or terminal clusters, woody globose British and Foreign 6(64): 112. 1868 and Philippine Journal
capsules of Science 13(3): 146–147. 1918, Acta Botanica Austro Sinica
5: 161–176. 1989
See Genera Plantarum 2: 461. 1791, Species Plantarum.
Editio quarta 3(1): 729. 1800, FBI 1: 368. 1874 and For. Fl. (Roots febrifuge, abortifacient.)
Punj. ed. 3. 45. 1956, Journal of Cytology and Genetics
in China: fan bai ye shu
7–8: 98–105. 1973, Tr. Fl. Malaya 2: 367. 1973, Journal of
Cytology and Genetics 22: 95–101. 1987 Pterospermum reticulatum Wight & Arn.
Pterospora Nutt. Ericaceae (Monotropaceae) 3137

India. Tree, creamy white petals, sepals densely tomentose, See Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von (1794–1868), Icones
woody capsule densely tomentose Plantarum Cryptogamicarum … 88, t. 26. Monachii:
Impensis Auctoris, 1828–1834, Mémoires sur les Familles
See Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 69. 1834 [10 Oct 1834]
des Fougères 178, t. 16A. 1850–1852, Kuhn, Maximilian
(A postpartum remedy, tonic.) (1842–1894), Die Gruppe der Chaetopterides unter den
Polypodiaceen. [Berlin, Winckelmann, 1882] [Festschrift
Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Santapau & Wagh
zum 50 Jährigen Jubilaum der Königstädtischen Realschule
(Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Oken; Velaga xylo-
zu Berlin 326. 1882] and Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
carpa Gaertn.)
6: 110. 1914
India.
(Weakly cyanogenic. Spores as snuff together with a halluci-
See Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 245 (t. 133). 1791, Allg. Naturgesch. nogen. Ritualistic curing ceremonies, the spores.)
iii. (2) 1198. 1841 and Journ. Arn. Arb. xxxi. 283. 1950, Bull.
Bot. Surv. India v. 108. 1964
Pterygota Schott & Endlicher Sterculiaceae
(Used in Sidha. Bark decoction given to cure asthma; bark
juice to reduce labor pain. Paste of flowers and root given for Greek pterygotos ‘winged’, pteron ‘wing’, referred to the
menstrual disorders; flowers paste taken to treat barrenness winged seeds, see Meletemata Botanica 32. 1832, Brown,
in women; paste of flowers of this plant and cinnamon bark Robert (1773–1858), Pterocymbium, with observations on
applied on forehead to cure headache.) Sterculieæ, the tribe to which it belongs. London, 1844.
in India: chettu, duddika, kanakakombu, loluga, lolugu, Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. (Pterygota alata R. Br.;
macappunti, machkund, muchukundi, mutchukunda, nolika, Pterygota alata Thwaites; Pterygota roxburghii Schott &
polavu, pulavu, tada, thada, udupai Endl., nom. illeg.; Sterculia alata Roxb.; Sterculia alata
Wall.; Sterculia alata Blanco)
SE Asia, India. Tree, white wood, leaves ovate-cordate,
Pterospora Nutt. Ericaceae (Monotropaceae) brownish-yellow flowers in panicles, woody subglobose folli-
Greek pteron ‘a wing’ and spora ‘seed’, with reference to the cles, compressed oblong seeds, ripe seeds eaten both by men
winged seeds, see The Genera of North American Plants 1: and monkeys, seeds eaten roasted
269–270. 1818 and Fl. Neotrop. 66: 13–27. 1995. See Hort. Bengal. 50. 1814, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel
Pterospora andromedea Nutt. 3: 84, t. 287. 1820, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1127 D. 1829, Pl.
Javan. Rar. 234. 1844, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 525. 1845,
North America. Perennial, saprophyte, erect saprophytic Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 29. 1858–1864, FBI 1: 380. 1874
herb, stems viscid, nodding inflorescence, petals white-red
(Stimulant, digestive, aphrodisiac.)
See The Genera of North American Plants 1: 269–270. 1818
and Wasmann J. Biol. 33(1–2): 1–88. 1975 in English: winged pterygota

(A whitish growth found on the roots used for toothache.) in China: chi ping po

in English: giant birds’-nest, pinedrops, woodland pinedrops in India: baung-laung-thing, lator, paung-laung-thing
in Malaya: kasah

Pterozonium Fée Pteridaceae (Adiantaceae)

Greek pteron ‘wing’ and zone ‘a belt, armour, girdle’, Ptychopetalum Benth. Olacaceae
zonion is the diminutive of zone, see Der Gesellschaft From the Greek ptyche ‘a fold’ and petalon ‘petal’, see London
Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die Journal of Botany 2: 376. 1843, Annals and Magazine of
neuesten Entdeckungen in der Gesammten Naturkunde Natural History, ser. 2 8: 172. 1851.
5: 304. 1811, Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic. 178. [1850–1852],
Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth.
Festschrift zum 50 Jährigen Jubilaum der Königstädtischen
Realschule zu Berlin 325. 1882, Mémoires de la Société South America.
d’Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg 4(1): 202. 1850 and
See London Journal of Botany 2: 377. 1843 and Phytother.
Mutisia 7: 7. 1952, Fern Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975.
Res. 16: 223. 2002, Journal of AOAC International 89(6):
Pterozonium reniforme (Mart.) Fée (Gymnogramma reni- 1532–1537. 2006, Journal of Natural Products 70(12): 2010–
formis Mart.; Pterozonium reniforme var. ulei Brause; 2013. 2007, Journal of electrocardiology 40(6): 534. 2007
Trichiogramme reniformis (Mart.) Kuhn)
(Bark antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anxiogenic, stimulant,
Colombia. tonic, antinociceptive, nerve tonic. Catuama, an herbal
3138 Pueraria DC. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae)

drug, a mixture of Trichilia catigua, Paullinia cupana, calyx 5-toothed, fruit a straight linear compressed hirsute
Ptychopetalum olacoides and Zingiber officinale.) pod, shoot eaten after peeling, roots edible
See Species Plantarum 2: 723–726. 1753, Hortus Kewensis;
or, a catalogue … 3: 30. 1789, Transactions of the Linnean
Pueraria DC. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae) Society of London 2: 339–340. 1794, Species Plantarum.
Editio quarta 3(2): 1047. 1802, Prodromus Systematis
For the Swiss botanist Marc Nicolas Puerari, 1766–1845,
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 402. 1825, Annales des
teacher. See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, Mantissa
Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 97. 1825, Abhandlungen
Plantarum 1: 101. 1767, Annales des Sciences Naturelles.
der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich
(Paris) 4: 97. 1825, Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de (1778–
Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(3): 237–
1841), Histoire de botanique genevoise. 48. Genève, 1830 [=
238. 1846, Plantae Junghuhnianae 234–235. 1852, Flora
Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève. 5: 48. 1830], Plantae Junghuhnianae
Hongkongensis 86–87. 1861, Journal of the Linnean Society,
234–236. 1852 and J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
Botany 9: 122–123. 1867 and Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 16: 33. 1902,
Botanists. 3: 114. 1965, Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III,
Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2: 114–115. 1907,
C) 65: 109–110. 1978, Annals of the Missouri Botanical
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 55(6): 425–427.
Garden 67(3): 523–818. 1980 [1981] [“Leguminosae,
1908, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 5(1): 63. 1936,
Subfamily Papilionoideae.”], Stafleu and Cowan, Taxonomic
Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 18: 16. 1947, Taxon
Literature. 4: 423. Utrecht 1983, Agric. Univ. Wageningen
17: 170–173. 1968, Rhodora 90(863): 341–343. 1988, Bulletin
Papers 85–1: 1–132. 1985, Sørensen, M. “A taxonomic revi-
of the Hiroshima Agricultural College 8: 691–706. 1989,
sion of the genus Pachyrhizus (Fabaceae—Phaseoleae).”
Euphytica 40: 221–226. 1989
Nordic Journal of Botany 8(2): 167–192. 1988, Vascular
Flora of the Southeastern United States 3(2): xix, 1–258. (Used in Ayurveda. Roots used for diarrhea, palpitation,
1990, Journal of Cytology and Genetics 25: 173–219. 1990, thirst, acute gastroenteritis, bruises, common cold with fever.
Nordic J. Bot. 12: 339–346. 1992. In India, Arunachal Pradesh, plants found near the tombs.)
Pueraria candollei Benth. var. mirifica (Airy Shaw & in English: Japanese arrowroot, kudzu, kudzu hemp, kudzu
Suvat.) Niyomdham (Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvat.) vine, lobed kudzuvine

Thailand, Burma. Perennial climbing shrub in China: ge gen

See Plantae Junghuhnianae 2: 235. 1852, J. Linn. Soc., in India: anetli, bepui, kakamudga, marjaragandhika,
Bot. 9: 123. 1865 [1867 publ. 1865] and Pflanzenr. (Engler) mudgaparni, rem, saha, sheem, sisali, surpaparni, suting rit,
Menispermac. 276. 1910, Kew Bull. 1952, 550. 1952 tagek

(Tuber of Galactia tenuiflora (Willd.) Wight & Arn. mixed in Japan: oykar
with the tubers of Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw et Suvat. and in Philippines: /ba’ay/
Stephania pierrei Diels, and honey, made into pills and taken
as rejuvenator.) in Tonga: fue’aepuaka

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.; Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. (Dolichos montana Lour.;
Dolichos japonicus hort.; Dolichos lobatus Willd.; Dolichos Dolichos montanus Lour.; Glycine javanica L.; Pachyrhizus
trilobus L.; Dolichos trilobus Houtt., nom. illeg., non Dolichos montanus (Lour.) DC.; Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi var.
trilobus L.; Neustanthus chinensis Benth.; Pachyrhizus thun- montana (Lour.) Maesen; Pueraria omeiensis T. Tang &
bergianus Siebold & Zucc., nom. illeg.; Phaseolus trilobus Wang; Pueraria thunbergiana (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. var.
Aiton; Phaseolus trilobus (L.) Aiton; Pueraria argyi H. Lév. formosana Hosok.; Pueraria tonkinensis Gagnep.; Stizolobium
& Vaniot; Pueraria bodinieri H. Lév. & Vaniot; Pueraria montanum (Lour.) Spreng.; Zeydora agrestis Gomes)
caerulea H. Lév. & Vaniot; Pueraria chinensis (Benth.) China, Burma. Perennial climbing shrub
Ohwi; Pueraria harmsii Rech.; Pueraria hirsuta Kurz;
Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) C.K. Schneid., nom. illeg., non See Species Plantarum 2: 754. 1753, Flora Cochinchinensis
Pueraria hirsuta Kurz; Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) Matsum., 2: 440–441. 1790, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis 2: 402. 1825, Systema Vegetabilium, editio dec-
nom. illeg., non Pueraria hirsuta Kurz; Pueraria koten H.
ima sexta 3: 352. 1826 and Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du
Lév. & Vaniot; Pueraria lobata var. chinensis (Benth.) Ohwi;
Museum de Paris 3: 202–203. 1916, Journal of the Society
Pueraria pseudohirsuta Tang & Wang, nom. nud.; Pueraria
of Tropical Agriculture 4: 310. 1932, Transactions of the
thunbergiana (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth.; Pueraria thunber-
American Philosophical Society, new series, 24(2): 210. 1935,
giana Benth.; Pueraria triloba Makino)
Taxon 15: 35. 1966, Taxon 28: 393–395. 1979, Agricultural
China, Japan. Perennial vine, hairy, twining, climbing, run- University Wageningen Papers 85(1): 53. 1985, Jnl. Bombay
ners, plants covering small trees and shrubs, cylindrical root, Nat. Hist. Soc. 85(1): 233–234. 1988, J. Trop. & Subtrop. Bot.
leaves pinnate-trifoliate, flowers purplish-red to pale violet, 2(3): 12–21. 1994
Pueraria DC. Fabaceae (Phaseoleae) 3139

(Roots used for diarrhea.) des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 4: 97. 1825, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 402. 1825, Flora
in English: mountain kudzu
de Filipinas 580. 1837, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-
in China: san ye ge Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie
der Wissenschaften 4(3): 237–238. 1846, Journal of the
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.)
Linnean Society, Botany 9: 125. 1867 and Botanical Magazine
Sanjappa & Pradeep (Dolichos hirsutus Thunb.; Dolichos
16: 33. 1902, Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 2:
japonicus hort.; Dolichos lobatus Willd.; Neustanthus chi-
114–115. 1907, Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany
nensis Benth.; Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Siebold & Zucc.;
2(3): 12–21. 1994
Phaseolus trilobus (L.) Aiton; Pueraria argyi H. Lev. &
Vaniot; Pueraria bodinieri H. Lev. & Vaniot; Pueraria cae- (Stems and leaves decoction drunk as an aphrodisiac. The
rulea H. Lev. & Vaniot; Pueraria harmsii Rech.; Pueraria roots used for common cold with fever, diarrhea, ulcers, boils
hirsuta (Thunb.) Matsum., nom. illeg.; Pueraria koten H. in children; paste applied to cure rheumatic pain; root juice
Lev. & Vaniot; Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi; Pueraria given in epilepsy. Crushed plants as fish poison. Veterinary
lobata (Willd.) Ohwi subsp. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi; Pueraria medicine, tuber given to cow for more milk.)
montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M. Almeida; in English: tropical kudzu
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.
Almeida ex Sanjappa & Pradeep; Pueraria neo-caledonica in Ghana: oye-asaasi yie
Harms; Pueraria novo-guineensis Warb.; Pueraria pseudo- in India: anetli, patal-kumra
hirsuta T. Tang & Wang; Pueraria thunbergiana (Siebold &
Zucc.) Benth.; Pueraria triloba (Houtt.) Makino; Pueraria Malay names: tampong urat, ulan susu
volkensii Hosok.) in Nepal: ban bori
Eastern Asia, Papua New Guinea. Perennial climbing shrub, Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC. (Hedysarum tuberosum
trailing, twining, deciduous woody vine, tuberous roots, Willd.; Hedysarum tuberosum Roxb. ex Willd.; Pueraria
rope-like dark brown stems, fragrant reddish-purple flowers tuberosa DC.; Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.)
in short-stalked elongated clusters at leaf axils, forms large
impenetrable masses India, Himalaya. Perennial climbing shrub, woody, large
tuberous roots eaten raw or boiled, tender fruits cooked as
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(2): 1047. 1802 and vegetable, leaves as fodder
Bulletin of the Tokyo Science Museum 18: 16. 1947, Legumes
of India 288. 1992 See Species Plantarum 2: 745–751. 1753, Species Plantarum.
Editio quarta 3(2): 1197. 1802, Annales des Sciences
(For skin diseases, astringent, exudate from the stem applied Naturelles (Paris) 4: 97. 1825 and Parker, Richard Neville
as hemostatic.) (1884–1958), A Forest Flora for the Punjab with Hazara and
in English: foot-a-night vine, Japanese arrowroot, ko-hemp, Delhi. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh and
kudsu, kudzu, kudzu bean, kudzu hemp, kudzu vine, lobed Periodical Experts, Delhi, 1973
kudzu vine, vine-that-ate-the-South (Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Roots demulcent, astringent,
in India: anetli, bepui, kakamudga, marjaragandhika, cooling, for common cold with fever, diarrhea; warmed tuber
mudgaparni, rem, ribye-retah, saha, sheem, sisali, surpa- paste applied locally in case of mastitis, rheumatism, rheu-
parni, suting rit, tagek matoid arthritis, also applied to the forehead to relieve head-
ache; tuber juice given for fever; tuber powder taken to cure
in Japan: kuzu spermatorrhea. Flowers cooling, aphrodisiac. Veterinary
in China: ge gan, ge gen medicine, tubers ground with Cissus quandrangularis, red
onion and ginger and fermented in water for three days, later
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. (Dolichos hirsutus given with rice soaked water for tuberculosis; boiled tubers
Thunb.; Dolichos phaseoloides Roxb.; Neustanthus phaseo- fed to cattle after delivery for energy; tubers given to cows to
loides Benth.; Pachyrhizus teres Blanco; Pachyrhizus thun- promote secretion of milk.)
bergianus Siebold & Zucc., nom. illeg. superfl.; Pueraria
in English: Indian kudzu
hirsuta (Thunb.) C.K. Schneid., nom. illeg., non Pueraria
hirsuta Kurz; Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) Matsum., nom. in India: badar, badari kand, badarikand, badra, bankumra,
illeg., non Pueraria hirsuta Kurz; Pueraria lobata (Willd.) bharda, bhendar vaela, bhenskanda, bhoochakra gedde,
Ohwi var. lobata) bhoosakkare gedde, bhooyi kohlaa, bhooyi kokar, bhooyi
kopaal, bhuchakkaragadda, bhuchakragadda, bhui komora,
Pantropical. Perennial climbing shrub, creeper, hairy stems,
bhukushmandi, bhumikushmand, bhumikusmanda, bidari
small pink haory flowers, densely hairy torulose pods
kand, bidarikand, bidrerakanda, bilaikand, birmolo, daree,
See Species Plantarum 2: 725. 1753, Transactions of the dari, darigummadi, dhaarigummadi, dhodhala, gajavajipriya,
Linnean Society of London 2: 339–340. 1794, Annales gajeshta, gandhaphala, ghora-bel, ghora bel, ghorvela, godha
3140 Pulicaria Gaertner Asteraceae

bael, godra, goomodee, goomoodee, gor-bel, gudbel, gumadi Iran.

gida, gumidi, gummadi, gummadi balli, gummadi gida,
See Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 6: 78.
gumodi, ikshugandha, iksugandha, jaminkand, kakarmala,
1846, Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum, ser. 1, 11:
kandapalasa, kandapalasah, kandapalash, kroshtri, kshi-
5. 1849, Illustrationes Plantarum Orientalium 4: 79, pl. 349.
rashukla, kshiravalli, kubaayathige, kubayatige, kundapala-
1852
sha, mutukku, nelagummadi, niala-gumodi, paatal kumda,
palmutukku, patal kumda, patal kumdha, patal kumhra, (Postparturition care in women, to clean the womb, in cases
patral khonda, payasvini, pithana, salod, salorh, saral, sarul, of infection.)
shrigalika, shukla, siali, siralu, sirola, sita, slod, soral, surai, in Pakistan: kulmeer
sural, svadukanda, svadulata, swadukanda (swadu, sweet,
kanda, tuber), tirra, triparna, vajivallabha, vidali, vidari, Pulicaria persica Jaub. & Spach
vidarika, vidarikanda, vidarikandah, vidhaarikanda, vidari India.
kand, vidarikand, vidarikhand, vrikshavalli, vrishyakanda,
vrishyavallika, vrishyavardhini (Bruised leaves applied to relieve headache.)

in Nepal: birali kand, birali kanda, biralikund in India: dholo lizru

in Tibet: ksi ra bi da ri Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A. Mey. (Aster crispus Forssk.;
Aster pulicarius (L.) Scop.; Diplopappus pulicarius
(L.) Bluff & Fingerh.; Duchesnia crispa (Forssk.) Cass.;
Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass.; Francoeuria crispa var.
Pulicaria Gaertner Asteraceae
discoidea Boiss.; Francoeuria undulata (L.) Lack; Inula
Latin subst. pulicaria for a plant called also psyllion, Latin crispa (Forssk.) Pers.; Inula prostrata Gilib.; Inula pulicaria
adj. pulicarius and pulicaris ‘belonging to fleas’, herba puli- L.; Inula undulata L.; Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip.; Pulicaria
caria, ae (pulex, icis ‘a flea’), reputed to repel fleas, see De crispa (Forssk.) Oliv.; Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) Benth. ex
Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2(3): 461–462, pl. 173, Oliv.; Pulicaria crispa (Cass.) Oliv. & Hiern; Pulicaria crispa
f. 7. 1791. (Forssk.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Oliv. & Hiern; Pulicaria crispa
subsp. crispa; Pulicaria prostrata (Gilib.) Asch., nom. illeg.;
Pulicaria dysenterica (Linnaeus) Bernhardi (Aster dysen-
Pulicaria undulata Kostel.; Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn.)
tericus (L.) Scop.; Diplopappus dysentericus (L.) Bluff &
Fingerh.; Inula dysenterica L.; Pulicaria gracilis Heimerl) Iran. Aromatic weed, annual herb, decumbent, flower-heads
with yellowish florets
Europe.
See Species Plantarum 2: 872–877, 881–884. 1753, Mantissa
See Species Plantarum 2: 872–877, 882. 1753, Flora Carniolica, 1: 115. 1767, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 150. 1775, Gilibert,
Editio Secunda 2: 172. 1772, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris Jean Emmanuel (1741–1814), Caroli Linnæi … Systema
1817: 137. 1817, Fl. Germ. 2: 369. 1825, Denkschriften der plantarum Europae. Coloniae-Allobrogum, 1785–1787 [t.
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch- I. Nomenclator linnæanus. Flora lithuanica inchoata; seu,
naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 50(2): 56. 1885 and Watsonia Enumeratio plantarum quas circa Grodnam collegit & deter-
11: 211–223. 1977, Taxon 28: 277–278. 1979, Taxon 29: 715. minavit J.-E. Gilibert. Chloris Lugdunensis [M.A.L.C. de
1980, Taxon 31: 583–587. 1982, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Latourrette] Flora delphinalis, sive; Elenchus generum et
Series Botanica 25: 57–77. 1983, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, specierum … editum opera & studio D. Villar.], De Fructibus
Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2(3): 461–462, pl. 173, f. 7. 1791,
in Wien 129: 215–226. 1992, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994, Syn. Pl. 2: 450. 1807, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles
Flora Mediterranea 5: 331–334. 1995, Verhandlungen der 34: 44, 374. 1825, Verzeichness der Pflanzen des Caspischen
Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 133: 301–318. Meeres 79. 1831, Flora der Provinz Brandenburg 1: 304. 1864,
1996 Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 29: 96. 1873
(Widely cultivated for its insecticidal properties.) and Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Flora Iranica:
Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden
Pulicaria foliolosa DC. Gebirge: Persien, Afghanistan, Teile von West-Pakistan,
India. Erect annual herb Nord-Iraq, (cont) 145: 120. 1980, Journal of Cytology and
Genetics 24: 96–105. 1989, Compositae Newsletter 20/21:
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 12–15. 1992
480. 1836
(Infusion applied to swelling and bruises, a decoction
(Paste of leaves applied on cuts, boils.) taken for fevers. To relieve nasal and bronchial congestion.
Veterinary medicine, dried plant of Pulicaria crispa used as
Pulicaria glaucescens (Boiss.) Jaub. & Spach (Platychaete
vulnerary to bruises.)
glaucescens (Boiss.) Boiss.; Platychaete sublanata Bornm.;
Pterochaete glaucescens Boiss.) in India: buhrna
Pulsatilla Miller Ranunculaceae 3141

in Pakistan: rambava, rambo China. Perennial herb, large solitary silky hairy purple flow-
ers, no petals, styles plumose
Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. (Aster crispus Forssk.; Aster
pulicarius (L.) Scop.; Diplopappus pulicarius (L.) Bluff & See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, Enum. Pl. China
Fingerh.; Francoeuria crispa (Forssk.) Cass.; Francoeuria Bor. 2. 1831, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences
crispa Cass.; Francoeuria undulata (L.) Lack; Inula de St.-Pétersbourg. Sixième Série. Sciences Mathématiques,
prostrata Gilib.; Inula pulicaria L.; Inula undulata L.; Physiques et Naturelles 2: 76. 1832, Enum. Pl. China Bor. 2.
Pulicaria crispa Sch. Bip.; Pulicaria crispa (Cass.) Oliv. 1833, Tent. Fl.-Ussur. 5. 1861. 1861 and Bulletin de la Société
& Hiern; Pulicaria crispa (Forssk.) Oliv.; Pulicaria crispa Botanique de France 51: 59–60. 1904, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 71:
(Forssk.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Oliv. & Hiern; Pulicaria 178. 1922, Fl. Pl. Herb. Chinae Bor.-Orient. 3: 162. 1975
pratensis Scheele; Pulicaria prostrata Asch.; Pulicaria
prostrata (Gilib.) Asch., nom. illeg.; Pulicaria undulata (L.) (Roots used for leucorrhea, dysentery, amebic dysentery,
C.A. Mey.; Pulicaria undulata Kostel.) amebicidal activity.)

Pakistan, Iran, Kashmir. in English: Chinese anemone, Chinese flower, Chinese

pulsatilla
See Species Plantarum 2: 872–877, 881–884. 1753, Mantissa
1: 115. 1767, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 2: 172. in China: bai tou weng
1772, Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 150. 1775, Gilibert, Jean Pulsatilla multifida (Pritz.) Juz. (Anemone patens var. mul-
Emmanuel (1741–1814), Caroli Linnæi … Systema plan- tifida Pritz.; Pulsatilla nuttaliana auct.; Pulsatilla nuttali-
tarum Europae. Coloniae-Allobrogum, 1785–1787 [t. I. ana Bercht. & Presl; Pulsatilla nuttaliana subsp. multifida
Nomenclator linnæanus. Flora lithuanica inchoata; seu, Aichele & Schwegler; Pulsatilla patens subsp. multifida
Enumeratio plantarum quas circa Grodnam collegit & (Pritz.) Zämelis; Pulsatilla patens var. multifida (Pritz.) S.H.
determinavit J.-E. Gilibert.], De Fructibus et Seminibus Li & Y. Hui Huang)
Plantarum… . 2(3): 461–462, pl. 173, f. 7. 1791, Bull.
Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 137. 1817, Fl. Germ. 2: 369. China.
1825, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles [F. Cuvier] 34: See Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Latviensis 1: 98. 1926,
44, 374. 1825, Verzeichness der Pflanzen des Caspischen Flora URSS 7: 296. 1937, Flora Plantarum Herbacearum
Meeres (C.A. von Meyer). 79. 1831, Linnaea 18: 460. 1845, Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 3: 163. 1975, Bot. Zhurn. 65(1):
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 29: 96. 1873, 51–59. 1980, Bot. Zhurn. 65(5): 651–659. 1980 Bot. Zhurn.
Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 3: 366. 1877 and Acta Facultatis 67(6): 778–787. 1982, Bot. Zhurn. 71: 1692. 1986
Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Botanica 23:
1–23. 1974, Watsonia 11: 211–223. 1977, Flora Iranica: Flora (Plant considered very poisonous. Plant used to cause abor-
des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden Gebirge: tions; whole plant strong decoction used to kill lice and fleas.
Persien, Afghanistan, Teile von West-Pakistan, Nord-Iraq, Leaves hemostat applied to stop nosebleeding. Roots decoc-
(cont) 145: 120. 1980, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series tion taken for stomachache, colic, cramps, bowel troubles.
Botanica 22: 129–153. 1980, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Ripe seeds analgesic, for earache.)
Belorusskoi SSR: Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 2: 7–12. 1983 in English: Pacific Anemone
(Leaves for fevers, headache, inflammation, wound healing,
in China: zhang ye bai tou weng
in the treatment of papillomatosis.)
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (Anemone ludoviciana Nutt.,
Pulicaria wightiana C.B. Clarke
nom. illeg.; Anemone multifida (Pritz.) Zämelis, non Poir.;
India. Anemone nuttalliana DC.; Anemone nuttallii Nutt.; Anemone
See Taxon 26: 107–109. 1977 patens subsp. multifida (G.A. Pritzel) Hultén; Anemone pat-
ens var. multifida Zämelis; Anemone patens var. multifida
(Drops of plant extract in eyes for minor ailments.) Pritz.; Anemone patens var. nuttalliana (DC.) A. Gray;
in India: sonafuli, sonsali Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana (Besser) Koch; Anemone
wolfgangiana von Besser; Pulsatilla hirsutissima Britton;
Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton, nom. illeg.; Pulsatilla
Pulsatilla Miller Ranunculaceae ludoviciana A. Heller, nom. illeg.; Pulsatilla ludoviciana
(Nuttall) A. Heller, nom. illeg.; Pulsatilla multifida (Pritz.)
Latin pulso, avi, atum ‘to push, strike’, see The Gardeners Juz.; Pulsatilla nuttaliana (DC.) Spreng.; Pulsatilla nut-
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The taliana (DC.) Bercht. & Presl; Pulsatilla nuttaliana subsp.
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. 1. 1768 and
multifida (Pritz.) Aichele & Schwegler; Pulsatilla nuttali-
Flora URSS 7: 288. 1937.
ana subsp. nuttaliana; Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Spreng.;
Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (Anemone chinensis Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller subsp. asiatica Krylov &
Bunge; Anemone pulsatilla var. chinensis (Bunge) Finet & Sergievskaja; Pulsatilla patens subsp. hirsutissima (Pursh)
Gagnep.) Zämelis; Pulsatilla patens subsp. multifida (Pritzel) Zämelis;
3142 Punica L. Lythraceae (Punicaceae)

Pulsatilla patens var. multifida (Pritzel) Kitag.; Pulsatilla spinescent, red corolla, fleshy calyx tubular-campanulate,
patens var. multifida (Pritz.) S.H. Li & Y. Hui Huang; young fruits green
Pulsatilla patens var. wolfgangiana (Besser) Regel)
See Species Plantarum 1: 472. 1753, FBI 2: 580. 1879 and
North America. Perennial herb North American Flora 23: 28. 1928, Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences 35(3): 127. 1936, Ann. Cat. Vasc. Pl.
See Species Plantarum 1: 538–542. 1753, The Gardeners
W. Pakistan & Kash. 501. 1972, Journal of Cytology and
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Gard. Genetics 16: 35–45. 1981, New Botanist 8: 35–44. 1981,
Dict., ed. 8. Pulsatilla no. 4. 1768, Syst. Nat. (Candolle) 1: Investigatio et Studium Naturae 12: 48–65. 1992, Regnum
193. 1817 [dt. 1818; issued in 1–15 Nov 1817], Syst. Veg. (ed. Veg. 127: 80. 1993, Ethnobotany 16: 139–140. 2004, Journal
16) [Sprengel] 2: 663. 1825, Journ. Acad. Soc. Nat. Phil. 5: of Ethnopharmacology 123(3): 369–377. 2009
158. 1825, Deutschl. Fl. (Sturm), Abt. I, Phanerog. Heft 46:
1. 1826, The Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition no. (Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha/Siddha. Plant extracts
4. 1768, Linnaea 15: 581. 1841, A Manual of Botany of the used to treat ciguatera fish poisoning. Tender shoots decoc-
Northern United States (ed. 5) 36. 1867 and Bulletin de la tion given in oliguria, urinary troubles; decoction of whole
Société Botanique de France 51: 60. 1904, Acta Horti Botanici plant of Oxalis corniculata with stem bark of Punica gra-
Universitatis Latviensis 1: 98. 1926, Flora URSS 7: 296. 1937, natum given in loss of appetite; a decoction of seeds of
Acta Universitatis Lundensis 40: 738. 1944, Flora Plantarum Emblica officinalis with shoots of Punica granatum given
Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 3: 163. 1975, Bot. in typhoid fever; juice from crushed fresh bark taken against
Zhurn. 67(6): 778–787. 1982, Bot. Zhurn. 71: 1692. 1986, diabetes. Bark of the root and wood used as a vermifuge for
Neolin. Fl. Manshur. 305. 1979, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants tapeworms, also for diarrhea and dysentery; powdered root
by the Indians … 28–30. 1991, Nordic J. Bot. 14: 160. 1994 bark taken with water against tape worm. Fruit used to treat
stomach diseases and dysentery, cold pekin diseases and cold
(Plant considered very poisonous. Abortifacient, analgesic, diarrhea; juice as a tonic in fevers; unripe fruits eaten for
cold remedy, diaphoretic, antirheumatic, hemostatic. Fresh diarrhea and dysentery. Fruit rind for dysentery, diarrhea,
leaves used to treat rheumatism and neuralgia; crushed prolapse of the rectum, ascariasis; fruit rind ground in cold
leaves for poultices; pulverized leaves smelled to alleviate water and given orally for white discharge, irregular men-
headaches; burned leaves, fresh or dried, burned as mos- struation and excessive bleeding. Seeds eaten for digestion,
quito repellent. Decoctions from roots to treat lung problems, stomach troubles and to increase sexual vigour; seeds of
pulmonary ailments. Insecticide, strong decoction of whole Punica granatum, rhizome of Curculigo trichocarpa and
plant to kill lice and fleas.) roots of Hemidesmus indicus var. pubescens powdered and
consumed for increasing the fertility. Decoction of leaves
in English: American pasqueflower, eastern Pasque flower,
and fruits orally as an astringent in dysentery and antiemetic
spreading Pasque flower
in cholera; powdered tender leaves consumed for emetic and
Pulsatilla turczaninovii Krylov & Sergievskaja (Pulsatilla loose motions. Leaves and roots decoction for irregular men-
turczaninovii f. albiflora Y.Z. Zhao) ses. A decoction of Laportea crenulata roots with roots of
Punica granatum and kernel of Mucuna nigricans given in
China.
fever with cough. Juice of Punica granatum flowers together
See Sist. Zametki Mater. Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. with Cynodon dactylon leaves put into nostrils for bleeding
Kuybysheva. 5–6: 1. 1930 nose. Ceremonial, ritual, ingredient of Patra pooja in differ-
ent religious pooja ceremonies, in Ganesh-pooja.)
(Roots used for dysentery.)
in English: pomegranate
in China: xi ye bai tou weng
in Arabic: romman, rommen, ruman
in China: an shih liu, shan shih liu, shi liu, shi liu pi
Punica L. Lythraceae (Punicaceae)
in India: aab-e-amar, amar, amardana, anar, anara, anar-
The Latin name, malum punicum ‘Carthaginian apple’, dakum, anar dana, anar dona, anar-ka-per, anar-ke-per,
Punicus, a, um, from Poenus, i ‘a Carthaginian’, Poenus, anar shirin, anardana, anaspal, annar, arocakanacani,
a, um ‘Punic, Carthaginian’, Poeni, orum ‘the Phoenicians, arulmaram, arumaram, atalai, auar, bijapura, catimataki,
the Carthaginians’, Greek Phoinix ‘Phoenician’; see Carl catipancu, cerukkam, chandir, cikappumatalai, civappuc-
Linnaeus (1707–1778), Species Plantarum. 1: 472. 1753, cantanikacceti, civappuccantanikam, civappumatalai, cuka-
Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 212. 1754 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. canam, cukatanam, cukavallam, cukkilestam, daadima,
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2186–2187. 2001. daadimamu, daadimba, daain, daalimb, daalimba chettu,
daalimbe, daalimbe mara, daalimma, daanimma, dadam,
Punica granatum L.
dadima, dadima-chetu, dadima-phalam, dadimah, dadi-
Western Asia, Mediterranean. Deciduous, slender, shrub mam, dadimamu, dadiman, dadimaphalam, dadimasara,
or small tree, bark peeling off in small flakes, branches dadimavrikshaha, dadimba, dadimbe, dadimma, dalika,
Pupalia A.L. Juss. Amaranthaceae 3143

dalim, dalimb, dalimba, dalimba-chettu, dalimbare, dalim- in Philippines: granada

bay, dalimbe, dalimbe-gida, dalimbre, dalimbu-hannu,
in Thailand: ma-ko, ma koh, maak chang, phi laa, philaa
dalimbuhannu, dalimgachh, dalimibi, dalimma, dalimo,
khaao, siae lin, thap-thim, tubtim
dalimu, dalmiya, dalunimma, danima, danimma, danimma-
chettu, dantabijaka, darakhte-gulnar, darakhte-nar, darakte- in Tibetan: bal-poi-seu, se-’bru, sen dju, se bru, seu bru
nar, daram, daran, darim, darimba, darimu, darmi, daroo,
in Vietnam: an thach luu, mac liu
daru, daruni, delumgaha, dhalim, dhalimbe, dharimb,
dharu, dhaun, doran, ekamuli, gulnar, gulnar-ka-per, hab- in East Africa: nkomawawanga
i-qilqil, huli daalimbe mara, hulidalimbe, hushidalimbe,
in Nigeria: rimani, rummani
husidalimbe, inippu matalai, inippumatalai, inippumatulai,
irattapittapicakam, irattavicam, irattavitacceti, irucakam, in South America: granada, granadilla, granado, yaga tini,
irucukam, jaman, jaram naro, julnar, kalkapalam, kalumal yanuko, xoba zehe, zehe castilla
madalai, kaphoi, karaka, karakamu, karkapalacceti, karka-
palam, kavaiyal, kovarttanam, kucapalam, kucapalamaram,
kuchaphala, kukarumulimpam, kurucattam, kuttima, kut- Pupalia A.L. Juss. Amaranthaceae
tinam, lohitapushpaka, lohitapuspaka, maathulai, madala,
madalai, madalai-ch-chedi, madalai-p-pazham, madalam, From pupali, a vernacular name; see A.L. de Jussieu, in
Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. 2: 132.
madalangkai, madalngkai, madalum vayr, madhalai, mad-
1803.
hubija, madhulam, madhulami, madulai, madulam, madu-
lungam, magilam palam, malaki, manimatari, manipicam, Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq. (Achyranthes atropur-
manipicamaram, manivicam, maniviciramam, manivicira- purea Lam.; Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume; Pupalia atro-
maram, maralam, maralamaram, marayam, matala-narakam, purpurea Moq.)
matalaimacaki, matalaimacakimaram, matalam, matalam-
Tropical Asia and Africa.
cheti, matalampu, matalanarakam, matalunkam, mathalai,
mathulai, matulai, matulainkam, matulam, matulankam, See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Encyclopédie
matulankamaram, matulunkam, matulunkamaram, matuvi- Méthodique, Botanique 1: 546. 1783, Annales du muséum
cam, milapatra, milapatraka, mukhavallabha, nagarata, nal- national d’histoire naturelle 2: 132. 1803, Bijdragen tot de
lamatulai, nar, narumatulam, naspal, nattumatalai, nirgal, flora van Nederlandsch Indië 10: 548–549. 1826, Prodromus
palacatavam, palacatavamaram, palacavatam, palapurac- Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 331.
ceti, palapurakam, palapurakamaram, parvarut, phalamla, 1849 and Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale
phalashadava, phool anar, picapuram, pindapushpa, pindira, Française … 529. 1920, Flore de Madagascar et des
pintirakacceti, pintirakam, pintiram, piraputam, poast anar, Comores 67: 1–51. 1954
pu-madalai, pulimadalai, pulippumatulai, pulladaanimma,
(Antiseptic, antibacterial.)
pulladanimma, pumadalai, pumatalam, puvvudaanimma,
puvvudanimma, raktabija, raktabijam, raktapushpa, rana, Pupalia lappacea (L.) A. Juss. (Achyranthes atropur-
ringal, rub amar shirin, rub anar, rub anar shirin, rub anar purea Lam.; Achyranthes lappacea L.; Achyranthes mollis
tursh, rub-i-anar shirin, rumman, shajratur rumman, shar- Thonn.; Achyranthes prostrata L.; Achyranthes thonningii
bat anarshirin, shukadana, shukavallabha, sunila, suphala, Schumach.; Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume; Desmochaeta
svadvamla, tacanapicam, tadimadalai, tadimam, talima- atropurpurea (Lam.) DC.; Desmochaeta flavescens DC.;
dalam, talimatalam, talimpamayati, taluim, tantapicakam, Pupalia affinis Engl.; Pupalia atropurpurea (Lam.) Moq.;
tantapicam, tantapijakam, tatimakkani, tatimam, tatimatu- Pupalia atropurpurea Moq.; Pupalia brachystachys Peter;
lai, theibuhfai, thiyyadaanimma, tittippumatulaimaram, Pupalia distantiflora A. Rich.; Pupalia lappacea Juss.;
tittippuppalai, tiyyadanimma, tub-i-anar shirin, tucakamat- Pupalia lappacea var. tomentosa (Peter) Suess.; Pupalia lap-
ulai, tucakatitam, tucakatitamaram, tuccam, tusagam, uru- pacea var. velutina Hook. f.; Pupalia mollis Moq.; Pupalia
cakam, urumamapalam, urumampalam, urumampazham, mollis (Thonn.) Moq.; Pupalia sericea Fiori; Pupalia
uruntanirpputpi, uruyampalam, utirapantam, valkaphala, thonningii Moq.; Pupalia thonningii (Schumach.) Moq.;
varaimatalacci, varaiyutakam, vinnarakam, vinnarakama- Pupalia tomentosa Peter; Pupalia velutina Moq.)
ram, vintapurakam, viraiyotakam, virotam, viruttapalam,
Tanzania, Kenya, Old World tropics. Herb, undershrub,
vrittaphala
robust, hairy spiny, weedy, variable, erect or prostrate, trail-
in Indonesia: delima ing, sprawling, straggling, scrambling, many-branched,
simple tomentose opposite leaves, very small papery white
in Japan: hime-zakuro (for the dwarf variety), zakuro
woolly flowers in alternate clusters along terminal spikes,
Malay name: delima one fertile and two sterile flowers, fluffy indehiscent capsule
with finely hooked starry bristles, shiny brown seed, sterile
in Nepal: anar
flowers modified into clusters of hooked spines, tender leaves
in Pakistan: anar cooked and eaten, leaves and stems used as fodder, grazed by
3144 Purshia DC. ex Poiret Rosaceae

sheep and goats, in sandy soils, in Acacia woodland, forest the states of Pennsylvania and New York during the year 1807.
floor, in disturbed places, savanna and woodland By Frederick Pursh. Philadelphia 1869, J.W. Harshberger, The
botanists of Philadelphia and their work. 113–117. 1899 and
See Species Plantarum 1: 204–205. 1753, Species Plantarum,
Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold
Editio Secunda 1: 296. 1762, Encyclopédie Méthodique,
Botanique (Lamarck) 1(2): 546. 1783, Annales du muséum Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–
national d’histoire naturelle 2: 132. 1803, Bijdragen tot de 1933, Edwin M. Betts, ed., “Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book,
flora van Nederlandsch Indië 10: 548–549. 1826, Prodromus 1766–1824.” in Mem. Amer. Phil. Soc. 22: 1–704. Philadelphia
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 13(2): 331–333. 1944, Joseph Ewan and Nesta Ewan, “John Lyon, Nurseryman,
1849, Flora of Tropical Africa 1: 412. 1868, The Flora of and Plant Hunter, and His Journal, 1799–1814.” in Transactions
British India 4: 724. 1885 and Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1912(6): of the American Philosophical Society. 53(2): 1–69. 1963, H.N.
136. 1912, Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of the Department of Botany
Française … 529. 1920, A Hand-book to the Flora of in the University of Oxford. 229. Oxford 1964, J.H. Barnhart,
Ceylon 6: 53. 1931, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 40(2, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 116. 1965, Jeannette
Anhang): 23. 1932, Flora Zambesiaca 2: 473. 1966, Ann. Elizabeth Graustein, Thomas Nuttall, Naturalist. Explorations
Cat. Vasc. Pl. W. Pakistan 232. 1972 in America, 1808–1841. Cambridge, Harvard University Press
1967, Joseph Ewan, in D.S.B. 11: 217–219. 1981.
(Recorded as causing colic. Antidote, astringent, febrifuge,
generally healing, used for diarrhea, dysentery, dropsy, Purshia glandulosa Curran (Kunzia glandulosa Greene;
swellings, boils, edema, naso-pharyngeal affections, skin, Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa (Curran) M.E. Jones)
venereal diseases. Tender shoots and inflorescence made
North America. Perennial shrub
into a paste applied for any unknown insect bite. Flowers
for impotency and barrenness. Leaves astringent, febrifuge, See Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 1(3):
antiseptic, antiinfective, for fevers, cough, sore throat; leaves 153. 1885 [1886 publ. 28 Feb 1885], Pittonia 2: 299. 1892,
administered orally in edible oil medium for the treatment of Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series
bone fracture, healing bones. Leaf powder mixed with jag- 2, 5(18): 680. 1895
gery eaten for treatment of snakebite. Roots infusion drunk
(Bark and leaves analgesic, emetic, laxative, for gonorrhea,
for venereal diseases, snakebite and as a purgative. Magico-
menstrual disorders.)
religious beliefs, ritual, a treatment for sterility in women.
Veterinary medicine, leaves for bone fracture.) in English: desert bitterbrush
in English: sweethearts Purshia mexicana (D. Don) S.L. Welsh (Cowania mexicana
in India: antreetha, chirehatta, jhojhru, pakkatikai D. Don; Cowania mexicana D. Don var. dubia Brandegee;
Purshia mexicana (D. Don) Henrickson, nom. illeg., isonym)
in Ghana: akukuaba, akyerenkura, apupua, ekukuaba, korun-
tiya, mitsimitsi, mpupua North America. Perennial shrub or tree

in Ivory Coast: apopo amli, apopo aubri, nro-nrobaha See Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14(3): 575, pl. 22, f. 1–6. 1825
and Phytologia 60(6): 468. 1986, Great Basin Naturalist
in Niger: kebbe jodde 46(2): 260. 1986
in Nigeria: agbongbon, eemagbo, eemo agbo, eemo (Leaves and stems laxative, antiseptic, disinfectant, cathar-
agbotomo, emo-agbo, marin kusu, ose tic, for colds, smallpox or measles, cough, arthritis, venereal
in Southern Africa: beesklits, klits; isinama-esibomvuse- diseases.)
hlathi, isiNama esibomvu sehlathi (Zulu) in English: Mexican cliffrose
in Tanzania: ilamata, lulyamindi, mamata, mnamata, mnasa Purshia stansburyana (Torr.) Henrickson (Cowania alba
nguo, mumuhai Goodding; Cowania mexicana subsp. stansburyana (Torr.)
A.E. Murray; Cowania mexicana var. stansburyana (Torr.)
Jeps.; Cowania stansburyana Torr.; Purshia mexicana var.
Purshia DC. ex Poiret Rosaceae stansburyana (Torr.) S.L. Welsh; Purshia stansburiana
For the German (b. Saxony) botanist Frederick (Friedrich, (Torr.) Henrickson)
Fredric, Frederic) Traugott Pursh (Pursch), 1774–1820 (d. North America. Perennial shrub or tree, forage
Montreal, Canada), traveller, gardener, plant collector, among
his writings is Flora Americae septentrionalis. London 1814. See An Expedition to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 917–918, t. Utah 386, t. 3. 1852 and A Manual of the Flowering Plants
350. 1775, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique … (Lamarck) of California … [Jepson] 498. 1925, Kalmia 12: 19. 1982,
Supplément 4(2): 623. 1816, Thomas Potts James (1803–1882), Phytologia 60(6): 468. 1986, Great Basin Naturalist 46(2):
Journal of a botanical excursion in the Northeastern parts of 260. 1986
Putranjiva Wallich Putranjivaceae (Euphorbiaceae) 3145

(Laxative, emetic, disinfectant, cathartic, for colds, small- woman to prevent miscarriage; dried fruits in a garland used
pox or measles, wounds, cough, arthritis, venereal diseases. as necklace to cure skin allergy and itch.)
Ceremonial.)
in China: jia huang yang
in English: Stansbury cliffrose
in India: aksaphala, amaami, amani, avad, irukolli, jew-
Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) anputr, jiapura, jiaputa, jivputrak, jiyapota, juti, kaal dam-
DC. var. tridentata; Tigarea tridentata Pursh) ani, kadrajuvi, kancikai, karippalai, karuppilai, karuvilai,
kattuppacceri maram, karupala, karupalai, kudrajinic,
North America. Perennial shrub, forage
kudrajuwi, kuduru, kudurujuvir, kudurujuvvi, kumarbeeja,
See Flora Americae Septentrionalis … (Pursh) 1: 333, pl. kumaricivan, kuruppalai, kutacappalai, mahaaputhrajeevi,
15. 1814[1813], Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 623. menasina kaale, menasinakaale, parupala, patjhi, patju,
1816 and Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 2: 61–76. 1970, Proc. Acad. Nat. pitaujhia, pitmar, poitundia, pongalam, pongolan, ponka-
Sci. Philadelphia 149: 42. 1999 lam, ponkolam, putajan, putajen, puthrajeevika, putijia,
putjia, putrajiva, putrajivah, putrajivak chhal, putrajivika,
(Laxative, anthelmintic, febrifuge, emetic, disinfectant, putranjeeva, putranjeevi, putranjiva (putra, son, jiva, life),
analgesic, for colds, fever, hemorrhage, coughs, pneumonia, putranjivah, putranjivi, puttilanni, puttiracancivi, putti-
tuberculosis, bronchial and liver troubles, constipation, gon- racivi, vicaranai
orrhea, venereal diseases, intestinal worms, skin diseases.
Young leaves effective in drying up skin infections. Piscicide.
Ceremonial, good luck in hunting.)
Puya Molina Bromeliaceae
in English: antelope bitterbrush, antelope bush
Spanish puya ‘goad, lance head’, see Saggio sulla Storia
in Mexico: ca’gunari Naturale del Chili … 153, 160, 351. 1782, Sert. Angl. 7, t. 11.
1788 and Phytologia 10(6): 454–488. 1964, Fl. Mesoamer. 6:
90. 1994, Selbyana 16(2): 230–234. 1995.
Putranjiva Wallich Putranjivaceae (Euphorbiaceae) Puya chilensis Molina (Pitcairnia chilensis Lodd. Cat. ex
A Sanskrit name, putra ‘son’ and juvi ‘prosperity, life’, Ficus Loudon, nom. nud.; Pitcairnia coarctata Pers.; Pitcairnia
benjamina L. in India is also putra-juvi; see M.P. Nayar, coarctata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.; Pourretia coarctata Ruiz &
Meaning of Indian Flowering Plant Names. 290. Dehra Dun Pav.; Puya boliviensis Baker; Puya chilensis var. gigantea
1985, Shri S.P. Ambasta, ed., The Useful Plants of India. 505. (Phil.) Baker; Puya coarctata (Ruiz & Pav.) Fisch.; Puya
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi 1986. coarctata Fisch.; Puya copiapina Phil.; Puya gigantea
Phil.; Puya gigantea André, nom. illeg.; Puya quillotana W.
Putranjiva roxburghii Wallich (Cyclostemon racemosus Weber; Puya suberosa Molina)
Zipp. ex Span.; Drypetes roxburghii (Wallich) Hurusawa;
Drypetes roxburghii var. timorensis (Blume) Airy Shaw; Chile, South America. Fragrant and tasty nectar
Drypetes timorensis (Blume) Pax & Hoffmann; Nageia See Systema Vegetabilium Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis
putaranjiva Roxburgh, nom. illeg.; Purtranjiva amblyocarpa 1: 81. 1798, Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz & Pavon] 3: 34. 1802, Synopsis
Müll.Arg.; Purtranjiva shaerocarpa Müll.Arg.; Pycnosandra Plantarum (Persoon) 1: 344. 1805, Saggio sulla Storia
timorensis Blume) Naturale del Chili 153. 1810, Hortus Britannicus. A cat-
Tropical Asia. Tree, yellow-grey bark with very large warty alogue … [Loudon] 118. 1830, Sertum Petropolitanum
lenticels, small narrow thin papery leaves with ragged small pl. 19. 1846, Linnaea 33: 246. 1864, Handbook of the
teeth, axillary flowers, white tomentose fruits Bromeliaceae 126–127. 1889, Anales de la Universidad de
Chile 91: 613. 1895 and Feddes Repertorium 95(9–10): 577,
See Tent. Fl. Nap. 61. 1826, Linnaea 15: 348. 1841, Mus. Bot. 579, f. 1. 1984
2: 192. 1856, Prodr. 15(2): 443–444. 1866 and Pflanzenr., IV,
147, XV: 278. 1922, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: (Extract from the long stalk of the inflorescence used for set-
335. 1954, Kew Bulletin, Addit. Ser. 4: 107. 1975 ting fractures. Nectar of the flowers applied to an aching ear.)

(Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Plant useful for women whose in Spanish: cardón, puya
children died in uterus. Leaves and fruit for rheumatism, Puya sodiroana Mez (Puya gummifera Mez & Sodiro)
cold and fever. Dry fruits and seeds decoction given for cold,
Ecuador.
fever and rheumatism. Used in religion and magico-religious
beliefs, said to increase fertility in women, for making con- See Bull. Herb. Boissier, II, 4: 630. 1904, Phytologia 16: 153.
ception; contact therapy, stones of the fruit strung together 1968
to form rosaries and used as a necklace to preserve children
(Base of the plant eaten for kidneys.)
from harm; seeds worn as necklace by persons suffering from
acute cough and cold; fruits used as necklace by a pregnant in Ecuador: achupalla
3146 Pycnanthus Warb. Myristicaceae

Pycnanthus Warb. Myristicaceae in Central Africa: akomu, bakondo, bonga, bosamba, calabo,
cbonga, eteng, gbonga, gboyei, gele, nkomo, oti, oualélé,
From the Greek pyknos ‘dense, numerous, compact, téngé, voulou
crowded’ and anthos ‘flower’, the flowers are numerous and
packed together, see Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen in Congo: banga, bohondo, bodenga, buning bongo, bun-
Gesellschaft xiii. (1895) 94. 1895. ingbongo, djadja, gwanga, ilomba, iomba, likoka, lolako,
lukalakala, mebendje ya n’ndjou, mobendje a n’djou, mudi-
Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. (Myristica ango- lampwepwe, nlomba, tshilonbe, tshimbuku
lensis Welw.; Myristica kombo Baill.; Myristica micro-
cephala Benth.; Myristica microcephala Benth. & Hook.f.; in Gabon: dilomba, ekombo, eteng, etan, etang, etengui,
Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Exell; Pycnanthus kombo eting, geomba, ilomba, nkoma, nkombo, n-komo, nlombo,
(Baillon) Warb.; Pycnanthus kombo Warb.; Pycnanthus ikoum, illomba, kombo, lilombo, lomba, lombo, moulomba,
kombo var. angolensis De Wildeman; Pycnanthus mechowi mulomba, sombo, lating’e, lengye
Warb.; Pycnanthus microcephala Stapf; Pycnanthus micro- in Ivory Coast: adria, anakue, djilo, edua, effoi, epoi, etama,
cephalus (Benth. & Hook.f.) Warb.; Pycnanthus micro- olele, oualélé, walelé, teke
cephalus Warb.; Pycnanthus schweinfurthii Warb. ex Engl.;
Pycnanthus schweinfurthii Warb.) in Ghana: atenli, atta-bini, bini, bove, etsu, oti, otie, tika,
walele
Tropical Africa. Tree, variable, straight, bark reddish-gray,
slash reddish exudes a sticky latex, branches in two whorls, in Nigeria: aba-oro, abae, abakan, abakang, abaoror,
twigs and leaves rusty woolly hairy, leaves leathery with abo, abora, akomu, akwa-mili, awka-mille, awka-minni,
bakondo, bapulo, bocham, bokondo, bucham, ebubi, esamba,
white bloom on underside, inflorescence an axillary pan-
etan, etana, eteng, ibicho, ilomba, itang, kpokogi, mile, mili,
icle, flower buds dull white with rusty pubescence, small
n’gosam, nasamba, ndababa, ndodabo, ngosa, ngwasama,
reddish flowers, male and female borne at different times,
nkpanti, obabi, obenazi, okujaoti, tamakwa, tamarkwa, teng,
anthers cream, dehiscent fruits tan-brown pubescent, aro-
tengo, umoghan
matic black seeds with bright red laciniate aril, fruit eaten
by chimpanzee, lowland, at forest margin, secondary for- in Tanzania: mkungu mwitu, msurula wa porini, munoba,
est, rainforest musunula
See Flora orientalis 141. 1755, Adansonia 9: 79. 1868, in Togo: obala
Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 13: t. 1261. 1878, Ber. Pharm. Ges. (1892)
in West Africa: akomu, eteng, ilomba, kombo, oto
226. 1892, Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens
und Museums zu Berlin 1: 99–100. 1895, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr.
B (1895) 271. 1895 and C (1895) 190. 1895, Nova Acta Acad.
Pycnarrhena Miers ex Hook.f. &
Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 68: 252, 261. 1897 and
Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 6(1.1): 159. 1909, British Museum Thomson Menispermaceae
(Natural History). Department of Botany, Catalogue of the From the Greek pyknos ‘dense, numerous, compact, crowded’
vascular plants of S. Tomé: (with Principe and Annobon)/by and arrhen ‘male’, the male flowers are fascicled together;
Arthur Wallis Exell … and other members of the department. see J.D. Hooker & Thomas Thomson (1817–1878), Flora
With three maps and twenty-six figures. 278. 1944 [Exell, Indica. 1: 206. London 1855.
Arthur Wallis, 1901–1993], Journal of Pharmacology and
Pycnarrhena manillensis S.Vidal
Experimental Therapeutics 288: 529–534. 1999, Fitoterapia
79(3): 220–222. 2008 Philippines.
(Stem bark anthelmintic, poison antidote, purgative, feb- See Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. 45. 1886
rifuge, to treat coughs and chest complaints, a decoc-
(Powdered root used as tonic, vulnerary, antidote, for
tion taken to treat anemia, infertility, gonorrhea, malaria,
snakebites.)
ascites and leprosy. Seeds hypoglycemic, antioxidant and
antiinflammatory; seed fat applied with the reddish latex in Philippines: ambal, bago, halikot, halot, namongol
on skin diseases, mouh sores. Root infusion anthelmintic.
Leaves hypoglycemic; leaves and flowers for skin infections
and rheumatic pains.) Pycreus P. Beauv. Cyperaceae
in English: African nutmeg, cardboard, false nutmeg, false An anagram of the generic name Cyperus; see A. Palisot de
nutmeg tree, white cedar, wild nutmeg Beauvois, Flore d’Oware et de Benin en Afrique. 2: t. 86.
Paris (Aug.) 1816, Spicilegium florae rumelicae et bithynicae
in French: arbre à suif, faux muscadier
… 2: 419. 1844, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern
in Cameroon: bakondo, bokondo, ilimba, kiang, nasamba, United States 517. 1848, Fl. Cap. 7: 155. 1897 and Bulletin
ten, teng, tengé, eteng, tian, tombe of Miscellaneous Information: Additional Series 8: 95. 1908,
Pygeum Gaertner Rosaceae 3147

Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 23: 204. See Linnaea 23: 56. 1850 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 535. 1907,
1909, Das Pflanzenreich IV 20(Heft 101,3): 327. 1936, Flora Ann. Transvaal Mus. 3: 122. 1912, Trans. Roy. Soc. South
Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 11: 164, 169–170, 172. 1961, Africa 5: 493. 1916, J. Bot. 64(Suppl. 2): 23. 1926, Bulletin
Adansonia 16(4): 403. 1977. du Jardin Botanique de l’État 11: 29–31. 1928
Pycreus korshinskyi (Meinsh.) V.I. Krecz. (Cyperus (Tonic.)
eragrostis Vahl; Cyperus korshinskyi Meinsh.; Cyperus
in English: dwarf medlar, sand apple
latespicatus var. setiformis T. Koyama; Cyperus louisian-
ensis Thieret; Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl; Cyperus san- in Southern Africa: goorappeltjie, gousiektebos, maid-
guinolentus var. korshinskyi Kük.; Pycreus rehmannii Palla rek, sandappel; mosisá, mothlabelo (Tswana); umkukuzela
ex Grossh.; Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees; Pycreus (Ndebele)
setiformis Nakai)
in Tanzania: kindokoli, kitokoli, maboya, mandungu,
Russia, China, India. Perennial herb mpenzwa
See Descriptiones Plantarum Rariorum 17. 1772,
Observationes Botanicae 5: 13. 1789, Enumeratio Plantarum
… 2: 322, 351. 1805, Linnaea 9: 283. 1835 Pyracantha M. Roemer Rosaceae
(Rhizome tonic, demulcent; rhizome paste to relieve neck From the Greek pyrakantha, pyr ‘fire’ and akantha ‘thorn’,
and shoulder pain.) thorny branches and red fruits; see Max Joseph Roemer (or
Römer) (1791–1849), Familiarum naturalium regni vegeta-
bilis synopses monographicae. 3: 104, 219–220. Vimariae
Pygeum Gaertner Rosaceae [Weimar] (Apr.) 1847, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign
15(175): 207–208. 1877 and Bibliogr. Cult. Trees Shrubs 239.
Greek pyge ‘the rump, buttock’, referring to the shape of the 1949.
fruits, see also Prunus L.; see Species Plantarum 1: 473–475.
1753, Joseph Gaertner (1732–1791), De fructibus et semini- Pyracantha crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem. (Cotoneaster
bus plantarum. 1: 218, t. 46, fig. 4. Stuttgart, Tübingen 1788. crenulatus (D. Don) K. Koch; Crataegus crenulata Roxb.
& Lindley; Crataegus crenulata (D. Don) Roxb.; Crataegus
Pygeum persimile Kurz
pyracantha var. crenulata (D. Don) Loudon; Mespilus crenu-
Burma. lata D. Don)
See Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xli. II. 306. 1872 China, Himalaya. Shrub, perennial, edible fruits
(Leaves decoction to facilitate delivery.) See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 238. 1825, Flora Indica;
or, descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 509. 1832, Arboretum
Malay name: selusoh
et Fruticetum Britannicum 2: 844. 1838, Familiarum
Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Monographicae 3: 220. 1847,
Dendrologie 1: 175. 1869 and Silvae Genet. 22: 188–190. 1973
Pygmaeothamnus Robyns Rubiaceae
(Powder of dried fruit given in case of bloody dysentery. Root
Greek pygmaios ‘dwarfish’ and thamnos ‘bush’, suffrutices, extract boiled with water and bathed in to cure body pain.)
see Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 11: 29. 1928.
in English: Nepalese white thorn
Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri (Sond.) Robyns var. zeyheri
(Canthium abbreviatum (K. Schum.) S. Moore; Canthium in China: xi yuan chi huo ji
oatesii Rolfe; Canthium transvaalensis S. Moore; Fadogia wel- in India: ghingaru
witschii Hiern; Fadogia zeyheri (Sond.) Hiern; Pachystigma
zeyheri Sond.; Pachystigma zeyheri (Sond.) Robyns; in Nepal: ghangharu
Pachystigma zeyheri var. oatesii Robyns; Plectronia abbre-
viata K. Schum.; Plectronia oatesii (Rolfe) Eyles; Plectronia
transvaalensis (S. Moore) Burtt Davy; Pygmaeothamnus Pyranthus Du Puy & Labat Fabaceae
zeyheri Robyns ex R.D. Good; Pygmaeothamnus zeyheri var.
(Leguminosae, Millettieae, Papilionoideae)
oatesii (Rolfe) Robyns; Vangueria stenophylla K. Krause;
Vangueria zeyheri (Sond.) Sond.) From the Greek pyr ‘fire’ and anthos ‘flower’, the flowers are
red, see Kew Bulletin 50(1): 73–84. 1995.
Zaire to S. Africa. Suffrutex, glabrous leaves, low shrub,
creeping underground stolons, woody stems, small scented Pyranthus pauciflorus (Baker) Du Puy & Labat (Mundulea
tubular green-yellow-cream flowers, corolla tubular with 5 pauciflora Baker; Mundulea splendens R. Vig.; Pyranthus
reflexed lobes, fleshy yellow drupe, sweet ripe fruits eaten pauciflora (Baker) Du Puy & Labat; Tephrosia oligantha
raw, wooded grassland Drake, nomen novum)
3148 Pyrenacantha Wight Icacinaceae

Madagascar. Perennial non-climbing shrub, red flowers Pyrenaria camelliiflora Kurz (Pyrenaria diospyricarpa
Kurz var. camelliiflora (Kurz) S.X. Yang)
See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 5635. 1831,
Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 20: 68. 1882 and Myanmar, Thailand.
Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar 30:
See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 40(2): 46. 1871,
128. 1902[1903], Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 42(2): 60. 1873 and
de Paris 14(1): 64. 1950, Kew Bulletin 50(1): 83. 1995
Novon 15(2): 379. 2005
(Toxic. Used to stupefy fish.)
(Leaves boiled with those of Peucedanum and liquid drunk
in Madagascar: fanamo for spleen problems, liquid also used to treat stomachache
and dysentery, bleeding dysentery.)

Pyrenacantha Wight Icacinaceae

Greek pyren ‘a kernel, a fruit stone’ and akantha ‘thorn’, Pyrethrum Zinn Asteraceae
referring to the inner walls of the fruits, see Nova Genera Greek pyrethron ‘pellitory’, pyretos ‘fever, burning heat’, pyr
Plantarum [Thunberg] 7: 105. 1792, Systema Naturae … edi- ‘fire’, referring to the roots of Anacyclus pyrethrum, Latin
tio decima tertia, aucta, reformata 2: 999, 1037. 1791[1792], pyrethrum or pyrethron for a plant, Spanish chamomile, pel-
Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta [Sprengel] 1: litory, a species of Anthemis; see Enum. Stirp. Helv. ii. 720.
373, 489. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], Botanical 1742, Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727–1759), Catalogus planta-
Miscellany 2(4): 107. 1830, Genera Plantarum [Endlicher] rum horti academici et agri gottingensis. 414, 452. Gottingae
1327, n. 6839. 1840, Adansonia 10: 271, 276. 1872 and [Göttingen] 1757, Fl. Carniol., ed. 2. 2: 148. 1772, Act. Acad.
Philipp. J. Sci. C 7: 292. 1912, J. Bot. 58: 221. 1920. Theod. Palat. iii. (1775) 237. t. 18. 1775, Prodr. (DC.) 6: 62.
Pyrenacantha klaineana Pierre ex Exell & Mendonça 1838, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 20: 561. 1860 and Fl. URSS
26: 367. 1961, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary
Angola. Liana, vine, woody, cauliflorous, leaves coriaceous of Modern English. 2: 1177. New York 1967, Bull. Bot. Lab.
See Conspectus Florae Angolensis 1: 345. 1951 N. E. Forest. Inst., Harbin 1980(6): 10–11. 1980, Taxon 43(1):
104. 1994, Helmut Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der
(A natural source of the terpenoid indole alkaloid camptoth- botanischen Pflanzennamen. 521. Basel 1996.
ecin, two semi-synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinote-
can, are currently prescribed as anticancer drugs.) Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trevisan (Chrysanthemum cin-
erariifolium (Trevisan) Visiani; Tanacetum cinerariifolium
Pyrenacantha scandens Planch. ex Harv. (Trevis.) Sch. Bip.)
South Africa. Europe.
See Botanical Miscellany 2(4): 107. 1830, Harvey, William See Species Plantarum 2: 843–845, 887. 1753, Historia et
Henry (1811–1866), Thesaurus Capensis. Dublin, 1859–1863 Commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et
(Roots for impotency and barrenness.) Elegantiorum Literarum Theodoro-Palatinae 237. 1775,
Index Seminum (Bratislava) 2: 2. 1820, Ueber die Tanaceteen
in South Africa: umSekelo (Zulu)
58. 1844, Flora Dalmatica 2: 88. 1847 and Fieldiana: Botany,
Pyrenacantha staudtii (Engl.) Engl. (Chlamydocarya New Series 7: 1–21. 1981
staudtii Engl.; Pyrenacantha staudtii Engl.; Pyrenacantha
(Capitula used as an insecticide.)
staudtii Hutch. & Dalziel)
in China: chu chong ju
Tropical Africa. Liana, small tree, flowers lemon yellow
Pyrethrum coccineum (Willdenow) Woroschilov
See Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
(Chrysanthemum coccineum Willdenow; Chrysanthemum
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 24: 486. 1898 and Die
marschallii Ascherson)
Vegetation der Erde 3(2): 262, 264. 1921 [Engl. Pflanzenw.
Afr. iii. II. (Engl. & Drude, Veg. der Erde, ix.) 262(1921), in China.
obs.], Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] i. 456. 1928,
See Sp. Pl. 3: 2144. 1803 and Seed List State Bot. Gard.
Kew Bull. 1929, 23. 1929
Acad. Sci. URSS 9: 21. 1954
(Fruit and leaves for jaundice and as a postpartum remedy.)
(Used as an insecticide.)
in China: hong hua chu hong ju
Pyrenaria Blume Theaceae
Pyrethrum parthenium (L.) Smith (Chrysanthemum parthe-
Greek pyren ‘a kernel’, referring to the fruit, see Bijdragen nium (L.) Bernh.; Chrysanthemum parthenium Bernh.;
tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië 1119. 1826–1827. Chrysanthemum parthenium Persoon; Chrysanthemum
Pyrola L. Ericaceae (Pyrolaceae) 3149

parthenium (L.) Pers.; Matricaria latifolia Gilbert; Pyrola L. Ericaceae (Pyrolaceae)

Matricaria parthenium L.; Pyrethrum parthenium Sm.;
The diminutive of the Latin pirum, pyrum, pyrus, pirus ‘pear,
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bipontinus; Tanacetum
a pear-tree’, referring to the foliage, see Species Plantarum 1:
parthenium Sch.Bip.)
396–397. 1753, Linnaea 28: 8, 33–34, 60–63. 1856, Genera
South America. Plantarum 2(2): 603. 1876 and Bericht über die Versammlung
des Westpreussischen Botanisch-Zoologischen Vereins
See Species Plantarum 2: 890–891. 1753, Systematisches
Danzig 1912: 77. 1913, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/2): 81–88. 1966,
Verzeichnis (Bernhardi) 145. 1800, Flora Britannica 2:
Fl. Neotrop. 66: 28–53. 1995.
900. 1800, Synopsis Plantarum 2(2): 462. 1807, Ueber die
Tanaceteen 55. 1844 and Biologia (Bratislava) 48: 441– Pyrola americana Sweet (Pyrola asarifolia Michx. subsp.
445. 1993 americana (Sweet) Krísa; Pyrola obovata Bertol.; Pyrola
rotundifolia auct. non L. p.p.; Pyrola rotundifolia L. subsp.
(A cold and flu medicine, used for diarrhea, rheumatism,
americana (Sweet) R.T. Clausen; Pyrola rotundifolia
backache, for dissipating heat and toxic materials; leaves
var. americana (Sweet) Fernald; Pyrola rotundifolia var.
infusion sedative, analgesic, anthelmintic, a wash for chil-
rotundifolia)
dren. A bitter tonic for stomach pains and acidosis. Not for
use during pregnancy, or with blood disorders.) North America. Perennial subshrub
in English: feverfew See Hortus Britannicus 341. 1830 and Rhodora 22(259): 122.
1920, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
in Ecuador: Santa Maria
schichte und Pflanzengeographie 85(4): 628. 1966
in Spanish: altamisa mexicana
(On cuts and sores. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, dried leaves
in China: duan she pi ju infusion drunk as good luck potion before the hunt.)
Pyrethrum pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) B. Fedtsch. ex Krasch. in English: American wintergreen
(Chrysanthemum pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) B. Fedtsch.; Pyrola asarifolia Michx. (Pyrola asarifolia subsp. asarifo-
Chrysanthemum pyrethroides B. Fedtsch.; Chrysanthemum lia; Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata (DC.) Fernald; Pyrola
richteria Benth. ex Hook.f.; Chrysanthemum richteria asarifolia var. ovata Farw.; Pyrola asarifolia var. purpurea
Benth.; Richteria pyrethroides Kar. & Kir.; Tanacetum (Bunge) Fernald; Pyrola asarifolia var. uliginosa (Torr. & A.
pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) Sch.Bip.; Tanacetum pyre- Gray) A. Gray; Pyrola californica Křísa; Pyrola elata Nutt.;
throides Sch.Bip.; Tanacetum pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) Pyrola rotundifolia L. subsp. asarifolia (Michx.) Á. Löve &
Podlech; Tanacetum pyrethroides (Kar. & Kir.) Muradyan) D. Löve; Pyrola rotundifolia var. asarifolia (Michx.) Hook.;
India. Herb, grey woolly hairy perennial, aromatic, soli- Pyrola rotundifolia var. purpurea Bunge; Pyrola rotundifo-
tary terminal pinkish flowers, many-ribbed achenes, pappus lia var. uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray; Pyrola uligi-
coriaceous nosa Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr.; Pyrola uliginosa Torr. & A.
Gray; Pyrola uliginosa var. gracilis Jennings; Thelaia asari-
See Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de folia (Michx.) Alef.)
Moscou 15: 127. 1842, Jahresbericht der Pollichia 20/21:
441. 1863, Genera Plantarum 2: 426. 1873, Fl. Brit. India North America. Perennial subshrub
[J.D. Hooker] 3: 315. 1881 and Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk See Flora Boreali-Americana 1: 251. 1803, Flora Boreali-
SSR, I, 1: 176. 1933 Americana 2(7): 46. 1834, Fl. New York 1: 453. 1843, A
Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States 272.
(Plant paste used internally and externally for rheumatism; a
1848, A Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States
poultice for boils. Powdered flowers to control fever; paste of
259. 1856, Linnaea 28: 54. 1856 and Annual report of the
flowers applied against fevers, boils, wounds.)
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 19: 259.
in India: khampa karpo, serpan 1917, Rhodora 51(605): 103. 1949, Novitates Botanicae
ex Universitate Carolinae 1965: 34. 1965, Botanische
Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bureau & Franchet) Y. Ling ex C. Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und
Shih var. tatsienense (Chrysanthemum jugorum W.W. Smith; Pflanzengeographie 85(4): 615–621, f. 2–3 [maps]. 1966,
Chrysanthemum tatsienense Bureau & Franchet) Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 517. 1975[1976]
China. (Plant decoction antihemorrhagic, sedative, for kidney
See J. Bot. (Morot) v. (1891) 72. 1891 and Notes Roy. Bot. trouble, gonorrhea. Root decoction taken for liver trouble.
Gard. Edinburgh 10: 173. 1918 Decoction of leaves or leaves and roots used as an eye-
wash; leaves infusion for sore eyes. Ceremonial medicine,
(Whole plant blood purifier, for promoting blood circulation.) a steam bath.)
in China: chuan xi xiao huang ju in English: liverleaf wintergreen, pink pyrola
3150 Pyrostegia C. Presl Bignoniaceae

Pyrola chlorantha Sw. (Pyrola chlorantha var. convoluta Plant World 20(8): 248. 1917, Vascular Plants of Wyoming
(W. Bartram) Fernald; Pyrola chlorantha var. paucifolia 296. 1988
Fernald; Pyrola chlorantha var. revoluta Jennings; Pyrola
(Plant infusion, a wash, tonic, stimulant.)
chlorantha var. saximontana Fernald; Pyrola convoluta
W. Bartram; Pyrola oxypetala Austin ex A. Gray; Pyrola in English: white-veined shin-leaf, white-veined wintergreen,
solunica S.D. Zhao; Pyrola virens Schweigg.; Pyrola virens whiteveined wintergreen
Schreb.; Pyrola virens var. convoluta (W. Bartram) Fernald;
Pyrola virens var. saximontana Fernald; Pyrola virens var. Pyrola rotundifolia L. (Pyrola rotundifolia Benth.; Thelaia
saximontana (Fernald) Fernald; Pyrola virescens auct.; rotundifolia (L.) Alef.)
Thelaia chlorantha (Sw.) Alef.) Europe, China.
North America. Perennial subshrub See Sp. Pl. 1: 396. 1753, Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis
See Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 31: Mexicanas 66. 1840, Linnaea 28: 60–63. 1856 and Bot. Not.
190, pl. 5. 1810, Flora Erlangensis 1: 154. 1811 and Rhodora 117: 403. 1964, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 90: 476–508. 1971, Syst.
22(255): 51. 1920, Rhodora 43(509): 167. 1941, Flora Bot. 8: 277–298. 1983, Brittonia 45: 178. 1993
Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis 7: 5, pl. (For skin diseases.)
1, f. 1–4. 1981
in English: round-leaf pyrola, rounded shin-leaf, shin leaf,
(Antidiarrheal, hemostatic, astringent. Ceremonial.)
wild lily-of-the-valley, wintergreen
in English: green-flowered wintergreen, greenflowered
in China: lu ti tsao, lu xiao cao, yuan ye lu ti cao
wintergreen
Pyrola elliptica Nutt. (Pyrola compacta Jennings; Thelaia
elliptica (Nutt.) Alef.) Pyrostegia C. Presl Bignoniaceae
North America. Perennial subshrub Greek pyr ‘fire’ and stege, stegos ‘roof, shelter’, alluding to
See The Genera of North American Plants 1: 273. 1818, upper lip of the flower; see Karl (Carl) B. Presl (1794–1852),
Linnaea 28: 47. 1856 in Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft
der Wissenschaften. Ser. 5, 3: 523. (Jul.–Dec.) 1845.
(Plant infusion taken for rheumatism; infusion of smashed
plants applied as poultice to sore legs; plant decoction as Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawler) Miers (Bignonia ignea
drops for sore eyes; blood purifier, for skin diseases, indiges- Presl., nom. illeg.; Bignonia ignea Vell.; Bignonia tecomi-
tion. Decoction of roots and leaves anticonvulsive, stimu- flora Rusby; Bignonia venusta Ker Gawl.; Pyrostegia acu-
lant; leaves infusion of leaves a wash for mouth sores and minata Miers, nom. nud.; Pyrostegia dichotoma Miers ex K.
sore throat.) Schum.; Pyrostegia ignea (Vell.) C. Presl; Pyrostegia intami-
nata Miers, nom. nud.; Pyrostegia pallida Miers, nom. nud.;
in English: waxflower shinleaf Pyrostegia parvifolia Miers, nom. nud.; Pyrostegia reticu-
Pyrola picta Sm. (Pyrola aphylla Sm.; Pyrola aphylla var. lata Miers, nom. nud.; Pyrostegia tecomiflora (Rusby) K.
leptosepala Nutt.; Pyrola aphylla var. paucifolia Howell; Schum. ex Urb.)
Pyrola blanda Andres; Pyrola conardiana Andres; Pyrola South America. Evergreen climbing shrub, red-vermilion
dentata Sm.; Pyrola dentata var. apophylla Copeland; Pyrola flowers
dentata var. integra A. Gray; Pyrola pallida Greene; Pyrola
See Botanical Register; consisting of coloured … 3: 249,
paradoxa Andres; Pyrola picta fo. aphylla (Sm.) Camp;
pl. 249. 1817[1818], Florae Fluminensis 244. 1825[1829],
Pyrola picta subsp. dentata (Sm.) Piper; Pyrola picta subsp.
L’Horticulteur Universel 5: 1–3. 1843, Botanische Bemer­
integra (A. Gray) Piper; Pyrola picta subsp. pallida (Greene)
kungen 93. 1843, Proceedings of the Royal Horticultural
Andres; Pyrola picta var. dentata (Sm.) Dorn; Pyrola picta
Society of London 3: 188. 1863, Die Natürlichen Pflanzen­
var. pallida (Greene) Parish; Pyrola septentrionalis Andres;
familien 4(3b): 223. 1894, Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical
Pyrola sparsifolia Suksd.; Thelaia aphylla (Sm.) Alef.;
Club 6: 101. 1896 and Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen
Thelaia spathulata Alef.)
Gesellschaft 34: 746. 1916, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/3): 153–
North America. Perennial subshrub 232. 1974, Kurtziana 26: 179–189. 1998, Fieldiana, Bot., n.s.
41: 77–161. 2000
See Abraham Rees (1743–1825), The Cyclopaedia; or,
universal dictionary of arts, … 29(1): Pyrola no. 6–8. (Leaves in skin diseases and wounds.)
1819[1814], Linnaea 28: 39, 45. 1856, Pittonia 4(20D): 39.
in English: flame-flower, flame vine, flaming-trumpet, golden
1899 and Contributions from the United States National
shower
Herbarium 11: 434. 1906, Allegmeine Botanische Zeitschrift
für Systematik, Floristik, Pflanzengeographie 20: 113. 1914, in Paraguay: yvyratî
Pyrostria Comm. ex Juss. Rubiaceae 3151

Pyrostria Comm. ex Juss. Rubiaceae See A Numerical List of Dried Specimens n. 265. 1828,
Tentamen Pteridographiae 202. 1836, Abhandlungen der
Greek pyr ‘fire’ and ostreios, ostrios ‘purple’, refer- Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
ring to the colour of flowers of some species; see Helmut ser. 5 6: 498. 1851, Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der
Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 1: 131, t.
Pflanzennamen. 522. [from Pyrus] Basel 1996.
3, f. 14. 1856, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 13(151):
Pyrostria bibracteata (Baker) Cavaco (Canthium bibractea- 201. 1875 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
tum (Baker) Hiern; Plectronia bibracteata Baker; Pyrostria Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 207.
comorensis Bojer ex Baker) 1900, Giesenhagen, Karl Friedrich Georg (1860–1928), Die
Farngattung Niphobolus 101–103. Jena, G. Fischer, 1901,
Tropical Africa, Madagascar. Evergreen shrub or small tree,
Bulletin of the Chinese Botanical Society 1(1): 49–50, 68.
horizontal branching, leaves stiff and papery turning black on
1935, Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 22(4–6): 100.
drying, green-white-yellow flowers in dense clusters, petals
1967, American Fern Journal 73(3): 77. 1983
woolly inside, paired pointed bracts surrounding the flowers,
fleshy black berries, sweet ripe fruits eaten raw, bee forage, (Ceremonial, used in worship.)
in bushland, woodland, forest edges, wooded grasslands and
in India: gabo labi
Brachystegia woodland and thickets, in coastal areas
Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. (Acrostichum dubium Poir.;
See Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., II, 39: 1015. 1968
Acrostichum lanceolatum L.; Candollea lanceolata Mirb.
(Tonic.) ex Lam. & Mirb.; Craspedaria pertusa (Roxb. ex Hook.)
Link; Cyclophorus adnascens (Swartz) Desv.; Cyclophorus
in Tanzania: mbunisigo, mfupapo, mkonge, mpwizopwizo,
adnascens fo. dichotoma Alderw.; Cyclophorus adnascens
mshizo
fo. pernuda Alderw.; Cyclophorus adnascens var. minor
Alderw.; Cyclophorus cornutus Copel.; Cyclophorus dimor-
phus Copel.; Cyclophorus giesenhagenii (H. Christ) C. Chr.;
Pyrrosia Mirbel Polypodiaceae Cyclophorus glaber Desv.; Cyclophorus heterophyllus Desv.;
Greek pyrros ‘flame-coloured, reddish yellow, red, tawny’; Cyclophorus lanceolatus (L.) Alston; Cyclophorus nudus
see Species Plantarum 2: 1067. 1753, Jean Baptiste Antoine (Giesenh.) C. Chr.; Cyclophorus pachydermus (Baker) C.
Pierre de Monnet de Lamarck (1744–1829) and Charles Chr.; Cyclophorus pustulosus H. Christ; Cyclophorus spis-
François Brisseau de Mirbel (1776–1854), Histoire naturelle sus (Bory ex Willd.) Desv.; Cyclophorus spissus var. con-
des Végétaux. 3: 471. and 5: 89, 91. 1802, Enumeratio tinentalis (Hieron. ex Engl.) Hieron.; Cyclophorus stellatus
Filicum 124. 1824, Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Copel.; Cyclophorus tener (Giesenh.) C. Chr.; Cyclophorus
Paris 6: 218, 225. 1827, Abh. Konigl. Bohm. Ges. Wiss., varius (Kaulf.) Gaudich.; Cyclophorus varius var. flabelli-
ser 4, 5: 227. 1836, Tentamen Pteridographiae 227, pl. 10, formis Alderw.; Cyclophorus vittarioides (C. Presl) C. Presl;
f. 5–6. 1836, New Flora and Botany of North America Cyclosorus spissus (Bory ex Willd.) Desv.; Dendroglossa
… 4: 104. 1836[1838], Filicum Species 117. 1841 [Filices lanceolata (L.) Fée; Drymoglossum martinicense H. Christ;
Horti Botanici Lipsiensis], Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gymnopteris lanceolata (L.) T. Moore; Niphobolus adna-
Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: scens (Sw.) Kaulf.; Niphobolus adnascens var. spissum
492–500. 1851, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 277. 1899 and (Bory ex Willd.) Keyserl.; Niphobolus adnascens var. varius
Botanical Magazine 42(496): 217. 1928, Contributions (Kaulf.) Keyserl.; Niphobolus carnosus Blume; Niphobolus
from the Institute of Botany, National Academy of Peiping caudatus Kaulf.; Niphobolus chamissonianus C. Presl;
2(3): 5–6. 1933, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 36: 168. 1946, Fern Niphobolus elongatus Blume; Niphobolus giesenhagenii
Gaz. 11(2–3): 141–162. 1975, American Fern Journal 73(3): H. Christ; Niphobolus glaber (Desv.) Kaulf.; Niphobolus
77. 1983, P. Hovenkamp, A Monograph of the Fern Genus heterophyllus (Desv.) Spreng.; Niphobolus koenigii Blume;
Pyrrosia. Leiden Botanical Series, vol. 9. 1986. Niphobolus lanceolatus (L.) Trimen; Niphobolus nudus
Giesenh.; Niphobolus pertusus (Roxb. ex Hook.) Spreng.;
Pyrrosia costata (Wall. ex C. Presl) Tagawa & K. Iwats.
Niphobolus spathulifer Bory; Niphobolus spissus (Bory ex
(Apalophlebia costata (Wall. ex C. Presl) C. Presl;
Willd.) Kaulf.; Niphobolus spissus var. continentalis Hieron.
Cyclophorus assimilis (Baker) C. Chr.; Cyclophorus beddo-
ex Engl.; Niphobolus tener Giesenh.; Niphobolus varius
meanus (Baker) C. Chr., nom. superfl.; Nephrodium costa-
Kaulf.; Niphobolus vittarioides T. Moore; Polypodium adna-
tum Bedd.; Niphobolus assimilis (Baker) Diels; Niphobolus
scens Hook.; Polypodium adnascens Swartz; Polypodium
beddomeanus Giesenh., nom. superfl.; Niphobolus costatus
carnosum (Blume) Mett.; Polypodium carnosum var. elon-
Wall. ex C. Presl; Polypodium assimile Baker; Polypodium
gatum (Blume) Mett.; Polypodium caudatum (Kaulf.)
costatum (Wall. ex C. Presl) Mett.; Polypodium costatum
Mett.; Polypodium dubium (Poir.) Kuhn; Polypodium koe-
Wall., nom. nud.; Pyrrosia assimilis (Baker) Ching; Pyrrosia
nigii (Blume) Baker; Polypodium pachydermum Baker;
beddomeana (Giesenh.) Ching)
Polypodium pertusum Roxb. ex Hook.; Polypodium spis-
China, India, Nepal. Fern, creeping sum Bory ex Willd.; Polypodium varium (Kaulf.) Mett.;
3152 Pyrrosia Mirbel Polypodiaceae

Polypodium vittarioides (C. Presl) Mett.; Pteropsis martini- Alderw.; Cyclophorus acrostichoides var. fissum (Blume)
cense (H. Christ) Maxon; Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching; Bonap.; Cyclophorus acrostichoides var. gracilis Copel.;
Pyrrosia caudata (Kaulf.) Ching; Pyrrosia cornuta (Copel.) Cyclophorus cinnamomeus Alderw.; Cyclophorus indu-
Tagawa; Pyrrosia dimorpha (Copel.) Parris; Pyrrosia nuda ratus H. Christ; Cyclophorus longifolius (Burm. f.) Desv.;
(Giesenh.) Ching; Pyrrosia pachyderma (Baker) Ching; Cyclophorus macropodus (Baker) C. Chr.; Cyclophorus
Pyrrosia stellata (Copel.) Parris; Pyrrosia varia (Kaulf.) scolopendrium Desv.; Cyclophorus valleculosus Alderw.;
Farw.) (Latin adnascens ‘growing to, growing upon’) Gyrosorium fissum (Blume) C. Presl; Niphobolus acrostichoi-
SE Asia. Fern, creeping scaly rhizomes, dimorphic frons des (G. Forst.) Bedd.; Niphobolus fissus Blume; Niphobolus
longifolius (Burm. f.) Spreng.; Niphobolus puberulus Blume;
See Species Plantarum 2: 1067. 1753, Mémoires sur les Niphobolus scolopendrium (Desv.) T. Moore; Polypodium
Familles des Fougères 5: 81. 1852, Index Filicum 10. 1857, acrostichoides G. Forst.; Polypodium fissum (Blume) Baker;
Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 24(160): 152. 1887 Polypodium macropodum Baker; Pyrrosia acrostichoides
and Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 69(820): 102. (G. Forst.) Ching; Pyrrosia coccideisquamata Gilli; Pyrrosia
1931, American Midland Naturalist 12(8): 245. 1931, Bull. fissa (Blume) Mehra; Pyrrosia macropoda (Baker) Ching)
Chinese Botanical Society 1(1): 45–46. 1935, Glimpses Pl.
Res. 4: 98–130. 1979, J. Cytol. Genet. 22: 156–161. 1987 South America.

(Whole plant astringent, for dysentery. Frond burnt and the Flora Indica … nec non Prodromus Florae Capensis
ash put in fresh cuts or wounds to stop bleeding; frond juice 228. 1768, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux, Classés par
for the treatment of dysentery and burns.) Familles 5: 89. 1803, Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender
Freunde zu Berlin Magazin für die neuesten Entdeckungen
in Japan: hito-tsuba-mame-zuta in der Gesammten Naturkunde 5(3): 300–301. 1811,
Malay name: tetumpang Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4(1): 45. 1827,
Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft
in Nepal: harparo
der Wissenschaften 6: 501. 1851, Synopsis Filicum 351.
Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farwell (Acrostichum lingua M. 1867 and Journal de Botanique (Morot) 21(11–12): 271.
Martens & Galeotti; Acrostichum lingua Thunb.; Acrostichum 1908, Notes Pteridologiques 7: 125. 1918, Bulletin du Jardin
lingua Raddi; Cyclophorus bodinieri Lev.; Cyclophorus lin- Botanique de Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 5: 192. 1922, Journal of the
gua (Thunb.) Desv. var. angustifrons Hayata; Cyclophorus Washington Academy of Sciences 36(5): 168. 1946, Austral.
taiwanensis (Christ) C. Chr.; Niphobolus bodmartini Christ; Syst. Bot. 15: 839–937. 2002
Niphobolus lingua (Thunb.) Spreng.; Polycampium lin-
(Rhizome infusion purgative. Childbirth, easy delivery,
gua (Thunb.) C. Presl; Polypodium lingua (Thunb.) Sw.;
Polypodium taiwanensis Christ; Pyrrosia martini (Christ) pound the leaves in cold water and drink the water.)
Ching; Pyrrosia medogenensis Ching & S.K. Wu) in Ecuador: calaguala
Japan. Malay name: suloi
See Fl. Jap. 330–331, pl. 33. 1784, Synopsis Filicum 29. 1806, Pyrrosia mannii (Giesenh.) Ching (Niphobolus mannii
Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 4(1): 45. 1827, Giesenh.)
Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 224–225. 1827,
Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft China.
der Wissenschaften, ser. 5 6: 496. 1851 and Amer. Midl. Nat. See Giesenhagen, Karl Friedrich Georg (1860–1928), Die
12(8): 302. 1931, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 82: 482–487. 1969, Res. Farngattung Niphobolus, eine Monographie. Jena, G.
Bull. Fac. Educ. Oita Univ., Nat. Sci. 6(4): 17–46. 1983, J. Fischer, 1901, Bulletin of the Chinese Botanical Society 1(1):
Jap. Bot. 70: 194–204. 1995 55. 1935, Glimpses Pl. Res. 4: 98–130. 1979, Ill. Fern Fl.
(Whole plants are used as medicine for diuresis, clear heat Kumaon Himalaya 1: 97. 2003
and eliminate wetness for incised wound, burn and scald, (Antibacterial.)
diseases due to asthenia of viscera.)
Pyrrosia petiolosa (Christ) Ching (Cyclophorus petiolosus
in English: felt fern, Japanese felt fern, tongue fern (H. Christ) C. Chr.; Niphobolus petiolosa (H. Christ) Diels;
in China: shi wei Polypodium petiolosum Christ)
in Japan: hito-tsu-ba China.
Pyrrosia longifolia (Burm. f.) C.V. Morton (Acrostichum See Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Soc. Ital. n.s. 4(1): 96, t. 1. f. 2. 1897
bicolor Cav.; Acrostichum longifolium Burm. f.; Candollea and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
longifolia (Burm. f.) Mirb.; Cyclophorus acrostichoides schichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 207. 1900, Index
(G. Forst.) C. Presl; Cyclophorus acrostichoides fo. car- Filicum fasc. 4: 200. 1905, Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1(1): 59–60.
nosa Alderw.; Cyclophorus acrostichoides var. backeri 1935, J. Jap. Bot. 70: 194–204. 1995
Pyrularia Michaux Santalaceae 3153

(Whole plants diuretic.) 198, 201. 1905, Bull. Chin. Bot. Soc. 1(1): 62, 67–69. 1935,
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(1): 38. 1983, Monogr.
in China: you bing shi wei
Pyrrosia 256. 1986
Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price (Drymoglossum pilo-
(Whole plants used to promote diuresis.)
selloides (L.) C. Presl; Drymoglossum piloselloides C. Presl;
Drymoglossum piloselloides var. platycerioides Z. Teruya; in China: guang shi wei
Drymoglossum rotundifolium C. Presl; Elaphoglossum pilo-
selloides (L.) Keyserl.; Elaphoglossum piloselloides Keyserl.;
Elaphoglossum piloselloides T. Moore; Lemmaphyllum Pyrularia Michaux Santalaceae
piloselloides Luerss.; Lemmaphyllum piloselloides (L.)
Luerss.; Nothochlaena piloselloides (L.) Kaulf.; Notholaena A diminutive from the Latin pyrum, pirum, referring to the
piloselloides Kaulf.; Notholaena piloselloides (L.) Kaulf.; shape of the fruit, see Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 231–
Notholaena piloselloides (L.) Kaulf. ex Kaulf.; Oetosis pilo- 233. 1803, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants
selloides Kuntze; Oetosis piloselloides (L.) Kuntze; Pteris 2: 371. 1824.
piloselloides Blanco; Pteris piloselloides L.; Pteris pilosel- Pyrularia edulis (Wallich) A. DC. (Pyrularia bullata P.C.
loides Thunb.; Pteropsis piloselloides (L.) Desv.; Taenitis Tam; Pyrularia inermis Chien; Pyrularia sinensis Y.C. Wu;
piloselloides (L.) R. Br.) Sphaerocarya edulis Wallich)
SE Asia. China. Edible oil from the seeds
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 1530. 1763, See Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 231. 1803, Fl. Ind. 2: 371. 1824,
Fl. Jap. (Thunberg) 331. 1784, Prodromus Florae Novae Numer. List n. 4033. 1829, Prodr. (DC.) 14(2): 628. 1857
Hollandiae 154. 1810, Enumeratio Filicum 133. 1824, and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­
Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris 6: 218. 1827, schichte und Pflanzengeographie 71(2): 173. 1941, Botanical
Tentamen Pteridographiae 227, t. 10, f. 5–6. 1836, Fl. Filip. Bulletin of Academia Sinica 1: 128. 1947, Bulletin of
[F.M. Blanco] 830. 1837, Epimel. Bot. 157. 1851, Index Fil. Botanical Research 1(3): 71–72, f. 1. 1981, Tam Pui-cheung.
(T. Moore) 13. 1857, Polypodiacea et Cyatheacea Herbarii Santalaceae. In: Kiu Hua-shing & Ling Yeou-ruenn, eds., Fl.
Bungeani 36. 1873, Botanisches Centralblatt 11(2): 78. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 24: 52–86. 1988
1882, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 817–818. 1891 and
Kalikasan, Philippine Journal of Biology 3: 176. 1975 [1974] (Seeds emetic. Acrid fruits.)

(For headache, pound the leaves and apply to the head, cool- in China: tan li
ing, for the treatment of swellings, sprains and for relieving Pyrularia pubera Michx.
pain.)
North America. Perennial, deciduous shrub, inconspicuous
in India: chion-chengo flowers, fruit a pear-shaped drupe
Malay name: akar petek, paku sebeneh, sebebeh See Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 233. 1803
in the Philippines: pagong-pagongan (Seeds poisonous, severe irritation of the mouth.)
Pyrrosia subfurfuracea (Hook.) Ching (Cyclophorus bonii in English: buffalo nut, elk nut
(H. Christ ex Giesenh.) C. Chr.; Cyclophorus calvatus
(Baker) C. Chr.; Cyclophorus esquirolii Lev.; Cyclophorus
subfurfuraceus (Hook.) C. Chr.; Niphobolus bonii H. Christ
Pyrus L. Rosaceae
ex Giesenh.; Niphobolus calvatus (Baker) Diels; Niphobolus
subfurfuraceus (Hook.) Bedd.; Polypodium calvatum Baker; Latin pirum, pyrum ‘a pear’, pirus, pyrus ‘a pear-tree’,
Polypodium subfurfuraceum Hook.; Pyrrosia bonii (H. Akkadian pir’um, per’um, Hebrew peri ‘fruit, offspring’;
Christ ex Giesenh.) Ching; Pyrrosia calvata (Baker) Ching; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 479–480. 1753,
Pyrrosia pseudocalvata Ching; Pyrrosia pseudocalvata Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 214. 1754, Synopsis Plantarum
Ching, Boufford & K.H. Shing; Pyrrosia subforforacea 2(1): 38. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
(Hook.) Hovenkamp; Pyrrosia subfurfuracea Hovenkamp; Vegetabilis (DC.) 2: 633, 635–637. 1825, Flora Austriaca
Pyrrosia subfurfuracea (Hook.) Ching; Pyrrosia subfurfu- 2: 7. 1831, Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis
racea (Hook.) Hovenkamp; Pyrrosia subtruncata Ching) Monographicae 3: 104, 216. 1847 and Illustriertes
Handbuch der Laubholzkunde 1(5): 684. 1906, American
China.
Midland Naturalist 4(3): 93–94. 1915, Flora URSS 9: 387.
See Species Filicum 5: 52–53. 1864, Ferns of British India t. 1939, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 432–484. 1946, J. Arnold Arbor.
259. 1868, J. Bot. London 17(198): 304. 1879 and Botanische 55(4): 643, 646. 1974, Giovanni Semerano, Le origini della
Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und cultura europea. Dizionario della lingua Latina e di voci
Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 207. 1900, Index Filicum fasc. 4: moderne. 2(2): 518. Firenze 1994.
3154 Pyrus L. Rosaceae

Pyrus communis L. (Pyrus communis Thunb.; Pyrus com- Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Kultur 1847:
munis Durieu; Pyrus communis Gouan) 292. 1848, Allg. Gartenzeitung (Otto & Dietrich) 17: 84.
1849, Fl. Orient. [Boissier] Suppl. 199. 1888
Cosmopolitan.
See Species Plantarum 1: 479; 2: 1200. 1753, Fl. Jap. (Bark for fever and diarrhea.)
(Thunberg) 207. 1784 and Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot. 22: in India: galao, thulmole
37–69. 1980
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
(Fruit astringent, sedative, for capillary bleeding.)
India, Nepal, Himalaya. Ripe fruits eaten
in English: common pear, pear, western pear
See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 236–237. 1825
in India: bagugosha, berikaya, berikkdi, nakh
in Japan: seiyô-nashi (The juice of the leaves used for eye troubles. Fruit juice
given for diarrhea; ripe fruits chewed to cure the injuries of
in Arabic: anjas the tongue. Veterinary medicine, aqueous extract of the fruit
Pyrus lanata D. Don (Sorbus lanata (D. Don) S. Schauer; dropped in ophthalmic diseases; fruits paste applied for the
Sorbus lanata Boiss.; Sorbus lanata S. Schauer) treatment of blisters on animal tongue, or the aqueous extract
of the fruit given for the same purpose.)
Himalaya, India. Ripe fruits eaten
in India: garhmehau, kaenth, kainth, mehal, mohal, mol
See Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 237. 1825, Schauer, Sebastian (fl.
1847), Uebersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der in Nepal: mayal
 Q
Quadrella (DC.) J. Presl Capparaceae Qualea acuminata Spruce ex Warm. (Qualea speciosa
Huber)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1:
251. 1824, Prir. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl. 2: 260. 1825, Flora South America. Small tree, white and pink flowers
Brasiliensis 13(1): 269. 1865 and Journal of the Botanical See Flora Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(2): 40–41. 1875
Research Institute of Texas 4(1): 93–115, 117–127. 2010. and Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e
Quadrella indica (L.) H.H. Iltis & X. Cornejo (Breynia Ethnographia 3: 425. 1902
indica L.; Capparis amygdalina Lam.; Capparis breynia (Bark infusion drunk as taenifuge, vermifuge.)
Kunth, nom. illeg.; Capparis breynia L.; Capparis breynia
Jacq. ex Hemsl., nom. inval.; Capparis furfuracea DC.; Qualea grandiflora Mart. (Qualea ecalcarata Mart.;
Capparis furfuracea Sessé & Moc.; Capparis indica Druce; Schuechia brasiliensis Endl. ex Walp.; Schuechia ecalcarata
Capparis indica (L.) Druce; Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & (Mart.) Warm.)
Rendle; Capparis tonduzii Briq.; Linnaeobreynia indica (L.) South America, Brazil.
Hutch.; Linnaeobreynia tonduzii (Briq.) Hutch.; Pleuteron
breynia Raf.; Pleuteron breynia (L.) Raf.; Pseudocroton See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … (Martius) 1: 130,
tinctorius Müll.Arg.; Quadrella breynia (L.) J. Presl; 133, t. 78, 79. 1824, Repertorium Botanices Systematicae.
Quadrella breynia J. Presl; Quadrella furfuracea (DC.) J. (Walpers) 2: 68. 1843, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
Presl; Quadrella furfuracea J. Presl; Uterveria breynia (L.) Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 29: 33. 1867
Bertol.; Uterveria breynia Bertol.) and Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1–2): 207–214.
2006, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107(1): 19–24. 2006,
Neotropics, Nicaragua. Phytotherapy Research: PTR. 22(5): 705–707. 2008
See Prodr. Fasc. Rar. Pl., 13, t. ad p. 13. 1739, Species (Leaves extract antimicrobial, central nervous system depres-
Plantarum 1: 503. 1753, Systema Naturae, Editio Decima sant, analgesic, anticonvulsant, used to treat gastric ulcers.)
2: 1071. 1759, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 1: 608.
1785, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum [H.B.K.] (quarto Qualea multiflora Mart. (Qualea jundiahy Warm.; Qualea
ed.) 5: 97. 1821, Prir. Rostlin Aneb. Rostl. ii. 260. 1825, Sylva multiflora subsp. pubescens (Mart.) Stafleu; Qualea mul-
Tellur. 109. 1838, Pl. Nov. Hort. Bonon. ii. 10. 1839, Flora tiflora var. glabra (Mart.) Mart.; Qualea multiflora var.
55: 24. 1872, Biologia Centrali-Americana; … Botany … pubescens Mart.; Qualea pilosa Warm.; Qualea pilosa var.
1(1): 43. 1879 and Botanical Exchange Club and Society heterophylla Kuntze; Qualea pilosa var. multinervia Kuntze;
of the British Isles (Report) 3: 415. 1914, The Genera of Qualea virgata Rusby)
Flowering Plants 2: 310. 1967, Journal of Botany, British South America.
and Foreign 52(618): 144. 1914, The Genera of Flowering
Plants 2: 311. 1967, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 69(2): 426. See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … (Martius) 1:
1982 [1983], Willdenowia 34: 262. 2004, Novon 17(4): 452. 134–135, t. 80. 1824, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk
2007, Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn 31. 1867, Flora
4(1): 126–127. 2010 Brasiliensis (Martius) 13(2): 45. 1875, Revisio Generum
Plantarum 3(3): 11. 1898 and Bulletin of the New York
(Hot water extract of fruits and hot water extract of roots Botanical Garden 8(28): 99. 1912, Acta Botanica Neerlandica
administered orally against menstrual complaints.) 2(2): 196. 1953, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
in English: black witty, white willow 56(3): 333–338. 1984
(Molluscicidal.)

Qualea Aubl. Vochysiaceae Qualea paraensis Ducke

See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 5, 18, t. Brazil.

1, 2. 1775, Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 6: 265. See Archivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 1:
1820, Genera Plantarum [Endlicher] 1178. 1840 and Acta 48–49, pl. 16. 1915, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69(2):
Botanica Neerlandica 2: 153, 192. 1953, Pittieria 2: 6. 1969, 127–137. 2000
Phytochemistry. 55(6): 581–587. 2000.
(Used to treat scabies, also antimalarial.)

3155
3156 Quararibea Aublet Bombacaceae (Malvaceae)

Qualea parviflora Mart. (Qualea parviflora var. discolor de Genève, Sér. 2 11: 205, 207, fig. 1–3. 1919 [1920],
Mart.; Qualea parviflora var. glabrata Mart.; Qualea parvi- Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
flora var. tomentosa Mart.) 23(3): 787–788. 1923, Contributions from the University of
Michigan Herbarium 6: 44, f. 2. 1941, Publications of the
South America, Brazil.
Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 23(2): 62.
See Nova Genera et Species Plantarum … (Martius) 1: 135, 1944, The Bulletin, The Horticultural Society of New York,
t. 81. 1824 and Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. C, Journal vol. III, no. 4, 1–4. 1972
of biosciences. 63(11–12): 794–800. 2008, Journal of
(Fruits used to control fevers. Flowers used for a refreshing
Ethnopharmacology 127(2): 508–514. 2010
invigorating beverage; flowers a cough remedy, also to regu-
(Antiulcer, gastroprotective, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, anti- late menstruation and hysteria.)
hemorrhagic and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities.)
in Mexico: cacahoaxochitl, cacauaxochitl, flor de cacao,
madre de cacao, molinillo, palo copado, pozol, pozonque,
pozonqui (the drink), rosita de cacao, tejate (a chocolate-fla-
Quararibea Aublet Bombacaceae (Malvaceae)
vored beverage), yieb-díe
A vernacular name, guarariba, for Quararibea guyanensis
Aubl., see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2:
691–692, pl. 278. 1775 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique Quassia L. Simaroubaceae
de Genève, Sér. 2 11: 205, 207, fig. 1–3. 1919[1920],
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 386–403. 1949, Pérez de Barradas, Named to honor Graman Quasi (or Quassi or Kwasi, from
José. Plantas mágicas americanas. Madrid, 1957, Botanical kwasida or kwasi = Sunday or the first day of the week), a
Museum Leaflets—Harvard University. 17(9): 247–264. Negro slave of Carl Gustav Dahlberg when he explored
1957, Botanical Museum Leaflets—Harvard University. Suriname (Dutch Guiana), Quashee is the nickname for
25(7): 183–189. 1977, Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115. negro (from Ashantee or Fantee kwasi, name commonly
1995, Brenesia 47–48: 17–36. 1997, Ceiba 44(2): 105–268. given to child born on Sunday); see C. Linnaeus, Species
2003 [2005]. Plantarum. Ed. 2. 1: 553. 1762, Fam. Pl. 2: 449, 571. 1763,
De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 352. 1791, F.
Quararibea cordata (Bonpl.) Vischer (Matisia cordata D’Alberti di Villanuova, Dizionario universale, critico, enci-
Bonpl.; Quararibea cordata Visch.; Quararibea cordata clopedico della lingua italiana. Lucca 1797–1805, Genera
García-Barr. & Hern. Cam., nom. illeg.; Quararibea cordata Nova Madagascariensia 14. 1806[1808], Georg Christian
(Humb. & Bonpl.) García-Barr. & J. Hernandez) Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch.
Colombia, Peru. 746. 1852, Histoire des Plantes 4: 491. 1873 and Fieldiana,
Bot. 24(5): 425–434. 1946, Adansonia, séries 2, 1(1): 65–92.
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2: 691–692, 1961, Blumea 11(2): 509–528. 1962, C.T. Onions, The Oxford
pl. 278. 1775, Plantae Aequinoctiales 1: 9–12, t. 2a, 2b. Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford University Press
1808[1805] and Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève 1966, Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of
11: 206, f. 1(7), 2(3), 3(4). 1919[1920], Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Modern English. 2: 1183. New York 1967, Salvatore Battaglia,
Bot. Ser. 13(3A/2): 477–478, 593–622. 1956, Bot. Not. 127: Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XV: 96–97. Torino
309–316. 1974, Mutisia 2: 4. 1952, Rep. Bot. Inst. Univ. 1994, Pharmaceutical Biology 41(2): 107–157. 2003.
Aarhus 16: 1–74. 1987
Quassia africana Baillon (Quassia africana (Baill.) Baill.;
(Tonic, astringent, antiseptic, for skin diseases.) Simaba africana Baill.)
Quararibea funebris (La Llave) Vischer (Lexarza funebris Tropical Africa. Small tree or shrub, woody, scrambling,
La Llave; Myrodia funebris (La Llave) Benth.; Myrodia gua- compound alternate leaves, coriaceous leaflets opposite ses-
temalteca Donn. Sm.; Quararibea fieldii Millsp.; Quararibea sile, perianth dull white with pink-brownish base, flower buds
funebris Vischer; Quararibea funebris (La Llave) Standl.;
greenish-white, scented creamy-white flowers in raceme-like
Quararibea gentlei Lundell; Quararibea guatemalteca
panicles, lowland forest, open forest, edge of forest near
(Donn. Sm.) Standl. & Steyerm.) (The tree was associated
stream
with mourning the deceased or with death.)
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 553. 1762, Histoire
Mexico. Evergreen tree, conical, dense foliage, highly aro-
des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1: 400, t. 153. 1775,
matic spicy white flowers
Adansonia 7: 38. 1867, Adansonia 8: 89. 1868
See Novorum Vegetabilium Descriptiones [La Llave &
(Stem and leaves febrifuge, bitter tonic, insecticidal, vermi-
Lexarza] 2: 7. 1825, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany
fuge used for gastrointestinal complaints. Infusion of leaves
6: 115. 1862, Botanical Gazette 16(1): 2. 1891, Publications
for dysmenorrhea.)
of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 1(3):
309–310, t. 19. 1896 and Bulletin de la Société Botanique in Central African Republic: pourou
Quassia L. Simaroubaceae 3157

in Congo: mupessi, otapaa, simbikali Juss.; Samadera tetrapetala (Poir.) G. Don; Samadera tetra-
petala G. Don; Samandura madagascariensis Gaertner)
Quassia amara L. (Quassia alatifolia Stokes; Quassia offi-
cinalis Rich.) Madagascar. Shrub or small tree, wood light and soft, leaves
coriaceous dark glossy green above, petiole red, inflorescences
Tropical America. Small tree or shrub, erect, multi-stemmed,
pendulous, petals greenish yellow with red-orange tint, sta-
pink flowers, yellow anthers
mens yellow, fruit yellow-green reddish on dangling peduncles
See Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 1: 553. 1762, Actes
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 352, t. 156.
de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris 1: 108. 1792,
1791, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 4: 490. 1797,
A Botanical Materia Medica 2: 491. 1812 and Kupchan,
Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle 12: 516,
S.M., Streelman, D.R. “Quassimarin, “A new antileukemic
quassinoid from Quassia amara.” J. Org. Chem. 41: 348. t. 27, f. 46. 1825, A General History of the Dichlamydeous
1976, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67(3): 321–325. 1999, Plants 1: 811. 1831, Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 874. 1884 and
African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 32(4): Adansonia, n.s. 1: 65–92. 1961, Blumea 11(2): 517. 1962,
353–356. 2003 Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 44(11): 2009–2014. 1996

(Antimalarial, tonic, analgesic, antiedematogenic, antibac- (Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Decoctions of the stem or root
terial, antifungal, antifertility, vermifuge, antiulcerogenic, bark drunk against dysentery and fever. Crushed bark applied
stomachic, for gastrointestinal complaints. Roots steeped in to burns and bleeding wounds. Bark and wood antiinflam-
water overnight and the infusion taken for fevers including matory, febrifuge, tonic, stomachic, emmenagogue, used for
malaria fever. Bark decoction used to treat snakebites and contusion and against itchiness. Take decoction of bark and
liver disorders. Aphicide, the water extract of the wood.) wood as needed, or mixed with coconut oil for fever. Root
infusion drunk to cure impotence, hypertension, and as an
in English: bitter ash, bitter quassia, bitter wood, quassia aphrodisiac. Rheumatism, roast seed, pound, and apply over
bitters, South American bitter wood, stave wood, Surinam affected area. Infusion of wood taken as a tonic, infusion of
quassia wood leaves used as insecticide, especially against white ants.)
in Bolivia: amargo negro, chiriguaná, chuña-chuña, lucumo in Borneo: kelapahit
in Brazil: maruba, marupá, murubá, murupá, quassia, quina- in India: gucchakaranjah, karincottai, karinghola, karing-
de-caiena, simaruba hota, karingota, karingotta, karinjotta, karinjottei, karin-
in Central America: cuasia, cuasia de Surinam, guavito, notta, lokanti, lokhandi, lokhanti, nibam, niepa, nipa, nipam,
hombre grande, limoncillo, palo de hombre, palo isidoro, notta, samdera
quashie bitters in Indonesia: gatep pait
in Indonesia: genteng peudjit, ki tjongtjorang in Madagascar: befaitra, bemafaitra, bemafaitry, bifaitra,
in the Philippines: corales, kuasia kafaitra

Quassia borneensis Noot. in Philippines: daraput, linatog-anat, linton-gamai, mabing-

dato, malunggal, manunggal, mongal, palagarium, palagium,
Borneo. Tree palo santo, ponoan
(Root infusion drunk to cure impotence, hypertension, and Quassia undulata (Guill. & Perr.) D. Dietr. (Hannoa
as an aphrodisiac.) chlorantha Engl. & Gilg; Hannoa ferruginea Engl.; Hannoa
in Borneo: medang pahit kitombetombe G.C.C. Gilbert; Hannoa klaineana Pierre &
Engl.; Hannoa longipes (Sprague) G.C.C. Gilbert; Hannoa
Malay name: kayu pahit njariensis G.C.C. Gilbert; Hannoa undulata (Guill. &
Quassia dioica P.J. Bergius Perr.) Planchon; Hannoa undulata Planch.; Odyendyea zim-
mermannii Engl.; Quassia sanguinea Cheek & Jongkind;
South America. Simaba undulata Guill. & Perr.; Zwingera undulata (Guill.
See Materia Medica 355. 1778 & Perr.) Steud.; Zwingera undulata Steud.)
(Antimalarial, tonic, analgesic, antiedematogenic, antibac- Tropical Africa. Shrub or tree, variable, inflorescence an axil-
terial, antifungal, antifertility, vermifuge, antiulcerogenic, lary or terminal lax thyrse, honey plant, fodder, shoots browsed
stomachic, for gastrointestinal complaints. Roots steeped in by herbivores, fruit edible or not edible, seed cake eaten
water overnight and the infusion taken for fevers including
See Synopsis Plantarum 2: 1416. 1840, Nomenclature
malaria fever. Bark decoction used to treat snakebites and
Botanique [Steudel], ed. 2, 2: 802. 1841, London J. Bot. 5:
liver disorders.)
567. 1846, Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris
Quassia indica (Gaertn.) Noot. (Niota tetrapetala Poir.; 1237. 1896 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32(1): 122. 1902, Kunene-
Samadera indica Gaertn.; Samadera madagascariensis A. Sambesi-Exped. [Warburg] 270. 1903, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37:
3158 Quercus L. Fagaceae

505. 1906 [1904–1906 publ. 1906], Botanische Jahrbücher in English: California live oak, coast live oak
für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Quercus agrifolia Née var. agrifolia (Quercus pricei Sudw.)
46: 282. 1911, Fl. Congo Belge & Ruanda-Urundi vii. 122.
1958, Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 28: 382. 1958, Journal North America. Perennial tree or shrub
of Ethnopharmacology 31(1): 59–65. 1991, International
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Anales de Ciencias
Journal for Parasitology 28(4): 635–640. 1998, Journal of
Naturales 3: 271. 1801, Report of an Expedition down to the
Ethnopharmacology 67(3): 321–325. 1999, African Journal
Zuni and Colorado Rivers 172, pl. 17. 1853, Proceedings of
of Medicine and Medical Sciences 32(4): 353–356. 2003,
the California Academy of Sciences 1: 25. 1855 and Division
Kew Bull. 63(2): 249–250. 2008
of Forestry: Bulletin [U.S. Department of Agriculture] 13:
(Seed considered poisonous to livestock, used as febrifuge, 157, f. A. 1907, Madroño 2(4): 38. 1931
antiviral, insecticidal and arachnicidal. Stem, stem bark and
(Used to heal the bleeding navel of a newborn. Ceremonial.)
root bark extracts antimalarial. Leaves and stem antibacte-
rial and antifungal. Stem bark or root bark as antidote, aph- in English: California live oak, coast live oak
rodisiac and purgative, used against fever, hysteria, mental Quercus alba L. (Quercus alba Deam, nom. illeg., non
disorders, insanity, dementia, leprosy, cough and stomach Quercus alba L.)
complaints; root bark antimalarial, antitumour.)
North America.
in Ghana: glantori
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753 and J. Arnold
in Nigeria: takandar giwa (Hausa); bummere badi (Fula); Arbor. 56: 336–363. 1975, Sandusky, G.E. et al. “Oak poison-
oriji (Yoruba) ing of cattle in Ohio.” J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 171: 627–629.
in Tanzania: mjoho 1977, Basden, K.W., Dalvi, R.R. “Determination of total phe-
nolics in acorns from different species of oak trees in con-
in Togo: digbere, yayabe junction with acorn poisoning in cattle.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol.,
29: 305–306. 1987

Quercus L. Fagaceae (Ingesting the leaves and acorns has caused some toxic prob-
lems in cattle. In severe cases, renal failure usually results
The ancient Latin name for this tree, quercus, us; Akkadian in death. Medicinally used to treat diarrhea, indigestion,
daru ‘everlasting, enduring, durable: said of materials, chronic dysentery, mouth sores, chapped skin, asthma, milky
constructions’, kassu ‘strong’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species urine, rheumatism, coughs, sore throat, bleeding piles and
Plantarum. 2: 994–997. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 431. muscle aches, as an antiseptic and emetic, and a wash for
1754, Histoire Naturelle des Végétaux. Phanérogames 11: 60. chills and fevers, to bring up phlegm, as a witchcraft medi-
1842, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk cine. The concentration of toxic phenolics is less than in red
Forening i Kjøbenhavn 1866: 65. 1866, Kongelige Danske or black oak (Quercus rubra or Quercus velutina), symptoms
videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Naturvidenskabeli are similar for all three species of oak.)
Mathematisk Afdeling 9: 370. 1871 and Notizblatt des
Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 13: 8. in North America: eastern white oak, chêne blanc, white oak
1936, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 369–396. 1952, Ann. Missouri Quercus bicolor Willdenow (Quercus bicolor var. angus-
Bot. Gard. 47(2): 95–104. 1960, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande tifolia Dippel; Quercus bicolor var. cuneiformis Dippel;
dizionario della lingua italiana. XV: 113–116. 1994, Giovanni Quercus bicolor var. platanoides (Lam.) A. DC.; Quercus
Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario della discolor var. bicolor (Willd.) Hampton; Quercus platanoides
lingua Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 538–539. 1994. (Lamarck) Sudworth; Quercus prinus var. bicolor (Willd.)
Spach; Quercus prinus var. platanoides Lam.)
Quercus agrifolia Née (Quercus acroglandis Kellogg;
Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia (Torrey) J.T. Howell; North America.
Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia (Torr. ex Sitgr.) J.T. Howell;
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Encyclopédie
Quercus oxyadenia Torr. ex Sitgr.; Quercus pricei Sudw.)
Méthodique, Botanique 1: 720. 1783, Hortus Kewensis; or, a
North America. Perennial tree or shrub catalogue … 3: 358. 1789, Der Gesellsschaft Naturforschender
Freunde zu Berlin, neue Schriften 3: 396. 1801, Histoire
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Anales de Ciencias
Naturelle des Végétaux 11: 158. 1842, Prodromus Systematis
Naturales 3: 271. 1801, Report of an Expedition down to the
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 21. 1864, Handbuch der
Zuni and Colorado Rivers 172, pl. 17. 1853, Proceedings of
Laubholzkunde 2: 87. 1892
the California Academy of Sciences 1: 25. 1855 and Division
of Forestry: Bulletin [U.S. Department of Agriculture] 13: (Used in the treatment of cholera, broken bones, consump-
157, f. A. 1907, Madroño 2(4): 38. 1931 tion, and as a witchcraft medicine.)
(Used to heal the bleeding navel of a newborn.) in North America: swamp white oak, chêne bicolore
Quercus L. Fagaceae 3159

Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann (Quercus chrysolepis var. (Used to treat suppressed menses caused by cold.)
nana (Jepson) Jepson; Quercus chrysophyllus Kellogg;
in English: Hill’s oak, jack oak, Northern pin oak
Quercus crassipocula Torr.; Quercus fulvescens Kellogg;
Quercus wilcoxii Rydberg) Quercus elliptica Née (Quercus atrescentirhachis Trel.;
Quercus botryocarpa Trel.; Quercus chiquihuitillonis Trel.;
North America. Perennial tree or shrub, one of the most vari-
Quercus coccinata Trel.; Quercus comayaguana Trel.;
able North American oaks
Quercus elliptica Liebm. ex A. DC., nom. illeg.; Quercus
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Overs. Kongel. elliptica Liebm., nom. illeg.; Quercus exaristata Trel.;
Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. Medlemmers Arbeider. Quercus guayabalana Trel. ex Standl.; Quercus guaya-
1854: 173. 1854, Proceedings of the California Academy of balana Trel.; Quercus hondurensis Trel.; Quercus lanceo-
Sciences 1: 67, 70. 1855 lata M. Martens & Galeotti ex A. DC., nom. illeg.; Quercus
(The nuts considered poisonous.) langlassei Trel.; Quercus linguifolia Liebm.; Quercus
nectandrifolia Liebm.; Quercus oajacana Liebm.; Quercus
in North America: canyon live oak, maul oak peradifolia E.F. Warb.; Quercus porriginosa Trel.; Quercus
Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann var. chrysolepis (Quercus pubinervis M. Martens & Galeotti; Quercus salicifolia var.
wilcoxii Rydberg) oajacana (Liebm.) Wenz.; Quercus yoroensis Trel.; Quercus
yoroensis var. aguanana Trel.)
North America. Perennial tree or shrub
Central America, Mexico. Tree, pig fodder
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Overs. Kongel.
Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. Medlemmers Arbeider. See Anales Ci. Nat. 3(9): 278. 1801, Oversigt over det kon-
1854: 173. 1854, Proceedings of the California Academy of gelige danske videnskabernes selskabs forhandlinger og dets
Sciences 1: 67, 70. 1855 medlemmers arbeider. 1854: 175, 178, 180. 1854, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 31, 79. 1864,
(Poisonous. Ceremonial.) Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des
in North America: canyon live oak, maul oak Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 3: 207. 1884 and Memoirs
of the National Academy of Sciences 20: 138–140, 150, pl.
Quercus dumosa Nuttall (Quercus dumosa Greene, nom. 266. 1924, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 11(1): 25. 1930,
illeg., non Quercus dumosa Nutt.; Quercus dumosa Sarg., Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical
nom. illeg., non Quercus dumosa Nutt.) Series 8(1): 6. 1930, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 33: 316–
North America. Perennial tree or shrub 317. 1934, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1939: 92. 1939, Field
Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 9(4): 282. 1940
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, The North
American Sylva 1: 7. 1842, Illustrations of West American (Bark infusion taken for diarrhea.)
Oaks 35, pl. 18. 1889 Quercus falcata Michaux (Quercus cuneata Wangenh.
(Gall nuts used for sores and wounds and as an astringent. var. falcata (Michx.) Dippel; Quercus digitata Sudworth;
Ceremonial.) Quercus faginea subvar. microphylla (Cout.) A. Camus;
Quercus falcata Michaux var. triloba (Michaux) Nuttall;
in English: California scrub oak, coastal sage scrub oak, Quercus lusitanica fo. microphylla Cout.; Quercus nigra
Nuttall’s scrub oak var. falcata (Michx.) Kuntze; Quercus rubra Sarg.; Quercus
Quercus dumosa Nuttall var. dumosa rubra L. fo. falcata (Michx.) Trel.)
North America. Perennial tree or shrub North America.
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, The North See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Beytrag zur
American Sylva 1: 7. 1842, Illustrations of West American Teuteschen Holzgrechten Forstwissenschaft 78, pl. 5. 1787,
Oaks 35, pl. 18. 1889 Histoire des Chênes de l’Amérique no. 16, pl. 28. 1801,
Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 199. 1803, Genera 2: 214. 1818,
(Gall nuts used for sores and wounds and as an astringent.
Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 6: 69. 1888, Handbuch
Ceremonial.)
der Laubholzkunde 2: 113. 1891 and Memoirs of the
in English: California scrub oak, coastal sage scrub oak, National Academy of Sciences 20: 202. 1924, Les Chênes.
Nuttall’s scrub oak Monographie du genre Quercus Texte 2: 180. 1939
Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill (Quercus ellipsoidalis var. (Antiseptic, tonic, emetic, to treat indigestion, chronic dys-
kaposianensis J.W. Moore) entery, sores, chapped skin, chills and fevers, asthma, milky
urine.)
North America.
in English: Southern red oak, Spanish oak
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Botanical Gazette
27(3): 204–208, pl. 2–3. 1899 and Rhodora 52: 56. 1950 in North America: chêne rouge
3160 Quercus L. Fagaceae

Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A. Camus (Quercus flori- North America.

bunda Wall.; Quercus floribunda Lindl.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Anales de Ciencias
India. Naturales 3: 277. 1801, Flora Boreali-Americana 2: 159.
1840, Oversigt over det kongelige danske videnskabernes
See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2773. 1831 and Les Chênes.
selskabs forhandlinger og dets medlemmers arbeider. 173.
Monographie du genre Quercus Atlas 2: 131. 1935
1854, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
(Acorns diuretic, astringent, in gonorrhea, indigestion, diar- 16(2A): 24. 1864, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4 7: 255.
rhea, asthma.) 1871, Geological Survey of California, Botany 2: 96. 1880,
Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des
Quercus fusiformis Small (Quercus virginiana var. fusifor-
Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 3: 188. 1884 and Handb.
mis (Small) Sarg.)
Laubholzben. 74. 1903, Fl. Calif. 1(2): 354. 1909, Kalmia 13:
USA, Texas. 24. 1982
See Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 28(6): 357. 1901, (Used to treat tuberculosis and as a drink and a rub for moth-
Botanical Gazette 65(5): 448. 1918, Kalmia 13: 28. 1983 ers before childbirth.)
(Bark infusion drunk to relieve asthma or a persistent cough.) in English: Garry oak, Oregon oak, Oregon white oak
Quercus gambelii Nuttall (Quercus alba var. gunnisonii Quercus griffithii Hook. f. & Thomson ex Miq. (Quercus
Torr. & A. Gray; Quercus douglasii Hooker & Arnott var. aliena Blume subsp. griffithii (Hook. f. & Thomson ex
gambelii (Nuttall) A. DC.; Quercus douglasii var. novo- Miq.) Phengklai; Quercus aliena var. griffithii (Hook. f. &
mexicana A. DC.; Quercus gambelii var. gunnisonii Wenzig; Thomson ex Miq.) Schottky; Quercus griffithii Hook. f. &
Quercus gambelii var. gunnisonii (Torr. & A. Gray) Wenz.; Thomson)
Quercus lesueurii C.H. Muller; Quercus marshii C.H.
India, Himalaya, Thailand.
Muller; Quercus novomexicana (A. DC.) Rydb.; Quercus
stellata var. utahensis A. DC.; Quercus undulata Torrey var. See Museum Botanicum 1(19): 298. 1851 [Nov 1850 publ.
gambelii (Nuttall) Engelmann; Quercus utahensis Rydberg) early 1851], Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi
1: 104. 1863 and Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
North America.
Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 47(5): 635.
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Annals of the 1912, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 23(2): 625–628. 1999, Thai Forest
Lyceum of Natural History of New York 2: 248, pl. 4. 1827, Bulletin. Botany 34: 136. 2006
The Botany of Captain Beechey’s Voyage 391. 1841, Journal
(Ceremonial, symbolic uses, sapling used in the christening
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(2):
ceremony of a child.)
179. 1848, Pacif. Railr. Rep. 2(1): 130. 1857, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2A): 22–24. 1864, in China: da ye li
Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 3:
in India: sochu sii
382. 1876, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens
und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 3: 190. 1885 and Quercus iberica Steven (Lithocarpus korthalsii (Endl.)
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 2(6): 202, Soepadmo; Quercus hypochrysa Steven; Quercus iberica
208. 1901, American Midland Naturalist 18(5): 848. 1937, var. kozlowskyi (Woronow ex Grossh.) Gagnidze; Quercus
American Midland Naturalist 27(2): 476–477. 1942, Taxon kozlowskyi Woronow ex Grossh.; Quercus macrocarpa
33: 756–760. 1984 Michx.; Quercus macrocarpa Endl.; Quercus macrocarpa
var. depressa (Nuttall) Engelmann; Quercus mandanen-
(Frequently cause poisonings. As an astringent for sores,
sis Rydberg; Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. subsp. iberica
gum inflammations and abrasions; leaves a blood tonic. Used
(Steven) Krassiln.; Quercus pubescens var. iberica (Steven)
to alleviate postpartum pain, as a cathartic, as a ceremonial
Wenz.; Quercus sessiliflora fo. iberica (Steven) Ledeb.)
emetic and as a life medicine. Used like quinine to treat
recurring fevers.) North America.
in English: Gambel oak, Gambel’s oak, Fendler’s oak See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Flora Fuldensis
403. 1784, Histoire des Chênes de l’Amérique t. 2–3. 1801,
in Spanish: encino
Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 402. 1808, Genera Plantarum Suppl.
Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hooker (Quercus brew- 4(2): 24, 28. 1848, Flora Rossica 3(2): 590. 1850, Jahrbuch
eri Engelm.; Quercus douglasii Hooker & Arnott var. des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen
neaei (Liebmann) A. DC.; Quercus garryana subsp. brew- Museums zu Berlin 4: 190. 1886 and Flora Kavkaza 2: 24.
eri (Engelm.) E. Murray; Quercus garryana var. breweri 1930, Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii 5: 86. 1968,
(Engelm.) Jeps.; Quercus garryana var. jacobi (R. Brown Reinwardtia 8: 251. 1970, Flora Gruzii 2,3: 61. 1975, Taxon
ter) Zabel; Quercus jacobi R. Brown ter; Quercus lobata Née 31: 120–126. 1982, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the
var. breweri (Engelmann) Wenzig; Quercus neaei Liebmann) Indians … 23. 1991
Quercus L. Fagaceae 3161

(Used to treat heart troubles, cramps, diarrhea, itch and bro- See The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 29:
ken bones, to expel pinworms, and as an astringent.) Quercus no. 27. 1819 and Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 11(3):
254–255, pl. 32. 1966, Indian Forester 101(1): 101. 1975
in English: bur oak, burr oak, mossy-cup oak
(Bark juice mixed with juice of bark of Alnus nepalensis
in North America: uskuyecha-hu (Dakota), tashka-hi
applied for sprain; bark juice applied for bodyache.)
(Omaha-Ponca), chashke-hu (Winnebago), patki-natawawi
(Pawnee), chêne à gros fruits in China: tong mai li
Quercus ilex L. (Quercus ilex Lour.) (From the Latin ilex in India: ban, banj
(elex), -icis, ancient name for the holm oak tree, Quercus ilex
L., used also by Vergilius.) in Nepal: banjh, banjho, sarsi

North America. Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus (Quercus leucotri-

chophora A. Camus ex Bahadur)
See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 125. 1753 and 2:
995. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 60. 1754, Fl. Cochinch. India. Trees, exfoliating bark, coriaceous leaves, caducous
2: 571. 1790, Sylloge Plantarum Vascularium Florae stipules
Neapolitanae 472–474. 1831, Loudon, J. C. (John Claudius)
See The Cyclopaedia; or, universal dictionary of arts, … 29:
(1783–1843), Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum 1899.
Quercus no. 27. 1819 and Rivièra Scientifique 22: 66. 1935,
London, 1838, Pietro Bubani, Flora Virgiliana. 64–65.
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 11(3): 254–255, pl. 32. 1966,
Bologna 1870 and Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978, J. Cytol. Genet.
Indian Forester 101(1): 101. 1975
20: 204–205. 1985, Silvae Genet. 49(6): 243–245. 2000
(Wood decoction used in scabies and skin diseases. Corn
(Stimulant, tonic.)
astringent, diuretic, used in diarrhea, indigestion, gonorrhea
in English: holly oak, Holm oak, Holm’s oak, ilex and asthma. Bark decoction in dyspepsia; dried crushed bark
in eczema; juice oozing out from cut portion of stem used for
in India: brechur, irri
eye diseases.)
in Arabic: ballout
in English: ban oak, grey oak
Quercus incana W. Bartram (Quercus cinerea Michaux;
Quercus incana Roxb., nom. illeg., non Quercus incana W. in India: ban, banj
Bartram) Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (Cerris macrocarpa (Michx.)
India. Raf.; Quercus macrocarpa Endl.; Quercus macrocarpa
subsp. eumacrocarpa A. Camus, nom. inval.; Quercus mac-
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Travels through rocarpa var. depressa (Nuttall) Engelmann; Quercus manda-
North and South Carolina 378, 403. Philadelphia 1791, Flora nensis Rydberg; Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. subsp. iberica
Boreali-Americana 2: 197. 1803, Flora Indica; or, descrip- (Steven) Krassiln.; Quercus pubescens var. iberica (Steven)
tions of Indian Plants 3: 642. 1832 and Journal of Cytology Wenz.; Quercus sessiliflora fo. iberica (Steven) Ledeb.)
and Genetics 23: 219–228. 1988
North America.
in English: bluejack oak
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Flora Fuldensis
Quercus kelloggii Newb. (Quercus californica (Torr.) 403. 1784, Histoire des Chênes de l’Amérique t. 2–3. 1801, Fl.
Cooper; Quercus tinctoria Michx. var. californica Torr.) Taur.-Caucas. 2: 402. 1808, Alsogr. Amer.: 29. 1838, Genera
North America. Perennial tree or shrub Plantarum Suppl. 4(2): 24, 28. 1848, Flora Rossica 3(2):
590. 1850, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens
See Pacif. Railr. Rep. 4(5): 138. 1857, Reports of explora- und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 4: 190. 1886 and
tions and surveys: to ascertain the most practicable and eco- Flora Kavkaza 2: 24. 1930, Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh
nomical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Rastenii 5: 86. 1968, Reinwardtia 8: 251. 1970, Flora Gruzii
Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of 2,3: 61. 1975, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, M.R. Gilmore, Uses
War 6: 28, 89, f. 6. 1859 [Pacif. Railr. Rep.] of Plants by the Indians … 23. 1991
(Ceremonial, as a payment to a shaman.) (Used to treat heart troubles, cramps, diarrhea, itch and broken
in English: California black oak, Kellogg’s oak bones, to expel pinworms, and as an astringent and antidote.)
Quercus lanata Sm. (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus in English: bur oak, burr oak, mossy-cup oak
ex Bahadur; Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus; Quercus
in North America: uskuyecha-hu (Dakota), tashka-hi
tungmaiensis Y.T. Chang)
(Omaha-Ponca), chashke-hu (Winnebago), patki-natawawi
India, China. (Pawnee), chêne à gros fruits
3162 Quercus L. Fagaceae

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. var. macrocarpa (Quercus Quercus rubra Du Roi, nom. illeg., non Quercus rubra L.;
macrocarpa Michx. var. oliviformis (Michx. f.) A. Gray) Quercus rubra B.A. Sm. & Abbot, nom. illeg., non Quercus
rubra L.; Quercus rubra var. borealis (F. Michx.) Farw.)
North America. Perennial tree or shrub
North America.
See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Flora Fuldensis
403. 1784, Histoire des Chênes de l’Amérique t. 2–3. 1801, Fl. See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Die harbke-
Taur.-Caucas. 2: 402. 1808, Alsogr. Amer.: 29. 1838, Genera sche wilde Baumzucht: theils Nordamerikanischer und
Plantarum Suppl. 4(2): 24, 28. 1848, Flora Rossica 3(2): anderer fremder, theils einheimischer Bäume, Sträucher
590. 1850, Jahrbuch des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und strauchartigen Pflanzen … 2: pl. 5. 1772, Arbustrum
und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 4: 190. 1886 and Americanum 122. 1785, N.A. Sylva 1: 98, pl. 26. 1817 and
Flora Kavkaza 2: 24. 1930, Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 6: 206.
Rastenii 5: 86. 1968, Reinwardtia 8: 251. 1970, Flora Gruzii 1904, Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters 11:
2,3: 61. 1975, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982, M.R. Gilmore, Uses 90. 1916, Duncan, C.S. “Oak leaf poisoning in two horses.”
of Plants by the Indians … 23. 1991 Cornell Vet., 51: 159–162. 1961, Acta Biologica Cracoviensia,
Series Botanica 27: 57–74. 1985, Silvae Geneticae 39: 216–
(Used to treat heart troubles, cramps, diarrhea, itch and 219. 1990, M.R. Gilmore, Uses of Plants by the Indians …
broken bones, to expel pinworms, and as an astringent and 23. 1991
antidote.)
(This plant contains toxic tannins that have caused poison-
in English: bur oak, burr oak, mossy-cup oak ing and death in cattle and horses, all animals may poten-
in North America: uskuyecha-hu (Dakota), tashka-hi tially be affected. Sheep may have also been poisoned by
(Omaha-Ponca), chashke-hu (Winnebago), patki-natawawi this oak. The leaves and acorns are toxic. The immature
(Pawnee), chêne à gros fruits acorns contain more toxin than the mature acorns. Poisoning
can lead to depression, anorexia, loss of condition, and kid-
Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham. (Quercus lutescens ney damage. Kidney failure usually results in death. The
M. Martens & Galeotti; Quercus oleoides fo. lutescens toxic agents are polyhydroxyphenolic compounds (tannins)
(M. Martens & Galeotti) Trel.; Quercus oleoides var. aus- including gallic acid, pyrogallol, and tannic acid. Leaves bit-
tralis Trel.; Quercus oleoides var. lutescens (M. Martens & ter and astringent; for the treatment of sores, weakness, lung
Galeotti) A. Camus; Quercus oleoides var. typica A. Camus, problems, sore throat, dysentery, indigestion, chapped skin,
nom. inval.; Quercus retusa Liebm.) chills and fevers, asthma, cough, milky urine, bowel trouble,
Central America, Mexico. blood diseases.)

See Linnaea 5: 79. 1830, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles in English: Northern red oak, red oak, red tree, uta, uta-hu
10(2): 219. 1843 and Schlechtendalia 10: 15–65. 2003 (Dakota), buude-hi (Omaha-Ponca), Nahata-pahat (Pawnee),
chêne rouge
(Bark infusion for diarrhea.)
Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. (Quercus obtusifolia D. Don;
Quercus robur L. (Quercus pedunculata Ehrh., nom. nud.; Quercus obtusifolia (A. DC.) Rydb., nom. illeg.)
Quercus pedunculata Hoffm.; Quercus robur (Ten.) A. DC.;
Quercus robur subsp. eurobur A. Camus, nom. illeg.) India, Himalaya.

Europe. See Prodromus Florae Nepalensis 56–57. 1825

See Species Plantarum 2: 996. 1753, Beiträge zur Naturkunde (Crushed roots applied on cuts and wounds. Dried roots,
5: 161. 1790, Deutschland Flora 1: 338. 1791, Arboretum et leaves and fruits used as insecticides.)
Fruticetum Britannicum 1731. 1838, Prodromus Systematis in China: gao shan li
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 4–5. 1864 and Les Chênes.
Monographie du genre Quercus 2: 309. 1938, Watsonia 19: in India: kharsu
134–137. 1992, Phyton (Horn) 36: 139–146. 1996, Stud. Bot. Quercus serrata Thunb. (Quercus glandulifera Blume;
Univ. Salamanca 18: 39–46. 1999 Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata (A. DC.) Nakai;
Quercus glandulifera var. stellatopilosa W.H. Zhang;
(Bark boiled and used in bath for uterus disorders.)
Quercus glandulifera var. tomentosa B.C. Ding & T.B. Chao;
in English: common oak, English oak, oak tree, pedunculate Quercus ningqiangensis S.Z. Qu & W.H. Zhang; Quercus
oak, truffle oak serrata Roxb.; Quercus serrata Murray; Quercus serrata
Siebold & Zucc.; Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata (A.
in China: xia li
DC.) Nakai; Quercus serrata var. tomentosa (B.C. Ding &
in South Africa: akkerboom T.B. Chao) Y.C. Hsu & H.Wei Jen; Quercus urticifolia var.
brevipetiolata A. DC.)
Quercus rubra Linnaeus (Quercus borealis Michaux;
Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe; Quercus rubra Sarg.; Japan, China, India.
Quiina Aublet Quiinaceae (Ochnaceae) 3163

See Flora Japonica, … 176–177. 1784, Syst. Vegetabilium. See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Encyclopédie
Editio decima quarta 858. 1784, Flora Indica; or, descriptions Méthodique, Botanique 1(2): 721. 1783, Travels Through
of Indian Plants 3: 541. 1832, Flora Japonica 2: 102. 1846, North and South Carolina 37. 1794, Plantae Asiaticae
Museum Botanicum 1(19): 295. 1850, Prodromus Systematis Rariores 2: 41. 1831, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 16(2): 16. 1864 and Journal of Vegetabilis 16(2): 21. 1864, Revisio Generum Plantarum
the Arnold Arboretum 5(2): 76. 1924, Botanical Magazine 2: 642. 1891 and Plantae Wilsonianae 3(2): 236. 1916,
40(472): 165. 1926, Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sandusky, G.E. et al. “Oak poisoning of cattle in Ohio.” J.
Sinica 6(1): 52. 1986, Journal of Northwestern College of Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 171: 627–629. 1977, Cockrill, J.M.,
Forestry 6(2): 88. 1991, Journal of Beijing Forestry College Beasley, J.N. “Renal damage to cattle during acorn poison-
15(4): 44. 1993, J. Pl. Biol. 39: 15–22. 1996 ing.” Vet. Med. Small Anim. Clin., 74: 82, 84–85. 1979,
(Juice from the cut portion of the stem used for eye diseases. Basden, K.W., Dalvi, R.R. “Determination of total pheno-
Ceremonial, worship tree, rain-making through sacrifices in lics in acorns from different species of oak trees in conjunc-
the sacred forest.) tion with acorn poisoning in cattle.” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 29:
305–306. 1987
in China: bao li
(The acorns contain significant quantities of toxic pheno-
in India: sulemtong lics. This plant caused sickness and death in cattle after they
Quercus skinneri Benth. (Quercus chiapasensis Trel.; ingested acorns on autumn pastures, immature acorns con-
Quercus chiapasensis fo. cuneifolia Trel.; Quercus chiapa- tain more toxin than mature acorns. Used for indigestion,
sensis fo. falcilobata Trel.; Quercus chiapasensis fo. flagel- chronic dysentery, mouth sores, chills and fevers, chapped
lata Trel.; Quercus chiapasensis fo. longipes Trel.; Quercus skin, milky urine, lung trouble, sore eyes, as a tonic, antisep-
chiapasensis fo. petiolata Trel.; Quercus chiapasensis fo. tic, emetic.)
subcuneata Trel.; Quercus grandis Liebm.; Quercus gran- in English: black oak
dis var. tenuipes Trel.; Quercus hemipteroides C.H. Mull.;
Quercus salvadorensis Trel.; Quercus trichodonta Trel.) Quercus virginiana Miller (Quercus virginiana var. eximea
Sargent; Quercus virens Ait.)
Honduras, Mexico. Tree
North America, Atlantic Coastal Plain. Tree, evergreen,
See Gard. Chron. 1841: 16. 1841, Plantas Hartwegianas
monoecious, open spreading irregular crown, stout trunk,
imprimis Mexicanas 90. 1842 and Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.
massive branches, glabrous glossy leaves, male and female
54: 9, pl. 2. 1915, Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 20: 185–186, pl. 375.
flowers on separate spikes, younger trees develop suckers
1924, American Midland Naturalist 18(5): 853. 1937, Publ.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 17: 358. 1938, U.S.D.A. Bur. See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, The Gardeners
Pl. Industr. Misc. Publ. 477: 70. 1942 Dictionary, ed. 8. Quercus no. 16. 1768, Hortus Kewensis;
or, a catalogue … 3: 356. 1789, Alsographia Americana 28.
(Bark infusion to treat diarrhea.)
1838 and Botanical Gazette 65(5): 447–448. 1918, Journal of
Quercus stellata Wangenheim (Quercus minor (Marshall) the Arnold Arboretum 52: 159–195. 1971
Sargent; Quercus minor Gand., nom. inval.; Quercus minor
Ridl., nom. illeg., non Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg.; (Used for healing dysentery, utilized oil pressed from the
Quercus obtusiloba Michaux) acorns.)

North America. in English: live oak, southern live oak

See Species Plantarum 2: 994–997. 1753, Arbustrum

Americanum 120. 1785, Beytrag zur Teutschen holzgere- Quiina Aublet Quiinaceae (Ochnaceae)
chten Forstwissenschaft…, 78, plate 6, fig. 15. 1787, Flora
Boreali-Americana 2: 194. 1803, Garden & Forest 2: 471. A vernacular name, see Histoire des plantes de la Guiane
1889, Flora Europae 21: 41. 1890 and Journal of the Straits Françoise 2(Suppl.): 19, t. 379. 1775 and Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 57: 95. 1911 Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2187–2188. 2001.
(Used for indigestion, chronic dysentery, mouth sores, Quiina leptoclada Tul.
chapped skin, milky urine, as an antiseptic and a wash for South America. Small tree
fever and chills.)
See Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise 2(Suppl.):
in English: post oak
19, pl. 379. 1775, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 11: 159. 1849
Quercus velutina Lamarck (Quercus tinctoria W. Bartram,
(Leaves chewed for severe toothache.)
nom. nud.; Quercus velutina Lindl. ex Wallich, nom. illeg.
hom.; Quercus velutina L’Hér. ex A. DC.) Quiina longifolia Spruce ex Planch. & Triana
North America. South America. Tree
3164 Quillaja Molina Rosaceae (Quillajaceae)

See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4, 15: Amsterdam 1699, Instruction pour les Jardins Fruitiers et
314. 1861 Potagers, avec un Traité des Orangers. Amsterdam 1692
and Le Parfait Jardinier. Paris, Genève 1695; see A.P. de
(Hot poultice applied over a snakebite to reduce swelling.)
Candolle, rodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
4: 5. 1830, Monogr. Campan. 92, in adnot. 1830 and J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 45: 306. 1921, Kew Bulletin 18: 265. 1965, Mariella
Quillaja Molina Rosaceae (Quillajaceae) Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della Biblioteca
Spanish quillay, from the vernacular Araucani name quil- dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 223. Palermo 1988.
lai, killai; see Molina, Giovanni Ignazio (1740–1829), Saggio
Quintinia ledermannii Schltr.
sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 354–355. 1782, Edinburgh
New Philosophical Journal 10: 229. 1831 and Contr. Gray Papua New Guinea. Tree, forest
Herb. 184: 1–223. 1958, S. Battaglia, Grande dizionario della
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 5.
lingua italiana. XV: 152. 1994, H. Genaust, Etymologisches
1830 and Bot. Jahrb. Syst. lii. 125. 1914
Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 524. 1996.
(Inner bark applied to sores, wounds, cuts, boils.)
Quillaja saponaria Molina (Quillaja molinae (Molina) DC.,
nom. superfl.; Quillaja molinae DC.; Quillaja poeppigii in Papua New Guinea: solahe
Walp.; Quillaja saponaria Poir.)
Chile. Small tree, narrowly cylindrical, bark in flat strips,
branches pendulous, flowers greenish-white, acrid and astrin- Quisqualis L. Combretaceae
gent taste Which and of what kind, Latin quis ‘which? who?’ and qualis
See Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili … 175, 354– ‘what kind? what?’; the name is based on Rumphius (Rumpf)
355. 1782, Encycl. (Lamarck) 6(1): 33. 1804, Prodromus (Georg Eberhard or Everard, 1628–1702) observation and
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 547. 1825, astonishment of the very variable growth habit of the plant.
Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. (Walpers) 2: 52. 1843 See C. Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. Ed. 2. 1: 556. 1762 and
and Montes, M. & Wilkomirsky, T. Medicina tradicional [Rumphius], Rumphius Gedenkboek 1702–1902. Haarlem,
chilena. Editorial de la Universidad de Concepción 1985, Koloniaal Museum 1902, Journal of Botany, British and
Hoffman, A, Farga, C, Lastra, J & Veghazi, E. Plantas Foreign 69(820): 120. 1931, G. Ballintijn, Rumphius de
medicinales de uso común en Chile. Fundacion Claudio blinde ziener van Ambon. Utrecht 1944, Fl. Mesoamer. 4(1):
Gay 1992, Future Med. Chem. 2(7): 1083–1097. 2010, J. 1–855. 2009.
Parasitol. 96(3): 643–647. 2010, J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
Quisqualis conferta (Jack) Exell (Quisqualis densiflora
63(5): 718–724. 2011, Antiviral Res. 90(3): 231–241. 2011, J.
Wallich ex Miq.; Quisqualis prostrata Craib; Quisqualis
Ethnopharmacol. 133(1):164–167. 2011
thorelli Exell; Sphalanthus confertus Jack)
(Stem, roots and leaves antiinflammatory, antiviral, expec-
Thailand, SE Asia. A prostrate shrub or woody climber, in
torant, cough sedative, immunostimulant, antinocicep-
margins of primary forest
tive, detergent, cleansing and analgesic, emulsifying agent,
cosmetic, tonic, antihelminthic, antiparasitic. Bark decoc- See Malayan Miscellanies 2(7): 55–56. 1822 and Journal of
tion used in hysteria, madness. For the inflammation of the Botany, British and Foreign 69: 122. 1931, Taxon 29: 712–
mucous membrane, for coughs and convulsions, used to treat 713. 1980
bronchitis especially in the early stages of the illness; it is not
recommended for use with dry coughs.) (A decoction of the leaves or juice from the pounded roots
used as a vermifuge.)
in English: Chilean soapbark tree, Panama wood, soap bark
tree in Malaysia: akar dani, dani, redani, selimpas, setandok,
sumang
in Chile: quillai, quillay
in Thailand: lep mue naang
in Vietnam: l[af]ng nhi[eef]u hoa, d[aa]y giun nh[or]
Quintinia A. DC. Saxifragaceae (Escalloniaceae,
Quisqualis indica L. (Combretum indicum (L.) Jongkind;
Grossulariaceae, Paracryphiaceae) Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps; Kleinia quadri-
After the French horticulturist Jean (Johannis) de la Quintinie color Crantz; Mekistus sinensis Lour. ex B.A. Gomes;
(Quintinye), 1626–1688 (or 1685, see Brian Halliwall in Ourouparia enormis Yamam.; Quisqualis glabra Burm.
Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. Volume 14. 3: 173. August f.; Quisqualis grandiflora Miq.; Quisqualis indica Blanco;
1997), botanist, he was appointed Director-General of the Quisqualis indica var. oxypetala Kurz; Quisqualis indica
Royal vegetable gardens by King Louis XIV, wrote L’Art ou var. villosa (Roxb.) C.B. Clarke; Quisqualis longiflora C.
la Manière particulière et seure de tailler des arbres fruitiers. Presl; Quisqualis loureiroi G. Don; Quisqualis obovata
Quisqualis L. Combretaceae 3165

Schumach. & Thonn.; Quisqualis pubescens Burm. f.; cough, a remedy for boils and ulcers. Roasted seeds astrin-
Quisqualis sinensis Lindl.; Quisqualis spinosa Blanco; gent, anthelmintic and febrifuge, used for headache. In
Quisqualis villosa Roxb.) large doses fruits, roots and seeds cause nausea, vomiting,
hiccough and even unconsciousness.)
China, India, Laos, Myanmar. Shrub, many-branched, mas-
sive foliage, woody vine, scandent, slender, scrambling, in English: Burma creeper, Chinese honeysuckle, liane-ver-
creeping, climbing, leaves opposite, sweetly aromatic flowers mifuge, Rangoon creeper
arching down, inflorescence a compact terminal spike pubes-
in Nicaragua: Santa Cecilia
cent, calyx a 5-lobed tube, petals lanceolate white to pink,
villous 5-angled cylindrical-fusiform ovary, fruit a dark dry in Panama: karate del humano
leathery capsule, oily seeds, ripe seeds and roots edible, very
in Cambodia: dong preah phnom, vor romiet nhi
disturbed places, in forest margins, undisturbed forest
in China: she jin zi, shih chun tzu, shi jun zi
See Iter Hispanicum 308. 1758, Species Plantarum, Editio
Secunda 1: 556. 1762, Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 489. 1766, Systema in India: madhabilata, rangoon-ki-bel, rangun, rangunumalli
Naturae, ed. 12 2: 674 (err. 638). 1767, Mantissa Plantarum
in Indonesia: bidani, cekluk, udani
1: 128. 1767, Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Françoise
1: 177, t. 68. 1775, Beskrivelse af Guineeiske planter 218– in Japan: Indo-shikunshi
219. 1827, Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturvidensk.
Math. Afh. 3: 238–239. 1828, Flora Indica; or, descriptions in Laos: dok ung, khua hung, ‘sa mang’
of Indian Plants 2: 426. 1832, Flora de Filipinas 361. 1837, in Malaysia: akar dani, akar pontianak, akar suloh, ordanie,
Edwards’s Botanical Register 30: pl. 15. 1844, Journal de selimpas, udani
Botanique Néerlandaise 1: 119. 1861, The Flora of British
India 2(5): 459. 1878 and J. Bot. 69: 124. 1931, Trans. Am. in Philippines: babi-babe, balitadham, balitadhan, kasumbal,
Phil. Soc. n.s. xxiv. II. 16, 282. 1935, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. niog-niogan, niogniogan, niugniugan, niyog-niyogan, pino-
Formosa 28: 332–333. 1938, Contr. Queensland Herb. 20: nes, sagasi, sagisi, tagisi, talolong, tangalon, tangolan, tango-
38. 1977, Flore du Gabon 35: 48. 1999 lon, tartaraok, tartarau, tortoraok

(Whole plant eaten fresh by both male and female as a in Thailand: a-doning, cha mang, lep mue naang,
contraceptive, a method of birth control. Fruit vermifuge. macheemang, tha mang, thai-mong
Leaves and seeds pesticide, insecticidal, anthelmintic,
in Vietnam: cay sau rieng, d[aa]y giun, day giun, lang an, qua
antinematodal, antifungal, vermifuge, antibacterial, pec-
nac, qu[ar] giun, s[uwr] qu[aa]n
toral, kill parasites, against toothache, used in ascaria-
sis, ringworm disease, malnutrition, diarrhea, flatulence, in Yoruba: ogan funfun, ogan igbo
 R
Radermachera Zollinger & Moritzi Bignoniaceae venom and also taken internally (Doctrine of Signatures).
Seed powder inhaled as an antidote for snakebite. Veterinary
Named after the Dutch botanist Jacobus Cornelius Matthaeus medicine, crushed roots given with water to treat abdominal
Radermacher, 1741–1783, amateur plant collector in Java, gases. Fruit kept inside the house wards off snakes.)
official in the Dutch East Indies, founder of the Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, author of in English: padri tree
Naamlijst der planten. Batavia 1780–1782. See Jonas C. in India: aane thanthu, aanethanthu vaaluka, akash garud,
Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis alambal, ambaalahude, ambaari hode, ambalahude, ambari
Josephi Banks. 3: 181. London 1800, A. Lasègue, Musée hode, anetantuvaluka, barathakhonnan, bersinge, dag-
botanique de Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845, Systematisches daua, dholte, edankorna, garud, genasaga, genasing, ghana
Verzeichniss der im Indischen Archipel 3: 53. 1854 and Rec. shringi, ghanashringa, ghanashrynga, ghanasinga, jainman-
Trav. Bot. Neerl. 1927, xxiv. 953, descr. emend. 1927, J.H. gal, hude, hulave, huvvulave, kaananakombu, kadalathi,
Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 122. 1965. kadalatti, kadashing, kalpadiri, kanana kombu, kanaka-
Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) Roxb. ex K. Schum. kombu, khadshing, kharsheng, kharsimg, kharsimgi,
(Bignonia xylocarpa Roxb.; Radermachera xylocarpa K. kharsing, kharsinge, khurshing, konana kombu, konana
Schum.; Spathodea xylocarpa (Roxb.) T. Anderson ex Brand; kombu mara, konana kombumara, linga dhari, lingnodaari
Spathodea xylocarpa T. Anderson ex Brand.; Tecoma xylo- oodi mara, malaiyudi, manjakadambe, mankombu, naga-
carpa (Roxb.) G. Don; Tecoma xylocarpa G. Don) dundilam, naguru, onthi, oodi mara, padiri, padirimilaidal,
pathiri, pannimuringa, patala, pathiri, patirevetamkaruna,
India. Tree, deciduous, yellow white fragrant flowers in
patiri, pudi mara, savadi, sirakkora, svetapatala, tetu, udi,
terminal panicles, funnel-shaped corolla, elongated woody
vadancarni, vadencarni, valuka, vedamkurunai, vedangu-
rough flat capsules covered with tubercles
runi, vedinkorana, vetamkaruna
See Flora Indica; or, descriptions of Indian Plants 3: 108.
1832, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 225.
1838, The forest flora of North-West and Central India 349. Radyera Bullock Malvaceae
1874, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl]
4(3b): 243. 1895 and Ethnobotany 16: 52–58. 2004 Named after the South African botanist Robert Allen Dyer,
1900–1987 (d. Pretoria), Director of the Botanical Research
(Used in Ayurveda. Leaf paste applied on cuts and wounds; Institute at Pretoria (1944–1963), he is best known for his
leaves smeared in castor oil and tied around the sprained Ceropegia, Brachystelma and Riocreuxia in Southern
part. Inner bark infusion given against snakebites; extract of Africa. Rotterdam 1983, The Vegetation of the Divisions of
bark along with bark extract of Soymida febrifuga given as Albany and Bathurst. Pretoria 1937, “The cycads of Southern
antidote and emetic in snakebite; extract of bark along with Africa.” Bothalia. 8: 405–516. 1965 and The Genera of
bark extract of Soymida febrifuga given in stomachache; Southern African Flowering Plants. Pretoria 1975–1976. See
bark extract given in urinary complaints; bark along with Species Plantarum 2: 687–690. 1753, Genera Plantarum 271.
barks of Holoptelea integrifolia and Moringa concanensis 1789 and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria ser. 2.
powered and applied in stomach pain; decoction of bark 22: 7. 1909, Alain Campbell White (b. 1880), The Succulent
along with that of bark of Oroxylum indicum given in jaun- Euphorbieae (Southern Africa). Pasadena 1941, Journal of
dice; paste of bark applied on wounds; stem bark used for South African Botany 10: 33. 1944, Arthur Allman Bullock
skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis; pounded bark boiled and (1906–1980), in Kew Bulletin for 1956. 23: 454. (Feb.) 1957,
the decoction applied on body and also given to treat snake- Sima Eliovson, Discovering Wild Flowers in Southern
bite and bodyache; bark of Radermachera xylocarpa along Africa. Cape Town 1962, Cythna Letty (1895–1985), Wild
with barks of Lannea coromandelica and Ziziphus rugosa Flowers of the Transvaal. [Pretoria] 1962.
crushed into a paste and applied and bandaged over the frac-
tured bone. Oil-resin from wood for skin diseases, eczema. Radyera urens Bullock (Allenia urens Phillips; Hibiscus
Root paste applied locally and given orally in snakebite, mad urens L.f.)
dog bite and cat bite as an antidote; root juice given to treat South Africa. Herb, prostrate, shrub, spreading, robust,
snakebite. Pod decoction given in dysentery; for snakebite, axillary flowers, corolla scarlet, calyx and epicalyx very
placental cord in fruit made into a paste applied against viper densely hairy

3167
3168 Randia L. Rubiaceae

See Species Plantarum 2: 693, 695. 1753, Suppl. Pl. 309. 1782 Randia spinosa (Thunb.) Poir. (Catunaregam spinosa
[1781 publ. Apr 1782] and Proceedings of the Royal Society of (Thunb.) Tirveng.; Gardenia spinosa Thunb.; Mussaenda
Victoria ser. 2. 22: 7. 1909, Journal of South African Botany spinosa Jacq.; Randia armata (Sw.) DC.; Randia spinosa
10: 33. 1944, Kew Bull. 1956, 454. 1957 (Thunb.) Blume, isonym, nom. illeg.; Randia spinosa (Jacq.)
H. Karst., nom. illeg.; Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay)
(Hairs extremely irritating.)
India China, Malesia. Tree
See Species Plantarum 2: 1192. 1753, Philosophical
Randia L. Rubiaceae Transactions of the Royal Society of London 51: 935, pl.
After the British botanist Isaac Rand, d. 1743, London 23. 1761, Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia
apothecary, gardener, a member of the Botanical Society, … 70. 1763, Genera Plantarum Vocabulis Char. Definita
1719 Fellow of the Royal Society, 1724–1743 Praefectus 75. [Danzig] 1776, Encyclopédie Méthodique. Botanique
Horti Chelsiani and Demonstrator of plants of the Chelsea … Supplément 2: 829. 1812, Bijdragen tot de flora van
Physic Garden. See Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: Nederlandsch Indië 981. 1826, Prodromus Systematis
1192. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 74. 1754, R. Pulteney, Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 4: 387. 1830, Sylva Telluriana
Historical and biographical sketches of the progress of bot- 21. 1838, Karsten, Hermann (1817–1908), Florae Columbiae
any in England. 2: 102. London 1790, Genera Plantarum terrarumque adjacentium specimina selecta in peregrina-
2: 82. 1873 and G. Murray, History of the collections con- tione duodecim annorum observata delineavit et descripsit
tained in the Natural History Departments of the British H. Karsten 2: 128. Berolini: Apud Ferdinandi Duemmler,
Museum. 1: 176. London 1904, Ida Kaplan Langman, A 1858–69 and Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État 28: 37.
Selected Guide to the Literature on the Flowering Plants of 1958, Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 35: 13. 1978,
Mexico. 612. 1964, H.N. Clokie, Account of the Herbaria of Taxon 27: 513–517. 1978, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of
the Department of Botany in the University of Oxford. 229. Selected Plant Families Database. The Board of Trustees
1964, J.H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2003 [as Catunaregam
127. 1965, Kew Bulletin 40(2): 275. 1985. spinosa.], Oliveira-Filho, A.T. Catálogo das Árvores nativas
de Minas Gerais. Editora UFLA, Lavas, Brasil. 2006 [as
Randia aculeata L. (Gardenia aculeata (L.) Aiton; Randia ferox.]
Gardenia randia Sw.; Genipa aculeata (L.) M. Gómez;
Randia aculeata var. dasyphylla Steyerm.; Randia aculeata (Roots for treating gonorrhea and diseases of the urinary
tract. Paste of the stem with cow milk and applied on joints
var. mitis (L.) Griseb.; Randia mitis L.; Randia montana L.O.
of limbs in rheumatism. Fruits as a fish poison.)
Williams; Solena randia (Sw.) D. Dietr.)
in English: Malabar randia, spiny randia, thorn randia
North to Tropical America. Low spiny small-leaved shrub or
small tree, tough, open branching, pairs of wide-angled stem in India: dudhributa, gada, gel, kharan, kue, rara, telaga,
thorns, dark blue-green waxy obovate leaves in dense axil- vacca, vasa
lary clusters, shortly pointed stipules associated with each
in Malaysia: duri timbang tahil, duri timun tahil
leaf pair
See Species Plantarum 2: 1192. 1753, Anales de la Sociedad
Española de Historia Natural 23: 288. 1894 and Ceiba 42(1): Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae
1–71. 2001[2002]
Latin ranunculus, i ‘a little frog’, the diminutive of rana,
(A leaves infusion for fever, a bath for sores and infections.) ae, Greek batrachion ‘a small frog’, referring to the habi-
tat, some species grow near the marshes or in damp places,
in English: chill busy, fishing rod, Christmas tree, indigo- or indicating the shape of the roots; see Carl Linnaeus,
berry, prickly bush, sticky bush Species Plantarum. 1: 548–556. 1753, Genera Plantarum.
Randia forbesii King & Gamble (Aidia forbesii (King & Ed. 5. 243. 1754, Genera Plantarum 231–232. 1789, Regni
Gamble) K.M. Wong; Aidiopsis forbesii (King & Gamble) Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle] 1: 130, 228, 232.
Tirveng.) 1817, Prodr. (DC.) 1: 30, 41. 1824, Hist. Nat. Vég. (Spach)
7: 208, 210, 212. 1839, Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(1):
India. Unarmed shrub with globose fruits 6. 1862, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 365–366. 1886, Bot.
See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural Jahrb. Syst. 9(3): 266–267. 1887 and G. Volpi, “Le falsifi-
history 72: 207. 1903, Malayan Nature Journal 38: 17. 1984, cazioni di Francesco Redi nel Vocabolario della Crusca.” in
Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Atti della R. Accademia della Crusca per la lingua d’Italia.
Section B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 8: 288. 1986 33–136. 1915–1916, Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und
Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 8: 252, 253. 1922, Amer. J. Bot.
(Wood and bitter bark used in fever. Root decoction in bowel 23(3): 27, 169, 171, 173–175. 1936, Amer. J. Bot. 27(9): 805–
complaints.) 807. 1940, Mem. Soc. Ci. Nat. La Salle 16: 164. 1956, Fl.
Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae 3169

Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 28: 360. 1980, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Mongol. 1: 21. 1889 and Amer. Midl. Naturalist 52: 328–
Rast. 18: 184, 187. 1981, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 41(2): 369. 1954, New Ill. Fl. Jap. 181. 1961, Arkticheskaia Flora
470. 1985, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 42(2): 185–186. 1991, SSSR 6: 1–248. 1971, Opera Botanica 52: 1–38. 1979, Taxon
Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 43(2): 142. 1992, Bull. Bot. Res., 28: 403–405. 1979, Taxon 29: 703, 718–720. 1980, Phyton
Harbin 15(2): 169, 174–175, 178–179. 1995, Bull. Bot. Res., 41: 153–164. 1981, Botanica Helvetica 91: 61–74. 1981, Le
Harbin 15(3): 279, 286, 289, 292, 294–295, 299, 301, 303, Naturaliste Canadien 108: 143–152. 1981, Taxon 31: 344–
311–312, 320. 1995, Phytologia 79(5): 387. 1995 (publ. 1996), 360, 589–592. 1982, Informatore Botanico Italiano 14:
Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 81(11): 92–94, 96, 98. 248–258. 1982, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Belorusskoi SSR:
1996, Thaiszia 7(1): 4–5. 1997, Turczaninowia 4(3): 13–14, Seriia Biologicheskikh Nauk 2: 7–12. 1983, Willdenowia
21. 2001, Turczaninowia 7(1): 59. 2004, Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 13: 329–333. 1983, Le Naturaliste Canadien 111: 447–449.
77: 99. 2007. 1984, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(6): 855–856. 1985,
Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(10): 1346–1354. 1985,
Ranunculus abortivus L. (Ranunculus abortivus subsp.
Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR, Seriia
acrolasius (Fernald) B.M. Kapoor & A. Löve; Ranunculus
Biologicheskikh Nauk 6: 8–11- 1988, Botaniceskjij Žurnal
abortivus L. subsp. acrolasius (Fernald) Kapoor & A. Löve
SSSR 75: 121–122. 1990, Candollea 50(2): 457–493. 1995,
& D. Löve; Ranunculus abortivus var. acrolasius Fernald;
Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 80(6): 114–116. 1995
Ranunculus abortivus var. eucyclus Fernald; Ranunculus
abortivus var. indivisus Fernald; Ranunculus abortivus L. (Rather poisonous to animals. Analgesic, sedative, blood
var. typicus Fernald) purifier, antiseptic, astringent, a dermatological and oral
remedy, antidiarrheal, antihemorrhagic, for headache, boils,
North America. Perennial or biennial herb, leaves cooked
sore throat, colds, abscesses, chest pain, dysentery; a poultice
and eaten as vegetable
from the roots used for boils and abscesses. Unpleasant tast-
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, ing irritant sap.)
243. 1754, Rhodora 1(3): 52. 1899 and Rhodora 40(478):
in English: meadow buttercup, showy buttercup, tall buttercup
418–420, pl. 518–519, f. 1–2. 1938, Benson, L.D. “A treatise
on the North American Ranunculi.” Amer. Midl. Naturalist in Peru: chua-chua
40: 1–261. 1948, Benson, L.D. “Supplement to a treatise on
in China: mao ken, mao chin
the North American Ranunculi.” Amer. Midl. Naturalist 52:
328–369. 1954, Rhodora 80: 431–440. 1978, Taxon 31: 120– in North America: bouton d’or, renoncule âcre
126, 128. 1982, Sida 13: 241–250. 1988
Ranunculus aquatilis L. (Batrachium aquatile (L.)
(Most Ranunculus species are poisonous to stock; when Dumort.; Batrachium aquatile Dumort.; Batrachium
abundant, they may be troublesome to ranchers. A few spe- aquatile Wimm.; Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix ex
cies with acrid juice were formerly used as vesicatories. This Vill.) Bosch; Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch;
species sedative, emetic, blood purifier, styptic, antidote, Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix) F.W. Schultz; Ranunculus
anticonvulsive, used as poultice for abscesses, stomach trou- aquatilis Hegetschw.; Ranunculus aquatilis var. hispidulus
ble, toothache, nose bleeding, menstrual disorders, sore eyes, Drew; Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. typicus L.D. Benson;
gargled for sore throat; crushed root infusion taken to coun- Ranunculus trichophyllos Loscos; Ranunculus trichophyl-
teract poison, for blood disease, smallpox, stomachache, as a lus Chaix ex Vill., nomen nudum; Ranunculus trichophyllus
wash for snakebites.) Chaix; Ranunculus trichophyllus var. hispidulus (E. Drew)
W.B. Drew)
in English: littleleaf buttercup
Europe. Perennial herb, very variable
Ranunculus acris Linnaeus (Ranunculus acer auct.;
Ranunculus acris subsp. japonicus (Thunb.) Hultén; See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Histoire des
Ranunculus acris L. subsp. strigulosus (Schur) Hyl.; Plantes de Dauphiné (Villars) 1: 335. 1786, Arr. Brit. Pl., ed.
Ranunculus acris L. var. acris; Ranunculus acris var. japon- 3. 2: 507. 1796, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2:
icus (Thunb.) Maxim. ex Makino; Ranunculus acris var. 720. 1821, Florula belgica, opera majoris prodromus, auctore
japonicus (Thunb.) Maxim.; Ranunculus acris var. latisectus … (Dumortier) 127. 1827, Archives de la Flore de France
Beck; Ranunculus acris L. var. stevenii (Andrz. ex Besser) et d’Allemagne. 1: 107. 1848, Prodromus Florae Batavae 7.
Lange; Ranunculus acris L. var. typicus G. Beck; Ranunculus 1850 and Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series
acris L. var. villosus (Drab.) S.M. Coles; Ranunculus borea- 13(2/2): 639–661. 1937, Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis
nus Jord.; Ranunculus japonicus Thunb.) 31(3): 91–104. 1996
Europe, North America. Perennial herb, hairy branching (Ranunculus subg. Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray, unlike most
stems, long-stalked alternate deeply palmately leaves, shiny species of Ranunculus, members of this subgenus are not
yellow flowers, leaves cooked and eaten as vegetable poisonous. Plant used in asthma, fevers, rheumatism.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Transactions in English: water crowsfoot, white water crowsfoot, white-
of the Linnean Society of London 2: 337. 1794, Enum. Pl. water crowfoot
3170 Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae

in North America: renoncule aquatique 1824, Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis
11: 242–243. 1839, Mémoires de la Société Royale des
in India: tohluf
Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Nancy 1839: 39, f. 9. 1840,
Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. aquatilis (Ranunculus aqua- Botaniska Notiser 1843(8): 114. 1843, Summa Vegetabilium
tilis var. hispidulus Drew; Ranunculus trichophyllos Loscos; Scandinaviae 139. 1845, Botaniska Notiser 1845: 121.
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill., nomen nudum; 1845, Prodromus Florae Batavae 7. 1850, Proceedings and
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix; Ranunculus trichophyl- Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2(4): 45. 1884,
lus (Chaix) Bosch; Ranunculus trichophyllus var. hispidulus Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 17(12): 310–311. 1890
(Drew) W.B. Drew) and The Canadian Field-Naturalist 48: 127. 1934, Rhodora
North America. Perennial herb 38(445): 32–33, 39–42, pl. 383, 406, f. 1, 4, 8–9, 10. 1936,
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 69(5): 384. 1942,
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Bulletin of the American Midland Naturalist 40(1): 236–237, 240. 1948,
Torrey Botanical Club 16(6): 150. 1889 and Rhodora 38(445): American Midland Naturalist 58(1): 32. 1957, Arkticheskaia
29. 1936 Flora SSSR 6: 182. 1971, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 512.
(Ranunculus subg. Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray, unlike most 1975 [1976], Nordic J. Bot. 16(1): 7. 1996
species of Ranunculus, members of this subgenus are not (Ranunculus subg. Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray, unlike most
poisonous. Used in asthma.) species of Ranunculus, members of this subgenus are not
in English: water crowsfoot, white water crowsfoot, white- poisonous. Poultice for skin diseases.)
water crowfoot Ranunculus arvensis L. (Ranunculus arvensis var. tuber-
in North America: renoncule aquatique culatus DC.)

Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus Withering (Batrachium Europe. Annual herb, erect, greenish yellow flowers, hairy
circinatum (Sibth.) Spach; Batrachium circinatum (Sibthorp) sepals, fruit head of small achenes 4–10 spinous or hooked
Spach subsp. subrigidum (W.B. Drew) Á. Löve & D. Löve; See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753 and Acta Biologica
Batrachium confervoides Fr.; Batrachium eradicatum Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 22: 37–69. 1980, Taxon
(Laest.) Fr.; Batrachium flaccidum (Persoon) Ruprecht; 30: 829–842. 1981, Informatore Botanico Italiano 18:
Batrachium longirostris (Godron) F.W. Schultz; Batrachium 145–152. 1986, Iranian Journal of Botany 3: 183–188.
trichophyllum (Chaix ex Vill.) Bosch; Batrachium trichophyl- 1987, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
lum (Chaix) Bosch; Batrachium trichophyllum (Persoon) F. Newsletter 17: 5–7. 1991, Lagascalia 17: 71–86. 1993,
Schultz; Batrachium trichophyllum subsp. lutulentum (Perrier Candollea 50(2): 457–493. 1995, Anales del Jardín Botánico
& Songeon) Janchen ex V.V. Petrovsky; Ranunculus aquatilis de Madrid 54: 166–178. 1996
var. calvescens (W.B. Drew) L.D. Benson; Ranunculus aqua-
tilis var. capillaceus (Thuillier) DC.; Ranunculus aquatilis (Considered as poisonous weed, a swelling of throat if cattle
var. eradicatus Laestadius; Ranunculus aquatilis var. harrisii eat it. Plant decoction to kill intestinal worms. Herb given
L.D. Benson; Ranunculus aquatilis var. longirostris (Godron) in intermittent fever and asthma; antibiotic, antiseptic paste
Lawson; Ranunculus aquatilis var. porteri (Britton) L.D. applied on skin ailments. Leaves extract for eczema.)
Benson; Ranunculus aquatilis var. subrigidus (W.B. Drew) in India: chambal, churmula, dhaniya ghass, jalda
Breitung; Ranunculus capillaceus Thuill.; Ranunculus cir-
cinatus Sibth.; Ranunculus circinatus Sibthorp var. subrigi- Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn
dus (W.B. Drew) L.D. Benson; Ranunculus confervoides Himalaya, India, Turkestan.
(Fries) Fries; Ranunculus eradicatus (Laest.) F. Johansen;
Ranunculus longirostris Godron; Ranunculus lutulentus See Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier 6: 885. 1898
Perrier & Song.; Ranunculus porteri Britton; Ranunculus (Aerial parts used for cough, cold and wounds, ulcers.)
subrigidus W.B. Drew; Ranunculus trichophyllus (Chaix)
Bosch; Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill., nomen in Bhutan: lehetsha
nudum; Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. lutulentus (Perrier
in China: niao zu mao gen
& Songeon) Vierhapper; Ranunculus trichophyllus var. cal-
vescens W.B. Drew; Ranunculus trichophyllus var. eradica- Ranunculus bulbosus L. (Ranunculus bulbosus Costa;
tus (Laestadius) W.B. Drew) Ranunculus bulbosus Willk. ex Freyn; Ranunculus bulbo-
sus Planellas; Ranunculus bulbosus var. dissectus Barbey;
North America. Perennial herb
Ranunculus bulbosus var. valdepubens (Jordan) Briq.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Histoire des
Europe, North America. Perennial herb
Plantes de Dauphiné 1: 335. 1786, Flora Oxoniensis 175.
1794, An Arrangement of British Plants, Third Edition 2: 507. See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Ensayo Fl. Gallega
1796, A Natural Arrangement of British Plants 2: 720. 1821, 58. 1852, Introd. Fl. Cataluna 7. 1864 and Botanica Helvetica
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 26. 91: 61–74. 1981, Phyton 41: 153–164. 1981, International
Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae 3171

Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 13: 17–19. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte
1989, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, Candollea 50(2): 457– und Pflanzengeographie 37: 403. 1906, Rhodora 16(189): 162.
493. 1995, Flora Mediterranea 7: 115–132. 1997, Opera 1914, Botaniska Notiser 128(4): 512. 1975 [1976], Phyton 41:
Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999 153–164. 1981, Le Naturaliste Canadien 112: 319–331. 1985,
Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 32(2): 180–182. 1995,
(The volatile chemical protoanemonin is an irritant. In the
Rhodora 99: 33–55. 1997, Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst.
past, the juice of this plant was used by beggars in Europe to
(Oslo) 30: 10–15. 1999
cause skin lesions, thus eliciting compassion. Ingesting this
plant has poisoned cattle, swine and humans. Ranunculin, a (Antiseptic, emetic, for skin and venereal diseases, syphilis,
glycoside, occurs in the juice of the buttercups. Analgesic, sores and cuts. Ceremonial.)
sedative, blood purifier, antiseptic, astringent, a dermato-
in English: alkali buttercup
logical and oral remedy, antidiarrheal, antihemorrhagic, for
headache, boils, sore throat, colds, abscesses, chest pain, in North America: renoncule cymbalaire
dysentery, toothache; a poultice from the roots used for boils
Ranunculus diffusus DC. (Ranunculus diffusus fo. mollis
and abscesses.)
Wall. ex Diels; Ranunculus diffusus DC. var. mollis (D. Don)
in English: bulbous buttercup, St. Anthony’s turnip S.K. Srivast.)
Ranunculus cantoniensis DC. (Hecatonia pilosa Lour.; India, China.
Ranunculus brachyrhynchus S.S. Chien)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
China. (DC.) 1: 38. 1824 and Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh 7(33): 231, 391. 1912, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 18(3):
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Flora
331–335. 1996, Taiwania 55(3): 279. 2010
Cochinchinensis 1: 291, 302–303. 1790, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 43. 1824 and (Plant useful in asthma, bronchitis and fever. Leaf paste anti-
Rhodora 18: 189. 1916, Journal of Japanese Botany 54: septic. Root paste applied on boils.)
65–77. 1979, Journal of Hokkaido University of Education:
in English: blister butter cup
Section IIB 36: 25–40. 1985, Guihaia 14(1): 27–36. 1994,
Kromosomo 78: 2701–2708. 1995, Acta Phytotaxonomica in China: pu san mao gen
Sinica 33(3): 230–239. 1995
in India: agelue
(Antibacterial.)
Ranunculus flabellaris Rafinesque (Ranunculus delphinifo-
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh (Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria lius Torrey; Ranunculus delphiniifolius Torr. ex Eaton)
(Pursh) Britton; Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria subsp. alpina
North America. Perennial herb
(Hook.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; Halerpestes cymbalaria
(Pursh) Greene; Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, American monthly
subsp. saximontana (Fernald) Moldenke; Oxygraphis cym- magazine and critical review 2: 344. 1818 and Taxon 31:
balaria (Pursh) Prantl; Oxygraphis tridentata (Kunth ex 120–126, 344–360, 589–592. 1982
DC.) Prantl; Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh subsp. saxi-
(For colds, cough and respiratory troubles.)
montanus (Fernald) Thorne; Ranunculus cymbalaria var.
alpina Hook.; Ranunculus cymbalaria var. alpinus Hooker; in English: yellow water buttercup, yellow water crowfoot
Ranunculus cymbalaria var. major Hook. f. & Thomson;
in North America: renoncule à éventails
Ranunculus cymbalaria var. saximontanus Fernald;
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh var. typicus L.D. Benson; Ranunculus flammula L. (Ranunculus filiformis Michaux
Ranunculus hemignostus Steud.; Ranunculus minutiusculus var. ovalis J.M. Bigelow; Ranunculus flammula L. var. ova-
Ulbr.; Ranunculus tridentatus Kunth ex DC.; Ranunculus lis (J.M. Bigelow) L.D. Benson; Ranunculus flammula var.
tridentatus var. major Kunth) samolifolius (Greene) L.D. Benson; Ranunculus reptans
Linnaeus var. ovalis (J.M. Bigelow) Torrey & A. Gray)
North America. Perennial herb, leaves eaten
Europe.
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Flora Americae
Septentrionalis; or, … 2: 392. 1814 [1813], Regni Vegetabilis See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Flora Boreali-
Systema Naturale 1: 252. 1818, Nova Genera et Species Americana 1: 320–321. 1803, Flora Bostoniensis… . second
Plantarum (quarto ed.) 5: 42. 1821, Flora Boreali-Americana edition … . 224. 1824, Pl. Labrador. 96. 1830, A Flora of
1(1): 11–12. 1829, Verzeichniss der im Jahre 1832, im östli- North America: containing … 1(1): 16. 1838, Pittonia 3(13):
chen Theile des Altai-Gebirges gesammelten Pflanzen 46. 13. 1896 and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 69(4):
1836, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 26. 1838, 305–306. 1942, Taxon 29: 703. 1980, Turun Yliopiston
Flora Indica: being a systematic account of the plants . . 1: Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-Geographica 3: 1–12.
30–32. 1855, Flora 39: 404. 1856 and Pittonia 4: 207. 1900, 1982, Informatore Botanico Italiano 14: 243–247, 248–258.
3172 Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae

1982, Zapovedniki Belorussii Issledovaniia 12: 3–8. 1988, in English: bristly buttercup, hispid buttercup, swamp
Candollea 46: 303. 1991, Anales del Jardín Botánico de buttercup
Madrid 54: 166–178. 1996
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Chapm.) T.
(Astringent.) Duncan (Ranunculus carolinianus DC.; Ranunculus caro-
linianus Torr. & A. Gray; Ranunculus carolinianus DC.
in English: lesser spearwort, spearwort
var. villicaulis Shinners; Ranunculus nitidus Muhl. ex
Ranunculus glaberrimus Hooker (Ranunculus glaberrimus Elliot, nom. illeg.; Ranunculus nitidus Elliott; Ranunculus
Hook. var. glaberrimus; Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook. var. nitidus Walter; Ranunculus nitidus Muhl.; Ranunculus pal-
typicus L.D. Benson) matus Elliott; Ranunculus repens L. var. nitidus Chapm.;
Ranunculus septentrionalis De Bray ex Fleisch. & Lindem.;
North America. Perennial herb
Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir.; Ranunculus septentriona-
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Flora Boreali- lis Poir. var. nitidus (Chapm.) Chapm.; Ranunculus septen-
Americana 1(1): 12, pl. 5, f. A. 1829, Pittonia 2: 110. 1890, trionalis Poir. var. pterocarpus L.D. Benson)
Fl. Francisc. 1: 298. 1891
North America. Perennial herb
(Recorded to be poisonous; skin irritant. Crushed plants
applied as a poultice for burn blisters and open running sores, See Fl. Carol. [Walter] 159. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana
warts. Flowers or the whole plant on arrow points as a poison.) (Michaux) 1: 321. 1803, Encycl. (Lamarck) 6(1): 125. 1804,
Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 395. 1813, Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1:
in English: buttercup, sagebrush buttercup 292. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept.,
Ranunculus hederaceus Linnaeus ed. 2. 56. 1818, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 2: 61. 1821,
Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 23. 1838, Flora of the
North America. southern United States 8. 1860, Fl. South. U.S., ed. 2. suppl.
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753 2: 675. 1892 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 68: 486. 1941, Field
& Lab. 17: 84. 1950, University of California Publications in
(Ranunculus subg. Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray, unlike most Botany 77: 44. 1980
species of Ranunculus, members of this subgenus are not
poisonous.) (Analgesic, for toothache.)

Ranunculus hirtellus Royle in English: bristly buttercup, hispid buttercup, swamp

buttercup
India. Perennial hairy herb with yellow flowers
Ranunculus inamoenus Greene (Ranunculus affinis R.
See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan Br. var. micropetalus Greene; Ranunculus alpeophilus
Mountains … 53. 1834 A. Nelson; Ranunculus inamoenus var. alpeophilus (A.
(Plant extract in skin diseases. Veterinary medicine, aerial Nelson) L.D. Benson; Ranunculus inamoenus Greene var.
parts of the plant have a cooling effect in cattle.) inamoenus; Ranunculus inamoenus Greene var. typicus
L.D. Benson)
in China: ji long mao gen
North America. Perennial herb, roots for food
in India: goodi, jangli palak, mangol
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Proc. Amer. Acad.
Ranunculus hispidus Michx. (Ranunculus repens L. var.
Arts 21: 370. 1886, Pittonia 3: 91. 1896, Bulletin of the Torrey
hispidus (Michx.) Chapm.)
Botanical Club 26(7): 350. 1899 and Amer. J. Bot. 27: 187.
North America. Perennial herb, fibrous roots, thickened root- 1940, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 68(9): 651. 1941
stocks, rosette of basal leaves, axillary solitary flowers
(Ritual, ceremonial, magico-religious beliefs, effective hunt-
See Fl. Carol. [Walter] 159. 1788, Flora Boreali-Americana ing medicine, used to protect hunters from their prey.)
(Michaux) 1: 321. 1803, Encycl. (Lamarck) 6(1): 125. 1804,
Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 2: 395. 1813, Syst. Nat. [Candolle] 1: in English: graceful buttercup
292. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept., Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hook. f. & J.W. Thomson
ed. 2. 56. 1818, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina [Elliott] 2: 61. 1821, (Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Royle; Ranunculus laetus Wall.;
Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1: 23. 1838, Flora of the Ranunculus laetus Salisb.)
southern United States 8. 1860, Fl. South. U.S., ed. 2. suppl.
2: 675. 1892 and Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 68: 486. 1941, Field India. Fodder
& Lab. 17: 84. 1950, University of California Publications in
See Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 373. 1796, Numer. List
Botany 77: 44. 1980
[Wallich] n. 4702. 1831, Illustrations of the Botany … of the
(Low toxicity; fresh leaves and stems are the dangerous parts Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 53. 1839, Flora Indica:
of plant. Analgesic, for toothache.) being a systematic account of the plants . . 36. 1855
Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae 3173

(Plant juice antibacterial, febrifuge, antifungal and antima- North America.

larial, used in intermittent fevers, gout and asthma. Paste
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Transactions of the
made from the leaves used for gas troubles and joint pains.)
New York Academy of Sciences 12: 3. 1892 and Minnesota
in China: huang mao gen Botanical Studies 2: 469. 1900, Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982
in India: chip-chi, kakandel in French: renoncule de Macoun
Ranunculus lapponicus Linnaeus (Coptidium lapponicum Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. (Ranunculus emirnensis
(L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve ex Tzvelev; Coptidium lapponicum Bojer; Ranunculus lagascanus (Lag.) DC.; Ranunculus mem-
(L.) Tzvelev; Coptidium lapponicum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve; branaceus Fresen.; Ranunculus pinnatus Poir.; Ranunculus
Coptidium lapponicum (L.) Gand. ex Rydb.; Coptidium pinnatus Sessé & Moc., nom. illeg.; Ranunculus pubescens
lapponicum (L.) Gand.; Ranunculus lapponicus Vill.; Lag., nom. illeg.; Ranunculus pubescens Thunb.; Ranunculus
Ranunculus lapponicus Soleirol ex Nyman; Ranunculus lap- rutenbergii Freyn; Ranunculus striatus Hochst. ex A. Rich.;
ponicus Oeder) Ranunculus udus Freyn.)

Europe, North America. Perennial herb East Africa. Perennial herb, procumbent, spreading, succu-
lent, soft, hairy, branching, flowers bright yellow, small fruit
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné clustered in round heads, in swamp, along river, wet ground,
(Villars) 3(2): 743. 1789, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 10. 1878 and Fl. grassland, in damp soil among rocks, in moist to saturated
Rocky Mts. 302. 1917, Bot. Not. 114(1): 39. 1961, Taxon 31: soil, in shallow standing water, riverine bushland, along irri-
583–587. 1982, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 70(10): 1346– gation channel, along stream, in disturbed forest, at edge of
1354. 1985, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: pond, on moist river bank
605–607. 1988, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 102. 1775, Prodromus
74: 1059–1061. 1989, Willdenowia 19: 199–213. 1999
Plantarum Capensium, … 94. 1800, Encyclopédie
(Stomachic, stimulant.) Méthodique, Botanique 6: 126. 1804, Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 1: 43. 1824, Flora 21: 28. 1841,
in English: Lapland buttercup
Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen
in North America: renoncule de Lapponie Vereins zu Bremen 7: 9–10. 1880 and Fl. Madagasc. 76: 4.
1950, Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Ranunculus lingua L.
séries 4, Section B, Adansonia. Botanique Phytochimie 1:
China. Marshy perennial herb, heterophyllous, fistular stem, 85–94. 1981
submerged leaves lanceolate, stigma persistent, globular heads
(Toxic to sheep, suspected of poisoning stock, sheep. Leaves
See Species Plantarum 1: 549. 1753 and Nordic J. Bot. 14: used for sore throat, purge, scabies, mumps, cough, catarrh,
161. 1994, Opera Bot. 137: 1–42. 1999 urinary complaints, syphilis, venereal diseases.)
(Plant decoction to relieve pain of swollen parts of both in English: buttercup, wild buttercup
humans as well as domesticated animals. Veterinary in Southern Africa: botterblom, brandblare, geelbotterblom,
medicine.) hlapi, kankerblare, rhenoster, uXhaphozi
in English: greater spearwort in Tanzania: nyauinkau
in China: tiao ye mao gen Ranunculus muricatus L. (Ranunculus lobatus Moench;
Ranunculus lobbii (Hiern) A. Gray (Ranunculus hydrocha- Ranunculus muricatus var. brasilianus DC.)
ris Spenn. fo. lobbii Hiern) Mediterranean. Annual, diffuse herb, achenes 5–12 in glo-
North America. bose head on small receptacle

See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Flora Friburgensis See Species Plantarum 1: 555. 1753, Methodus Plantas Horti
3: 1007. 1829, Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 9: 66, Botanici et Agri Marburgensis: a staminum situ describendi
pl. 114. 1871, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts 214. 1794, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale 1: 299. 1818
and Sciences 21: 364. 1886 and Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi). 7: 261–271. 1979,
J. Palynol. 16: 85–105. 1980, Taxon 30: 842–843. 1981,
(Ranunculus subg. Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray, unlike most Lagascalia 17: 71–86. 1993, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54:
species of Ranunculus, members of this subgenus are not 166–178. 1996
poisonous.)
(Not fed to cattle as it leads to indigestion. Plant decoction
in English: Lobb’s aquatic buttercup used in fevers, asthma, gout.)
Ranunculus macounii Britton (Ranunculus macounii var. in English: rough-seed buttercup, sharp buttercup, spiny-fruit
oreganus (A. Gray) K.C. Davis) buttercup
3174 Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae

in China: ci guo mao gen North America. Perennial herb

in India: dhassia See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Encyclopédie
Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément (Lamarck) 6(1): 125.
Ranunculus occidentalis Nuttall (Ranunculus eisenii
1804 and Rhodora 31(368): 164. 1929, Amer. Midl. Naturalist
Kellogg; Ranunculus howellii Greene; Ranunculus howellii
40: 74. 1948
Greenm.; Ranunculus occidentalis Freyn; Ranunculus occi-
dentalis var. dissectus L.F. Hend.; Ranunculus occidentalis (Used as a sedative, analgesic, laxative, antiseptic, astringent,
var. eisenii (Kellogg) A. Gray; Ranunculus occidentalis var. for abscesses, boils, venereal diseases, toothache.)
howellii Greene; Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. var. how-
in English: blisterwort
ellii (Greene) Greene; Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. var.
occidentalis; Ranunculus occidentalis var. rattanii A. Gray; in North America: renoncule recourbée
Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. var. typicus L.D. Benson; Ranunculus recurvatus Poiret var. recurvatus (Ranunculus
Ranunculus occidentalis var. ultramontanus Greene) recurvatus var. adpressipilis Weatherby)
North America. Perennial herb, seeds eaten North America. Perennial herb
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Syst. Nat. 1: 290. See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Encyclopédie
1817, A Flora of North America: containing … 1(1): 22. 1838, Méthodique. Botanique … Supplément 6: 125. 1804 and
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 7(8): 115. 1877 [1876 publ. 1877], Rhodora 31(368): 164. 1929
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
21: 373. 1886, Pittonia 3: 13–14. 1896, Fl. N.W. Amer. 1: 17. (Used as a sedative, analgesic, laxative, antiseptic, astringent,
1897 and Muhlenbergia; a journal of botany 6: 11. 1910, for abscesses, boils, venereal diseases, toothache.)
Rhodora 32(374): 25. 1930, Bulletin Torrey Bot. Club 68: in North America: renoncule recourbée
166–167. 1941, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 40: 44. 1948
Ranunculus repens L. (Ranunculus clintonii Beck;
(Poison, juice of the flowers could be slipped into food to Ranunculus intermedius Eaton; Ranunculus intermedius
poison the person who ate it.) Poir.; Ranunculus intermedius Knaf; Ranunculus inter-
in English: western buttercup medius Rouy & Foucaud; Ranunculus intermedius Schur;
Ranunculus intermedius (Hook.) A. Heller; Ranunculus
Ranunculus pallasii Schltdl. (Coptidium pallasii (Schltdl.) intermedius A. Heller; Ranunculus repens S. Watson;
Tzvelev; Coptidium pallasii Á. Löve & D. Löve) Ranunculus repens fo. polypetalus S.H. Li & Y. Hui Huang;
North America. Perennial herb, food, young tender shoots Ranunculus repens var. brevistylus Maxim.; Ranunculus
cooked and eaten repens L. var. degeneratus Schur; Ranunculus repens L.
var. erectus DC.; Ranunculus repens L. var. glabratus DC.;
See Schlechtendal, Diederich Franz Leonhard von (1794– Ranunculus repens L. var. linearilobus DC.; Ranunculus
1866), Animadversiones Botanicae in Ranunculeas Candollii repens var. major Nakai; Ranunculus repens L. var. pleni-
1: 15. Berolini, Typ. J. F. Starckii, 1819–1820 and Taxon 31: florus Fernald; Ranunculus repens L. var. typicus G. Beck;
583–587. 1982 Ranunculus repens L. var. villosus Lamotte)
(Raw fresh young shoots poisonous.) North America. Perennial herb, forage
in English: Pallas’ buttercup See Species Plantarum 1: 554. 1753, Encycl. (Lamarck) 6(1):
Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f. (Ranunculus pensylvanicus 116. 1804, Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale [Candolle]
Pursh) 1: 285. 1817 [1818 publ. 1–15 Nov 1817], Manual of Botany
of the Northern States. Second Edition. 3. 1822, Prodromus
North America. Annual or perennial herb Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 1: 38. 1824,
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Supplementum Flora 29: 289. 1846, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 14. 1866, Fl.
Plantarum 272. 1781 and Taxon 31: 120–126. 1982) France [Rouy & Foucaud] 1: 74. 1893 and Rhodora 19(224):
138–139. 1917, Botanical Magazine 42(493): 23–24. 1928,
(Plant astringent, used to raise blisters. Hunting medicine, Flora Plantarum Herbacearum Chinae Boreali-Orientalis
ceremonial.) 3: 200, 230. 1975, Taxon 29: 703, 718–720. 1980, Taxon 30:
829–842. 1981, Phyton 41: 153–164. 1981, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR
in English: buttercup, Pennsylvania buttercup
66 (4): 483–492. 1981, Botanica Helvetica 91: 61–74. 1981,
in French: renoncule de Pennsylvanie Naturaliste Canad. 108: 143–152. 1981, Turun Yliopiston
Julkaisuja, Sar. A 2, Biol.-Geogr. 3: 1–12. 1982, Citologija
in India: laslluke
25: 83–90. 1983, Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 70(6): 855–856. 1985,
Ranunculus recurvatus Poiret (Ranunculus recurvatus Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 74: 268–271. 1985, Bot.
Bong.; Ranunculus recurvatus var. adpressipilis Weatherby; Zhurn. SSSR 70(10): 1346–1354. 1985, Bot. Zhurn. 72:
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. var. typicus L.D. Benson) 1069–1074. 1987, Sida 12: 409–417. 1987, Int. Organ. Pl.
Ranunculus L. Ranunculaceae 3175

Biosyst. Newslett. (Zurich) 9: 4–5. 1987, Inform. Bot. Ital. 1990, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 29(2): 178–183. 1991,
20: 637646. 1988, Willdenowia 17: 33–36. 1988, Bot. Žurn. Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, Watsonia 20: 63–66. 1994,
(Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 605–607. 1988, Veröff. Geobot. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research 13(1): 21–23. 1995,
Inst. Rübel 100: 35. 1988, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 54: 166–178. 1996,
74: 268–271. 1989, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999
121–122. 1990, Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 18: 45–57. 1990,
Candollea 45: 439–446. 1990, Willdenowia 21: 225–232. (Plant contains a toxic irritant acrid juice that produces
1991, Watsonia 18: 415–417. 1991, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 64: protoanemonin upon mastication; ranunculin, a glycoside,
135–142. 1991, Candollea 47(2): 555–576. 1992, Bot. Žurn. becomes a volatile irritant, protoanemonin, after enzyme-
(Moscow & Leningrad) 80(2): 87–90. 1995, J. Wuhan Bot. mediated conversion through mastication. All types of live-
Res. 32(2): 180–182. 1995, Candollea 50(2): 457–493. 1995, stock can become ill upon ingestion, but cattle are most
Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54: 166–178. 1996, Newslett. Int. commonly affected. Horses and goats have also been poi-
Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 20. 1997, J. Wuhan Bot. soned. A strong fungicidal, anodyne, used in skin disor-
Res. 15(2): 185–186. 1997, v 1998, Telopea 9: 833–835. 2002, ders; leaves ground with Brassica oil and applied externally
Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 87(11): 131–133. 2002, on eczema. Herb emmenagogue, galactagogue. Plant juice
Guihaia 23(3): 233–236. 2003, Willdenowia 36(Special given in bronchitis, cough; plant crushed and tied on ulcers
Issue): 205–216. 2006 on feet; paste of roots with mustard oil used on swellings;
paste regularly applied on penis for increasing erectile power
(Plant, toxic, poisonous, considered a skin irritant. Analgesic, and against impotence. Whole plant decoction as insecticide.
antirheumatic, antiseptic, postpartum remedy, poultice of Powdered plant mixed with flour and sugar and used for rat
chewed leaves used for sores.) poisoning. Leaves vesicant. Poison for arrow points.)
in English: butter daisy, creeping buttercup
in English: buttercup, celery-leaved buttercup, celeryleaf but-
in Peru: botón de oro, chapo-chapo, chapu-chapu tercup, cursed buttercup, cursed crowsfoot, water crowfoot
Ranunculus sceleratus L. (Hecatonia palustris Lour.; in India: bandhanya, bir-mani, bon-dhoniya, chambul,
Hecatonia scelerata (Linnaeus) Fourreau; Ranunculus holo- changeri, jal-dhana, jal dhania, jaldhania, jaldhaniya, kabi-
phyllus Hance; Ranunculus oryzetorum Bunge; Ranunculus kaj, minkali
sceleratus var. multifidus Nutt.; Ranunculus sceleratus var.
Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. multifidus Nuttall
sinensis H. Lév. & Vaniot)
(Ranunculus sceleratus subsp. multifidus (Nuttall) Hultén)
India, SE Asia. Erect annual or perennial herb, many-
India. Erect annual or perennial herb, many-branched
branched, thickened rootstocks, fibrous roots, stems sul-
cate, submerged and aerial leaves quite distinct, pale yellow See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, A Flora of North
flowers, petals shorter than sepals with nectariferous pit, America: containing … 1(1): 19. 1838 and Acta Universitatis
capitate stigma, achenes with irregular transverse ridges, Lundensis, n.s. 40: 768. 1944
leaf as vegetable
(Plant poisonous, used as a poison for arrow points.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, Flora
Cochinchinensis 291, 302–303. 1790, Enumeratio in English: blister buttercup, cursed buttercup
Plantarum, quas in China Boreali 2. 1833, A Flora of Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus Linnaeus
North America: containing … 1(1): 19. 1838, Annales des (Hecatonia scelerata (L.) Fourr.; Ranunculus sceleratus L.
Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 5: 220. 1861 and var. typicus L.D. Benson)
Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 6(6): 505. 1906, Acta
Universitatis Lundensis, n.s. 40: 768. 1944, Proceedings of India. Erect annual or perennial herb, many-branched
the Indian Science Congress Association (III, C) 65: 115. See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753 and Sida 13: 241–
1978, Recent Res. Pl. Sci. (New Delhi) 7: 261–271. 1979, 250. 1988
Journal of Japanese Botany 54: 65–77. 1979, Taxon 29: 703.
1980, Journal of Palynology 16: 85–105. 1980, Phyton 41: (Plant contains a toxic irritant acrid juice. A poison for arrow
153–164. 1981, Taxon 30: 829–842. 1981, Taxon 31: 119– points.)
126. 1982, Botaniceskjij Žurnal SSSR 67(6): 778–787. 1982, in English: cursed buttercup
Informatore Botanico Italiano 15: 39–43. 1983, Botaniceskjij
Žurnal SSSR 68(12): 1655–1662. 1983, Journal of Cytology in India: bandhanya, bir-mani, bon-dhoniya, chambul,
and Genetics 19: 114–115. 1984, Informatore Botanico changeri, jal-dhana, jal dhania, jaldhania, jaldhaniya,
Italiano 18: 145–152. 1986, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow minkali
& Leningrad) 71: 116–117. 1986, Zapovedniki Belorussii
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix (Ranunculus trichophyl-
Issledovaniia 12: 3–8. 1988, Collectanea Botanica a
los Locos)
Barcinonensi Botanico Instituto Edita 18: 45–57. 1990,
Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 118–120. India, Himalaya.
3176 Raphanus L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

See Hist. Pl. Dauphiné (Villars) 1: 335. 1786 Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 300. 1754 and Fieldiana, Bot.
24(4): 354–380. 1946, Willdenowia 13(1): 94. 1983, Giovanni
(Plant used in fevers, rheumatism, asthma.)
Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea. Dizionario della
in India: hill, tohlun lingua Latina e di voci moderne. 2(2): 542. 1994, Salvatore
Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. XV: 288.
Ranunculus tricuspis Maxim. (Halerpestes tricuspis
Torino 1994, G. Semerano, Le origini della cultura europea.
(Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz.)
Dizionario della lingua Greca. 2(1): 247. Leo S. Olschki
Himalaya. Editore, Firenze 1994.
See Flora Tangutica 12. 1889 and Pittonia 4: 207. 1900, Acta Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Crucifera raphanistrum (L.)
Horti Gothoburgensis 13(4): 135–136. 1939, Acta Phytotax. E.H.L. Krause; Raphanus raphanistrum Cav.; Raphanistrum
Sin. 39(5): 405–422. 2001 raphanistrum (L.) H. Karst., nom. inval., tautonym;
(Whole plant for cough, cold, body ache, eye inflammations Raphanus raphanistrum fo. carneus (Schweigg. & Koerte)
and toothache.) Thell.; Raphanus raphanistrum var. purpurascens Dumort.;
Rapistrum raphanistrum (L.) Crantz; Sinapis raphanistrum
in Bhutan: chu-rug-be-la (L.) Gueldenst. ex Ledeb.
in China: san lie jian mao gen East Africa, Tanzania, Kenya. Annual herb, erect, usu-
in India: sercharg ally branched, bristly hairy, leaves alternate, long terminal
racemes of flowers white or purple or sometimes yellow, fruit
Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don (Ranunculus bongardi var. pointed at the tip constricted between the brownish seeds
tenellus Greene; Ranunculus bongardii Greene; Ranunculus
bongardii var. tenellus (A. Gray) Greene; Ranunculus bon- See Species Plantarum 2: 668–669. 1753, Methodus Plantas
gardii Greene var. tenellus (Nutt.) Greene; Ranunculus Horti Botanici … 13. 1754, The Gardeners Dictionary …
bongardii var. tenellus (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Greene; Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Classis Cruciformium
Ranunculus earlei Greene; Ranunculus occidentalis var. Emendata 107. 1769, Cavanilles, Antonio Jose (1745–1804),
parviflorus Torr.; Ranunculus tenellus Salis; Ranunculus Descripcion de las Plantas … 1801–1802, Flora Rossica 1:
tenellus Nutt.; Ranunculus tenellus Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray, 225. 1841, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische
nom. illeg.; Ranunculus tenellus Viv.; Ranunculus uncinatus Botanik… 673. 1882 and Deutschlands Flora, Abtheilung
D. Don ex G. Don; Ranunculus uncinatus Rouy & Foucaud; II, Cryptogamie 6: 31, 124. 1902, Journal of Cytology
Ranunculus uncinatus var. earlei (Greene) L.D. Benson; and Genetics 15: 32–36. 1980, Lagascalia 10: 225–256.
Ranunculus uncinatus var. parviflorus (Torrey) L.D. Benson; 1981, Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Sarja A II, Biologia-
Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don var. typicus L.D. Benson; Geographica 3: 1–12. 1982, Taxon 31: 596–597. 1982, Acta
Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don var. uncinatus) Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 25: 57–77. 1983,
North America. Perennial herb Palechek, N. “Toxic weed seeds in cattle feed.” Can. Vet. J.,
26: A10. 1986, Botaničeskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad)
See Species Plantarum 1: 548–556. 1753, A General History 75: 279–282. 1990, Intermountain Flora 2B: 1–488. 2005
of the Dichlamydeous Plants 1: 35. 1831, Flora 17(2, Beibl.):
84. 1834, A Flora of North America: containing … (Torr. & (This plant, like the cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus),
A. Gray) 1: 23. 1838, U.S. Expl. Exped., Phan. Pacific N. contains glucosinolates in the seeds, which can cause poi-
Amer. 17(2): 214. 1874, Fl. France [Rouy & Foucaud] 1: 90. soning if eaten in sufficient quantities by livestock. Seeds for
1893, Erythea 3: 54. 1895, Pittonia 4(20B): 15–16. 1899 and hemorrhoids, malaria and skin diseases.)
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 68: 479. 1941, American Midland in English: charlock, field wall flower, jointed charlock, runch,
Naturalist 39: 761. 1948, Contr. Fl. Idaho Leafl. 22: 31. 1948 white charlock, wild mustard, wild raddish, wild radish
(Antirheumatic, diaphoretic, disinfectant.)
in South Africa: knopherik, ramenas, ramnas, wilde mostert,
in English: hooked buttercup, woodland buttercup wilde radys
Raphanus sativus L. (Raphanus acanthiformis J.M. Morel
ex Sasaki; Raphanus acanthiformis var. raphanistroides
Raphanus L. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) (Makino) Hara; Raphanus chinensis Miller; Raphanus chi-
Latin raphanus, Greek rhaphanos, rhaphanis, rhaphanidos, nensis Crantz; Raphanus chinensis (L.) Crantz; Raphanus
rhaphane, rhephane ‘cabbage, the radish’ (Theophrastus, macropodus H. Léveillé; Raphanus niger Miller; Raphanus
Hippocrates, Aristophanes), Latin raphanos agria for a raphanistroides (Makino) Nakai; Raphanus raphanistrum
sort of wild radish (Plinius), Greek rhaphis and rhapis, subsp. sativus (L.) Schmalh.; Raphanus raphanistrum L.
Latin rapum, i ‘a knob’, Akkadian rabu ‘enlarged, swollen’; var. sativus (L.) Domin; Raphanus raphanistrum var. sati-
see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 2: 669. 1753, The vus (L.) Beck; Raphanus sativus f. raphanistroides Makino;
Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition 1754, Raphanus sativus var. macropodus (H. Léveillé) Makino;
Raphia P. Beauv. Arecaceae (Palmae) 3177

Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides (Makino) Makino; in Japan: daikon

Raphanus taquetii H. Léveillé)
in Malaysia: lobak
Asia. Herb, tap-root swollen, flowers never yellow, inflated
in the Philippines: labanos, rabanos
pod only slightly constricted, a very variable species, veg-
etable, roots and leaves eaten in Tibetan: la-phug
See Species Plantarum 2: 668–669. 1753, Gard. Dict., in Mexico: guu guiña castilla, coo guiña nagati castilla
ed. 8. n. 5. 1768, Class. Crucif. 112. 1769, Flora von
Nieder-Österreich 2: 500. 1892 and Botanical Magazine in Tunisia: fjel
23(267): 70. 1909, Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni in Arabic: figle
Vegetabilis 10(254–256): 349. 1912, Journal of Japanese
Botany 1(5): 114. 1917, Catalogus Seminum et Sporarum
in Horto Botanico Universitatis Imperialis Tokyoensis Raphia P. Beauv. Arecaceae (Palmae)
per annos 1915 et 1916 … Imperialis Tokyoensis 1919–20:
36. 1920, List of Plants of Formosa 202. 1928, Botanical French raphia, English raffia, based on the Malagasy local
Magazine 49(578): 73. 1935, Cytologia 44: 347–352. 1979, plant names, also rofia, raffia, ruffia, raphia; see Diss. de
Taxon 31: 587–589. 1982, Cheeke, P.R., Shull, L.R. Natural Sagu 21. 1757, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum…
Toxicants in Feeds and Poisonous Plants. Westport, Conn., . 1: 27. 1788, Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de
USA. 1985, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 24: 268–272. Beauvois, Flore d’Oware et de Bénin, en Afrique. 1: 75–78,
1986, Feddes Repert. 98: 477. 1987, Fenwick, G.R., Heaney, t. 44–46. Paris 1809 and C.T. Onions, The Oxford Dictionary
R.K., Mawson, R. Glucosinolates. Pages 1–41 in Cheeke, P. of English Etymology. Oxford University Press 1966,
R., ed. Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. II. Glycosides. Boca Ernest Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern
Raton, Fla., USA. 1989, Proceedings of the Indian Science English. 2: 1192. 1967, J. Niger. Inst. Oil Palm Res., 6(22):
Congress Association 77(3,VI): 147. 1990, Japanese 148, 151, 156, 163, 167. 1982, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande
Journal of Breeding 42: 329–339. 1992, Breeding Science dizionario della lingua italiana. XV: 309. 1994, Helmut
47: 57–65. 1997 Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Pflanzennamen. 528. 1996.
(Used in Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha. This plant contains
glucosinolates in the seeds, which can cause poisoning if Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Hylander (Metroxylon ruffia
eaten in sufficient quantities by livestock. Plant juice drunk (Jacq.) Spreng.; Raphia kirkii Becc.; Raphia kirkii Engl. ex
to expel kidney stones; juice applied in scorpion or poisonous Becc.; Raphia kirkii var. grandis Engl. ex Becc.; Raphia kirkii
insect bite. Seeds laxative and diuretic, used in gonorrhea; var. longicarpa Engl. ex Becc.; Raphia lyciosa Kunth; Raphia
seed powder given orally to treat irregular menstruation; lyciosa Comm. ex Kunth; Raphia pedunculata P. Beauv.;
seeds of Raphanus sativus boiled with Brassica campestris Raphia polymita Comm. ex Kunth; Raphia polymita Kunth;
oil massaged on penis to cure impotency; seeds ground with Raphia polymita Comm. ex Kunth; Raphia ruffia (Jacq.)
mustard oil and made into a paste applied on skin eruption Mart.; Raphia tamatavensis Sadeb.; Sagus farinifera Gaertn.;
and leprosy. Root juice given in stomachache and urinary Sagus pedunculata (P. Beauv.) Poir.; Sagus ruffia Jacq.)
complaints; roots given against kidney stone, jaundice and
scorbutic condition. Leaves antibacterial, rubbed with pow- Trop. Africa, N. & E. Madagascar. Palm, acaulescent, leaves
dered lime, applied to cuts; juice of fresh leaves diuretic and pinnate and erect, leaf stalk very strong, flowers male and
laxative. Tubers for piles and urinary complaints. Ceremonial, female on the same plant, massive flowering head, after flow-
rituals, festivals, whole plant.) ering the plant dies, shiny orange-brown fruits, cooking oil,
strong palmwine, along rivers and lakes, freshwater swamp
in English: Chinese radish, common cultivated radish, com- forest, riverine vegetation, forest edges
mon radish, Japanese white radish, radish, wild radish
See De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 2: 186, t. 120.
in China: lai fu, lai fu zi, lo po, luo bo 1791, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis,
in India: attitantam, bajrulkijal, bili, bili moolangi, bilimool- … [Kunth] 3: 217. 1841 and Botanische Jahrbücher für
angi, bokel, bul-uih, buluih, catakketanacceti, catakketanam, Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 36:
cempucattumuli, ekkuttali, fidgel, fioyl, fugel, fugil, fugl, 354. 1905, Webbia 3: 58, 63–64. 1910, Agric. Colon. 4: t. II, f.
fujl, kankapal, kaymullanki, labook, labuk, maguni gedde, 1–2. 1910, Lustgården. Årsskrift. Föreningen för dendrologi
moola, moolaa, moolaka, moolangi, mooli, mula, mulaka, och parkvård. 31: 91. 1952, Palms 43(3): 149–151. 1999
mulakam, mulangi, mulapam, mulekebija, muli, muli ka
(Magic, tonic.)
pani, muli taza mai burg, mulika, mulinghie, mullangi, mul-
langiyanne, mullanki, mulo, muri, muro, nakatanti, namak in English: raffia palm, raphia palm
turub, nattumullanki, parivarnam, phujal, singri, tantima-
in Brazil: palmeira ráfia
ruppu, tukhm muli, tukhme muli, tukhme-turub, turb, turup,
vayalikkilanku in Japan: rafia-yashi
3178 Raphionacme Harvey Asclepiadaceae (Apocynaceae)

in China: kuang lang, so mu Raphionacme Harvey Asclepiadaceae

in Tanzania: livale, mkamilila, muhunge, mukamilila, (Apocynaceae)
mwale, umondo Greek rhaphis, rhaphidos ‘a needle’ and akme ‘the top, high-
Raphia hookeri G. Mann & H. Wendland (Raphia angolen- est point’, see London Journal of Botany 1: 22. 1842.
sis Rendle; Raphia gigantea A. Chev.; Raphia hookeri var. Raphionacme brownii Scott-Elliot
planifoliola Otedoh; Raphia hookeri var. rubrifolia Otedoh;
Raphia longirostris Becc.; Raphia maxima Pechuël-Loesche; Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone. Erect branched herb, tuberous
Raphia sassandrensis A. Chev.; Sagus hookeri (G. Mann & rootstock full of milky latex, pink or reddish-purple flowers
H. Wendl.) Rollisson) in terminal cymose inflorescence, campanulate corolla tube
very small, erect linear fruits, hairy seeds, a bush food, tuber
Tropical Africa. Monoecious tree, pendulous axillary inflo- eaten raw or roasted
rescence, palm wine from the sap tapped from the stem,
palm cabbage eaten as a vegetable See Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 30: 91. 1894
[1893–1895 publ. 1894]
See Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 24(3):
438. 1864, Loango Exped. 3(1): 155. 1882, Cat. Afr. Pl. (Latex to relieve vomiting and hiccough.)
(Hiern) 2: 83. 1899 and Webbia 3: 108. 1910, Explor. Bot. Raphionacme hirsuta (E. Mey.) R.A. Dyer (Brachystelma
Afrique Occ. Franc. i. 673. 1920, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. hirsutum E. Mey.; Raphionacme divaricata Harv.)
Trop. 12: 198–199. 1932, Journal of the Nigerian Institute
South Africa.
for Oil Palm Research 5(19): 45–49. 1974, J. Nigerian Inst.
Oil Palm Res. 6(22): 152–153. 1982, Feddes Repert. 101(5– See Botanical Magazine 49: t. 2343. 1822, Commentariorum
6): 272. 1990 de Plantis Africae Australioris 197. 1838 [1837], London
Journal of Botany 1: 22–23. 1842 and Flowering Plants
(Sap against syphilis, also to increase lactation. Oily meso-
of South Africa 22: t. 853. 1942, J. Ethnopharmacol.
carp laxative and stomachic, also a liniment for pains. The
2(4): 323–35. 1980 [Antineoplastic constituents of some
raw fruit is poisonous and is crushed for use as fish poison.)
Southern African plants: Urginea capitata, Raphionacme
in English: bass palm, Ivory Coast raphia palm, piassava hirsuta and Cheilanthes contracta, Brunsvigia radulosa,
palm, raphia palm, wine palm Amaryllis belladonna.]
in Nigeria: aiko, angor (Has been used in African anticancer medicines. Roots for
scrofula.)
in Tanzania: mwale
in English: false gentian
in Yoruba: aiko
in Southern Africa: inTsema (Xhosa)
Raphia mombuttorum Drude
Raphionacme jurensis N.E. Br.
Tropical Africa.
Tropical Africa.
See Diss. de Sagu 21. 1757, De Fructibus et Seminibus
Plantarum… . 1: 27. 1788, Flore d’Oware 1: 75–78, t. 44–46. See Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 4(1.2): 272. 1902 [Dec 1902]
1804 [1806], Bot. Jahrb. Syst. xxi. (1895) 111, 130. 1895 and
(Reported to be toxic.)
Revue Horticole 85: 96. 1918, Fl. Madagascar 30e Famille -
Palmiers 14. 1945, Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. 1975, Field Guide to
the Palms of the Americas 1–352. 1995
Rauvolfia L. Apocynaceae
(Scabies.)
The generic name honors the German (b. Augsburg, Bavaria)
Raphia sudanica A. Chev. (Raphia bandamensis A. Chev.; physician and botanist Leonhart (Leonhardus, Leonhard)
Raphia heberostris Becc.; Raphia humilis A. Chev.) Rauwolff (Rauwolf, Rawolff, Rauvolfius), 1535–1596 (d.
Waitzen/Vac, Hungary, fighting the Turks), traveller, plant
Tropical Africa.
collector, M.D. Valence 1562, 1573–1576 visited the Near
See Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55(Mém. 8b): 95. 1908, Webbia East, described the riparian flora of the Euphrates. See
3: 96. 1910, Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop. 12: 204–205. 1932 Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 1: 208. 1753, Species
Plantarum 2: 1043. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 98. 1754,
(Leaves for drepanocytosis, gonorrhoea, gastroenteritis.)
Johan Frederik (Jan Fredrik, Johannes Fridericus) Gronovius
in Mali: ban (1686–1762), Flora orientalis, sive recensio plantarum,
quas botanicorum coryphaeus Leonhardus Rauwolf annis
in Nigeria: tukuruwa (Hausa)
1573–75 in Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria,
in Senegal: banje Armenia et Judaea crescentes observavit et collegit …
Rauvolfia L. Apocynaceae 3179

Lugduni Batavorum [Leyden] 1755, Flora Cochinchinensis See Species Plantarum 1: 208. 1753, Linnaea 23: 77. 1850
95, 137. 1790, Systema Vegetabilium 4: 805. 1819, Journal of and Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 113. 1902, Bulletin Misc. Inform. Kew
Botany, being a second series of the Botanical Miscellany 3: 1908: 407. 1908, Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985, Strugnell, A.M.
241. 1841, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis “A checklist of the Spermatophytes of Mt. Mulanje, Malawi.”
8: 339, 341. 1844, Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Scripta Botanica Belgica 34: 1–199. 2006, Sosef, M.S.M. et
Akad. Wetenschappen 6: 191. 1857, Flora 53: 168. 1870 al. “Check-list des plantes vasculaires du Gabon.” Scripta
and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis Botanica Belgica 35: 1–438. 2006
20: 113, 116, 118. 1924, Bulletin de la Société Botanique de
France 94: 32–33, 38. 1947, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 43(3): (Root and bark used medicinally. Toxic bark. Stem bark and
253–354. 1956, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon leaves for general body swelling, pneumonia and rheuma-
Botanists. 3: 131. 1965, K.H. Dannenfeldt, Leonard Rauwolf, tism. Bark boiled in water to produce tooth brushing mix-
Sixteenth Century Physician, Botanist and Traveler. Cambr. ture; bark for febrile complaints. Bark of root for scrofula.)
Mass. 1968, Karl H. Dannenfeldt, in D.S.B. 11: 311–312. in English: quinine tree
1981, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 61: 21–69. 1991, Monogr. Syst.
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 116–132. 2001, Darwiniana in Central Africa: esoma, esombi, mosinga, sambo
43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, Darwiniana 44(2): 453–489. 2006, in Malawi: moumbamvula
Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184. 2009. This genus is the source
of the rauwolfia alkaloids, and in particular reserpine which in Nigeria: wada (Hausa); awa (Yoruba)
is used medicinally as an antihypertensive and sedative.
in Southern Africa: kinaboom, umHlambamanzi, koors-
Rauvolfia amsoniifolia A. DC. (Cyrtosiphonia amsoniifolia boom; muKadhlu, muGaururu, iDzurungu, Dzurungu,
(A. DC.) Miq.) muKashu, muKaururu, muSingwizi, muZungurwi (Shona);
umKhadluvungu, umHlambamasi (= the sour milk
Malesia, Philippines. A shrub or small tree, leaves verticil-
cleanser), umHlambhamanzi, umJele (Zulu); nchongo
late, flowers with campanulate-infundibuliform corolla tube,
(Tsonga); munadzi (Venda); umThundisa, umJelo, umJela,
in lowland rain forest and in secondary thickets
umHlamb’amasi (Xhosa)
See Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.)
8: 338. 1844, Flora van Nederlandsch Indië 2: 402. 1856 in Tanzania: iberebere, irato, mfuti, muula ula, muvenvene,
mvelevele, mwereti, mweti, ng’weti
(Young buds for stomachache of infant, young leaves used to
treat stomach disorders in babies. Bark decoction used as a in Yoruba: alagba
stomachic. A decoction of the leaves used as a laxative and in Zimbabwe: mudzurungu, mukamamasanhi, mukashu,
febrifuge, and to stimulate delivery, the bark to treat framboe- mukaurura, musingwiswi, mutowamakaka, muzungurwi
sia which is caused by the spiral-shaped bacteria Treponema
pertenue or Treponema pallidum pertenue.) Rauvolfia javanica Koord. & Valeton
in Indonesia: pamedang, parempasa S. Sumatra to Lesser Sunda Is. Small tree, leaves 3–4-ver-
ticillate, flowers with campanulate-infundibuliform corolla
in Philippines: alibutbut, banogan, batikoling, maladita,
tube at most twice the length of the calyx, in lowland, lower
maraandarayan, sibakong
montane rain forest, in open places
Rauvolfia caffra Sond. (Rauvolfia goetzei Stapf; Rauvolfia
See Species Plantarum 1: 208. 1753 and Bijdr. Kennis
gonioclada K. Schum. ex Stapf; Rauvolfia inebrians K.
Boomsoorten Java 1: 91. 1894
Schum.; Rauvolfia leucopoda K. Schum. ex Stapf; Rauvolfia
macrophylla Stapf, nom. illeg.; Rauvolfia mayombensis (Toxic. Pounded leaves used externally to treat wounds.)
Pellegr.; Rauvolfia natalensis Sond.; Rauvolfia obliquinervis
Stapf; Rauvolfia oxyphylla Stapf; Rauvolfia ochrosioides K. in Indonesia: lameh, lameh utan
Schum.; Rauvolfia tchibangensis Pellegr.; Rauvolfia verticil- Rauvolfia ligustrina Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. (Rauvolfia
lata A. Chev., nom. nud.; Rauvolfia welwitschii Stapf) alphonsiana Müll.Arg.; Rauvolfia indecora Woodson;
Tropical and S. Africa. Tree, twigs brown tinged dark blue- Rauvolfia ligustrina Roem. & Schult.; Rauvolfia parvifolia
brown with brown lenticels, sticky milky white juice, near Bertero ex Spreng.; Rauvolfia parvifolia var. cubana A. DC.;
the ends of branches leaves in whorls, flowers in terminal Rauvolfia parvifolia var. tomentella Müll.Arg.; Rauvolfia
branched inflorescences, corolla shading to white towards ternifolia Kunth)
lobes, pendulous clusters of dark green shiny fruits with S. Mexico to Trop. America, Colombia.
white spots, often only one carpel develops, used to make
furniture, whole plant producing milky latex when cut, in See Systema Vegetabilium 4: 805. 1819, Linnaea 30: 394.
riverine forest, in seasonally flooded gallery forest, along 1860 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 12. 1937, Ann.
river banks and streams, in woodland along valley, in fring- Missouri Bot. Gard. 43(3): 253–354. 1956, Darwiniana
ing forest 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005
3180 Rauvolfia L. Apocynaceae

(Infusion or decoction of root drunk for snakebite and scor- Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz (Ophioxylon
pion stings. Central nervous system depressant, anxiolytic- album Gaertn.; Ophioxylon majus Hasskarl; Ophioxylon
like effect.) obversum Miq.; Ophioxylon salutiferum Salisb.; Ophioxylon
serpentinum L.; Ophioxylon trifoliatum Gaertn.; Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia mannii Stapf (Rauvolfia cardiocarpa K.
major (Hassk.) G. Nicholson; Rauvolfia obversa (Miq.)
Schum.; Rauvolfia cumminsii Stapf; Rauvolfia ivorensis
Baill.; Rauvolfia trifoliata (Gaertn.) Baill.)
A. Chev., nom. nud.; Rauvolfia liberiensis Stapf; Rauvolfia
longiacuminata De Wild. & T. Durand; Rauvolfia obscura Himalaya to W. Malesia. An erect perennial herb or small
K. Schum; Rauvolfia preussii K. Schum.; Rauvolfia rosea shrub, usually unbranched slender stem, prominent tuberous
K. Schum.) usually unbranched root, long irregularly nodular yellowish
rootstock, leaves whorled, white flowers in irregular cor-
Tropical Africa. Shrub or subshrub or treelet, erect, strag- ymbose cymes, narrowly cylindrical tube much longer than
gling, climber, stem green-brown with white swollen dots, calyx, shining black drupes
white latex, leaves whorled, flowers white with a red centre,
petals whitish pink with red spots, style white-pubescent, See Species Plantarum 1: 208. 1753, Species Plantarum 2:
heart shaped bilobed fruit bright red when ripe, sympodial 1043. 1753, Flora 28: 263 bis (= 265). 1845, Forest Flora of
growth, whole plant produces white latex when cut, close British Burma 2: 171. 1877, The Illustrated Dictionary of
to water, in forest and in open forest, understory, on forest Gardening, … 3: 279. 1886 and J. Econ. Bot. 4: 349–365.
floor, in forest shade, in partly shaded area of forest, in sec- 1954, Indian J. Med. Sci. 11(7): 479–82. 1957 [Effect of
ondary scrub reserpine free extract of Rauvolfia serpentina on gastric
acidity in man.], Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory,
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894(1): 21. Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 3: 41–42. 1976,
1894, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 154. 1895, Pflanzenw. Ost- Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (III,
Afrikas, C: 317–318. 1895, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique, C) 66: 78–79. 1979, Science and Culture 48: 152–154. 1982,
Compt.-Rend. 38: 205. 1899 and Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 114. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh). 59 Suppl 7: 344–347.
1902, Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 601. 1904, Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. 1986, Cytologia 54: 723–728. 1989, Nucleus 34: 170–173.
Franç. 1: 412. 1920, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Genetica 68: 1991, Regnum Veg. 127: 71, 81. 1993, Ethnobotany 9: 59–64.
3–35. 1985, Harris, D.J. The Vascular Plants of the Dzanga- 1997, J. Nat. Prod. 64(5): 686–687. 2001, Ethnobotany 16:
Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic. National Botanic 52–58. 2004
Garden (Belgium), Meise. 2002
(Used in Ayurveda and Unani. Root and stem decoction
(Roots very poisonous. Arrow poison. Stem and roots used to given for fever. Roots sedative, hypnotic, bitter, acrid, heat-
treat pimples. Scraping of bark mixed with seeds or bark of ing, sharp, pungent, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, anti-
Strophanthus sp. and used as arrow poison.) dote, febrifuge, galactagogue, anthelmintic, snake repellent,
in Central African Republic: kibula, mbom, mwako used in the treatment of leucorrhea, diarrhea, dysentery,
hypertension, rheumatism and various central nervous sys-
in Tanzania: mbozamakii, mpilipili tem disorders associated with psychosis, schizophrenia,
Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf insanity, insomnia, epilepsy; root juice applied on wounds;
root decoction given in rheumatism; root decoction used to
Nigeria, Tropical Africa. Tree or shrub, sticky milky white increase uterine contractions for abortion or in labor; root
latex, flowers white-green powder taken orally in case of snakebite. Bark, leaves and
See Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information Kew 1894(1): roots against snake and scorpion poisoning. Leaf juice
21. 1894 applied against opacity of the cornea and to treat wounds and
itch. In snakebite or poisonous bite, antidote, anti-venom,
(Roots and stem bark for fevers, malaria, hysteria.) latex directly applied on the wound and drops of latex with
in Tanzania: mpilipili pori water used orally. Veterinary medicine, root used as a vermi-
fuge. Roots as fish poison.)
Rauvolfia pentaphylla Ducke (Rauvolfia duckei Markgr.;
in English: Indian snakeroot, Java devil pepper, rauvolfia root
Rauvolfia pentaphylla (Huber) Ducke; Rauvolfia pentaphylla
Huber ex Ducke) in China: she gen mu
Brazil to Peru. Tree or shrub, white latex, dark green leaves, in India: arpa, avulpori, badgo, chandra, chandrabhaga,
fruits green chandrika, chivan avelpori, chivan melpodi, chhotachand,
chota-chand, chotachand, covannamilpori, dhamarbarua,
See Species Plantarum 1: 208. 1753 and Archivos do Jardim
dhan-marna, dhan-barua, harkai, jhabarbarua, korengda-
Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 3: 244. 1922, Repertorium
bai, nagbel, nai, nakuli (= mongoose), naya, paataal garuda,
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 20: 117, 121. 1924
paatal garudi, paathal garda, pagalbuti, patal garada, patal
(The wood causes symptoms similar to those produced by gardu, patal garuda, patala-gandhi, patala-garudada-beru,
Aspidosperma species.) patalagarud, patalgaruda, patalgorur, saneggara, sarpgandha,
Rauvolfia L. Apocynaceae 3181

sarpa-gandha, sarpa jhar, sarpagandh, sarpagandha (sarpa, Mexico, Panama to Trop. America. Herbaceous shrub, slen-
the snake or serpent, and gandha, the smell), sarpangandhi, der treelet, spreading, white latex, obovate-oblong leaves,
sarpgandha, serpgandha, sutranabi, thabarabarua, vado minute white-cream flowers in axillary cymes, young fruit
shiny green, ripe baccate fruits red to black, fruit juice used
in Indonesia: pule pandak
as a substitute for ink, at edge of forest
in Japan: Indo-zaboku
See Species Plantarum 1: 208. 1753, Enumeratio Systematica
in Nepal: chandamaruwa Plantarum 14. 1760, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 303.
1762, Systema Vegetabilium 105. 1819, Prodromus Systematis
in Sanskrit: chandraswa, sarpagandha
Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 8: 337, 339. 1844, Linnaea 30:
in Thailand: ka yom, khem daeng, ra yom 395–396. 1860, Proceedings of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences 5: 187. 1861, Observationes Botanicae
in Vietnam: ba g[aj]c [aas]n d[ooj], ba g[aj]c hoa d[or], ba g[aj]
150. 1871 and Descriptions of three hundred new species of
c thu[oos]c
South American plants 84–85. 1920, Repertorium Specierum
Rauvolfia sumatrana Jack (Cyrtosiphonia madurensis Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 20: 114–115, 119. 1924, Annals
Teijsm. & Binn.; Cyrtosiphonia reflexa (Teijsm. & Binn.) of the Missouri Botanical Garden 26(4): 299. 1939, Rao,
Miq.; Cyrtosiphonia spectabilis Miq.; Cyrtosiphonia suma- A.S. “A revision of Rauvolfia, with particular reference to the
trana (Jack) Miq.; Rauvolfia blumeana Valeton ex Koord.- American species.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
Schum., nom. inval.; Rauvolfia madurensis (Teijsm. & Binn.) 43(3): 253–354. 1956, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/1):
Burck ex Koord.-Schum.; Rauvolfia palawanensis Elmer; 363–455. 1959, Fieldiana, Bot. 24(8/4): 334–407. 1969,
Rauvolfia reflexa Teijsm. & Binn.; Rauvolfia samarensis Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of
Merr.; Rauvolfia spectabilis (Miq.) Boerl.; Rauvolfia suma- Botany, University of Calcutta] 3: 41–42. 1976, Proceedings
trana var. longifolia Blume) of the Indian Science Congress Association (III, C) 66:
78–79. 1979, Taxon 30: 855–856. 1981, Genetica 68: 3–35.
China, Indochina to Malesia. Tree, leaves verticillate, petiole
1985, Cytologia 54: 723–728. 1989, Regnum Veg. 127: 81.
thin, campanulate-infundibuliform corolla, fruit subglobose,
1993, Planta Med. 65(3): 277–278. 1999, Darwiniana 43:
in lowland rain forest, in lowland dipterocarp forest and teak
90–191. 2005, Darwiniana 44: 453–489. 2006, Anales del
forest, open places and beach forest, in forest edges and sec-
Jardin Botanico de Madrid 66: 217–262. 2009
ondary vegetation
(Fruits reported to be poisonous. The latex has been reported
See Malayan Misc. 1(5): 22. 1820 and Pooma, R. (ed.) A
to be irritant, emetic, cathartic and expectorant, and is used
Preliminary Check-List of Threatened Plants in Thailand:
for treating dropsy. Leaf juice for eyes troubles; leaf decoc-
1–193. National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation
tion for toothache; leaves decoction drunk as a postpartum
Department, Bangkok. 2005
remedy, to aid in elimination of the afterbirth following
(Bark to treat dysentery, also reported to serve as a laxative; parturition. Young fruits given in fever. Root antihyperten-
the dried bark reported as an antimalarial.) sive, hypnotic, sedative, paste in stomach pain and snakebite.
Veterinary medicine, antidote, for snakebite, root crushed
in English: Sumatra devil pepper
and made into a paste fed to the cow.)
in China: su men da la luo fu mu
in English: bellyache, bitter bush, four-leaf devil pepper,
in Indonesia: ki benteli, lame lalaki, lameh, lameh utan, snake root
polay lakek, tampa badak
in China: si ye luo fu mu
in Malaysia: pelir kambing, pulai pipit, sumbu badak, tumpul
in India: bara chandrika, barachadar, nagboi
badak
in Central America: alcotán, amatillo, cabamuc, chal-
in Thailand: ra yom teenpet, teenpet lek
chupa, cohatacó, curarina, guataco, matacoyote, señorita,
Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. (Rauvolfia canescens L., nom. veneno, viborilla
illeg.; Rauvolfia canescens var. glabra Müll.Arg.; Rauvolfia
in Venezuela: boboro
canescens var. intermedia Markgr.; Rauvolfia canescens
var. tomentosa Müll.Arg.; Rauvolfia canescens var. typica Rauvolfia verticillata (Loureiro) Baillon (Cerbera chinen-
Markgr.; Rauvolfia heterophylla Roem. & Schult.; Rauvolfia sis Sprengel; Dissolaena verticillata Lour.; Dissolena ver-
heterophylla Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.; Rauvolfia het- ticillata Loureiro; Ervatamia ophiorhizoides (Kurz) Lace;
erophylla var. puberula A. Gray; Rauvolfia hirsuta Jacq.; Ervatamia ventii Lý; Rauvolfia superaxillaris P.T. Li &
Rauvolfia hirsuta Jacq. var. glabra (Müll.Arg.) Woodson; S.Z. Huang; Hunteria sundana Miq.; Ophioxylon belgau-
Rauvolfia lamarckii A. DC.; Rauvolfia latifolia var. minor mense Wight; Ophioxylon chinense Hance; Ophioxylon
Müll.Arg.; Rauvolfia mollissima Markgr.; Rauvolfia nitida chinensis Hance; Ophioxylon densiflorum (Wall.) Thwaites;
Jacq.; Rauvolfia odontophora Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.; Ophioxylon macrocarpum Wight; Ophioxylon maius Hassk.;
Rauvolfia subpubescens L.; Rauvolfia tomentosa Jacq.) Ophioxylon neilgheerense Wight; Ophioxylon zeylanicum
3182 Rauwenhoffia R. Scheffer Annonaceae

Wight; Rauvolfia altodiscifera R.H. Miao; Rauvolfia brevi- in Thailand: chaek, cheepuk, yaa kae haak khom
styla Tsiang; Rauvolfia cambodiana Pierre ex Pitard;
in Vietnam: ba g[aj]c v[of]ng, t[is]ch ti[ee]n, sam t[oo]
Rauvolfia chinensis (Sprengel) Hemsley; Rauvolfia chinen-
sis (Hance) Hemsl.; Rauvolfia densiflora (Wall.) Benth. ex Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. (Rauvolfia congolana De Wild.
Hook.f.; Rauvolfia latifrons Tsiang; Rauvolfia loheri Merr.; & T. Durand; Rauvolfia pleiosiadica K. Schum.; Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia maior (Hassk.) G. Nicholson; Rauvolfia mem- senegambiae DC.; Rauvolfia stuhlmannii K. Schum.)
branacea Merr.; Rauvolfia obversa Koord., nom. illeg.;
W. Trop. Africa to Tanzania and Angola. Small tree, erect,
Rauvolfia ophiorrhizoides (Kurz) Kerr; Rauvolfia peraken-
many-branched, sticky white latex, twigs red-brown with
sis King & Gamble; Rauvolfia superaxillaris P.T. Li & S.Z.
pale lenticels, leaves whorled to 5 per node, inflorescences
Huang; Rauvolfia taiwanensis Tsiang; Rauvolfia verticillata
at the apical bud, contorted petals, corolla tube green-white,
var. hainanensis Tsiang; Rauvolfia verticillata var. oblan-
ripe fruits orange, open area, in forest clearing, at forest edge,
ceolata Tsiang; Rauvolfia verticillata var. officinalis Tsiang;
in swamp forest beside stream, dry forest, along roadside
Rauvolfia yunnanensis Tsiang; Tabernaemontana cylindrica
Steud., nom. inval.; Tabernaemontana densiflora Wall.; See Species Plantarum 1: 208. 1753, Afzelius, Adam (1750–
Tabernaemontana microcarpa Wall.; Tabernaemontana 1837), Stirpium in Guinea medicinalium species cognitae, …
ophiorrhizoides Kurz; Tabernaemontana parviflora B. 1. 1817–1825 [Fasc. 2, auctor Fredericus Ad. Alner], Pflanzenw.
Heyne ex Wall., nom. inval.; Tabernaemontana subcapitata Ost-Afrikas, C: 318. 1895, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique,
Hook.f. & Thomson; Tabernaemontana wallichiana Steud.; Compt.-Rend. 38: 204. 1899 and Genetica 68: 3–35. 1985,
Urceola quintaretii (Pierre) D.J. Middleton) Cytologia 54: 723–728. 1989, J. Ethnopharmacol. 33(1–2):
129–133. 1991 [Antiinflammatory activity of a Ghanaian anti-
India to Taiwan and W. & C. Malesia. Shrub or treelet, leaves
arthritic herbal preparation: II.], J. Ethnopharmacol. 33(3):
(2-)3-verticillate, young leaves shiny green, leaf dark green
263–267. 1991 [Antiinflammatory activity of a Ghanaian
above, latex white, flowers with narrow cylindrical corolla tube
antiarthritic herbal preparation: I.], J. Ethnopharmacol.
much longer than calyx, calyx light green, petals white curved,
46(1): 7–15. 1995 [Antiinflammatory activity of a Ghanaian
fruit consisting of 1–2 elliptical drupelets, young fruit green,
antiarthritic herbal preparation: III.], J. Ethnopharmacol.
ripe fruit red, monsoon forest, on open slope, in open places in
98(3): 281–285. 2005, Int. J. Oncol. 29(5): 1065–1073. 2006,
hills and mountains, in lowland to montane rain forest
J. Ethnopharmacol. 104(3): 379–386. 2006
See Species Plantarum 1: 208. 1753, Species Plantarum 2:
(Contact allergen. Roots, stem and leaves febrifuge, emetic,
1043. 1753, Florae Lusitanicae et Brasiliensis Specimen
sedative. Leaves and root bark infusion taken as a vermifuge,
8. 1788, Flora Cochinchinensis 1: 95, 137. 1790, Systema
sedative, antidiabetic, hypotensive, tonic, antiarthritic, anti-
Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 1: 642. 1825, Journal of
inflammatory, antiplasmodial, anti-prostate cancer activity.
Botany, British and Foreign 3(36): 380–381. 1865, Bull.
Arrow poison, latex of Parquetina nigrescens, of Rauvolfia
Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 768. 1888, Histoire des Plantes 10: vomitoria, and leaves juice of Palisota alopecurus. Scraping
170. 1889, Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 26(173): of roots mixed with seeds or bark of Strophanthus sp. and
95. 1889 and Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 74(2): used as arrow poison.)
424. 1908, Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine 3: 1117. 1938,
Allen, E.F. “Notes on the cultivation of Rauwolfia in Malaya.” in English: emetic devil pepper
Malayan Agricultural Journal 41(2): 100–105. 1958, Scientia in Central African Republic: esoma, esombi, koboula,
Sinica 11: 791–804. 1962, Taxon 28: 636–637. 1979, Genetica kobula, sambo
68: 3–35. 1985, Guihaia 5(2): 79–80, f. 1. 1985, Acta
Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 32(4): 66. in Congo: ndouli, nduli, ompepe, ondole, onduele
1993, Novon 4(2): 151. 1994, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Nigeria: akanta, akata, apawere, asofeyeje, atapara, awgor,
C, Journal of Biosciences. 62(3–4): 296–304. 2007 awowere, ayekoje, bandonge, bayejokorok, dodo, dodo dudu,
(Used in China to treat snake poisoning, malaria, and typhus; ekam, elongolongo, essembi-sembi, hinpa,ira, ira-igbo, iton-
fresh leaves applied externally to treat snakebites, wounds gotongo, lindondongo, minjan-minjanga, oloragbo, oora, uto
and inflamed eyes. The roots are used to treat hypertension enyin, wada, wadda
and as a sedative.) in Sierra Leone: kowogae
in English: broad-leaf devil pepper, common devil pepper, in Zaire: bam’mbákámbáká, m’mbákámbáká
Hainan devil pepper, medicinal devil pepper, Perak devil
pepper, Yunnan devil pepper in China: cui tu luo fu mu
in China: luo fu mu
in Indonesia: salung-salung Rauwenhoffia R. Scheffer Annonaceae
Malayan names: batu pelir kambing, pelir kambing, pokok After the Dutch botanist Dr. Nicolaas Willem Pieter
batu pelir kambing Rauwenhoff, 1826–1909, plant physiologist, in 1871
Ravenala Adans. Strelitziaceae (Musaceae) 3183

successor to F.A.W. Miquel at Utrecht, from 1871 to 1896 (Seed oil antiseptic. The fruit cooked and eaten to treat
professor of botany and Director of the Botanical Garden anorexia.)
at Utrecht, his works include Charles Robert Darwin.
in English: traveller’s palm, traveller’s tree
Utrecht 1882 and La génération sexuée des Gleicheniacées.
Haarlem 1890. See Genera Plantarum 283. 1789, Rudolph in India: pantho padop, panthopadop
Herman Christiaan Carel Scheffer (1844–1880), Annales
in Japan: ogi-bashô
du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. 2: 21. 1885 and E.M.
Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum in Madagascar: ravenala
of Harvard University. 1917–1933, John H. Barnhart,
Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 131. 1965, T.W.
Bossert, Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented Rehmannia Libosch. ex Fischer & C.A.
in the Hunt Institute Portrait Collection. 325. 1972, Stafleu Meyer Scrophulariaceae (Gesneriaceae)
and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 593–595. Utrecht 1983.
After the Russian physician Joseph Rehmann, 1779 (or 1753,
Rauwenhoffia siamensis R. Scheffer in Pritzel)–1831; see Index Seminum [St. Petersburg] 1: 36.
Thailand. 1835, Georg Christian Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches
Handwörterbuch. 754. 1852, Journal of the Linnean Society,
See Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 2: 23. 1885 Botany 26(174): 195. 1890, Botanical Magazine, t. 7191. 1891
(Leaves boiled and the liquid drunk as tonic, also put on cuts.) and Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 27:
393, 399. 1909, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der
botanischen Pflanzennamen. 530. 1996.
Ravenala Adans. Strelitziaceae (Musaceae) Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fischer & C.A.
From the native name in Madagascar, see Familles des Meyer (Digitalis glutinosa Gaertner; Rehmannia chinensis
Plantes (Adanson) 2: 67. 1763, Introductio ad Historiam Liboschitz ex Fischer & C.A. Meyer; Rehmannia glutinosa f.
Naturalem 96. 1777, Voyage aux Indes Orientales 2: 223. huechingensis (Chao & Shih) P.G. Hsiao [Xiao], Rehmannia
1782, Syst. Nat. ed. 13[bis]. 2(1): 567. 1791, Prodromus glutinosa f. purpurea Matsuda; Rehmannia glutinosa var.
Florae Norfolkicae 35, 98. 1833, Annals of Botany. Oxford hemsleyana Diels; Rehmannia glutinosa var. huechingensis
7: 203. 1893 and Canadian Journal of Plant Science 61(3): Chao & Shih)
691–695. 1981, Taxon 39(1): 131–132. 1990, Taxon 42: 874. China. Perennial herb, orange tuberous root, black root sec-
1993, American Journal of Botany 81(5): 542–551. 1994, tions, basal leaves fasciculate, scape bearing reddish purple
Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2438. 2001. tubular flowers
Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. (Heliconia ravenala See Species Plantarum 2: 621–622. 1753, Novi Commentarii
Willemet; Ravenala madagascariensis Adans.; Ravenala Academiae Scientiarum Imperalis Petropolitanae 14: 544,
madagascariensis J.F. Gmel.; Urania madagascarien- pl. 20. 1770, Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1: 36. 1835 (Index
sis Raeusch.; Urania madagascariensis (Sonn.) Raeusch.; Seminum [St. Petersburg]) and Botanische Jahrbücher für
Urania ravenala (Willemet) A. Rich.; Urania ravenalia Systematik, Pflanzenge­ schichte und Pflanzengeographie
Rich.; Urania speciosa Willd.) 29(3–4): 569. 1900, Botanical Magazine 32: 141. 1918, Acta
Madagascar. Palm-like, unbranched, 2-ranked fan-shaped Pharmaceutica Sinica 1: 41. 1957, Fl. Chin. Trad. Med. 1:
leaves, inflorescence axillary, bracts filled with mucilage, 197. 1959, Chinese Bulletin of Botany 2(1): 43–44. 1984
edible seeds, sugar can be extracted from the sap of the trunk (Tuberous roots used for thirst, hyperpyrexia, constipation,
See Mantissa Plantarum 2: 147, 211. 1771, Sonnerat, Pierre anemia, weakness, night sweats.)
(1748–1814), Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine: fait in English: glutinous rehmannia
par ordre du roi, depuis 1774 jusqu’en 1781. Dans lequel on
traite des moeurs de la religion, des sciences & des arts des in China: di huang, gan di huang, shen di huang, shou di
Indiens, des Chinois, des Pégouins & des Madégasses; suivi huang, shu di huang, ti huang
d’observations sur le Cap de Bonne-Espérance, les Isles de in Vietnam: dia hoang, sinh dia
France & de Bourbon, les Maldives, Ceylan, Malacca, les
Philippines & les Moluques, & de recherches sur l’histoire
naturelle de ces pays. 2: 223, pl. 124–126. 1782, Genera
Reichardia Roth Asteraceae
Plantarum 1: 212. 1789, Annalen der Botanick. ed. Usteri
18: 22. 1796, Nomenclator Botanicus, ed. 3 91. 1797, After the German botanist Johann Jacob (Jakob) Reichard,
Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 7. 1810, Novorum Actorum 1743–1782, physician, from 1773 to 1782 supervisor of the
Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae-Carolinae Naturae botanical garden and library of the Senckenberg Foundation,
Curiosorum 15(Suppl.): 19. 1831 and Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): his works include Flora moeno-francofurtana. Francofurti
178–191. 1952 ad Moenum [Frankfurt am Main] 1772–1778 and Enumeratio
3184 Reinwardtia Dumortier Linaceae

stirpium horti botanici senckenbergiani, qui Francofurti ad S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14 Aufl.
Moenum est. Francofurti ad Moenum 1782; see Albrecht 768. 1993.
Wilhelm Roth (1757–1834), in Botanische Abhandlungen
Reinwardtia indica Dumortier (Kittelocharis trigyna
und Beobachtungen. 35. 1787, Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus
(Reichenbach) Alefeld; Linum cicanobum Buch.-Ham. ex D.
bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks. London
Don; Linum cicanobum Buch.-Ham.; Linum repens Buch.-
1800, A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de Benjamin Delessert.
Ham. ex D. Don; Linum repens Buch.-Ham.; Linum trigynum
Paris 1845 and E.M. Tucker, Catalogue of the library of the
Roxburgh, nom. illeg., not Linnaeus; Macrolinum trigynum
Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. 1917–1933, G.
Reichbenbach; Reinwardtia trigyna Planch.; Reinwardtia
Schmid, Goethe und die Naturwissenschaften. Halle 1940,
trigyna (Reichenbach) Planchon; Reinwardtia trigyna
John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3:
Dalzell & A. Gibson; Reinwardtia trigyna (Roxb.) Planch.)
139. 1965, Bot. Not. 133: 515–520. 1980, Lagascalia 9: 149–
158. 1980, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim and S. Seybold, India.
Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14. Aufl. Stuttgart
See Asiatic Researches 4: 357. 1799, Commentat. Bot. 19.
1993, Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, ed., Il Fondo Antico della
1822, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 217. 1825, Handb. Nat. Pfl.-Syst.
Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 227. Regione
306. 1837, London Journal of Botany 7: 522–523. 1848, Bot.
Siciliana, Palermo 1988, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 45: 483–
Zeitung (Berlin) 21: 282. 1863
494. 1989, Willdenowia 23: 211–238. 1993, Fl. Medit. 8: 245–
251. 1998, Amer. J. Bot. 86(7): 1003–1013. 1999, Compositae (Paste of plant applied to treat scabies, whitlow and boils.
Newslett. 41: 9–28. 2004. Fresh leaf juice to cure cuts and wounds; crushed leaves
applied to wounds infested with maggots. Crushed flowers
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth (Picridium tingitanum Desf.;
mixed with mustard oil used on wounds and boils. Paste
Picridium tingitanum (L.) Desf.; Reichardia orientalis (L.)
of roots applied to treat boils; root juice to treat typhoid.
Hochr.; Reichardia orientalis Hochr.; Reichardia tingitana
Tradition, myth, the appearance of the plant considered as
Roth; Reichardia tingitana (L.) Pau; Scorzonera orientalis
the first sign of spring. Veterinary medicine, crushed leaves
L.; Scorzonera tingitana L.; Sonchus tingitanus (L.) Lam.;
and stem applied to maggot-infested wounds in animals.)
Sonchus tingitanus Lam.)
in English: yellow flax
Mediterranean.
in China: shi hai jiao
See Species Plantarum 791. 1753, Botanische Abhandlungen
und Beobachtungen. 35. 1787, Encyclopédie Méthodique, in India: basant, basant phool, basanthi, peoli, pinguni,
Botanique (Lamarck) 3(2): 397. 1792, Flora Atlantica 2: 220. rangon
1799 and Bot. Not. 131: 391–404. 1978, Taxon 31: 768. 1982, in Nepal: niphin, piunli
Bocconea 5: 211–220. 1996, Bocconea 11: 117–169. 1999,
Cytologia 64: 181–196. 1999
(Antiseptic, for skin diseases.) Reissantia N. Hallé Celastraceae
in English: false sow-thistle, reichardia (Hippocrateaceae)
in Arabic: huwwa Reissantia cassinoides (DC.) Ding Hou (Hippocratea bec-
carii Tuyn.; Hippocratea glaga Korth.)
Thailand, Sumatra. Liana, leaves decussate, inflorescence
Reinwardtia Dumortier Linaceae cymose, small subsessile flowers, petals pale yellow or yel-
lowish-green, fruit a capsule, in lowland forest
To remember the Dutch scientist Caspar Georg Carl
Reinwardt, 1773–1854 (d. Leiden, Holland), botanist, plant (Leaves used as an ingredient of sambal, and medicinally,
collector, traveller, 1823–1845 professor of natural history mixed with Alyxia sp. (adas pulasari), against rheumatism.
at the University of Leyden, author of Enumeratio plan- Juice from the stem drunk against fever.)
tarum in horto Lugduno-Batavo coluntur. [Leyden] 1831;
in Indonesia: areuy mangender
see Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (1797–1878),
Commentationes Botanicae. 19. Tournay 1822, G.C. Reissantia grahamii (Wight) Ding Hou (Hippocratea gra-
Wittstein, Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. hamii Wight; Pristimera grahamii (Wight) A.C. Smith)
755. 1852, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 21: 282. 1863 and J.H.
Philippines, India.
Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon Botanists. 3: 142. 1965,
Theodore W. Bossert, compil., Biographical Dictionary See Species Plantarum 2: 1191. 1753, Ann. Mus. Bot.
of Botanists Represented in the Hunt Institute Portrait Lugduno-Batavi 4: 153. 1869 and Philipp. J. Sci. 17: 273.
Collection. 329. Boston, Mass. 1972, Mary Gunn and 1920, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) Sér. 2, 30: 466. 1958,
Leslie E. Codd, Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa. Blumea xii. 33. 1963, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 3: 663–664. 1982,
294. Cape Town 1981, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim & Phytochemistry 29(6): 2027–2029. 1990, Phytochemistry
Remusatia Schott Araceae 3185

38(1): 275–276. 1995, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104(1– London 1: 281–282. 1812, An Introduction to the Natural
2): 286–289. 2006 System of Botany 446. 1836, Flora Telluriana 4: 50. 1838
[1836 publ. mid-1838], A. Lasègue, Musée botanique de
(Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, used for cough, rheumatic
Benjamin Delessert. Paris 1845 and Ethelyn Maria Tucker,
pain.)
Catalogue of the library of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard
University. Cambridge, Mass. 1917–1933, Publ. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/3): 726–738. 1936, Fieldiana, Bot.
Remusatia Schott Araceae 24(3): 191–203. 1952, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes
After the French botanist Jean Pierre Abel Rémusat, upon Botanists. 3: 144. 1965, Fl. Neotrop. 18: 1–218. 1977, Fl.
1788–1832, physician, orientalist, author of Élemens de la Veracruz 79: 1–16. 1994.
Grammaire Chinoise. Paris 1822 and Mélanges Asiatiques. Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas (Alpinia bicalyculata
Paris 1825, 1826; see Fl. Madagasc. 31: 1–71. 1975, Acta Bot. Sessé & Moç.; Alpinia exaltata (L.f.) Roem. & Schult.;
Yunnan. Supp. 5: 28, 32. 1992. Alpinia exaltata Roem. & Schult.; Alpinia exaltata (L.f.)
Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott (Arum viviparum Roxb.; G. Mey.; Alpinia macrantha Scheff.; Alpinia macrantha
Caladium viviparum Lodd.; Caladium viviparum (Roxb.) Poepp. & Endl. ex K. Schum.; Alpinia macrantha Poepp.
Nees; Caladium viviparum Nees; Colocasia vivipara (Roxb.) & Endl.; Alpinia paco-secora Jacq.; Alpinia pacoseroca
Thwaites; Colocasia vivipara Thwaites; Remusatia bulbifera Jacq.; Alpinia renealmia Sm.; Alpinia renealmia (Lam.) Sm.,
Hort. ex Vilm.; Remusatia bulbifera Hort.) nom. illeg.; Alpinia tubulata Ker Gawl.; Amomum alpinia
Rottb.; Amomum renealmia Lam., nom. illeg.; Amomum
Tropics and Subtropics, India. Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs, repens Lam.; Costus secundus Spreng.; Costus secundus
bulbiferous shoots, short spadix with male inflorescence, Roem. & Schult.; Ethanium bracteosum Kuntze; Ethanium
leaves and tubers cooked and eaten as vegetable bracteosum (Griseb.) Kuntze; Ethanium exaltatum Kuntze;
See Hort. Malab. 12: tab. 9. 1703, Hort. Bengal. 65. 1814, Ethanium exaltatum (L.f.) Kuntze; Ethanium macrantha
Botanical Cabinet; consisting of coloured delineations Kuntze; Ethanium macranthum (Poepp. & Endl.) Kuntze;
. . t. 281. 1820, Meletemata Botanica 1: 18. 1832, Fl. Ind. Ethanium macranthum Kuntze; Ethanium pacoseroca (Jacq.)
(ed. 1832) 3: 496. 1832, Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae Kuntze; Ethanium pacoseroca Kuntze; Gethyra tubulata
[Thwaites] 336. 1864, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei. Dritte (Ker Gawl.) Sweet; Gethyra tubulata Sweet; Peperidium
neubearbeite Aflage 1: 1163. 1895 and Phil. J. Sci. 7: 413– tubulatum Lindl.; Renealmia bracteosa Griseb.; Renealmia
415. 1912, Cytologia 43: 289–303. 1978 coelobractea K. Schum.; Renealmia exaltata L.f.; Renealmia
exaltata var. gracilis K. Schum.; Renealmia foliosa S. Moore;
(Used in Ayurveda. Plant used as an antidote for snake poison. Renealmia goyazensis K. Schum.; Renealmia goyazensis
Aromatic roots made into a paste and mixed with Curcuma Gagnep. & K. Schum.; Renealmia goyazensis K. Schum. &
longa and employed as a remedy for itch and skin diseases. Gagnep.; Renealmia latevagina J.F. Macbr.; Renealmia lati-
Paste of tuber applied internally to cure piles. Pounded corms vagina J.F. Macbr.; Renealmia macrantha Poepp. & Endl.;
with Curcuma longa a remedy for itch, its juice with cow’s Renealmia occidentalis (Sw.) Sweet var. pacoseroca (Jacq.)
urine considered as alexipharmic; corm paste in castor oil Petersen; Renealmia paco-secora Horan.; Renealmia pacose-
applied on swollen rheumatic joints.) roca (Jacq.) Horaninow; Renealmia raja Petersen; Renealmia
in India: bacchanabhi, kadu gadde, kattu cheppai, laksmana, rubroflava K. Schum.; Siphotria squamosa Raf., nom. illeg.)
marachembu, marakesu, maravara-tsjembu, piparkand, Trop. America. Ginger-like rhizome, labellum yellow, seeds
rukh-alu, rukhalu, teliakand with orange aril
See Societatis Medicae Havniensis Collectanea 2: 245–
248, t. 1. 1775, Supplementum Plantarum 7, 79. 1781[1782],
Renealmia L.f. Zingiberaceae
Fragmenta Botanica 54, tlb. 76. 1809, Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis
For the French physician Paul Reneaulme (Paulus Renealmus), [Roemer & Schultes] 1: 21–22, 563. 1817, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16)
1560–1624, botanist, author of Specimen Historiae Plantarum. [Sprengel] 1: 13. 1824 [dated 1825; publ. in late 1824], Hort.
Parisiis 1611, P. Renealmi … ad medicorum quorundam libel- Brit. [Sweet] 390. 1826, Fl. Tellur. 4: 50. 1838 [1836 publ.
lum responsio. [Paris? 1615?] and Ex curationibus observa- mid-1838], Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum (Poeppig &
tiones quibus videre ets [sic] morbus tuto … possa debellari: Endlicher) 2: 25, t. 134. 1838, Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. 32–33.
si praecipue Galenicis praeceptis chymica veniant subsidio. 1862, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg i. (1876) 56. 1876, Flora
Parisiis 1606, editor of J.A. de Thou, the Elder, I.A. Th[ou] Brasiliensis 3(3): 45. 1890, Naturaleza (Mexico City) ser.
Crambe, Viola, Lilium, etc. 1611. See Species Plantarum 2, 2, app. 3. 1891, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 689–690.
1: 2. 1753, Supplementum Plantarum 7, 79. 1781[1782], 1891 and Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 23. 1902, Pflanzenr.
Jonas C. Dryander, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-nat- (Engler) 4, Fam. 46: 303. 1904, Acta Botanica Neerlandica
uralis Josephi Banks. London 1800, Asiatic Researches 11: 24(5–6): 474. 1975 [1976], Journal of Ethnopharmacology
350–352. 1810, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of 123(3): 413–422. 2009
3186 Rennellia Korth. Rubiaceae

(Leishmanicidal and antimalarial. Rhizome infusion for General to the East India Company in Bengal, traveller and
heat; crushed stem tied around forehead or midriff for head- explorer, 1781 Fellow of the Royal Society, his works include
ache and stomachache. Roots decoction taken orally to An Account of the Ganges and Burrampooter Rivers …
induce vomiting and to relieve stomachaches; the purple-red Read at the Royal Society January 25, 1780. London 1781,
juice to treat diseases of the eye. Leaf poultice on swellings, A Chart of the Bank of Lagullus. [A detailed chart of the
sprains, sores.) Agulhas Bank and Cape showing the coast line from Table
Bay to Algoa Bay, giving soundings and prevalent currents.]
in Guyana: krowatti, kuruwatti London 1778, War with France, the only Security of Britain
Renealmia racemosa Poepp. & Endl. (Alpinia ruiziana … By an Old Englishman. 1794, The Geographical System
Steud.; Alpinia spicata C. Presl, nom. illeg.; Amomum rac- of Herodotus examined and explained by a comparison with
emosum Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg.; Renealmia breviscapa those of other ancient authors. London 1800, Memoir of a
Poepp. & Endl.; Renealmia micrantha K. Schum.; Renealmia Map of Hindoostan, or, the Mogul Empire. London 1788
racemosa (L.) Roscoe ex Griseb., nom. illeg.; Renealmia rac- and The Marches of the British Armies in the Peninsula of
emosa (L.) A. Rich.; Renealmia ruiziana Horan.; Renealmia India during the campaigns of 1790 and 1791 … explained
ruiziana (Steud.) Horan., nom. illeg.) by reference to a map. London 1792. See Mungo Park (1771–
1806), Abstracts of Mungo Park’s Travels … in the years
South America, Bolivia, Peru. 1795–1797, with geographical illustrations … by Major J.
See Fl. Peruv. 1: 2. 1798, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 109. 1827, Nov. Rennell. 1790, Charles Athanase Walckenaer, Notice his-
Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 26. 1838, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 63. 1840, torique sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. le Major Rennell.
Historia Fisica Politica y Natural de la Isla de Cuba, 1842, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2(2): 254–255. 1851, Sir Clements
Botanica 11: 254. 1850, Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. 32–33. 1862, Robert Markham (1830–1916), Major James Rennell and the
Flora of the British West Indian Islands 601. 1864, Revisio Rise of Modern English Geography. London 1895 and Bull.
Generum Plantarum 1: 690. 1891 and Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4, Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III, 13: 426. 1935, Joan M. Eyles, in
Fam. 46: 298. 1904], Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123(3): D.S.B. (or Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Editor in Chief
413–422. 2009 Charles Coulston Gillispie.) 11: 376. 1981.

(Leishmanicidal and antimalarial.) Rennellia paniculata King & Gamble

Renealmia thyrsoidea (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. (Alpinia Malaysia.
silvicola Britton; Alpinia thyrsoidea (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud.; See Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural
Alpinia thyrsoidea Steud.; Alpinia thyrsoidea Poepp. & Endl. history 73(3): 89. 1904, Govaerts, R. World Checklist of
ex K. Schum., nom. nud.; Amomum thyrsoideum Ruiz & Pav.; Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS. Kew. 2003
Amomum thyrsoideum Gagnep.; Ethanium thyrsodeum (Ruiz [as Rennellia morindiformis.]
& Pav.) Kuntze; Renealmia cardenasii Rusby; Renealmia
(Rasp the bark and apply the powder to wounds.)
geostachys K. Schum.; Renealmia platycolea K. Schum.;
Renealmia silvicola (Britton) Steyerm. & G. Agostini; Malay names: akar bumi, urap gundor
Renealmia thyrsoidea Poepp. & Endl.; Renealmia thyrsoidea
Rennellia speciosa (Wall. ex Kurz) Hook.f. (Morinda spe-
subsp. thyrsoidea; Renealmia uleana Loes., nom. nud.)
ciosa Wall. ex Kurz; Rennellia speciosa Benth. & Hook.f.)
West Indies, South America. Malay Peninsula, India.
See Fl. Peruv. 1: 2, t. 2. 1798, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. (Poeppig & See Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 2(1): 118. 1873, Forest
Endlicher) 2: 25, t. 134. 1838, Nomencl. Bot., [Steudel], ed. Fl. Burma 2: 62. 1877, Fl. Brit. India 3: 158. 1880
2, 1: 63. 1840, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 689. 1891 and
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 49(8): 256–257. (Roots for rheumatism and dropsy.)
1903, Pflanzenr. (Engler) 4, Fam. 46: 303, 305, 371. 1904, Malay name: lempedu tanah, mengkudu rimba
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 48(12): 329. 1921[1922],
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 7: 219. 1927,
Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Zweite Auflage 15A: 610. Retama Raf. Fabaceae (Genisteae, Leguminosae)
1930, Acta Botanica Venezuelica 1(2): 33. 1966], Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 123(3): 413–422. 2009 From the Arabic retem or retam, ratama for the broom bush;
see Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana. 22.
(Leishmanicidal and antimalarial.) 1838, Boissier, Pierre Edmond (1810–1885), Voyage botanique
dans le midi de l’Espagne pendant l’année 1837. Paris, 1839–
1845 and Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80(1): 270–283. 1993.
Rennellia Korth. Rubiaceae
Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. (Lygos monosperma
For the English (b. Devon) geographer James Rennell, 1742– (L.) Heywood; Retama rhodorhizoides Webb & Berthel.;
1830 (d. London), a former naval officer, 1764–1777 Surveyor Spartium monospermum L.; Spartium monospermum Viv.)
Reutealis Airy Shaw Euphorbiaceae 3187

(Lygos Adans., Greek lygos, ancient name for agnus castus, (Alkaloids. Strong hypertensive action on the blood pressure.)
hence twigs, withes; Latin lygos, i for a plant, the chaste tree,
Retama webbii Coss. (Retama webbii Webb)
agnus castus, Abraham’s balm, in late Latin Vitex.)
Morocco. Perennial non-climbing shrub
Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Mediterranean. Perennial non-
climbing shrub See Otia Hispanica 24. 1839, Bulletin de la Société Botanique
de France 22: 57. 1875
See Species Plantarum 2: 708–709. 1753, Flora Libycae
Specimen 39. 1824, Otia Hispanica 24. 1839, Voyage bota- (Abortive.)
nique dans le midi de l’Espagne 2: 144. 1840 and Feddes
Repertorium 79(1–2): 53. 1968, Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2, 52:
79–164. 1978 Reutealis Airy Shaw Euphorbiaceae
(Alkaloids.) An anagram of the generic name Aleurites J.R. Forst. & G.
in English: bridal broom, white broom Forst., see Kew Bulletin 20: 394. 1966.

Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss. subsp. bovei (Spach) Maire Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw (Aleurites sapo-
(Lygos raetam (Forssk.) Heywood var. bovei (Spach) Tackh. naria Blanco; Aleurites trisperma Blanco; Camerium tri-
& Boulos; Retama bovei Webb; Retama raetam Webb & spermum (Blanco) Kuntze; Camerium trispermum Kuntze)
Berthel. subsp. bovei (Spach) Talavera & P.E. Gibbs) Philippines.
Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Mediterranean. Perennial non- See Flora de Filipinas [F.M. Blanco] 755. 1837, Fl. Filip., ed.
climbing shrub 2 [F.M. Blanco] 519. 1845, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 595. 1891 and
See Species Plantarum 2: 708. 1753, Otia Hispanica 24. Kew Bulletin 20: 395. 1966
1839, Voyage botanique dans le midi de l’Espagne 2: 144. (Oil from the seeds used as an insecticide. Bark sap as hair
1840 and Feddes Repertorium 79(1–2): 53. 1968 tonic.)
(Alkaloids.) in English: soft lumbang
in English: bridal broom, white broom in China: san zi tong
Retama raetam (Forsskål) Webb (Genista raetam Forsskål; in Philippines: bagilumbang, lumbang
Genista retama Nicholson; Genista rhodorhizoides Webb &
Berth.; Lygos raetam (Forssk.) Heyw.; Retama duriaei Webb;
Retama duriaei (Spach) Webb; Retama raetam (Forssk.) Reynosia Griseb. Rhamnaceae
Webb & Berthel.; Retama raetam Webb & Berthel.; Retama
raetum (Forssk.) Webb; Spartium raetam (Forssk.) Spach) See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Genera Plantarum
376–377. 1789, Catalogus plantarum cubensium … 33–34.
Algeria, Egypt, Libya. Perennial non-climbing shrub, white 1866 and N. Amer. Trees 673. 1908.
flowers
Reynosia septentrionalis Urb.
See Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica 214. 1775, Histoire Naturelle
des Îles Canaries 2: 56. 1836, Annales des Sciences West Indies. Tree, thick rigid leaves conspicuously recurved
Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 20: 279, 288. 1843 and Anales below, flowers on the new growth, flowers without petals,
Jard. Bot. Madrid 8: 357–431. 1948, Feddes Repertorium purple drupes, fruits mostly solitary at each node
79(1–2): 53. 1968, African Journal of Environmental Science See Catalogus plantarum cubensium … 33. 1866, Symbolae
and Technology 2(7): 157–171. 2008 Antillarum 1(2): 356. 1899
(Alkaloids.) (Tonic, leaves boiled for weakness.)
in English: white broom, white weeping broom, white in English: darling plum, Dollen Darling plum, Torm
Spanish broom Dollen plum
in Arabic: r’tem, retem, retem behan
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb subsp. raetam (Forssk.)
Rhabdadenia Müll.Arg. Apocynaceae
Webb (Genista monosperma sensu auct.; Lygos raetam
(Forssk.) Heywood) Greek rhabdos ‘a rod, stick, a magic wand’ and aden ‘gland’,
see Fl. Bras. (Martius) 6(1): 173–174. 1860, Miers, John
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia. Perennial non-
(1789–1879), On the Apocynaceae of South America: with
climbing shrub
some preliminary remarks on the whole family. London, 1878
See Willdenowia 15(2): 429. 1986 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 116–132.
3188 Rhamnus L. Rhamnaceae

2001, Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005, J. Bot. Res. Inst. North America. Shrub, perennial
Texas 3(2): 541–564. 2009, Darwiniana 47(1): 140–184. 2009.
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Sertum Anglicum
Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. (Apocynum cor- 5. 1789, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 166. 1813 and Taxon 31(2):
datum Mill.; Apocynum cordatum Thunb.; Apocynum 344–360. 1982
nervosum Mill.; Chariomma scandens Miers; Echites
(Antidote, plant infusion taken and poultice applied to swell-
biflorus Jacq.; Echites bilbergii Beurl.; Echites ehrenbergii
ings and bite.)
Schltdl.; Echites paludosus Vahl; Exothostemon paludosa
(H.B.K.) G. Don; Exothostemon paludosum (Vahl) G. Don; in English: alder buckthorn, alderleaf buckthorn
Exothostemon paludosus G. Don; Rhabdadenia biflora Müll.
Rhamnus arguta Maximowicz var. arguta (Rhamnus arguta
Arg.; Rhabdadenia cordata (Mill.) Miers; Rhabdadenia
var. betulifolia Liou & Li; Rhamnus arguta var. cuneifolia
cordata Miers; Rhabdadenia ehrenbergii (Schltdl.) Müll.
Wang & Li; Rhamnus arguta var. rotundifolia Wang & Li)
Arg.; Rhabdadenia ehrenbergii Müll.Arg. ex Griseb.;
Rhabdadenia macrantha Donn. Sm.; Rhabdadenia nervosa China.
Miers; Rhabdadenia nervosa (Mill.) Miers; Rhabdadenia See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Mémoires de
paludosa (Vahl) Miers; Rhabdadenia paludosa Miers) l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg
South America. Slender woody vines, reddish stem, milky (Sér. 7) 10: 11. 1866 and Ill. Fl. Lign. Pl. N.-E. China 566.
latex, oval-linear oblong leaves, white pinkish flowers, slen- 1955, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
der pendent seed-pods Newsletter 10: 11. 1988
See The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica in Three Parts (Bark infusion blood purifier. Stems, leaves, and seeds used
182. 1756, Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum 13. 1760, for making insecticide.)
Gard. Dict., ed. 8. n. 9, 10. 1768, Eclogae Americanae 2: 19. in China: rui chi shu li
1798, A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants 4: 70,
82–83. 1837, Flora Brasiliensis 6(1): 173–175, t. 52. 1860, On Rhamnus bungeana J.J. Vassiljev
the Apocynaceae of South America 119. 1878 and Botanical China, Eurasia.
Gazette 40(1): 7. 1905, Bahama Fl. 337. 1920, Ceiba 42(1):
1–71. 2001 [2002], Darwiniana 43(1–4): 90–191. 2005 See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753 and Bot. Mater.
Gerb. Bot. Inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR 8: 335. 1949, International
(The latex is said to be vesicant in susceptible subjects.) Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 10: 11. 1988
in English: mangrove vine (Cathartic.)
in China: luan ye shu li
Rhamnus L. Rhamnaceae Rhamnus cathartica Linnaeus (Rhamnus cathartica var.
Greek rhamnos ‘a kind of prickly plant or spiny shrub’, dahurica Maximowicz)
Latin rhamnos ‘buckthorn, Christ’s-thorn’ (Plinius), per- China. Perennial small tree or shrub, spines on the branches
haps from the root of the Greek rhabdos ‘a rod, stick, a and trunks
magic wand’, Akkadian rapasu ‘to beat’, rappu, Sumerian
rab ‘stick, branch’; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Mémoires de
1: 193–195. 1753, The Gardeners Dictionary … Abridged l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Sér.
… fourth edition vol. 1. 1754, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 7) 10: 9. 1866 and Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Biologie-Ecologie
5. 89. 1754, Methodus (Moench) 686. 1794, A Natural Méditerraneenne 10: 273–289. 1987, Verhandlungen der
Arrangement of British Plants 2: 621. 1821, Prodromus Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 128: 19–39.
1991, Watsonia 19: 134–137. 1992, Regnum Veg. 127: 81.
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 26. 1825 and
1993, International Organization of Plant Biosystematists
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 277–293. 1949, E. Vuolo, in Cultura
Newsletter 24: 15–19. 1995, Linzer Biologische Beiträge
neolatina. XVI: 170–171. Modena 1956, Feddes Repert.
29(1): 5–43. 1997, Opera Botanica 137: 1–42. 1999
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 65: 44. 1962, Manlio Cortelazzo &
Paolo Zolli, Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. (This plant contains glycosides, which upon hydrolysis yield
4: 1029. Zanichelli, Bologna 1985, Giovanni Semerano, Le anthraquinones such as emodin; these chemicals have a pur-
origini della cultura europea. Dizionari Etimologici. Basi gative action. Emodin has been used in laxative preparations.
semitiche delle lingue indeuropee. Dizionario della lin- The bark and fruits contain chemicals that have a strong
gua Greca. 2(1): 246–247. Leo S. Olschki Editore, Firenze purgative action that can affect humans. Severe poisoning is
1994, Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua rare. The fruit is used medicinally, often used for treating
italiana. XV: 410. Torino 1994, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri constipation; bark and fruit used as a cathartic.)
Bot. Gard. 85(3): 2192–2200. 2001.
in English: common buckthorn, European buckthorn, purg-
Rhamnus alnifolia L’Hér. (Rhamnus alnifolia Pursh) ing buckthorn, Rhine berries
Rhamnus L. Rhamnaceae 3189

in Italian: ramno catartico, ramno purgativo in English: alder buckthorn

in China: yao shu li in China: ou shu li
Rhamnus crenata Siebold & Zuccarini (Frangula crenata Rhamnus globosa Bunge (Rhamnus chlorophora Decaisne;
(Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.; Frangula crenata Miq.; Rhamnus Rhamnus tinctoria Hemsl., nom. illeg., non Rhamnus tincto-
crenata Baker & S. Moore) ria Waldst. & Kit.)
China. China.
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, The Gardeners See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Mémoires des
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, Savantes Etrangers Acad. St. Petersburg 2: 88. 1833,
Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie
Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4(2): des Sciences 44: 1140. 1857, Journal of the Linnean Society,
146. 1843, Annales Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavi 3: Botany 23(153): 129–130. 1886 and Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin
32. 1867, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 380. 1879 [1880 publ. 1879] 8(2): 99. 1988
(The roots are poisonous. The roots and bark are often used (Astringent. Decoction of bark used for itch.)
as an insecticide.) in China: yuan ye shu li
in China: chang ye dong lu, li la gen Rhamnus hainanensis Merrill & Chun
Rhamnus davurica Pallas China.
Eurasia, Russia, China. See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753 and Sunyatsenia
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Reise durch ver- 2(3–4): 273–375, f. 32. 1935
schiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs 3: append. (A tonic.)
721. 1776, Fl. Brit. India 1(3): 639. 1874 and International
Organization of Plant Biosystematists Newsletter 10: 11. 1988 in China: hai nan shu li

(Infusion of plant taken and poultice applied to swelling, also Rhamnus heterophylla Oliver (Rhamnus cavaleriei H. Lév.;
antidote.) Rhamnus heterophylla var. oblongifolius E. Pritzel)

in China: shu li China.

Rhamnus erythroxylon Pallas See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Hooker’s Icones
Plantarum 18(3): pl. 1759. 1888 and Hooker’s Icones
China. The leaves are strongly fragrant Plantarum 29: 459. 1900, Repertorium Specierum Novarum
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, Reise durch verschie- Regni Vegetabilis 9(214–216): 326. 1911
dene Provinzen des russischen Reichs 3: append. 722. 1776 (Blood purifier.)
(Bark infusion of bark given as a tonic, physic and as blood in China: yi ye shu li
purifier.)
Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg (Rhamnus crocea Nutt. subsp.
in China: liu ye shu li ilicifolia (Kellogg) C.B. Wolf; Rhamnus crocea Nutt. var.
Rhamnus frangula Linnaeus (Frangula alnus Miller; ilicifolia (Kellogg) Greene)
Frangula frangula (L.) H. Karst., nom. inval., tautonym; North America. Perennial shrub or tree
Rhamnus sanguinea Pers.)
(Decoction of roots and bark analgesic, stimulant, for head-
Europe. aches, colds, coughs, for stomach disorders and the spleen,
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, The Gardeners liver, kidneys, boils and carbuncles; roots decoction diuretic,
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754, The laxative, for gonorrhea. Plant smoke inhaled for rheumatism.)
Gardeners Dictionary: … eighth edition. 1768, Syn. Pl. 1: in English: hollyleaf redberry
239. 1805, Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische
Rhamnus japonica Maxim.
Botanik… 868. 1882 and Cooper, M.R., Johnson, A.W.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals Japan.
and Man. London. 1984
See Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint
(Several purgative chemicals, including emodin, occur in the Pétersbourg (Sér. 7) 10(11): 11. 1806
bark and in the purple-black fruits. This plant causes usu-
(Purplish black fruit used as a tonic laxative.)
ally mild symptoms if ingested by children. The bark is used
medicinally for stomach pain and as laxative.) in Japan: kiskinni, yuk-numa
3190 Rhamnus L. Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus leptophylla C.K. Schneider (Rhamnus incon- See Sertum Anglicum 6, t. 9. 1788, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges.
spicua Grubov) Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 467. 1845
China. (Insect repellent. Black roots bitter, used for sprains. Leaf
decoction for malaria; an infusion drunk to purify kidneys
See Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und
and bladder. Magic, ritual, ceremonial, used for spiritual
Museums zu Berlin 5(43): 77–78. 1908, Not. Syst. Inst. Bot.
practices against witchcraft.)
Acad. Sci. URSS 12: 129. 1950
in English: dogwood
(Bark infusion a tonic.)
in Southern Africa: blinkblaar, dark blinkblaar, hondepis (it
in China: bao ye shu li
is an ancient pioneer name which alludes to the unpleasant
Rhamnus longipes Merrill & Chun (Frangula longipes taste of the fruits), hondepishout, mofifi (= darkness); uNy-
(Merrill & Chun) Grubov) enya, umNyenye, uNyenye, umGilindi, umHlinye (Zulu);
liNyenye (Swazi); umNyenye, umGlindi (Xhosa); mofifi
China.
(South Sotho); muBariro, muBerere, Mandara, Sukuchuma,
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–195. 1753, The Gardeners Tsonga, Vunambezu
Dictionary … Abridged … fourth edition. 1754 and
in Tanzania: engonyil, olkbuanyeli, orkonyil, orokwanyeri,
Sunyatsenia 2(3–4): 272–273, f. 31. 1935, Act. Inst. Bot.
orokwanyi
Acad. Sci. URSS ser. 1 8: 266. 1949, Act. Phytotax. Sin. 7(1):
62. 1958 Rhamnus purshiana DC.
(Inner bark a physic, cathartic.) Europe, North America.
in China: chang bing shu li See Species Plantarum 1: 193–197. 1753, Prodromus
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 25. 1825
Rhamnus napalensis (Wall.) M.A. Lawson (Ceanothus
napalensis Wall.; Ceanothus nipalensis Wallich; Celastrus (Bark infusion drunk as laxative, emetic, purgative; bark
tristis H. Lév.; Rhamnus nepalensis (Wall.) M.A. Lawson; decoction as purgative, violent and dangerous effects.
Rhamnus nipalensis M.A. Lawson; Rhamnus paniculiflora Compound decoction of roots taken for gonorrhea.)
C.K. Schneider)
in English: barberry, buckthorn, cascara
India, Himalaya. Straggling shrub, oblong leaves shining
in Spanish: cascara sagrada
above, flowers in axillary panicles, dark red obovate fruits,
ripe fruits eaten Rhamnus tangutica J. J. Vassiljev (Rhamnus leptophylla
C.K. Schneider var. scabrella A. Rehder; Rhamnus potani-
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–197. 1753, Flora Indica; or
nii J.J. Vassiljev; Rhamnus virgata Roxburgh var. parvifolia
descriptions of Indian Plants ed. Carey & Wall. 2: 375–376.
Maximowicz)
1824, The Flora of British India [J.D. Hooker] 1(3): 640. 1875
and Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis Russia, India.
13(363–367): 263. 1914, Plantae Wilsonianae (Sargent) 2(1):
See Species Plantarum 1: 193–197. 1753, Flora Indica;
233–234. 1914
or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 351–353. 1824, Flora
(Fruits pounded and macerated in vinegar and prescribed Tangutica 203. 1889 and Notizblatt des Königlichen bota-
in herpes. Powder of the fruit with Sesamum used as snuff nischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 5(43): 77–78. 1908,
for headache; powder of the seed given as a vermifuge. Bark Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 9(2–3): 93. 1928, Not. Syst.
extract of Alstonia scholaris with Cuscuta reflexa and bark Inst. Bot. Acad. Sci. URSS 8: 127, f. 15 a-c. 1940
of Rhamnus napalensis given to kill intestinal worms.)
(Wash for sore and inflamed eyes. Blood purifier.)
in China: ni bo er shu li
in China: gan qing shu li
in India: nakaling-araung, rikang-ak-ik-araung,
Rhamnus triquetra (Wall.) Brandis (Rhamnus triquetra
ringkang-​ak-ik-araung
Wall.)
Rhamnus prinoides L’Hérit. (Celtis rhamnifolia Presl, nom.
India, Himalaya. Evergreen shrubs, unarmed, yellow-green
illegit.) (Greek prinos ‘the scarlet oak’, Latin prinus ‘ilex, the
solitary flowers, 3-lobed fruits purplish-black
holm-oak, great scarlet oak’)
See The forest flora of North-West and Central India 92. 1874
East Africa. Small tree or shrub, evergreen, multi-branched,
weak, spreading, straggling, climbing, leaning, lianescent, (Bark astringent, tonic, a decoction taken for skin diseases.)
bright shiny green leaves, minute greenish flowers, small
Rhamnus utilis Decaisne
fruits green then red-purple to black when ripe, montane for-
est, in degraded forest, at forest edge, in wet forest China.
Rhaphidophora Hassk. Araceae 3191

See Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de (Root stock of Diplazium maximum crushed with those
l’Académie des Sciences 44: 1141. 1857 of Angiopteris evecta, Colysis hemionitidea and stems of
Raphidophora decursiva and Raphidophora hookerii and
(Cathartic, purgative.)
applied on fracture. Stems and leaves used for the treatment
in China: dong lu of traumatic injury, fractures, swellings, colds, lumbago,
snakebites and against coughs and bronchitis. Plants used on
Rhamnus virgata Roxb.
festivals to keep the evil spirit away.)
India, Nepal.
in China: pa shu long
See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 2: 351–353.
1824 in India: tachitali

(Fruits used for spleen affections.) Rhaphidophora gigantea Ridl. (Epipremnum giganteum
Schott)
in English: Indian buck thorn
Malay Peninsula. Huge climbing jungle shrub, leaves coria-
in China: zhou zhi shu li ceous, very narrow flowers, spike of green flowers wrapped
in India: chhedula, lakoa in a large spathe
See Bonplandia 5: 45. 1857 and Materials for a Flora of the
Malayan Peninsula 3: 45. 1907
Rhaphidophora Hassk. Araceae
(Liquid in the spathe is very irritating. Poison for arrows and
Greek rhaphis, rhaphidos ‘a needle, pin’ and phoros ‘car- darts.)
rying’, referring to the points on the fruits; see Justus Carl
Hasskarl (1811–1894), Flora oder allgemeine Botanische Malay names: buah rengut (the fruit), ringut
Zeitung. 25(2 Beibl. 1): 11. (Jul.) 1842 and Nat. Pflanzenfam. Rhaphidophora glauca (Wall.) Schott (Rhaphidophora
Nachtr. 3: 31. 1906, Genética Ibérica 30–31: 161–188. 1979, glauca Schott; Scindapsus glaucus (Wall.) Schott;
D.H. Nicolson, “Derivation of Aroid Generic Names.” Scindapsus glaucus Schott)
Aroideana. 10: 15–25. 1988, The Genera of Araceae. i-v,
1–370. 1997, Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 8(2): Himalaya. Scrambling climber on tree
19–34. 2001.
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 2: 45, t. 156. 1831, Meletemata
Rhaphidophora calophylla Schott Botanica 21. 1832, Bonplandia 5: 45. 1857 and J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 10(1): 155. 1987
India, Himalaya, China.
(Aqueous stem extract given in bodyache. According to folk
See Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 380. 1860
belief, the fruits of this plant are eaten by the devil.)
(Leaves decoction as a remedy for gastric troubles and
in India: chulu, tinkling
stomachache.)
in India: aechay Rhaphidophora hongkongensis Schott (Pothos obliquus
Wall. ex Hook.f.; Pothos obliquus Wall.; Rhaphidophora
Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxburgh) Schott (Monstera tonkinensis Engler & Krause)
decursiva (Roxb.) Schott; Monstera decursiva Schott;
Monstera multijuga K. Koch ex Ender, nom. inval.; Pothos China, Vietnam.
decursivus Roxburgh; Raphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) A. See Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4446. 1831, Flora 25 (2,
Schott; Rhaphidophora affinis Schott; Rhaphidophora eximia Beibl.): 11. 14 Jul 1842, Fl. Brit. India 6: 555. 1893 and Das
Schott; Rhaphidophora grandis Schott; Rhaphidophora insig- Pflanzenreich IV. 23B (Heft 37): 34. 1908, Bonplandia 5:
nis Schott; Scindapsus decursivus (Roxb.) Schott; Scindapsus 45. 1957
decursivus Schott; Scindapsus decursivus Moritzi)
(For the treatment of traumatic injury, fractures, lumbago,
Himalaya, SE Asia, Vietnam. rheumatism and internal fever, snakebite and scorpion stings.)
See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Familles des Plantes in China: shi zi wei
2: 470. 1763, Genera Plantarum 23. 1789, Hort. Bengal. 11.
1814, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants (Carey Rhaphidophora hookeri Schott
& Wallich ed.) 1: 456–457. 1820, Wiener Zeitschrift für
India, Vietnam, Himalaya. Hemi-epiphytic climber, fascicles
Kunst, Litteratur, Theater und Mode 1830(4): 1028. 1830,
of leaves
Meletemata Botanica 1: 21. 1832, Flora 25 (2, Beibl.): 11.
14 Jul 1842, Bonplandia 5: 45. 1857 and Nat. Pflanzenfam. See Flora 25 (2, Beibl.): 11. 14 Jul 1842, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.
Nachtr. 3: 31. 1906, Taxon 27: 519–535. 1978 381. 1860
3192 Rhaphiostylis Planchon ex Benth. Icacinaceae

(Root stock of Diplazium maximum crushed with those Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott (Monstera pertusa
of Angiopteris evecta, Colysis hemionitidea and stems of (Roxb.) Schott; Pothos pertusus Roxb.; Rhaphidophora
Raphidophora decursiva and Raphidophora hookerii and lacera Hassk., nom. illeg.; Scindapsus peepla Thwaites;
applied on fracture. Stems used for fractures; crushed stem Scindapsus pertusus (Roxb.) Schott)
juice mixed with fatty oil given to a pregnant woman for a
Tropical Asia, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka.
smooth delivery. Paste of leaves and roots for snake and dog
bites, extract taken orally and paste applied on the injury.) See Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: 455–
in China: mao gou shan long 456. 1820, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater
und Mode 1830(4): 1028. 1830, Meletemata Botanica 21.
in India: dhukentri, thiallawn 1832, Flora 25(2 Beibl.): 11. 1842, Bonplandia (Hannover)
Rhaphidophora minor Hook.f. (Rhaphidophora celebica K. 5: 45. 1857, Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 382. 1860, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.:
Krause) 336. 1864

Thailand. Climber (Aerial roots and leaves used in healing bone fracture, cuts
and wounds.)
See Fl. Brit. India 6: 544. 1893 and Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 11: 331. 1932 Rhaphidophora spuria (Schott) Nicolson (Cuscuaria spuria
Schott; Rhaphidophora graeffei Engl.; Rhaphidophora pee-
(Stem for delayed confinements.) pla var. storckiana (Schott) Engl.; Rhaphidophora reineckei
in Malay Peninsula: kulamayang ayer Engl.; Rhaphidophora storckiana Schott)

Rhaphidophora montana (Blume) Schott (Anadendrum Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Samoa. Entire-leaved
montanum (Blume) Schott; Calla montana Blume; See Flora 25 (2, Beibl.): 11. 14 Jul 1842, Bonplandia
Rhaphidophora angulata (Miq.) Schott; Rhaphidophora (Hannover) 9: 367. 1861, Bonplandia (Hannover) 10: 346.
burkilliana Ridl.; Rhaphidophora fallax Schott; Scindapsus 1862, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 9. 1898 and Allertonia 1: 348. 1978
angulatus Miq.; Scindapsus montanus (Blume) Kunth)
(Analgesic, used for snakebite and scorpion stings.)
China, Malay Peninsula. Vine, herbaceous liane
See Catalogus … 62. 1823, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium
Hucusque Cognitarum 3: 64. 1841, Fl. Ned. Ind. 3: 219. 1856, Rhaphiostylis Planchon ex Benth. Icacinaceae
Bonplandia (Hannover) 5: 45. 1857, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 379.
Greek rhaphis and stylos ‘pillar, column, style’, see Linnaea
1860, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 128. 1863 and Fl.
12 (1838) 136. 1838, J. Bot. (Hooker) 3: 155. 1840, Niger Fl.
Malay Penins. 5: 121. 1925
[W.J. Hooker]. 259. 1849.
(Roots for headache. Base of the stem applied as a poultice in
Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Hook.f. ex Planch.) Planch. ex
the extraction of stinging hairs of insects.)
Benth. (Apodytes beninensis Hook.f. ex Planch.; Apodytes
in Indonesia: aka bakung beninensis Hook.f.; Rhaphiostylis beninensis Planch. ex
Malay names: akar meroyan sumbang, sugunja Benth.)

Rhaphidophora peepla (Roxburgh) Schott (Monstera pee- Tropical Africa. Liana, small tree, vine, climbing, papery
pla (Roxb.) Schott; Pothos peepla Roxburgh, also peeplus; leaves, orange-cream fragrant flowers, red fleshy fruits
Pothos pipla Schult.; Rhaphidophora dunniana A. Lév.; See Hooker’s Icones Plantarum 4: t. 778. 1848, Niger Flora
Rhaphidophora lancifolia Schott; Rhaphidophora peepla 259, t. 28. 1849
Thwaites; Scindapsus peepla (Roxb.) Schott)
(Seeds and leaves febrifuge, tonic, for sores.)
Tropical Asia, India.
in Central African Republic: zèrèngbò
See Species Plantarum 2: 968. 1753, Familles des Plantes 2:
470. 1763, Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants 1: in Yoruba: ajasile, igbehin, itapara
454. 1820, Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst, Litteratur, Theater
und Mode 1830(4): 1028. 1830, Meletemata Botanica 1: 21.
1832, Flora 25 (2, Beibl.): 11. 14 Jul 1842, Bonplandia 5: Rhapis L.f. ex Aiton Arecaceae (Palmae)
45. 1857 and Research Bulletin [Cytogenetics Laboratory,
Greek rhapis ‘a rod’, referring to the leaf segments or to the
Department of Botany, University of Calcutta] 2: 1–50. 1970
awns of the corolla.
(For the treatment of fractures, traumatic injury, snakebite
Rhapis excelsa (Thunberg) Henry (Chamaerops excelsa
and scorpion stings, rheumatic arthralgia, angina pectoris,
Thunberg; Chamaerops kwanwortsik Siebold ex H. Wendl.,
bronchitis and cough.)
nom. nud.; Rhapis aspera W. Baxter, nom. nud.; Rhapis
in China: da ye nan su cordata W. Baxter, nom. nud.; Rhapis divaricata Gagnep.;
Rhaponticum Ludw. Asteraceae 3193

Rhapis excelsa (Thunberg) Henry ex Rehder; Rhapis flabel- Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 64 (4): 582–589. 1979, Candollea 39: 46.
liformis L’Hér. ex Aiton, nom. illeg.; Rhapis humilis Blume; 1984, Bot. Žurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 79(2): 135–139.
Rhapis kwamwonzick Siebold ex Linden; Rhapis major
(Rhizomes for fever, cough, cold.)
Blume; Trachycarpus excelsus (Thunb.) H. Wendl.)
in China: lu cao
China, Vietnam. Small shrub-like palm, fleshy fruits
See Flora Japonica, … 130. 1784, Hortus Kew. 3: 473. 1789,
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 8: 429. 1861 and Rhazya Decne. Apocynaceae
J. Arnold Arbor. 11(3): 153. 1930
Possibly from the Greek rhazein, rhazo ‘snarl as a dog’, see
(Root and leaf-sheaths for skin diseases, boils.) Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, sér. 2, 4: 80. 1835.
in English: bamboo palm, Buddha’s bamboo, dwarf ground Rhazya stricta Decne.
rattan, ground rattan, lady palm, large lady palm, miniature
fan palm Arabian Pen., Iran, Yemen, India.

in Brazil: palmeira ráfia, palmeira rápis See Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 2, 4:
80. 1835
in Japan: Kannon-chiku (= Buddha’s bamboo, from
Kannonzan, Ryukyu Islands) (chiku = bamboo) (Powdered dried fruits and leaves to relieve stomach gas,
stomachache; dried flowers and leaves to relieve colic and
in Okinawa: kwan-nun-chiku, urada-chingu stomachache; leaves cooling, to purify blood. Plant juice to
relieve sore and swollen eyes. Root to treat jaundice; aerial
parts to treat gastrointestinal parasites.)
Rhaponticum Ludw. Asteraceae in Arabic: harmal
Latin radix Pontica, Greek rheon, rha ‘roots and rhizomes
in Pakistan: hisawarg, ishrek, ishrek phali, kawil, sahi,
(from Iran)’, the rha of Pontus, Greek Rha (said to be from
siar, sihar
the ancient name of the river Volga/Wolga), Latin Rha ‘the
Volga, on whose banks grew the radix pontica, Rha ponti-
cum, rhubarb, Rheum rhaponticum L., which thence received
its name’; see Species Plantarum 2: 915. 1753, Inst. Reg. Veg.
Rheedia L. Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
ed. 2 123. 1757 and C.T. Onions, The Oxford Dictionary of For the Dutch botanist Hendrik (Henricum, Henricus, Henric)
English Etymology. Oxford University Press 1966, Ernest Adriaan (Adrien) van Rheede (Reede) tot Draakestein
Weekley, An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. (Draakensteen, Drakestein, Drakenstein) (Rheedius a
2: 1234. [rhubarb] 1967, Manlio Cortelazzo & Paolo Zolli, Drackenstein), 1637–1691, colonial administrator, with the
Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. 4: 1017. Dutch East India Company, 1669–1676 Malabar, from 1684
1985, R. Zander, F. Encke, G. Buchheim & S. Seybold, India, among his works the famous Hortus indicus malabari-
Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. 14 Aufl. 475. 1993, cus. Amstelodami 1678[-1703]; see Species Plantarum 1: 443–
Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. 444. and 2: 1193. 1753, Lewis Weston Dillwyn (1778–1855), A
XV: 176, 966. 1994, H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch review of the references to the Hortus malabaricus of Henry
der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 532, 533–534. 1996. van Rheede van Draakenstein. Swansea 1839, G.C. Wittstein,
Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 759. Ansbach
Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willdenow) Iljin (Centaurea
1852 and Ethelyn Maria Tucker, Catalogue of the library of
carthamoides (Willdenow) Bentham; Cirsium carthamoi-
the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Cambridge,
des (Willdenow) Link; Cirsium centauroides Willdenow;
Mass. 1917–1933, John H. Barnhart, Biographical Notes upon
Cirsium uniflorus Sievers; Cnicus carthamoides Willdenow;
Botanists. 3: 149. 1965, Frans A. Stafleu, Linnaeus and the
Cnicus uniflorus Siev.; Halocharis carthamoides M. Bieb. ex
Linnaeans. The spreading of their ideas in systematic bot-
DC.; Leuzea altaica Fischer ex Schauer; Leuzea carthamoi-
any, 1735–1789. Utrecht 1971, Theodore W. Bossert, compil.,
des (Willdenow) DC.; Serratula carthamoides (Willd.) Poir.;
Biographical Dictionary of Botanists Represented in the Hunt
Serratula cynarifolia Poiret; Stemmacantha carthamoides
Institute Portrait Collection. 330. Boston, Mass. 1972, Stafleu
(Willdenow) Dittrich)
and Cowan, Taxonomic Literature. 4: 750–753. Utrecht 1983,
China. Sometimes as Stemmacantha carthamoides Mariella Azzarello Di Misa, a cura di, Il Fondo Antico della
Biblioteca dell’Orto Botanico di Palermo. 230. Regione
See Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 3(3): 1686. 1803,
Siciliana, Palermo 1988, Novon 18(4): 524–537. 2008.
Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 6(2): 561. 1805,
Annales du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 16: 205. Rheedia acuminata (Planch. & Triana) Miers (Garcinia
1810, Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Botanici Berolinensis, acuminata Planch. & Triana; Garcinia acuminata Pierre;
… 2: 303. 1822, Genera Plantarum 2: 479. 1873 and News Garcinia acuminata A. Chev., nom. nud.; Rheedia acumi-
Sib. Depart. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Biol. 15(3): 46–52. 1976, nata (Ruiz & Pav.) Planch. & Triana)
3194 Rheum L. Polygonaceae

South America. Sour ripe fruit eaten raw, taxonomical in English: Himalayan rhubarb, Indian rhubarb
confusion
in Bhutan: churtsa
See Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, série 4 14:
in India: archa, archu, chhirchey, chuchi, chukri, dalu, dholu,
314–315, 355. 1860, Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine 5: 36.
dolu, gandhini, pambchalen, ravandchini, revandchini,
1883 and Exploration Botanique de l’Afrique Occidentale
revatchini
Française … 1: 53. 1920
in Nepal: akase chuk, amalbed, chulthi amila, chyurcha,
(Leaf juice or bark extract given in dropsy and low blood
padam chal, padamchal
pressure.)
Rheum nobile Hook. f. & Thomson (Rheum nobile Hook. f.)
in India: thizru
India, Himalaya.
See Illustrations of Himalayan Plants, pl. 19. 1855
Rheum L. Polygonaceae
(Roots eaten raw to cure dysentery.)
Greek rheon, rha ‘roots and rhizomes (from Iran)’,
Dioscorides used rha for the rhubarb, the rha of Pontus, in China: ta huang
Greek Rha (said to be from the ancient name of the river in India: kejo
Volga/Wolga), Latin Rha ‘the Volga, on whose banks grew
the radix pontica, Rha ponticum, rhubarb, Rheum rhaponti- Rheum officinale Baill.
cum L., which thence received its name’; see Ernest Weekley, China.
An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 2: 1234.
[rhubarb] 1967, M. Cortelazzo & P. Zolli, Dizionario etimo- See Species Plantarum 1: 371–372. 1753, Adansonia 10: 246.
logico della lingua italiana. 4: 1017. Bologna 1985, R. Zander, 1871
F. Encke, G. Buchheim & S. Seybold, Handwörterbuch der (Astringent.)
Pflanzennamen. 14 Aufl. 475. 1993, S. Battaglia, Grande
dizionario della lingua italiana. XV: 176, 966. 1994, H. in English: Chinese rhubarb, rhubarb
Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen in China: chiang chun (= captain general), da huang, huang
Pflanzennamen. 532, 533–534. 1996. liang (= yellow efficacy), ta huang, yao yong da huang
Rheum acuminatum Hook. f. & Thomson (Rheum orienta- in Mexico: nocuana lanini castilla
lixizangense Y.K. Yang, J.K. Wu & Gasang.)
Rheum palmatum Linnaeus (Rheum potaninii Losinskaja;
India. Herb Rheum qinlingense Y.K. Yang et al.)
See Botanical Magazine 81: pl. 4887. 1885 and Acta Botanica Northern and western China and Tibet. Herb, erect, peren-
Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 12(4): 313. 1992
nial, rhizome and roots thick branched, leaves in a radical
(Leaves and young parts for bodyache, muscular pain.) rosette borne on a thick subcylindrical petiole, inflorescence
a loose hairy panicle with racemiform branches, flowers
in China: xin ye da huang
bisexual, fruit a trigonous winged nutlet, in grassland
Rheum australe D. Don (Rheum emodi Wall.; Rheum emo-
See Species Plantarum 1: 371–372. 1753, Systema Naturae,
dii Wall.; Rheum emodii Wall. ex Meisn.; Rheum emodium
ed. 10. 2: 1010. 1759 and Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta
Wall. ex Nees & Eberm.)
Akademii Nauk S S S R. Ser. 1, Flora i Sistematika Vysshikh
Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim. Herb, robust, stem hollow, roots Rastenii. Moscow & Leningrad 3: 78. 1936, Acta Botanica
stout, lower leaves orbicular or broadly ovate, small dark Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 12(4): 309–311. 1992, Li Anjen,
purple flowers, purple angled fruits, petioles pickled, tender Kao Tsoching, Mao Zumei & Liu Yulan. Polygonaceae. In:
leaves as vegetable Li Anjen, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 25(1): 1–209. 1998
See Species Plantarum 1: 371–372. 1753, Prodromus Florae (Whole herb as purgative. Roots and rhizomes laxative, mild
Nepalensis 75. 1825, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 1727 C. 1829, purgative, febrifuge, tonic, astringent, antiinflammatory,
The Flora of British India 5: 56. 1886 anti-hypertensive, used against constipation, dysentery, swol-
len gums, sore throat, sores, furuncles, burns, acute fevers,
(Used in Ayurveda. Rhizomes and roots purgative, digestive,
jaundice, strangury and after childbirth.)
astringent, tonic, stomachic, spasmolytic; powder of rhizome
to treat diarrhea, dysentery, cough, cold. A water-paste of in English: Chinese rhubarb, medicinal rhubarb, rhubarb,
the roots used for cuts, sprains, boils, wounds and swellings. Turkish rhubarb
Dried powdered leaves rubbed on the skin for the treatment
in China: zhang ye da huang
of headache, bone ache, sores, ulcers, muscle pain; vegetable
from the leaves given in piles and chronic bronchitis.) in India: lacchu
Rhexia L. Melastomataceae 3195

in Indonesia: kalembak, kelembak, talembak See Illustrations of the Botany … of the Himalayan
Mountains … 1: 315, 318, pl. 78. 1839, Bulletin scientifique
in Ladakhi: lchumtsa
(publié par l’) Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-
in Malaysia: kelembak Pétersbourg 10: 254. 1842, Bulletin de la Société Impériale
des Naturalistes de Moscou 15: 422. 1842 and Repertorium
in Tibetan: lcum-rtsa
Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 358. 1929
in Vietnam: d[aj]i ho[af]ng ch[aa]n v[ij]t
(Used in Ayurveda. Root powder applied on cuts and wounds;
Rheum rhabarbarum Linnaeus (Rheum franzenbachii root paste applied in muscular pains, sprains, contusions,
Münter; Rheum franzenbachii var. mongolicum Münter; injuries, cuts, wounds, mumps and to forehead in headache;
Rheum undulatum L.; Rheum undulatum var. longifolium a watery extract given in stomach pains, constipation, dysen-
C.Y. Cheng & T.C. Kao) tery, swelling of the throat, tonsillitis. Fresh peduncles eaten
raw as aphrodisiac.)
China.
in China: luan guo da huang, sui xu da huang, wang mai da
See Species Plantarum 1: 371–372. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 174.
huang, zhi sui da huang
1754, Species Plantarum, Editio Secunda 2: 531. 1762, Acta
Congr. Bot. Amst. 1877: 212. 1879 and Chin, T.C. and H.W. in India: amlaparni, archa, chichi, chukri, dolu, dolya, jome
Youngken. “The cytotaxonomy of Rheum.” Amer. J. Bot. 34: lachi
401–407. 1947, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13(3): 79. 1975,
Rheum webbianum Royle (Rheum webbiana Royle)
Nordic J. Bot. 14: 154. 1994
Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim. Perennial herb, robust, stem hol-
(All parts of the plant contain oxalic acid, which has been
low, roots stout, lower leaves orbicular or broadly ovate,
implicated in cases of poisoning. However, other potentially
small dark purple to yellowish-white flowers, purple angled
poisonous compounds also are produced, including citric acid
fruits, petioles pickled, leaf extract to prepare curry, tender
and anthraquinone glycosides. Raw or cooked leaf blades are
leaves used as vegetable
poisonous to humans and livestock if ingested in sufficiently
large quantities. The petioles typically are used as food and See Species Plantarum 1: 371–372. 1753, Prodromus Florae
contain mostly malic acid, which is nontoxic.) Nepalensis 75. 1825, Illustrations of the Botany … of the
Himalayan Mountains … [Royle] 1: 318, t. 78 A. 1839, The
in North America: garden rhubarb, pie-plant, rhubarbe,
Flora of British India 5: 56. 1886
wine-plant
(Rhizomes and roots purgative, astringent, tonic, stomachic.
Rheum rhaponticum L. (Rheum rhaponticum Herder)
A water-paste of the roots used for cuts, boils, wounds, sprains
Europe, Mediterranean. Herbaceous perennial, hollow stems, and swellings. Dried and powdered leaves, mixed with the rhi-
heavy rootstock, heart-shaped leaves, greenish-white flower zomes of Curcuma longa and fried with ghee are rubbed for
clusters the treatment of headache, ulcers, sores, muscle pain. Leaves
eaten for the treatment of piles and chronic bronchitis.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 371–372. 1753 and Robb, H.F. “Death
from rhubarb leaves due to oxalic acid poisoning.” J. Am. Med. in English: Himalayan rhubarb, Indian rhubarb, rhubarb
Assoc., 73: 627–628. 1919 Taxon 30: 77–78. 1981, Fitologija 30:
in China: xu mi da huang
78–79. 1985, Flora Mediterranea 7: 204–213. 1997
in India: chu-rtsa, dolu, lachhu, pamb-hak, pambhaak, tatri
(The plant contains oxalate crystals, which have been
reported to cause poisoning when large quantities of raw in Nepal: amalbed, padamchal
or cooked leaves are ingested; all animals may be affected.
Rhubarb leaves contain the highest amounts of oxalates and
perhaps anthraquinones, which may be partly responsible Rhexia L. Melastomataceae
for toxicity. Anthraquinones (glycosides) have been impli-
An ancient Greek name, rhegnymi ‘to break, break asun-
cated more recently in poisoning. The toxic content is much
der, rend’, rhexis ‘breaking, bursting, cleft’; Plinius applied
lower in the stalks. Humans have been poisoned after ingest-
Latin rhexia, ae to a plant, also called onochilis; see
ing the leaves.)
Species Plantarum 1: 346. 1753, Georg Christian Wittstein,
in English: pie plant, rhubarb Etymologisch-botanisches Handwörterbuch. 759. 1852 and
H. Genaust, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen
Rheum spiciforme Royle (Rheum aplostachyum Kar. &
Pflanzennamen. 534–535. 1996.
Kir.; Rheum moorcroftianum Royle; Rheum reticulatum
Losinsk.; Rheum rhizostachyum Schrenk; Rheum scaberri- Rhexia princeps Kunth (Dissotis princeps (Kunth) Triana;
mum Lingelsh.) Rhexia princeps Humb. & Bonpl.)
India. Perennial herb, rhizomatous, radical leaves, reddish pink South Africa. Shrub, erect, weak, purple flowers, famine
flowers in dense-flowered racemes, sour fleshy petioles eaten food, see also Dissotis
3196 Rhinacanthus Nees Acanthaceae

See Species Plantarum 1: 346. 1753, Monographia (Roots and leaves diuretic, for indigestion, flatulence,
Melastomacearum 2: 122, t. 46. 1821, Transactions of the stomachache.)
Linnean Society of London 28(1): 57. 1871[1872] [8 Dec
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kuntze (Justicia nasuta L.;
1871–13 Jan 1872] and Dyer, R.A. “Dissotis princeps.” The
Pseuderanthemum connatum Lindau; Rhinacanthus com-
Flowering Plants of Africa 32: t. 1250. 1952
munis Nees; Rhinacanthus nasuta Kurz; Rhinacanthus nasu-
(Leaves are used to treat dysentery and diarrhea. Roots eaten tus (L.) Kurz; Rhinacanthus nasutus Kuntze; Rhinacanthus
as an aphrodisiac.) nasutus (Linnaeus) Lindau; Rhinacanthus osmospermus T.
Anderson; Rhinacanthus osmospermus Bojer ex Nees)
in English: purple dissotis, purple wild tibouchina, royal dis-
sotis, wild tibouchina China, Thailand. Perennial, shrub or sub-shrub, woody-
based herb, sparsely branched, twigs green with white
in South Africa: kalwerbossie, sichobochobo, umpongamponga
pubescence, calyx 5-partite, corolla pale yellow-cream, style
Rhexia virginica L. (Rhexia stricta Pursh; Rhexia stricta filiform, capsule 2-valved
Humb. & Bonpl.; Rhexia virginica L. var. purshii (Spreng.)
See Species Plantarum 1: 15–16. 1753, Plantae Asiaticae
C.W. James; Rhexia virginica L. var. septemnervia (Walter) Rariores 3: 76, 108–109. 1832, Prodromus Systematis
Pursh) Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 11: 443. 1847, J. Proc.
North America. Perennial herb, elliptical toothed leaves, Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 51. 1863 [1864 publ. 1863], J. Proc. Linn.
pink flowers with long arched yellow stamens Soc., Bot. 9: 522. 1868, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat.
Hist. 39(2): 79. 1870, Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-
See Species Plantarum 1: 346. 1753, Flora Caroliniana, Physikalischen Classe (Klasse) der K. B. Akademie der
secundum … 130. 1788, Fl. Amer. Sept. (Pursh) 1: 258. 1813, Wissenschaften zu München 13: 282. 1883, Revisio Generum
Systema Vegetabilium, editio decima sexta 5: 590. 1828 and Plantarum 2: 494. 1891, Botanische Jahrbücher für
Brittonia 8: 226–227. 1956, Journal of Ethnopharmacology Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20:
1: 49–68. 1979, American Journal of Botany 86(4): 502. 1999 40–41. 1894, Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. [Engl.] C (1895) 371. 1895,
(Leaves and stems used for sore throat.) Naturl. Pflanzenfam. [Engl. & Prantl] iv. 3b(1895) 329. 1895
and Catalogue des Plantes de Madagascar, Acanth. 2(24):
in English: deergrass, handsome Harry, meadow-berry, 7–32. 1939, Taxon 25: 631–649. 1976
Virginia meadow beauty
(Seeds for scabies, eczema, skin diseases. Root, leaves and
seeds a remedy for ringworm. Roots and leaves, with lemon
Rhinacanthus Nees Acanthaceae juice, used for scabies, eczema, skin diseases; roots decoc-
tion drunk against snake venom and taken to cure impotency
Greek rhis, rhinos ‘snout, nose’ and akantha, akanthos in male; root paste applied for eczema, ringworm. Liquid
‘thorn’, alluding to the shape of the corolla or to the nature of from striked leaves for treating wart; crushed leaves applied
the thorns, see Plantae Asiaticae Rariores (Wallich). 3: 76, over the snakebitten part; stem and leaves used for tuber-
108. 1832. culosis, cough, high blood pressure. Veterinary medicine,
Rhinacanthus calcaratus (Wall.) Nees (Justicia calcarata whole plant.)
Wall.) in Myanmar: anitia
China, Vietnam, Myanmar, India. Shrub, erect, branch- in China: ling zhi cao
less, stout, glabrous, leaves small, small subulate bracts and
bracteoles shorter than calyx segment, flowers small, corolla in India: naaga malli, nagamalli, nagamulla
hypocrateriformis, corolla tube very short, stamens 2, cap- in Indonesia: daun burung, tarebak, tereba jepang
sule clavate, seeds ovoid
in Laos: thong kan sang
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 76, 108–109. 1832
Malay name: ubat kurap
(Used for skin diseases.)
in Philippines: cinco-llagas na puti, ibon-ibonan, parajito,
in China: hua ye ling zhi cao silisilihan, tagak-tagak, taging-tagak
Rhinacanthus gracilis Klotzsch (Rhinacanthus communis in Thailand: thong khan chang, thong phan chang, yaa
Nees; Rhinacanthus gracilis Bojer ex Nees) man kai
Tropical Africa. Perennial, shrub or sub-shrub, woody-based in Vietnam: b[aj]ch h[aj]c, ki[ees]n c[of]
herb, white flowers with dark pink base
Rhinacanthus virens Milne-Redh. (Leptostachya virens
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 109. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 11: Nees; Rhinacanthus communis Nees; Rhinacanthus dew-
506. 1847, Naturw. Reise Mossambique [Peters] 6(Bot., 1): evrei De Wildeman & T. Dur; Rhinacanthus parviflorus T.
218. 1861 and Taxon 25: 631–649. 1976 Anderson ex De Wildeman; Rhinacanthus parviflorus T.
Rhipogonum Forst. & Forst.f. Rhipogonaceae (Liliaceae, Ripogonaceae, Smilacaceae) 3197

Anderson ex De Wild. & T. Durand; Rhinacanthus subcau- (Lam.) Kuntze; Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S. Muell.) Stearn;
datus C.B. Clarke; Rhinacanthus virens (Nees) Milne-Redh.) Rhipsalis bartlettii Clover; Rhipsalis bermejensis F. Ritter,
nom. nud.; Rhipsalis caripensis (Kunth) Web.; Rhipsalis
Tropical Africa. Perennial, shrub or sub-shrub, straggling,
cassutha Gaertn.; Rhipsalis cassytha Gaertn.; Rhipsalis
erect woody-based herb, white flowers with dark pink base
cassytha var. mauritiana DC.; Rhipsalis cereuscula Haw.;
See Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 109. 1832, Prodr. (DC.) 11: Rhipsalis comorensis F.A.C. Weber; Rhipsalis comorensis
378. 1847 and Supplement to the Catalogue of the Vascular F.A.C. Weber; Rhipsalis coralloides Rauh; Rhipsalis del-
Plants of S. Tomé: (with Principe and Annobon)/by Arthur phinensis Barthlott; Rhipsalis fasciculata (Willd.) Haw.;
Wallis Exell (1901–1993). London: Printed by order of the Rhipsalis heptagona Rauh & Backeb.; Rhipsalis horrida
Trustees of the British Museum, 1956 [British Museum Baker; Rhipsalis madagascariensis F.A.C. Weber; Rhipsalis
(Natural History). Department of Botany], Taxon 25: 631– madagascariensis var. dasycerca F.A.C. Weber; Rhipsalis
649. 1976 madagascariensis Weber ex Weber; Rhipsalis mauritiana
(DC.) Barthlott; Rhipsalis mauritiana var. ellipticarpa
(Roots and leaves diuretic, for indigestion, flatulence,
Barthlott; Rhipsalis minutiflora K. Schum.; Rhipsalis para-
stomachache.)
sitica (Lam.) Haw.; Rhipsalis parasiticus Haw.; Rhipsalis
pendulina A. Berger; Rhipsalis pilosa F.A.C. Weber ex K.
Schum.; Rhipsalis prismatica (Lem.) Rumpler; Rhipsalis
Rhipogonum Forst. & Forst.f. Rhipogonaceae saxicola Rauh; Rhipsalis suareziana F.A.C. Weber;
(Liliaceae, Ripogonaceae, Smilacaceae) Rhipsalis tetragona Web.)
Greek rhips, rhipos ‘wicker-work, willow branch, mat, South America. Epiphyte, terete, fleshy, small white flowers,
young twig’ and gony ‘a joint, a knee’, referring to the many berry-like yellowish fruit, viscous shiny seeds
jointed stalks, or from gone ‘offspring, generation, descent’;
see Johann Reinhold Forster (1729–1798) and his son Johann See Illustratio systematis sexualis Linnaei Class. I, ord.
Georg Adam (1754–1794), Characteres generum plantarum. I [t. 2a], t. 29. 1771 [Miller, John (1715–1790?), Illustratio
49, t. 25. Londini [London] (Aug.) 1776 and H.E. Connor and systematis sexualis Linnaei … : an illustration of the sex-
E. Edgar, “Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand ual system of Linnaeus. London: The author, 17[70-]77
Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986.” New and Illustratio systematis sexualis Linnaei/Denuo edita,
revisa ac translatione Germanica locupletata per Mauritium
Zealand Journal of Botany. Vol. 25: 115–170. 1987.
Balthasarem Borckhausen. Adjectis tabulis CVIII ad origi-
Rhipogonum scandens Forst. & Forst.f. (Rhipogonum par- nale Millerianum aeri incisis et coloratis. Francofurti ad
viflorum R.Br.; Rhipogonum scandens Forst.; Ripogonum Moenum: Varrentrapp et Wenner, 1804.], Encyclopédie
scandens J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.; Smilax ripogonum G. Forst.) Méthodique, Botanique 1: 541. 1783, De Fructibus et
Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 137, t. 28. 1788, Synopsis plan-
New Zealand. Climber, bright red harmless edible berries
tarum succulentarum … 187. 1812, Nova Genera et Species
See Char. Gen. Pl. t. 25. 1776 [or 29 Nov 1775], Fl. Ins. Plantarum (quarto ed.) 6: 66. 1823, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Austr.: 70. 1786, Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl.: 293. 1810 Paris 17: 81. 1828, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni
Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 467. 1828, Cactearum Genera Nova
(Diuretic, tonic, alterative. Stems bruised and the juice
Speciesque Novae 75. 1839, Revisio Generum Plantarum
applied for venereal diseases.)
1: 262. 1891, Revue Horticole 6: 425. 1892 and Bulletin
in English: supplejack of the Torrey Botanical Club 65(8): 567, 570, f. 6–7. 1938,
Cactus Journal [Croydon] 7(4): 107, in adnot. 1939, Das
in New Zealand: kareao, karewao, pirita (Maori names)
Kakteenlexikon 388. 1966
(Stem juice a cough cure for children.)
Rhipsalis Gaertner Cactaceae in La Réunion Isl.: cactus-gui, la perle
Greek rhips, rhipos ‘wicker-work, willow branch, mat, young
twig’, referring to the flexible branches; Akkadian rapa’u
‘to heal’, Hebrew rafa ‘to bind: a wound to heal’, see De Rhizanthes Dumort. Rafflesiaceae
Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum… . 1: 137–138, pl. 28, f.
From the Greek rhiza ‘root’ and anthos ‘a flower’, para-
1. 1788 and Fl. Madagasc. 145: 109–123. 1983, Fl. Ecuador
sites, see Synopsis Plantarum 1: 216. 1805, Bijdragen tot
35: 1–79. 1989, Fl. Mascareignes 103: 1–8. 1991, Monogr.
de Natuurkundige Wetenschappen 2: 422. 1827, Dumortier
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 509–519. 2001.
(Du Mortier), Barthélemy-Charles Joseph (1797–1878),
Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S. Miller) Stearn (Cactus caripensis Analyse des Familles des Plantes 14. Tournay, 1829 and
Kunth; Cactus parasiticus Lam.; Cassytha baccifera J.S. Fedde, Repert. xxxvi. 286. 1934, Blumea 33: 329–342. 1988,
Muell.; Cassytha baccifera Mill. ex DC.; Cereus caripen- Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 44: 113–142.
sis (Kunth) DC.; Hariota cassytha Lem.; Hariota parasitica 1996, Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 26(4): 286–313. 2010.
3198 Rhizophora L. Rhizophoraceae

Rhizanthes deceptor Bänziger & B. Hansen (specific name Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophora americana Nutt.;
referring to Rhizanthes’s ability in deceiving flies and scien- Rhizophora mangle var. samoensis Hochr.; Rhizophora
tists alike…) samoensis (Hochr.) Salvoza)
Sumatra, Indonesia. South America, South Florida. Tree, ever growing, arching
aerial roots, opposite pairs of smooth dark-green elliptic
See Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 48(1): 117–
leaves, numerous black dots on the lower leaves surface, pen-
143. 2000
dulous seedlings attached to the shoots, yellowish-white pet-
(Immature bud charred and powdered, mixed with water and als, flowers usually in group of 3, individual flowers finally
the suspension drunk as stomachic and astringent in diarrhea pendulous, seedling is the unit of dispersal
and stomachache.) See Species Plantarum 1: 443. 1753 and Kew Bull. 8(1): 123.
Rhizanthes infanticida Bänziger & B. Hansen (alluding to 1953, Fl. Veracruz. 12: 1–8. 1980
the flower’s pollination syndrome which leads to the death of (The bark used for sores and swellings. Dry fruit made into
the pollinators’ brood.) tea taken on the onset of dysentery. Seeds infusion for bed-
Thailand, Malaysia. wetting children.)
See Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 43: 337–365. 1995, Nat. Hist. in English: American mangrove, mangle, mangle colorado,
Bull. Siam Soc. 48(1): 117–143. 2000 mangrove, red mangrove

(Astringent, stomachic.) in Panama: aili kinnut

Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Mangium candelar-
ium Rumphius; Rhizophora candelaria Wight & Arn.;
Rhizophora L. Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora candelaria Wall.; Rhizophora candelaria DC.;
Rhizophora candelaria J. Macrae ex Blume; Rhizophora lon-
Greek rhiza ‘a root’ and phoros ‘bearing, carrying’, rhi- gissima Blanco; Rhizophora macrorrhiza Griff.; Rhizophora
zophorus ‘root bearing’, referring to the aerial roots from mucronata Náves)
stem and branches; see Carl Linnaeus, Species Plantarum.
1: 443. 1753, Genera Plantarum. Ed. 5. 202. 1754, Synopsis East Africa. Tree, straight, aerial prop roots, soft brittle
Plantarum 2(1): 2. 1806, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis branches, reddish bark, leathery dark green leaves, fleshy
Regni Vegetabilis 3: 32. 1828, Prodromus Florae Peninsulae creamy white flowers, smooth green fruits, seeds germinate
Indiae Orientalis 1: 310. 1834, William Griffith (1810–1845), while the fruit still on the tree, leaves as fodder, on muddy soils
Notulae ad plantas asiaticas. 665. 1854 and Ding Hou, “A See Herbarium Amboinense 3: 108. 1743, Introductio ad
review of the genus Rhizophora with special reference to the Historiam Naturalem 218. 1777, Tabl. Encycl. 2: 517, pl. 396,
Pacific species.” Blumea 10(2): 625–634. 1960, Phytologia f. 2, 1794, Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique (Lamarck)
74(3): 176. 1993, Tomlinson, P.B., The Botany of Mangroves. 6(1): 189. 1804, Prodr. (DC.) 3: 32. 1828, Numer. List
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1994, Novon 9(4): [Wallich] n. 4878. 1831–1832, Prodr. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. 1:
550–551. 1999, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 310. 1834, Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society
2200–2201. 2001. of Calcutta 8: 8, f. 2, 4–7. 1836, Mus. Bot. 1(9): 137. 1850
Rhizophora apiculata Blume (Rhizophora candelaria DC.; [Dec 1849 publ. Oct 1850], Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 664. 1854, Fl.
Rhizophora candelaria Wall.; Rhizophora candelaria J. Filip., ed. 3 [F.M. Blanco] t. 135. [1877–1883]
Macrae ex Blume) (Used in Sidha. Bark astringent and a source of tannin, the
India, Java. Tree, fodder, fruits boiled in water and eaten juice used for diabetes and to stop bleeding; fresh bark boiled
and filtered and the water used for mouth gargling against
See Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 1: 91. 1827, Prodromus sore throat and stomatitis. Freshly collected pneumatophores
Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (DC.) 3: 32. 1828, made into a paste and applied to stop bleeding.)
Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4878. 1831–1832, Prodromus Florae
Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis 1: 310. 1834, Mus. Bot. 1(9): in English: four-petaled mangrove, long-fruited red man-
137. 1850 [Dec 1849 publ. Oct 1850] grove, red mangrove, true mangrove
in East Africa: mkaka, mkoko
(Used in Sidha. Tonic, nutritious. Respiratory roots chewed
and applied to treat fish bite. Bark decoction given in dysen- in Southern Africa: beebasboom, rooiwortelboom; umNgom-
tery and in stomach pain.) bamkhonto, umHlume, umHluma (Zulu); umHluma (Xhosa)
in China: hong shu in China: hong qie dong
in India: char, cirugandal, daboja, kaaki ponna, kaakip- in India: adavi ponna, adaviponna, bairada, bhara, bhora,
onna, kaandla, kandal, kantal, pee-kandel, ponna, rai, turu, coripunnai, jumuda, kaandla, kamdlam, kamdli, kamo, kan-
uppu ponna daale, kandal, kandale, kandia, kandla, kandlaa, kandle,
Rhodamnia Jack Myrtaceae 3199

kantal, kattuppunnai, manciponna, manjiponna, nija kaandla, Rhodamnia cinerea var. concolor (Miq.) Blume; Rhodamnia
olle kaandla, panachikandal, panaccikantal, paniccha kan- cinerea var. laxiflora Blume; Rhodamnia cinerea var. mac-
dal, panicchakandal, peecandel, peykkandal, peykkantal, rophylla Blume; Rhodamnia concolor Miq.; Rhodamnia glo-
pikandal, pikantal, ponna, pyu, rai, rohi, sorapinnai, upoo- bosa (Korth.) Blume; Rhodamnia nageli Miq.; Rhodamnia
ponna, uppu ponna, uppuponna, venkandal, venkantal spectabilis (Blume) Blume; Rhodamnia subtriflora Blume;
Rhodamnia trinervia var. concolor (Miq.) King; Rhodamnia
in Japan: funiki, ôba-hirugi, pushiki, Yaeyama-hirugi
trinervia var. spectabilis (Blume) King)
in Malaysia: bakau belukap, bakau jangkar, bakau kurap,
Vietnam, Malesia. Small trees, red inner bark, leaves oppo-
belukap, lenggayong
site, blade glaucous below, white flowers in clusters from leaf
Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. (Rhizophora mangle var. axils, berry crowned by calyx
racemosa (G. Mey.) Engl.; Rhizophora racemosa Hieron.)
See Malayan Misc. 2(7): 48. 1822, Mus. Bot. 1: 78–79. 1850,
Tropical Africa. Shrub or tree, spreading, stilt-rooted, flow- Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 1: 78. 1863 and Journal of the
ers cream colored Asiatic Society of Bengal. Part 2. Natural history 70: 74. 1901
See Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis … 185. 1818, Flora (Roots decoction for stomachache; roots and leaves infusion
Brasiliensis 12(2): 427. 1876, Botanische Jahrbücher für a postpartum remedy.)
Systematik, Pflanzenge­schichte und Pflanzengeographie 20: Malay names: jaing, jeing, mempoyan, poyan
61. 1895 and Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3):
2200–2201. 2001
(Stem bark and leaves for dysentery, fevers, cough.) Rhodiola L. Crassulaceae
in French: palétuvier The diminutive from the Greek rhodon ‘rose’, referring to
the scented roots, see Species Plantarum 2: 1035. 1753 and
in Central Africa: ntan, ntana, tanda Sedum of North America 474. 1975.
in Cameroon: tanda Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook.f. & Thomson) Boriss.
in Gabon: ntan (Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook.f. & Thomson) H. Jacobsen;
Rhodiola viridula Boriss.; Rhodiola wallichiana (Hook.)
in Nigeria: agala, egba, igba-dudu, litanda, ngala, odo nowe, S.H. Fu; Sedum asiaticum DC.; Sedum crassipes Wall. ex
odonowe, tanda, urher-nwere; egba (Yoruba); odo nowe Hook.f. & Thomson; Sedum crassipes Wall., Hook.f. &
(Edo); odo (Itsekiri); urheruwerim (Urhobo); agala (Ijaw); Thomson; Sedum crassipes Wall.; Sedum heterodontum
ngala (Igbo); nunung (Efik); nunung (Ibibio) Hook.f. & Thomson; Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. var. heterodon-
in Yoruba: egba, igba dudu tum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Fedtschenko ex Froderstrom;
Sedum wallichianum Hook.)
Rhizophora stylosa Griff. (Rhizophora mucronata var. sty-
losa (Griff.) Schimp.) China. Leaves and tender shoots eaten

India. Leaves for fodder See Species Plantarum 1: 430–432. 1753, Species Plantarum
2: 1035. 1753, Flora Carniolica, Editio Secunda 1: 326.
See Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas 4: 665. 1854, Botanische 1771, Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Mitteilungen aus den Tropen 3: 92. 1891 and J. Trop. & 3: 401. 1828, Numer. List [Wallich] n. 7234. 1832, Icones
Subtrop. Bot. 6(1): 40–46. 1998, Austral. J. Bot. 50: 601– Plantarum; or Figures, with Brief Descriptive Characters
605. 2002 and Remarks of New or Rare Plants. 7: t. 604. 1844, Journal
(Tannin from the bark.) of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 2: 95, 99. 1857
[1858 publ. 1857] and The genus Sedum 40. 1930, Report of
in China: hong hai lan the First Scientific Expedition to Manchoukou 1: 30. 1934,
Flora URSS 9: 26, 32, 476. 1939, Acta Phytotaxonomica