J Efsa 2012 2663

EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663
SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA
Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring

substances of possible concern for human health when used in food and
food supplements1
European Food Safety Authority2, 3
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
ABSTRACT
In April 2009, EFSA published on its website a Compendium of botanicals reported to contain toxic, addictive,
psychotropic or other substances of concern. The purpose of the Compendium is to assist risk assessors
responsible for the evaluation of specific ingredients in food supplements, in more easily identifying the
compound(s) of concern on which to focus the assessment. The Scientific Committee worked on a second
version of that Compendium between January 2010 and February 2012, considering botanicals that appear on a
negative list or subject to restricted use (e.g. max. level or certain parts allowed only) in at least one European
Member State. Two annexes have been added compared to the first version; the first one lists botanicals for
which not enough information on possible substances of concern could be found, or for which the information
present could not be verified. The second one lists botanicals for which, although some data were available, the
Scientific Committee could not identify substances of concern, or other reasons for the inclusion in the
compendium. This new “Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring substances of
possible concern for human health” replaces the first version published in 2009; it lists in alphabetical order
botanicals without any judgment on whether they are suitable or not suitable for food applications in Europe; it
has no legal or regulatory force pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances.
© European Food Safety Authority, 2012
KEY WORDS
Compendium, botanicals, food supplements, hazard identification, compounds of concern, adverse effects
1
On request from EFSA, Question No EFSA-Q-2010-00154, approved on 17 April 2012.
2
Correspondence: scientific.committee@efsa.europa.eu
3
Acknowledgement: EFSA wishes to thank the members of the Working Group Compendium: Robert Anton, Ulla
Beckman Sundh, Luc Delmulle, Maria Teresa Nogueira, Kirsten Pilegaard, Mauro Serafini and Vittorio Silano (Chair) for
the preparatory work on this scientific output, and EFSA staff Bernard Bottex for the support provided to this scientific
output.
Suggested citation: European Food Safety Authority; Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring
substances of possible concern for human health when used in food and food supplements. EFSA Journal
2012;10(5):2663. [60 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2663. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal
© European Food Safety Authority, 2012

Compendium of Botanicals – Version N° 2
SUMMARY
Since August 2005, the Scientific Committee (SC) of EFSA has been developing a compendium (in
table format) of compounds present in botanicals, that can be of concern for human health. This work
has been undertaken in cooperation with the Advisory Forum Representatives of the European
Member States. A first version of the Compendium entitled “Compendium of botanicals reported to
contain toxic, addictive, psychotropic or other substances of possible health concern” was published
on the EFSA website in April 2009. At that time, the SC underlined that the compendium of botanicals
is a living document and should be updated on a regular basis by EFSA.
As a follow up, the SC considered botanicals appearing on a negative list or subject to restricted use
(e.g. max. level or certain parts allowed only) in at least one European Member State. A literature
search was performed to get information on compound(s) and/or possible health effects that would
have motivated the insertion of the botanicals in the above-mentioned lists. In cases where not enough
information on possible substances of concern could be found, or for which the information present
could not be verified, the botanical species have been transferred to an attached “insufficient
information” list (Annex A). In cases where some data were available, but the Scientific Committee
could not identify substances of concern, or other reasons for the inclusion in the compendium, the
botanical species were then transferred to another attached list (Annex B).
The resulting “Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring substances of

possible concern for human health” replaces the previous version published on the EFSA website in
2009. The Compendium is intended to help with the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical
preparations intended for use as food supplements, by facilitating hazard identification. The
Compendium aims at flagging plants or part of plants or compounds of possible concern for human
health naturally present in the listed botanicals and that therefore require specific attention while
assessing the safety of products containing such botanical(s). It is underlined that the presence of a
substance of concern in a given botanical does not necessarily mean that this substance will also be
present in the botanical preparation and, if present, that it is at a dosage causing a health concern. The
absence of a given botanical species in this Compendium cannot be interpreted as this species is
devoid of compounds hazardous for human health. In the same way, not mentioning a specific part of
plant does not imply absence of substance(s) of concern in this part. The compendium has no legal or
regulatory force pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances.
EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 1
Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Table of contents ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Background as provided by EFSA ........................................................................................................... 4
Terms of reference as provided by EFSA ................................................................................................ 4
1. Preamble .......................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Legal disclaimer .............................................................................................................................. 6
3. Purpose of the Compendium ........................................................................................................... 6
4. Structure of the Compendium .......................................................................................................... 6
5. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 7
EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 3

BACKGROUND AS PROVIDED BY EFSA

In September 2009, the Scientific Committee of EFSA published a guidance document for the safety
assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use as ingredients in food
supplements. The opinion specifies what data are needed to carry out such safety assessments. It also
suggests a two-tiered scientific approach depending on the existing level of knowledge on a given
botanical and the substance(s) it contains. Moreover, working together with EU Member States, EFSA
has also established a large database by compiling the available literature data and other information
on a large number of botanicals and botanical preparations which have been reported to contain
substances that may be of health concern when used in food or food supplements.
The Compendium comprises around 900 botanical entries, identifying for each of them the scientific
name, the most common synonyms, the plant part containing compound(s) of concern, the chemical(s)
of concern, specific remarks and references of relevance for a safety assessment.
The purpose of the Compendium is to assist risk assessors responsible for the evaluation of specific
ingredients in food supplements, in more easily identifying the compound(s) of concern on which to
focus the assessment, making then use of the above-mentioned guidance document to assess whether
the considered botanical preparation is safe.
The Scientific Committee and Advisory Forum of EFSA, as well as the representatives of the
stakeholders and Member States Competent Authorities who participated in the workshop
organised in Athens on 24 November 2009 to debate such issues expressed their appreciation
for the results achieved so far by EFSA. They underlined the importance of developing
further the Compendium to include more botanical entries and regularly updating the
provided information with most recent data. An additional recommendation made to EFSA
was to incorporate in the Compendium information on botanicals and botanical preparations
that have no history of use in the European Union but that are reported to have a history of
traditional use in third countries.
TERMS OF REFERENCE AS PROVIDED BY EFSA

The Scientific Committee is requested by the European Food Safety Authority to carry out a bi-annual
review of the Compendium of botanicals reported to contain toxic, addictive, psychotropic or other
substances of concern. To this end, the Scientific Committee is requested to:
Include in the Compendium the missing botanical species containing compounds of possible
concern for human health and currently being used as ingredients in food supplements in the
European Union;
Update, where necessary, the information on botanical species already included in the
Compendium;
Develop and test a practical approach to identify, classify and include in the Compendium
botanicals and botanical preparations that have no history of use in the European Union but
could enter the European market at some point because of having such history of traditional
use in ultra-peripheric regions of the European Union, i.e. overseas territories of the European
Member States, or in third countries.
EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 4

1. Preamble
In June 2004, the Scientific Committee (SC) of EFSA published a discussion paper on botanicals and
botanical preparations widely used in food supplements and related products. Concerns about quality
and safety issues were expressed, as well as the need for a better characterisation of the range of
products on the market and for harmonising risk assessment and consumer information approaches.
The discussion paper was brought to the attention of the members of the Advisory Forum, who
confirmed the importance of the issues addressed by the paper for their countries. EFSA therefore
mandated its Scientific Committee in August 2005 to develop guidance for the safety assessment of
botanicals and botanical preparations, as well as a compendium (in table format) of compounds
present in botanicals, that can be of concern for human health. A first version of the guidance
document and the compendium were published on the EFSA website in June 2008.
As from May 2008, work was undertaken by the EFSA Scientific Committee (SC), in cooperation
with the Advisory Forum Representatives of the European Member States, to develop further the
compendium, based on a compilation of lists of botanicals made by Member States competent
authorities, or international organisations such as the Council of Europe (see the “sources of
information” section of this document). When information was available, the Scientific Committee
identified and characterised the compound(s) of possible concern for human health. The “compendium
of botanicals reported to contain toxic, addictive, psychotropic or other substances of possible health
concern” was published on the EFSA website in April 2009 (EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):281). The SC
underlined that the compendium of botanicals is a living document and should be updated on a regular
basis by EFSA.
As a follow up, the SC extended its work to the analysis of official positive and negative lists available
in European Member States. The SC used in particular the overview prepared by the Association of
the European Self Medication Industry (AESGP, 2007) and focussed its work on botanicals appearing
on a negative list or subject to restricted use (e.g. max. level or certain parts allowed only) in at least
one European Member State. For new entries, i.e. not listed yet in the EFSA compendium, a literature
search was performed to get information on compound(s) and/or possible health effects that would
have motivated the insertion of the botanicals in the above-mentioned lists. Due to some limitations in
data accessibility, e.g. availability of full articles, language issues, users of the compendium should
check the completeness and relevance of these data for their assessment. Different sources like
textbooks, peer-reviewed scientific articles and different databases were checked to find the most
recent data. In cases where not enough information on possible substances of concern or adverse
effects could be found, or for which the information present could not be verified, the botanical
species have been transferred to an attached “insufficient information” list (Annex A). In cases where
some data were available, but the Scientific Committee could not identify substances of concern, or
other reasons for the inclusion in the compendium, the botanical species were then transferred to
another attached list (Annex B). Considering the risk assessment approach described in the guidance
for the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations, it is underlined that Annex B cannot
be considered as a list of “safe botanicals” for use in food supplements, since the Compendium
identifies possible hazards in a non-exhaustive way and no risk assessment was performed. Both the
compendium and Annex B are of particular use for Tier 1 of the safety assessment framework for
specific botanical preparations, as described in the guidance adopted by the Scientific Committee in
20064. Botanicals mentioned in Annex A would then be candidates for a direct evaluation under Tier
2, following provision of additional data needed for the assessment. The search for information from
literature for the newly added botanical species ended in October 2011. It should be underlined that
the working group could not update the information for most of the botanical species listed in the first
version of the compendium, although new data may have become available since 2008.
4
See http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1249.htm
EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 5

The present “Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring substances of possible
concern for human health” replaces the previous version published on the EFSA website in 2009.
2. Legal disclaimer
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether they are
suitable or not suitable for food applications in Europe. The compendium is part of a preparatory work
undertaken by EFSA to harmonise the methodology for assessing the safety of botanicals and
botanical preparations used in food. The compendium has no legal or regulatory force and may not be
used as support or evidence in any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of
products or substances.
3. Purpose of the Compendium

The Compendium is intended to help with the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical
preparations intended for use as food supplements, by facilitating hazard identification. The
Compendium aims at flagging plants or part of plants or compounds of possible concern for human
health naturally present in the listed botanicals and that therefore require specific attention while
assessing the safety of products containing such botanical(s). It is underlined that the presence of a
substance of concern in a given botanical does not necessarily mean that this substance will also be
present in the botanical preparation and, if present, that it is at a dosage causing a health concern. This
depends largely on the plant part used, the preparation method and the conditions of use. For some of
the compounds flagged in the compendium, health-based guidance values (e.g. ADIs) have been
established, but are not mentioned in this compendium. This compendium does not address possible
synergies or antagonisms between botanical substances, nor possible interactions with other products
that would need to be taken into account when assessing safety, as described in the EFSA guidance for
the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations.
4. Structure of the Compendium

The Compendium contains specific information organised in 6 columns.
In the first column the scientific name can be found which is based primarily on the taxonomy
database of Kew taken as reference5. If not found in the Kew database, the ARSGRIN is used6.
Commonly used synonyms are also mentioned into brackets. The whole genus is mentioned in this
column when evidence is available that several species of the genus contain the same group of
molecules of concern. In such case, the botanical species considered in the national lists are then
brought under the appropriate spp.
Some European Member States considered fungi in their lists of plants, although they belong to
another kingdom than botanicals. It was decided to extend the scope of the compendium so that it
covers also fungi. The Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org) was used as the main source of
information for scientific names and families.
In the second column the family name is given. In many cases, botanicals from a given family contain
similar groups of compounds. Therefore, knowing the family name may provide indications of the
5
See
http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=671510C7F22D4F19BEC4567F8810F73D?checklist=selected_fam
ilies%40%40179280620101519590
6
See http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxgenform.pl
EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 6

possible presence of similar compounds in other species not included in the compendium. “The Plant
List” database (www.theplantlist.org) was used as the main source of information. When the scientific
name of the botanical was not an officially accepted one (“unresolved”), the ARSGRIN database was
consulted.
The third column contains the plant parts in which the compounds of concern were reported to be
present.
The fourth column lists the main compounds of concern and the chemical class to which they belong.
When information on the amount present is available, this information is also mentioned. This column
is left blank in cases no substances of concern could be identified in spite of available information on
adverse effects. It is not the intention of the compendium to list all biologically active substances
present in a given botanical; as indicated in the title , the Compendium focuses on substances of
concern and adverse effects reported in the literature.
The fifth column deals with information concerning adverse health effect(s) found in the literature but
that cannot be associated to the compound(s) of concern listed in the fourth column. In some cases,
information on composition is also provided.
The last column contains selected reference(s) retrieved from literature searches for the data given,
and/or standard reference text books providing monographs or more general scientific information for
the botanicals considered.
The absence of a given botanical species in this Compendium cannot be interpreted as this species is
devoid of compounds hazardous for human health. In the same way, not mentioning a specific part of
plant does not imply absence of substance(s) of concern in this part. The main reasons for a botanical
species not to appear in the compendium are the following:
It did not appear in any of the national lists considered.
Where no or insufficient data were available, the botanical was then transferred to Annex A.
Where data were available and no indication of the presence of substances of concern or
adverse effects could be found; the botanical was then transferred to Annex B.
5. Recommendations
The Scientific Committee underlines that the Compendium is a living document and should be
updated on a regular basis by EFSA. The Compendium is therefore open for additional contributions
and comments.
The Scientific Committee recommends as a follow-up activity that a systematic literature review is
performed for the botanical species listed in annexes A and B.
EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 7

Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring substances
of possible concern for human health when used in food and food supplements
Sources of information used to compile the list of botanical species to review
Country Reference
Austria List of Botanicals not admitted or restricted in food in Austria; (Codex Unterkommission Nahrungsergänzungsmittel) 9/7/2005
Decree of 29 August 1997 on the manufacturing and placing on the market of foodstuffs which consist of plants or to which plants are added.
List 1 - Plants that cannot be used in or as foodstuffs
Belgium
List 2 - Edible mushrooms
List 3 - Plants that can be used in food supplements
Bulgaria Decree on food supplements - Annex 4
Croatia Regulation on foods to meet special nutritional requirements - Annex VIII
Czech Republic Regulation on the requirements for food supplements and the addition of nutrients to foodstuff - Annex IV
Czech Republic Recommendations of herbals which should only be used in food supplements under certain restrictions - State Institute of Drug Control
Danish list concerning toxicological evaluation of plants in food supplements; The list contains plants considered as unacceptable, plants with a
Denmark
restriction on daily use (max. level), and plants that are evaluated at a daily dose (“Drogelisten” (2000) and later update March 2011)
Denmark The departmental order of the Danish Ministry of Health no. 698 (31. August 1993) List of euphoriants. (Latest update 11. April 2007)
Decree 59/2005 on establishing a list of plants for pharmaceutical use - Positive and negative lists of plants which may or may not be used in
Estonia
food supplements
Finland Decision 1179/2006 on a list of medicines - Annex 2 negative list of herbal ingredients which cannot be used in food supplements
France French Pharmacopoeia (10th edition): List A of medicinal plants with a traditional use and List B of medicinal plants with a traditional use but
whose possible undesirable effects exceed expected beneficial therapeutical effect.
Horacsek M. 2005. Food Supplements and special-purpose foods. Komplementer Medicina. Vol 1-2, pp. 32-37 - List of herbal ingredients whose
Hungary
use in food supplements is permitted
Medicines Control Agency - List of hebal ingredients A) for food use, B) for medicinal use, C) needing a case-by-case assessment, N) a natural
Iceland
medicine
Italian Ministry of Health - Plants not suitable for use in food supplement manufacturing
Italy
- Positive list of herbal substances which may be used in the manufacture of foodstuffs
Regulation on the labelling of food supplements - Annex II list of herbals whose use is prohibited in food supplements
Latvia
- Annex III list of herbals whose use is restricted to certain levels and parts of plants
Dutch Regulation implementing the Law 19 January 2001 on Goods and identifying pyrrolizidine alkaloids containing plants (for which a
Netherlands
maximum limit of 1 µg/kg or per litre is imposed) (E1) and plants not to be used in herboristic products (E2)
Regulation 1565/1999 on medicinal product classification. Herbal substances are classified as H) general food use, L) medicine, LR) prescription
Norway
only medicine
Office for Registration of medicinal products, medicinal devices and biocidal products - two lists of herbals which may or may not be used in food
Poland
supplements
Ordinance 244/2005 on herbals and partially processed herbals used in food supplements - contains a list of plants unsuitable for human
Romania
consumption, and a list of plants which may be used in food supplements
Rules for the classification of herbals Nr. 133/03 - Contains a list of herbals classified as H) can be used in foodstuffs, Z) for the prevention and
Slovenia
treatment of disease, ZR) prescription needed, ND, prohibited because of their toxic potential
Spanish Regulation (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo Orden SCO/ 190/2004) concerning plants for which public sale is forbidden or limited
Spain
because of toxicity
Sweden National Food Administration - List of plants considered as not suitable in foods
United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency - Indicative list of herbals which have a reported medicinal, food or cosmetic use.
page 1 of 2
Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring substances
of possible concern for human health when used in food and food supplements
EU/International
Reference
Organisation
AESGP The Regulatory Framework for Food Supplements in Europe
Plants assessed as flavourings by the Council of Europe in 2000 and 2004 belonging to Category 3 or 4 (restrictions recommended for use) (H1
Council of Europe and H2 respectively) or as Category 5 (restrictions recommended and further data required) (H3) or Category 6 (considered not appropriate for
human consumption) (H4)
Council of Europe Active principles (constituents of toxicological concern) contained in natural sources of flavourings. Council of Europe, 2004
EMEA/EMA Plants containing toxic substances (CPMP / EMEA,1992)
Plants assessed as medicinal products by the EMEA/HMPC since its inception, and previously by the Working Party on Herbal Medicinal
EMEA/EMA
Products between 1998 and 2004
Final Public Statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing estragole, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), London
EMEA/EMA
23 November 2005
Final Public Statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing methyleugenol, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC),
EMEA/EMA
London 23 November 2005
Final Public Statement on the risk associated with the use of herbal products containing Aristolochia species, Committee on Herbal Medicinal
EMEA/EMA
Products (HMPC), London 23 November 2005
Final Public Statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing pulegone and menthofuran, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products
EMEA/EMA
(HMPC), London 23 November 2005
Final Public Statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing asarone, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), London 23
EMEA/EMA
November 2005
ESCOP Plants assessed as medicinal products by ESCOP (2003)
Pilegaard K, Eriksen FD, Soerensen M, Gry J. (2007) EuroFIR-NETTOX Plant List. European Food Information Resource Consortium (EuroFIR).
EuroFIR-NETTOX
ISBN 0 907 667 570
WHO Plants assessed as medicinal products by WHO in 1999 (Vol. I), 2002 (Vol. 2) and 2005 (Vol. 3)
page 2 of 2
EFSA/SC/COMP/445rev45
COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS REPORTED TO CONTAIN NATURALLY OCCURING SUBSTANCES OF POSSIBLE CONCERN FOR HUMAN HEALTH WHEN USED IN FOOD AND FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are suitable or not suitable for food applications in Europe. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of
botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and food supplements. Without prejudice to the existing legal framework, such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This
compendium is a living document and is therefore open for additional contributions and comments.
parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Botanical name Family Chemical of concern Specific References
possible concern to the identified chemical(s) of concern
Fabaceae Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques. Ed. Tec et Doc-
Abrus precatorius L. Seed Glycoproteins (lectins): e.g. abrin
(Leguminosae) Lavoisier, ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Fabaceae Genus in which species may contain dimethyltryptamine derivatives and cyanogenic glycosides (e.g. prunasin, Seigler D.S. and Ebinger J.E. 1987. Cyanogenic Glycosides in Ant-Acacias of Mexico
Acacia spp. Bark, leaf and seed
(Leguminosae) sambunigrin, acacipetalin) and Central America. Southwest. Nat. 32(4), 499-503.
Asteraceae Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: beta-thujone (16.8%), pinocarvone (15,6%), camphor (14%), and Bicchi C. et al. 1988. On the composition of Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.) Vis. essential
Achillea abrotanoides Vis. Aerial part
(Compositae) monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (11,3%) oil. Flavour Frag. J. 3(3), 101-104
Asteraceae Elgamal M.H.A. et al. 1991. Constituents of Achillea fragrantissima. Fitoterapia. 62(4),
Achillea fragrantissima Sch.Bip. Aerial part Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: thujones
(Compositae) 362
Essential oil from fresh plant : bicyclic monoterpenes: alpha-thujone (0.28%), beta-thujone (1.60%), camphor
(2.93%) and monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (2.24%).
Essential oil from dried plant : alpha-thujone (0.40%), beta-thujone (3.21%), camphor (4.43%), 1,8-cineole
Asteraceae Council of Europe. 2000. Natural Sources of Flavourings, Rep No.1, ISBN 978-92-871-
Achillea millefolium L. Aerial part (4.54%).
(Compositae) 4324-2
Essential oil from flower: alpha-thujone (1.02%), beta-thujone (0.59%), camphor (17.8%), 1,8-cineole (3.70-
9.6%).
Essential oil from leaf : alpha-thujone (0.50%), beta-thujone (0.25%), camphor (16.80%), 1,8-cineole (6.09%).
Kokwaro JO. 1976. Medicinal plants of East Africa. East Africa Literature Bureau,
General Printers Ltd. Nairobi, Kenya,
Acokanthera spp. Apocynaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cardenolide glycosides: e.g. ouabain
Omino EA and Kokwaro JO. 1993. Ethnobotany of Apocynaceae species in Kenya. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 40(3), 167-180.
Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009 Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-
Aconitum spp. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain diterpene alkaloids: e.g. aconitine, hypaconitine, mesaconitine.
Lavoisier. ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Duke, J.A. 1992. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and. Other
Phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol in rhizome (1%) and in unspecified quantities in other parts. Economic Plants. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.. Nico Vermeulen:"The Complete
Acorus calamus L. Acoraceae Leaf and rhizome
Essential oil from the rhizome: phenylpropanoids: e.g. beta-asarone (Z-isoasarone). Encyclopedia of Container Plants" Rebo International, Netherlands, 1998. ISBN 90-366-
1584-4
Triploid plant: phenylpropanoids: e.g. beta-asarone (50-65% in the essential oil from the leaf, 9-19% in the EMEA HMPC. 2005. Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products
Acorus calamus L. var. calamus Acoraceae Leaf and rhizome
essential oil from the rhizome). containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005
Acorus calamus L. var.angustatus Tetraploid plant: phenylpropanoids: e.g. beta-asarone (85-95% in the essential oil from the fresh rhizome, 4.4- EMEA HMPC. 2005. Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products
Acoraceae Leaf and rhizome
Bess 8.3% in the dried rhizome) containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005
Essential oil from the rhizome: (0.5-0.9%) with phenylpropanoids: cis- and trans- isoasarones, methyleugenol, EMEA HMPC. 2005. Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products
Acorus gramineus Sol. Acoraceae Leaf and rhizome
cis-methyleugenol and safrole; calciumoxalate raphides containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005
Hegnauer R. 1992. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Vol. 10. Birkhauser Verlag. ISBN 3-
7643-2578X;
Actaea spicata L. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. magnoflorine, corytuberine
Council of Europe. 2008. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Council of
Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3.
Pelosi, E et al. 2005 Ribosome-inactivating proteins and other lectins from Adenia
(Passifloraceae). Toxicon, 46(6), 658-663.
Adenia spp. Passifloraceae Root and seed Genus in which species may contain lectins
Barbieri L. et al. 1984. Volkensin, the toxin of Adenia volkensii (kilyambiti plant). FEBS
Letters,171, ( 2), 277-279
Schmelzer GH. and Fakim AG. 2008. Medicinal plants 1. Plant resources of tropical
Adenium spp. Apocynaceae Root and stem (latex), seed Genus in which species may contain cardenolide glycosides: e.g. echujine
Africa 11 (1). PROTA Foundation/ Backhuys Publishers/CTA Wageningen, Netherlands,
Adhatoda vasica Nees.
See Justicia adhatoda L.
Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. et Anton R.2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Adonis spp. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cardenolide glycosides: e.g. adonitoxin
Bruneton J. 2005. Plantes toxiques, 3ème édition, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier, ISBN : 2-
7430-086-7
Chauhan A. et al. 2007. Suppression of fertility in male albino rats following the
Ethanolic extract of leaf shows dose-dependent decrease of testosterone levels, administration of 50% ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos. Contraception. 76, 474-481.
spermatogenesis and fertility in rats. Chauhan A. et al. 2008. Reversible changes in the antifertility induced by Aegle
marmelos in male albino rats. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 54, 240-246.
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Rutaceae Leaf Quinoline alkaloids: e.g. aegeline, skimmianine.
A dry aqueous extract given perorally to mice in doses of 1 g/kg body weight Kar A. et al. 2002. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of
(N=7) for 15 days reduced the serum levels of the thyroid hormone T3 but not thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 81, 281-285 .
T4 compared to control mice receiving vehicle. Yadav NP. and Chanotia, CS. 2009. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of
leaves of Aegle marmelos (Linn). Pharma Review. 7(42), 144-149.
poisonous potential is questionable as no toxicity is found in mice and guinea

Apiaceae pigs. Probably toxic information comes from confusion with Conium poisoning Frohne D., Pfänder H. J. and Alford I.,2005 Poisonous plant. Blackwell, ISBN: 1-
Aethusa cynapium L. Aerial part Polyacetylene derivatives: e.g. aethusine (= cynapine), aethusianol.
(Umbelliferae) or plants infected with the rust fungus Puccinia aethusae with consequent 874545-94-4
production of larger amounts of the toxins
Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.)
Bruneton J. (1996). Plantes toxiques - Vegetaux dangereux pour l'homme et les
K.Schum. Zingiberaceae Seed Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (4%)
animaux. Tec&Doc ISBN 2-7430-169-0
(Amomum angustifolium Sonn.)
Igwe SA et al. 1999 Ocular toxicity of Aframomum melegueta (alligator pepper) on
healthy Igbos of Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 65: 203-206.
Ingestion of 0.35 g seeds by human beings resulted in blurred and double vision. Kamtchouing P et al. 2002. Effect of Aframomum melegueta and Piper guineense on
Aframomum melegueta K.Schum.
Zingiberaceae Fruit and seed Piperidine alkaloids: e.g. piperine Following administration by gavage of an aqueous extract of the fruits, male rats sexual behaviour of male rats. Behav. Pharmacol. 13, 243-247.
(Amomum melegueta Rosc.)
showed increased sexual arousal. Lachman-White,DA., Adams,CD. and Trotz,UO. 1992. A guide to the medicinal plants
of Coastal Guyana. Commonwealth Science Council. Technical Publications. Series
225. London, UK.
Fuller TC and McClintock E. 1986. Poisonous plants of California. Univ. California Press,
Reported toxicity of rhizomes to livestock; related toxic substances not identified. Berkeley, Calif., USA.
Agapanthus spp. Amaryllidaceae Leaf and rhizome
Sticky acrid sap of leaf inducing ulceration of the mouth of the animals. Van Wyk BE, Van Oudtshoorn B and Gericke N. 1997. Medicinal plants of South Africa.
Briza, Pretoria.
page 1 of 40

A. rugosa : 83%-96% methyleugenol and 5 chemotypes T1: methylchavicol, T2:
Lamiaceae Genus in which species may contain in their essential oil phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol and/or methyleugenol, T3: methyleugenol and limonene, T4: menthone, T5: menthone Charles DJ et al. 1991. Characterisation of essential oil of Agastache species. J Agr
Agastache spp. Whole plant
(Labiatae) methyleugenol and/or monoterpenes: e.g. pulegone and pulegone; Food Chem. 39(11), 1946-1949.
A. foeniculum : 43%-74% methylchavicol
Agathophyllum aromaticum Willd.
See Ravensara aromatica Sonn.
Agathosma cerefolium Bartl. & Council of Europe. 2008. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Council of
Rutaceae Leaf Essential oil: 2% (summer) - 5% (winter) with 50% phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol and anethole.
Wendl. Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3.
Agrostemma githago L. Caryophyllaceae Seed Triterpenoid saponins: e.g. githagin (7%), agrostemmic acid Government of Canada - Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility. www.cbif.gc.ca
Whole plant Crespi-Perellino N et al. 1986. Occurrence of indol alkaloids in Ailanthus altissima cell
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Simaroubaceae Indolomonoterpenic alkaloids: e.g. canthine-6-one and beta-carboline derivatives
cultures, J. Nat. Prod. 49(6), 1010-1014
Leguminosae Grant G et al.1991. A survey of the nutritional and haemagglutination properties of
Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Seed Unknown neurotoxin in the seed
(Fabaceae) several tropical seeds. Livestock research for rural development. 3(3), 33-55
Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. et Anton R. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier
Aleurites spp. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain saponins and diterpene derivatives: e.g.phorbol esters
(2009), ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Roth L, Daunderer M and Kormann K. 1994.Giftpflanzen – Pflanzengifte. Nikol
Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Alismataceae Whole plant Toxicity associated with all plant parts; compound(s) are unknown
Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, ISBN 3-933203-31-7
Hammouda FM et al. 1992. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.
Alkanna spp. Boraginaceae Root Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Quatar Univ. Sci. J. 12, 80-82.
Akah PA et al. 1992. Gastrointestinal effect of Allamanda cathartica leaf extracts. Int. J.
Allamanda cathartica L. Apocynaceae Whole plant Iridoid lactones: e.g. allamandin Purgative effect (latex)
Pharmacogn. 30(3), 213-217
Genus in which species may contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives: C-glycosides of 1,8-dihydroxy anthrones: Delmulle L and Demeyer K. 2010. Anthraquinones in plants. Source, safety and
Asparagaceae Aloins are present only in the juice obtained from the pericycle cells and
Aloe spp. Leaf e.g. aloins applications in gastrointestinal health. Nottingham University Press. ISBN: 978-1-897676-
(Agavaceae) adjacent leaf parenchyma.
32-5
Kaur A et al. 2010. Antileishmanial phenylpropanoids from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd.
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Indian J. Exp. Biol. 48(3), 314-322.
PDR for Herbal Medicines, 2000 II edition Medical Economics Company ISBN 1-56363-
361-2
Alpinia officinarum Hance Zingiberaceae Rhizome Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (65%)
Nuraniya R et al. 2008. Analysis of essential oil from Alpinia officinarum Hance by
GC/MS. Xinjiang Yike Daxue Xuebao. 31(4), 441-442.
Ghedira K et al. 1988. Alkaloids of Alstonia angustifolia. Phytochemistry. 27(12), 3955-
3962
Keawpradub N and Houghton PJ. 1997. Indole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla.
Phytochemistry, 46(4), 757-762
Xiang-Hai C et al. 2007. Unique Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris.
Alstonia spp. Apocynaceae Bark and leaf Genus in which species may contain monoterpenoid indole alkaloids: e.g. alstonine, alstonidine, picrinine.
Org. Lett. 9(9), 1817–1820.
PDR for Herbal Medicines,2000 II ed., Medical Economics Company ISBN 1-56363-
361-2
Toh-Seok K and Yeun-Mun C. 2004. New indole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla. J.
Nat. Prod. 67(4), 547-552.
Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques. Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Amaryllis spp. Amaryllidaceae Bulb Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. lycorine, ambelline, caranine.
ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Glew WB. 1979. Determination of 8-methoxypsoralen in serum, aqueous, and lens:
Apiaceae
Ammi majus L. Fruit and leaf Furanocoumarins: e.g. 5-methoxypsoralen. relation to long-wave ultraviolet phototoxicity in experimental and clinical
(Umbelliferae)
photochemotherapy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 77, 464–514
Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8.
Apiaceae
Ammi visnaga Lam. Aerial part Furochromones: e.g. khellin, visnagine. Martelli P et al. 1984. Rapid separation and quantitative determination of khellin and
(Umbelliferae)
visnagin in Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography. J
Chromatogr. 301, 297-302.
Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Amygdalus communis L.
http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/soc-
(Prunus amygdalus Batsch, P . dulcis Rosaceae Seed Cyanogenic glycosides: e.g. prunasin corresponding to 300-3400 mg HCN/kg
sp/public_health/Flavouring_substances/Active%20principles.pdf
(Mill.) D.A.Webb.)
Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Amaranthaceae Du H et al. 2008. Alkaloids from Anabasis aphylla L. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 10(11-
Anabasis aphylla L. Aerial part Pyridine alkaloids: e.g. anabasine, N-methylanabasine, anabasamine and isonicoteine.
(Chenopodiaceae) 12),1093-1095
Tedong L et al. 2007. Acute and subschronic toxicity of Anacardium occidentale Linn
Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Leaf and pericarp Alcenylphenols: e.g. anacardic acids, cardanol. (Anacardiaceae) leaves hexane extract in mice. Afr. J. Trad. Complement. Altern. Med.
4(2), 140-147.
Anacyclus officinarum Hayne
See Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag.
Atta-ur R. 2000. Bioactive natural products (Part B), Part 2. Elsevier Science BV. ISBN
Seeds caused miscarriages in pregnant albino rats when fed for 10 days after
Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Lag. Compositae 978-0-444-50469-2.
Root Alkylamides: e.g.pellitorine copulation at a daily dose of 175 mg/kg bw. Skeletal and visceral malformations
(Anacyclus officinarum Hayne) (Asteraceae) Sharma et al. 2009. Evaluation of anabolic, aphrodisiac and reproductive toxicity of A.
were commonly observed in the fetuses
pyrethrum DC in male rats. Sci. Pharm. 77:97-110
Leguminosae Genus in which species may contain indolamines derived from tryptamines: e.g. bufotenine and beta- Ott J. 2001. Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal,
Anadenanthera spp. Bark and seed
(Fabaceae) carbolines pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine. J Psychoactive Drugs. 33(3), 273-281
Roth L, Daunderer M and Kormann K. 1984. Giftpflanzen - Pflanzengifte. Vorkommen
Tetracyclic triterpene saponins: e.g. anagalline and oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes: e.g. arvenins, Wirkung Therapie. ecomed. ISBN 3-609-64810-4
Anagallis arvensis L. Primulaceae Whole plant
cucurbitacines E, B, D and I. Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier.
ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Leguminosae Innocenti G. et al. 2006. Cytotoxic costituents from Anagyris foetida leaves. Fitoterapia.
Anagyris foetida L. Leaf Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine and anagyrine
(Fabaceae) 77 (7-8), 595-597
page 2 of 40

Anamirta paniculata Colebr. Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Menispermaceae Fruit and seed Sesquiterpene lactones: e.g. picrotoxin, picrotoxinin.
(A. cocculus (L.) Wight & Arn.) ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Siciliano T. et al., 2005. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Anchusa strigosa and their
antifeedant activity. Phytochemistry. 66(13), 1593-1600;
Anchusa spp. Boraginaceae Flower and leaf Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids: e.g. lycopsamine Broch-Due AI. et al. 1980. Alkaloids of Anchusa officinalis L. Identification of the
pyrrolizidine alkaloid lycopsamine. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, Series B: Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, B34(1), 75-7.
Andira araroba Aguiar
See Vataireopsis araroba ( Aguiar)
Ducke
Duke JA, Bogenschutz-Godwin MJ and Ottesen AR. 2009. Duke's Handbook of
Leguminosae Isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. berberine
Andira inermis (W.Wright) Kunth Bark Medicinal Plants of Latin America. CRC Press Taylor & Francis. ISBN 13: 978-1-4200-
(Fabaceae) Isoflavonoids derivatives, e.g. biochanin-A, calycosin and genistein
4316-7
Akbarsha MA and Murugaian P. 2000. Aspects of the male reproductive toxicity/male
antifertility property of andrographolide in albino rats: effect on the testis and the cauda
epididymidal spermatozoa. Phytoter. Res. 14, 432-435.
Akbarsha MA et al. 1990. Anti-fertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Diterpene lactones and derivatives from dried aerial part: e.g. andrographolide (2.8-4.4%),
albino rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 28, 421-426.
Nees Acanthaceae Aerial part dehydroandrographolide (1.4-2.1%), neoandrographolide (1.4-1.9%) and deoxyandrographolide-19-beta D Abortifacient effect reported in studies with rabbits and mice (WHO 2002).
Patarapanich C et al. 2007. HPLC determination of active diterpene lactones from
(Justicia paniculata Burm. f.) glucoside ( 0.7-1.8%)
Andrographis paniculata Nees planted in various seasons and regions in Thailand. Thai.
J. Pharm. Sci. 31, 91-99.
World Health Organization. 2002. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants.
Geneva. ISBN 92 4 154537 2.
Andromeda spp. Ericaceae Flower, fruit and leaf Genus in which species may contain diterpenes: e.g. grayanotoxin (andromedotoxin)
ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Andropogon citratus DC.
See Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf
Anemone spp. Ranunculaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain lactones: e.g. protoanemonins protoanemonin only present in fresh herb
ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Apiaceae Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Anethum graveolens L. Whole plant Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol
(Umbelliferae) ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Peter KV. 2004. The Handbook of Herb and Spices vol. 2 CRC Press. ISBN
0849312175
Søborg I., Andersson C., Gry J. 1996. Furocoumarins in Plant Food – exposure,
Apiaceae Genus in which species may contain furanocoumarins: e.g. archangelin, prangolarin, oxipeucedanin hydrate,
Angelica spp. Fruit and root biological properties, risk assessment and recommendations. TemaNord 1996:600. Ed.
(Umbelliferae) ostsothol and osthol.
Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, ISBN 92 9120 943 0. Available at:
http://www.norden.org/sv/publikationer/publikationer/1996-
600/at_download/publicationfile
Anhalonium lewinii Hennings
See Lophophora williamsii (Salm-
Dyck) J.M.Coult.
Caparros-Lefebvre D. and Elbaz A. 1999. Possible relation of atypical parkinsonism in
the French West Indies with consumption of tropical plants: a case-control study. Lancet.
354, 281-283.
A. muricata : total alkaloids 0.65 g/kg in leaf, 19.7 g/kg in root bark, 2.5 g/kg in Hasrat J.A. et al. 1997. Isoquinoline derivatives isolated from the fruit of Annona
stem bark: 0.6 g/kg. Bark is rich in cyanogenic glycosides, leaves contain small muricata as 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: unexploited antidepressive
Genus in which species may contain acetogenines in the seed: e.g. annonacin, isoquinoline alkaloids in the amounts and fruits only traces. (lead) products. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49(11), 1145-1149.
Annona spp. Annonaceae Whole plant
bark, leaf, fruit and stem: e.g. annoretine, and monoterpene etheroxide in the fruit: 1,8-cineole Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
The fruit pulp (from e.g. A. cherimola Mill., A. glabra L., A. muricata L., A. Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2.
reticulata L. and A. squamosa L.) is consumed as food. Liaw C. et al. 2004. Nine new cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran Annonaceous acetogenins
from Annona montana . Planta Medica, 70(10), 948-959.
Pilegaard K., Eriksen F.D., Soerensen M., Gry J. (2007) EuroFIR-NETTOX plant list.
European Food Information Resource Consortium (EuroFIR). ISBN: 0 907 667 570.
Poaceae Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Aerial part Coumarins: e.g. coumarin (5% of the dried plant)
(Gramineae) Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2
Carter CA et al. 1997. Toxicarioside A. A new cardenolide isolated from Antiaris
Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. Moraceae Bark and leaf Cardenolide glycosides: e.g. antiarins, toxicariosids B and C; furanocoumarins toxicaria latex-derived dart poison. Assignment of the tH- and tsC-NMR shifts for an
antiargenin aglycone. Tetrahedron 53(50), 16959-16968.
EMEA. Committee for veterinary medicinal products. 1999. Apocynum cannabinum
summary report. EMEA/MRL/596/99-Final
Apocynum spp. Apocynaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cardenolide glycosides and aglycones: e.g. cymarin, strophantidin.
American Herbal Products Association. 1997. Botanical safety handbook. Edited by Mc
Guffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R and Goldberg A. ISBN 0-8493-1675-8
Hegnauer R. 1990. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Birkhauser Verlag. ISBN 3-7643-
2578X.
Aquilegia vulgaris L. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Cyanogenic glycosides
Frohne D., Pfander H.J. And Anton R.. 2009. Plantes a risques. Tec & Doc ed. ISBN
978-2-7430-0907-1
British Herbal Compendium. 1993. Vol. 1: A handbook of scientific information on widely
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Ericaceae Leaf Quinone glycosides: e.g. arbutin (5% -15%), methylarbutin (up to 4%)
used plant drugs. Editor: P. Bradley. ISBN 978-0903032094
Areca catechu L. Arecaceae (Palmae) Seed Piperidine alkaloids: e.g. arecoline, arecaidine .
Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Verma SK et al. 2001. Argemone mexicana poisoning: autopsy findings of two cases.
Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Whole plant Isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. protopine, allocryptopine, sanguinarine
Forens Sci. Internat. 115, 135-141
Argyranthemum frutescens (L.)
Compositae Badisa RB et al. 2004. Pharmacological activities of some Argyranthemum species
Sch.Bip. Aerial part Acetylenic compounds: e.g. frutescinol isovalerate
(Asteraceae) growing in the Canary highlands. Phytotherapy. Res. 18, 763-767
(Chrysanthemum frutescens L. )
page 3 of 40

There is still discussion whether the ergoline alkaloids found are due to Steiner U. et al. 2006. Molecular characterisation of a seed transmitted claviciptaceous
Argyreia spp. Convolvulaceae Seed Genus in which species may contain ergoline alkaloids
biochemical synthesis in the plant or due to fungal production fungus occuring on dicotyledoneous plants (Convolvulaceae). Planta. 224(3),533-544.
Genus in which species may contain calcium oxalate raphides and some species saponin glycosides: e.g. Yifan Y. 2002. Chinese herbal medicines: comparison and characteristics. Churchill-
Arisaema spp. Araceae Whole plant
aronin Linvingstone, London. ISBN 0-44307-166-7
Genus in which species may contain nitric phenanthrenic derivatives: e.g. aristolochic acids, aristolactams Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Aristolochia spp. Aristolochiaceae Whole plant
ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Compositae Bruneton J. 2005. Plantes toxiques (Végétaux dangereux pour l’homme et les animaux),
Arnica chamissonis Less. Whole plant Sesquiterpene lactones (1.5%) and their esters: e.g. helenalin, arnifolines, chamissonolides Helenalin reported to be the causative agent for oral toxicity
(Asteraceae) Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7
Bruneton J. 2005. Plantes toxiques (Végétaux dangereux pour l’homme et les animaux),
Compositae
Arnica montana L. Whole plant Sesquiterpene lactones and esters (0.2-0.5%) e.g.: helenalin and derivatives Helenalin reported to be the causative agent for oral toxicity Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7
(Asteraceae)
EMEA CVMP. 1999. Arnica montana - Summary report. EMEA/MRL/647/99-FINAL

Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2
Tunon H. et al. 2006 Arthropod repellency, especially tick (Ixodes ricinus), exerted by
Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone; monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole;
extract from Artemisia abrotanum and essential oil from flowers of Dianthus
Compositae phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol.
Artemisia abrotanum L. Aerial part caryophyllum Fitoterapia, 77, (4), 257-261
(Asteraceae) Essential oil from leaf (1.4%): bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. thujones (up to 70%); monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-
Bergendorff O. and Sterner O. 1995 Spasmolitic Flavonols from Artemisia abrotanum.
cineole (up to 60%).
Planta medica, 61 (4), 370-01
Hurabielle M . et al. 1982. Presence de Davanone et de deux autres sesquiterpenes a
noyan dans l'huille essentielle d'Artemisia abrotanum L. Planta medica, 45 (1), 55-56
Essential oil of (Z)-epoxy-ocimene chemotype: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone (up to 0.30%), beta-
thujone (up to 7.78%), camphor (0.19-9.30%).
Essential oil of sabinyl acetate chemotype: alpha-thujone (0.12-0.2%), beta-thujone (0.58-0.71%), camphor
(up to 0.31%).
Artemisia absinthium L. Essential oil of chrysantenyl acetate chemotype: alpha-thujone (1.32%), beta-thujone (18.72%), camphor
Compositae Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
(Absinthium officinale Brot., Artemisia Aerial part (0.18%).
(Asteraceae) in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
vulgare Lam.) Essential oil of beta-thujone chemotype: alpha-thujone (0.53-2.76%), beta-thujone (17.5-59.9%), camphor
(0.10-0.16%).
Essential oil of beta-thujone/epoxy ocimene mixed chemotypes: alpha-thujone (0.7-1.68%), beta-thujone (20.9-
40.6%).
Essential oil of cis-chrysanthenol chemotype: alpha-thujone 2.55-21.6%, beta-thujone (3.75-25.9%).
Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases: www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ ;
Watt, J.M., & Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G.1962 Medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern
and Eastern Africa, E. & S. Livingstone Ltd., Edinburgh and London 0CLC NUMBER
Compositae Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone (52.9%), beta-thujone (15.07%),camphor (5.72%) and
Artemisia afra Willd. Aerial part 1279138
(Asteraceae) monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (10.66%).
van Wyk, B-E., van Oudtshoorn, B. and Gericke, N. 1997. Medicinal plants of South
Africa, Briza, Pretoria, ISBN 1875093095
Contains sesquiterpene lactones: e.g. artemisinin (cardinane-type sesquiterpene

Compositae lactone endoperoxide) and derivatives. Zhengwen Y et al. 2010. Preliminary study of quality standards of essential oil in cultured
Artemisia annua L. Leaf Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. camphor (2.58%-37.50%).
(Asteraceae) Recommendation of WHO not to use artemisinin-containing herbs to avoid Artemisia annua. Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi (Beijing, China). 45(2), 98-101.
possible resistance of Plasmodium sp. (causing malaria)
Compositae Essential oil (10-20ml/kg): sesquiterpene lactones (2-3%): e.g. santonin and eudesmanolide derivatives; Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Artemisia cina Berg Flower bud
(Asteraceae) etheroxyde monoterpene: 1,8-cineole. Medicinal and aromatic plants - Industrial profiles. 2002. Edited by Dr. Roland Hartman.
Volume 18. Edited by Colin W. Wright. Taylor and Francis. ISBN: 0-415-27212-2
Compositae in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Artemisia eriantha Ten. Aerial part Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. thujones (up to 90%).
(Asteraceae) http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/soc-
Compositae Lopes-Lutza D. et al. 2008 Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and
Artemisia frigida Willd. Aerial part Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. beta-thujone (5%).
(Asteraceae) antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils. Phytochemistry 69(8), 1732-1738
Compositae Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole; bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha (26%)- and beta (6.8%)-
Artemisia genipi Stechm. Aerial part Bicchi C et al. 1982. On the composition of the essential oils of Artemisia genipi Weber
(Asteraceae) thujones.
and Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -
Forschung. 175(3), 182-185.
page 4 of 40

Essential oil of beta-thujone chemotype (Morocco): bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone (0.5-17.0%),
beta-thujone (43.4-94%), camphor (2.5-15%); monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (1.8-5.8%).
Essential oil of alpha-thujone chemotype (Morocco): alpha-thujone (36.8-82%), beta-thujone ((6.0-16.2%),
camphor (11.0-19%);
Essential oil camphor chemotype (Morocco): alpha-thujone (2.5-25%), beta-thujone (0.5-7.5%), camphor (40-
70%), 1,8-cineole (2.6-15%)
Essential oil chrysanthenone chemotype (Morocco): alpha-thujone (2.9%), beta-thujone (6.0%), camphor Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
(7.2%), 1,8-cineole (3.0%) Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2
Compositae Essential oil davanone chemotype (Morocco): alpha-thujone (0.4-5.8%), beta-thujone (0.2-5.0%), camphor (up Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
Artemisia herba-alba Asso Aerial part
(Asteraceae) to 11%), 1,8-cineole (3-12%) in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Essential oil 1,8-cineole+alpha-thujone chemotype (Israel): alpha-thujone (27%), beta-thujone (0.5%), http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/soc-
camphor (3%), 1,8-cineole (50%) sp/public_health/Flavouring_substances/Active%20principles.pdf
Essential oil 1,8-cineole+beta-thujone chemotype (Israel): alpha-thujone (4.2%), beta-thujone (12.4%),
camphor (9%), 1,8-cineole (13%)
Essential oil 1,8-cineole+camphor chemotype (Israel): alpha-thujone (1.4%), beta-thujone (0.7%), camphor
(25%), 1,8-cineole (38%)
Essential oil chrysanthenol chemotype (Israel): camphor (0.1%), 1,8-cineole (4.8%)
Essential oil 1,8-cineole+camphor chemotype (Spain): camphor (15%), 1,8-cineole (13.3%)
Shah AJ et al. 2011. Studies on the chemical composition and possible mechanisms
Artemisia maritima L. Compositae Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (41.1%); bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. L-(-)-camphor
Flower bud underlying the antispasmodic and bronchodilatory activities of the essential oil of
(Seriphidium maritimum (L.) Poljakov.) (Asteraceae) (20.3%), beta-thujone (1.1%); sesquiterpene lactones: e.g. santonin and eudesmanolide derivatives.
Artemisia maritima L. Arch. Pharm. Res. 34, 1227-1238.
Artemisia mutellina Vill. Compositae Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
Aerial part Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone (57.7%), beta-thujone (8.6%)
(A. umbelliformis Lam.) (Asteraceae) in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Gulati and Khan. 1980. Essential oil of Artemisia pallens . Indian Perfum. 24, 101-109
Compositae
Artemisia pallens DC. Aerial part Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole; phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol. Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2
(Asteraceae)
Isidorov VA. 2001. Gas chromatographic analysis of essential oils with preliminary
partition of components. Phytochem. Analysis 12, 87-90.
Compositae Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone (13.5-30%), beta-thujone (3.3-4.2%); monoterpene Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
Artemisia pontica L. Aerial part
(Asteraceae) etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (12-23%) in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Artemisia umbelliformis L.
See A. mutellina Vill.
Artemisia vallesiaca All.
(A. vallesiana Lam., Seriphidium Compositae Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpene: e.g. camphor (33.3%); monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (17%), Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Aerial part
vallesiacum ( All.) Sojak, S. vallesianum (Asteraceae) phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol. Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2
( Lam.) Y.R.Ling)
Compositae Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone (56.3%), beta-thujone (7.5%), camphor (20%); Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
Artemisia vulgaris L. Aerial part
(Asteraceae) monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (26.8%). in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-
Arum spp. Araceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain oxalate raphides, glycosidic saponins (e.g. aronin), lignans, neo-lignans.
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Poaceae Gia AL et al. 2008. A new indole alkaloid from Arundo donax L. J. Asian Nat. Prod.
Arundo donax L. Rhizome Indole alkaloids: e.g. donasine
(Gramineae) Res. 10, 105-109.
Schaneberg BT et al. 2002. Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American
species of Asarum and Aristolochia. Pharmazie. 57(10), 686–689. PMID 12426949.
Genus in which species may contain nitric phenanthrenic derivatives: e.g. aristolochic acids, aristolactams, and EMEA Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. 2005. Public statement on the use of
Asarum spp. Aristolochiaceae Whole plant
phenylpropanoids: e.g. asarones, methyleugenol herbal medicinal products containing asarone. EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005
Dan Y et al. 2010. Activities of essential oils from Asarum heterotropoides var.
mandshuricum against five phytopathogens. Crop Protection. 29(3), 295-299
Apocynaceae
Asclepias syriaca L. Rhizome Cardenolide glycosides from latex: e.g. asclepin Salyi G et al. 1987. A. syriaca poisoning of cattle. Magy. Allatorv. Lapja. 42(1), 56-58
(Asclepiadaceae)
Abe F and Yamauchi T. 2000. An androstane bi-oside and 3'-thiazolidinone derivatives
Apocynaceae
Asclepias tuberosa L. Rhizome Cardenolide glycosides from latex: e.g. asclepin of double-linked cardenolide glycosides from the roots of Asclepias tuberosa. Chem.
(Asclepiadaceae)
Pharm. Bull. 48(7), 991-993.
Asclepias vincetoxicum L.
See Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench.
Zhao GX et al. 1993. Biologically active acetogenins from stem bark of Asimina triloba .
Phytochemistry. 33(5), 1065-1073.
Asimina triloba (L.) Dun. Annonaceae Seed Acetogenins: e.g. asimin, asiminacin, asiminecin
Geng-Xian Z et al. 1994. Asimin, asimacin, and asiminecin: novel highly cytotoxic
asimicin isomers from Asimina triloba . J. Med. Chem. 37(13), 1971-1976
Indole alkaloids from bark ( 0.3-1.5%): e.g. aspidospermine (30%), quebrachine (yohimbine) (10%),
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Apocynaceae Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Bark and wood deacetylaspidospermine (5%), aspidospermatin (3%), aspidospermatidine (3%), 1-methylaspidospermatidine
Schltdl. (Asclepiadaceae) Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-7.
(0.5%), quebrachimine, quebrachitine.
page 5 of 40

Gilberta B. et al. 1965 Alkaloid studies: The alkaloids of twelve aspidosperma species.
Apocynaceae
Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. Bark and wood Indole alkaloids: e.g. aspidospermine, quebrachine (yohimbine). Tetrahedron. 21(5), 1141-1166
(Asclepiadaceae)
Swainsonine has been found in e.g. A. lentiginosus and A. lusitanicus, but
Molyneux RJ. and James LF. 1982. Loco Intoxication: Indolizidine Alkaloids of Spotted
discussion is ongoing as to whether swainsonine is endogenously produced, or
Locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). Science. 216(4542), 190-191
by the endophyte Embellisia spp.
Baker DC et al. 1987. Selenosis in developing pigs fed selenium from various sources.
J. Anim. Sci. 65(suppl 1) 351
Leguminosae Genus in which species may contain polyhydroxyindolizidine alkaloids: e.g. swainsonine, and may concentrate A. trigonus DC. and A. gummifera Labill. have a toxic effect on the central
Astragalus spp. Whole plant Braun K et al. 2003. Production of swainsonine by fungal endophytes of locoweed.
(Fabaceae) selenium nervous system of livestock, leading to death.
Mycol. Res. 107: 980-988.
A. lentiginosus and A. mollissimus have a toxic effect during pregnancy leading
Ralphs H. et al. 2008. Relationships between the endophyte Embellisia spp. and the
to abortion and abnormalities in fetus cardiac function.
toxic alkaloid swainsonine in major locoweed species (Astragalus and Oxytropis). J.
Chem. Ecol. 34:32-38
Selenium concentrated by e.g. A. bisulcatus
Schofield JJ. 2000. Discovering wild plants - Alaska, W. Canada and the Northwest.
Athyrium filix-femina ( L.) Roth Woodsiaceae Root and shoot Thiaminase from fresh shoots
Alaska Northwest books. ISBN 088240-355-9
Georgiou ML. 1988. Hepatotoxicity due to A. gummifera L. Clin. Toxicol. 26 (7), 487-
Compositae 493
Atractylis gummifera L. Root Diterpene glycosides derived from kaurene: e.g. atractyloside, carboxyatractyloside, wedeloside
(Asteraceae) Daniele C et al. 2005. Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning: and ethnopharmacological
review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 97(2), 175-181.
The fresh plant contains L-hyoscyamine, the dried plant atropine (racemic Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-
Atropa spp. Solanaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine.
mixture). Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Leveau AM et al. 1979. Sur la toxicité des fruits de l’A. japonica, Plant. Méd. Phytothér.
Aucuba japonica Thunb. Garryaceae Fruit Causes fever and vomiting
13(3), 199-204
Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques. Ed. Tec et Doc-
The aqueous extract from the leaf, neem oil from the kernel, neem cake (the Lavoisier, ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
solid residue following the expulsion of the kernel oil) have all caused reduced Kurose K and Yatagai M. 2005. Components of the essential oils of Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. fertility or caused infertility (e.g. by retarding spermatogenesis) in studies with A. Juss, Azadirachta siamensis Velton, and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs and
Meliaceae Leaf and seed
(Melia azadirachta L.) male rats, mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. Oral administration of neem oil to their comparison. J. Wood Sci. 51(2), 185-188.
female rats caused infertility or had abortive effect. Female contraceptive tablets Moravati M et al. 2008. Sterility and abortive effects of the commercial neem
from neem extracts are extensively used in India. (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) extract NeemAzal-T/S on female rat (Rattus norvegicus).
Turk. J. Zool. 32: 155-162.
Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Poaceae
Shoot Cyanogenic glycosides and derivatives: e.g. taxiphyllin Hegnauer R. 1963. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Birkhauser Verlag Berlin. Vol. 2.
(Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.) (Gramineae)
Nartey F. 1980. Toxicological aspects of cyanogenesis in tropical foodstuffs in
Poaceae Toxicology in the Tropics. Editors R.L. Smith and E.A. Bababumni, Taylor & Francis Ltd,
Bambusa vulgaris Wendl. Shoot Cyanogenic glycosides and derivatives: e.g. taxiphyllin (immature shoot tips: 8000 mg HCN/kg)
(Gramineae) London, 53-73.
Freeland CS et al. 1999. Behavioral profile of constituants in ayahusca, an Amazonian

Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex psychoactive plant mixture. Drug Alcohol Depend. 54, 183-184
Malpighiaceae Whole plant Indole alkaloids (0.11-0.83%): e.g. harmine, harmaline.
Griseb.) Morton Callaway JC et al. 2005. Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria
viridis. J. Psychoactive Drugs 37(2), 145–150
Leguminosae Crammer MF and Turner BL. 1967. Systematic significance of lupine alkaloids with
Baptisia spp. Aerial part Genus in which species may contain quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine, N-methylcytisine and anagyrine
(Fabaceae) particular reference to Baptisia (Leguminosae). Evolution. 21, 508-517
Lis-Balchin M et al. 2001. Buchu (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata, Rutaceae)
essential oils: their pharmacological action on guinea pig ileum and antimicrobial activity
Barosma betulina (Bergius) Bartl & on microorganisms. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53(4), 579-582.
H.L.Wendl. Rutaceae Leaf Essential oil: monoterpene ketone: e.g. (S)-(-)-pulegone (3% - some chemotypes up to 70%). Gordon, W.P. et al. 1982. Hepatotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity of pennyroyal oil and its
(Agathosma betulina (Bergius) Pillans) constituent terpenes in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 65, 413-424;
EC Scientific Committee on Food. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food
on pulegone and menthofuran. SCF/CS/FLAV/FLAVOUR/3 ADD2
Yamaki, M.et al. 1990. Isoflavones of Belamcanda chinensis. Planta Medica 56(3): 335.
Belamcanda punctata Moench 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives: e.g. belamcandaquinones A and B Fukuyama, Y.et al. 1993. Belamcandaquinones A and B, novel dimeric 1,4-
Iridaceae Root
(B. chinensis (L.) DC.) Methylated isoflavones: e.g. tectorigenin, irigenin, belamcanidin benzoquinone derivates possessing cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity. Tetrahedron
Letters 34(47): 7633-7636
Suau R et al. 1998. Isoquinoline alkaloids from Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis.
Isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. berberine (0.5 - 6%), palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and bisbenzyltetrahydro-isoquinoline Phytochemistry. 49(8), 2545-2549
Berberis vulgaris L. Berberidaceae Root
alkaloids: e.g. berbamine, oxyacanthine, isotetrandrine. Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Wichtl M. and Anton R. 2003. Plantes thérapeutiques. Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier, ISBN :
2-7430-0631-5 (2ème édition)
Alkaloids: punarnavine Manu KA et al. 2009, Anti-metastatic potential of Punarnavine, an alkaloid from
Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Whole plant
Rotenoids: e.g. boeravinones Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Immunobiology. 2009;214(4):245-255.
Ahmed-Belkacem A et al. Nonprenylated rotenoids, a new class of potent breast cancer
resistance protein inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2007, 50(8):1933-1938.
Chojkier M. 2003. Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: toxicity of pyrrolizidine
Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids: e.g. lycopsamine, 7-acetyl-
alkaloids, Hepatol. 39, 437-446
Borago spp. Boraginaceae Aerial part lycopsamine, amabiline, supinine.
Hamm S et al. 2005. A chemical investigation by headspace SPME and GC-MS of
Essential oil from the gum resin: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. beta-thujone and phenylpropanoids: e.g.
Boswellia frereana Birdw. Burseraceae Bark volatile and semi-volatile terpenes in various olibanum samples. Phytochemistry.
methyleugenol
66(12),1499-1514.
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Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8.
Boswellia serrata Roxb. Burseraceae Bark Essential oil from the gum resin: phenylpropanoids (up to 11%): e.g. methylchavicol. 2-7430-0631-5 (2ème édition)
Hamm S. et al. 2005, A chemical investigation by headspace SPME and GC-MS of
volatile and semi-volatile terpenes in various olibanum samples. Phytochemistry.
66(12):1499-1514
Compositae Mortimer PH and White EP. 1967. Hepatotoxic substance in Brachyglottis repanda .
Brachyglottis spp. Leaf Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids: e.g. senecionine.
(Asteraceae) Nature 214, 1255 - 1256
Kamat VN et al. 1958, Studies on Indian medicinal plants. I. Characterization of
chakranine, an alkaloid isolated from Bragantia wallichii R. Br. (n. o. Aristolochiaceae).
Bragantia sometimes falsified with Aristolochia
Indian J Med Res. 1958 May;46(3):418-25.
Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. chakranine, and nitric phenanthrenic Guo L. et al. 2010, A novel pre-column fluorescent derivatization method for the
Bragantia spp. Aristolochiaceae Root Health Canada advises consumers not to use the products containing
derivatives: e.g. aristolochic acids, sensitive determination of aristolochic acids in medicinal herbs by high-performance
aristolochic acid. Ottawa: Health Canada; 2004 July 26.
liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 21;53(1):37-
www.hc-sc.gc.ca /english/protection/warnings/2004/2004_43.htm
42
Brassicaceae Glucosinolates (especially in the seed): e.g. sinigroside (= allylglucosinolate) (1-2%), allylisothiocyanate and Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch Aerial part
(Cruciferae) derivatives: e.g. gluconapine, gluconasturtiine, gluco-isoberberine. Halkier, BA and Gershenzon, J. 2006. Biology and Biochemistry of Glucosinolates.
Annual Review of Plant Biology. 57, 303-333
Low et al. 1985, Visual deficits and retinotoxicity caused by the naturally occuring
anthelmintics, Embelia ribes and Hagenia abyssinica. Toxicol. Appl.Pharm. 81(2): 220-
Brayera anthelmintica Kunth.
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(Hagenia abyssinica J.F.Gmel.) Phloroglucinol derivatives: kosotoxin, protokosin, kosin (α-,β-)
Singh IP and Bharate SB. 2006. Phloroglucinol compounds of natural origin. Nat. Prod.
Rep, 23, 558-591.
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Simaroubaceae Bark Quassinoids (nortritepenoids): e.g. bruceantine.
Brugmansia spp. Solanaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. scopolamine.
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (beta-carboline derivatives): e.g. harmine,
Brunfelsia spp. Solanaceae Root tetrahydroharmine, harmaline, manacine, manaceine; dimethyltryptamine derivatives and amidines: e.g.
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
pyrrole-3-carboxamidine.
Bryonia spp. Cucurbitaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain oxygenated tetracyclic triterpene derivatives: e.g. cucurbitacines
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Cherdshewasart W et al. 2008. Androgen disruption and toxicity tests of Butea superba
Roxb. A traditional herb used for treatment of erectile dysfunction, in male rats. Maturitas
60, 131-137.
Cherdshewasart W et al. 2010. Mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of the traditional
Oral dosing with dried tuber powder for 90 days reduced testosterone levels in
Leguminosae herb used for treating erectile dysfunction, Butea superba Roxb. Biosci Biotechnol
Butea superba Roxb. Root male rats dosed with 10, 150 and 200 mg/kg b.w. Effects on luteinizing hormone
(Fabaceae) Biochem 74, 923-927.
level found in male orchidectomized rats and ovariectomized female rats.
Malaivijitnond S et al. 2009. Androgenic activity of the Thai traditional male potency herb,
Butea superba Roxb., in female rats. J Ethnopharmacol 121, 123-129.
Malaivijitnond S et al. 2010. Luteinizing hormone reduction by the male potency herb,
Butea superba Roxb. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 43, 843-852.
Atta-ur R et al. 1999. New steroidal alkaloids from the roots of Buxus sempervirens . J.
Steroidal alkaloids with amine groups: e.g. buxine, cyclobuxine, buxamine, and triterpenoidal alkaloids: e.g. Nat. Prod. 62(5), 665-669.
Buxus sempervirens L. Buxaceae Whole plant
diacetylbuxadine, demethylcyclomikuranine. Ata A et al. 2002. New triterpenoidal alkaloids from Buxus sempervirens . Z.
Naturforsch. 57c, 21-28
Caladium spp. Araceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain calcium oxalates
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Calamintha ascendens Jord.
See Clinopodium menthifolium ssp.
ascendens (Jord.) Govaerts
Compositae Mayagoitia L et al. 1986. Psychopharmacologic analysis of an alleged oneirogenic plant:
Calea zacatechichi Schltdl. Leaf Sesquiterpene germacranolides: e.g. caleicine, junenol esters
(Asteraceae) Calea zacatechichi . J. Ethnopharmacol. 18(3), 229-243.
Hydro-alcoholic extract (1g/kg during 30 days in the rat): increase of urea and Silva EJ and Gonçalves ES. 2007. Toxicological studies on hydroalcohol extract of
Compositae transaminases. Hydro-alcoholic extract did not affect male fertility nor had toxic Calendula officinalis L. Phytother. Res. 21, 332-336.
Calendula officinalis L. Flower
(Asteraceae) effects in early and middle periods of pregnancy. However, the extract caused Silva EJ et al. 2009. Reproductive assessment of hydroalcohol extract of Calendula
maternal toxicity when administered during the fetal period of pregnancy. officinalis L. in Wistar rats. Phytother Res. 23(10), 1392-1398
Lampe KF and McCann MA. 1985. AMA Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants.
Calla palustris L. Araceae Whole plant Calcium oxalate raphides
American Medical Assoc. Chicago, Ill. USA.
Callitris quadrivalvis Vent. Barrero AF et al. 2005. Chemical composition of the essential oils of leaves and wood
Cupressaceae Wood Essential oil from the stem (0.25-0.8%): bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. thujones (less than 1%), camphor (19%).
(Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters. Journal of Essential Oil Research.
Wang ZN et al. 2008. A new cytotoxic pregnanone from Calotropis gigantea . Molecules
Calotropis spp. Apocynaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cardenolide glycosides and steroidal components: e.g. pregnanone
13(12), 3033-3039
Bruni A et al, 1986. Protoanemonin detection in C. palustris. J. Nat. Prod. 49 (6), 1172-
Caltha palustris L. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Lactones: e.g. protoanemonin Protoanemonin only present in the fresh herb
1173
Akhlaghi H. 2008. Chemical composition of the essential oil from stems of Calycanthus
Calycanthus floridus L. Calycanthaceae Bark Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. calycanthine
floridus L. var. oblongifolius from Iran. Chem. Nat. Compd. 44(5), 661-662.
Sholl Y et al. 2001. Calystegines in Calystegia sepium derive from the tropane alkaloid
Polyhydroxy-nortropanes alkaloids: e.g. calystegines (5-316 mg/kg in the dried plant); jalapine like cardiac pathway. Phytochemistry, 58(6), 883-889
Calystegia sepium R.Br. Convolvulaceae Whole plant
glycosides (mainly in the root) Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
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Shen J et al. 2008. Evidence of gastro-intestinal system as an active and toxic target of
Camellia sasanqua Thunb. Theaceae Seed Sasanqua triterpenoid saponins
Sasanqua saponins extract. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 60(1) 43-49
Bonkovsky HL. 2006. Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements containing Chinese
green tea (Camellia sinensis ). Ann Intern Med. 144(1), 68-71. Erratum: Ann Intern Med.
2006 Mar 7, 144(5):380
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Methylated xanthine derivatives: caffeine (2-4%), theophylline (traces) and catechins: e.g.
Theaceae Leaf Reported cases of hepatotoxicity (green tea) EFSA Scientific Cooperation (ESCO) Working Group on Botanicals and Botanical
(Thea sinensis L.) epigallocatechingallate (5-12%)
Preparations. 2009. Advice on the EFSA guidance document for the safety assessment
of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use as food supplements, based
on real case studies on request of EFSA. EFSA Journal 7(9):280.
Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. &
Annonaceae Aerial part Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. safrole, isosafrole SCF. 2001. Opinion on the safety of the presence of safrole (1-allyl-3,4-methylene dioxy
Thoms.
benzene) in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties; available
at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out116_n.pdf.
Nangai nuts (Canarium indicum L. ) may not be placed on the Community
market as a novel food or novel food ingredient under Regulation (EC) No Canarium luzonicum (Miq.) A. Gray or Manila elemi : oleoresin gives rise to essential oil
Canarium indicum L. 258/97 (decision of 19 December 2000). which contains elemicine (0,5-8% ), elemol (1-15%) (norme NF ISO 10624-1998).
Burseraceae Bark of the trunk
(Canarium commune L.) Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
C. luzoricum reported to contain elemicin (0,5-8%) in essential oil from the Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
oleoresin. Information not confirmed for C. indicum .
Genus in which species may contain cannabinoids (terpenophenolics): e.g. tetrahydrocannabinol. Lavoisier, ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Cannabis spp. Cannabaceae Flowering top (female)
Brassicaceae Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Aerial part Phenylethylamines: e.g. tyramine; oxalates
(Cruciferae) Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Leguminosae Bloch R et al. 1999. Purification and characterization of two lectins from Caragana
Caragana arborescens Lam. Seed Lectins
(Fabaceae) arborescens seeds. Morfologia. 116 (4), 48-51
Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.)

L.Andersson
See Cephaelis spp.
EMEA Commitee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. 1999. Cardiospermum

halicacabum - Summary report. EMEA/MRL/664/99-Final
Traces of alkaloids in the seed, although no information is available on their
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Leaf and seed Cyanogenic glycosides from the leaf Ragupathy S et al. 2007. Exploring ethnobiological classifications for novel alternative
nature.
medicine: a case study of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Modakathon, balloon vine)
as a traditional herb for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Ethnobotany, 19, 1-16
Apiaceae Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Carum carvi L. Fruit Essential oil: monoterpene ketone: e.g. (S)-(+)-carvone (50-65%)
(Umbelliferae) Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2.
Caryophyllus aromaticus L.
See Syzygium aromaticum ( L.) Merr.
& L.M.Perry
Caryota spp. Arecaceae (Palmae) Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cyanogenic glycosides in the leaf and oxalate raphides
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. Rutaceae Leaf and seed Imidazole alkaloids: e.g. casimiroedine Polya GM. 2003. Biochemical targets of plant bioactive compounds. CRC Press.
Delmulle L and Demeyer K. 2010. Anthraquinones in plants. Source, safety and
Leguminosae Genus in which species may contain hydroxyanthracene glycosides and derivatives (1,8-
Cassia spp. Aerial part applications in gastrointestinal health. Nottingham University Press. ISBN: 978-1-897676-
(Fabaceae) dihydroxyanthaquinones).
32-5
Hydrolysable tannins, e.g. ellagitannins used at high doses and over a long Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Castanea sativa Mill. Fagaceae Aerial part
period may have a negative impact on liver Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Phenethylamines: e.g. (-)-cathinone (fresh and young leaf) , norpseudoephedrine (cathine) and norephedrine Al-Mamary M et al. 2002. Investigation into the toxicological effects of Catha edulis
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. Celastraceae Leaf
(dried and/or old leaf) leaves: a short term study in animals. Phytother. Res. 16(2), 127-132.
Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids: e.g. vindoline, catharanthine (mono-indoles), vinblastine, Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Catharanthus spp. Apocynaceae Whole plant
vincristine, leurosidine (bis-indoles), ajmalicine, akuammine (dihydro-indoles) Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Rao RB et al, 2002. Nicotinic toxicity from tincture of blue cohosh (C. thalictroides )
used as an abortifacient , Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 44(4), 221-222
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.
Berberidaceae Whole plant Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine, baptifoline and N-methylcytisine in leaf and fruit Frohne D. and Pfänder HJ. 1997. Giftpflanzen. Ein Handbuch für Apotheker, Ärzte,
(Leontice thalictroides L.)
Toxikologen und Biologen. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-8047-
1466-8.
Cedrus spp. Pinaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. thujones in the essential oil
Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline monoterpene alkaloids (2.0 - 3.5%): e.g. emetine, cepheline, Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Cephaelis spp. Rubiaceae Root
psychotrine, emetamine, and glycoproteins: e.g. ipecoside. Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Genus in which species may contain diterpene glycosides: e.g. parquine, carboxyparquine, and steroid Durand R et al. 1999. Intoxication in cattle from C. diurnum . Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 41(1),
Cestrum spp. Solanaceae Whole plant
glycosides: e.g. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, solasodine. 26-27
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. Parmeliaceae Lichen Dibenzofurane derivatives: e.g. usnic acid C. islandica reported to concentrate heavy metals
2-7430-0631-5 (2ème édition)
Airaksinen MM et al. 1986 Toxicity of Iceland lichen and reindeer lichen. Arch. Toxicol.
Suppl. 9:406-408
Chaenomeles speciosa Nakai Rosaceae Seed Cyanogenic glycosides
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
page 8 of 40

Challinor VL et al. 2011 Structure and absolute configuration of helosides A and B, new
saponins from Chamaelirium luteum. J. Nat. Prod. 74(7):1557-1560.
Matovic NJ et al. 2011 The truth about false unicorn (Chamaelirium luteum): total
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A.Gray Melanthiaceae Whole plant Steroidal saponins: e.g. chamaelirin (glucoside of diosgenin), helosides A and B; calcium oxalate synthesis of 23R,24S-chiograsterol B defines the structure and stereochemistry of the
major saponins from this medicinal herb. Chemistry. 17(27):7578-7591
Pengelly A et al. 2011. Appalachian plant monographs: Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray.
False Unicorn root. Retrieved from http://www.frostburg.edu/aces/appalachian-plants/
Brassicaceae Lavoisier, ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Cheiranthus cheiri L. Aerial part Cardenolides: e.g. cheirotoxin (strophantidin derivative)
(Cruciferae) Lei ZH et al. 2002 Cardiac glycosides from Erysimum cheiranthoides. Chem Pharm
Bull (Tokyo).50(6):861-862
Gu Y. et al.2010 Simultaneous determination of seven main alkaloids of Chelidonium
majus L. by ultra-performance LC with photodiode-array detection. J. Sep. Sci. 33(8),
Chelidonium majus L. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids (2% in root): e.g. chelidonine, chelerythrine, sanguinarine, protopine; and
Papaveraceae Whole plant 1004-1009.
(Chelidonium umbelliferum Stokes) protoberberine derivatives: e.g. berberine, stylopine, coptisine.
Moro PA et al. 2009, Hepatitis from Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.): review of
literature and report of a new case. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124(2), 328-332
Amaranthaceae Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Chenopodium album L. Leaf Essential oil : peroxygenated monoterpene: ascaridole (45%)
(Chenopodiaceae) Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var.
Amaranthaceae Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
anthelminticum ( L.) A.Gray Aerial part Essential oil: peroxygenated monoterpene: ascaridole
(Chenopodiaceae) Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
(Chenopodium ambrosoides L.)
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Genus in which species may contain quaternary bis-ammonium isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. (+)- tubocurarine,
Chondodendron spp. Menispermaceae Whole plant and tertiary alkaloids: e.g. (-)-curine, (+)- isochondrodendrine, (+)-chondrocurine, and tertiary
bisbenzylisoquinoline: e.g. limacine, limacusine.
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trevir.)
Vis.
See Tanacetum cinerarifolium
(Trevir.) Sch.Bip.
Compositae Shunying Z et al. 2005. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential
Chrysanthemum indicum L. Flower Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole and bicyclic monoterpene: camphor.
(Asteraceae) oils of Chrysanthemum indicum. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96(1-2), 151-158
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
See Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
See Tanacetum vulgare L.
Apiaceae Bruneton J. 2005. Plantes toxiques (Végétaux dangereux pour l’homme et les animaux),
Cicuta spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain polyines: e.g. (-)-cicutoxin
(Umbelliferae) Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7
Barnes J. Anderson L. A; Phillipson J. David 2007. Herbal Medicines Third edition ISBN
Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.
978 0 85369 623 0.
(Cimicifuga serpentaria Pursh, Actaea Ranunculaceae Whole plant Herb under scrutiny for hepatotoxicity
EMA HMPC 2010. Assessment report on Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., rhizome.
racemosa L.)
EMA/HMPC/3968/2008
Cinchona spp. Rubiaceae Bark Genus in which species may contain quinoline alkaloids: e.g. quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine.
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl. Lauraceae Wood Bicyclic monoterpene: camphor; monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole; phenylpropanoid: safrole
Teuscher E., Anton R. and Lobstein A. 2005. Plantes aromatiques, Ed. Tec et Doc-
Lavoisier, ISBN : 2-7430-0720-6
Abraham K. et al 2011, Relative bioavailability of coumarin from cinnamon and
Cinnamomum cassia (Nees) Blume Essential oil from the bark (20ml/kg): coumarin (1.5-4.0 g/kg) cinnamon-containing foods compared to isolated coumarin: a four-way crossover study
Lauraceae Aerial part
(Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees) Essential oil from the leaf and young stem: coumarin (1.5-4%) in human volunteers. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55(4):644-653.
Woehrlin F. et al. 2010 Quantification of flavoring constituents in cinnamon: high variation
of coumarin in cassia bark from the German retail market and in authentic samples from
indonesia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(19):10568-10575
EMEA Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. 2005. Public Statement on the use of
Cinnamomum platyphyllum (Diels)
Lauraceae Aerial part Reported to contain the phenylpropanoid methyleugenol in unspecified quantities herbal medicinal products containing methyleugenol. Doc.ref.
C.K. Allen
EMEA/HPMC/138363/2005.
Cinnamomum rigidissimum herbal medicinal products containing methyleugenol. Doc.ref.
Lauraceae Wood Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. safrole (61.72%), methyleugenol (28.62%)
H.T.Chang EMEA/HPMC/138363/2005.
ESCOP (2003) Monographs, 2nd ed. Thieme, New York.
Cinnamomum septentrione Hand.- herbal medicinal products containing methyleugenol. Doc.ref.
Lauraceae Unspecified Phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol
Mazz. EMEA/HPMC/138363/2005.
ESCOP (2003) Monographs, 2nd ed. Thieme, New York.
Essential oil from the bark (0.6-1.3%): monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (< 3%), bicyclic monoterpenes: Teuscher E., Anton R. and Lobstein A. 2005. Plantes aromatiques, Ed. Tec et Doc-
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl.
e.g. camphor (traces); phenylpropanoids: e.g. cinnamaldehyde (32%) and safrole (<0.5%), methyleugenol Lavoisier
(Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, C. Lauraceae Aerial part
(traces); coumarin (<0.5%), Natural Sources of Flavourings Report No. 3. 2008. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
zeylanicum Nees)
Essential oil from the leaf: 1,8-cineole (<1%), safrole (< 3%), coumarin (<1%), methyleugenol (0.01%) ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3
Bafna, A et al. 2009. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of the alkaloidal
fraction of Cissampelos pareira Linn. Sci Pharm. 78(1),21-31
Cissampelos pareira L. Isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. hayatine, hayatidine; tropoloisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. pareirubrine A and B Amresh, G et al. 2008. Toxicological screening of traditional medicine Laghupatha
Menispermaceae Root and stem
(Cocculus orbiculatus DC.) Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids in the stem: e.g. coccuorbiculatine A, 10-hydroxyisotrilobine. (Cissampelos pareira) in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 116(3),454-60.
Ganguly, M et al. 2007. Antifertility activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Cissampelos
pareira in female albino mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 111(3),688-691
page 9 of 40

Cistus ladanifer L.
(C. viscosus Stokes, C. grandiflorus
Pour., C. landanosma Hoffmanns., C. Cistaceae Leaf and twig Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha-thujone (0.8%); monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (0.2%)
ladaniferus L., Ladanium officinarum
Spach)
Barceloux DG. 2008. Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods,fungi, medicinal
Inflammation of gastrointestinal tract with bloody diarreoa described, toxic
herbs, plants and venomous animals. John Wiley & sons, Hoboken, New Jersey. ISBN-
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes: e.g. cucurbitacines. compounds not known.
Cucurbitaceae Fruit 10: 0-471-72761-X
(Cucumis colocynthis L.) Cucurbitacines in plant material: low content in young leaves, 1-3 g/kg in old
Gry J., Søborg I. and Andersson H.C. 2006. Cucurbitacins in plant food. Tema Nord,
leaves and stems .
556. Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN: 92-893-1381-1.
Citrus aurantium L. Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-7
(C. aurantium L. ssp. amara Engl., C. EFSA ESCO Working Group on Botanical Preparations. 2009. Advice on the EFSA
Essential oil: furanocoumarins: e.g. 5-methoxypsoralen (0.15-0.87%).
aurantium L. ssp. sinensis L., C. guidance document for the safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations
Rutaceae Aerial part Unripe whole fruit: hydroxyphenylethylamine: synephrine (2.28 mg/g)
aurantium L. ssp. aurantium L, C. intended for use as food supplements, based on real case studies. The EFSA Journal.
Pericarp: synephrine (3.27 mg/g).
aurantium var. dulcis 7(9), 280.
Citrus aurantium var. Bergamia) Teuscher E., Anton R. and Lobstein A. 2005. Plantes aromatiques, Ed. Tec et Doc-
Lavoisier, ISBN : 2-7430-0720-6
Wichtl M. and Anton R. 2003. Plantes thérapeutiques (Tradition, pratique officinale,
science et thérapeutique), Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 2ème édition, 692 pages,
ISBN: 2-7430-0631-5
Peel: Phellopterin, 5- and 8-geranoxypsoralen. Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f Essential oil from the peel: furocoumarins (psoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen (bergapten) 4-87 mg/kg, 8- Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2
(Citrus medica var. limon L., Citrus Rutaceae Fruit, leaf, peel and pulp methoxypsoralen (xanthotoxin), 5,8-dimethoxypsoralen (isopimpellin), imperatorin, oxypeucedanin 26-728 Benincasa M.et al. 1990. Analysis of lemon and bergamot essential oils by HPLC with
limonum Risso) mg/kg. microbore columns. Chromatographia 30(5/6):271-6
Wagstaff D.J. 1991. Dietary exposure to furocoumarins. Regulat Toxic Pharmacol.
14:261-272
Kulkarni TR et al. 2005. Study of anti-fertility effect of lemon seeds (Citrus limonum ) in
female albino mice. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 49(3), 305-312
IOFI (International Organization of Flavour Industries) cited in TemaNord 1996:600.
Citrus paradisi Macfad. Schultz H.et al.1992. Charakterisierung von Grapefruitöl und Saft durch HPLC. Z
Essential oil from the peel: furocoumarines: e.g. psoralen, 5-hydroxypsoralen (bergaptol), 5-methoxypsoralen
(Citrus paradisi Macf., Citrus grandis so called "grape-fruit seed extract" has been known to contain e.g. quarternary Lebensm Unters Forsch 195.254-258.
Rutaceae Fruit, leaf, peel and pulp (0.0005-0.013%), 5-geranylpsoralen (bergamottin)
( L.) Osbeck var. racemosa ( Roem. ) ammonium compounds (e.g. benzethonium chloride) StanleyW.L et al.1971 Citrus coumarins J Agric Food Chem 19(6):1106-1110.
B.C.Stone, Citrus decumana (L.)) Wagstaff D.J. 1991. Dietary exposure to furocoumarins. Regulat Toxic Pharmacol.
14:261-272
Benincasa M. et al. 1990. Analysis of lemon and bergamot essential oils by HPLC with
microbore columns. Chromatographia 30(5/6), 271-276.
Zhou XM et al. 2012. Preventive effects of Citrus reticulata essential oil on bleomycin-
Citrus reticulata Blanco
Rutaceae Bark and fruit Essential oil: furocoumarins: e.g. 8-methoxypsoralen induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats and the mechanism. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue
(Citrus nobilis Andr. non Lour.)
Bao.10(2),200-209
Xue F et al. 2012.Subacute toxicity assessment of carotenoids extracted from citrus peel
(Nanfengmiju, Citrus reticulata Blanco) in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 62(1),16-22.
Fantegrossi, W.E.et al. 2008. The behavioral pharmacology of hallucinogens, Biochem.
Pharmacol., 75, 17-33
Genus in which species may contain ergot alkaloids derived from lysergic acid: e.g. ergometrine, ergotamine Anton, R. et al. 2000. Du Claviceps purpurea à l’ergot : l'ergot de seigle, son apparition
Claviceps spp. Clavicipitaceae Sclerotium
and ergotoxines et sa toxicité", Industries des Céréales, 119, 28-30.
Eadie, M. J. 2003. Convulsive ergotism: epidemics of the serotonin syndrome? Lancet
Neurol, 2, 429-434.
Adulteration with aristolochic acids containing species reported in the literature
Clematis species are not known to contain aristolochic acid, however species C.
Genus in which species may contain lactones: e.g. protoanemonins and ranunculin (precursor) in the fresh Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Clematis spp. Ranunculaceae Whole plant armandi and C.montana may be described by the same Chinese Pin Yin name
herb ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
as an Aristolochia species.
Protoanemonin only present in fresh herb.
Lamiaceae Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Root Macrocyclic spermidinic alkaloids and clerodane-type diterpenes Triterpenic saponins
(Labiatae) ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Clinopodium menthifolium ssp. Castilho P et al. 2007. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of
Lamiaceae Essential oil: monoterpene ketones: pulegone and derivatives : cis-isopulegone (75,2%), pulegone (6,9%), neo-
ascendens (Jord.) Govaerts Aerial part Clinopodium ascendens (Jordan) Sampaio from Madeira. Flavour and fragrance journal.
(Labiatae) isopulegone (6%), trans-isopulegone (4,5%)
(Calamintha ascendens Jord.) 22(2),139-144
Ieven M. A. et al. 1982. Isolation of alkaloids from C. miniata Regel J. Nat. Prod. 45 (5),
564-573
Clivia miniata Regel Amaryllidaceae Unspecified Isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. lycorine.
Sewram V et al. 2001. Supercritical fluid extraction and analysis of compounds from
Clivia miniata for uterotonic activity. Planta Med. 67(5), 451-455
Cuesta-Rubio O et al. 2002. Polyisoprenylated benzophenones in cuban propolis;
Clusiaceae biological activity of nemorosone. Z Naturforsch C. 57(3-4), 372-378.
Clusia rosea Jacq. Unspecified Polyisoprenylated benzophenones, e.g. nemorosone
(Guttiferae) Díaz-Carballo D et al. 2003. Novel antitumoral compound isolated from Clusia rosea. Int
J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 41(12), 622-623
Kuti JO et al. 2004. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content in leaf extracts of tree
spinach (Cnidoscolus spp.). J Agric Food Chem. 52(1):117-121
Roots eaten as potatoes and leaves eaten as salad for two species: C.
Genus in which species may contain cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin) ranging from 0,8 to 15 µg HCN Cordeior RS et al. 1983. The presence of histamine in Cnidosculus oligandrus
Cnidoscolus spp. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant chayamansa McVaugh and C. aconitifolius (P. Mill.) I.M. Johnston
equivalent / gram fresh weight. (Euphorbiaceae). An Acad Bras Cienc. 55(1), 123-128.
Loarca-Piña G et al. 2010. Antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antidiabetic activities of
edible leaves from Cnidoscolus chayamansa Mc. Vaugh. J Food Sci. 75(2), 68-72
Genus in which species (e.g. C. orbiculatus, C. trilobus ) may contain different alkaloids among which Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Cocculus spp. Menispermaceae Fruit
bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. tetrandrine Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
page 10 of 40

Wakana D et al. 2011. Three new triterpenyl esters, codonopilates A-C, isolated from
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. Campanulaceae Root Saponin triterpenyl esters
Codonopsis pilosula . J Nat Med. 65(1),18-23
Andersson H.C.et al. 2004 . Intake of caffeine and other methylxanthines during
pregnancy and risk for adverse effects in pregnant women and their foetuses,
TemaNord 565.
IARC. 1991. Monograph No 51, Coffee, tea, maté, methylxanthines and methyl-glyoxal
Coffea arabica L. Methylated xanthine derivative: caffeine Mazzafera P. et al.1992. Breeding for low seed caffeine content of coffee (Coffea L.) by
Rubiaceae Seed (bean)
(Coffea vulgaris Moench.) Green coffee bean: 0.8 - 1.4% caffeine on dry basis interspecific hybridization. Euphytica 59:55-60.
Clifford MN and Willson KC. 1985. Coffee, botany, biochemistry and production of
beans and beverage. Croom Helm Ed. London.
Andersson H.C.et al. 2004. Intake of caffeine and other methylxanthines during
pregnancy and risk for adverse effects in pregnant women and their foetuses,
TemaNord 565.
IARC 1991. Monograph No 51, Coffee, tea, maté, methylxanthines and methyl-glyoxal
Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner Methylated xanthine derivative: caffeine In general somewhat higher caffeine content (up to 50%) in Robusta coffee Mazzafera P. et al. 1992. Breeding for low seed caffeine content of coffee (Coffea L.)
Rubiaceae Seed (bean)
(Coffea robusta Lind. ex De Wild) Green coffee bean: 1.7-4.0% caffeine on dry basis compared to Arabica. by interspecific hybridization. Euphytica 59:55-60.
Clifford MN and Willson KC. 1985. Coffee, botany, biochemistry and production of
beans and beverage. Croom Helm Ed. London.
Cola acuminata (P.Beauv.) Schott &
Endl.
Malvaceae Seed Methylated xanthine derivatives: caffeine (2.4-2.6%), theobromine <0.1%. Wichtl M. and Anton R. 2003. Plantes thérapeutiques (Tradition, pratique officinale,
(Cola pseudo-acuminata Engl.,
Sterculia acuminata P.Beauv.)
ISBN : 2-7430-0631-5
Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.
(Cola acuminata ( P.Beauv.) Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Malvaceae Seed Methylated xanthine derivatives: caffeine (1.5-3.5%) , theobromine 1%, theophylline.
Schott&Endl. var. latifolia K.Schum., Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-7
Cola vera K.Schum.)
Colchicum spp. Colchicaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. colchicine
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. Lamiaceae Novel Food catalogue: food use other than food supplement use would fall ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907
Whole plant Bicyclic diterpene with cyclic ether and lactone: forskoline.
(Plectranthus barbatus Andr.) (Labiatae) under the NF Regulation Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Roth L., Daunderer M. and Kormann K. 1984. Giftpflanzen - Pflanzengifte. Vorkommen
Wirkung Therapie. ecomed. ISBN 3-609-64810-4
Leguminosae Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. et Anton R. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier
Colutea arborescens L. Leaf and seed
(Fabaceae) Non-protein amino acid: L-canavanine (5%) (2009), ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Grosvenor PW et al. 1996. Colutequinone and colutehydroquinone, antifungal
isoflavonoids from Colutea arborescens. Phytochemistry. 43(2):377-380
High content of tannins; Naumchik GN et al.1964. Study of tannins in Comarum palustre L., a bound form of
Comarum palustre L. Rosaceae Root
Intake of high doses of tannins may cause hepatotoxicity tannins. Aptechn Delo. 13, 27-28.
Bassène E et al. 1986. African medicinal plants. Alkaloids of Combretum micranthum G.
Don (Kinkeliba). Ann Pharm Fr. 44(3), 191-196.
Ogan AU. 1972. The alkaloids in the leaves of Combretum micranthum. Studies on
Presence of flavan-piperidine alkaloids. West African medicinal plants. VII. Planta Med. 21(2), 210-7.
Combretum micranthum G.Don.
Welch CR. 2010. Chemistry and pharmacology of Kinkeliba (Combretum micranthum),
(C.altum, C.floribundum, C.parviflorum, Combretaceae Leaf
Novel Food catalogue: food use other than food supplement use would fall a West-African medicinal plant. PhD Thesis. New Brunswick - University of New Jersey.
C.raimbaultii)
under the NF Regulation available at: www.mss3.libraries.rutgers.edu/dlr/outputds.php?pid=rutgers-lib
micranthum
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Delgado IF et al. 1993. Study on embryo-foetotoxicity of beta-myrcene in the rat. Food
Chem Toxicol 31(1), 31-5.
Essential oil (0.4%) with phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol in unspecified quantities. Terpenoids: e.g.
Oleo-gum-resin from the Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Commiphora mukul Engl. Burseraceae myrcene, dimyrcene, polymyrcene
trunk Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, 1269 pages, ISBN : 978-2-7430-1188-8.
Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis 1998. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-
52688-9
Omer SA et al. 1999. Effects on rats of Commiphora myrrha extract given by different
Volatile fraction present only in the freshly collected oleogum resin routes of administration. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 41(4), 193-6.
Oleo-gum-resin from the Volatile fraction: furanosesquiterpenes: e.g. curzerenone, methoxy-furanodiene, furanoelemenes, furano-
Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. Burseraceae Wichtl M. and Anton R. 2003. Plantes thérapeutiques (Tradition, pratique officinale,
trunk germacranes
Hepato-nephropathy described science et thérapeutique), Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 2ème édition, 692 pages,
ISBN : 2-7430-0631-5
Apiaceae Piperidine alkaloids: coniine (3% in immature fruit; 1% in mature fruit). In the rest of the plant : γ-coniine (more ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Conium maculatum L. Whole plant
(Umbelliferae) active than coniine). Council of Europe. 2008. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Council of
Cardenolide glycosides (0.2-0.4% in dried leaf and 0.5% in flower and seed): e.g. convallatoxin and Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Convallaria majalis L. Asparagaceae Whole plant
glucovalloside and convalloside in the seed. ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. ergine, lysergol, clavines
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Convolvulus spp. Convolvulaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. tropanol, pseudotropanol.
Genus in which some species contain a resin (roots) with strong purgative effect: e.g. jalapine
Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7
page 11 of 40

Chen F, et al. 2009. Within-plant distribution and emission of sesquiterpenes from
Leguminosae Copaifera officinalis. Plant Physiol Biochem. 47(11-12),1017-1023.
Copaifera officinalis (Jacq.) L. Bark Presence of chemically not defined diterpenes in the bark oleoresin
(Fabaceae) Brito NM, et al. 2010.The effect of copaiba balsam on Walker 256 carcinoma inoculated
into the vagina and uterine cervix of female rats. Acta Cir Bras.25(2), 176-180
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Coptis spp. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. berberine, stylopine, coptisine
Cardenolide glycosides: erysimoside, olitoriside, corchorosides A and B, coroloside, helveticoside, cannogenol, Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer Verlag, 1998. ISBN: 3-540-
Corchorus olitorius L. Malvaceae Seed
periplogenin, digitoxigenin, glucoevatromonoside, deglucocoroloside, evatromonoside. 52688-9
Nakamura T et al. 1998. Cardenolide glycosides from seeds of Corchorus olitorius.
Phytochemistry. 49(7):2097-2101.
ISBN : 2-7430-0631-5
Apiaceae
Coriandrum sativum L. Aerial part Essential oil from the fruit: bicyclic monoterpene: camphor (3-9%) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer Verlag, 1998. ISBN: 3-540-
(Umbelliferae)
52688-9
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer Verlag, 1998. ISBN: 3-540-
Coriaria myrtifolia L. Coriariaceae Aerial part Sesquiterpene lactones: e.g. coriamyrtin, coriarin, coriamyrtin. High concentration of coriamyrtin in berries
52688-9
de Haro L et al. 2005. Poisoning by Coriaria myrtifolia Linnaeus: a new case report and
review of the literature. Toxicon. 46(6):600-603
Coriaria thymifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Coriariaceae Aerial part Sesquiterpene lactones: e.g. coriamyrtin, coriatine, pseudotutine, tutine. Duke J.A. 1985. Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8493-3630-9.
52688-9
Leguminosae Strizhova-Salovani. 1957. Pharmacology of Coronilla scorpioides, a new cardiac drug.
Coronilla scorpioides Koch. Whole plant Cardenolides: e.g. hyrcanoside and the aglycone hyrcanogenine.
(Fabaceae) Farmakol Toksikol. (3), 59-63.
Komissarenko NF et al.1969. On the chemotaxonomic characterization of Coronilla
scorpioides and C. repanda. Planta Med.17(2), 170-177
Leguminosae Seed: cardenolide, e.g. hyrcanoside and deglucohyrcanoside ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Coronilla varia L. Whole plant
(Fabaceae) Other plant parts (except seeds): 3-nitropropanoic acid derivatives Gold K et al. 1991. Studies on the distribution of a naturally occurring nitroaliphatic acid
in crownvetch (Coronilla varia, Fabaceae). Econ. Botany 45(3), 334-338
Zhong-Ze Ma et al. 2008. Isoquinoline alkaloids isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo and
Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids: 6% of dry weight in tuber: e.g. bulbocapnine,
their binding affinities at the dopamine D1 receptor. Molecules 13(9), 2303-2312
Corydalis spp. Papaveraceae Whole plant corydaline, corydine, coptisine, palmatine, N-methyllaudanindine, allocryptopine, protopine, corycavidine,
glaucine, corydine, bulbocapnine, corydaline, corypalmine, tetrahydropalmatine, canadine, thalictrivacine.
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Corynanthe spp. Rubiaceae Bark Genus in which species may contain yohimbane alkaloids: e.g. corynanthine, yohimbine (= quebrachine)
Genus in which species may contain cyanogenic glycosides: prunasin from the bark ; amygdalin and prunasin Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Cotoneaster spp. Rosaceae Whole plant
from the fruit (amygdalin, prunasin). ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Coumarouna oppositifolia Taub. Leguminosae Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer Verlag, 1998. ISBN: 3-540-
Seed Coumarin
(Taralea oppositifolia Aubl.) (Fabaceae) 52688-9
Bhaskar VH and al. 2009. Evaluation of the anti-fertility activity of stem bark of Crataeva
Crateva nurvala Buch.-Ham. Antifertility activity (decrease of the implantation) when administered orally to nurvala buch. Afr J Biotech 8, 6453-6456.
Capparaceae Bark Triterpenes (lupane type): e.g. lupeol
(Crateva lophosperma Kuz. ) rats. Sharma B.B. et al. 1983. Antifertility Screening of Plants. Part I. Effect of Ten Indigenous
Plants on Early Pregnancy in Albino Rats. Pharm Biol 21 (4), 183-187
Fennell C.W and van Staden J. 2001. Crinum species in traditional and modern
Crinum asiaticum L Amaryllidaceae Bulb Isoquinoline alkaloids (Amaryllidaceae alkaloids): e.g. pratorimine, lycorine, crinidine, crinamine
medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol 78(1), 15-26
Gastaldo P. 1987. Compendio della Flora Officinale Italiana Padova. Ed. Piccin. ISBN
Apiaceae 8829905992, 9788829905997
Crithmum maritimum L. Leaf Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol (3,4%)
(Umbelliferae) Özcan M. et al. 2006. Constituents of the Essential Oil of Sea Fennel (Crithmum
maritimum L.) Growing Wild in Turkey. J. Medicinal Food. 9(1), 128-130
Leguminosae Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Crotalaria spp. Aerial part Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids
(Fabaceae) Asres K. et al. 2004. Patterns of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in 12 Ethiopian Crotalaria
species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32(10), 915-930.
Genus in which species may contain diterpene esters (phorbol-esters), isoquinoline alkaloids (aporphine, Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer Verlag, 1998. ISBN 3-540-
Croton spp. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant
morphinane, proaporphine type alkaloids) and lectins: e.g. crotin 52688-9
Duke J.A. 1985. Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8493-3630-9
Genus in which species may contain cardenolide glycosides e.g.: oleandrigenin 3-rhamnoside and aglycones:
Cryptostegia spp. Apocynaceae Whole plant Cook D.R. et al. 1990. Suspected Cryptostegia grandiflora (ruber wine) poisoning in
e.g. oleandrigenin. gitoxigenin, 16-anhydrogitoxigenin, 16-propionylgitoxigenin.
horses. Austr. Vet. J. 67 (9) 344
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Van Keulen HA. 1981. Fluorodensitometric estimation of cucurbitacin-C in leaves of
Possible occurence of the oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes: cucurbitacin C in leaf and fruit and of
Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Whole plant Cucumis sativus L.. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Formerly Qualitas Plantarum),
cucurbitacins C and B in root.
31(2), 129-137
Rehm S.et al. 1957. Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. VIII.—cucurbitacins in
Cucurbita maxima Duch. Cucurbitaceae Whole plant Possible occurrence of oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes: cucurbitacins B and C. seedlings—occurrence, biochemistry and genetical aspects. J. Sci. Food. Agr.
8(12), 687 - 691
Fruits of cultivated squash and other pumpkins have been cultured to be "free of
cucurbitacins", and are assumed to contain a supressor gene or a mutation Tema Nord 2006:556, Cucurbitacins in plant food, Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN 92-
Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae Fruit Possible occurrence of oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes: cucurbitacins.
responsible for absence of cucurbitacins. However, back-mutations occur 893-1381-1
randomly which may lead to plants with toxic and bitter fruits.
Apiaceae Essential oil from fruit: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol (30ppm) and monoterpenes: monoterpene Council of Europe. 2007. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 2. Council of
Cuminum cyminum L. Fruit
(Umbelliferae) etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (0.2-0.4%). Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6156-7.
Curcuma kwangsiensis S.G.Lee & Zhu You-Ping. 1998. Chinese Materia medica. Chemistry, pharmacology and
Zingiberaceae Rhizome Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole.
C.F. Liang applications. CRC Press. ISBN-13: 978-9057022852
Curcuma longa L. Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
(Curcuma domestica Val., Curcuma Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2.
Zingiberaceae Rhizome Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole and bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. camphor
domestic Loir., Amomum curcuma Zhu You-Ping. 1998. Chinese Materia medica. Chemistry, pharmacology and
Jacq.) applications. CRC Press. ISBN-13: 978-9057022852
Zhu You-Ping. 1998. Chinese Materia medica. Chemistry, pharmacology and
Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton Zingiberaceae Rhizome Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. camphor (10-16%)
applications. CRC Press. ISBN-13: 978-9057022852
applications. CRC Press. ISBN-13: 978-9057022852.
Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling Zingiberaceae Rhizome
Li S. et al. 2011. Chemical Composition and Product Quality Control of Turmeric
(Curcuma longa L.) Pharmaceutical Crops, 2: 28-54
Essential oil (3-12%): monoterpenes: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (up to 40%), bicyclic
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, 1269 pages, ISBN : 978-2-7430-1188-8; Hagers
monoterpenes: camphor (1%);
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis 1998. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-52688-9
Chandhoke N. 1979. Scoparone: effect on reproductive processes in rats. Indian J. Exp.

Biol. 17, 740-742.
The saponins (hederagenin- and gypsogmin -type saponins) are thought to
Amaranthaceae Ren MT et al. 2009. Rapid analysis of constituents of Radix Cyathulae using hydrophilic
Cyathula officinalis Kuan Root Coumarins: e.g. scoparone (6,7 dimethoxycoumarin) stimulate uterus contraction and can lead to abortion, however scoparone is
(Chenopodiaceae) interaction-reverse phase LC-MS. Journal of Separation Science. 32(22), 3988 - 3995
probably the causative agent.
applications. CRC Press. ISBN-13: 978-9057022852
Eizirik DL and Kisby GE. 1995. Cycad toxin-induced damage of rodent and human
pancreatic beta-cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50(3), 355-365.
Cycas spp. Cycadaceae Leaf, pollen, seed Genus in which species may contain the amine oxide: cycasin
Salama M and Arias-Carrión O . 2011. Natural toxins implicated in the development of
Parkinson’s disease. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 4(6), 361-373
Cyclamen europaeum L. Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Primulaceae Tuber Triterpene saponins: e.g. cyclamine
(C. purpurascens Mill.) ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Poaceae Essential oil ( 0.2%-0.4%): bicyclic monoterpenes: alpha-thujone (up to 0.1%) and monoterpene etheroxide: Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Aerial part
(Andropogon citratus DC.) (Gramineae) 1,8-cineole (traces) Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2.
Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Poaceae Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Aerial part Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol (traces)
Will.Watson (Gramineae) Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2.
Poaceae Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of
Cymbopogon nardus ( L.) Hook.f. Aerial part Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol (51-204 ppm).
(Gramineae) Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2.
Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers.
See Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.
Poaceae O'Reagain PJ. 1993. Plant structure and the acceptability of different grasses to sheep.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Aerial part Cyanogenic glycosides
(Gramineae) J Range Manage 46: 232-236.
Van Dam N et al. 1995. Distribution, biosynthesis and turnover of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Cynoglossum spp. Boraginaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids
in Cynoglossum officinale. Phytochemistry. 39(2), 287-292
Rehman AB. 2007. Pharmacological studies on traditional medicine (Cyperus rotundus)
used in Pakistan. Thesis. Department of pharmacology. University of Karachi.
Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Rhizome Sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids: rotundines A-C (0.21%-0.24%); bufadienolide glycosides (0.62%-0,74%)
Jeong S. J et al. 2000. Rotundines A-C, three novel sesquiterpene alkaloids from
Cyperus rotundus. J. Nat. Prod. 63: 673-675.
Schmalle H and Hausen BM, 1979. A new sensitizing quinone from lady slipper
(Cypripedium calceolus). Naturwissenschaften. 66(10), 527-528.
Cypripedium calceolus L. Orchidaceae Root Quinones e.g. cypripedin a non-terpenoid phenanthraquinone
Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. 2007. Herbal medicines (3rd ed). London:
Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-642-1
Leguminosae Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis 1998. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-
Cytisus spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine
(Fabaceae) 52688-9
José S. Flores JS et al. 2001. Plantas de la flora Yucatanense que provocan alguna
toxicidad en el humano. Rev Biomed 12: 86-96.
Dalechampia scandens L. Euphorbiaceae Leaf and stem Diterpenes; cyanogenic glycosides; lectins Presence of histamine
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Daphne spp. Thymelaeaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain diterpene esters: e.g. daphnane derivatives
52688-9
The fresh plant contains hyoscyamine, twice more active than atropine (racemic 52688-9
Datura spp. Solanaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. atropine, scopolamine
mixture) Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
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Apiaceae Saad HEA et al. 1995. Essential oils of Daucus carota ssp. Maximus. Pharm Acta Helv
Daucus carota L. Fruit Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylisoeugenol, methyleugenol, elemicine, beta asarone
(Umbelliferae) 70, 79-84
Delphinium spp. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain diterpene alkaloids: e.g. ajacine, ajaconine, delcosine, methyllycaconitine
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Leguminosae Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Derris spp. Root Genus in which species may contain rotenoids: e.g. rotenone
(Fabaceae) The Journal of Pesticide Action Network UK. Pesticides News 2001 (54) fact sheet 20-
21
Trout K. 1997. Trout's notes on the genus Desmodium, (Chemistry, Ethnomedicine,
Leguminosae Genus in which species may contain tryptamine derivatives: e.g. 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine and 5-hydroxy-
Desmodium spp. Whole plant Pharmacology, Synonyms and Miscellany). Copyright ©1997 by Trout & Friends & 2002
(Fabaceae) dimethyltryptamine (bufotenine)
by Trout’s Notes/ Mydriatic Productions. Adapted for webviewing March 2004
Dianthus caryophyllus L. Caryophyllaceae Aerial part Triterpene saponins
Isoquinoline alkaloids: from epigeal parts ( 0.17%) and from the root (0.25%) e.g.: dihydrosanguinarine,
Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. Papaveraceae Whole plant Israilov IA et al. 1984. Alkaloids of Dicentra. Chem Nat Prod 20 (1): 74-76
sanguinarine, scoulerine, cheilanthifoline, corydine, and protopine
Dichondra repens J.R.Forst. & G. Obidoa O and Obasi SC. 1991. Coumarin compounds in cassava diets: 2 health
Convolvulaceae Whole plant Coumarins: e.g. scopoletin
Forst. implications of scopoletin in gari. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 41: 283-289
Möller H. 1978. Phototoxicity of Dictamnus alba. Contact Dermatitis 4: 264-269.
Furanocoumarins (psoralens) from leaf : e.g. bergapten, xanthotoxin, auraptene;
Başer KHC et al. 1994. The essential oil composition of Dictamnus albus from Turkey.
Furoquinoline alkaloids from leaf: e.g. haplopine, robustine, dictamnine, and gamma-fagarine;
Planta Med 60: 481-482.
Essential oil from leaf: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol and trans-anethole ;
Dictamnus albus L. Rutaceae Whole plant Mizuta M, Kanamori H. 1985. Mutagenic activities of dictamnine and gamma-fagarine
Furoquinoline alkaloids from root (0.04%-0.09%): e.g. dictamnine (0.003%), gamma fagarine (0.002%),...
from dictamni radicis cortex (Rutaceae). Mutat. Res. 144: 221-225.
Essential oil from root : sesquiterpene lactones: e.g. fraxinellon (1.2%) ;
Prakash A.O. et al. 1986. Evaluation of some indigenous plants for anti-implantation
Furoquinoline alkaloids from root bark: e.g. dictamnine (0.29%), gamma fagarine (0.014%)
activity in rats. Probe 25: 151-155.
Furoquinoline alkaloids from root: e.g. dictamnine, trigonelline, skimmianine (Β-fagarine), γ-fagarine, But PPH. (Ed.) 1997. Northeast Asia. International collation of traditional and folk
Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Rutaceae Whole plant
dasycarpamine, platydesmine; Furanocoumarins from aerial part: e.g. psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin medicine. A project of Unesco. World Sc. Pub. ISBN: 981023130X.
Kuballa B. et al. 1981. Study of Dieffenbachia induced oedema in mice and rats
Dieffenbachia spp. Araceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain oxalate raphides, proteolytic enzymes and cyanogenic glycosides hindpaw: respective role of oxalate needles and trypsin-like protease. Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol. 58: 444-451
Digitalis spp. Plantaginaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cardenolides (digitalis glycosides): e.g. digoxin
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Dioscorea spp. Dioscoreaceae Tuber Genus in which species may contain pyrridinal alkaloids: e.g. dioscorine Cultivated species for food use are exempt of alkaloids.
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids (aporphine-type alkaloids): e.g reticuline, Cordell GA (Ed.). 2000. Chemistry and Biology, Volume 54 (Alkaloids). Academic Press.
Diploclisia spp. Menispermaceae Whole plant
asimilobine, acutumine ISBN 0-12-469554
Books Llc. 2010. Psychedelic Tryptamine Carriers: Psilocybe Cubensis, Ayahuasca,
Diplopterys cabrerana (Cuatrec.)
Malpighiaceae Whole plant Tryptamine alkaloids: e.g. dimethyltryptamine, harmane derivatives Psilocybin Mushrooms, Mimosa Tenuiflora, Harmal, List of Psilocybin Mushrooms.
B.Gates
General Books LLC. ISBN 1155908902, 9781155908908.
Leguminosae Pentane/dichlormethane extract: coumarin 3.6 g/kg, camphor >1 mg/kg. Council of Europe. 2007. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 2. Council of
Dipteryx odorata ( Aubl.) Willd. Seed
(Fabaceae) Methanol extract: coumarin 23-25 g/kg. Tonka bean absolute: coumarin 390-510 g/kg. Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6156-7.
Ocampo R. and Balick MJ. 2009. Plants of Semillas Sagradas: An Ethnomedicinal
Dracontium spp. Araceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain calcium oxalate raphides Garden in Costa Rica. Edited by Ruth Goldstein and Katherine Herrera. Finca Luna
Nueva Extractos de Costa Rica, S.A.Rafael. ISBN: 978-0-615-27415-7
Bajaj YPS (Ed). 1993. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 24, Medicinal and
Drosera anglica Huds. Droseraceae Aerial part Naphtoquinone derivatives: e.g. plumbagin
aromatic plants V. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-56008-4
Drosera intermedia Hayne Droseraceae Aerial part Naphtoquinone derivatives: e.g. plumbagin
Drosera rotundifolia L. Droseraceae Aerial part Naphtoquinone derivatives: e.g. plumbagin
Dryobalanops aromatica C.F.Gaertn. Dipterocarpaceae Stem Bicyclic monoterpene alcohol: e.g. borneol and bicyclic monoterpene ketone: e.g. camphor Siegel E and Wason S. 1986. Camphor toxicity. Pediatr Clin N Am, 33: 375-379
Genus in which species may contain filicine which is a mixture of different acylphloroglucinols (e.g. aspidin, Klaus Mehltreter (Edt) 2010. Fern ecology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN:
Dryopteris spp. Dryopteridaceae Whole plant
albaspidin). Some species may also contain the norsesquiterpene ptaquiloside 9780521728201.
The fresh plant contains hyoscyamine, twice more active than atropine (racemic Pearn J. 1981. Clinical hyoscine poisoning with alkaloids of the native corkwood,
Duboisia spp. Solanaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. atropine, scopolamine…
mixture) Duboisia. Med. J. Aust. 2 (8): 422-423
Kliks MM. 1985. Studies on the traditional herbal anthelmintic chenopodium
ambrosioides L.: Ethnopharmacological evaluation and clinical field trials. Soc Sci Med,
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.)
Amaranthaceae Essential oil from leaf (0.7%) and from unripe seed (2.5%): peroxygenated monoterpenes: e.g. ascaridole 21: 879-886
Mosyakin & Clemants Leaf and seed
(Chenopodiaceae) (from 10% to 70% depending on the origin) and phenylpropanoids: e.g. safrole. http://www.food-info.net/uk/index.htm
(Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)
Federation Proceedings 1948. Federation of American Societies for Experimental
Biology. 7: 252
Dysphania anthelmintica (L.)
Mosyakin & Clemants
Amaranthaceae Federation Proceedings 1948. Federation of American Societies for Experimental
(Chenopodium anthelminticum L.; C. Leaf and seed Essential oil: peroxygenated monoterpene: ascaridole and phenylpropanoids: e.g. safrole
(Chenopodiaceae) Biology. 7: 252
ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum
(L.) A. Gray)
Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 26:66-69 (2003). Maryland USA. ISSN 1064-
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich. Cucurbitaceae Aerial part Oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes: cucurbitacines (from fruit: 3.84%, from stem :1.34%, from leaf: 0.34%)
5594
Turova AD. et al. 1957. Pharmacology of the new alkaloid Echinopsine. Pharmacol.
Compositae Toxicol. 20, 236-240.
Echinops ritro L. Seed Quinoline alkaloids (0.5%): e.g. echinopsine
(Asteraceae) Di Cosmo F. et al. 1982. Photo-induced fungicidal activity elicited by naturally occurring
thiophene derivatives. J Pestic Sci 13: 589-594.
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Turova AD. et al. 1957. Pharmacology of the new alkaloid Echinopsine. Pharmacol.
Compositae Toxicol. 20, 236-240.
Echinops sphaerocephalus L. Seed Quinoline alkaloids: e.g echinopsine
(Asteraceae) Di Cosmo F. et al. 1982. Photo-induced fungicidal activity elicited by naturally occurring
thiophene derivatives. J Pestic Sci 13: 589-594.
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1.
Echium spp. Boraginaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids Eyad Safi Ibrahim. 2007. Thesis. Isolation and characterization of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
from Echium glomeratum Poir (Boraginaceae). The Faculty of Graduate Studies. Jordan
University of Science and Technology.
Essential oil : phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol (0.1%) and monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (up to in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Zingiberaceae Fruit
51.3%) http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/soc-
Prakash AO et al. 1992. Antiimplantation mechanism of action of Embelin in rats.
Phytother Res 6:29-33;
Embelia spp. Primulaceae Fruit Genus in which species may contain the benzoquinone embelin
Gupta RS et al. 1989. Antispermatogenic effect of embelin, a plant benzoquinone on
male albino rats in rats in vivo and in vitro. Contraception, 39: 307-320
Ephedra spp. Ephedraceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain phenylethylamine alkaloids: e.g. ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,
Ducrey B et al. Inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase and aromatase by the ellagitannins
Genus in which some species may contain macrocyclic ellagitannins: oenothein oenothein A and oenothein B from Epilobium species. Planta Med. 63(2):111-4.
A and oenothein B, considered responsible for the activity-decrease of Vitalone A et al. 2003. Extracts of various species of Epilobium inhibit proliferation of
Epilobium spp. Onagraceae Aerial part
aromatase and 5-alpha-reductase present in prostate cells. human prostate cells. Pharmacology. 69(2):79-87.
Other compounds like flavonoids and sterols may contribute to the effect. Hiermann A, Bucar F. 1997. Studies of Epilobium angustifolium extracts on growth of
accessory sexual organs in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 55: 179-183.
Mizuno M et al. 1989. Seasonal fluctuation of flavonol glycosides in Epimedium species.
Yakugaku Zasshi 109(4), 271-272.
Epimedium grandiflorum C.Morren. Berberidaceae Whole plant Flavonol glycoside: icariin Listed as Novel Food in the NF Catalogue
Koga S et al. 1991. Studies on Epimedium Species: Flavonol glycosides and isozymes.
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19(4), 315-318
Mizuno M et al. 1989. Seasonal fluctuation of flavonol glycosides in Epimedium species.
Epimedium sagittatum (Siebold & Yakugaku Zasshi 109(4):271-272.
Berberidaceae Whole plant Flavonol glycoside: icariin (in fresh leaf: 0.013%)
Zucc.) Maxim. Koga S et al. 1991. Studies on Epimedium Species: Flavonol glycosides and isozymes.
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19 (4): 315-318
Equisetum palustre L. Equisetaceae Aerial part Piperidine alkaloids: e.g. palustrine (0.01-0.3%) Reported toxicity on livestock
Kopp B. et al. 2004. 4H-Chromenone Glycosides from Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisbury.
Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. Ranunculaceae Root Chromenone glycosides: e.g. eranthin
Helv Chim Acta 74: 611-616
Compositae Gupta RC.(Ed). 2007. Veterinary toxicology. Basic and Clinical principles. Elsevier Inc.
Erechtites spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids: e.g. senecionine, seneciphylline
(Asteraceae) ISBN 978-0-12-370467-2
Hasegawa T. 2005. Estimation of Cyanogenic Glycosides and Their Degradation
Products in Eriobotrya japonica Seeds under Various Storage and Processing Methods.
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Rosaceae Leaf and seed Cyanogenic glycoside: amygdalin (0.06%) Bulletin of the Public Health Laboratory of Chiba Prefecture, 28: 5-10.
Zhuang YF. 2002. Determine the quantity of amygdaloside in Eriobotrya japonica leaf by
HPLC. Strait Pharmaceutical Journal. 14(5), 64-65
Guarrera PM. 2003. Folk medicine and minor nourishment in the folk traditions of
Apiaceae Essential oil from fresh herb (0.09%): furanocoumarins: e.g. bergapten (0.014% in fruit). Polyines from Central Italy (Marche, Abruzzo and Latium). Fitoterapia 74: 515-544.
Eryngium campestre L. Aerial part
(Umbelliferae) falcarinontype: e.g. falcarinon, falcarinolon Kartal M. et al. 2006. Triterpene Saponins from Eryngium campestre. J. Nat. Prod. 69:
1105-1108.
Leguminosae Bruneton J. 2005. Plantes toxiques (Végétaux dangereux pour l’homme et les animaux),
Erythrina spp. Aerial part Genus in which species may contain benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. erythraline, erysodine
(Fabaceae) Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, 618 pages, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7
Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Leguminosae Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-
Bark and seed Diterpenoid amides: e.g. cassaine
Perr.) Brenan (Fabaceae) Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Erythroxylum spp. Erythroxylaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. cocaine Cocaine found in 14 species (there are about 50-60 species)
Gafner S et al. 2006. Alkaloids from Eschscholzia californica and their capacity to
inhibit binding of [3H]8-Hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin to 5-HT1A receptors in vitro.
Isoquinoline alkaloids (0.29 to 0.38% of dry herb) with as main alkaloid J. Nat. Prod., 69, 432-435.
Eschscholzia californica Cham. Papaveraceae Aerial part Proença da Cunha A. et al. 2003. Plantas e Produtos Vegetais em Fitoterapia.
californidine (0.19% - 0.23%)
Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa. ISBN: 978-972-31-1010-4
Eucalyptus spp. Myrtaceae Leaf Genus in which species may contain monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole
Cardiotonic glycosides (digitalis-like) in fruit (seed) e.g.: euonoside, euobioside, euomonoside; sesquiterpene Melero P. et al. 2000. A Short Review on Cardiotonic Steroids and their Aminoguanidine
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Celastraceae Whole plant
alkaloids (0.1%): e.g. evonine, evozine, evorine Analogues. Molecules 5: 51-81
Melero P. et al. 2000. A Short Review on Cardiotonic Steroids and Their
Cardiotonic glycosides (digitalis-like)in fruit (seed) e.g.: eounoside, euobioside, euomonoside; sesquiterpene Aminoguanidine Analogues. Molecules 5: 51-82
Euonymus europaeus L. Celastraceae Whole plant
alkaloids (0.1%): e.g. evonine, evozine, evorine Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Compositae Riet-Correa F. 2011. Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins and Related Toxins. CABI, 2011.
Eupatorium spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids: e.g. supinine, rinderine
(Asteraceae) ISBN 184593833X, 9781845938338
Rizk AF, Havranek, T and Jirousek R. 1990. Poisonous plant contamination of edible
Genus in which species may contain diterpene-esters (phorbol esters) in the latex: e.g. tigliane, ingenane and These compounds are found in two families: Euphorbiaceae & Thymeleaceae. plants. CRC Press. ISBN 0849363691
Euphorbia spp. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant
daphnane types Some of these esters are cocarcinogenic agents. Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
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Wahab NA et al. 2010. The effect of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on spermatogenesis in
Nortriterpenoids: quassinoids : e.g. eurycomanone, eurycomalacton, eurycomanol; indole alkaloids: beta estrogen-treated rats. Clinics 65(1): 93-8.
Eurycoma longifolia Jack Simaroubaceae Root
carboline alkaloids and indolomonoterpenic alkaloids: e.g. canthin-6-one Shuid AN et al. 2010. The anti-osteoporotic effect of Eurycoma longifolia in aged
orchidectomised rat model. The aging male. Early Online, 1-5.
Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. Parmeliaceae Lichen Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. alpha and beta thujones (about 10%), camphor
Evodia ruticarpa ( A.Juss.) Benth.
Shoji N. et al. 1986. Isolation of evodiamine, a powerful cardiotonic principle, from
(Evodia rutaecarpa (A.Juss.) Hook.f. ex Rutaceae Fruit Indolo-pyrido-quinazoline alkaloids: e.g. evodiamine, rutecarpine
Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham (Rutaceae). J Pharm Sci. 75(6): 612-3
Benth.)
Konoshi T. et al. 2003. Seco-labdane type diterpenes from Excoecaria agallocha.
Contact with plant can cause temporarily blindness. Used in fertility regulations
Excoecaria agallocha L. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Diterpene esters (labdane type): e.g. excoecarins
and having uterotonic activity Phytochemistry 64 (4): 835-840
Nelson E. et al. 1993. Genotoxic effects of subacute treatments with wood dust extracts
Fagus sylvatica L. Fagaceae Fruit and wood Fruit: oxalates (2,95%) Wood dust possibly mutagenic activity. on the nasal epithelium of rats: assessment by the micronucleus and 32P-postlabelling.
Arch toxicol, 67 (8): 586-589
Kajimoto T et al. 1989. Sesquiterpenoid and disulphide derivatives from Ferula
assa–foetida. Phytochemistry 28: 1761–1763.
Apiaceae Oleo gum resin: sesquiterpene coumarins: e.g. asacoumarin A, B. One case of Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T., 1995. Essential oil safety. A Guide for Health Care
Ferula assa-foetida L. Root
(Umbelliferae) methaemoglobinaemia described in an infant. Professionals. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh. ISBN: 0443052603.
Kelly KJ et al. 1984. Methemoglobinemia in an infant treated with the folk remedy
glycerited asafoetida . Pediatrics 73: 717-719 .
Merza H Homady et al.2002. Reproductive toxicity and infertility effect of Ferula
Reproductive toxicity and infertility effect of Ferula hormonis in mice
hormonis extracts in mice. Theriogenology 57 (9): 2247-2256.
Apiaceae Daucane sesquiterpene esters from root resin: ferutinin (ferutinol p-hydroxybenzoate), teferdin (ferutinol El-Thaher TS et al. 2001. Ferula harmonis "zallouh" and enhancing erectile function in
Ferula hermonis Boiss. Root and seed Oil extract from the seeds administered acutely in rats enhances erectile
(Umbelliferae) benzoate) and the sesquiterpene alcohol ferutinol (jaeschkeanadiol) rats: efficacy and toxicity study. Int J Impot Res 13: 247–251.
function; chronic administration induces toxic effects (decreased body weight,
Hilan C. et al. 2007. Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of Ferula hermonis (Boiss.).
hepatomegaly and atrophic testis)
Lebanese Science Journal. 8 (2): 135-150
Ficaria ranunculoides Roth
See Ranunculus ficaria L.
Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T., 1995. Essential oil safety. A Guide for Health Care
Professionals. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh. ISBN: 0443052603.
Ficus carica L. Moraceae Whole plant Furanocoumarins from latex: e.g. psoralen and bergapten
52688-9
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Essential oil from the aerial part: phenylpropanoids, e.g. trans-anethole, methylchavicol (2.3-4.9%)
Apiaceae Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3.
(Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. piperitum Aerial part Essential oil from the unripe seed: methylchavicol (11.9-56.1%)
(Umbelliferae) Garcia-Jimenez N et al. 2000. Chemical composition of Fennel oil, Foeniculum vulgare
(Ucria) Coutinho) Essential oil from ripe seed: methylchavicol (61.8%)
Miller, from Spain. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 12(2), 159-162.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. vulgare Apiaceae Essential oil from the aerial part: phenylpropanoids, e.g. trans-anethole, methylchavicol in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Fruit
var. vulgare (Umbelliferae) Essential oil from the seed: methylchavicol (3.5-12%). http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/soc-
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ssp. Apiaceae Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3.
Fruit Essential oil from the seed: phenylpropane derivative, e.g. trans-anethole, methylchavicol (1.5-8.1%).
vulgare var. dulce ( Mill.) Batt. & Trab. (Umbelliferae) Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
in natural sources of flavourings
Genus in which species may contain steroidal and isosteroidal alkaloids: e.g. peimissine, verticine, verticinone, LI P. et al. 2001. Determination of isosteroidal alkaloids and glucosides in Fritellaria by
Fritillaria spp. Liliaceae Bulb
imperialine, isoverticine, ebeiedine HPLC-ELSDJournal of chromatography. 909 (2): 207-214
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (protoberberines): e.g. protopine (38%), sinactine, cryptopine, fumaritine and Gorbunov N.P. et al. 1977. Preparation and the arrhythmic activity of the total alkaloids
Fumaria officinalis L. Papaveraceae Aerial part
sanguinarine of Fumaria officinalis L. Pharm. Chem. 11(5), 640-642
Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids (Amaryllidaceae alkaloids): e .g. galanthamine, Sidjimova B. et al. 2003. Galanthamine distribution in Bulgarian Galanthus spp.
Galanthus spp. Amaryllidaceae Aerial part
lycorine Pharmazie 58(12), 935-936.
Leguminosae Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, 618 pages, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7.
Galega officinalis L. Aerial part Guanidine derivatives: e.g. galegine (in herb 0.1%-0-3%; in seed up to 0.5%), peganine
(Fabaceae) Rasekh, H.R. et al. 2008. Acute and subchronic oral toxicity of Galega officinalis in rats.
J. Ethnopharmacol 116 (1): 21-26.
Jacquemond-Collet I. et al. 2001. Identification of the alkaloids of Galipea officinalis by

Galipea officinalis Hancock Tetrahydroquinoline alkaloids (40%): e.g. angustureine, galipeine, cuspareine, galipinine and quinoline gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochem Anal 12: 312-319.
Rutaceae Bark and wood
(Cusparia officinalis (Hancock) Engl.) alkaloids: e.g. galipine and furoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. maculosidine Rakotoson J.H. et al. 1998. Alkaloids from Galipea officinalis. Planta medica 64(8), 762-
763.
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-4324-2.
Rubiaceae Aerial part Coumarin (0.7-1.7% in dried herb) Coumarin in dried herb: 1.06% in April/May, 0.44-0.93% in August
(Asperula odorata L.) Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T., 1995. Essential oil safety. A Guide for Health Care
Professionals. Churchill Livingstone. Edinburgh. ISBN: 0443052603
Garcinia cambogia Desr.
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Saito M et al. 2005. High dose of Garcinia cambogia is effective in suppressing fat
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. Clusiaceae
Whole plant (-) Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) from fruit. Gum resin from bark accumulation in developing male Zucker obese rat, but highly toxic to the testis. Food
(Garcinia cambogia Desr.) (Guttiferae)
Chem Tox 43: 411-419.
Braun H, Frohne D. 1987. Heilpflanzen-Lexikon für Ärzte und Apotheker. 5. Auflage.
Clusiaceae Bark gum resin: polyprenylated xanthones: e.g. gambogic acid, isogambogenin, isomorellinol; (-) Hydroxycitric Stuttgart, Gustav Fischer Verlag. ISBN 3437110713, 9783437110719.
Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f. Whole plant
(Guttiferae) acid (HCA) from fruit. Asano J. et al. 1996. Cytotoxic xanthones from Garcinia hanburyi. Phytochemistry 41(3),
815-820.
Clusiaceae Jayaprakasha G.K. and Sakariah K.K. 2002. Determination of organic acids in leaves
Garcinia indica (Thou.) Choisy Fruit rind and leaf (-) Hydroxycitric acid (leaf: 4.1-4.6%; fruit rind: 10.3-12.7%)
(Guttiferae) and rinds of Garcinia indica (Desr.) by LC. J Pharmaceut Biomed 28 (2): 379-384
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Santhanam K. and Rao P.L. 1968. Antibiotic principles of Garcina morella : Part XII -
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Garcinia morella Desr. Whole plant
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Baruah A.K.S. and Bhagat S.D. 1976. Oil of Indian wintergreen. Indian J. Pharmacy. 38.
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Ericaceae Leaf Essential oil from leaf (0.7-0.8%): salicylic acid derivatives: methylsalicylate (99.6% ).
56-57.
Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, 1269 pages, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8.
Gaultheria procumbens L. Ericaceae Whole plant Essential oil from leaf: methyl salicylate (98% )
Tisserand R. and Balacs T. 1995. Essential oil safety. A Guide for Health Care
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Bemis D.L. et al. 2009 beta-carboline alkaloid-enriched extract from the amazonian rain
Indole and beta-carboline alkaloids: e.g. geissospermine, flavopereirine, vellosine, geissoschizoline (and
Geissospermum vellosii Allem. Apocynaceae Bark forest tree pao pereira suppresses prostate cancer cells. J. Soc. Integr. Oncol. 7(2), 59-
derivatives, geissoschizoline N4-oxide and 1,2-dehydrogeissoschizoline), pausperadine
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Araújo JQ et al. 2011 Docking of the alkaloid geissospermine into acetylcholinesterase:
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Gelsemium spp. Gelsemiaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain indol- and oxindolalkaloids: e.g. gelsemine, sempervirine
Lavoisier, ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1.
Gazaliev A.M. et al. 1991. Isolation, analysis, biosynthesis, and modification of the
Leguminosae alkaloid cytisine. Chem. Nat. Compd. 27(3), 259-269.
Genista tinctoria L. Aerial part Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. anagyrine, cytisine (0.7-0.8%), sparteine, lupanine, lupinine
(Fabaceae) Wink, M. 1986. Acquired toxicity - the advantages of specializing on alkaloid-rich lupins
to Macrosiphon albifrons (Aphidae). Naturwissenschaften 73, 210-212.
EMEA. Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. 1999. Gingko biloba .
Leaf: Sesquiterpene lactones: bilobalide... Diterpene lactones: 0.06-0.23% Leistner E. and Drewke C. 2010. Ginkgo biloba and ginkgotoxin. J. Nat. Prod. 73, 86-
ginkgolides. 92.
Mahadevan S. and Park Y. 2008. Multifaceted therapeutic benefits of Ginkgo biloba L.:
Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgoaceae Leaf and seed (ovule) Alkylphenols from leaf: ginkgolic acids: e.g. bilabol, cardanols, cardols and ginkgol, ginkgotoxin. Ovule: human intoxication reported in Japan with some lethal outcomes. Canned chemistry, efficacy, safety and uses. J. Food Sci. 73(1), R14-R19.
and boiled seeds contain only 1% of the content in fresh seeds. Also roasted Miwa H. et al. 2001. Generalized convulsions after consuming a large amount of Gingko
seeds contain gingotoxin. Symptoms of intoxication with the seeds: vomiting, nuts. Epilepsia. 42(2), 280-281.
seizures and unconsciousness WHO. 1999. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Volume 1. World Health
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Kintsurashvili L.G. and Vachnadze V.Y. 2000. Alkaloids of Glaucium corniculatum and
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Isoquinoline alkaloids : e.g. predicentrine, glaufidine, dehydrocorydine, (+)-norbracteoline, thalicmidine,
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rudolph Shafiee A. et al. 1985. Alkaloids of Papaveraceae, XII. Alkaloids of Glaucium
Papavaraceae Aerial part bulbocapnine (1.2%), dicentrine (0.7%), protopine (0.42%), corydine (<0.1%), glaucine (<0.1%), α-
ssp. refractum (Nab) Cullen corniculatum subspecies refractum. J. Nat. Prod. 48(5), 855-856.
allocryptopine (<0.1%).
Shamma M. and Guinaudeau H. 1985. Aporphinoid alkaloids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2, 227-
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Dargan P.I. et al. 2008. Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational
drug. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 64, 553-554.
Peled B. et al.1988. Alkaloid content in various chemoecotypes of Glaucium flavum
Glaucium flavum Crantz Papavaraceae Whole plant Isoquinoline alkaloids (aporphine alkaloids): e.g. glaucine (from under detection level to over 3.6%)
from Israel. Phytochemistry. 27(4), 1021-1024.
Petitto V. et al. 2010. Alkaloids from Glaucinum flavum from Sardinia. Nat. Prod.
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Cooper M.R. and Johnson A.W. 1998, Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain. Animal and
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Kumarasamy Y. et al. 2003. Isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity of
hederacine A and B, two unique alkaloids from Glechoma hederacea . Tetrahedron 59,
Lamiaceae Pyrrolidine alkaloids linked with a tropane-like skeleton: e.g. hederacines A and B . Essential oil from flowering The plant has been reported to cause illness and death in horses and cattle. The
Glechoma hederacea L. Aerial part 6403-6407.
(Labiatae) aerial part : monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (1.9 - 4.6%). potential toxic constituents have not been identified.
Mockutë D. et al. 2005. Chemical composition of essential oils of Glechoma hederacea
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Radulovic N. et al. 2010. Volatile constituents of Glechoma hirsurta Waldst. & Kit. and
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Increased embryo resorption observed in pregnant rats after intragastric
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Hagenia abyssinica J.F.Gmel.
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Hamamelis virginiana L. Hamamelidaceae Bark and leaf benzene) in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties; available
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Hebanthe eriantha (Poir.) Pedersen Nishimoto N. et al. 1984. Pfaffosides and nortriterpenoid saponins from Pfaffia
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Gomphrena paniculata (Mart.) Moq., H. (Chenopodiaceae) Oshima M. and Gu Y. 2003. Pfaffia paniculata- induced changes in plasma estradiol-
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Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. Aerial part
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Hedychium flavum Roxb. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Essential oil from rhizomes: monoterpenes: e.g. 1,8-cineole (up to 42%)
Rother A. 1990. Alkaloids of Heimia montana. Phytochemistry. 29(5), 1683-1686.
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Cavalli J.F. et al. 2001. Constituents of the essential oil of six Helichrysum species from
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Humbert (Asteraceae) Möllenbeck S. et al. 1997. Chemical composition and analyses of enantiomers of
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Helichrysum italicum (Roth) Guss. Aerial part Essential oil from flower: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (0.3 to 1%) Bianchini A et al. 2003. A comparative study of volatile constituents of two Helichrysum
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Heliotropium spp. Boraginaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids: e.g. heliotrine, cynoglossine
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Helleborus spp. Ranunculaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain cardiac glycosides: bufadienolides: e.g. hellebrin
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Heracleum mantegazzianum Apiaceae Pira E. et al. 1989. Heracleum mantegazzianum growth phases and furocoumarin
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Heracleum sphondylium L. Whole plant Furocoumarins: e.g. bergapten, isopimpinellin, imperatorin
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Herniaria glabra L. Caryophyllaceae Whole plant Suppression on body weight gain between dosed group and controls after 90
Teedrogen und Phytopharmaka. Ein Handbuch für die Praxis auf wissenschaftlicher
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Grundlage. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-8047-1854-X.
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iso-pinocamphone (30%), thujones (traces)
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Economic Botany 59 (3); 275-285.
Johanns E.S. et al. 2002. An epidemic of epileptic seizures after consumption of herbal
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Luffa spp. Cucurbitaceae Aerial part other problems related to medicinal herbs by "raizeros" in Diadema/SP. Rev. Bras.
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Lupinus spp. Seed Genus in which species may contain quinolizidine alkaloids : e.g. anagyrine
(Fabaceae) Pilegaard K. and Gry J. Alkaloids in edible lupin seeds. A toxicological review and
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Phytochemistry 38, 1529-1531.
Wang K et al. 2011. Two novel steroidal alkaloid glycosides from the seeds of Lycium
barbarum. Chem. Biodivers. 8(12), 2277-2284
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8047-1854-X
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Lycopodiaceae Aerial part Lycopodium alkaloids : e.g. sauroxine, lycodine, lycopodine, clavolonine
(Huperzia saurus (Lam.) Trevis.) adverse effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions and even death saururus . Phytomed. 11, 539-543
Ortega M.G. et al. 2006. Huperzia saururs, activity on synaptic transmission in the
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Lycopus spp. Leaf
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Mu H.M. et al. 2010. Alkaloid accumulation in different parts and ages of Lycoris
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Lyonia spp. Ericaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain toxic diterpenes: e.g. andromedotoxin (acetylandromedol)
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Magnolia spp. Magnoliaceae Whole plant Nagase H. et al. Inhibitory effect on magnolol and honokiol from Magnolia obovata on
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Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Berberidaceae Root and stem bark Isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. magnoflorine, isothebaine and isocorydine, berberine, oxyacanthine
of Mahonia aquifolium. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 47(4), 375-378
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) Asparagaceae Leaf: cardiac glycosides and coumarin Lavoisier, ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Fruit and leaf
F.W.Schmidt (Liliaceae) Fruit: cyanogenic glycosides Roth L., Daunderer M. and Kormann K. 1984. Giftpflanzen - Pflanzengifte. Vorkommen
Klinger JT et al. 2007. Rottlerin causes pulmonary edema in vivo: a possible role for
PKCdelta. J. Appl. Physiol. 103(6), 2084-2094
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Mallotus philippinensis Müll.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Fruit and root Chalcones: e.g. rottlerin Thakur S.C.et al. 2005. An etheral extract of Kamala (Mallotus phillipinensis (Moll. Arg.)
and estradiol) and number of ovulated eggs and corpora lutea in female rats
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Mandragora officinarum L.
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Gaertn., M. vernalis Bertol.)
Manihot esculenta Crantz http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/soc-
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Natural Sources of Flavourings Report No. 2. 2007. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Melaleuca spp. Myrtaceae Leaf Genus in which some species may contain the monoterpene etheroxide 1,8-cineole.
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Oelrichs P.B. et al. 1983. Toxic tetranortriterpenes of the fruits of M. azedarach.
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Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Aerial part Nortriterpenoids: e.g. meliatoxins in the fruits.
Del C. et al. 2002. Intoxicacao experimental pelas folhas de M. azedarach em bovines
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science et thérapeutique), Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 2ème édition, ISBN : 2-7430-
Coumarin may be formed from melilotoside upon drying, up to 0.4-0.9%. (E.g.
0631-5
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Leguminosae Puschner B. et al. 1998. Sweet clover poisoning in dairy cattle in California. J Am Vet
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Melittis melissophyllum L. Aerial part Coumarin (2,6-7,0 g/kg in fresh leaves and 0,3-2,5 g/kg in dry leaves)
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Mentha canadensis L.
Lamiaceae EMEA HMPC. 2005. Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products
(M.arvensis var. piperascens Malinv. ex Aerial part Essential oil: monocyclic monoterpene ketone: e.g. pulegone and bicyclic monoterpene: menthofuran
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Holmes)
Lamiaceae Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (2.4-18.5%); monocyclic monoterpene ketones: e.g. Natural Sources of Flavourings Report No. 3. 2008. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Mentha piperita L. Aerial part
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Lamiaceae Essential oil: monocyclic monoterpene ketones: e.g. pulegone (71.3-90%), bicyclic monoterpenes: Natural Sources of Flavourings Report No. 3. 2008. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Mentha pulegium L. Aerial part
(Labiatae) menthofuran, thujones and monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3
Essential oil: monocyclic monoterpene ketone: e.g. pulegone (1.7-1.9%) and monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-
Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae cineole (6-6.8%) Natural Sources of Flavourings Report No. 3. 2008. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Aerial part
(Mentha viridis (L.) L.) (Labiatae) Essential oil chemotype carvone: 1,8-cineole (0.5%) ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3
Essential oil chemotype dihydrocarvyl acetate: 1,8-cineole (2.2%)
Capasso R. et al. 2000. Phytotherapy and quality of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 71(S),
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Menyanthes trifoliata L. Menyanthaceae Leaf
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Mercurialis spp. Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cocarcinogenic diterpenes: e.g. ingenol esters
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Mesembryanthemum spp. Aizoaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids: e.g. mesembrine, and oxalic acid
expansum , S. tortuosum and S. anatomicum Daunderer M. and Kormann K. 1984. Giftpflanzen - Pflanzengifte. Vorkommen Wirkung
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Leguminosae Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy. Phytochemistry. Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed. 1999. Ed.
Millettia glabra Adema Root Rotenoids: e.g. rotenone
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(Fabaceae) Jiang Y. et al. 1992. Effects of saponins from M. tenuiflora on lymphoma cells and
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Naseem M.Z. et al. 1998 Antispermatogenic and androgenic activities of Momordica
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Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels Apocynaceae Whole plant
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Myosotis spp. Boraginaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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have a negative impact on liver function. odorata. J. Pharmacol Toxicol. 3 (5): 357-362
Ochrosia spp. Apocynaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids: e.g. ellipticine,...
Essential oil from leaf and flowering top: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol (20-50%), methyleugenol
Lamiaceae Natural Sources of Flavourings Report No. 3. 2008. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
Ocimum basilicum L. Aerial part (2%), safrole; monoterpenes: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (7.7- 10%) and bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g.
(Labiatae) ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3
camphor (1%), alpha- and beta-thujones
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EMEA/HMPWP/338/03.2004. Final position paper on the use of herbal medicinal
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Lamiaceae Verma R.S. et al. 2010. Chemical diversity in Indian oregano (Origanum vulgare L.).
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(Labiatae) Chemistry and Biodiversity. 7, 2054-2064.
Ghannamy U.et al. 1987. Cardenolides from O. boucheanum . Planta med. 53(2), 172-
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Ornithogalum spp. Asparagaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cardenolides: e.g. sarmentoloside Toxikologen und Biologen. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-8047-
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host, they may also be found in Orobranche. Verlag 2002. ISBN: 978-3-540-41686-9
Oxalis spp. Oxalidaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain oxalates PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2004 Thomson ed. ISBN: 1-56363-5125-7
Packera aurea (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Compositae Röder E. et al. 1983. Pyrrolizidine alkaloide aus Senecio aureus. Planta Med. 49 (9), 57-
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Papaver spp. Papaveraceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids (morphinanes): e.g. morphine, codeine, rhoeadine
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Paris quadrifolia L. Melanthiaceae Whole plant Steroid and spirostanic saponins: e.g. pennogenin tetraglycoside
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Cases have been reported of illness or death resulting after berries or juice from
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Fuller, T. C., McClintock, E. 1986. Poisonous plants of California. Univ. California Press,
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Planch. Berkeley, Calif., USA. ISBN: 0-520-05569-1
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Paullinia cupana Kunth Sapindaceae Seed
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corynantheine, dihydrocorynantheine, allo-yohimbine (=dihydroyohimbine), pseudo-yohimbine and Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, 618 pages, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7
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Koezuka Y. et al. 1985. An intestinal propulsion promoting substance from Perilla
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Perilla fructescens Britton Leaf and seed The phenylpropanoid chemotype contains myristicin Seto T.A. and Keup W. 1969. Effects of alkylmethoxybenzene and
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Persea americana Mill Leaf Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
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Furocoumarins in leaf: e.g. psoralen (3.2-10.5%), bergapten (6.4-14.7%), 8-methoxypsoralen (0.53-5.3%),

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Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W.Hill Whole plant Fruit has been used to induce abortion. Natural Sources of Flavourings Report No. 2. 2007. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
(Umbelliferae) Common parsley seed oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. myristicin (2.4-37%), elemicin (8.8%), apiole (11-67%)
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Italian parsley seed oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. myristicin (0.7-40%), elemicin (0-2%), apiole (30-68%)
Curly parsley seed oil: phenylpropanoids: myristicin (45-62%), elemicin (0-12.2%), apiole (0-7.2%)
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Peumus boldus Molina Monimiaceae Leaf
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Physalis alkekengi L. Solanaceae Fruit, root Tropane alkaloids in root (0.09-0.1%): e.g. 3-alpha-tigloyloxyytropane, phygrine, cuscohygrine Anti-estrogen activity of fruit. Montaserti A. et al. 2007. Anti-fertility effects of physalis alkekengi alcoholic extract in
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Phytolacca spp. Phytolaccaceae Root, seed Genus in which species may contain triterpenoid saponins: e.g. phytolaccatoxin and mitogenic lectins
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Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J.W.Moore Myrtaceae Leaf Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: methylchavicol (30- 10.745 ppm), methyleugenol (4.31-14.65 ppm)
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Genus in which species may contain the resin podophyllin (3-6%) composed of cyclolignans, e.g.
Podophyllum spp. Berberidaceae Rhizome phytochemical markers. Scientia Horticulturae. 115(4), 398-408.
podophyllotoxin (20%), alpha and beta peltatins and their derivatives.
Barnes J., Anderson L.A., Phillipson J.D. 2007. Herbal Medicines. 3rd ed. Ed.
Rosenstein G. et al. 1976. Podophyllum - a dangerous laxative. Pediatrics. 57: 419-421.
Genus in which species may contain triterpene saponins. Long term use may Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Polygala spp. Polygalaceae Rhizome
induce irritation of gastrointestinal tract. Barnes J., Anderson L.A., Phillipson J.D. 2007. Herbal Medicines. 3rd ed. Ed.
Genus in which species may contain steroidal saponins.
Polygonatum spp. Asparagaceae Whole plant Species formerly thought to contain cardiac glycosides. However recent studies
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
could not confirm their presence.
Australian Government:CMEC 58, Complementary Medicines Evaluation Committee;
Extracted Ratified Minutes Fifty-eighth Meeting 18 August 2006
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Polygonaceae Root Anthraquinones : e.g. emodin, chrysophanol
Yu J. et al. 2011. Hepatoxicity of major constituents and extractions of Radix Polygoni
Multiflori and Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata. J Ethnopharmacol. 137(3),1291-9.
Polypodium filix-mas L.
See Dryopteris filix-mas ( L.) Schott.
Wu T-S. et al. 1986. The first isolation of an acridone alkaloid from Poncirus trifoliata . J
Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Rutaceae Fruit Acridone alkaloids: e.g. 5-hydroxy-norachronycine
Nat Prod. 49(6), 1154-1155.
Buds : benzoylsalicin
Populus nigra L. Salicaceae Bark and bud Bark: salicylalcohol glycoside: salicin (2.4%), salicortin and their benzoyl
derivatives: e.g. populin, tremulodin
Buds : benzoylsalicin
Populus tremula L. Salicaceae Bark and bud Bark: salicylalcohol glycoside: salicin (2.4%), salicortin and their benzoyl
derivatives: e.g. populin, tremulodin
Rich in tannins (15 to 20%). Hydrolysable tannins used at high doses over long
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. Rosaceae Whole plant periods may have a negative impact on liver function.
American Herbal Products Association. 1997. Botanical Safety Handbook. Mc Guffin M
(Ed). ISBN: 0-8493-1675-8
Tannins from 6 to 12%. Hydrolysable tannins used at high doses over long
Potentilla reptans L. Rosaceae Whole plant PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2004 Thomson ed. ISBN: 1-56363-5125-7
periods may have a negative impact on liver function.
Collins N.H. et al. 2009. Characterization of antiestrogenic activity of the Chinese herb,
Lamiaceae
Prunella vulgaris L. Flowerhead Antioestrogenic activity but compounds not identified Prunella vulgaris , using in vitro and in vivo (Mouse Xenograft) models. Biol Reprod.
(Labiatae)
80(2):375-383. (Erratum in: Biol Reprod. 2009 Jun;80(6):1306).
Natural sources of flavourings (Rep No 3), Council of Europe, (2008)
Frohne. D. and Pfänder. J. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants. Wolfe 1984 ISBN
0723408394
Selby L.A. et al.1971. Outbreak of swine malformation associated with the wild black
Teratogenic effects of Prunus serotina (leaves and bark) have been reported in
Prunus spp. Rosaceae Fruit, leaf and seed Genus in which species may contain cyanogenic glycosides: e.g. amygdalin, prunasin cherry,Prunus. Arch Environ Health.22(4), 496-501.
swine
Fitzgerald T.D. 2008. Larvae of the fall webworm, Hyphatera cunea, inhibit
cyanogenesis in Prunus. J Exp Biol. 211, 671-677.
Zhou J. et al. 2002. Investigation of the microheterogeneity and aglycone specificity
conferring residues of black cherry prunasin hydrolases. Plant Physiol. 129(3), 1253-
1264
Pseudocaryophyllus guili ( Speg.) De Fenik I.J.S. et al.1972. Essential oil of Pseudocaryophillus guili. An Acad Bras Cien.
Myrtaceae Fruit and leaf Phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol (5%)
Burret 44(suppl.),175-180.
Leguminosae Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-
Psoralea spp. Fruit and seed Genus in which species may contain furanocoumarines: e.g. psoralen
(Fabaceae) Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Reyna Pinedo V. et al.1994. Isolation of the alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine from
chracuna (Psychotria viridis R.& P. Bol Soc Quim Peru. 60(1), 21-23.
Psychotria viridis Ruiz. et Pav. Rubiaceae Whole plant Indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives) : e.g. N,N-dimethyltryptamine
Blackledge R. et al. 2003. Psychotria viridis -a botanical source of dimethyltryptamine
(DMT).Microgram Journal. 1(1-2),18-22.
Dennstaedtiaceae The biotransformation of the carcinogenic ptaquilosides gives rise to the Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Whole plant Norsesquiterpene glucosides : e.g. ptaquiloside. Presence of thiaminase and cyanogenic glycoside: prunasin
(Hypolepidaceae) neurotoxic ptaquiloside B Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Saenphet K. et al.2005. Mutagenicity of Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvatabandhu
and antimutagenicity of Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public
Pueraria candollei Benth. var. mirifica Extracts of P. mirifica induced higher frequencies of micronuclei
Leguminosae Health.36 (Suppl 4),238-241.
(Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham Tuber Isoflavones: miroestrol, deoximiroestrol, daidzein, genistein, …
(Fabaceae) Jaroenporn S. et al. 2007. Assessment of fertility and reproductive toxicity in adult
(Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvat.) Novel Food Catalogue: not authorised for food or food supplement use
female mice after long-term exposure to Pueraria mirifica herb. J Reprod Dev. 53(5),
995-1005.
Pueraria mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvat.
See Pueraria candollei Benth. var.
mirifica (Airy Shaw & Suvat.)
Niyomdham
Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Pulmonaria officinalis L. Boraginaceae Root Possible presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Lüthy J. et al. 1984. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in medicinal plants of Boraginaceae: Borago
officinalis L. and Pulmonaria officinalis L. Pharm Acta Helv.59(9-10):242-6.
Pulsatilla pratensis Mill. Ranunculaceae Aerial part Unsaturated lactone : protoanemonin Protoanemonin only present in fresh herb
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
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Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-
Ranunculaceae Aerial part Unsaturated lactone : protoanemonin Protoanemonin only present in fresh herb
(Anemona pulsatilla L.) Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Sánchez-Lamar A. et al. 2008. Assessment of the genotoxic risk of Punica granatum L.
(Punicaceae) whole fruit extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 12;115(3),416-422.
Malik, A. et al 2005, Pomegranate, Punica granatum and its potential for
Lythraceae Fruit, root cortex and tree Piperidine alkaloids (0.5-0.7%): e.g. pelletierine, iso-pelletierine, methylisopelletierine and tropane alkaloids:
Punica granatum L. The fruit hydroalcoholic extract is genotoxic in vitro and in vivo . chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA,
(Punicaceae) bark e.g. pseudopelletierine
102, 14813-14818
Schmidt A et al. 2005. Investigation of a betainic alkaloid from Punica granatum. Nat
Prod Res. (5), 541-546
Awasthy K.S.et al.2000. Cytogenetic toxicity of leaf extract of Putranjiva roxburghii , a
Leaf extract of Putranjiva roxburghii at 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg body weight/day given
medicinal plant. J Toxicol Sci.25(3),177-180.
Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Putranjivaceae Leaf and seed Seed: proteic trypsin inhibitor orally for seven days to mice induced mitosis-disruptive chromosomal changes
Chaudhary N.S. et al. 2008. Purification and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from
in bone marrow cells.
Putranjiva roxburghii seeds. Phytochemistry. 69(11), 2120-2126.
Russell AB. et al. 1997. Poisonous Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina State
University.
Pyrularia pubera Michx. Santalaceae Fruit and seed Polypeptides: e.g. purothionin, viscotoxin, phoratoxin, crambim and thionin Osorio e Castro VR. et al. 2001. Binding to and hemolysis of human erythrocytes by
pyrularia thionin and Naja naja kaouthia cardiotoxin: inhibition by prothrombin. J Nat
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Genus in which species may contain quassinoids (nortriterpenoids): e.g. quassin and/or indole alkaloids: e.g. Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Quassia spp. Simaroubaceae Wood Reproductive toxicity in animals
beta-carboline, canthin-6-one Woo G.H. et al. 2007. Promoting potential of a Jamaica quassia extract in a rat medium-
term hepatocarcinogenesis bioassay. Food Chem Toxicol. 45(7),1160-1164.
Parveen S. et al. 2003. A comprehensive evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of
Quassia amara in male rats. Reprod Toxicol. 17(1),45-50.
Frohne.D.S., Pfander H.J. and Anton R. 2009 Plantes à risques. Lavoisier ISBN 978-2-
Genus in which species may contain high levels of tannins.
7430-0907-1
Hydrolysable tannins used at high doses over long periods may have a negative
Medvedkov A.A. and Ivanshov A.V.1996. Seasonal dynamics of the content of proteins
impact on liver function.
inhibiting trypsin-like proteases in the leaves of common oak (Quercus petraea Liebl. Ukr
Quercus spp. Fagaceae Bark, fruit and leaf Biokhim Zh.68(6), 44-50.
Inhibits trypsin-like proteases and alpha-amylases.
Zajacz A. et al. 2007. Aleppo tannin: structural analysis and salivary amylase inhibition.
Carbohydr. Res. 342(5), 717-723
Animal intoxication in a number of different countries and with different Quercus
Perez V. et al. 2011. Oak leaf (Quercus pyrenaica) poisoning in cattle. Res. Vet. Sci.
species
91(2), 269-277
FAO/WHO JECFA. 2005. Quillaia extracts Type 1 and Type 2. Chemical and technical
Calciumoxalate (11%)
Quillajaceae assessment 65th JECFA.
Quillaja saponaria Molina Bark Triterpenoid saponins (quillaia saponins)
(Rosaceae) Hu K. et al. 2010. Nanoparticulate Quillaja saponin induces apoptosis in human
leukemia cell lines with a high therapeutic index. Int J Nanomedicine. 5,51-62.
Protoanemonin only present in fresh herb. ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
In Ranunculus ternatus Thunb., two new indolopyridoquinazoline alkaloidal Zhang L. et al. 2007. Two new indolopyridoquinazoline alkaloidal glycosides from
Ranunculus spp. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain an unsaturated lactone : protoanemonin
glycosides. In the root of Ranunculus repens L., two potent inhibitors of urease Ranunculus ternatus . Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 55(8):1267-1269.
activity have been identified. Khan W. N. et al. 2006. New natural urease inhibitors from Ranunculus repens . J
Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 21(1):17-19.
Apocynaceae Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Rauvolfia spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids: e.g. reserpine, serpentine, yohimbine, ajmalicine
(Rubiaceae) Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Ravensara aromatica Sonn. Ramanoelina P. A. R. et al. 2006. Chemical composition of Ravensara aromatica Sonn.
Lauraceae Leaf Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol (79.7%), methyleugenol (8.5%)
(Agathophyllum aromaticum Willd.) Leaf essential oils from Madagascar. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 18 (2),215-217
The fruits of Rhamnus humboldtiana Willd.ex Schult. contain neurotoxic Delmulle L and Demeyer K. 2010. Anthraquinones in plants. Source, safety and
Rhamnus spp. Rhamnaceae Bark and fruit Genus in which species may contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives. substances (mainly diastereoisomers of some anthracenic dimeric derivatives or applications in gastrointestinal health. Nottingham University Press. ISBN: 978-1-897676-
of anthracenes linked to a naphtalenic derivative). 32-5
Delmulle L and Demeyer K. 2010. Anthraquinones in plants. Source, safety and
applications in gastrointestinal health. Nottingham University Press. ISBN: 978-1-897676-
Rheum spp. Polygonaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain oxalates and hydroxyanthracene derivatives 32-5
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Rhododendron spp. Ericaceae Flower and leaf Genus in which species may contain diterpenes: grayanotoxins: e.g. andromedotoxin
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Hazards in the wet tropics N°31 November 1995. Wet Tropics Management Authority -
Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage.
R. macrocarpa berries reported to cause permanent blindness in children but
Rhodomyrtus spp. Myrtaceae Fruit http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/register/p00820bc.pdf
may be due to fungal toxins
Trippett S. 1957. Toxic constituents of the Australian finger cherry, Rhodomyrtus
macrocarpa benth. J. Chem. Soc., 1957, 414-419
Fresh fruits may contain high level of tannins.
Frohne, Pfander and Anton, 2009 Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. «
Rhus spp. Anacardiaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain urushiols Hydrolysable tannins used at high doses over long periods may have a negative
Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
impact on liver function.
Leguminosae R. volubilis Lour: Water and ethylacetate extracts from the root have negative Wang J. G. et al. 2007. Comparison of the anti-fertility effects of four extracts from the
Rhynchosia spp. Root
(Fabaceae) impact on rats and mice pregnancy and reproduction roots of Rhynchosia volubilis Lour. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 13(10),871-5.
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). 2008. Scientific opinion on
Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Seed Toxalbumin: ricin ricin (from Ricinus communis ) as undesirable substances in animal feed. The EFSA
Journal. 726, 1-38
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Taber W.A. and Heacock R.A.1962. Location of ergot alkaloid and fungi in the seed of
Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hall.f., "ololiuqui". Can J Microbiol.8, 137-143.
Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hallier.f. Convolvulaceae Aerial part and seed Indole alkaloids (lysergic acid derivatives): e.g. lysergamide (ergine)
Frohne D., Pfänder H. J. et Anton R. «Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier
(2009), ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Leguminosae Hui A. et al. 2004. A rare ingestion of the Black Locust tree. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.42
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Whole plant Toxalbumins: robin (1,6% in bark), phasin
(Fabaceae) (1):93-95.
Gozler B. and Shamma M. 1990. Four Beta Carboline Alkaloids from Roemeria-
hybrida . J Nat Prod (Lloydia) 53, 740-3
Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. Papaveraceae Whole plant Beta carboline alkaloids: e.g. roecarboline, norroecarboline, roeharmine
Gozler B. 1990 Labrandine a New Pentacyclic Proaporphine Alkaloid from Roemeria
hybrida . Heterocycles (Tokyo) 31, 149-152
Masuda T. et al. 2003. Cytotoxic screening of medicinal and edible plants in Okinawa,
Asparagaceae
Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth Whole plant Cardenolides: e.g. rhodexin A Japan, and identification of the main toxic constituent of Rhodea japonica (Omoto).
(Liliaceae)
Biosci Biotech Bioch.67(6):1401-1404.
Essential oil from the herb: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. camphor and monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (13
Council of Europe, 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
Lamiaceae to 31%)
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Aerial part in natural sources of flavourings.
(Labiatae) Essential oil from the leaf: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (11.2-47%) and bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g.
Natural sources of flavourings (Rep No 3), Council of Europe, (2008)
camphor (13-31%) and monocyclic monoterpene ketone: pulegone (0.98%)
Westendorf J. et al. 1988.The genotoxicity of lucidin, a natural component of Rubia
Rubia cordifolia L. Rubiaceae Root 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone: lucidin tinctorum L., and lucidinethylether, a component of ethanolic Rubia extracts. Cell. Biol.
Toxicol. 4(2), 225-239
Rubiae tinctorum radix / Krappwurzel BAnz. Nr.162 vom 29.08.1992. Monographien der
Rubia tinctorum L. Rubiaceae Root 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone: lucidin
E-Kommission. Bundesanzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln.
Oral administration to rats since the start of the gestation until parturation
Johnson J. R. et al. 2009. Effect of maternal raspberry leaf consumption in rats on
showed an increase of the gestation length. Female offspring (F1) showed
Rubus idaeus L. Rosaceae Leaf pregnancy outcome and the fertility of the female offspring. Reprod. Sci. DOI:
precocious puberty age and a significant proportion of their offspring (F2) were
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growth restricted.
Rumex spp. Polygonaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives and oxalates
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Frohne, Pfander and Anton, 2009 Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. «
Ruscus aculeatus L. Asparagaceae Rhizome Contains steroidal saponins: e.g; ruscogenin, neoruscogenin.
Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Genus in which species may contain furoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. dictamnine and furocoumarins: e.g. Essential oil of the aerial part of Ruta graveolens shows abortifacient properties Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-
Ruta spp. Rutaceae Whole plant
bergapten (probably due to the presence of methylnonylketone) Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Ratnasooriya W. D. et al. 2003. Adverse pregnancy outcome in rats following exposure

Salacia reticulata Wight Celastraceae Root Adverse effect on pregnancy
to a Salacia reticulata (Celastraceae) root extract. Braz J Med Biol Res.36(7),931-935.
Kenstaviciene P. et al. 2009. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography for
research of salicin in bark of different varieties of Salix . Medicina (Kaunas). 45(8), 644-
Salicylic glycosides (salicin, salicortin, saligenin, salireposide, picein, triandrin and
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Bark, bud, inflorescence Genus in which species contain high concentrations of tannins (up to 20%) and the amentum may contain tremulacin) in concentration from 0.04 to 12.06%.
Salix spp. Salicaceae Pugliese A., et al. 2008. Reye’s and Reye’s-like syndromes. Cell Biochem Funct 26:
and leaf phytoestrogens Salix intake possibly associated with Reyes syndrome.
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May induce or increase pre-natal jaundice
Sangiorgi, E., Minelli, E.,Crescini. G. and Garzanti, S. (2007) Fitoterapia. Ed. Casa
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Babu K. M. et al. 2008. Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom.
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Lamiaceae
Salvia divinorum Epling et Jativa Whole plant Neoclerodane diterpene: e.g. salvinorin A Grundmann O. et al. 2007. Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: an update on
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pharmacology and analytical methodology. Planta Med.73 (10):1039-46. (Erratum in
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Ingestion of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Salvia fruticosa leaves by female

Lamiaceae Elbetieha, A. et al. 1998. Reproductive toxicity potentials of Salvia fructicosa (Labiatae)
Salvia fruticosa Mill. Leaf and male rats (between 200 and 800 mg/kg) resulted in adverse effects on
(Labiatae) in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 61, 67-74.
fertility of male and female rats
Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl

Lamiaceae Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (11.8- 41.2%) and bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. camphor (10- Council of Europe. 2007. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 2. Council of
(Salvia officinalis ssp. lavandulifolia Aerial part
(Labiatae) 39%). Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6156-7
(Vahl) Gams)
Essential oil from leaf: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g.alpha-thujone (12-65%), beta-thujone (1.2-35.6%) (total
Lamiaceae Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3
Salvia officinalis L. Aerial part thujone content 30-60%), camphor (4.4-30%) and monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (8-22.5%);
(Labiatae) Raal et al. 2007. Composition of the essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. from various
phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol
European countries. Nat Prod Res. 21(5):406-11.
Essential oil from the herb: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (3.23%) and bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g.
Lamiaceae Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6156-7
Salvia sclarea L. Aerial part camphor (1%).
(Labiatae) Kuzma L. et al. 2009. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from
Essential oil from the flower: 1,8-cineole (traces), camphor.
Salvia sclarea plants regenerated in vitro. Molecules. 14, 1338-1447
Buhrmester R. A. et al. 2000. Sambunigrin and cyanogenic variability in populations of
Branches, unripe berries or seeds of a number of different Sambucus species
Adoxaceae Sambucus canadensis L. (Caprifoliaceae). Biochl Syst Ecol. 28(7), 689-695.
Sambucus canadensis L. Whole plant Possible presence of cyanogenic glycosides ((S)-sambunigrin) are characterised by the presence of substances able to induce gatrointestinal
(Caprifoliaceae) Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. and Anton R. 2009. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-
disorders
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Ethylacetate extract showing high toxicity in mice Citores L. et al. 1998. Presence of polyme-rized and free forms of the non-toxic type 2
ribosome-inactivating protein ebulin and a structurally related new homodimeric lectin in
Adoxaceae Cyanogenic glycoside: S-sambunigrin
Sambucus ebulus L. Whole plant Presence of lectins in branches. Branches, unripe berries or seeds of a number fruits of Sambucus ebulus L. Planta. 204 (3), 310-319.
(Caprifoliaceae)
of different Sambucus species are characterised by the presence of substances Ebrahimzadeh M. A. et al. 2007. Separation of active and toxic portions in Sambucus
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Adoxaceae Cyanogenic glycoside: S-sambunigrin (3 to 17 mg HCN /100 g fresh weight in leaf and 3 mg HCN / 100g of
Sambucus nigra L. Whole plant of different Sambucus species are characterised by the presence of substances Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
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able to induce gastrointestinal disorders EMEA HMPC. 2007. Sambucus nigra L., flos - Assessment report for the development
of community monographs and for inclusion of herbal substance(s), preparation(s) or
combinations thereof in the list. EMEA/HMPC/283170/2007/Corr.
Sanguinaria canadensis L. Papaveraceae Rhizome and root Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (protoberberines) : e.g. sanguinarine, chelerethrine, berberine, protopine
(2009), ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Schöpke T. et al. 1998. Saniculoside R-1: a new triterpenoid saponin from Sanicula
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Sanicula europaea L. Leaf Triterpenoid saponins: saniculoside R-1, saniculoside N
(Umbelliferae) Arda et al. 1997. Saniculoside N from Sanicula europaea L. J Nat Prod.60(11):1170-
1173.
Asparagaceae Mimaki Y. et al. 1996. Steroidal saponins from Sansevieria trifasciata . Phytochemistry.
Sansevieria spp. Leaf Genus in which species may contain steroidal saponins
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Girbes T. and Ferreras J.M. 2004. Description, distribution, activity and phylogenetic
relationship of ribosome inactivating proteins in plants,funghi & bacteria.Mini Rev Chem.
Triterpenoid saponins: saponarioside A and B (major) and others. These
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Saponaria officinalis L. Caryophyllaceae Whole plant saponins are also called sapotoxins as they are among the most irritating
Flavell D. J.1998. Saporin immunotoxins. Curr Top Microbiol Imunol.234, 57-61.
saponins.
Kolke K et al. 1999. New triterpenoid saponins and sapogenins from Saponaria
officinalis . J. Nat. Prod.62(12), 1655-1659
Teuscher E., Anton R. et Lobstein A. « Plantes aromatiques », Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier
Genus in which species may contain in their essential oil phenylpropanoids: e.g. safrole, isosafrole, (2005), ISBN : 2-7430-0720-6
Sassafras spp. Lauraceae Whole plant
methyleugenol Council of Europe. 2008. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Council of
Lamiaceae Essential oil: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (0.59%) and bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. camphor (0.21%) Council of Europe. 2008. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 3. Council of
Satureja montana L. Aerial part
(Labiatae) and phenylpropanoids: e.g. methyleugenol (25 -415 ppm). Europe Publishing. ISBN 978-92-871-6422-3
Kao C.H. et al. 1999. Using 99mTc-DTPA radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphies to
Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Phyllanthaceae Leaf Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. papaverine (0.5%) In Taiwan, lung problems seen with high intake of leaves. detect the lung injury induced by consuming Sauropus androgynus vegetable and
comparison with conventional pulmonary function tests. Respiration. 66, 46-51
Compositae
Saussurea spp. Whole plant Saussurea lappa reported to be mutagenic (Ames test) Riazuddin S. et al. 1987. Mutagenicity testing of some medicinal herbs. Environ. Mol.
(Asteraceae)
Mutagen. 10(2), 141-148
Sceletium spp.
See Mesembryanthemum spp.
Schefflera spp. Araliaceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain calcium oxalate raphides
(2009), ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
de Carvalho M.C. et al. 2003. Evaluation of mutagenic activity in an extract of pepper
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Anacardiaceae Bark and stem Stem bark decoction showing mutagenic properties (Ames test)
tree stem bark (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi). Environ Mol Mutagen.42(3),185-91.
Schoenocaulon officinale Gray
Melanthiaceae Nelson L. S., Shih R. D. and Balick M. J. 2007. Handbook of poisonous and injurious
(Sabadilla officinarum Brandt et Seed Steroidal alkaloids: e.g. veratrine (mixture of cevadine, veratridine)
(Liliaceae) plants. 2nd edition. Springer. ISBN: 0-387-31268-4
Ratzeb.)
Nelson L. S., Shih R. D. and Balick M. J. 2007. Handbook of poisonous and injurious
Scindapsus spp. Araceae Aerial part Genus in which species may contain oxalate raphides and inflammatory protein derivatives
plants. 2nd edition. Springer. ISBN: 0-387-31268-4
Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine, and The fresh plant contains hyoscyamine, twice more active than atropine (racemic Cheng, S.W. et al. 2002. Anticholinergic Poisoning from a large dose of Scopolia
Scopolia spp. Solanaceae Whole plant
tetrahydroxy-nortropane alkaloids: calystegines. mixture) Extract, Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 44, 222-223
Asano N. et al. 1996. Calystegine B4, a novel trehalase inhibitor from Scopolia japonica.
Carbohydr Res.293(2):195-204
O-methylated flavone: wogonin;
Qi et al. 2009. Toxicological studies of wogonin in experimental animals.
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Lamiaceae Leaf and stem long term administration of 120 mg of wogonin per kg to rats resulted in heart
Phytother.Res.,23(3), 417-422
injury
Sedum acre L. Crassulaceae Flower and leaf Alpha substituted piperidine alkaloids : e.g. sedacrine
Lavoisier, ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Kesava Rao K. V. et al. 1979. Toxicological study of Semecarpus anacardium nut
Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Anacardiaceae Fruit Phenolic acids: e.g. anacardic acid, urushiol III
extract. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol.23(2):115-120.
International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC)(2002) Senecio species and
Compositae riddelliine.
Senecio spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids: e.g. senecionine, riddelliine
(Asteraceae) Bruneton J. 2005. Plantes toxiques (Végétaux dangereux pour l’homme et les animaux),
Sangiorgi, E., Minelli, E.,Crescini. G. and Garzanti, S. (2007) Fitoterapia. (ed. Casa
Editrice Ambrosiana. ISBN: 978-8808-18266-1
Firenzuoli,F. (2009) Fitoterapia.Quarta Edizione. (editore Elsevier S.r.l- Milano).ISBN
Serenoa repens (W.Bartram) Small Arecaceae Fruit Lipido-sterolic fraction: reported anti-androgenic and anti-estrogenic activity.
978-88-214-2981-1. Pages 349-352. Tacklind J, MacDonald R, Rutks I, Wilt TJ.
Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001423. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub2
Leguminosae Frohne D., Pfänder H.J. et Anton R. « Plantes à risques », Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier
Sesbania spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain toxic amino acids: e.g. L-canavanine Sesbanimide A (glutarimide derivative) causing diarrhea and CNS depression
(Fabaceae) (2009), ISBN :978-2-7430-0907-1
Khatoon S. et al. 2005. HPTLC method for chemical standardization of Sida species
Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Whole plant Phenylethylamines: e.g. ephedrine (0.006% in dried root, 0.04% in aerial part) and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine. Journal of Planar Chromatography 18, 364-
367.
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Matsui T.A. et al. 2007. The plant alkaloid cryptolepine induces p21WAF1/CIP1 and cell
cycle arrest in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Int J Oncol.31(4),915-922.
Marchei E. et al. 2006. A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of ephedrine
Polyhydroxyindolizidine alkaloids and derivatives: e.g. swainsonine
alkaloids in dietary supplements by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm
Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Whole plant Indoloquinoline alkaloids: e.g. cryptolepine.
Biomed.41(5),1633-1641.
Phenylethylamines: e.g. ephedrine (0.007% in dried root, 0.112% in aerial part) and pseudoephedrine
and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine. Journal of Planar Chromatography 18, 364-
367.
Matsui T.A. et al. 2007. The plant alkaloid cryptolepine induces p21WAF1/CIP1 and cell
cycle arrest in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Int J Oncol. 31(4),915-922.
Marchei E. et al. 2006. A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of ephedrine
alkaloids in dietary supplements by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm
Phenethylamines, e.g. ephedrine (0.031% in dried root, 0.017% in aerial part), quinazolines and carboxylated Biomed. 41(5):1633-1641.
Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Whole plant
tryptamines Prakash A. et al. 1981. Alkaloid constituent of Sida acuta, S. humilis, S. rhombifolia and
S. spinosa. Planta Med. 43(4), 384-388
and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine. Journal of Planar Chromatography 18, 364-
367.
Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder Yamasaki H. 1976. Pharmacology of sinomenine, an anti-rheumatic alkaloid from
Menispermaceae Whole plant Isoquinoline alkaloids (morphinanes): sinomenine Convulsive central excitation at high doses in animals.
& E.H.Wilson Sinomenium acutum . Acta Med Okayama. 30(1), 1-20.
Smilacaceae Presence of steroidal saponins: e.g. curillin G, asparagoside E, asparoside B Belhouchet Z. et al. 2008. Steroidal saponins from the roots of Smilax aspera subsp.
Smilax aspera L. Root
(Liliaceae) that are poorly absorbed mauritanica. Chem. Pharm.Bull (Tokyo). 56(9), 1324-1327
British Herbal Pharmcopeia, Edition1983
Smilax officinalis Kunth Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Smilacaceae Steroidal saponins: sarsaporin,parallin, sarsasapogenin, neotigogenin that are
(Smilax tonduzii Apt., Smilax Root Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
(Liliaceae) poorly absorbed
vanilliodora Apt.) Bernardo R. R. et al. 1996. Steroidal saponins from Smilax officinalis . Phytochemistry.
43(2) , 465-469.
The fresh plant contains hyoscyamine, twice more active than atropine (racemic Wiart Ch. 2006. Medicinal plants of the Asia-Pacific. World Scientific Publishing Co.
Solandra spp. Solanaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain tropane alkaloids: e.g. L-hyoscyamine, scopolamine
mixture) Pte. Ltd. ISBN 981-256-341-S
Keeler R. F. et al. 1990. Spirosolane-containing Solanum species and induction of
congenital craniofacial malformations. Toxicon.28(8), 873-874.
Solanum spp. Solanaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain glycosidic steroidal alkaloids: e.g. solanidine, tomatidine,...
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Plaza A. et al. 2005. New unusual pregnane glycosides with antiproliferative activity from
Selenostemma argel. Steroids. 70(9), 594-603
Arafa L. Hamed. 2001. New steroids from Solenostemma argel leaves. Fitoterapia.
Solenostemma argel (Delile) Hayne Apocynaceae Leaf and stem Leaf: pregnane ester glycosides: e.g. stemmosides a & b Latex known to induce purgative effect
72(7), 747-755
Hassan HA. et al. 2001. Pregnane derivatives from Solenostemma argel.
Phytochemistry. 57, 507-511
Evans WC. (2009) Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-7020-
2933-2
Sophora japonica L. Leguminosae
Fruit and seed Seed: quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine, N-methyl cytisine, matrine, sophorine Fruit: abortifacient effect reported. Hempen CH. and Fischer T. 2009, A Materia Medica for Chinese Medicine. Churchill
(Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott.) (Fabaceae)
Livingstone. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0443-10094-9
Hatfield et al. 1977. An investigation of Sophora secundiflora seeds (Mescalbeans).
Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. Leguminosae Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine (0,25%), N-methylcytisine, anagyrine, epi-lupinine, delta-5- Lloydia. 40(4), 374-383.
Seed
ex DC. (Fabaceae) dehydrolupanine Izadoost et al. 1976. Structure and toxicity of alkaloids and amino acids of Sophora
secundiflora . J Pharm Sci. 65(3), 352-354.
Leguminosae Ding PL. Et al. 2005. Determination of quinolizidine alkaloids in Sophora tonkinensis by
Sophora tonkinensis Gagnepain Root Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine, methylcytisine, tonkinensines A and B
(Fabaceae) HPCE. Phytochem. Analysis. 16(4), 257-263
Leguminosae Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine, sparteine Bruneton J. 2005. Plantes toxiques (Végétaux dangereux pour l’homme et les animaux),
Spartium junceum L. Whole plant
(Fabaceae) Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 3ème édition, ISBN : 2-7430-0806-7
Spathiphyllum spp. Araceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain calcium oxalate raphides and proteolytic enzymes
Morais S.M. et al. 2002. Chemical investigation of Spigelia anthelmiaL. used in Brazilian
folk medicine as anthelmintic. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 12, supl., 81-82.
Genus in which species may contain actinidine-type monoterpene alkaloids and diterpene alkaloids Hubner H. et al. 2001. Minor constituents of Spigelia anthelmia and their cardiac
Spigelia spp. Loganiaceae Aerial part
(ryanodines: e.g. spiganthine, spigeline) activities. Phytochemistry 57, 285-296.
Achenbach H. et al. 1995. Spiganthine, the cardioactive principle of Spigelia anthelmia. J
Nat Prod. 58(7),1092-1096.
Hohmann J. et al. 2002 Antiproliferative Amaryllidaceae alkaloids isolated from the bulbs
Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids (Amaryllidaceae alkaloids): e.g. lycorine, of Sprekelia formosissima and Hymenocallis festalis. Planta Med. 68, 454-457.
Sprekelia spp. Amaryllidaceae Bulb
pseudolycorine, ismine Roth, Daunderer, Kormann; Giftpflanzen Pflanzengifte, Comed Verlagsgesellschaft, 4th
ed. 1994. ISBN 3-609-61810-4
Agunu A. et al. 2005. Diuretic activity of the stem-bark extracts of Steganotaenia
araliacea hochst [Apiaceae]. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96(3), 471-475.
Apiaceae Evans WC. (2009) Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-7020-
Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. Bark and stem Lignans: e.g. steganacin, dibenzocyclooctadiene lactone, 10-demethoxystegane, steganone, prestegane B.
(Umbelliferae) 2933-2
Meragelman K.M. et al. 2001. 10-Demethoxystegane, a new lignan from Steganotaenia
araliacea. J Nat Prod. 64 (11) , 1480–1482.
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Zhi-Da M. et al. 1985. Alkaloids of Stephania sinica. Phytochemistry, 24(12), 3084-3085.
Genus in which species may contain bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. tetrandrine, fangchinoline,
Stephania spp. Menispermaceae Root Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
and/or hasubanan alkaloids, e.g. runanine and cepharanthine.
Unver N. et al. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of Sternbergia sicula and Sternbergia lutea.
Fitoterapia 76, 226–229.
Evidente A. 1986. Isolation and structural characterization of lutessine, a new alkaloid
Genus in which species may contain isoquinoline alkaloids (Amaryllidaceae alkaloids): e.g. lycorine, from bulbs of Sternbergia lutea. J Nat Prod. 49, 90–94.
Sternbergia spp. Amaryllidaceae Whole plant
galanthamine, sternbergine, hippamine, ... Pabuççuoglu V. et al. 1989. Four New Crinine-Type Alkaloids from Sternbergia Species.
J. Nat. Prod., 52 (4), 785–791.
Kaya GI et al. 2010. HPLC - DAD analysis of lycorine in Amaryllidaceae species. Nat
Prod Commun. 5(6), 873-6.
Stillingia sylvatica L. Euphorbiaceae Root diterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides Fresh root: caustic latex
(Ed). ISBN: 0-8493-1675-8
Rastogi S. et al.. 2006, Streblus asper Lour. (Shakhotaka): a review of ist chemical
Streblus asper ( Retz.) Lour.
Moraceae Root bark Cardiac glycosides: e.g. asperosid, strebloside, mansonin. pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties. Advance Access publication. 11, 216-
(Trophis aspera Retz.)
221
Strophanthus spp. Apocynaceae Seed Genus in which species may contain cardenolide glycosides: e.g. oubaine and aglycones: e.g. strophanthidin
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (e.g. strychnine) and/or bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
Strychnos spp. Loganiaceae Fruit and seed
(e.g. tubocurarine) ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott.
See Sophora japonica L.
Roth, Daunderer, Kormann; Giftpflanzen Pflanzengifte, Comed Verlagsgesellschaft, 4th
Symphoricarpus albus S.F.Blake Caprifoliaceae Fruit Reported gastrointestinal irritating effect. Substance not defined
ed. 1994. ISBN 3-609-61810-4
Symphytum spp. Boraginaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids science et thérapeutique), Ed. Tec & Doc, Lavoisier, Paris, 2ème édition, 692 pages,
ISBN : 2-7430-0631-5
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. &
L.M.Perry
Teuscher E., Anton R. et Lobstein A. 2005. Plantes aromatiques (Epices, aromates,
(Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia Myrtaceae Flower bud (clove) Essential oil: phenylpropanoids: e.g. methylchavicol (59.3%), methyleugenol (310-340 ppm)
condiments et huiles essentielles), Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier. ISBN : 2-7430-0720-6
caryophyllata Thunb. (nom. illeg.)
Mansfeld)
Etkin N.L. 1986. Plants in indigenous medicine & diet: biobehavioral approaches.
Tabebuia spp. Bignoniaceae Bark Genus in which species may contain naphtoquinones : e.g. lapachol and beta-lapachone
Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN: 0913178020, 9780913178027
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo
See Handroanthus heptaphyllus
(Vell.) Mattos
Tabebuia ipe (K.Schum.) Standl.
See Handroanthus heptaphyllus
(Vell.) Mattos
Tabernanthe iboga Baill. Apocynaceae Whole plant Indole alkaloids: e.g. ibogaine,
Compositae Roth, Daunderer, Kormann; Giftpflanzen Pflanzengifte, Comed Verlagsgesellschaft, 4th
Tagetes spp. Whole plant Genus in which the essential oil of some species may contain the phenylpropanoid methylchavicol
(Asteraceae) ed. 1994. ISBN 3-609-61810-4
Tamus communis L.
See Dioscorea spp.
Jaimand, K.; Rezaee, M.B. 2005. Chemical constituents of essential oils from
Tanacetum balsamita L. ssp. balsamitoides (Schultz-Bip.) Grierson. from Iran. Journal of
Essential oil from the aerial parts at full flowering stage: monocyclic monoterpene ketone: carvone (51%);
Compositae Essential Oil Research, 17(5), 565-566.
Tanacetum balsamita L. Aerial part bicyclic monoterpenes: beta-thujone (20.8%), alpha-thujone (3.2%); monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole
(Asteraceae) Yousefzadi M. et al. 2009. Cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity and composition of
(4.4%)
essential oil from Tanacetum balsamita L. subsp. balsamita. Nat. Prod. Commun.
4(1):119-122.
Tanacetum cinerariifolium ( Trevir.)
Sch.Bip.
(Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium ( Trevir). Compositae Matsuda K. et al. 2005. Biosynthesis of pyrethrin I in seedlings of Chrysanthemum
Aerial part Leaf : monoterpenes: pyrethrins
Vis., C. cinerariaefolium ( Trevir). Vis., (Asteraceae) cinerariaefolium. Phytochemistry 66(13), 1529-1535.
Tanacetum cinerariaefolium (Trevir.)
Sch.Bip.)
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. http://www.coe.int/t/e/social_cohesion/soc-
Compositae Sesquiterpene lactone: parthenolide
(Chrysanthemum parthenium ( L.) Aerial part sp/public_health/Flavouring_substances/Active%20principles.pdf
(Asteraceae) Essential oil: bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g. camphor (42-64%)
Bernh.) Heptinstall S. et al. 1992. Parthenolide content and bioactivity of feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.). Estimation of commercial and authenticated feverfew
products. J Pharm Pharmacol. 44(5):391-395.
Holopainen M. et al. 1987. A study on tansy chemotypes. Planta Medica, 53 (3), 284-
287.
Tanacetum vulgare L. Compositae Essential oil (0.12-0.18%): bicyclic monoterpenes: camphor (up to 90%), thujones (up to 80%) and Council of Europe. 2005. Active principles (constituents of chemical concern) contained
Aerial part
(Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.) (Asteraceae) monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole. in natural sources of flavourings. Ed. Council of Europe Publishing.
sp/public_health/Flavouring_substances/Active%20principles.pdf)
Taxus spp. Taxaceae Whole plant except aril Genus in which species may contain diterpenic pseudoalkaloids (taxoids): e.g. taxine, taxol, cephalomannine
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Irvine JE. and Frey RH. 1959. Source materials for rotenone, occurence of rotenoids in
Leguminosae Genus in which species may contain rotenoids: e.g. rotenone some species of the genus Tephrosia. J. Agri. Food Chem. 7(2), 106-107.
Tephrosia spp. Whole plant
(Fabaceae) Suliman HB. et al. 1982. The toxic effects of Tephrosia apollinea on goats. Journal of
Comparative Pathology, 92 (2), 309-315.
Mostefa-Kara et al. 1992. Fatal hepatitis after herbal tea. Lancet 340, 674
Fau D. et al. 1997. Diterpenoids from germander, an herbal medicine, induce apoptosis
Lamiaceae
Teucrium spp. Aerial part Genus in which species may contain furanoneoclerodane diterpenoids: e.g. teucrins in isolated rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology, 113(4): 1334-1346
(Labiatae)
Rodriguez M.C., et al. 1984. Isoteuflidin, a neo-clerodane diterpenoid from Teucrium
chamaedrys , and revised structures of teucrins F and G. Phytochemistry 23: 1465-1469.
containing methyleugenol. EMEA/HMPC/138363/2005.
Avato P. et al. 1998. Effect of Thapsia Essential Oils on Bile Composition in Rats.
Apiaceae
Thapsia spp. Fruit Genus in which the essential oil of some species may contain the phenylpropanoid methyleugenol Pharmaceutical Biology (Formerly International Journal of Pharmacognosy), 36 (5), 335-
(Umbelliferae)
340.
Avato P. et al. 1996. Essential oils from fruits of three types of Thapsia villosa.
Phytochemistry, 43(3), 609-612.
Panter KE. and Keeler RF. 1993. Quinolozidine and piperidine alkaloid teratogens from
poisonous plants and their mechanism of action in animals. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food
Anim. Pract. 9(1), 33-40.
Keeler RF. and Baker DC. 1990. Myopathy in cattle induced by alkaloid extracts from
Leguminosae Thermopsis montana, Laburnum anagyroides and a Lupinus sp. J. Comp. Pathol.
Thermopsis lanceolata R.Br. Flower and seed Quinolizidine alkaloids: e.g. cytisine, thermopsine, anagyrine,
(Fabaceae) 103(2), 169-182.
Viogradova V. et al. An investigation of the alkaloids of thermopsis lanceoloata.
Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 7(4), 440-442.
Roth, Daunderer, Kormann; Giftpflanzen Pflanzengifte, Comed Verlagsgesellschaft, 4th
ed. 1994. ISBN 3-609-61810-4
Thevetia spp. Apocynaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain cardiac glycosides and their aglycones: e.g. thevetoside,…
Thuja ssp. Cupressaceae Whole plant Genus in which the essential oil of some species may contain the bicyclic monoterpenes thujones
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Lamiaceae Genus in which the essential oil of the species contain a variety of constituents including the monoterpene Teuscher E., Anton R. et Lobstein A. 2005. Plantes aromatiques (Epices, aromates,
Thymus spp. Aerial part Many species show different chemotypes.
(Labiatae) etheroxide 1,8-cineole condiments et huiles essentielles), Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier. ISBN : 2-7430-0720-6
Bourke C.A. et al. 1992. Locomotor effects in sheep of alkaloids identified in Australian
Tribulus terrestris . Aust. Vet. J. 69, 163-165.
Dinchev D. et al. 2008. Distribution of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris from
different geographical regions. Phytochemistry. 69, 176-186.
Gauthaman K. et al. 2002. Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus terrestris extract
Central Nervous System toxicity observed in sheep.
β-carboline alkaloids (40-80 mg/kg dry matter), e.g. harmane and norharmane. (protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats. Life. Sci. 71, 1385-1396.
Hepatotoxicity observed in male rats after oral administration of the fruit.
Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Whole plant Lithogenic steroidal saponins: e.g. protodioscin Paula-Lopes TRV et al. 2006. Hepatotoxicity of medicinal plants. XXXIII. Action of
Reported effect on testosterone levels and prostate weight following
Mycotoxin: sporidesmin Tribulus terrestris L. in rats. Rev Bras Pl Med 8, 4: 150-156.
administration of a fruit extract with high protodioscin level to castrated male rats
Kellerman TS et al. 1980. Photosensitivity in South Africa. II. The experimental
production of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity disease geeldikkop (Tribulosis
ovis) by the simultaneous ingestion of Tribulus terrestris plants and cultures of
Pithomyces chartarum containing the mycotoxin sporidesmin. Onderstepoort J Vet Res.
47(4):231-61.
Trichocereus spp. Cactaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain phenylethylamine alkaloids: e.g. mescaline, …
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Copper RA et al. 1996. Preparative separation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by high-speed
Trichodesma incanum Bunge Boraginaceae Aerial part Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloid: trichodesmine
counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A., 732(1), 43-50.
Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Cucurbitaceae Root Polypeptide: trichosanthin
Maraganore JM. Et al. 1987. Purification and characterisation of Thricosanthin. J. Biol.
Chem. 262(24), 11628-11633
Jürgens A. and Dötterl S. 2004. Chemical composition of anther volatiles in
Trollius europaeus L. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Unsaturated lactone : protoanemonin Protoanemonin only present in fresh plant Ranunculaceae: genera-specific profiles in Anemone, Aquilegia, Caltha, Pulsatilla,
Ranunculus, and Trollius species. American Journal of Botany, 91, 1969-1980.
Trophis aspera Retz.
See Streblus asper (Retz.) Lour.
Russell AB. et al. 1997. Poisonous Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina State
University. www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/poison.htm
Intake of the bulbs have given rise to acute symptoms in humans like sweating, Cooper M.R. and Johnson A.W. 1998, Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain. Animal and
Tulipa spp. Liliaceae Whole part Phytoalexins: e.g. tulipalin increased salivation, difficult breeding and vomiting. Feeding of large amounts of human poisoning. The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-242981-5
tulip bulbs to cows resulted in 14/50 deaths within 6 weeks. Wolf P et al. 2003. Animal nutrition for veterinarians - actual cases: tulip bulbs with
leaves (Tulipa gesneriana) - an unusual and high risk plant for ruminant feeding. Dtsch.
Tierartzl. Wochenschr. 110, 302-305.
Turbina corymbosa ( L.) Raf. Indole alkaloids (ergoline alkaloids, lysergic acid derivatives). Dried leaf: 0.016-0.027 ergoline alkaloids (ergin Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer Verlag, 1998. ISBN: 3-540-
Convolvulaceae Leaf and seed
(Ipomoea burmanni Choisy) and erginin). Dried stem: 0.010-0.012 ergoline alkaloids (ergine and erginine). 52688-9
page 37 of 40

52688-9
Compositae
Tussilago spp. Whole plant Genus in which species may contain unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
(Asteraceae)
Lebada R. et al. 2000. Quantitative analysis of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids senkirkine and
senecionine in Tussilago farfara L. by capillary electrophoresis. Phytochemical Analysis
11 (6), 366–369.
Tylophora asthmatica Wight. & Arn.
See Tylophora indica Merr.
Daniel M. 2005. Medicinal Plants: Chemistry & Properties. Oxford & IBH Publishing
Tylophora indica Merr.
Company Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 8120416899, 9788120416895.
(T. asthmatica Wight. & Arn., Apocynaceae Leaf and root Indolizidine alkaloids: e.g. tylophorine, tylocebrine, tylophorinine
Singha A. et al. 2011. Tylophora asthmatica Wight & Arn. - Review. Nature of
Cynanchum indicum Burm.f.)
Pharmaceutical Technology, 1(1), 1-4.
Genus in which species may contain bufadienolide glycosides and their aglycones: e.g.glucoscillarine,
Urginea spp. Asparagaceae Bulb 52688-9
scillarine, scillarenine,…
EMEA CVMP. 1999. Urginea maritima - summary report. EMEA/MRL/603/99.
Hsu LM et al. 2005. 'Fat burner' herb, usnic acid, induced acute hepatitis in a family. J
Parmeliaceae Gastroenterol Hepatol. 20(7),1138-1139.
Usnea spp. Lichen Genus in which species may contain the dibenzofuran usnic acid
Sanchez W. et al. 2006. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary
supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clin Proc. 81(4),541-4.
Guo L. et al. 2008. Review of usnic acid and Usnea barbata toxicity. J Environ Sci
Health C (formerly Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev), 26(4),317-38
Vanillosmopsis arborea (Gardner)
Essential oil from wood bark: phenylpropanoids: methylchavicol (3.6 %), methyleugenol (5.9%), elemicin 52688-9
Baker Leaf and wood bark
Asteraceae (2.7%) Santos NKA. 2011. Chemical characterization and synergistic antibiotic activity of volatile
(Eremanthus arboreus (Gardner)
Essential oil from leaf: phenylpropanoid: safrole (0.74%). compounds from the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea. Med. Chem. Res. 20(5),
MacLeish)
637-641.
Vataireopsis araroba (Aguiar) Ducke Leguminosae Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
Wood Hydroxyanthracene: chrysarobin (1,8-hydroxy-3-methylanthranol)
(Andira araroba Aguiar) (Fabaceae) Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Genus in which species may contain steroid alkaloids: e.g. protoveratrines, and alkamine esters such as Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
Veratrum spp. Melanthiaceae Whole plant
jervine derivatives (furanopiperidine) e.g. cyclopamine. Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Vinca spp. Apocynaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids: e.g. vincamine
Staerk D. et al. 2002. In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids from
Isoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. asclepiadine (vincetoxin analogs). Cynanchum vincetoxicum and Tylophora tanakae against Drug-Sensitive and Multidrug-
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. Root: vincetoxine analogs: heterosides of oxasteroids (hirundicoside B, C and D, Cyanatratoside C and E). Resistant Cancer Cells. J. Nat. Prod. 65, 1299-1302
(V. officinale Moench, Cynanchum Apocynaceae Whole plant Aerial part: phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids (10 beta-antofine N-oxide; 10 beta,13 alpha,14 beta- Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie, (Phytochimie, Plantes médicinales), Ed. Tec & Doc,
vincetoxicum (L.) Pers.) hydroxyantofine N-oxide; 10 beta,13alpha-secoantofine N-oxide, also 13alpha-secoantofine, 13alpha-6-O- Lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition, ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8
desmethylsecoantofine). Frohne D, Pfänder HJ and Anton R. 2009. Plantes à risques, Ed. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier,
ISBN: 978-2-7430-0907-1
Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench. Gibson DM et al. 2011. Phytotoxicity of antofine from invasive swallow-worts. J. Chem.
Apocynaceae Whole plant Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids: e.g. (-)-antofine
(Asclepias vincetoxicum L.) Ecol. 37(8), 871-9
52688-9
Viscum album L. Santalaceae Whole plant Peptides: viscotoxins (I, II, III) and glycoproteins: viscum lectins
EMA. 2010. Community herbal monograph on Vitex agnus-castus L., fructus.
Signs of liver toxicity were observed in two new repeat-dose toxicity studies on www.ema.europa.eu
extracts of the fruit. Lal R. et al. 1985. Antifertility and oxytoxic activity of Vitex agnus-castus seeds in
The yield of essential oil in dried plant material is 0.76% from unripe fruits, 0.72% from ripe fruits, 0.56% from
Administration of powdered seeds resulted in a slight reduction in the number of female albino rats. Bulletin of Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research.
aerial parts.
foetuses when administered to pregnant rats in doses of 1 or 2 mg/kg from days Chandigarh 19, 44-47
Lamiaceae Essential oil from fruit: monoterpene etheroxide: 1,8-cineole (16-18%) and bicyclic monoterpenes: e.g.
Vitex agnus-castus L. Aerial part 1-10 of pregnancy. Stojkovic D. et al. 2011. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Vitex agnus-
(Labiatae) sabinene (7-17%)
A lactation inhibiting effect (decrease of prolactin) was seen in lactating female castus L. fruits and leaves essential oils. Food Chem. 128, 1017-1022.
Essential oil from leaf: monoterpenes: e.g. 1,8-cineole,(22-33%) and sabinene (2-18%),
rats dosed with a Vitex agnus-castus preparation. In vitro studies with cells Winterhoff et al. 1991. Die Hemmung der Laktation bei Ratten als indirekter Beweis für
Essential oil from flower: monoterpenes: e.g. 1,8-cineole ( 13.5%) and sabinene (5.7% )
from rat pituitaries showed that an extract had a dose-dependent lowering effect die Senkung von Prolaktin durch Agnus castus. Z. Phytotherapie 12; 175-179.
of prolactin. Zoghbi M.D.G.B. et al. 1999. The essential oil of Vitex agnus-castus growing in the
Amazon region. Flavour. Frag. J. 14, 211-213.
Juliani HR. et al eds. 2009. African Natural Plant Products: New Discoveries and
Challenges in Chemistry and Quality. Vol 1021. American Chemical Society. ISBN:
Voacanga spp. Apocynaceae Bark and root Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids : e.g. coronaridine, voacangine, conopharyngine, 9780841269873.
Wikstroemia spp. Thymelaeaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain diterpenes: daphnane orthoesters : e.g. huratoxine, simplexine
Leguminosae Sakai S. et al. 1997. A Self-Adjusting Carbohydrate Ligand for GalNac Specific Lectins.
Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. Whole plant Lectins
(Fabaceae) Tetrahedron Letters, 38(47), 8145-8148.
Nasi A. et al. 2009. Proteomic approaches to study structure, functions and toxicity of
Leguminosae
Wisteria sinensis ( Sims) DC. Whole plant Lectins legume seeds lectins. Perspectives for the assessment of food quality and safety.
(Fabaceae)
Journal of Proteomics, 72, 527-538.
page 38 of 40

In leaf: steroidal lactones: withanolides
Kulkarni SK, Dhir A. 2008. Withania somnifera: an Indian ginseng. Prog
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Solanaceae Whole plant in root: piperidine alkaloids: anaferine, anahygrine and various alkaloids including withanine, somniferine,
Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 32(5):1093-105.
somnine, tropine
Misra L.N. 2008. Selective reactivity of 2-mercaptoethanol with 5beta,6beta-epoxide in
steroids from Withania somnifera. Steroids, 73(3), 245-251.
Toxicosis usually associated with the consumption of the seedlings in the
Compositae Witte ST. et al. 1990 Cocklebur toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption of
Xanthium spp. Flowering top Genus in which species may contain diterpenes: e.g. carboxyatractyloside cotyledon stage which contain a high concentration of carboxyatractyloside.
(Asteraceae) mature Xanthium strumarium. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2(4), 263-267
Seeds also known to contain the toxin
Ghorbani M. 1997. Phytochemical reinvestigation of Xysmalobium undulatum roots
Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Root Cardenolides (sophoroside types): e.g. uzarin, xysmalorin,
(Uzara). Planta Medica 63(4), 343-346.
Dragalin I.P. and Kintia P.K. 1975. Steroidal saponins of Yucca filamentosa: Yuccoside
C and protoyuccoside C. Phytochemistry 14 (8), 1817-1820.
Yucca filamentosa L. Asparagaceae Whole plant Steroid saponins: e.g. sarsasapogenin , tigogenin (1,4% in leaves)
Kintya PK. 1972. Steroid saponins III. Glycosides A and B from Yucca filamentosa.
Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 8(5), 584-586.
Furocoumarins: e.g. bergapten, umbelliferone, Akhtar N. 2009. Chemical constituents from the seeds of Zanthoxylum alatum. Journal
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. Rutaceae Bark and seed
Benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids: e.g. chelerythrine and derivatives of Asian Natural Products Research, 11(1), 91-95.
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Rutaceae Bark and seed Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. magnoflorine; benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids: e.g. chelerythrine, Lignans: asarinin and sesamin
(Ed). ISBN: 0-8493-1675-8
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. Rutaceae Bark and seed Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids: e.g. magnoflorine; benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids: e.g. chelerythrine, Lignans: asarinin and sesamin
(Ed). ISBN: 0-8493-1675-8
Makeiff D. 1997. Determination of Zygacine in Zigadenus venenosus (Death Camas) by
Image Analysis on Thin Layer Chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem., 45 (4),
Zigadenus spp. Melanthiaceae Whole plant Genus in which species may contain steroid alkaloids: e.g. zygadenine, zygacine 1209–1211.
Moerman D.E. 1996. An analysis of the food plants and drug plants of native North
America. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52, 1-22.
An increased percentage of resorbed implantations were found in both dosed
EMA. 2011. Assessment report on Zingiber officinale Roscoe, rhizoma.
groups of pregnant rats receiving an infusion made from 20 g/l or 50 g/l freshly
www.ema.europa.eu
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Rhizome grated ginger compared to a control group (P <0.05). No signs of maternal
Wilkinson JM. 2000. Effect of ginger tea on the fetal development of Sprague-Dawley
toxicity were observed, neither were any gross morphological malformations in
rats. Reprod. Toxicol. 14, 507-512.
the treated foetuses.
FUNGI
Genus in which species may contain tryptamines: e.g. bufotenine; cyclic peptides: e.g. phallotoxins and
Amanita spp. Amanitaceae Fruiting body Evans W. 2009. Pharmacognosy. 16th edition. Saunders Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-7020-2933-2
amatoxins; isoxazole alkaloids: e.g. ibotenic acid and quaternary ammonium alkaloids: e.g. muscarine.
Ennamany R et al. 1995. Mode of action of bolesatine, a cytotoxic glycoprotein from
Boletus satanas Lenz. Mechanistic approaches. Toxicology, 100(1-3), 51-55
Kretz O et al. 1992. Properties of bolesatine, a translational inhibitor from Boletus
Boletus satanas Lenz Boletaceae Fruiting body Monomeric glycoprotein: bolesatine. satanas Lenz. Amino-terminal sequence determination and inhibition of rat mitochondrial
protein synthesis. Toxicology Letters, 64-65, 763-766.
Ennamany R et al. 1994. Effect of bolesatine, a glycoprotein from Boletus satanas, on
rat thymus in vivo.Toxicology, 89(2), 113-118
Ian R. Hall et al. 2003. Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world. Timber Press
USA; ISBN 0-88192-586-1
Genus in which species may contain muscarine (C. dealbata, C. rivolusa …), some ricine-like lectins and Genest K, et al. 1968. Muscarine in Clitocybe species. J Pharm Sci. 57(2):331-3.
Clitocybe spp. Tricholomataceae Fruiting body
clitocybins (indolinone) Svajger U et al. 2011. CNL, a ricin B-like lectin from mushroom Clitocybe nebularis,
induces maturation and activation of dendritic cells via the toll-like receptor 4 pathway.
Immunology. 134(4), 409-18
Hall IR et al. 2003. Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world. Timber Press USA;
ISBN 0-88192-586-1
Some species are known to contain proproteins such as phalloidin inducing Luo H. et al. 2009. Processing of the phalloidin proprotein by prolyl oligopeptidase from
Conocybe spp. Bolbitiaceae Fruiting body Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. psilocin, psilocybin…
gastrointestinal disorders and anxiety the mushroom Conocybe albipes. J Biol Chem. 284(27), 18070-18077
Merlin MD, et al. 1993. Species identification and chemical analysis of psychoactive
fungi in the Hawaiian islands. J Ethnopharmacol. 40(1), 21-40.
Hall IR. 2003. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World. Timber Press. p. 103.
ISBN 0881925861
Copelandia spp. Agaricomycetidae Fruiting body Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. psilocin, psilocybin
Heim R, et al. 1966. On a group poisoning with psilocybian syndrome caused in France
by a Copelandia, C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 262(4), 519-523.
Gonmori K, et al.2009. Acute encephalopathy caused by cyanogenic fungi in 2004, and
magic mushroom regulation in Japan. Chudoku Kenkyu, 22(1), 61-69.
Duvic C et al. 2003. Acute renal failure following ingestion of Cortinarius orellanus in 12
patients. Initial presentation and progress over a period of 13 years]. Presse Med. 32(6),
249-253
Oubrahim H et al. 1997. Novel methods for identification and quantification of the
Pyridine N-oxide alkaloids: e.g. orellanine and derivatives
Cortinariaceae mushroom nephrotoxin orellanine. Thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis
Cortinarius orellanus Fr. Fruiting body
screening of mushrooms with electron spin resonance determination of the toxin. J.
Bipyridine alkaloids
Chromatogr .758(1),145-157
Judge BS et al. 2010. Ingestion of a newly described North American mushroom
species from Michigan resulting in chronic renal failure: Cortinarius orellanus. Clin Toxicol
(Phila) 48(6),545-549
page 39 of 40

Cortinarius rubellus Cooke Pyridine N-oxide alkaloids: e.g. orellanine and derivatives
Cortinariaceae Koller GE et al. 2002. The presence of orellanine in spores and basidiocarp from
(Cortinarius speciosissimus Kühner & Fruiting body
Cortinarius orellanus and Cortinarius rubellus. Mycologia.94(5),752-756.
Romagn.) Bipyridine alkaloids
Cortinarius speciosissimus Kühner &
Romagn.
See Cortinarius rubellus Cooke
Enjalbert F. et al. 2004. Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata. Mycologia 96(4):
Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner Galerinaceae Fruiting body and mycelium Bicyclic octapeptide derivatives: amatoxins (alpha-, beta- and gamma amanitins)
720-729
Hydrazones: gyromitrin (acetaldehyde N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone) approximately 50 mg/kg fresh weight. Andersson C. et al. 1995. Hydrazones in the false morel. TemaNord. 561. Nordic
Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr. Discinaceae Fruiting body
Council of Ministers. ISBN 92 9120 681 4.
Intoxication may be caused by Helvella species. The species are often confused Beug M.W. et al. Thirty-plus years of mushroom poisoning: summary of the
Helvella spp. Helvellaceae Fruiting body with Gyromitra species, the latter being known to contain toxic hydrazones approximately 2,000 reports in the NAMA case registry. McIlvainea 16(2), 47-68.
(gyromitrin). http://namyco.org/images/pdf_files/Poisonings30year.pdf
Lurie Y. et al. 2009. Mushroom poisoning from species of genus Inocybe (fiber head
Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. psilocin, psilocybin, and
Inocybe spp. Inocybaceae Fruiting body mushroom): a case series with exact species identified. Chem. Toxicol. 47, 562-565.
quaternary amine: e.g. muscarine
Stijve T. 1982. The occurrence of muscarine and muscimol in various fungi. Coolia
25(4), 94-100.
Camaxine S. and Lupo A.T. 1984. Labile toxic compounds of the lactarii: the role of the
Velleral thought to be responsible for toxicity in humans.
lactiferous hyphae as a storage depot for precursors of pungent dialdehydes. Mycologia
76(2), 355-358.
Sesquiterpene lactones e.g. blennin A and C, 15-hydroxyblennin A,
Knuutinen J. and von Wright A. 1982. The mutagenicity of Lactarius mushrooms. Mut.
andhydrolactororufin A, lactarorufin A.
Res. 103, 115-118.
Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Gray Russulaceae Fruiting body Sesquiterpenoid unsaturated dialdehydes: e.g. velleral (0.16mg/g)
Pyysalo H. et al. 1980. Application of gas chromatography to the analysis of
Mutagenic effect of extract in Ames test.
sesquiterpene lactones from Lactarius (Russulaceae) mushrooms. J.Chromatogr. 190,
466-470.
The fruiting body is toxic when eaten raw. The mushroom is considered toxic in
von Wright A et al. 1982. The mutagenicity of some edible mushrooms in the Ames test.
e.g. some parts of Europe but considered edible after blanching in e.g. Finland
Food Chem. Toxicol. 20, 265-267.
Ramirez P. et al. 1993. Fulminant hepatic failure after Lepiota mushroom poisoning. J.
Lepiota spp. Agaricaceae Fruiting body Genus in which species may contain cyclopeptide toxins (amatoxins): e.g. amanitine A and B
Hepatol. 19, 51-54.
Andersson C., Kristinsson J., Gry J. 2008. Occurrence and use of hallucinogenic
Panaeolus spp. Agaricomycetidae Fruiting body Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. psilocin, psilocybin mushrooms containing psilocybin alkaloids. TemaNord 2008:606. ISBN: 978-92-893-
1836-5.
Andersson C., Kristinsson J., Gry J. 2008. Occurrence and use of hallucinogenic
Pluteus spp. Pluteaceae Fruiting body Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. psilocin, psilocybin mushrooms containing psilocybin alkaloids. TemaNord 2008:606. ISBN: 978-92-893-
1836-5.
Stríbrný J. et al. 2003. Levels of psilocybin and psilocin in various types of mushrooms.
Soud Lek. 48(3), 45-49.
Reingardiene D. et al. 2005. Hallucinogenic mushrooms. Medicina (Kaunas). 41(12),
Psilocybe spp. Strophariaceae Fruiting body Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. psilocin and psilocybin
1067-1070.
Adamczyk A. et al. 2007. Hallucinogenic fungi (psilocybe). Part II. Identification of
Psilocybe semilanceata by PCR. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 57(3), 285-288.
Evans WC. (2009) Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-7020-
Stropharia spp. Strophariaceae Fruiting body Genus in which species may contain indole alkaloids (tryptamine derivatives): e.g. psilocin, psilocybin
2933-2
ALGAE
Phaneuf D et al. 1999. Evaluation of the contamination of marine algae (seaweed) from
Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis Fucaceae Thallus Known to contain high levels of iodine (on average 482 µg/g dry weight) the St. Lawrence River and likely to be consumed by humans. Environ. Res. Section A.
80, S175-S182.
Genus in which species may contain different amounts of iodine
Fucus spp. Fucaceae Thallus Depending on growth conditions and environment, the algae may concentrate Teas J. et al. 2004. Variability of Iodine Content in Common Commercially Available
heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cd) Edible Seaweeds. Thyroid 14(10), 836-841
Bruneton J. 2009. Pharmacognosie. Phytochemie, Plantes médicinales. Ed. Tec & Doc,
lavoisier, Paris, 4ème édition. ISBN: 978-2-7430-1188-8.
May contain high levels of iodine. Barnes J., Anderson L.A., Phillipson J.D. 2007. Herbal Medicines. 3rd ed. Ed.
Marasmiaceae
Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C.Ag. Thallus Depending on growth conditions and environment, the algae may concentrate Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-623-0
(Laminariaceae)
heavy metals (e.g. Pb, Cd) Seki H., Auzuku A. 1998. Biosorption of heavy metal ions to brown algae, Macrocystis
pyrifera, Kjellmaniella crassiforia, and Undaria pinnatifida. J Colloid and Interface
Science 206, 297-301.
page 40 of 40
Annex A
Botanicals appearing on a negative list or subject to restricted use in at least one European Member
State but for which not enough information on possible substances of concern or adverse effect could
be found, or for which the information present could not be verified.
Part of plants indicated in

Botanical name Family
the national list(s)
Acanthea virilis Pharm. ex Wehmer Acanthaceae
Aletris farinosa L. Nartheciaceae Root
Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge Asparagaceae Rhizome
Anemopaegma arvense (Vell.) Stellfeld Bignoniaceae Bark
Aniba parviflora (Meisn.) Mez Lauraceae
Anthyllis vulneraria L. Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.
Thymelaeaceae Bark and leaf
(Aquilaria agollocha Roxb.)
Artemisia apiacea Hance
See Artemisia carvifolia Roxb.
Artemisia carvifolia Roxb.
(Artemisia caruifolia Roxb., Artemisia Compositae (Asteraceae) Aerial part
apiacea Hance)
Artemisia nitida Bertol. Compositae (Asteraceae)
Asplenium scolopendrium L. Aspleniaceae
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Compositae (Asteraceae) Rhizome
Atractylodes ovata DC. Compositae (Asteraceae) Rhizome
Betula alleghaniensis Britton Betulaceae
Blepharis capensis Pers. Acanthaceae Leaf and root
Cachrys pabularia (Lindl.) Herrnstadt &
Heyn Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Seed
(Prangos pabularia Lindl.)
Calendula arvensis L. Compositae (Asteraceae) Flower
Calystegia soldanella R.Br. Convolvulaceae Whole plant
Catalpa bignonioides Walter Bignoniaceae Bark and fruit
Ceanothus americanus L. Rhamnaceae Root bark
Cedrela toona Roxb.
Bark
See Toona ciliata M.Roem.
Cedrus deodara (D.Don) G.Don Pinaceae Wood
Cedrus libani A.Rich. Pinaceae Aerial part
Chamaemelum mixtum All. Compositae (Asteraceae) Whole plant
Chlorocodon whitei Hook.f. Apocyanaceae
Root
(Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels)
Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. Euphorbiaceae Aerial part
Chrysanthemum sinense Sweet
(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., Compositae (Asteraceae) Flower
Tanacetum morifolium Kitam.)
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty Poaceae (Gramineae) Root
Cineraria spp. Compositae (Asteraceae) Aerial part
Cinnamomum micranthum (Hayata)
Lauraceae Wood
Hayata
Citrus junos (Makino) Tanaka Rutaceae Fruit
page 1 of 5
Annex A

Citrus medica L.
(C. medica (L.) var. macrocarpa Risso;
Rutaceae
C. medica (L.) var. vulgaris Risso;
C.medica L. var cedrata Risso)
Cnidium dubium (Schkuhr) Schmeil &
Apiaceae (Umbelifferae)
Fitschen
Cnidium officinale Makino Apiaceae (Umbelifferae) Rhizome
Cola ballayi Cornu ex Heckel Malvaceae
Comandra spp. Santalaceae
Conioselinum univittatum Kar. & Kir. Apiaceae (Umbelifferae)
Convolvulus scoparius L.f. Convolvulaceae
Copaifera martii Hayne Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Dicoma anomala Sond. Compositae (Asteraceae) Root
Dirca palustris L. Thymelaeaceae
Dorema ammoniacum D.Don. Apiaceae (Umbelifferae)
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Compositae (Asteraceae) Whole plant
Erythroxylum catuaba Raym.-Hamet Erythroxylaceae
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Compositae (Asteraceae) Aerial part
Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl
(Ayapana triplinervis ( Vahl) R.M.King & Compositae (Asteraceae) Whole plant
H.Rob.)
Ferula gummosa Boiss.
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Aerial part
(F. galbaniflua Boiss. & Bushe)
Forestiera spp. Oleaceae
Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle
Rutaceae Bark
(Citrus japonica Thunb.)
Geranium maculatum L. Geraniaceae
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Gnaphalium uliginosum L.
Grindelia camporum Greene Asteraceae (Compositae)
Grindelia hirsutula Hook. & Arn. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Guaiacum sanctum L. Zygophyllaceae
Apocyanaceae
Gymnema aurantiacum Hook.f.
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.
See Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.)
P.I.Forst
Gypsophila paniculata L. Caryophyllaceae
Haematoxylum campechianum L. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Bark and wood
Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. Rutaceae Bark and root
Helichrysum nudifolium Less. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Herniaria hirsuta L. Caryophyllaceae Aerial part
Homalomena spp. Araceae
Hydrangea arborescens L. Hydrangeaceae Root
Indigofera tinctoria L. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Unspecified
Ionidium ipecacuanha Vent. Violaceae Root
Iris versicolor L. Iridaceae Rhizome
Jacaranda caroba (Vell.) DC. Bignoniaceae
Juniperus ashei J.Buchholz Cupressaceae
page 2 of 5
Annex A

Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. Cupressaceae Wood
Kunzea ambigua (Sm.) Druce Myrtaceae
Lavandula burnati Briq.
See Lavandula intermedia nothossp.
intermedia
Lavandula heterophylla Viv.
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
(Lavandula hybrida Ging.)
Lavandula hybrida Ging.
See Lavandula heterophylla Viv.
Lavandula intermedia nothossp.
intermedia Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
(Lavandula x burnati Briq.)
Lebeckia contaminata (L.) Thunb.
(Asphaltus contaminatus (L.) Druce, Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
Spartium contaminatum L.)
Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.
Asparagaceae Bulb
(Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.)
Leucophae spp.
See Sideritis spp
Ligusticum porteri J.M.Coult. & Rose Apiaceae (Umbelifferae) Root
Ligustrum lucidum Aiton Oleaceae Fruit
Linzia nigritana (Oliv. & Hiern)
C.Jeffrey ( Asteraceae (Compositae)
Vernonia nigritana Oliv. & Hiern )
Liriope spp. Asparagaceae Fruit
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias &
Apiaceae (Umbelifferae)
Constance
Lysimachia vulgaris L. Primulaceae
Lythrum spp. Lythraceae Aerial part
Malpighia glabra L.
Malphigiaceae Bark
(Malpighia punicifolia L.)
Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Bark
Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst
(Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br., Apocynaceae Leaf
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult.)
Mentzelia cordifolia Urb. & Gigl. Loasaceae Aerial part
Mitchella repens L. Rubiaceae Fruit and leaf
Morella cerifera (L.) Small. Myricaceae
Moringa aptera Gaertn. Moringaceae Fruit
Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori Moringaceae
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
See Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.
Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
Caprifoliaceae Root
(N. jatamansi DC.)
Naregamia alata Wight. & Arn. Meliaceae Whole plant
Nectandra coto Rusby Lauraceae Bark
Nectandra puchury-major Nees & Mart.
Lauraceae Seed
ex Nees
Nectandra rodioei Hook. Lauraceae Bark
Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek. Acanthaceae
Oenanthe phellandrium Lam. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Fruit
page 3 of 5
Annex A

Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai Araliaceae Bark, leaf and root.
Palicourea densiflora Mart.
See Rudgea viburnoides ssp.
viburnoides
Palicourea densiflora Wawra
See Psychotria longipedunculata
(Gardner) Müll.
Parietaria judaica L. Urticaceae
Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. Geraniaceae Aerial part
Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster Phyllanthaceae Aerial part
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss Pinaceae
Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth.
See Picrorhiza lindleyana (Wall.)
Steud.
Picrorhiza lindleyana (Wall.) Steud.
Scrophulariaceae Rhizome and root
(Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth.)
Polemonium caeruleum L. Polemoniaceae
Polemonium reptans L. Polemoniaceae
Polygonatum sibiricum F.Delaroche Asparagaceae Rhizome
Polygonatum tegundir Species could not be identified
Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae Whole plant
Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy Winteraceae Leaf
Psychotria longipedunculata (Gardner)
Rubiaceae
Müll.Arg.
Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Bark and wood
Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth. Olacaceae Root
Ptychopetalum uncinatum Anselmino Olacaceae
Rhus toxicodendron L.
See Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.
Richardia scabra L. Rubiaceae
Rivina humilis L. Phytolaccaceae Whole plant
Rosa moschata Herrm. Rosaceae
Rosa rubiginosa L. Rosaceae
Rudgea viburnoides ssp. viburnoides Rubiaceae
Salvia columbariae Benth. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill. Santalaceae
Santalum spicatum ( R.Br.) A.DC. Santalaceae
Santolina chamaecyparissus L. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Saponaria rubra Lam. Caryophyllaceae Seed
Saraca indica L. Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Seed
Scrophularia umbrosa Dumort. Scrophulariaceae
Scutellaria lateriflora L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Aerial part
Sedum reflexum L .
See Sedum rupestre L.
Sedum rupestre L.
Crassulaceae
(Sedum reflexum L.)
Sedum telephium L.
Crassulaceae
(Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H.Ohba.)
page 4 of 5
Annex A

Sida spodochroma F.Muell. Malvaceae
Sideritis spp.
(Leucophae spp.)
Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.
Smilacaceae Root
(Smilax kerberi F.W.Apt.)
Smilax bona-nox L. Smilacaceae
Smilax cordata-ovata Rich. Smilacaceae
Smilax febrifuga Kunth
See Smilax purhampuy Ruiz
Smilax kerberi F.W.Apt.
See Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.
Smilax longifolia Rich.
Smilacaceae
(Smilax papyracea Duhamel)
Smilax papyracea Duhamel
Smilacaceae
See Smilax longifolia Rich.
Smilax purhampuy Ruiz
Smilacaceae
(Smilax febrifuga Kunth)
Smilax tamnoides L. Smilacaceae
Solandra grandiflora Sw. Solanaceae
Solenostemma argel Hayne Asclepiadaceae Leaf
Soymida febrifuga Juss. Meliaceae Fruit
Stephanotis spp. Apocyanaceae
Stevia salicifolia Cav. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Tanacetum morifolium Kitam.
See Chrysanthemum sinense Sweet
Tecoma spp. Bignoniaceae
Toona ciliata M.Roem.
Meliaceae
(Cedrela toona Roxb.)
Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Apiaceae (Umbelifferae)
Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.
Anacardiaceae Whole plant
(Rhus toxicodendron L.)
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Anacardiaceae Whole plant
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze Anacardiaceae Whole plant
Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Plantagenaceae
Vernonia nigritana Oliv. & Hiern
See Linzia nigritana (Oliv. & Hiern)
C.Jeffrey
Vincetoxicum versicolor (Bunge)
Dechne Apocynaceae
(Cynanchum versicolor Bunge)
Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Vitex trifolia L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Vladimiria souliei (Franch.) Y.Ling Asteraceae (Compositae)
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Solanaceae Whole plant
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae
FUNGI
Elaphomyces granulatus Fr. Elaphomycetaceae Fruiting body
Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd Polyporaceae Fruiting body
Volvaria spp. Pluteaceae Fruiting body
page 5 of 5
Annex B
Botanicals appearing on a negative list or subject to restricted use in at least one European
Member State but for which the Scientific Committee, through the analysis of the data
found, could not identify substances of concern, or other data for the inclusion in the
compendium. A systematic literature search should be performed for these species
part of plants
Botanical name Family indicated in the
national list(s)
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Malvaceae
Abies alba Mill. Pinaceae Bud and cone
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Pinaceae Bud and cone
Abies sibirica Ledeb. Pinaceae Bud and cone
Abies spectabilis (D.Don.) Mirb. Pinaceae Bud and cone
Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
Malvaceae Fruit and seed
(Abutilon avicennae Gaertn.)
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.
(A. saturejoides (Lam.) DC.)
Adenophora stricta Miq. Campanulaceae
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantaceae
Aesculus hippocastanum L. Sapindaceae Bark and seed
Agrimonia odorata Mill.
See Agrimonia repens L.
Agrimonia eupatoria L. Rosaceae Aerial part
Agrimonia repens L.
Rosaceae
(Agrimonia odorata Mill.)
Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv.
See Elymus repens (L.) Gould
Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. Lardizabalaceae Whole plant
Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. Lardizabalaceae Whole plant
Alchemilla alpina L. Rosaceae
Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop.
See Aphanes arvensis L.
Alchemilla vulgaris auct. pl.
Whole plant
See Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm.
Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm.
Rosaceae Aerial part
(Alchemilla vulgaris auct. pl.)
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Betulaceae Bark and leaf
Aloysia citriodora Palau
(A. citrodora Palau, A. triphylla (L'Hér.) Britton, Lippia
Verbenaceae
triphylla (L'Hérit.) Kuntze, L. citriodora (Lam.) Kunth,
L. citrodora Kunth)
Althaea officinalis L. Malvaceae
Amyris balsamifera L. Rutaceae
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.
Bromeliaceae
(Ananas sativus (Lindl.) Schult.f.)
Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn.
(Gnaphalium dioicum L.)
Anthemis nobilis L.
See Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.
Aphanes arvensis L.
Rosaceae Aerial part
(Alchemilla arvensis (L.) Scop.)
Aralia racemosa L. Araliaceae Rhizome and root
Arbutus unedo L. Ericaceae Leaf
page 1 of 6
Annex B
part of plants
national list(s)
Arctium lappa L.
(Arctium majus Bernh.)
Avena sativa L. Poaceae (Gramineae)
Baccharis coridifolia DC. Asteraceae (Compositae) Flower and seed
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell
Plantaginaceae Leaf
(Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst.)
Betula nigra L. Betulaceae Leaf
Betula pendula Roth. Betulaceae Leaf
Betula pubescens Ehrh. Betulaceae Leaf
Bidens tripartita L . Asteraceae (Compositae) Aerial part
Bistorta officinalis Delabre
Polygonaceae Rhizome
(Polygonum bistorta L.)
Bupleurum falcatum L. Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Root
Callitris introtropica R.T.Baker & H.G.Sm. Cupressaceae
Fruit and resin from the
Calophyllum inophyllum L. Calophyllaceae
trunk
Carex arenaria L. Cyperaceae
Carlina acaulis L. Asteraceae (Compositae) Root
Catalpa bignonioides Walter
Bignoniaceae leaf, pod and seed
(C. syringifolia Sims)
Catoferia spicata (Benth.) Benth.
(Orthosiphon spicatus Benth.)
Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière Pinaceae Bud and wood
Centaurium erythraea Raf. Gentianaceae Flowering top
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.
Asteraceae (Compositae) Whole plant
(Anthemis nobilis L.)
Chelone glabra L. Plantaginaceae Leaf
Cnicus benedictus L. Asteraceae (Compositae) Whole plant
Collinsonia canadensis L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Leaf, root and shoot
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Asteraceae (Compositae) Whole plant
Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Rchb.f. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Aerial part
Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. Cornaceae Fruit
Corylus avellana L. Betulaceae Leaf and nut
Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill. &
Myrtaceae Leaf
L.A.S.Johnson
Crataegus azarolus L. Rosaceae
Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC. Rosaceae
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Rosaceae
Crataegus nigra Waldst. & Kit. Rosaceae
Crataegus pentagyna Willd. Rosaceae
Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. var. rhipidophylla Rosaceae
Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don. Taxodiaceae Wood dust
Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae Cone
Cyanotis vaga (Lour.) Schult. & Schult.f. Commelinaceae Root
Cydonia oblonga P.Mill. Rosaceae Seed
Cynara cardunculus L. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Cyperus scariosus R.Br. Cyperaceae Rhizome and root
Cystoseira canariensis Sauvageau
Sargassaceae Thallus
(C. humilis Schousboe ex Kützing )
Dipterocarpus retusus Blume Dipterocarpaceae
page 2 of 6
Annex B
part of plants
national list(s)
Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter Asteraceae (Compositae) Leaf
Echinacea angustifolia DC. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Asteraceae (Compositae)
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.)
Araliaceae
Maxim.
Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.)
Araliaceae
S.Y.Hu
Elymus repens (L.) Gould
(Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv., Elytrigia repens (L.) Poaceae (Gramineae)
Nevski)
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski
See Elymus repens (L.) Gould
Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Ephedraceae
Equisetum arvense L. Equisetaceae Aerial part
Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. Boraginaceae Aerial part
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Eucommiaceae Bark and leaf
Euphorbia hirta L.
Euphorbiaceae Aerial part
(Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millesp.)
Euphrasia officinalis L. Orobanchaceae
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. Rosaceae Aerial part
Filipendula vulgaris Moench Rosaceae Aerial part
Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae Aerial part
Fraxinus excelsior L. Oleaceae Bark
Galium verum L. Rubiaceae Aerial part
Gentiana cruciata L. Gentianaceae
Gentiana lutea L. Gentianaceae
Geranium robertianum L. Geraniaceae
Geum rivale L. Rosaceae Rhizome and root
Geum urbanum L. Rosaceae Rhizome and root
Gevuina avellana Molina Proteaceae
Globularia vulgaris L. Plantaginaceae Aerial part
Harpagophytum procumbens Meisn. Pedaliaceae Root
Harpagophytum zeyheri Decne. Pedaliaceae Root
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench Asteraceae (Compositae)
Hieracium pilosella L.
Asteraceae (Compositae) Aerial part
(Pilosella officinarum F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.)
Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae (Gramineae) Seed
Inula helenium L. Asteraceae (Compositae) Root
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae
Iris germanica L. Iridaceae Rhizome and root
Iris pallida Lam. Iridaceae Rhizome and root
Jasminum officinale L. Oleaceae Flower
Lactuca serriola L. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Lamium album L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Lespedeza capitata Michx. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Aerial part
Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.) DC.
See Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin
Lippia triphylla (L'Hérit.) Kuntze
See Aloysia citrodora Palau
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. Lobariaceae Thallus
page 3 of 6
Annex B
part of plants
national list(s)
Lythrum salicaria L. Lythraceae Aerial part
Magnolia fargesii (Finet &Gagnep.) W.C.Cheng
Magnoliaceae
(M. biondii Pamp.)
Malva sylvestris L. Malvaceae Aerial part
Marrubium vulgare L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Aerial part
Matricaria recutita L.
Asteraceae (Compositae) Flower
(Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert)
Melissa officinalis L. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Aerial part
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Trunk balsam
Oenothera biennis L. Onagraceae Seed
Olea europaea L. Oleaceae Aerial part
Ononis spinosa L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Whole plant
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cactaceae
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz Bignoniaceae Fruit and seed
Orthosiphon aristatus ( Blume) Miq. Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Aerial part
Orthosiphon spicatus Benth.
See Catoferia spicata (Benth.) Benth.
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Paeoniaceae
Paeonia officinalis L. Paeoniaceae
Paeonia suffructicosa Andr. Paeoniaceae
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Araliaceae Root
Panax quinquefolius L. Araliaceae Root
Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae Aerial part
Parthenium integrifolium L. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Passiflora edulis Sims Passifloraceae Whole plant
Passiflora incarnata L. Passifloraceae Whole plant
Pinus sylvestris L. Pinaceae Oleo-resin from the trunk
Plantago afra L. Plantaginaceae Leaf and seed
Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. Plantaginaceae Leaf and seed
Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae Leaf and seed
Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Leaf and seed
Plantago media L. Plantaginaceae Leaf and seed
Plantago ovata Forssk. Plantaginaceae Leaf and seed
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. Campanulaceae
Pogostemon cablin Benth. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Polianthes tuberosa L. Asparagaceae Aerial part
Polygonum bistorta L.
See Bistorta officinalis Delabre
Polypodium vulgare L. Polypodiaceae Rhizome and root
Potentilla anserina L. Rosaceae Root
Primula elatior (L.) Hill. Primulaceae Whole plant
Primula veris L. Primulaceae Whole plant
Primula vulgaris Huds. Primulaceae
Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman Rosaceae
Prunus cerasus L. Rosaceae
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Pinaceae
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Bark and wood
page 4 of 6
Annex B
part of plants
national list(s)
Raphanus sativus var. niger J.Kern
Brassicaceae
(Raphanus sativus L. convar. sativus Radish group)
Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin
(Stemmacantha carthamoides (Willd.) Dittrich, Asteraceae (Compositae)
Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.) DC.)
Rhodiola rosea L. Crassulaceae
Ribes nigrum L. Grossulariaceae
Rosa canina L. Rosaceae
Rosa damascena Mill. Rosaceae Flower and leaf
Rubus fruticosus L. s.l. Rosaceae
Sanguisorba officinalis L. Rosaceae Root
Santalum album L. Santalaceae
Schinus molle L. Anacardiaceae Fruit and leaf
Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Schisandraceae Fruit
Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wills. Schisandraceae Fruit
Scrophularia nodosa L. Scrophulariaceae Whole plant
Selenicereus grandiflorus Britton & Rose
Cactaceae Aerial part
(Cactus grandiflorus L.)
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Asteraceae (Compositae) Flowering top and seed
Solidago canadensis L. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Solidago virgaurea L. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Sorbus aucuparia L. Rosaceae Fruit
Sorbus domestica L. Rosaceae Fruit
Spergularia rubra (L.) J.Presl. & C.Presl. Caryophyllaceae
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Caryophyllaceae Whole plant
Stellaria dichotoma L. Caryophyllaceae Whole plant
Stemmacantha carthamoides (Willd.) Dittrich
See Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin
Styrax benzoides Craib. Styracaceae Resin from the trunk
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H.Karst. Gentianaceae Whole plant
Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg., s.l. Asteraceae (Compositae)
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Combretaceae
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae
Tilia cordata Mill. Malvaceae
Tilia europaea L. Malvaceae
Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Malvaceae
Tilia tomentosa Moench Malvaceae
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum Poaceae (Gramineae)
Turnera diffusa Schult. Passifloraceae
Uncaria tomentosa (Schult.) DC. Rubiaceae Aerial part
Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Aerial part
Vaccinium myrtillus L. Ericaceae Leaf
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Ericaceae Leaf
Valeriana procera Kunth Caprifoliaceae
Valeriana officinalis L. Caprifoliaceae
Valeriana repens Host Caprifoliaceae
Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum phlomoides L. Scrophulariaceae
Verbena officinalis L. Verbenaceae
page 5 of 6
Annex B
part of plants
national list(s)
Veronica officinalis L. Plantaginaceae
Viburnum lantana L. Caprifoliaceae
Viburnum opulus L. Caprifoliaceae
Viburnum prunifolium L. Caprifoliaceae Bark
Viola arvensis Murray Violaceae
Viola odorata L. Violaceae Flower and leaf
Viola tricolor L. Violaceae Flower and leaf
Vitis vinifera L. Vitaceae Fruit, leaf and seed
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae
FUNGI
Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc.
See Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H.Sung,
J.M.Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P.Karst. Ganodermataceae Fruiting body
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H.Sung,
J.M.Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora Ophiocordycipitaceae Mycelium
(Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc.)
Poria cocos F.A.Wolf
See Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns.
Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb.
See Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns.
Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns.
(Wolfiporia cocos (F.A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb., Poria Polyporaceae Fruiting body
cocos F.A.Wolf)
ALGAE
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Bornet & Flauhault
Nostocaceae
(Byssus flos-aquae L.)
Spirulina maxima (Setchell & Gardner) Geitler Pseudanabaenaceae
page 6 of 6

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EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663

SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA

Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy

© European Food Safety Authority, 2012

© European Food Safety Authority, 2012

The resulting “Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring substances of

EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 2

EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 3

BACKGROUND AS PROVIDED BY EFSA

TERMS OF REFERENCE AS PROVIDED BY EFSA

EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 4

EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 5

3. Purpose of the Compendium

4. Structure of the Compendium

EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 6

EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2663 7

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

poisonous potential is questionable as no toxicity is found in mice and guinea

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Council of Europe. 2000. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 1. Council of

Contains sesquiterpene lactones: e.g. artemisinin (cardinane-type sesquiterpene

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Freeland CS et al. 1999. Behavioral profile of constituants in ayahusca, an Amazonian

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.)

EMEA Commitee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. 1999. Cardiospermum

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Chandhoke N. 1979. Scoparone: effect on reproductive processes in rats. Indian J. Exp.

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Jacquemond-Collet I. et al. 2001. Identification of the alkaloids of Galipea officinalis by

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Council of Europe. 2007. Natural sources of flavourings. Report No. 2. Council of

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Lophophora williamsii (Salm-Dyck)

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2004 Thomson ed. ISBN: 1-56363-5125-7

Cardenolides: e.g. 17-epi-11 alpha-hydroxy-6.7-dehydrostrophanthidin-3-O-beta-boivinopyranoside, 6,7-

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

Furocoumarins in leaf: e.g. psoralen (3.2-10.5%), bergapten (6.4-14.7%), 8-methoxypsoralen (0.53-5.3%),

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related

parts of plants of Remarks on toxic/adverse effect(s) not known to be related