MARCELO FREIRE MORO

SÍNTESE FLORÍSTICA E BIOGEOGRÁFICA DO DOMÍNIO

FITOGEOGRÁFICO DA CAATINGA

(FLORISTIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL SYNTHESIS FOR THE CAATINGA

PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL DOMAIN)

CAMPINAS

2013

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ABSTRACT: Overlooked during most of the twentieth century, the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain (DFC) has been recognized in the last decades as a unique
natural area with much more diversity and endemisms than previously assumed. We are
experiencing in the last decades an increase in the publication of floristic and
phytosociological studies for the DFC, what offers the opportunity to produce a synthesis
for this region. We aimed at evaluating how many species have been collected, their
frequency, how many species are expected to exists, and which environment types are more
or less sampled. We also mapped which are the most overlooked geographical regions
within the CPD. We thus seek to summarize the floristic and phytosociological surveys
produced for Caatinga and to sumarize the plant diversity and biogeographical patterns for
this region. We evaluate the issue of floristic similarity between different environment
types within Caatinga using multivariate analysis and compared the floristic similarity
among different subtypes of Caatinga. We also show that areas in crystalline and
sedimentary terrains differ not only floristically but also structurally, with different life-
form spectra in each environment. We offer here a general overview of the plant divertity in
the DFC, making a synthesis of the available surveys, a synthesis of the recorded species
and finally a biogeographical synthesis. Thus, we sumarize here a considerable amount of
floristic and phytosociological data scattered in the literature and offer a general overview
for the Caatinga domain.

Key-words: Plant biodiversity; Semiarid ecosystems; Seasonally dry tropical forests.

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RESUMO: Ignorado do ponto de vista dos estudos botânicos e da conservação durante a
maior parte do século XX, o Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC) foi reconhecido a
partir das últimas duas décadas como uma região natural única, com vários endemismos e
bem mais diversa floristicamente do que se assumiu no século passado. Com o recente
aumento na produção de estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC, surge a
oportunidade de produzir uma síntese geral para a região, avaliando quantas espécies já
foram coletadas, suas frequências, quantas espécies devem existir, que tipos de ambientes
dentro do domínio estão mais ou menos amostrados, além de mapear geograficamente áreas
pouco estudadas. Esta tese, portanto, busca fazer uma síntese dos levantamentos florísticos
e fitossociológicos e da diversidade vegetal para o domínio da Caatinga. Nós avaliamos a
questão da similaridade florística entre diferentes ambientes utilizando técnicas de análise
multivariada e comparamos pela primeira vez os diferentes subtipos de Caatinga não
apenas florísticamente, mas também pelos seus espectros de formas de vida, mostrando que
áreas em geologias cristalinas e sedimentares diferem tanto floristicamente quanto
estruturalmente. Com isso, oferecemos aqui uma síntese geral de dados florísticos para o
DFC, indo de uma síntese dos levantamentos, passando por uma síntese das espécies e
chegando finalmente em uma síntese biogeográfica. Com isso, compilamos um volume
considerável de literatura florística e fitossociológica antes dispersa na literatura e
oferecemos um quadro geral sobre a diversidade vegetal do DFC.

Palavras-chave: Biodiversidade vegetal; Ecossistemas semiáridos; Florestas

sazonalmentes secas.

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Sumário
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... vii
RESUMO ............................................................................................................................................ viii
AGRADECIMENTOS............................................................................................................................ xiii
INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .................................................................................................................. 15
Terminologia ................................................................................................................................. 16
Extensão geográfica do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga....................................................... 18
Caracterização geral do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga ...................................................... 19
Estrutura geral da tese .................................................................................................................. 23
Referências bibliográficas ............................................................................................................. 25
CAPÍTULO 1 - Síntese dos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos realizados no Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga................................................................................................................ 30
RESUMO ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Introdução ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Materiais e métodos ..................................................................................................................... 34
Resultados ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Discussão ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Conclusões .................................................................................................................................... 47
Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................ 48
Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................................................. 49
Anexo 1- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos realizados na região do semiárido
brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) ........................................................................... 54
Anexo 2- Caracterização dos 150 levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos compilados para
a região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) ....................................... 63
Anexo 3- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro
(domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em boletins técnicos ....................................... 71
Anexo 4- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro
(domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em livros e capítulos de livro. ......................... 73
Anexo 5- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro
(domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) disponíveis na forma de teses e dissertações. .................. 76
CAPÍTULO 2- A catalogue of the flora of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain: a synthesis of the
data available on floristic and phytosociological surveys ................................................................. 83

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 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... 83
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 84
Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................. 87
Results ........................................................................................................................................... 92
Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 113
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 122
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... 123
Bibliographical References .......................................................................................................... 124
Appendix 1- Floristic and phytosociological lists used to build the catalogue of plants from
Caatinga and their references ..................................................................................................... 132
Appendix 2- Catalogue with all names reported in the 131 floristic and phytosociological papers
compiled by this study ................................................................................................................ 139
Appendix 3- List of exotic species reported in the 131 papers compiled for this catalogue. ..... 212
Appendix 4- List of nomina nuda and names used in error to refer to plants in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain. ........................................................................................................ 214
Appendix 5 – number of records of each species in each environment type in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain including native and exotic plants. (*): exotic species reported in our
database. ..................................................................................................................................... 217
Appendix 6- Number of unidentified records in each genus reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain ....................................... 286
Appendix 7- Number of unidentified records in each family reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain ....................................... 291
CAPÍTULO 3- Plant communities in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain: the influence of
ecosystem type, climate and spatial autocorrelation ..................................................................... 293
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 293
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 293
Material & Methods .................................................................................................................... 296
Results ......................................................................................................................................... 299
Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 310
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 313
References................................................................................................................................... 314
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 317
CAPÍTULO 4- Life-form spectra and plant communities in a seasonally dry tropical formation of
South America ................................................................................................................................. 326

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 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 327
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 328
METHODS .................................................................................................................................... 331
RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 339
DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 346
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. 350
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 350
APPENDIX - Supplementary data ................................................................................................ 355
CONCLUSÕES GERAIS DA TESE ........................................................................................................ 366

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“Moço: toda saudade é uma espécie de velhice”
Grande Sertão: Veredas

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AGRADECIMENTOS

Quem escreve uma tese de doutorado, após quatro anos de estudos, disciplinas,
intercâmbios e congressos, depois de conhecer tanta gente, ajudar e ser ajudado, viajar para
outros países e continentes, fazer tantos novos amigos, tem realmente muito a agradecer. A Deus
em primeiro lugar, pelas oportunidades que a caminhada nos oferece e pela direção em
momentos difíceis. Pela própria vida nesse mundo tão cheio de beleza. E pela própria natureza,
tão indescritivelmente assustadora e bela, perante a qual nós, pequenos seres humanos,
deveríamos demonstrar admiração, amor e respeito, em vez de promover essa mesquinha
destruição de tudo o que existe de magnífico em busca do lucro desenfreado para alimentar vidas
vazias e sedentas de acumulação de bens.

Agradeço de todo o coração à minha família, que sempre me apoiou e que, acima de tudo,
me ensinou o amor à vida. À minha mãe Ana, meu pai Carlos e minhas irmãs, Naira e Florinda. À
parte cearense da minha família que sempre me recebeu com tanto entusiasmo cada vez que
voltava ao Ceará e à parte paulista da minha família, com quem pude conviver muito mais próximo
quando mudei do Ceará para São Paulo: minha querida avó Lydia, e aos meus queridos tios-
avós/praticamente-avós Tito e tia Ana por tanto carinho, viagens e almoços. Aos primos João,
Roseli, Rodrigo e Leandro Moro(s), que me receberam com carinho em suas casas quando mudei
para Campinas.

Aos amigos, antigos e recentes, velhos e novos, que me acompanharam nesses quatro
gostosos anos de caminhada. À querida Mari Macêdo, que desde o fim da graduação lá na UFC
vem sempre me acompanhando nas aventuras e desventuras dessa vida acadêmica e que tem um
lugar tão especial em minha vida. Aos novos amigos feitos nas viagens desta tese: Fiorella Mazine
(agradecimento especial por ter me apresentado a Eimear, futura co-orientadora), Marla Ibrahim-
Uehbe, Ana Luiza Côrtes, Marlon Machado, Domingos Cardoso, Vanessa Staggemeier, Rosa
Botterill, Cátia Canteiro, Amelia Baracat, Marcelo Sellaro, Eve Lucas, Priscila Oliveira, Lia, Aristônio,
Raquel Viveros. Aos amigos da Unicamp André Rech, Felipe Amorim, Diego, Maurício Fernández
(Mau), Vinicius Duartina, Leo Ré, Jeferson Bugoni, Pietro, Aline (Ia), Angélica Robatino (ela foi
medalhista na copa forró e ainda faz doutorado!), Polliana Zocche, Talita Reis, Tomate, Gastão,
Coquinho, Zulqarnain, Cris Baldauf, Gustavo Shimizu, Zilda, Dany Vinha, Anna Abrahão, Suzana
Costa, Zé Júnior, Cinthia, Luciana Franci, Maíra, Ana Paula, Carol Polido, Nívea, Jacira, Mayara
Caddah, Julia Meirelles e Leleu, Rose Morokawa, Milena, Marcela Moranguete... Como listar
todos? Impossível! A cada um agradeço o privilégio de compartilhar um pouco da minha vida. A
Igor Silva (in memorian) que partiu enquanto estávamos trabalhando em parceria sobre várias
ideias.

A Eimear, minha co-orientadora no Jardim Botânico de Kew, que mais que orientadora, se
tornou uma amiga e abriu tantas oportunidades durante meu tempo no Reino Unido. Ao professor
Fernando Martins, que também me abriu muitas oportunidades e buscou facilitar minha
caminhada acadêmica. Ao professor George Shepherd, que com sua incrível didática, grande

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inteligência e humildade, me ensinou os primeiros passos da estatística multivariada e sem o qual
essa tese não existiria. Tê-lo em minha banca quatro anos depois de ter sido seu aluno é uma
honra sem tamanho. À professora Kikyo, pelas boas conversas e pelo apoio no doutorado. Aos
professores Maria Rodal, Luciano Queiroz, Ary Oliveira-Filho, Cássia Munhoz, Flávio França, Ramiro
Camacho, Francisca Soares e Leonardo Meireles pelas ricas discussões, sugestões de literatura,
novas ideias e críticas aos manuscritos.

A Mary Stephens, que me hospedou com tanto carinho ao longo do ano que fiquei em
Kew e a todos que dividiram casa comigo naquele ano magnífico e se tornaram amigos queridos:
Plauto, Niyi, Hasan, Luciana Oliveira, Juliana Paulino.

À Unicamp, pelas tantas vivências e oportunidades propiciadas, das aulas de extensão em

dança de salão ao bandeijão de todos os dias. Ao Jardim Botânico Real de Kew, por oferecer muito
mais que uma maravilhosa infraestrutura de pesquisas. O que mais levo na memória são as
paisagens incríveis, os contato com tantos pesquisadores de renome, uma biblioteca magnífica,
galerias de arte botânica, novos amigos, horas de almoço indo almoçar com o pessoal nas cantinas
do jardim ou nos pubs em volta dele, fins de tarde às (21 hrs no verão e às 16hrs no inverno)
sentado nos banquinhos do jardim. E como expressar o sentimento de cruzar de bicicleta um dos
jardins botânicos mais lindos do mundo ao longo das quatro estações ou ir ao fim da tarde ver o
sol se por às margens do Thames? Richmond ficará para sempre em minha memória e coração,
bem como as lembranças dos passeios por Londres, dos retornos para casa de metrô (mind the
gap!) e dos jantares no kebab perto da estação de Richmond.

Essa tese resultou de um grande esforço pessoal (mas feito com muito entusiasmo) em
coligir um volume razoavelmente grande de bibliografia antes dispersa na literatura. Assim, tenho
um débito com um grande número de instituições e pessoas que me ajudaram em diversas
ocasiões. Todos (e me desculpo de coração por qualquer omissão involuntária) foram listados nos
agradecimentos dos respectivos capítulos (especialmente nos capítulos 1 e 2). Essa tese só foi
possível pelo financiamento público de duas agências. Agradeço à Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), que, além do meu mestrado, financiou os
seis primeiros meses do doutorado. Mas, especialmente, agradeço à Fundação de Amparo à
Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP processos 2009/14266-7 e 2011/22498-5) que financiou
a maior parte do doutorado, a ida a congressos e o período de intercâmbio sanduíche no Reino
Unido.

A todos, citados aqui ou não, meus sinceros agradecimentos e apreço.

Marcelo Freire Moro

Campinas, 2013

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INTRODUÇÃO GERAL

O continente sul-americano possui um rico quadro de formações vegetacionais, que

variam desde desertos muito secos, nos planaltos andinos e na costa oeste do continente, até
florestas úmidas amazônicas (AB’SÁBER, 2008; EVA et al., 2002; OLSON et al., 2001).
As grandes regiões naturais do continente já foram organizadas em diferentes sistemas, seja
buscando uma classificação morfoclimática (AB’SÁBER, 2008), biogeográfica
(MORRONE, 2001), ou conservacionista (OLSON et al., 2001). Do mesmo modo, o
Brasil, país de dimensões quase continentais, foi foco de diversos sistemas de classificação
fitogeográfica (ver um histórico em IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA
E ESTATÍSTICA], 2012) e morfoclimática (AB’SÁBER, 1970, 2003).

Os diferentes sistemas propostos seguiram por vezes caminhos e metodologias

diferentes (desde sistemas essencialmente fisionômico-estruturais até aqueles com foco
florístico). Com isso, uma gama de diferentes termos foram aplicados aos mesmos
domínios fitogeográficos do continente, os quais foram tratados em diferentes níveis de
detalhamento e com diferentes focos pela literatura. Os diferentes sistemas de classificações
biogegráficas e morfoclimáticas, seja na escala global, continental, ou nacional trataram a
região das Caatingas em diferentes escalas, níveis de precisão, em momentos históricos
muito distintos e com o suporte de tecnologias muito díspares (desde os mapeamentos
feitos no lombo de cavalos no século XIX até mapeamentos realizados com o suporte de
modernas imagens de satélite). Deste modo, para atender a diferentes objetivos (e até por
limitações no conhecimento e nas tecnologias de cada período histórico), a delimitação, a
definição e a nomenclatura aplicada ao domínio das Caatingas variou amplamente com o
tempo.

Assim, a região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro recebeu, na literatura, nomes

distintos, como: “domínio [morfoclimático] das depressões interplanálticas semi-áridas do
Nordeste” (AB’SÁBER, 1970), “Domínio das Caatingas” (AB’SÁBER, 2003, 2008)
“província” da Caatinga (CABRERA; WILLINK, 1973), “bioma da Caatinga” (IBGE
[INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004), Ecorregião da
Caatinga”1 (OLSON et al., 2001) e “Subprovíncia Nordestina” (segundo Rizzini
subordinada floristicamente à província atlântica) (RIZZINI, 1963), só para dar alguns
exemplos.

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O nome “ecorregião da Caatinga” não aparece explicitamente no artigo do Olson et al. (2001), mas seu
trabalho propõe o reconhecimento de “ecorregiões” para todo o globo e a Caatinga surge no mapa (ver o
shapefile disponibilizado na internet pelos autores) como uma dessas ecorregiões, de modo que os autores,
implicitamente, classificam o semiárido brasileiro como a “ecorregião da Caatinga”.

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 Um dos primeiros a reconhecer a Caatinga enquanto unidade fitogeográfica foi Carl
Friedrich Philipp von Martius que, entre 1817 e 1820, percorreu o território brasileiro em
uma expedição de coletas biológicas e foi o primeiro a propor um sistema de classificação
fitogeográfica para o Brasil e a publicar um mapa fitogeográfico para o país (HENRIQUES,
2008; MARTIUS, 1824, 1906). O sistema de Martius sofreu várias revisões com o tempo,
mas permanece como a base de praticamente todos os sistemas posteriores (FERNANDES;
BEZERRA, 1990; FERNANDES, 1998; IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE
GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2012).

Outros sistemas, uns focando mais em aspectos estruturais da vegetação, outros

mais em aspectos florísticos foram propostos com o tempo (ver uma pequena revisão em
FERNANDES; BEZERRA, 1990, FERNANDES, 1998 e em IBGE [INSTITUTO
BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2012). Assim, um dos primeiros
problemas quando se tenta fazer uma síntese geral para a Caatinga é definir a extensão
geográfica que será foco do estudo e a terminologia mais apropriada para aplicar à essa
região.

Terminologia
Em relação à terminologia, o termo que parece mais adequado para os objetivos
desta tese é o de “Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga” (DFC) (ANDRADE-LIMA, 1981).
O termo “Bioma” vem sendo empregado pelo IBGE (2004) para cartografar os grandes
domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros. Entretanto, o termo bioma tem um conceito,
historicamente, bem mais restrito. Ele se refere a uma fitofisionomia específica com uma
biota típica e uma ecologia própria (COUTINHO, 2006).

Apenas para dar alguns exemplos. No Domínio Fitogeográfico do Cerrado, por

exemplo, temos áreas de savanas típicas, as matas de galeria e áreas, denominadas de
“cerradão”, onde espécies típicas de cerrado atingem porte arbóreo (RIBEIRO; WALTER,
2008). Assim, dentro do Domínio Fitogeográfico do Cerrado teríamos um bioma do
cerradão (florestal), outro bioma das matas de galeria e ainda outro bioma das savanas
propriamente ditas (esse sim, o bioma do cerrado propriamente falando) (COUTINHO,
2006). Já no Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga teríamos a Caatinga sensu stricto (essa
sim o bioma da caatinga), o bioma das caatingas de áreas sedimentares, o bioma das matas
de galeria, etc.

O conceito de “bioma” é semelhante ao de “formação” e “fitofisionomia”, só que o

termo bioma engloba também a fauna em sua abrangência e é de escala bem mais restrita
que o termo “Domínio Fitogeográfico”. Quando o IBGE (2004) fala em biomas do Brasil
está, mais corretamente, se referindo aos grandes Domínios Fitogeográficos do Brasil onde,

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dentro de cada um desses grandes domínios, há diferentes biomas/formações (COUTINHO,
2006).

Vale destacar que o termo Domínio Fitogeográfico se aproxima até certo ponto do
conceito de Domínio Morfoclimático, mas eles não são sinônimos. Os Domínios
Morfoclimáticos são áreas relativamente vastas, que possuem certa unidade
macroclimática, fitogeográfica, geomorfológica e geológica que permite agrupá-las em um
único domínio (AB’SÁBER, 1970, 2003, 2008).

Conforme definem CONTI; FURLAN (2011) “a classificação morfoclimática reúne

grandes combinações de fatos geomorfológicos, climáticos hidrológicos, pedológicos e
botânicos, que por sua relativa homogeneidade são adotados como padrão em escala
regional”. E ainda: “os domínios morfoclimáticos apresentam áreas homogêneas centrais
(áreas core) com extensas faixas de transição entre si” (CONTI; FURLAN, 2011). Já os
domínios fitogeográficos propriamente ditos estão, naturalmente, mais interessados em
vínculos florísticos e processos ecológicos (os quais, claro, são influenciados pelo clima,
geologia, solos, hidrologia, etc).

É importante reconhecer que o conceito de Domínio admite certa heterogeneidade

interna, já que dentro de cada domínio encontramos uma certa variação climática,
diferentes tipos de solos, paisagens, relevos, estruturas geológicas distintas e,
especialmente, diversas fitofisionomias (biomas) convivendo. Ademais, entre as áreas
nucleares de cada domínio, onde as condições são típicas, há extensas faixas de transição
onde as características dos domínios adjacentes se misturam.

Dentro do DFC, por exemplo, há áreas de florestas decíduas, arbustais, áreas

rupestres, ambientes aquáticos, etc. Entretanto, o conjunto dessas formações está exposta a
um macroclima semiárido, com forte sazonalidade, chuvas irregulares e se desenvolvem
predominantemente sobre grandes áreas expostas do escudo cristalino brasileiro
(AB’SÁBER, 1974; ANDRADE-LIMA, 1981). Esse conjunto de características é o que
acaba por dar uma unidade tanto geográfica quanto florística à região semiárida do nordeste
brasileiro e acaba por aproximar o Domínio Morfoclimático da Caatinga proposto por
Ab’Saber (1970; 1974; 2003) do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ANDRADE-LIMA,
1981; IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004;
VELLOSO et al., 2002). Embora Domínio Morfoclimático e Fitogeográfico não sejam
sinônimos, na realidade brasileira a delimitação geográfica de ambos se aproxima bastante
e a delimitação de um (AB’SÁBER, 1970, 2003) auxilia bastante na delimitação do outro
(IBGE [INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004;
VELLOSO et al., 2002).

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Extensão geográfica do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga
Por fim, é preciso definir a extensão geográfica da área de estudos desta tese.
Quando comparamos as diferentes tentativas de cartografar o DFC, vemos (como é bastante
natural) que os limites propostos por diferentes autores variam (IBGE [INSTITUTO
BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004; MARTIUS, 1906; OLSON et
al., 2001; VELLOSO et al., 2002).

A proposta de delimitação do DFC feita por MARTIUS (1906) é especialmente

impressionante por ter se baseado em suas viagens por via terrestre/fluvial, já que à época
não havia imagens aéreas ou de satélite. Ela é, entretanto, bastante imprecisa para os
padrões atuais. Duas propostas cartográficas são de especial utilidade atualmente. A do
IBGE (2004), que é a delimitação oficial do Brasil e a de VELLOSO et al. (2002), que
propõe a subdivisão da Caatinga em unidades geográficas menores que eles denominam de
“ecorregiões da Caatinga”. Assim, pelo seu maior nível de detalhamento, foi utilizada a
delimitação cartográfica do DFC conforme proposta por VELLOSO et al. (2002) para
delimitar a área de pesquisa dessa tese. A proposta de VELLOSO et al. (2002) ainda tem a
vantagem de estar subdividida em unidades menores (“ecorregiões”), de modo que é
possível avaliar com razoável precisão as áreas localizadas predominantemente sobre
terrenos cristalinos e aquelas localizadas predominantemente sobre terrenos sedimentares.

Ab’Saber chama a atenção para o fato de que, na natureza, as condições ambientais

variam, sejam de modo mais suave ou mais brusco, ao longo de gradientes (AB’SÁBER,
1970, 1974, 2003). Por isso, Ab’Saber prefere, em seus mapas, adicionar faixas
transicionais entre os diferentes domínios morfoclimáticos, em vez de passar uma “linha
exata” onde acaba um domínio e começa o outro. Por isso, ao compilar um dado
levantamento nas áreas ecotonais do DFC, se a vegetação descrita no trabalho fosse de um
tipo vinculada às áreas nucleares (inselbergs ou caatingas de áreas cristalinas localizadas
nas áreas transicionais do agreste, ou caatingas de áreas sedimentares localizadas nas áreas
transicionais de Campo Maior), esse estudo seria incluído na compilação. Mas Ab’Saber
também chama a atenção para o fato de que dentro de um domínio específico há enclaves
de ambientes típicos dos domínios adjacentes. Esses enclaves representam ambientes de
exceção se considerarmos as macrocondições atuais do DFC, mas eles refletem a dinâmica
histórica de mudanças climáticas e vegetacionais de épocas passadas. Assim, no interior do
DFC encontramos enclaves de cerrado, enclaves de florestas úmidas (chamadas localmente
de “brejos”, no Nordeste do Brasil) e enclaves de campos rupestres (COSTA et al., 2004;
JUNCÁ et al., 2005; PORTO et al., 2004; RIBEIRO-SILVA et al., 2012) os quais se
localizam hoje em dia em meio às formações típicas do DFC.

O objetivo dessa tese foi, portanto, fazer uma síntese florística e biogeográfica para
o Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga. Nosso objetivo foi compilar o maior número
possível de informações florísticas e fitossociológicas e reuni-las em uma síntese
bibliográfica, nomenclatural e biogeográfica. Para a tese foram considerados todos os
18
levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos disponíveis sobre plantas vasculares (com
foco nas Angiospermas) para o DFC, conforme os limites cartografados por VELLOSO et
al. (2002) ou em suas áreas limítrofes/ecotonais (AB’SÁBER, 2003), excluindo-se do
estudo apenas os enclaves de cerrado, floresta semidecídua/ombrófila e campos rupestres
que ocorrem circunscritos ao DFC. Essas três formações são fitogeograficamente ligadas
aos domínios do Cerrado ou da Mata Atlântica e por uma limitação de tempo, de esforço de
compilação e de foco biogeográfico, preferimos deixá-las para estudos especificamente
voltados para a flora dessas áreas (e.g. RODAL et al., 2008).

Caracterização geral do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga

Dispersas pelo continente sul-americano há diversas áreas sujeitas a uma estação
seca prolongada, superior a cinco meses, onde a disponibilidade de água para a comunidade
vegetal é reduzida e imprevisível (AB’SÁBER, 1974; MILES et al., 2006; PENNINGTON
et al., 2000; SARMIENTO, 1975). Essas áreas albergam um conjunto complexo de
fitofisionomias submetidas a um condicionante ecológico predominante: a restrição de
acesso à água durante boa parte do ano (Pennington et al. 2000; Prado 2000).

Devido às convergências ecológicas de comunidades adaptadas à restrição hídrica e

à existência de táxons compartilhados disjuntamente por áreas distantes geograficamente
(OLIVEIRA et al., 2013; PRADO; GIBBS, 1993; TAYLOR; ZAPPI, 2004), foi proposto
que o conjunto de vegetações expostas a climas semiáridos e subúmidos sejam tratadas
como uma grande unidade fitogeográfica disjunta, chamadas de Formações Vegetacionais
Secas da América do Sul (Dry Plant Formations of South America - SARMIENTO, 1975)
ou Florestas Tropicais Sazonalmente Secas (Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests -
PENNINGTON et al., 2000; PRADO; GIBBS, 1993). Dentre essas áreas, o Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC), no Nordeste do Brasil, ocupa mais de 800.000 km2, o
que corresponde a cerca de 10% do território nacional brasileiro (AB’SÁBER, 1974; IBGE
[INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2004; MILES et al.,
2006; VELLOSO et al., 2002).

A característica mais marcante do DFC é seu clima de semiaridez, o que é atípico

para uma região localizada próxima à linha do equador e onde se esperariam climas
úmidos, a exemplo da Amazônia e da Mata Atlântica, que compartilham latitudes
equivalentes com a Caatinga (AB’SÁBER, 1974, 2003; NIMER, 1989). Conforme o
esperado para regiões subequatoriais/tropicais, o clima é megatérmico, com baixa
amplitude térmica entre o verão e o inverno e com temperaturas médias anuais tipicamente
acima de 24ºC, geralmente entre 26-28ºC, salvo em áreas mais elevadas, como a Chapada
Diamantina, Planalto da Borborema ou Ibiapaba (NIMER, 1989).

19
 Entretanto, ao contrário do que se esperaria de uma região subequatorial, o clima da
região não é chuvoso, mas semiárido, com precipitação média anual tipicamente inferior a
1.000 mm (e bem menos em algumas áreas, que podem chegar a precipitações inferiores a
500 mm médios anuais) (NIMER, 1972, 1989). Outro fator bastante significativo é a
concentração temporal das chuvas. Tipicamente, as chuvas no DFC são concentradas em
poucos meses e na maior parte do ano há déficit hídrico, com um período seco anual que
pode se estender de seis a impressionantes 11 meses (AB’SÁBER, 1974; IBGE
[INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA], 2002; NIMER, 1972,
1989).

O somatório de baixas ou médias precipitações, chuvas concentradas em poucos

meses, duração extensa da época seca e elevada insolação resulta em que, após a curta
estação chuvosa, a água presente em rios e lagoas temporárias seque rapidamente. Assim,
salvo casos de exceção (como o rio São Francisco, que é um rio de grande porte que cruza
o DFC), o sistema hídrico da região é temporário e rios e lagoas secam após a época de
chuvas (AB’SÁBER, 1974).

Os motivos da semiaridez do DFC, em uma área onde se esperariam climas mais

úmidos, é complexo e envolve o fato de que sobre o Nordeste brasileiro se encontram
quatro sistemas de circulação atmosférica perturbados. Esses quatro sistemas atmosféricos
são os responsáveis pelas chuvas na região nordeste do Brasil, mas eles não atuam ao
mesmo tempo, de modo que quando um deles penetra em uma parte do DFC gerando
chuvas, os outros sistemas estão estáveis e promovem tempos secos (NIMER, 1972, 1989).
Eventualmente, as chuvas podem não vir ou vir de modo bastante brando, resultando na
ocorrência de anos de seca (NIMER, 1989). Uma boa revisão climatológica para o nordeste
brasileiro está disponível em NIMER (1972; 1989).

Geologicamente, a maior parte do DFC se posiciona sobre uma superfície de origem

cristalina, antiga e bastante desgastada pela erosão (ver áreas em cinza escuro da Fig. 1)
denominada de “depressão sertaneja”. A depressão sertaneja é uma depressão
interplanáltica composta por vastas áreas planas e/ou colinas rasas, com a presença
recorrente de campos de inselbergs e de alguns grandes maciços residuais (serras ou brejos,
a exemplo da Borborema e Baturité) (AB’SÁBER, 1974, 2003). Geologicamente, a
depressão sertaneja corresponde aos terrenos cristalinos da porção nordeste do escudo
brasileiro, composta especialmente por gnaisses e granitos (AB’SÁBER, 1974; ROSS,
2011).

20
 Fig. 1- Delimitação do Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga conforme mapeado por VELLOSO et al.
(2002) destacando-se as regiões onde predominam terrenos de origem cristalina (cinza escuro) e sedimentar
(cinza claro: IBI- bacia sedimentar da Ibiapaba-Araripe; TJ- Bacia sedimentar do Tucano-Jatobá; SF- Dunas
Continentais do São Francisco). Áreas hachuradas representam as principais regiões ecotonais do DFC para
os quais há dados florísticos publicados (ver capítulos 1, 2 e 3): Agreste, na transição do DFC com a Mata
Atlântica; Campo Maior, na transição com o Cerrado e o extremo sul da Caatinga no norte de Minas Gerais,
na transição com o Cerrado e a Mata Atlântica. A área hachurada no centro do DFC é a Chapada Diamantina,
onde cerrado, caatinga e campos rupestres se misturam (elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro, modificado de
Velloso et al. 2002).

21
 Mas além das superfícies cristalinas erodidas da depressão sertaneja, no DFC há
também vastas áreas de origem sedimentar (AB’SÁBER, 1974; BRITO, 1976; VELLOSO
et al., 2002). Essas áreas representam as grandes bacias sedimentares Mesozoicas
(Ibiapaba-Araripe, Tucano-Jatobá), bacias costeiras (geralmente margeando a costa e fora
dos limites do DFC, mas a bacia Potiguar, que inclui a chapada do Apodi se circunscreve
ao DFC2), e pequenas bacias sedimentares interiores (Rio do Peixe, Mirandiba, etc)
espalhadas pelo DFC (BRITO, 1976). AB’SABER (1974) chama a atenção para a
existência desses dois tipos principais de ambientes (cristalino e sedimentar) e os considera
como “subnúcleos” (sub-cores) do DFC, pois ambos os subnúcleos, embora sob um mesmo
macroclima semiárido, possuem diferenças geológicas, hidrológicas, pedológicas e
geomorfológicas importantes. Dentre estas, destacamos as diferenças edáficas. Enquanto as
áreas sobre o embasamento cristalino possuem solos rasos e pedregosos, em geral as áreas
sedimentares possuem solos bem mais profundos, os quais, potencialmente, poderiam
armazenar água edáfica alcançável pelas raízes das plantas durante a estação seca.

Durante boa parte do século XX, se assumiu que a Caatinga, por seu clima
semiárido e vegetação caducifólia, deveria ser pobre em espécies e em endemismos. Disso
resultou o fato de, atualmente, a Caatinga ser um dos domínios fitogeográficos mais
ameaçados e menos protegidos do Brasil, com cerca de 45% de sua cobertura severamente
degradada pela ação humana, e com menos de 2% da sua área designada como unidade de
conservação de proteção integral (CASTELLETTI et al., 2003).

Entretanto, estudos do início do século XXI têm revelado que essas áreas têm muito
mais espécies do que se assumia no século XX, além de diversos endemismos (CARDOSO;
QUEIROZ, 2011; QUEIROZ, 2009; SAMPAIO et al., 2002). Mais do que isso, estudos na
escala biogeográfica têm mostrado que a flora existente em áreas sobre o embasamento
cristalino no DFC é diferente da flora existente nas áreas de origem sedimentar (bacia
sedimentar do Meio Norte, do Tucano-Jatobá e as dunas do São Francisco), sugerindo que
há diferentes biotas nesses grandes subtipos de ambientes (chamados por AB’SABER,
1974, de “sub-cores”) dentro do DFC (ARAÚJO et al., 2011; CARDOSO; QUEIROZ,
2007; GOMES et al., 2006; QUEIROZ, 2006; ROCHA et al., 2004). As listagens de
plantas endêmicas somadas aos estudos que mostram que na Caatinga há mais de um
núcleo de biodiversidade florística têm revelado que o DFC é muito mais rico e relevante
para a conservação biológica do que se supunha ao longo do século XX.

2
Infelizmente o mapeamento de VELLOSO et al. (2002) não cartografou a área da Bacia Potiguar-Chapada
do Apodi. Essa chapada sedimentar, de solos ricos em nutrientes, aparece no mapa das “Ecorregiões
propostas para o bioma Caatinga” dentro da unidade da “Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional”, embora
devesse ser tratada como uma geounidade à parte.

22
Estrutura geral da tese
Devido à percepção de que a Caatinga seria de importância secundária para
conservação, este domínio fitogeográfico foi historicamente ignorado pelos estudos de
biodiversidade quando comparado com os esforços devotados às florestas úmidas ou ao
Cerrado (PRADO, 2000; SANTOS et al., 2011). Como mostraremos nesta tese (Capítulo
1), o número de estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC passou a crescer
consistentemente na última década no século XX, com um recrudescimento mais marcante
apenas na década passada.

Entretanto, essas informações florístico/fitossociológicas se encontravam até agora

dispersas na literatura, em dezenas de artigos publicados em revistas que vão desde
algumas amplamente divulgadas até outras de cunho mais local e de difícil acesso. O
aumento no número de publicações sobre o DFC oferece uma oportunidade de síntese e de
compor um quadro geral sobre a diversidade vegetal no DFC. Assim, essa tese visou fazer
uma extensa compilação dos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC e, com eles,
realizar uma síntese sobre o conhecimento botânico atualmente disponível. A tese está
estruturada em quatro capítulos.

Capítulo 1) O primeiro capítulo sintetizará a bibliografia florístico-fitossociológica

atualmente disponível para o DFC, listando a literatura disponível e analisando métodos de
amostragem, localização geográfica dos estudos, veículos de publicação e fazendo um
pequeno histórico da produção de estudos florístico-fitossociológicos para o DFC. Neste
capítulo serão apresentados os resultados de mais de dois anos de compilações de dados, os
quais incluíram visitações a universidades de quase todos os estados do Nordeste para
coletar bibliografia. Dentre a literatura coligida, levantamentos publicados na forma de
artigo foram analisados em maior detalhe. Registramos para cada estudo se o mesmo
apresenta dados de florística e/ou fitossociologia, se o trabalho registrou dados para a flora
geral, ou apenas para plantas lenhosas ou herbáceas, os métodos fitossociológicos adotados,
critérios de inclusão e esforços amostrais, bem como o número de espécies resgistradas em
cada estudo. Também mapeamos em um ambiente de sistema de informações geográficas
(SIG) cada levantamento publicado como artigo, como forma de indicar visualmente as
áreas mais e menos coletadas do DFC e chamar atenção para aquelas com maior carência
de dados. Esse capítulo, submetido ao livro “Fitossociologia no Brasil, volume II” tem
como objetivo apresentar aos leitores um quadro geral sobre os estudos botânicos no DFC
bem como sugerir a pessoas interessadas em realizar novos estudos, métodos e
procedimentos adequados e regiões geográficas e tipos de ambiente com maior carência de
dados.

23
Capítulo 2) Esse capítulo visa compor um catálogo geral das espécies reportadas para o
DFC nos artigos de florística e fitossociologia compilados. A partir dos artigos coligidos
para o primeiro capítulo, excluímos aqueles que apresentavam tabelas de fitossociologia
truncadas ou aqueles que foram republicados e criamos um banco de dados com todos os
nomes científicos reportados, associando a cada espécie informações ecológicas e
geográficas básicas. Cada nome reportado foi acompanhado do tipo de ambiente dentro do
DFC em que a planta ocorre, bem como do hábito da planta e formas de vida de Raunkiaer,
sempre que disponíveis. Os nomes foram checados segundo o banco de dados da Lista de
Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Forzza et al. 2011) e por consultas a mais de 50 especialistas,
além de monografias taxonômicas. A nomenclatura botânica foi atualizada para espelhar a
apresentada no banco de dados da Flora do Brasil e todos os nomes reportados foram
disponibilizados na forma de um catálogo. Comparações biogeográficas e ecológicas
também foram realizadas. Comparamos a similaridade florística geral entre os tipos de
ambiente, mostrando as relações florísticas entre eles. Além disso, usamos as publicações
que informavam os hábitos das plantas para construir espectros de hábitos para 18 áreas do
DFC. Com isso, pudemos criar e graficar paralelamente espectros de hábitos para várias
áreas, mostrando que áreas cristalinas tem uma proporção maior de plantas não lenhosas
que as áreas sedimentares. Isso tem consequências diretas na interpretação da diversidade
vegetal da Caatinga. Enquanto historicamente a maioria dos estudos em áreas cristalinas
amostrou exclusivamente plantas lenhosas, a maior parte da diversidade vegetal nas
caatingas do cristalino parece estar no componente não lenhoso. Por fim, montamos curvas
de rarefação e utilizamos índices de estimativa de riqueza de espécies a fim de avaliar o
número amostrado de espécies versus o número de espécies esperadas (mas que não foram
amostradas) em cada ambiente. Também fizemos uma estimativa da riqueza florística total
do DFC, mostrando que mais de 1700 espécies já foram reportadas nos artigos, mas que há
um déficit de coletas e que pelo menos 40% das espécies do DFC ainda não foram
amostradas em nenhum estudo de florística. Esse manuscrito está submetido à revista
Phytotaxa.

Capítulo 3) Esse capítulo visa fazer uma síntese biogeográfica geral para o DFC. Dos
estudos utilizados na construção do capítulo 2, foram excluídos aqueles realizados em áreas
degradadas (agroecossistemas), estudos que não indicam o tipo de ambiente amostrado
(delimitação pouco clara da área estudada) ou que reportam poucas espécies (estudos com
menos de 20 espécies foram retirados da análise). Os outros estudos, devidamente
classificados em um dos tipos de ambiente existentes no DFC foram comparados por meio
de análises multivariadas para avaliar as relações florísticas existentes entre as áreas. As
análises sugerem que há três grupos florísticos distintos no DFC. Aquele que ocupa as
superfícies sedimentares, o que ocupa o cristalino e aquele que ocupa inselbergs. Embora a
maior parte da variação observada entre as áreas não tenha sido capturada pelo modelo de

24
partição de variância utilizado, a variável mais relevante para a determinação da
semelhança florística entre as áreas foi o tipo de ambiente, sugerindo que a flora existente
entre o sedimentar, cristalino e inselbergs é determinada especialmente por diferenças
edáficas, embora o clima também se apresente como uma variável importante. O veículo de
publicação deste capítulo ainda não foi escolhido, mas algumas possibilidades são Annals
of the Missouri Botanical Garden ou Plant Ecology and Evolution.

Capítulo 4) O capítulo 4 também teve enfoque biogeográfico, mas com o objetivo de

comparar os espectros de formas de vida de Raunkiaer no DFC. Esse tipo de dado só se
tornou disponível na última década para a caatinga de áreas cristalinas e o primeiro espectro
de Raunkiaer na caatinga de áreas sedimentares foi publicado apenas em 2010 (Mendes &
Castro 2010), com dados para mais duas áreas publicados em 2011 (Araújo et al. 2011),
abrindo a possibilidade de, pela primeira vez, comparar áreas cristalinas e sedimentares não
apenas pela flora, mas também pelo espectro biológico. Estudos publicados em inselbergs
complementaram esse capítulo, oferecendo uma síntese dos espectros biológicos para a
Caatinga e reavaliando, desta vez com um banco de dados mais homogêneo, a relevância
do clima, tipo de ambiente e autocorrelação espacial na determinação de comunidades do
DFC. Nele, mostramos que cristalino e sedimentar diferem claramente não apenas na flora,
mas também nos seus espectros biológicos, onde áreas sedimentares têm predominância de
fanerófitos, enquanto áreas cristalinas têm predominância de terófitos. Isso reforça os
resultados de espectro de hábito compilados no capítulo 2, onde mostramos que a caatinga
do ambiente cristalino têm uma proporção maior de espécies não lenhosas, enquanto a
caatinga do sedimentar tem uma maior proporção de espécies lenhosas. Inselbergs
apresentam um padrão estrutural mais complexo, com aqueles localizados em áreas de
maior precipitação possuindo mais fanerófitos, enquanto aqueles localizados em áreas mais
secas possuem mais terófitos. O veículo de publicação deste capítulo ainda não foi
escolhido, mas algumas possibilidades são Biotropica, Journal of Arid Environments e
Plant Ecology.

Cada capítulo está apresentado na forma de manuscrito, seguindo as regras do veículo

escolhido para publicação.

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biomas do Brasil: primeira aproximação. . Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. , 2004

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da vegetação brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2012.

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 CAPÍTULO 1 - Síntese dos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos realizados
no Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga
Marcelo Freire Moro3,4; Francisca Soares de Araújo5; Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal6; Fernando
Roberto Martins7

RESUMO: A atenção dada ao Domínio do Semiárido Brasileiro, ou Domínio Fitogeográfico da

Caatinga (DFC), nos estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos foi baixa ao longo do século XX.
Entretanto este quadro está mudando e um número crescente de levantamentos foram publicados
para essa região. Sintetizamos aqui o corpo de literatura florística e/ou fitossociológica disponível
até o ano de 2011, mostrando em que regiões e estados brasileiros o DFC está mais ou menos
amostrado. Avaliamos também o número de espécies registradas em cada trabalho, os métodos
fitossociológicos mais utilizados e o esforço amostral empreendido pelos pesquisadores em estudos
de fitossociologia. Embora o número de estudos no DFC esteja em crescimento, uma porcentagem
considerável dos estudos apresentam esforços amostrais muito pequenos (menos de 500 indivíduos
registrados em fitossociologias) e pelo menos 40% dos levantamentos não utilizam o critério de
inclusão recomendado para a Caatinga, gerando uma heterogeneidade desnecessária nos dados e
dificultando o uso dos mesmos em comparações. A maioria dos estudos também focou apenas em
realizar um levantamento das plantas lenhosas, ignorando o componente herbáceo da vegetação, o
que resulta em uma subestimativa grande da diversidade vegetal no DFC. Sugerimos que novos
pesquisadores direcionem novos estudos para as regiões geográficas e tipos de ambiente menos
estudados, que utilizem o critério de inclusão mais usual na Caatinga, de DNS igual ou maior que 3
cm e que amostrem, em cada levantamento, tanto plantas do componente lenhoso quanto herbáceo
da vegetação.

Palavras-chave: Caatinga; Biomas do Brasil; Levantamentos botânicos.

Introdução
O Domínio Semiárido do Brasil, ou Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC), ocupa cerca
de 840 Km2 no Nordeste do País e norte de Minas Gerais (Andrade-Lima 1981; IBGE 2004;
Queiroz 2009). Suas condições ambientais apresentam grande heterogeneidade, tanto climática

3
Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de
Biologia Vegetal, Bloco M, Caixa Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970. Campinas, SP, Brasil.
4
Autor para correspondência: bio_moro@yahoo.com.br
5
Universidade Federal do Ceará – UFC, Campus do Pici, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Biologia, Bloco 906, CEP
60455-760. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
6
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – UFRPE, Departamento de Biologia, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s.n.,
CEP 52171-900. Recife, PE, Brasil.
7
Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Bloco M,
Caixa Postal 6109, CEP 13083-970. Campinas, SP, Brasil.
30
(devido a gradientes ligados à distância do oceano e à altitude), quanto pedológica e geológica, que
influenciam a distribuição das comunidades vegetais (Andrade-Lima 1981; Araújo et al. 2005). O
tipo principal de vegetação no semiárido brasileiro é a caatinga, uma vegetação espinhosa e decídua,
variando no porte de arbórea a arbustiva e que ocorre predominantemente sobre os solos rasos e
pedregosos da depressão sertaneja (Andrade-Lima 1981; Araújo et al. 2005; Queiroz 2006; 2009).
Mas outros tipos de vegetação também ocorrem no DFC. Associadas à depressão sertaneja, ocorrem
superfícies sedimentares, onde as condições geológicas e pedológicas são diferentes das áreas
cristalinas. Estas áreas abrigam uma vegetação distinta florística e estruturalmente da caatinga,
recebendo na literatura diferentes denominações: caatinga de areia, carrascos, caatingas do
sedimentar, etc.
Além das superfícies sedimentares, existem também afloramentos rochosos por todo o
semiárido, onde os solos ausentes ou pouco desenvolvidos propiciam à flora condições ambientais
bastante diferenciadas. Outros tipos de vegetação como as matas ripárias, nas margens dos rios, e a
vegetação aquática de lagoas e rios completam o quadro das formações típicas do semiárido. Mas
além destas existem também disjunções da Mata Atlântica, Cerrado e Campos Rupestres no interiro
do DFC. Essas disjunções, entretanto, têm uma flora oriunda principalmente dos domínios
fitogeográficos adjacentes (Porto et al. 2004; Araújo et al. 2005; Juncá et al. 2005; Queiroz 2009).
Como um domínio fitogeográfico, o DFC apresenta grande complexidade de comunidades e
atualmente está dividido em oito ecorregiões, as quais refletem os grandes grupos de ambientes que
existem sob clima semiárido no Nordeste do Brasil (Velloso et al. 2002).

Breve histórico dos estudos botânicos no semiárido brasileiro

Os estudos botânicos no DFC se iniciaram no início do século XIX, quando os primeiros

naturalistas percorreram os territórios semiáridos do Nordeste do Brasil, registrando as espécies
presentes e fazendo observações sobre as vegetações. Um dos primeiros naturalistas no Nordeste do
Brasil foi João da Silva Feijó (1760-1824), que trabalhou na capitania do Ceará mapeando recursos
minerais e coletando exemplares da fauna e flora (Paiva, 2002). Feijó chegou a produzir um
manuscrito intitulado Collecção Descriptiva das Plantas da Capitania do Seará (1818), mas a obra
não foi publicada, e grande parte dos seus manuscritos foram perdidos (Paiva, 2002).

O naturalista alemão Carl Von Martius (1794-1868), nas suas viagens pelo Brasil (entre 1817
e 1820) que culminaram na publicação da monumental obra Flora Brasilensis (publicada entre 1840

31
e 1906), também coletou no semiárido, onde quase morreu pela escassez de água (Henriques, 2008).
Na Tabulae Phisiognomicae da Flora Brasiliensis, Martius retrata aspectos das regiões
fitogeográficas brasileiras em textos e em várias litografias, representando dentre elas a caatinga. No
sistema fitogeográfico de Martius a região do semiárido já era reconhecida como um domínio
fitogeográfico distinto, denominado Hamadryades, em referência às ninfas mortais gregas, pelo fato
das plantas perderem as folhas na estação seca (Veloso et al., 1991; Fernandes, 1998).

Na segunda metade do século XIX, um grupo de naturalistas brasileiros do Instituto

Histórico e Geográfico recebeu apoio da corte para realizar uma expedição científica constituída por
brasileiros. Essa expedição, denominada Comissão Científica de Exploração, visava fortalecer a
ciência nacional e permitir o descobrimento do Brasil pelos próprios brasileiros. Liderada por
Francisco Freire Alemão (1797-1874), foi constituída em 1856 e iniciou seus trabalhos em 1859
(Braga, 1962; Silva Filho, 2006). Os trabalhos da Comissão, entretanto, ficaram restritos
praticamente ao território do Ceará. Coletando tanto na região costeira, quanto nas serras e na
caatinga do Ceará, os naturalistas registraram parte da flora do Nordeste do Brasil, e, junto com ela,
a flora do semiárido, fazendo, dentre outras atividades, a descrição formal de espécies novas. Além
desses naturalistas, merece destaque também a atuação do naturalista escocês George Gardner
(1812-1849), que esteve no Brasil entre 1836 e 1841 e procurou explorar áreas não percorridas por
Martius (Paiva, 2002), coletando também no domínio do semiárido.

Somados a esses primeiros naturalistas, botânicos como Albert Löfgren (1854-1918),

Adolpho Ducke (1876-1959) e Philipp Von Luetzelburg (1880-1948) coletaram e viajaram pelo
nordeste do Brasil na primeira metade do século XX, caracterizando as fisionomias, descrevendo
novas espécies e fazendo notas sobre a ecologia da caatinga. Os primeiros cento e cinquenta anos de
estudos no semiárido permitiram o estabelecimento da base nomenclatural para estudos botânicos
futuros e produziram os primeiros mapas, listas de espécies (e.g. Ducke, 1953) e observações
ecológicas.

Estudos de florística e fitossociologia no Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga

Baseando-se em propostas metodológicas do início do século XX, na segunda metade do

referido século o enfoque dos levantamentos botânicos no semiárido começou a mudar. Os
primeiros levantamentos no Brasil se preocupavam em produzir floras ou listagens de unidades
32
geopolíticas (para o país ou um estado/província), por meio de expedições que percorriam estradas e
coletavam em amplos territórios. Entretanto, logo no início do no século XX, Clements (1905)
propôs o método de parcelas, para obter informações quantitativas sobre a estrutura da vegetação
junto com dados de florística. Também na primeira metade do século XX foi proposto por Braun-
Blanquet o método dos relevés (Braun-Blanquet, 1932; Poore, 1955). Esse método consiste em
descrever a vegetação de um local delimitado, com características homogêneas, de modo que suas
feições possam ser determinadas. O relevé era uma lista de plantas de um ambiente homogêneo
associada a informações sobre a cobertura vegetal, a comunidade e o ambiente (Braun-Blanquet,
1932; Poore, 1955). Os métodos de parcelas e o do relevé colocaram uma nova possibilidade de
foco nas pesquisas botânicas. Em vez de listagens de grandes territórios, os estudos poderiam focar
na escala local, em áreas mais homogêneas e com comunidades melhor delimitadas.

Assim, no século XX iniciou-se uma nova abordagem nas pesquisas botânicas, produzindo
estudos em escalas locais, onde posição geográfica, dados de clima, solo, fitofisionomia e tipo de
ambiente poderiam ser associados a uma lista de espécies. Esses levantamentos permitem a
incorporação de informações ecológicas e biogeográficas, que oferecem novas possibilidades aos
estudos botânicos. Os primeiros trabalhos quantitativos da vegetação do semiárido (e especialmente
da vegetação de caatinga) datam das décadas de 1960 e 1970, para determinar o volume de madeira
disponível para fins de exploração comercial no Nordeste (ver Martins 1989). Vários trabalhos na
escala local passaram a ser produzidos e com o tempo o foco mudou da mensuração de estoque
madeireiro para conservação, ecologia e biogeografia (e.g. Gomes 1980; Ferraz et al. 1998; Araújo
et al. 1999).

Apresentamos aqui uma síntese dos estudos “pontuais”. Trabalhos florísticos ou

fitossociológicos, herdeiros do relevé de Braun-Blanquet e do método de parcelas de Clements
(1905), produzidos sobre a flora e a vegetação no DFC. Compilamos o maior número possível
desses trabalhos e avaliamos a cronologia de publicações, a distribuição geográfica dos estudos e os
métodos utilizados, até a data limite de 2011.

Buscamos aqui responder às seguintes questões:

1) Quantos levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos estão disponíveis na

literatura sobre o DFC?

33
 2) Quais os métodos e critérios de inclusão mais aplicados aos estudos
fitossociológicos?
3) Qual o esforço amostral e qual a riqueza média de espécies registrada por
estudos no DFC?
4) Em quais estados brasileiros o semiárido está mais ou menos amostrado?
5) Como variou o número de trabalhos florísticos e/ou fitossociológicos
produzidos no DFC ao longo do tempo?

Materiais e métodos
Abrangência geográfica do banco de dados

O Domínio Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC) possui um complexo conjunto vegetacional,

incluindo vários tipos de formações características (Andrade-Lima 1981), e encraves vegetacionais
dos domínios fitogeográficos adjacentes. Esses encraves representam áreas de cerrado; campos
rupestres (especialmente na Chapada Diamantina - Juncá et al. 2005); e mata atlântica (os chamados
“brejos”, com floresta ombrófila e semidecídua – Porto et al. 2004), que ocorrem circunscritos ao
domínio semiárido, mas que são floristicamente relacionadas aos domínios fitogeográficos vizinhos.
Devido a isso, encraves de Cerrado, Campos Rupestres e Matas Ombrófilas ou Semidecíduas no
DFC foram excluídos da nossa compilação. Nosso trabalho visou fazer uma síntese dos trabalhos
realizados nas formações típicas do DFC (cujos limites geográficos adotados são aqueles mapeados
por Velloso et al. 2002), sintetizando o conjunto de dados atualmente disponível na literatura para as
seguintes formações do semiárido: caatinga sensu stricto, vegetações das áreas sedimentares
(carrascos e caatingas de areia), inselbergs, matas de galeria (florestas ripícolas) e comunidades de
plantas aquáticas.

Levantamento bibliográfico e tratamento dos dados

Realizamos uma extensa revisão bibliográfica por meio de consultas a todos os volumes
publicados das principais revistas de botânica e biologia do Brasil em busca de artigos de florística
ou fitossociologia. Após isso, buscamos nas referências bibliográficas dos artigos citações a outros
trabalhos ainda não compilados. Também procuramos artigos por meio de indexadores digitais, em
especial as bases de dados Web of Science e Google Scholar. Por fim, entre novembro e dezembro
34
de 2011, percorremos várias universidades do Nordeste do Brasil (UFBA, UEFS, UFS, UFPE,
UFRPE, UFPB, UFRN, UERN, UFERSA, UFC, UFPI) em busca de teses e dissertações produzidas
em cada universidade, bem como artigos em revistas locais de menor circulação e capítulos de livros
produzidos pelo corpo científico de cada universidade. Todos os trabalhos produzidos até o ano de
2011 que localizamos foram cadastrados em um banco de dados e depois analisados.

Os trabalhos foram classificados nas seguintes categorias bibliográficas: “teses e

dissertações”, “livros e capítulos de livro”, “artigos em boletins técnicos” e “artigos em periódicos”.
Consideramos boletins técnicos as publicações seriadas, mas não periódicas e/ou sem revisão por
pares, de instituições técnicas (e.g. Embrapa, SUDENE). De todas as formas de publicação, os
artigos em periódicos são a forma mais apropriada para apresentação de dados
florísticos/fitossociológicos, pois estão disponíveis em bibliotecas públicas, bem como em
bibliotecas digitais (JSTOR, Scielo, Scopus, etc.), além de terem passado pelo processo de revisão
por pares, incrementando a qualidade dos dados. Assim, produzimos uma síntese mais detalhada
sobre os dados publicados em periódicos. Consultamos um a um todos os artigos e registramos
quantos levantamentos havia em cada artigo (alguns artigos trazem levantamentos para mais de uma
área), o tipo de levantamento (florístico ou fitossociológico), a posição geográfica, estado e
município do estudo e a riqueza de espécies registrada. Para estudos fitossociológicos registramos
também o método utilizado, o critério de inclusão adotado, o esforço amostral em área (parcelas) ou
número de pontos-quadrantes, o esforço amostral em número de indivíduos, a densidade e a
dominância de plantas lenhosas da área (Anexos 1 e 2).

Eventualmente, um artigo pode trazer mais de uma lista florística de locais bastante
próximos. A escolha sobre a conveniência de tratar esses dados como várias listas florísticas
individuais ou como uma única lista florística de maior abrangência geográfica é subjetiva.
Registramos no Anexo 2 quando um trabalho pode ser classificado como uma ou várias listagens,
dependendo dos objetivos do consulente, para que os leitores possam readaptar os dados às suas
necessidades. Muitos artigos (mesmo alguns recentes) não trazem coordenadas geográficas do local
estudado ou trazem coordenadas erradas (fora do Estado onde o trabalho foi feito ou mesmo fora do
Brasil). Conferimos todas as coordenadas relatadas nos artigos e, na ausência de uma ou quando a
indicada no texto estava claramente errada, extraímos uma coordenada de referência dos mapas dos
artigos ou, na ausência destes, usamos como coordenada de referência a sede do município onde o
trabalho foi realizado.

35
 Incluímos nesse estudo levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos abordando a flora
geral, ou uma sinúsia da flora geral (apenas plantas lenhosas, ou apenas plantas herbáceas) de uma
área, refletindo apenas estudos florísticos na escala local. Tratamentos taxonômicos de uma família
ou gênero, ou floras e catálogos que lidam com uma unidade geopolítica (estado ou município) não
foram considerados “relevés” e não foram adicionados a este estudo (mas uma excelente flora a
nível municipal está disponível em Alves et al. 2009). Também não consideramos estudos de
etnobiologia, ou de plantas apícolas, ou de plantas consumidas pelo gado, a menos que esses
trabalhos, além de uma lista das plantas “úteis” tenham trazido também uma listagem geral de
espécies da área estudada.

Resultados
Compilamos neste trabalho 120 artigos de periódicos, os quais traziam 150 levantamentos
florísticos ou fitossociológicos para o DFC (Anexos 1 e 2; Fig. 1). Além dos artigos em periódicos,
compilamos 17 artigos em boletins técnicos (Anexo 3), 21 livros ou capítulos de livros (Anexo 4) e
92 teses e dissertações (Anexo 5). Os trabalhos mais antigos disponíveis para a Caatinga foram
publicados nos boletins técnicos da SUDENE (1969, além de vários trabalhos publicados durante as
décadas de 1970 e 1980 – ver Anexo 3) e os primeiros artigos em periódicos surgiram na segunda
metade da década de 1970 (e.g. Hayashi & Numata, 1976). Entretanto, a publicação de
levantamentos no DFC começou realmente a se fortalecer ao longo da década de 1990, havendo
grande aumento de publicações entre 2001 e 2011 (Fig.2; Fig. 3). Só para exemplificar, dos 120
artigos compilados, 99 foram produzidos nesse período. Também a produção de teses e dissertações
voltadas para o estudo da flora do semiárido vem aumentando rapidamente (Fig. 3) e 66% das
dissertações e teses existentes foram defendidas entre 2001 e 2011. Idealmente, essas teses poderão
ser convertidas em artigos e disponibilizadas em periódicos em um futuro próximo.

36
 Fig. 1- Distribuição geográfica dos 150 levantamentos florísticos e fitossociológicos compilados para o domínio
fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ver Anexos 1 e 2), divididos nos tipos de ambiente de cada estudo. Ecorregiões sensu
Velloso et al. (2002): CCD: Complexo da Chapada Diamantina; CCM: Complexo de Campo Maior; CIA: Complexo
Ibiapaba-Araripe; DSF: Dunas do São Francisco; DSM: Depressão Sertaneja Meridional; DSS: Depressão Sertaneja
Setentrional; PB: Planalto da Borborema; RC: Raso da Catarina (Elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro, modificado de
Velloso et al. 2002).
37
 30
Número de publicações
25 Artigos em periódicos
Boletins técnicos
20 Livros e capítulos
Teses e dissertações
15
Total de publicações

10

Fig. 2- número de trabalhos florísticos ou fitossociológicos produzidos por ano no domínio semiárido brasileiro até 2011
(lista completa das publicações nos Anexos 1 a 5 no fim do capítulo)

300
Número de publicações

250 Artigos em periódicos

Boletins técnicos
200
Livros e capítulos
150 Teses e dissertações
Total de publicações
100

50

Fig. 3- Total acumulativo de publicações florísticas ou fitossociológicas produzidos no domínio do semiárido brasileiro
até 2011 (lista completa das publicações nos Anexos 1 a 5 no fim do capítulo).

Nos 120 artigos publicados em periódicos, encontramos 44 florísticas voltadas para a flora
total (listas que amostraram conjuntamente plantas lenhosas e herbáceas); 29 florísticas voltadas
apenas para a flora lenhosa; e seis voltadas apenas para o componente herbáceo. Em relação aos

38
estudos fitossociológicos, 75 deles eram voltados ao componente lenhoso e 15 ao herbáceo, além de
três estudos em inselbergs, com parcelas que incluem na mesma unidade amostral plantas lenhosas e
herbáceas (ver Anexos 1 e 2). Entretanto, sete das fitossociologias voltadas ao componente lenhoso
e uma voltada ao herbáceo apresentaram tabelas fitossociologicas truncadas, onde apenas as
espécies mais abundantes são apresentadas e os dados para as outras espécies são omitidos. Além
disso, cinco estudos do componente lenhoso e cinco do componente herbáceo pretenderam
apresentar dados fitossociológicos, mas porque não informaram a área amostrada, não informaram o
critério de inclusão adotado, adotaram critérios de inclusão subjetivos (e.g. amostraram plantas com
hábito arbóreo/arbustivo em vez de plantas com um tamanho determinado) ou não informaram a
abundância das espécies (Anexo 2), são, na verdade, fitossociologias parciais, onde se pode ter ideia
da estrutura da área, mas não resgatar os dados para comparações com outras áreas. Algumas
fitossociologias apresentam seus dados de tal forma que é possível resgatar apenas os dados
absolutos de abundância ou densidade, perdendo-se os outros valores da estrutura (frequência e
dominância absoluta) para comparações. Por outro lado, 60 levantamentos fitossociológicos
voltados ao componente lenhoso apresentaram uma boa caracterização estrutural das suas áreas,
publicando tabelas fitossociológicas completas (não-truncadas) com os descritores de estrutura mais
importantes, como densidade, freqüência e dominâncias absolutas e/ou relativas (Duringan, 2003;
Moro & Martins, 2011).

Levantamentos fitossociológicos devem fornecer dados numéricos da estrutura de uma

vegetação e permitir uma comparação objetiva entre diferentes estandes. Mas para que isso seja
possível os estudos devem adotar os mesmos critérios de inclusão, ter esforços amostrais
semelhantes e utilizar métodos compatíveis. Das 75 fitossociologias voltados ao componente
lenhoso, 64 (85%) utilizaram o método de parcelas, oito o método de quadrantes e três uma variante
do método de quadrantes (que denominamos de quadrantes compostos), em que em cada ponto se
amostram oito ou mais indivíduos lenhosos, em vez de apenas quatro. O critério de inclusão mais
adotado na Caatinga é o diâmetro do tronco no nível do solo (DNS) de 3 cm, seguindo o proposto
por Rodal et al. (1992). Esse critério foi utilizado por 59% (44) dos levantamentos (Fig. 4; Anexo
2). Uma proporção de 77% dos levantamentos (58) usaram o nível do solo como referência para
medição das plantas (DNS de 1 e 3 cm e PNS de 5; 9; 10 e 12 cm foram registrados) enquanto
apenas 9 levantamentos (12%) usaram a altura do peito como referência para medição (DAP de 3 e
5 cm e PAP de 3; 6; 10 e 12 cm foram registrados – Fig. 4; Anexo 2). Sete trabalhos (9%) usaram,
em vez do diâmetro, uma altura mínima que as plantas devem atingir como critério de amostragem,
39
um usou o diâmetro de cinco centímetros, mas não informou a altura da medição, e um trabalho
usou o tipo de hábito das plantas, sem estipular valores objetivos (Fig. 4).

50
44
45
40
Número de levantamentos

35
30
25
20
15
10 6
3 3 4 3
5 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
0

Fig. 4- Critérios de inclusão adotados pelos levantamentos fitossociológicos voltados ao componente lenhoso no
semiárido brasileiro.

Em fitossociologias, a área média amostrada pelo método de parcelas na Caatinga foi de 0,57
± 0,37 ha e o número médio de pontos-quadrantes foi 223,8 ± 255,9 pontos-quadrantes. Esforços
amostrais tão pequenos quanto 0,1 ha ou 100 quadrantes (e até menos que isso) foram aplicados em
alguns estudos. Apenas 13 trabalhos amostraram 1 ha ou mais, e apenas dois estudos amostraram
250 quadrantes ou mais, seguindo sugestões de esforço amostral feitas por alguns autores (Caiafa &
Martins 2007; Moro & Martins 2011). Quando representamos o esforço de coleta das
fitossociologias como o número de indivíduos amostrados, a média foi de 1.411,6 ± 1315,8
indivíduos por trabalho. Esforços amostrais bem pequenos, menores que 500 indivíduos, foram
aplicados em 25 trabalhos, e menores que 1.000 indivíduos em 38 levantamentos (Fig. 5).

40
 Fig. 5- Esforço amostral, em número de indivíduos, dos artigos de fitossociologia publicados para o Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ver Anexos 1 e 2). Ecorregiões sensu Velloso et al. (2002): CCD: Complexo da Chapada
Diamantina; CCM: Complexo de Campo Maior; CIA: Complexo Ibiapaba-Araripe; DSF: Dunas do São Francisco;
DSM: Depressão Sertaneja Meridional; DSS: Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional; PB: Planalto da Borborema; RC: Raso
da Catarina (Elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro. Modificado de Velloso et al. 2002).
41
 A riqueza média registrada pelo conjunto total de trabalhos compilados (n=150) variou
muito, mas riquezas tão pequenas como 11-15 espécies foram registradas (Fig. 6), especialmente em
fitossociologias com pequeno esforço amostral. Florísticas em geral direcionam todo o esforço de
coleta para a busca por mais espécies e, por isso, tendem a registrar riquezas maiores. Dentre as
florísticas voltadas apenas para o componente lenhoso, a riqueza média foi de 50 ± 20 espécies
(n=29). Para as voltadas apenas ao componente herbáceo, a riqueza média foi de 62 ± 14 espécies
(n= 6) e a riqueza média em florísticas voltadas à flora total (lenhosas e herbáceas) foi de 106 ± 61
espécies (n= 44), sugerindo que o componente herbáceo constitui uma parte considerável da
biodiversidade nas formações do semiárido, superando em número de espécies o componente
lenhoso.

42
 Fig. 6 - Número de espécies registradas pelos 150 artigos de florística ou fitossociologia publicados para o Domínio
Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (ver Anexos 1 e 2 e comparar com as Figs. 1 e 5). Ecorregiões sensu Velloso et al. (2002):
CCD: Complexo da Chapada Diamantina; CCM: Complexo de Campo Maior; CIA: Complexo Ibiapaba-Araripe; DSF:
Dunas do São Francisco; DSM: Depressão Sertaneja Meridional; DSS: Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional; PB: Planalto
da Borborema; RC: Raso da Catarina (Elaboração do mapa: M.F. Moro. Modificado de Velloso et al. 2002).
43
 O estado com maior número de levantamentos publicados em periódicos é Pernambuco, com
46 levantamentos, seguido da Paraíba (33), Rio Grande do Norte (19), Ceará e Bahia (18 cada),
Minas Gerais (9) e Piauí (7). Entretanto, quando consideramos o número de levantamentos em
relação à área em cada estado dentro do DFC, vemos que Minas Gerais, seguida da Paraíba e
Pernambuco, são os estados mais bem amostrados. Não encontramos levantamentos publicados em
periódicos (até 2011) para o DFC em Alagoas, Sergipe e Maranhão (Tabela 1; Fig. 1).

Tabela 1- número de levantamentos no semiárido publicados em periódicos e a relação do número

de levantamentos pela área do estado dentro do domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga.

% do estado no Área de
Área do
domínio da caatinga Nº de Levantamentos/
Estado estado
Caatinga (IBGE no estado levantamentos Km2 de Caatinga
(Km2)
2004) (Km2)
Alagoas 27.779,343 48% 13.334,08 0 -
Bahia 564.830,859 54% 305.008,66 18 1 / 16.944,93
Ceará 148.920,538 100% 148.920,54 18 1 / 8.273,36
Maranhão 331.935,507 1% 3.319,36 0 -
Minas Gerais 586.520,368 2% 11.730,41 9 1 / 1.303,38
Paraíba 56.469,466 92% 51.951,91 33 1 / 1.574,30
Pernambuco 98.146,315 83% 81.461,44 46 1 / 1.770,90
Piauí 251.576,644 63% 158.493,29 7 1 / 22.641,9
Rio Grande do
52.810,699 95% 50.170,16 19 1 / 2.640,53
Norte
Sergipe 21.918,354 49% 10.739,99 0 -
Área total aproximada do domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga no Nordeste Brasileiro: 844.453
Km2 (IBGE 2004)

Discussão
Inicialmente, os estudos feitos no DFC foram disponibilizados apenas como teses e
dissertações não publicadas ou foram publicados em boletins técnicos, em um formato de
apresentação de dados que dificulta a utilização dos dados. Felizmente, a publicação de
levantamentos na forma de artigo vem aumentando exponencialmente ao longo das últimas duas
décadas (Fig. 2; Fig. 3) e é notável tanto o crescimento recente no número de teses e dissertações
quanto de artigos em periódicos, que é o formato mais apropriado para a divulgação dos dados. Em
meados da década de 1990, Sampaio (1996) estimou em 44 o número somado de teses, dissertações,
44
artigos em periódicos e artigos em boletins técnicos com trabalhos fitossociológicos disponíveis
para a Caatinga. Quinze anos depois, encontramos 75 estudos fitossociológicos voltados ao
componente lenhoso, 15 voltados ao componente herbáceo e três voltados a ambientes rochosos
(inselbergs), além de 79 listas florísticas no DFC. E isso se considerarmos apenas artigos publicados
em periódicos. Se incluirmos outras categorias bibliográficas, teremos também 92 teses e
dissertações (incluindo estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos com esforços amostrais muito
heterogêneos, alguns dos quais já estão publicados na forma de artigo e outros que não possuem
amostragem suficiente para tal), 21 livros e capítulos de livro e 17 boletins técnicos (ver anexos de 1
a 5), o que mostra que a produção de dados florísticos e fitossociológicos no DFC está em
crescimento (Fig. 2; Fig. 3).

Teses e dissertações são um veículo restrito de divulgação de dados botânicos. Idealmente

deveriam ser convertidas em artigos, garantindo maior visibilidade e citabilidade aos dados. Isso
parece estar se concretizando, pois a partir de 2007 o número total de artigos produzidos superou o
de teses (Fig. 3). O crescimento no número de teses e dissertações também sugere algumas
tendências na produção de conhecimento. O primeiro levantamento sobre plantas aquáticas no
semiárido, por exemplo, data de 2003 (França et al. 2003), mas só no ano de 2011 dois novos artigos
com plantas aquáticas, resultantes de dissertações (Moura Júnior et al. 2011; Lima et al. 2011),
foram publicados e novas dissertações recentemente defendidas (e.g. Normando 2011) sugerem que
a disponibilidade de dados sobre comunidades pouco amostradas irá aumentar. Do mesmo modo, até
2011 não localizamos artigos florísticos e fitossociológicos para o DFC de Sergipe, Alagoas e
Maranhão, mas várias dissertações recentes na Caatinga de Sergipe (ver anexo 5) sugerem que essa
carência logo deverá ser sanada.

Em relação aos estudos publicados como artigos em periódicos, os quais foram analisados
com mais detalhes, os esforços amostrais e critérios de inclusão variaram bastante. Alguns artigos de
fitossociologia trazem levantamentos com esforço amostral muito pequeno, com menos de 500
indivíduos (Fig. 5), o que resulta em uma caracterização bastante pobre dos estandes estudados, com
poucas espécies registradas (Fig. 6). Também chamamos a atenção para dois aspectos
metodológicos que vêm sendo ignorados por boa parte dos levantamentos e que deveriam ser
centrais para pesquisadores em fitossociologia: a adoção de critérios de inclusão padronizados e a
descrição da área estudada atendendo ao protocolo mínimo estabelecido pela Comissão de
Fitossociologia da Sociedade Botânica do Brasil (ver Felfili et al. 2011). Alguns estudos recentes

45
não fornecem sequer coordenadas geográficas ou não descrevem adequadamente o tipo de ambiente
da área de estudo, reduzindo a utilidade do levantamento para outros pesquisadores.

Quanto ao critério de inclusão, Rodal et al. (1992) propuseram o DNS ≥ 3 cm para

amostragem do componente lenhoso na Caatinga, e esse critério tem sido utilizado por 59% dos
estudos. A menos que os autores tenham algum objetivo específico (e.g. amostragem de indivíduos
de pequeno porte para estudos de regeneração), o ideal é utilizar esse mesmo valor (DNS≥ 3cm)
para novos estudos, compatibilizando os novos resultados com a literatura já produzida. Os valores
de densidade da comunidade variam muito quando critérios de inclusão diferentes são utilizados
(Sampaio 1996; Martins & Santos 1999; Durigan 2009), tornando estudos com diferentes critérios
de inclusão de difícil comparação. Em relação à altura de medição, o nível do solo é a altura mais
prática para medir os indivíduos nas formações do semiárido, porque as plantas em geral são muito
ramificadas. No nível do solo basta obter uma medida de diâmetro para cada indivíduo, facilitando o
trabalho de campo, ao passo que no nível do peito as plantas podem ter uma ramificação excessiva,
exigindo a tomada de várias medidas (Rodal et al. 1992; Moro & Martins 2011). Além disso,
arbustos de baixa estatura podem não ter ramos grossos a 1,3 m de altura, excluindo esse importante
componente da amostragem da caatinga.

A prática de truncar as tabelas fitossociológicas, apresentando apenas os dados de estrutura

para as espécies de maior IVI, também não deve ser feita, já que gera a perda de informações sobre
um componente fundamental das comunidades vegetais: as espécies raras. Além disso, várias
comparações se tornam impossíveis caso a tabela fitossociológica seja truncada, reduzindo
imensamente a utilidade do trabalho para os outros pesquisadores. Uma síntese do protocolo mínimo
da Comissão de Fitossociologia da Sociedade Botânica do Brasil, para estudos de estrutura, está
disponível em Felfili et al. (2011), e um manual de métodos fitossociológicos, critérios de inclusão e
procedimentos para a construção de tabelas fitossociológicas está presente em Durigan (2003) e em
Moro & Martins (2011).

Alguns estudos utilizaram uma variante do método de quadrantes, em que em cada ponto-
quadrante são amostrados quatro arbustos e quatro árvores com DNS de 3cm, em vez de
simplesmente as quatro plantas com DNS de 3 cm mais próximas. Denominamos esse método de
quadrantes compostos. O método de quadrantes se baseia na relação da distância das plantas ao
ponto central para estimar a densidade e dominância, mas como nos quadrantes compostos usam-se
dois critérios de inclusão para um mesmo ponto (DNS e hábito da planta), o resgate da densidade ou
46
dominância da comunidade lenhosa total é dificultado. Se o objetivo do trabalho for comparar os
componentes arbóreo e arbustivo de uma área, é mais conveniente usar o método de parcelas, que
tem área fixa e permite facilmente a junção ou separação dos subcomponentes da vegetação por
outros pesquisadores.

A riqueza média amostrada em estudos florísticos indica que na Caatinga há mais espécies
no componente herbáceo-subarbustivo que no lenhoso. Historicamente, a maioria dos estudos no
semiárido focou no componente lenhoso, mas recentemente o componente herbáceo-subarbustivo
vem sendo mais frequentemente amostrado (e.g. Reis et al. 2006; Silva et al. 2009), com vários
artigos que incluem plantas de todos os hábitos, o que permite uma melhor caracterização da
biodiversidade vegetal e mostra a importância das herbáceas no DFC (e.g. Costa et al. 2007; Araújo
et al. 2011).

Rocha et al. (2004), Gomes et al. (2006), Cardoso & Queiroz (2007) e Araújo et al. (2011)
chamaram a atenção para o fato de que as formações que ocorrem sobre áreas sedimentares possuem
uma flora distinta da caatinga das áreas cristalinas. Dentre as ecorregiões sedimentares, a da
Ibiapaba-Araripe (majoritariamente no estado do Piauí) é a maior de todas e também a que dispõe do
maior número de levantamentos. Outras ecorregiões sedimentares como a das Dunas do São
Francisco só foram amostradas por poucos estudos. Embora vários levantamentos em Inselbergs
estejam publicados, todos se concentraram em áreas de origem cristalina. Estudos sobre a
composição florística de inselbergs nas ecorregiões sedimentares são bastante desejáveis.
Contrastando com a grande extensão territorial do semiárido, muitas áreas têm sido pouco ou nada
amostradas, com grandes vazios de publicações para a região centro-sul do estado da Bahia.
Também não localizamos artigos no DFC de Alagoas, Sergipe e Maranhão. Por outro lado, várias
dissertações recentemente defendidas na UFS (Anexo 5) sugerem que logo surgirão artigos
publicados para Sergipe. Seria interessante também ter dados florísticos e fitossociológicos na
caatinga do Maranhão, já no limite oeste de distribuição do domínio.

Conclusões
No total, verificamos ser necessário aumentar a cobertura de coletas para o semiárido
brasileiro, mas também vemos que o ritmo de publicações florístico-fitossociológicas vem
aumentando vertiginosamente nos últimos vinte anos. Formações antes não estudadas como
comunidades de plantas aquáticas e as caatingas das Dunas do São Francisco passaram a ser alvo
47
recente de levantamentos, mas ambientes como os inselbergs de áreas sedimentares ainda não foram
investigados. Embora o número de levantamentos venha crescendo, alguns artigos apresentam
esforço amostral diminuto (menos de 500 indivíduos registrados) e listas florísticas bastante
reduzidas, sendo de menor utilidade. Do mesmo modo, artigos que publicaram tabelas
fitossociológicas truncadas reduziram fortemente a utilidade dos dados para estudos comparativos e
macroecológicos. Assim, o número de artigos realmente consistentes é menor do que o número total
de publicações. Idealmente precisamos de mais trabalhos florísticos que invistam pelo menos um
ano de coletas mensais na área de pesquisa (a fim de registrar um número razoável de espécies) e
fitossociológicos com esforço amostral de 1 ha e critérios de inclusão de DNS ≥ 3 cm,
especialmente nos estados da Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas e Maranhão, mas também em boa parte do
Ceará (ver Fig. 1). Novos levantamentos deveriam preferencialmente ampliar a cobertura amostral
em regiões menos coletadas, em vez de focar nas áreas mais conhecidas (Fig. 1). Sempre que
possível, os pesquisadores devem manter o máximo de padronização metodológica, a fim de
possibilitar a comparabilidade de seus resultados com outros estudos. Se o objetivo do trabalho for
fazer uma descrição da estrutura comunitária da vegetação, o uso do critério de inclusão mais
adequado é o DNS ≥ 3 cm, já utilizado pela larga maioria dos levantamentos publicados no
semiárido (Rodal et al. 1992; Moro & Martins 2011).

Agradecimentos
Os autores agradecem a todos os professores e pesquisadores das universidades do Nordeste
do Brasil (UFBA, UEFS, UFS, UFPE, UFRPE, UFPB, UFRN, UFERSA, UERN, UFC e UFPI), os
quais gentilmente permitiram o acesso a suas bibliotecas particulares, indicaram referências e
forneceram cópias de seus próprios trabalhos durante o processo de compilação bibliográfica.
Também agradecemos às equipes de bibliotecários das várias universidades, e especialmente a da
Unicamp, que forneceram suporte para a localização e manejo das referências bibliográficas aqui
apresentadas. Esse projeto demandou a visitação a pesquisadores e bibliotecas de onze instituições
em sete estados nordestinos, mais consultas à coleção de periódicos da Unicamp, em São Paulo, e só
foi possível pelo financiado obtido por meio da concessão de bolsa de doutorado da Fundação de
Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (processo FAPESP 2009/14266-7) ao primeiro autor.

48
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 Anexo 1- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos realizados na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga)
publicados em periódicos, associados à localização geográfica e referências bibliográficas de cada levantamento. Quando uma lista
florística/fitossociológica produzida pelos mesmos autores para a mesma área foi disponibilizada mais de uma vez, indicamos que o trabalho
mais antigo foi republicado em um trabalho posterior. O código de cada área (Cod. área) é o mesmo entre os anexos 1 e 2

Cod. Republicado
UF Município Vegetação lat (S) long (O) Autores Ano Revista Volume Páginas
área em
Plantas aquáticas – Acta Botanica
1 BA Feira de Santana 12º16’24’’ 39º03’10’’ França et al. 2003 17(4) 549-559
região do Agreste Brasilica
Plantas aquáticas – Acta Botanica
2 BA Feira de Santana 12º16’32’’ 39º03’22’’ França et al. 2003 17(4) 549-559
região do Agreste Brasilica
Plantas aquáticas – Acta Botanica
3 BA Angüera 12º13’30’’ 39º06’42’’ França et al. 2003 17(4) 549-559
região do Agreste Brasilica
Plantas aquáticas – Acta Botanica
4 BA Angüera 12º13’24’’ 39º06’59’’ França et al. 2003 17(4) 549-559
região do Agreste Brasilica
Plantas aquáticas – Acta Botanica
5 BA Angüera 12º11’38’’ 39º09’07’’ França et al. 2003 17(4) 549-559
região do Agreste Brasilica
Plantas aquáticas – Acta Botanica
6 BA Angüera 12º10’ 39º12’36’’ França et al. 2003 17(4) 549-559
região do Agreste Brasilica
Sitientibus Série
7 BA Itatim Inselberg-Caatinga 12º42’40’’ 39º46’18’’ França et al. 2006 6(1) 30-35
Ciências Biológicas
8 BA Feira de Santana Inselberg-Agreste 12º16’18’’ 39º03’39’’ França et al. 2005 Hoehnea 32(1) 93-101
9 BA Itatim Inselberg-Caatinga 12º43’ 39º42’ França et al. 1997 Sitientibus 17 163-176
10 BA Itatim Inselberg-Caatinga 12º42’ 39º46’ França et al. 1997 Sitientibus 17 163-184
Vários - Uauá
Caatinga (raso da
11 BA adotado como 10º 39’ Guedes 1985 Rodriguésia 37(62) 5-8
Catarina)
referência
Contendas do Caatinga arbórea Acta Botanica
12 BA 13º46’ 41º03’ Lima & Lima 1998 12(3) 441-450
Sincorá com elementos de Brasilica

54
 Cerrado
Entre Barra e Plantas aquáticas – Moura Júnior et
13 BA 10º51’20’’ 42º55’45’’ 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 731-742
Juazeiro região da caatinga al.
Entre Barra e Plantas aquáticas – Moura Júnior et
14 BA 9º46’23’’ 42º04’35’’ 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 731-742
Juazeiro região da caatinga al.
Entre Barra e Plantas aquáticas – Moura Júnior et
15 BA 9º12’51’’ 40º58’58’’ 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 731-742
Juazeiro região da caatinga al.
Senhor do
16 BA Caatinga 10º28’ 40º11’ Ramalho et al. 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(3) 182-190
Bonfim
17 BA Jacobina Caatinga 11º11’08’’ 40º32’10’’ Ramalho et al. 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(3) 182-190
Revista Brasileira
18 BA Barra Caatinga de areia 10º48’ 42º50’ Rocha et al. 2004 27(4) 739-755
de Botânica
19 CE Crateús Carrasco 5º10’ 40º56’ Araújo et al. 2011 Rodriguésia 62(2) 341-366
20 CE Crateús Caatinga 5º08’ 40º52’ Araújo et al. 2011 Rodriguésia 62(2) 341-366
Mata seca em área
21 CE Crateús 5º08’ 40º54’ Araújo et al. 2011 Rodriguésia 62(2) 341-366
sedimentar
Revista Brasileira
22 CE Ubajara Carrasco 3º54’34’’ 40º59’24’’ Araújo et al. 1999 59(4) 663-678
de Biologia
23 CE Quixadá Inselberg-Caatinga 4º57’20’’ 39º01’28’’ Araújo et al. 2008 Rodriguésia 59(4) 659-671
Revista Brasileira
24 CE Novo Oriente Carrasco 5º43’ 40º55’ Araújo et al. 1998 21(2) 105-116
de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
25 CE Novo Oriente Carrasco 5º43’ 40º55’ Araújo et al. 1998 58(1) 85-95
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
26 CE Novo Oriente Carrasco 5º43’ 40º55’ Araújo et al. 1998 58(1) 85-95
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
27 CE Novo Oriente Carrasco 5º43’ 40º55’ Araújo et al. 1998 58(1) 85-95
de Biologia
28 CE Sobral Caatinga 3º41’ 40º20’ Campanha et al. 2011 Revista Caatinga 24(3) 94-101
Journal of Arid
29 CE Quixadá Caatinga 4º49’34’’ 38º58’90’’ Costa et al. 2007 68 237-247
Environments
Revista Brasileira
30 CE Aiuaba Caatinga 6º36’01’’ 40º07’15’’ Lemos & Meguro 2010 8(1) 34-43
de Biociências

55
 Mata seca em área Revista Brasileira Lima et al.
31 CE Crateús 5º05’ 40º51’ Lima et al. 2007 5(s.2) 438-440
sedimentar de Biociências (2011)
Mata seca em área Acta Botanica Araújo et al.
32 CE Crateús 5º08’29’’ 40º54’51’’ Lima et al. 2009 23(3) 756-763
sedimentar Brasilica (2011)
Mata seca em área
33 CE Crateús 5º08’29’’ 40º54’05’’ Lima et al. 2011 Rodriguésia 62(2) 379-389
sedimentar
34 CE Quixadá Caatinga 4º58’17’’ 39º00’55’’ Santos et al. 2008 Revista Verde 3(2) 116-135
Cadernos de
35 CE Aiuaba Caatinga 6º34’25’’ 40º07’25’’ Souza et al. 2007 2(2) 1-10
Cultura e Ciência
Vasconcelos et Biodiversity &
36 CE Crateús Carrasco 5º08’45’’ 40º55’43’’ 2010 19 2263-2289
al. Conservation
Revista Brasileira
37 MG Januária Caatinga arbórea 15º28’ 44º23’ Ratter et al. 1978 1 47-58
de Botânica
38 MG Juvenília Caatinga arbórea 14º24’88’’ 44º09’79’’
Santos et al. 2011 Cerne 17(2) 247-258
39 MG Juvenília Caatinga arbórea 14º28’22’’ 44º11’30’’
Santos et al. 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
40 MG Juvenília Caatinga arbórea 14º26’04’’ 44º10’67’’
Santos et al. 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
41 MG Juvenília Caatinga arbórea 14º24’88’’ 44º09’79’’
Santos et al. 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
42 MG Montalvânia Caatinga arbórea 14º27’68’’ 44º30’58’’
Santos et al. 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
43 MG Juvenília Caatinga arbórea 14º29’26’’ 44º11’03’’
Santos et al. 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
44 MG Juvenília Caatinga arbórea 14º15’93’’ 44º06’42’’
Santos et al. 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
45 MG Juvenília Caatinga arbórea 14º32’68’’ 44º12’63’’
Santos et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(4) 154-162
Barra de Santa Almeida Neto et
46 PB Caatinga 6º43’12’’ 36º03’39’’ 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(4) 187-194
Rosa al.
47 PB Pombal Caatinga 6º42’10’’ 37º45’15’’ Alves et al. 2010 Revista Verde 5(2) 152-168
Natureza &
48 PB Taperoá Mata Ciliar 7º12’28’’ 36º49’33’’ Andrade et al. 2008 6(2) 61-67
Conservação
Cuité; Barra de Acta Scientiarum.
49 PB Caatinga 6º28’54’’ 36º08’58’’ Andrade et al. 2010 32(3) 249-255
Santa Rosa Biological Sciences
Revista Brasileira
50 PB Pocinhos Caatinga 7º03’10’’ 36º03’06’’ Andrade et al. 2007 de Ciências 2(2) 135-142
Agrárias

56
 São João do
51 PB Caatinga 7º24’ 36º32’ Andrade et al. 2005 Cerne 11(3) 253-262
Cariri
São João do
52 PB Caatinga 7º23’30’’ 36º31’59’’ Andrade et al. 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(1) 229-237
Cariri
São João do
53 PB Caatinga 7º23’30’’ 36º31’59’’ Araujo et al. 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(1) 63-70
Cariri
São José dos Oecologia
54 PB Caatinga 7º28’15’’ 36º53’51’’ Barbosa et al. 2007 11(3) 313-322
Cordeiros Brasiliensis
São João do Oecologia
55 PB Caatinga 7º23’48’’ 36º31’55’’ Barbosa et al. 2007 11(3) 313-322
Cariri Brasiliensis
56 PB Pombal Caatinga 6º42’10’’ 37º45’15’’ Dantas et al. 2010 Revista Verde 5(1) 134-142
Fabricante & Oecologia
57 PB Santa Luzia Caatinga 6º48’36’’ 36º57’38’’ 2007 11(3) 341-349
Andrade Brasiliensis
Fevereiro & Agropecuária
58 PB Remígio Inselberg-Agreste 6º52'48" 35º59'28" 1980 1(1) 126-131
Fevereiro Técnica
Vários-Serra
59 PB Branca como Caatinga 7º29’14’’ 36º39’51’’ Gomes 1980 Vegetalia 14 1-27
referência
Hayashi & Tokyo Geography
60 PB Patos Caatinga 7º01’32’’ 37º16’41’’ 1976 20 23-44
Numata Papers
Lacerda et
Vários-São João al. (2007);
Acta Botanica
61 PB do Cariri como Mata Ciliar 7º23’27’’ 36º32’01’’ Lacerda et al. 2005 19(3) 647-656 parcialmente
Brasilica
referência em Lacerda
et al. (2010)
Vários- São João Parcialmente
Oecologia
62 PB do Cariri como Mata Ciliar 7º23’27’’ 36º32’01’’ Lacerda et al. 2007 11(3) 331-340 em Lacerda
Brasiliensis
referência et al. (2010)
São José dos
63 PB Mata Ciliar 7º26’13’’ 36º54’30’’ Lacerda et al. 2010 Biota Neotropica 10(4) 275-284
Cordeiros
São João do
64 PB Mata Ciliar 7º31’38’’ 36º33’06’’ Lacerda et al. 2010 Biota Neotropica 10(4) 275-284
Cariri

57
 São João do
65 PB Mata Ciliar 7º25’33’’ 36º29’21’’ Lacerda et al. 2010 Biota Neotropica 10(4) 275-284
Cariri
Revista
Transição- Lourenço &
66 PB Lagoa Seca 7º09’52’’ 35º51’37’’ 2003 Nordestina de 17(1/2) 23-58
Caatinga/Agreste Barbosa
Biologia
São João do
67 PB Caatinga 7º24’ 36º32’ Luna & Coutinho 2007 Revista Caatinga 20(2) 8-15
Cariri
São João do Agropecuária
68 PB Caatinga 7º21'45" 36º32'00" Paes-Silva et al. 2003 24(1) 47-59
Cariri Técnica
Acta Botanica
69 PB Monteiro Mata Ciliar 7º53’69’’ 37º08’67’’ Pegado et al. 2006 20(4) 887-898
Brasilica
Transição-
70 PB Areia 6º53’22’’ 35º47’55’’ Pereira et al. 2003 Biotropica 35(2) 154-165
Caatinga/Agreste
Transição- Acta Botanica Pereira et al.
71 PB Areia; Remígio 6º52’52’’ 35º47’42’’ Pereira et al. 2002 16(3) 357-369
Caatinga/Agreste Brasilica (2003)
Transição- Acta Botanica
72 PB Areia; Remígio 6º52’52’’ 35º47’41’’ Pereira et al. 2001 15(3) 413-426
Caatinga/Agreste Brasilica
73 PB Esperança Inselberg-Agreste 7º01’00’’ 35º52’50’’ Porto et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(2) 214-222
Transição- Revista de Biologia
74 PB Boqueirão 7º28’49’’ 36º08’02’’ Queiroz et al. 2006 6(1) 251-259
Caatinga/Agreste e Ciências da Terra
75 PB Boqueirão Caatinga 7º28’49’’ 36º08’02’’ Santos & Melo 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 32-40
Boa Vista; Acta Botanica
76 PB Caatinga 7º20’ 36º18’ Santos & Santos 2008 22(4) 1077-1084
Cabaceiras Brasilica
77 PB Puxinanã Inselberg-Agreste 7º08'62" 35º58'31" Tölke et al. 2011 2011 Biotemas 24(4) 39-48
Vários-Barra de
78 PB Santana como Mata Ciliar 7º31’12’’ 35º59’59’’ Trovão et al. 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 78-86
ref.
Albuquerque
Journal of Range
79 PE Petrolina Caatinga 9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ Albuquerque 1999 52(3) 241-248 et al. (2004;
Management
2008)
Albuquerque & Pesquisa
80 PE Petrolina Caatinga 9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ 1995 30(6) 885-891
Bandeira Agropecuária

58
 Brasileira
Albuquerque et
81 PE Petrolina Caatinga 9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(4) 17-28
al.
Albuquerque et Sitientibus Série
82 PE Petrolina Caatinga 9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ 2004 4(1/2) 52-58
al. Ciências Biológicas
Transição- Alcoforado-Filho Acta Botanica
83 PE Caruaru 8º14’18’’ 35º55’20’’ 2003 17(2) 287-303
Caatinga/Agreste et al. Brasilica
84 PE Buíque Caatinga 8º34’38’’ 37º11’50’’ Andrade et al. 2004 Hoehnea 31(3) 337-348
Brejo da Madre Revista de
85 PE Caatinga 8º09’00’’ 36º19’15’’ Andrade et al. 2009 26(2) 161-184
de Deus Geografia
Revista do
86 PE Petrolina Mata Ciliar 9º05’49’’ 40º17’01’’ Aranha et al. 2010 22(1) 1-14
Instituto Florestal
Revista Brasileira
87 PE Floresta Caatinga 8º30’ 38º00’ Araújo et al. 1995 55(4) 595-607
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
88 PE Floresta Caatinga 8º37’ 38º17’ Araújo et al. 1995 55(4) 595-607
de Biologia
Revista Brasileira
89 PE Custódia Caatinga 8º06’ 37º19’ Araújo et al. 1995 55(4) 595-607
de Biologia
Transição- Acta Botanica Reis et al.
90 PE Caruaru 8º14’ 35º55’ Araújo et al. 2005 19(2) 285-294
Caatinga/Agreste Brasilica (2006)
Calixto Jr. &
91 PE Petrolina Caatinga 9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ 2011 Revista Caatinga 24(2) 67-74
Drumond
92 PE Serra Talhada Caatinga 7º49’ 38º11’ Cantalice et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(4) 201-211
Revista Brasileira
93 PE Betânia/Floresta Caatinga 8º18’45’’ 38º11’43’’ Costa et al. 2009 de Ciências 4(1) 48-54
Agrárias
94 PE Petrolina Caatinga 9º23’39’’ 40º30’34’’ Drumond et al. 2002 Brasil Florestal 74 37-43
95 PE Serra Talhada Caatinga 7º57’ 38º17’ Ferraz et al. 2003 Phytocoenologia 33(1) 71-92
96 PE Serra Talhada Caatinga 7º59’ 38º19’ Ferraz et al. 2003 Phytocoenologia 33(1) 71-92
Revista Brasileira
97 PE Serra Talhada Caatinga 7º57’ 38º17’ Ferraz et al. 1998 21(1) 7-15
de Botânica
98 PE Serra Talhada Caatinga 7º59’ 38º19’ Ferraz et al. 1998 Revista Brasileira 21(1) 7-15

59
 de Botânica
Acta Botanica
99 PE Floresta Mata Ciliar 8º35’60’’ 38º34’05’’ Ferraz et al. 2006 20(1) 125-134
Brasilica
100 PE Buíque Caatinga 8º24’11’’ 37º21’30’’ Figueiredo et al. 2000 Naturalia 25 205-224
Acta Botanica
101 PE Buíque Caatinga 8º35’ 37º15’ Gomes et al. 2006 20(1) 37-48
Brasilica
Edinburgh Journal
102 PE Bezerros Inselberg-Agreste 8º20’ 35º50’ Gomes & Alves 2009 66(2) 329-346
of Botany
São Joaquim do Revista Brasileira
103 PE Inselberg-Agreste 8º22’55’’ 35º50’38’’ Gomes & Alves 2010 33(4) 661-676
Monte de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
104 PE Altinho/Agrestina Inselberg-Agreste 8º23’29’’ 36º00’37’’ Gomes & Alves 2010 33(4) 661-676
de Botânica
105 PE Venturosa Inselberg-Agreste 8º34’30’’ 36º52’45’’ Gomes et al. 2011 Check List 7(2) 173-181
Plantas aquáticas -
106 PE Cumarú 7º58’02’’ 35º44’33’’ Lima et al. 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 771-783
região do Agreste
Plantas aquáticas –
107 PE Pedra 8º33’33’’ 36º59’07’’ Lima et al. 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 771-783
região da caatinga s
Nascimento et Revista Brasileira
108 PE Petrolina Mata Ciliar 9º02’ 40º14’ 2003 26(3) 271-287
al. de Botânica
Revista
109 PE Betânia; Floresta Caatinga 8º18’43’’ 38º11’45’’ Pessoa et al. 2004 Nordestina de 18(1) 27-53
Biologia
Revista Brasileira
110 PE Mirandiba Caatinga 8º03’35’’ 38º43’07’’ Pinheiro & Alves 2007 5(sup) 426-428
de Biociências
111 PE Mirandiba Caatinga 8º04’10’’ 38º44’20’’ Pinheiro et al. 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 68-77
Transição- Revista Brasileira
112 PE Caruaru 8º14’ 35º55’ Reis et al. 2006 29(3) 497-508
Caatinga/Agreste de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
113 PE Buíque Caatinga 8º37’14’’ 37º09’23’’ Rodal et al. 1998 58(3) 517-526
de Biologia
114 PE Floresta; Betânia Caatinga 8º18’43’’ 38º11’45’’ Rodal et al. 2008 Hoehnea 35(2) 209-217
115 PE Floresta Caatinga 8º30’ 38º00’ Rodal et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205
116 PE Floresta Caatinga 8º37’ 38º17’ Rodal et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205

60
117 PE Custódia Caatinga 8º05’25’’ 37º39’05’’ Rodal et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205
118 PE Custódia Caatinga 8º05’25’’ 37º39’05’’ Rodal et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205
Acta Botanica
119 PE Ibimirim Caatinga 8º39’ 37º35’ Rodal et al. 1999 13(1) 15-28
Brasilica
120 PE Serra Talhada Caatinga 7º59’00’’ 38º19’16’’ Sampaio et al. 1993 Biotropica 25(4) 452-460
121 PE Floresta Caatinga 8º35’27’’ 38º32’02’’ Santos et al. 2009 Rodriguésia 60(2) 389-402
Acta Botanica
122 PE Petrolândia Caatinga 9º04’57’’ 38º13’47’’ Silva et al. 2009 23(1) 100-110
Brasilica
Acta Botanica
123 PE Petrolândia Caatinga 9º05’27’’ 38º13’43’’ Silva et al. 2009 23(1) 100-110
Brasilica
124 PE Floresta Mata Ciliar 8º34’26’’ 38º32’45’’ Souza & Rodal 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(4) 54-62
Campo Maior; Transição
125 PI 4º49’42’’ 42º10’11’’ Barros & Castro 2006 Interações 8(13) 119-130
Jatobá do Piauí Caatinga/Cerrado
126 PI ? Caatinga 8º50’ 43º00’ Emperaire 1987 Bull. Ecol. 18(4) 431-438
Transição Acta Botanica
127 PI Campo Maior 4º52’ 42º03’ Farias & Castro 2004 18(4) 949-963
Caatinga/Cerrado Brasilica
Vários-S.R.
128 PI Nonato como Caatinga 8º26’50’’ 42º19’47’’ Lemos 2004 Rodriguésia 55(85) 55-66
referência
Vários-S.R.
Acta Botanica
129 PI Nonato como Caatinga 8º44’01’’ 42º29’21’’ Lemos & Rodal 2002 16(1) 23-42
Brasilica
referência
130 PI São José do Piauí Caatinga 6º51’13’’ 41º28’15’’ Mendes & Castro 2010 Check List 6(1) 39-44
Transição
131 PI Padre Marcos 7º07’ 40º58’ Oliveira et al. 1997 Naturalia 22 131-150
Caatinga/Carrasco
Serra Negra do Acta Botanica
132 RN Caatinga 6º35’ 37º20’ Amorim et al. 2005 19(3) 615-623
Norte Brasilica
Carnaúba dos Acta Botanica
133 RN Caatinga 6º32’56’’ 36º35’34’’ Andrade et al. 2009 23(4) 935-943
Dantas Brasilica
Acta Botanica
134 RN Acari Caatinga 6º27’35’’ 36º38’27’’ Andrade et al. 2009 23(4) 935-943
Brasilica

61
135 RN Caraúbas Caatinga 5º43’14’’ 37º42’22’’ Benevides et al. 2007 Revista Verde 2(1) 33-44
Caatinga e Mata Cavalcanti &
136 RN Carnaubais 5º18’14’’ 36º58’44’’ 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 41-50
Ciliar Rodal
137 RN Serra do Mel Caatinga costeira 5º10’12’’ 37º01’46’’ Cezar et al. 2006 Revista Verde 1(2) 100-112
Revista Brasileira
Vários-Jardim do
de Engenharia
138 RN Seridó como Caatinga 6º38’40’’ 36º47’02’’ Costa et al. 2009 13 961-974
Agrícola e
referência
Ambiental
139 RN Messias Targino Caatinga 6º08’ 37º26’ Freitas et al. 2007 Revista Verde 2(1) 135-147
Agropecuária
140 RN Açu Caatinga 5º34’20’’ 36º54’33’’ Lira et al. 2007 Científica no Semi- 3 23-30
Árido
Revista de Biologia Sem
141 RN Serra do Mel Caatinga 5º10’12’’ 37º01’46’’ Maracajá et al. 2003 3(2)
e Ciências da Terra numeração
Maracajá & Revista de Biologia Benevides et
142 RN Caraúbas Caatinga 5º43’14’’ 37º42’22’’ 2006 6(1) 165-175
Benevides e Ciências da Terra al. (2007)
Agropecuária
143 RN Açu Caatinga 5º34’20’’ 36º54’33’’ Miranda et al. 2007 Científica no Semi- 3 31-43
Árido
144 RN Caraúbas Caatinga 5º47’33’’ 37º33’24’’ Moreira et al. 2007 Revista Verde 2(1) 113-126
145 RN Apodi Caatinga 5º32’16’’ 37º53’44’’ Pessoa et al. 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 40-48
Serra Negra do
146 RN Caatinga 6º39’46’’ 37º24’01’’ Santana et al. 2009 Revista Verde 4(4) 83-89
Norte
Serra Negra do Revista de Biologia Santana et
147 RN Caatinga 6º39’46’’ 37º24’01’’ Santana & Souto 2006 6(2) 232-242
Norte e Ciências da Terra al. (2009)
148 RN Jucurutú Caatinga 5º57’06’’ 36º56’41’’ Santos et al. 2006 Revista Verde 1(2) 86-99
149 RN Bento Fernandes Caatinga 5º41’38’’ 35º49’11’’ Silva et al. 2008 Revista Verde 3(4) 47-57
Sizenando Filho Revista de Biologia
150 RN Messias Targino Caatinga 6º08’ 37º26’ 2007 7(2) ?
et al. e Ciências da Terra

62
Anexo 2- Caracterização dos 150 levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos compilados para a região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio
fitogeográfico da Caatinga). Multi área indica quando um trabalho traz mais de uma lista de espécies, que podem ser fundidas ou separadas,
dependendo do interesse do leitor. Flora Le: indica que o trabalho traz uma lista da flora lenhosa da área; Flora He: indica que o trabalho traz
uma lista da flora herbácea da área; Fito Le: indica que há dados de estrutura voltados ao componente lenhoso; Fito He: indica que há dados de
estrutura voltados ao componente herbáceo; Fito Roc: indica que há dados de estrutura voltados a ambientes rochosos, onde lenhosas e
herbáceas são amostradas pelas mesmas unidades amostrais; Fito Reg: indica que há dados de estrutura voltados às plantas regenerantes;
Método fito: método fitossociológico aplicado ao estudo do componente lenhoso; Área (ha): área amostral, em hectares, utilizada em estudos
com parcelas voltado ao componente lenhoso; Nº pq: número de pontos quadrantes utilizados em estudos fitossociológicos voltados ao
componente lenhoso; CI: critério de inclusão adotado por estudos fitossociológicos voltados ao componente lenhoso; Abd.: Abundância; se
refere ao número de indivíduos vivos amostrados por cada levantamento de fitossociologia voltado ao componente lenhoso; Den (ha):
Densidade, por hectare, em cada área onde há dados de estrutura voltada ao componente lenhoso (os valores reportados aqui eventualmente
diferem dos informados nos trabalhos originais porque recontamos o número de indivíduos nas tabelas considerando apenas as plantas vivas,
enquanto alguns autores computaram as mortas no cálculo da densidade); Ab m2/ha: área basal total (dominância) da comunidade, em m2/ha
(quando levantamentos menores foram fundidos em um maior – levantamentos marcados como Multi área- tirou-se a média das dominâncias
das subáreas para se obter a dominância do total); Riq fito: Riqueza de espécies registrada por cada levantamento fitossociológico voltado ao
componente lenhoso; Riq total: Riqueza total de espécies registradas por cada trabalho, somando-se todas as espécies reportadas em tabelas
fitossociológicas voltadas para o componente lenhoso, tabelas fitossociologicas voltadas ao componente herbáceo, tabelas de espécies
regenerantes e tabelas florísticas. Valores em branco indicam que a riqueza total é igual à riqueza fitossociológica. * indica que o trabalho traz
uma lista florística ou fitossociológica para a respectiva categoria da tabela; a.p.: o trabalho faz adições pontuais de espécies à florística da área,
mas o foco do trabalho é fitossociológico; T: o trabalho trás uma tabela fitossociológica, mas ela está truncada e não é possível obter os dados de
estrutura para todas as espécies; P: o trabalho pretende fornecer dados de fitossociologia, mas pela organização dos dados não é possível
resgatar a abundância e densidade das espécies para comparações; Abu: Fitossociologia que informa apenas a densidade ou abundância das
plantas, omitindo outros dados de estrutura, ou apresenta os outros dados de estrutura em uma forma em que os valores absolutos de
freqüência e dominância não podem ser resgatados para comparações; DNS: diâmetro ao nível do solo; DAP: diâmetro à altura do peito (1,3m);
PNS: perímetro ao nível do solo; PAP: perímetro à altura do peito (1,3m); ?: dados não informados pelos autores. O código de cada área (Cod.
área) é o mesmo entre os anexos 1 e 2. Autores que desejem utilizar esses dados em comparações devem avaliar a utilidade de cada trabalho
individualmente para seus propósitos, pois parte dos levantamentos listados aqui são de áreas degradadas, com riqueza de espécies e área basal

63
 diminuídas. Ademais, os levantamentos marcados no campo “Multi área” podem ser mais apropriados para comparações se forem
desmembrados em áreas menores, usando seus respectivos valores sociológicos individuais.

Cod. Multi Flora Flora Fito Fito Fito Fito Área Riq
UF Método fito Nº pq CI Abd. Den (ha) Ab m2/ha Riq total
área área Le He Le He Roc Reg (ha) fito
1 BA * * - - - - - - - - 32
2 BA * * - - - - - - - - 46
3 BA * * - - - - - - - - 40
4 BA * * - - - - - - - - 30
5 BA * * - - - - - - - - 51
6 BA * * - - - - - - - - 47
7 BA * - - - - - - - 34 -
8 BA * * - - - - - - - - 48
9 BA * * - - - - - - - - 180
10 BA * * - - - - - - - - 196
11 BA * * * - - - - - - - - 112
DAP
12 BA * T Parcelas 1 - 2897 2897 - - 71
5cm
13 BA * * * - - - - - - - - 21
14 BA * * * - - - - - - - - 21
15 BA * * * - - - - - - - - 30
16 BA * - - - - - - - - 52
17 BA * - - - - - - - - 62
18 BA * * Abu quadrantes - 210 Altura 832 1083 - 22 85
19 CE * * - - - - - - - - 136
20 CE * * - - - - - - - - 137
21 CE * * - - - - - - - - 250
DNS
22 CE * parcelas 1 - 4254 4254 ? 74 -
3cm

64
23 CE * * - - - - - - - - 77
24 CE * * * - - - - - - - - 184
DNS
25 CE * parcelas 0,25 - 1429 5716 14,2 49 -
3cm
DNS
26 CE * parcelas 0,25 - 1411 5644 27,7 54 -
3cm
DNS
27 CE * parcelas 0,25 - 1590 6360 19,5 49 -
3cm
DNS
28 CE * * parcelas 0,3 - 393 1310 5,46 16 -
3cm
29 CE * * - - - - - - - - 133
30 CE * * - - - - - - - - 160
PNS
31 CE * parcelas 1 - 5683 5683 47 88 -
9cm
32 CE * * - - - - - - - - 104
PNS
33 CE * * * parcelas 1 - - 5683 47 88 102
9cm
PAP
34 CE * * parcelas 0,48 - 924 1925 6,29 25 -
12cm
DNS
35 CE a.p. T parcelas 0,4 - - - ? ? 27
3cm
PNS
36 CE Abu parcelas 0,5 - 2790 5580 ? 39 -
9cm
37 MG * - - - - - - - - 42
PAP
38 MG * * parcelas 0,8 - 1322 1652.5 16,10 47 64
10cm
39 MG * * - - - - - - - - 59
40 MG * * - - - - - - - - 36
41 MG * * - - - - - - - - 40
42 MG * * - - - - - - - - 34
43 MG * * - - - - - - - - 37
44 MG * * - - - - - - - - 37
45 MG * * * parcelas 0,4 - PAP 723 1807.5 19,25 33 44

65
 10cm
DNS
46 PB * parcelas 0,99 - 2850 2879 12,12 22 -
3cm
47 PB P - - - - - - - - 13
48 PB P parcelas 0,8 - Hábito 3176 3970 ? 42 -
DNS
49 PB P P parcelas 0,4 - - - ? 39 -
3cm
DNS
50 PB * * parcelas 0,4 - 885 2212.5 23,85 37 45
3cm
PNS
51 PB * * parcelas 0,48 - 920 1916.67 18,79 17 -
10cm
52 PB * * T - - - - - - - - 40
53 PB * P - - - - - - - - 14
DNS
54 PB * * parcelas 0,5 - 1940 3880 16,93 20 67
3cm
DNS
55 PB * * parcelas 0,108 - 304 2814.81 12,01 12 26
3cm
PAP
56 PB * parcelas 1 - 2756 2756 11,55 23 -
6cm
DNS
57 PB * * parcelas 0,4 - 1252 3130 22,74 20 20
3cm
58 PB * * - - - - - - - - 27
Diâmet
59 PB * * a.p. T parcelas 1 - - - ? - 40
ro 5cm
60 PB * * parcelas 0,04 - Altura 363 9075 4,39 27 -
61 PB * * - - - - - - - - 43
62 PB * * - - - - - - - - 62
63 PB * - - - - - - - - 68
64 PB * - - - - - - - - 63
65 PB * - - - - - - - - 56
66 PB * * - - - - - - - - 125
DNS
67 PB * a.p. * parcelas 0,32 - 746 2331.25 11,77 11 15
3cm

66
68 PB * * a.p. - - - - - - - - 33
DNS
69 PB * * * parcelas 0,8 - 968 1210 19,49 39 49
3cm
DNS
70 PB * a.p. * parcelas 1,2 - 3278 2732 22 53 57
3cm
DNS
71 PB a.p. * parcelas 0,6 - 3111 5185 34,77 49 55
3cm
72 PB * * - - - - - - 26 -
73 PB * * - - - - - - - - 127
Provavel
DNS
74 PB * parcelas 0,2 - 508 2540 mente 28 -
3cm
30,5
75 PB * * - - - - - - - - 47
DNS
76 PB Abu parcelas 0,4 - 2359 5897.5 - 22 -
3cm
77 PB * * - - - - - - - - 97
DNS
78 PB * * parcelas 0,24 - 357 1487.5 ? 17 -
3cm
quadrante
79 PE T P T - 450 Altura - - - ? ?
composto
80 PE T P T parcelas 0,174 - Altura 1754 10080.7 ? 23 43
quadrante
81 PE * T T - 450 Altura ? 1196.25 ? 36 -
composto
82 PE P T - - - - - - - - 31
DNS
83 PE * * * parcelas 0,72 - 2246 3119.4 24,9 55 97
3cm
84 PE * * - - - - - - - - 158
DNS
85 PE * parcelas 1 - 2828 2828 19,46 32 -
3cm
DNS
86 PE * * parcelas 0,54 - 131 242.6 6,01 24 32
3cm
PNS
87 PE a.p. * quadrantes - 100 388 5385 31,8 22 28
5cm
88 PE a.p. * quadrantes - 100 PNS 373 3023 19,8 27 35

67
 5cm
PNS
89 PE a.p. * quadrantes - 100 370 3975 32,5 25 29
5cm
90 PE * * * - - - - - - - - 62
DAP
91 PE * parcelas 0,32 - 432 1350 7,28 16 -
3cm
quadrante DNS
92 PE * - 10 79 1327.5 ? 11 -
composto 3cm
93 PE * * - - - - - - - - 101
DAP
94 PE * parcelas 2 - 723 361.5 ? 21 -
5cm
DNS
95 PE * parcelas 0,1 - 359 3590 52,4 22 -
3cm
DNS
96 PE * parcelas 0,2 - 707 3535 30,6 34 -
3cm
97 PE * - - - - - - - - 34
98 PE * - - - - - - - - 43
PAP
99 PE * P parcelas 0,96 - - - 32,03 - 24
10cm
DNS
100 PE * * * quadrantes - 100 361 1824 8,2 33 120
3cm
101 PE * * - - - - - - - - 192
102 PE * * - - - - - - - - 201
103 PE * * * - - - - - - - 154
104 PE * * * - - - - - - - 125
105 PE * * - - - - - - - - 125
106 PE * * - - - - - - - 26
107 PE * * - - - - - - - 27
DNS
108 PE * a.p. * parcelas 1,4 - 2108 1505.7 18,7 39 48
3cm
109 PE * - - - - - - - - 54
DNS
110 PE * parcelas 0,16 - 518 3237.5 ? 18 -
3cm

68
111 PE * * * - - - - - - - - 150
112 PE * * * - - - - - - - - 71
DNS
113 PE * * quadrantes - 100 343 2207.7 6,07 35 45
3cm
DNS
114 PE * parcelas 1 - 3140 3140 18,5 28 -
3cm
DNS
115 PE * a.p. * parcelas 0,25 - 469 1876 16,51 23 27
3cm
DNS
116 PE * a.p. * parcelas 0,25 - 543 2172 14,62 26 28
3cm
DNS
117 PE * a.p. * parcelas 0,25 - 269 1076 34,29 23 27
3cm
DNS
118 PE * a.p. * parcelas 0,25 - 468 1872 20,28 29 31
3cm
119 PE * * - - - - - - - - 139
DNS
120 PE T parcelas 0,05 - - - - -
1cm
121 PE * Abu Abu * parcelas 0,42 - Altura 223 532 - 11 65
122 PE * P - - - - - - - - 78
123 PE * * P - - - - - - - - 69
124 PE * * * - - - - - - - - 78
125 PI * * - - - - - - - - 115
126 PI * * - - - - - - - - 79
DNS
127 PI * * * quadrantes - 200 400 2764.5 38,4 46 68
3cm
128 PI * * * - - - - - - - - 210
DNS
129 PI * parcelas 1 - 5655 5655 31,9 56 -
3cm
130 PI * * - - - - - - - - 136
DNS
131 PI * * * parcelas 0,45 - 2078 4617.78 24,2 57 81
3cm
PAP
132 RN * parcelas 1 - 3247 3247 6,1 15 -
3cm

69
 DNS
133 RN * * * parcelas 0,8 - 1166 1457.5 3,3 35 41
3cm
DNS
134 RN * * * parcelas 0,8 - 1527 1908.75 2,8 17 19
3cm
135 RN * * - - - - - - - 37
DNS
136 RN * P P parcelas 0,3 - ? ? ? 29 -
3cm
PNS
137 RN * * parcelas 0,48 - 411 856.25 ? 15 -
12cm
DNS
138 RN * * quadrantes - 868 3472 ? ? 31 -
1cm
DNS
139 RN * * parcelas 0,48 - 684 1425 ? 12 -
3cm
PNS
140 RN * * parcelas 0,48 - 304 633.33 ? 21 -
10cm
PNS
141 RN * parcelas 0,48 - 581 1210.42 ? 17 -
10cm
142 RN * * - - - - - - - 37
143 RN * * - - - - - - - - 38
PNS
144 RN * * parcelas 0,48 - 398 829.5 10,7 11 -
12cm
PNS
145 RN * parcelas 0,48 - 374 779.17 - 11 -
10cm
DNS
146 RN * parcelas 0,6 - 2448 4080 ? 22 -
3cm
DNS
147 RN * parcelas 0,6 - 2448 4080 17,5 22 -
3cm
148 RN * * - - - - - - - - 47
DNS
149 RN * * parcelas 0,48 - 281 585.42 ? 22 -
3cm
150 RN * * - - - - - - - - 18

70
 Anexo 3- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em
boletins técnicos
N° Autores Ano Título Publicação
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S. Inventário florestal do Ceará: estudo preliminar das matas Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
1 1969
& Lima, J.L.S. remanescentes do município de Quixadá SUDENE, 7, 93-111.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S., Inventário florestal de Pernambuco I. Estudo preliminar das matas Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
2 1969
Neves, M.A. & Carvalho, G.H. remanescentes do município de São José do Belmonte SUDENE, 7, 113-139.
Inventário florestal de Pernambuco. Estudo preliminar das matas
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S., Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
3 1970 remanescentes dos municípios de Ouricuri, Bodocó, Santa Maria
Carvalho, G.H. & Lima, J.L.S. SUDENE, 8, 149-194.
da Boa Vista e Petrolina
Contribuição para a determinação da reserva madeireira no Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
4 Carvalho, G.H. 1971
Sertão Central do estado de Pernambuco SUDENE, 9, 289-312.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Carvalho, G.H., Inventário florestal em Alagoas: contribuição para o potencial
Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
5 Tavares, E.J.S., Machado, O.F., Lima, 1971 madeireiro dos municípios de São Miguel dos Campos, Chão do
SUDENE, 9, 123-231.
J.L.S. & Souza, S.A. Pilar, Colônia de Leopoldina e União dos Palmares
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S., Inventário florestal de Alagoas I. Nova contribuição para o estudo Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
6 1971
Neves, M.A. & Lima, J.L.S. preliminar das matas remanescentes do estado de Alagoas SUDENE, 9, 5-122.
Contribuição à determinação do potencial madeireiro do Vale do Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
7 Souza Sobrinho, J. 1974
Jaguaribe, Estado do Ceará. SUDENE, 12, 91-120.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S. Inventário florestal do Ceará II. Estudo preliminar das matas Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
8 1974
& Lima, J.L.S. remanescentes do município de Tauá SUDENE, 12, 5-19.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S. Inventário florestal do Ceará III. Estudo preliminar das matas Boletim de Recursos Naturais.
9 1974
& Lima, J.L.S. remanescentes do município de Barbalha SUDENE1, 12, 20-46.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S. Inventário florestal na Paraíba e no Rio Grande do Norte I. Estudo SUDENE. Série Recursos
10 1975
& Carvalho, G.H. preliminar das matas remanescentes do vale do Piranhas. Vegetais, 3.
Tavares, S., Paiva, F.A.F., Tavares, E.J.S., Inventário florestal na Paraíba e no Rio Grande do Norte. I: estudo SUDENE. Série Recursos
11 1975
Lima, J.L.S. & Carvalho, G.H. preliminar das matas remanescentes do Vale do Piranhas Naturais, 3, 5-31.
Tavares, S., Tavares, E.J.S., Paiva, F.A.F. SUDENE. Série Recursos
12 1975 Nova contribuição para o inventário florestal de Alagoas.
& Carvalho, G.H. Vegetais, 1.

71
 Carvalho, G.H., Carvalho, M.L.R., Leite, Contribuição para a determinação da potencialidade madeireira SUDENE. Série Recursos
13 1979
C.R. & Neri, A.F.O. da bacia do São Francisco - estado da Bahia. Vegetais, 8.
Albuquerque, S.G., Soares, J.G.G. & Densidade de espécies arbóreas e arbustivas em vegetaçao de EMBRAPA-CPATSA. Pesquisa
14 1982
Araújo Filho, J.A. caatinga em Andamento, 16.
Drumond, M.A., Lima, P.C.F., Souza, Sociabilidade das espécies florestais da Caatinga em Santa Maria Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal,
15 1982
S.M. & Lima, J.L.S. da Boa Vista-PE 4, 47-59.
EMBRAPA-CPATSA.
16 Fotius, G.A. & Sá, I.B. 1985 Esboço da vegetação da bacia hidrográfica do Sipaúba, Bodocó, PE
Documentos, 29.
Prospecção botânica em área de exploração petrolífera, no EMBRAPA-CPATSA.
17 Fotius, G.A. & Sá, I.B. 1988
município de Pendências, RN Documentos, 47.

72
 Anexo 4- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) publicados em
livros e capítulos de livro.
N° Autores Ano Referência
Vegetação e flora fanerogâmica da área Reserva Serra das Almas, Ceará. In:
Araújo, F.S. de, Costa, R.C. da, Figueiredo, M.A. & Nunes, Análise das variações da biodiversidade do bioma Caatinga. (eds F.S. de Araújo,
1 2005
E.P. M.J.N. Rodal & M.R. de V. Barbosa), pp. 91-119. Ministério do Meio Ambiente,
Brasília.
Vegetação e flora fanerogâmica do Curimataú, Paraíba. In: Análise das variações
Barbosa, M.R. de V., Lima, R.B. de, Agra, M. de F., Cunha,
2 2005 da biodiversidade do bioma Caatinga. (eds F.S. de Araújo, M.J.N. Rodal & M.R.
J.P. da & Pessoa, M. do C.R.
de V. Barbosa), pp. 121-138. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília.
Cerrado and Caatinga in the Picos area. In: Global change and regional impacts:
Castro, A.A.J.F., Printz, A., Mendes, M.R. de A., Soares, F.
water availability and vulnerability of ecosystems and society in the semiarid
3 de A.R., Oliveira, J.O.S., Albino, R.S., Lange, F.-M. & Farias, 2003
Northeast Brazil (eds T. Gaiser, M. Krol, H. Frischkorn & J.C. de Araújo), pp. 323-
R.R.S. de.
333. Springer, Berlin.
Relações sinecológicas da faveleira - Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Mul. Arg.) Pax
L. Hoffm. na Caatinga. In: Ecologia da faveleira na Caatinga: bases para a
4 Fabricante, J.R. & Andrade, L.A. de. 2007
exploração como lavoura xerófila. pp. 1-132. Impressos Adilson, Campina
Grande.
Estudo Florístico em Trechos de Vegetação do Complexo de Campo Maior,
Jatobá do Piauí (PI, Brasil). In: Biodiversidade e ecótonos da região setentrional
5 Farias, R.R.S. de, Castro, A.A.J.F. & Mendes, M.R. de A. 2010
do Piauí (eds A.A.J.F. Castro, N.M.C.F. Castro & C. Arzabe), pp. 44-65. Editora da
Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina.
A microregião salineira norte-riograndense no domínio das caatingas. Escola
6 Figueiredo, M.A. 1987
Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró. Coleção Mossoroense, Mossoró.
A região dos Inhamuns-CE no domínio das Caatingas. Escola Superior de
7 Figueiredo, M.A. 1983
Agricultura de Mossoró. Coleção Mossoroense, Mossoró.
Levantamento florístico e fitossociológico em um remanescente de Caatinga no
8 Gadelha-Neto, P. da C. & Barbosa, M.R.V. 2000 município de Souza, Paraíba. In: Iniciados (ed M.F.V. Souza), pp. 64-87. Editora
da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa.
Herbivoria por caprinos na Caatinga da região de Xingó: uma análise
9 Leal, I. R., Vicente, A. & Tabarelli, M. 2003
preliminar. In: Ecologia e conservação da Caatinga (eds. Leal, I.R.,

73
 Tabarelli, M., Silva, JM.C.), pp. 695-715. Editora da Universidade Federal
de Pernambuco, Recife.
Levantamento florístico e fitossociológico do morro do Cascudo, área de
entorno do Parque Nacional de Sete cidades (PN7C), Piauí, Brasil. In:
Lima, M.M. de, Monteiro, R., Castro, A.A.J.F. & Costa, J.M.
10 2010 Biodiversidade e ecótonos da região setentrional do Piauí (Castro,
da.
A.A.J.F., Castro, N.M.C.F., Arzabe, C.). pp. 186-207. Editora da
Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina.
Oliveira, J.G.B. de, Quesado, H.L.C., Nunes, E.P., Figueiredo, Vegetação da estação ecológica de Aiuaba, Ceará. Escola Superior de Agricultura
11 1988
M.A. & Bezerra, C.L.F. de Mossoró. Coleção Mossoroense, Mossoró.
Queiroz, L.P. de, França, F., Giulietti, A.M., Melo, E. de,
Caatinga. In: Biodiversidade e conservação da Chapada Diamantina. (eds F.A.
12 Gonçalves, C.N., Funch, L.S., Harley, R.M., Funch, R.R. & 2005
Juncá, L. Funch & W. Rocha), pp. 95-120. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília.
Silva, T.S.
Vegetação e flora fanerogâmica da área de Betânia, Pernambuco. In: Análise das
Rodal, M.J.N., Lins e Silva, A.C.B., Pessoa, L.M. & Cavalcanti,
13 2005 variações da biodiversidade do bioma Caatinga. (eds F.S. de Araújo, M.J.N. Rodal
A. de D.C.
& M.R. de V. Barbosa), pp. 139-166. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília.
Diversidade Florística do Seridó Potiguar. In: Recursos Naturais das caatingas:
14 Roque, A.A., Queiroz, R.T. de & Loiola, M.I.B. 2009 uma visão multidisciplinar. pp. 11-49. Editora da Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Norte, Natal.
Caatingas e cerrados do NE - biodiversidade e ação antrópica. In: Anais da
Sampaio, E.V.S.B., Souto, A., Rodal, M.J.N., Castro, A.A.J.F.
15 1994 conferência nacional e seminário latino-americano da desertificação. Fundação
& Hazin, C.
Grupo Esquel do Brasil, Brasília.
Riqueza e diversidade de plantas lenhosas em cinco unidades de paisagem da
Caatinga. In: Ecologia e conservação da Caatinga. (eds I.R. Leal, M. Tabarelli &
16 Silva, R.A. da, Santos, A.M.M. & Tabarelli, M. 2003
J.M.C. da Silva), pp. 337-366. Editora da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco,
Recife.
Manipulação da caatinga e seu efeito sobre parâmetros fitossociológicos e de
Silva, V.M., Araújo Filho, J.A., Leite, E.R., Pereira, V.L.A. &
17 1995 produção em Serra Talhada, Pernambuco. Anais da XXXII Reunião da Sociedade
Ugiette, S.A.
Brasileira de Zootecnia. pp. 58-61. Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, Brasília.
Projeto para o desenvolvimento integrado da Bacia Hidrográfica do Jatobá;
18 SUDENE 1979
levantamento da vegetação. SUDENE, Recife.
Inventário da vegetação dos tabuleiros do Nordeste. Escola Superior de
19 Tavares, S. 1988
Agricultura de Mossoró. Coleção Mossoroense, Mossoró.

74
 Fragments of Caatinga in the Sub-Basin of Rio Bodocongó: A Conservation Study
Trovão, D.M. de B.M., Alves, R.R.N., Dantas Neto, J., in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Tropics. In: Semi-Arid Environments: Agriculture,
20 2010
Fernandes, P.D. & Andrade, L.A. Water Supply and Vegetation (ed. Degenovine, K.M.). Nova Science Publishers,
New York.
Estimativa do volume de fitomassa parcial das formações arbóreas da caatinga.
21 Ururahy, J.C. & Oliveira Junior, L.C. 1986 In: Anais do Simpósio sobre a Caatinga e sua exploração racional, Feira de
Santana. pp. 243-269. Embrapa, Brasília.

75
 Anexo 5- Levantamentos florísticos ou fitossociológicos na região do semiárido brasileiro (domínio fitogeográfico da Caatinga) disponíveis na
forma de teses e dissertações.
N° Autor Ano Título Universidade
Universidade Federal Rural de
1 Gomes, M.A.F. 1979 Padrões de caatinga nos Cariris Velhos, Paraíba
Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
2 Lira, O.C. 1979 Continuum vegetacional nos Cariris Velhos, Paraíba
Pernambuco
3 Oliveira, J.G.B. 1979 Characterization of range sites University of Arizona
Efeito do relevo na vegetação de duas áreas do município do Universidade Federal Rural de
4 Lyra, A.L.R.T. 1982
Brejo da Madre de Deus (PE) Pernambuco
Estrutura da vegetação da Caatinga hipoxerófila do estado de Universidade Federal Rural de
5 Souza, G.V. 1983
Sergipe Pernambuco
Determinação da fitomassa aérea disponível ao uso animal em Universidade Federal Rural de
6 Lima, G.F.C. 1984
caatinga pastejada na região de Ouricuri - PE Pernambuco
Universidade Federal Rural de
7 Rodal, M.J.N. 1984 Fitoecologia de uma área do médio vale do Moxotó, Pernambuco
Pernambuco
Florística e fitossociologia de uma área da Caatinga arbórea da Universidade Federal Rural de
8 Ferraz, E.M.N. 1985
fazenda Boa Vista, Custódia-PE Pernambuco
Flora e vegetação das depressões inundáveis da região de Universidade Federal Rural de
9 Silva, G.C. 1985
Ouricuri - PE Pernambuco
Structure et dynamique de la vegetation en milieu tropical semi-
10 Carvalho, V.C. 1986 Université de Toulouse - Le Mirail
aride
Vegetation et gestion des ressources naturelles dans la Caatinga Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris
11 Emperaire, L. 1987
du sud-est du Piaui (Bresil) 6
Disponibilidade e qualidade de pastos nativos e de capim buffel Universidade Federal Rural de
12 Moura, J.W.S. 1987
(Cenchrus ciliaris L.) diferido no semi-árido de Pernambuco Pernambuco
Características de solo e vegetação em sete áreas de Parnamirim, Universidade Federal Rural de
13 Santos, M.F.A.V. 1987
Pernambuco Pernambuco
Análise estrutural da vegetação da Estação Florestal de
14 Ferreira, R.L.C. 1988 Experimentação de Açu-RN, como subsídio básico para o manejo Universidade Federal de Viçosa
florestal
15 Araújo, E.L. 1990 Composição florística e estrutura da vegetação de três áreas de Universidade Federal Rural de

76
 Caatinga de Pernambuco Pernambuco
Otimização de parcelas em levantamentos botânicos em áreas Universidade Federal Rural de
16 Vasconcelos, A.J.N. 1990
de solos bruno não cálcicos do estado de Pernambuco Pernambuco
Análise da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea da caatinga hiperxerófila
17 Fonseca, M.R. 1991 Universidade Estadual de Campinas
do noroeste do estado de Sergipe
Correlações entre a vegetação e tipos distintos de solos no baixio Universidade Federal Rural de
18 Silva, I.H. 1991
de Irecê, Bahia Pernambuco
Composição florística e fitossociologia da vegetação de Carrasco, Universidade Federal Rural de
19 Araújo, F.S. 1992
Novo Oriente - CE Pernambuco
Fitossociologia da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea em quatro áreas
20 Rodal, M.J.N. 1992 Universidade Estadual de Campinas
de Caatinga em Pernambuco
Composição florística e fitossociologia de uma área de Caatinga Universidade Federal Rural de
21 Alcoforado Filho, F.G. 1993
arbórea no município de Caruaru, PE Pernambuco
Variação forístico-vegetacional na região do vale do Pajeú, Universidade Federal Rural de
22 Ferraz, E.M.N. 1994
Pernambuco Pernambuco
Vegetação e flora de uma área de transição Caatinga-Carrasco
23 Oliveira, M.E.A. 1995 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
em Padre Marcos - PI
24 Araújo, F.S. 1998 Estudos fitogeográficos do carrasco no nordeste do Brasil Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Microbiota edáfica e fitocenose como indicadores de degradação
25 Luna, R.G. 1998 Universidade Federal da Paraíba
ambiental do semi-árido paraibano
Estudo florístico e fitossociológico de um remanescente de Universidade Federal Rural de
26 Nascimento, C.E.S. 1998
caatinga à margem do rio São Francisco, Petrolina-Pernambuco Pernambuco
Florística e fitossociologia da vegetação arbustiva subcaducifólia Universidade Federal Rural de
27 Gomes, A.P.S 1999
no município de Buíque - Pernambuco Pernambuco
Fitossociologia do componente lenhoso de um trecho de
28 Lemos, J.R. 1999 vegetação arbustiva caducifólia espinhosa no Parque Nacional Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Serra da Capivara, Piauí, Brasil
Universidade Federal Rural de
29 Andrade, W.M. 2000 Variações de abundância em populações de plantas da Caatinga
Pernambuco
Influência dos sítios de estabelecimentos na forma das plantas Universidade Federal Rural de
30 Figueirêdo, L.S. 2000
de populações simpátricas da caatinga Pernambuco
31 Pereira, I.M. 2000 Levantamento florístico do estrato arbóreo e análise da estrutura Universidade Federal da Paraíba

77
 fitossociológica de ecossistemas de Caatinga sob diferentes níveis
de antropismo
O extrativismo do angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina
32 Barbosa, F.M. 2001 (Vell.) Brenan) no Cariri ocidental da Paraíba: uma perspectiva Universidade Federal da Paraíba
para o manejo florestal sustentado da Caatinga
Estudo fitofisiográfico da Caatinga do Seridó - Estação Ecológica
33 Camacho, R.G.V. 2001 Universidade de São Paulo
do Seridó, RN
Levantamento Florístico de um Fragmento de Mata de Agreste,
34 Lima, C.E.L. 2002 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
em Lagoa Seca, Paraíba
Riqueza e diversidade de espécies vegetais lenhosas da Caatinga
35 Silva, R.A. 2002 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
na região de Xingó, Alagoas
Florística e fitossociologia em trechos de vegetação do Complexo
36 Farias, R.R.S. 2003 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
de Campo Maior, Campo Maior, Piauí
Florística e fitossociologia de um fragmento de Caatinga Arbórea,
37 Mendes, M.R.A. 2003 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
São José do Piauí, Piauí
O caroá Neoglaziovia variegata Mez no Cariri paraibano:
38 Pereira, D.D. 2003 ocorrência, antropização e possibilidades de manejo no Universidade Federal da Paraíba
assentamento Estrela D’alva
Flora fanerogâmica das dunas interiores da margem esquerda do
39 Rodarte, A.T.A. 2003 médio rio São Francisco, Ibiraba, Barra, Bahia, com ênfase na Universidade Federal da Bahia
flora apícola (10º47’37''S e 42º49'25''W)
Florística e fitossociologia de uma área de Caatinga na RPPN Universidade Federal Rural de
40 Carvalho, K.C.B. 2004
Maurício Dantas, Betânia, Pernambuco Pernambuco
Fitossociologia do componente lenhoso da vegetação caducifólia Universidade Federal Rural de
41 Costa, K.C.C. 2004
espinhosa da depressão sertaneja no Nordeste do Brasil Pernambuco
Diversidade e caracterização fitossociológica do componente Universidade Federal Rural de
42 Feitoza, M.O.M 2004
herbáceo em áreas de Caatinga no Nordeste do Brasil Pernambuco
Caracterização florística e fitossociológica do componente
Universidade Federal Rural de
43 Silva, K.A. 2004 herbáceo ocorrente em áreas de Caatinga do cristalino e
Pernambuco
sedimentar em Petrolândia, PE
Compartimentação geoambiental no complexo de Campo Maior,
44 Barros, J.S. 2005 Universidade Federal do Piauí
PI: uma área de tensão ecológica

78
 Florística e potencialidades econômicas da vegetaçao de carrasco
45 Chaves, E.M.F. 2005 Universidade Federal do Piauí
no município de Cocal, Piauí, Brasil
A hipótese da aparência ecológica poderia explicar a importância Universidade Federal Rural de
46 Lucena, R.F.P. 2005
local de recursos vegetais em uma área de Caatinga? Pernambuco
Prioridade de conservação e sustentabilidade do extrativismo de Universidade Federal Rural de
47 Oliveira, R.L.C. 2005
plantas medicinais da Caatinga Pernambuco
Estrutura fitossociológica, produção de serapilheira e ciclagem
48 Santana, J.A.S. 2005 de nutrientes em uma área de Caatinga no Seridó do Rio Grande Universidade Federal da Paraíba
do Norte
Avaliação dos limites do Parque Nacional da Chapada Universidade Estadual de Feira de
49 Funch, R.R. 2006
Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil, através de análise da vegetação Santana
Florística, estrutura e mapeamento da vegetação da Estação
50 Lemos, J.R. 2006 Universidade de São Paulo
Ecológica de Aiuaba, Ceará
Padrões fenológicos de espécies lenhosas e cactáceas em uma Universidade Federal Rural de
51 Lima, A.L.A. 2006
área do semi-árido do nordeste do Brasil Pernambuco
Florística e estrutura da floresta estacional decídua montana da Universidade Federal Rural de
52 Lima, J.R. 2006
Reserva Natural Serra das Almas, município de Crateús, Ceará Pernambuco
Florística, fitossociologia e citogenética de angiospermas
53 Pitrez, S.R. 2006 Universidade Federal da Paraíba
ocorrentes em inselbergues
Diversidade florística do componente herbáceo da Estação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande
54 Queiroz, R.T. 2006
Ecológica do Seridó, Serra Negra do Norte - RN, Brasil do Norte
Fenologia e síndromes de dispersão de espécies arbustivas e
55 Vasconcelos, S.F. 2006 arbóreas ocorrentes em uma área de Carrasco no planalto da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Ibiapaba, Ceará
Composiçao florística, fitossociologia e influência dos solos na
56 Araújo, L.V.C 2007 estrutura da vegetaçao em uma área de Caatinga no semi-árido Universidade Federal da Paraíba
paraibano
Avaliação dos impactos da extração de lenha sobre a diversidade
57 Aurino, A.N.B. 2007 vegetal no município de Tenório, Seridó Oriental Paraibano: uma Universidade Federal da Paraíba
perspectiva biológica e social
Relações sinecológicas da faveleira - Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus
58 Fabricante, J.R. 2007 Universidade Federal da Paraíba
(Mul. Arg.) Pax L. Hoffm. no semiárido nordestino

79
 Composição florística e fitossociológica do componente lenhoso
59 Freire, Á.M. 2007 de um trecho da mata ciliar do riacho de Bodocongó no cariri Universidade Estadual da Paraíba
paraibano
Caracterização florística e fitossociológica da mata ciliar arbórea
60 Freitas, A.C. 2007 Universidade Federal de Sergipe
do Riacho Boa Vista, Lagarto, SE
Variação espacial e sazonal do banco de sementes do solo em Universidade Federal Rural de
61 Pessoa, L.M. 2007
uma área de Caatinga, Serra Talhada, PE Pernambuco
Hidráulica do escoamento superficial e erosão numa área de Universidade Federal Rural de
62 Silva, M.D.R.O. 2007
Caatinga no semi-árido do Brasil Pernambuco
Variação temporal do componente lenhoso de uma área de Universidade Federal Rural de
63 Cavalcanti, A.D.C 2008
Caatinga em Betânia/PE Pernambuco
Comportamento invasor da algarobeira Prosopis juliflora (Sw)
64 Nascimento, C.E.S. 2008 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
DC. nas planícies aluviais da caatinga
Matas ciliares da Caatinga: florística, processo de germinação e Universidade Federal Rural de
65 Araujo, G.M. 2009
sua importância na restauração de áreas degradadas Pernambuco
Viabilidade da compartimentação pedo-climática para o
66 Menezes, M.O.T. 2009 planejamento da conservação biológica - estudo de caso na Universidade Federal do Ceará
microbacia do riacho Capitão-Mor (Ceará)
Florística e estrutura da regeneração natural da vegetação ciliar Universidade Estadual de Montes
67 Menino, G.C.O. 2009
do Rio Pandeiros, Norte de Minas Gerais Claros
Diagnóstico da flora apícola para sustentabilidade da apicultura
68 Santos, C.S. 2009 Universidade Federal de Sergipe
no estado de Sergipe
A vegetação em afloramentos rochosos no semi-árido:
69 Santos, P.R.G. 2009 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
diversidade e respostas ao ambiente
Identidade e relações florísticas da caatinga arbórea do norte de
70 Santos, R.M.D. 2009 Universidade Federal de Lavras
Minas Gerais e sudeste da Bahia
estudo de duas áreas de vegetação da Caatinga com diferentes Universidade Federal Rural de
71 Silva, S.O. 2009
históricos de uso no agreste pernambucano Pernambuco
Estrutura, biomassa e volumetria de uma área de Caatinga, Universidade Federal Rural de
72 Alves Junior, F.T. 2010
Floresta-PE Pernambuco
Fenologia de espécies arbóreas de vegetação ciliar em região de Universidade Estadual de Montes
73 Azevedo, I.F.P 2010
transição Cerrado - Caatinga Claros

80
 Diversidade, estrutura e sucessão ecológica em vegetação de
74 Carvalho, E.C.D. 2010 Universidade Estadual da Paraíba
Caatinga no trópico semi-árido
Dinâmica espaço-temporal em um fragmento de savana decídua
75 Menezes, B.S. 2010 Universidade Federal do Ceará
espinhosa, semi-árido do Brasil
Composição florística e variações morfo-pedológicas em uma
76 Nascimento, K.R.P. 2010 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
área de Caatinga em Pernambuco
Diversidade e abundância interanual no componente herbáceo
Universidade Federal Rural de
77 Santos, J.M.F.F. 2010 da Caatinga: paralelos entre uma área preservada e uma área
Pernambuco
antropizada em regeneração natural
A comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas em uma lagoa temporária
78 Tabosa, A.B. 2010 do semiárido brasileiro: variações estruturais e coexistência de Universidade Federal do Ceará
espécies
Uso, manejo e estrutura da vegetação da Caatinga por duas
Universidade Estadual de Feira de
79 Almeida, V.S. 2011 comunidades quilombolas do município de Jeremoabo, Bahia,
Santana
Brasil
Caracterização da savana estépica parque no baixo médio São Universidade Estadual de Feira de
80 Damascena, L.S. 2011
Francisco, Bahia, Brasil Santana
Análise da vegetação de Caatinga arbustivo-arbórea em Floresta, Universidade Federal Rural de
81 Ferraz, J.S.F. 2011
PE, como subsídio ao manejo florestal Pernambuco
Composição florística, estrutura da comunidade e síndrome de
82 Ferreira, E.V.R. 2011 dispersão de um remanescente de Caatinga em Poço Verde - Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Sergipe
Composição florística e estrutura da vegetação em área de
83 Machado, W.J. 2011 Caatinga e Brejo de Altitude na Serra da Guia, Poço Redondo, Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Sergipe, Brasil
Universidade Federal Rural de
84 Marangon, G.P. 2011 Estrutura e padrão espacial em vegetação de Caatinga
Pernambuco
Composição, estrutura e funcionamento da vegetação em um Universidade Estadual de Feira de
85 Mariano, K.R.S. 2011
gradiente de mata ciliar no submédio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil Santana
Florística e fitossociologia do estrato arbustivo-arbóreo de um
86 Marroquim, P.M.G. 2011 Universidade Federal de Sergipe
fragmento de mata ciliar na região do baixo São Francisco
87 Mateus, F.A.P.S. 2011 Arbóreas forrageiras: pastagem o ano todo na Caatinga Universidade Federal de Santa

81
 sergipana Catarina
Estrutura e composição de uma vegetação ripária, relações
88 Nogueira Junior, F.C. 2011 dendrocronológicas e climáticas na Serra dos Macacos em Tobias Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Barreto, Sergipe-Brasil
Fatores espaço-temporais e riqueza de macrófitas aquáticas de
89 Normando, L.R.O. 2011 Universidade Federal do Ceará
lagoas temporárias do semiárido do Brasil
Monumento Natural Grota do Angico: florística, estrutura da
90 Silva, A.C.C. 2011 Universidade Federal de Sergipe
comunidade, aspectos autoecológicos e conservação
Caracterização ecológica e estrutural de macrófitas em Universidade Federal Rural de
91 Silva, S.S.L. 2011
reservatórios no estado de Pernambuco Pernambuco
Estrutura, diversidade florística e variações espaciais do
92 Veloso, M.D.M. 2011 componente arbóreo-arbustivo da vegetação ciliar do Rio Universidade Federal de Lavras
Pandeiros, norte de Minas Gerais

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 CAPÍTULO 2- A catalogue of the flora of the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain: a synthesis of the data available on
floristic and phytosociological surveys

MARCELO FREIRE MORO1, EIMEAR NIC LUGHADHA2, DENIS L. FILER3,

FRANCISCA SOARES DE ARAÚJO4, FERNANDO ROBERTO MARTINS1
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Departamento de Botânica, Bloco M, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; e-
mail: bio_moro@yahoo.com.br; fmartins@unicamp.br
2
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom; e-mail:
el02kg@kew.org
3
Oxford University, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road,
Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom. e-mail: denis.filer@plants.ox.ac.uk
4
Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará -
Campus do Pici, Bloco 906, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. e-mail: tchesca@ufc.br

ABSTRACT
A catalogue is presented of plant names in use in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
(CPD), the largest semiarid ecorregion of South America. We compiled all pubished papers
we could locate with floristic and/or phytosociological data relating to the CPD and created
a database of all site-based surveys, all names reported in these surveys and the basic
ecological data associated with each species. We then mapped the names used in survey
reports to those currently accepted in Brazil, consulting specialists to resolve taxonomic
and nomenclatural issues before synthesizing the data in order to present here a list of all
names in use. Thus this compilation represents the taxonomic data in use by generalist
botanists on a sub continental scale. Synthesizing the previously dispersed ecological data
available for the species, we explored general ecological patterns in the CPD. We also
classified each survey as documenting the flora of a specific type of environment within the
CPD and compared the general floristic resemblance between different environments
within CPD on a biogeographical scale. Rarefaction curves and species richness estimator
indices were employed in order to address the question as to whether or not the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain, one of the largest seasonally dry tropical areas in the world,
can be described as well-sampled. To date over 1700 species were reported in site-based
floristic and phytosociological studies in the CPD. Most surveys focused only on woody
plants, ignoring the non woody component, but we show here that a large proportion of the

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plant biodiversity in the Caatinga is comprised of non woody plants. We estimate that 40%
of the existing species were not sampled by site-based surveys. Moreover, most of the
species in our database were recorded from a single site, while a few species were
considered widespread. When comparing the number of widespread species in our dataset
to results published for the cerrado savannas, we show that species in Caatinga seems to
have a much more restricted distribution than plants in the Cerrado. We present here a
catalogue of all plant names recorded and discuss sampling and geographical issues related
to the floristic study of Caatinga.

Key-words: Brazil, Compilation, Semiarid, Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests

Introduction
Seasonally dry tropical areas are among the most threatened of the world’s
ecoregions (Miles et al. 2006). They represent dry scrublands, woodlands and forests under
semiarid climate, which have relatively rich soils and are under pressure from logging,
clearing for agriculture, fragmentation, desertification and overgrazing (Sampaio 1995,
Miles et al. 2006, Pennington et al. 2006). South America has many different ecoregions
(Olson et al. 2001) and among them many scattered and disjunct sites under seasonally dry
tropical climates, exposed annually to a dry season over five months long (Sarmiento 1975,
Pennington et al. 2000). Although diverse in physiognomy and geographical location, these
seasonally dry tropical formations have some ecological features in common, the most
notable being a long dry season and a number of shared disjunct taxa (e.g. Prado & Gibbs
1993, Oliveira et al. 2013). Of the seasonally dry tropical areas of South America, the
largest one and subject of the present study is located in the Northeastern part of Brazil
[Fig. 1] and is known as Caatinga (Prado & Gibbs 1993, Sampaio 1995, Pennington et al.
2000, Linares-Palomino et al. 2011).

The Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain (CPD) is one of the six major Brazilian
Phytogeographical Domains [Fig. 1] (IBGE 2004) and is one of the largest semiarid areas
in South America, comprising more than 800,000Km2 (Ab’Sáber 1974; Ab’Sáber 2003;
IBGE 2004). Located in Northeastern Brazil and surrounded by the Atlantic Rain Forest
and the Cerrado domains [Fig. 1] the CPD experiences a semiarid climate due to a stable
low pressure atmospheric zone (Nimer 1972). This semiarid climate is characterised by low
rainfall, strong seasonality and unpredictable and erratic precipitation (Nimer 1972). To a
first approximation, the extent of the CPD is defined by areas with less than 1,000mm
annual rainfall (Reddy 1983, Prado 2003), and usually the annual evapotranspiration is
twice the precipitation or more. This results in a severe shortage of edaphic water for plants
during the dry season, which can last well over six months (Nimer 1972). Areas with
increasingly higher rainfall regimes mark the transition from caatinga vegetation to the
atlantic forest in the east. The ecotone between atlantic forest and caatinga is called Agreste

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and supports a mix of caatinga vegetation in some stretches and wet forests in others (Porto
et al. 2004). At its western extremity, the CPD shows a transition to the cerrado savannas,
characterized by a climate which, though seasonal, is more predictable and stable, and by
the differences in soil and fire regime that govern the occurrence of savannas (Eiten 1972).

FIGURE 1. Geographical location for the Caatinga Phytogeographycal Domain (after IBGE 2004),
bounded by the Atlantic rainforest to the east and the cerrado savannas to the west.

During most of the 20th century it was said that the CPD had a flora poor in species
and endemism (Sampaio et al. 2002). This region was also deemed to lack distinctive,
characteristic taxa, the flora being comprised predominantly by species and genera from the
surrounding phytogeographical domains surviving under drier conditions (e.g. Rizzini
1963). In the absence of recognition of its conservation value, there has been limited
support for studies and for the establishment of natural reserves in Caatinga. As a result the
CPD is one of the least protected natural regions of Brazil (Castelletti et al. 2003).
However, the assumption that the CPD was a species poor region was in great part due to
the minimal scientific attention paid to the area, which remained one of the least studied
during the 20th century (Santos et al. 2011). It is now recognized that the CPD was
scientifically neglected by biologists as compared to the Atlantic rainforest or the Cerrado

85
savannas (Tabarelli & Vicente 2002, Santos et al. 2011) and that the CPD is relatively rich
in species (Sampaio et al. 2002, Giulietti et al. 2006, Forzza et al. 2010). Towards the end
of the 20th century the number of publications on the flora of the CPD increased, redressing
in part the previous lack of data for many regions in the domain.

Within the CPD many different kinds of vegetation occur. The main type is the
caatinga sensu stricto vegetation, located in the widespread “Depressão Sertaneja”
crystalline lowlands (Sampaio 1995, Velloso et al. 2002). In addition to the crystalline
terrains that dominate the landscape, large sedimentary basins also play an important role in
the biodiversity composition of the semiarid region of Brazil, because these areas have a
very different soil type and harbor a flora that is different to that found in crystalline areas
(Gomes et al. 2006, Queiroz 2006, Cardoso & Queiroz 2007, Santos et al. 2012). The
Crystalline Caatinga and the Sedimentary Caatinga, are the two main and most widespread
habitats in the CPD, but there are also other environment types such as inselbergs, aquatic
communities and riverine forests, and these formations are usually overlooked within the
CPD. Moreover, the CPD has two very large ecotones with the surrounding
phytogeographical domains: the Agreste, where caatinga has a transition to the Atlantic
Forest in the east, and the ecotone with the Cerrado, to the west [Fig. 1]. Over the last two
decades, an increasing number of floristic and phytosociological papers have been
published about plant communities of the CPD, presenting the opportunity for a synthesis
of the literature produced and a search for general patterns.

Floristic and phytosociological papers represent one of the most widespread uses
and compilations of plant names by generalist botanists and data from these papers can be
integrated in studies with a biogeographical approach (e.g. Oliveira-Filho & Fontes 2000,
Ratter et al. 2003). Moreover, floristic and phytosociological studies are a good source of
ecological and biogeographical data not available from strictly taxonomic catalogues.
Floristic studies often record information on plant habits, vegetation types and the
geographical location of plant communities which can be integrated into biogeographical
and macroecological studies. Once synthesized, these data can provide interesting insights
about species, communities, and patterns, which could not be discerned from the individual
studies. Thus, our project aimed to produce a catalogue of plants of the CPD, with a view to
achieving the following objectives:

1) Document the scientific names used by botanists publishing floristic and

phytosociology studies in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain.
2) Characterize the plant diversity sampled in Caatinga by floristic and
phytosociological studies, reporting the number of species sampled to date in each
family and genus and documenting the richest taxa and the most widespread species
in the CPD;

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 3) Analyse the floristic differences between environment types within the CPD;
4) Compare the plant habit spectra in different environments within the CPD and
understand the proportions of species referable to woody and non woody plant
guilds;
5) Assess through rarefaction curves and species estimator indices how well sampled
is the diversity in the CPD, and how many species can be expected to occur there;
6) Determine which are the most problematic genera and families for identification in
floristic and phytosociological studies.

Materials and Methods

This catalogue was built upon an extensive bibliographical survey. We consulted all
published volumes of the main biological and botanical Brazilian journals, as well as
international bibliographical electronic databases (Web of Science, Scielo and Scholar
Google) in search of floristic and phytosociological papers published about the CPD. We
also checked the bibliography of most of these papers looking for cited articles not
previously compiled. In a further attempt to locate any overlooked publications we
consulted botanical researchers in Northeastern Brazilian universities. We considered all
papers published in periodicals up to the end of 2011. We then built a bibliographical
database of papers dealing with the floristics and phytosociology of plant communities in
the CPD [Appendix 1]. Studies restricted to seedling diversity were excluded, as were
phytosociological papers presenting only truncated tables, where rare species were omitted.
The remaining studies [Appendix 1] were registered in a database using Brahms software
(http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/), developed by Oxford University. All species sampled
in these papers were included in the database together with their habit (when available),
geographic location and basic ecological information.

The plant communities within the Brazilian semiarid are not homogeneous. There
are many subtypes of plant community typical of the CPD as well as some enclaves of
vegetation belonging to the surrounding Cerrado domain (to the west) and to the Atlantic
forest domain (to the east). Furthermore, in the middle of the CPD there is a range of
highlands called the Chapada Diamantina. These highlands have a mix of caatinga
vegetation, rocky grasslands, cerrado savannas and wet forests in a complex mosaic. We
considered in our catalogue all plant communities within the CPF [as mapped by Velloso et
al. 2002 - see Fig. 2] and its transitional areas, but we excluded enclaves of rocky
grasslands of Chapada Diamantina (campos rupestres), cerrados and rainforests, because
these three formations are related floristically to other Brazilian phytogeographical
domains. All other plant communities (including aquatic communities and ecotonal areas)
were included in our synthesis. We thus classified each published study in one of the
following plant community types that occur within the CPD:

87
1) Crystalline Caatinga: is the most widespread formation in the CPD, dominating the
landscape in the depressão sertaneja lowlands over crystalline bedrocks. The
crystalline caatinga (or caatinga sensu stricto) comprises most of the landscape in
the CPD;
2) Sedimentary Caatinga: is the main formation in the sedimentary basins of the CPD.
These sedimentary basins provide very different pedological conditions to plant
communities when compared to the depressão sertaneja areas and harbor a
floristically and physiognomically different form of caatinga, which we called
Sedimentary Caatinga (elsewhere termed carrascos and caatingas de areia);
3) Transition crystalline/sedimentary: occurs in the areas of transition between
crystalline and sedimentary caatingas;
4) Inselbergs: in sites where soils are very shallow or absent, there are inselberg
communities, usually where granitic hills are emergent above the lower and flatter
surrounding landscape. Although inselbergs can be found in both crystalline and
sedimentary landscapes, all surveys published to date for this environment type
were within crystalline terrains;
5) Riverine forests: alongside rivers that cross the CPD there are gallery forests. These
grow in soils that are usually deeper and with higher edaphic moisture than in areas
of typical crystalline caatinga. Although riverine forests can be found in both
crystalline and sedimentary landscapes, all surveys published to date for this
environment type were within crystalline terrains;
6) Agreste communities: Sites with crystalline caatinga vegetation located in the
ecotone between the CPD and the Atlantic Forest Domain. We considered here only
the dry formations of the Agreste, excluding patches of rainforests (known as
“brejos de altitude”), as these have a flora related to the Atlantic Forest;
7) Caatinga of the Chapada Diamantina: in the Chapada Diamantina Highlands there
is a mix of floras from different Brazilian phytogeographical domains, including
caatinga, wet forest, cerrado and rocky grasslands. We included here only studies
dealing with caatinga sites in the Chapada Diamantina.
8) Arboreal Caatinga: a taller and less seasonal subtype of Caatinga (which according
to Santos et al. 2012 is a distinctive plant community within Caatinga) that occurs
in the south of Bahia and north of Minas Gerais states;
9) Caatinga in Campo Maior: this is an area of complex transition between the
Cerrado and Caatinga in Piauí state. We considered here only studies in Campo
Maior that sampled the Caatinga vegetation, but not studies in the cerrado;
10) Aquatic communities: aquatic plant communities in rivers, lakes or artificial
reservoirs;
11) Unclassified Caatinga: Not all of our sites could be assigned unambiguously to one
of the above categories. Although the larger sedimentary basins of Northeastern
Brazil are well charted, there are smaller ones spread over the CPD. Also, the
relatively large Apodi sedimentary basin, on the boundary between the states of
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 Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte was not charted by Velloso et al. (2002) and studies
located in these places are difficult to classify with confidence as crystalline or
sedimentary caatingas. We also found some studies in degraded crystalline caatinga
sites, where marked modifications in plant communities occur for anthropogenic
reasons (especially agriculture). If a study was located in an area where we were
unsure about the geology or if the study concerned a degraded site we placed the
study site in the “Unclassified Caatinga” category.

Objective 1: Documenting the scientific names applied in floristic and phytosociological

studies of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain

In order to attain the first objective of this catalogue, all species reported in each
paper we compiled were added to a database in Brahms software. With this we built a
complete list of names reported in all papers. We then checked each name against the
database of the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Forzza et al. 2011) and treated the
names as accepted or synonym following this list. When a name encountered in one of the
studies was not present in the Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, we tried to contact
specialists in order to check if the name was an unusual but published synonym, a valid but
misapplied name or a nomen nudum. All taxonomic information obtained through the Lista
de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, including updates to Forzza et al. (2011) found as a result
of queries, and through personal communication with specialists was entered in the Brahms
database, giving each compiled name the status of accepted, synonym, misapplied or
nomen nudum. In cases where a specialist informed us of a nomenclatural novelty or
taxonomic change which has not yet appeared in the Lista do Brasil, we included these in
taxonomic notes under the relevant accepted name. We also recorded exotic species
reported in the floristic papers and a list of exotic species is presented in a separate
Appendix from the native specie list, in order to not lose data on non native plants and keep
the exotics clearly labeled, following the recommendations of Moro et al. (2012). Once all
the data were registered, we generated reports using Brahms, in order to produce a
catalogue of all plant names in use in the CPD, with associated ecological and geographical
data.

Objective 2: Determining the richest families and genera and the more frequent species
throughout the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain

To reach our second objective, we took the complete list of names, mapped all
synonyms to their accepted names and eliminated exotic plants and records not identified to

89
species level. Based on this list of accepted names, we calculated which were the families
and genera represented by most species in the dataset – which we considered the ‘richest’
families and genera. We also evaluated which are the most widespread species, based on
the frequency of the species in the dataset. We built a presence/absence matrix for all
species at all sites and drew from there the number of occurrences we had for each species,
in order to determine the most common ones and the number of rare species. Some papers
present data for woody and non woody plants, while others deal only with woody or only
with non woody plants. We calculated the number of studies with information for woody
plants (studies addressing total flora plus woody only studies) and the number of papers
with information for the non-woody plants (total flora plus non-woody only studies) and
produced two lists of “frequent species”, being those reported in at least one quarter (25%)
of the sites, for woody and non-woody species respectively.

Objective 3: Quantifying and comparing the floristic differences between environment types
within the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain

To determine the floristic similarities and differences between environment types within
CPD, we built matrices of the presence/absence (incidence table) and also the number of
records (frequency table) of each species in each environment type. We then compared the
floristic resemblance of the environment types within the CPD using group and ordination
analysis (Legendre & Legendre 1998, McCune & Grace 2002). We grouped the
environment types using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean
(UPGMA) algorithm with Sorensen index, in order to determine which environments were
more similar in floristic composition. We also applied the Nonmetric Multidimensional
Scaling (NMS) using Sorensen (Bray-Curtis) distance and stability criterion of 0.00001 to
obtain the best two dimensional solution for the same dataset (McCune & Grace 2002).
NMS is considered an efficient technique to ordinate ecological samples based on the
occurrence of species (McCune & Grace 2002, McCune & Mefford 2011). UPGMA and
NMS were applied using both the incidence and frequency matrices in order to show the
general floristic resemblance of the different environment types with respect to one another
using PCOrd 6.0 software (McCune & Mefford 2011).

Objective 4: Accounting the habit spectra of communities in the CPD

To address our fourth point we selected from the compiled papers only those
dealing with general flora (i.e. both woody and non woody) that reported the habit for each
individual species. The most commonly reported habits were trees and treelets,
climber/lianas/vines, shrubs, subshrubs and herbs, but occasionally other categories such as
“succulent”, “cactus” and “rupicolous” were employed, as well as hemiparasites and

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epiphytes. To calculate the habit spectra we considered all tree, treelets and shrubs as
“Woody Plants”, and all herbs and subshrubs as “Non Woody Plants”. Climbers, lianas and
vines were considered in the category of “Climber Woody Plants” or “Climber Non Woody
Plants”, depending on the level of lignification of the adult plant, based on our field
experience. Plants whose habits were reported as cactus, succulent or rupicolous were
reclassified as “Woody” or “Non Woody” plants, following our field experience.
Hemiparasites and epiphytes were kept as a separate category. Having all species
reclassified as “Woody Plants”, “Climber Woody Plants”, “Non Woody Plants”, “Climber
Non Woody Plants”, “Hemiparasites” and “Epiphytes”, we built a matrix with the habit
spectrum for each area. We then calculated the “mean spectrum” for the whole CPD, taking
the mean number of occurrences for each habit in all areas summed.

Objective 5: Is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain well collected and how many
species are out there?

In order to have an idea whether a study site (from local to continental scales) is
well collected and what might be the real richness of a site one can use both rarefaction
curves and species richness estimator indices (Gotelli & Colwell 2011). These are
techniques that use resampling procedures to generate smoothed collection curves, with the
observed number of species for each sampling effort. Based on the number and distribution
of rare species in the sample (those occurring in only one or two sampling units) one can
estimate the expected “actual” number of species in an area (Gotelli & Colwell 2011). We
used these procedures to show the observed number of species and the estimated richness in
each environment type of the CPD and also in the CPD as a whole, using the ICE, Chao 2,
Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 indices, which are based on incidence data (Colwell et al.
2004, Chao et al. 2005, Gotelli & Colwell 2011).

We built presence/absences matrices for each environment in the CPD and for the
Caatinga Domain as a whole. We then calculated the rarefaction curves and richness
estimator indices for the total dataset and for each environment type separately using
EstimateS software (Colwell 2009) with 1,000 randomizations. We didn’t calculate these
indices for the caatingas of Campo Maior and Chapada Diamantina because these
environments had only two and three published studies, respectively (not enough to
calculate Chao 2 and ICE indices), nor for the Unclassified Caatinga category because this
category grouped studies in degraded areas or in undetermined types of vegetation, which
makes it difficult to interpret the results. Nevertheless, these sites were included in the
computation of the richness of the CPD as a whole, because in the context of the CPD,
these sites represent extra sampling observations. We then addressed the questions: 1) are
the currently available floristic and phytosociological samples sufficient to stabilize the
collector curves, or are the curves still steep, indicating that new species can be expected

91
with more sampling effort?; and 2) what is the expected total richness for each environment
type and for the CPD as a whole?

Objective 6: Determining which are the most problematic genera and families for
identification in floristic and phytosociological studies.

We extracted from our database the number of times when a record was assigned to
a genus, but not to a species, or when a record was assigned to a family, but not to a genus.
These were considered “partial identifications”. We also calculated the number of records
not assigned to any family. We considered as most problematic those genera for which at
least ten records in the database which had not been assigned to species. Similarly, the most
problematic families were those with at least ten records not assigned to species or not
assigned to a genus.

Results
1- Documenting the scientific names applied in floristic and phytosociological studies of
the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain

We found in the published literature 131 floristic and/or phytosociological lists of

species for inclusion in our study [Appendix 1]. The geographic coverage of published
papers is more concentrated in Pernambuco and Paraíba states, while in Bahia, the largest
state of Northeastern Brazil, there are relatively few studies. Rio Grande do Norte state had
a relatively high number of studies, but these were generally smaller surveys, many in
degraded caatinga or in not clearly defined ecosystems types. We found no papers on the
CPD in Sergipe, Alagoas and Maranhão states up to 2011. Of the 131 lists, 78 focus
exclusively on woody plants, nine exclusively on non woody plants, and 44 on the general
flora (woody + non woody plants) [Table 1]. Together these papers represented collections
made in 10 different subtypes of plant communities within Caatinga [Fig. 2] and provided
8076 plant records representing 1928 plant names (1568 accepted names, 355 synonyms
and five names with uncertain status) for 1714 native species distributed in 629 genera and
131 families [Appendix 2], plus 32 exotic species [Appendix 3]. Besides validly published
names, we also found 39 nomina nuda and/or names used in error (including some names
bearing no close resemblance to any formally published binomial, which are most likely
misspellings) [Appendix 4].

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TABLE 1. Number of studies that sampled the general flora (woody and non woody plants), woody
only flora, and non woody only flora in each environment type within the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain.

Non
General Woody
Environment type woody Total
flora only
only
Aquatic communities 11 0 0 11
Arboreal Caatinga 0 9 0 9
Caatinga (unclassified subtype) 1 16 4 21
Caatinga in Agreste (Ecotone to the
Atlantic Forest) 2 3 1 6
Caatinga in Campo Maior (Ecotone to the
Cerrado) 0 2 0 2
Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina 0 3 0 3
Crystalline Caatinga 4 27 3 34
Inselberg 11 0 0 11
Riverine forest 1 9 0 10
Sedimentary Caatinga 11 7 0 18
Transition crystalline/sedimentary 3 2 1 6
Total 44 78 9 131

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 FIGURE 2. Surveys in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain used to build the catalogue,
differentiated by environment types within the Domain. Dark gray areas are ecorregions in the
Caatinga Domain (sensu Velloso et al. 2002) mainly in crystalline terrains. Light gray areas are
ecorregions in the Caatinga Domain mainly in sedimentary terrains. The hatched area is the
Chapada Diamantina ecorregion, where caatinga, cerrado, wet forests and rocky grasslands
(campos rupestres) intermix.

94
2- Determining the richest families and genera and the more frequent species throughout
the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain

The richest family in the CPD was Fabaceae, with 292 accepted species, followed
by Euphorbiaceae (103), Malvaceae (82) and Asteraceae (67) [Table 2, Appendix 2]. The
richest genera were Croton Linnaeus (1753: 1004-1005) (37 species), Ipomoea Linnaeus
(1753: 159-162) (28 species), Mimosa Linnaeus (1753: 516-523) (28), Senna Miller (1754)
(21), Chamaecrista Moench (1794: 272) (24) and Erythroxylum Browne (1756: 278) (24)
[Table 3, Appendix 2]. Only 40 families (30.5% of the total 131) and 24 genera (4% of the
total 629) were represented in our database by 10 species or more. At the other extreme, 36
species were the sole representative of their family and 16 families were represented by just
two species each. A similar pattern was seen at genus level: 120 genera had only two and
330 only one reported species.

TABLE 2. Families with at least 10 species recorded in the database of the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain. See Appendix 2 for a complete list of all accepted genera and species
in all families.

Number Number Number

Family of Family of Family of
species species species
Fabaceae 292 Sapindaceae 31 Combretaceae 13
Euphorbiaceae 103 Bromeliaceae 31 Salicaceae 12
Malvaceae 82 Cactaceae 28 Rutaceae 12
Asteraceae 67 Lamiaceae 26 Commelinaceae 12
Convolvulaceae 66 Erythroxylaceae 24 Annonaceae 11
Poaceae 62 Verbenaceae 23 Rhamnaceae 10
Bignoniaceae 52 Solanaceae 23 Portulacaceae 10
Cyperaceae 52 Polygalaceae 18 Polygonaceae 10
Rubiaceae 51 Capparaceae 17 Oxalidaceae 10
Apocynaceae 43 Turneraceae 16 Nyctaginaceae 10
Myrtaceae 42 Araceae 16 Dioscoreaceae 10
Malpighiaceae 38 Acanthaceae 14 Celastraceae 10
Orchidaceae 34 Amaranthaceae 13
Boraginaceae 32 Plantaginaceae 13

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TABLE 3. Genera with at least 10 species recorded in the database of the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain. See Appendix 2 for a complete list of all accepted species in all genera.

Genus Number of Genus Number

species of species
Croton 37 Fridericia 13
Mimosa 28 Jacquemontia 13
Ipomoea 28 Polygala 12
Chamaecrista 24 Machaerium 12
Erythroxylum 24 Lippia 11
Senna 21 Turnera 11
Cyperus 20 Hyptis 11
Eugenia 19 Manihot 11
Sida 17 Casearia 10
Evolvulus 16 Oxalis 10
Solanum 14 Dioscorea 10
Cordia 14 Aspidosperma 10

The most constant species throughout the CPD in the woody component was
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Martius (1824: vol I, 60), reported in 78 (64%) of the 122 surveys
presenting data for woody plants, followed by Commiphora leptophloeos (Martius) J.B.
Gillett (1980: 582) (72 areas), Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baillon (1864: 268) (70), then
Cereus jamacaru Candolle (1828: vol. 3, 467) and Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão e
Cysneiro (1862: 3) (69 areas each) [Table 4]. A total of 21 woody species were found in
25% or more of all the surveys which included woody plants. In the non woody component,
the most constant species were Melochia tomentosa Linnaeus (1759: 1140) and Tacinga
palmadora (Britton & Rose) Taylor & Stuppy (2002: 112), reported in 24 (44%) of the 54
surveys presenting data for non woody plants, followed by Tacinga inamoena (Karl
Schumann) Taylor & Stuppy (2002: 119) (20 sites) and Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda)
Mez in Martius (1894: 427), Mollugo verticillata Linnaeus (1753: 89) and Waltheria
americana Linnaeus (1753: 673), with 16 records each [Table 5]. Just 11 species of non-
woody plants were found in 25% or more of the compiled surveys. Thus for both the
woody and the non-woody components just a few species are frequent throughout the CPD,
while most of the species reported were rare. Of the species recorded (native and exotic),
744 were reported from a single site, 293 from two and 174 from three, thus 70% of the
species were reported from three sites or fewer, and 81% of species reported from five or
fewer of the 131 areas [Fig. 3].

96
FIGURE 3.. Histogram of the constancy of species throughout the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain. Most species were recorded at only one site.

97
 TABLE 4. Most constant woody species (occurring in at least 25% of the 122 compiled surveys with data on woody plants) throughout the
Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For a complete list of species, consult appendix 2.

Total
number of Total
Transition Campo
Crystalline Sedimentary Arboreal Chapada Riverine Aquatic occurrences number of
Crystalline / Inselberg Agreste Maior Unclassified
Species Caatinga Caatinga Caatinga Diamantina forest Communities in occurrences
Sedimentary (n= 11) (n=6) Ecotone (n= 21)
(n= 34) (n= 18) (n= 9) (n= 3) (n= 10) (n= 11) terrestrial in the CPD
(n= 6) (n= 2)
ecosystems (n= 131)
(n= 120)
Aspidosperma
27 4 4 3 4 8 2 0 10 16 0 78 78
pyrifolium
Commiphora
27 9 2 2 4 7 0 2 5 14 0 72 72
leptophloeos
Jatropha
30 4 3 5 4 0 0 1 8 15 0 70 70
mollissima
Cereus
21 10 0 7 5 5 2 3 8 8 0 69 69
jamacaru
Myracrodruon
24 3 4 4 4 9 1 2 7 11 0 69 69
urundeuva
Anadenanthera
25 2 4 2 2 8 1 1 7 11 0 63 63
colubrina
Bauhinia
26 2 5 1 3 0 0 0 5 13 0 55 55
cheilantha
Mimosa
18 3 2 2 2 6 0 1 7 12 0 53 53
tenuiflora
Poincianella
23 2 1 4 4 0 0 1 8 10 0 53 53
pyramidalis
Cynophalla
20 4 2 3 5 0 0 0 9 7 0 50 50
flexuosa
Spondias
15 3 3 4 3 6 0 3 6 5 0 48 48
tuberosa
Piptadenia
14 7 2 2 3 0 0 0 5 12 0 45 45
stipulacea
Schinopsis 12 2 3 0 4 8 0 3 8 5 0 45 45

98
brasiliensis
Libidibia ferrea 12 4 3 1 3 0 2 0 9 10 0 44 44
Combretum
12 5 0 1 0 6 2 0 5 12 0 43 43
leprosum
Ziziphus
10 3 2 4 4 1 0 1 10 8 0 43 43
joazeiro
Pilosocereus
15 3 1 4 2 0 1 0 8 7 0 41 41
gounellei
Croton
15 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 5 12 0 40 40
sonderianus
Lantana
8 8 4 7 3 0 0 2 4 3 0 39 39
camara
Croton
9 6 2 4 2 0 0 0 4 3 2 30 32
heliotropiifolius
Amburana
12 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 3 6 0 30 30
cearensis

TABLE 5. Most constant non woody species (occurring in at least 25% of the 53 compiled surveys with data on non woody plants) throughout the
Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For a complete list of species, consult appendix 2.

Total
number of Total
Transition Campo
Crystalline Sedimentary Arboreal Chapada Riverine Aquatic occurrences number of
Crystalline / Inselberg Agreste Maior Unclassified
Species Caatinga Caatinga Caatinga Diamantina forest Communities in occurrences
Sedimentary (n= 11) (n=6) Ecotone (n= 21)
(n= 34) (n= 18) (n= 9) (n= 3) (n= 10) (n= 11) terrestrial in the CPD
(n= 6) (n= 2)
ecosystems (n= 131)
(n= 120)
Melochia
9 3 1 4 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 24 24
tomentosa
Tacinga
13 2 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 24 24
palmadora
Tacinga
4 6 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 20 20
inamoena
Mollugo
4 3 2 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 15 16
verticillata

99
Neoglaziovia
4 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 16
variegata
Waltheria
1 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 14 16
americana
Alternanthera
2 3 2 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 15 15
brasiliana
Delilia
4 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 13 15
biflora
Sida
2 6 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15
galheirensis
Euphorbia
6 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 12 14
hyssopifolia
Tillandsia
2 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14
recurvata

100
3- Quantifying and comparing the floristic differences between environment types within
the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain

The most widespread environment types within the CPD are the crystalline and
sedimentary caatingas. We consider these environments to be the “core” caatinga flora.
Added to these “core” environments, there are more restricted habits (e.g. riverine forests)
or transitional areas (Agreste, Caatinga in Campo Maior and Arboreal Caatinga) that add
more species to the flora of the CPD. Crystalline Caatinga, Sedimentary Caatinga, the
Transition Crystalline/Sedimentary, the Agreste ecotone, inselbergs and riverine forest
grouped together in both group and ordination analyzes. More peripheral sites like the
Caatinga in Campo Maior and the Arboreal Caatinga formed, together with the Caatinga in
the Chapada Diamantina, areas reasonably different from the core sites [Fig. 4; Fig. 5]. The
most distinctive environments within the CPD were 1) the Aquatic communities, 2) the
Caatinga in Campo Maior, and 3) the group formed by the caatingas of Chapada
Diamantina and Arboreal Caatinga of Minas Gerais.

101
 FIGURE 4. UPGMA dendrogramdrogram showing the floristic relationsips among the environment types
in the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain using (A) the frequency of the species in each
environment type, and (B) incidence data. Crystalline: Crystalline caatinga; Transition: Transitional
Transition
areas between crystalline and sedimentary caatingas; Sedimentary: sedimentary caatinga;
Inselbergs: Inselberg rocky outcrop communities; Riverine: Riverine forests within the Caatinga
Domain; Agreste: Dry forests in the Agreste ecotone between Caatinga Domain and Atlantic Forest
Domains (wet forests in Agreste were not considered in the analysis); Arboreal Caa: Arboreal
caatinga of northern Minas Gerais; Campo Maior: sites in Campo maior region, ecotone between
Caatinga and Cerrado domains; Aquatic: Aqua
Aquatic
tic communities within the Caatinga domain.

102
FIGURE 5.. NMS ordination showing the floristic relationsips among the environment types in the
Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain based in (A) the frequency of each species in each environment
type, and (B) incidence data. Final stress for two dimensional solution= 4.53722.

4- Accounting the habit spectra of communities in the CPD

We found 18 papers that sampled both woody and non non-woody

woody plants (general
floristic sampling) and reported, in the floristic table
tables,
s, the habit of each species collected.
These papers resulted in 2421 records of habits, of which 1247 records were for woody
plants, 234 for woody climbers, 790 for nonnon-woody
woody plants, 118 for climbing non-woody
non

103
plants and 32 for hemiparasites and epiphytes [Table 6]. The woody habit was predominant
in sedimentary areas and in the only Agreste site included in this analysis, while the non-
woody habit was predominant in crystalline areas and in the single inselberg and riverine
forest sites for which we have data suitable for this analysis. When we evaluate the mean
habit spectrum for all 18 sites we see that the summed sites had a predominance of woody
plants (51.5% of the records plus 9.7% of woody climbers), followed by non woody species
(32.6% plus 4.9% of non woody climbers).

Both epiphytes and hemiparasites comprise a small number of species in the

Caatinga domain [Table 6; Fig. 6]. Epiphytes corresponded to 0.6% of the records and
hemiparasites 0.7%, being always a minor component in the Caatinga Domain [Table 6;
Fig. 6]. We recorded only 11 species of epiphytes in the Caatinga Domain, with only three
families represented (Bromeliaceae – eight species; Orchidaceae – two species; Araceae –
one species), Tillandsia Linnaeus (1753: 286) being the richest epiphytic genus (with six
species) [Appendix 2]. Hemiparasites were similarly poorly represented, with only seven
species recorded (but some records were assigned only to genus level, including records of
Phthirusa Martius (1830: 110), Oryctanthus (Grisebach) Eichler in Martius (1868: 22),
Struthanthus Martius (1830: 102-104) and Phoradendron Nuttall (1848: 185-186) in two
families (Loranthaceae and Santalaceae). These totals take into account three species of
Loranthaceae and Santalaceae, incorrectly reported by papers as epiphytes, but actually
hemiparasites, and thus reclassified here [Appendix 2].

104
TABLE 6. Habit spectra of plant communities in the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain.

Number
Woody Climber Non woody Climber Non Epiphytes Hemiparasites
References Environment type % Total of
(%) Woody (%) (%) Woody (%) (%) (%)
species
Santos & Melo Caatinga (unclassified
61.7 2.1 27.7 8.5 0.0 0.0 100 47
(2010) subtype)
Tölke et al.
Inselberg 24.7 11.3 46.4 16.5 1.0 0.0 100 97
(2011)
Souza & Rodal
Riverine forest 33.3 1.3 60.3 3.8 0.0 1.3 100 78
(2010)
Alcoforado-Filho
Caatinga in Agreste 61.5 11.5 20.8 6.3 0.0 0.0 100 96
et al. (2003)
Transition
Pinheiro et al.
crystalline/sedimentary 58.7 6.7 18.7 16.0 0.0 0.0 100 150
(2010)
3
Transition
Lemos (2004) crystalline/sedimentary 71.0 5.7 21.4 1.4 0.0 0.5 100 210
2
Transition
Lemos &
crystalline/sedimentary 59.4 15.6 17.5 5.6 1.3 0.6 100 160
Meguro (2010)
1
Araújo et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 9 49.6 11.2 34.0 4.8 0.0 0.4 100 250
(2011)
Araújo et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 8 50.0 9.6 39.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 100 136
(2011)
Rodal et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 7 54.7 7.9 24.5 8.6 2.2 2.2 100 139
(1999)
Rocha et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 6 57.6 4.7 28.2 5.9 0.0 3.5 100 85
(2004)
Oliveira et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 5 59.3 16.0 23.5 1.2 0.0 0.0 100 81
(1997)
Gomes et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 4 51.0 8.9 32.8 2.6 3.1 1.6 100 192
(2006)
Figueiredo et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 3 53.3 15.8 23.3 2.5 1.7 3.3 100 120
(2000)
Araújo et al. Sedimentary Caatinga 2 63.0 13.6 21.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 100 184
105
(1998)
Andrade et al.
Sedimentary Caatinga 1 42.4 13.3 42.4 1.3 0.6 0.0 100 158
(2004)
Araújo et al.
Crystalline Caatinga 2 26.3 6.6 63.5 3.6 0.0 0.0 100 137
(2011)
Costa et al.
Crystalline Caatinga 1 30.7 3.0 64.4 2.0 0.0 0.0 100 101
(2009)
Total % of all Mean spectrum of all
51.5 9.7 32.6 4.9 0.6 0.7 100.0 -
records 18 sites
Total number of 2421
1247 234 790 118 15 17 -
records records

106
 In general, both woody and non woody plants are major components in Caatinga,
with a predominance of woody species in sedimentary sites and non
non-woody
woody in crystalline
sites. Roughly speaking woody plants comprised 60% of the records in these 18 sites
against 40% of non woody plants, a ratio of 1:0.66 woody:non woody records.

FIGURE 6.. Habit spectra reported in the 18 floristic papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain where general flora (woody + non woody plants) was sampled and habit data reported for
each species.

107
5- Is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain well collected and how many species are out
there?

The environment type with the largest number of observed species in the CPD was
the sedimentary caatinga, with 753 species reported in 1704 records, followed by the
inselbergs (665 species in 1162 records), the transitional areas between crystalline and
sedimentary caatingas (436 species in 635 records) and the crystalline caatinga (396 species
in 1122 records) [Table 7; Fig. 7; 8]. The number of records for each species in each
environment type is presented in Appendix 5. The sedimentary Caatinga had also the
largest estimated richness, ranging from 1126 (Jackkinfe 1 index) to 1368 species (ICE
index), followed by the inselbergs (992-1196 estimated species). The environment with the
smallest estimated number of species was the arboreal caatinga, with richness estimates
ranging from 161-181 species, followed by the aquatic communities (estimated richness
233 to 278 species). But it must be noted that all nine papers on arboreal caatinga sampled
only woody plants [Table 1], ignoring the non-woody component [that usually comprises a
considerable proportion of the biodiversity in Caatinga – Fig. 6] and thus the estimated
species richness for arboreal caatinga is lower than if non-woody plants had been available
for inclusion.

108
 TABLE 7. Number of species lists available for each environment type within the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain, with the observed number
of species in each environment, the confidence interval for the observed number of species (calculated through 1,000 randomizations) and the
expected number of species estimated by ICE, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 richness estimators indices calculated with EstimateS software
(Colwell 2009). We also present the gap between the largest richness estimate by indices and the actual reported number of species. The estimators
were not calculated for Chapada Diamantina and Campo Maior caatingas due the small number of studies available for these environments.

Difference
Observed Observed
between the
number of number of Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated estimated
Observed largest
Number species species richness - richness - richness - richness - % of the
Environment type number of estimated
of sites (95% CI (95% CI ICE Chao 2 Jackknife Jackknife sampled
species richness and
Lower Upper Index Index 1 Index 2 Index biodiversity
observed
Bound) Bound)
richness
Crystalline Caatinga 34 396 373.2 418.8 679.3 606.8 588.2 689.7 293.7 57.4
Sedimentary Caatinga 18 753 719.0 786.9 1368.0 1280.1 1126.1 1353.4 615.0 55.0
Transition
6 436 408.4 463.6 984.1 872.6 681.0 824.2 548.1 44.3
Crystalline/Sedimentary
Arboreal Caatinga 9 118 97.4 138.6 173.7 164.1 160.7 181.0 55.7 67.9
Agreste 6 240 211.4 268.6 732.0 658.6 386.7 484.3 492.0 32.8
Inselberg 11 655 624.4 685.6 1196.5 1082.5 992.3 1177.3 541.5 54.7
Riverine forest 10 196 169.9 222.1 425.1 569.8 300.4 380.4 373.8 34.4
Aquatic communities 11 160 136.3 183.7 265.5 274.3 232.7 277.6 117.6 57.7
Chapada Diamantina 3 108 - - - - - - - -
Campo Maior 2 85 - - - - - - - -
Unclassified Caatinga
21 181 - - - - - - - -
subtype
Total 131 1737 1688.6 1785.4 2639.1 2681.6 2475.3 2921.7 1184.7 59.5

109
 FIGURE 7.Rarefaction
.Rarefaction curves showing the number of observed species in the different
environmental types within the Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain, with the 95% confidence
interval for the observations (calculated with 1,000 randomizations), and the number of species
estimated by ICE, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 indices. Available data for Campo Maior
and Chapada Diamantina (two and three areas, respectively), were insufficient for calculation of
ICE and Chao 2 indices.

110
 FIGURE 8.. Rarefaction curve showing the total observed number of species (with the 95%
confidence interval obtained with 1,000 randomizations) for the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain as a whole (summing all 131 surveys) and the expected total nnumber
umber of species in CPD
estimated by ICE, Chao 2, Jackknife 1 and Jackknife 2 indices.

In general it can be seen from both rarefaction curves and richness estimator indices
that the number of recorded species in all environments is still growing as new studies
st are
added [Fig. 7; 8]. The gap between the estimated richness and the sampled richness ranged
from 33 to 68% of the estimated total number of species [Table 7]. When we computed the
observed and estimated number of species in the whole CPD we see tha thatt there was an
estimated 1185 uncollected species. This suggests that at least 40% of the species of the
CPD have not yet been included in sitesite-based
based floristic or phytosociological studies [Table
7].

6- Determining which are the most problematic genera an

andd families for
identification in floristic and phytosociologica studies

Of the 8076 records collated from the 131 surveys in our database, 1138 (14.1%)
were records not assigned to species level. These included 1082 partial identifications (i.e.
those identified only to genus or to family level) and a further 56 records not assigned
as even
to a family. The most problematic genera for generalist botanists to identify in floristic and
phytosociological studies were Croton Linnaeus (1753: 1004-1005) 1005) (49 records not
assigned to species level), Eugenia Linnaeus (1753: 470-471) and Mimosa Linnaeus (1753:
516-523)
523) (30 records each), and Solanum Linnaeus (1753: 184–188) 188) (20 records) [Table 8;

111
Appendix 6] and the families presenting most problems were Fabaceae (134 records not
assigned to species level), Euphorbiaceae (118), Myrtaceae (70) and Bignoniaceae and
Malvaceae (52 records each) [Table 9; Appendix 7].

TABLE 8.Genera with at least 10 records not determined to species level in our database of the
Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For the complete list of genera with partial identifications see
Appendix 6.

Number of Number of
unidentified unidentified
Genus records Genus records
Croton 49 Sida 14
Eugenia 30 Erythroxylum 12
Mimosa 30 Sapium 12
Solanum 20 Cyperus 11
Ipomoea 17 Arrabidaea 10
Cordia 15 Banisteriopsis 10
Manihot 14
Total number of records not identified
to species level 1138

TABLE 9.Families with at least 10 partial identifications (records assigned only to genus or only to
family level) in our database of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. For the complete list of
families with numbers partial identifications see Appendix 7.

Number of
Number of
Family Family unidentified
unidentified records
records
Fabaceae 134 Amaranthaceae 16
Euphorbiaceae 118 Nyctaginaceae 16
Myrtaceae 70 Lamiaceae 15
Bignoniaceae 52 Cucurbitaceae 13
Malvaceae 52 Erythroxylaceae 13
Rubiaceae 38 Lythraceae 13
Convolvulaceae 36 Turneraceae 13
Malpighiaceae 34 Commelinaceae 12
Asteraceae 30 Sapindaceae 12
Poaceae 28 Acanthaceae 11
Solanaceae 27 Cactaceae 11
Cyperaceae 22 Portulacaceae 11
Boraginaceae 21 Celastraceae 10
Records not assigned to any
Apocynaceae 20 family 56

112
 Verbenaceae 18
Total number of records not identified to
species level 1138

Discussion

1 and 2- Documenting the scientific names applied in floristic and phytosociological

studies of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain and determining the richest families
and genera and the more frequent species throughout the Caatinga Phytogeographic
Domain

Most of the names reported in our dataset (1568) are accepted names for species
recognized in the Lista do Brasil (Forzza et al. 2010; 2011). It is important to note that
whether the taxonomic identification of individual collections was accurate or not is a
question beyond the scope of this study. However, the literature also included 355
synonyms i.e. names not currently considered the correct name for an accepted species.
Resolution of such synonymy is an important first step in comparing lists from different
sites. Without such a reconciliation step, the diversity of the Caatinga as a whole would be
over-estimated in our study and the degree of floristic resemblance between sites would, in
general, be underestimated. Globally, about 60% of plant names at species level are
considered to be synonyms (Paton et al. 2008). A comparable figure for all the species
names in papers included in our study is just 18%. So, viewed in the global context the
proportion of synonyms encountered in our study may appear relatively low. We attribute
this to the relative recency of the literature being surveyed, the vast majority being
published after 2000. The number of synonyms in use might be expected to decrease
further in the very latest floristic papers because of the electronic taxonomic databases
which are now widely available. While access by non-specialists to taxonomic information
was until very recently rather restricted and primarily via print format (which is quickly
outdated), a complete checklist of plant species from Brazil is now available on the internet
and is continuously updated (Forzza et al. 2011; Thomas et al. 2012). We hope that having
access to this up to date, specialist maintained, freely accessible data source, generalist
botanists will improve the quality of their data, reported through floristic and
phytosociological work. The use of misapplied names can also be expected to decline, as
now botanists can check the Brazilian official list of species to see if the name they intend
to use is or not consistent with the taxonomic data available.

One of the worst problems for those gathering data from floristic papers is presented
by very oddly misspelled names (orthographic variants) or names which have never been
validated (principally nomina nuda for which descriptions have not been published),
because these names lack taxonomic information unambiguously associated with them.

113
Fortunately electronic databases as IPNI (http://www.ipni.org/) and The Plant List
(http://www.theplantlist.org/) are powerful tools to allow one to check the names. Name
strings at species level which cannot be matched in these large, international databases are
very likely to be nomina nuda or misspelled names. The coverage of these resources is less
complete at infraspecific level. The digital era now enables the evaluation even of very
large species lists quickly and automatically using on line tools as the Taxonomic Name
Resolution Service (http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org/) or Plant Miner (Carvalho et al.
2010), which checks a whole list of names at once.

During the updating of our species lists, we relied mainly on the on line database of
the “Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil” (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br), complemented
by the “The Plant List” and IPNI databases to check our dataset. Names reported as
accepted in The Plant List, but not recorded in the Flora of Brazil database were the most
obvious candidates to be misapplied names and we consulted specialists to get more
information on them (and a few proved to be genuine omissions from the Flora of Brazil).
We present here the complete list of names gathered, in order to provide a comprehensive
catalogue, including also the nomina nuda and misapplied names, what was enormously
facilitated by the recent availability of on-line taxonomic databases.

We consider the catalogue presented here to be one of the most comprehensive

available listing of the plant species of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. However,
the coverage of the catalogue is, of necessity, limited by the distribution and quality of the
surveys from which the catalogue records are synthesized. Thus the catalogue can be
expected to provide a fuller and more informative picture of the caatinga flora of
Pernambuco and Paraíba states than, for example of the relatively poorly sampled caatinga
of Bahia or indeed the states of Sergipe, Alagoas and Maranhão for which no lists suitable
for inclusion in our study have been found up to 2011. Furthermore, since more than half of
the studies to date focused exclusively on woody plants [Table 1], the non-woody
component is clearly under-represented in our list. Moreover, while some environment
types, such as sedimentary caatinga and inselbergs, were represented mostly by studies
sampling general flora (both woody and non woody plants), crystalline caatinga, arboreal
caatinga and riverine forests had sampling strongly skewed towards woody plants, with
most studies ignoring the non woody component. Arboreal caatinga, for example, was
among the least rich in our analysis [Table 7; Fig. 7], and this seems to be related to the fact
that non woody plants were omitted from the sampling of these environments, reducing the
number of species reported in each paper, which, in turn, were used to estimate the total
number of species. These inherent biases are unavoidable in any study of this kind and
should be taken into account in any analysis of the content of the catalogue as a whole.

Another bias in the data is that some plant groups were clearly underreported. Only
one species of non vascular plant (Ricciocarpos natans (Linnaeus) Corda in Opiz (1829:
651), with two occurrences) was reported, while the number of bryophyte species reported

114
to Caatinga by Forzza et al. (2010) was 93 species. Although there are some studies
focused on non vascular plants in the CPD (e.g. Pôrto et al. 1994; Pôrto & Bezerra 1996), it
is clear that generalist botanists collecting in the CPD are paying little attention to these
plants. As non vascular plants are small, and not easily identified by general botanists, they
often ignore them when collecting. Nevertheless we found a better picture related to Ferns.
While Xavier et al. (2012) lists 36 species for the Caatinga, 14 species were reported by the
compiled studies.

The same situation occurs with invasive species. Moro et al. (2012) called attention
to the fact that in Brazil there is great variation in approaches dealing with exotic plants in
botanical studies. Some researchers exclude from their species lists all non native species,
resulting in a situation where invasive plants are underreported. While Fabricante and
Siqueira Filho (2012), for example, recorded over 60 exotic species in one more localized
region of the CPD, we found, in the whole dataset only 32 exotic species reported. It would
be of great utility for botanists to collect and report invasive species, allowing ecologists to
map the distribution of these plants. We recommend that invasive plants in the study site of
floristic surveys should be reported and clearly tagged as exotic plants in the species lists as
suggested elsewhere (Moro et al. 2012).

In summary, a range of taxonomic, geographic and life-form biases can be detected

in the dataset as a whole. However, for the analyses designed to address aims 3-6, described
above and discussed below, every care has been taken to select subsets of the data in which
any such biases are eliminate or at least minimized. Acknowledging the known biases in
the Catalogue as a whole, it is nonetheless of interest, to a naturalist at least, to compare the
salient features of this caatinga synthesis with those of other syntheses. The families
represented by most species in our catalogue coincide closely with the top ten families
listed by Forzza et al. (2010) for the Caatinga phytogeographic domain sensu lato.
Fabaceae tops the list in each case and no fewer than eight families are common to the top
ten of both lists. Family differences between the lists can be explained primarily by (i) the
bias of the present list in favour of woody species and (ii) the broader definition of Caatinga
employed by Forzza et al. (2010). Thus, Orchidaceae and Melastomataceae, the ninth and
tenth most speciose families for Caatinga in the Lista do Brasil, are certainly under-
represented in our list not only because data for non-woody species are available from
fewer than half of our sites, but also because Forzza’s broader definition of the Caatinga
would include the campos rupestres which are particularly rich in Melastomes and Orchids.
The two families which feature among the top ten most diverse in our list, but not in
Forzza’s list for Caatinga are Convolvulaceae and Bignoniaceae, again attributable to the
woody bias in our list. Similarly, the herbaceous families Poaceae and Cyperaceae occupy
lower ranks on our list (6th and 9th respectively) than they do on the Lista do Brasil
Caatinga table (2nd and 7th respectively).

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 In terms of the most species-rich genera, the Lista do Brasil for Caatinga shows that
the genera represented by most species in our list [Table 3] are typically reported as having
almost twice as many species for the Caatinga as a whole by Forzza et al. (2010).
Comparison of these lists might suggest that genera such as Chamaecrista Moench (1794:
272) and Turnera Linnaeus (1753: 271) are particularly under-represented in our database
but, again, this is attributable to the inclusion of the campos rupestres in the
circumscription of caatinga used in the Lista do Brasil. The genera for which species
numbers for our list most closely match species numbers reported for Caatinga s.l. in
Forzza et al. (2010) are woody taxa such as Machaerium Persoon (1807: 276), Hyptis
Jacquin (1786: 101) and Erythroxylum Browne (1756: 278).

Concerning species distributions, our analysis suggests that plants in Caatinga have
distributions which are more restricted than those of the Cerrado savannas, with relatively
few species which can be considered widespread. Among the woody plants of our dataset
only six out of 849 species were reported at 50% or more of the sites [Table 4]. In contrast,
in their larger Cerrado metanalysis Ratter et al. (2003) found that 38 out of 951 woody
species occurred in at least 50% of the sites surveyed. Pennington et al. (2009) argued that
the woody species of the dry forests of South America are dispersal limited, and that this
influences the ecological and evolutionary patterns of this whole ecosystem. Our findings,
showing a lower proportion of widespread woody species in caatinga than in cerrado, agree
with Pennington’s argument. Furthermore, although far less complete, and subject to the
biases discussed above, the data for non woody species show a similar pattern. None of the
recorded non woody species was reported from 50% or more of sites [Table 5], suggesting
that herbaceous species in the caatinga are even more dispersal-limited.

3- Quantifying and comparing the floristic differences between environment types within
the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain

The CPD is the largest area of seasonal dry formations in South America and is
exposed to a range of environmental factors, as different soil types, geologies, and gradients
in temperature and rainfall. But among all these factors, two major types of environment
are highlighted: crystalline and sedimentary terrains. Several authors have demonstrated
that crystalline and sedimentary sites have distinct floras (Gomes et al. 2006, Queiroz 2006,
Cardoso & Queiroz 2007, Araújo et al. 2011). We extended this analysis to the whole set of
CPD environments for which floristic information was available and show that the picture
is more complex. Taken as a whole, the data available to date support the differences
between crystalline and sedimentary formations, but on a sub continental scale, these two
environments seem to form, jointly with the inselbergs, the “floristic core” of Caatinga.

116
 Aquatic communities were the most distinctive community within the CPD, as
would be expected, since the aquatic environment is a completely different type of habitat,
requiring specific adaptations and thus home to a specific flora which is adapted to it. It is
worth noting that studies in Aquatic communities in Caatinga are very recent. The first
paper on the topic which we could locate (França et al. 2003) was published less than ten
years ago and only now, with more studies on aquatic plants available (Lima et al. 2011,
Moura Júnior et al. 2011), an initial synthesis became possible.

Considering, the ordination and the group analysis we see that close to the core flora
of Caatinga are both the Agreste ecotone to the atlantic forest and the riverine forests. Each
of these had a relatively high number of species in common with the core Caatinga, but
while the seasonality and water shortage is very harsh in the core Caatinga ecosystems, in
Agreste region the climate is milder and the rainfall is usually more abundant (Porto et al.
2004). In general, the closer to the ocean or the greater the altitude the greater the rainfall,
and this allows the presence of species of the Atlantic Domain in these ecotonal areas
(Porto et al. 2004, Rodal et al. 2008).

Because of the less marked seasonality, one could expect to encounter some floristic
elements from Mata Atlantica in the Agreste environment (Porto et al. 2004; Rodal et al.
2008), but the close resemblance between Agreste and Riverine forest is notable here.
Apparently these latter two environments have many species in common with the core
CPD, but also share species not present in the core environments. In their classic paper on
gallery forests in the Cerrado, Oliveira-Filho & Ratter (1995) showed that these riverine
forests acted as an ecological corridor for moisture adapted Atlantic and Amazonian species
to cross the seasonal cerrado savanna areas. Our results suggest that something similar
could be happening in the CPD, with the transitional Agreste having some distinctive
species not found in the Core Caatinga (probably coming from the Atlantic Forest) and the
Riverine forest acting as an ecological corridor for these species. While plants adapted to
wet environments could have problems to survive in the core Caatinga environments, the
more humid riverine forests could offer a pathway for some of these plants to cross the
semiarid region. We cannot test this hypothesis here but it could explain the pattern we
observed in our data.

The inselberg surveys we compiled range from those in the Agreste region, in the
transition to the Atlantic forest, to those located within the Crystalline Caatinga. While
inselbergs in drier areas include species very typical of the crystalline caatinga, those in
more humid sites show species adapted to more humid condictions, as Begonia Linnaeus
(1753: 1056), Orchidaceae and other taxa (see also Chapters 3 and 4).

More distinctive floristic conjuncts were observed in the caatingas of Chapada

Diamantina, Campo Maior and Arboreal Caatinga of northern Minas Gerais [Fig. 4; Fig. 5].
These were the most distinctive terrestrial ecosystems in our data and are known to be in

117
three ecotonal areas. The Campo Maior is the area where the CPD has a complex transition
to the Cerrado Domain and represents the northewestern most transitional site of the CPD
(Velloso et al. 2002, Farias & Castro 2004). The Arboreal Caatinga of Minas Gerais
represented the southwestern most transition to the Cerrado and also had a distinct flora
within the CPD [Fig. 4; Fig. 5]. This result supports those of Santos et al. (2012) who tested
the influence of environment in structuring plant communities in the CPD and concluded
that the Arboreal Caatinga is a particular subtype within the domain.

The Caatinga of the Chapada Diamantina formed a group together with the Arboreal
Caatinga [Fig. 4] and was positioned between Arboreal Caatinga and the Caatinga in
Campo Maior in the NMS ordination, a result consistent with the geographic position of the
Chapada Diamantina highlands between these two ecotones. But the biogeographical
picture may be much more complex, because the Chapada Diamantina is a region where
caatinga, cerrado, wet forests and rocky grasslands meet in complex transitions (Juncá et al.
2005). How the transitions occur within the Chapada Diamantina and how the many
subtypes of communities relate floristically to each other are points for future studies, but
our data suggest that the caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina is floristically very different
from the core CPD areas and approaches the floras of the Arboreal Caatingas, a result
which may be more readily explained when more floristic studies (preferably not confined
to woody plants) become available. The matrix with the frequency of all species on each
environment type is available on appendix 5.

4- Accounting the habit spectra of communities in the CPD

A clear characteristic of the Caatinga Domain is that non-woody plants represent a

considerable proportion of the plant diversity [Table 6; Fig. 6]. The contribution of non-
woody plants (including non-woody climbers and self sustaining non woody plants) ranged
from lowest values of 23% in a sedimentary caatinga and a transitional area to over 60% of
species in the crystalline caatinga sites. When we compare these data with spectra in studies
of life-forms (Costa et al. 2007, Araújo et al. 2011), it is clear that although non-woody
plants constitute a considerable proportion of the species in both crystalline and
sedimentary communities, crystalline caatinga sites generally have much larger proportions
of non-woody plants, while in sedimentary sites woody plants tend to be the most
prominent component (Araújo et al. 2011) [Table 6; Fig. 6]. Thus in crystalline areas,
which comprise the most extensive environment type in the Caatinga Domain (Velloso et
al. 2002), and where the majority of studies focused only on woody plants (27 of 34 studies
– 79%), half or more of the local plant diversity has been ignored by most studies.

Moreover, only a small number of floristic surveys in crystalline caatinga report the
habit of individual species, reducing the availability of habit data for the communities

118
within the CPD. We recommend that further floristic studies should sample both woody
and non-woody plants and report the habits (and when possible life-forms) of all species
observed, in order to achieve a better characterization of their studied plant communities.
Even when one is doing phytosociological work focused primarily on the woody
component it is possible to devote some effort to random floristic collections, a suggestion
already made in our manual of phytosociological methods for Brazil (Moro & Martins
2011).

Both epiphytes and hemiparasites were secondary elements in communities within

the Caatinga Domain. But while hemiparasites are not especially diverse in other Brazilian
phytogeographical domains (Moro, personal observation), epiphytes are a very species rich
component of the neighbouring Atlantic Forest Domain, but not in Caatinga. The dearth of
epiphytes is no doubt because Caatinga is a semiarid, highly seasonal domain, a harsh
environment for tender epiphytes, more used to surviving in humid forests with closed
canopy.

The dearth of habit data for the Crystalline Caatinga in the literature almost
certainly reduced the proportion of non-woody plants in the mean spectrum we calculated,
but these proportions are likely to change if more crystalline sites (likely to be more rich in
herbs) are added. Nevertheless, our result is of value as a conservative, first approximation
of the important role that non-woody plants play in the biodiversity of the CPD and is the
first attempt of which we are aware to calculate a mean habit spectrum for the Caatinga.
Based on our data we expect that in general non-woody plants will be a more prominent
component in Crystalline Caatinga than in Sedimentary Caatinga and show that despite the
many studies focused only on woody plants, a considerable proportion of the known plant
diversity of the CPD is represented in the non-woody stratum.

5- Is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain well collected and how many species are out
there?

The Catalogue of Plants and Fungi of Brazil (Forzza et al. 2010) reported 4,320
species of Angiosperms, 93 Bryophytes and 25 ferns and two Gymnosperms in the
Caatinga sensu latissimo, including species reported from enclaves of other biomes (e.g.
wet forest) occurring within the Caatinga. We have compiled for the CPD (excluding
cerrado, Atlantic forest and campos rupestres enclaves inside Caatinga) over 1,700 species
and estimated the number of species in the CPD to be 2,921 species. Forzza’s and ours can
be seen as estimates at either extreme of the true number of species present in the CPD.
Forzza’s number seems high because it uses a very broad definition of Caatinga, including
in their account also enclaves of cerrado, Atlantic forest and campos rupestres (renowned
for their species richness and endemism) within the Caatinga Domain. Thus Forzza et al.

119
(2010) give a good general list of species for this region of Brazil, but this probably
exceeds the actual number of species in the CPD. Our data, on the other hand, support a
very conservative figure. The steep slope of most collection curves and richness estimators,
for example, suggests that we can expect the observed number of species to grow when the
sampling effort is increased.

The CPD is recognized to have a high environmental heterogeneity, both climatic

and pedologic, that is thought to be reflected in its biodiversity (Araújo et al. 2005). From
the map showing locations of published floristic and phytosociological lists [Fig. 2], it is
clear that large areas of caatinga remain unsampled by floristic and phytosociological
studies, and are thus as yet unavailable for inclusion in metanalyses. The 131 papers used to
build this catalogue collectively contain records of more than 1700 native species, but this
number is likely to increase, as all richness estimator indices show that the expected
number of species is much higher than the observed number. We estimate that at least 40%
of the plant diversity of the CPD has not been reported by site-based floristic and
phytosociological surveys. In general, richness estimator indices tend to underestimate the
actual richness. Because of this our figures can be seen as a conservative estimate of the
true richness (Brose et al. 2003, Chao et al. 2006, Gotelli & Colwell 2011). Moreover,
when we look at our rarefaction and richness estimation graphs [Fig. 7; 8] it is clear that the
richness estimated by most indices is growing as the sampling effort increases. Thus it can
be argued that our estimates are doubly conservative and thus a good lower bound to the
CPD diversity.

The sedimentary caatinga was sampled by only 18 surveys, but these papers are
generally based on relatively large collection efforts, some involving sampling an area for
more than one year. On the other hand, we had 34 surveys in crystalline caatinga, but some
of them were very short term surveys, many of them ignoring the herbs and collecting only
woody plants. In fact, 22 of the crystalline caatinga surveys reported fewer than 30 species,
probably influencing the low estimated number of species for crystalline caatinga as a
whole. In total we collated 1122 plant records (for 396 species) from these 34 crystalline
caatinga papers as compared to 1704 records (for 753 plant species) from the 18 surveys
dealing with sedimentary areas. Thus although crystalline caatinga appears less rich than
sedimentary caatinga, the relatively low numbers of observed and estimated species [see
table 7] for crystalline sites are at least partly attributable to the lower sampling effort
invested there as compared to sedimentary sites which in general had a larger sampling
effort, with more time devoted to collect species. Moreover, 79% of the studies in
crystalline areas sampled only woody plants [Table 1], while the majority of its biodiversity
seems to be in the non woody component [Table 6; Fig. 6].

Site-based floristic work is an important precursor to biogeographic work,

modelling studies, and to mapping the potential distribution of species (e.g. Oliveira-Filho
& Fontes 2000, Ratter et al. 2003, Queiroz, 2006; Oliveira et al. 2013). Such studies are

120
therefore not only desirable in their own right but as a foundation for futher study and they
often have the added advantage of augmenting the coverage of herbaria collections. Here
we estimate the scale of the plant diversity of Caatinga and suggest (taking into
consideration the negative bias of indices) that almost half of plant diversity in Caatinga is
still not documenteded by site-based floristic and phytosociological studies. It is clear
where we should direct the sampling effort in future studies: there are vast areas in Bahia
state (especially in the south), and also in central Ceará, western Pernambuco and eastern
Piauí for which no site-based floristic or phytosociological studies have been published.
These are obvious places where botanists should focus in order to improve coverage of
Caatinga [Fig. 2].

6- Determining which are the most problematic genera and families for identification in
floristic and phytosociological studies

The partial identifications, to genus or just to family, under which many records were
published can provide valuable insights into the specific challenges facing botanists
documenting the flora of the Caatinga. In general the genera providing most problems for
generalist botanists to identify are also the richest genera. Croton Linnaeus (1753: 1004-
1005), Eugenia Linnaeus (1753: 470-471), Mimosa Linnaeus (1753: 516-523), Ipomoea
Linnaeus (1753: 159-162), Cyperus Linnaeus (1753: 44–47), Erythroxylum Browne (1756:
278) and Solanum Linnaeus (1753: 184–188), for example, are all represented in our study
by at least 10 different species and by at least 10 further records which could not be
identified to species level [Table 3; Table 8]. Some of these genera, such as Eugenia and
Erythroxylum are also recognized as problematic for botanists engaged in studies in the
Atlantic Forest (Caiafa & Martins 2007), but other problematic genera common in Atlantic
Forest (e.g. Ocotea Aublet (1775: 780-781), Myrcia Candolle (1827: 406), Miconia Ruiz &
Pavón (1794: 60) - Caiafa and Martins 2007) are not often found in the Caatinga, so pose
relatively few problems for botanists there [Appendix 6]. On the other hand, species-rich
genera of more open formations such as Croton, Mimosa and Ipomoea posed greater
difficulties for generalist botanists in the CPD [Table 8; Appendix 6]. Similarly, at family
level, the families presenting most problems for identifcation were usually represented in
the list of richest families [Table 2; Table 9; Appendix 7], with Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Myrtaceae, Bignoniaceae and Malvaceae having the ones with the largest number of
unidentified records.

That comparison of the lists of most speciose families/genera [Table 2; Table 3] with those
of the most problematic families/genera [Table 8; Table 9] should show a high degree of
congruence is scarcely surprising, since the taxa with most species will be more frequently
collected by botanists (e.g. Croton and Mimosa are in 1st and 3rd place respectively in each
list). The anomalies between the lists are arguably even more informative with respect to

121
which taxa are most challenging to identify. For example, Senna and Chamaecrista legume
genera are very rich in species, but are identified to species level in most of the collections,
perhaps reflecting the very substantial taxonomic work on Leguminosae of Northeastern
Brazil in recent decades (e.g. Queiroz 2009). In contrast, Eugenia is 8th in terms of species
diversity but second in terms of partial identifications, Solanum is 12th in terms of species
diversity but 4th for partial identifications and Cordia Linnaeus (1753: 190–191), joint 18th
in terms of species diversity takes 6th place for partial identifications. These latter genera
present identification problems out of proportion to their documented diversity in the
Caatinga, suggesting (i) a need for more taxonomic work on these groups in the CPD and
(ii) the possibility that these many partial identifications mask as yet undocumented species
diversity for these groups in the CPD (see Oliveira et al. 2013 for an example of a Caatinga
species that remained decades unidentified in herbaria and floristic papers).

We consider that a joint effect of lack of accessible taxonomic data sources is a major
problem for generalist botanists in Northeastern Brazil. While a specialist generally feels
comfortable in determining material from his/her group of speciality and in using very
specific taxonomic keys, generalists tend to rely much more on comparisons with material
deposited in herbaria and with photographs in plant guides to match their material to a
species. But in Northeastern Brazil there are relatively few large herbaria, and
identifications on specimens in those smaller herbaria tend to be much less reliable than
those in larger, much visited (and corrected/updated) herbaria. Nevertheless the access to
taxonomic data for future studies is increasing rapidly. Now the Flora of Brazil website
(Forzza et al. 2011, Thomas et al. 2012) offers together with an extensive list of accepted
names (and the most common synonyms) high resolution images of many herbarium sheets
confirmed by specialists. Moreover, free, high quality electronic keys are already available
to family level in the neotropics (Milliken et al. 2010), allowing botanists to assign a
collection to the correct family and then check in the Flora of Brazil website the accepted
names in that family. When eventually a complete Flora of Brazil is available, with
electronic keys for all genera/species, associated with images, descriptions and ecological
data, the rate of identification to species level is expected to improve. Nevertheless, having
a key to family level (e.g. the Neotropikey -
http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey.htm) accompanied by an updated
checklist of names and reliable identified images in the Flora of Brazil
(http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br) is a reality only very recently achieved by Brazilian
botanists. We expect these new resources to have a strong influence in the quality of
floristic and phytosociological data produced in the future.

Conclusions
Contrary to what had been assumed during the majority of the 20th century, the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain is a rich semiarid region. Its flora is being gradually better
122
studied and the number of floristic and phytosociological studies published annually is
increasing. Nevertheless there are large areas of Caatinga uncollected and some
environment types within the CPD (e.g. the Caatinga in Chapada Diamantina and Campo
Maior) have remarkably little data. Floristic and phytosociological works can be integrated
in synthesis studies and provide useful ecological and biogeographical insights about the
biodiversity of Caatinga. We see that although a large amount of information is already
available, there are many gaps in the geographical coverage of the published information
and we estimate that over 40% of the species existing in the domain were not sampled in
site-based floristic studies. This is also in part result of the bias towards woody plants, as
most of the papers published up to date deal only with trees and shrubs, ignoring the non-
woody component. We have shown that for most sites in the CPD non woody plants
comprise a considerable amount of the plant biodiversity (more than half of it in some
sites). Thus, new studies should ideally focus on areas with little data available [Fig. 2] and
should undertake sampling of both woody and non woody plants. We present here a
synthesis of both the nomenclatural information available to the Caatinga Domain and the
ecological information associated with this nomenclatural data. We hope this work can be a
reference about the general patterns existing in the CPD and especially we hope to have
offered a general picture about the existing knowledge on plant biodiversity within
Caatinga, what can allow botanists to note where there is special need for more data, as a
guide to where to focus future studies.

Acknowledgments
This work was only made possible through the kind support and cooperation of many
people and institutions. The authors want to thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do
Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp processes 2009/14266-7 and 2011/22498-5) and the
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) for the PhD. grants
awarded to the first author. We are specially grateful to Fapesp for the international grant
provided to to first author that allowed an one year interchange at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew. We are grateful to libraries’ staff that helped us to locate all the botanical
literature necessary for this work, but specially the librarians of the State University of
Campinas and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A large number of researchers helped us to
find rare papers and we are also grateful to them, with special reference to Professor Maria
Jesus Nogueira Rodal. Most of the taxonomic positions adopted here follow the “Lista de
Espécies da Flora do Brasil” database (http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/), but some two
hundred names presented here (mostly synonyms or misapplied names) were not available
in the Lista do Brasil and we had to consult taxonomists in order to determine the status of
each name. We are grateful to the taxonomists who shared their knowledge in order to
make this catalogue possible: Alessandro Rapini (Apocynaceae), Alexa Araujo de Oliveira
Paes Coelho (Portulacaceae), Ana Luiza Andrade Côrtes (Acanthaceae), Ana Maria
Azevedo Tozzi (Fabaceae), Anderson Ferreira P. Machado (Cannabaceae), André M.
Amorim (Malpighiaceae), Cyl Farney Catarino-De-Sá (Nyctaginaceae), Daniela Santos

123
Carneiro-Torres (Euphorbiaceae), Daniela Zappi (Rubiaceae), Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves
(Araceae), Efigênia de Melo (Polygonaceae), Elnatan Bezerra de Souza (Rubiaceae),
Fátima Regina G. Salimena (Verbenaceae), Gerleni Lopes Esteves (Malvaceae), Gordon C.
Tucker (Cyperaceae), Gustavo Hiroaki Shimizu (Vochysiaceae), Gwilym P. Lewis
(Fabaceae), Jair Eustáquio Quintino de Faria Júnior (Myrtaceae), Jefferson Prado
(Pteridophytes), João B. Baitello (Lauraceae), João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga
(Menispermaceae), José Floriano Pastore (Polygalaceae), José Rubens Pirani
(Anacardiaceae), Julie Dutilh (Liliaceae), Julio A. Lombardi (Vitaceae), Leonardo Biral
(Celastraceae), Lúcia G. Lohmann (Bignoniaceae), Luciana dos Santos Dias de Oliveira
(Euphorbiaceae), Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz (Fabaceae), Ludovic Jean Charles
Kollmann (Begoniaceae), Luisa Senna (Amaranthaceae), M. Fátima Araújo
(Euphorbiaceae), Marcelo Monge Egea (Asteraceae), Marccus Alves (Cyperaceae), Márcio
Lacerda Lopes Martins (Euphorbiaceae), Marco O. Pellegrini (Commelinaceae, Araceae),
Marcos Sobral (Myrtaceae), Margareth Ferreira de Sales (Euphorbiaceae), Maria Carolina
Abreu (Oxalidaceae), Maria de Fátima Agra (Solanaceae), Maria Iracema Bezerra Loiola
(Erythroxylaceae), Maria Mercedes Arbo (Turneraceae), Maria Salete Marchioretto
(Amaranthaceae), Maria Stapf (Boraginaceae), Marlon Machado (Cactaceae), Massimo
Bovini (Malvaceae), Nicholas Hind (Asteraceae), Pedro Fiaschi (Araliaceae), Raquel
Fernandes Monteiro (Bromeliaceae), Raymond Harley (Lamiaceae), Regina Célia de
Oliveira (Poaceae), Renato Goldenberg (Melastomataceae), Ricardo S. Couto
(Dioscoreaceae), Rodrigo A. Camargo (Fabaceae), Rodrigo Sampaio Rodrigues (Poaceae),
Ronaldo Marquete (Salicaceae), Rosangela Simão Bianchini (Convolvulaceae), Sérgio
Romaniuc Neto (Cannabaceae), Shirley Graham (Lythraceae), Silvana Vieira
(Marantaceae), Tânia R.S. Silva (Verbenaceae), Terry Pennington (Meliaceae, Sapotaceae),
Victor Martins Gonçalez (Malvaceae), Vinicius Castro Souza (Plantaginaceae), Xavier
Cornejo (Capparaceae). We would like to thank also Christine Barker from IPNI, who
helped to determine the correct spelling of some species and to determine whether some
names were nomina nuda or misspelled names. We did our best to update the names to
reflect the best taxonomic information available to us, but given the broad scope of the
catalogue some changes may have been overlooked. Any mistakes that remain are
authors’.

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 Appendix 1- Floristic and phytosociological lists used to build the catalogue of plants from
Caatinga and their references.

Nº State Environment category Authors Year Journal Vol. Pages

França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.; Acta Botanica
1 BA Aquatic communities 2003 17(4) 549-559
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes, Brasilica
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.; Acta Botanica
2 BA Aquatic communities 2003 17(4) 549-559
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes, Brasilica
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.; Acta Botanica
3 BA Aquatic communities 2003 17(4) 549-559
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes, Brasilica
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.; Acta Botanica
4 BA Aquatic communities 2003 17(4) 549-559
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes, Brasilica
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.; Acta Botanica
5 BA Aquatic communities 2003 17(4) 549-559
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes, Brasilica
D.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Góes Neto,
A.; Araújo, D.; Bezerra, M.G.; Acta Botanica
6 BA Aquatic communities 2003 17(4) 549-559
Ramos, H.M.; Castro, I.; Gomes, Brasilica
D.
Moura Júnior, E.G.; Abreu, M.C.;
7 BA Aquatic communities 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 731-742
Severi, W.; Lira, G.A.S.T.
Moura Júnior, E.G.; Abreu, M.C.;
8 BA Aquatic communities 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 731-742
Severi, W.; Lira, G.A.S.T.
Moura Júnior, E.G.; Abreu, M.C.;
9 BA Aquatic communities 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 731-742
Severi, W.; Lira, G.A.S.T.
Lima, L.F.; Silva, S.S.L.; Moura-
10 PE Aquatic communities 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 771-783
Júnior, E.G.; Zickel, C.S.
Lima, L.F.; Silva, S.S.L.; Moura-
11 PE Aquatic communities 2011 Rodriguésia 62(4) 771-783
Júnior, E.G.; Zickel, C.S.
Ratter, J.A.; Askew, G.P.; Revista Brasileira
12 MG Arboreal Caatinga 1978 1 47-58
Montgomery, R.F.; Gifford, D.R. de Botânica
Santos, R.M.; Barbosa, A.C.M.C.;
Almeida, H.S.; Vieira, F.A.;
13 MG Arboreal Caatinga 2011 Cerne 17(2) 247-258
Santos, P.F.; Carvalho, D.A.;
Oliveira-Filho, A.T.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
14 MG Arboreal Caatinga Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
15 MG Arboreal Caatinga Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
Gusmão, E.
132
 Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
16 MG Arboreal Caatinga Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
17 MG Arboreal Caatinga Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
18 MG Arboreal Caatinga Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
19 MG Arboreal Caatinga Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007 Revista Árvore 31(1) 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.; Santos,
20 MG Arboreal Caatinga P.F.; Morais, V.M.; Medeiros, 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(4) 154-162
M.A.
Campanha, M.M.; Araújo, F.S.;
Caatinga (unclassified
21 CE Menezes, M.O.T.; Silva, V.M.A.; 2011 Revista Caatinga 24(3) 94-101
subtype)
Medeiros, H.R.
Souza, J.T.; Mendes, P.G.A.;
Caatinga (unclassified Cadernos de
22 CE Sousa, J.R.; Silva, M.A.M.; Lima, 2007 2(2) 1-10
subtype) Cultura e Ciência
A.S.; Souza, M.M.A.
Caatinga (unclassified Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.; Acta Scientiarum.
23 PB 2010 32(3) 249-255
subtype) Oliveira, F.X. Biological Sciences
Caatinga (unclassified Paes-Silva, A.P.; Chaves, I.B.; Agropecuária
24 PB 2003 24(1) 47-59
subtype) Sampaio, E.V.S.B. Técnica
Caatinga (unclassified Queiroz, J.A.; Trovão, D.M.B.M.; Revista de Biologia
25 PB 2006 6(1) 251-259
subtype) Oliveira, A.B.; Oliveira, E.C.S. e Ciências da Terra
Caatinga (unclassified
26 PB Santos, A.C.J.; Melo, J.I.M. 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 32-40
subtype)
Albuquerque, S.G.; Soares,
Caatinga (unclassified J.G.G.; Guimarães Filho, C. Sitientibus Série 4(1/2
27 PE 2004 52-58
subtype) Oliveira, M.C. (includes Ciências Biológicas )
Albuquerque et al 1999)
Caatinga (unclassified Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.; Acta Botanica
28 RN 2009 23(4) 935-943
subtype) Oliveira, F.X. Brasilica
Caatinga (unclassified Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.; Acta Botanica
29 RN 2009 23(4) 935-943
subtype) Oliveira, F.X. Brasilica
Benevides, D.S.; Maracajá,
Caatinga (unclassified
30 RN P.B.;Sizenando Filho, F.A.; 2007 Revista Verde 2(1) 33-44
subtype)
Guerra, A.M.N.M.; Pereira, T.F.C.
Caatinga (unclassified
31 RN Cavalcanti, A.D.C.; Rodal, M.J.N. 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 41-50
subtype)
Caatinga (unclassified Cezar, A.F.; Sizenando Filho, F.A.;
32 RN 2006 Revista Verde 1(2) 100-112
subtype) Mesquita, L.X.; Costa, Y.C.S.
Revista Brasileira
Caatinga (unclassified Costa, T.C.C.; Oliveira, M.A.J.; de Engenharia
33 RN 2009 13 961-974
subtype) Accioly, L.J.O.; Silva, F.H.B.B. Agrícola e
Ambiental

133
 Freitas, R.A.C.; Sizenando Filho,
Caatinga (unclassified
34 RN F.A.; Maracajá, P.B.; Diniz Filho, 2007 Revista Verde 2(1) 135-147
subtype)
E.T.; Lira, J.F.B.
Lira, R.B.; Maracajá, P.B.; Agropecuária
Caatinga (unclassified
35 RN Miranda, M.A.S.; Sousa, D.D.; 2007 Científica no Semi- 3 23-30
subtype)
Melo, S.B.; Amorim, L.B. Árido
Caatinga (unclassified Maracajá, P.B.; Batista, C.H.F.; Revista de Biologia
36 RN 2003 3(2) ?
subtype) Sousa, A.H.; Vasconcelos, W.E. e Ciências da Terra
Miranda, M.A.S.; Maracajá, P.B.; Agropecuária
Caatinga (unclassified
37 RN Sousa, D.D.; Lira, R.B.; Melo, S.B. 2007 Científica no Semi- 3 31-43
subtype)
Amorim, L.B. Árido
Moreira, A.R.P.; Maracaja, P.B.;
Caatinga (unclassified
38 RN Guerra, A.M.N.M.; Sizenando 2007 Revista Verde 2(1) 113-126
subtype)
Filho, F.A.; Pereira, T.F.C.
Pessoa, M.F.; Guerra, A.M.N.M.;
Caatinga (unclassified
39 RN Maracajá, P.B.; Lira, J.F.B.; Diniz 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 40-48
subtype)
Filho, E.T.
Silva, J.S.; Linhares, P.C.F.;
Caatinga (unclassified
40 RN Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Mesquita, 2008 Revista Verde 3(4) 47-57
subtype)
L.X.; Maracajá, P.B.
Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Maracajá,
Caatinga (unclassified Revista de Biologia
41 RN P.B.; Diniz Filho, E.T.; Freitas, 2007 7(2) ?
subtype) e Ciências da Terra
R.A.C.
Caatinga in Agreste Revista Brasileira
Andrade, L.A.; Oliveira, F.X.;
42 PB (Ecotone to the Atlantic 2007 de Ciências 2(2) 135-142
Neves, C.M.L.; Felix, L.P.
Forest) Agrárias
Caatinga in Agreste
Revista Nordestina 17(1/
43 PB (Ecotone to the Atlantic Lourenço, C.E.L.; Barbosa, M.R.V. 2003 23-58
de Biologia 2)
Forest)
Pereira, I.M.; Andrade, L.A.;
Caatinga in Agreste
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
44 PB (Ecotone to the Atlantic 2003 Biotropica 35(2) 154-165
Barbosa,M.R.V. (includes Pereira
Forest)
et al 2001; 2002)
Caatinga in Agreste
Alcoforado-Filho, F.G.; Sampaio, Acta Botanica
45 PE (Ecotone to the Atlantic 2003 17(2) 287-303
E.V.S.B.; Rodal, M.J.N. Brasilica
Forest)
Caatinga in Agreste Andrade, W.M.; Lima, E.A.;
Revista de
46 PE (Ecotone to the Atlantic Rodal, M.J.N.; Encarnação, 2009 26(2) 161-184
Geografia
Forest) C.R.F.; Pimentel, R.M.M.
Caatinga in Agreste Reis, A.M.S.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz,
Revista Brasileira
47 PE (Ecotone to the Atlantic E.M.N.; Moura, A.N. (includes 2006 29(3) 497-508
de Botânica
Forest) Araújo et al 2005)
Caatinga in Campo
48 PI Maior (Ecotone to the Barros, J.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F. 2006 Interações 8(13) 119-130
Cerrado)
Caatinga in Campo
Acta Botanica
49 PI Maior (Ecotone to the Farias; R.R.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F. 2004 18(4) 949-963
Brasilica
Cerrado)
Caatinga in the Chapada Acta Botanica
50 BA Lima, P.C.F.; Lima, J.L.S. 1998 12(3) 441-450
Diamantina Brasilica
Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Caatinga in the Chapada
51 BA Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.; 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(3) 182-190
Diamantina
Maracajá, P.B.
134
 Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Caatinga in the Chapada
52 BA Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.; 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(3) 182-190
Diamantina
Maracajá, P.B.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
53 CE Crystalline Caatinga 2011 Rodriguésia 62(2) 341-366
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Costa, R.C.; Araújo, F.S.; Lima- Journal of Arid
54 CE Crystalline Caatinga 2007 68 237-247
Verde, L.W. Environments
Santos, L.C.; Veloso, M.D.M.;
55 CE Crystalline Caatinga Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Linhares, 2008 Revista Verde 3(2) 116-135
P.C.F.
Almeida Neto, J.X.; Andrade,
56 PB Crystalline Caatinga A.P.; Lacerda, A.V.; Félix, L.P.; 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(4) 187-194
Bruno, R.L.A.
Andrade, L.A.; Pereira, I.M.;
57 PB Crystalline Caatinga 2005 Cerne 11(3) 253-262
Leite, U.T.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
Andrade, M.V.M.; Andrade, A.P.;
58 PB Crystalline Caatinga Silva, D.S.; Bruno, R.L.A.; 2009 Revista Caatinga 22(1) 229-237
Guedes, D.S.
Araujo, K.D.; Parente, H.N.; Éder-
59 PB Crystalline Caatinga Silva, E.; Ramalho, C.I.; Dantas, 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(1) 63-70
R.T.; Andrade, A.P.; Silva, D.S.
Barbosa, M.R.V.; Lima, I.B.; Lima,
Oecologia
60 PB Crystalline Caatinga J.R.; Cunha, J.P.; Agra, M.F.; 2007 11(3) 313-322
Brasiliensis
Thomas, W.W.
Barbosa, M.R.V.; Lima, I.B.; Lima,
Oecologia
61 PB Crystalline Caatinga J.R.; Cunha, J.P.; Agra, M.F.; 2007 11(3) 313-322
Brasiliensis
Thomas, W.W.
Dantas, J.G.; Holanda, A.C.;
62 PB Crystalline Caatinga Souto, L.S.; Japiassu, A.; 2010 Revista Verde 5(1) 134-142
Holanda, E.M.
Oecologia
63 PB Crystalline Caatinga Fabricante, J.R.; Andrade, L.A. 2007 11(3) 341-349
Brasiliensis
64 PB Crystalline Caatinga Gomes, M.A.F. 1980 Vegetalia 14 1-27
65 PB Crystalline Caatinga Luna, R.G.; Coutinho, H.D.M. 2007 Revista Caatinga 20(2) 8-15
Acta Botanica 1077-
66 PB Crystalline Caatinga Santos, A.M.M.; Santos, B.A. 2008 22(4)
Brasilica 1084
Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Revista Brasileira
67 PE Crystalline Caatinga 1995 55(4) 595-607
Rodal, M.J.N. de Biologia
Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Revista Brasileira
68 PE Crystalline Caatinga 1995 55(4) 595-607
Rodal, M.J.N. de Biologia
69 PE Crystalline Caatinga Calixto Jr., J.T.; Drumond, M.A. 2011 Revista Caatinga 24(2) 67-74
Cantalice, J.R.B.; Silva, M.D.R.O.;
70 PE Crystalline Caatinga Rodrigues, J.J.V.; Rodal, M.J.N.; 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(4) 201-211
Pessoa, L.M.
Costa, K.C.; Lima, A.L.A.;
Revista Brasileira
Fernandes, C.H.M.; Silva,
71 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2009 de Ciências 4(1) 48-54
M.C.N.A.; Lins e Silva, A.C.B.;
Agrárias
Rodal, M.J.N.
Drumond, M.A.; Kiill, L.H.P.;
72 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2002 Brasil Florestal 74 37-43
Nascimento, C.E.S.
135
 Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
73 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2003 Phytocoenologia 33(1) 71-92
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
74 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2003 Phytocoenologia 33(1) 71-92
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Revista Brasileira
75 PE Crystalline Caatinga 1998 21(1) 7-15
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira, R.C.A. de Botânica
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Revista Brasileira
76 PE Crystalline Caatinga 1998 21(1) 7-15
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira, R.C.A. de Botânica
Pessoa, L.M.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Revista Nordestina
77 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2004 18(1) 27-53
Silva, A.C.B.L.; Costa, K.C.C. de Biologia
Rodal, M.J.N.; Costa, K.C.C.; Lins
78 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2008 Hoehnea 35(2) 209-217
e Silva, A.C.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
79 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
80 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
81 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.;
82 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(3) 192-205
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.
Santos, M.F.A.V.; Guerra, T.N.F.;
83 PE Crystalline Caatinga 2009 Rodriguésia 60(2) 389-402
Sotero, M.C.; Santos, J.I.N.
Amorim, I.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Acta Botanica
84 RN Crystalline Caatinga 2005 19(3) 615-623
Araújo, E.L. Brasilica
Santana, J.A.S.; Pimenta, A.S.;
85 RN Crystalline Caatinga Souto, J.S.; Almeida, F.V.; 2009 Revista Verde 4(4) 83-89
Pacheco, M.V.
Santos, L.C.; Moura, V.C.;
86 RN Crystalline Caatinga Sizenando Filho, F.A.; Mesquita, 2006 Revista Verde 1(2) 86-99
L.X.; Costa, Y.C.S.
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos,
A.K.A.; Melo, J.A.N.; Marques,
87 BA Inselberg 2005 Hoehnea 32(1) 93-101
M.; Silva-Filho, M.F.B.; Moraes,
L.; Machado, C.
88 BA Inselberg França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C. 1997 Sitientibus 17 163-176
89 BA Inselberg França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C. 1997 Sitientibus 17 163-184
Araújo, F.S.; Oliveira, R.F.; Lima-
90 CE Inselberg 2008 Rodriguésia 59(4) 659-671
Verde, L.W.
Fevereiro, P.C.A.; Fevereiro, Agropecuária
91 PB Inselberg 1980 1(1) 126-131
V.P.B. Técnica
Porto, P.A.F.; Almeida, A.;
92 PB Inselberg Pessoa, W.J.; Trovão, D.; Félix, 2008 Revista Caatinga 21(2) 214-222
L.P.
Tölke, E.E.A.; Silva, J.B.; Pereira,
93 PB Inselberg 2011 Biotemas 24(4) 39-48
A.R.L.; Melo, J.I.M.
Edinburgh Journal
94 PE Inselberg Gomes, P.; Alves, M. 2009 66(2) 329-346
of Botany
Revista Brasileira
95 PE Inselberg Gomes, P.; Alves, M. 2010 33(4) 661-676
de Botânica
Revista Brasileira
96 PE Inselberg Gomes, P.; Alves, M. 2010 33(4) 661-676
de Botânica

136
 Gomes, P.; Costa, K.C.C.; Rodal,
97 PE Inselberg 2011 Check List 7(2) 173-181
M.J.N.; Alves, M.
Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.; Natureza &
98 PB Riverine forest 2008 6(2) 61-67
Alves, A.S. Conservação
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.; Oecologia
99 PB Riverine forest 2007 11(3) 331-340
Barbosa, M.R.V. Brasiliensis
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
100 PB Riverine forest 2010 Biota Neotropica 10(4) 275-284
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
101 PB Riverine forest 2010 Biota Neotropica 10(4) 275-284
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
102 PB Riverine forest 2010 Biota Neotropica 10(4) 275-284
Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V.
Pegado, C.M.A.; Andrade, L.A.; Acta Botanica
103 PB Riverine forest 2006 20(4) 887-898
Félix, L.P.; Pereira, I.M. Brasilica
Trovão, D.M.B.M.; Freire, A.M.;
104 PB Riverine forest 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 78-86
Melo, J.I.M.
Ferraz, J.S.F.; Albuquerque, U.P.; Acta Botanica
105 PE Riverine forest 2006 20(1) 125-134
Meunier, I.M.J. Brasilica
Nascimento, C.E.S.; Rodal, Revista Brasileira
106 PE Riverine forest 2003 26(3) 271-287
M.J.N.; Cavalcanti, A.C. de Botânica
107 PE Riverine forest Souza, J.A.N.; Rodal, M.J.N. 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(4) 54-62
37(62
108 BA Sedimentary Caatinga Guedes, R.R. 1985 Rodriguésia 5-8
)
Rocha, P.L.B.; Queiroz, L.P.; Revista Brasileira
109 BA Sedimentary Caatinga 2004 27(4) 739-755
Pirani, J.R. de Botânica
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
110 CE Sedimentary Caatinga 2011 Rodriguésia 62(2) 341-366
L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno,
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
111 CE Sedimentary Caatinga L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno, 2011 Rodriguésia 62(2) 341-366
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
(includes Lima et al 2009)
Araújo, F.S.; Martins, F.R.; Revista Brasileira
112 CE Sedimentary Caatinga 1999 59(4) 663-678
Shepherd, G.J. de Biologia
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
Revista Brasileira
113 CE Sedimentary Caatinga Figueiredo, M.A.; Rodal, M.J.N.; 1998 21(2) 105-116
de Botânica
Fernandes, A.G.
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Revista Brasileira
114 CE Sedimentary Caatinga 1998 58(1) 85-95
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A. de Biologia
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Revista Brasileira
115 CE Sedimentary Caatinga 1998 58(1) 85-95
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A. de Biologia
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Revista Brasileira
116 CE Sedimentary Caatinga 1998 58(1) 85-95
Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A. de Biologia
Vasconcelos, S.F.; Araújo, F.S.; Biodiversity & 2263-
117 CE Sedimentary Caatinga 2010 19
Lopes, A.V. Conservation 2289
Andrade, K.V.S.A.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
118 PE Sedimentary Caatinga 2004 Hoehnea 31(3) 337-348
Lucena, M.F.A.; Gomes, A.P.S.

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 Figueiredo, L.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
119 PE Sedimentary Caatinga 2000 Naturalia 25 205-224
Melo, A.L.
Gomes, A.P.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Acta Botanica
120 PE Sedimentary Caatinga 2006 20(1) 37-48
Melo, A.L. Brasilica
Rodal, M.J.N.; Andrade, K.V.A.; Revista Brasileira
121 PE Sedimentary Caatinga 1998 58(3) 517-526
Sales, M.F.; Gomes, A.P.S. de Biologia
Rodal, M.J.N.; Nascimento, L.M.; Acta Botanica
122 PE Sedimentary Caatinga 1999 13(1) 15-28
Melo, A.L. Brasilica
123 PI Sedimentary Caatinga Emperaire, L. 1987 Bull. Ecol. 18(4) 431-438
124 PI Sedimentary Caatinga Mendes, M.R.A.; Castro, A.A.J.F. 2010 Check List 6(1) 39-44
Oliveira, M.E.A.; Sampaio,
125 PI Sedimentary Caatinga E.V.S.B.; Castro, A.A.J.F.; Rodal 1997 Naturalia 22 131-150
M.J.N.
Transition Revista Brasileira
126 CE Lemos, J.R.; Meguro, M. 2010 8(1) 34-43
crystalline/sedimentary de Biociências
Transition Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Revista Brasileira
127 PE 1995 55(4) 595-607
crystalline/sedimentary Rodal, M.J.N. de Biologia
Transition Pinheiro, K.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Alves,
128 PE 2010 Revista Caatinga 23(2) 68-77
crystalline/sedimentary M.
Transition Silva, K.A.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz, Acta Botanica
129 PE 2009 23(1) 100-110
crystalline/sedimentary E.M.N. Brasilica
Transition 55(85
130 PI Lemos, J.R. 2004 Rodriguésia 55-66
crystalline/sedimentary )
Transition Acta Botanica
131 PI Lemos, J.R.; Rodal, M.J.N. 2002 16(1) 23-42
crystalline/sedimentary Brasilica

138
Appendix 2- Catalogue with all names Selaginella sulcata (Desv. ex Poir.) Spring
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
reported in the 131 floristic and
phytosociological papers compiled by this study.
Numbers in brackets represent the number of
records of each species with a given habit, Pteridophytes
Raunkiaer life-form or within a Brazilian state.
Environment types: Arb- Arboreal Caatinga in
Northern Minas Gerais; Aqua- aquatic
ANEMIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
ecosystems; Agre- Agreste ecotone between the
Caatinga and Atlantic forest; CMaior- Caatinga in
the Campo Maior Ecotone to the Cerrado; Cryst-
Crystalline Caatinga; Diam- Caatinga in the
Chapada Diamantina highlands; Ins- Inselbergs; Anemia (1 species)
Riv- Riverine forests; Sed- Sedimentary Caatinga; Anemia flexuosa Sw. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Trans- Transtional sites between Crystalline and States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Sedimentary Caatinga; Unc- Unclassified areas.
POLYPODIACEAE (3 genera; 4 species)
Reported Brazilian states: BA- Bahia; CE- Ceará;
MG- Minas Gerais; PB- Paraíba; PE- Pernambuco;
PI-Piauí; RN- Rio Grande do Norte.
The ecological data (e.g. habit, life-forms)
Microgramma (2 species)
associated with each species depend on the
availability of such data in the original Microgramma geminata (Schrad.) R.M.Tryon &
floristic/phytosociological papers. A.F.Tryon Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel.
Life forms: epiphyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
Lycophytes States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Pleopeltis (1 species)

SELAGINELLACEAE (1 genus; 4 species) Pleopeltis polypodioides var. burchellii (Baker) A.R.Sm.

[Synonyms: Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt] Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Serpocaulon (1 species)
Selaginella (4 species)
Serpocaulon triseriale (Sw.) A.R.Sm.
[Synonyms: Polypodium triseriale Sw.] States: BA(1).
Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring Habits: herb(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1);
PE(5); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Unc.
Selaginella potaroensis Jenman Life PTERIDACEAE (3 genera; 4 species)
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Selaginella sellowii Hieron. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.

139
Ceratopteris (1 species)

Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron. States: BA(1).

Habitats: Aqua.
Angiosperms
Doryopteris (2 species)
ACANTHACEAE (7 genera; 14 species)
Doryopteris ornithopus (Hook. & Baker) J. Sm. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Doryopteris pedata (L.) Fée Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Anisacanthus (1 species)

Hemionitis (1 species) Anisacanthus trilobus Lindau Habits: shrub(1);

subshrub(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(2).
Hemionitis tomentosa (Lam.) Raddi States: BA(1). States: CE(3); PI(3). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Habitats: Ins.
Dicliptera (1 species)
SALVINIACEAE (2 genera; 5 species)
Dicliptera ciliaris Juss. Habits: herb(2); subshrub(2).
Life forms: chamaephyte(3). States: CE(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.

Azolla (2 species) Dyschoriste (1 species)

Azolla caroliniana Willd. States: BA(1). Dyschoriste maranhonis (Nees) Kuntze Life
Habitats: Aqua. forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Azolla filiculoides Lam. States: BA(5).
Habitats: Aqua. Elytraria (1 species)

Salvinia (3 species) Elytraria imbricata (Vahl) Pers. Habits: herb(1).

States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Salvinia auriculata Aubl. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua. Harpochilus (2 species)
Salvinia minima Baker States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua.
Salvinia oblongifolia Mart. States: BA(3). Harpochilus neesianus Mart. ex Nees Habits: shrub(3).
Habitats: Aqua. States: BA(2); PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Harpochilus phaeocarpus Nees States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
THELYPTERIDACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Justicia (3 species)

Justicia aequilabris (Nees) Lindau [Synonyms: Justicia

strobilacea (Nees) Lindau] Habits: herb(1); shrub(5).
Thelypteris (1 species) Life forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(6); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. States: BA(3). Justicia fragilis Mart., This name has been misapplied in
Habitats: Aqua. Ceará state. The Brazilian species known as Justicia
fragilis is not that described by Wall. but to date it has not
been possible to determine the correct name for this

140
species. A new name may be required. (A.L Cortes pers.
comm.). Habits: herb(1); subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(4). Habitats: Sed. Echinodorus (4 species)
Justicia schomburgkiana (Nees) V.A.W.Graham Life
Echinodorus glandulosus Rataj Habits: herb(1).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Habitats: Cryst.
Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltr.) Micheli
States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Ruellia (5 species) Echinodorus subalatus (Mart.) Griseb. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1).
Ruellia asperula (Mart. ex Ness) Lindau Life Habitats: Aqua, Cryst.
forms: chamaephyte. States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(6); Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau States: BA(1).
PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans. Habitats: Aqua.
Ruellia bahiensis (Nees) Morong Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Ins, ALSTROEMERIACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)
Sed, Trans.
Ruellia geminiflora Kunth Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst.
Ruellia paniculata L. Habits: shrub(4); subshrub(2). Alstroemeria (3 species)
Life forms: chamaephyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(2);
PE(4). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Alstroemeria isabellana Herb. [Synonyms: Alstroemeria
Ruellia villosa (Nees) Lindau Habits: subshrub(2). Life campaniflora Hand.-Mazz.] Habits: subshrub(1).
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed. States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Alstroemeria longistaminea Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.
ACHARIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species) States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Alstroemeria piauhyensis Gardner Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.

Lindackeria (1 species) Bomarea (1 species)

Lindackeria ovata (Benth.) Gilg Habits: shrub(1); Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herb. [Synonyms: Bomarea
tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4). salsilloides (Mart.) M.Roem.] Habits: herb(3). Life
Habitats: Sed. forms: cryptophyte-geo(3). States: CE(1); PB(1);
PE(5). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.

AIZOACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

AMARANTHACEAE (6 genera; 13 species)

Trianthema (1 species)
Alternanthera (5 species)
Trianthema portulacastrum L. States: RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst. Alternanthera bettzichiana (Regel) G.Nicholson
[Synonyms: Alternanthera amabilis Lem.]
Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
ALISMATACEAE (1 genus; 4 species) Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Habits: herb(7).
Life forms: therophyte(6). States: BA(2); CE(8); PB(1);
PE(7). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc,
Cryst, Sed.

141
Alternanthera pungens Kunth States: PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Alternanthera ramosissima (Mart.) Chodat
Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habranthus (2 species)
Alternanthera tenella Colla [Synonyms: Alternanthera
ficoidea (L.) P.Beauv.; Alternanthera polygonoides (L.)
Habranthus itaobinus Ravenna Life
R.Br.] Habits: herb(4); shrub(1). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PE(2).
forms: hemicryptophyte(2); therophyte(3).
Habitats: Ins.
States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(6); RN(1). Habitats: Aqua,
Cryst, Trans. Habranthus ruber Ravenna States: BA(1).
Observations: This species is registered only from the
south of Brazil by Flora do Brasil and this record
Amaranthus (1 species) probably represents a misidentification. Habitats: Ins.

Amaranthus viridis L. Habits: herb(2); subshrub(1).

Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(3). Hippeastrum (2 species)
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Trans.
Hippeastrum solandriflorum (Lindl.) Herb. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PI(1).
Chamissoa (1 species) Habitats: Sed.
Hippeastrum stylosum Herb. Life forms: cryptophyte-
Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) Kunth States: PB(1). geo(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Cryst.

Zephyranthes (2 species)
Froelichia (1 species)
Zephyranthes cearensis (Herb.) Baker Life
Froelichia humboldtiana (Roem. & Schult.) Seub. forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: CE(1).
[Synonyms: Froelichia lanata Moench] Habits: herb(3). Habitats: Ins.
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(2). Zephyranthes sylvatica (Mart.) Baker Life
States: CE(3); PE(2); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PI(1).
Unc. Habitats: Sed.

Gomphrena (3 species) ANACARDIACEAE (7 genera; 7 species)

Gomphrena demissa Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1);
RN(1). Habitats: Aqua, Sed, Unc.
Gomphrena desertorum Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst. Anacardium (1 species)
Gomphrena vaga Mart. [Synonyms: Gomphrena
holosericea (Mart.) Moq.] Habits: herb(5); shrub(1). Anacardium occidentale L. Habits: tree(3). Life
Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1); hemicryptophyte(2). forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(5); PI(3).
States: BA(3); PB(1); PE(7). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Habitats: CMaior, Ins, Sed.
Sed, Trans.
Apterokarpos (1 species)
Pfaffia (2 species)
Apterokarpos gardneri (Engl.) Rizzini Life
Pfaffia denudata (Moq.) Kuntze States: BA(1). forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Sed.
Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen States: PB(1). Astronium (1 species)
Habitats: Agre.
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott Habits: tree(2).
AMARYLLIDACEAE (3 genera; 6 species) States: MG(1); PI(3). Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Trans.

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Cyrtocarpa (1 species) Duguetia (1 species)

Cyrtocarpa caatingae J.D.Mitch. & Daly Duguetia riedeliana R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(1); tree(1).
States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb. Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.

Myracrodruon (1 species)
Ephedranthus (1 species)
Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão
[Synonyms: Astronium urundeuva (Allemão) Engl.] Ephedranthus pisocarpus R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(1);
Habits: tree(15). Life forms: phanerophyte(5). tree(5). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7);
States: BA(4); CE(8); MG(11); PB(21); PE(26); PI(3); PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
RN(8). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Oxandra (2 species)
Schinopsis (1 species) Oxandra reticulata Maas Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. Habits: tree(13). Life Oxandra sessiliflora R.E.Fr. States: PI(1).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(1); MG(10); Habitats: Sed.
PB(17); PE(16); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst,
Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc, Riv.
Schinopsis brasiliensis var. glabra Engl. Xylopia (3 species)
[Synonyms: Schinopsis glabra Burkl. ex Mey.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. States: BA(1).
Trans, Unc. Habitats: Diam.
Xylopia laevigata (Mart.) R.E.Fr. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Spondias (1 species)
Xylopia sericea A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Spondias tuberosa Arruda Habits: tree(14). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(6); CE(2); MG(7);
PB(14); PE(18); PI(2); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Arb, APIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.

ANNONACEAE (5 genera; 11 species)

Spananthe (1 species)

Spananthe paniculata Jacq. Life forms: therophyte(1).

Annona (4 species) States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Annona glabra L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam. APOCYNACEAE (17 genera; 43 species)
Annona leptopetala (R.E.Fr.) H.Rainer
[Synonyms: Rollinia leptopetala R.E.Fr.; Rolliniopsis
leptopetala (R.E.Fr.) Saff.] Habits: shrub(7); tree(10);
treelet(1). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1);
phanerophyte(3). States: BA(2); CE(10); PB(3); PE(10);
PI(6). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc. Allamanda (2 species)
Annona spinescens Mart. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed. Allamanda blanchetii A.DC. Habits: climb.(1);
Annona sylvatica A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Rollinia liana(3); shrub(7). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(5).
sylvatica (A.St.-Hil.) Mart.] States: MG(2). States: BA(1); CE(5); PB(3); PE(7); PI(4); RN(1).
Habitats: Arb. Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.

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Allamanda puberula A.DC. Habits: shrub(2). Cynanchum roulinioides (E.Fourn.) Rapini
States: BA(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans. Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.

Asclepias (1 species) Ditassa (4 species)

Asclepias curassavica L. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1). Ditassa capillaris E.Fourn. Habits: climber(2).
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans. States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Ditassa glaziovii E.Fourn., According to specialist
A.Rapini this name was originally published with the
Aspidosperma (10 species) spelling Ditassa glaziovi, but in the "Lista de species da
Flora do Brasil (2010)" Rapini preferred the spelling
Aspidosperma cuspa (Kunth) S.F.Blake ex Pittier Ditassa glazioui, while T. Konno used the spelling D.
Habits: tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). glaziovii. Here we follow the orthography used in IPNI
States: CE(1); PI(4). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst. (www.ipni.org), accessed June 2012.
Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon Müll.Arg. Habits: climber(1). Life forms: ?(1). States: PE(2).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam. Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Aspidosperma discolor A.DC. Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Ditassa hastata Decne. Life forms: liana(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5); PB(1). States: BA(3); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Agre, Sed. Ditassa oxyphylla Turcz. Habits: climber(1). Life
Aspidosperma multiflorum A.DC. Habits: shrub(4); forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins,
tree(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(6); Sed.
PI(9). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll.Arg. States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Mandevilla (4 species)
Aspidosperma pyricollum Müll.Arg. States: BA(1).
Mandevilla dardanoi M.F.Sales, Kin.-Gouv. &
Habitats: Ins.
A.O.Simões Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
[Synonyms: Aspidosperma refractum Mart.]
Mandevilla funiformis (Vell.) K.Schum. States: BA(2).
Habits: shrub(2); tree(19). Life
Habitats: Ins.
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(6); MG(10);
PB(27); PE(27); PI(5); RN(30). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Mandevilla scabra (Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.)
CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc. K.Schum. Habits: climber(1); liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); cryptophyte-geo(2).
Aspidosperma ramiflorum Müll.Arg. States: BA(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Agre.
Habitats: Diam.
Mandevilla tenuifolia (J.C.Mikan) Woodson
Aspidosperma riedelii Müll.Arg. States: PI(1).
Habits: climber(1); herb(2); liana(1). Life
Habitats: Sed.
forms: cryptophyte-geo(4); therophyte(1).
Aspidosperma subincanum Mart. Habits: tree(3). Life States: BA(1); CE(3); PB(2); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed,
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(6); PI(4). Trans.
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.

Marsdenia (4 species)
Blepharodon (2 species)
Marsdenia altissima (Jacq.) Dugand
Blepharodon manicatum (Decne.) Fontella Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Marsdenia dorothyae Fontella & Morillo
Blepharodon pictum (Vahl) W.D.Stevens Habits: climber(1). Life forms: ?(1). States: PE(1).
[Synonyms: Blepharodon nitidum (Vell.) J.F. Macbr.] Habitats: Cryst.
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Marsdenia loniceroides (Hook.) E.Fourn. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(3).
Cynanchum (2 species) Habitats: Ins.
Marsdenia megalantha Goyder & Morillo Life
Cynanchum montevidense Spreng. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
[Synonyms: Roulinia montevidensis (Spreng.) Malme]
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Matelea (4 species)

144
Matelea ganglinosa (Vell.) Rapini Tassadia burchellii E.Fourn. Habits: liana(1). Life
[Synonyms: Gonolobus cearensis Malme; Matelea forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
maritima subsp. ganglinosa (Vell.) Fontella]
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Matelea harleyi Fontella & Morillo Habits: liana(1). Temnadenia (1 species)
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst. Temnadenia violacea (Vell.) Miers Habits: climber(2).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Matelea maritima (Vell.) Fontella Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(2); PE(4).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans. AQUIFOLIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Matelea nigra (Decne.) Morillo & Fontella
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Petalostelma (1 species)
Ilex (1 species)
Petalostelma martianum E.Fourn. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Ilex brevicuspis Reissek States: MG(3). Habitats: Arb.

Prestonia (2 species) ARACEAE (10 genera; 16 species)

Prestonia bahiensis Müll.Arg. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Prestonia coalita (Vell.) Woodson States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Anthurium (3 species)
Schubertia (1 species) Anthurium affine Schott Habits: epiphyte(1); herb(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(2); hemicryptophyte(1).
Schubertia multiflora Mart. Life forms: liana(1). States: BA(3); PE(6). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed. Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Lindl. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Secondatia (1 species) Anthurium petrophilum K.Krause Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1).
Secondatia floribunda A.DC. [Synonyms: Secondatia Habitats: Ins.
foliosa A.DC.] Habits: liana(1); shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed. Lemna (2 species)

Skytanthus (1 species) Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. States: BA(4).

Habitats: Aqua.
Skytanthus hancorniifolius (A.DC.) Miers Lemna valdiviana Phil. States: BA(6). Habitats: Aqua.
Habits: climber(1). States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Philodendron (4 species)

Tabernaemontana (2 species) Philodendron acutatum Schott Life

forms: hemicryptophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
Tabernaemontana catharinensis A.DC. States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott States: PE(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Ins.
Tabernaemontana hystrix Steud. Habits: treelet(1). Philodendron imbe Schott ex Endl. States: BA(2).
States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior. Habitats: Ins.
Observations: According to specialist M.O. Pellegrini,
the name Philodendron imbe has been misapplied to
Tassadia (1 species)

145
various species in Brazil, and Caatinga records of P.
imbe are almost certainly a misuse of the name. A
review by “Mayo & Sakuragui (2011) Typification ARALIACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
and interpretation of Philodendron imbe Schott ex
Kunth (Araceae). Taxon 60(6): 1764-1767”, calls
attention to the fact that Philodendron imbe is rare or
may even be extinct, and that the name has been
misapplied to other species.
Aralia (2 species)
Philodendron leal-costae Mayo & G.M.Barroso Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Aralia excelsa (Griseb.) J.Wen
Habitats: Ins.
[Synonyms: Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb.]
States: MG(5). Habitats: Arb.
Pistia (1 species) Aralia warmingiana (Marchal) J.Wen
[Synonyms: Coudenbergia warmingiana (Marchal)
Pistia stratiotes L. Habits: herb(1). States: BA(7); Marchal] Habits: tree(2). States: PE(3).
PI(1). Observations: Planta aquática listada no Habitats: Cryst.
trabalho. Habitats: Aqua, Trans.
ARECACEAE (3 genera; 5 species)
Scaphispatha (1 species)

Scaphispatha gracilis Brongn. ex Schott

Habits: herb(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Astrocaryum (1 species)

Spathicarpa (1 species) Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. States: PI(1).

Habitats: CMaior.
Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed. Copernicia (1 species)

Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E.Moore

Taccarum (1 species) [Synonyms: Copernicia cerifera (Arruda) Mart.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PB(1); PE(1); PI(1); RN(1).
Taccarum peregrinum (Schott) Engl. Habits: herb(1). Habitats: CMaior, Riv, Unc.
Life forms: cryptophyte(1); cryptophyte-geo(2).
States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Syagrus (3 species)

Wolffia (1 species) Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. States: BA(5); PE(2);

RN(1). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Trans, Unc.
Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. States: BA(5). Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. Habits: tree(1).
Habitats: Aqua. States: MG(8); PE(2). Habitats: Arb, Cryst.
Syagrus vagans (Bondar) A.D.Hawkes States: BA(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Wolffiella (1 species)

Wolffiella welwitschii (Hegelm.) Monod States: BA(5). ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Habitats: Aqua.

Zomicarpa (1 species)

Zomicarpa riedelianum Schott Habits: herb(1). Aristolochia (1 species)

States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.

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Aristolochia birostris Duch. Habits: climber(3). Life Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers. [Synonyms: Baccharis
forms: chamaephyte(2); liana(1); phanerophyte(1). trinervis (Lam.) Pers. var. rhexioides (Kunth) Baker]
States: BA(1); PB(2); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Trans. Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.

ASTERACEAE (48 genera; 66 species)

Blainvillea (3 species)

Acanthospermum (1 species) Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson

[Synonyms: Blainvillea latifolia (L.f.) DC.; Blainvillea
Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Habits: herb(1); rhomboidea Cass.; Spilanthes acmella (L.) Murray]
subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1); Habits: herb(4); subshrub(2). Life
PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Trans. forms: therophyte(4). States: CE(2); PE(3); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Blainvillea dichotoma (Murray) Stewart States: BA(1).
Achyrocline (1 species) Habitats: Aqua.
Blainvillea lanceolata Baker, Accepted name according
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. "The Plant List" database, but not recorded in "Lista do
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). Brasil". This is a name with complex taxonomic history,
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed. and is probably a missaplied name to Brazilian material
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
therophyte(2). States: CE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Acmella (1 species)

Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. Habits: herb(2). Life Centratherum (1 species)

forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv. Centratherum punctatum Cass. Habits: herb(6);
subshrub(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(2);
therophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(1); PE(7);
Acritopappus (1 species) RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc.

Acritopappus buiquensis Bautista & D.J.N.Hind

Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Chresta (1 species)

Chresta martii (DC.) H.Rob. [Synonyms: Eremanthus

Ageratum (1 species) martii (DC.) Baker] Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Ageratum conyzoides L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins. Conocliniopsis (1 species)

Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

Aspilia (2 species) [Synonyms: Eupatorium prasiifolium (DC.) Griseb.]
Habits: herb(4); shrub(2); subshrub(1). Life
Aspilia attenuata (Gardner) Baker Habits: herb(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(2); phanerophyte(1).
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst, States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(7). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed. Sed, Trans.
Aspilia bonplandiana (Gardner) S.F.Blake
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Conyza (1 species)

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist Habits: herb(1).

Baccharis (2 species) Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(2). Habitats: Ins.

Baccharis oxyodonta DC. Habits: subshrub(1).

States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Cyrtocymura (2 species)

147
Cyrtocymura harleyi (H.Rob.) H.Rob. Enydra radicans (Willd.) Lack States: BA(3).
[Synonyms: Vernonia harleyi H.Rob.] States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Habitats: Ins. Enydra sessilifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Cabrera, Cited in some
Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lam.) H.Rob. papers as Enydra rivularis Standley, the accepted name is
[Synonyms: Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers.] Enydra sessilifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Cabrera. But this
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. species is not recorded in the "Lista do Brasil",
suggesting it is misaplied to caatinga plants.
[Synonyms: Enydra rivularis Gardner] Habits: herb(1).
Dasyphyllum (1 species) States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.

Dasyphyllum sprengelianum (Gardner) Cabrera

[Synonyms: Dasyphyllum sprengelianum var. inerme Erechtites (1 species)
(Gardner) Cabrera] Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(2). Erechtites hieracifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. Life
Habitats: Sed. forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Delilia (1 species) Eremanthus (1 species)

Delilia biflora (L.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Elvira biflora Eremanthus capitatus (Spreng.) MacLeish
(L.) DC.] Habits: herb(5). Life forms: therophyte(6). Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1); PE(8); RN(3). States: PE(5). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc.

Flaveria (1 species)
Dissothrix (1 species)
Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze Habits: herb(1). Life
Dissothrix imbricata (Gardner) B.L.Rob. forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Galinsoga (1 species)
Eclipta (1 species) Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Habits: herb(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. [Synonyms: Eclipta alba (L.)
Hassk.] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(2); PE(4). Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Riv. Gamochaeta (1 species)

Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd. States: BA(1).

Egletes (1 species) Habitats: Aqua.

Egletes viscosa (L.) Less. Habits: herb(1).

States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans. Gochnatia (2 species)

Gochnatia blanchetiana (DC.) Cabrera

Emilia (2 species) Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Gochnatia oligocephala (Gardner) Cabrera
Emilia fosbergii Nicolson Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1). [Synonyms: Gochnatia lucida (Baker) Cabrera]
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1);
Riv, Sed. phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(5). Habitats: Ins,
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex Wight Habits: herb(2). Sed.
Life forms: therophyte(4). States: PB(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Helichrysum (1 species)
Enydra (2 species) Helichrysum indicum (L.) Grierson Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.

148
 Lourteigia ballotifolia (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Eupatorium ballotifolium Kunth, Some
Isocarpha (1 species) Caatinga floristic works cite the species Eupatorium
ballotifolium Kunth for which the correct name is now
Isocarpha megacephala Mattf. Habits: herb(1). Lourteigia ballotifolia (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob.
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans. However, this species does not occur in Brazil and the
name has probably been misapplied to specimens of
Conocliniopsis prasiifolia (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Jaegeria (1 species) (D.J.N.Hind pers. comm.)] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Jaegeria hirta (Lag.) Less. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Mattfeldanthus (1 species)
Lagascea (1 species) Mattfeldanthus andrade-limae (G.M.Barroso) Dematt.
[Synonyms: Vernonia andrade-limae G.M.Barroso]
Lagascea mollis Cav. Habits: herb(3); shrub(1). Life Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Melanthera (1 species)
Lepidaploa (6 species) Melanthera latifolia (Gardner) Cabrera
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
Lepidaploa arenaria (Mart. ex DC.) H.Rob. States: CE(2); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Sed.
[Synonyms: Vernonia arenaria Mart. ex DC.]
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed. Pectis (3 species)
Lepidaploa chalybaea (Mart. ex DC.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia chalybaea Mart. ex DC.] Pectis congesta (Gardner) Sch.Bip. States: PE(1).
Habits: herb(3); shrub(2); subshrub(1). States: CE(1); Habitats: Cryst.
PB(1); PE(6). Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans. Pectis linifolia L. Habits: herb(1). States: PB(1).
Lepidaploa cotoneaster (Willd. ex Spreng.) H.Rob. Habitats: Ins.
[Synonyms: Vernonia cotoneaster (Willd. ex Spreng.) Pectis oligocephala (Gardner) Sch.Bip. States: PB(1).
Less.] States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Cryst.
Lepidaploa grisea (Baker) H.Rob. [Synonyms: Vernonia
grisea Backer] Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins. Pithecoseris (1 species)
Lepidaploa lilacina (Mart. ex DC.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia lilacina Mart. ex DC.] Pithecoseris pacourinoides Mart. ex DC.
Habits: subshrub(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed. Habits: herb(2). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(3); PI(1).
Lepidaploa remotiflora (Rich.) H.Rob.
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
[Synonyms: Vernonia remotiflora Rich.]
Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Platypodanthera (1 species)
Lessingianthus (2 species)
Platypodanthera melissifolia (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(2).
Lessingianthus obscurus (Less.) H.Rob.
States: PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
[Synonyms: Vernonia obscura Less.] Habits: shrub(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed. Porophyllum (1 species)
Lessingianthus rugulosus (Sch.Bip.) H.Rob.
[Synonyms: Vernonia rugulosa Sch.Bip.] States: CE(1). Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Life
Habitats: Sed. forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.

Lourteigia (1 species) Sonchus (1 species)

149
Sonchus oleraceus L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua. Wedelia villosa Gardner Habits: shrub(3); subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(6).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Tilesia (1 species)

Tilesia baccata (L.f.) Pruski [Synonyms: Wulffia BALANOPHORACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

baccata (L.) Kuntze; Wulffia stenoglossa (DC.) Huber]
Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(1). States: CE(1); PB(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.

Trichogonia (1 species) Langsdorffia (1 species)

Trichogonia menthifolia Gardner Habits: herb(1). Life Langsdorffia hypogaea Mart. Habits: herb(1).
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.

Trichogoniopsis (1 species) BEGONIACEAE (1 genus; 5 species)

Trichogoniopsis podocarpa (DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

[Synonyms: Trichogonia podocarpa Sch.Bip. ex Baker]
Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.

Begonia (5 species)
Tridax (1 species)
Begonia fischeri Schrank States: BA(1).
Tridax procumbens L. Habits: herb(8). Life Habitats: Aqua.
forms: therophyte(6). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(6). Begonia larorum L.B.Sm. & Wassh. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans. Habitats: Ins.
Begonia lealii Brade Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Trixis (1 species) States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Begonia reniformis Dryand. [Synonyms: Begonia
Trixis vauthieri DC. States: BA(3). Habitats: Ins. vitifolia Schott] Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Agre.
Begonia saxicola A.DC. [Synonyms: Begonia egleri
Unxia (1 species) Brade] Habits: herb(1); rupicolous(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PB(1); PE(4).
Unxia camphorata L.f. [Synonyms: Melampodium Habitats: Agre, Ins.
camphoratum (L.f.) Baker] Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
BIGNONIACEAE (17 genera; 52 species)
Verbesina (1 species)

Verbesina macrophylla (Cass.) S.F.Blake

Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Adenocalymma (4 species)
Wedelia (3 species) Adenocalymma axillare (K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Memora axillaris K.Schum.]
Wedelia alagoensis Baker Habits: shrub(1); Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
subshrub(1). States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua,
Adenocalymma comosum (Cham.) DC. Life
Sed.
forms: liana(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Wedelia hookeriana Gardner Habits: herb(1). Life
Adenocalymma involucratum (Bureau & K.Schum.)
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
L.G.Lohmann [Synonyms: Memora involucrata Bureau
& K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1); shrub(1). States: PI(2).
Habitats: Trans.

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Adenocalymma scabriusculum Mart. ex DC. shrub(1). States: CE(2); PE(1); PI(1).
Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Trans.
Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A.H.Gentry]
Amphilophium (1 species) Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1); RN(3).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Unc.
Amphilophium crucigerum (L.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Pithecoctenium crucigerum (L.) A.H.
Gentry; Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) Baill.] Fridericia (13 species)
Habits: climber(2); liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4); PE(2). Fridericia bahiensis (Schauer ex DC.) L.G.Lohmann
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed. [Synonyms: Arrabidaea bahiensis (Schauer ex DC.)
Sandwith & Moldenke] Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Anemopaegma (4 species)
Fridericia caudigera (S.Moore) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea caudigera (S.Moore)
Anemopaegma acutifolium DC. Habits: liana(1). Life
A.H.Gentry] Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Observations: Citted as Anemopaegma ataidei
Habitats: Cryst.
A.H.Gentry, which is a nomen nudum.. Habitats: Sed.
Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G.Lohmann
Anemopaegma goyazense K.Schum. States: BA(1).
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea chica (Bonpl.) Verl.]
Habitats: Sed.
Habits: climber(2); liana(1). Life
Anemopaegma laeve DC. Habits: climber(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5). Habitats: Sed.
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(4). Habitats: Sed,
Fridericia conjugata (Vell.) L.G.Lohmann
Trans.
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea conjugata (Vell.) Mart.]
Anemopaegma velutinum Mart. ex DC. States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Habits: liana(1). States: PI(2). Habitats: Sed.
Fridericia crassa (Bureau & K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea crassa (Bureau & K.Schum.)
Bignonia (3 species) Sprague] Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Bignonia binata Thunb. [Synonyms: Clytostoma Fridericia dichotoma (Jacq.) L.G.Lohmann
binatum (Thunb.) Sandwith; Clytostoma binatum [Synonyms: Arrabidaea corallina (Jacq.) Sandwith]
(Thunb.) Sandwith] Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1); Habits: climber(4); liana(4). Life
PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(5);
PI(3). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Bignonia convolvuloides (Bureau & K.Schum.)
L.G.Lohmann [Synonyms: Clytostoma convolvuloides Fridericia dispar (Bureau ex K.Schum.) L.G.Lohmann
Bureau & K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1). States: BA(1); [Synonyms: Arrabidaea dispar Bureau ex K.Schum.]
CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans. Habits: climber(2); liana(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(7); PI(8).
Bignonia ramentacea (Mart. ex DC.) L.G.Lohmann
Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
[Synonyms: Clytostoma ramentaceum (Mart. ex DC.)
Bureau & K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Fridericia limae (A.H.Gentry) L.G.Lohmann
Habitats: Trans. [Synonyms: Arrabidaea limae A.H.Gentry]
Habits: climber(2); liana(1). States: PE(2); PI(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Cuspidaria (1 species) Fridericia parviflora (Mart. ex DC.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea parviflora (Mart. ex DC.)
Cuspidaria argentea (Wawra) Sandwith Bureau & K.Schum.] Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1).
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Habitats: Trans.
States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed. Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC.) Bureau]
Habits: liana(2). States: PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Dolichandra (2 species)
Fridericia pulchella (Cham.) L.G.Lohmann
Dolichandra quadrivalvis (Jacq.) L.G.Lohmann [Synonyms: Mansoa schwackei Bureau & K.Schum.]
[Synonyms: Melloa populifolia (DC.) Britton; Melloa Habits: climber(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
quadrivalvis (Jacq.) A.H.Gentry] Habits: liana(2); Fridericia subverticillata (Bureau & K.Schum.)
L.G.Lohman [Synonyms: Arrabidaea subverticillata

151
Bureau & K. Schum.] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Jacaranda rugosa A.H.Gentry Habits: shrub(1). Life
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst. forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(4).
Fridericia tuberculata (DC.) L.G.Lohmann Habitats: Ins, Sed.
[Synonyms: Arrabidaea tuberculata DC.] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Mansoa (3 species)

Godmania (1 species) Mansoa angustidens (DC.) Bureau & K.Schum.

Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Godmania dardanoi (J.C.Gomes) A.H.Gentry Mansoa difficilis (Cham.) Bureau & K.Schum.
Habits: tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Habits: climber(1). Life forms: liana(1). States: PE(1);
States: BA(1); PI(3). Habitats: Sed. PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mansoa hirsuta DC. Habits: liana(3). Life
forms: liana(1). States: CE(1); PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Handroanthus (6 species) Trans.

Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos

[Synonyms: Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Neojobertia (1 species)
Standl.] Habits: tree(1). States: MG(6); PE(1).
Habitats: Arb, Sed. Neojobertia candolleana (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau &
Handroanthus heptaphyllus Mattos K.Schum. [Synonyms: Memora candolleana (Mart. ex
[Synonyms: Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo] DC.) Miers] Habits: climber(2); liana(1). States: CE(3);
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed. PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans, Sed.
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos
[Synonyms: Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.)
Standl.] Habits: tree(10). Life forms: phanerophyte(4). Pyrostegia (1 species)
States: BA(4); CE(3); MG(4); PB(4); PE(9); PI(5);
RN(6). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers
Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc. Habits: climber(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
[Synonyms: Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl.]
Habits: tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Stizophyllum (1 species)
States: CE(2); MG(3). Habitats: Arb, Sed.
Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S.Grose Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers
[Synonyms: Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G.Nicholson] Habits: liana(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Habits: tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2); PB(3); PI(6). Habitats: Agre, CMaior,
Sed, Trans. Tabebuia (3 species)
Handroanthus spongiosus (Rizzini) S.Grose
[Synonyms: Tabebuia spongiosa Rizzini] Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex
Habits: tree(2). States: BA(1); MG(1); PE(3); PI(1). S.Moore [Synonyms: Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau]
Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Trans. Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1); PB(6); PE(3); PI(1);
RN(3). Habitats: Unc, Ins, Riv, Unc, CMaior, Cryst,
Diam, Riv, Unc.
Jacaranda (5 species) Tabebuia reticulata A.H.Gentry States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.
Jacaranda brasiliana (Lam.) Pers. Habits: shrub(1);
Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith States: MG(10).
tree(1). States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior, Trans.
Habitats: Arb.
Jacaranda grandifoliolata A.H.Gentry States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Jacaranda jasminoides (Thunb.) Sandwith Tanaecium (2 species)
Habits: climber(1); shrub(5); tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(7); PE(2); Tanaecium cyrtanthum (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau &
PI(4). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans. K.Schum. Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1).
Jacaranda praetermissa Sandwith Life Habitats: Trans.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed. Tanaecium pyramidatum (Rich.) L.G.Lohmann
[Synonyms: Paragonia pyramidata (Rich.) Bureau;

152
Paragonia pyramidata (Rich.) Bureau var. pyramidata] Cordia ochnacea DC. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre. States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cordia oncocalyx Allemão [Synonyms: Auxemma
oncocalyx (Allemão) Baill.] Habits: tree(1). Life
Zeyheria (1 species) forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl.
Cordia panicularis Rudge Habits: shrub(2).
States: MG(4). Habitats: Arb.
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Cordia rufescens A.DC. [Synonyms: Cordia piauhiensis
BIXACEAE (1 genus; 2 species) Fresen.] Habits: shrub(8). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: CE(9); PE(1); PI(8). Habitats: CMaior, Sed,
Trans.
Cordia superba Cham. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arráb. ex Steud.
Cochlospermum (2 species) Habits: shrub(1); tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(4); PB(4); PE(2); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg. Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
[Synonyms: Cochlospermum insigne A.St.-Hil.]
Habits: tree(2). States: PB(3); PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Unc. Euploca (2 species)
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng.
Habits: tree(3); treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(5). Euploca procumbens (Mill.) Diane & Hilger
States: CE(6); PB(1); PI(4); RN(1). Habitats: CMaior, [Synonyms: Heliotropium procumbens Mill.]
Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc. Habits: herb(4). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(3); PE(5). Habitats: Aqua, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Euploca ternata (Vahl) J.I.M.Melo & Semir
BORAGINACEAE (5 genera; 32 species) [Synonyms: Heliotropium ternatum Vahl]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.

Heliotropium (4 species)
Cordia (14 species)
Heliotropium angiospermum Murray Life
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. States: PB(3). forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(6).
Habitats: Agre, Unc. Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Ins, Riv, Trans.
Cordia collococca L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst. Heliotropium indicum L. Habits: herb(1).
Cordia discolor Cham. [Synonyms: Cordia salzmanni States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst,
DC.] States: PB(1); RN(2). Habitats: Unc. Sed.
Cordia glazioviana (Taub.) Gottschling & J.S.Mill. Heliotropium phylicoides Cham. Habits: herb(1).
[Synonyms: Auxemma glazioviana Taub.] Life States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3); RN(4). Heliotropium transalpinum Vell.
Habitats: Cryst, Unc. [Synonyms: Heliotropium tiaridioides Cham.]
Cordia incognita Gottschling & J.S.Mill. Habits: herb(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1).
[Synonyms: Patagonula bahiensis Moric.] Habits: ?(1). States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Cordia insignis Cham. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Tournefortia (5 species)
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Tournefortia bicolor Sw. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Cordia latiloba I.M.Johnst. Habits: shrub(1). Life States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Cryst. Tournefortia paniculata Cham. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Cordia magnoliifolia Cham. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Tournefortia rubicunda Salzm. ex A.DC.
Habits: climber(1); shrub(2); tree(1). Life

153
forms: liana(1). States: PB(2); PE(5); PI(1).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed.
Aechmea (3 species)
Tournefortia salzmannii DC. Habits: climber(1);
shrub(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Aechmea aquilega (Salisb.) Griseb. Life
Tournefortia villosa Salzm. ex DC. Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(2).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Habitats: Ins.
Aechmea leptantha (Harms) Leme & J.A. Siqueira
[Synonyms: Portea leptantha Harms] Habits: herb(1).
Varronia (7 species) Life forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: PE(4).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Varronia curassavica Jacq. [Synonyms: Cordia Aechmea lingulata (L.) Baker States: BA(3).
curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.; Cordia verbenacea Habitats: Ins.
DC.] Habits: shrub(2). States: CE(1); PE(5).
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Billbergia (1 species)
Varronia dardani (Taroda) J.S.Mill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Billbergia porteana Brong. ex Beer
Varronia globosa Jacq. [Synonyms: Cordia globosa Habits: epiphyte(1). States: BA(3); PE(1).
(Jacq.) Kunth] Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). Life Habitats: Ins, Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(8);
PE(15); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed,
Trans, Unc. Bromelia (4 species)
Varronia leucocephala (Moric.) J.S.Mill.
[Synonyms: Cordia leucocephala Moric.] Bromelia antiacantha Bertol. Habits: herb(1).
Habits: shrub(8); subshrub(2). Life States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(3); Bromelia auriculata L.B.Sm. Habits: herb(1). Life
PE(17); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans. forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Varronia leucomalloides (Taroda) J.S.Mill. Bromelia karatas L. [Synonyms: Bromelia plumieri
[Synonyms: Cordia leucomalloides Taroda] (E.Morren) L.B. Sm.] Habits: herb(5). Life
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). forms: chamaephyte(3); hemicryptophyte(3).
States: CE(4). Habitats: Sed. States: CE(5); PB(1); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Agre,
Varronia multispicata (Cham.) Borhidi Cryst, Ins, Sed.
[Synonyms: Cordia bahiensis DC.; Cordia multispicata Bromelia laciniosa Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Cham.] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(2). Habits: herb(5). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins. States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(5); PE(2); PI(1); RN(1).
Varronia nivea (Fresen.) Borhidi Habits: shrub(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.

Cryptanthus (1 species)
BRASSICACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Cryptanthus bahianus L.B.Sm. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre.

Dyckia (2 species)
Lepidium (1 species)
Dyckia densiflora Schult. & Schult.f. States: BA(1).
Lepidium bonariense L. Habits: herb(1). Habitats: Ins.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Dyckia limae L.B.Sm. Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
BROMELIACEAE (10 genera; 31 species)
Encholirium (3 species)

Encholirium erectiflorum L.B.Sm. Habits: herb(1).

Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.

154
Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. Habits: epiphyte(5);
Habits: herb(4); rupicolous(1). Life herb(1). Life forms: ?(1); chamaephyte(1); epiphyte(1);
forms: chamaephyte(4); hemicryptophyte(2). phanerophyte(1). States: BA(4); PB(3); PE(8).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(3); PE(6); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Trans. Tillandsia streptocarpa Baker Habits: epiphyte(3);
Encholirium subsecundum (Baker) Mez States: BA(2). herb(1). Life forms: ?(1); epiphyte(1). States: BA(4);
Habitats: Ins. CE(1); PE(4); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Tillandsia stricta Sol. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Hohenbergia (4 species)
Tillandsia tenuifolia L. Habits: epiphyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Hohenbergia catingae Ule Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); hemicryptophyte(2). Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Habits: epiphyte(1). Life
States: BA(2); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Hohenbergia leopoldo-horstii E.Gross States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Hohenbergia ridleyi (Baker) Mez Life BURSERACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Hohenbergia utriculosa Ule States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.

Commiphora (1 species)
Neoglaziovia (1 species)
Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett
Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda) Mez [Synonyms: Bursera leptophloeos Mart.]
Habits: epiphyte(1); herb(7); shrub(1). Life Habits: tree(21). Life forms: phanerophyte(6).
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: BA(3); PB(3); PE(10); States: BA(4); CE(10); MG(8); PB(24); PE(24); PI(3);
PI(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc. RN(16). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Unc.

Orthophytum (3 species)
CABOMBACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Orthophytum disjunctum L.B.Sm. Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Ins.
Orthophytum glabrum (Mez) Mez States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cabomba (1 species)
Orthophytum saxicola Ule States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Cabomba aquatica Aubl. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Tillandsia (9 species)
CACTACEAE (10 genera; 28 species)
Tillandsia didisticha (E.Morren) Baker States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Tillandsia gardneri Lindl. Habits: epiphyte(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Tillandsia loliacea Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Arrojadoa (2 species)
Habits: epiphyte(2); herb(1). Life forms: ?(1);
epiphyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(3); PI(1). Arrojadoa penicillata (Gürke) Britton & Rose
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans. Habits: succulent(1). States: BA(3). Habitats: Ins,
Tillandsia polystachia (L.) L. States: PE(1). Sed.
Habitats: Ins. Arrojadoa rhodantha (Gürke) Britton & Rose
Habits: climber(1); shrub(1); succulent(1). Life

155
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(4); PI(2). Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb.
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans. Habits: herb(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PE(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.

Brasiliopuntia (1 species)
Pereskia (2 species)
Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) A.Berger
[Synonyms: Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw.] Pereskia bahiensis Gürke States: MG(2).
Habits: tree(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre. Habitats: Arb.
Pereskia grandifolia Haw. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Cereus (3 species)

Cereus albicaulis (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb. Pilosocereus (8 species)

[Synonyms: Acanthocereus albicaulis Britton & Rose]
Habits: climber(1); shrub(3); succulent(1). Life Pilosocereus catingicola (Gürke) Byles & Rowley
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(2); Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1); RN(1).
PI(6). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans. Habitats: Diam, Unc.
Cereus jamacaru DC. Habits: shrub(4); succulent(2); Pilosocereus chrysostele (Vaupel) Byles & G.D.Rowley
tree(15). Life forms: ?(1); phanerophyte(7); [Synonyms: Cereus chrysostele Vaupel] Habits: tree(1).
succulent(1). States: BA(6); CE(12); MG(5); PB(21); States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc.
PE(27); PI(6); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior,
Pilosocereus glaucescens (Labour.) Byles &
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
G.D.Rowley, This is a doubtful name. Pilosocereus
Cereus saddianus (Rizzini & Mattos) P.J.Braun glaucescens (Linke) Byles & G. D. Rowley is a name of
States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc. uncertain application which should not be used (Taylor
and Zappi, 2004) States: PB(5); PE(2). Habitats: Agre,
Riv, Unc, Cryst.
Epiphyllum (1 species)
Pilosocereus gounellei (F.A.C.Weber) Byles & Rowley
Habits: cactus(1); rupicolous(1); shrub(5); subshrub(1);
Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw. States: BA(1).
succulent(1); tree(1). Life forms: ?(1); phanerophyte(2).
Habitats: Ins.
States: BA(4); CE(1); PB(23); PE(14); PI(4); RN(13).
Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans,
Harrisia (1 species) Unc, Riv, Sed.
Pilosocereus pachycladus F.Ritter Habits: tree(1).
Harrisia adscendens (Gürke) Britton & Rose States: PB(9); PE(16); PI(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins,
Habits: shrub(1); succulent(2). Life forms: ?(1). Sed, Unc, Agre, Ins, Riv, Agre, Sed.
States: PE(6). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed. Pilosocereus pentaedrophorus (Cels) Byles & Rowley
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(3). Habitats: Diam, Ins.
Pilosocereus piauhyensis (Gürke) Byles & G.D.Rowley
Melocactus (6 species) Habits: cactus(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: CE(2); PB(3); PI(1); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Melocactus bahiensis (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb. Ins, Sed, Unc.
Habits: herb(1); succulent(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(3); PE(4). Pilosocereus tuberculatus (Werderm.) Byles &
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc. G.D.Rowley Habits: shrub(1); succulent(2); tree(1).
States: BA(2); PE(4); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Melocactus deinacanthus Buining & Brederoo
Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc.
Melocactus ernestii Vaupel Habits: rupicolous(1). Life Rhipsalis (2 species)
forms: succulent(1). States: BA(2); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins. Rhipsalis baccifera (J.M.Muell.) Stearn States: PB(1).
Melocactus oreas Miq. Habits: succulent(1). Life Habitats: Agre.
forms: ?(1). States: PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Ins. Rhipsalis lindbergiana K.Schum. Life
Melocactus salvadorensis Werderm. States: BA(3). forms: epiphyte(1); phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1);
Habitats: Ins. PE(2). Habitats: Ins.

Tacinga (2 species)

156
Tacinga inamoena (K.Schum.) N.P.Taylor & Stuppy Cleome dendroides Schult. & Schult.f. Habits: herb(1).
[Synonyms: Opuntia inamoena K. Schum.] Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1).
Habits: herb(7); shrub(1); succulent(3). Life Habitats: Cryst.
forms: ?(1); chamaephyte(5). States: BA(2); CE(2); Cleome latifolia Vahl ex DC. Habits: herb(1). Life
PB(6); PE(10); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cleome microcarpa Ule Habits: herb(2); shrub(1). Life
Tacinga palmadora (Britton & Rose) N.P.Taylor & forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1); PI(1).
Stuppy [Synonyms: Opuntia palmadora Britton & Rose] Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Habits: cactus(1); shrub(4); succulent(2). Life
Cleome rosea Vahl ex DC. Habits: herb(3). Life
forms: ?(1). States: BA(3); PB(11); PE(16).
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Trans.
Habitats: Ins, Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cleome siliculifera Eichler Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
CAMPANULACEAE (1 genus; 1 species) Habitats: Cryst.

Colicodendron (1 species)

Colicodendron yco Mart. [Synonyms: Capparis yco

Lobelia (1 species) (Mart.) Eichler] Habits: shrub(2); tree(1).
States: BA(5); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed,
Lobelia xalapensis Kunth States: BA(1). Trans.
Habitats: Aqua.
Crateva (1 species)
CANNABACEAE (2 genera; 3 species)
Crateva tapia L. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed.

Celtis (2 species) Cynophalla (2 species)

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. [Synonyms: Celtis Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J.Presl [Synonyms: Capparis
glycycarpa Mart. ex Miq.; Celtis membranacea (Wedd.) flexuosa (L.) L.] Habits: shrub(6); tree(10). Life
Miq.] Habits: tree(2). States: BA(2); MG(6); PE(5). forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(2); CE(4); PB(20);
Habitats: Arb, Ins, Riv. PE(19); PI(1); RN(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Celtis pubescens (Kunth) Spreng. [Synonyms: Celtis
brasiliensis (Gardner) Planch.] Habits: tree(1). Cynophalla hastata (Jacq.) J.Presl [Synonyms: Capparis
States: MG(1); PE(1). Habitats: Arb, Sed. cynophallophora L.; Capparis hastata Jacq.]
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(4); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins,
Trema (1 species) Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume Habits: shrub(2); tree(1).

Life forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(2);
Dactylaena (2 species)
PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Dactylaena micrantha Schrad. ex Schult.f.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
CAPPARACEAE (9 genera; 17 species) States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Dactylaena microphylla Eichler States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.

Hemiscola (2 species)
Cleome (5 species)
Hemiscola aculeata (L.) Raf. [Synonyms: Cleome
aculeata L.; Cleome affinis DC.] Life

157
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
CELASTRACEAE (4 genera; 10 species)
Hemiscola diffusa (Banks ex DC.) Iltis
[Synonyms: Cleome diffusa Banks ex DC.]
Habits: herb(5). Life forms: therophyte(3).
States: CE(1); PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.

Neocalyptrocalyx (1 species) Fraunhofera (1 species)

Fraunhofera multiflora Mart. States: BA(1); MG(3);

Neocalyptrocalyx longifolium (Mart.) Cornejo & Iltis
PE(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam.
[Synonyms: Capparis jacobinae Moric. ex Eichler]
Habits: shrub(3); tree(7). States: BA(3); PB(7); PE(12).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc. Hippocratea (1 species)

Physostemon (2 species) Hippocratea volubilis L. [Synonyms: Hippocratea ovata

Lam.] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Physostemon guianense (Aubl.) Malme
[Synonyms: Cleome guianensis Aubl.] Habits: herb(4).
Life forms: therophyte(4). States: BA(1); PE(6); PI(1). Maytenus (7 species)
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Physostemon lanceolatum Mart. & Zucc. Maytenus acanthophylla Reissek States: BA(1).
[Synonyms: Cleome lanceolata (Mart. & Zucc.) Iltis] Habitats: Ins.
Life forms: therophyte therophyte. States: PE(4).
Maytenus boaria Molina [Synonyms: Celastrus
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
maytenus Willd.] States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Maytenus catingarum Reissek States: PI(1).
Tarenaya (1 species) Habitats: Sed.
Maytenus horrida Reissek States: MG(1).
Tarenaya spinosa (Jacq.) Raf. [Synonyms: Cleome Habitats: Arb.
spinosa Jacq.] Habits: shrub(2). States: BA(3); PB(2); Maytenus imbricata Reissek Habits: shrub(2). Life
PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv, Trans, Unc. forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Sed.
CARICACEAE (1 genus; 1 species) Maytenus obtusifolia Mart. [Synonyms: Maytenus
impressa Reissek] Habits: tree(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Maytenus rigida Mart. Habits: shrub(2); tree(7). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(6); PB(12); PE(6).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
Jacaratia (1 species)

Jacaratia corumbensis Kuntze Habits: shrub(1). Pristimera (1 species)

States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Pristimera sclerophylla Lombardi Habits: liana(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
CHRYSOBALANACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)

Spergularia (1 species)

Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Habits: subshrub(1). Hirtella (2 species)

States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.

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Hirtella ciliata Mart. & Zucc. Habits: shrub(1). Life Combretum glaucocarpum Mart. [Synonyms: Thiloa
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3). glaucocarpa (Mart.) Eichler] Habits: shrub(1); tree(5).
Habitats: Sed. Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(7);
Hirtella racemosa Lam. Habits: shrub(1). PB(2); PE(3); PI(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Sed,
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed. Trans.
Combretum hilarianum D.Dietr. Habits: climber(4).
States: PB(3); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Licania (2 species) Combretum lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler
Habits: liana(1); shrub(2). Life
Licania rigida Benth. Habits: tree(2). States: CE(1); forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PI(3).
PE(1); RN(2). Habitats: Riv, Trans, Unc. Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Licania sclerophylla (Hook.f.) Fritsch Habits: tree(1). Combretum laxum Jacq. Habits: shrub(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). States: PB(2). Habitats: Riv.
Habitats: Cryst.
Combretum leprosum Mart. Habits: shrub(11). Life
forms: phanerophyte(5). States: CE(11); MG(6);
CLUSIACEAE (1 genus; 4 species) PB(15); PE(1); PI(7); RN(24). Habitats: Arb, CMaior,
Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
Combretum mellifluum Eichler Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PI(5).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Combretum monetaria Mart. States: PE(2).
Clusia (4 species) Habitats: Cryst.
Combretum pisonioides Taub. Habits: tree(5).
Clusia hilariana Schltdl. States: PB(1). States: BA(1); PB(9); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Diam,
Habitats: Agre. Riv, Trans.
Clusia melchiorii Gleason [Synonyms: Clusia
intermedia G.Mariz] States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Clusia nemorosa G.Mey. Habits: shrub(1). Life Terminalia (2 species)
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Sed. Terminalia actinophylla Mart. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(4).
Clusia paralicola G.Mariz Habits: tree(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre.
Terminalia fagifolia Mart. [Synonyms: Terminalia
fagifolia var. parvifolia Eichler] States: BA(1); MG(2);
COMBRETACEAE (3 genera; 13 species) PI(1). Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Diam.

COMMELINACEAE (6 genera; 12 species)

Buchenavia (2 species)

Buchenavia callistachya Ducke Habits: tree(1). Life

forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Aneilema (1 species)
Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aubl.) R.A.Howard
Aneilema brasiliense C.B.Clarke Life
[Synonyms: Buchenavia capitata (Vahl) Eichler]
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Habits: tree(4). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1).
States: CE(3); PE(4); PI(4). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Callisia (2 species)
Combretum (9 species)
Callisia filiformis (M.Martens & Galeotti) D.R.Hunt
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(5).
Combretum duarteanum Cambess. Life
States: BA(3); CE(3); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua,
forms: phanerophyte. States: MG(5); PE(1); PI(4).
Cryst, Ins, Cryst.
Habitats: Arb, CMaior.

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Callisia repens L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(4). States: PB(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Ins, Trans. Rourea (1 species)

Rourea martiana Baker States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.

Commelina (5 species)

Commelina benghalensis L. Life forms: therophyte(1). CONVOLVULACEAE (7 genera; 66 species)

States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Commelina erecta L. Habits: herb(1). States: BA(5);
PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed. Aniseia (1 species)
Commelina obliqua Vahl Habits: herb(7). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(5). Aniseia martinicensis var. ambigua Hallier f.
States: PB(1); PE(13). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, [Synonyms: Aniseia nitens Choisy ex Meisn.]
Trans. States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Commelina virginica L., Commelina virginica is
endemic to North America and does not occur in Brazil.
The name has been misapplied to Caatinga specimens
Evolvulus (16 species)
which probably represent Commelina erecta L., a
common species in Brazil, although there are also other Evolvulus anagalloides Meisn. Habits: subshrub(1).
species with which it might be confused (M. Pelligrini, States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
pers. comm.) Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1). Evolvulus barbatus Meisn. Habits: climber(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst. States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Evolvulus cressoides Mart. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Dichorisandra (2 species)
Evolvulus elaeagnifolius Dammer Habits: liana(2).
Life forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2).
Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Kuntze ex Hand.-
Habitats: Sed.
Mazz. Habits: herb(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(2). Evolvulus elegans Moric. Habits: herb(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed. States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dichorisandra penduliflora Kunth States: BA(2). Evolvulus ericaefolius Mart. ex Schrank
Habitats: Ins. Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Evolvulus filipes Mart. [Synonyms: Evolvulus exilis
Murdannia (1 species) Meisn.] Habits: climber(1); herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(3); PB(1);
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan PE(3); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed,
[Synonyms: Commelina nudiflora L.] Habits: herb(1). Trans.
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1). Evolvulus frankenioides Moric. Habits: herb(2);
Habitats: Cryst. subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(2).
States: PE(4). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Tradescantia (1 species) Evolvulus glomeratus Nees & Mart. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Tradescantia ambigua Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life Evolvulus gypsophiloides Moric. [Synonyms: Evolvulus
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(2). gypsophiloides var. brevifolius Meisn.] States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Cryst.
Evolvulus latifolius Ker Gawl. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
CONNARACEAE (1 genus; 1 species) Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Evolvulus macroblepharis Mart. Habits: subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed.

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Evolvulus ovatus Fernald Habits: herb(2). Life Observations: According to specialist R.S.Bianchini,
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(3); RN(2). this name is based only on a drawing and is of doubtful
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Unc. validity.
Evolvulus phyllanthoides Moric. Habits: herb(1). Ipomoea procurrens Meisn. Habits: climber(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Evolvulus pterocaulon Moric. Habits: subshrub(1). Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth States: PE(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Sed. Ipomoea rosea Choisy Habits: climber(3); liana(2).
Evolvulus sericeus Sw. Habits: climber(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(5). States: CE(4); PE(4).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Ipomoea sericophylla Meisn. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Ipomoea (28 species) Habitats: Cryst.
Ipomoea setifera Poir. Habits: vine(1). States: BA(1).
Ipomoea alba L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Sed.
Ipomoea aristolochiifolia G.Don Habits: climber(1).
Ipomoea setosa Ker Gawl. States: BA(1).
Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Aqua.
Habitats: Agre, Trans.
Ipomoea subincana (Choisy) Meisn.
Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult.
Habits: climber(2); liana(2). Life
Habits: climber(1); herb(2); subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); cryptophyte-geo(1).
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(1); PB(1);
States: CE(2); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Riv, Sed.
Ipomoea subrevoluta Choisy States: BA(2).
Ipomoea bahiensis Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
Habitats: Aqua.
Habits: liana(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(2).
States: CE(3); PE(1); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Ipomoea trifida (Kunth) G.Don Habits: climber(1).
Trans, Unc. States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Ipomoea batatoides Choisy States: BA(2). Observations: According to specialist R.S.Bianchini this
Habitats: Aqua. species is not recorded for Brazil (though it may have
been introduced as an ornamental). This record is most
Ipomoea brasiliana (Choisy) Meisn. Habits: climber(7);
likely the result of a misidentification.
liana(3). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(2); liana(1);
phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5); PB(1); PE(6); PI(3). Ipomoea triloba L. Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans. Habitats: Trans.
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(3); Ipomoea verbasciformis (Meisn.) O'Donell
PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv. Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Ipomoea hederifolia L. Habits: liana(1). Life Ipomoea verbascoidea Choisy Habits: climber(1).
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Cryst. Observations: According to specialist R.S.Bianchini this
Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. [Synonyms: Ipomoea species is an African species not recorded for Brazil. This
acuminata (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.] States: PE(1). record is most likely the result of a misidentification.
Habitats: Ins. Ipomoea wrightii A.Gray States: BA(1).
Ipomoea marcellia Meisn. Habits: climber(2). Habitats: Aqua.
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Ipomoea megapotamica Choisy Life Jacquemontia (13 species)
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Habits: climber(3); liana(2). Life Jacquemontia bahiensis O'Donell Habits: climber(1).
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1); States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Jacquemontia cearensis Huber Habits: climber(1).
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Jacquemontia densiflora (Meisn.) Hallier f.
Ipomoea phyllomega (Vell.) House Habits: climber(1). Habits: liana(1). States: PB(1); PE(2); PI(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Ipomoea polyrhizos (Silva Manso) Choisy Jacquemontia evolvuloides (Moric.) Meisn.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). Habits: climber(2). States: PB(1); PE(2); RN(3).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst. Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Unc.

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Jacquemontia ferruginea Choisy States: BA(1). Turbina cordata (Choisy) D.F.Austin & Staples
Habitats: Ins. [Synonyms: Ipomoea martii Meisn.] Habits: climber(1).
Jacquemontia glaucescens Choisy Habits: climber(1). States: BA(1); CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Jacquemontia gracillima (Choisy) Hallier f. COSTACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
[Synonyms: Aniseia gracillima Choisy] Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Jacquemontia heterantha (Nees & Mart.) Hallier f.
[Synonyms: Aniseia heterantha Choisy] Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst. Costus (1 species)
Jacquemontia multiflora (Choisy) Hallier f.
Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins. Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe Life
Jacquemontia nodiflora (Desv.) G.Don forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
[Synonyms: Jacquemontia confusa Meisn.]
Habits: climber(3); liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(3). CUCURBITACEAE (4 genera; 4 species)
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G.Don
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Jacquemontia sphaerostigma (Cav.) Rusby Apodanthera (1 species)
[Synonyms: Jacquemontia hirsuta Choisy]
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre. Apodanthera glaziovii Cogn. States: PE(1).
Jacquemontia velutina Choisy Habits: liana(1). Life Habitats: Agre.
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Cayaponia (1 species)

Merremia (5 species) Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn. Life

forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(3).
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. Habits: climber(4); Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Ins.
liana(1). Life forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1);
PB(1); PE(5); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans,
Unc. Ceratosanthes (1 species)
Merremia cissoides (Lam.) Hallier f. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins. Ceratosanthes trifoliata Cogn. Habits: climber(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Merremia macrocalyx (Ruiz & Pav.) O'Donell Cyclanthera (1 species)
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(2).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Unc. Cyclanthera elegans Cogn. Life forms: therophyte(1).
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. States: BA(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Aqua.

CYPERACEAE (12 genera; 52 species)

Operculina (2 species)

Operculina alata (Ham.) Urb. Habits: liana(1). Life

forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Operculina macrocarpa (L.) Urb. States: PE(1).
Bulbostylis (3 species)
Habitats: Ins.
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C.B.Clarke Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(2).
Turbina (1 species) Habitats: Ins, Trans.

162
Bulbostylis hirtella (Schrad.) Urb. Life Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urb. States: PE(1).
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Ins.
Bulbostylis scabra (J.Presl & C.Presl) C.B.Clarke Life Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(4). Habitats: Ins. States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Eleocharis minima Kunth States: BA(2).
Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus (20 species)
Eleocharis montana (Kunth) Roem. & Schult.
[Synonyms: Eleocharis nodulosa (Roth) Schult.]
Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) Endl. [Synonyms: Cyperus
States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
cayennensis Willd. ex Link; Cyperus retrorsus Chapm.]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Sed. Fimbristylis (2 species)
Cyperus alternifolius L. [Synonyms: Cyperus
alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük.] States: PE(1). Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl
Habitats: Ins. [Synonyms: Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl]
Cyperus berroi (C.B.Clarke) Barros States: PE(1). States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Habitats: Ins. Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke Life
Cyperus compressus L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Aqua. forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(2); therophyte(2).
States: PE(6). Habitats: Cryst, Ins. Fuirena (1 species)
Cyperus distans L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Fuirena umbellata Rottb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus eragrostis Lam. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus esculentus L. States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua.
Cyperus haspan L. States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Kyllinga (3 species)
Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standl. States: BA(1). Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Aqua.
Kyllinga odorata Vahl States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus iria L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Kyllinga squamulata Thonn. ex Vahl States: PE(1).
Cyperus laxus Lam. [Synonyms: Cyperus diffusus Vahl] Habitats: Ins.
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans. Lipocarpha (2 species)
Cyperus luzulae (L.) Retz. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins. Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G.C.Tucker Life
Cyperus odoratus L. [Synonyms: Cyperus ferax Rich.] forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(8); PB(1); PE(2). Lipocarpha salzmanniana Steud. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins. Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus reflexus Vahl Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Oxycaryum (1 species)
Cyperus rotundus L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus schomburgkianus Nees Life Oxycaryum cubense (Poepp. & Kunth) Lye
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(1). States: BA(8). Habitats: Aqua.
Habitats: Ins.
Cyperus surinamensis Rottb. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(5); CE(1); PE(1). Pycreus (7 species)
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins.
Cyperus uncinulatus Schrad. ex Nees Habits: herb(4). Pycreus capillifolius (A.Rich.) C.B.Clarke
Life forms: therophyte(6). States: BA(1); CE(3); PB(1); States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
PE(9). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc. Pycreus flavescens (L.) Rchb. States: PE(1).
Cyperus virens Michx. States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua. Habitats: Ins.
Pycreus lanceolatus (Poir.) C.B.Clarke
[Synonyms: Cyperus lanceolatus Poir.; Pycreus
Eleocharis (4 species) propinquus Nees] States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.

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Pycreus macrostachyos (Lam.) J.Raynal States: BA(1). Davilla cearensis Huber Habits: liana(1). Life
Habitats: Aqua. forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Pycreus pelophilus (Ridl.) C.B.Clarke Habits: herb(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Trans. DIOSCOREACEAE (1 genus; 10 species)
Pycreus piceus Liebm. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv.
[Synonyms: Cyperus polystachyos Rottb.] States: BA(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Dioscorea (10 species)
Rhynchospora (5 species) Dioscorea adenantha Uline Life
forms: cryptophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Rhynchospora barbata (Vahl) Kunth Life
Dioscorea coronata Hauman Life forms: cryptophyte-
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
geo(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Rhynchospora cephalotes (L.) Vahl States: PE(1).
Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell. Life forms: cryptophyte-
Habitats: Ins.
geo(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Rhynchospora contracta (Nees) J.Raynal Life
Dioscorea glandulosa (Griseb.) Kunth Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(3); PB(1); PE(2).
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Dioscorea hassleriana Chodat States: BA(1).
Rhynchospora holoschoenoides (Rich.) Herter
Habitats: Ins.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Dioscorea leptostachya Gardner Habits: herb(1).
Rhynchospora riparia (Nees) Boeckeler States: PE(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Ins.
Dioscorea ovata Vell. [Synonyms: Dioscorea
adenocarpa Mart. ex Griseb.] Habits: climber(3);
Scleria (3 species) liana(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1); therophyte(2).
States: CE(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Scleria interrupta Rich. Life forms: therophyte(1). Dioscorea piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Scleria reticularis Michx. ex Willd. States: PE(1). Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Habitats: Ins. Habits: climber(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Scleria secans (L.) Urb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Dioscorea sincorensis R.Knuth States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.

Trilepis (1 species)
DROSERACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Trilepis lhotzkiana Nees ex Arn. States: BA(2).
Habitats: Ins.

DILLENIACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)

Drosera (1 species)

Drosera montana A.St.-Hil. Life forms: therophyte(1).

States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Curatella (1 species)
ERIOCAULACEAE (1 genus; 4 species)
Curatella americana L. Habits: treelet(1).
States: PI(4). Habitats: CMaior.

Davilla (1 species)
Paepalanthus (4 species)

164
Paepalanthus bifidus (Schrad.) Kunth States: PE(1). Erythroxylum pauferrense Plowman States: PB(2).
Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Agre, Unc.
Paepalanthus lamarckii Kunth Life Erythroxylum pulchrum A.St.-Hil. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Paepalanthus myocephalus (Mart.) Körn. Life Erythroxylum pungens O.E.Schulz Habits: shrub(2);
forms: therophyte(3). States: PB(1); PE(2). tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(7);
Habitats: Ins. PI(1); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Paepalanthus parvus Ruhland States: PE(1). Erythroxylum revolutum Mart. Habits: shrub(3);
Habitats: Ins. subshrub(1); tree(3). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1);
phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); PB(4); PE(8).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE (1 genus; 24 species) Erythroxylum simonis Plowman States: PB(3).
Habitats: Agre, Riv.
Erythroxylum stipulosum Plowman Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum (24 species) Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins,
Erythroxylum amplifolium (Mart.) O.E.Schulz Sed.
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Erythroxylum subracemosum Turcz. Life
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PI(1).
Erythroxylum barbatum O.E.Schulz Habits: shrub(3). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7). Erythroxylum subrotundum A.St.-Hil.
Habitats: Sed. Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre.
Erythroxylum betulaceum Mart. Habits: shrub(3). Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1); MG(2); PI(3). Habitats: Arb, Sed, Trans. Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(1);
Erythroxylum bezerrae Plowman Habits: shrub(2). PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
EUPHORBIACEAE (19 genera; 103 species)
Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman Habits: shrub(5).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
CE(1); PE(4); PI(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Erythroxylum citrifolium A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum deciduum A.St.-Hil. States: MG(3). Acalypha (4 species)
Habitats: Arb.
Erythroxylum flaccidum Salzm. ex Peyr. States: PE(1). Acalypha brasiliensis Müll.Arg. Life
Habitats: Ins. forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins.
Erythroxylum laetevirens O.E.Schulz Habits: shrub(3).
Life forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(7); PI(2). Acalypha multicaulis Müll.Arg. Habits: herb(1);
Habitats: Sed. shrub(3); subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Erythroxylum ligustrinum DC. Habits: tree(2).
Ins, Riv, Sed.
States: BA(2). Habitats: Diam.
Acalypha poiretii Spreng. Habits: herb(2). Life
Erythroxylum loefgrenii Diogo Habits: shrub(1).
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Trans.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Acalypha villosa Jacq. [Synonyms: Acalypha subvillosa
Erythroxylum maracasense Plowman Habits: shrub(2).
Müll.Arg.] Habits: herb(1). States: CE(1).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Habitats: Sed.
Erythroxylum nummularia Peyr. Habits: shrub(1).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Astraea (2 species)
Erythroxylum ochranthum Mart. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Ins. Astraea comosa (Müll.Arg.) B.W.van Ee
[Synonyms: Croton comosus Müll.Arg.]

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Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(8); PE(3);
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins. PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Astraea lobata (L.) Klotzsch [Synonyms: Croton lobatus
L.] Habits: herb(5); shrub(1); subshrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(5). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(12). Croton (37 species)
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton adamantinus Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Bernardia (1 species) Croton adenocalyx Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1).
Bernardia sidoides (Klotzsch) Müll.Arg. Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
Habits: herb(5). Life forms: therophyte(5). Croton adenodontus (Müll.Arg) Müll.Arg
States: CE(1); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Habits: shrub(3). States: PE(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed,
Trans, Unc. Trans.
Croton alagoensis Müll. Arg., According specialist D.S.
Bia (1 species) Carneiro-Torres this is almost certainly the same species
as Croton blanchetianus Baill. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Bia lessertiana Baill. [Synonyms: Tragia lessertiana
(Baill.) Müll.Arg] Habits: liana(1). Life Croton argyrophylloides Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(5);
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1);
CE(6); PB(1); PE(1); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst,
Diam, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Caperonia (1 species) Croton argyrophyllus Kunth [Synonyms: Croton micans
Müll. Arg.] Habits: shrub(4). States: PE(7).
Caperonia palustris (L.) A.St.-Hil. Life Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst. Croton betaceus Baill. Habits: shrub(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Cnidoscolus (7 species)
Croton blanchetianus Baill. Habits: shrub(11). Life
Cnidoscolus bahianus (Ule) Pax & K.Hoffm. forms: phanerophyte(4). States: CE(7); PB(5); PE(7);
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
States: BA(3); PE(9). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed, Croton campestris A.St.-Hil., Croton campestris is a
Trans. species known to occur in the Brazilian semi-arid though
Cnidoscolus loefgrenii (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Pax & the name has often been misapplied to herbarium
K.Hoffm. Habits: herb(1). Life specimens of Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth (D.S.
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(4). Carneiro-Torres, pers. comm.) Habits: shrub(4). Life
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Cryst, Riv. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(4); PE(2);
PI(5); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Cnidoscolus oligandrus (Müll.Arg.) Pax States: MG(4); Trans, Unc.
PE(1). Habitats: Sed, Arb.
Croton celtidifolius Baill. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Cnidoscolus pubescens Pohl [Synonyms: Cnidoscolus States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
obtusifolius Pohl ex Baill.] Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(1); tree(1). States: MG(5); PE(4). Croton compressus Lam. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre, Arb, Sed. Habitats: Agre.
Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl [Synonyms: Cnidoscolus Croton cordiifolius Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
phyllacanthus (Müll. Arg.) Fern.Casas] Habits: tree(10). forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(7); Croton echioides Baill. Habits: shrub(3). Life
PE(15); PI(1); RN(14). Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(4).
Unc. Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed.
Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur Habits: shrub(7); Croton gardnerianus Baill. Habits: shrub(1).
subshrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(4). States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
States: BA(4); CE(2); PB(4); PE(12); PI(2); RN(2). Croton glandulosus L. Habits: herb(3); shrub(1);
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc. subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(5). States: CE(2);
Cnidoscolus vitifolius (Mill.) Pohl [Synonyms: Jatropha PB(1); PE(6); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans,
vitifolia Mill.] Habits: shrub(9). Life Unc.

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Croton glutinosus Müll.Arg. Habits: subshrub(1). Croton sonderianus Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(10).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. States: BA(2); CE(4); PB(21); PE(11); PI(2); RN(14).
Croton grewioides Baill. Habits: herb(1); shrub(3). Life Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(3); PE(3); Croton tricolor Klotzsch ex Baill. Habits: shrub(1).
PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed. States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Croton heliotropiifolius Kunth [Synonyms: Croton Croton urticifolius Lam. Habits: herb(1); shrub(3);
conduplicatus Kunth; Croton moritibensis Baill.; Croton subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2);
rhamnifolioides Pax & K. Hoffm.; Croton rhamnifolius therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(3); PE(3); PI(2);
Willd.; Croton rhamnifolius Willd. var. moritibensis] RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Habits: shrub(14); subshrub(3). Life Croton zehntneri Pax & K.Hoffm. Habits: shrub(5).
forms: phanerophyte(5). States: BA(3); CE(7); PB(6); Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(5);
PE(22); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Riv, PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Sed, Trans.
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Croton hemiargyreus Müll.Arg. States: RN(15).
Habitats: Unc. Dalechampia (6 species)
Croton hirtus L'Hér. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins. Dalechampia affinis Müll.Arg. Life forms: liana(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Croton jacobinensis Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3); PE(2). Dalechampia brasiliensis Lam. Habits: climber(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed. Life forms: liana(1). States: BA(3); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Croton lundianus (Didr.) Müll.Arg. Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1). Dalechampia fernandesii G.L.Webster
States: CE(2); PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Ins. Dalechampia pernambucensis Baill. Habits: liana(2).
Croton mucronifolius Müll.Arg. States: PE(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(2).
Habitats: Cryst. States: CE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Croton muscicarpa Müll.Arg. States: PB(1). Dalechampia scandens L. Habits: climber(2); vine(1).
Habitats: Agre. Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Croton nepetifolius Baill. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3); PB(2). Dalechampia schenckiana Pax & K.Hoffm.
Habitats: Agre, Sed, Unc. Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Croton odontadenius Müll.Arg Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Ditaxis (3 species)
Observations: Misapplied name. This species is known
to occur in Southeastern Brazil and according to
Ditaxis desertorum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
specialist D.S. Carneiro-Torres it is unlikely that this
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
species occurs in the semiarid region of Brazil.
Habitats: Sed. Ditaxis gardneri (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
[Synonyms: Argythamnia gardneri Müll.Arg.]
Croton pedicellatus Kunth Habits: subshrub(1).
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ditaxis malpighiacea (Ule) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Croton piauhiensis Müll.Arg. States: PI(1).
Habits: shrub(4). States: PB(3); PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Trans.
Croton pulegiodorus Baill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1); CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Croton pulegioides Müll.Arg. States: PB(1); PE(1). Euphorbia (9 species)
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Croton rottlerifolius Baill. Habits: tree(1). Euphorbia bahiensis (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss.
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins. Habits: herb(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Croton rudolphianus Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(2). Life Euphorbia comosa Vell. Habits: subshrub(6). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(2). forms: chamaephyte(3); phanerophyte(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed. States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1); PE(6); PI(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Croton sincorensis Mart. States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst. Euphorbia heterophylla L. [Synonyms: Poinsettia
heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke] Habits: herb(1).

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Life forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habits: shrub(2); tree(3). States: BA(1); CE(4); PB(9);
Habitats: Cryst. PE(4); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Trans,
Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. [Synonyms: Chamaesyce Unc.
hyssopifolia (L.) Small; Euphorbia brasiliensis Lam.] Manihot catingae Ule Habits: tree(3). States: PB(5).
Habits: herb(6). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
therophyte(5). States: BA(3); CE(1); PB(2); PE(9); Manihot dichotoma Ule Habits: shrub(1); tree(3);
RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc. treelet(1). States: PE(7). Habitats: Agre, Sed, Trans.
Euphorbia insulana Vell. Habits: herb(2). Life Manihot epruinosa Pax & K.Hoffm. States: PE(2).
forms: phanerophyte(2); therophyte(1). States: CE(1); Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
PE(5). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Manihot gabrielensis Allem Habits: shrub(1). Life
Euphorbia phosphorea Mart. Habits: shrub(1). forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
States: BA(2); PB(2). Habitats: Ins, Riv.
Manihot heptaphylla Ule Habits: shrub(1).
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton [Synonyms: Chamaesyce States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
prostrata (Aiton) Small] States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Manihot palmata Müll.Arg, Manihot palmata is
Euphorbia serpens Kunth States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. restricted to Southeastern Brazil so its use for the semi-
Euphorbia thymifolia L. [Synonyms: Chamaesyce arid of Brazil is probably a misapplication
thymifolia (L.) Millsp.] Habits: herb(2). States: PE(4). (M.L.L.Martins, pers. comm.) Habits: shrub(1). Life
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K.Hoffm.
Jatropha (5 species) Habits: tree(2). States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Diam.
Jatropha curcas L. Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Jatropha martiusii (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(1). Maprounea (1 species)
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(11); Maprounea guianensis Aubl. Habits: shrub(1); tree(3).
subshrub(1); tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(1); PB(2); PE(8). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv,
States: BA(3); CE(6); PB(20); PE(29); PI(1); RN(30). Trans, Unc.
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. var. Microstachys (2 species)
mollissima [Synonyms: Jatropha pohliana Müll. Arg.]
Habits: shrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Microstachys corniculata (Vahl) Griseb.
States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(13); PE(1). Habitats: Agre,
[Synonyms: Sebastiania corniculata (Vahl) Müll. Arg.]
Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
Jatropha mutabilis (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(7); States: CE(1); PE(2); RN(1). Habitats: Unc, Ins, Sed,
subshrub(1). States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(7); PI(2). Trans.
Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Microstachys hispida (Mart.) Govaerts
Jatropha ribifolia (Pohl) Baill. Habits: shrub(5); Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(2); PB(3); PE(11). Habitats: Cryst, Diam,
Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans. Romanoa (1 species)

Romanoa tamnoides (A.Juss.) Radcl.-Sm. Life

Manihot (11 species) forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Manihot anomala Pohl Habits: shrub(1). Life

forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PI(1). Sapium (4 species)
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Manihot brachyandra Pax & K.Hoffm. Habits: tree(1). Sapium argutum (Müll.Arg.) Huber [Synonyms: Sapium
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam. sceleratum Ridl.] Habits: tree(2). Life
Manihot caerulescens Pohl Habits: shrub(2); tree(2). forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5); PB(1); PE(2).
States: BA(1); CE(1); PI(3). Habitats: Sed, Trans. Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii (Müll.Arg.) Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong [Synonyms: Sapium
Allem [Synonyms: Manihot glaziovii Müll.Arg] biglandulosum (L.) Müll.Arg.; Sapium glandulatum

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(Vell.) Pax; Sapium lanceolatum (Müll. Arg.) Huber; Aeschynomene evenia C.Wright & Sauvalle
Sapium montevidense Klotzsch ex Baill.] States: BA(5). Habitats: Aqua.
Habits: tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). Aeschynomene histrix Poir. Habits: herb(1). Life
States: BA(2); CE(4); MG(4); PB(7); PE(8); RN(1). forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Habitats: Sed, Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed,
Aeschynomene marginata Benth. Habits: subshrub(1).
Unc.
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Sapium obovatum Klotzsch ex Müll.Arg. Life Habitats: Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Aeschynomene martii Benth. Habits: shrub(2).
Sapium sellowianum (Müll.Arg.) Klotzsch ex Baill. States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Aeschynomene mollicula Kunth Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Sebastiania (4 species) Aeschynomene scabra G.Don Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Sebastiania brasiliensis Spreng. Habits: shrub(2); Aeschynomene sensitiva Sw. Life
tree(1). States: CE(3); PE(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans. forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(3); RN(1).
Sebastiania brevifolia (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. Habitats: Ins, Riv, Unc.
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Aeschynomene viscidula Michx. Habits: herb(1);
Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B.Sm. & Downs subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Habitats: Cryst.
Sebastiania macrocarpa Müll.Arg. Habits: tree(4). Albizia (3 species)
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PB(5).
Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
Albizia inundata (Mart.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes
Habits: tree(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(1); PE(1).
Stillingia (2 species) Habitats: Agre, Diam, Riv, Trans.
Albizia niopoides (Spruce ex Benth.) Burkart var.
Stillingia trapezoidea Ule Habits: shrub(4). Life niopoides [Synonyms: Albizia hassleri (Chodat) Burkart]
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(2); States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
PI(3). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans. Albizia polycephala (Benth.) Killip ex Record Life
Stillingia uleana Pax ex K.Hoffm. Habits: shrub(1). forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PI(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Agre, Sed.

Tragia (2 species) Amburana (1 species)

Tragia friesii Pax & K.Hoffm. States: BA(1). Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C.Sm.
Habitats: Ins. [Synonyms: Torresea cearensis Allemão]
Habits: tree(10). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
Tragia volubilis L. Habits: climber(2). Life
States: BA(2); CE(7); PB(9); PE(6); PI(4); RN(8).
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(1);
Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans,
PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Unc.

FABACEAE (87 genera; 292 species)

Anadenanthera (2 species)

Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan

Habits: tree(7). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); CE(4); MG(10); PB(14); PE(21); PI(2);
Acosmium (1 species) RN(7). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc,
CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Acosmium diffusissimum (Mohlenbr.) Yakovlev Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.)
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Altschul [Synonyms: Anadenanthera macrocarpa
(Benth.) Brenan; Piptadenia macrocarpa Benth.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(5); PE(1);
Aeschynomene (8 species)

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PI(1); RN(4). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Bauhinia subclavata Benth. Habits: shrub(2). Life
Unc. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PI(2).
Anadenanthera peregrina var. falcata (Benth.) Altschul Habitats: Sed.
[Synonyms: Piptadenia falcata Benth.] States: MG(1). Bauhinia ungulata L. Habits: shrub(2); tree(1). Life
Habitats: Arb. forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.

Andira (2 species)
Blanchetiodendron (1 species)
Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Amshoff
Habits: tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Blanchetiodendron blanchetii (Benth.) Barneby &
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. J.W.Grimes States: MG(4). Habitats: Arb.
Andira vermifuga (Mart.) Benth. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Bowdichia (1 species)

Apuleia (2 species) Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Habits: tree(2). Life

forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1).
Apuleia grazielana Afr.Fern. Habits: shrub(1). Habitats: Sed.
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr. Habits: tree(1). Calliandra (8 species)
States: MG(6); PE(1). Habitats: Arb, Sed.
Calliandra aeschynomenoides Benth. Habits: shrub(1);
Arachis (1 species) tree(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Calliandra depauperata Benth. Habits: shrub(2).
Arachis dardani Krapov. & W.C.Greg. Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Calliandra dysantha Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
Habitats: Cryst. States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Calliandra leptopoda Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Bauhinia (9 species)
Calliandra macrocalyx Harms Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Bauhinia acuruana Moric. Habits: shrub(11). Life
forms: nanophanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1). Calliandra parvifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Speg.
States: BA(2); CE(7); PE(8); PI(5). Habitats: Ins, Sed, [Synonyms: Calliandra myriophylla Benth.]
Trans. States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
Bauhinia catingae Harms States: PB(1). Calliandra sessilis Benth. States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Cryst. Calliandra umbellifera Benth. Habits: shrub(2);
Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud. Habits: shrub(14); treelet(1). States: CE(2); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(4). States: CE(9);
PB(18); PE(22); PI(3); RN(14). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc. Canavalia (1 species)
Bauhinia dubia G.Don Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life
Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PI(3).
Habits: climber(1); liana(1). Life
Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
Bauhinia forficata Link Habits: liana(1); shrub(1). States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins,
States: CE(1); MG(9); PI(1). Habitats: Trans, Arb. Trans.
Bauhinia pentandra (Bong.) Vogel ex Steud.
[Synonyms: Bauhinia heterandra Benth.]
Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3). Cassia (1 species)
States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(5); PI(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins,
Riv, Sed, Trans. Cassia ferruginea (Schrad.) Schrad. ex DC.
Bauhinia pulchella Benth. Habits: shrub(3); tree(1). Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: Agre,
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4); PI(5). Trans.
Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.

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 forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(2); CE(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Cenostigma (1 species)
Chamaecrista brevicalyx (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: tree(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul.
[Synonyms: Cenostigma gardnerianum Tul.] Chamaecrista calycioides (DC. ex Collad.) Greene
Habits: tree(1). States: CE(4); PI(5). Habitats: Sed, Habits: herb(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
Trans, Sed. hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Chamaecrista cytisoides (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin &
Centrolobium (1 species) Barneby Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Centrolobium sclerophyllum H.C.Lima States: MG(2). Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip
Habitats: Arb. [Synonyms: Cassia desvauxii Collad.] Habits: shrub(2);
tree(1). States: BA(1); PE(1); PI(2). Habitats: Sed,
Trans.
Centrosema (5 species)
Chamaecrista desvauxii (Collad.) Killip var.
Centrosema brasilianum (L.) Benth. Habits: liana(2); desvauxii [Synonyms: Cassia tetraphylla Desv.; Cassia
vine(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1); tetraphylla Desv. var. tetraphylla] States: BA(1); RN(1).
hemicryptophyte(2). States: BA(5); CE(2); PB(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed. Chamaecrista diphylla (L.) Greene Habits: herb(1).
Centrosema pascuorum Mart. ex Benth. Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). Habitats: Sed.
States: CE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst. Chamaecrista duckeana (P.Bezerra & Afr.Fern.)
Centrosema sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Bar Habits: subshrub(2). Life
Brandegee Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). forms: chamaephyte(3). States: CE(3).
Habitats: Agre, Ins. Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Centrosema venosum Mart. ex Benth. Life Chamaecrista eitenorum (H.S.Irwin & Barneby)
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins. H.S.Irwin & Barn Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth. Trans, Sed.
Habits: climber(2); herb(1); liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(2). States: PE(5); Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene
PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans. [Synonyms: Cassia chamaecrista L.] States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista flexuosa (L.) Greene
Chaetocalyx (2 species) Habits: subshrub(3). States: BA(2); PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Chaetocalyx longiflora Benth. ex A.Gray Chamaecrista glandulosa (L.) Greene
[Synonyms: Chaetocalyx hebecarpa Benth.] [Synonyms: Cassia glandulosa L.] States: BA(1).
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre. Habitats: Sed.
Chaetocalyx scandens (L.) Urb. Habits: climber(1). Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench
Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(1). Habits: subshrub(6). Life forms: chamaephyte(3);
States: BA(2); CE(2); PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, therophyte(2). States: CE(3); PB(2); PE(5).
Trans. Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Chamaecrista pilosa (L.) Greene Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista (24 species)
Chamaecrista ramosa (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Chamaecrista amiciella (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
H.S.Irwin & Barn States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins. microphanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Chamaecrista barbata (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: subshrub(1). Life Chamaecrista repens (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Chamaecrista belemii (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin
& Barneb Habits: shrub(2); subshrub(1). Life Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene
Habits: herb(3). Life forms: ?(1); phanerophyte(1).

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States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Trans.
Cratylia (2 species)
Chamaecrista serpens (L.) Greene Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Cratylia argentea (Desv.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Cratylia
Chamaecrista supplex (Mart. ex Benth.) Britton & Rose floribunda Benth.] Habits: climber(1); liana(1).
ex Brit Habits: herb(1). Life forms: ?(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Cratylia mollis Mart. ex Benth. Habits: liana(2);
Chamaecrista swainsonii (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby shrub(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3);
Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. CE(2); PE(3); PI(5). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Chamaecrista tenuisepala (Benth.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Crotalaria (5 species)
Chamaecrista trichopoda (Benth.) Britton & Rose ex
Britton Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). Crotalaria bahiensis Windler & S.G.Skinner
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans. Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(2). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Chamaecrista zygophylloides (Taub.) H.S.Irwin &
Barneby Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(2). Life Crotalaria holosericea Nees & Mart. Habits: shrub(1).
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1); PI(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(3).
Habitats: Sed, Trans. States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(1); PE(1); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Crotalaria incana L. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
Chloroleucon (5 species) forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. Life
Chloroleucon acacioides (Ducke) Barneby & forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
J.W.Grimes Habits: tree(1). Life
Crotalaria vitellina Ker Gawl. [Synonyms: Crotalaria
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
vitellina Ker Gawl. var. laeta] Habits: herb(1). Life
Chloroleucon dumosum (Benth.) G.P.Lewis forms: phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1). States: CE(2);
[Synonyms: Pithecellobium dumosum Benth.] PB(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Riv, Sed, Trans.
Chloroleucon foliolosum (Benth.) G.P.Lewis Dalbergia (4 species)
[Synonyms: Pithecellobium foliolosum Benth.]
Habits: shrub(3); tree(6). States: CE(1); MG(4); PB(7); Dalbergia catingicola Harms Habits: tree(2).
PE(8); RN(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans. States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Chloroleucon mangense (Jacq.) Britton & Rose Dalbergia cearensis Ducke Habits: shrub(1); tree(8).
[Synonyms: Pithecellobium parvifolium (Sw.) Benth.] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(8);
States: BA(1); PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Trans. MG(4); PE(2); PI(4). Habitats: Arb, Diam, Sed, Trans,
Chloroleucon tortum (Mart.) Pittier States: MG(6). Unc.
Habitats: Arb. Dalbergia frutescens (Vell.) Britton
[Synonyms: Dalbergia variabilis Vogel]
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed,
Copaifera (3 species) Trans.
Dalbergia glaucescens (Mart. ex Benth.) Benth.
Copaifera coriacea Mart. Habits: tree(3). Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
States: BA(2); PI(3). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Habits: tree(1).
States: MG(2); PI(1). Habitats: Arb, Trans. Desmanthus (1 species)
Copaifera martii Hayne Habits: tree(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7). Habitats: Sed. Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PB(4); PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Trans,
Unc.
Cranocarpus (1 species)
Desmodium (5 species)
Cranocarpus gracilis Afr.Fern. & P.Bezerra
Habits: subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.

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Desmodium distortum (Aubl.) J.F.Macbr.
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Discolobium (1 species)
Desmodium glabrum (Mill.) DC. Life
Discolobium hirtum Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Desmodium incanum DC. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Enterolobium (2 species)
Desmodium procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc.
[Synonyms: Desmodium spirale (Sw.) DC.] Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong
Habits: herb(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Habits: tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Cryst. States: MG(2); PB(2); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Ins,
Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. States: BA(1). Trans.
Habitats: Aqua. Enterolobium timbouva Mart. States: MG(1).
Habitats: Arb.

Dimorphandra (1 species)
Eriosema (1 species)
Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Eriosema glaziovii Harms Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc.

Dioclea (5 species)
Erythrina (2 species)
Dioclea grandiflora Mart. ex Benth. Habits: climber(4);
liana(5). Life forms: liana(1); phanerophyte(2). Erythrina velutina Willd. Habits: ?(1); tree(5). Life
States: BA(2); CE(3); PB(3); PE(3); PI(4). forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(3); MG(1);
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc. PB(12); PE(5); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst,
Dioclea marginata Benth. Habits: liana(1). Diam, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed. Erythrina verna Vell. [Synonyms: Erythrina mulungu
Dioclea megacarpa Rolfe Habits: liana(1). Life Mart.] States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Dioclea sclerocarpa Ducke Habits: climber(1). Erythrostemon (1 species)
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dioclea violacea Mart. ex Benth. Habits: climber(2). Erythrostemon calycina (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(5); PB(1). [Synonyms: Caesalpinia calycina Benth.]
Habitats: Ins, Sed. Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Diplotropis (1 species)
Galactia (4 species)
Diplotropis ferruginea Benth. States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb. Galactia jussiaeana Kunth Habits: liana(3). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Dipteryx (1 species)
Galactia remansoana Harms Habits: vine(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. States: RN(1).
Habitats: Unc. Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb. Habits: climber(2). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Diptychandra (1 species) Galactia texana (Scheele) A.Gray Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PI(1).
Diptychandra aurantiaca subsp. epunctata (Tul.) Observations: According the Lista de Espécies da Flora
H.C.Lima et a [Synonyms: Diptychandra epunctata Tul.] do Brasil 2012, Galactia texana (Scheele) A.Gray do not
Habits: tree(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. occurs in Brazil. This is probably a misidentified
species.. Habitats: Sed.

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 Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Geoffroea (1 species)
Inga striata Benth. States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. Habits: tree(3). States: PB(1); Inga vera Willd. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
PE(5). Habitats: Riv. States: PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Riv.

Goniorrhachis (1 species) Leptolobium (1 species)

Goniorrhachis marginata Taub. States: BA(2); MG(8). Leptolobium dasycarpum Vogel [Synonyms: Acosmium
Habitats: Arb, Diam. dasycarpum (Vogel) Yakovlev; Sweetia dasycarpa
(Vogel) Benth.] States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.

Harpalyce (1 species)
Leucochloron (1 species)
Harpalyce brasiliana Benth. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Leucochloron limae Barneby & J.W.Grimes
States: MG(4). Habitats: Arb.

Hymenaea (7 species)
Libidibia (1 species)
Hymenaea aurea Y.T.Lee & Langenh. Habits: tree(2).
States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans. Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul.]
Hymenaea courbaril L. Habits: tree(8). Life
Habits: shrub(1); tree(14); treelet(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(7);
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(5); PB(15); PE(15);
PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
PI(4); RN(10). Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed,
Hymenaea eriogyne Benth. Habits: shrub(3); tree(3). Trans, Unc, Ins.
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(8);
Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya (Benth.)
PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
L.P.Queiroz [Synonyms: Caesalpinia leiostachya
Hymenaea maranhensis Y.T.Lee & Langenh. (Benth.) Ducke] Habits: tree(1). States: PB(2); PE(2).
States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior. Habitats: Agre, Riv.
Hymenaea martiana Hayne Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed. Lonchocarpus (6 species)
Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: MG(2); PI(2). Lonchocarpus araripensis Benth. Habits: tree(3);
Habitats: Arb, Sed, Trans. treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4);
PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Hymenaea velutina Ducke Habits: tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(7). Habitats: Sed. Lonchocarpus campestris Mart. ex Benth.
States: PB(2). Habitats: Riv.
Lonchocarpus costatus Benth. [Synonyms: Deguelia
Indigofera (3 species) costata (Benth.) A.M.G.Azevedo] States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Indigofera blanchetiana Benth. States: RN(1). Lonchocarpus obtusus Benth. Habits: tree(3).
Habitats: Unc. States: PB(4). Habitats: Cryst, Riv.
Indigofera microcarpa Desv. Habits: ?(1). Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth ex DC.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Riv. Habits: tree(5). States: PB(4); PE(2); PI(1).
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Habits: shrub(2); Habitats: Cryst, Riv, Trans.
subshrub(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(2). Lonchocarpus virgilioides (Vogel) Benth.
States: BA(2); CE(4); PB(1); PE(2); PI(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.

Luetzelburgia (1 species)
Inga (4 species)
Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke
Inga capitata Desv. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre. Habits: tree(7). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).

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States: CE(2); PB(5); PE(2); PI(6). Habitats: CMaior,
Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Martiodendron (1 species)

Machaerium (12 species) Martiodendron mediterraneum (Mart. ex Benth.)

R.C.Koeppen Habits: tree(1). States: PI(3).
Machaerium aculeatum Raddi States: MG(3); PB(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Habitats: Arb, Agre.
Machaerium acutifolium Vogel Habits: tree(6). Life Mimosa (28 species)
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(7); MG(4);
PI(5). Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Diam, Sed, Trans.
Mimosa acutistipula (Mart.) Benth. Habits: tree(4).
Machaerium amplum Benth. Habits: tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1);
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. PE(4); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Machaerium brasiliense Vogel States: MG(6). Mimosa adenophylla Taub. Habits: subshrub(1).
Habitats: Arb. States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Machaerium floridum (Mart. ex Benth.) Ducke Mimosa arenosa (Willd.) Poir. [Synonyms: Mimosa
States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb. malacocentra (Mart.) Benth] Habits: shrub(3); tree(3).
Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); PB(5);
[Synonyms: Machaerium angustifolium Vogel] PE(11); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
States: MG(3). Habitats: Arb. Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Machaerium opacum Vogel States: MG(1). Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze Habits: tree(1).
Habitats: Arb. States: PE(3). Habitats: Riv.
Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd Mimosa borboremae Harms States: PB(1).
Habits: liana(1); shrub(1). States: CE(1); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Habitats: Sed. Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. Habits: shrub(1);
Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. States: MG(5). tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(8);
Habitats: Arb. PI(3); RN(4). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Unc.
Machaerium stipitatum (DC.) Vogel Habits: shrub(1); Mimosa camporum Benth. Life forms: therophyte(1).
tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Sed. Mimosa gemmulata Barneby Habits: shrub(1).
Machaerium vestitum Vogel States: CE(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Sed. Mimosa guaranitica Chodat & Hassl. Habits: shrub(1).
Machaerium villosum Vogel States: MG(4). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Arb. Mimosa honesta Mart. States: PB(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Riv.
Macroptilium (5 species) Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla Habits: shrub(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(3); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Macroptilium bracteatum (Nees & Mart.) Maréchal &
Baudet Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Mimosa lepidophora Rizzini Habits: tree(2).
Habitats: Ins. States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Macroptilium gracile (Poepp. ex Benth.) Urb. Mimosa lewisii Barneby Habits: climber(1); shrub(2).
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(1);
Trans. PE(6). Habitats: Sed.
Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. States: BA(2); Mimosa misera Benth. Habits: subshrub(1).
RN(1). Habitats: Aqua, Unc. States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Macroptilium martii (Benth.) Maréchal & Baudet Mimosa modesta Mart. Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1).
Habits: climber(1); herb(3). Life forms: liana(1); Habitats: Sed.
therophyte(4). States: CE(2); PE(4); PI(2); RN(1). Mimosa niederleinii Burkart States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc. Habitats: Cryst.
Macroptilium panduratum (Mart. ex Benth.) Maréchal Mimosa nothopteris Barneby Habits: treelet(1).
& Baudet Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1). States: PI(2). Habitats: CMaior.
Habitats: Trans. Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth.
Habits: tree(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).

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States: PB(9); PE(6); PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Parapiptadenia zehntneri (Harms) M.P.Lima &
CMaior, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Trans, Unc. H.C.Lima [Synonyms: Piptadenia zehntneri Harms]
Mimosa paraibana Barneby Habits: shrub(2). Life Habits: shrub(1); tree(4). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(9).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(4). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv.
Mimosa pigra L. Habits: shrub(2). States: PE(4). Parkia (1 species)
Habitats: Riv.
Mimosa pudica L. States: BA(2); RN(1). Parkia platycephala Benth. Habits: tree(1). Life
Habitats: Aqua, Unc. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PI(1).
Mimosa quadrivalvis L. Habits: liana(1). Life Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Mimosa quadrivalvis var. leptocarpa (DC.)
Parkinsonia (1 species)
Barneby [Synonyms: Schrankia leptocarpa DC.]
Habits: climber(1); subshrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(1); RN(1). Parkinsonia aculeata L. Habits: tree(1). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Unc. Habitats: Ins, Riv.
Mimosa sensitiva L. Habits: climber(2); liana(1);
shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1); Peltogyne (2 species)
hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(1). States: CE(2);
PB(3); PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans, Peltogyne confertiflora (Mart. ex Hayne) Benth.
Unc. Habits: tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Mimosa somnians Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. States: CE(3); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Peltogyne pauciflora Benth. [Synonyms: Cynometra
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. [Synonyms: Mimosa glaziovii Taub.] Habits: tree(5). States: BA(4); PB(2);
hostilis (Mart.) Benth.; Mimosa nigra Huber] PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Habits: shrub(2); tree(13). Life
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(6); MG(8);
PB(24); PE(13); PI(2); RN(26). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Peltophorum (1 species)
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Mimosa ursina Mart. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1). Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub. States: BA(1);
Life forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1). MG(3); RN(1). Habitats: Arb, Diam, Unc.
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Mimosa verrucosa Benth. Habits: tree(3). Life
Periandra (2 species)
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PI(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Periandra coccinea (Schrad.) Benth. Habits: liana(1).
Mimosa xiquexiquensis Barneby Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Sed.
Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub. States: BA(1).
Myroxylon (1 species) Habitats: Sed.

Myroxylon peruiferum L.f. Habits: tree(1).

Piptadenia (4 species)
States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F.Macbr.
Ormosia (1 species) States: MG(2). Habitats: Arb.
Piptadenia macradenia Benth. States: MG(1).
Ormosia fastigiata Tul. Habits: tree(1). Life Habitats: Arb.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke Habits: shrub(5);
tree(11); treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(5).
States: CE(8); PB(18); PE(16); PI(3); RN(17).
Parapiptadenia (2 species) Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Piptadenia viridiflora (Kunth) Benth.
Parapiptadenia blanchetii (Benth.) Vaz & M.P.Lima [Synonyms: Piptadenia biuncifera Benth.]
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Habits: tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Trans.

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States: BA(1); CE(2); MG(6); PB(4); PE(1); RN(1). Poecilanthe falcata (Vell.) Heringer States: MG(1).
Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Sed, Unc. Habitats: Arb.
Poecilanthe grandiflora Benth. Habits: tree(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Pithecellobium (2 species)
Poecilanthe subcordata Benth. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Diam.
Pithecellobium diversifolium Benth. Life
forms: phanerophyte phanerophyte. States: PB(4); Poecilanthe ulei (Harms) Arroyo & Rudd
PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv. Habits: tree(3). States: BA(2); PB(2). Habitats: Diam,
Ins, Riv.
Pithecellobium roseum (Vahl) Barneby & J.W.Grimes
var. roseum [Synonyms: Pithecellobium parviflorum
Pittier] Habits: tree(2). States: PE(3). Poeppigia (1 species)
Observations: Cited occasionally as P. parviflorum
Benth., but the correct author is Pittier. Possibly a
Poeppigia procera C.Presl Habits: tree(7). Life
misidentification, as this is an Amazonian species.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(4); CE(1); PE(5);
Habitats: Agre, Riv.
PI(6). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Sed.

Pityrocarpa (2 species)
Poincianella (5 species)
Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow &
Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P.Queiroz
R.W.Jobson [Synonyms: Piptadenia moniliformis
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia bracteosa Tul.]
Benth.] Habits: tree(10). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
Habits: shrub(2); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
States: BA(2); CE(9); PE(1); PI(4); RN(5).
States: CE(7); PE(2); PI(5); RN(6). Habitats: CMaior,
Habitats: Diam, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Pityrocarpa obliqua (Pers.) Brenan
Poincianella gardneriana (Benth.) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Piptadenia obliqua (Pers.) J.F.Macbr.]
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia gardneriana Benth.]
Habits: tree(4); treelet(1). Life
Habits: tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(8);
States: CE(2); PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Trans.
PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Poincianella microphylla (Mart. ex G.Don) L.P.Queiroz
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia microphylla Mart. ex G.Don]
Plathymenia (1 species) Life forms: phanerophyte microphanerophyte.
States: BA(2); MG(6); PE(14); PI(1). Habitats: Arb,
Plathymenia reticulata Benth. Habits: tree(2). Life Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PI(1). Poincianella pluviosa (DC.) L.P.Queiroz
Habitats: Sed, Trans. [Synonyms: Caesalpinia pluviosa DC.] States: MG(4).
Habitats: Arb.
Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P.Queiroz
Platymiscium (1 species)
[Synonyms: Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.]
Habits: shrub(3); tree(11). States: BA(3); CE(1);
Platymiscium floribundum Vogel Habits: tree(1). PB(30); PE(19); RN(22). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam,
States: CE(1); MG(5). Habitats: Arb, Trans. Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Platymiscium floribundum Vogel var.
floribundum [Synonyms: Platymiscium blanchetii
Benth.] States: MG(3). Habitats: Arb. Pterocarpus (4 species)

Pterocarpus monophyllus Klitg., L.P.Queiroz &

Platypodium (1 species) G.P.Lewis Habits: tree(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Platypodium elegans Vogel Habits: shrub(3); tree(3). Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl [Synonyms: Pterocarpus
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); PI(3). violaceus var. angustifolia Benth.; Pterocarpus violaceus
Habitats: Sed, Trans. Vogel] States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Pterocarpus villosus (Mart. ex Benth.) Benth.
Poecilanthe (4 species) Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PI(3). Habitats: Sed.

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Pterocarpus zehntneri Harms States: MG(1). Habits: shrub(1); tree(3). States: BA(1); CE(1); PB(1);
Habitats: Arb. PI(2); RN(1). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Senegalia tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose
[Synonyms: Acacia claussenii Benth.; Acacia paniculata
Pterodon (1 species) Willd.; Acacia tenuifolia (L.) Willd.] Habits: shrub(3);
tree(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
Pterodon abruptus (Moric.) Benth. Habits: tree(3). CE(4); MG(1); PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
States: BA(1); PI(5). Habitats: Diam, Sed, Trans. Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans.

Pterogyne (1 species) Senna (21 species)

Pterogyne nitens Tul. States: BA(1); MG(4). Senna acuruensis (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habitats: Arb, Diam. [Synonyms: Cassia acuruensis Benth.; Senna acuruensis
(Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. acuruensis]
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Rhynchosia (2 species) States: BA(2); PE(1); PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Diam,
Sed.
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. States: BA(1); PE(1).
Senna angulata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habitats: Aqua.
[Synonyms: Cassia angulata Vogel] States: BA(1);
Rhynchosia phaseoloides (Sw.) DC. Habits: climber(1); PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Senna aversiflora (Herb.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Life
States: CE(2); PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Senna cana (Nees & Mart.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senegalia (9 species) Habits: shrub(1); tree(2). States: BA(1); PE(5).
Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Senegalia bahiensis (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger Senna catingae (Harms) L.P.Queiroz States: BA(1).
[Synonyms: Acacia bahiensis Benth.] Habits: treelet(1). Habitats: Diam.
States: BA(2); MG(4); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Ins, Senna cearensis Afr.Fern. [Synonyms: Senna
Sed. barnebyana Afr.Fern.] Habits: shrub(6). Life
Senegalia langsdorffii (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(8); PI(3).
[Synonyms: Acacia langsdorffii Benth.] Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Habits: shrub(7); tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(3). Senna gardneri (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
States: BA(2); CE(9); MG(1); PI(3). Habitats: Arb, Habits: shrub(6). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Diam, Ins, Sed, Trans. States: BA(2); CE(3); PB(1); PI(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed,
Senegalia martii (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger Trans.
[Synonyms: Acacia martii Benth.] States: MG(2). Senna georgica H.S.Irwin & Barneby States: RN(1).
Habitats: Arb. Habitats: Unc.
Senegalia martiusiana (Steud.) Seigler & Ebinger Senna lechriosperma H.S.Irwin & Barneby
[Synonyms: Acacia adhaerens Benth.] States: PI(1). Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Habitats: Sed. States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Senegalia monacantha (Willd.) Seigler & Ebinger Senna macranthera (DC. ex Collad.) H.S.Irwin &
[Synonyms: Acacia monacantha Willd.] States: MG(1). Barneby Habits: shrub(2); tree(1). Life
Habitats: Arb. forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(6); MG(2);
Senegalia piauhiensis (Benth.) Seigler & Ebinger PB(4); PE(11); PI(3); RN(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv,
[Synonyms: Acacia piauhiensis Benth.] Habits: shrub(2); Sed, Trans, Riv, Sed, Trans, Arb, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans,
tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); Unc, Sed, Riv.
PE(5); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Sed, Trans. Senna martiana (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose [Synonyms: Cassia martiana Benth.] Habits: shrub(3).
[Synonyms: Acacia glomerosa Benth.; Acacia polyphylla Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PB(7); PE(2).
DC.] Habits: shrub(1); tree(5). Life Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(4); MG(2); Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
PB(4); PE(4); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Diam, Ins, States: CE(1). Habitats: Unc.
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Senegalia riparia (Kunth) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Killip [Synonyms: Acacia riparia Kunth]

178
States: CE(1); PE(1); RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. Habits: herb(1).
Unc. States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Habits: shrub(2). Stylosanthes humilis Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life
States: PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans. forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(3). Habitats: Cryst,
Senna rizzinii H.S.Irwin & Barneby Habits: shrub(4); Ins.
tree(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); Stylosanthes scabra Vogel Life forms: therophyte(1).
PB(1); PE(10); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed, States: PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins.
Trans, Unc. Stylosanthes viscosa (L.) Sw. Habits: herb(1).
Senna rugosa (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby States: BA(3); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Habits: shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Swartzia (1 species)
Habits: shrub(4); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(3); CE(1); MG(5); PB(9); PE(11); PI(2); Swartzia flaemingii Raddi Habits: tree(5). Life
RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(8); PI(4).
Trans, Unc, Cryst, Riv, Trans. Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Senna splendida (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: shrub(3); tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Tachigali (2 species)
States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(3); PE(4). Habitats: Agre,
Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Sed.
Tachigali aurea Tul. [Synonyms: Sclerolobium aureum
Senna trachypus (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Tul.) Benth.] States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
Habits: shrub(7); subshrub(2); tree(1). Life
Tachigali densiflora (Benth.) L.G.Silva & H.C.Lima
forms: phanerophyte(4). States: CE(10); PE(2); PI(3).
[Synonyms: Sclerolobium densiflorum Benth.]
Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby
Habits: herb(2); shrub(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(2). States: BA(3); PE(4); Tephrosia (2 species)
RN(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Senna velutina (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. States: PE(1); RN(1).
[Synonyms: Cassia velutina Vogel] Habits: shrub(1). Habitats: Aqua, Unc.
States: PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Sesbania (2 species)
Trischidium (2 species)
Sesbania exasperata Kunth Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv. Trischidium decipiens (R.S.Cowan) H.E.Ireland
Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. [Synonyms: Sesbania [Synonyms: Bocoa decipiens R.S.Cowan]
marginata Benth.] Habits: subshrub(1). Life Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Trischidium molle (Benth.) H.E.Ireland
Habitats: Cryst. [Synonyms: Bocoa mollis (Benth.) Cowan]
Habits: shrub(10). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1).
States: BA(3); CE(2); PE(8); PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Stryphnodendron (1 species) Trans.

Stryphnodendron coriaceum Benth. States: PI(1).

Habitats: CMaior. Vachellia (1 species)

Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.

Stylosanthes (6 species) [Synonyms: Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.]
Habits: tree(1). States: PB(3); PE(1); RN(1).
Stylosanthes angustifolia Vogel States: RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Unc.
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Stylosanthes capitata Vogel Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1). Vatairea (1 species)
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.

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Vatairea macrocarpa (Benth.) Ducke Habits: tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Sed. Paliavana (1 species)

Paliavana tenuiflora Mansf. Life

Vigna (2 species) forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.

Vigna halophila (Piper) Maréchal et al. States: BA(1).

Habitats: Ins. Sinningia (2 species)
Vigna peduncularis (Kunth) Fawc. & Rendle
Sinningia incarnata (Aubl.) D.L.Denham Life
[Synonyms: Phaseolus peduncularis Kunth]
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habits: climber(3). Life forms: liana(1); therophyte(2).
Habitats: Ins.
States: PE(6); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Sinningia nordestina Chautems Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Zornia (9 species)

Zornia brasiliensis Vogel Habits: herb(2). Life HYDROCHARITACEAE (3 genera; 3 species)

forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2); RN(1).
Habitats: Trans, Unc.
Zornia curvata Mohlenbr. Habits: herb(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Habits: tree(1). Life Egeria (1 species)
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed. Egeria densa Planch. States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Zornia gardneriana Moric. Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Zornia gemella Vogel Habits: herb(1). Life Limnobium (1 species)
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)
Zornia glabra Desv. States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Heine States: BA(3). Habitats: Aqua.
Zornia myriadena Benth. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Zornia reticulata Sm. States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst. Najas (1 species)
Zornia sericea Moric. Habits: herb(5). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(4). Najas conferta (A.Braun) A.Braun States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans. Habitats: Aqua.

GENTIANACEAE (1 genus; 1 species) HYDROLEACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Schultesia (1 species) Hydrolea (1 species)

Schultesia guianensis (Aubl.) Malme Life Hydrolea spinosa L. Habits: subshrub(1).

forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PE(2). States: BA(7); CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins,
Habitats: Ins. Trans.

GESNERIACEAE (2 genera; 3 species) HYPERICACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)

180
Vismia (2 species) Aegiphila (2 species)

Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy States: PE(1). Aegiphila pernambucensis Moldenke Habits: shrub(1).
Habitats: Ins. States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1). Aegiphila smithii Moldenke States: MG(2).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam. Habitats: Arb.

HYPOXIDACEAE (1 genus; 1 species) Amasonia (1 species)

Amasonia campestris (Aubl.) Moldenke

[Synonyms: Amasonia coccinea Liebm. & Moldenke]
Habits: herb(1); subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3). States: CE(3); PI(1).
Hypoxis (1 species) Habitats: Sed.

Hypoxis decumbens L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Eriope (1 species)

IRIDACEAE (2 genera; 2 species) Eriope hypenioides Mart. ex Benth. States: BA(1).

Habitats: Sed.

Hypenia (1 species)

Cipura (1 species) Hypenia salzmannii (Benth.) Harley [Synonyms: Hyptis

salzmannii Benth.] Habits: herb(2); subshrub(2). Life
Cipura paludosa Aubl. Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(2);
forms: cryptophyte-geo(1). States: PE(2). PI(1). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Hyptidendron (1 species)
Neomarica (1 species)
Hyptidendron amethystoides (Benth.) Harley
Neomarica gracilis (Herb.) Sprague States: PE(1). Habits: subshrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Ins.
Hyptis (11 species)
KRAMERIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Hyptis atrorubens Poit. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3). Habitats: Cryst,
Trans.
Hyptis calida Mart. ex Benth. Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Krameria (1 species)
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Krameria tomentosa A.St.-Hil. Habits: ?(1); Leptohyptis calida (Mart. ex Benth.) R.M.Harley &
subshrub(1). States: BA(1); PE(1); PI(1). J.F.B.Pastore.
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Hyptis dilatata Benth. States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Hyptis fruticosa Salzm. ex Benth. Habits: shrub(2);
LAMIACEAE (11 genus; 26 species) subshrub(1). States: BA(2); PE(5). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Eplingiella fruticosa (Salzm. ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.
Pastore.

181
Hyptis martiusii Benth. Habits: shrub(3); subshrub(1).
Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1). States: BA(2);
PE(6). Habitats: Diam, Sed. Ocimum (1 species)
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
Ocimum campechianum Mill. States: BA(1).
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Habitats: Aqua.
Medusantha martiusii (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore.
Hyptis multiflora Pohl Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Rhaphiodon (1 species)
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination Rhaphiodon echinus Schauer Habits: herb(2).
Medusantha multiflora (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Pastore.
Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Vitex (5 species)
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Spreng. Habits: tree(2).
from Hyptis and treated as Mesosphaerum pectinatum States: CE(2); MG(2); PI(3). Habitats: Arb, CMaior,
(L.) Kuntze. Sed.
Hyptis platanifolia Mart. ex Benth. Habits: herb(1). Vitex gardneriana Schauer Habits: shrub(4).
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). States: PB(5); PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Habitats: Sed.
Vitex polygama Cham. [Synonyms: Vitex laciniosa
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct from Turcz.] States: MG(2). Habitats: Arb.
Hyptis and given the new combination Gymneia
platanifolia (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore. Vitex rufescens A.Juss. [Synonyms: Vitex regnelliana
Moldenke] Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Hyptis sidifolia (L'Hér.) Briq. Life Habitats: Ins.
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Vitex schaueriana Moldenke Habits: tree(2). Life
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PB(1).
from Hyptis and given the new combination Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Mesosphaerum sidifolium (L’Hér.) Harley & J.F.B.
Pastore.
Hyptis simulans Epling Habits: herb(1). Life LAURACEAE (3 genera; 6 species)
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct
from Hyptis and given the new combination
Medusantha simulans (Epling) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore.
Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Habits: herb(4). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(3); PE(3);
Cassytha (1 species)
RN(3). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Cassytha filiformis L. [Synonyms: Cassytha americana
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct Nees] Habits: herb(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins,
from Hyptis and treated as Mesosphaerum suaveolens Sed.
(L.) Kuntze.

Nectandra (2 species)
Leonotis (1 species)
Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Griseb. States: BA(2).
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Habits: subshrub(2). Habitats: Ins.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Riv, Sed.
Nectandra nitidula Nees States: MG(2).
Habitats: Arb.
Marsypianthes (1 species)

Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze

Ocotea (3 species)
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(5).
States: BA(1); CE(4); PB(1); PE(3); RN(3). Ocotea brachybotrya (Meisn.) Mez States: PI(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Unc. Habitats: CMaior.

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Ocotea duckei Vattimo-Gil Habits: shrub(1). Aosa rupestris (Gardner) Weigend [Synonyms: Loasa
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed. rupestris Gardner] Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
Ocotea xanthocalyx (Nees) Mez Habits: shrub(1). Life phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1). States: BA(4); PB(1);
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3). PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Sed.
Mentzelia (1 species)
LENTIBULARIACEAE (1 genus; 5 species)
Mentzelia aspera L. [Synonyms: Mentzelia fragilis
Huber] Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(2); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Trans.

Utricularia (5 species)
LOGANIACEAE (2 genera; 3 species)
Utricularia breviscapa C.Wright ex Griseb.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Utricularia foliosa L. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Utricularia gibba L. States: BA(5). Habitats: Aqua.
Utricularia nigrescens Sylvén Life Spigelia (1 species)
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Utricularia pusilla Vahl States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Spigelia anthelmia L. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst.

LIMNOCHARITACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Strychnos (2 species)

Strychnos parvifolia A.DC. States: BA(1); PB(1).

Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Strychnos rubiginosa A.DC. Habits: climber(4);
Hydrocleis (1 species) shrub(4); subshrub(1). States: CE(4); PE(5); PI(3).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Hydrocleis nymphoides (Willd.) Buchenau
States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua.
LORANTHACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)

LINDERNIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Psittacanthus (1 species)

Micranthemum (1 species) Psittacanthus cordatus (Hoffmanns.) G.Don

[Synonyms: Psittacanthus bicalyculatus (Mart.) Mart.]
Micranthemum umbrosum (Walter ex J.F.Gmel.) Habits: hemiparasite(2). States: BA(4); PE(1).
S.F.Blake States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua. Habitats: Ins, Sed.

LOASACEAE (2 genera; 2 species) Struthanthus (3 species)

Struthanthus flexicaulis Mart. States: BA(2).

Habitats: Sed.
Struthanthus polyrhizus (Mart.) Mart.
Habits: epiphyte(1); hemiparasite(1); herb(1).
Aosa (1 species) States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.

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Struthanthus syringifolius (Mart.) Mart. Banisteriopsis angustifolia (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Habits: hemiparasite(3); herb(1). States: BA(1); PE(3). Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Habitats: Sed. States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis laevifolia (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
LYTHRACEAE (4 genera; 9 species) States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis muricata (Cav.) Cuatrec.
Habits: climber(1). States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis oxyclada (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Ammannia (1 species) Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ammannia latifolia L. States: BA(4); PE(1). Banisteriopsis schizoptera (A.Juss.) B.Gates
Habitats: Aqua. Habits: climber(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Banisteriopsis stellaris (Griseb.) B.Gates
[Synonyms: Banisteriopsis stellaris (Griseb.) B.Gates
Cuphea (6 species) var. latifolia] Habits: climber(2); liana(3). Life
forms: liana(1); phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PE(2);
Cuphea calophylla Cham. & Schltdl. States: PB(1). PI(3). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Cryst.
Cuphea campestris Koehne Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(2). Barnebya (1 species)
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Cuphea circaeoides Sm. Habits: herb(2). Life Barnebya harleyi W.R.Anderson & B.Gates Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(2). forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PI(1).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed. Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Cuphea ericoides Cham. & Schltdl. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed. Bunchosia (1 species)
Cuphea impatientifolia A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Cuphea
prunellifolia A.St.-Hil.] States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre. Bunchosia pernambucana W.R.Anderson
Cuphea racemosa (L.f.) Spreng. States: PB(1). Habits: subshrub(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Agre.

Byrsonima (7 species)
Lafoensia (1 species)
Byrsonima correifolia A.Juss. Life
Lafoensia glyptocarpa Koehne Habits: subshrub(1). forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(2).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Sed. Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth States: PI(1); RN(1).
Habitats: CMaior, Unc.
Pleurophora (1 species) Byrsonima cydoniifolia A.Juss. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Pleurophora anomala (A. St.-Hil.) Koehne Life Byrsonima gardneriana A.Juss. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(5); CE(1). forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); CE(9); PE(4);
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst. PI(3). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Byrsonima nitidifolia A.Juss. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
MALPIGHIACEAE (14 genera; 38 species) Byrsonima sericea DC. Habits: treelet(1).
States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior.
Byrsonima vacciniifolia A.Juss. Habits: shrub(1);
tree(1). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Banisteriopsis (6 species)
Callaeum (1 species)

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Callaeum psilophyllum (A.Juss.) D.M.Johnson Mascagnia sepium (A.Juss.) Griseb. Habits: climber(1);
[Synonyms: Mascagnia psilophylla (A.Juss.) Griseb.] shrub(1). States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Trans.
Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.

Peixotoa (1 species)
Diplopterys (2 species)
Peixotoa jussieuana A.Juss. Habits: climber(1);
Diplopterys lutea (Griseb.) W.R.Anderson & C.C.Davis liana(4). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5);
[Synonyms: Banisteriopsis lutea (Griseb.) Cuatrec.] PI(5). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
States: BA(1); PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Diplopterys pubipetala (A.Juss.) W.R.Anderson &
C.C.Davi [Synonyms: Banisteriopsis pubipetala Ptilochaeta (1 species)
(A.Juss.) Cuatrec.] Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed. Ptilochaeta bahiensis Turcz. Habits: shrub(2); tree(1);
treelet(1). States: CE(1); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Sed,
Trans.
Galphimia (1 species)

Galphimia brasiliensis (L.) A.Juss. States: BA(1); Stigmaphyllon (5 species)

PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Stigmaphyllon auriculatum (Cav.) A.Juss.
Habits: climber(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Heteropterys (6 species) States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Stigmaphyllon blanchetii C.E.Anderson
Heteropterys campestris A.Juss. Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
[Synonyms: Heteropterys discolor A.Juss.] Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum C.E.Anderson
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Habits: liana(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Heteropterys chrysophylla (Lam.) DC. States: BA(1). Stigmaphyllon paralias A.Juss. Habits: climber(1);
Habitats: Ins. shrub(1); subshrub(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
Heteropterys dichromocalyx W.R.Anderson phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(4); PI(1).
Habits: shrub(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Heteropterys grandiflora A.Juss. Habits: liana(1). Stigmaphyllon rotundifolium A.Juss. Life
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Heteropterys pteropetala A.Juss. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Thryallis (1 species)
Heteropterys trichanthera A.Juss. Habits: climber(1);
shrub(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1);
Thryallis longifolia Mart. States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
CE(2); PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Sed.

MALVACEAE (23 genera; 82 species)

Janusia (3 species)

Janusia anisandra (A.Juss.) Griseb.

Habits: climber(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Janusia janusioides (A.Juss.) W.R.Anderson
Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Ayenia (1 species)
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Janusia schwannioides W.R.Anderson States: BA(1). Ayenia erecta Mart. ex K.Schum. Habits: herb(1). Life
Habitats: Ins. forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Trans.

Mascagnia (2 species)
Bakeridesia (1 species)
Mascagnia riparia C.E.Anderson Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Bakeridesia andradelimae Monteiro States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst. Habitats: Ins.

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 Gaya gracilipes K.Schum. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Briquetia (1 species)
Gaya monosperma (K.Schum.) Krapov.
[Synonyms: Gaya elingulata Krapov., Tressens &
Briquetia spicata (Kunth) Fryxell
A.Fernández] Habits: subshrub(1). Life
[Synonyms: Pseudabutilon spicatum (Kunth) R.E.Fr.]
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Sed.
Guazuma (1 species)
Byttneria (1 species)
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); MG(2).
Byttneria filipes Mart. ex K.Schum. Habits: shrub(1).
Habitats: Arb, Cryst.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.

Cavanillesia (2 species) Helicteres (9 species)

Helicteres baruensis Jacq. [Synonyms: Helicteres mollis

Cavanillesia hylogeiton Ulbr. States: BA(1).
C.Presl] Habits: shrub(8). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Habitats: Diam.
States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(2); PE(3); PI(3); RN(1).
Cavanillesia umbellata Ruiz & Pav. Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
[Synonyms: Cavanillesia arborea (Willd.) K.Schum.]
Helicteres brevispira A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1).
States: MG(6). Habitats: Arb.
States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Helicteres eichleri K.Schum. Habits: shrub(2).
Ceiba (4 species) States: BA(4); PB(3). Habitats: Agre, Diam, Ins, Riv.
Helicteres guazumifolia Kunth States: PB(1).
Ceiba erianthos (Cav.) K.Schum. States: BA(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Habitats: Ins. Helicteres heptandra L.B.Sm. Habits: shrub(4);
Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K.Schum. [Synonyms: Chorisia subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
glaziovii (Kuntze) E.Santos] Habits: tree(5). States: CE(4); PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans.
States: CE(1); PB(6); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Helicteres macropetala A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1).
Trans, Unc. States: PE(3). Habitats: Agre.
Ceiba pubiflora (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum. States: MG(3). Helicteres muscosa Mart. Habits: ?(1); shrub(5);
Habitats: Arb. subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3).
Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.) Ravenna States: MG(1). States: CE(7); PI(6). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Habitats: Arb. Helicteres sacarolha A.St.-Hil. et al. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Corchorus (3 species) Helicteres velutina K.Schum. Habits: shrub(4). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(4).
Corchorus argutus Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life Habitats: Sed.
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst,
Unc.
Herissantia (3 species)
Corchorus hirtus L. Habits: herb(4); subshrub(1). Life
forms: therophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(8). Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky Habits: herb(2);
Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Trans. shrub(2); subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(3).
Corchorus orinocensis Kunth Life States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(8). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Sed, Trans, Unc.
Herissantia nemoralis (A.St.-Hil.) Brizicky
States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Gaya (4 species)
Herissantia tiubae (K.Schum.) Brizicky
Gaya aurea A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(1); [Synonyms: Abutilon tiubae K.Schum.] Habits: herb(1);
RN(1). Habitats: Riv, Unc. shrub(3); subshrub(4). Life forms: chamaephyte(3).
States: BA(1); CE(2); PE(11); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst,
Gaya gaudichaudiana A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1). Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.

186
 Pavonia blanchetiana Miq. Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Luehea (4 species)
Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav. [Synonyms: Pavonia
cancellata var. deltoidea (Mart.) A.St.-Hil. & Naudin]
Luehea candicans Mart. & Zucc. Habits: shrub(1);
Habits: herb(1); subshrub(3). Life
tree(1). States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
forms: chamaephyte(4); phanerophyte(1).
Luehea candicans var. candicans States: CE(3); PB(1); PE(4); PI(1); RN(1).
[Synonyms: Luehea uniflora A.St.-Hil.] Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Pavonia glazioviana Gürke [Synonyms: Pavonia
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
andrade-limae Monteiro] Habits: shrub(5).
Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc. States: MG(2). States: BA(1); CE(4); PE(1); PI(4). Habitats: Sed,
Habitats: Arb. Trans.
Luehea grandiflora Mart. & Zucc. [Synonyms: Luehea Pavonia humifusa A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1).
speciosa Willd.] Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
States: BA(1); PI(2). Habitats: CMaior, Diam.
Pavonia varians Moric. Habits: subshrub(3).
Luehea paniculata Mart. & Zucc. States: MG(2). States: BA(1); PE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Arb.

Pseudobombax (3 species)
Malvastrum (2 species)
Pseudobombax grandiflorum (Cav.) A.Robyns
Malvastrum coromandelianum Garcke States: PE(1). States: PE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Habitats: Cryst.
Pseudobombax marginatum (A.St.-Hil.) A. Robyns
Malvastrum tomentosum (L.) S.R.Hill States: PE(1). Habits: tree(8). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Habitats: Trans. States: CE(4); MG(4); PB(13); PE(4); PI(1); RN(1).
Malvastrum tomentosum (L.) S.R.Hill subsp. Habitats: Agre, Arb, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
tomentosum [Synonyms: Malvastrum scabrum Garcke] Pseudobombax simplicifolium A.Robyns
Habits: shrub(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Trans. Habits: tree(1). States: BA(1); MG(6); PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam.
Melochia (4 species)
Sida (17 species)
Melochia arenosa Benth. Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam. Sida acuta Burm.f. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Melochia lanata A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1). Life Sida angustissima A.St.-Hil. States: RN(1).
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Unc.
Melochia pyramidata L. Habits: shrub(3). Sida anomala A.St.-Hil. States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
States: BA(1); PB(5). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv.
Sida blepharoprion Ulbr. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Melochia tomentosa L. Habits: herb(2); shrub(2); States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
subshrub(4). Life forms: chamaephyte(1);
Sida castanocarpa Krapov. Life forms: therophyte(1).
therophyte(1). States: BA(5); PB(5); PE(14); PI(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Sida ciliaris L., Sida ciliaris does not occur in Brazil thus
its use for a plant of the semi-arid is a misidentification
Pachira (1 species) (M. Bovini, pers. comm.) Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2); PB(1).
Pachira retusa (Mart. & Zucc.) Fern.Alonso Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
[Synonyms: Bombacopsis retusa A.Robyns] Sida cordifolia L. Habits: herb(1); shrub(3);
Habits: tree(1). States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed. subshrub(3). Life forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1);
PE(7); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Sida galheirensis Ulbr. Habits: herb(3); shrub(3);
Pavonia (6 species) subshrub(4). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: BA(4); CE(3); PB(2); PE(10). Habitats: Cryst,
Pavonia aschersoniana Gürke Life Ins, Sed, Trans.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

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Sida glomerata Cav. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(2). Life Waltheria brachypetala Turcz. Habits: shrub(1);
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(2); PI(1). subshrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed, Trans. States: BA(1); CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Sida jussiaeana DC. Habits: herb(1). Life Waltheria bracteosa A.St.-Hil. & Naudin
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst. States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc.
Sida linifolia Cav. Habits: herb(1). Life Waltheria ferruginea A.St.-Hil. Habits: shrub(3);
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed. subshrub(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Sida regnellii R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(2). States: PE(2). States: BA(1); CE(4); PE(4); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Trans. Waltheria maritima A.St.-Hil. Life
Sida rhombifolia L. States: RN(1). Habitats: Unc. forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Sida rubifolia A.St.-Hil. Habits: subshrub(1). Waltheria martiana Benth. ex J.G.Saunders
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. [Synonyms: Waltheria macropoda Turcz.]
Habits: herb(3); subshrub(1). Life
Sida salviifolia C.Presl Habits: shrub(1).
forms: chamaephyte(4); therophyte(1). States: CE(2);
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Sida spinosa L. Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1); PE(3);
Waltheria rotundifolia Schrank Habits: herb(2);
RN(1). Habitats: Aqua, Trans, Unc.
shrub(1). Life forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(1).
Sida ulei Ulbr. [Synonyms: Sida salzmannii Mont.] Life States: PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.

Wissadula (2 species)
Sidastrum (3 species)
Wissadula amplissima (L.) R.E.Fr. Habits: shrub(1).
Sidastrum micranthum (A.St.-Hil.) Fryxell Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans. Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Sidastrum multiflorum (Jacq.) Fryxell [Synonyms: Sida Wissadula contracta (Link) R.E.Fr. Habits: herb(2);
acuminata DC.] Habits: subshrub(1). States: BA(1); shrub(1); subshrub(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Ins. therophyte(2). States: CE(3); PE(3). Habitats: Agre,
Sidastrum paniculatum (L.) Fryxell [Synonyms: Sida Cryst, Sed, Trans.
paniculata L.] Habits: subshrub(3). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(3); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed. MARANTACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)

Sterculia (1 species)

Sterculia striata A.St.-Hil. & Naudin States: MG(7).

Habitats: Arb. Calathea (1 species)

Calathea villosa (Lodd.) Lindl. Habits: herb(2). Life

Triumfetta (1 species) forms: cryptophyte-geo(2). States: CE(2); PB(1).
Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Maranta (1 species)

Waltheria (8 species) Maranta divaricata Roscoe Life

forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Waltheria albicans Turcz. Habits: shrub(1). Habitats: Ins.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Waltheria americana L. [Synonyms: Waltheria indica
L.] Habits: herb(2); shrub(2); subshrub(3). Life
MARCGRAVIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
forms: chamaephyte(2); phanerophyte(1); therophyte(1).
States: BA(2); CE(3); PB(1); PE(9); RN(3).
Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.

188
Schwartzia (1 species) Cabralea (1 species)

Schwartzia brasiliensis (Choisy) Bedell ex Gir.-Cañas Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. States: MG(2).
[Synonyms: Norantea brasiliensis Choisy] Habitats: Arb.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Cedrela (2 species)
MELASTOMATACEAE (5 genera; 8 species)
Cedrela fissilis Vell. States: MG(5). Habitats: Arb.
Cedrela odorata L. Habits: tree(1). States: CE(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Unc.

Clidemia (1 species) Trichilia (2 species)

Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don Habits: ?(1); shrub(1). Life Trichilia elegans A.Juss. Habits: shrub(3). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(3); PI(1). forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Trichilia hirta L. [Synonyms: Trichilia cathartica Mart.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1); MG(6); PI(1).
Miconia (1 species) Habitats: Arb, Ins, Trans.

Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana Habits: tree(1). MENISPERMACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)

States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.

Mouriri (1 species)

Mouriri pusa Gardner Habits: tree(1). States: BA(2). Cissampelos (2 species)

Habitats: Sed.
Cissampelos andromorpha DC. States: BA(1).
Pterolepis (2 species) Habitats: Ins.
Cissampelos parriera Vell., An illegitimate name. This
Pterolepis polygonoides (DC.) Triana Life name should not be used anymore. Habits: ?(1).
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins. States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Pterolepis trichotoma (Rottb.) Cogn. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. MENYANTHACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Tibouchina (3 species)

Tibouchina heteromalla (D.Don) Cogn.

[Synonyms: Tibouchina grandifolia Cogn.; Tibouchina
Nymphoides (1 species)
multiflora (Gardner) Cogn.] Habits: shrub(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
States: PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed. Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Tibouchina lithophila Wurdack Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn. Life MOLLUGINACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

MELIACEAE (3 genera; 5 species)

Glischrothamnus (1 species)

189
Glischrothamnus ulei Pilg. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Cybianthus (1 species)

Mollugo (1 species) Cybianthus penduliflorus Mart. Habits: ?(1).

States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Mollugo verticillata L. Habits: herb(10). Life
forms: therophyte(6). States: BA(2); CE(1); PB(3);
PE(12); PI(1). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Myrsine (1 species)
Trans.
Myrsine guianensis (Aubl.) Kuntze States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
MORACEAE (4 genera; 7 species)
MYRTACEAE (6 genera; 42 species)

Brosimum (1 species)

Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul Habits: shrub(1); Campomanesia (6 species)

tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4);
PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Sed, Trans. Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb.
Habits: shrub(6); treelet(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
Dorstenia (1 species) States: CE(5); PE(7). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Campomanesia dichotoma (O.Berg) Mattos
Dorstenia asaroides Gardner ex Hook. States: PE(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Habitats: Agre. Campomanesia eugenioides (Cambess.) D.Legrand
States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Ficus (4 species) Campomanesia pubescens (DC.) O.Berg
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ficus arpazusa Casar. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre. Campomanesia velutina (Cambess.) O.Berg
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Ficus christianii Carauta [Synonyms: Ficus gameleira
Standl.] States: MG(1). Habitats: Arb. Campomanesia viatoris Landrum Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Ficus cyclophylla (Miq.) Miq. States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Ficus elliotiana S.Moore States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins. Eugenia (19 species)

Eugenia aurata O.Berg Habits: shrub(1).

Maclura (1 species) States: CE(5). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia azuruensis O.Berg Life
Maclura tinctoria (L.) D.Don ex Steud.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
[Synonyms: Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaudich.]
States: BA(2); MG(5); PB(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Ins. Eugenia biflora (L.) DC. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia candolleana DC. Habits: shrub(1).
MYRSINACEAE (3 genera; 3 species) States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia crenata Vell. States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam.
Eugenia dichroma O.Berg Habits: ?(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Eugenia dysenterica DC. Habits: shrub(1); tree(2).
Anagallis (1 species) Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(5).
Habitats: Diam, Sed.
Anagallis minima E.H.L.Krause Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.

190
Eugenia flavescens DC. Habits: shrub(2); tree(2). Life Myrciaria ferruginea O.Berg Habits: tree(2).
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(4); PE(1); PI(3). States: PI(2). Habitats: Trans.
Habitats: Trans, Sed.
Eugenia florida DC. States: MG(9). Habitats: Arb.
Plinia (1 species)
Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel [Synonyms: Myrciaria
Eugenia luschnathiana (O.Berg) Klotzsch ex cauliflora (Mart.) O.Berg] States: PB(1).
B.D.Jacks. Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Habitats: Sed.
Eugenia mansoi O.Berg States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq. Habits: shrub(1). Life
Psidium (9 species)
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Sed. Psidium acutangulum DC. [Synonyms: Psidium
persoonii McVaugh] Habits: shrub(2). States: PE(2).
Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. [Synonyms: Eugenia Habitats: Sed.
ciarensis O.Berg.; Eugenia diantha O.Berg; Eugenia
flava O.Berg] Habits: shrub(6); tree(4). Life Psidium appendiculatum Kiaersk. Habits: shrub(1).
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(2). States: BA(2); CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
States: CE(7); PE(5); PI(5). Habitats: Sed, Trans. Psidium guineense Sw. [Synonyms: Psidium albidum
Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. [Synonyms: Eugenia Miq.; Psidium araca Raddi] States: PB(1); PE(1).
uvalha Cambess.; Eugenia vauthiereana O.Berg] Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Habits: shrub(2); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). Psidium myrsinites DC. Habits: treelet(1).
States: CE(2); PB(4); PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Riv, Sed. States: PI(3). Habitats: CMaior.
Eugenia rosea DC. States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins. Psidium myrtoides O.Berg [Synonyms: Psidium
Eugenia stictopetala DC. [Synonyms: Eugenia myrsinoides O.Berg; Psidium myrsinoides O.Berg]
piauhiensis O.Berg; Eugenia tapacumensis O.Berg] Habits: shrub(3). States: PE(4). Habitats: Sed.
Habits: ?(1); shrub(3); tree(4). Life Psidium oligospermum DC. States: PB(1).
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: CE(8); PE(2); PI(4). Habitats: Agre.
Habitats: Sed, Trans. Psidium riparium Mart. ex DC. Habits: shrub(1).
Eugenia uniflora L. States: MG(2). Habitats: Arb. States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed.
Eugenia vattimoana Mattos States: CE(1). Psidium salutare (Kunth) O.Berg [Synonyms: Psidium
Habitats: Sed. luridum (Spreng.) Burret] Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Psidium sartorianum (O.Berg) Nied. Habits: shrub(1).
Myrcia (6 species) States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.

Myrcia aegiphiloides Mattos Habits: shrub(1). Life

forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. NYCTAGINACEAE (5 genera; 10 species)
Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC. [Synonyms: Myrcia
obtecta (O.Berg) Kiaersk.] Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(3). Habitats: Sed. Boerhavia (2 species)
Myrcia oblongata DC. Habits: shrub(1). Life
Boerhavia coccinea Mill., A widespread ruderal species
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
whose native status is uncertain, Boerhavia coccinea may
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. [Synonyms: Myrcia in fact be an exotic species of unknown origin (C.F.C Sá,
acutata O.Berg; Myrcia acutiloba O.Berg; Myrcia pers. comm.). Habits: herb(3). Life
alagoensis O.Berg] Habits: ?(1). States: PB(1); PI(1). forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(2).
Habitats: Agre, Trans. States: CE(1); PE(3); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC. Habits: shrub(1). Trans.
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Sed. Boerhavia diffusa L., A widespread ruderal species
whose native status is uncertain, Boerhavia diffusa may
in fact be an exotic species of unknown origin (C.F.C Sá,
Myrciaria (1 species) pers. comm.) Habits: herb(2). Life

191
forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(1). States: CE(1); Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. States: BA(1).
PB(3); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv. Habitats: Aqua.
Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. States: BA(6).
Habitats: Aqua.
Bougainvillea (1 species)

Bougainvillea praecox Griseb. States: MG(3). OCHNACEAE (1 genus; 5 species)

Habitats: Arb.

Guapira (5 species)

Guapira campestris (Netto) Lundell [Synonyms: Pisonia Ouratea (5 species)

campestris Netto] Habits: tree(1). States: PI(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans. Ouratea blanchetiana (Planch.) Engl. Habits: shrub(1).
Guapira graciliflora (Mart. ex Schmidt) Lundell Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(3). Habitats: Sed.
States: BA(1); CE(10). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Sed. Ouratea cearensis (Tiegh.) Sastre Habits: shrub(1);
Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell Habits: tree(4). Life tree(1). States: CE(1); PI(1). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(6); RN(1). Ouratea discophora Ducke Habits: tree(1). Life
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Unc. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz [Synonyms: Guapira Ouratea glaucescens (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. Habits: tree(1).
laxiflora (Choisy) Lundell; Pisonia minor Choisy] States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed.
States: MG(3); PB(3); PE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Agre,
Arb, Ins, Riv, Unc. Ouratea parvifolia (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. Habits: tree(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Guapira tomentosa (Casar.) Lundell Habitats: Sed.
[Synonyms: Pisonia tomentosa Casar.] States: BA(3);
PE(2); RN(5). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Unc.
OLACACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Neea (1 species)

Neea obovata Spruce ex Heimerl Habits: tree(1).

States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ximenia (2 species)
Pisonia (1 species)
Ximenia americana L. Habits: shrub(6); tree(5). Life
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(3); CE(4); PB(6);
Pisonia laxa Netto [Synonyms: Guapira laxa (Netto) PE(1); PI(8); RN(3). Habitats: Agre, CMaior, Cryst,
Furlan, The name Guapira laxa (Netto) Furlan have been Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
in use in many floristic surveys in Northeastern Brazil,
but up to date it is a nomen nudum. A. Furlan died before Ximenia coriacea Engl. States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
publishing this name and left it invalid. Botanist A.M.
Giulietti says she intends to validate this name, but up to
date if one needs to cite this species one should use
ONAGRACEAE (1 genus; 7 species)
Pisonia laxa Netto until this name is validly put under
Guapira laxa.] Habits: shrub(2); tree(11).
States: CE(2); PB(4); PE(8); PI(2). Habitats: Agre,
Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Ludwigia (7 species)
NYMPHAEACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Ludwigia affinis (DC.) H.Hara Habits: subshrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Ludwigia erecta (L.) H.Hara Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1);
CE(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Riv.
Nymphaea (2 species)

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Ludwigia filiformis (Micheli) Ramamoorthy Catasetum uncatum Rolfe States: BA(2).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua. Habitats: Ins.
Ludwigia helminthorrhiza (Mart.) H.Hara
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Cattleya (1 species)
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell Habits: herb(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Cattleya aclandiae Lindl. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Ludwigia inclinata (L.f.) M.Gómez States: BA(3). States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Aqua.
Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt.) H.Hara Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1). Cyrtopodium (7 species)
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Cyrtopodium aliciae Lindl. & Rchb.f Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
OPILIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species) Cyrtopodium andersonii (Lamb. ex Andrews) R.Br.
States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Observations: According to specialist C. Van den Berg
this record represents a misidentification and the species
in question is probably Cyrtopodium flavum Link & Otto
ex Rchb.f.
Agonandra (1 species)
Cyrtopodium flavum Link & Otto ex Rchb.f.
Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook.f. [Synonyms: Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Vell.) Pabst ex
Habits: shrub(1); tree(3). Life forms: phanerophyte(3). F.Barros] Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(2).
States: CE(6); PI(5). Habitats: CMaior, Sed. States: PE(3). Habitats: Ins.
Cyrtopodium gigas (Vell.) Hoehne States: BA(1).
Habitats: Ins.
ORCHIDACEAE (17 genera; 34 species) Observations: According to specialist C. Van den Berg
this record represents a misidentification and the species
in question is probably Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum
Rchb.f.
Cyrtopodium holstii L.C.Menezes
Acianthera (1 species) Habits: rupicolous(1). States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Acianthera ochreata (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase Cyrtopodium intermedium Brade Habits: herb(1).
[Synonyms: Pleurothallis ochreata Lindl.] Life States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); phanerophyte(2). Cyrtopodium poecilum Rchb.f. & Warm. Life
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins. forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.

Brassavola (1 species)
Encyclia (2 species)
Brassavola tuberculata Hook. Habits: rupicolous(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(1); PB(1); Encyclia dichroma (Lindl.) Schltr. Life
PE(1). Habitats: Ins. forms: chamaephyte(1). States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.
Observations: According to specialist C. Van den Berg
this record represents a misidentification and the species
Campylocentrum (1 species) in question is probably Encyclia ghillanyi Pabst.
Encyclia oncidioides (Lindl.) Schltr. States: PE(1).
Campylocentrum crassirhizum Hoehne Life
Habitats: Ins.
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.

Epidendrum (4 species)
Catasetum (2 species)
Epidendrum cinnabarinum Salzm. States: PE(1).
Catasetum barbatum (Lindl.) Lindl.
Habitats: Ins.
Habits: epiphyte(1). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.

193
Epidendrum difforme Jacq. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Scaphyglottis (1 species)
Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Scaphyglottis fusiformis (Griseb.) Schultes
Epidendrum secundum Jacq. States: PE(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Ins.

Sobralia (1 species)
Habenaria (6 species)
Sobralia liliastrum Salzm. ex Lindl. States: PE(1).
Habenaria hexaptera Lindl. Life Habitats: Ins.
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habenaria obtusa Lindl. Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Vanilla (2 species)
Habenaria petalodes Lindl. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins. Vanilla chamissonis Klotzsch Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.
Habenaria pratensis (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Rchb.f. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(2). States: PE(2). Vanilla palmarum (Salzm. ex Lindl.) Lindl.
Habitats: Ins. Habits: epiphyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Habenaria repens Nutt. States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
Habenaria trifida Kunth Life forms: cryptophyte- OROBANCHACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
geo(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.

Oncidium (1 species)

Oncidium baueri Lindl. Life forms: cryptophyte- Melasma (1 species)

geo(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Melasma melampyroides (Rich.) Pennell
[Synonyms: Alectra aspera (Cham. & Schltdl.)
Polystachya (1 species) L.O.Williams] Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Polystachya estrellensis Rchb.f. Life
forms: cryptophyte-geo(2). States: PE(2).
Habitats: Ins. OXALIDACEAE (1 genus; 10 species)

Prescottia (1 species)

Prescottia phleoides Lindl. Life forms: cryptophyte-

geo(2); hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(2). Oxalis (10 species)
Habitats: Ins.
Oxalis cratensis Oliv. ex Hook. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins,
Rodriguezia (1 species) Trans.
Oxalis divaricata Mart. ex Zucc. [Synonyms: Oxalis
Rodriguezia bahiensis Rchb.f. Life forms: cryptophyte-
euphorbioides A.St.-Hil.; Oxalis noronhae Oliv.]
geo(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habits: herb(3); subshrub(3). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3); phanerophyte(1); therophyte(2).
Sarcoglottis (1 species) States: CE(3); PB(2); PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins,
Sed.
Sarcoglottis acaulis (Sm.) Schltr. States: PE(1). Oxalis eriocarpa DC. Habits: herb(1). States: PI(1).
Habitats: Agre. Habitats: Trans.

194
Oxalis frutescens L. Habits: subshrub(2). Life Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2); PE(2). forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Habitats: Sed, Ins, Sed. Phyllanthus chacoensis Morong Habits: tree(1).
Oxalis glaucescens Norlind Life forms: therophyte. States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Trans. Phyllanthus heteradenius Müll.Arg. Habits: herb(4).
Oxalis hedysarifolia Raddi Life forms: therophyte(1). Life forms: therophyte(4). States: PE(5).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Oxalis psoraleoides Kunth States: BA(1); PE(1). Phyllanthus niruri L. [Synonyms: Phyllanthus
Habitats: Diam, Trans. lathyroides Kunth] Habits: herb(5). Life
Oxalis refracta A.St.-Hil. States: PB(1). forms: phanerophyte(1); therophyte(7). States: CE(1);
Habitats: Agre. PB(1); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans,
Unc.
Oxalis sepium A.St.-Hil. Habits: herb(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Phyllanthus orbiculatus Rich. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(3). Habitats: Cryst,
Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil. Habits: herb(1).
Sed.
States: CE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
PASSIFLORACEAE (1 genus; 6 species)
PHYTOLACCACEAE (2 genera; 6 species)

Passiflora (6 species)

Passiflora alata Curtis States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.

Microtea (5 species)
Passiflora cincinnata Mast. Habits: climber(2);
Microtea glochidiata Moq. Life forms: therophyte(1).
liana(1). Life forms: liana(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed,
Trans. Microtea longebracteata H.Walter States: BA(1).
Habitats: Aqua.
Passiflora edmundoi Sacco Life forms: liana(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed. Microtea maypurensis (Kunth) G.Don Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Passiflora foetida L. Habits: climber(4); liana(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(3); therophyte(2). States: BA(1); Microtea paniculata Moq. Habits: herb(7). Life
CE(3); PE(6); PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans. forms: therophyte(4). States: CE(1); PE(9).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Passiflora galbana Mast. Habits: climber(1).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed. Microtea scabrida Urb. States: PE(1). Habitats: Unc.
Passiflora luetzelburgii Harms Habits: climber(5).
States: PB(1); PE(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed. Rivina (1 species)

PHYLLANTHACEAE (2 genera; 7 species) Rivina humilis L. [Synonyms: Rivina brasiliensis

Nocca] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PB(2); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Riv.

PICRAMNIACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)

Flueggea (1 species)

Flueggea flexuosa Müll.Arg Life

forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Picramnia (2 species)
Phyllanthus (6 species)
Picramnia andrade-limae Pirani States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.

195
Picramnia bahiensis Turcz. Habits: shrub(1). Dizygostemon floribundum (Benth.) Radlk. ex Wettst.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam. Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.

PIPERACEAE (2 genera; 3 species)

Scoparia (1 species)

Scoparia dulcis L. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1). Life

forms: chamaephyte(2); therophyte(1). States: BA(1);
CE(2); PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans.
Peperomia (2 species)

Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth Life Stemodia (2 species)

forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Peperomia circinnata Link Life forms: therophyte(1). Stemodia maritima L. Habits: ?(1). States: PE(2).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Stemodia pratensis (Aubl.) C.C. Cowan, Stemodia
pratensis does not occur in Brazil but the name has been
Piper (1 species) misapplied to the caatinga species Stemodia foliosa
Benth. (V.C. Souza, pers. comm.) Life
Piper nigrum L. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.

PLANTAGINACEAE (6 genera; 13 species)

Tetraulacium (1 species)

Tetraulacium veroniciforme Turcz. Habits: herb(2).

Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2); RN(1).
Habitats: Trans, Unc.
Angelonia (6 species)

Angelonia biflora Benth. Habits: herb(1). Life PLUMBAGINACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Angelonia blanchetii Benth. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Angelonia campestris Nees & Mart. Habits: herb(1). Plumbago (1 species)
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Riv.
Angelonia cornigera Hook.f. Habits: herb(5). Life Plumbago scandens L. Habits: climber(1); herb(2);
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PE(4). subshrub(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Habitats: Sed, Trans. States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(2); PE(5); PI(1).
Angelonia pubescens Benth. Life forms: therophyte(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
States: CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Angelonia salicariifolia Bonpl. [Synonyms: Angelonia POACEAE (33 genera; 61 species)
gardneri Hook.] Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1); PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Riv.

Bacopa (2 species)
Andropogon (1 species)
Bacopa aquatica Aubl. States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Bacopa stricta (Schrad.) Wettst. ex Edwall Andropogon selloanus (Hack.) Hack. States: PE(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua. Habitats: Ins.

Dizygostemon (1 species) Anthephora (1 species)

196
Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(1); RN(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Unc. Dactyloctenium (1 species)

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Habits: herb(2).

Aristida (2 species) Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); PE(5);
RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc.
Aristida elliptica (Nees) Kunth States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Digitaria (3 species)
Aristida setifolia Kunth Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PE(1); RN(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Unc.
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1).
Axonopus (4 species) Habitats: Aqua, Ins.
Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde Life
Axonopus aureus P.Beauv. States: PE(1). forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Ins. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Habits: herb(2). Life
Axonopus capillaris (Lam.) Chase Habits: herb(2). forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2); RN(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Habitats: Trans.
Axonopus polydactylus (Steud.) Dedecca Echinochloa (1 species)
Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Axonopus purpusii (Mez) Chase States: RN(1). Echinochloa colona (L.) Link States: BA(6).
Habitats: Unc. Habitats: Aqua.

Cenchrus (1 species) Echinolaena (1 species)

Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult. States: PE(1). Echinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase States: PE(1).
Habitats: Agre. Habitats: Ins.

Chaetium (1 species) Enteropogon (1 species)

Chaetium festucoides Nees Habits: herb(1). Life Enteropogon mollis (Nees) Clayton [Synonyms: Chloris
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. rupestris (Ridl.) Hitchc.; Gymnopogon rupestris Ridl.]
Habits: herb(4). Life forms: cryptophyte-geo(1);
therophyte(3). States: BA(1); PE(7). Habitats: Agre,
Chloris (3 species) Cryst, Ins, Trans, Unc.

Chloris barbata Sw. States: BA(2); PE(1).

Habitats: Aqua. Eragrostis (5 species)
Chloris exilis Renvoize States: BA(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Chloris orthonoton Döll Life forms: therophyte(1). Eragrostis acutiflora (Kunth) Nees Habits: herb(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins. Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. Habits: herb(4). Life
Cymbopogon (1 species) forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1); PE(4).
Habitats: Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Habits: herb(1). Eragrostis rufescens Schrad. ex Schult. Life
States: PB(1). Habitats: Unc. forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
Cynodon (1 species) Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Habits: herb(1). Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans. Habits: herb(2). Life forms: therophyte(2).
States: PE(2). Habitats: Trans.

197
Hymenachne (1 species) Pappophorum (1 species)

Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees Pappophorum pappiferum (Lam.) Kuntze

States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua. States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins.

Ichnanthus (2 species) Paspalidium (1 species)

Ichnanthus bambusiflorus (Trin.) Döll Life Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf States: BA(1);
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. PE(1). Habitats: Aqua.
Ichnanthus dasycoleus Tutin Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Paspalum (8 species)

Lasiacis (2 species) Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius States: PE(1).

Habitats: Ins.
Lasiacis anomala Hitchc. Habits: herb(1). Life Paspalum fimbriatum Kunth Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(4). Habitats: Cryst.
Lasiacis ligulata Hitchc. & Chase Life Paspalum melanospermum Desv. ex Poir.
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). [Synonyms: Paspalum foveolatum Steud.]
Habitats: Agre, Ins. Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Paspalum oligostachyum Salzm. ex Steud.
Leptochloa (2 species) States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Paspalum parviflorum Rhode ex Flüggé States: PE(1).
Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis (Lam.) N.Snow
Habitats: Ins.
[Synonyms: Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A.Gray]
States: BA(1); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua. Paspalum plicatulum Michx. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Leptochloa panicea subsp. brachiata (Steud.) N.Snow
[Synonyms: Leptochloa filiformis (Pers.) P. Beauv., Paspalum repens P.J.Bergius States: BA(3).
Apparently an exotic grass species, or perhaps a Habitats: Aqua.
misidentification of a native grass species.] Paspalum scutatum Nees ex Trin. Life
Habits: herb(2). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1); forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(2); RN(1).
therophyte(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst. Habitats: Cryst, Unc.

Luziola (1 species) Sacciolepis (1 species)

Luziola brasiliana Moric. States: BA(1). Sacciolepis vilvoides (Trin.) Chase States: PE(1).
Habitats: Aqua. Habitats: Ins.

Panicum (4 species) Schizachyrium (1 species)

Panicum polygonatum Schrad. [Synonyms: Panicum Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse Life
boliviense Schrad.] States: BA(4). Habitats: Aqua. forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Panicum sellowii Nees Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Setaria (4 species)
Panicum trichoides Sw. Habits: herb(7). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(9).
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen [Synonyms: Setaria
States: CE(5); PE(10); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Cryst,
geniculata (Lam.) P.Beauv.] Habits: herb(2). Life
Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(3);
Panicum venezuelae Hack. States: PE(1). RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Unc, Sed.
Habitats: Agre.
Setaria pauciflora Linden ex Herrm., The use of Setaria
pauciflora for plants of the semiarid of Brazil is almost

198
certainly a misapplication of the name but the true
identity of the material thus determined has not yet been
established (R.S. Rodrigues, pers. comm.) Bredemeyera (3 species)
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Bredemeyera brevifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch ex A.W.Benn.
Habits: climber(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Setaria setosa (Sw.) P.Beauv. [Synonyms: Setaria
rariflora J.C.Mikan ex Trin.] Habits: herb(2). Life Bredemeyera floribunda Willd. Habits: climber(1);
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(2). liana(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(4);
Habitats: Sed, Ins. PI(1). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Setaria tenax (Rich.) Desv. Habits: herb(2). Life Bredemeyera kunthiana (A.St.-Hil.) Klotzsch ex
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1). A.W.Benn. Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed. Habitats: Diam.

Sporobolus (1 species) Monnina (1 species)

Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. Life Monnina insignis A.W.Benn. States: BA(1).
forms: therophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Ins.
Polygala (12 species)
Steirachne (1 species)
Polygala bracteata A.W.Benn. Habits: herb(1). Life
Steirachne diandra Ekman Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, P.
bracteata is endemic to Goiás state. This record
probably represents a misidentification.
Streptostachys (1 species) Polygala galioides Poir. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Streptostachys asperifolia Desv. [Synonyms: Panicum
Polygala glochidiata Kunth Life forms: therophyte(1).
asperifolium (Desv.) Hitchc.] Habits: herb(4). Life
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(4); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed. Polygala gracilis Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Trachypogon (1 species) Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, this
record probably represents a misidentification of
Trachypogon spicatus (L.f.) Kuntze States: PE(1). Polygala boliviensis A.W.Benn.
Habitats: Ins. Polygala lancifolia A.St.-Hil. & Moq. Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, P.
Tragus (1 species) lancifolia is a species characteristic of the Atlantic
rainforest and does not occur in the Caatinga.
Tragus berteronianus Schult. Habits: herb(5). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(3). Polygala longicaulis Kunth Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(9). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans. States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Polygala mollis Kunth Habits: herb(1). States: BA(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Tripogon (1 species) Observations: This taxon was subsequently recognised
as distinct from Polygala and given the new combination
Tripogon spicatus (Nees) Ekman Habits: herb(2). Life Asemeia mollis (Kunth) J.F.B.Pastore & J.R.Abbott.
forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst. However, according to specialist J.F.Pastore the
record of P. mollis probably represents a
misidentification of Asemeia ovata (Poir.) J.F.B.
Pastore & Abbott (=Polygala ovata Poir.).
POLYGALACEAE (4 genera; 18 species) Polygala paniculata L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PB(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed.

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Polygala pseudohebeclada Chodat States: BA(1). Polygonum hispidum Kunth Habits: subshrub(1).
Habitats: Sed. States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Riv.
Observations: This taxon was subsequently recognised
as distinct from Polygala and given the new combination
Asemeia pseudohebeclada (Chodat) J.F.B.Pastore & Ruprechtia (2 species)
J.R.Abbott.
Ruprechtia laxiflora Meisn. Habits: tree(1).
Polygala roubienna A.St.-Hil. & Moq. Habits: herb(1).
States: BA(2); PE(3). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ruprechtia ramiflora (Jacq.) C.A.Mey. Habits: tree(1).
Observations: According to specialist J.F.Pastore, P.
States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed.
roubienna is a species endemic to the Serra dos
Órgãos mountains in SE Brazil and its use in Caatinga
almost certainly represents a misidentification. Triplaris (3 species)
Polygala spectabilis DC. Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins. Triplaris gardneriana Wedd. [Synonyms: Triplaris
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct from pachau Mart.; Triplaris tomentosa Wedd.] Habits: ?(1);
Polygala and given the new combination Caamembeca tree(6). States: BA(1); CE(1); MG(1); PB(5); PE(2);
spectabilis (DC.) J.F.B.Pastore. PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Diam, Riv, Trans,
Unc.
Polygala violacea Aubl. [Synonyms: Polygala brizoides
A. St.-Hil. & Moq.] Habits: herb(2). Life Triplaris physocalyx Brandbyge States: BA(1).
forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(4); Habitats: Diam.
PI(1). Habitats: Trans, Cryst, Ins, Unc. Triplaris weigeltiana (Rchb.) Kuntze
Observations: Subsequently recognised as distinct from [Synonyms: Triplaris surinamensis Cham.]
Polygala and given the new combination Asemeia States: PI(1). Habitats: CMaior.
violacea (Aubl.) J.F.B.Pastore & J.R.Abbott.
PONTEDERIACEAE (2 genera; 4 species)
Securidaca (2 species)

Securidaca diversifolia (L.) S.F.Blake Life

forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Eichhornia (3 species)
Securidaca volubilis L. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth States: BA(3).
Habitats: Aqua.
POLYGONACEAE (4 genera; 10 species) Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms States: BA(6);
PE(2). Habitats: Aqua.
Eichhornia paniculata (Spreng.) Solms Life
forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(3); PB(1).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins.

Coccoloba (3 species)
Heteranthera (1 species)
Coccoloba conduplicata Maguire Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Diam. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. Habits: herb(1). Life
Coccoloba mollis Casar. States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre. forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Coccoloba schwackeana Lindau Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); MG(4).
Habitats: Arb, Ins. PORTULACACEAE (2 genera; 10 species)

Polygonum (2 species)

Polygonum ferrugineum Wedd. States: BA(6).

Habitats: Aqua. Portulaca (8 species)

200
Portulaca elatior Mart. ex Rohrb. Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(2); PE(13); PI(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans. Colubrina (2 species)
Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Habits: herb(1).
Colubrina cordifolia Reissek Habits: shrub(6). Life
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(8); PI(3).
Portulaca halimoides L. Life Habitats: Sed, Trans.
forms: hemicryptophyte(2); phanerophyte(1).
Colubrina glandulosa Perkins Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(4); CE(2); PB(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Portulaca hirsutissima Cambess. States: BA(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Portulaca mucronata Link [Synonyms: Portulaca Crumenaria (1 species)
marginata Kunth] Habits: herb(3). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(2); PE(3). Crumenaria decumbens Mart. Habits: herb(1). Life
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Trans. forms: therophyte(4). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(1);
Portulaca oleracea L. Habits: herb(4). Life RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Trans.
forms: hemicryptophyte(1); therophyte(3).
States: PE(8). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Gouania (2 species)
Portulaca pilosa L. Habits: herb(2). Life
forms: therophyte(2). States: CE(1); PB(1); PI(1). Gouania colurnifolia Reissek States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed. Habitats: Ins.
Portulaca umbraticola Kunth Habits: herb(1). Life Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Habits: climber(1).
forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Trans. States: PE(1). Habitats: Agre.

Talinum (2 species) Rhamnidium (2 species)

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Habits: herb(2). Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek States: MG(1).
Life forms: therophyte(4). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1); Habitats: Arb.
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Rhamnidium molle Reissek Habits: tree(3).
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. Habits: herb(4). States: PB(5); PE(4). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv.
Life forms: therophyte(3). States: CE(2); PB(2); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans.
Ziziphus (2 species)
RANUNCULACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Ziziphus cotinifolia Reissek Habits: tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(4); PE(1);
PI(2). Habitats: CMaior, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. Habits: tree(13). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(4); CE(4); MG(1);
Clematis (1 species) PB(19); PE(16); PI(1); RN(5). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Clematis dioica L. Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
RUBIACEAE (24 genera; 51 species)

RHAMNACEAE (6 genera; 10 species)

Alibertia (2 species)

Alvimiantha (1 species) Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A.Rich. Habits: treelet(1). Life

forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PI(4).
Alvimiantha tricamerata Grey-Wilson States: PB(1). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Habitats: Cryst. Alibertia macrantha Standl. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.

201
 Cordiera rigida (K.Schum.) Kuntze
[Synonyms: Alibertia rigida K.Schum.]
Alseis (1 species) Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Cordiera sessilis (Vell.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Alibertia
Alseis floribunda Schott Habits: tree(3). States: BA(2);
sessilis (Vell.) K.Schum.] Habits: subshrub(1).
PE(2). Habitats: Agre, Diam.
States: BA(2); CE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.

Borreria (6 species)
Coutarea (1 species)
Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. [Synonyms: Spermacoce
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K.Schum. Habits: shrub(1);
alata Aubl.] Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PE(2).
tree(3). Life forms: microphanerophyte(1);
Habitats: Ins.
phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); MG(3); PB(4); PE(7);
Borreria brownii (Rusby) Standl. PI(3). Habitats: Agre, Arb, CMaior, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
[Synonyms: Spermacoce vegeta (Standl. & Steyerm.) Riv, Sed, Unc.
C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor]
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1);
therophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Cryst, Sed. Declieuxia (1 species)
Borreria capitata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
[Synonyms: Spermacoce capitata Ruiz & Pav.] Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.)
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). Kuntze Habits: subshrub(1). States: PE(1).
States: CE(1); PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed. Habitats: Sed.
Borreria ocymoides (Burm.f.) DC. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Unc.
Diodella (4 species)
Borreria scabiosoides Cham. & Schltdl.
[Synonyms: Spermacoce scabiosoides (Cham. & Schltdl.)
Diodella apiculata (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Delprete
Kuntze] Life forms: therophyte. States: CE(1); PE(1).
[Synonyms: Diodia apiculata (Willd. ex Roem. &
Habitats: Trans.
Schult.) K. Schum.; Diodia rigida Cham. & Schltdl.]
Borreria verticillata (L.) G.Mey. Habits: herb(4); subshrub(1). Life
[Synonyms: Spermacoce verticillata L.] forms: chamaephyte(1); hemicryptophyte(1);
Habits: subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). therophyte(2). States: CE(2); PE(7). Habitats: Ins,
States: BA(3); PB(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Ins, Sed. Cryst, Sed, Trans.
Diodella gardneri (K.Schum.) Bacigalupo & E.L.Cabral
Chiococca (1 species) [Synonyms: Diodia barbeyana Huber] Habits: herb(2).
Life forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(2).
Habitats: Sed.
Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. States: PB(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Agre, Ins. Diodella radula (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Delprete
[Synonyms: Diodia radula (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.)
Cham. & Schltdl.] States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Chomelia (2 species) Diodella teres (Walter) Small [Synonyms: Diodia
prostrata Sw.; Diodia teres Walter] Habits: herb(3).
Chomelia martiana Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(1). Life Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(3); PI(1).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Cryst, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Chomelia obtusa Cham. & Schltdl. Habits: shrub(3).
States: CE(2); PI(4). Habitats: CMaior, Sed.
Emmeorhiza (1 species)

Cordiera (4 species) Emmeorhiza umbellata (Spreng.) K.Schum. Life

forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins.
Cordiera concolor (Cham.) Kuntze
[Synonyms: Alibertia concolor (Cham.) K.Schum.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: BA(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins,
Faramea (1 species)
Sed.
Faramea montevidensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) DC.
Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze [Synonyms: Alibertia
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins.
elliptica (Cham.) K.Schum.] States: PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.

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 Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. [Synonyms: Mitracarpus
villosus (Sw.) DC.] Habits: herb(1). Life
Genipa (1 species) forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Genipa americana L. States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Mitracarpus parvulus K.Schum. Habits: herb(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Guettarda (4 species) Mitracarpus salzmannianus DC.
[Synonyms: Mitracarpus scabrellus Benth.]
Guettarda angelica Mart. ex Müll.Arg. Habits: herb(3). Life forms: therophyte(3).
Habits: shrub(5); tree(1). States: BA(2); MG(2); PB(4); States: PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Arb, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans. Mitracarpus scaberulus Urb. Life
Guettarda platypoda DC. Habits: shrub(1). forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Ins.
States: BA(1); PB(3); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Diam, Ins,
Riv.
Palicourea (1 species)
Guettarda sericea Müll.Arg. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PB(4). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Palicourea marcgravii A.St.-Hil. States: RN(1).
Guettarda viburnoides Cham. & Schltdl. Habitats: Unc.
Habits: shrub(2); treelet(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Sed. Randia (2 species)

Randia armata (Sw.) DC. [Synonyms: Basanacantha

Leptoscela (1 species) spinosa var. pubescens (Kunth) K.Schum.; Basanacantha
spinosa (Jacq.) K.Schum.; Randia nitida (Kunth) DC.]
Leptoscela ruellioides Hook.f. Habits: herb(1). Life Habits: shrub(2); subshrub(1); tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(1). forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(2); MG(9);
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed. PB(2); PE(3); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb,
CMaior, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Machaonia (1 species) Randia ferox (Cham. & Schltdl.) DC. Habits: tree(1).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Machaonia spinosa Cham. & Schltdl. Habits: shrub(1).
States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv. Richardia (3 species)

Manettia (1 species) Richardia brasiliensis Gomes Habits: herb(1).

States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Manettia cordifolia Mart. Habits: climber(1). Life Richardia grandiflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Steud.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(2); PE(1). Habits: herb(6); subshrub(2). Life
Habitats: Agre, Ins. forms: chamaephyte(2); therophyte(2). States: CE(2);
PB(2); PE(6); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Aqua, Cryst, Ins,
Sed, Trans, Unc.
Margaritopsis (2 species) Richardia scabra L. Life forms: hemicryptophyte(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
Margaritopsis carrascoana (Delprete & E.B.Souza)
C.M.Taylor Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed. Spermacoce (1 species)
Margaritopsis chaenotricha (DC.) C.M.Taylor
[Synonyms: Psychotria chaenotricha DC.] Spermacoce spiralis (K.Schum.) Bacigalupo &
States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre. E.L.Cabral Habits: herb(1). Life
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Mitracarpus (5 species)

Mitracarpus frigidus (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) Staelia (2 species)

K.Schum. Life forms: chamaephyte(2). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Ins, Unc.

203
Staelia aurea K.Schum. Habits: subshrub(1). Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. [Synonyms: Zanthoxylum hyemale A.St.-Hil.]
Staelia virgata (Link ex Roem. & Schult.) K.Schum. States: PB(1). Habitats: Riv.
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(3). Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum Pirani Habits: shrub(1);
Habitats: Cryst, Trans. tree(3). States: CE(2); PI(2). Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Zanthoxylum huberi P.G.Waterman States: PB(1).
Habitats: Riv.
Tocoyena (3 species)
Zanthoxylum petiolare A.St.-Hil. & Tul. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum.
[Synonyms: Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. [Synonyms: Fagara
K.Schum. subsp. formosa] Habits: shrub(5); tree(5). rhoifolia (Lam.) Engl.] Life forms: phanerophyte(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(4). States: BA(2); CE(4); States: BA(2); PB(1); PE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Agre,
PB(10); PE(6); PI(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Ins, Riv, Cryst, Ins, Sed.
Sed, Trans, Sed. Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. States: MG(4).
Tocoyena hispidula Standl. Habits: shrub(1). Habitats: Arb.
States: PI(2). Habitats: CMaior. Zanthoxylum stelligerum Turcz. Habits: shrub(5);
Tocoyena sellowiana (Cham. & Schltdl.) K.Schum. tree(2). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1);
Habits: tree(3). States: PB(3); PI(1). phanerophyte(2). States: CE(3); PE(5); PI(4).
Habitats: CMaior, Riv. Habitats: Sed, Trans.

RUTACEAE (5 genera; 12 species) SALICACEAE (3 genera; 12 species)

Balfourodendron (1 species) Casearia (10 species)

Balfourodendron molle (Miq.) Pirani Casearia aculeata Jacq. [Synonyms: Casearia ramiflora
[Synonyms: Esenbeckia mollis Miq.] Habits: shrub(2); Vahl] States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
tree(2). States: BA(2); MG(2); PE(4). Habitats: Arb, Casearia commersoniana Cambess. Habits: shrub(1).
Diam, Sed. States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Casearia decandra Jacq. States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Esenbeckia (1 species)
Casearia eichleriana Sleumer States: PI(1).
Esenbeckia febrifuga (A.St.-Hil.) A. Juss. ex Mart. Life Habitats: Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins. Casearia grandiflora Cambess. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urb. States: PB(3).
Galipea (1 species) Habitats: Riv.
Casearia luetzelburgii Sleumer States: BA(1).
Galipea trifoliata Aubl. Habits: tree(1). Life Habitats: Ins.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Casearia resinifera Spruce ex Eichler States: PB(1).
Habitats: Agre.
Pilocarpus (2 species) Casearia sylvestris Sw. Habits: shrub(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(3).
Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes Habits: tree(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
States: PI(3). Habitats: Sed, Trans. Casearia ulmifolia Vahl ex Vent. Habits: shrub(1).
Pilocarpus spicatus A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1); States: PI(4). Habitats: CMaior.
treelet(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Prockia (1 species)

Zanthoxylum (7 species)

204
Prockia crucis P.Browne ex L. Life Allophylus sericeus (Cambess.) Radlk.
forms: phanerophyte. States: PB(2); PE(3). Habits: shrub(1); tree(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed. States: CE(5). Habitats: Sed.

Xylosma (1 species) Averrhoidium (1 species)

Xylosma ciliatifolia (Clos) Eichler Habits: shrub(1); Averrhoidium gardnerianum Baill. States: BA(2).
tree(2). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Sed.

Cardiospermum (4 species)
SANTALACEAE (1 genus; 6 species)
Cardiospermum anomalum Cambess.
Habits: climber(1); subshrub(1). States: PE(2); PI(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Cardiospermum corindum L. Habits: climber(5);
herb(1); liana(3). Life forms: chamaephyte(3); liana(1).
Phoradendron (6 species) States: BA(2); CE(2); PB(1); PE(6); PI(2).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Phoradendron linearifolium Eichler
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Habits: climber(2);
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: PE(4);
Phoradendron mucronatum (DC.) Krug & Urb. PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Cardiospermum oliveirae Ferrucci States: BA(1);
Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel. PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habits: epiphyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Phoradendron quadrangulare (Kunth) Griseb.
[Synonyms: Phoradendron piauhyanum Trel.] Cupania (3 species)
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: PB(1); PE(2).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed. Cupania impressinervia Acev.-Rodr.
Phoradendron rubrum (L.) Griseb. States: BA(1). [Synonyms: Cupania revoluta Radlk.] Habits: tree(1).
Habitats: Sed. Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1); PE(3).
Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.
Phoradendron tunaeforme (DC.) Eichler
Habits: hemiparasite(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. Cupania racemosa (Vell.) Radlk. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Cupania vernalis Cambess. States: MG(1).
SAPINDACEAE (13 genera; 31 species) Habitats: Arb.

Dilodendron (1 species)

Dilodendron bipinnatum Radlk. States: MG(2).

Allophylus (5 species) Habitats: Arb.

Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil. et al.) Hieron. ex Niederl.

Habits: tree(1). States: MG(3); PI(1). Habitats: Trans, Dodonaea (1 species)
Arb.
Allophylus laevigatus (Turcz.) Radlk. States: PB(2). Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Habits: shrub(1).
Habitats: Agre. States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Allophylus quercifolius (Mart.) Radlk. Habits: tree(9).
States: PB(5); PE(10). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Riv, Sed, Magonia (1 species)
Trans.
Allophylus racemosus Sw. States: MG(1). Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Magonia
Habitats: Arb. glabrata A.St.-Hil.] Habits: tree(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(3). States: BA(1); CE(2); PB(1);
PI(6). Habitats: CMaior, Diam, Riv, Sed, Trans.

205
 Urvillea laevis Radlk. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); CE(1).
Matayba (1 species) Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Urvillea ulmacea Kunth States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Matayba guianensis Aubl. Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
SAPOTACEAE (4 genera; 8 species)
Paullinia (3 species)

Paullinia cearensis Somner & Ferrucci

Habits: liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
Chrysophyllum (3 species)
Paullinia elegans Cambess. Habits: climber(1);
liana(1). Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(4); Chrysophyllum arenarium Allemão Habits: shrub(1).
PB(1). Habitats: Riv, Sed. Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1).
Paullinia pinnata L. Habits: climber(1); liana(1). Life Habitats: Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(1); PE(3). Chrysophyllum marginatum (Hook. & Arn.) Radlk.
Habitats: Ins, Riv, Trans. [Synonyms: Chrysophyllum ebenaceum Mart.]
Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(3). Habitats: Sed.
Sapindus (1 species) Chrysophyllum rufum Mart. Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Sapindus saponaria L. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(2).
Manilkara (3 species)
Habitats: Riv, Sed.
Manilkara rufula (Miq.) H.J.Lam Habits: tree(1). Life
Serjania (7 species) forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Sed.
Serjania caracasana (Jacq.) Willd. Life Manilkara salzmannii (A.DC.) H.J.Lam States: PB(1).
forms: liana(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Agre.
Serjania comata Radlk. Habits: liana(1). Manilkara triflora (Allemão) Monach.
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed. Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Serjania glabrata Kunth Habits: climber(6); liana(2).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PB(2);
Pouteria (1 species)
PE(6). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans.
Serjania hebecarpa Benth. Habits: climber(1). Life Pouteria gardneriana (A.DC.) Radlk. Habits: tree(1).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1). States: PI(1). Habitats: Trans.
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. Habits: climber(3); liana(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); PE(2). Sideroxylon (1 species)
Habitats: Sed.
Serjania marginata Casar. Habits: climber(1). Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed. [Synonyms: Bumelia sartorum Mart.] Habits: shrub(1);
tree(10). States: BA(3); PB(13); PE(8); RN(4).
Serjania pernambucensis Radlk. Habits: climber(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed, Unc.
States: PE(1). Habitats: Sed.

Talisia (1 species) SCHOEPFIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Talisia esculenta (Cambess.) Radlk. Habits: tree(3).

Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(2); MG(2);
PB(1); PI(1). Habitats: Agre, Arb, Sed, Trans.
Schoepfia (1 species)
Urvillea (2 species)

206
Schoepfia brasiliensis A.DC. [Synonyms: Schoepfia
obliquifolia Turcz.] Habits: tree(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: BA(2); PB(3); SOLANACEAE (8 genera; 23 species)
PE(3). Habitats: Agre, Ins, Sed.

SCROPHULARIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Brunfelsia (2 species)

Brunfelsia cuneifolia J.A.Schmidt Habits: shrub(1).

States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ameroglossum (1 species) Brunfelsia uniflora (Pohl) D.Don Habits: shrub(2).
States: CE(1); PB(1). Habitats: Riv, Trans.
Ameroglossum pernambucense Eb. Fisch. et al. Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1);
PE(2). Habitats: Ins. Capsicum (1 species)

Capsicum parvifolium Sendtn. Habits: shrub(5). Life

SIMAROUBACEAE (2 genera; 4 species) forms: phanerophyte(2). States: BA(1); PB(5); PE(1);
PI(1). Habitats: Cryst, Diam, Ins, Riv, Sed.

Cestrum (1 species)

Simaba (2 species) Cestrum axillare Vell. [Synonyms: Cestrum laevigatum

Schltdl.] States: PB(1). Habitats: Agre.
Simaba ferruginea A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Sed.
Simaba floribunda A.St.-Hil. [Synonyms: Simaba
Lycium (1 species)
cuneata A.St.-Hil. & Tul.] Habits: tree(2); treelet(1).
Life forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(6). Lycium martii Sendtn. Habits: tree(1). States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Riv.

Simarouba (2 species) Nicotiana (1 species)

Simarouba amara Aubl. Habits: tree(1). Life Nicotiana glauca Graham Habits: shrub(3);
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(2). subshrub(1). States: BA(2); PB(5); PE(2).
Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Ins, Riv, Sed.
Simarouba versicolor A.St.-Hil. Habits: tree(1).
States: PI(2). Habitats: CMaior. Physalis (2 species)

SMILACACEAE (1 genus; 2 species) Physalis angulata L. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1).

States: PB(1); PE(1); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Aqua,
Cryst, Trans, Unc.
Physalis pubescens L. [Synonyms: Physalis neesiana
Sendtn.] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PB(1); PE(2). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst,
Smilax (2 species) Ins, Trans.

Smilax brasiliensis Spreng. Life

Schwenckia (1 species)
forms: hemicryptophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Habitats: Ins.
Schwenckia americana Rooyen ex L. Life
Smilax campestris Griseb. Life forms: liana(1). forms: therophyte(1). States: BA(1); PE(3).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Ins. Habitats: Ins, Unc, Trans.

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Solanum (14 species) TURNERACEAE (2 genera; 16 species)

Solanum agrarium Sendtn. Habits: shrub(1).

States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Trans.
Solanum americanum Mill. Habits: shrub(1).
States: CE(2); PE(1). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Piriqueta (5 species)
Solanum asperum Rich. Life forms: phanerophyte(1).
States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre, Ins.
Piriqueta cistoides subsp. caroliniana (Walt.) Arbo
Solanum bahianum S.Knapp Habits: shrub(1). Life [Synonyms: Piriqueta caroliniana var. jacobinae Urb.]
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Solanum capsicoides Allemão Life Piriqueta duarteana (Cambess.) Urb. Habits: herb(2);
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins. shrub(1). States: BA(2); PE(3); PI(1). Habitats: Ins,
Solanum crinitum Lam. Habits: shrub(2). Life Sed, Trans, Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(2); PI(1). Piriqueta guianensis N.E.Br. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
Habitats: Sed. forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Solanum flaccidum Vell. Habits: herb(1); subshrub(1). Habitats: Cryst.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Sed. Piriqueta racemosa (Jacq.) Sweet Habits: herb(2). Life
Solanum jabrense Agra & M.Nee States: PB(1). forms: chamaephyte(1); therophyte(1). States: BA(1);
Habitats: Cryst. PE(3). Habitats: Aqua, Cryst.
Solanum megalonyx Sendtn. States: BA(2). Piriqueta sidifolia (Cambess.) Urb. Habits: shrub(1);
Habitats: Ins. subshrub(2). Life forms: chamaephyte(1).
Solanum paludosum Moric. Habits: shrub(1). Life States: CE(2); PI(1). Habitats: Sed.
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Turnera (11 species)
Solanum paniculatum L. Habits: shrub(7).
States: BA(3); CE(3); PB(5); PE(3); PI(1).
Turnera blanchetiana Urb. Habits: herb(1); shrub(4).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Life forms: phanerophyte(2). States: CE(5); PE(1);
Solanum rhytidoandrum Sendtn. [Synonyms: Solanum PI(4). Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
baturitense Huber] Habits: shrub(8). States: CE(3);
Turnera calyptrocarpa Urb. Habits: herb(1);
PB(3); PE(3); PI(2). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv, Sed,
subshrub(1). States: BA(3); CE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Ins,
Trans.
Trans.
Solanum stipulaceum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.
Turnera cearensis Urb. Habits: subshrub(1).
Habits: herb(1); shrub(3). States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(4).
States: PB(1). Habitats: Ins.
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Turnera chamaedrifolia Cambess. States: BA(3).
Solanum thomasiifolium Sendtn. Habits: shrub(1).
Habitats: Ins, Sed.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Ins, Sed.
Turnera coerulea DC. Habits: subshrub(2). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2). Habitats: Sed.
TRIGONIACEAE (1 genus; 2 species) Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. [Synonyms: Turnera
microphylla Desv. ex Ham.] Habits: herb(1); shrub(1);
subshrub(2). Life forms: nanophanerophyte(1).
States: BA(1); PE(6). Habitats: Sed.
Turnera macrophylla Urb. States: PE(1).
Habitats: Cryst.
Trigonia (2 species)
Turnera opifera Mart. Habits: subshrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Trigonia bahiensis E.F.Guim. & Miguel
Habits: climber(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. Turnera pumilea L. Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(2). States: CE(2); PE(4).
Trigonia nivea Cambess. Habits: liana(1); shrub(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Unc.
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); CE(2);
PE(1). Habitats: Diam, Ins, Sed. Turnera subulata Sm. Habits: climber(1); subshrub(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); PB(1).
Habitats: Cryst, Ins.

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Turnera ulmifolia L., According specialist M.M. Arbo, Pilea hyalina Fenzl Habits: herb(1). Life
all varieties of Turnera ulmifolia that occurred in Brazil forms: therophyte(3). States: PE(5). Habitats: Agre,
were elevated to species and this name should no longer Ins, Trans.
be used to any Brazilian material. Habits: herb(1);
subshrub(1). Life forms: therophyte(2). States: PB(1);
PE(3); PI(1); RN(1). Habitats: Trans, Ins, Riv, Trans, VELLOZIACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)
Unc.

TYPHACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Vellozia (1 species)

Vellozia plicata Mart. [Synonyms: Nanuza plicata

(Mart.) L.B.Sm. & Ayensu] Habits: herb(1).
Typha (1 species) States: BA(3); PE(1); PI(1). Habitats: Ins, Trans.

Typha domingensis Pers. States: BA(4).

Habitats: Aqua. VERBENACEAE (5 genera; 23 species)

ULMACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

Duranta (1 species)

Duranta erecta L. [Synonyms: Duranta repens L.]

Phyllostylon (1 species) Habits: shrub(1). States: PB(1); PE(1). Habitats: Agre,
Trans.
Phyllostylon brasiliense Capan. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
States: PE(2). Habitats: Cryst.
Lantana (5 species)
URTICACEAE (3 genera; 4 species) Lantana caatingensis Moldenke Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(1). Habitats: Sed.
Lantana camara L. [Synonyms: Lantana mista L.]
Habits: shrub(15); subshrub(4). Life
forms: phanerophyte(8). States: BA(3); CE(8); PB(10);
PE(17); PI(3); RN(2). Habitats: Agre, Cryst, Diam, Ins,
Cecropia (2 species) Riv, Sed, Trans, Unc.
Lantana canescens Kunth Life
Cecropia pachystachya Trécul Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(1); PI(1).
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(3); PE(1).
Habitats: Sed.
Habitats: Ins.
Lantana fucata Lindl. Habits: shrub(1); subshrub(1).
Cecropia peltata L. Habits: tree(1). States: PI(1).
Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(2).
Habitats: Trans.
Habitats: Sed, Trans.
Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.
Laportea (1 species) [Synonyms: Lantana sellowiana Link & Otto] Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PB(1).
Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew Habits: herb(1). Life Observations: According to specialist T.R.S. Silva this
forms: therophyte(2). States: BA(1); CE(1). species occurs in the Pampas and in the Atlantic Forest in
Habitats: Cryst, Ins. the South of Brazil. It is unlikely that this species also
occurs in the semiarid of Northeastern Brazil and it is
almost certainly a missidentification.. Habitats: Ins.
Pilea (1 species)
Lippia (11 species)

209
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. Habits: shrub(1). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: PE(3).
Habitats: Aqua, Ins, Riv. VIOLACEAE (2 genera; 2 species)
Lippia gracilis Schauer Habits: shrub(7). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(1).
States: CE(1); PB(5); PE(4). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Riv,
Sed.
Lippia lasiocalycina Cham. States: BA(2). Hybanthus (1 species)
Habitats: Ins.
Lippia magentea T.Silva Habits: subshrub(1). Life Hybanthus calceolaria (L.) Oken
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed. [Synonyms: Hybanthus ipecacuanha (L.) Baill.]
Lippia microphylla Cham. States: PE(2). Habits: herb(3). Life forms: hemicryptophyte(2).
Habitats: Cryst. States: CE(3); PE(3); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Ins, Sed,
Unc.
Lippia origanoides Kunth [Synonyms: Lippia rigida
Schauer] Habits: subshrub(1). Life
forms: microphanerophyte(1). States: PE(4). Noisettia (1 species)
Habitats: Cryst, Sed.
Lippia pohliana Schauer States: BA(2). Habitats: Ins. Noisettia orchidiflora (Rudge) Ging.
Lippia riedeliana Schauer States: PE(1). [Synonyms: Noisettia longifolia Kunth] States: PE(1).
Habitats: Sed. Habitats: Cryst.
Lippia schomburgkiana Schauer Habits: shrub(2).
States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
VITACEAE (1 genus; 9 species)
Lippia sidoides Cham. Habits: shrub(1). States: CE(1).
Habitats: Trans.
Lippia thymoides Mart. & Schauer Habits: shrub(1).
States: BA(2). Habitats: Diam, Sed.

Cissus (9 species)
Priva (1 species)
Cissus albida Cambess. Habits: climber(1).
Priva bahiensis A.DC. States: BA(2). Habitats: Aqua, States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.
Ins. Cissus decidua Lombardi Habits: climber(3).
States: PB(1); PE(3). Habitats: Ins, Trans.
Stachytarpheta (5 species) Cissus erosa Rich. Habits: climber(1). States: PB(1);
PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl Cissus gongylodes (Baker) Planch. Habits: liana(1).
[Synonyms: Stachytarpheta elatior Schrad. ex Schult.] Life forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1).
Life forms: phanerophyte(1). States: BA(4); PB(1); Habitats: Cryst.
PE(1). Habitats: Aqua, Ins. Cissus simsiana Schult. & Schult.f. Habits: climber(1).
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl Life forms: ?(1); chamaephyte(1); phanerophyte(2).
[Synonyms: Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) States: BA(2); CE(1); PE(5). Habitats: Cryst, Ins.
Vahl] Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). Cissus subrhomboidea (Baker) Planch. Life
States: BA(1); CE(1); PE(1). Habitats: Cryst, Sed. forms: therophyte(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Stachytarpheta coccinea Schauer Habits: shrub(1). Cissus ternata (Baker) Planch. A doubtful name which
Life forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(2). should not be used in floristic studies anymore. The type
Habitats: Cryst, Sed. of Cissus ternata was destroyed and the species in
Stachytarpheta microphylla Walp. question may be Cissus decidua Lombardi or another
[Synonyms: Stachytarpheta sanguinea Mart.] Brazilian species but this cannot now be ascertained (J.A.
Habits: herb(1). Life forms: therophyte(1). Lombardi, pers. comm.). States: BA(1).
States: PE(1); RN(1). Habitats: Cryst, Trans. Observations: Typus destroyed. Status uncertain. Maybe
Stachytarpheta sessilis Moldenke Life a synonym.. Habitats: Sed.
forms: therophyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Cryst. Cissus tinctoria Mart. Habits: liana(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1). Habitats: Sed.

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Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E.Jarvis Salvertia convallariodora A.St.-Hil. States: PI(1).
[Synonyms: Cissus sicyoides L.] Habits: liana(2). Habitats: CMaior.
States: CE(2). Habitats: Trans.

XYRIDACEAE (1 genus; 1 species)

VOCHYSIACEAE (3 genera; 6 species)

Xyris (1 species)
Callisthene (3 species)
Xyris jupicai Rich. States: PE(1). Habitats: Ins.
Callisthene fasciculata Mart. Habits: treelet(1). Life
forms: chamaephyte(1). States: CE(1); MG(1); PI(4).
Habitats: Arb, CMaior, Ins. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (1 genus; 2 species)
Callisthene major Mart. & Zucc.
[Synonyms: Callisthene blanchetii Warm.]
States: PB(1). Habitats: Cryst.
Callisthene microphylla Warm. Habits: tree(2). Life
forms: phanerophyte(1). States: CE(1); PE(1); PI(2). Kallstroemia (2 species)
Habitats: Ins, Sed, Trans.
Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn.
Qualea (2 species) Habits: herb(1). States: PE(1). Habitats: Riv.
Kallstroemia tribuloides (Mart.) Steud. Life
Qualea grandiflora Mart. Habits: tree(1). forms: therophyte. States: PE(3). Habitats: Sed.
States: PI(4). Habitats: CMaior.
Qualea parviflora Mart. Habits: tree(2). States: PI(5).
Habitats: CMaior, Trans.

Salvertia (1 species)

211
Appendix 3- List of exotic species reported
in the 131 papers compiled for this catalogue. EUPHORBIACEAE

AGAVACEAE
Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Jatropha gossypiifolia L.
Agave sisalana Perrine
FABACEAE
APIACEAE

Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Crotalaria retusa L.
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
APOCYNACEAE Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.

MARANTACEAE
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton

Maranta arundinacea L.
ARACEAE

MELIACEAE

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don

Melia azedarach L.
ASPARAGACEAE

ORCHIDACEAE

Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce

(Synonyms: Sansevieria guineensis (L.) Willd.)
Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl.

ASTERACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE

Bidens bipinnata L. Argemone mexicana L.

Bidens pilosa L.
POACEAE
Calyptocarpus biaristatus (DC.) H.Rob.

CUCURBITACEAE Aristida adscensionis L.

Cenchrus ciliaris L.
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.
Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon &
Momordica charantia L.
S.W.L.Jacobs (Synonyms: Panicum maximum
Hochst. ex A.Rich.)

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Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv.
Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka SOLANACEAE
(Synonyms: Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.)
C.E.Hubb.)
Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.
Brugmansia arborea (L.) Steud.
Urochloa fusca (Sw.) B.F.Hansen & Wunderlin
Datura stramonium L.
Urochloa mollis (Sw.) Morrone & Zuloaga
(Synonyms: Brachiaria mollis (Sw.) Parodi)
Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen
Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R.D.Webster
(Synonyms: Brachiaria plantaginea (Link)
Hitchc.)

213
Appendix 4- List of nomina nuda and names used in error to refer to plants in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain.

Family Nomina nuda and names used in error Notes

Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to write Gomphrena
Amaranthaceae Gomphrena aff. leucocarpa Mart.
leucocephala Mart.
This is a nomen nudum and this genus is not validly published. According
Hermogenodendron concinnum (Schott)
Anacardiaceae J.R.Pirani the valid name Astronium concinnum Schott should have been used
Santin
instead.
Name used in error. probably referrable to Marsdenia loniceroides (Hook.)
Apocynaceae Marsdenia carunceroides (Hook.) Faurn.
E.Fourn.
Name used in error. According specialist E.G.Gonçalves, probably an amalgam
of Spathicarpa hastifolia Hook., which is a species of Southern Brazil, and
Araceae Scaphispatha hastifolia Hook.
Scaphispatha gracilis Brongn. ex Schott, which occurs in the transition of
Caatinga to Cerrado.
Name used in error. Maybe a misspelling of Blainvillea latifolia (Lf.) DC., which
Asteraceae Blainvillea ligulata (L.f.) DC.
is a synonym of B. acmella (L.) Philipson.
Nomen nudum. The name Anemopaegma ataidei A.H.Gentry has been cited
Bignoniaceae Anemopaegma ataidei A.H.Gentry
for Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Nomen nudum. The name Cuspidaria cratensis A.H. Gentry has been cited for
Bignoniaceae Cuspidaria cratensis A.H. Gentry
Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Bignoniaceae Cuspidaria laterifolia (Mart.) A. DC. Probably a misspelling of the name Cuspidaria lateriflora (Mart.) DC.
Nomen nudum. The name Cuspidaria morii A.H. Gentry has been cited for
Bignoniaceae Cuspidaria morii A.H. Gentry
Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Mansoa asperulum (Bur. & K.Sch.) Nomen nudum. The name Mansoa asperulum (Bur. & K.Sch.) Gentry has been
Bignoniaceae
Gentry cited for Caatinga, but Gentry died before publishing the species.
Nomen nudum. According specialist L.G. Lohmann, this is a distinctive species
Bignoniaceae Proterantha glandulosa A.H. Gentry that Gentry left as nude name when he died. Even the genus he intended to
create was left nude and thus should not be used in floristic studies.
Capparaceae Cleome auriculata L. Name used in error. Maybe a misspelling of Cleome aculeata L.
Cleome ternicifolia (Mart. & Zucc.) H.H. Name used in error. Probably this is a misspelling of Cleome tenuifolia ( Mart. &
Capparaceae
Iltis Zucc. ) Iltis, which is synonym of Physostemon tenuifolium Mart. & Zucc.
Name published in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any
Capparaceae Colicodendron jacobinae (Moric.) Hutch.
major botanical databases nor with specialists consulted.

214
 Cleome pernambucensis Iltis & Costa,
Cleomaceae Nomen nudum still waiting to be published.
Silva
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Dioscorea adenocarpa Mart. ex
Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea adenoptera Mart. ex Griseb.
Griseb., now Dioscorea ovata Vell.
Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any major
Euphorbiaceae Argythamnia volubilis L.
botanical databases.
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Chamaesyce alsiniflora (Baill.)
Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce alsinifolia Boiss.
D.C.Hassall.
Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to write Manihot brachyloba
Euphorbiaceae Manihot brachypoda Müll.Arg.
Müll. Arg.
Acacia polyphylla DC. (= Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose) Is a valid
name, but the variety Acacia polyphylla var. parviflora (Benth.) L. Rico has not
Acacia polyphylla var. parviflora (Benth.)
Fabaceae been published. Rico says she intends to publish this variety, but the
L. Rico
publication will probably be done under Senegalia and this name will remain
nudum.
Fabaceae Bauhinia platysepala Burch. Name used in error. Almost certainly Bauhinia platypetala Burch. ex Benth.
Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any major
Fabaceae Caesalpinia roton Mart. ex Tul
botanical databases.
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Chamaecrista nictitans (L.)
Fabaceae Chamaecrista metitans Moench.
Moench.
Chamaecrista repens (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby is a valid name of a plant that
Chamaecrista repens var. multiflora
Fabaceae occurs in Caatinga, but this variety is probably a misspelling of Chamaecrista
(Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby
repens var. multijuga (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby.
Up to 2011 (the year we finished our synthesis) the name Deguelia nitidula was
not yet published. We contacted A. Azevedo Tozzi and R. Camargo and they say
Fabaceae Deguelia nitidula (Benth.) Az.-Tozzi the name will be published soon. If necessary, the name Lonchocarpus nitidulus
Benth. is available, but will be put under synonym of Deguelia nitidula (Benth.)
A.M.G.Azevedo & R.A.Camargo when Tozzi and Camargo’s paper is released.
Name used in error. The name Mimosa stipulacea Roxb. (not M. stipulacea
Fabaceae Mimosa stipulacea Ducke
Ducke) do exists, but this species is from Asia and is not the case here.
Name used in error. According specialist Shirley Graham, there is no reference
Lythraceae Cuphea silvestris Vahl to this name in any major monography of the genus, nor in the eletronic
databanks.
Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to refer to Banisteriopsis lutea
Malpighiaceae Byrsonima lutea (Griseb.) Cuatrec.
(Griseb.) Cuatrec.

215
 Name used in error. Maybe the authors wanted to refer to Malvastrum
Malvaceae Malvestarum scaberum Jaccke. scabrum (Cav.) A. Gray, which is synonym of Malvastrum tomentosum (L.)
S.R.Hill subsp. tomentosum.
Physaloides stoloniferum (Salzm.) H. C. Name used in error. This is not a valid name. Probably the authors wanted to
Malvaceae
Monteiro refer to Physalastrum stoloniferum (Salzm. ex Turcz.) Monteiro.
Pseudomalachra guianensis (K. Schum.) Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name in any major
Malvaceae
H. Monteiro botanical databases nor with specialists consulted.
Name used in error. We didn't find any reference for this name or any similar in
Melastomataceae Mouriri surinamensis Aubl.
any major botanical databases nor with specialists consulted.
Name used in error. Maybe the authors intended to write Psidium persoonii
Myrtaceae Eugenia personii McVaugh
McVaugh, but P. personii is recorded mainly in the Amazon region.
Name used in error. Probably a misspelling of Myrcia bullata O.Berg, but
Myrtaceae Myrcia bellata O.Berg
Myrcia bullata is recorded mainly from Southeastern Brazil.
Name used in error. Probably the authors wanted to refer to Psidium
Myrtaceae Myrcia myrsinoides Berg
myrsinoides O.Berg., which is now under Psidium myrtoides O.Berg.
A quite common nomen nudum based on Pisonia laxa Netto, cited in 16
botanical surveys. A.M. Guiulietti, who was supervisor of A.Furlan, intends to
Nyctaginaceae Guapira laxa (Netto) Furlan validate this name (personal communication), but before using it one should
verify whether it was already published. Otherwise the name Pisonia laxa
Netto should be used instead.
Name used in error. Probably the authors intended refer to Coccoloba
Polygonaceae Coccoloba termiflora Lind. tenuiflora Lindau, but this species is not registered to Caatinga by the "Flora do
Brasil" checklist.
Solanaceae Solanum chytidoaudrum Lam. Name used in error. Maybe a misspelling of Solanum rhytidoandrum Sendtn.
Name used in error. Although Turnera ulmifolia L. is a valid name, this variety
has not been published and is thus a nomen nudum. It should also be noted
Turneraceae Turnera ulmifolia var. guianensis Aubl. that all varieties of Turnera ulmifolia that occurred in Brazil were elevated to
species and Turnera ulmifolia should no longer be used to any Brazilian
material.

216
 Appendix 5 – number of records of each species in each environment type in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain including native and
exotic plants. (*): exotic species reported in our database.
Total
number of Total
Transition Campo
Crystalline Sedimentary Arboreal Chapada Riverine Aquatic occurrences number of
Crystalline / Inselberg Agreste Maior Unclassified
Species Caatinga Caatinga (n= Caatinga Diamantina forest (n= Communities in occurrences
Sedimentary (n= 11) (n=6) Ecotone (n= 21)
(n= 34) 18) (n= 9) (n= 3) 10) (n= 11) terrestrial in the CPD
(n= 6) (n= 2)
ecosystems (n= 131)
(n= 120)
Acalypha brasiliensis 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Acalypha multicaulis 3 3 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 11 11
Acalypha poiretii 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Acalypha villosa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Acanthospermum
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3
hispidum
Achyrocline
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
satureioides
Acianthera ochreata 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Acmella uliginosa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 3
Acosmium
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
diffusissimum
Acritopappus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
buiquensis
Adenocalymma
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
axillare
Adenocalymma
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
comosum
Adenocalymma
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
involucratum
Adenocalymma
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
scabriusculum
Aechmea aquilega 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Aechmea leptantha 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Aechmea lingulata 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Aegiphila
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pernambucensis
Aegiphila smithii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

217
Aeschynomene
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5
evenia
Aeschynomene
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
histrix
Aeschynomene
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
marginata
Aeschynomene
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
martii
Aeschynomene
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
mollicula
Aeschynomene
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
scabra
Aeschynomene
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 4
sensitiva
Aeschynomene
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
viscidula
Agave sisalana* 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ageratum
2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6
conyzoides
Agonandra
0 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 8
brasiliensis
Albizia inundata 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 4
Albizia niopoides 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Albizia polycephala 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Alibertia edulis 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3
Alibertia macrantha 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Allamanda
5 6 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 18 18
blanchetii
Allamanda puberula 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Allophylus edulis 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Allophylus
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
laevigatus
Allophylus
5 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 14 14
quercifolius
Allophylus
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
racemosus
Allophylus sericeus 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Alocasia 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

218
macrorrhizos*
Alseis floribunda 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3
Alstroemeria
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
caiaponica
Alstroemeria
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
longistaminea
Alstroemeria
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
piauhyensis
Alternanthera
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
bettzichiana
Alternanthera
2 3 2 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 15 15
brasiliana
Alternanthera
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
pungens
Alternanthera
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ramosissima
Alternanthera
5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 8
tenella
Alvimiantha
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
tricamerata
Amaranthus viridis 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3
Amasonia
0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
campestris
Amburana cearensis 12 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 3 6 0 30 30
Ameroglossum
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
pernambucense
Ammannia latifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5
Amphilophium
0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
crucigerum
Anacardium
0 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 6 6
occidentale
Anadenanthera
25 2 4 2 2 8 1 1 7 11 0 63 63
colubrina
Anadenanthera
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
peregrina
Anagallis minima 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Andira surinamensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Andira vermifuga 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

219
Andropogon
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
selloanus
Aneilema brasiliense 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Anemia flexuosa 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Anemopaegma
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
acutifolium
Anemopaegma
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
goyazense
Anemopaegma
0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
laeve
Anemopaegma
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
velutinum
Angelonia biflora 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Angelonia blanchetii 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Angelonia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
campestris
Angelonia cornigera 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Angelonia
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
pubescens
Angelonia
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 4
salicariifolia
Anisacanthus
1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
trilobus
Aniseia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
martinicensis
Annona glabra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Annona leptopetala 3 14 4 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 26 26
Annona spinescens 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Annona sylvatica 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Anthephora
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3
hermaphrodita
Anthurium affine 0 1 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Anthurium gracile 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Anthurium
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
petrophilum
Aosa rupestris 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Apodanthera 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

220
glaziovii
Apterokarpos
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
gardneri
Apuleia grazielana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Apuleia leiocarpa 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Arachis dardani 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Aralia excelsa 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Aralia warmingiana 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Argemone
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
mexicana*
Aristida
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
adscensionis*
Aristida elliptica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Aristida setifolia 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 4 4
Aristolochia birostris 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Arrojadoa penicillata 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Arrojadoa
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5
rhodantha
Asclepias
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
curassavica
Aspidosperma cuspa 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3
Aspidosperma
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
cylindrocarpon
Aspidosperma
0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
discolor
Aspidosperma
0 6 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 11 11
multiflorum
Aspidosperma
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
polyneuron
Aspidosperma
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pyricollum
Aspidosperma
27 4 4 3 4 8 2 0 10 16 0 78 78
pyrifolium
Aspidosperma
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
ramiflorum
Aspidosperma
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
riedelii

221
Aspidosperma
0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 7 7
subincanum
Aspilia attenuata 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Aspilia bonplandiana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Astraea comosa 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Astraea lobata 2 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 11 11
Astrocaryum vulgare 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Astronium
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3
fraxinifolium
Averrhoidium
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
gardnerianum
Axonopus aureus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Axonopus capillaris 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Axonopus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
polydactylus
Axonopus purpusii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Ayenia erecta 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Azolla caroliniana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Azolla filiculoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5
Baccharis oxyodonta 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Baccharis trinervis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bacopa aquatica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Bacopa stricta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Bakeridesia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
andradelimae
Balfourodendron
0 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 6 6
molle
Banisteriopsis
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
angustifolia
Banisteriopsis
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
laevifolia
Banisteriopsis
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
muricata
Banisteriopsis
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
oxyclada
Banisteriopsis 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

222
schizoptera
Banisteriopsis
0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
stellaris
Barnebya harleyi 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Bauhinia acuruana 0 14 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 19
Bauhinia catingae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bauhinia cheilantha 26 2 5 1 3 0 0 0 5 13 0 55 55
Bauhinia dubia 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3
Bauhinia forficata 0 0 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Bauhinia pentandra 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 9
Bauhinia pulchella 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 6 6
Bauhinia subclavata 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Bauhinia ungulata 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4
Begonia fischeri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Begonia larorum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Begonia lealii 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Begonia reniformis 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Begonia saxicola 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Bernardia sidoides 4 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 8
Bia lessertiana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bidens bipinnata 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3
Bidens pilosa 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Bignonia binata 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Bignonia
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
convolvuloides
Bignonia
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ramentacea
Billbergia porteana 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Blainvillea acmella 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Blainvillea
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
dichotoma
Blainvillea
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
lanceolata

223
Blanchetiodendron
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
blanchetii
Blepharodon
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
manicatum
Blepharodon pictum 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Boerhavia coccinea 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Boerhavia diffusa 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5
Bomarea edulis 0 1 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Borreria alata 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Borreria brownii 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Borreria capitata 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Borreria ocymoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Borreria
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
scabiosoides
Borreria verticillata 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 5
Bougainvillea
0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
praecox
Bowdichia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
virgilioides
Brasiliopuntia
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
brasiliensis
Brassavola
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
tuberculata
Bredemeyera
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
brevifolia
Bredemeyera
0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4
floribunda
Bredemeyera
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
kunthiana
Briquetia spicata 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Bromelia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
antiacantha
Bromelia auriculata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bromelia karatas 1 4 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Bromelia laciniosa 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 11 11
Brosimum
0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 6 6
gaudichaudii

224
Brugmansia
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
arborea*
Brunfelsia cuneifolia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Brunfelsia uniflora 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
Buchenavia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
callistachya
Buchenavia
0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 7 7
tetraphylla
Bulbostylis capillaris 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Bulbostylis hirtella 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bulbostylis scabra 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Bunchosia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
pernambucana
Byrsonima
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2
correifolia
Byrsonima
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2
crassifolia
Byrsonima
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2
cydoniifolia
Byrsonima
0 14 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 16
gardneriana
Byrsonima nitidifolia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Byrsonima sericea 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
Byrsonima
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 4
vacciniifolia
Byttneria filipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Cabomba aquatica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Cabralea canjerana 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cajanus cajan* 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Calathea villosa 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Callaeum
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
psilophyllum
Calliandra
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
aeschynomenoides
Calliandra
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
depauperata
Calliandra dysantha 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

225
Calliandra leptopoda 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Calliandra
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
macrocalyx
Calliandra parvifolia 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Calliandra sessilis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Calliandra
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
umbellifera
Callisia filiformis 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 9
Callisia repens 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Callisthene
0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
fasciculata
Callisthene major 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Callisthene
0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
microphylla
Calotropis procera* 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Calyptocarpus
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
biaristatus*
Campomanesia
0 8 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11
aromatica
Campomanesia
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
dichotoma
Campomanesia
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
eugenioides
Campomanesia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pubescens
Campomanesia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
velutina
Campomanesia
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
viatoris
Campylocentrum
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
crassirhizum
Canavalia
1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
brasiliensis
Caperonia palustris 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Capsicum
1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 8 8
parvifolium
Cardiospermum
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
anomalum

226
Cardiospermum
3 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12 12
corindum
Cardiospermum
0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5
halicacabum
Cardiospermum
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
oliveirae
Casearia aculeata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Casearia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
commersoniana
Casearia decandra 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Casearia eichleriana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Casearia grandiflora 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Casearia guianensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Casearia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
luetzelburgii
Casearia resinifera 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Casearia sylvestris 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Casearia ulmifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cassia ferruginea 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cassytha filiformis 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Catasetum
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
barbatum
Catasetum uncatum 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cattleya aclandiae 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cavanillesia
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
hylogeiton
Cavanillesia
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
umbellata
Cayaponia racemosa 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cecropia
0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
pachystachya
Cecropia peltata 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cedrela fissilis 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Cedrela odorata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
Ceiba erianthos 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

227
Ceiba glaziovii 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 10 10
Ceiba pubiflora 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ceiba speciosa 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Celtis iguanaea 0 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 3 0 0 11 11
Celtis pubescens 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cenchrus brownii 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cenchrus ciliaris* 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cenostigma
0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
macrophyllum
Centratherum
4 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 10 13
punctatum
Centrolobium
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
sclerophyllum
Centrosema
2 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 8
brasilianum
Centrosema
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
pascuorum
Centrosema
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
sagittatum
Centrosema
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
venosum
Centrosema
2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
virginianum
Ceratopteris
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
pteridoides
Ceratosanthes
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
trifoliata
Cereus albicaulis 0 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Cereus jamacaru 21 10 0 7 5 5 2 3 8 8 0 69 69
Cereus saddianus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Cestrum axillare 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Chaetium
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
festucoides
Chaetocalyx
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
longiflora
Chaetocalyx
1 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
scandens

228
Chamaecrista
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
amiciella
Chamaecrista
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
barbata
Chamaecrista
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
belemii
Chamaecrista
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
brevicalyx
Chamaecrista
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
calycioides
Chamaecrista
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cytisoides
Chamaecrista
1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
desvauxii
Chamaecrista
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
diphylla
Chamaecrista
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
duckeana
Chamaecrista
0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
eitenorum
Chamaecrista
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
fasciculata
Chamaecrista
0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
flexuosa
Chamaecrista
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
glandulosa
Chamaecrista
2 4 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
nictitans
Chamaecrista pilosa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Chamaecrista
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
ramosa
Chamaecrista
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
repens
Chamaecrista
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
rotundifolia
Chamaecrista
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
serpens
Chamaecrista
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
supplex
Chamaecrista
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
swainsonii

229
Chamaecrista
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
tenuisepala
Chamaecrista
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
trichopoda
Chamaecrista
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
zygophylloides
Chamissoa altissima 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Chiococca alba 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Chloris barbata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Chloris exilis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Chloris orthonoton 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Chloroleucon
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
acacioides
Chloroleucon
0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
dumosum
Chloroleucon
4 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 15 15
foliolosum
Chloroleucon
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 4
mangense
Chloroleucon
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
tortum
Chomelia martiana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Chomelia obtusa 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
Chresta martii 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Chrysophyllum
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
arenarium
Chrysophyllum
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
marginatum
Chrysophyllum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
rufum
Cipura paludosa 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cissampelos
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
andromorpha
Cissampelos parriera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Cissus albida 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cissus decidua 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cissus erosa 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

230
Cissus gongylodes 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cissus simsiana 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Cissus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
subrhomboidea
Cissus ternata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cissus tinctoria 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cissus verticillata 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Clematis dioica 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cleome dendroides 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cleome latifolia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cleome microcarpa 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cleome rosea 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cleome siliculifera 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Clidemia hirta 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Clusia hilariana 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Clusia melchiorii 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Clusia nemorosa 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Clusia paralicola 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cnidoscolus
6 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 11
bahianus
Cnidoscolus
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
loefgrenii
Cnidoscolus
0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
oligandrus
Cnidoscolus
0 3 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
pubescens
Cnidoscolus
12 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 26 26
quercifolius
Cnidoscolus urens 3 5 3 8 2 0 0 1 1 2 0 25 25
Cnidoscolus vitifolius 0 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 12
Coccoloba
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
conduplicata
Coccoloba mollis 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Coccoloba
0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
schwackeana
231
Cochlospermum
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 5 5
regium
Cochlospermum
3 2 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 10 10
vitifolium
Colicodendron yco 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 8
Colubrina cordifolia 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Colubrina
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
glandulosa
Combretum
0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 5 5
duarteanum
Combretum
2 7 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 14
glaucocarpum
Combretum
2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
hilarianum
Combretum
0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
lanceolatum
Combretum laxum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2
Combretum
12 5 0 1 0 6 2 0 5 12 0 43 43
leprosum
Combretum
0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
mellifluum
Combretum
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
monetaria
Combretum
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 8 8
pisonioides
Commelina
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
benghalensis
Commelina diffusa 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Commelina erecta 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 8
Commelina obliqua 2 0 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Commelina virginica 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Commiphora
27 9 2 2 4 7 0 2 5 14 0 72 72
leptophloeos
Conocliniopsis
2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 10
prasiifolia
Conyza bonariensis 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Copaifera coriacea 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
Copaifera 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 3

232
langsdorffii
Copaifera martii 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Copernicia prunifera 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 4 4
Corchorus argutus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
Corchorus hirtus 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 8
Corchorus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
orinocensis
Cordia alliodora 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
Cordia collococca 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cordia discolor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2
Cordia glazioviana 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 6
Cordia incognita 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cordia insignis 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cordia latiloba 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cordia magnoliifolia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cordia ochnacea 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cordia oncocalyx 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3
Cordia panicularis 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cordia rufescens 0 12 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 15 15
Cordia superba 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Cordia trichotoma 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 12 12
Cordiera concolor 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cordiera elliptica 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cordiera rigida 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cordiera sessilis 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Costus spiralis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Coutarea hexandra 2 4 0 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 18 18
Cranocarpus gracilis 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Crateva tapia 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 4
Cratylia argentea 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cratylia mollis 0 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11

233
Crotalaria bahiensis 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Crotalaria
2 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
holosericea
Crotalaria incana 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Crotalaria lanceolata 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Crotalaria retusa* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Crotalaria vitellina 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Croton adamantinus 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Croton adenocalyx 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3
Croton adenodontus 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Croton alagoensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton
1 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 10 10
argyrophylloides
Croton
0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
argyrophyllus
Croton betaceus 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Croton
6 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 3 3 0 16 16
blanchetianus
Croton campestris 3 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 10 10
Croton celtidifolius 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton compressus 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton cordiifolius 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Croton echioides 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 6
Croton gardnerianus 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Croton glandulosus 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 11 11
Croton glutinosus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton grewioides 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Croton
9 6 2 4 2 0 0 0 4 3 2 30 32
heliotropiifolius
Croton
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
hemiargyreus
Croton hirtus 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Croton jacobinensis 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Croton lundianus 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4
234
Croton
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
mucronifolius
Croton muscicarpa 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton nepetifolius 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4
Croton
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
odontadenius
Croton pedicellatus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton piauhiensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton pulegiodorus 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Croton pulegioides 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Croton rottlerifolius 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton rudolphianus 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Croton sincorensis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton sonderianus 15 4 1 0 3 0 0 0 5 12 0 40 40
Croton tricolor 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Croton urticifolius 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 10 10
Croton zehntneri 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 8
Crumenaria
3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
decumbens
Cryptanthus
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
bahianus
Cupania
0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
impressinervia
Cupania racemosa 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cupania vernalis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cuphea calophylla 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cuphea campestris 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cuphea circaeoides 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cuphea ericoides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cuphea
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
impatientifolia
Cuphea racemosa 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Curatella americana 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cuspidaria argentea 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
235
Cybianthus
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
penduliflorus
Cyclanthera elegans 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cymbopogon
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
citratus
Cynanchum
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
montevidense
Cynanchum
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
roulinioides
Cynodon dactylon 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cynophalla flexuosa 20 4 2 3 5 0 0 0 9 7 0 50 50
Cynophalla hastata 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 6
Cyperus aggregatus 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4
Cyperus alternifolius 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyperus berroi 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyperus compressus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Cyperus cuspidatus 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Cyperus distans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Cyperus eragrostis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyperus esculentus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Cyperus haspan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Cyperus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
hermaphroditus
Cyperus iria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Cyperus laxus 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Cyperus luzulae 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyperus odoratus 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 10
Cyperus reflexus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyperus rotundus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyperus
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
schomburgkianus
Cyperus
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 7
surinamensis
Cyperus uncinulatus 4 0 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 13 13

236
Cyperus virens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Cyrtocarpa
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
caatingae
Cyrtocymura harleyi 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyrtocymura
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
scorpioides
Cyrtopodium aliciae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyrtopodium
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
andersonii
Cyrtopodium flavum 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Cyrtopodium gigas 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Cyrtopodium holstii 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Cyrtopodium
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
intermedium
Cyrtopodium
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
poecilum
Dactylaena
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
micrantha
Dactylaena
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
microphylla
Dactyloctenium
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 7
aegyptium
Dalbergia catingicola 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Dalbergia cearensis 0 8 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 15 15
Dalbergia frutescens 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Dalbergia
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
glaucescens
Dalechampia affinis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dalechampia
0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
brasiliensis
Dalechampia
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
fernandesii
Dalechampia
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
pernambucensis
Dalechampia
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
scandens
Dalechampia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
schenckiana

237
Dasyphyllum
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
sprengelianum
Datura stramonium* 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Davilla cearensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Declieuxia fruticosa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Delilia biflora 4 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 13 15
Desmanthus
3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 6
virgatus
Desmodium
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
distortum
Desmodium
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
glabrum
Desmodium
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
incanum
Desmodium
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
procumbens
Desmodium
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
tortuosum
Dichorisandra
0 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
hexandra
Dichorisandra
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
penduliflora
Dicliptera ciliaris 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Digitaria ciliaris 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Digitaria insularis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Digitaria sanguinalis 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3
Dilodendron
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
bipinnatum
Dimorphandra
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
gardneriana
Dioclea grandiflora 2 4 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 14
Dioclea marginata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dioclea megacarpa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dioclea sclerocarpa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dioclea violacea 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Diodella apiculata 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8

238
Diodella gardneri 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Diodella radula 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Diodella teres 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 6
Dioscorea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
adenantha
Dioscorea coronata 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Dioscorea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
dodecaneura
Dioscorea
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
glandulosa
Dioscorea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hassleriana
Dioscorea
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
leptostachya
Dioscorea ovata 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Dioscorea piperifolia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dioscorea
0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
polygonoides
Dioscorea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
sincorensis
Diplopterys lutea 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Diplopterys
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pubipetala
Diplotropis
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ferruginea
Dipteryx odorata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Diptychandra
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
aurantiaca
Discolobium hirtum 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dissothrix imbricata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ditassa capillaris 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Ditassa glaziovii 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ditassa hastata 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Ditassa oxyphylla 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Ditaxis desertorum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ditaxis gardneri 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

239
Ditaxis malpighiacea 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 6
Dizygostemon
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
floribundum
Dodonaea viscosa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dolichandra
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 4 4
quadrivalvis
Dolichandra unguis-
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3
cati
Dorstenia asaroides 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Doryopteris
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
ornithopus
Doryopteris pedata 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Drosera montana 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Duguetia riedeliana 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Duranta erecta 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Dyckia densiflora 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dyckia limae 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Dyschoriste
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
maranhonis
Echinochloa colona 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6
Echinodorus
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
glandulosus
Echinodorus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
grandiflorus
Echinodorus
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
subalatus
Echinodorus tenellus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Echinolaena inflexa 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eclipta prostrata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 6
Egeria densa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Egletes viscosa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eichhornia azurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Eichhornia crassipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8
Eichhornia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4
paniculata

240
Eleocharis
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
flavescens
Eleocharis
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
interstincta
Eleocharis minima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Eleocharis montana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Elytraria imbricata 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Emilia fosbergii 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3
Emilia sonchifolia 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Emmeorhiza
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
umbellata
Encholirium
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
erectiflorum
Encholirium
0 0 3 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 13
spectabile
Encholirium
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
subsecundum
Encyclia dichroma 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Encyclia oncidioides 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Enterolobium
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
contortisiliquum
Enterolobium
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
timbouva
Enteropogon mollis 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 7
Enydra radicans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Enydra sessilifolia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ephedranthus
0 6 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 10 10
pisocarpus
Epidendrum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cinnabarinum
Epidendrum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
difforme
Epidendrum rigidum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Epidendrum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
secundum
Epiphyllum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
phyllanthus

241
Eragrostis acutiflora 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eragrostis ciliaris 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4
Eragrostis pilosa* 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4
Eragrostis rufescens 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eragrostis tenella 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eragrostis unioloides 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Erechtites
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hieracifolius
Eremanthus
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
capitatus
Eriope hypenioides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eriosema glaziovii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Erythrina velutina 2 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 6 4 0 19 19
Erythrina verna 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Erythrostemon
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
calycina
Erythroxylum
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
amplifolium
Erythroxylum
0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
barbatum
Erythroxylum
0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
betulaceum
Erythroxylum
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
bezerrae
Erythroxylum
0 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
caatingae
Erythroxylum
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
citrifolium
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
deciduum
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
flaccidum
Erythroxylum
0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
laetevirens
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2
ligustrinum
Erythroxylum
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
loefgrenii

242
Erythroxylum
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
maracasense
Erythroxylum
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
nummularia
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ochranthum
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
pauferrense
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pulchrum
Erythroxylum
4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 7
pungens
Erythroxylum
1 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 12 12
revolutum
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
simonis
Erythroxylum
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
stipulosum
Erythroxylum
0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
suberosum
Erythroxylum
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
subracemosum
Erythroxylum
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
subrotundum
Erythroxylum
0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
vacciniifolium
Esenbeckia febrifuga 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Eugenia aurata 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Eugenia azuruensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eugenia biflora 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eugenia candolleana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eugenia crenata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Eugenia dichroma 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eugenia dysenterica 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 5
Eugenia flavescens 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Eugenia florida 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Eugenia ligustrina 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

243
Eugenia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
luschnathiana
Eugenia mansoi 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eugenia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
pseudopsidium
Eugenia punicifolia 0 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13
Eugenia pyriformis 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 6
Eugenia rosea 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Eugenia stictopetala 0 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 12
Eugenia uniflora 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Eugenia vattimoana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Euphorbia bahiensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Euphorbia comosa 0 7 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11
Euphorbia
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
heterophylla
Euphorbia
6 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 12 14
hyssopifolia
Euphorbia insulana 1 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Euphorbia
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
phosphorea
Euphorbia prostrata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Euphorbia serpens 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Euphorbia
1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
thymifolia
Euphorbia tirucalli* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2
Euphorbia
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
tithymaloides*
Euploca
0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4 8
procumbens
Euploca ternata 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Evolvulus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
anagalloides
Evolvulus barbatus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Evolvulus cressoides 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Evolvulus
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
elaeagnifolius
244
Evolvulus elegans 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Evolvulus
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ericaefolius
Evolvulus filipes 3 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 9
Evolvulus
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
frankenioides
Evolvulus
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
glomeratus
Evolvulus
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
gypsophiloides
Evolvulus latifolius 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Evolvulus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
macroblepharis
Evolvulus ovatus 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 5
Evolvulus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
phyllanthoides
Evolvulus
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
pterocaulon
Evolvulus sericeus 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Faramea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
montevidensis
Ficus arpazusa 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ficus christianii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ficus cyclophylla 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ficus elliotiana 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fimbristylis
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3
dichotoma
Fimbristylis dipsacea 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Flaveria bidentis 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Flueggea flexuosa 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Foeniculum vulgare* 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fraunhofera
1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 4 4
multiflora
Fridericia bahiensis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fridericia caudigera 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fridericia chica 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4

245
Fridericia conjugata 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Fridericia crassa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fridericia dichotoma 1 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 8
Fridericia dispar 0 7 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 11 11
Fridericia limae 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Fridericia parviflora 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fridericia platyphylla 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3
Fridericia pulchella 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fridericia
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
subverticillata
Fridericia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
tuberculata
Froelichia
1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 6
humboldtiana
Fuirena umbellata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Galactia jussiaeana 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Galactia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
remansoana
Galactia striata 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Galactia texana* 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Galinsoga parviflora 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Galipea trifoliata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Galphimia
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
brasiliensis
Gamochaeta
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
americana
Gaya aurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2
Gaya
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
gaudichaudiana
Gaya gracilipes 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Gaya monosperma 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Genipa americana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Geoffroea spinosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 4
Glischrothamnus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ulei
246
Gochnatia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
blanchetiana
Gochnatia
0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
oligocephala
Godmania dardanoi 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Gomphrena demissa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3
Gomphrena
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
desertorum
Gomphrena vaga 2 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Goniorrhachis
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 7 7
marginata
Gouania colurnifolia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Gouania lupuloides 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Guapira campestris 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Guapira graciliflora 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 10
Guapira laxa 1 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 15 15
Guapira noxia 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 6
Guapira opposita 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 7 7
Guapira tomentosa 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 6 6
Guazuma ulmifolia 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Guettarda angelica 2 1 1 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 11 11
Guettarda platypoda 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 4
Guettarda sericea 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Guettarda
0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 4
viburnoides
Habenaria
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hexaptera
Habenaria obtusa 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Habenaria petalodes 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Habenaria pratensis 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Habenaria repens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Habenaria trifida 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Habranthus
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
itaobinus

247
Habranthus ruber 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Handroanthus
0 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
chrysotrichus
Handroanthus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
heptaphyllus
Handroanthus
5 4 3 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 0 27 27
impetiginosus
Handroanthus
0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
ochraceus
Handroanthus
0 3 1 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 9 9
serratifolius
Handroanthus
2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 6 6
spongiosus
Harpalyce brasiliana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Harpochilus
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
neesianus
Harpochilus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
phaeocarpus
Harrisia adscendens 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 6
Helichrysum
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
indicum
Helicteres baruensis 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 12 12
Helicteres brevispira 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Helicteres eichleri 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 6 6
Helicteres
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
guazumifolia
Helicteres
0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 6 6
heptandra
Helicteres
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
macropetala
Helicteres muscosa 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11
Helicteres sacarolha 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Helicteres velutina 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Heliotropium
0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 6
angiospermum
Heliotropium
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 5
indicum
Heliotropium 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

248
phylicoides
Heliotropium
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
transalpinum
Hemionitis
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
tomentosa
Hemiscola aculeata 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Hemiscola diffusa 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Herissantia crispa 3 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 9
Herissantia
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
nemoralis
Herissantia tiubae 2 2 5 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 12
Heteranthera limosa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Heteropterys
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
campestris
Heteropterys
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
chrysophylla
Heteropterys
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
dichromocalyx
Heteropterys
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
grandiflora
Heteropterys
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pteropetala
Heteropterys
2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 5
trichanthera
Hippeastrum
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
solandriflorum
Hippeastrum
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
stylosum
Hippocratea
0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
volubilis
Hirtella ciliata 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Hirtella racemosa 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Hohenbergia
0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
catingae
Hohenbergia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
leopoldo-horstii
Hohenbergia ridleyi 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Hohenbergia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

249
utriculosa
Hybanthus
1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 7 7
calceolaria
Hydrocleis
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
nymphoides
Hydrolea spinosa 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 9
Hymenachne
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
amplexicaulis
Hymenaea aurea 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Hymenaea courbaril 1 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 12 12
Hymenaea eriogyne 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Hymenaea
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
maranhensis
Hymenaea martiana 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Hymenaea
0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
stigonocarpa
Hymenaea velutina 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Hypenia salzmannii 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Hypoxis decumbens 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hyptidendron
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
amethystoides
Hyptis atrorubens 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Hyptis calida 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Hyptis dilatata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hyptis fruticosa 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Hyptis martiusii 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 7
Hyptis multiflora 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hyptis pectinata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Hyptis platanifolia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hyptis sidifolia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hyptis simulans 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Hyptis suaveolens 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 8 9
Ichnanthus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
bambusiflorus

250
Ichnanthus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
dasycoleus
Ilex brevicuspis 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Indigofera
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
blanchetiana
Indigofera
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2
microcarpa
Indigofera
0 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 10
suffruticosa
Inga capitata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Inga ingoides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Inga striata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Inga vera 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
Ipomoea alba 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
aristolochiifolia
Ipomoea asarifolia 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 8
Ipomoea bahiensis 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 6
Ipomoea batatoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Ipomoea brasiliana 0 6 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11
Ipomoea carnea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 4
Ipomoea hederifolia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea indica 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea marcellia 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ipomoea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
megapotamica
Ipomoea nil 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Ipomoea pes-caprae 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
phyllomega
Ipomoea polyrhizos 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea procurrens 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea purpurea 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea rosea 1 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7

251
Ipomoea
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
sericophylla
Ipomoea setifera 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea setosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Ipomoea subincana 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Ipomoea
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
subrevoluta
Ipomoea trifida 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea triloba 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ipomoea
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
verbasciformis
Ipomoea
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
verbascoidea
Ipomoea wrightii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Isocarpha
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
megacephala
Jacaranda brasiliana 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3
Jacaranda
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
grandifoliolata
Jacaranda
0 7 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 12
jasminoides
Jacaranda
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
praetermissa
Jacaranda rugosa 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Jacaratia
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
corumbensis
Jacquemontia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
bahiensis
Jacquemontia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cearensis
Jacquemontia
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
densiflora
Jacquemontia
1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 6
evolvuloides
Jacquemontia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ferruginea
Jacquemontia
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
glaucescens

252
Jacquemontia
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
gracillima
Jacquemontia
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
heterantha
Jacquemontia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
multiflora
Jacquemontia
0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
nodiflora
Jacquemontia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pentantha
Jacquemontia
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
sphaerostigma
Jacquemontia
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
velutina
Jaegeria hirta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Janusia anisandra 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Janusia janusioides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Janusia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
schwannioides
Jatropha curcas 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Jatropha
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 3
gossypiifolia
Jatropha martiusii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Jatropha mollissima 30 4 3 5 4 0 0 1 8 15 0 70 70
Jatropha mutabilis 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 9
Jatropha ribifolia 6 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 14 14
Justicia aequilabris 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Justicia fragilis 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Justicia
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
schomburgkiana
Kallstroemia maxima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Kallstroemia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
tribuloides
Krameria tomentosa 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Kyllinga brevifolia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kyllinga odorata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

253
Kyllinga squamulata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lafoensia
0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
glyptocarpa
Lagascea mollis 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Langsdorffia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hypogaea
Lantana caatingensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lantana camara 8 8 4 7 3 0 0 2 4 3 0 39 39
Lantana canescens 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lantana fucata 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lantana salzmannii 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Laportea aestuans 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lasiacis anomala 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lasiacis ligulata 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lemna
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
aequinoctialis
Lemna valdiviana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6
Leonotis nepetifolia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
Lepidaploa arenaria 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lepidaploa
0 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 8
chalybaea
Lepidaploa
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cotoneaster
Lepidaploa grisea 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lepidaploa lilacina 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lepidaploa
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
remotiflora
Lepidium
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
bonariense
Leptochloa fusca 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Leptochloa panicea 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Leptolobium
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
dasycarpum
Leptoscela
1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
ruellioides

254
Lessingianthus
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
obscurus
Lessingianthus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
rugulosus
Leucochloron limae 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Libidibia ferrea 12 4 3 1 3 0 2 0 9 10 0 44 44
Licania rigida 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 4
Licania sclerophylla 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Limnobium
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
laevigatum
Lindackeria ovata 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Lipocarpha
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
micrantha
Lipocarpha
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
salzmanniana
Lippia alba 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 3
Lippia gracilis 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 10 10
Lippia lasiocalycina 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lippia magentea 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lippia microphylla 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lippia origanoides 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Lippia pohliana 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Lippia riedeliana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lippia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
schomburgkiana
Lippia sidoides 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lippia thymoides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2
Lobelia xalapensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Lonchocarpus
0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
araripensis
Lonchocarpus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
campestris
Lonchocarpus
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
costatus
Lonchocarpus
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 4 4
obtusus
255
Lonchocarpus
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 7 7
sericeus
Lonchocarpus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
virgilioides
Lourteigia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ballotifolia
Ludwigia affinis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Ludwigia erecta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 4
Ludwigia filiformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Ludwigia
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
helminthorrhiza
Ludwigia
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hyssopifolia
Ludwigia inclinata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Ludwigia leptocarpa 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3
Luehea candicans 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Luehea divaricata 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Luehea grandiflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2
Luehea paniculata 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Luetzelburgia
2 2 2 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 12 12
auriculata
Luziola brasiliana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Lycium martii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Machaerium
0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
aculeatum
Machaerium
0 6 1 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 12 12
acutifolium
Machaerium
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
amplum
Machaerium
0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
brasiliense
Machaerium
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
floridum
Machaerium hirtum 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Machaerium
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
opacum
Machaerium 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

256
ovalifolium
Machaerium
0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
scleroxylon
Machaerium
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
stipitatum
Machaerium
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
vestitum
Machaerium
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
villosum
Machaonia spinosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Maclura tinctoria 0 0 0 2 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Macroptilium
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
bracteatum
Macroptilium gracile 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Macroptilium
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 3
lathyroides
Macroptilium martii 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 9 9
Macroptilium
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
panduratum
Magonia pubescens 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 8 8
Malvastrum
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
coromandelianum
Malvastrum
0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
tomentosum
Mandevilla dardanoi 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Mandevilla
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
funiformis
Mandevilla scabra 0 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Mandevilla
0 2 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
tenuifolia
Manettia cordifolia 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Manihot anomala 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Manihot
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
brachyandra
Manihot
0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
caerulescens
Manihot
4 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 8 0 18 18
carthaginensis

257
Manihot catingae 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 4 4
Manihot dichotoma 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Manihot epruinosa 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Manihot
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
gabrielensis
Manihot heptaphylla 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Manihot palmata 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Manihot
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 7 7
pseudoglaziovii
Manilkara rufula 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Manilkara
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
salzmannii
Manilkara triflora 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mansoa angustidens 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mansoa difficilis 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Mansoa hirsuta 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Maprounea
5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 9 9
guianensis
Maranta
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
arundinacea*
Maranta divaricata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Margaritopsis
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
carrascoana
Margaritopsis
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
chaenotricha
Marsdenia altissima 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Marsdenia
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
dorothyae
Marsdenia
0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
loniceroides
Marsdenia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
megalantha
Marsypianthes
4 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 11 12
chamaedrys
Martiodendron
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
mediterraneum
Mascagnia riparia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

258
Mascagnia sepium 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Matayba guianensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Matelea ganglinosa 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Matelea harleyi 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Matelea maritima 0 1 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Matelea nigra 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mattfeldanthus
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
andrade-limae
Maytenus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
acanthophylla
Maytenus boaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Maytenus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
catingarum
Maytenus horrida 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Maytenus imbricata 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Maytenus
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
obtusifolia
Maytenus rigida 4 2 0 4 3 0 0 1 5 2 0 21 21
Megathyrsus
1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5
maximus*
Melanthera latifolia 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
Melasma
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
melampyroides
Melia azedarach* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Melinis minutiflora* 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Melinis repens* 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Melocactus
1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8 8
bahiensis
Melocactus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
deinacanthus
Melocactus ernestii 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Melocactus oreas 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Melocactus
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
salvadorensis
Melocactus
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
zehntneri
259
Melochia arenosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Melochia lanata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Melochia
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 5 6
pyramidata
Melochia tomentosa 9 3 1 4 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 24 24
Mentzelia aspera 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Merremia aegyptia 2 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 8
Merremia cissoides 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Merremia dissecta 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Merremia
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4
macrocalyx
Merremia umbellata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Miconia albicans 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Micranthemum
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
umbrosum
Microgramma
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
geminata
Microgramma
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
vacciniifolia
Microstachys
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4
corniculata
Microstachys
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hispida
Microtea glochidiata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Microtea
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
longebracteata
Microtea
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
maypurensis
Microtea paniculata 2 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Microtea scabrida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Mimosa acutistipula 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 8
Mimosa adenophylla 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Mimosa arenosa 1 1 1 4 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 13 14
Mimosa
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
bimucronata
Mimosa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

260
borboremae
Mimosa
3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 10 10
caesalpiniifolia
Mimosa camporum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa gemmulata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa guaranitica 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa honesta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
Mimosa invisa 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Mimosa lepidophora 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Mimosa lewisii 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Mimosa misera 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa modesta 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa niederleinii 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa nothopteris 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa
5 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 5 1 0 15 15
ophthalmocentra
Mimosa paraibana 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
Mimosa pigra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2
Mimosa pudica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 3
Mimosa quadrivalvis 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 5 5
Mimosa sensitiva 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 8
Mimosa somnians 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mimosa tenuiflora 18 3 2 2 2 6 0 1 7 12 0 53 53
Mimosa ursina 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Mimosa verrucosa 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Mimosa
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
xiquexiquensis
Mitracarpus frigidus 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3
Mitracarpus hirtus 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Mitracarpus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
parvulus
Mitracarpus
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
salzmannianus

261
Mitracarpus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
scaberulus
Mollugo verticillata 4 3 2 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 15 16
Momordica
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3
charantia*
Monnina insignis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mouriri pusa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Murdannia nudiflora 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Myracrodruon
24 3 4 4 4 9 1 2 7 11 0 69 69
urundeuva
Myrcia aegiphiloides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Myrcia guianensis 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Myrcia multiflora 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Myrcia oblongata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Myrcia splendens 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Myrcia tomentosa 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Myrciaria ferruginea 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Myroxylon
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
peruiferum
Myrsine guianensis 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Najas conferta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Nectandra
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
membranacea
Nectandra nitidula 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Neea obovata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Neocalyptrocalyx
5 2 1 1 4 0 0 2 2 1 0 18 18
longifolium
Neoglaziovia
4 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 16 16
variegata
Neojobertia
0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
candolleana
Neomarica gracilis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Nicotiana glauca 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 8 8
Noisettia
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
orchidiflora

262
Nymphaea
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
amazonum
Nymphaea ampla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6
Nymphoides indica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Ocimum
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
campechianum
Ocotea
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
brachybotrya
Ocotea duckei 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ocotea xanthocalyx 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Oeceoclades
0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
maculata*
Oncidium baueri 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Operculina alata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Operculina
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
macrocarpa
Ormosia fastigiata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Orthophytum
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
disjunctum
Orthophytum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
glabrum
Orthophytum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
saxicola
Ouratea
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
blanchetiana
Ouratea cearensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ouratea discophora 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ouratea glaucescens 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ouratea parvifolia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxalis cratensis 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Oxalis divaricata 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Oxalis eriocarpa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxalis frutescens 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Oxalis glaucescens 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxalis hedysarifolia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

263
Oxalis psoraleoides 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2
Oxalis refracta 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxalis sepium 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxalis triangularis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxandra reticulata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxandra sessiliflora 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oxycaryum cubense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8
Pachira retusa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Paepalanthus bifidus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Paepalanthus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
lamarckii
Paepalanthus
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
myocephalus
Paepalanthus parvus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Paliavana tenuiflora 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Palicourea
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
marcgravii
Panicum
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
polygonatum
Panicum sellowii 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Panicum trichoides 5 2 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 13 13
Panicum venezuelae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pappophorum
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
pappiferum
Parapiptadenia
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
blanchetii
Parapiptadenia
6 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 13 13
zehntneri
Parkia platycephala 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 2
Parkinsonia aculeata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
Paspalidium
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
geminatum
Paspalum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
conjugatum
Paspalum
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
fimbriatum
264
Paspalum
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
melanospermum
Paspalum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
oligostachyum
Paspalum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
parviflorum
Paspalum plicatulum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Paspalum repens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Paspalum scutatum 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 3
Passiflora alata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Passiflora cincinnata 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Passiflora edmundoi 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Passiflora foetida 2 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Passiflora galbana 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Passiflora
0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
luetzelburgii
Paullinia cearensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Paullinia elegans 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
Paullinia pinnata 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
Pavonia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
aschersoniana
Pavonia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
blanchetiana
Pavonia cancellata 2 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 10 10
Pavonia glazioviana 0 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Pavonia humifusa 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Pavonia varians 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Pectis congesta 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pectis linifolia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pectis oligocephala 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Peixotoa jussieuana 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Peltogyne
0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
confertiflora
Peltogyne pauciflora 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 7 7

265
Peltophorum
0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 5 5
dubium
Pennisetum
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pedicellatum*
Peperomia blanda 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Peperomia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
circinnata
Pereskia bahiensis 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pereskia grandifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Periandra coccinea 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Periandra
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
mediterranea
Petalostelma
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
martianum
Pfaffia denudata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pfaffia glomerata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Philodendron
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
acutatum
Philodendron
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
bipinnatifidum
Philodendron imbe 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Philodendron leal-
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
costae
Phoradendron
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
linearifolium
Phoradendron
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
mucronatum
Phoradendron
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
piperoides
Phoradendron
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
quadrangulare
Phoradendron
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
rubrum
Phoradendron
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
tunaeforme
Phyllanthus
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
caroliniensis
Phyllanthus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
chacoensis

266
Phyllanthus
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
heteradenius
Phyllanthus niruri 2 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 9
Phyllanthus
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
orbiculatus
Phyllanthus tenellus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Phyllostylon
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
brasiliense
Physalis angulata 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 4
Physalis pubescens 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
Physostemon
3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 7
guianense
Physostemon
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
lanceolatum
Picramnia andrade-
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
limae
Picramnia bahiensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Pilea hyalina 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Pilocarpus jaborandi 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Pilocarpus spicatus 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Pilosocereus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2
catingicola
Pilosocereus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
chrysostele
Pilosocereus
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 6 6
glaucescens
Pilosocereus
15 3 1 4 2 0 1 0 8 7 0 41 41
gounellei
Pilosocereus
7 4 0 4 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 23 23
pachycladus
Pilosocereus
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3
pentaedrophorus
Pilosocereus
1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 7 7
piauhyensis
Pilosocereus
1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
tuberculatus
Piper nigrum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Piptadenia 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

267
gonoacantha
Piptadenia
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
macradenia
Piptadenia
14 7 2 2 3 0 0 0 5 12 0 45 45
stipulacea
Piptadenia viridiflora 3 1 0 0 2 5 0 1 0 1 0 13 13
Piriqueta cistoides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Piriqueta duarteana 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Piriqueta guianensis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Piriqueta racemosa 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
Piriqueta sidifolia 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Pistia stratiotes 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 8
Pithecellobium
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 4
diversifolium
Pithecellobium
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
dulce*
Pithecellobium
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
roseum
Pithecoseris
0 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
pacourinoides
Pityrocarpa
0 10 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 17 17
moniliformis
Pityrocarpa obliqua 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 10
Plathymenia
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
reticulata
Platymiscium
0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
floribundum
Platypodanthera
0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
melissifolia
Platypodium elegans 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Pleopeltis
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
polypodioides
Pleurophora
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 6
anomala
Plinia cauliflora 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Plumbago scandens 1 1 3 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 12 12
Poecilanthe falcata 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

268
Poecilanthe
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
grandiflora
Poecilanthe
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
subcordata
Poecilanthe ulei 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 4 4
Poeppigia procera 0 5 3 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 13 13
Poincianella
3 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 0 14 14
bracteosa
Poincianella
3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
gardneriana
Poincianella
5 6 1 0 0 6 0 1 1 0 0 20 20
microphylla
Poincianella pluviosa 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Poincianella
23 2 1 4 4 0 0 1 8 10 0 53 53
pyramidalis
Polygala bracteata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala galioides 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala glochidiata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala gracilis 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Polygala lancifolia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala longicaulis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala mollis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala paniculata 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Polygala
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pseudohebeclada
Polygala roubienna 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala spectabilis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Polygala violacea 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 6
Polygonum
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6
ferrugineum
Polygonum
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 3
hispidum
Polystachya
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
estrellensis
Porophyllum
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
ruderale

269
Portulaca elatior 3 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 13
Portulaca
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
grandiflora
Portulaca
2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
halimoides
Portulaca
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
hirsutissima
Portulaca
0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
mucronata
Portulaca oleracea 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 5
Portulaca pilosa 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Portulaca
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
umbraticola
Pouteria
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
gardneriana
Prescottia phleoides 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Prestonia bahiensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Prestonia coalita 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Pristimera
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
sclerophylla
Priva bahiensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Prockia crucis 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
Prosopis juliflora* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 8 8
Pseudobombax
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
grandiflorum
Pseudobombax
9 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 4 5 0 24 24
marginatum
Pseudobombax
2 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 9 9
simplicifolium
Psidium
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
acutangulum
Psidium
0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
appendiculatum
Psidium guineense 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Psidium myrsinites 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
Psidium myrtoides 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Psidium 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

270
oligospermum
Psidium riparium 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Psidium salutare 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Psidium sartorianum 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Psittacanthus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
biternatus
Psittacanthus
0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
cordatus
Pterocarpus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
monophyllus
Pterocarpus rohrii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Pterocarpus villosus 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Pterocarpus
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
zehntneri
Pterodon abruptus 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 5
Pterogyne nitens 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 5 5
Pterolepis
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
polygonoides
Pterolepis
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
trichotoma
Ptilochaeta
0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
bahiensis
Pycreus capillifolius 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Pycreus flavescens 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pycreus lanceolatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Pycreus
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
macrostachyos
Pycreus pelophilus 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pycreus piceus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Pycreus
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
polystachyos
Pyrostegia venusta 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Qualea grandiflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
Qualea parviflora 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3
Randia armata 0 1 1 3 2 7 1 1 1 1 0 18 18

271
Randia ferox 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Rhamnidium
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
elaeocarpum
Rhamnidium molle 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 8 8
Rhaphiodon echinus 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Rhipsalis baccifera 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Rhipsalis
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
lindbergiana
Rhynchosia minima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Rhynchosia
0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
phaseoloides
Rhynchospora
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
barbata
Rhynchospora
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cephalotes
Rhynchospora
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 6
contracta
Rhynchospora
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
holoschoenoides
Rhynchospora
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
riparia
Ricciocarpos natans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Richardia brasiliensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Richardia grandiflora 1 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 11
Richardia scabra 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Rivina humilis 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
Rodriguezia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
bahiensis
Romanoa tamnoides 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Rourea martiana 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ruellia asperula 1 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 8
Ruellia bahiensis 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 6
Ruellia geminiflora 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Ruellia paniculata 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 5 7
Ruellia villosa 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

272
Ruprechtia laxiflora 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Ruprechtia ramiflora 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sacciolepis vilvoides 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Salvertia
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
convallariodora
Salvinia auriculata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Salvinia minima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
Salvinia oblongifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Sansevieria
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hyacinthoides*
Sapindus saponaria 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 3
Sapium argutum 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 7
Sapium glandulosum 4 4 0 2 3 2 0 1 3 2 0 21 21
Sapium obovatum 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sapium sellowianum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Sarcoglottis acaulis 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Scaphispatha gracilis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Scaphyglottis
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
fusiformis
Schinopsis
12 2 3 0 4 8 0 3 8 5 0 45 45
brasiliensis
Schizachyrium
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
brevifolium
Schoepfia
0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
brasiliensis
Schubertia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
multiflora
Schultesia
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
guianensis
Schwartzia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
brasiliensis
Schwenckia
0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4
americana
Scleria interrupta 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Scleria reticularis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Scleria secans 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

273
Scoparia dulcis 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5
Sebastiania
0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
brasiliensis
Sebastiania
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
brevifolia
Sebastiania
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
commersoniana
Sebastiania
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 7 7
macrocarpa
Secondatia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
floribunda
Securidaca
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
diversifolia
Securidaca volubilis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Selaginella
4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 6
convoluta
Selaginella
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
potaroensis
Selaginella sellowii 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Selaginella sulcata 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Senegalia bahiensis 0 1 0 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Senegalia
0 8 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 14 14
langsdorffii
Senegalia martii 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Senegalia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
martiusiana
Senegalia
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
monacantha
Senegalia
1 4 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 8 8
piauhiensis
Senegalia polyphylla 0 3 2 1 4 1 0 1 0 2 0 14 14
Senegalia riparia 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 5
Senegalia tenuifolia 3 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 11 11
Senna acuruensis 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 6 6
Senna angulata 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Senna aversiflora 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Senna cana 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 5

274
Senna catingae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Senna cearensis 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Senna gardneri 0 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Senna georgica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Senna
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
lechriosperma
Senna macranthera 4 10 3 3 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 26 26
Senna martiana 2 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 9 9
Senna multijuga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Senna obtusifolia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 4
Senna occidentalis 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Senna rizzinii 3 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 12 12
Senna rugosa 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Senna spectabilis 4 4 4 2 2 5 0 1 5 1 0 28 28
Senna splendida 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 9 9
Senna trachypus 2 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13
Senna uniflora 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 9
Senna velutina 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Serjania caracasana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Serjania comata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Serjania glabrata 0 3 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 10
Serjania hebecarpa 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Serjania lethalis 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Serjania marginata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Serjania
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pernambucensis
Serpocaulon
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
triseriale
Sesbania exasperata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Sesbania virgata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Setaria parviflora 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 6
Setaria pauciflora 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

275
Setaria setosa 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Setaria tenax 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Sida acuta 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sida angustissima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Sida anomala 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Sida blepharoprion 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sida castanocarpa 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sida ciliaris 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Sida cordifolia 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 9
Sida galheirensis 2 6 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15
Sida glomerata 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Sida jussiaeana 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sida linifolia 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Sida regnellii 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sida rhombifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
Sida rubifolia 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sida salviifolia 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sida spinosa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 5
Sida ulei 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sidastrum
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
micranthum
Sidastrum
0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
multiflorum
Sidastrum
0 2 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
paniculatum
Sideroxylon
7 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 5 0 25 25
obtusifolium
Simaba ferruginea 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Simaba floribunda 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Simarouba amara 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Simarouba
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
versicolor
Sinningia incarnata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

276
Sinningia nordestina 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Skytanthus
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
hancorniifolius
Smilax brasiliensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Smilax campestris 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sobralia liliastrum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Solanum agrarium 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Solanum
0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
americanum
Solanum asperum 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Solanum bahianum 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Solanum capsicoides 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Solanum crinitum 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Solanum flaccidum 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Solanum jabrense 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Solanum megalonyx 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Solanum paludosum 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Solanum
0 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 12 13
paniculatum
Solanum
1 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 10 10
rhytidoandrum
Solanum
0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
stipulaceum
Solanum
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
thomasiifolium
Sonchus oleraceus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Spananthe
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
paniculata
Spathicarpa
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
hastifolia
Spergularia marina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Spermacoce spiralis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Spigelia anthelmia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Spondias tuberosa 15 3 3 4 3 6 0 3 6 5 0 48 48
Sporobolus 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

277
pyramidatus
Stachytarpheta
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 6
angustifolia
Stachytarpheta
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
cayennensis
Stachytarpheta
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
coccinea
Stachytarpheta
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
microphylla
Stachytarpheta
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
sessilis
Staelia aurea 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Staelia virgata 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Steirachne diandra 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Stemodia maritima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 2
Stemodia pratensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Sterculia striata 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Stigmaphyllon
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
auriculatum
Stigmaphyllon
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
blanchetii
Stigmaphyllon
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cavernulosum
Stigmaphyllon
0 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
paralias
Stigmaphyllon
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
rotundifolium
Stillingia trapezoidea 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Stillingia uleana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Stizophyllum
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
perforatum
Streptostachys
0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
asperifolia
Struthanthus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
flexicaulis
Struthanthus
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
polyrhizus
Struthanthus 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4

278
syringifolius
Strychnos parvifolia 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Strychnos rubiginosa 0 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11
Stryphnodendron
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
coriaceum
Stylosanthes
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
angustifolia
Stylosanthes
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
capitata
Stylosanthes
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 3
guianensis
Stylosanthes humilis 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Stylosanthes scabra 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3
Stylosanthes viscosa 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Swartzia flaemingii 0 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11
Syagrus coronata 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 7 7
Syagrus oleracea 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Syagrus vagans 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Tabebuia aurea 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 5 0 14 14
Tabebuia reticulata 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tabebuia roseoalba 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Tabernaemontana
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
catharinensis
Tabernaemontana
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
hystrix
Taccarum
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
peregrinum
Tachigali aurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tachigali densiflora 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tacinga inamoena 4 6 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 20 20
Tacinga palmadora 13 2 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 24 24
Talinum
1 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
paniculatum
Talinum triangulare 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Talisia esculenta 0 2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 6

279
Tanaecium
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cyrtanthum
Tanaecium
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
pyramidatum
Tarenaya spinosa 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 3 7
Tassadia burchellii 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Temnadenia
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
violacea
Tephrosia cinerea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2
Tephrosia purpurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Terminalia
0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3
actinophylla
Terminalia fagifolia 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3
Tetraulacium
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
veroniciforme
Thelypteris
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
interrupta
Thryallis longifolia 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Tibouchina
0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
heteromalla
Tibouchina
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
lithophila
Tibouchina mutabilis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tilesia baccata 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Tillandsia didisticha 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tillandsia gardneri 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Tillandsia loliacea 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Tillandsia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
polystachia
Tillandsia recurvata 2 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14
Tillandsia
2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
streptocarpa
Tillandsia stricta 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Tillandsia tenuifolia 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Tillandsia usneoides 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Tocoyena formosa 1 5 2 6 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 21 21

280
Tocoyena hispidula 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tocoyena sellowiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 4 4
Tournefortia bicolor 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tournefortia
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
paniculata
Tournefortia
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 6 6
rubicunda
Tournefortia
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
salzmannii
Tournefortia villosa 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Trachypogon
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
spicatus
Tradescantia
0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
ambigua
Tragia friesii 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tragia volubilis 1 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Tragus
3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
berteronianus
Trema micrantha 0 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7
Trianthema
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
portulacastrum
Trichilia elegans 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Trichilia hirta 0 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 8
Trichogonia
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
menthifolia
Trichogoniopsis
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
podocarpa
Tridax procumbens 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 9
Trigonia bahiensis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Trigonia nivea 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 5
Trilepis lhotzkiana 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Triplaris gardneriana 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 6 1 0 12 12
Triplaris physocalyx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Triplaris weigeltiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tripogon spicatus 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

281
Trischidium
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
decipiens
Trischidium molle 0 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13
Triumfetta
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
semitriloba
Trixis vauthieri 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Turbina cordata 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Turnera
0 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
blanchetiana
Turnera
0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
calyptrocarpa
Turnera cearensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Turnera
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
chamaedrifolia
Turnera coerulea 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Turnera diffusa 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Turnera macrophylla 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Turnera opifera 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Turnera pumilea 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4
Turnera subulata 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Turnera ulmifolia 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 6 6
Typha domingensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4
Unxia camphorata 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Urochloa fusca* 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Urochloa mollis* 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4
Urochloa mutica* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Urochloa
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
plantaginea*
Urvillea laevis 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Urvillea ulmacea 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Utricularia
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
breviscapa
Utricularia foliosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Utricularia gibba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5

282
Utricularia
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
nigrescens
Utricularia pusilla 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vachellia farnesiana 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 4
Vanilla chamissonis 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vanilla palmarum 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Varronia curassavica 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4
Varronia dardani 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Varronia globosa 9 2 1 3 5 0 0 0 4 2 0 26 26
Varronia
9 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 20 20
leucocephala
Varronia
0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
leucomalloides
Varronia
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
multispicata
Varronia nivea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Vatairea macrocarpa 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vellozia plicata 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Verbesina
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
macrophylla
Vigna halophila 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vigna peduncularis 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Vismia guianensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vismia micrantha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Vitex cymosa 0 2 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 5 5
Vitex gardneriana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 5
Vitex polygama 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vitex rufescens 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Vitex schaueriana 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
Waltheria albicans 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Waltheria americana 1 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 14 16
Waltheria
0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
brachypetala
Waltheria bracteosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
283
Waltheria ferruginea 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9
Waltheria maritima 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Waltheria martiana 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Waltheria
2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
rotundifolia
Wedelia alagoensis 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3
Wedelia hookeriana 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Wedelia villosa 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Wissadula
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
amplissima
Wissadula contracta 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Wolffia brasiliensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5
Wolffiella
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5
welwitschii
Ximenia americana 2 5 3 0 1 0 2 1 3 4 0 21 21
Ximenia coriacea 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Xylopia aromatica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Xylopia laevigata 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Xylopia sericea 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Xylosma ciliatifolia 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
Xyris jupicai 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Zanthoxylum fagara 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Zanthoxylum
0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
hamadryadicum
Zanthoxylum huberi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Zanthoxylum
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
petiolare
Zanthoxylum
1 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
rhoifolium
Zanthoxylum
0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3
riedelianum
Zanthoxylum
0 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11
stelligerum
Zephyranthes
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
cearensis

284
Zephyranthes
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
sylvatica
Zeyheria
0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 4
tuberculosa
Ziziphus cotinifolia 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 8 8
Ziziphus joazeiro 10 3 2 4 4 1 0 1 10 8 0 43 43
Zomicarpa
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
riedelianum
Zornia brasiliensis 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 2
Zornia curvata 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Zornia diphylla 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Zornia gardneriana 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Zornia gemella 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Zornia glabra 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Zornia myriadena 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
Zornia reticulata 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Zornia sericea 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6

285
Appendix 6- Number of unidentified records in each genus reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain
Number of Number of
Genus unidentified Genus unidentified
records records
Abutilon 3 Machaerium 6
Acacia 7 Macroptilium 1
Acalypha 3 Malachra 1
Acisanthera 1 Malva 1
Actinostemon 3 Mandevilla 3
Adenocalymma 4 Manihot 14
Aegiphila 2 Manilkara 1
Aeschynomene 5 Mansoa 2
Ageratum 1 Maprounea 3
Albizia 6 Maranta 2
Alibertia 8 Marsdenia 3
Allophylus 2 Marsilea 1
Alstroemeria 1 Mascagnia 1
Alternanthera 6 Matelea 1
Amaranthus 1 Maytenus 9
Anadenanthera 1 Melampodium 1
Andira 3 Melocactus 1
Andropogon 1 Memora 1
Anemia 1 Meriania 1
Anemopaegma 4 Merremia 1
Angelonia 5 Microstachys 1
Aniseia 2 Microtea 3
Annona 6 Mimosa 30
Anthurium 2 Mitracarpus 6
Argythamnia 2 Mouriri 1
Aristida 2 Myrcia 8
Aristolochia 3 Myrciaria 3
Arrabidaea 10 Nemastylis 1
Aspidosperma 4 Ocimum 1
Aspilia 1 Ocotea 1
Axonopus 1 Oncidium 1
Ayenia 1 Opuntia 1
Banara 2 Oryctanthus 1
Banisteriopsis 10 Ouratea 2
Bauhinia 6 Oxalis 5
Begonia 2 Oxandra 1

286
Bidens 2 Paepalanthus 1
Bignonia 3 Panicum 7
Blainvillea 1 Paspalum 4
Bombax 1 Passiflora 1
Borreria 5 Pavonia 4
Brassica 2 Peltogyne 1
Bromelia 3 Peperomia 1
Bulbostylis 1 Pereskia 4
Byrsonima 5 Petalostelma 2
Caesalpinia 3 Pfaffia 1
Calathea 1 Phaseolus 1
Calliandra 4 Philodendron 1
Callisia 3 Phoradendron 6
Callisthene 1 Phthirusa 1
Campomanesia 6 Phyllanthus 5
Capparis 1 Physaloides 1
Capsicum 2 Pilosocereus 3
Cardiospermum 2 Piper 2
Carica 1 Piptadenia 1
Casearia 4 Piriqueta 8
Cassia 2 Pisonia 8
Cassytha 1 Pithecellobium 3
Cayaponia 3 Pleurothallis 1
Celtis 5 Plinia 2
Centratherum 1 Polygala 2
Cestrum 2 Portulaca 8
Chamaecrista 5 Pouteria 3
Chamaesyce 1 Pseudechinolaena 1
Cheilanthes 1 Pseuderanthemum 2
Chloroleucon 1 Pseudobombax 3
Chomelia 2 Pseudomalachra 3
Chorisia 1 Psidium 6
Chrysophyllum 4 Pterandra 1
Cipura 1 Ptilochaeta 1
Cissampelos 5 Pyrostegia 1
Cissus 3 Rechsteineria 2
Cleome 3 Rhamnidium 2
Clusia 2 Rhipsalis 2
Cnidoscolus 4 Rhynchospora 1
Coccoloba 5 Riccia 2
Cochlospermum 1 Richardia 1
Colicodendron 1 Rudgea 1
Combretum 5 Ruellia 5

287
Commelina 6 Samolus 2
Copaifera 2 Sapium 12
Corchorus 2 Schinus 1
Cordia 15 Schoepfia 2
Crotalaria 2 Schubertia 2
Croton 49 Schwenckia 1
Cucumis 2 Scoparia 1
Cupania 1 Sebastiania 4
Cuphea 9 Securidaca 3
Cuspidaria 8 Selaginella 1
Cyperus 11 Senna 7
Cyrtopodium 3 Serjania 6
Dalbergia 1 Sesbania 1
Dalechampia 4 Setaria 2
Declieuxia 1 Sida 14
Desmodium 5 Smilax 2
Dichorisandra 2 Solanum 20
Digitaria 5 Sparattanthelium 1
Dioclea 3 Spermacoce 1
Diodia 3 Spigelia 2
Dioscorea 7 Spondias 1
Diospyros 1 Stachytarpheta 2
Ditassa 1 Stigmaphyllon 2
Dorstenia 1 Stilpnopappus 2
Dyschoriste 1 Struthanthus 4
Ebertia 1 Stylosanthes 1
Eclipta 1 Syngonanthus 1
Eleocharis 3 Tabebuia 7
Elytraria 1 Talinum 3
Emilia 1 Tecoma 1
Encholirium 1 Terminalia 2
Encyclia 1 Tetrastylis 2
Eriope 2 Tetraulacium 1
Eriotheca 1 Tibouchina 3
Erythroxylum 12 Tillandsia 2
Esenbeckia 1 Tournefortia 4
Eucalyptus 1 Tradescantia 1
Eugenia 30 Tragia 2
Eupatoriopsis 1 Trichilia 2
Eupatorium 2 Trichogonia 1
Euphorbia 1 Trimezia 1
Evolvulus 7 Triplaris 1
Fagara 2 Triumfetta 2

288
Faramea 1 Turnera 4
Ficus 3 Urvillea 1
Fimbristylis 2 Vallisneria 1
Froelichia 1 Vanilla 1
Gomphrena 6 Vernonia 5
Gouania 1 Vitex 4
Guapira 8 Vriesea 1
Guazuma 1 Waltheria 4
Guettarda 1 Wedelia 1
Gymnanthes 5 Wilbrandia 5
Habenaria 1 Wissadula 1
Heisteria 2 Xylosma 2
Helicteres 4 Zanthoxylum 1
Heliotropium 2 Zephyranthes 1
Undetermined
Herbertia 1 1
Amaranthaceae
Undetermined
Herissantia 2 2
Anacardiaceae
Undetermined
Heteropterys 6 4
Apocynaceae
Hippeastrum 5 Undetermined Asteraceae 9
Undetermined
Hippocratea 1 9
Bignoniaceae
Undetermined
Hybanthus 1 1
Bigoniaceae
Undetermined
Hydrolea 1 1
Convolvulaceae
Undetermined
Hymenaea 1 3
Cucurbitaceae
Hyptis 3 Undetermined Cyperaceae 3
Undetermined
Ichnanthus 1 1
Erythroxylaceae
Undetermined
Indigofera 2 3
Euphorbiaceae
Ipomoea 17 Undetermined Fabaceae 18
Undetermined
Jacquemontia 8 1
Flacourtiaceae
Jatropha 7 Undetermined Lamiaceae 3
Justicia 1 Undetermined Liliaceae 1
Kyllinga 1 Undetermined Lythraceae 4
Undetermined
Lantana 5 8
Malpigiaceae
Laportea 1 Undetermined Malvaceae 2
Lasiacis 1 Undetermined Myrtaceae 14
Leandra 1 Undetermined Poaceae 3

289
 Undetermined
Lemna 1 2
Polygonaceae
Licania 1 Undetermined Rubiaceae 8
Lippia 9 Undetermined Sapotaceae 1
Lonchocarpus 3 Undetermined Solanaceae 1
Undetermined
Lophothecium 1 1
Turneraceae
Ludwigia 3 Undetermined Ulmaceae 1
Luehea 1 Undetermined Urticaceae 2
Undetermined
Luetzelburgia 2 2
Verbenaceae
Records not assigned to
Macfadyena 1 56
any family
Total number of unidentified records 1138

290
Appendix 7- Number of unidentified records in each family reported in floristic or
phytosociological papers in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain.

Number of Number of
Family unidentified Family unidentified
records records
Acanthaceae 11 Malpighiaceae 34
Alstroemeriaceae 1 Malvaceae 52
Amaranthaceae 16 Marantaceae 3
Amaryllidaceae 7 Marsileaceae 1
Anacardiaceae 4 Melastomataceae 7
Anemiaceae 1 Meliaceae 2
Annonaceae 7 Menispermaceae 5
Apocynaceae 20 Moraceae 4
Araceae 4 Myrtaceae 70
Aristolochiaceae 3 Nyctaginaceae 16
Asparagaceae 1 Ochnaceae 2
Asteraceae 30 Olacaceae 2
Begoniaceae 2 Onagraceae 3
Bignoniaceae 52 Orchidaceae 8
Bixaceae 1 Oxalidaceae 5
Boraginaceae 21 Passifloraceae 3
Brassicaceae 2 Phyllanthaceae 5
Bromeliaceae 7 Phytolaccaceae 3
Cactaceae 11 Piperaceae 3
Cannabaceae 5 Plantaginaceae 7
Capparaceae 5 Poaceae 28
Caricaceae 1 Polygalaceae 5
Celastraceae 10 Polygonaceae 8
Chrysobalanaceae 1 Portulacaceae 11
Clusiaceae 2 Pteridaceae 1
Combretaceae 7 Rhamnaceae 3
Commelinaceae 12 Ricciaceae 2
Convolvulaceae 36 Rubiaceae 38
Cucurbitaceae 13 Rutaceae 4
Cyperaceae 22 Salicaceae 9
Dioscoreaceae 7 Santalaceae 6
Ebenaceae 1 Sapindaceae 12
Eriocaulaceae 2 Sapotaceae 9
Erythroxylaceae 13 Schoepfiaceae 2
Euphorbiaceae 118 Selaginellaceae 1

291
Fabaceae 134 Smilacaceae 2
Gesneriaceae 2 Solanaceae 27
Hernandiaceae 1 Theophrastaceae 2
Hydrocharitaceae 1 Turneraceae 13
Hydroleaceae 1 Ulmaceae 1
Iridaceae 4 Urticaceae 3
Lamiaceae 15 Verbenaceae 18
Lauraceae 2 Violaceae 1
Loganiaceae 2 Vitaceae 3
Loranthaceae 6 Vochysiaceae 1
Records not assigned to any
Lythraceae 13 56
family
Total number of unidentified records 1138

292
 CAPÍTULO 3- Plant communities in the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain: the influence of ecosystem type, climate and spatial
autocorrelation
Marcelo Freire Moro1, Kyle Dexter2, Eimear Nic Lughadha3, Francisca Soares de Araújo4,
Fernando Roberto Martins1
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de
Botânica, Bloco M, CEP 13.083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: bio_moro@yahoo.com.br;
fmartins@unicamp.br
2
University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, 201, Crew Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9
3JN, UK.
3
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.
4
Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará - Campus do Pici, Bloco 906,
60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.

ABSTRACT: The Caatinga Phytogeographic Domain (CPD) is one of the largest semiarid
regions of South America. Biogeographical studies have suggested that at least two floristic
groups exist in the CPD: one in terrains of crystalline origin and other in sedimentary
terrains. But the CPD is very heterogeneous and it is to be expected that a larger number of
different plant communities inhabit its various ecosystems. Here we present a
biogeographical synthesis of the floristic data available for the CPD. We compiled
published floristic/phytosociological surveys and compared the floristic similarity of these
sites using multivariate analyzes to understand how each environment type relates
floristically to the others. We also used variation partitioning analysis to check how
climate, environment type and spatial autocorrelation influence these communities. We
found that not only are crystalline and sedimentary caatingas clearly distinct, but also that
inselbergs collectively formed a third floristic group. Other ecosystem types occurring
within the CPD were generally related to the flora of crystalline caatinga. Although the
total explained variation was generally low in our models, the environment type was the
most important variable to explain the observed variation in plant community composition.

KEY-WORDS: Biogeography; Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests; Semi-arid vegetation;

Biomes; Brazil.

Introduction
Differences in environment type (soil type, geology, etc) and rainfall regime are
recognized as important factors responsible for structuring plant communities (Buck 1964;

293
Balvanera et al. 2011; Neri et al. 2012). And within a large and heterogeneous ecoregion
one could expect to have different plant communities associated with different geological
terrains, environment types and rainfall gradients. Among the many ecoregions of the
American continent (Olson et al. 2001) there is a group of vegetation types, collectively
termed Seasonally Dry Tropical Formations (SDTFs), which are exposed annually to a long
dry season lasting 5-6 months. These areas vary physiognomically but share similar
ecological constrains and some disjunct taxa that tolerate a prolonged shortage of rainfall
every year (Sarmiento 1975; Prado 2000; Pennington et al. 2000). The largest area of SDTF
in South America is known as the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain (CPD) and is
located in Northeastern Brazil. The CPD is more than 800,000 km2 in area (Pennington et
al. 2000; Velloso et al. 2002; IBGE [Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística] 2004)
and, as one would expect, harbors different ecosystems, and different plant communities
(Velloso et al. 2002; Santos et al. 2012; Chapters 2 and 4 of this thesis) as explained below.

The most widespread ecosystem type within this domain (called caatinga sensu
stricto) occurs in the widespread peneplains of northeastern Brazil, in areas over the
crystalline bedrock (Fig. 1) (these communities are hereafter called crystalline caatinga).
These areas usually have shallow, nutrient rich soils (Sampaio 1995; Velloso et al. 2002).

Besides the crystalline caatinga, another large ecosystem type occupies the large
sedimentary basins and dune systems where terrains of sedimentary origin are available for
plant communities to colonize (Fig. 1). These sedimentary areas have different edaphic
conditions when compared to crystalline terrains: the soils are much deeper and poorer in
nutrients (Velloso et al. 2002; Sampaio 2010).

The CPD has also some large ecotonal areas with the Cerrado Domain (mostly
composed by savannas) to the west and the Atlantic Forest Domain (mostly wet forests) to
the east (Fig. 1) (Ab’Sáber 2003). Heading eastward, one finds progressively increased
rainfall amounts and thus enters the ecotone of the CPD with the Atlantic Forest in a region
known as “agreste”. To the west the CPD has an ecotone with the cerrado savannas, in a
region known as Campo Maior. To the south the CPD shows a second ecotone with the
Cerrado domain, in areas with larger rainfall and less seasonal regimes, resulting in a
subtype of caatinga called Arboreal Caatinga (Ab’Sáber 1974; Velloso et al. 2002; IBGE
[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística] 2004; Santos et al. 2012). Besides these
transitional environments, in the very heart of the CPD there is a highland range called
Chapada Diamantina mountains, where caatinga, cerrado and campos rupestres (rocky
grasslands) vegetation mix (Juncá et al. 2005) (Fig. 1). Apart from these major, extensive
environment types other, fine scaled ecosystem types also occur within the CPD. These
include plant communities in inselbergs and riverine forests, completing the picture of
terrestrial ecosystems for the CPD.

294
Fig. 1- Geographical location of the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain and its main
environment types: Crystalline terrains, Sedimentary terrains (IBI: Ibiapaba-Araripe
sedimentary basin; RC: Raso da Catarina sedimentary basin; SF: São Francisco
continental dunes), and ecotonal regions (Map of Caatinga modified from Velloso et
al. 2002). The ecotonal areas shown in the map are only an illustrative approximation
made by the authors. Map elaboration: M.F. Moro.

295
 Being a very heterogeneous domain (Andrade-Lima 1981; Ab’Sáber 2003), the
CPD is expected to harbor different plant communities for some of its environments. In
fact, the idea that the flora occupying sedimentary terrains was different from the
crystalline caatinga is not new, being a theme for floristic surveys since at least the 1990’s
(Araújo and Martins 1999; Araújo et al. 1999). But at that time the CPD was very poorly
sampled and limited data were available for comparison (see the Chapter 1 of this thesis).
In the last ten years, taking advantage of the growing number of floristic surveys available
in the literature other studies were made, comparing the composition of communities in
different environment types within the CPD (Araújo et al. 1999; Queiroz 2006; Gomes et
al. 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz 2007; Santos et al. 2012).

These studies are now broadening our understanding of how plant communities
occupying this large semiarid ecoregion of South America relate floristically to one
another, but each of the previous studies made have their own important limitations. Some
studies had a much smaller dataset available for analysis at its time (Gomes et al. 2006) or
compared only plant composition for a specific family (Queiroz 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz
2007), or did not consider the biogeographical influence of climate, environment type and
spatial autocorrelation on the data (Queiroz 2006; Gomes et al. 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz
2007). A very recent paper (Santos et al. 2012) has taken a step forward, testing formally
how environment, climate and community type interact, but this study was restricted to
woody plants, ignoring the non woody component, which we have shown (Chapters 2 and 4
of this thesis) to be a large proportion of plant diversity in the CPD.

We take advantage of the recent availability of a growing number of floristic

surveys in the CPD, many of which sampled both the woody and the non woody
component of the vegetation, to make the largest possible biogeographical synthesis for
Caatinga plants. Our aim was to understand the floristic affinities between different
environment types within the CFD taking into account the relative influence of climate,
environment type and spatial autocorrelation on the data. We aim to show how different
environment types within the CPD relate to one another and to determine how much
climate, space and environment type determine the composition of species in this large
semiarid ecoregion of the world.

Material & Methods

Database compilation

To assess the relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial

autocorrelation in structuring plant communities and to understand the floristic
relationships between the many ecosystem types within the CPD we gathered floristic or
phytosociological papers surveyed within the borders of the CPD as defined by Velloso et

296
al. (2002). We considered all studies on terrestrial ecosystems inside the CPD excluding
only studies on enclaves of wet forest, cerrado savannas and rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres) within the CPD, because these vegetation types are floristically related to
surrounding biomes, not to Caatinga itself (see also Chapter 1). We then classified each
compiled survey in one of the ecosystem types defined in the Chapter 2. The environment
categories were:

Crystalline caatinga: typical caatinga sensu stricto of the crystalline peneplains that occupy
most of the area of the CPD, being CPD’s most widespread environment type (see Fig. 1).

Sedimentary caatinga: A type of vegetation occurring mainly on sedimentary basins and

continental dune systems within Caatinga. Some small patches of sedimentary terrains also
occur within mainly crystalline landscapes.

Transition crystalline/sedimentary: sites located in transitional areas between crystalline

and sedimentary landscapes.

Inselbergs: scattered within the CFD there are many sites where extremely shallow soils
occur and the rocky basement is apparent. These areas represent the inselberg environment.

Caatinga in Agreste: the transitional areas between the CFD and the Atlantic Forest
Domain are known as agreste. Although under semiarid climate, the Agreste is less
seasonal and usually has more rainfall than the typical CFD, mixing floristic elements of
the CFD and the Atlantic forest.

Arboreal caatinga: In the southernmost part of the CFD, where a transition to the Cerrado
savannas occurs (northern Minas Gerais state) there is a taller subtype of caatinga know as
“arboreal caatinga”. These represent areas with larger rainfall than more central sites of
Caatinga.

Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina: In the very center of the CFD (see Fig. 1) exists a
range of highlands called Chapada Diamantina. In these areas rocky grasslands (campos
rupestres), cerrado savannas and caatinga vegetation mix. We selected for our
biogeographical analysis only surveys in the caatinga vegetation of Chapada Diamantina.

Caatinga in Campo Maior: Campo Maior region represents a transition between the CPD
and the cerrado areas of Piauí state. While agreste represent the easternmost ecotonal areas
(to the Atlantic Forest) and arboreal caatinga represents the southernmost ecotone (to the
Cerrado), Campo Maior represents the westernmost ecotone of the CFD.

Riverine Forests: within the CFD there are riverine forests following the riverbeds, where
soils are deeper and edaphic water supply larger.

297
 Some of the published papers in our compilation presented only a very poor
description of the studied sites or reported data on degraded areas (studies on agricultural
landscapes). We excluded these studies from our dataset (but these areas are reported as
“unclassified caatinga” in Chapter 2). We also excluded from our dataset all papers that
reported fewer than 20 species, because these represented studies with very small sampling
effort. The other studies listed in the Chapter 2 were used in the following analyses.

Environmental and spatial data

All selected areas were inserted in a georeferenced database with geographical

location, environment type and the species reported in each survey. We then updated the
botanical nomenclature following the Lista de species da Flora do Brasil (Forzza et al.
2010, 2011) to resolve synonyms (see Chapter 2). We then obtained the climatic variables
for each site using the WorldClim model (Hijmans et al. 2005) using ArcGis software. The
WorldClim model provides a set of 19 bioclimatic variables (BioClim) that are readily
available for biogeographical comparisons. To understand the influence of space on the
plant communities we used the geographical position of each site (Fig. 2) and computed a
geographic distance matrix between all pairs of sites.

Comparing the floristisc similarity among different plant communities

To compare the floristic similarity between plant communities in each site, we

created a presence/absence matrix (incidence table), classified each site in one of the
“environment types” and used group and ordination techniques to evaluate if there is a clear
pattern of species composition related to the environment types within Caatinga. We then
searched the botanical literature and consulted specialists to classify each plant species as
“woody” or “non woody”. Trees, treelets, shrubs and lianas (woody climbers) were
classified in the “woody elements”. Subshrubs, herbs and herbaceous climbers were
classified in the “non woody elements”. Epiphytes and hemiparasites were excluded from
the matrices. We then created UPGMA dendrograms using Sorensen distance and ordinated
all sites using Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) (McCune and Grace 2002;
Legendre and Legendre 2012). These analyses were made using four subsets of data:

1) All study sites together, irrespective whether these sites have data on general flora
(woody plus non woody plants), woody flora only, or non woody flora only;
2) Only sites with data on general flora (surveys which compiled data on both woody
and non woody plants for the same site);
3) Only woody species, as reported in any of the compiled studies, and;
4) Only non woody species, as reported in any of the compiled studies.

298
Relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation in structuring
plant communities

The group and ordination methods aimed at revealing floristic groups within
Caatinga. To determine how much environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation
influence the floristic composition between sites we used a variation partitioning analysis
(Legendre and Legendre 2012), using the floristic composition as the response variable and
three sets of explanatory variables: 1) environment type as a categorical variable; 2)
climatic variables provided by WorldClim model; 3) geographic distances among sites. We
then built a model to determine how much of the variation found in the floristic
composition was explained by each independent variable and how much was left as
unexplained variation in the residuals.

Turnover of woody and non woody species in Caatinga

In order to complement our understanding about how climate and geographic

distances influenced the plant communities in the CPD we split the studies dealing with
general flora into their woody and non woody components. We then computed how the
species turnover occurred in relationship with geographical distances and environmental
distances (in the form of climatic variables).

Results
Database compilation

Excluding the surveys which we could not assign to any ecosystem type, studies in
agricultural landscapes and small sample studies (i.e. less than 20 species reported), we
retained 74 surveys in our database (Fig. 2). Of these, 31 sampled the general flora of the
study site (both woody and non woody plants reported in the study), 39 sampled only
woody plants and five sample only non woody plants (Table 1). The sedimentary caatinga
environment had the largest number of surveys in our dataset, with 18 sites, followed by the
crystalline caatinga (12 sites), inselberg communities (10), arboreal caatinga (9), riverine
forest (8), caatinga in the agreste ecotone (6), the transition between crystalline and
sedimentary sites (6), the caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina highlands (3) and the
caatinga in the campo maior ecotone (2) (Table 1; Fig. 2).

299
Table 1 – number of selected surveys with environment type and sampled component

General flora Non

Environment type (woody + non Woody only woody Total
woody) only
Sedimentary Caatinga 11 7 0 18
Crystalline Caatinga 4 6 2 12
Inselberg 10 0 0 10
Arboreal Caatinga 0 9 0 9
Riverine forest 1 7 0 8
Caatinga in Agreste (Ecotone to the
2 3 1 6
Atlantic Forest)
Transition crystalline/sedimentary 3 2 1 6
Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina 0 3 0 3
Caatinga in Campo Maior (Ecotone
0 2 0 2
to the Cerrado)
Total 31 39 4 74

300
 Fig. 2- geographical position of the 75 surveys compiled within the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain, NE Brazil, and the environment type of each study (Map
elaboration: M.F. Moro).

301
Comparing the floristic similarity among different plant communities

Looking at the group and ordination analysis we see that there is a clear floristic
differentiation among the main environment types within Caatinga. All sedimentary
caatingas and Campo Maior (also a sedimentary landscape) sites grouped together and
formed a separate group from crystalline caatinga sites (Fig. 3; Fig. 4). Sedimentary
caatingas and the caatinga of Campo Maior were a quite homogeneous group when
analyzing both general flora and woody plants (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. S1; Fig. S2), although
when evaluating the non woody component, sedimentary sites formed two groups (Fig. 4-
C; Fig. S3). As a whole, the sedimentary caatinga environment, though dispersed in far
separated areas (Fig. 1; Fig. 2), had the more congruent plant community, sharing a clear
floristic affinity between all sites.

Crystalline caatinga, the most widespread environment type, had a more

heterogeneous flora forming at least two subgroups in our analyses, both of which were
congruent and clearly separate from the sedimentary caatinga (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5). Minor
environments embedded within the crystalline terrains (i.e. Riverine forests and agreste)
were represented as a floristic subtype of crystalline caatinga (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5).
Unfortunately, no floristic study on the crystalline caatingas of the vast areas of Bahia state
is available, but it seems that the caatingas of Chapada Diamantina and arboreal caatingas
of northern Minas Gerais state represent a floristic gradient among the typical crystalline
caatinga sites. These areas grouped within the crystalline caatinga in the UPGMA analysis,
but had a peripheral position on the two dimensional NSM (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5), where
the arboreal caatinga of northern Minas Gerais had a clearly distinct flora.The sites in the
Chapada Diamantina were located midway from the northernmost crystalline caatinga sites
and the southernmost arboreal caatingas sites and, accordingly, had a flora intermediate
between the northernmost crystalline caatinga and the southernmost arboreal caatinga.

Inselberg sites had a clear cohesive pattern. A few inselbergs had a flora very
similar to the crystalline caatinga while the others had a flora that gradually became more
and more distinct. This applies to both the general and woody floras (Fig. 4; Fig. 5 A and
B; Fig. S1; Fig. S2), but when only non woody plants are evaluated, the flora of inselbergs
were represented in the NMS as a subcomponent of the crystalline caatinga (Fig. 5-C). It
seems that the non woody component of the inselberg flora is more heterogeneous than the
woody component, with non woody plants of inselbergs grouping in different positions in
the UPGMA analysis (Fig. S3).

302
Fig. 3- UPGMA group analysis of the 74 compiled sites in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain, showing the relative floristic similarity among sites (Sorensen
distance). Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3-
inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste
Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests; 7- Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in
Campo Maior Ecotone; 9-Arboreal Caatinga of northern Minas Gerais.

303
Fig. 4- NMS ordination of the 74 compiled sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical
Domain, showing the relative floristic similarity among sites. Environmental types: 1-
crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3- inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and
sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests; 7- Caatinga in
the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in Campo Maior Ecotone; 9- Arboreal Caatinga of
northern Minas Gerais. NMS calculated with Sorensen distance, 250 runs, final stress for
a two dimensional solution: 17.92.

304
 Fig. 5- NMS ordination of the sites, showing the floristic relationships in the Caatinga
Phytogeographical Domain for the three subsets of our data (A- only sites where we had data on
general flora; B- only sites where we had data on woody plants; C- only sites where we had data
on non woody plants). For ordination and group analysis for the complete dataset, see Figures 3
and 4 above). Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3-
inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6-
Riverine forests; 7- Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in Campo Maior Ecotone;
9- Arboreal Caatinga of northern Minas Gerais. NMS 2d solution calculated with Sorensen
distance, 250 runs.

305
Relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation in structuring
plant communities

Our variation partitioning analysis showed that environment type (as a categorical
variable), climate (see influence of individual climate variables in Table S2) and spatial
autocorrelation (see influence of individual PCNMs in Table S3) had similar influence on
the structure of the plant communities, but the type of environment explained more than
climate or spatial autocorrelation in most of the subsets analyzed (Table 2). Over 70% of
the variation remained in the residuals for almost all subsets, being related to variables not
available for inclusion in the models (such as historical human impacts, for example). Only
in the partitioning variation analysis for sites with data on woody plants only (the largest
dataset available; n= 70) was over 30% of the variation explained by the models (Table 2).
In this dataset climate, not environment category was the most important variable to explain
the observed variance in (woody) plant composition.

306
Table 2- Relative influence of climate variables, environment type and spatial autocorrelation on variation partitioning of floristic similarities
between sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain. In bold the explanatory variable which explained most variation for each dataset
analyzed.

All sites
Woody plants for
General Non-Woody plants for All sites with data with data on
sites with data on
Explanatory_Variable Formula flora* p sites with data on p p on Non-Woody p Woody p
general flora
(n=31) general flora (n=31) plants (N=35) plants Sites
(n=31)
(N=70)
Climate X1 | X2+X3 0.08597 0.005 0.06664 0.0167 0.02689 0.12 0.06163 0.005 0.08391 0.005
Environment type X2 | X1+X3 0.10535 0.005 0.08152 0.005 0.07882 0.005 0.08357 0.005 0.06575 0.005
Spatial
X3 | X1+X2 0.07791 0.015 0.05938 0.0225 0.03578 0.099 0.06321 0.01 0.07015 0.005
Autocorrelation
X1*X2 | X3 -0.02104 NA -0.01697 NA 0.00805 NA -0.01988 NA 0.01695 NA
X1*X3 | X2 -0.02898 NA -0.01543 NA -0.01453 NA -0.01909 NA 0.01158 NA
X2*X3 | X1 0.03277 NA 0.04029 NA 0.07196 NA 0.03927 NA 0.03491 NA
X1*X2*X3 0.03288 NA 0.01786 NA 0.02459 NA 0.02959 NA 0.08178 NA
Residual Variation Residuals 0.71513 NA 0.76671 NA 0.76843 NA 0.7617 NA 0.63497 NA
* Only those studies with data on both woody and non woody plants for the same site.

307
Turnover of woody and non woody species in Caatinga

When geographical or environmental distances increase, there is a clear trend

towards a turnover of plant species in both woody and non woody components of Caatinga
(Fig. 6; Fig. 7; Fig. 8). Nevertheless, this tendency is not equal regarding the woody and
non woody component of Caatinga. The turnover for non woody plants was higher when
considering both geographical distances and environmental distances (Fig. 6; Fig. 7),
showing that beta diversity is higher for non woody plants when compared with the woody
component.

Fig. 6- Woody versus non woody species turnover considering only the 31 sites with data on
general flora for the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain split into their two subcomponents
(woody or non woody plants).

308
 Fig. 7- Differential species turnover for woody (blue dots and line) and non woody (black dots and line)
plants in relation to the geographical distances between sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain,
considering only the 31 sites with data on general flora split in their subcomponents (woody or non woody
plants) for the analysis.

Fig. 8- Differential species turnover for woody (blue dots and line) and non woody (black dots and line)
plants in relation to the environmental distances between sites in the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain,
considering only the 31 sites with data on general flora split in their subcomponents (woody or non woody
plants) for the analysis.

309
 The regression coefficients (R2) of the models were not very high (between 15 and
19%), but were highly significant (p<< 0.001), which is consistent with the significant, but
relatively low influence of space and climate in structuring the plant communities as shown
above in the variation partitioning.

Discussion
Data availability

Caatinga was historically one of the least studied phytogeographical domains in

Brazil (Santos et al. 2011), but as shown in Chapter 1, the number of floristic and
phytosociological studies is increasing each year. Nevertheless there are important biases in
the available data. Although the crystalline caatinga is by far the most widespread
ecosystem type in the CPD it is not the best studied, and most of the surveys in crystalline
caatingas are concerned only with woody plants, ignoring the non woody component
(Table 1). As shown in the Chapters 2 and 4, the non woody component is very rich in
crystalline caatingas and this component has been overlooked by most studies. Also, when
we see the location of studies in crystalline caatingas (Fig. 2), there are large gaps in the
sampling coverage. The crystalline caatingas of Bahia, for example, were not represented
by any study. Similar imbalances in sampling were seen in other environment types. All
riverine forests and inselberg sites were sampled within crystalline landscapes, and most of
the inselbergs were surveyed in the agreste ecotonal areas, not in typical crystalline
caatinga sites. A discussion of the gaps in data availability for each environment is
presented in Chapter 1.

Comparing the floristic similarity among different plant communities

The CPD has always been recognized as a domain of high environmental

heterogeneity (Ab’Sáber 1974, 2003; Andrade-Lima 1981), which is expected to be reflect
in the flora of the region. Comparisons using multivariate analysis showing how different
sites relate floristically began in the 1990’s (Araújo et al. 1999), but only with more data
from the 2000’s onward studies began to show clearly the differences between the flora of
crystalline and sedimentary terrains (Gomes et al. 2006; Cardoso and Queiroz 2007). We
generally agree with this position, as sedimentary caatingas formed clear groups, even
considering that the sedimentary sites were represented as disjunct and far apart sites
(Ibiapaba-Araripe basin, Tucano-Jatobá basin and São Francisco Dunes – see Fig. 1; Fig.
2). They were floristically more similar to each other than to nearby crystalline caatingas in
the vicinity (Fig. 2; Fig. 3; Fig. 4) (see also a very interesting study using the Leguminosae
family in Cardoso and Queiroz 2007). The caatinga sites in Campo Maior (an ecotone

310
between sedimentary caatingas and the cerrados) were in our analyses a subgroup of
sedimentary caatinga, but somewhat dissimilar (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5), as these areas are
transitional and one could expect species of the cerrado savannas to mix with typical
caatinga species. This seems to be the case here, with cerrado species such as Anacardium
occidentale and Curatella americana entering the community (Farias and Castro 2004).

Crystalline caatingas presented a more complex pattern to interpret. Excluding a few

outliers in our analyses (Pb-Agr2, BA-Ins3 and PB-Cry3 – See Fig. 3), it seems that species
from crystalline caatingas are also a major floristic component in environments such as
riverine forests (which appear in our analyses as a subgroup of crystalline caatinga) or
agreste (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5). Although riverine forests in the CPD do have a group of
characteristic species (e.g. Ziziphus joazeiro and Licania rigida), these were not enough to
make the whole flora very distinct from typical crystalline caatinga sites. This could, to a
certain degree, be attributed to the fact that some of the compiled studies (see table S1)
sampled large areas, rather than more geographically restricted and well defined riverine
forests. Also, studies in the carnauba palm riverine forests (carnaubais) would be of great
interest, as this riverine forest type is common in the CPD, but we couldn’t find any study
in the “carnaubais” to campare.

From the NMS ordination (Fig. 4) it seems that the caatingas in the Chapada
Diamantina and arboreal caatingas in Minhas Gerais represent the extremes of a latitudinal
gradient of species turnover within the crystalline caatingas. If this is so, this gradient
would stretches from the northern crystalline caatinga sites in Ceará and Rio Grande do
Norte states to the arboreal caatingas in Bahia and Minas Gerais. But to achieve a clear
conclusion more floristic survey along this supposed gradient would be necessary to
understand the pattern. What is clear now is that the arboreal caatingas and the caatingas in
the Chapada Diamantina had a distinct, peripheral flora in relation to the northern
crystalline caatinga sites in the two dimensional ordination (Fig. 4; Fig. 5), but grouped
within the crystalline caatingas in the UPGMA (Fig. 3; Fig. S2). This reveals both the
floristic particularities (peripheral position in the NMS) and the floristic bounds (floristic
connection with crystalline sites in the UPGMA) to the crystalline caatingas. In the study of
Santos et al. (2012) the arboreal caatinga was located between the crystalline caatinga and
the deciduous forests that occurs within the Cerrado Domain, as expected in a gradient of
species turnover. When floristic studies of crystalline caatingas in Bahia state became
available, it will be possible to assess to what extent the crystalline caatingas of southern
Bahia are similar to the distant located crystalline caatingas of Pernambuco and Ceará or to
the nearby caatingas of Chapada Diamantina and Minas Gerais. Unfortunately all available
studies on Chapada Diamantina or arboreal caatinga focused only on woody plants (Table
1; Table S1). We recommend that new studies sample the non woody species as well, to
provide a more complete picture of the plant diversity of these environments.

Inselberg sites provide a harsh environment, with shallow soils and little edaphic
water supply (Porembski 2007). This can be expected to influence their flora, with a set of
311
drought tolerant plants occupying this environment type (Porembski and Barthlott 2000;
Porembski 2007). In our comparison the inselbergs had a congruent flora, forming a group
distinct from both crystalline and sedimentary caatingas (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Fig. 5). This is
apparently related to the rainfall gradient to which the different inselberg areas are
submitted (Chapter 4), with the inselbergs located in dryer areas having a flora very similar
to the crystalline caatingas while wetter sites present progressively different floras (Fig. 3;
Fig. 4; Fig. 5; Chapter 4).

As a whole we found in our analyses three broad well defined floristic groups
within the CPD: sedimentary caatingas and its ecotone to the Cerrado (Campo Maior sites);
crystalline caatingas and its associated ecosystems and ecotones (agreste, riverine forests,
Chapada Diamantina and arboreal caatinga); and inselbergs. The crystalline caatinga seems
to have a latitudinal gradient of species turnover, with the Chapada Diamantina and
arboreal caatingas of Minas Gerais the more dissimilar communities within this group

It should be noted that what we call “sedimentary caatingas” here are plant
communities generally located in oligotrophic sedimentary soils (Velloso et al. 2002). Both
in Chapada Diamantina and northern Minas Gerais there are eutrophic soils derived from
calcareous basement. We did not have access to a detailed geologic mapping of the CPD,
but it seems that calcareous terrains support a flora more similar to the crystalline caatingas.
This is consistent with the presence of many dry forest enclaves inside the Cerrado Domain
that share species with both the arboreal and crystalline caatinga (e.g. Aspidosperma
pyrifolium, Commiphora leptophloeos and Cavanillesia arborea) (Santos et al. 2007; Felfili
et al. 2007; Carvalho and Felfili 2011).

Relative influence of environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation in structuring

plant communities

As we have shown above, there are plant communities forming clear groups for the
inselberg, crystalline caatinga and sedimentary caatinga environments. Arboreal caatingas,
the caatingas in Chapada Diamantina, the agreste ecotone and riverine forests form a larger,
congruent group when joined with the crystalline caatinga environment. In fact, most
models show that the environment type, when used as a categorical variable is the most
important predictor. Only when we modeled the partitioning for the categories “All sites
with data on Woody plants Sites (n= 70)”, did climate, rather than environment type,
emerge as the most important variable. But this is most likely due the higher number of
categories used to classify this larger set of sites. While the dataset for “general flora” or
“non woody only” used 6 categories to classify the sites, the dataset for “woody flora”
needed nine categories to classify all sites (see Fig. 5). As categories as “riverine forests”
and “agreste” were floristically redundant with the crystalline caatinga (Fig. 5), this reduced
the power of the environment type as an explanatory variable. But, as a whole, environment

312
type was clearly an important variable among the predictor variables. This is very evident
when we see that nearby sites in crystalline and sedimentary terrains (CE-Cry1, CE-Sed1
and CE-Sed2 – See Table S1; Fig. 2; Fig. 3 and Figs. S1-S3) grouped with distant sites in
the same environment, not with neighboring areas of different habitats. The same patter
was found by Cardoso and Queiroz (2007) for the Leguminosae family in crystalline and
sedimentary sites in Bahia.

The role of climate and spatial autocorrelation was less clear, but generally relevant in
defining plant communities. Although these variables were not significant when tested with
the “Woody plants for sites with data on general flora” dataset (n= 31), their influence were
significant for the larger woody plant dataset (“All sites with data on Woody plants Sites”
n= 70) (Table 2). Comparing only the reduced, more homogeneous dataset (only the 31
sites for which we have data on general flora), it seems that the variables analyzed were
more important in structuring the non woody component (20.7% of total variation
explained by the three variables) than the woody (14.1% of the variation). This suggests
that non woody plants were more dependent on climate, environment type and space
autocorrelation than woody plants. This could be a consequence of the interaction between
plant’s life-cycles and human impacts on vegetation. Non woody plants are mostly short
lived therophytes (see Chapter 4) but the woody plants have a much longer life-cycle, being
more strongly influenced by long term impacts (e.g. logging, fire, etc), while non woody
plants could be more responsive to edaphic and short term climatic influence. As woody
plants have long life-cycles, it is expected that they will more influenced by and will
respond strongly to long term impacts, while the impacts on short-lived non woody plants
will be less evident, as new generations will be established and will be responsive to
climate within a shorter time period after disturbance.

Examining the relative influence of space and climate on the species turnover for woody
and non woody plants controlling for an equal the number of sites (Fig. 7; Fig. 8), we see
that the turnover and regression coefficient of the model (R2) for non woody species was
larger for both factors. This suggests that non woody plants are really being more
influenced by these variables than woody plants, which also could explain the non
significant result of variation partitioning for woody plants for the same dataset (Table 2).
But irrespective of whether woody, non woody or general flora is being surveyed, it is
important to call attention to the small proportion of the variation explained by all models
(Table 2). This is most likely related to the influence of historical variables (probably
anthropogenic impacts and stochastic environmental events (e.g. prolonged droughts),
which can potentially alter the plant communities.

Conclusions
The idea that the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain has at least two floristic nuclei, one
in crystalline and other in sedimentary sites was corroborated here. But we also show a

313
more complete synthesis for the Caatinga, analyzing the floristic relationships of other
environments within the CPD. Besides the sedimentary caatingas (and the Campo Maior
ecotone) and crystalline caatingas (and riverine forests and agreste). Arboreal caatingas and
the caatingas in the Chapada Diamantina seem to form the periphery of a long latitudinal
gradient within the CPD. A better understanding would be achieved with data on the
crystalline caatingas of Bahia and with data on non woody plants from the arboreal caatinga
and the caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina. We also found that, to a great extent,
inselbergs have a flora very distinct from both crystalline and sedimentary sites. A few
inselbergs (those located in drier sites) had a flora very close to the crystalline caatinga, but
most of the inselbergs hadn’t. We show here that the environment type is more important
than climate gradients and spatial autocorrelation to structure plant communities in the
CPD, and that the effect of both climate and spatial distances was not the same for the
woody and the non woody components. Non woody plants had higher beta diversity and
responded more to environment type, climate and spatial autocorrelation than woody
plants. The variation explained by the models, though, was low and it seems that historical
variables (most likely anthropogenic impacts - not included in the model) are responsible,
in the form of the large residuals of the models, for most of the variation.

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Appendix

Table S1– List of references used in the biogeographical analysis

Assemblage
Nº Environment type Code of the site State Authors year Journal
sampled
Revista Brasileira
MG-Arb1- Ratter, J.A.; Askew, G.P.;
1 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants 1978 de Botânica 1: 47-
Januária Montgomery, R.F.; Gifford, D.R.
58
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.; Santos,
MG-Arb8- Revista Caatinga
2 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants P.F.; Morais, V.M.; Medeiros, 2008
Juvenília 21(4): 154-162
M.A.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
MG-Arb3- Revista Árvore
3 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007
Juvenília 31(1): 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
MG-Arb4- Revista Árvore
4 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007
Juvenília 31(1): 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
MG-Arb5- Revista Árvore
5 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007
Juvenília 31(1): 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
MG-Arb6- Revista Árvore
6 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007
Juvenília 31(1): 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
MG-Arb7- Revista Árvore
7 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007
Juvenília 31(1): 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Santos, R.M.; Barbosa, A.C.M.C.;
MG-Arb2- Almeida, H.S.; Vieira, F.A.; Cerne 17(2): 247-
8 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants 2011
Juvenília Santos, P.F.; Carvalho, D.A.; 258
Oliveira-Filho, A.T.
Santos, R.M.; Vieira, F.A.;
MG-Arb9- Revista Árvore
9 Arboreal Caatinga MG Only woody plants Fagundes, M.; Nunes, Y.R.F.; 2007
Montalv 31(1): 135-144
Gusmão, E.
Pereira, I.M.; Andrade, L.A.;
Caatinga in Agreste
Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Biotropica 35(2):
10 (Ecotone to the PB-Agr3-Areia PB Only woody plants 2003
Barbosa,M.R.V. (includes Pereira 154-165
Atlantic Forest)
et al 2001; 2002)
Revista
Caatinga in Agreste
PB-Agr2- Woody and non Lourenço, C.E.L.; Barbosa, Nordestina de
11 (Ecotone to the PB 2003
LagoaSeca woody plants M.R.V. Biologia 17(1/2):
Atlantic Forest)
23-58
Revista Brasileira
Caatinga in Agreste
PB-Agr1- Andrade, L.A.; Oliveira, F.X.; de Ciências
12 (Ecotone to the PB Only woody plants 2007
Pocinhos Neves, C.M.L.; Felix, L.P. Agrárias 2(2):
Atlantic Forest)
135-142
Caatinga in Agreste Andrade, W.M.; Lima, E.A.; Revista de
PE-Agr2-
13 (Ecotone to the PE Only woody plants Rodal, M.J.N.; Encarnação, 2009 Geografia 26(2):
BrejoMDeus
Atlantic Forest) C.R.F.; Pimentel, R.M.M. 161-184
Caatinga in Agreste Acta Botanica
PE-Agr1- Woody and non Alcoforado-Filho, F.G.; Sampaio,
14 (Ecotone to the PE 2003 Brasilica 17(2):
Caruaru woody plants E.V.S.B.; Rodal, M.J.N.
Atlantic Forest) 287-303
15 Caatinga in Agreste PE-Agr4- PE Only non woody Reis, A.M.S.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz, 2006 Revista Brasileira

317
 (Ecotone to the Caruaru plants E.M.N.; Moura, A.N. (includes de Botânica 29(3):
Atlantic Forest) Araújo et al 2005) 497-508
Caatinga in Campo
PI-CMaior1- Interações 8(13):
16 Maior (Ecotone to the PI Only woody plants Barros, J.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F. 2006
CMaior 119-130
Cerrado)
Caatinga in Campo Acta Botanica
PI-CMaior2-
17 Maior (Ecotone to the PI Only woody plants Farias; R.R.S.; Castro, A.A.J.F. 2004 Brasilica 18(4):
CMaior
Cerrado) 949-963
Acta Botanica
Caatinga in the BA-C.Diam3-
18 BA Only woody plants Lima, P.C.F.; Lima, J.L.S. 1998 Brasilica 12(3):
Chapada Diamantina Contendas
441-450
Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Caatinga in the BA-C.Diam2- Revista Caatinga
19 BA Only woody plants Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.; 2009
Chapada Diamantina Jacobina 22(3): 182-190
Maracajá, P.B.
Ramalho, C.I.; Andrade, A.P.;
Caatinga in the BA-C.Diam1- Revista Caatinga
20 BA Only woody plants Félix, L.P.; Lacerda, A.V.; 2009
Chapada Diamantina SBonfim 22(3): 182-190
Maracajá, P.B.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
CE-Cry1- Woody and non J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão, Rodriguésia 62(2):
21 Crystalline Caatinga CE 2011
Crateús woody plants L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno, 341-366
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Journal of Arid
CE-Cry2- Woody and non Costa, R.C.; Araújo, F.S.; Lima-
22 Crystalline Caatinga CE 2007 Environments 68:
Quixadá woody plants Verde, L.W.
237-247
Andrade, M.V.M.; Andrade, A.P.;
PB-Cry3- Only non woody Revista Caatinga
23 Crystalline Caatinga PB Silva, D.S.; Bruno, R.L.A.; 2009
SJCariri plants 22(1): 229-237
Guedes, D.S.
Barbosa, M.R.V.; Lima, I.B.; Oecologia
PB-Cry5-
24 Crystalline Caatinga PB Only woody plants Lima, J.R.; Cunha, J.P.; Agra, 2007 Brasiliensis 11(3):
SJCordeiros
M.F.; Thomas, W.W. 313-322
PB-Cry9-
25 Crystalline Caatinga PB Only woody plants Gomes, M.A.F. 1980 Vegetalia 14: 1-27
SBranca
Revista
PE-Cry11- Only non woody Pessoa, L.M.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Nordestina de
26 Crystalline Caatinga PE 2004
Bet/Florest plants Silva, A.C.B.L.; Costa, K.C.C. Biologia 18(1):
27-53
PE-Cry16- Rodal, M.J.N.; Martins, F.R.; Revista Caatinga
27 Crystalline Caatinga PE Only woody plants 2008
Custodia Sampaio, E.V.S.B. 21(3): 192-205
PE-Cry17- Woody and non Santos, M.F.A.V.; Guerra, T.N.F.; Rodriguésia 60(2):
28 Crystalline Caatinga PE 2009
Floresta woody plants Sotero, M.C.; Santos, J.I.N. 389-402
Costa, K.C.; Lima, A.L.A.; Revista Brasileira
PE-Cry5- Woody and non Fernandes, C.H.M.; Silva, de Ciências
29 Crystalline Caatinga PE 2009
Bet/Floresta woody plants M.C.N.A.; Lins e Silva, A.C.B.; Agrárias 4(1): 48-
Rodal, M.J.N. 54
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Revista Brasileira
PE-Cry7-
30 Crystalline Caatinga PE Only woody plants Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira, 1998 de Botânica 21(1):
SerraTalhada
R.C.A. 7-15
Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Revista Brasileira
PE-Cry8-
31 Crystalline Caatinga PE Only woody plants Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Pereira, 1998 de Botânica 21(1):
SerraTalhada
R.C.A. 7-15
PE-Cry10- Ferraz, E.M.N.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Phytocoenologia
32 Crystalline Caatinga PE Only woody plants 2003
SerraTalhad Sampaio, E.V.S.B. 33(1): 71-92
França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos,
Woody and non A.K.A.; Melo, J.A.N.; Marques, Hoehnea 32(1):
33 Inselberg BA-Ins3-Feira BA 2005
woody plants M.; Silva-Filho, M.F.B.; Moraes, 93-101
L.; Machado, C.
Woody and non Sitientibus 17:
34 Inselberg BA-Ins1-Itatim BA França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C. 1997
woody plants 163-176
Woody and non Sitientibus 17:
35 Inselberg BA-Ins2-Itatim BA França, F.; Melo, E.; Santos, C.C. 1997
woody plants 163-184
CE-Ins1- Woody and non Araújo, F.S.; Oliveira, R.F.; Lima- Rodriguésia 59(4):
36 Inselberg CE 2008
Quixadá woody plants Verde, L.W. 659-671
Porto, P.A.F.; Almeida, A.;
PB-Ins2- Woody and non Revista Caatinga
37 Inselberg PB Pessoa, W.J.; Trovão, D.; Félix, 2008
Esperança woody plants 21(2): 214-222
L.P.
PB-Ins3- Woody and non Tölke, E.E.A.; Silva, J.B.; Pereira, Biotemas 24(4):
38 Inselberg PB 2011
Puxinanã woody plants A.R.L.; Melo, J.I.M. 39-48
Revista Brasileira
PE-Ins3- Woody and non
39 Inselberg PE Gomes, P.; Alves, M. 2010 de Botânica 33(4):
Altinho woody plants
661-676

318
 Edinburgh Journal
PE-Ins1- Woody and non
40 Inselberg PE Gomes, P.; Alves, M. 2009 of Botany 66(2):
Bezerros woody plants
329-346
Revista Brasileira
PE-Ins2- Woody and non
41 Inselberg PE Gomes, P.; Alves, M. 2010 de Botânica 33(4):
SJMonte woody plants
661-676
PE-Ins4- Woody and non Gomes, P.; Costa, K.C.C.; Rodal, Check List 7(2):
42 Inselberg PE 2011
Venturosa woody plants M.J.N.; Alves, M. 173-181
Acta Botanica
PB-Riv7- Pegado, C.M.A.; Andrade, L.A.;
43 Riverine forest PB Only woody plants 2006 Brasilica 20(4):
Monteiro Félix, L.P.; Pereira, I.M.
887-898
PB-Riv5- Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.; Biota Neotropica
44 Riverine forest PB Only woody plants 2010
SJCariri Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V. 10(4): 275-284
PB-Riv6- Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.; Biota Neotropica
45 Riverine forest PB Only woody plants 2010
SJCariri Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V. 10(4): 275-284
PB-Riv4- Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.; Biota Neotropica
46 Riverine forest PB Only woody plants 2010
SJCordeiros Soares, J.J.; Barbosa, M.R.V. 10(4): 275-284
Natureza &
PB-Riv1- Andrade, L.A.; Fabricante, J.R.;
47 Riverine forest PB Only woody plants 2008 Conservação 6(2):
Taperoá Alves, A.S.
61-67
Oecologia
PB-Riv3- Lacerda, A.V.; Barbosa, F.M.;
48 Riverine forest PB Only woody plants 2007 Brasiliensis 11(3):
SJCariri Barbosa, M.R.V.
331-340
PE-Riv2- Woody and non Revista Caatinga
49 Riverine forest PE Souza, J.A.N.; Rodal, M.J.N. 2010
Floresta woody plants 23(4): 54-62
Revista Brasileira
PE-Riv3- Nascimento, C.E.S.; Rodal,
50 Riverine forest PE Only woody plants 2003 de Botânica 26(3):
Petrolina M.J.N.; Cavalcanti, A.C.
271-287
Revista Brasileira
Woody and non Rocha, P.L.B.; Queiroz, L.P.;
51 Sedimentary Caatinga BA-Sed2-Barra BA 2004 de Botânica 27(4):
woody plants Pirani, J.R.
739-755
Woody and non Rodriguésia
52 Sedimentary Caatinga BA-Sed1-Uauá BA Guedes, R.R. 1985
woody plants 37(62): 5-8
Biodiversity &
CE-Sed8- Vasconcelos, S.F.; Araújo, F.S.;
53 Sedimentary Caatinga CE Only woody plants 2010 Conservation 19:
Crateús Lopes, A.V.
2263-2289
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
CE-Sed1- Woody and non J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão, Rodriguésia 62(2):
54 Sedimentary Caatinga CE 2011
Crateús woody plants L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno, 341-366
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
Araújo, F.S.; Costa, R.C.; Lima,
J.R.; Vasconcelos, S.F.; Girão,
CE-Sed2- Woody and non Rodriguésia 62(2):
55 Sedimentary Caatinga CE L.C.; Sobrinho, M.S.; Bruno, 2011
Crateús woody plants 341-366
M.M.A.; Souza, S.S.G. et al.
(includes Lima et al 2009)
Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.; Revista Brasileira
CE-Sed4- Woody and non
56 Sedimentary Caatinga CE Figueiredo, M.A.; Rodal, M.J.N.; 1998 de Botânica 21(2):
NovoHoriente woody plants
Fernandes, A.G. 105-116
Revista Brasileira
CE-Sed5- Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
57 Sedimentary Caatinga CE Only woody plants 1998 de Biologia 58(1):
NovoHoriente Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
85-95
Revista Brasileira
CE-Sed6- Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
58 Sedimentary Caatinga CE Only woody plants 1998 de Biologia 58(1):
NovoHoriente Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
85-95
Revista Brasileira
CE-Sed7- Araújo, F.S.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
59 Sedimentary Caatinga CE Only woody plants 1998 de Biologia 58(1):
NovoHoriente Rodal, M.J.N.; Figueiredo, M.A.
85-95
Revista Brasileira
CE-Sed3- Araújo, F.S.; Martins, F.R.;
60 Sedimentary Caatinga CE Only woody plants 1999 de Biologia 59(4):
Ubajara Shepherd, G.J.
663-678
Andrade, K.V.S.A.; Rodal,
PE-Sed1- Woody and non Hoehnea 31(3):
61 Sedimentary Caatinga PE M.J.N.; Lucena, M.F.A.; Gomes, 2004
Buíque woody plants 337-348
A.P.S.
PE-Sed2- Woody and non Figueiredo, L.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Naturalia 25: 205-
62 Sedimentary Caatinga PE 2000
Buíque woody plants Melo, A.L. 224
Acta Botanica
PE-Sed3- Woody and non Gomes, A.P.S.; Rodal, M.J.N.;
63 Sedimentary Caatinga PE 2006 Brasilica 20(1):
Buíque woody plants Melo, A.L.
37-48
PE-Sed4- Rodal, M.J.N.; Andrade, K.V.A.; Revista Brasileira
64 Sedimentary Caatinga PE Only woody plants 1998
Buíque Sales, M.F.; Gomes, A.P.S. de Biologia 58(3):

319
 517-526
Acta Botanica
PE-Sed5- Woody and non Rodal, M.J.N.; Nascimento, L.M.;
65 Sedimentary Caatinga PE 1999 Brasilica 13(1):
Ibimirim woody plants Melo, A.L.
15-28
Bull. Ecol. 18(4):
66 Sedimentary Caatinga PI-Sed1 PI Only woody plants Emperaire, L. 1987
431-438
Oliveira, M.E.A.; Sampaio,
PI-Sed3- Woody and non Naturalia 22: 131-
67 Sedimentary Caatinga PI E.V.S.B.; Castro, A.A.J.F.; Rodal 1997
PadreMarcos woody plants 150
M.J.N.
PI-Sed2- Woody and non Check List 6(1):
68 Sedimentary Caatinga PI Mendes, M.R.A.; Castro, A.A.J.F. 2010
SJPiauí woody plants 39-44
Revista Brasileira
Transition CE-Tran1- Woody and non
69 CE Lemos, J.R.; Meguro, M. 2010 de Biociências
crystalline/sedimentary Aiuaba woody plants
8(1): 34-43
Revista Brasileira
Transition PE-Tran1- Araújo, E.L.; Sampaio, E.V.S.B.;
70 PE Only woody plants 1995 de Biologia 55(4):
crystalline/sedimentary Floresta Rodal, M.J.N.
595-607
Transition PE-Tran2- Woody and non Pinheiro, K.; Rodal, M.J.N.; Revista Caatinga
71 PE 2010
crystalline/sedimentary Mirandiba woody plants Alves, M. 23(2): 68-77
Acta Botanica
Transition PE-TranHerb3- Only non woody Silva, K.A.; Araújo, E.L.; Ferraz,
72 PE 2009 Brasilica 23(1):
crystalline/sedimentary Petrolâ plants E.M.N.
100-110
Acta Botanica
Transition PI-Tran2-
73 PI Only woody plants Lemos, J.R.; Rodal, M.J.N. 2002 Brasilica 16(1):
crystalline/sedimentary SRNonato
23-42
Transition PI-Tran1- Woody and non Rodriguésia
74 PI Lemos, J.R. 2004
crystalline/sedimentary SRNonato woody plants 55(85): 55-66

320
Table S2- Significative (p< 0.05) regression coefficients between floristic composition of sites and each climate variable available in
Bioclim model (Hijmans et al. 2005).

Non-Woody plants Woody plants for sites All sites with data on All sites with data
General flora* (n=31) R2 for sites with data on R2 with data on general R2 Non-Woody plants R2 on Woody plants R2
general flora (n=31) flora (n=31) (N=35) Sites (N=70)
Precipitation of Precipitation of Precipitation Mean Temperature Annual
0.0684 0.0679 0.0722 0.0562 0.0511
Wettest Quarter Wettest Quarter Seasonality of Wettest Quarter Precipitation
Mean Temperature of Mean Temperature Mean Temperature of Precipitation of Temperature
0.0657 0.0634 0.0625 0.0569 0.0414
Wettest Quarter of Wettest Quarter Wettest Quarter Wettest Quarter Annual Range
Min Temperature of Min Temperature of Mean Temperature of Mean Temperature Mean Diurnal
0.0494 0.0465 0.0529 0.044 0.0402
Coldest Month Coldest Month Coldest Quarter of Coldest Quarter Range
Precipitation of Driest Mean Temperature of Max Temperature of Mean Temperature
0.0427 Mean Diurnal Range 0.0427 0.0491 0.0398 0.0324
Month Driest Quarter Warmest Month of Driest Quarter
Mean Temperature of Precipitation of Max Temperature of Precipitation of Precipitation
0.0433 0.0411 0.0445 0.0366 0.0301
Coldest Quarter Wettest Month Warmest Month Driest Month Seasonality
Annual mean Temperature
Mean Diurnal Range 0.041 0.0387 0.0224
temperature Seasonality
Isothermality 0.0212
Precipitation of
0.0219
Wettest Month
Mean Temperature
0.0211
of Wettest Quarter
Precipitation of
0.0196
Driest Quarter
Annual mean
0.0178
temperature
Max Temperature
0.0187
of Warmest Month
Mean Temperature
0.0157
of Coldest Quarter
Precipitation of
0.0156
Coldest Quarter
Mean Temperature
of Warmest 0.015
Quarter
Precipitation of
0.0146
Wettest Quarter
* Only those studies with data on both woody and non woody plants for the same site.

321
Table S3- Significative (p< 0.05) regression coefficients between floristic composition and each spatial component (PCNM).

All sites with

Non-Woody plants for All sites with data
General Woody plants for sites with data on
R2 sites with data on general R2 R2 on Non-Woody R2 R2
flora* (n=31) data on general flora (n=31) Woody plants
flora (n=31) plants (N=35)
Sites (N=70)
PCNM1 0.063 PCNM3 0.0584 PCNM1 0.0661 PCNM3 0.0545 PCNM1 0.0608
PCNM3 0.0588 PCNM2 0.0575 PCNM3 0.0598 PCNM2 0.0534 PCNM2 0.0593
PCNM2 0.0568 PCNM1 0.0555 PCNM2 0.0556 PCNM1 0.0489 PCNM3 0.029
PCNM7 0.0461 PCNM7 0.0454 PCNM7 0.0463 PCNM5 0.0415 PCNM15 0.0277
PCNM4 0.0426 PCNM4 0.0401 PCNM4 0.0421 PCNM7 0.041 PCNM5 0.0246
PCNM4 0.035 PCNM4 0.0227
PCNM9 0.021
PCNM8 0.0187
PCNM6 0.0185
PCNM19 0.0179
* Only those studies with data on both woody and non woody plants for the same site.

322
Fig. S1- UPGMA group analysis for the 31 sites with data on general flora (woody and non woody
plants) showing the floristic relationships between the different areas based on the complete list of
species for each site. Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3-
inselbegs; 4- transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6-
Riverine forests.

323
Fig. S2- UPGMA group analysis for the 70 sites with data on woody plants, showing the floristic
relationships between the different areas based only on the woody plants reported in each site.
Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3- inselbegs; 4- transition
crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests; 7-
Caatinga in the Chapada Diamantina; 8- Caatinga in Campo Maior Ecotone; 9- Arboreal Caatinga
of northern Minas Gerais.

324
Fig. S3- UPGMA group analysis for the 35 sites with data on non woody plants, showing the
floristic relationships between the different areas based only on the non woody plants reported in
each site. Environmental types: 1- crystalline caatinga; 2- sedimentary caatinga; 3- inselbegs; 4-
transition crystalline and sedimentary sites; 5- Caatinga in the Agreste Ecotone; 6- Riverine forests.

325
 CAPÍTULO 4- Life-form spectra and plant communities in a seasonally
dry tropical formation of South America8
Marcelo Freire Moro1; 9; *; Igor Aurélio Silva2; Francisca Soares de Araújo3; Eimear Nic

Lughadha4; Fernando Roberto Martins2

1- Graduate Course on Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of

Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. bio_moro@yahoo.com.br

2- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of

Campinas – UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. igor6cordas@yahoo.com.br;

fmartins@unicamp.br

3- Department of Biology, Center of Sciences, Federal University of Ceará- Campus do

Pici, Bloco 906, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. tchesca@ufc.br

4- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdon.

E.NicLughadha@kew.org

8
Considered for submission in Biotropica
9
* Corresponding author: bio_moro@yahoo.com.br

326
ABSTRACT
Seasonally dry tropical formations (SDTF) are considered to be a singular biome in both

structure and function. Of the SDTF, the largest area is the semiarid Caatinga, located in

Northeastern South America. It occurs in terrains of both crystalline bedrock and

sedimentary basins, besides many isolated inselbergs. We investigated here, on a

subcontinental scale, the relative influence of climate, environment type (crystalline,

sedimentary or inselberg environments) and spatial autocorrelation as factors structuring

plant communities in this region. We also addressed the structural differences between

plant communities in these three environments using Raunkiaer’s life-form spectra. We

compared the flora and spectra among environment types within Caatinga and between

Caatinga and the major world biomes. Species were found to constitute distinct groups in

sedimentary, crystalline, and inselberg sites, and both climate and environment type

influenced the distribution of species. This suggests that Caatinga has different plant

communities in sedimentary and crystalline terrains. But while the flora responded both to

climate and substrate, life-form spectra responded to environment type but not to climate,

indicating that within a regional semiarid macroclimate substrate is more important than

climate gradients in structuring vegetation. Nevertheless in a global scale the biological

spectra of Caatinga differ from those of major world biomes, suggesting that semiarid

vegetation have biological spectra between those of deserts and rainforests.

Key-words: Biogeography, dry formations, life-forms, Raunkiaer, seasonally dry tropical

forests, South American vegetation.

327
INTRODUCTION
Plant life-forms integrate several adaptive responses of plant species to key environmental

conditions such as temperature, rainfall regime and frequency of wildfires constituting a

key feature of vegetation physiognomy (Cain 1950, Box 1981, Batalha & Martins 2002,

Cornelissen et al. 2003). As primary physiological processes are associated with the form

of plants, the biological spectrum of life-forms of a community also reveals general patterns

of the relationship between plants and their environment (Batalha & Martins 2002,

Cornelissen et al. 2003). In this sense, a biological spectrum can be interpreted as a

spectrum of functional strategies present in the community.

In South America, there are several formations that annually experience a long dry

season (Sarmiento 1975, Pennington et al. 2000, 2009). These formations were called Dry

Plant Formations of South America (DPFSA) by Sarmiento (1975) or Seasonally Dry

Tropical Forest (SDTF) by Pennington et al. (2000). Dry tropical plant formations group a

set of physiognomically variable plant communities that share many ecological features and

botanical taxa leading Pennington et al. (2000; 2009) to claim that dry formations constitute

a biogeographically cohesive group of formations that is distinct from forests and savannas.

The largest area of SDTFs is the Caatinga Phytogeographical Domain, which

encompasses more than 800,000 km2 in northeastern Brazil (Andrade-Lima, 1981;

Pennington et al., 2000; Queiroz, 2006) and comprises one of the largest semiarid regions

of the world (Miles et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2001). Undersampled for most of the

twentieth century, botanical survey in Caatinga has intensified in recent decades, allowing

for the first time a synthesis about life-form spectra in this large semiarid ecoregion of the

world.

328
 Three environmental types comprise some of the most common plant communities

within the Caatinga: communities in crystalline terrains; in sedimentary terrains and in

inselbergs (Chapter 3). Crystalline terrains are the most widespread environment, occurring

in areas where soils are shallow, but rich in nutrients (Sampaio, 2010; Velloso et al., 2002).

Large sedimentary basins also exist within this region, where soils are much deeper than in

crystalline terrains, but usually poorer in nutrients (Sampaio, 2010; Velloso et al., 2002).

Inselbergs are sites where the basement rock is completely exposed, and soils are virtually

non-existent or restricted to cracks or small depressions in the rock (Porembski, 2007;

Gomes & Alves, 2010). Plants in sedimentary areas are expected to have a better water

supply in the dry season, but fewer nutrients for their growth (Sampaio, 1995; Araújo et al.,

2011), whereas plants in crystalline sites have less edaphic water, but better nutrient

supplies. Inselbergs have the harshest edaphic condictions, with extremely shallow soils.

Although biogeographical studies including inselbergs in Caatinga are rare (but see

Santos et al. 2012), there are some studies showing that angiosperm species differ between

crystalline and sedimentary sites (Gomes et al. 2006, Queiroz 2006, Cardoso & Queiroz

2007). Nevertheless, a comprehensive comparison discussing differences in biological

spectrum is still missing. Considering that there are edaphic differences among crystalline

and sedimentary sites and that the angiosperm floras differ, we wonder whether their

communities would also have different functional strategies to face their environment. And

considering that Caatinga thrive under a semiarid climate, we also wonder how their

functional strategies would relate to other world biomes.

Our goal was to investigate the hypotheses that (a) within a general semiarid

macroclimate the substrate (crystalline, sedimentary or inselberg terrains), and not climatic

329
gradients, is the main driver assembling plant communities and their functional strategies;

and (b) on a global scale, the semiarid climate determines life-form spectra that are

distinguishable from other world biomes. To accomplish this task, we addressed the

following questions as guidelines: (1) does the angiosperm flora of plant communities

differ between crystalline, sedimentary and inselberg sites? (2) Do life-form spectra differ

between communities in crystalline, sedimentary and inselberg sites? (3) Can climate

variables explain functional (biological spectrum) and floristic (species similarity)

differences between habitat types? (4) Has the Caatinga a distinctive biological spectrum

when compared to other world biomes?

To compare plant communities between environments in Caatinga we have to

disentangle the effects of climate from those of other spatial factors. We thus devised four

possible scenarios:

(I) Climate gradients alone are the main factor structuring the flora of dry

formations: in this case we would not expect to find clear floristic or structural groups using

ordination techniques, but only smooth gradients of species turnover with climate alone

explaining most of the variance.

(II) Substrate alone is the main factor structuring plant communities: in this case we

would expect to find clear floristic and structural groups associated with each environment

type, but climate would not show significant influence on the data.

(III) Neither substrate nor climate structure plant communities, but spatial

autocorrelation alone is the main force driving similarity between communities: this third

case would arise if spatial proximity (spatial autocorrelation) is the only relevant factor. In

330
this case, the closest areas will always have the greatest floristic resemblance and no

significant floristic group associated with any particular environment type is expected.

(IV) Differences in substrate are the main driver for assembling plant communities,

but climate play a role in shaping communities within each environment: in this case, we

expect to find clear separate and significant groups in each environment, but we would also

expect to detect a significant influence of climate on species composition and/or life-form

spectra throughout the Caatinga domain.

METHODS
Ecological data - We compiled from the literature all floristic surveys we could locate

which report Raunkiaer’s life-forms for species of the Caatinga domain. We considered

only surveys which reported the life-form of the general flora (i.e. we did not include

papers addressing only woody or only herbaceous plants). We grouped the plants in spectra

composed of the five original categories proposed by Raunkiaer. When a different life-form

was reported for a species, we translated it back to Raunkiaer’s original system: aerophytes,

epiphytes and hemiparasites were considered phanerophytes; cacti and succulent plants

were considered phanerophytes or chamaephytes, depending on the size of the adult plant;

climbers were reclassified as phanerophyte, chamaephyte, or therophyte, depending on

their ability to survive the dry season. When the authors of the original papers did not

classify a species in any category, we attributed it a life-form based on our knowledge or

after consulting colleagues (see also the Supplementary data).

After assigning each species to one Raunkiaer’s life-form we classified each survey

we located in one of three environment categories: (1) caatinga on crystalline terrains; (2)

331
caatinga on sedimentary terrains; and (3) inselbergs (Fig. 1). The inselbergs were further

divided in two subcategories as follows. Between the very humid Atlantic rainforest close

to the coast and the inland semiarid Caatinga, there is a narrow ecotonal zone known as

Agreste, which has a more benign climate and less strong rain seasonality (Table 1). Four

of our inselbergs occurred in this transitional zone (França et al., 2005; Porto et al., 2008;

Gomes & Alves, 2010) and were termed inselbergs in the agreste. One inselberg was

located within an area of typical crystalline semiarid caatinga (Araújo et al., 2008) and was

termed inselberg in caatinga.

To evaluate the influence of climate in the plant communities we obtained climatic

data for each site from the global climate model WorldClim (Hijmans et al., 2005) using

the DIVA GIS 7.3 software (Hijmans, 2011): annual mean temperature, total annual

precipitation, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, and precipitation

of the driest quarter (Table 1).

332
Table 1. Floristic surveys with Raunkiaer’s life-forms of crystalline and sedimentary caatingas and inselbergs in the Caatinga and
the Agreste. Coordinates in decimal degrees. Climate data from World Clim (Hijmans et al. 2005).
Precipitation
Annual Mean Annual Precipitation
Site Wettest Precipitation
Area code Reference Latitude Longitude Temperature Precipitatio Driest Quarter
Quarter Seasonality
(ºC) n (mm) (mm)
(mm)
Crystalline caatinga in Araújo et al.
Cry-caa1 -5.13333 -40.8667 25.8 784 541 6 118.1
Crateús municipality (2011)

Crystalline caatinga in
Costa et al.
Floresta and Betânia Cry-caa2 -8.3125 -38.1953 23.1 588 333 21 90.4
(2009)
municipalities

Crystalline caatinga in Costa et al.

Cry-caa3 -4.82611 -38.9692 26.5 769 478 10 106.3
Quixadá municipality (2007)

Crystalline caatinga in
Rodal et al.
Floresta and Betânia Cry-caa4 -8.308944 -38.2019 23.1 588 333 21 90.4
(2005)
municipality

Crystalline caatinga in Rodal et al.

Cry-caa5 -8.475861 -38.4804 24.8 530 296 16 90.6
Floresta municipality (2005)

Sedimentary caatinga
Araújo et al.
in Crateús Sed-caa1 -5.16667 -40.9333 23.2 955 621 20 108.2
(2011)
municipality 1

Sedimentary caatinga
Araújo et al.
in Crateús Sed-caa2 -5.13333 -40.9 23.7 924 609 17 110.1
(2011)
municipality 2

Sedimentary caatinga
Mendes &
in S. José do Piauí Sed-caa3 -6.85361 -41.4708 24.8 794 458 9 99.7
Castro (2010)
municipality

333
Inselberg in Caatinga
Araújo et al.
region in Quixadá Ins-caa -4.95572 -39.0244 27 771 480 10 106.1
(2008)
municipality

Inselberg in Agreste
Gomes &
region in São Joaquim Ins-agr1 -8.38194 -35.8439 21.4 792 361 53 65.1
Alves (2010)
do Monte municipality

Inselberg in Agreste
region in Gomes &
Ins-agr2 -8.39139 -36.0103 21 621 267 45 62.7
Altinho/Agrestina Alves (2010)
municipality

Inselberg in Agreste
Porto et al.
region in Esperança Ins-agr3 -7.01689 -35.8806 21.6 818 341 51 63.1
(2008)
municipality

Inselberg in Agreste
França et al.
region in Feira de Ins-agr4 -12.27167 -39.0608 23.5 847 274 128 30.6
(2005)
Santana municipality

334
Floristic analysis - To address our first question we built a matrix with species incidence

for each site and assessed the floristic relationship of the sites using a cluster analysis. We

checked and standardized synonyms using the Plantminer web tool (Carvalho et al., 2010)

and assumed that plants reported with determinations qualified by cf. or aff. were correctly

identified, but excluded from the analysis plants reported only to genus/family level and

exotic species. We then performed an UPGMA cluster analysis with Sørensen index, which

ignores shared absences between sites being compared and gives more weight to confirmed

double presences (Legendre & Legendre, 1998; McCune & Grace, 2002). We tested the

significance of the floristic groups with a Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP)

with 1,000 permutations (McCune & Grace, 2002). The MRPP is similar to the analysis of

variance and compares dissimilarities within and among groups. If two groups are really

different in their species composition, then the average of the within-group compositional

dissimilarities is smaller than the average of the dissimilarities between two random

collections of sampling units drawn from the entire population (McCune & Grace, 2002).

We performed the UPGMA in PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011) and the MRPP in

the ‘Vegan’ package (Oksanen et al., 2010) in R environment (R Development Core Team,

2010).

Life-form analysis - To answer our second question we classified the sites in the same

categories of environment: crystalline caatinga, sedimentary caatinga, inselberg in the

agreste, and inselberg in the caatinga (Table 2) and then built a matrix showing the

Raunkiaer’s life-form spectrum for each site. We then ordered the life-form spectra among

the sites with a Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling Analysis (NMS) with Euclidian

distances (Legendre & Legendre, 1998; McCune & Grace, 2002). We performed the NMS

335
 with PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011) and choose two axes to represent the data

(two axes was the best solution after pilot tests using the autopilot mode of the software and

250 runs).We also tested for the significance of the groups with a MRPP with 1,000

permutations using the ‘vegan’ package (Oksanen et al., 2010) in the R environment (R

Development Core Team, 2010).

Table 2. Biological spectra in the Caatinga domain, northeastern Brazil, with

reclassified life-forms to match the original Raunkiaer’s categories. Ph: phanerophyte; Ch:
chamaephyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Th: therophyte.

Sites life-form class (%) Reference

Ph Ch He Cr Th
Crystalline Caatinga
Crateús, CE 28.5 19.0 5.1 1.5 46.0 Araújo et al. (2011)
Quixadá, CE 26.3 15.8 12.8 2.3 42.9 Costa et al. (2007)
Floresta/Betânia 1, PE 28.7 21.8 12.9 1.0 35.6 Costa et al. (2009)
Floresta/Betânia 2, PE 26.1 19.6 15.2 2.2 37.0 Rodal et al. (2005)
Floresta, PE 23.4 16.9 16.9 2.6 40.3 Rodal et al. (2005)
Sedimentary Caatinga
Crateús 1, CE 57.4 19.1 3.7 2.9 16.9 Araújo et al. (2011)
Crateús 2, CE 58.0 23.2 2.4 3.2 13.2 Araújo et al. (2011)
Mendes & Castro
S. José do Piauí, PI 71.3 12.5 8.1 3.7 4.4 (2010)
Inselberg in the Caatinga
Quixadá, CE 26.0 14.3 13.0 2.6 44.2 Araújo et al. (2008)
Inselberg in the Agreste
Gomes & Alves
S. Joaquim do Monte, PE 49.4 6.5 4.5 11.7 27.9 (2010)
Gomes & Alves
Altinho/Agrestina, PE 35.2 5.6 3.2 11.2 44.8 (2010)
Esperança, PB 39.7 12.7 4.8 0.8 42.1 Porto et al. (2008)
Feira de Santana, BA 60.4 18.8 8.3 6.3 6.3 França et al. (2005)

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Influence of climate variables and space in the community - To answer our third question

we tested whether climate variables could explain the floristic and life-form differences

among the sites, taking into account the possible effects of spatial autocorrelation of the

variables. To this end, we built minimum adequate linear models and selected the best

model with the Akaike information criterion (AIC, Diniz-Filho et al., 2008). Because

climate variables were intercorrelated, we transformed them with a principal component

analysis (PCA) into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables (i.e. the PCA axes).

Also, we summarized the floristic and functional relationships among sites into linear

variables with two correspondence analyses (CA). Thus, in the linear models the

explanatory variables were the first two axes of the PCA (hereafter the first and second

climate components, respectively) plus spatial filters (when we found spatial

autocorrelation among variables), and the response variables (species composition or life-

form spectrum) were the scores of the first axis of each CA.

To perform this analysis, first we checked for spatial autocorrelation in the (1)

climate variables and (2) residuals resultant from the regression between climate and

response variables (Diniz-Filho & Bini, 2005; Diniz-Filho et al., 2008). We tested for

spatial autocorrelation with spatial correlograms based on Moran’s I coefficient (Legendre

& Legendre, 1998). When we found spatial autocorrelation in either case, we applied the

principal coordinate of neighbour matrices approach (PCNM, Borcard & Legendre, 2002)

to extract the spatial structure of the data. The PCNM extracts eigenvectors (i.e. spatial

filters) from a connectivity matrix, and these eigenvectors express the relationships among

plots (Borcard & Legendre, 2002). We selected parsimoniously two spatial filters to

incorporate as additional predictors of the response variables in the model, in an attempt to

337
reduce the influence of spatial correlation (Diniz-Filho & Bini, 2005). Then, we used the

ordinary least squares method to estimate parameters of the linear regressions between the

response variables and the climate components and spatial filters. The best models were

those in which the difference between the AIC value of the considered model and the

minimum AIC value of all models (∆i) was lower than 2 (Diniz-Filho et al., 2008). After

selecting the best models, we performed a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to test

whether there were correlations of floristic and life-form composition with the explanatory

variables indicated by the best models. We tested for the significance of these correlations

by applying 1,000 Monte Carlo randomizations. We conducted all these procedures of

model selection with the software SAM 4.0 (Rangel et al., 2010) and performed the CA and

CCA with the software PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011; Peck, 2010).

Differences in life-form spectra between the Caatinga and other biomes - To answer our

last question we used the biological spectra of the main world biomes compiled from

Batalha & Martins (2002) and compared them with the biological spectra of crystalline

caatingas, sedimentary caatingas and inselbergs (the complete matrix used in the analysis is

available in the electronic appendix). Then, we analyzed the biological spectra of all sites

with a NMS in PC-ORD 6.0 (McCune & Mefford, 2011) in order to evaluate whether the

biological spectrum of Caatinga was different from those documented for the main world

biomes (a two dimensional solution was used after pilot tests using autopilot mode in PC-

ORD software and 250 runs).

338
RESULTS
A thorough literature search yielded data on Raunkiaer’s life-forms for 13 sites

within Caatinga, five of which in crystalline caatinga, three in sedimentary caatinga, one in

an inselberg in caatinga and four in inselbergs in the agreste (Fig. 1; Table 1; Table 2; Table

S2). In all crystalline caatingas and in the inselberg in caatinga, therophytes were the main

life-form, whereas the sedimentary caatingas had spectra dominated by the phanerophytic

life-form (Table 2; Table S2). Inselbergs in agreste, exposed to a milder rain seasonality

than the inselberg in caatinga (see precipitation seasonality in Table 1), had biological

spectra between those of crystalline and sedimentary sites.

339
FIGURE 1. The Caatinga domain of NE Brazil (both dark and light grey) and surveys of crystalline caatingas

(Cry-caa), sedimentary caatingas (Sed-caa), Caatinga inselberg (Ins-caa) and Agrest inselbergs (Ins-agr). Site

codes in Table 1. Dark grey areas are crystalline terrains and light grey hatched areas sedimentary terrains.

The white area within Caatinga is the Chapada Diamantina mountain range. Brazilian northeastern states:

MA: Maranhão; PI: Piauí; CE: Ceará; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; PB: Paraíba; PE: Pernambuco; AL: Alagoas;

SE: Sergipe; BA: Bahia.

340
Floristic analysis - By comparing species composition among the 13 sites with cluster

analysis we found four floristic groups (Fig. 2). The first group was comprised of all

crystalline caatingas and the inselberg in caatinga. The second group encompassed three of

the four inselbergs in agreste. The third group comprised all sedimentary caatingas. The

fourth group, the most distinct in species composition, isolated the last inselberg in agreste.

These floristic groups were different from those expected at random (p < 0.001), as tested

with MRPP analysis. Even when we excluded the discrepant inselberg in agreste (Ins-agr4

– Fig. 1; Fig. 2) the results were equally significant (p < 0.001).

FIGURE 2. UPGMA dendrogram with Sørensen index of floristic similarity among the crystalline (Cry-caa)
and sedimentary caatingas (Sed-caa) and inselbergs in the Caatinga (Ins-caa) and Agreste (Ins-agr). The
literature, climate and codes associated with each site are shown in Table 1.

Life-form analysis - The NMS of the life-form spectra of the caatingas and inselbergs

formed three groups (Fig. 3), all different from those expected by chance (p < 0.001). One

group comprised all the crystalline caatingas and the inselberg in caatinga and was

characterized by the predominance of therophytes (Fig. 3, Table 2; Table S2). A second

group encompassed all the sedimentary caatingas and one inselberg in agreste and was

341
characterized by an overrepresentation of phanerophytes (Fig. 3; Table 2; Table S2). The

third group comprised the remaining inselbergs in agreste which had a high proportion of

phanerophytes, but also a high proportion of therophytes (Fig. 3; Table 2; Table S2). This

shows that the differences between crystalline and sedimentary caatingas are not only

floristic, but also functional and physiognomic, while the spectra of inselbergs located in

the agreste were intermediary between that of crystalline and sedimentary environments.

FIGURE 3. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of the biological spectra of 13 sites in the Caatinga.
The best solution was a two dimensional configuration: final stress for 2-dimensional solution= 1.09675. Cry-
caa and sed-caa refer to crystalline and sedimentary sites, respectively. Ins-caa and ins-agr refer to inselbergs
in the Caatinga and Agreste region, respectively. Raunkiaer’s life-forms: Ph: phanerophyte; He:
hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Ch: chamaephyte; Th: therophyte. The literature, climate data and codes
associated with each area are shown in Table 1.

342
 Although exposed to the same regional macroclimate, the life-form spectra between

crystalline and sedimentary caatinga were notably distinct and clearly separate in the NMS

ordination. The crystalline caatingas were functionally closer to the hot steppes and deserts

because of the overrepresentation of therophytes, while the sedimentary caatingas were

closer to the tropical forests due the high proportion of phanerophytes (Fig. 4).

Influence of climate variables and space in the community - We found a significant positive

spatial autocorrelation for the first distance classes of the climate variables (all Moran's I >

0.529, p < 0.05) except precipitation of the wettest quarter (Moran's I = 0.289, p = 0.117).

However, the residuals of both floristic and life-form regressions did not show spatial

autocorrelation (p > 0.05 for first distance classes). The linear model that best explained the

floristic variation in the Caatinga (Equation 1) included the two climate components and

the two spatial filters (∆I = 0), resulting in the final equation shown below, but of the

climate components only the first explained significantly the floristic variation in the CCA

(p = 0.041).

(Equation 1) Y = -0.262 + 0.646(climate principal component 1) -0.282(climate principal

component 2) +1.118(spatial filter 1) – 0.603(spatial filter 2)

In contrast, the linear model that best explained the life-form variation in the

Caatinga included only the second climate component (∆I = 0). However, this correlation

was not significant according to the Monte Carlo test in the CCA (p = 0.1451), which

suggests that climate is not the main driver of community structure, although it was

relevant for community composition. Thus, both climate differences and spatial factors

343
influenced floristic variation in the Caatinga, whereas biological spectra were not

responsive to climate but only to spatial factors, which we attribute to the differential

organization of communities in different environments, as will be discussed below.

Differences in life-form spectra between the Caatinga and other biomes - The NMS

comparing the Caatinga with the life-form spectra of other world biomes (Fig. 4; Appendix

S1) showed an underlying strong relationship between the world biomes and macroclimate,

as expected. The distribution of all sites followed a triangular shape with three contrasting

biomes at the vertices (Fig. 4). Biomes of hot, wet climates (i.e. rainforests) had a

predominance of phanerophytes and were positioned in one vertex of the triangle.

Biomes of hot, dry climates (i.e. deserts and hot steppes) were positioned in the opposite

vertex, with a high proportion of therophytes and chamaephytes. Biomes of cold climates

(i.e. tundra and cold steppes) were dominated by cryptophytes and hemicryptophytes and

occupied the third vertex.

344
FIGURE 4. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling analysis of Raunkiaer’s life-form spectra of the Caatinga
and major world biomes. The best solution was a two dimensional configuration: final stress for 2-
dimensional solution= 7.63037. Raunkiaer’s life-forms: Ph: phanerophyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr:
cryptophyte; Ch: chamaephyte; Th: therophyte.

345
Biomes exposed to intermediate climatic conditions (i.e. savannas, Cerrado, Mediterranean

vegetation, and Caatinga) occupied an intermediate position between the vertices.

Biological spectra of Savannas and Mediterranean vegetation were intermediate between

hot deserts and tundra; whereas those of the Cerrado and temperate forests were

intermediate between tundra and rainforests. None of these biomes have spectra that

overlap with the semiarid Caatinga, which occupied a position between the spectra of

deserts (therophytic vegetation) and rainforests (phanerophytic vegetation - Fig. 4).

DISCUSSION
Floristic analysis - Our results showed a significant floristic distinction between

crystalline and sedimentary caatingas, corroborating the results reported by other authors

(e.g. Gomes et al., 2006; Queiroz, 2006; Rocha et al., 2004). Both space and climate had

significant influence in the observed pattern, with each environment harboring distinct

communities. This distinction is exemplified by the fact that some sedimentary (sed-caa1

and sed-caa2) and crystalline (cry-caa1) sites studied by Araújo et al. (2011) are

approximately 10 km apart from each other, but had distinct floras and were grouped

respectively with other sedimentary and crystalline sites more than 200 km away.

Inselbergs had a more complex pattern, with the driest one having a flora similar to the

crystalline caatinga and wetter ones a distinct flora, presumably because wetter areas may

have more species from the nearby Atlantic Forest Domain (Rodal et al. 2008). Santos et al.

(2012) argued that substrate related variables were important factors in segregating floristic

units in dry forests of Brazil (including the Caatinga) and that differences environment

346
types may enable different plant communities to coexist within Caatinga. Our results

support this view.

Life-form analysis - Beyond having different floristic groups in sedimentary and crystalline

terrains we also found clear structural differences. We showed that crystalline caatingas are

rich in therophytes, whereas sedimentary caatingas are dominated by phanerophytes. This

is the first time that life-form spectra are compared for the whole Caatinga.

Although all sites are exposed to a strong precipitation seasonality and high potential

evapotranspiration (Nimer, 1972; Velloso et al., 2002), crystalline sites have generally

shallow, stony soils, whereas sedimentary sites have deep soils (Queiroz, 2006; Sampaio,

1995; 2010). Thus, therophytes thrive in the harsh, but nutrient-rich, environment of the

crystalline caatinga, completing their life cycle in the rainy season. Living in a nutrient rich

environment, therophytes germinate with the raining season, gather from the soil the

necessary minerals and complete their life-cycle.

On the other hand, phanerophytes predominate in sedimentary soils that are poorer in

nutrients, but can retain water for a long time after the end of the rains (Sampaio 1995,

2010). Since phanerophytes are perennial plants, they can store nutrients in vegetative

organs also having a root system that allows them to access water at deeper depths. Thus, it

seems that phanerophytes are functionally more efficient in the Caatinga’s deep nutrient-

poor sedimentary soils because they can access edaphic water for a longer period than

therophytes, while retaining most of the nutrients from one rainy season to the other.

While different edaphic environments are known to influence species composition

elsewhere (McAuliffe 1994, Balvanera et al. 2011), our conclusions highlight a second

aspect of this edaphic influence: the differences were also reflected in the functional

347
attributes of vegetation (i.e. life-forms). While crystalline and sedimentary caatingas had

clearly distinct biological spectra, inselbergs constituted a functional gradient between

them. Located in a drier climate, the inselberg in caatinga (Ins-caa) had the greatest

proportion of therophytes, with a spectrum and flora similar to that of crystalline caatingas.

On the other hand the inselberg exposed to the mildest climate (Ins-agr4) had the greatest

proportion of phanerophytes, approaching the spectra of sedimentary caatingas (although

with a different flora), whereas the other inselbergs in agreste had intermediate spectra,

consistent with their intermediate climate conditions (Fig. 3; Fig. 4; Table 1; Table 2).

Influence of climate variables and space in the community - We found that both spatial

factors and climate played a significant role in structuring floristic composition of

communities in Caatinga: floristic groups were largely defined by the type of environment

(sedimentary, crystalline and inselbergs), but climatic gradients also influenced their

composition. This supports the fourth scenario we proposed, i.e, under a general semiarid

macroclimate, substrate type is the main factor determining community composition and

structure, with climatic gradients influencing composition within each environment type.

In other dry formations, edaphic related factors have been shown to drive important

floristic and functional differences on a regional scale (Balvanera & Aguirre 2006;

Balvanera et al., 2011; Buck, 1964; Santos et al., 2012). Thus, although climate is

recognized as the main factor governing biome distribution on a world scale, communities

on a regional scale may be more influenced by substrate differences.

Moreover, crystalline and sedimentary sites showed clearly distinct life-form spectra

and these differences were not significantly explained by climate. Thus, we infer that the

functional structure of each community is more related to substrate than to climatic

348
gradients. This may be explained by differences in nutrient and water availability in the soil

between sedimentary and crystalline areas (e.g. Buck, 1964; Balvanera et al., 2011).

Inselberg communities showed a more complex pattern, with drier inselbergs more similar

to the crystalline caatinga and wetter inselbergs progressively different, apparently

following a climatic gradient within this environment type (see also Chapter 3).

Differences in life-form spectra between the Caatinga and other biomes - We found that the

Raunkiaer’s life-form spectrum of Caatinga is distinct when compared to the main world

biomes. Caatinga is subjected annually to a long dry season (Sampaio 1995, Andrade-Lima

1981) and this environmental condition resulted in plant communities with intermediate

spectra between wet forests and deserts (Fig. 4). Although different edaphic environments

resulted in different spectra on a regional scale (Fig. 3), when these spectra are put in a

global context they represent a single group (Fig. 4). This is the first time we are aware that

this pattern has been shown in a subcontinental scale for SDTF.

SDTF were defined based on floristic and ecological features (Pennington et al. 2000, 2009,

Prado 2000) and now we have also shown that differences to other world biomes also hold

for functional characteristics like the life-form spectrum. Moreover, Caatinga was

physiognomically different not only from other large South American biomes (Cerrado and

Rainforests), but also from all other world biomes we compared. Collation of life-form

spectra from other dry formations (in America, Africa, Asia and Oceania) is an interesting

further step to test whether the spectra of other semiarid formations are also congruent with

those of Caatinga.

349
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Antônio Sérgio F. Castro and Marcelo O. Teles de Menezes for

helping us with the classification of Raunkiaer’s life-forms of some species. M. F. Moro

thanks the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP – processes

2009/14266-7 and 2011/22498-5) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de

Nível Superior (CAPES) for PhD. grants awarded to him. I. A. Silva thanks the Fundação

de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for a post-doc grant awarded to

him.

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354
APPENDIX - Supplementary data

To compare the biological spectrum of inselbergs, crystalline and sedimentary

caatingas in the semi-arid northeastern Brazil we compiled papers with floristic and
Raunkiaerian life-form data from the literature. We considered only papers that sampled
plants of all habits in the sites and attributed a life-form to each species. We found one
paper that sampled only woody plants and classified these woody plants in life-forms
(Rodal et al. 1998) and one paper that sampled only the herbaceous component and
classified it in life-forms (Silva et al. 2009), but we considered only papers sampling
indistinctly plants of all habits. One paper (França et al. 2006) brings information on the
biological spectrum of an inselberg in Bahia state, but this paper did not inform the life-
form of individual species, and so was not included in our analysis. The life-form data
available in Araújo et al. (2005) and Lima et al. (2009) was further expanded and
republished with more species recently (Araújo et al. 2011), and we considered only the
most recent paper in our analysis.
Once the available papers were collected, we built a database with the species and
the associated life-forms present in each area. Some authors used life-form categories
different from those of Raunkieaer’s original classes. We reclassified these “life-forms” to
match one of the original Raunkiaer’s categories. “Aerophytes”, “epiphytes” and
“hemiparasites” were considered phanerophytes. The categories “cacti” and “succulent”
were reclassified to chamaephytes and phanerophytes, depending on the size of the mature
plant. “climbers” and “lianas” were also reclassified. Most reclassified plants reported as
lianas and climbers in the Caatinga were actually herbaceous plants and were re-placed in
the chamaephyte category, but a few were woody lianas placed among phanerophytes or
were tender climbing herbs, placed in the therophytes. A few species were not placed in
any category by the original authors (a few epiphytes, climber plants and cacti species), and
we attributed them a life-form based on our knowledge and consultation of other botanists
acquainted with the Caatinga’s flora. Cactus life-forms were determined with the assistance
of M. O. Teles de Menezes (personal communication), who has just completed a catalog of
cacti in Brazilian Ceará state (Menezes et al. 2011). Other plants were determined with
assistance of A.S.F. Castro, who has many years of experience collecting plants in the
Caatinga.
After this, we built a standardized Raunkiaerian life-form spectrum of each area,
considering only the categories Phanerophyte, Chamaephyte, Hemicryptophyte,
Cryptophyte and Therophyte. Then, this life-form spectrum was compared with the spectra
compiled by Batalha and Martins (2002). We built a matrix of biological spectra of all areas
reported by these authors summed with the spectra we compiled ourselves (Table 1) and
applied multivariate analysis to search general structural patterns in the Caatinga and major
world biomes.
The area “Horto Botânico, Brazil” (Cain et al. 1956) is an area of Tropical Rain
Forest, but it was incorrectly placed in the original matrix of Batalha and Martins (2002) as
temperate forest and we repositioned it among the Rain Forests.

References

355
ARAÚJO, F.S. DE, COSTA, R.C. DA, FIGUEIREDO, M.A. & NUNES, E.P. 2005.
Vegetação e flora fanerogâmica da área Reserva Serra das Almas, Ceará. In: F.S. Araújo,
M.J.N. Rodal & M.R. de V. Barbosa, eds. Análise das variações da biodiversidade do
bioma Caatinga. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, pp.91-119.

ARAÚJO, F.S. DE, COSTA, R.C. DA, LIMA, J.R., et al. 2011. Floristics and life-forms
along a topographic gradient, central-western Ceará, Brazil. Rodriguésia 62(2), 341-366.

BATALHA, M.A. & MARTINS, F.R. 2002. Life-form spectra of Brazilian cerrado sites.
Flora 197, 452-460.

CAIN, S.A., CASTRO, G.M. DE O., PIRES, J.M. & SILVA, N.T. DA. 1956. Application
of some phytosociological techniques to Brazilian rain forests. American Journal of Botany
43(10), 911-941.

FRANÇA, F., MELO, E. DE & GONÇALVES, J.M. 2006. Aspectos da diversidade da

vegetaçao no topo de um inselbergue no semi-árido da Bahia, Brasil. Sitientibus Série
Ciências Biológicas 6(1), 30-35.

LIMA, J.R., SAMPAIO, E.V. DE S.B., RODAL, M.J.N. & ARAÚJO, F.S. DE. 2009.
Composição florística da floresta estacional decídua montana de Serra das Almas, CE,
Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 23(3), 756-763.

MENEZES, M.O.T., TAYLOR, N.P., MACHADO, M.C., COELHO, P.J.A. & CORREIA,
D. 2011. Diversity and distribution of Cactaceae in Ceará state, north- eastern Brazil.
Bradleya 29, 13 - 42.

RODAL, M.J.N., ANDRADE, K.V.D.A., SALES, M.F. & GOMES, A.P.S. 1998.
Fitossociologia do componente lenhoso de um refúgio vegetacional no município de
Buíque, Pernambuco. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 58(3), 517-526.

SILVA, K.A. DA, ARAÚJO, E.D.L. & FERRAZ, E.M.N. 2009. Estudo florístico do
componente herbáceo e relação com solos em áreas de caatinga do embasamento cristalino
e bacia sedimentar, Petrolândia, PE, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 23(1), 100-110.

356
Table S1. Matrix used in the analysis comparing life-form spectra of the Caatinga (this
work) and main world biomes (Batalha & Martins, 2002). The Caatinga’s life-form spectra
presented here may differ a little from the data informed by original authors because we
reclassified some species to match Raunkiaer’s original categories. Ph: phanerophyte; Ch:
chamaephyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Th: therophyte.

Prevailing vegetation type life-form class (%) Reference

Site Ph Ch He Cr Th
Crystalline Caatinga
Araújo et al.
Crateús, CE, Brazil 28.5 19.0 5.1 1.5 46.0
(2011)
Costa et al.
Quixadá, CE, Brazil 26.3 15.8 12.8 2.3 42.9
(2007)
Costa el al.
Floresta/Betânia 1, PE, Brazil 28.7 21.8 12.9 1.0 35.6
(2009)
Rodal et al.
Floresta/Betânia 2, PE, Brazil 26.1 19.6 15.2 2.2 37.0
(2005)
Rodal et al.
Floresta, PE, Brazil 23.4 16.9 16.9 2.6 40.3
(2005)
Sedimentary Caatinga
Araújo et al.
Crateús 1, CE, Brazil 57.4 19.1 3.7 2.9 16.9
(2011)
Araújo et al.
Crateús 2, CE, Brazil 58.0 23.2 2.4 3.2 13.2
(2011)
Mendes & Castro
S. José do Piauí, PI, Brazil 71.3 12.5 8.1 3.7 4.4
(2010)
Inselberg in the Caatinga
Araújo et al.
Quixadá, CE, Brazil 26.0 14.3 13.0 2.6 44.2
(2008)
Inselberg in the Agreste
S. Joaquim do Monte, PE, Gomes & Alves
49.4 6.5 4.5 11.7 27.9
Brazil (2010)
Gomes & Alves
Altinho/Agrestina, PE, Brazil 35.2 5.6 3.2 11.2 44.8
(2010)
Porto et al.
Esperança, PB, Brazil 39.7 12.7 4.8 0.8 42.1
(2008)
França et al.
Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil 60.4 18.8 8.3 6.3 6.3
(2005)
Brazilian Cerrado
Ratter et al.
Brasília, Brazil 39.1 13.5 44.9 1.8 0.7
(1980)
Batalha &
Emas National Park, Brazil 31.6 12.8 49.9 2 3.7
Martins (2002)
Lagoa Santa, Brazil 28.8 6.1 55.1 5.4 4.6 Warming (1892)
Mantovani
Mojiguaçu, Brazil 30.9 12.2 47 2.1 7.8
(1983)

357
 Batalha et al.
Pirassununga, Brazil 40.1 17.1 36.1 1.1 5.6
(1997)
Batalha &
Santa Rita do Passa Quatro,
45.3 17.2 30 0.8 6.7 Mantovani
Brazil
(2001)
Boreal forest
Terra Nova National Park, Charest et al.
37 12 32 19 0
Canada (2000)
Cold steppe
Paulsen (1915) in
Akron, Colorado, USA 0 19 58 8 15
Cain (1950)
Bojko (1934) in
Danube, Southeastern Europe 7 5 55 10 23
Cain (1950)
Paulsen (1912) in
Pamir Mountain 1 12 63 10 14
Cain (1950)
Paulsen (1912) in
Yekasternoslaw, Near East 5 3 55 13 24
Cain (1950)
Dry temperate forest
Sinjawi and Duki regions, Tareen & Qadir
31.1 10.7 27.7 2.5 27.9
Pakistan (1993)
Hot desert
Qadir & Shetvy
Bir Ghanam, Lybia 0 27.3 9.1 4.5 59.1
(1986)
Børgesen (1924)
Canary Islands 19 19 10 4 47
in Cain (1950)
California, USA 26 7 18 7 42 Raunkiaer (1934)
Eastern Egypt 6.5 29 22 4.2 38.3 El-Ghani (1998)
El Golea, central Sahara 9 13 15 7 56 Raunkiaer (1934)
Gardhaia, north Africa 3 16 20 3 58 Raunkiaer (1934)
Danin & Orshan
Israel 8 16 16 7 52
(1990)
El-Demerdash et
Jazan, Saudi Arabia 10.1 31.5 5.6 4.5 48.3
al. (1994)
Lybia 12 21 20 5 42 Raunkiaer (1934)
Adamson &
Ooldea, Australia 46 14 4 1 35 Osborn (1922) in
Cain (1950)
Braun-Blanquet
Oudja, Morocco 0 4 17 6 73 & Maire (1924) in
Cain (1950)
Paulsen (1912) in
Transcaspian lowlands 11 7 27 14 41
Cain (1950)
Qadir & Shetvy
Zeltin, Lybia 0 14.3 9.5 0 76.2
(1986)
Hot steppe
Paulsen (1915) in
Tucson, USA 18 11 24 0 47
Cain (1950)

358
Cyrenaica, north Africa 8 14 19 8 50 Raunkiaer (1934)
Madeira Islands 15 7 24 3 51 Raunkiaer (1934)
Hagerup (1930)
Timbuctu, Africa 24 36 9 6 25
in Cain (1950)
Qadir & Shetvy
Turhoona, Lybia 5.3 25.7 13.2 15.8 42.1
(1986)
Qadir & Shetvy
Zwara, Lybia 6.3 46.9 9.4 3.1 34.4
(1986)
Mediterranean vegetation
Turrill (1929) in
Crete 9 13 27 12 38
Cain (1950)
Christodoulakis
Ikaria, Greece 7 7 23 14 49
(1996)
Danin & Orshan
Israel 8 9 23 10 49
(1990)
Dimopoulus &
Mount Killini, Greece 10.2 11 41.9 13.1 23.9 Georgiadis
(1992)
Samos, Greece 9 13 32 13 33 Raunkiaer (1934)
Braun-Blanquet
Southern France 7 13 29 8 43 (1925) in Cain
(1950)
Prairie
Stalter et al.
Konza, USA 11.1 0.9 33.1 24.9 29.9
(1991)
Rain forest
Alto do Palmital, Brazil 80 6 11 3 0 Cain et al. (1956)
Caiobá, Brazil 87 7 3 3 0 Cain et al. (1956)
Mucambo, Brazil 95 1 3 1 0 Cain et al. (1956)
Horto Botânico, Brazil 70 4 16 5 5 Cain et al. (1956)
Cromer & Pryor
Queensland, USA 96 2 0 2 0 (1942) in Cain
(1950)
Savanna
Sarmiento &
Barinas, Venezuela 11 3 18 40 28 Monasterio
(1983)
Aristeguieta
(1966) in
Calabozo, Venezuela 28 7 31 5 29 Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Cole & Brown
Ghanzi, Botswana 19.9 16.4 28.2 7.6 27.9
(1976)
Lebrun (1947) in
Lake Edward, Zaire 5 38 22 5 29 Sarmiento &
Monasterio

359
 (1983)
César (1971) in
Sarmiento &
Lamto, Ivory Coast 9 1 62 9 19
Monasterio
(1983)
Van Donselaar-
Tenbokkel
Huinink (1966) in
Northern Surinam 8 3 38 28 23
Sarmiento &
Monasterio
(1983)
Hopkins (1962) in
Sarmiento &
Ookemeji, Nigeria 30 0 23 21 25
Monasterio
(1983)
Cole & Brown
Southern Kalahari, Africa 13.3 12.2 34.5 7.4 32.7
(1976)
Morat (1973) in
Sarmiento &
Southwestern Madagascar 21 18 26 3 32
Monasterio
(1983)
Subtropical forest
Bharucha &
Matheran, India 66 17 2 5 10 Ferreira (1941) in
Cain (1950)
Temperate Forest
Ennis (1928) in
Alabama, USA 17.6 3.1 47.8 17.1 14.4
Cain (1950)
Moss (1932) in
Alberta, USA 25.8 1.8 48.2 17.1 7.1
Cain (1950)
Ennis (1928) in
Cape Breton, USA 14.6 1.8 51.3 25.6 6.7
Cain (1950)
Buell & Wilbur
North Carolina, USA 59.6 0 36 4.5 0
(1948)
Buell & Wilbur
North Carolina, USA 35.9 2.8 44.1 17.2 0
(1948)
Gao & Chen
China 31.5 2.3 33.9 19.7 12.7
(1998)
Withrow (1932)
Cincinnati, USA 33.6 3.9 34.4 23.4 3.9
in Cain (1950)
Withrow (1932)
Cincinnati, USA 49.9 4.2 23.5 15.9 6.5
in Cain (1950)
Ennis (1928) in
Connecticut, USA 14.8 2 49.4 20.3 13.5
Cain (1950)
Watt (1931) in
Scotland 13.5 18 53 13 2
Cain (1950)
Georgia, USA 23 4 55 10 8 Raunkiaer (1934)

360
 Horikawa & Sato
Hondo, Japan 28.9 2 47.4 11.7 10 (1938) in Cain
(1950)
Ewer (1932) in
Illinois, USA 16.3 1.3 49.7 18.6 14.1
Cain (1950)
McDonald (1937)
Indiana, USA 14.4 1.9 49 18 16.7
in Cain (1950)
Ennis (1928) in
Iowa, USA 15.3 1 48.6 20.9 14.2
Cain (1950)
Cain (1936) in
Long Island, USA 34.8 10.9 32.6 20.6 1.1
Cain (1950)
Gates (1930) in
Michigan, USA 22.8 3.9 47 16.1 10.2
Cain (1950)
Buell & Wilbur
Minnesota, USA 38.5 4.4 41.8 15.4 0
(1948)
Buell & Wilbur
Minnesota, USA 35.2 3.2 45.6 16 0
(1948)
Ennis (1928) in
Mississipi, USA 19.5 3.1 49.4 15.2 12.8
Cain (1950)
Taylor (1918) in
New York, USA 16.5 5.3 33.3 31.9 13
Cain (1950)
Allorge (1922) in
Paris, France 8 6.5 51.5 25 9
Cain (1950)
Stalter et al.
North Carolina, USA 30 2.1 45 11.1 11.9
(1991)
Turrill (1929) in
Serbia 28.7 11.3 46.2 9.1 4.7
Cain (1950)
Stuttgart, Germany 9 3 54 17 17 Raunkiaer (1934)
Cain (1945) in
Tenesse, USA 19.6 1.7 52.1 15.1 11.5
Cain (1950)
Allard (1944) in
Virginia, USA 18.6 1.4 51.7 11.3 17
Cain (1950)
Tundra
Spitzbergen 1 22 60 15 2 Raunkiaer (1934)

361
Table S2. Number of species in each Raunkiaer’s life-form for each area. For the
proportion of each life-form in each area consult table 2 in the paper. The number of
species in each life-form reported here may differ a little from the original data informed by
original authors because we reclassified some species to match Raunkiaer’s original
categories. Ph: phanerophyte; Ch: chamaephyte; He: hemicryptophyte; Cr: cryptophyte; Th:
therophyte.

Total
Site ph ch he cr th species Reference
number
Crystalline Caatinga Araújo et
39 26 7 2 63 137
(Crateús, CE) al. (2011)
Crystalline Caatinga Costa et
35 21 17 3 57 133
(Quixadá, CE) al. (2007)
Crystalline Caatinga Costa et
29 22 13 1 36 101
(Floresta/Betânia 1, PE) al. (2009)
Crystalline Caatinga Rodal et
24 18 14 2 34 92
(Floresta/Betânia 2, PE) al. (2005)
Crystalline Caatinga Rodal et
18 13 13 2 31 77
(Floresta, PE) al. (2005)
Sedimentary Caatinga Araújo et
78 26 5 4 23 136
(Crateús 1, CE) al. (2011)
Sedimentary Caatinga Araújo et
145 58 6 8 33 250
(Crateús 2, CE) al. (2011)
Mendes
Sedimentary Caatinga (S.
97 17 11 5 6 136 & Castro
José do Piauí, PI)
(2011)
Inselberg in the Caatinga Araújo et
20 11 10 2 34 77
(Quixadá, CE) al. (2008)
Gomes &
Inselberg in the Agreste (S.
76 10 7 18 43 154 Alves
Joaquim do Monte, PE)
(2010)
Gomes &
Inselberg in the Agreste
44 7 4 14 56 125 Alves
(Altinho/Agrestina, PE)
(2010)
Inselberg in the Agreste Porto et
50 16 6 1 53 126
(Esperança, PB) al. (2008)
Inselberg in the Agreste Fraça et
29 9 4 3 3 48
(Feira de Santana, BA) al. (2005)

Studies used in the construction of life-form spectrum table above

ARAÚJO F.S., COSTA R.C., LIMA J.R., VASCONCELOS S.F., GIRÃO L.C.,
SOBRINHO M.S., BRUNO M.M.A., NUNES E.P., SOUZA S.S.G, FIGUEIREDO M.A.,
LIMA-VERDE L.W. & LOIOLA M.I.B. 2011. Floristics and life-forms along a
topographic gradient, central-western Ceará, Brazil. Rodriguésia 62, 341-366.

362
ARAÚJO F.S., OLIVEIRA R.F. & LIMA-VERDE L.W. 2008. Composição, Espectro
biológico e síndromes de dispersão da vegetação de um inselbergue no domínio da
Caatinga, Ceará. Rodriguésia 59, 659-671.

BATALHA M.A. & MANTOVANI W. 2001. Floristic composition of the cerrado in the
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Brasilica 15, 147–163.

BATALHA M.A. & MARTINS F.R. 2002. The vascular flora of the cerrado in Emas
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BATALHA M.A., ARAGAKI S. & MANTOVANI W. 1997. Florística do cerrado em

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CHAREST R, BROUILLET L, BOUCHARD A & HAY S. 2000. The vascular flora of

Terra Nova National Park, Newfoundland, Canada: a biodiversity analysis from a
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36, 63-91.

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COSTA R.C., ARAÚJO F.S., LIMA-VERDE L.W. 2007. Flora and life-form spectrum in
an area of deciduous thorn woodland (caatinga) in northeastern, Brazil. Journal of Arid
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DANIN A. & ORSHAN G. 1990. The distribution of Raunkiaer life forms in Israel in
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CONCLUSÕES GERAIS DA TESE

Apresentamos aqui uma síntese bibliográfica e biogeográfica para o Domínio

Fitogeográfico da Caatinga (DFC) baseado em dados de florística e fitossociologia. É
patente que a histórica falta de dados para o DFC tem sido revertida e embora ainda haja
grandes lacunas, o quadro é positivo, com um número crescente de artigos sendo
publicados ano a ano. Ambientes antes não estudados (como as comunidades aquáticas e as
caatingas arbóreas) agora contam com alguns estudos, permitindo uma avaliação mais
completa sobre a diversidade do DFC. Nossa síntese biogeográfica explora esse conjunto
relativamente recente de dados revelando os padrões gerais de similaridade florística e
dicutindo como cada tipo de ambiente se relaciona floristicamente com os demais.

Chamamos atenção para três destaques da tese. O primeiro é o catálogo de espécies,

que organiza o conjunto de nomes efetivamente em uso pelos botânicos generalistas no
DFC, além de agregar dados ecológicos antes dispersos reportados nesses estudos. O
segundo destaque é a realização de comparações biogeográficas que levam em conta a
semelhança florística não apenas de árvores e arbustos, mas também do componente não
lenhoso, parte fundamental da diversidade da Caatinga. E o terceiro destaque é a primeira
síntese e comparação de espectros de formas de vida de Raunkiaer para o DFC, baseando-
se em um conjunto bastante recente de dados.

Com isso esperamos ter produzido uma síntese geral que seja útil no entendimento
dos padrões e na localização de novas questões a serem abordadas em estudos futuros.
Especialmente sugerimos procedimentos metodológicos (usar sempre que possível critérios
de inclusão padronizados, evitar pequenos esforços amostrais e amostrar também plantas
não lenhosas em florísticas) e indicamos regiões geográficas ainda pouco exploradas
botanicamente. Esses dados, se levados em conta por novos estudos, potencialmente
maximizarão a utilizadade de novos trabalhos para a comunidade acadêmica, na medida em
que permitem direcionar novos esforços justamente para onde há mais carência de dados.

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