Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE
石竹科 shi zhu ke
Lu Dequan ( 鲁德全 1
) , Wu Zhengyi ( 吴征镒 Wu Cheng-yih)2, Zhou Lihua (周丽华)2, Chen Shilong (陈世龙)3;
Michael G. Gilbert4,
Magnus Lidén5, John McNeill6, John K. Morton7, Bengt Oxelman8, Richard K. Rabeler9, Mats Thulin8, Nicholas J.
Turland10, Warren L. Wagner11
Herbs annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs or shrubs. Stems and branches usually swollen at nodes. Leaves
opposite, decussate, rarely alternate or verticillate, simple, entire, usually connate at base; stipules scarious, bristly,
or often absent. Inflorescence of cymes or cymose panicles, rarely flowers solitary or few in racemes, capitula,
pseudoverticillasters, or umbels. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely unisexual, occasionally cleistogamous.
Sepals (4 or)5, free, imbricate, or connate into a tube, leaflike or scarious, persistent, sometimes bracteate below
calyx. Petals (4 or)5, rarely absent, free, often comprising claw and limb; limb entire or split, usually with coronal
scales at juncture of claw and limb. Stamens (2–)5–10, in 1 or 2 series. Pistil 1; carpels 2–5, united into a compound
ovary. Ovary superior, 1-loculed or basally imperfectly 2–5-loculed. Gynophore present or absent. Placentation free,
central, rarely basal; ovules (1 or) few or numerous, campylotropous. Styles (1 or)2–5, sometimes united at base.
Fruit usually a capsule, with pericarp crustaceous, scarious, or papery, dehiscing by teeth or valves 1 or 2 × as many
as styles, rarely berrylike with irregular dehiscence or an achene. Seeds 1 to numerous, reniform, ovoid, or rarely
dorsiventrally compressed, abaxially grooved, blunt, or sharply pointed, rarely fimbriate-pectinate; testa granular,
striate or tuberculate, rarely smooth or spongy; embryo strongly curved and surrounding perisperm or straight but
eccentric; perisperm mealy.
Between 75 and 80 genera and ca. 2000 species: widespread but mainly of temperate or warm-temperate occurrence in the N hemisphere, with
principal centers of distribution in the Mediterranean region and W Asia to W China and the Himalayas, fewer species in Africa S of the Sahara,
America, and Oceania; 30 genera (two endemic) and 390 species (193 endemic) in China.
Arenaria, Silene, and Stellaria contain over half the species in the family in China. They are mostly concentrated in the Qinghai-Xizang plateau,
and are especially rich from the Hengduan Mountains to the Himalayas.
The main uses of this family are medicinal and ornamental. Dianthus superbus, Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata,
and Vaccaria hispanica are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Some species of Arenaria, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Psammosilene,
and Silene are used as medicinal herbs among the people or are habitually used in local Chinese medicine. Many species of Dianthus, Gypsophila,
Lychnis, Saponaria, and Silene are grown as ornamentals. Atocion armeria (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Silene armeria Linnaeus), native to Russia
and Europe, is also cultivated in China. It differs from Silene in having a corymbose inflorescence and obscure calyx veins.
Wu Cheng-yih, Ke Ping, Zhou Li-hua, Tang Chang-lin & Lu De-quan. 1996. Caryophyllaceae. In: Tang Chang-lin, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.
26: 47–449.

1a. Stipules present, rarely obscure (subfam. Paronychioideae).

2a. Fruit an achene; petals absent.
3a. Sepal apex aristate; pistil 3-carpeled; style apex 3-fid; leaves subulate-linear; shrublets .. 1. Gymnocarpos
3b. Sepal apex not aristate; pistil 2-carpeled; style apex 2-fid; leaves oblong, elliptic, or subcordate;
herbs perennial ......................................................................................................................... 2. Herniaria
2b. Fruit a capsule; petals present.
4a. Styles free.
5a. Styles 5; capsule 5-valved; leaves usually pseudoverticillate, stipules not connate ............ 3. Spergula
5b. Styles 3; capsule 3-valved; leaves decussate, stipules connate ........................................ 4. Spergularia
4b. Styles connate at base or throughout.
6a. Sepals green, leaflike; petals 2–6-parted ............................................................................ 5. Drymaria
6b. Sepals white, scarious; petals entire or 2-lobed.

1 Northwest Institute of Botany, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China.

2 Herbarium, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtang, Kunming 650204, People’s Republic of China (not Zhou Lihua (周立华) at
Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology).
3 Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 78 Xiguan Avenue, Xining, Qinghai 810001, People’s Republic of China.
4 Missouri Botanical Garden, c/o Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, England, United Kingdom.
5 Botaniska Trädgården, Uppsala Universitet, Villavägen 8, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
6 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, United Kingdom.
7 Herbarium, Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
8 Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
9 University of Michigan Herbarium, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-2228, U.S.A.
10 Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A.
11 Herbarium, Department of Botany NHB-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, U.S.A.
 7a. Sepals centrally ridged abaxially, hyaline at margin; style apex 3-lobed; leaves obovate or
spatulate ..................................................................................................................... 6. Polycarpon
7b. Sepals not ridged, hyaline throughout; style apex entire; leaves linear or oblong ... 7. Polycarpaea
1b. Stipules absent.
8a. Sepals free, rarely connate at base; petals nearly clawless, rarely absent; stamens often perigynous
(subfam. Alsinoideae).
9a. Flowers of 2 types: chasmogamous at stem apex, with petals, usually sterile; cleistogamous at
stem base, without petals, fertile; plants with fleshy root tubers ..................................... 8. Pseudostellaria
9b. Flowers not of 2 types: cleistogamous flowers absent; plants usually without fleshy root tubers.
10a. Capsule teeth as many as styles.
11a. Styles 4 or 5; petals shorter than or equaling sepals, rarely absent.
12a. Petals entire ........................................................................................................... 9. Sagina
12b. Petals 2-fid ........................................................................................................ 10. Stellaria
11b. Styles 2 or 3; petals longer than sepals.
13a. Styles 3; seeds numerous ................................................................................ 11. Minuartia
13b. Styles 2(or 3); seeds 1 or 2 ......................................................................... 12. Lepyrodiclis
10b. Capsule teeth 2 × as many as styles.
14a. Styles (4 or)5.
15a. Petals 2-fid for up to 1/3 their length, retuse, or rarely entire; capsule cylindric,
usually greatly exceeding calyx, apex 8–10-toothed ..................................... 13. Cerastium
15b. Petals deeply 2-fid; capsule ovoid to shortly cylindric, shorter than or slightly
exceeding calyx, apex 10-toothed, or 5-valved to middle with valves 2-fid at apex.
16a. Capsule shortly cylindric, shorter than calyx, apex 10-toothed; styles
episepalous ................................................................................. 14. Pseudocerastium
16b. Capsule ovoid, slightly exceeding calyx, 5-valved to middle, valves 2-fid at
apex; styles alternisepalous .................................................................... 15. Myosoton
14b. Styles (2 or)3(or 4).
17a. Petals 2-fid, rarely absent, lobes not toothed at apex.
18a. Petals 2-fid for up to 1/3 their length; capsule cylindric, toothed at apex 13. Cerastium
18b. Petals deeply 2-fid, rarely absent; capsule ovoid or globose, opening by
valves ........................................................................................................ 10. Stellaria
17b. Petals entire, rarely emarginate, toothed, or 2-fid with toothed lobes.
19a. Sepals connate below middle; seed testa spongy ........................ 16. Thylacospermum
19b. Sepals free; seed testa not spongy.
20a. Seeds with membranous strophiole ............................................. 17. Moehringia
20b. Seeds without strophiole.
21a. Inflorescence umbellate; capsule cylindric; seeds dorsiventrally
compressed ............................................................................ 18. Holosteum
21b. Inflorescence cymose, paniculate, or flowers solitary; capsule
ovoid or oblong; seeds reniform or globose.
22a. Seeds few or numerous, rarely 1; sepals herbaceous; petals
shorter
or longer than sepals; herbs erect, diffuse, or cushionlike 19. Arenaria
22b. Seed 1; sepals subscarious, semihyaline; petals much shorter
than sepals; herbs climbing .................................... 20. Brachystemma
8b. Sepals connate into a distinct calyx tube; petals usually clawed; stamens hypogynous (subfam.
Caryophylloideae).
23a. Styles 3 or 5.
24a. Fruit berrylike, drying when mature; irregularly dehiscent (Silene baccifera) .................. 21. Silene
24b. Fruit a capsule, with regular teeth.
25a. Calyx lobes leaflike, longer than tube; styles hairy .......................................... 22. Agrostemma
25b. Calyx teeth shorter than tube; styles glabrous.
26a. Capsule septicidal, 5-toothed; style base reflexed and persistent in fruit ........ 23. Lychnis
26b. Capsule loculicidal (usually also septicidal), 6- or 10-toothed; style base not
persistent in fruit ................................................................................................ 21. Silene
23b. Styles 2(or 3).
27a. Calyx 5-winged ............................................................................................................. 24. Vaccaria
 27b. Calyx wingless.
28a. Calyx with 1 to several pairs of bracts at base; seeds dorsiventrally compressed . 25. Dianthus
28b. Calyx without bracts at base; seeds reniform or ± so, rarely dorsiventrally
compressed.
29a. Capsule membranous proximally, irregularly transversely dehiscent; seeds 1 or
2;
leaves spiny ........................................................................................ 26. Acanthophyllum
29b. Capsule dry and brittle, 4-toothed or valved; seeds numerous; leaves not spiny.
30a. Petals with coronal scales .................................................................... 27. Saponaria
30b. Petals without coronal scales.
31a. Stamens 5; calyx 15-veined ................................................... 28. Psammosilene
31b. Stamens 10; calyx 5-veined.
32a. Seeds reniform .................................................................. 29. Gypsophila
32b. Seeds dorsiventrally compressed ...................................... 30. Petrorhagia

1. GYMNOCARPOS Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 65. 1775.

裸果木属 luo guo mu shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Mats Thulin
Shrublets or herbs. Stems glabrous, much branched. Leaves opposite, often fascicled, sessile or shortly petiolate,
linear-oblanceolate to suborbicular, terete or with a shallow groove, fleshy, mucronate; stipules membranous.
Inflorescence cymose; bracts membranous or leaflike. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5, mucronate at apex. Petals absent.
Stamens 10, 2-whorled, outer 5 staminodes, inner 5 opposite sepals. Pistil 3-carpellate. Ovary superior or ± sunken
into the receptacle, 1-locular with single ovule. Style 1; stigma 3-fid. Fruit rupturing irregularly, enclosed in
persistent calyx.
Ten species: from Macaronesia in the west to NW China and Mongolia in the east, with a center of diversity in tropical E Africa; one species in
China.
1. Gymnocarpos przewalskii Bunge ex Maximowicz, Bull. tube ca. 1.5 mm; lobes reddish, oblanceolate, 3–4 mm.
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 26: 502. 1880. Petals absent. Outer stamens without anther; inner
裸果木 luo guo mu filaments 1.5–2.2 mm; anther ellipsoid, longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary subglobose. Seeds brown, oblong, ca.
Gymnocarpos przewalskii var. scabrida Chaudhri, 1.6 × 1.2 mm. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Sep.
Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 285: 58.
1968. Gobi Desert, dry riverbeds, gravelly hill slopes; 800–2500 m. Gansu,
W Nei Mongol, Ningxia, N Qinghai, Xinjiang [S Mongolia].
Shrublets 20–100 cm tall, forming thickets up to ca. 2
m wide. Bark dark gray, tender branches ochreous-red, This is a rare species in China; it is useful for binding sand, and
nodes inflated. Leaves linear-subulate, 5–20 × 1–1.5 camels relish the tender branches.
mm, apex acute, mucronate. Cymes axillary; bracts
broadly elliptic, 6–8 × 3–5 mm. Sepals connate at base;

2. HERNIARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 218. 1753.

治疝草属 zhi shan cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems diffuse or procumbent, much branched. Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile or
shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or subcordate; stipules small, membranous, caducous. Inflorescence a
small cyme or glomerule, sometimes reduced to a solitary flower, leaf-opposed or terminal; bracts small,
membranous. Flowers 4- or 5-merous. Pedicel green, short or nearly absent, small. Sepals not aristate at apex,
persistent. Petals very small or absent. Stamens as many as and shorter than sepals. Ovary obovoid, 1-locular with 1
to several ovules; style very short, apex 2-fid. Fruit a utricle, a membranous-walled achene enclosed within
persistent sepals, irregularly dehiscent or indehiscent, usually 1-seeded. Seeds brown, ovoid or flat-orbicular; testa
shiny.
About 45 species: Africa, Europe, and Mediterranean region to C Asia; three species in China.
1a. Flowers 4-merous; sepals abaxially hairy, apex apiculate .............................................................. 1. H. polygama
1b. Flowers 5-merous; sepals glabrous or marginally ciliate, apex obtuse.
2a. Sepals glabrous; plants glabrous or thinly pilose; flowers 1.2–1.5(–1.7) mm ................................ 2. H. glabra
2b. Sepals ciliate; plants tomentose; flowers (1.6–)1.8–2.3 mm ..................................................... 3. H. caucasica
Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.

1. Herniaria polygama J. Gáy, Rev. Bot. Recueil Mens. 2: Seed flat-orbicular, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul, fr.
371. 1847. Aug–Sep.
杂性治疝草 za xing zhi shan cao
Plants annual, pubescent. Stems spreading, 3–15 cm. Meadows, mires, hillsides, ravines; 900–2400 m. W Sichuan, N
Petiole short; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 3–10 × 1–3 mm, Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan; Europe].
base attenuate, apex obtuse. Glomerules leaf-opposed, Chaudhri (Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 285: 315–320.
(6–)10–12- or more flowered. Flowers 4-merous, 1.4– 1968) divided this rather variable species into four varieties based on
1.5(–1.7) mm. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × 0.5 mm, minor differences in flower size and indumentum.
abaxially hairy, apex apiculate. Stamens 4, shorter than
3. Herniaria caucasica F. Ruprecht, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
sepals. Style (0.3–)0.5 mm, often longer than sepals at
Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 241. 1869.
maturity, divided for ca. 1/3 length. Achene ovoid,
高加索治疝草 gao jia suo zhi shan cao
subequaling calyx. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
Steppes, riverside grasslands; ca. 500 m. Xinjiang [Russia; E Europe]. Plants perennial, yellowish green, tomentose. Stems
2. Herniaria glabra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 218. 1753. prostrate, 5–15 cm. Leaf blade obovate or oblong, 4–5
治疝草 zhi shan cao × 2–3 mm, base attenuate, apex obtuse. Glomerules
Plants annual or perennial, yellowish green. Stems leaf-opposed, (1–)4–12-flowered. Flowers 5-merous,
spreading, 5–18(–35) cm, glabrous or thinly pilose. yellowish green, (1.6–)1.8–2.3 mm. Sepals oblong, 1–
Leaf blade elliptic-obovate, 3–7 × 1–3 mm, glabrous, 1.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse. Stamens 5,
base cuneate, apex obtuse. Glomerules leaf-opposed, 6– shorter than sepals. Style exserted at maturity, 0.3–0.4
10-flowered. Flowers 5-merous, 1.2–1.5(–1.7) mm. mm, stigmas 2, often spreading. Achene subequaling
Sepals ovate-oblong, ca. 1.5 × 0.5 mm, glabrous, apex calyx. Seed dark brown, subglobose, ca. 0.8 × 0.8 mm.
obtuse. Stamens 5, short. Style 0.2–0.3 mm; stigma Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
lobes nearly sessile. Achene ovoid, longer than sepals. Hillsides, meadows; 1400–2000 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
Russia; SW Asia].

3. SPERGULA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 440. 1753.

大爪草属 da zhua cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Herbs annual, rarely perennial, much branched at base. Stems ascending, often decumbent. Leaves opposite, usually
apparently verticillate with leaf-fascicles (short, leafy, lateral branches) on both sides of nodes, sessile; leaf blade
linear, fleshy; stipules free, scarious. Inflorescence a cyme, terminal. Flowers 5-merous. Pedicel reflexed, long.
Sepals free, green, margin scarious. Petals white, margin entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary 1-loculed, with
numerous ovules; styles 5. Fruit a capsule, ovoid to subglobose, 5-valved, valves opposite sepals, many seeded.
Seeds lenticular, often winged.
Five species: originally native to N temperate regions but now widespread as introductions; one species in China.

1. Spergula arvensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 440. 1753. shorter than to slightly longer than sepals, apex obtuse.
大爪草 da zhua cao Stamens 10, shorter than ovary. Ovary ovoid; style
Spergula linicola Boreau ex Nyman; S. maxima Weihe; extremely short; stigmas 5. Capsule ovoid, ca. 4 mm in
S. sativa Boenninghausen; S. vulgaris Boenninghausen. diam., slightly longer than sepals. Seed gray-black,
Plants annual. Stems (7–)13–50(–60) cm, pilose, subglobose, slightly compressed, 1–2 mm, both
apically glandular hairy. Stipules triangular-ovate, surfaces often with minute, pale, club-shaped papillae,
small, soon deciduous. Leaf blade linear, (1.1–)1.5–4 margin with narrow wing. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
cm × 0.5–0.7 mm, abaxially channeled, glabrous or Grasslands, riverbanks. SW Guizhou, N Heilongjiang, Shandong,
glandular pubescent, apex acute. Cymes lax, at first Yunnan [Bhutan, N India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Philippines, Russia,
Sikkim; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe, North America].
dichasial, upper branches monochasial. Pedicel 1.5–2.5 This plant is a weed of wheat fields, and is used as fodder.
cm, slender. Sepals ovate, 3(–5) mm, glandular pub-
scent, apex subacute to obtuse. Petals obovate, slightly

4. SPERGULARIA (Persoon) J. & C. Presl, Fl. Cech. 94. 1819, nom. cons.
拟漆姑属 ni qi gu shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Arenaria Linnaeus subgen. Spergularia Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 504. 1805; Buda Adanson, nom. rej.; Tissa Adanson,
nom. rej.
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems erect, decumbent, or procumbent, dilated at nodes, somewhat flattened. Leaves
decussate, linear; stipules pale, scarious, connate around nodes, forming ± triangular structures on either side of stem;
leaf fascicles (short, leafy lateral branches) when present borne on only one side at each node. Inflorescence of
racemose cymes; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 5, free, green, margin scarious. Petals 5, white
or pink, entire. Stamens 2–5 or 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 3. Capsule ovoid, opening by 3 valves.
Seeds numerous, flat, winged or not; embryo curved.
About 25 species: N temperate regions, mostly halophytes; four species in China.
1a. Sepals 5–7 mm; capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx; stamens (5 or)10; all or most seeds winged ........... 3. S. media
1b. Sepals 1.5–4.5 mm; capsule ca. equaling or slightly longer than calyx; stamens 2–5 or 10; all or most
seeds unwinged.
2a. Leaves fasciculate; stipules lanceolate, silvery; stamens (5 or)10 .................................................... 1. S. rubra
2b. Leaves not or rarely fasciculate; stipules triangular (rarely lanceolate), not silvery; stamens 2–5.
3a. Capsule 1.5–3 mm, equaling calyx; seeds dark brown to black, unwinged ............................. 2. S. diandra
3b. Capsule 5–6 mm, slightly longer than calyx; seeds light brown, mostly unwinged ................. 4. S. marina
1. Spergularia rubra (Linnaeus) J. & C. Presl, Fl. Cech. 94. Herbs perennial. Stems erect or decumbent, 15–30 cm
1819. tall, glandular hairy on inflorescence. Leaves not or
无翅拟漆姑 wu chi ni qi gu rarely fasciculate, 1–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, fleshy, apex
Arenaria rubra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 423. 1753; A. cam- mucronate; stipules not silvery, lanceolate. Cymes
pestris Linnaeus; Spergularia campestris (Linnaeus) sparse; bracts reduced. Sepals lanceolate or oblong-
Ascherson. ovate, 5–7 × 1.5–2 mm. Petals pink, rarely white,
Herbs annual, sometimes perennial. Taproot slender, oblong, equaling or somewhat exceeding sepals. Sta-
sometimes ± woody. Stems diffuse, decumbent or mens (5 or)10. Capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx. Seeds
procumbent, 20–25 cm, branched at base, apically dark brown, orbicular, ca. 1 mm, smooth or tuberculate,
glandular pubescent. Leaves fasciculate, 5–20 × 0.5–1 with membranous wing. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n
mm, glabrous or pubescent; stipules silvery, lanceolate, = 18.
apex acuminate. Cymes sparse; bracts nearly as large as Saline soils, floodlands; ca. 1200 m. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang
leaves. Sepals lanceolate, 3–4.5 mm. Petals uniformly [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkmenistan; N Africa,
pink, obovate, equaling or shorter than sepals. Stamens Europe, SW Asia].
(5 or)10. Capsule 4–5 mm, ca. equaling calyx. Seeds 4. Spergularia marina (Linnaeus) Grisebach, Spic. Fl.
dark brown, subtrigonous, small, tuberculate, unwinged. Rumel. 1: 213. 1843.
Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 18, 27, 36, 54. 拟漆姑 ni qi gu
Sands, saline soils, forests, shallow watersides; ca. 800 m. Xinjiang Arenaria rubra Linnaeus var. marina Linnaeus;
[Afghanistan, N India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia; Europe]. Spergularia salina J. Presl & C. Presl.
2. Spergularia diandra (Gussone) Heldreich, in schedis
Herbs annual or biennial, rarely perennial, with slender
autogr. Pl. Atticae, a. 1848, s.n. [1851 sec. FI in sched.].
or slightly fleshy stock. Stems 10–30 cm tall, densely
二雄蕊拟漆姑 er xiong rui ni qi gu
pubescent. Leaves not or rarely fasciculate, 5–30 × 1–
Arenaria diandra Gussone, Fl. Sicul. 1: 515. 1829. 1.5 mm, fleshy, apex mucronate; stipules not silvery,
Herbs annual. Stems ascending, 5–15 cm tall, slender, broadly triangular, forming a sheath. Flowers terminal
glandular pubescent. Leaves not or rarely fasciculate, or axillary; bracts reduced. Sepals ovate, ca. 3.5 × 1.5–
5–20 × 0.3–0.5 mm, apex obtuse; stipules not silvery, 1.8 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent, margin
triangular, rarely lanceolate, short. Cymes sparse, small; membranous. Petals pink above, white near base, rarely
bracts reduced. Pedicel slender. Sepals oblong-ovate, entirely white, ovate-oblong or elliptic-ovate, shorter
1.5–2.5 × ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse. Petals lilac, rarely than sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens 2–5. Capsule 5–6
white, oblong-elliptic, shorter than sepals. Stamens 2 or mm, ovoid, usually exceeding calyx. Seeds light brown,
3. Capsule ovoid, 1.5–3 mm, ca. equaling calyx, valves 0.5–0.7 mm, smooth or densely tuberculate, mostly
purple-black at maturity. Seeds dark brown to black, unwinged, sometimes with erose wing. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr.
ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm, unwinged. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Sep. May–Sep. 2n = 36.
2n = 18. Saline soils, salt meadows, riversides, lakesides, farmlands; 200–2800
Wet saline grasslands, floodlands; 900–2600 m. Gansu, Ningxia, m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia; Europe, SW Asia]. Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan,
3. Spergularia media (Linnaeus) C. Presl ex Grisebach, Spic. Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea,
Fl. Rumel. 1: 213. 1843. Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; N Africa, Europe, North America].
缘翅拟漆姑 yuan chi ni qi gu
The nomenclatural history involving the first use of the epithet
Arenaria media Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 606. 1762; “marina” at the species rank is complex, and some authors feel that
Spergularia marginata Kittel. Spergularia salina is the correct name for this taxon.
Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.

5. DRYMARIA Willdenow ex Schultes in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5: 31. 1819.
荷莲豆草属 he lian dou cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems creeping or suberect, with dichotomous branching. Leaves opposite, shortly
petiolate; leaf blade orbicular or ovate-cordate, 3–5-veined; stipules small, bristly, often fugacious. Inflorescence a
cyme, terminal. Flowers (4-or)5-merous, pedicellate, small. Sepals free, green, herbaceous. Petals absent or (1–)3–5,
2-lobed, occasionally appendiculate in sinus and/or auriculate at top of claw. Stamens (2–)5, opposite sepals;
filaments joined at base. Ovary with few ovules; styles (2 or)3, joined at base. Fruit a capsule, (2-or)3-valved, 1- to
many seeded. Seeds ovate or reniform, small, flat; testa tuberculate.
About 48 species: native to Central and South America from Mexico to Patagonia, also widely distributed as weeds in the Old World tropics; two
species in China.
1a. Stems and often also leaves villous or hirsute ..................................................................................... 1. D. villosa
1b. Stems and leaves glabrous or minutely papillose ................................................................................ 2. D. cordata
1. Drymaria villosa Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnaea 5: Plants annual. Stems straggling, sometimes subscandent,
232. 1830. usually rooting at lower nodes, 60–90 cm, mostly
毛荷莲豆草 mao he lian dou cao glabrous, minutely papillose toward inflorescence.
Plants annual. Stems diffuse, slender, rarely rooting at Stipules membranous, splitting into few whitish setae.
lower nodes, pilose or hirsute, Stipules 0.5–1.5 mm, Petiole poorly defined, 3–7 mm; leaf blade ovate-
slender, scarious. Leaf blade ovate or reniform, 0.5–1(– cordate, (0.5–)1–3(–3.5) × 0.6–3 cm, prominently 3–5-
1.5) cm, pilose or glabrous. Peduncle 1–5 cm. Pedicel veined from base. Bracts lanceolate, scarious. Pedicel
0.2–2 cm, pilose. Sepals ovate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 1 mm, 3–5 mm, slender, glandular hairy. Sepals lanceolate-
glabrous or pilose, margin membranous, apex acute. ovate, 2–3.5(–5) mm, margin membranous, 3-veined,
Petals white, subequaling sepals, 2-parted. Stamens 5, glandular hairy, apex subacute. Petals white, obovate-
shorter than sepals, 2–3.5 mm. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, cuneate, ca. 2.5 mm, deeply 2-cleft; segments narrow,
connate to below middle. Capsule ovoid, 2–3 mm. Seed apex ± acute. Stamens 2–3(–5), shorter than sepals.
reniform, tuberculate. Styles 3, connate at base. Capsule ovoid, (1.5–)2–3 mm
in diam., 3-valved. Seed dark brown, suborbicular, ca.
Grasslands between forests; 1700–1900 m. S Xizang [native to 1.5 mm, regularly densely tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Oct, fr.
Central and South America]. Jun–Dec.
This plant is much more delicate than the more common, following Damp shaded sites, often near streams or under shrubs, disturbed
species. areas; 200–1900(–2400) m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native
2. Drymaria cordata (Linnaeus) Schultes in Roemer & to Central and South America].
Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5: 406. 1819. This species is used medicinally and is a widely distributed, noxious
荷莲豆草 he lian dou cao weed.
Holosteum cordatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 88. 1753;
Dry-maria cordata subsp. diandra (Blume) J. A. Duke;
D. diandra Blume.

6. POLYCARPON Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 859, 881, 1360. 1759.
多荚草属 duo jia cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems diffuse or erect, usually branched. Leaves opposite, sometimes apparently
verticillate, sessile or indistinctly petiolate; leaf blade obovate or spatulate; stipules membranous. Inflorescence a
cymose cluster, axillary or terminal; bracts scarious. Flowers small. Sepals 5, margin hyaline, midvein raised
abaxially into rounded fleshy keel. Petals often fewer than 5, hyaline, less than 1/2 as long as sepals. Stamens 3–5;
filaments ± united at base. Ovary 1-loculed with numerous ovules; style short, 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule, 3-valved,
several seeded.
About 16 species: tropics and subtropics; one species in China.
1. Polycarpon prostratum (Forsskål) Ascherson & Schwein- Linnaeus; Polycarpon indicum (Retzius) E. D. Merrill;
furth in Ascherson, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 39: 128. 1889. P. loeflingii Wight & Arnott ex Bentham.
多荚草 duo jia cao Plants annual. Stems prostrate or ascending, ± woody at
Alsine prostrata Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 207. 1775; base, 10–25 cm, pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade
Loeflingia indica Retzius; Pharnaceum depressum obovate or spatulate, 5–15(–25) × 1.5–2.5(–5) mm,
glabrous, base attenuate, apex acute. Cymes often
axillary, sometimes rather lax, 2–4 cm; bracts cylindric, with raised lateral hylum, reticulate, ca. 0.5
stipulelike. Pedicel short or absent, pilose. Sepals mm. Fl. Feb–May, fr. May–Jun.
lanceolate, 2.5–3(–4) mm, apex obtuse, ± hooded.
On open sands, farmlands; 300–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Petals often fewer than 5, oblong, less than 1/2 as long
Hainan, Yunnan [tropical regions of Asia and Africa].
as sepals, entire. Stamens 3(–5), shorter than sepals.
Capsule ovoid, shorter than sepals. Seed light brown,

7. POLYCARPAEA Lamarck, J. Hist. Nat. 2: 3, 5. 1792, nom. cons.

白鼓钉属 bai gu ding shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Polia Loureiro, nom. rej.
Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial. Stems erect or diffuse. Leaves opposite or falsely verticillate with axillary
clusters of leaves, sessile or petiolate; leaf blade linear to obovate; stipules membranous or hyaline. Inflorescence a
cyme, terminal. Flowers numerous, 5-merous. Sepals hyaline, midvein not raised. Petals usually small, entire or 2-
lobed. Stamens (2–)5. Ovary 1-loculed with few to many ovules; style undivided at apex. Fruit a capsule, 3-valved,
few to several seeded. Seeds reniform, slightly flat.
About 50 species: mostly in the Old World tropics and subtropics, a few in the New World tropics; two species in China.
1a. Leaves linear or acicular, ca. 1 mm wide, longer than internodes at least near base, erect or recurved;
sepals
2–3 mm; style short, 1/3–1/2 as long as ovary ............................................................................... 1. P. corymbosa
1b. Leaves narrowly oblong to oblong, 1–3.5 mm wide, shorter than internodes, often mostly sharply
reflexed
at base; sepals ca. 4 mm; style 1–2 × as long as ovary .............................................................. 2. P. gaudichaudii
1. Polycarpaea corymbosa (Linnaeus) Lamarck, Tab. Encycl. 2. Polycarpaea gaudichaudii Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot.
2: 129. 1797. France 56: 37. 1909.
白鼓钉 bai gu ding 大花白鼓钉 da hua bai gu ding
Achyranthes corymbosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 205. 1753. Herbs or subshrubs, perennial. Rootstock slightly
woody. Stems branching near base, ascending, 20–30
Herbs annual or short-lived perennial. Stems erect, 15– cm, pilose. Stipules white, long triangular, 1.5–2 mm,
35 cm tall, mostly branching above middle, scarious. Leaves opposite or apparently verticillate; leaf
occasionally branched at base, white pilose. Stipules blade narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic, 5–20 × 1–3.5
ovate-lanceolate, 2–4 mm, scarious, margin hyaline, mm, distinctly shorter than internode, glabrous, mostly
apex acute. Leaves apparently verticillate; leaf blade sharply reflexed from base, apex obtuse, mucronate.
linear or acicular, 1.5–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, erect or Cymes rather lax; bracts scarious. Pedicel mostly short,
uniformly recurved from erect base, apex acute to to 5 mm in fruit, with sparse long hairs. Flowers ca. 4
needlelike. Bracts lanceolate, longer than pedicel, mm. Sepals white, with thick brown veins near base,
hyaline, membranous. Pedicel slender, white pilose. ovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, apex acuminate. Petals white,
Sepals lanceolate, (2–)2.7–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, with purple-brown veins, longer than sepals. Stamens
membranous, hyaline, apex acuminate. Petals milky usually 5, subequaling sepals. Style filiform, 1–2 × as
white or reddish, broadly ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as long as ovary. Capsule brown, ovoid, ca. 3 mm, glossy.
Seed brown, ca. 0.7 × 0.3 mm. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–
sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens usually 5, shorter than
Oct.
petals. Style short, 1/3–1/2 as long as ovary. Capsule
brown, ovoid, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, 5–13-seeded. Most records from coastal sands, also recorded from grasslands on
mountain slopes. Guangdong, Hainan [Cambodia, India, Malaysia,
Seed brown, flat, ca. 0.5 × 0.3 mm, obscurely reticulate.
Vietnam].
Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
The collections from Hainan are very uniform, with distinctively
Mostly on open, often moist, sandy soils, less often in grassy places reflexed leaves and well-developed, brown veins at the bases of the
on mountain slopes; sea level to 1200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, sepals. Material from Vietnam is more variable, rarely showing the
Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [widespread reflexed leaves and with more indistinct sepal venation, and is
throughout tropics and subtropics, most variable and probably origi- difficult to separate from the rather variable Polycarpaea arenaria
nating in Africa]. (Loureiro) Gagnepain.

This species is used medicinally.

8. PSEUDOSTELLARIA Pax in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
 孩儿参属 hai er shen shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Krascheninikovia Turczaninow ex Fenzl in Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 968. 1840, not Gueldenstaedt (1772).
Herbs perennial. Root tubers fusiform, ovoid or subglobose. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes repent. Leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate; stipules absent. Flowers of two types. Chasmogamic flowers larger,
solitary in distal leaf axils or in terminal cymes, bracts immediately subtending calyx absent, pedicel longer, usually
without fruit; sepals (4 or)5; petals (4 or)5, white, entire or emarginate; stamens (8 or)10; ovary globose or ovoid, 1-
loculed, ovules numerous; styles (2 or)3; stigma capitate. Cleistogamic flowers smaller, on stem in proximal leaf
axils, shortly pedicellate or subsessile; sepals 4(or 5); petals very small, membranous, or absent; stamens reduced,
rarely 2; ovary globose or ovoid, 1-loculed, ovules numerous; styles 2 or 3. Capsule (2 or) 3(or 4)-valved. Seeds few,
large, somewhat flattened, tuberculate or smooth; embryo curved.
About 18 species: E and N Asia, one species in Europe, two species in North America; nine species (two endemic) in China.
1a. All leaves linear, lanceolate-linear, or ovate-lanceolate.
2a. Stems 15–25 cm tall; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, 3–5(–7) cm × 2–3(–5) mm; seeds with
awned
tubercles ...................................................................................................................................... 1. P. sylvatica
2b. Stems 5–10 cm tall; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1–3 cm × 3–8 mm; seeds with anchor-
shaped
barbs ............................................................................................................................................ 2. P. rupestris
1b. Middle and distal leaves ovate, broadly ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblong.
3a. Leaves rounded at base, subsessile; seeds mammillate, with pointed mammillae.
4a. Stems repent, procumbent to 50 cm; capsule 4-valved; seeds with non-bristly protuberances 3. P. davidii
4b. Stems erect, 15–20 cm tall; capsule 3-valved; seeds with bristly protuberances ................... 4. P. japonica
3b. Leaves attenuate at base into petiole; seeds tuberculate or not.
5a. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals 4, petals 4, stamens 8; seeds tuberculate, apex of tubercles
with
one short hair ............................................................................................................... 5. P. helanshanensis
5b. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals 5, petals 5, stamens 10; seeds tuberculate or not.
6a. Stems with apical 2(or 3) pairs of leaves larger, approximate, decussate, broadly ovate 8. P. heterophylla
6b. Stems not as above.
7a. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals glabrous; cleistogamic flowers subsessile; leaves ovate
or
oblong .......................................................................................................................... 9. P. tibetica
7b. Chasmogamic flowers with sepals abaxially pubescent; cleistogamic flowers shortly
pedicellate;
distal middle leaves ovate-oblong.
8a. Capsules 2–3 mm; seeds without protuberances ................................................ 6. P. himalaica
8b. Capsules 3.5–4 mm; seeds tuberculate .............................................................. 7. P. heterantha
1. Pseudostellaria sylvatica (Maximowicz) Pax in Engler & sepals, apex 2-lobed; stamens shorter than petals,
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934. anthers brown; styles 2 or 3, usually exserted.
细叶孩儿参 xi ye hai er shen Cleistogamic flowers axillary on stem or terminal on a
dwarf shoot; sepals narrowly lanceolate, abaxially
Krascheninikovia sylvatica Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. pubescent, apex acuminate; petals absent. Capsule
Amur. 57. 1859; Stellaria sylvatica (Maximowicz) ovoid, slightly longer than sepals, 3-valved. Seeds
Maximowicz ex Regel. reniform, ca. 1.5 mm, tuberculate, apex of tubercles
awned. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul.
Root tubers usually several in a row (moniliform),
Pine forests, mixed forests; (1500–)2400–2800(–3800) m. Gansu,
narrowly ovoid or shortly fusiform. Stems erect, 15–25
Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning,
cm tall, 4-angled, with 2 lines of hairs. Leaves sessile, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Japan,
linear or lanceolate-linear, 3–5(–7) cm × 2–3(–5) mm, Korea, Russia].
thin, margin ciliate at base, abaxially grayish blue; This species is used medicinally.
midvein prominent. Chasmogamic flowers solitary or in
dichasium; pedicel 5–15 mm, slender; sepals 5, green, 2. Pseudostellaria rupestris (Turczaninow) Pax in Engler &
lanceolate, abaxially pubescent, margin membranous, Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
apex acuminate; petals 5, obovate, slightly longer than 石生孩儿参 shi sheng hai er shen
Krascheninikovia rupestris Turczaninow, Fl. Baical- 1.5–2.5 cm × 2–3 mm; middle and distal leaves
Dahur. 1: 238. 1842; Pseudostellaria terminalis W. Z. subsessile, ovate or broadly ovate, 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm,
Di & Y. Ren. both surfaces sparsely pubescent, base rounded, ciliate,
Root tubers globose or broadly ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm. apex acute. Chasmogamic flowers solitary or in cymes;
Stems erect, 5–10 cm tall, slender, unbranched, or pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm, slender, pubescent; sepals 5,
lanceolate, 3–3.5 × 1.5–2 mm, with sparse long hairs at
sparsely branched apically, glabrous or with 1 or 2 lines
of short hairs. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1– margin and abaxially at midvein, margin membranous;
3 cm × 3–8 mm, base attenuate into a short petiole, petals 5, obovate or broadly elliptic-obovate, ca. 5 mm,
ca. 2 × as long as sepals, base attenuate, apex
glabrous or ciliate, apex acute. Chasmogamic flowers
terminal or axillary; pedicel 1.5–2.5 cm, slender, emarginate; stamens 10, shorter than petals, anthers
glabrous or pubescent; sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, purple-brown; ovary ovoid; styles 3. Cleistogamic
veins pilose, margin membranous; petals 5, oblong, ca. flowers axillary; pedicel slender. Capsule ovoid, longer
1.5 × as long as sepals, margin entire, rarely emarginate; than sepals, 3-valved. Seeds brown, ovoid, slightly
compressed, ca. 1 mm, mammillate with pointed
stamens 10, subequaling petals; styles (2 or)3.
Cleistogamic flowers axillary, small; pedicel ca. 1.2 cm; projections, apex of projections bristly. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
sepals 4; petals absent; stamens 2; styles 2 or 3. Capsule Jul–Aug.
ellipsoid, ca. 4 × 3 mm. Seeds brown, ovoid, ca. 1.5 Coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests in shaded, wet areas; ca. 400
mm, with anchor-shaped barbs. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul– m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea,
Russia].
Sep. 5. Pseudostellaria helanshanensis W. Z. Di & Y. Ren, Acta
Picea forests, rocky mountain slopes, 2700–3400 m. S Jilin Phytotax. Sin. 25: 478. 1987.
(Changbai Shan), SW Nei Mongol (Helan Shan), Qinghai [Mongolia,
Russia]. 贺兰山孩儿参 he lan shan hai er shen
3. Pseudostellaria davidii (Franchet) Pax in Engler & Prantl, Root tubers solitary or several in fascicles, lilac. Stems
Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
usually repent at base, ascending above, 5–10 cm tall,
蔓孩儿参 wan hai er shen slender, much branched, with 2 lines of hairs, with
dwarf shoots from leaf axils. Proximal leaves narrowly
Krascheninikovia davidii Franchet, Pl. David. 1: 51. elliptic, 1.5–2.5 cm × 4–6 mm, base attenuate into a
1884; Stellaria davidii (Franchet) Hemsley. petiole, margin rough, apex acute. Middle and distal
Root tubers fusiform. Stems repent, decumbent, to 50 leaves: petiole 3–10 mm, sparsely pubescent; leaf blade
cm, slender, sparsely branched, with 2 lines of hairs. ovate or broadly ovate, 1–2.5 × 0.6–1.5 cm, base
Leaves subsessile, petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade ovate, cuneate, apex acute. Chasmogamic flowers solitary,
1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, base rounded, ciliate, apex acute. terminal at stem apex; pedicel slender, sparsely
Chasmogamic flowers axillary; pedicel ca. 3.8 cm, pubescent; sepals 4, narrowly elliptic, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm;
slender, with 1 row of hairs; sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 3 petals 4; stamens 8; ovary ovoid; styles 2. Cleistogamic
mm, abaxially pubescent at midvein; petals 5, narrowly flowers solitary in leaf axils of dwarf shoot; pedicel 5–
obovate or oblanceolate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, 20 mm, sparsely pubescent; sepals 4, narrowly elliptic;
margin entire; stamens 10, shorter than petals; anthers petals absent; stamens 2. Capsule with purple stains,
purple; styles (2 or)3. Cleistogamic flowers axillary; ovoid, 3–4 mm, 4-valved. Seeds deep brown,
pedicel ca. 1 cm, hairy; sepals 4, narrowly lanceolate, subreniform, ca. 1.5 mm, tuberculate, apex of tubercles
ca. 3 × 0.8–1 mm, pubescent; stamens reduced; styles 2. with one short hair. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than sepals, 4-valved. • Forested wetlands, near drainage areas; 2800–3000 m. Nei Mongol
Seeds reniform or subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm, mammillate (Helan Shan).
with pointed projections. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
6. Pseudostellaria himalaica (Franchet) Pax in Engler &
Mixed forests, brooksides, stony hillsides, forest margins; 1000–3800 Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.
m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin,
Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, 须弥孩儿参 xu mi hai er shen
Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
4. Pseudostellaria japonica (Korshinsky) Pax in Engler & Stellaria davidii Hemsley var. himalaica Franchet, Pl.
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934. Delavay. 100. 1889; Krascheninikovia himalaica
(Franchet) Korshinsky; Pseudostellaria cashmiriana
毛脉孩儿参 mao mai hai er shen Schaeftlein; P. dalaolingensis Z. E. Zhou & J. Q. Wu;
Krascheninikovia japonica Korshinsky, Bull. Acad. P. heterantha (Maximowicz) Pax var. himalaica
Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 5, 9: 40. 1898. (Franchet) Ohwi.
Root tubers fusiform. Stems erect, 15–20 cm tall, un- Root tubers globose or fusiform. Stems erect, 3–13 cm
branched, with 2 lines of hairs. Basal leaves lanceolate, tall, slender, branched, pubescent. Leaves ovate, 3–14 ×
2–8 mm, midvein prominent, both surfaces pubescent, 孩儿参 hai er shen
base attenuate into a short petiole, apex acute.
Chasmogamic flowers solitary, terminal; pedicel 2–4 Krascheninikovia heterophylla Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot.
cm, pilose; sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm, Lugduno-Batavi 3: 187. 1867; K. rhaphanorrhiza
abaxially pilose, margin narrowly membranous, apex (Hemsley) Korshinsky; Pseudostellaria rhaphanorrhiza
acuminate; petals 5, obovate, slightly longer than sepals, (Hemsley) Pax; Stellaria heterophylla (Miquel)
margin entire or emarginate, base slightly narrowed; Hemsley; S. rhaphanorrhiza Hemsley.
stamens 10, shorter than petals, anthers brown-purple; Root tubers white, slightly grayish yellow, long
styles 2 or 3. Cleistogamic flowers 1 or 2 in proximal fusiform. Stem solitary, erect, (8–)15–20 cm tall, with 2
leaf axils; pedicel 8–10 mm, pilose; sepals 4, lanceolate; lines of hairs. Proximal leaves usually 1 or 2 pairs,
petals absent. Capsule ovoid, 2–3 mm. Seeds brown, spatulate or oblanceolate, base attenuate into a petiole,
compressed, orbicular, ca. 0.5 mm, without protu- apex obtuse; middle leaves lanceolate, 3–4 cm × 5–8
berances. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul. mm; distal leaves 2 or 3 pairs, decussate, approximate,
Picea forests or evergreen broadleaf forests, in scrub on rocks; 2300– broadly ovate, 3–6 × 1–2 cm, abaxially pilose at veins,
3800 m. Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, adaxially glabrous, base attenuate, apex acuminate.
India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim]. Chasmogamic flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes;
Pseudostellaria dalaolingensis, described from Hubei, is tentatively pedicel 1–2(–4) cm, pubescent; sepals 5, lanceolate, ca.
assigned here; the present authors have not seen material of this 5 mm, abaxially pilose and ciliate; petals 5, oblong or
species. Although in the protologue Zhou and Wu distinguished it obovate, 7–8 mm, margin entire, slightly toothed, or
from P. maximowicziana (P. heterantha here), the description more emarginate; stamens 10, shorter than petals; ovary
closely fits P. himalaica. ovoid; styles 3, slightly longer than stamens, stigmas
7. Pseudostellaria heterantha (Maximowicz) Pax in Engler capitate. Cleistogamic flowers axillary, pedicels short;
& Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934. sepals 4, pilose; petals absent; stamens 2; styles 3.
异花孩儿参 yi hua hai er shen Capsule ovoid, unsplit or 3-valved. Seeds brown,
oblong-reniform or compressed orbicular, ca. 1.5 mm,
Krascheninikovia heterantha Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 18: 376. 1873; K. Mountain valleys, moist shaded forests; 800–2700 m. Anhui, Hebei,
eritrichoides Diels; K. maximowicziana Franchet & Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,
Savatier; Pseudostellaria eritrichoides (Diels) Ohwi; P. Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
maximowicziana (Franchet & Savatier) Pax. This species is used medicinally.
Root tubers fusiform. Stems solitary, erect, 8–15 cm tall, 9. Pseudostellaria tibetica Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 9: 103. 1937.
branched at base, with 2 lines of hairs. Proximal middle
leaves oblanceolate, base attenuate into a petiole, apex 西藏孩儿参 xi zang hai er shen
acute; distal middle leaves shortly petiolate, ovate- Pseudostellaria heterantha var. tibetica (Ohwi)
oblong, 2–2.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm, base sparsely ciliate. Kozhevnikov.
Chasmogamic flowers terminal or axillary; pedicel 3– Stems erect, 5–10(–20) cm tall, slender, with 2 lines of
3.5 cm, pilose; sepals 5, green, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, hairs. Leaves with petiole 3–20 mm; leaf blade ovate or
abaxially pilose, margin ciliate; petals 5, oblong- oblong, 0.5–3 cm × 3–10 mm, adaxially pubescent,
oblanceolate, longer than sepals, apically obtuse or base cuneate, margin ciliate with short hairs, apex
acute; stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals, anthers obtuse, apiculate. Chasmogamic flowers solitary and
purple; styles 2 or 3. Cleistogamic flowers axillary at terminal, or axillary; pedicel 2–3 cm, with 1 line of
stem base; pedicel short; sepals 4, lanceolate, 2–3 mm; hairs; sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, long acuminate,
petals absent; stamens 4 or 5; styles very short; stigma subglabrous; petals 5, cuneate-obovate, slightly longer
2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3.5–4 mm, slightly longer than than sepals, margin entire; stamens 10; ovary ovoid;
sepals, 4-valved. Seeds reniform, slightly compressed, styles 3, ca. 3 mm. Cleistogamic flowers axillary, small,
tuberculate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. subsessile; sepals 4, 3–4 mm, with long hairs; petals
Mountain forests, scrublands, hillside grasslands; 1400–4100 m. absent. Capsule globose, 2.5–4 mm. Seeds brown,
Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, SW Nei Mongol (Helan elliptic, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul.
Shan), Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), Shanxi, Sichuan,
Xizang [Japan, Russia]. • Hillsides, mountain valleys, forest margins, wet river shores; 2900–
8. Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miquel) Pax in Engler & 4000 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang.
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 16c: 318. 1934.

9. SAGINA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 128. 1753.

漆姑草属 qi gu cao shu
 Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, small. Stems often caespitose, procumbent or ascending, slender. Leaves linear
or subulate, basally connate; stipules absent. Flower solitary, axillary or terminal, rarely in cymes, small, pedicellate;
bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes absent, white, usually shorter
than sepals, rarely equal, margin entire, rarely slightly emarginate. Stamens 4 or 5, sometimes 8 or 10. Ovary 1-
loculed; ovules numerous; styles 4 or 5, alternating with sepals. Capsule ovoid to globose, 4- or 5-valved; valves
opposite sepals. Seeds numerous, reniform, minute, tuberculate or smooth; embryo curved.
About 30 species: mainly in N temperate regions, a few species in the subtropics; four species in China.
1a. Flowers 4-merous; seeds grooved ................................................................................................ 1. S. procumbens
1b. Flowers 5-merous; seeds grooved or not.
2a. Pedicel and sepals without glandular hairs; seeds reniform-triangular, grooved ...................... 2. S. saginoides
2b. Pedicel and sepals glandular pubescent; seeds reniform-globose, not grooved.
3a. Seeds sharply tuberculate ....................................................................................................... 3. S. japonica
3b. Seeds with short linear striae ................................................................................................... 4. S. maxima
1. Sagina procumbens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 128. 1753. Herbs annual or biennial. Stems tufted, suberect or
仰卧漆姑草 yang wo qi gu cao creeping, 5–20 cm tall, slender, basally branched,
Herbs perennial. Stems ascending or procumbent, 3–10 apically glandular hairy. Leaves linear, 5–20 × 0.8–1.5
cm tall, slender, branched, glabrous. Leaves linear, 2– mm, glabrous, connate at base, acute and minutely
10 × 1–2 mm, shortly aristate, glabrous or ciliate. spine tipped. Flower solitary, terminal or axillary.
Flower solitary, terminal or axillary. Pedicel recurved Pedicel erect, 1–2 cm, sparsely pubescent. Sepals 5,
after anthesis, erect in fruit, slender. Sepals 4, broadly ovate-elliptic, ca. 2 mm, glandular hairy, apex obtuse.
ovate, 1.5–2 mm, margin white, apex obtuse. Petals 4, Petals 5, ovate, slightly shorter than sepals, apex
ovate, shorter than sepals. Stamens 4 (rarely 8). Styles 4. rounded. Stamens 5. Ovary ovoid; styles 5. Capsule
Capsule ovoid, longer than sepals, 4-valved. Seeds globose, slightly longer than sepals, 5-valved. Seeds
black-brown, triangular, grooved, smooth. Fl. Jul–Aug, brown, reniform-globose, not grooved, sharply
fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 22. tuberculate. Fl. Apr–May, fr. May–Jun. 2n = 46, 64.
Mire meadows, forest margins; ca. 4200 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan,
Sandy riversides, uncultivated farmland, roadside grasslands, forests,
N India (Darjiling), Philippines, Russia, ?Sikkim; W Asia, Europe].
streamsides, floodlands; (100–)600–1900(–4000) m. Anhui, Fujian,
2. Sagina saginoides (Linnaeus) H. Karsten, Deut. Fl. 539. Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan,
1882. Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai,
无毛漆姑草 wu mao qi gu cao Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhe-
jiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim].
Spergula saginoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 441. 1753;
Sagina linnaei C. Presl. This species is used medicinally.
4. Sagina maxima A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 6:
Herbs perennial. Stems caespitose, ca. 7 cm tall,
382. 1859.
glabrous. Leaves linear or subulate, 5–15 × ca. 1 mm,
根叶漆姑草 gen ye qi gu cao
glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel recurved
after anthesis, erect in fruit, (0.6–)1.5–3 cm. Sepals 5, Sagina litoralis Hultén.
ovate-oblong, 1.5–3 × ca. 1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals 5, Herbs annual, sometimes perennial. Stems caespitose,
ovate, shorter than sepals. Stamens (5 or)10. Styles 5. erect or ascending, 4–8 cm tall, slender, basally
Capsule conical-ovoid, 3–5 mm, ca. 2 × as long as branched, glabrous. Leaves linear, 4–6 × 0.7–1 mm,
appressed sepals, shiny, 5-valved. Seeds brown, apex acuminate. Flower solitary, axillary. Pedicel
reniform-triangular, ca. 0.3 mm, grooved, ?sharply slightly recurved after anthesis, erect in fruit, 4–25 mm,
tuberculate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 22. somewhat glandular hairy. Sepals 5, elliptic, 2–2.5 mm,
Rocky mountain slopes, mire meadows, scrub, wet river banks; 1400– abaxially glandular hairy. Petals 5, broadly ovate,
4200 m. Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan
slightly shorter than or subequaling sepals, basally
[Bhutan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia,
Sikkim, Vietnam; SW Asia, Europe, North America].
clawed. Stamens 5. Styles 5. Capsule ovoid, longer than
This species is used medicinally. sepals, 5-valved. Seeds brown, reniform-globose, ca.
3. Sagina japonica (Swartz) Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 13: 438. 1937. 0.5 mm, not grooved, with short linear striae. Fl. Jul–
漆姑草 qi gu cao Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 22, 44.
Fields, rocky mountain slope meadows. Anhui, Liaoning, Sichuan,
Spergula japonica Swartz, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin
Taiwan, Xinjiang [Japan, Korea, Russia; North America].
Neue Schriften 3: 164. 1801. Chinese plants belong to subsp. maxima.

10. STELLARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 421. 1753.

 繁缕属 fan lu shu
Chen Shilong (陈世龙); Richard K. Rabeler
Fimbripetalum (Turczaninow) Ikonnikov; Mesostemma Vvedensky.
Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial. Roots or rhizomes filiform and slender, roots sometimes robust, fleshy. Stems
erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves compressed, variously shaped, rarely needlelike; stipules absent. Flowers
terminal, seldom only axillary, in cymes or solitary, small; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals (4
or)5. Petals (4 or)5, white, rarely green, usually 2-cleft nearly to base, rarely retuse or multilobed, sometimes absent.
Stamens 2–5 or (6–)10. Ovary 1-loculed, rarely 3-loculed when young; ovules numerous, rarely several and only 1
or 2 mature; styles (2 or)3(or 4). Capsule orbicular or ovoid, opening by valves (1 or)2 × number of styles. Seeds (1
to) numerous, reniform, slightly compressed, tuberculate or smooth; embryo curved.
About 190 species: mainly in temperate and cold regions; 64 species (28 endemic) in China.
1a. Petals 5–7-cleft, longer than sepals .................................................................................................... 58. S. radians
1b. Petals 2-cleft either apically or often to base, longer or shorter than sepals, seldom absent.
2a. Styles 2(or 3) or 4; capsules 4(or 6)-valved.
3a. Styles 4.
4a. Sepals rounded apically ............................................................................................... 64. S. strongylosepala
4b. Sepals long acuminate apically ........................................................................................ 45. S. oxycoccoides
3b. Styles 2(or 3).
5a. Petals and sepals 4; stamens 8; petals ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals; styles 2 ........................ 59. S. martjanovii
5b. Petals and sepals 5; stamens 10; petals shorter than the sepals; styles 2(or 3).
6a. Stems 0.1–0.3 m, tufted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 0.1–0.2 cm .............................................. 63. S. bistyla
6b. Stems 1–2 m, diffuse; leaves ovate-lanceolate, (2–)3–10 cm .............................................. 61. S. ovatifolia
2b. Styles usually 3; capsules usually 6-valved.
7a. Seeds 1–3(–8), ovules few or many; capsules shorter than sepals, often globose; stamens (5–)8–10.
8a. Stems 15–20 cm tall, not tufted; inflorescence bracts absent; petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals 25. S. ebracteata
8b. Stems 2–200 cm, tufted if less than 30 cm; inflorescence bracts present; petals shorter than sepals
or absent.
9a. Stems 50–200 cm, diffuse; leaves lanceolate to oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, (2–)3–11(–23) cm;
young
ovary 3-loculed, with 3 or 4 ovules.
10a. Stamens 5; capsule with 2 or 3 mature seeds; petals subequaling sepals ........................ 62. S. delavayi
10b. Stamens 5 or 10; capsule with 1 mature seed; petals shorter than sepals.
11a. Plants glandular hairy; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, base rounded, semiclasping;
petals
ca. 2/3 as long as sepals ......................................................................................... 60. S. monosperma
11b. Plants pubescent with curved hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate, base narrowed into petiole;
petals
minute, ca. 1/3 as long as sepals .................................................................................. 61. S. ovatifolia
9b. Stems 2–30(–60) cm, tufted, plants often cushionlike; leaves linear or ovate, 0.3–3.5 cm; ovary
1-loculed, ovules many.
12a. Petals 2-cleft to middle; plants glandular hairy; stamens 10.
13a. Sepals lanceolate, apex acuminate, margin narrowly membranous; stems terete ...... 22. S. dichotoma
13b. Sepals oblong, apex obtuse, margin broadly membranous; stems quadrangular .. 23. S. amblyosepala
12b. Petals 2-cleft nearly to base or absent; plants densely cushionlike, glabrous or pubescent or
woolly; stamens 5 or (8–)10.
14a. Petals subequaling sepals; stamens 5 ........................................................................... 12. S. petiolaris
14b. Petals shorter than sepals or absent; stamens (8–)10.
15a. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–6 mm.
16a. Plants 5–7 cm tall; stems glabrous basally, pubescent apically ........................ 53. S. arenarioides
16b. Plants 10–20 cm tall; stems densely white pubescent, rarely glabrous ............... 56. S. decumbens
15b. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 4–20(–25) mm.
17a. Stems glabrous .......................................................................................................... 55. S. petraea
17b. Stems pubescent, either with curved hairs or white pilose apically.
18a. Stems pubescent with curved hairs; flowers few in loose cymes ...................... 54. S. cherleriae
18b. Stem white lanate apically; flowers many in dense cymes ........................... 57. S. congestiflora
7b.Seeds and ovules many (rarely few); capsules usually subequaling or longer than sepals, often ovoid;
stamens (2–)10, hypogynous or perigynous.
19a. Sepals distinct; stamens hypogynous or perigynous.
20a. Leaves linear-lanceolate; petals ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals ................................................... 24. S. henryi
20b. Leaves broader, usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petals of varying lengths.
21a. Leaves sessile or subsessile, base sometimes slightly clasping.
22a. Plants glabrous ....................................................................................................... 17. S. gyirongensis
22b. Plants hairy.
23a. Plants stellate hairy ..................................................................................................... 16. S. infracta
23b. Plants pubescent, hairs not stellate.
24a. Plants pubescent, hairs short, not dense; abaxial leaf midvein prominent.
25a. Leaves with inconspicuous reticulate abaxial veins, only basal margin ciliate; sepals
2–2.5
mm ..................................................................................................................... 14. S. omeiensis
25b. Leaves with conspicuous reticulate abaxial veins, margin ciliate; sepals ca. 2.5 mm 15. S. reticulivena
24b. Plants glandular hairy, woolly, or hairs long filiform; abaxial leaf midvein prominent or
not.
26a. Plants densely glandular hairy.
27a. Leaves ovate, 5–15 mm, margin ciliate; petals 2-cleft to base; seeds rugulose 18. S. zangnanensis
27b. Leaves oblong, 12–18 mm, margin not ciliate; petals 2-cleft to middle; seeds
tuberculate ........................................................................................................... 19. S. tibetica
26b. Plants woolly or with long hairs.
28a. Plants densely white woolly; petals shorter than sepals; stamens 8; capsules ca. 2 ×
as long as persistent sepals .................................................................................... 20. S. lanata
28b. Plants long filiform hairy; petals nearly as long as sepals; stamens 10; capsules
shorter than persistent sepals ................................................................................ 21. S. patens
21b. All leaves or only leaves of lower stems petiolate.
29a. Cymes with few flowers or flower solitary and axillary; petals slightly longer than sepals,
2-cleft to base or 2-lobed.
30a. Stems glabrous; petals apically 2-cleft only to 1/3; flowers of 2 types: lower axillary
flowers
lacking stamens (and petals) .................................................................................. 5. S. wushanensis
30b. Stems hairy; petals 2-lobed or 2-cleft to base; flowers uniform.
31a. Stems glandular hairy; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 2–8 cm.
32a. Capsule slightly longer than sepals; stem with 1 line of multicellular glandular
hairs; sepals ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, apex obtuse ................................ 1. S. bungeana
32b. Capsule 1.5–2 × as long as sepals; stem sparsely glandular hairy; sepals
lanceolate, apex acute ........................................................................................... 2. S. nemorum
31b. Stem hairs not glandular; leaves ovate to rhombic, 0.5–1.5 cm.
33a. Stems with appressed hairs; leaves ovate, apex obtuse, base rounded, shortly petiolate
or
sessile; petals 2-cleft nearly to base .................................................................... 3. S. nepalensis
33b. Stems sparsely stiffly hairy; leaves rhombic or triangular-ovate, apex acuminate, base
rounded or nearly cordate; petals 2-lobed .......................................................... 4. S. arisanensis
29b. Cymes usually with numerous flowers; petals shorter than or subequaling sepals,
sometimes very
small or absent.
34a. Plants with 1(or 2) lines of hairs on stems or basal margin of leaves and nodes, not pilose
or stellate hairy.
35a. Petals absent or very small; stamens 3–5; seeds 0.7–0.8 mm in diam., with tiny
protuberances ............................................................................................................... 8. S. pallida
35b. Petals present, shorter than or subequaling sepals; stamens 3–10; seeds ca. 1 mm or
more in
diam., with conic or semiglobose protuberances.
36a. Stems somewhat stout, 30–80 cm tall; petals subequaling sepals; stamens (6–)8–10;
seeds ca. 1.5 mm in diam., with conic protuberances ............................................ 6. S. neglecta
36b. Stems slender, 10–30 cm tall; petals shorter than or subequaling sepals; stamens 3–5;
seeds
1–1.2 mm in diam., with semiglobose protuberances ................................................ 7. S. media
34b. Plants stellate hairy or pilose, rarely glabrous.
37a. Plants stellate hairy ...................................................................................................... 9. S. vestita
 37b. Plants pilose or only petioles pilose, rarely glabrous.
38a. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous on both surfaces, sometimes reddish green 10. S. chinensis
38b. Leaves narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, white hairy on both surfaces, rarely
glabrous.
39a. Petals absent; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate ........................................... 13. S. lanipes
39b. Petals present; leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate.
40a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–4 cm; petals slightly shorter than sepals; stamens
10 .................................................................................................................. 11. S. pilosoides
40b. Leaves narrowly ovate, 1.5–2.5 cm; petals subequaling sepals; stamens 5 ... 12. S. petiolaris
19b. Sepals connate at base into obconic calyx; stamens perigynous.
41a. Flowers solitary, axillary or terminal; bracts herbaceous, without membranous margin; pedicels
filiform, curved after anthesis; stems glabrous.
42a. Plants usually less than 5 cm tall; stamens subequaling petals ......................................... 26. S. winkleri
42b. Plants 5–14 cm; stamens shorter than petals ................................................................ 27. S. crassifolia
41b. Flowers in cymes or umbels, rarely solitary; bracts all herbaceous or with membranous margin;
pedicels not filiform; stems glabrous or not.
43a. Flowers in cymose umbels; petals absent or small.
44a. Petals small; inflorescence compact; stems less than 5 cm tall ....................................... 49. S. irrigua
44b. Petals absent; inflorescence loose; stems 5–20 cm tall.
45a. Stems pilose; leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate ................................................ 50. S. parviumbellata
45b. Stems glabrous; leaves elliptic or linear to linear-lanceolate.
46a. Stems tufted; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; stamens 5 ............................. 52. S. subumbellata
46b. Stems solitary; leaves elliptic; stamens 10 ............................................................ 51. S. umbellata
43b. Flowers in dichotomous cymes, rarely solitary; petals present (rarely absent), usually
conspicuous.
47a. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate, base semiclasping.
48a. Plants glabrous; leaves lanceolate.
49a. Leaf margin herbaceous; stamens 10 ....................................................................... 28. S. discolor
49b. Leaf margin cartilaginous, crisp; stamens 5(–10).
50a. Leaves (2–)5–20 mm; stamens 5(–10) ..................................................................... 33. S. alsine
50b. Leaves 30–60 mm; stamens 10 .......................................................................... 38. S. salicifolia
48b. Plants pubescent; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
51a. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 4–12 mm, base narrowed; inflorescences with 1–3
flowers ....................................................................................................................... 30. S. pusilla
51b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3–10 mm; inflorescences with numerous flowers.
52a. Leaf apex acute; stems with retrorse hairs; petals slightly longer than sepals; pedicel
5–30 mm, longer than sepals ....................................................................... 31. S. mainlingensis
52b. Leaf apex obtuse; stems minutely pubescent; petals shorter than sepals (rarely absent);
pedicel 3–4 mm, subequaling sepals .................................................................... 32. S. depressa
47b. Leaves narrower, linear to linear-lanceolate; base semiclasping or not.
53a. Flower solitary; mature capsule black ................................................................... 48. S. soongorica
53b. Inflorescences with numerous flowers; mature capsule yellow.
54a. Stems pubescent.
55a. Stems pubescent, hairs retrorse ....................................................................... 44. S. alaschanica
55b. Stem pubescence not retrorse.
56a. Stems not tufted.
57a. Stems minutely pubescent; leaves linear, sickle-shaped ........................ 29. S. gyangtseensis
57b. Stems with 2 lines of hairs; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, not sickle-shaped 34. S. graminea
56b. Stems tufted.
58a. Stems densely tufted, 5–15 cm tall, with one line of recurved hairs; petals ca. 2/3
as long as sepals ..................................................................................................... 46. S. uda
58b. Stems sparsely tufted, 20–30 cm tall, sparsely hairy; petals slightly shorter than or
subequaling sepals ............................................................................................. 47. S. souliei
54b. Stems glabrous or nearly so.
59a. Petals 1/2–2/3 as long as the sepals; leaves lanceolate, 1–2 cm .................... 35. S. brachypetala
59b. Petals slightly shorter than to 2 × as long as sepals; leaves linear to lanceolate.
60a. Abaxial midvein of leaf blade inconspicuous, not raised.
 61a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, apex obtuse, margin glabrous; flowers 1 or 2;
petals slightly longer than sepals .................................................................. 41. S. imbricata
61b. Leaves linear to lanceolate, 0.5–7 cm, apex acute, margin usually ciliate; flowers
numerous; petals slightly shorter to longer than sepals.
62a. Leaves 0.5–4 cm, margin ciliate at base; seeds black-brown, granulose .... 34. S. graminea
62b. Leaves 3–5(–7) cm, margin ciliate; seeds brown, sparsely tuberculate . 36. S. yunnanensis
60b. Abaxial midvein of leaf blade conspicuously raised.
63a. Stems rough; leaf margin finely papillate roughened, rarely sparsely ciliate.
64a. Sepals ca. 3 mm or less at anthesis, apex obtuse, veins inconspicuous; mature
capsule
black-brown; seeds smooth ....................................................................... 40. S. longifolia
64b. Sepals (4–)5 mm or more at anthesis, apex acuminate, veins conspicuous; mature
capsule yellowish; seeds rugulose ............................................................... 37. S. palustris
63b. Stems smooth; leaf margin often ciliate, especially near base of blade.
65a. Pedicels ca. 15 mm or less; sepals 6–7 mm; petals shorter than sepals .. 39. S. dianthifolia
65b. Pedicels ca. 14 mm or longer; sepals 4–5.5 mm; petals subequaling to 2 × as
long
as sepals.
66a. Seeds orbicular-reniform, tuberculate; petals 1.5–2 × as long as sepals . 42. S. nipponica
66b. Seeds ellipsoid, rugulose; petals subequaling to 1.5 × as long as sepals .. 43. S. filicaulis
1. Stellaria bungeana Fenzl var. stubendorfii (Regel) Y. C. Herbs annual, sparsely glandular pubescent. Stems 45–
Chu, Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Orient. 3: 29. 1975. 50 cm tall, diffuse and decumbent, quadrangular,
林繁缕 lin fan lu sparsely branched at base. Basal leaves petiolate, ovate,
Stellaria nemorum Linnaeus var. stubendorfii Regel, small; middle cauline leaves with petiole 2–4 cm; leaf
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 35(1): 270. 1862. blade oblong-ovate, 2–4 × 2–3(–4) cm, both surfaces
Herbs perennial. Stems ascending or erect, 50–80 cm sparsely pubescent, base cordate, apex acuminate; distal
tall, simple or branched, with 1 line of multicellular leaves shortly petiolate, small, sessile to semiclasping.
hairs. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, Flowers in terminal, sparse cymes; bracts ovate,
4–8 × 2–3(–4 ) cm, both surfaces nearly glabrous, base herbaceous. Pedicel 2–3 cm, slender, with white soft
nearly cordate, rounded, or cuneiform, margin with hairs. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–8 mm, outside sparsely
multicellular hairs, apex acuminate; proximal cauline pubescent, apex acute. Petals slightly longer than sepals,
leaves petiolate, distal leaves sessile. Flowers in 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than
terminal cymes; bracts ovate, herbaceous, ciliate. sepals. Styles 3, linear. Capsules ovoid, 1.5–2 × as long
Pedicel 1–3 cm, densely glandular hairy. Sepals 5, as persistent sepals. Seeds numerous, brown,
narrowly ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 mm, suborbicular, ca. 1 mm in diam., tuberculate. Fl. May–
with soft hairs, midvein inconspicuous, apex slightly Jun, fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 26.
obtuse-acute. Petals 5, slightly longer than sepals, 2- Grassland slopes; 2100–2700 m. Gansu, Shanxi [Japan, Mongolia,
cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10, nearly as long as se- Russia; Europe].
pals. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than 3. Stellaria nepalensis Majumdar & Vartak, J. Indian Bot.
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds blackish brown, Soc. 50: 215. 1971.
compressed reniform, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., densely 尼泊尔繁缕 ni po er fan lu
tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. Stellaria neotomentosa Mizushima ex H. Ohba.
Herbs perennial. Stems prostrate, tufted, 10–30 cm;
Mixed woods, grassland slopes; ca. 1500 m. Jilin [Japan, Korea,
branchlets nearly claviform or triangular, sparsely white
Russia; Europe].
appressed hairy (hairs 0.4–0.7 mm). Leaves shortly
The typical variety differs from var. stubendorfii in its pubescent petiolate or sessile; leaf blade broadly ovate or ovate,
stems and flowers, ovate sepals, petals 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, and 0.5–1.5 × 0.4–1.3 cm, abaxially sparsely adpressed
tuberculate seeds. hairy, midvein conspicuous, adaxially glabrous, base
2. Stellaria nemorum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 421. 1753. cordate, margin ciliate, apex acute. Flowers 1–3 in
axillary cymes; bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–
腺毛繁缕 xian mao fan lu 4 × 0.5–1 mm, herbaceous. Pedicel 1.5–5 cm,
Stellaria nemorum var. bracteata Fenzl; S. diversiflora pubescent, subglabrous in fruit. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–
Maximowicz var. gymnandra Franchet; S. nemorum var. 7 × 1–1.5 mm, veins 1–3, outside glabrous, base
subebracteata Fenzl. rounded, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5,
slightly longer than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
lanceolate. Stamens 10; filaments subulate; anthers 6. Stellaria neglecta Weihe in Bluff & Fingerhuth, Comp. Fl.
purplish; disc lobed, ringlike, with glands. Styles 3, ca. German. 1: 560. 1825.
3 mm, filiform, glabrous. Capsules ovoid, 7–8 mm, 6- 鸡肠繁缕 ji chang fan lu
valved. Seeds numerous, brown, compressed, ca. 1.2 ?Stellaria diversiflora Maximowicz var. gymnandra
mm wide, conspicuously tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Franchet; S. media (Linnaeus) Villars var. decandra
Jul–Aug. Fenzl; S. media Villars var. procera Klatt & Richter; S.
Picea forests, mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests; 2500–3100 m. octandra Pobedimova.
Xizang [Bhutan, India, Nepal]. Herbs annual or biennial, pale green. Stems tufted, 30–
4. Stellaria arisanensis (Hayata) Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 80 cm tall, with 1 line of hairs. Leaves shortly petiolate
3: 40. 1913.
or sessile, ovate or narrowly ovate, (1.5–)2–3 × 0.5–1.3
阿里山繁缕 a li shan fan lu cm, base cuneate, somewhat clasping, apex acute, basal
leaf margin and stems between 2 basal leaves long
Cerastium arisanense Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. hairy. Flowers terminal in dichotomous cymes; bracts
Tokyo 30(1): 35. 1911; Stellaria arisanensis var. lanceolate, herbaceous, glandular pubescent. Pedicel 1–
leptophylla Hayata; S. diversiflora Maximowicz var. 1.5 cm, slender, with a line of dense soft hairs, nodding
leptophylla (Hayata) Mizushima. after anthesis. Sepals 5, ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 3–
Herbs perennial, sparsely hirsute. Stems diffuse, 20–60 4(–5) mm, outside densely pubescent with multicellular
cm tall, slender. Leaves with petiole compressed, 4–6 glandular hairs, margin membranous, apex acute,
mm; leaf blade broadly rhombic to triangular-ovate, 5– inflexed. Petals 5, nearly as long as or slightly longer
7 × 5–8 mm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially pubescent, than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens (6–)8–10,
midvein hirsute, base broadly cuneiform or nearly slightly longer than petals. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid,
rounded, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. Flower longer than persistent sepals, 6-valved; valves revolute.
solitary, axillary. Pedicel 6–8 mm, hirsute. Sepals 5, Seeds numerous, brown, nearly compressed orbicular,
lanceolate, 6–8 × 2–3 mm, with scales, outside sparsely ca. 1.5 mm in diam., with sparse conical papillae. Fl.
hirsute. Petals 5, obovate-spatulate, 1.2–1.4 cm × 4–6 Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 22.
mm, apex 2-lobed. Stamens 10. Ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm, Mixed forests; 900–1200 m. Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Nei
Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yun-
apex truncate; styles 3. Capsule globose. Seeds oblong.
nan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Russia; N
2n = 20*. Africa, SW Asia, S Europe].
• 1800–2400 m. Taiwan. 7. Stellaria media (Linnaeus) Villars, Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 3:
5. Stellaria wushanensis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 615. 1789.
34: 434. 1899.
繁缕 fan lu
巫山繁缕 wu shan fan lu
Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial. Stems decumbent
Stellaria wushanensis var. trientaloides Handel- or ascending, pale purplish, 10–30 cm tall, sparsely
Mazzetti.
branched at base, with 1(or 2) lines of hairs. Basal
Herbs annual. Stems sparsely tufted, slightly diffuse at leaves long petiolate, distal leaves sessile or shortly
base, erect above, 10–20 cm tall, multibranched, petiolate; leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular,
glabrous. Leaves with petiole 1–2 cm; leaf blade ovate-
0.8–2.5 × (0.5–)1–1.5 cm, base narrowed or cordate,
cordate to ovate, 2–3.5 × 1.5–2 cm, abaxially greenish, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers in sparse terminal or
both surfaces glabrous or adaxially sparsely hirsute, axillary cymes. Pedicel 0.7–1.4 cm, elongate and
midvein protuberant, base cordate or narrowed into nodding after anthesis, slender, with 1 line of hairs.
long petiole, asymmetric, margin glabrous or ciliate, Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, ca. 2–2.5 or
apex acute. Flowers several, usually 1–3 in terminal or
4 mm, outside glandular pubescent, margin broadly
axillary cymes; bracts herbaceous. Pedicel 2–6 cm, 4– membranous, apex slightly obtuse or nearly rounded.
10 × as long as sepals, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Petals oblong, shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5.5–6 mm, 1-veined, margin
cleft nearly to base; lobes nearly linear. Stamens 3–5,
membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, obcordate, ca. 8 mm, shorter than petals. Styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid,
apex 2-cleft to 1/3 of sepals. Stamens (7–) 10, shorter slightly longer than persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds
than petals. Styles (2 or)3(or 4). Axillary flower at
numerous, red-brown, ovoid to compressed globose, 1–
middle or proximal parts of inflorescences female; 1.2 mm in diam., semiglobose-tuberculate or curved
stamens absent or sometimes both petals and stamens reticulate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 40, 42, 44.
absent; styles 2. Capsule ovoid, subequaling persistent Fields. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei,
sepals. Seeds 3–5, brown, orbicular-reniform, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,
tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul. Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
• Mountains, hills; 1000–2000(–2500) m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea,
Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang. Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim; Europe].
1a. Herbs annual or biennial; leaves 1.5–2.5 cm; rarely glabrous, apex acute. Petals absent or minute.
sepals ca. 4 mm; petals shorter than sepals Stamens 3–5, rarely absent. Styles very short. Seeds
.......................................................... 7a. var. media pale red-brown, minute, 0.7–0.8 mm in diam., minutely
1b. Herbs perennial; leaves 0.8–1 cm; sepals 2– tuberculate, margin shallowly serrate or smooth. 2n =
2.5 mm; petals subequaling sepals 7b. var. micrantha 22.
7a. Stellaria media var. media Fields. Jiangsu, Xinjiang [Asia, Europe].

繁缕(原变种) fan lu (yuan bian zhong) Chinese records of Stellaria apetala Ucria (e.g., in FRPS) are almost
certainly referable to S. pallida.
Alsine media Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 272. 1753; Stellaria
9. Stellaria vestita Kurz, J. Bot. 11: 194. 1873.
monogyna D. Don.
Herbs annual or biennial. Stems 10–30 cm tall. Basal 箐姑草 qing gu cao
leaves long petiolate, distal leaves sessile or shortly
petiolate; leaf blade ovate, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, apex Herbs perennial, stellate hairy. Stems sparsely tufted,
acuminate. Stamens 3–5, shorter than petals. Styles 3, diffuse or decumbent, 30–60(–90) cm tall, basally
linear. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than persistent branched, apically densely stellate hairy. Leaves ovate
sepals, 6-valved. Seeds numerous, red-brown, ovoid to or elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 1–10 × 0.8–3 cm, both
suborbicular, slightly compressed, 1–1.2 mm in diam., surfaces stellate hairy, midvein conspicuous abaxially,
semiglobose-tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = base rounded or clasping, rarely narrowed into short
40, 42, 44. petiole, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers in sparse
Fields. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, cymes; peduncles long, densely stellate pubescent;
Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, margin
Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, membranous. Pedicel unequal, 1–3 cm, slender, densely
Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan, Korea, stellate hairy. Sepals 5, gray-green, lanceolate, 4–6 mm,
Pakistan, Russia, Sikkim; Europe].
outside stellate pubescent, 3-veined, margin
7b. Stellaria media var. micrantha (Hayata) T. S. Liu & S. S.
Ying, Fl. Taiwan 2: 350. 1976. membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, shorter than or sub-
equaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes linear.
小花繁缕 xiao hua fan lu Stamens 10, shorter than or nearly as long as petals.
Styles 3(or 4). Capsules ovoid, 4–5 mm, 6-valved.
Stellaria micrantha Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Seeds numerous, reniform, compressed, ca. 1.5 mm,
Tokyo 30: 36. 1911. ridges tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 24,
Herbs perennial. Stems decumbent, ascending above, 26, 28.
10–25 cm tall. Leaves sessile, broadly ovate-orbicular, Stony places, grassland slopes, forests; 600–3600 m. Fujian, Gansu,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi,
0.8–1 cm × 5–7 mm, base narrowed, somewhat
Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,
clasping, apex acute, aristate. Flowers terminal or in India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sikkim,
axillary cymes. Pedicel usually opposite; bracts ovate- Vietnam].
orbicular, very small, 1–1.5 mm. Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, 1a. Plants 30–60(–90) cm tall; leaves ovate or
2–2.5 mm, apex acute. Petals 5, subequaling sepals, 2- elliptic ............................................. 9a. var. vestita
cleft nearly to base. Stamens 5. Styles 3, short. Capsule 1b. Plants ca. 100 cm tall; leaves oblong-
ovoid, 6-valved. Seeds compressed globose, curved lanceolate
reticulate, apex with short rostellum, reflexed. or ovate-lanceolate .............. 9b. var. amplexicaulis
• Taiwan. 9a. Stellaria vestita var. vestita
8. Stellaria pallida (Dumortier) Crépin, Man. Fl. Belgique, 箐姑草(原变种) qing gu cao (yuan bian zhong)
ed. 2, 19. 1866. Stellaria hamiltoniana Majumdar; S. laxa Merrill; S.
pseudosaxatilis Handel-Mazzetti; S. saxatilis
无瓣繁缕 wu ban fan lu
Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don (1825), not Scopoli
Alsine pallida Dumortier, Fl. Belg. 109. 1827. (1772); S. saxatilis f. petiolata Mizushima; S.
stellatopilosa Hayata.
Herbs annual or biennial. Stems usually decumbent, Stems 30–60(–90) cm tall. Leaves ovate or elliptic, 1–
sometimes ascending, basal branches with 1 line of 3.5 × 0.8–2 cm, both surfaces stellate hairy, midvein
villous nonglandular hairs. Middle and distal leaves conspicuous abaxially, base rounded, rarely narrowed
sessile, proximal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade into a short petiole, apex acute, rarely acuminate.
suborbicular, small, 5–8(–15) mm, both surfaces Stony places, grassland slopes, forests; 600–3600 m. Fujian, Gansu,
glabrous, base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers in terminal Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi,
dichotomous cymes. Pedicel slender. Sepals lanceolate, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan,
rarely ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, ± densely pubescent,
India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sikkim, • Forest margins, grasslands; 2200–2800(–3700) m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
Vietnam].
12. Stellaria petiolaris Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 89:
9b. Stellaria vestita var. amplexicaulis (Handel-Mazzetti) C.
57. 1940.
Y. Wu, Index Fl. Yunnan. 1: 263. 1984.
抱茎箐姑草 bao jing qing gu cao 细柄繁缕 xi bing fan lu
Stellaria saxatilis Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don var. Stellaria capillipes (Franchet) C. Y. Wu; S. pilosa Fran-
amplexicaulis Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 190. chet var. capillipes (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; S.
1929.
saxatilis Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don var. capillipes
Stems ca. 100 cm tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or Franchet.
ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–3 cm, base clasping, apex
acuminate. Herbs perennial. Stems numerous, tufted, decumbent or
• Slopes; 1900–3200 m. Sichuan, Yunnan. ascending, ca. 20 cm; branches quadrangular, slender,
10. Stellaria chinensis Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes white villous. Distal several leaves slightly denser than
Moscou 35: 283. 1862. middle ones. Leaves narrowly ovate, 1.5–2.5 cm × 5–
中国繁缕 zhong guo fan lu 13 mm, abaxially paler than adaxially, veins prominent,
Stellaria hassiana Loesener. base slightly rounded and narrowed, apex acuminate.
Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse or decumbent, Flowers numerous (to 13) in sparsely dichotomous
quadrangular, 30–100 cm tall, slender, glabrous. Leaves cymes; peduncles long; proximal bracts herbaceous,
shortly petiolate or sessile; petiole villous; leaf blade other bracts membranous. Pedicel long, 1.5–2.5 cm,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.6 cm, both slender, declinate. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 5 mm,
surfaces glabrous, midvein conspicuous abaxially, base glabrous or long hairy at anthesis, veins 3, margin
broadly cuneate or nearly rounded, apex acuminate. narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5,
Flowers in sparse cymes; peduncles slender; bracts subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
membranous. Pedicel ca. 1 cm or longer, slender. narrowly linear. Stamens 5, nearly as long as petals;
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, margin membranous, filaments filiform. Styles 3, subequaling filaments.
apex acuminate. Petals 5, nearly as long as sepals, 2- Capsule ca. 1/2 as long as persistent sepals, 3-valved.
cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than Seeds rarely formed, tuberculate.
petals. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than or • Picea and Quercus forests, scrublands; 1800–2700(–3700) m.
subequaling persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
ovoid, slightly compressed, papillate. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
13. Stellaria lanipes C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang in C. Y. Wu et
Jul–Aug. al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 836. 1995.
• Scrub, Abies forests, wetlands; (160–)500–1300(–2500) m. Anhui, 绵柄繁缕 mian bing fan lu
Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,
Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang. Herbs diffuse. Stems 15–25 cm tall, slender, branched,
11. Stellaria pilosoides Shi L. Chen et al., Novon 11: 302. shiny, glabrous; nodes densely white lanate. Leaves
2001. sessile or proximal leaves very shortly petiolate,
narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rarely
长毛箐姑草 chang mao qing gu cao lanceolate, 0.6–2 cm × 2–5 mm, dark, abaxially white
Stellaria pilosa Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 99. 1889, not lanate at midvein, adaxially glabrous, both surfaces
Dulac (1867). with prominent midvein, base narrowed or rounded,
apex acuminate or acute. Flowers in terminal cymes;
Herbs annual, grayish white villous. Stems sparsely bracts linear-lanceolate, smaller than leaves, herbaceous.
tufted, diffuse, decumbent or ascending, 20–30 cm tall, Pedicel 0.7–1(–2.5) cm, slender, white lanate, hairs
apically branched, villous. Basal leaves smaller, middle dense distally. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, glabrous,
and distal ones larger. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2.5–4 veins very slender and inconspicuous, margin
cm × 3–10 mm, both surfaces villous, rarely glabrous, membranous, apex acute. Petals absent. Stamens 10,
base narrowed into short petiole or sessile, apex acute slightly shorter than petals; anthers suborbicular, small;
or acuminate. Flowers numerous in sparse cymes; filaments subulate. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm; styles 3,
bracts lanceolate, 2–3 mm, densely villous. Pedicel 1–4 subequaling ovary. Capsule narrowly ovoid, 3–4 mm.
cm, slender, densely villous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 × Seeds red-brown, globose, compressed, ca. 0.5 mm in
ca. 1 mm, margin narrowly membranous, apex long diam., nearly smooth. Fl. Jun, fr. Jun.
acuminate. Petals 5, slightly shorter than sepals, 2-cleft
• Wet valleys; ca. 3500 m. Yunnan.
nearly to base. Stamens 10, nearly as long as petals;
filaments linear; anthers yellow-brown, ellipsoid. Styles 14. Stellaria omeiensis C. Y. Wu & Y. W. Tsui ex P. Ke,
3, linear. Capsule oblong-ovoid, nearly as long as Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7: 72. 1985.
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, compressed 峨眉繁缕 e mei fan lu
orbicular, tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Herbs annual. Stem solitary, quadrangular, 20–30 cm hairy, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5,
tall, apically branched, pilose. Leaves ovate, orbicular- slightly shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5(–4.5) × 0.8–1.2(–1.5) narrowly linear. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals.
cm, abaxially sparsely hairy, adaxially glabrous, Styles 3. Capsules ovoid, ca. 4 mm, slightly longer than
midvein conspicuously protuberant, densely hairy, base persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, reniform, ca.
rounded, sessile, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. 0.8 mm, with protuberances. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Flowers numerous, in terminal, sparse cymes; bracts
• Grasslands; 800–2500(–3200) m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Nei
ovate, membranous. Pedicel 1–2 cm, subglabrous.
Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 2–2.5 mm, midvein conspicuous,
17. Stellaria gyirongensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl.
margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, shorter Xizang. 1: 700. 1983.
than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10, shorter
than petals. Styles 3. Capsule oblong-ovoid, ca. 1.5 × as 吉隆繁缕 ji long fan lu
long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown- Stems 15–30 cm tall, slender, shiny, glabrous. Leaves
purplish, compressed globose, inconspicuously sessile or shortly petiolate, pale green, ovate, 1–2.5 ×
tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. 0.5–1.5 cm, midvein raised, base rounded, apex acute.
• Forests, grasslands; (1200–)1500–2900 m. Guizhou, Hubei,
Flowers numerous, terminal; bracts lanceolate, 5–10
Sichuan, Yunnan. mm, membranous. Pedicel green, 1–3.5 cm, slender,
shiny. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, membranous, 1-
15. Stellaria reticulivena Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 7: 1. veined, base broad, apex long acuminate. Petals 5,
1918.
subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens
网脉繁缕 wang mai fan lu shorter than petals; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid; styles
Herbs annual. Stems decumbent or ascending, 3, narrowly linear.
quadrangular, 20–30 cm tall, pilose, nodes densely • Mixed forests; ca. 2500 m. Xizang.
pilose. Leaves sessile, orbicular-ovate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.8– 18. Stellaria zangnanensis L. H. Zhou, Bull. Bot. Lab. N. E.
1.2 cm, base rounded, apex long acuminate. Basal Forest. Inst., Harbin 9: 56. 1980.
leaves petiolate, withered at anthesis, abaxially midvein 藏南繁缕 zang nan fan lu
prominent, hairy, reticulate veins conspicuous, Stems yellow, 10–30 cm tall, glandular hairy. Leaves
adaxially midvein impressed, margin shortly ciliate. sessile, ovate, 0.5–1.5 cm × 3–7 mm, both surfaces
Flowers in terminal cymes; peduncles 4–6 cm, glabrous; glandular pubescent, base rounded, margin ciliate, apex
bracts ovate, 1–1.5 mm, membranous. Pedicel 1–2 cm, acute. Flowers numerous, in terminal cymes; bracts
slender. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 1 mm, ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 2–3 mm, both surfaces
glabrous, midvein conspicuous, margin membranous, glandular pubescent, base rounded, apex acuminate.
apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 2 × 0.3 mm, 2-cleft nearly Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, densely glandular pubescent.
to base; lobes narrowly linear, narrowed at base, apex Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm, outside glandular
obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments linear, ca. 2 mm; anthers pubescent, base broad, margin membranous, apex
subglobose. Ovary ovoid-orbicular; styles 3, ca. 0.5 mm. acuminate. Petals 5, 2–3 mm, 2-cleft nearly to base;
Capsule ovoid, ca. 3 mm, 6-valved to middle. Seeds lobes linear. Stamens 8, subequaling petals. Styles 3,
brown, oblong, ca. 0.6 mm, inconspicuously muriculate. linear. Capsules narrowly ovoid, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm,
Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. subequaling or slightly longer than persistent sepals.
1800–2800 m. Taiwan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Sikkim]. Seeds brown, orbicular-reniform, rugulose. Fl. May–Jul,
16. Stellaria infracta Maximowicz, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter-
fr. Jul–Aug.
• Grassy valleys; (1900–)2300–2700 m. Xizang, Yunnan.
burgsk. Bot. Sada 11: 72. 1889.
19. Stellaria tibetica Kurz, Flora 55: 285. 1872.
内弯繁缕 nei wan fan lu
Arenaria velutina Pax & K. Hoffmann; Stellaria 西藏繁缕 xi zang fan lu
dichasioides F. N. Williams; S. infracta Maximowicz
var. ovatolanceolata Mattfeld; S. nutans F. N. Williams. Herbs annual, densely glandular pubescent. Stems
Herbs perennial, densely grayish white stellate hairy. ascending, 7–13 cm tall, somewhat stout, base glabrous.
Stems diffuse, decumbent or ascending, rooting at Leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, 1.2–1.8 cm, veins
nodes basally, 15–35(–50) cm, branched, stellate hairy. inconspicuous, apex obtuse or acute. Flowers few,
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rarely narrowly axillary or in terminal cymes, ca. 8 mm in diam.; bracts
ovate, 1.5–3(–5) cm × 3–5(–9) mm, gray-green, both herbaceous. Pedicel shorter to longer than flowers.
surfaces stellate hairy, midvein raised abaxially, base Sepals 5, elliptic, margin membranous, apex acute. Pet-
clasping, apex acute. Flowers numerous, in terminal als 5, longer or shorter than sepals, 2-cleft to middle.
dichotomous cymes, stellate hairy; bracts herbaceous, Styles 3, slender. Capsule broadly ovoid, slightly
stellate hairy. Pedicel 0.3–1.5 cm, slender. Sepals 5, shorter than persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown,
gray-green, linear-lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1.5 mm, stellate tuberculate.
• Rocky crevices; 3600–5500 m. Xizang. minate, rarely glabrous. Flowers numerous, in terminal
20. Stellaria lanata J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 232. 1874. cymes. Pedicel 1–2 cm, slender, pubescent. Sepals 5,
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, midvein conspicuous, glandular
绵毛繁缕 mian mao fan lu hairy or pubescent, rarely glabrous outside, margin
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, oblanceolate, ca.
Herbs perennial, densely white woolly. Stems sparsely 4 mm, subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly to 1/3 or 1/2;
tufted, ascending, 25–30 cm tall, slender, branched, lobes sublinear. Stamens 10, 1/3–1/2 as long as petals.
woolly. Leaves sessile, narrowly lanceolate to linear,
Ovary ovoid or broadly elliptic-oblanceolate; styles 3,
1–3 cm × 2–5 mm, midvein conspicuous, abaxially
linear. Capsule broadly ovoid, ca. 3 mm, shorter than
white woolly, adaxially gray green, sparsely hairy or
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 1–5, brown-black,
glabrous, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute. Flowers
ovoid-orbicular, slightly compressed, tuberculate. Fl.
few, in terminal cymes. Pedicel erect in fruit, longer
than leaves, white woolly. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 28.
Slopes, stony and sandy hills and steppes; 200–3100 m. Gansu, Hebei,
5–7 mm, outside lanate, margin membranous, apex Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi,
acute. Petals 5, shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
base; lobes linear. Stamens 8, shorter than petals. Styles 1a. Leaves linear, 0.5–2 cm × 1–2 mm 22c. var. linearis
3. Capsule narrowly ovoid, ca. 2 × as long as persistent 1b. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm ×
sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, reniform, granulose. Fl. 1.5–10 mm.
Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
Forests, grasslands, stony banks; 2700–3800(–4100) m. Xizang 0.5–2 cm × 3–10 mm ...... 22a. var. dichotoma
[Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim]. 2b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1.5–5
21. Stellaria patens D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 215. 1825.
mm .................................. 22b. var. lanceolata
白毛繁缕 bai mao fan lu 22a. Stellaria dichotoma var. dichotoma
Stellaria fenzliana Klotzsch; S. longissima Wallich ex 叉歧繁缕(原变种) cha qi fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker; S. mollis Klotzsch. Stellaria dichotoma var. cordifolia Bunge.
Herbs perennial, compressed globose, glandular hairy.
Herbs diffuse, with long, white filiform hairs. Stems Stems 15–30(–60) cm tall. Leaves ovate or ovate-
yellow, 10–40 cm, slender, shiny, with long filiform lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm × 3–10 mm. Capsule broadly
hairs, basally glabrous. Leaves sessile, linear or linear- ovoid, ca. 3 mm, shorter than persistent sepals, 6-valved.
lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 2–5 mm, midvein conspicuously Seeds 1–5, brown-black, ovoid-orbicular, slightly
raised, both surfaces with long filiform hairs, base compressed, tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
broadly cuneate, apex acute or acuminate. Flowers few Slopes, stony and sandy hills; 200–800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Hei-
to numerous, in dichotomous cymes; bracts ovate- longjiang, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Mongolia,
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, with long filiform hairs, margin Russia (Siberia)].
broadly membranous, apex acute. Pedicel 5–10 mm, 22b. Stellaria dichotoma var. lanceolata Bunge, Verz. Altai
with dense long filiform hairs. Sepals 5, ovate- Pfl. 34. 1836.
lanceolate or lanceolate, 5–7 × 1–1.5 mm, outside with 银柴胡 yin chai hu
white filiform hairs, 3-veined, margin narrowly Stellaria dichotoma var. heterophylla Fenzl; S.
membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, shorter than or sub- dichotoma var. stephaniana (Willdenow ex
equaling sepals, 2-cleft to base; lobes narrowly ovate. Schlechtendal) Regel; S. gypsophiloides Fenzl; S.
Stamens 10, subequaling petals. Ovary ovoid-orbicular; gypsophiloides var. lanceolata (Bunge) Kozhevnikov; S.
styles 3, linear, ca. 2 mm. Capsules yellow, narrowly stephaniana Willdenow ex Schlechtendal.
ovoid, shorter than persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or oblong-
brown, reniform to suborbicular, granulose. 2n = 26. lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1.5–5 mm, apex acuminate.
Seed 1. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 28.
Forests, forest margins; 2200–2800(–3600) m. Xizang [Bhutan, India,
Stony slopes, stony steppes; 1300–3100 m. Gansu, Liaoning, Nei
Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].
Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi [Mongolia, Russia].
22. Stellaria dichotoma Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 421. 1753.
22c. Stellaria dichotoma var. linearis Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl.
叉歧繁缕 cha qi fan lu Ross. 1: 38. 1842.
Herbs perennial, compressed globose, glandular hairy. 线叶繁缕 xian ye fan lu
Stems tufted, terete, 15–30(–60) cm tall, with numerous Stems and pedicels with 1 line of short hairs. Leaves
dichotomous branches, glandular hairy or pubescent, linear, 0.5–2 cm × 1–2 mm, glabrous. Sepals oblong, ca.
sometimes with 1 line of hairs. Leaves ovate or ovate- 3 mm, outside glabrous.
lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1–10 mm, both surfaces • Sandy steppes, slopes; 500–1700 m. Nei Mongol, Shaanxi.
glandular hairy or pubescent, base rounded or 23. Stellaria amblyosepala Schrenk, Enum. Pl. Nov. 2: 54.
subcordate, somewhat clasping, apex acute or acu- 1842.
钝萼繁缕 dun e fan lu Wet valleys. Heilongjiang [Korea, Russia].
Stellaria dichotoma Linnaeus var. rigida Bunge; S. 26. Stellaria winkleri (Briquet) Schischkin in Komarov, Fl.
potaninii Krylov. URSS 6: 403. 1936.
Herbs perennial, glandular pubescent. Stems tufted, dif-
fuse, quadrangular, 15–30 cm. Leaves sessile, linear to 帕米尔繁缕 pa mi er fan lu
linear-lanceolate, 1–3.5 cm × 1.5–5 mm, both surfaces Cerastium winkleri Briquet, Annuaire Conserv. Jard.
subglabrous, base narrowed, apex acute. Flowers Bot. Genève 13: 382. 1911, based on C. schizopetalum
terminal in few branched dichotomous cymes. Pedicel H. Winkler, Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren.
1.5–2.5 cm, slender, glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, Kjobenhavn 51. 1902, not Maximowicz (1888).
oblong, 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 mm, outside sparsely glandular
pubescent, midvein conspicuous, margin broadly Stems 3–5(–8) cm tall, slender, glabrous. Leaves sessile,
membranous, apex rounded-obtuse. Petals 5, slightly ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 2(–3) mm, midvein
shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-lobed; lobes conspicuous, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flower
oblong-ovate, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, subequaling solitary, axillary. Pedicel 1–1.2 cm. Sepals ovate-
petals. Styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid, shorter than lanceolate, 3–4 mm, margin white, membranous. Petals
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds black-brown, 2–2.5 mm, subequaling or slightly longer than sepals,
2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens subequaling petals; an-
orbicular-ovoid, somewhat compressed, ca. 1.5 mm in
thers yellow-brown. Ovary globose, ca. 1 mm; styles 3,
diam., tuberculate. Fl. May–Jul.
linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Capsule ovoid. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Stony slopes, stony areas, forests; 500–1800 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol,
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. Stony slopes; (2500–)3800–4100 m. Xinjiang [Kyrgyzstan, Tajik-
istan].
24. Stellaria henryi F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34:
434. 1899. 27. Stellaria crassifolia Ehrhart, Hannover. Mag. 8: 116.
1784.
湖北繁缕 hu bei fan lu
叶苞繁缕 ye bao fan lu
Herbs annual. Stem solitary, nearly erect, 15–30 cm tall,
slender, apically branched, glabrous or sparsely Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems ascending,
pubescent. Leaves with petiole short, ca. 2 mm; leaf quadrangular, 5–14 cm tall, slender, branched. Leaves
blade linear-lanceolate, 1–2 cm × 3–5 mm, both sessile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 0.5–1.6(–2) cm ×
surfaces glabrous, 1-veined, base broadly cuneate, 1–4 mm, midvein conspicuously raised abaxially, base
margin sometimes slightly undulate, apex acuminate. nearly rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate. Flower
Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm. solitary, axillary or terminal; bracts leaflike, herbaceous,
Sepals 5, lanceolate, sometimes with sparse, purplish without membranous margin. Pedicel 1–2 cm, to 3.5 cm
stiff hairs. Petals 5, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft in fruit, slender. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–4 × ca.
nearly to base. Stamens 5; filaments slender. Ovary 2 mm, 3-veined, margin broadly membranous, apex
ellipsoid; styles 3, shortly linear, slightly shorter than acuminate. Petals 5, subequaling sepals, 2-cleft nearly
ovary. Capsule globose, 6-valved. Fl. Apr–May, fr. to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, shorter than petals.
Jun–Sep. Ovary suborbicular; styles 3. Capsule ellipsoid, 1.5–2
× as long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown,
• Slopes. Hubei, Sichuan.
compressed globose, ca. 1 mm in diam., tuberculate. Fl.
25. Stellaria ebracteata Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.- May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 26.
Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 441. 1901.
River banks, meadows, fields. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Japan,
无苞繁缕 wu bao fan lu Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America].

Herbs perennial. Stems solitary, ascending or erect, 15– 1a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate,
20 cm tall, simple, narrowly striate, pubescent. Leaves 5–15(–20) × 2–4 mm .............. 27a. var. crassifolia
sessile or shortly petiolate, ovate-lanceolate or 1b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear,
lanceolate, 2–3 cm × 4–10 mm, abaxially and 7–16(–20) × 1–3 mm ................... 27b. var. linearis
marginally glabrous or sparsely hairy, apex acute.
27a. Stellaria crassifolia var. crassifolia
Flowers solitary, rarely 2, terminal, ca. 8 mm in diam.;
bracts absent. Pedicel 2–3 cm, pubescent. Sepals ovate- 叶苞繁缕(原变种) ye bao fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate.
Petals oblong-cuneate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5–15(–20)
retuse. Filaments glabrous; anthers black. Capsule × 2–4 mm, midvein conspicuously raised abaxially,
shorter than persistent sepals. Seeds usually 3, small, base nearly rounded or cuneate, apex acuminate.
tuberculate. Capsule ellipsoid, 2.5–3 × as long as persistent sepals,
6-valved. Seeds brown, compressed globose, ca. 1 mm
in diam., tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = dichotomous cymes; bracts usually purplish, lanceolate,
26. dry membranous. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm. Sepals purplish,
River banks, meadows, fields. Nei Mongol [Japan, Kazakhstan,
lanceolate, 5–6 × 1–1.5 mm, 1(–3)-veined, base broad,
Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America]. margin narrowly dry-membranous, apex acuminate or
acute. Petals subequaling or slightly longer than sepals,
27b. Stellaria crassifolia var. linearis Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl. 2-cleft. Stamens conspicuously perigynous, shorter than
Ross. 1: 383. 1842. petals. Ovary obovoid-globose; styles 3, linear, ca. 3
线形叶苞繁缕 xian xing ye bao fan lu mm. Seeds brown, orbicular-reniform, papillose.
Grassland slopes, stony ground; 3900–4600 m. Xizang [Sikkim].
Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, 7–16(–20) × 1–3 mm.
Petals shorter to slightly longer than sepals. Fl. Jun–Jul, 30. Stellaria pusilla Em. Schmid, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
fr. Jul–Aug. Veg. 31: 41. 1932.

Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [Japan, Russia; Europe]. 小繁缕 xiao fan lu

28. Stellaria discolor Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural- Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, tufted, shiny, glabrous,
istes Moscou 15: 601. 1842. apically sparsely pubescent. Leaves sessile or proximal
leaves petiolate, lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 4–12 mm,
翻白繁缕 fan bai fan lu
glabrous, base ciliate, margin cartilaginous, apex
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems ascending, acuminate. Flowers 1–3 in cymes; bracts white, ovate-
quadrangular, 10–40 cm tall, branched, glabrous; sterile lanceolate, margin broad, apex acute. Pedicel 5–6 mm
axillary branches present. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 3– or longer. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, margin white,
4(–5) cm × 3–6(–8) mm, abaxially green, both surfaces green, or purplish, membranous, apex acuminate. Petals
glabrous, midvein raised abaxially, base rounded or subequaling sepals, 2-cleft. Stamens 10, slightly shorter
cuneate, apex acuminate. Flowers in terminal cymes, than petals. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid.
axillary on rachillae; peduncles long; bracts white, • 4100–5500 m. Xinjiang, Xizang.
ovate-lanceolate, 2–3(–6) mm, membranous, apex long
31. Stellaria mainlingensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl.
acuminate. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 5 Xizang. 1: 693. 1983.
mm, 3-veined, margin membranous, apex long
acuminate. Petals 5, shorter to slightly longer than 米林繁缕 mi lin fan lu
sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10, shorter than Stems pale brown, tufted, 10–20 cm tall, slender,
petals; anthers purplish or yellow-brown. Ovary ovoid- pubescent with retrorse hairs. Leaves sessile, brown,
globose; styles 3, linear. Capsule slightly shorter than ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1.5–3 mm, midvein raised and
to as long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds brown, cartilaginous, glabrous, base rounded, apex acute.
ovoid, slightly compressed, tuberculate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Flowers numerous, in dichotomous cymes; bracts small,
Jun–Aug. herbaceous. Pedicel 0.5–3 cm, slender, pubescent with
Montane grasslands, forest margins, wet places in forests; ca. 3000 m. retrorse hairs. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, glabrous,
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi [Japan, inconspicuously 3-veined, margin membranous, apex
Mongolia, Russia]. acute. Petals 5, slightly longer than sepals, 2-cleft to
Kozhevnikov described Stellaria merzbacheri (Novosti. Sist. Vyssh. base. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers gray-
Rast. 20: 105. 1983) based on a specimen from the Tian Shan region green. Ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm; styles 3, ca. 3 mm.
of Xinjiang. It would key out closest to S. discolor based on its • Gully slopes, river banks; 2500–3600 m. Xizang.
glabrous stems and narrowly ovoid leaves (ca. 1.4 cm × 5–6 mm).
Other features of this taxon include sepals 2.5–3.5 mm, slightly 32. Stellaria depressa Em. Schmid, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
shorter than the petals, with a broadly membranous margin and Veg. 31: 41. 1932.
indistinct veins. The present authors have seen no material of this
taxon. 凹陷繁缕 ao xian fan lu

29. Stellaria gyangtseensis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, tufted, ca. 12 cm, shiny,
38: 396. 1909. glabrous, apically slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, 3–7 mm, glabrous, 1-veined, margin
江孜繁缕 jiang zi fan lu cartilaginous, apex subobtuse. Flowers 2–7, in cymes;
Herbs green, branched, glabrous. Stems 5–15(–30) cm bracts ovate-lanceolate, membranous, apex acuminate.
tall, slender, angular, branched; branchlets with Pedicel 3–4 mm. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 mm,
numerous leaves, terete, apically slightly pubescent. glabrous, margin white, green, or purplish, broad, apex
Leaves sessile, blackish when dried, narrowly linear, subobtuse. Petals slightly shorter than sepals, 2-cleft
usually sickle-shaped, declinate, 0.5–1.1(–2.5) cm × 1– (rarely absent). Stamens 10, 2.5–3 mm. Styles 3.
2.5 mm, apex acuminate; nodes puberulent. Flowers in Capsule ovoid-orbicular.
• 5000–5500 m. ?Xinjiang, Xizang. 高山雀舌草 gao shan que she cao
Kozhevnikov described Stellaria depressa var. arenicola (Novosti.
Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 105. 1983) based on a specimen from
Labraea uliginosa Murray var. alpina Schur, Enum. Pl.
Kaschgaria (Xinjiang). It was described as having smaller, often Transsilv. 115. 1866; Stellaria uliginosa Murray var.
apetalous flowers (2–2.5 vs. 4–5 mm) and indistinct sepal veins. The alpina (Schur) Gürke.
present authors have seen no material of this taxon and do not know if
it warrants recognition.
Stem slender. Leaves ca. 2 × 1 mm, sometimes
lanceolate. Flower solitary, terminal or axillary.
33. Stellaria alsine Grimm, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Capsule longer than persistent sepals.
Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 3. App. 313. 1767. 3000–4000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan [Europe].
雀舌草 que she cao
Herbs annual, glabrous. Stems tufted, slightly diffuse, 34. Stellaria graminea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753.
ascending, 15–25(–35) cm tall, much branched. Leaves 禾叶繁缕 he ye fan lu
sessile, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, (0.2–)0.5–2 cm Herbs perennial, often glabrous. Stems densely tufted,
× (1–)2–4 mm, basally sparsely ciliate, both surfaces slightly erect, quadrangular, 10–30 cm tall, slender,
slightly pinkish green, base cuneate, semiclasping, glabrous or with 2 lines of hairs; sterile branches
margin cartilaginous, slightly undulate, apex acuminate. axillary from proximal leaves present. Leaves sessile,
Flowers 3–5 in cymes or solitary, terminal or axillary. pinkish green, linear to lanceolate, 0.5–4(–5) cm × 1.5–
Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, slender, glabrous, slightly declinate 3(–4) mm, basal margin sparsely ciliate, midvein
in fruit. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 2–4 × ca.1 mm, glabrous, inconspicuous, base slightly narrowed, apex acute.
midvein raised, margin membranous, apex acuminate. Flowers many or sometimes few, in terminal or axillary
Petals 5, shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-cleft cymes, 7–11 mm in diam.; bracts lanceolate, 2(–5) mm,
nearly to base; lobes linear, apex obtuse. Stamens 5(– midvein conspicuous, margin membranous. Pedicel
10), slightly shorter than petals. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, 0.5–2.5 cm, to 3.8 cm in fruit, slender. Sepals 5, green,
sometimes 2, linear, short. Capsule ovoid-orbicular, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm or longer,
subequaling or slightly longer than persistent sepals, 6- shiny, 3-veined, margin membranous, apex acuminate.
valved. Seeds numerous, brown, reniform, slightly Petals 5, slightly shorter or longer than sepals, 2-cleft
compressed, rugulose. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = nearly to base. Stamens 10; filaments filiform, glabrous,
24, 26, 46. 4–4.5 mm; anthers brown, broadly ellipsoid, ca. 0.3 mm.
Fields, streamsides, wetlands; 500–4000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Ovary ovoid-oblong; styles 3(or 4), ca. 2 mm. Capsule
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei ovoid-cylindric, much longer than persistent sepals.
Mongol, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Seeds black-brown, nearly compressed orbicular,
Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam; Europe].
granulose. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 26, 39, 52.
1a. Flowers 3–5, in cymes; leaves 5–20 × 2–4 Forests, forest margins, grasslands, grassy slopes, rock crevices;
mm ................................................. 33a. var. alsine 1400–4000(–4200) m. Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi,
1b. Flower solitary; leaves ca. 2 × 1 mm 33b. var. alpina Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Ne-
pal, Pakistan, Russia, ?Sikkim; Europe].
33a. Stellaria alsine var. alsine
1a. Petals slightly shorter than sepals; stems
雀舌草(原变种) que she cao (yuan bian zhong) glabrous.
2a. Flowers ca. 11 mm in diam. 34b. var. chinensis
Stellaria alsine var. phaenopetala Handel-Mazzetti; S. 2b. Flowers 7–8 mm in diam. . 34a. var. graminea
alsine var. undulata (Thunberg) Ohwi; S. uliginosa 1b. Petals longer than sepals; stems pubescent
Murray; S. uliginosa var. undulata (Thunberg) Fenzl; S. or glabrous.
undulata Thunberg. 3a. Stems with 2 lines of hairs .. 34c. var. pilosula
Flowers 3–5, in terminal or axillary cymes. Leaves 3b. Stems glabrous ............... 34d. var. viridescens
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5–20 × 2–4 mm. 34a. Stellaria graminea var. graminea
Pedicel slightly declinate in fruit, 0.5–2 cm, slender,
glabrous. Capsule ovoid-orbicular, subequaling or 禾叶繁缕(原变种) he ye fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
slightly longer than persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds ?Stellaria patentifolia Kitagawa.
numerous, brown, reniform, slightly compressed,
rugulose. Stems densely tufted, slightly erect, quadrangular, 10–
30 cm tall, slender. Leaves sessile, linear, 0.5–4(–5) cm
Fields, streamsides, wetlands; 500–4000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei
× 1.5–3 (–4) mm. Flowers 7–8 mm in diam. Petals
Mongol, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, slightly shorter than sepals. Styles 3(or 4), ca. 2 mm.
Japan, Kashmir, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam; Europe]. Capsule ovoid-cylindric, much longer than persistent
sepals. 2n = 26, 39, 52.
33b. Stellaria alsine var. alpina (Schur) Handel-Mazzetti, Forests, grassy slopes, rock crevices; 1400–3700(–4200) m. Gansu,
Symb. Sin. 7: 191. 1929. Hubei, Qinghai, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xi-
zang [Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, ?Sikkim; Herbs perennial. Stems erect, terete, 10–30 cm tall,
Europe]. simple or branched. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-
34b. Stellaria graminea var. chinensis Maximowicz, Fl. lanceolate, 3–5(–7) × 0.5–1(–1.5) cm, abaxially pinkish
Tangut. 90. 1889. green, margin sparsely ciliate, base rounded or slightly
narrowed, apex acuminate. Flowers in dichotomous
中华禾叶繁缕 zhong hua he ye fan lu cymes, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, margin membranous,
apex acuminate. Pedicel 1–2 cm, longer in fruit, slender.
Leaves larger than in var. graminea. Flowers ca. 11 mm
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, 3-veined, margin
in diam. Styles slightly shorter than ovary.
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, slightly shorter
• Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang. than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens
10. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid-
34c. Stellaria graminea var. pilosula Maximowicz, Fl.
orbicular, slightly shorter than persistent sepals, 6-
Tangut. 91. 1889.
valved. Seeds 2–6, brown, reniform, slightly
毛禾叶繁缕 mao he ye fan lu compressed, sparsely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–
Oct.
Stem pilose, with 2 lines of hairs. Leaves linear- • Forests, forest margins; 1800–3300 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
lanceolate, ca. 2.2 cm × 3 mm. Flowers ca. 7 mm in
37. Stellaria palustris Retzius, Fl. Scand. Prodr., ed. 2, 106.
diam. Fruiting pedicel ca. 3.8 cm. Petals longer than 1795.
sepals.
• Qinghai. 沼生繁缕 zhao sheng fan lu
34d. Stellaria graminea var. viridescens Maximowicz, Fl.
Tangut. 90. 1889. Stellaria dilleniana Moench (1777), not Leers (1775); S.
常绿禾叶繁缕 chang lu he ye fan lu glauca Withering; ?S. hsinganensis Kitagawa.
Stellaria viridescens (Maximowicz) Kozhevnikov. Herbs perennial, gray-green, glabrous. Stems tufted,
Stems taller than in var. graminea, glabrous. Flowers erect, quadrangular, (10–)20–35 cm tall, slender,
numerous. Petals longer than sepals. Styles shorter than basally branched, papillose. Leaves sessile, pinkish
ovary. green, linear to linear-lanceolate, 2–4.5 cm × 2–4 mm,
• Forest margins, grasslands; 2000–4000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, both surfaces glabrous, midvein conspicuous and
Sichuan, Xizang.
abaxially papillose, base slightly narrowed, margin
35. Stellaria brachypetala Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2:
161. 1830.
papillose, apex acute. Flowers in dichotomous cymes;
短瓣繁缕 duan ban fan lu peduncles 7–10 cm; bracts white, lanceolate to ovate-
Stellaria graminea Linnaeus var. brachypetala (Bunge) lanceolate, (3–)5–6(–7) mm, margin membranous.
Regel. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, (4–)5–7 mm, abaxially with
Herbs perennial. Stems erect, sometimes diffuse, 10–30 3 conspicuous veins, margin membranous, apex
cm tall, basally branched. Leaves sessile, ovate- acuminate. Petals 5, 4–7 mm, subequaling or slightly
lanceolate to lanceolate, 1–2 cm × 1.5–4 mm, both longer than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes nearly
surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, apex acuminate, linear, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than
axillary sterile branches from proximal leaves sepals. Ovary ovoid; styles 3, filiform, ca. 3 mm.
sometimes present. Flowers 1–3, sometimes 6–10, in Capsule ovoid-cylindric, subequaling or slightly longer
cymes; bracts herbaceous, margin membranous. Pedicel than persistent sepals. Seeds numerous, black-brown,
ca. 1 cm. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 5–8 × 1–2 mm, suborbicular, conspicuously rugulose. 2n = ca. 100, ca.
margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, 1/2–2/3 130, 174–188.
as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes linear. Grassland slopes, sparse valley forests; 1000–3600 m. Gansu, Hebei,
Stamens 10; filaments short. Ovary ovoid; styles 3. Heilongjiang, Henan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shaanxi,
Capsule ovoid-orbicular, 5–7 mm. Seeds orbicular- Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
ovoid, rugulose. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. Russia; SW Asia, Europe].
Mountains; 1700–2900(–4300) m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, 38. Stellaria salicifolia Y. W. Tsui & P. Ke, Acta Bot.
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. Yunnan. 7: 77. 1985.
Kozhevnikov described Stellaria brachypetala var. magna (Novosti. 柳叶繁缕 liu ye fan lu
Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 106. 1983) based on a specimen from the Tian Herbs perennial. Stems erect or ascending,
Shan region of Xinjiang. It was described as being more robust (stems
quadrangular, 20–30 cm tall, usually simple, glabrous.
to 25 cm), with the pedicels spreading in fruit. The present authors
have seen no material of this taxon and do not know if it warrants Leaves lanceolate, 3–6 cm × 4–12 mm, abaxially gray-
recognition. green, hairy at base, base cuneate, slightly clasping,
36. Stellaria yunnanensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France margin cartilaginous, usually undulate, apex acuminate.
33: 433. 1886. Flowers in sparse terminal cymes; peduncles ca. 5 cm;
千针万线草 qian zhen wan xian cao bracts lanceolate, 1–2 mm, membranous. Pedicel 1–2.5
cm, slender, glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm,
conspicuously 3-veined, base slightly rounded, margin numerous, brown, ovoid-orbicular or ellipsoid, 0.8–1
membranous, apex long acuminate. Petals 5, slightly mm, nearly smooth. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 26.
shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes Wet meadows, forest margins, forests; ca. 1900 m. Hebei, Hei-
narrowly linear. Stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals; longjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi [Japan,
anthers brown, cylindric. Ovary ovoid-orbicular; styles Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Europe, North America].
3, linear. Capsules ovoid-orbicular, slightly shorter 41. Stellaria imbricata Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 159.
than or subequaling persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 1830.
narrowly ovoid-orbicular, ca. 1 mm, rugulose. Fl. May– 覆瓦繁缕 fu wa fan lu
Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. Stellaria palustris Ehrhart var. imbricata (Bunge)
• Slopes, wet places in sparse forests; 1200–3000 m. Gansu, Hubei, Krylov.
Hunan, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.
Herbs perennial. Stems ascending or semidiffuse, quad-
39. Stellaria dianthifolia F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. rangular, ca. 10 cm tall, slender. Leaves imbricate,
38: 396. 1908. oblong-lanceolate, 1–1.1 cm, glabrous, smooth, apex
石竹叶繁缕 shi zhu ye fan lu slightly obtuse. Flowers solitary, rarely 2, terminal;
Stellaria yunnanensis Franchet f. villosa C. Y. Wu ex P. bracts ovate, membranous. Pedicel short. Sepals 5,
Ke. ovate, ca. 5 mm, margin broadly membranous. Petals 5,
Herbs perennial, pinkish green, glabrous or sparsely slightly longer than sepals, 2-cleft; lobes ovate-oblong.
pubescent. Stems diffuse or ascending, (5–)10–40 cm Capsule cylindric, ca. 1.5 × as long as persistent sepals,
tall, slender, simple or apically branched. Leaves linear, tuberculate at maturity, apex acuminate. Seeds
(1–)1.6–4.5 cm × 2–4 mm, midvein conspicuous, orbicular-reniform, ca.1.2 mm, slightly rugulose. Fl.
abaxially densely pubescent, basal ones with margin Jun–Jul.
ciliate, apex acuminate. Flowers 6–9, in terminal and Montane river banks, slopes. Xinjiang [Russia].
sparse dichotomous cymes; bracts linear, margin 42. Stellaria nipponica Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 83.
membranous, apex acute. Pedicel 1.2–1.4 cm. Sepals 5, 1934.
lanceolate-linear, 6–7 mm, 3-veined, margin narrowly 多花繁缕 duo hua fan lu
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, 2-cleft nearly to Stellaria florida Fischer ex de Candolle var.
base; lobes narrow. Capsule ovoid-orbicular. Seeds angustifolia Maximowicz.
brown, minute, compressed, auriculate, rugulose, with Herbs perennial. Stems nearly tufted, erect,
granular protuberances. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. quadrangular, (5–)10–20 cm tall, slender, internodes
• Forests; (3200–)3400–3800(–4400) m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, shorter than leaves, glabrous except sparsely shortly
Xizang. ciliate basally. Leaves linear, 2–3(–4.5) cm × 1–2 mm,
40. Stellaria longifolia Muhlenberg ex Willdenow, Enum. Pl. both surfaces glabrous, midvein conspicuous, abaxially
479. 1809. raised, adaxially retuse, base slightly narrowed, apex
长叶繁缕 chang ye fan lu acute. Flowers 1–8, in sparse terminal cymes; bracts
Stellaria diffusa Willdenow ex Schlechter; S. diffusa f. lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin membranous. Pedicel
ciliolata Kitagawa; S. diffusa var. ciliolata (Kitagawa) erect, 1.5–4(–6) cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate to oblong-
Kitagawa; S. friesiana Seringe; S. longifolia f. ciliolata lanceolate, 4–5.5 mm, 3-veined, apex acute. Petals 5,
(Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu; S. longifolia var. legitima Regel. 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base.
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems densely tufted, Stamens 10; filaments slender. Styles 3, 2–3 mm.
ascending, quadrangular, 15–25 cm tall, branched, Capsule yellow, ellipsoid to ovoid-orbicular, slightly
diffuse; axillary sterile branches present. Leaves linear shorter than or subequaling persistent sepals. Seeds
or broadly linear, 1.5–3.5 cm × 0.5–2 mm, sometimes brown, compressed, orbicular-reniform, ca. 1 mm,
sparsely shortly ciliolate, midvein conspicuous, slightly tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 26.
narrowed at base, apex acuminate. Flowers in terminal Montane rocks; ca. 1800 m. Hubei [Japan].
or mostly axillary cymes; peduncles 3–6 cm, glabrous; Stellaria montioides (Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker) Ghazanfar (Fl.
bracts white, ovate-lanceolate, 1–2 mm, ciliate, some- Pakistan 175: 25. 1986, based on S. graminea Linnaeus var.
times margin membranous, apex long acuminate. montioides Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India
Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, to 2.5 cm after anthesis, slender. 1: 233. 1874) may also key out near S. filicaulis and S. nipponica. It is
Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, 3–4 mm in fruit, an alpine plant with glabrous stems, linear leaves with a raised
inconspicuously 3-veined, margin membranous, apex abaxial midvein, and solitary flowers with petals about as long as the
obtuse or slightly acute. Petals 5, subequaling or sepals. Although Ghazanfar (loc. cit.) gave the taxon as occurring in
W Xizang (probably referring to territory now in Pakistan), the
slightly longer than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
present authors have no further information on the occurrence of this
sublinear, base narrowed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10;
species in China.
filaments linear; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid-cylindric;
43. Stellaria filicaulis Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 15: 113.
styles 3. Capsule brown-black, ovoid-orbicular, 1.5–2
1901.
× as long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds
细叶繁缕 xi ye fan lu margin white, cartilaginous. Petals slightly shorter
Stellaria filicaulis f. jaluana (Nakai) Kitagawa; S. than sepals, 2-cleft to base. Styles 4.
jaluana Nakai; ?S. neopalustris Kitagawa. • Sandy places on river banks. Sichuan.
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems tufted, erect or
ascending, quadrangular, 30–50 cm tall, slender, 46. Stellaria uda F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34: 435.
1899.
apically branched. Leaves linear, 2–3 cm × 1–2(–3) mm,
marginally sparsely ciliate, midvein abaxially raised, 湿地繁缕 shi di fan lu
adaxially retuse, base cuneate, slightly clasping, apex
Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, base diffuse, nearly erect
acuminate. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes; bracts
above, 5–15 cm tall, slender, with 1 line of hairs.
lanceolate, 1–2 mm, margin membranous, sometimes Leaves dense and small proximally, distal leaves sessile,
herbaceous below, apex acuminate. Pedicel filiform, 2– linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, both surfaces
5 cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 4–5 glabrous or sparsely pubescent, midvein raised
mm, midvein conspicuous, margin membranous. Petals abaxially, base cuneate, semiclasping, apex acuminate.
5, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft Flowers in terminal cymes; bracts herbaceous. Sepals 5,
nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, shorter than lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, midvein conspicuous, 3-veined,
sepals. Styles 3. Capsule yellow, cylindric-ovoid, as margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 2/3
long as to 1.5 × as long as persistent sepals, 6-valved. as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10.
Seeds numerous, brown, ellipsoid, 0.7–1 mm, regularly Ovary ovoid; ovules ca. 10; styles 3, linear. Capsule
rugulose. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug. cylindric, slightly longer than persistent sepals. Seeds
Wet grasslands, river banks; 500–700 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, brown, reniform. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [Japan, Korea].
44. Stellaria alaschanica Y. Z. Zhao, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. • Gullies, slopes, plateaus; 1200–4800 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang,
Intramongol. 13(3): 283. 1982. Xizang, Yunnan.
贺兰山繁缕 he lan shan fan lu 47. Stellaria souliei F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34:
434. 1899.
Stellaria uda F. N. Williams var. pubescens Y. W. Cui
& L. H. Zhou. 康定繁缕 kang ding fan lu
Herbs perennial. Stems densely tufted, quadrangular, 5– Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, 20–30 cm tall, sparsely
15 cm tall, slender, branched, pubescent with retrorse pubescent. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 0.3–3.5 cm
hairs; sterile axillary branches present. Leaves linear or × 1.5–2.5 mm, margin sparsely long ciliate, apex long
lanceolate-linear, 0.5–2 cm × 1–2.5 mm, midvein acuminate. Flowers in terminal cymes; peduncles
abaxially raised, base narrowed, margin ciliate, apex slender; bracts ovate, ca. 2 mm, membranous. Pedicel
acuminate. Flowers 1–3, in terminal cymes; bracts 0.5–1(–4.5) cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, midvein
ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm, margin broadly conspicuous, 3-veined, margin membranous, apex acute.
membranous. Pedicel 0.7–1.5 cm, slender, glabrous. Petals 5, slightly shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-
Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1.2 mm, glabrous, cleft nearly to base. Stamens 10. Ovary ovoid-orbicular;
midvein conspicuous, margin membranous, apex ovules 7 or 8; styles 3, linear. Capsule shortly obovoid.
acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 2 mm, ca. 2/3 as long as sepals, Fl. Jul, fr. Sep.
2-cleft nearly to base; lobes oblong-linear, base • Grassland slopes. Sichuan.
narrowed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, slightly longer than
48. Stellaria soongorica Roshevitz in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6:
petals. Styles 3, ca. 1 mm. Capsule cylindric-ovoid, ca. 881. 1936.
4 mm, ca. 1.25 × as long as persistent sepals. Seeds 准噶尔繁缕 zhun ga er fan lu
numerous, broadly ovoid or suborbicular, slightly
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems solitary or tufted,
compressed, 0.5–0.8 mm, nearly smooth. Fl. Jul, fr. slightly quadrangular, 15–25 cm tall, slender, simple or
Aug. branched, usually glabrous. Leaves sessile, linear-
• Slopes, Picea forests; 2100–2800(–3200) m. Gansu, Ningxia, lanceolate or linear, 2.5–6 cm × 2.5–4 mm, both
Qinghai. surfaces glabrous, pubescent at base, midvein raised,
45. Stellaria oxycoccoides Komarov, Repert. Spec. Nov. base slightly semiclasping, apex long acuminate.
Regni Veg. 13: 234. 1914. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts lanceolate, margin
membranous, apex acuminate. Pedicel 1.5–5.5(–8) cm,
莓苔状繁缕 mei tai zhuang fan lu
slender. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 2.5 mm,
Stem pale brownish red, diffuse, slender, branched only glabrous, midvein conspicuous, margin white,
at base, pubescent with retrorse hairs. Leaves sessile, membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 1.2 × as
green, linear-lanceolate, minute, glabrous, apex acute. long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes oblong-ob-
Flowers in terminal racemes; bracts white, dry, lanceolate, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, 1–1.2 mm; anthers
membranous. Sepals purplish or green, long acuminate, yellow. Ovary ovoid; styles 3. Capsule brown or nearly
black, cylindric-ovoid, longer than persistent sepals, 6- 亚伞花繁缕 ya san hua fan lu
valved. Seeds brown, reniform-orbicular or ovoid,
slightly compressed, minute, tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Herbs annual, glabrous. Stems tufted, ascending, 12(–
Aug–Sep. 20) cm tall, slender. Leaves sessile, linear to linear-
Picea forest margins, scrublands, grassland slopes; 1600–3500 m. lanceolate, 5–15 × (0.8–)1.5–2(–4) mm, both surfaces
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia]. glabrous, midvein conspicuous, base rounded, apex
49. Stellaria irrigua Bunge, Verz. Altai Pfl. 35. 1836. obtuse. Flowers 2–4, in cymose umbel; bracts ovate, ca.
冻原繁缕 dong yuan fan lu 2 mm, membranous. Pedicel 1.2–2.4 cm, slender.
Herbs perennial. Stems 2–3 cm tall, simple, glabrous. Sepals 5, green, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, 3-veined,
Leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed at base, apex obtuse. margin broadly membranous, apex acute. Petals absent.
Flowers 3–7, in terminal cymes; bracts membranous. Stamens 5; filaments slender. Styles 3, short. Capsule
Pedicel filiform, elongated after anthesis. Sepals ovate, ovoid, ca. 4 mm, ca. 2 × as long as persistent sepals, 6-
apex acute. Petals minute, ca. 0.5 mm, 2-cleft nearly to valved. Seeds pale brown or dark brown, compressed
base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, subequaling sepals. Fl. orbicular, with granular protuberances. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
Jul. Jul–Aug.
Montane wet places, mossy frozen areas. Xinjiang [Russia].
Montane meadows, rocky crevices, cushionlike scrub; 3500–5000 m.
50. Stellaria parviumbellata Y. Z. Zhao, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].
Intramongol. 20(2): 226. 1989. Species nos. 53–57 are members of Stellaria sect. Adenonema (Bunge)
小伞花繁缕 xiao san hua fan lu Turczaninow. This group is in need of thorough revision. There are
Herbs perennial. Stems 5–8 cm tall, pilose. Leaves now several different ideas on which of these taxa should be
sessile, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-orbicular, 5–11 × 2–4 recognized. It is also possible that additional taxa may (or may not)
mm, both surfaces glabrous, ciliate at proximal margin, belong to this section.
midvein raised abaxially, base connate, clasping, apex In addition, Kozhevnikov described Stellaria divnogorskajae
acuminate. Flowers in terminal cymose umbel; bracts 2, (Novosti. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 103. 1983) based on a specimen from
opposite, ovate-orbicular, margin white, membranous. Kaschgaria (Xinjiang). It is similar in size to S. arenarioides (stems
5–7 cm), with oblong-elliptic leaves, 4- or 5-merous flowers, 2 styles,
Pedicel 3–25 mm, slender, glabrous. Sepals 5, ovate-
and a 4-valved capsule. He also described S. divnogorskajae var.
lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, 3-veined, margin membranous, pilosa (Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 104. 1983) based on a specimen
apex acuminate. Petals absent. Stamens 10, shorter than from Tagdumbasch-Pamir (Xinjiang), noting that the plant is pilose
sepals. Ovary ovoid-globose; styles 3. Capsule throughout. The present authors have seen no material of either taxon.
cylindric-ovoid, ca. 3.5 mm, slightly longer than
53. Stellaria arenarioides Shi L. Chen et al., Novon 11: 302.
persistent sepals. Seeds black, ellipsoid, compressed, ca. 2001.
0.7 × 0.3 mm, with protuberances. Fl. and fr. Jun–Jul.
• Valleys; ca. 2900 m. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Xinjiang. 沙生繁缕 sha sheng fan lu
51. Stellaria umbellata Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov, Stellaria arenaria Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 91. 1889,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 173. 1842. not Linnaeus (1753).
伞花繁缕 san hua fan lu Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, prostrate, diffuse, yellow
basally, green apically, 5–7 cm tall, basally shiny,
Stellaria wutaica Handel-Mazzetti. glabrous, apically pubescent. Leaves sessile, ovate or
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stem solitary, 5–15 cm tall, ovate-lanceolate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, midvein raised
branched. Leaves elliptic, 1.5–2 cm × 4–5 mm, both abaxially, base nearly rounded, margin pubescent, apex
surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, slightly clasping, apex acute. Flowers 1–5, in terminal cymes; bracts ovate, ca.
obtuse or acute. Flowers 3–10, in cymose umbel; bracts 3 × 1.5 mm, membranous. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate,
3–5, ovate, nearly membranous. Pedicel filiform, 0.5–2 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, midvein conspicuous. Petals 5, 1–1.5
cm, slightly longer in fruit. Sepals 5, green, lanceolate, mm, shorter than sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; lobes
2–3 mm, margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals linear. Stamens 10, conspicuously shorter than petals.
absent. Stamens 10, shorter than sepals. Ovary Disc orbicular, with 5 glands. Styles 3, enlarged at apex.
cylindric-ovoid; styles 3, linear, short. Capsule sub- Seeds 1 or 2. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
equaling persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds reniform, • Grassland slopes, mountains, river banks; 2500–5200(–5500) m.
slightly compressed, rugulose, without protuberances. Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang.
Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 26. 54. Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. Williams,
Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 830. 1907.
Montane grasslands, forests, steppes; 1600–3800(–5000) m. Gansu, 兴安繁缕 xing an fan lu
Hebei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Ka-
zakhstan, Russia; North America]. Arenaria cherleriae Fischer ex Seringe in de Candolle,
Prodr. 1: 409. 1824; Stellaria petraea Bunge var.
52. Stellaria subumbellata Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. fasciculata Bunge ex Turczaninow; S. petraea var.
Brit. India 1: 233. 1874.
vegeta Fenzl; S. viridiflora Pax & K. Hoffmann.
Herbs perennial, pubescent with curved hairs. Stems 6-valved. Seeds 2–8, suborbicular, smooth. Fl. Jun–Aug,
tufted, erect or ascending, 5–12(–18) cm tall, base fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 18.
usually woody, basally branched; short axillary sterile Scrub, montane meadows, stony areas, slopes, mossy areas, roadsides;
branches present. Leaves subsessile, linear or linear- 3000–5600 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India,
Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].
oblanceolate, (0.7–)1–2(–2.5) cm × 1–2.5 mm, both
surfaces glabrous, lower margin pubescent, base 1a. Stems glabrous ......................... 56b. var. pulvinata
narrowed, apex acute. Flowers few, in terminal cymes; 1b. Stems pubescent.
bracts lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.2 mm, herbaceous, glabrous, 2a. Stems with glandular hairs 56c. var. arenarioides
margin membranous, apex acute. Pedicel slightly longer 2b. Stems with nonglandular hairs.
than sepals, ca. 1 cm, distally sparsely pubescent. 3a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; flower
Sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1–1.5 mm, midvein solitary or few in cymes 56a. var. decumbens
raised, base sparsely pubescent, margin membranous, 3b. Leaves subulate-lanceolate or
apex acute. Petals 5, 1/3–1/2 as long as sepals, 2-cleft subulate-ovate; flowers in dense
nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, ca. 1/2 as long headlike cymes .......... 56d. var. polyantha
as petals; anthers yellow, compressed globose. Capsule 56a. Stellaria decumbens var. decumbens
obovoid, ca. 1/2 as long as persistent sepals. Seeds 2, 偃卧繁缕(原变种) yan wo fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
nearly black, ellipsoid-obovoid, 1–1.5 mm in diam., Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. Williams
tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. var. minor (Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker) Majumdar; S.
• Stony slopes, steppes, forests; 2800–3400 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, decumbens var. edgeworthii Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker;
Shaanxi, Shanxi. S. decumbens var. minor Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker.
55. Stellaria petraea Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 160. Stems stout or slender, densely white pubescent. Leaves
1830. ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm. Flower solitary or
岩生繁缕 yan sheng fan lu few in cymes. Stamens 8–10. Capsule shorter than
Adenonema petraeum (Bunge) Bunge var. alpinum persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 2–8, suborbicular,
Bunge; Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. smooth. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Williams var. alpina (Bunge) Schischkin; S. petraea Slopes, roadsides; 3000–5600 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan
var. alpina (Bunge) Turczaninow; S. petraea var. [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].
imbricata Fenzl. 56b. Stellaria decumbens var. pulvinata Edgeworth & J. D.
Herbs perennial, cushionlike. Stems densely tufted, as- Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 235. 1875.
cending or erect, 2–7 cm tall, glabrous or nearly so. 垫状偃卧繁缕 dian zhuang yan wo fan lu
Leaves lanceolate-linear, 4–10 × ca. 1.5 mm, margin Stellaria maximowiczii Kozhevnikov.
nearly imbricate, thick, apex acute, hard, sometimes Plant densely cushionlike. Stems glabrous. Leaves
sickle-shaped; axillary leaves clustered. Flowers 1–3(– ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate. Flower solitary. 2n =
12), in terminal cymose umbel, rarely solitary. Sepals 18.
lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.3 mm, glabrous, apex acuminate. Montane meadows, stony areas, scrub; (4600–)4900–5600 m.
Petals 1/3–2/3 as long as sepals, 2-cleft nearly to base; Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
lobes linear. Capsule subglobose, shorter than persistent In his original description of Stellaria maximowiczii, Kozhevnikov
petals, base narrowed. Seeds 1 or 2. Fl. Jul–Aug. (Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 104. 1983) stated that the plant has 4-
Steppe hills to montane stony slopes. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang merous flowers, with only two styles. The present authors have been
[Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. unable to verify his statements.
56. Stellaria decumbens Edgeworth, Trans. Linn. Soc. 56c. Stellaria decumbens var. arenarioides L. H. Zhou in C.
London 20: 35. 1846. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. 1: 703. 1983.
偃卧繁缕 yan wo fan lu 错那繁缕 cuo na fan lu
Herbs perennial, cushionlike. Stems 10–20 cm tall, Stellaria cuonaensis L. H. Zhou.
stout or slender, densely white pubescent, glandular, Stems slender, glandular pubescent. Leaves linear-
or glabrous. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate to linear- subulate, margin ciliate. Petals absent. Stamens 5. Fl.
lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, margin glabrous or ciliate, Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
hard, midvein conspicuously raised, base nearly • Scrub, mossy areas; 3800–4100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
56d. Stellaria decumbens var. polyantha Edgeworth & J. D.
rounded, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary or few in
Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 235. 1874.
(sometimes dense) cymes. Pedicel ca. 4 mm or less.
多花偃卧繁缕 duo hua yan wo fan lu
Sepals (4 or)5, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, herbaceous, 3-veined, base truncate, Stellaria cherleriae (Fischer ex Seringe) F. N. Williams
apex acuminate. Petals 5, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals, 2- var. polyantha (Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker) R. R.
cleft nearly to base; lobes linear or absent. Stamens (5– Stewart.
)8–10. Styles 3. Capsule shorter than persistent sepals, Leaves subulate-lanceolate or subulate-ovate, margin
ciliate or glabrous. Flowers in dense headlike cymes.
Stony areas; 4600–5000 m. Xizang [India, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim].
57. Stellaria congestiflora H. Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 52: 195. 1977. oblong-obovate. Stamens 8. Capsule ovoid, 4-valved to
密花繁缕 mi hua fan lu base, slightly longer than persistent sepals. Fl. Apr–Jul.
Stellaria semivestita Edgeworth var. brevipetala L. H. Stony slopes; Xinjiang (Altai Mts.) [Russia].
Zhou. Stellaria alexeenkoana Schischkin (in Komorov, Fl. URSS 6: 882.
1936; Mesostemma alexeenkoana (Schischkin) Ikonnikov) was
Herbs perennial. Stems densely tufted, 3–20 cm tall,
described based on a specimen from Tagdumbasch Pamir (Xinjiang).
apically white pilose. Leaves nearly sessile, pale green, It is similar to S. martjanovii, but has linear-oblong leaves, pubescent
linear-lanceolate, 0.7–1.3 cm × 1–3.5 mm, both sepals, and petals shorter than the sepals. The present authors have
surfaces glabrous, sometimes distal leaves pubescent, seen no material of this taxon.
margin glabrous or sometimes ciliate, apex acuminate. 60. Stellaria monosperma Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don,
Flowers numerous, in dense terminal cymes. Pedicel Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 215. 1825.
short, rarely 6 mm, white pilose; bracts herbaceous. 独子繁缕 du zi fan lu
Sepals 5, green, lanceolate, (4–)5–6 mm, glabrous or Herbs perennial. Stems yellow, quadrangular, 50–80
densely white pilose, 3-veined, margin white, apex (–120) cm tall, stout, shiny, pubescent with 1 or 2 rows
acuminate. Petals 5, 1.5–3 mm, shorter than sepals, 2- of glandular hairs above. Leaves short or long petiolate,
cleft nearly to base; lobes linear. Stamens 10, 1.5–3.5 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 4–11(–23) ×
mm; filaments broadened and glandular at base; anthers 1.2–2.5(–6) cm, broadest from middle to base, base
purplish, ovoid, ca. 0.3 mm. Ovary ovoid, 0.5–1 mm; nearly rounded, semiclasping, adaxially pubescent or
carpels 6; styles 3, ca. 2 mm. glabrous, midvein raised, pale yellow, margin crisp,
Scrub; 3800–4100 m. Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. apex long acuminate. Flowers numerous, in paniculate
58. Stellaria radians Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753. cymes, bisexual or unisexual; bisexual flowers large,
瘰瓣繁缕 sui ban fan lu female flowers small; bracts lanceolate. Pedicel 2–9
mm, slender, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5,
Cerastium fimbriatum Ledebour (1815), not E. Pritzel
gray-green, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, (3–)5–
(1900); Fimbripetalum radians (Linnaeus) Ikonnikov; 6(–8) × 1–2 mm, sparsely glandular pubescent, margin
Stellaria radians f. fimbriata (Ledebour) Kitagawa; S. narrowed, dry, membranous, apex acuminate or rarely
radians var. ovato-oblonga Koidzumi. obtuse. Petals 5, 1/2–1 × as long as sepals, 2-cleft to
Herbs perennial, woolly, densely so above. Stems erect middle; lobes sometimes sickle-shaped, apex acute.
or ascending, quadrangular, 40–60 cm tall, basally Stamens 5 or 10; filaments 5–6 mm; anthers yellow, ca.
branched, densely woolly. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to 0.3 mm in diam. Ovary ca. 2 mm, 1-loculed; ovules 3;
ovate-lanceolate, 3–12 × 1.5–2.5 cm, both surfaces styles 3, linear, ca. 4 mm. Seed 1 maturing per carpel,
lanate, midvein raised abaxially, base narrowed into brown, globose, ca. 3 mm, somewhat rugulose or
short petiole, apex acuminate. Flowers in large terminal, granular. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct. 2n = 36, 44, 52.
dichotomous cymes; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, Forests, mixed forests, montane forests, grassland slopes; 1200–
densely lanate. Pedicel 1–3 cm, densely woolly, pen- 2900(–3300) m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, Taiwan,
dulous after anthesis. Sepals oblong-ovate or narrowly Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan,
ovate, 6–8 × 2–2.5 mm, outside densely lanate. Petals 5, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
broadly obovate-cuneate, 8–10 mm, 5–7-cleft to 1a. Stamens 10 .......................... 60a. var. monosperma
middle or below; lobes nearly linear. Stamens 10, 1b. Stamens 5.
shorter than petals. Ovary broadly ellipsoid-ovoid; 2a. Sepals lanceolate ............. 60b. var. paniculata
styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than 2b. Sepals ovate-lanceolate ...... 60c. var. japonica
persistent sepals, 6-valved. Seeds 2–5, black-brown, 60a. Stellaria monosperma var. monosperma
reniform, slightly compressed, scrobiculate. Fl. Jun– 独子繁缕(原变种) du zi fan lu (yuan bian zhong)
Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. Stellaria crispata Wallich ex D. Don; S. glandulifera
Hill scrublands, forest margins; 300–500 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Klotzsch; S. nyalamensis L. H. Zhou.
Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
59. Stellaria martjanovii Krylov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Stems yellow, quadrangular, 50–80(–120) cm tall, stout,
Bot. Sada 21: 3. 1902. shiny, glandular pubescent, with 1 or 2 rows of hairs
长裂繁缕 chang lie fan lu above. Seed 1 maturing per carpel, brown, globose, ca.
Mesostemma martjanovii (Krylov) Ikonnikov. 3 mm, somewhat rugulose or granular. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr.
Herbs perennial, glandular hairy. Stems 3–6 cm tall, Sep–Oct. 2n = 36, 52.
Forests; 2700–2800 m. Xizang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kashmir,
simple or sparsely branched. Leaves congested, sessile, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim].
oblong-ovate, 5–7 × ca. 3 mm, midvein conspicuous, 60b. Stellaria monosperma var. paniculata (Edgeworth)
apex acuminate. Flowers axillary or terminal. Pedicel Majumdar, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 44(1): 141. 1965.
5–7 mm or longer, pendulous at anthesis. Sepals 4, 锥花繁缕 zhui hua fan lu
ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 2 mm, margin narrowly Stellaria paniculata Edgeworth, Trans. Linn. Soc.
membranous, apex acute. Petals 4, ca. 1.5 × as long as London 20: 35. 1846.
sepals, ca. 6 × 4 mm, 2-cleft to 2/3 length; lobes
Leaves variously shaped, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, Herbs perennial. Stems ca. 1 m tall, basally branched,
adaxially rough, margin usually glabrous, base sparsely pubescent, apically densely pubescent. Leaves
narrowed into short or long petiole, apex long sessile or shortly petiolate; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate
acuminate. Female flowers small. Sepals lanceolate, ca. or lanceolate, 3–10 × 2–4 cm, marginal veins
4 mm. Petals 1/2–1 × as long as sepals. Stamens 5. conspicuous, ciliate, abaxially densely pubescent,
Mixed forests, grassland slopes; 1500–2900(–3300) m. Xizang, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base rounded, apex long
Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Myanmar, Nepal, Sik- acuminate. Flowers in broad cymes, densely glandular
kim, Thailand, Vietnam].
pubescent; bracts narrowly lanceolate, densely
60c. Stellaria monosperma var. japonica Maximowicz, Bull.
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 18(4): 384. 1873.
pubescent and ciliate, apex acute. Pedicel 0.5–1.2 cm,
皱叶繁缕 zhou ye fan lu slender, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5,
lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, outside glandular pubescent,
Stellaria paniculigera Makino.
midvein conspicuous, margin membranous, apex acute.
Stems with 1 line of hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
Petals 5, slightly shorter than or subequaling sepals, 2-
broadly lanceolate, or oblanceolate, subglabrous or
cleft. Stamens 5, alternating with petals, subequaling
adaxially pubescent, midvein abaxially pubescent, base
petals. Styles 3. Capsule 6-valved. Seeds 2 or 3. Fl.
cuneate, narrowed into a short petiole, apex acuminate.
Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, soft, apex acuminate. Petals • Forest margins, grassland slopes; 1800–2900(–3400) m. Sichuan,
shorter than sepals, narrow, 2-cleft to base; lobes nearly Yunnan.
sickle-shaped, apex acute. Stamens 5. 2n = 44. 63. Stellaria bistyla Y. Z. Zhao, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 5(4):
Montane forests; 1200–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei, 142. 1985.
Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan]. 二柱繁缕 er zhu fan lu
61. Stellaria ovatifolia (Mizushima) Mizushima, J. Jap. Bot.
41: 259. 1966. Stellaria bistylata W. Z. Di & Y. Ren.
卵叶繁缕 luan ye fan lu Herbs perennial. Stems densely tufted, diffuse, purplish,
Brachystemma ovatifolium Mizushima, Acta Phytotax. subterete, 10–30 cm tall, dichotomously branched,
densely glandular hairy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1–2
Geobot. 16: 42. 1955.
cm × 2–10 mm, margin hairy or glabrous, midvein
Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, basally purplish,
apically yellow-green, 1–2 m, slightly shiny, branched, conspicuous, raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base
narrowed, apex acute. Flowers in terminal dichotomous
pubescent with 2 lines of recurved hairs, somewhat
densely pubescent above. Proximal and middle leaves cymes; bracts lanceolate, 1.5–3 mm, both surfaces
usually broadly ovate or elliptic; distal leaves ovate- glandular hairy. Pedicel 0.3–2 cm. Sepals 5, oblong-
lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm, outside shortly hairy or
lanceolate to lanceolate, (2–)3–10 × (1–)1.5–2.5 cm,
both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein con- glabrous, margin broadly membranous, apex acute.
spicuous, base nearly rounded, apex acute or acuminate. Petals 5, obovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, shorter than sepals,
apex 2-cleft to 1/4–1/3 length, base cuneate. Stamens
Flowers numerous in dichotomous, nearly subglobose
cymes; distal bracts narrow, membranous, others 10, ca. 3 mm. Ovary globose, 1-loculed; ovules 4 or 5;
herbaceous, usually shorter than pedicel, densely ciliate, styles 2(or 3), 2–3 mm. Capsule obovoid, ca. 2.5 mm,
shorter than persistent sepals, 4(or 6)-valved. Seeds
subglabrous on both surfaces. Pedicel 3–5 mm after
anthesis, densely pubescent. Sepals yellow-green, 1(or 2), black-brown, ovoid to obovoid, 1.5–1.8 mm,
tuberculate. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
oblong to long ovate, 3–4(–6) × 1–1.5 mm, basal
• Dry gullies; 2000–2600 m. Nei Mongol, Ningxia.
margin pubescent, pubescent outside, subglabrous 64. Stellaria strongylosepala Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot.
inside, 3-veined, lateral veins conjoined at apex, base Z. 88: 301. 1939.
nearly rounded, margin dry, membranous, apex obtuse. 圆萼繁缕 yuan e fan lu
Petals minute, ca.1 mm, ca. 1/3 as long as sepals, 2- Herbs perennial. Stems tufted, nearly erect,
cleft nearly to base; lobes nearly linear, forked, base quadrangular, ca. 20 cm tall, ca. 2 mm in diam., dry
entire or undulate-crenate. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2 after anthesis, basally branched, with short branchlets
mm, base broad, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals, glabrous; and axillary leaf clusters; proximal leaves and
anthers pale yellow. Ovary globose or compressed inflorescences white papillate with stiff hairs. Leaves
globose, 1-loculed, ca. 1 mm, base narrowed, apex crowded below, distant above; leaf blade green, lanceo-
umbonate; ovules 3 or 4; styles 2 or 3, longer than late-linear, ca. 1.5 cm × 1.2 mm, somewhat thick,
ovary, apex curved. Capsule globose, shorter than margin erose, midvein slightly raised abaxially,
persistent sepals, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., 4- or 6-valved. impressed adaxially, apex acute. Flowers 5–16 in
Seed 1, reniform-globose, densely papillate, papillate dichotomous cymes; branches nearly forked, sparse;
cells much branched, rotate. Fl. Jul, fr. Nov. bracts herbaceous, distal ones ca. 2 mm. Pedicel 0.5–
Forest margins, river banks; 2600–2800 m. Xizang [Nepal]. 1.5 cm, slender. Sepals 5, white, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm
62. Stellaria delavayi Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 97. 1889. wide, glabrous or papillate-pubescent, veins 3 and
大叶繁缕 da ye fan lu dichotomously branched, margin broadly membranous,
apex rounded, green; calyx ca. 9 mm in diam. Petals ca. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Sep–
2/3 as long as sepals, 2-cleft to middle; lobes oblong. Oct.
Stamens 10, slightly shorter than petals, inserted on • Nei Mongol.
carnose, semiorbicular, separated disc lobes; anthers
pale yellow, nearly rectangular. Ovules few; styles 4.

11. MINUARTIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 89. 1753.

米努草属 mi nu cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); John McNeill
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems caespitose or solitary, prostrate; branches ascending or erect. Leaves linear, linear-
subulate, or setaceous, 1- or 3-veined. Inflorescence cymose or flowers solitary. Sepals 5, 1- or 3-veined. Petals 5,
white, rarely reddish, apex entire or emarginate. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 3. Capsule
narrowly ovoid or ovoid-cylindric, 3-valved. Seeds ovoid, reniform, or discoid; raphe sometimes tuberculate or
fimbriate tuberculate.
About 120 species: Arctic regions to the Himalayas, also Chile (one species), Ethiopia, and Mexico; nine species in China.
1a. Plants annual; petals shorter than sepals ......................................................................................... 1. M. regeliana
1b. Plants perennial; petals equaling or longer than sepals.
2a. Plants 10–30 cm tall.
3a. Capsule ca. 2 × as long as sepals; sepal apex obtuse; seeds rugulose striate, raphe fimbriate
tuberculate .............................................................................................................................. 2. M. laricina
3b. Capsule equaling sepals; sepal apex long acuminate; seeds subsmooth ............................ 3. M. kryloviana
2b. Plants 3–10(–13) cm tall.
4a. Flowers solitary; sepals 5–7 mm, apex obtuse.
5a. Seed raphe bluntly tuberculate ........................................................................................... 4. M. arctica
5b. Seed raphe fimbriate tuberculate ............................................................................... 5. M. macrocarpa
4b. Flowers borne in sparse cymes; sepals 3–5 mm, rarely longer and then apex acute.
6a. Petals subequaling sepals.
7a. Petals oblong, base cuneate; sepal apex obtuse; seeds smooth or rugose ..................... 6. M. biflora
7b. Petals ovate, base abruptly contracted into a very short claw; sepal apex acute to shortly
acuminate; seeds sharply tuberculate ............................................................................. 7. M. verna
6b. Petals 2–3 × as long as sepals.
8a. Leaves 4–5(–10) mm; sepals lanceolate; capsule narrowly ellipsoid, subequaling sepals 8. M. litwinowii
8b. Leaves 10–20 mm; sepals ovate-lanceolate; capsule ovoid, longer than sepals ..... 9. M. kashmirica
1. Minuartia regeliana (Trautvetter) Mattfeld, Bot. Jahrb. Herbs perennial, 10–30 cm tall. Stems caespitose,
Syst. 57(Beibl. 126): 29. 1921. procumbent, many branched; branches ascending,
米努草 mi nu cao glabrous or pubescent. Leaves sessile, linear-subulate,
Alsine tenuifolia Crantz var. regeliana Trautvetter, Bull. 0.8–1.5 cm × 0.5–1.5 mm, 1-veined, margin sparsely
Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 33(1–2): 156. 1860. ciliate, apex acuminate. Inflorescence cymose. Pedicel
Herbs annual, 5–10 cm tall. Stem solitary, branched 1–2 cm, shortly hairy; bracts lanceolate. Sepals oblong-
from base, slender, glabrous. Leaves linear, 2–10 × 0.3– lanceolate, 4–5(–6) mm, 3-veined, margin membranous,
0.5 mm, 3- or 5-veined, base often ciliate. Cyme apex obtuse. Petals white, obovate-oblong, ca. 1.5 × as
sparsely flowered. Pedicel filiform, 3–12 mm. Sepals long as sepals, apex entire or emarginate. Filaments
ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × 0.5–1 mm, 3-veined in gradually broadened. Capsule suboblong-conical, 7–10
proximal 1/2, base rounded, margin broadly scarious, mm, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, 3-valved. Seeds brownish,
apex mucronate. Petals oblong, shorter than sepals. compressed globose, rugulose striate; raphe fimbriate
Stamens 3–10. Ovary broadly ovoid. Capsule tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
suboblong-ovoid, usually exserted. Seeds brown, Betula forests, coniferous forest margins; 400–1600 m. Heilongjiang,
compressed globose, ca. 0.5 mm, finely tuberculate. Fl. Jilin, Nei Mongol [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].
Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul. 3. Minuartia kryloviana Schischkin, Sist. Zametki Mater.
Steppes, wastelands, saline-alkaline soils; 600–700 m. Xinjiang Gerb. Krylova Tomsk. Gosud. Univ. Kuybysheva 1: 1. 1930.
[Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Turkmenistan; SW Asia]. 新疆米努草 xin jiang mi nu cao
2. Minuartia laricina (Linnaeus) Mattfeld, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. Herbs perennial, 10–18(–20) cm tall. Stems prostrate,
57(Beibl. 126): 33. 1921. base woody; branches erect, glabrous. Leaves linear,
石米努草 shi mi nu cao 0.5–1.5 cm × 0.3–1 mm, glabrous or glandular
Spergula laricina Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 441. 1753. pubescent, 3-veined, apex acuminate. Inflorescence
cymose. Pedicel 1.5–3 cm, glabrous. Sepals ovate- except for a few short cilia at base, apex acute. Flowers
lanceolate, 3.5–5 mm, adaxially pilose, 3-veined, apex 1–3, terminal; pedicel 2–12 mm. Sepals ovate-oblong,
acute. Petals white, oblong-obovate, ca. 7 × 1.5 mm, 2.5–3.5 mm, 3-veined, apex obtuse. Petals white,
base attenuate, apex entire, emarginate, or toothed. oblong, subequaling sepals. Stamens 10; anthers yellow.
Stamens 10, shorter than petals; anthers yellow. Styles Capsule yellow-green, ovoid, ca. 4 × 2.5 mm, slightly
3. Capsule ovoid-suboblong, equaling sepals. Seeds longer than sepals. Seeds reniform, 0.7–0.8 mm,
reniform, ca. 1 mm, smooth. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul. smooth or rugose. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
Mountain slopes, rocks; 1200–2500(–3400) m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Mountains; ca. 3600 m. Xinjiang (Bogda Shan) [Afghanistan,
Kazakhstan, Russia (W Siberia)]. Kazakhstan, N Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (Far East, Siberia); Europe,
4. Minuartia arctica (Steven ex Seringe) Graebner in North America].
Ascherson & Graebner, Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(1): 772. 1918.
7. Minuartia verna (Linnaeus) Hiern, J. Bot. 37: 320. 1899.
北极米努草 bei ji mi nu cao
Arenaria arctica Steven ex Seringe in de Candolle, 春米努草 chun mi nu cao
Prodr. 1: 404. 1824. Arenaria verna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 313.
Herbs perennial, 5–9 cm tall. Stems densely caespitose,
1767 & Mant. Pl. 1: 72. 1767; Alsine verna (Linnaeus)
glandular pubescent. Leaves linear, 0.6–1.6 cm × ca. 1
mm, those on flowering stems smaller. Flowers solitary, Wahlenberg.
rarely 2. Sepals linear-oblong, 5–7 mm, glandular Herbs perennial, 3–10 cm tall. Stems caespitose, basally
pubescent. Petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals. Capsule 1.5– usually woody, distally glandular pubescent. Leaves
2 × as long as sepals. Seeds brownish, reniform-globose, linear or subulate, 5–12 × 0.7–1 mm, glandular
1–1.5 mm; raphe obtusely tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Jul– pubescent, rarely glabrous, abaxially prominently 3-
Aug. veined. Cyme lax, 1–7-flowered. Pedicel longer than
Hillside rocks; 2200–2400 m. S Jilin (Changbai Shan) [Kazakhstan, sepals, glandular pubescent. Sepals ovate, 3–4 mm,
Mongolia, N Russia (Far East, Siberia); North America]. glandular pubescent, prominently 3-veined, margin
5. Minuartia macrocarpa (Pursh) Ostenfeld var. koreana narrowly membranous, apex acute to shortly acuminate.
(Nakai) H. Hara, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 43. Petals ovate, ca. 5 × 3 mm, base abruptly contracted
1952. into a very short claw. Stamens shorter than petals.
Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, slightly exceeding sepals, 3-
长百米努草 chang bai mi nu cao
valved. Seeds brown, reniform, 0.6–0.7 mm, almost
Alsine macrocarpa (Pursh) Fenzl var. koreana Nakai, smooth to acutely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 32: 36. 1918.
Rocky hillsides, rock crevices; 200–3600 m. Xinjiang (Bogda Shan)
Herbs perennial, 4–13 cm tall. Stems densely caespitose, [Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, N Russia; Europe, North America].
prostrate; branches ascending, glandular pubescent. 8. Minuartia litwinowii Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6:
Leaves fascicled, linear or subulate-linear, ± flat, 0.5– 885. 1936.
1.5 cm × ca. 1 mm, abaxially pubescent, 3-veined, base
西北米努草 xi bei mi nu cao
connate into a sheath, margin spiny ciliate, apex
subacute, sometimes falcately curved. Flower solitary; Herbs perennial, 5–10 cm tall. Stems brown, woody at
pedicel 1.5–4.5 cm, densely glandular pubescent, 2- base, glandular pubescent. Leaves linear-subulate, 4–
bracteolate. Sepals linear-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 5(–10) × 0.5–2 mm, usually hard, 3-veined, apex obtuse
4–5 × ca. 1 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent, 3- or acute. Bracts ovate, glandular pubescent, 3-veined,
veined, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Petals apex acute or acuminate. Flowers 1–3, terminal; pedicel
oblong or obovate-oblong, 7–9 mm, ca. 2 × as long as 2–10 mm, glandular pubescent or subglabrous. Sepals
sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, slightly longer than lanceolate, 5–6.5 mm, glandular pubescent, 3-veined,
sepals. Ovary ovoid; styles 3. Capsule oblong, 8–10
apex acute. Petals obovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 × as long as
mm, ca. 2 × as long as sepals. Seeds dark brown,
subreniform, 1.5–1.7 mm, both surfaces rugose; raphe sepals, apex emarginate. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid,
long fimbriate tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. nearly equaling sepals. Seeds reniform, finely
Rocky slopes; ca. 2400 m. Jilin [N Korea]. tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
Cliffs, rocky places; ca. 2400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan;
6. Minuartia biflora (Linnaeus) Schinz & Thellung, Bull. SW Asia (Iran, Turkey)].
Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 404. 1907. 9. Minuartia kashmirica (Edgeworth) Mattfeld, Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 57(Beibl. 126): 32. 1921.
二花米努草 er hua mi nu cao 克什米尔米努草 ke shi mi er mi nu cao
Stellaria biflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753; Alsine Arenaria kashmirica Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl.
biflora (Linnaeus) Wahlenberg. Brit. India 1: 236. 1874; Minuartia lineata Bornmuller f.
kashmirica (Edgeworth) R. R. Stewart.
Herbs perennial, 3–7 cm tall. Stems caespitose, erect, Herbs perennial, glandular pubescent, rarely glabrous.
slender. Leaves linear, 6–10 × 0.5–1 mm, glabrous Stems densely caespitose, many branched; branches
leafy. Leaves linear-subulate, 1–2 cm, strongly acuminate. Petals white, ca. 8 mm, ca. 2 × as long as se-
spreading 3-veined, apex acute. Cymes pedunculate, pals, apex entire. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than
subumbellate; bracts ovate-subulate, strongly veined. sepals, valves recurved.
Pedicel usually shorter than sepals. Sepals ovate- Rock crevices; 1500–5000 m. Xizang [E Afghanistan, N India, W
lanceolate, shorter than petals, strongly 3-veined, apex Nepal, N Pakistan].

12. LEPYRODICLIS Fenzl in Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 966. 1840.

薄蒴草属 bao shuo cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Herbs annual. Stems ascending or diffuse, branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; stipules absent.
Inflorescence a panicle of cymes; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white or reddish,
margin entire or emarginate. Stamens (7–)10(–14). Ovary 1-loculed; ovules few; styles 2(or 3). Capsule globose,
2(or 3)-valved. Seeds 1 or 2(or 3), small, testa thick, tuberculate; embryo curved.
Three species: Asia; two species in China.
1a. Petals white, broadly obovate, entire ........................................................................................... 1. L. holosteoides
1b. Petals reddish, oblanceolate, emarginate ..................................................................................... 2. L. stellarioides
1. Lepyrodiclis holosteoides (C. A. Meyer) Fenzl ex Fisher NW India, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan; C and
& C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 93, 110. 1841. SW Asia].
This species is used medicinally.
薄蒴草 bao shuo cao
2. Lepyrodiclis stellarioides Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A.
Gouffeia holosteoides C. A. Meyer, Verz. Caucasus Pfl. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 93. 1841.
217. 1831; Arenaria holosteoides (C. A. Meyer) 繁缕薄蒴草 fan lu bao shuo cao
Edgeworth. Arenaria holosteoides (C. A. Meyer) Edgeworth var.
Stems 40–100 cm tall, longitudinally striate, middle and stellarioides (Schrenk ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer) F. N.
distal internodes ca. 10 cm, glandular pubescent. Williams; L. holosteoides (C. A. Meyer) Fenzl ex
Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3–7 cm × 2–5(–10) mm, Fischer & C. A. Meyer var. stellarioides (Schrenk ex
adaxially pilose, densely so at midvein, base attenuate, Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Kozhevnikov.
margin glandular pubescent, apex acuminate. Panicle of Stems ascending or procumbent, 10–60 cm tall,
cymes terminal or axillary, spreading; bracts lanceolate branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2–5 × ca. 1 cm,
or linear-lanceolate, herbaceous. Pedicel 1–2 (–3) cm, base attenuate, apex acuminate. Panicle of cymes
slender, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals linear- spreading. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 4–8 mm, glandular
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, abaxially sparsely glandular pubescent, margin membranous, apex acuminate.
pubescent, margin narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals reddish, oblanceolate, apex emarginate. Ovary
Petals white, broadly obovate, subequaling or slightly ovoid; styles 2. Capsule globose, ca. 5 mm, longer than
longer than sepals, margin entire. Styles 2. Capsule
sepals. Seeds brown, reniform. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–
globose-ovoid, shorter than sepals, 2-valved. Seeds red-
brown, compressed ovate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n Oct. 2n = 68.
Mountain slope grasslands, scrub; 1900–3500 m. Xinjiang [Af-
= 34, 68. ghanistan, Kazakhstan; SW and C Asia].
Mountain slope grasslands, farmland, wastegrounds, forest margins, Kozhevnikov (Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 22: 97. 1985) considered
ditch sides, Gobi Desert; 1200–4100 m. Gansu, Henan, Nei Mongol, this species to be a variety of Lepyrodiclis holosteoides.
Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan,

13. CERASTIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 437. 1753.

卷耳属 juan er shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); John K. Morton
Herbs annual or perennial, pubescent and/or glandular pubescent, rarely glabrous. Stems usually caespitose,
sometimes slightly woody at base. Leaves ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal, a dichasial cyme,
dense or lax, sometimes flowers solitary. Sepals (4 or)5, free. Petals (4 or)5, sometimes absent, white, apex usually
2-lobed or retuse, rarely entire. Stamens (3 or 5 or)10; nectaries present. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles
3–5, inserted opposite sepals. Capsule golden yellowish, cylindric, sometimes subequaling but usually exceeding
calyx, hard, thin, brittle, dehiscing by 2 × as many teeth as styles; teeth slightly curved, sometimes straight or
revolute. Seeds numerous, globose or reniform, compressed, usually tuberculate; embryo annular.
About 100 species: almost cosmopolitan, most abundant in temperate and cold regions: 23 species (nine endemic) in China.
The identities of the taxa to which the following three names apply could not be ascertained. All were described from China, but none of the types
has been seen by the present authors: Cerastium calcicola Ohwi (Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 46. 1934), described from Taiwan; C. kaoi
Shimizu (J. Fac. Text. Sci. & Techn. Shinshu Univ. No. 36, Biol., No. 12 [Stud. Limest. Fl. Jap. & Taiwan, Pt. 2]: 23. 1963), also described from
Taiwan; and C. sinicum Nakai (J. Jap. Bot. 15: 526. 1939), described from Hebei.
The record of Cerastium perfoliatum Linnaeus in FRPS (p. 83), from Zhejiang, requires confirmation. No specimens of this species have been
seen by the current authors.
1a. Styles 3; capsule teeth 6.
2a. Leaves linear-lanceolate; petals obovate, longer than sepals; stamens 10 .............................. 1. C. cerastoides
2b. Leaves ovate-elliptic; petals ovate, shorter than sepals; stamens 5 ...................................... 2. C. parvipetalum
1b. Styles (4 or)5; capsule teeth (8 or)10.
3a. Plants up to 20 cm tall.
4a. Leaves elliptic, oblong, ovate, or obovate-elliptic.
5a. Cyme densely clustered, headlike ............................................................................... 3. C. glomeratum
5b. Cyme not as above.
6a. Stems ascending; pedicel 5–8 mm, usually nutant after anthesis ............................... 4. C. pusillum
6b. Stems erect; pedicel to 15 mm.
7a. Leaf apex obtuse; flowers sparse; sepals oblong, 4–5 mm ................................ 5. C. limprichtii
7b. Leaf apex acute; flowers dense; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 7–8 mm .................. 6. C. thomsonii
4b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate.
8a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate.
9a. Plants annual; leaves 1–3 cm × 2–5 mm; flowers borne in a lax dichasium; calyx strongly
inflated in fruit; capsule conical-cylindric ........................................................... 7. C. dichotomum
9b. Plants perennial; leaves 1–2.5 cm × 3–10 mm; flower solitary; calyx not inflated in fruit;
capsule cylindric .......................................................................................... 8. C. lithospermifolium
8b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate.
10a. Leaf apex obtuse; petals slightly shorter than or equaling sepals ......................... 9. C. szechuense
10b. Leaves apex acute; petals longer than sepals.
11a. Leaves 1.3–2 cm × 2–4 mm; petals ca. 0.5 cm ....................................... 10. C. baischanense
11b. Leaves 0.5–1 cm × 1–2 mm; petals 1–1.3 cm ......................................... 11. C. morrisonense
3b. Plants at least 15 cm tall.
12a. Leaves ovate, oblong, or elliptic.
13a. Plants stout, 40–100 cm tall; leaves 5–8 × 1.5–4 cm.
14a. Leaves and bracts opposite ............................................................................. 12. C. davuricum
14b. Leaves and bracts 3-verticillate ................................................................... 13. C. verticifolium
13b. Plants slender, 15–60 cm tall; leaves 1–4 × 0.3–1.5 cm.
15a. Stems glabrescent; petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals ............................................. 14. C. wilsonii
15b. Stems pilose and/or glandular pubescent; petals slightly shorter than or equaling
sepals ................................................................................................................ 15. C. fontanum
12b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblanceolate.
16a. Leave ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate.
17a. Plants perennial; leaves ovate-lanceolate; sepals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm; petals
oblong
or obovate, apex bifid ........................................................................................ 16. C. furcatum
17b. Plants annual; leaves oblanceolate; sepals ovate, 2–3 mm; petals spatulate, apex
entire ................................................................................................ 17. C. takasagomontanum
16b. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
18a. Leaves lanceolate.
19a. Leaves 0.2–1 cm wide; sepals lanceolate; petal apex 2-lobed ................... 18. C. falcatum
19b. Leaves 1–2 cm wide; sepals ovate-oblong; petal apex entire ............... 19. C. pauciflorum
18b. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
20a. Leaves 1–2.5 cm; petals apically 2-lobed for 1/4–1/3 their length .............. 20. C. arvense
20b. Leaves 3–8 cm; petals apically entire, retuse, or crenately 2-lobed.
21a. Petals spatulate, apex entire .......................................................... 21. C. subpilosum
21b. Petals obovate, apex retuse or crenately 2-lobed.
22a. Leaves 3–5 cm × 3–6 mm; sepals lanceolate; petals slightly longer
than sepals; capsule ca. 2 × as long as sepals ................... 22. C. tianschanicum
22b. Leaves 4–8 cm × 5–15 mm; sepals ovate; petals 2–3 × as long as
sepals;
capsule 2.5–3 × as long as sepals ............................................. 23. C. maximum
Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.

1. Cerastium cerastoides (Linnaeus) Britton, Mem. Torrey Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, subequaling or 1.5–2 × as
Bot. Club 5: 150. 1894. long as calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds brown, compressed
triangular, tuberculate. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. May–Jun.
六齿卷耳 liu chi juan er
Forest margins, mountain slope grasslands, sandy riversides; 100–
Stellaria cerastoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753; 3700 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Cerastium cerastoides var. foliosum Kozhevnikov; Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [cosmopoli-
Dichodon cerastoides (Linnaeus) Reichenbach. tan weed].

Herbs perennial, 10–20 cm tall. Stems caespitose, 1a. Capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx 3a. var. glomeratum
creeping basally, decumbent or ascending, branched 1b. Capsule subequaling calyx . 3b. var. brachycarpum
distally, pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8–20 × 3a. Cerastium glomeratum var. glomeratum
1.5–2(–3) mm, apex acuminate. Cyme 3–7-flowered,
球序卷耳(原变种) qiu xu juan er (yuan bian zhong)
rarely solitary; bracts leaflike, lanceolate. Pedicel 1.5–2
cm, glandular pubescent, recurved in fruit. Sepals Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus var. glomeratum
broadly lanceolate, 4–6(–7) mm, 1-veined, margin (Thuillier) Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker.
membranous. Petals obovate, 8–12 mm, 2-lobed for ca.
1/4 their length. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule Capsule 1.5–2 × as long as calyx.
cylindric, 10–12 mm, 6-toothed. Seeds reniform- Mountain slope grasslands; below 3700 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou,
globose, tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Xizang, Yunnan,
Zhejiang [cosmopolitan weed].
Mountain valleys near moist grasslands; 1000–2400 m (3300–5100 m
in Xizang). Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Xizang [Afghanistan, 3b. Cerastium glomeratum var. brachycarpum L. H. Zhou
India, ?Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, ?Nepal, Pakistan, Russia & Q. Z. Han, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 49. 1995.
(Siberia); N Africa, SW Asia, Europe, North America]. 短果卷耳 duan guo juan er
2. Cerastium parvipetalum Hosokawa, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Capsule subequaling calyx.
Taiwan 22: 227. 1932.
• Forest margins, sandy riversides; ca. 100 m. Liaoning.
小瓣卷耳 xiao ban juan er The status of this variety needs further study. In other parts of the
range of Cerastium glomeratum, plants growing in very dry
Herbs annual or biennial, 10–20 cm tall. Stems slender,
conditions often have short capsules.
pilose. Leaves subsessile, ovate-elliptic, ca. 3 × 1 cm, 4. Cerastium pusillum Seringe in de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 418.
adaxially pubescent, base abruptly attenuate, apex 1824.
acuminate. Cyme terminal, lax. Pedicel filiform, ca. 8
mm, viscous pilose. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3 山卷耳 shan juan er
mm, abaxially pilose, apex acuminate. Petals 5, ovate, Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus var. leiopetalum Fenzl.
ca. 2 mm; claw short; limb apex shortly 2-toothed,
teeth acuminate at tip. Stamens 5. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall. Roots slender, fibrous.
mm. Styles 3, ca. 2 mm. Capsule cylindric-globose, ca. Stems caespitose, ascending, densely pubescent.
2 mm, apex truncate, 6-toothed. Proximal leaves spatulate, long pubescent; distal leaves
oblong to ovate-elliptic, 5–15 × 3–7 mm, both surfaces
• Mountains; 1000–1500 m. S Taiwan. white pubescent, midvein conspicuous, base cuneate,
3. Cerastium glomeratum Thuillier, Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 2, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Cyme terminal; bracts
226. 1799. leaflike. Pedicel 5–8 mm, densely glandular pubescent,
after anthesis usually nutant. Sepals 5, lanceolate-
球序卷耳 qiu xu juan er oblong, 5–6 mm, abaxially densely pubescent, margin
Herbs annual, 10–20 cm tall. Stems simple or broadly membranous, sometimes purplish. Petals 5,
caespitose, densely villous, distally glandular pubescent. white, oblong, 1.3–1.5 × as long as sepals, 2-lobed for
Proximal leaves spatulate; distal leaves obovate-elliptic, ca. 1/4 their length. Styles 5. Capsule narrowly
1.5–2.5 × 0.5–1 cm, base attenuate into a short petiole, cylindric, ca. 2 × as long as calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds
both surfaces villous, midvein prominent, margin ciliate. brown, compressed globose, tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr.
Inflorescence of compact, cymose clusters (glomerules); Aug–Sep.
rachis densely glandular pubescent; bracts leaflike, Mountain summit grasslands; 2800–3800 m. Gansu, SW Nei Mongol
ovate-elliptic, densely pubescent. Pedicel 1–3 mm, (Helan Shan), Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Yunnan [Afghanistan,
densely pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia].
abaxially densely long glandular pubescent, margin 5. Cerastium limprichtii Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax, Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 365. 1922.
narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
oblong, subequaling or slightly longer than sepals, base 椭圆叶卷耳 tuo yuan ye juan er
pilose, apex 2-lobed. Stamens shorter than sepals.
Herbs perennial, 10–15(–20) cm tall. Stems simple, Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall, glandular pubescent.
spreading whitish pilose, distally glandular. Leaves Stems sparsely caespitose. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1–
elliptic, 5–7 × 2–4 mm, margin remotely ciliate, apex 2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, both surfaces white pilose, apex acute.
obtuse. Dichasium few flowered; bracts leaflike. Flower solitary, terminal; pedicel erect, 1–3 cm. Sepals
Flowers 8–10 mm in diam.; pedicel ca. 1.5 cm, 5, oblong-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 3 mm,
glandular. Sepals oblong, 4–5 mm, pilose, margin white, apex acuminate. Petals white, broadly obovate, 14–16
apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 7 mm, glabrous, apex mm, apex retuse. Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, ca. 2 × as
2-lobed. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule ca. 2 × as long long as calyx, 10-toothed, teeth revolute. Seeds light
as calyx. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. brown, compressed globose, tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr.
• Forests, mountain slope grasslands and summit rocks, roadsides; Aug–Oct.
3000–3500 m. W Hebei (Xiaowutai Shan), S Shaanxi (Taibai Shan). Mountain slope grasslands; 300–3600 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
6. Cerastium thomsonii J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 228. Mongolia, Russia].
1874. 9. Cerastium szechuense F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
藏南卷耳 zang nan juan er 34: 433. 1899.
四川卷耳 si chuan juan er
Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall. Stems caespitose, erect,
slender, densely glandular pubescent. Leaves elliptic or Herbs annual, 17–20 cm tall, glandular pubescent.
Stems simple or basally branched. Leaves sessile,
oblong, 0.5–1.5 × 0.3–1 cm, both surfaces long pilose,
lanceolate, apex obtuse. Cyme terminal, many flowered,
midvein prominent, base attenuate into a short petiole
inflexed after anthesis; bracts leaflike. Sepals oblong-
on proximal leaves, broader and amplexicaul on distal
lanceolate, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals
leaves, apex subacute. Cyme subumbellate, few
white, narrowly elliptic-cuneate, slightly shorter than
flowered; bracts with narrowly scarious margin. or equaling sepals, apex 2-lobed. Stamens 10. Capsule
Flowers large; pedicel 3–15 mm, densely glandular narrowly cylindric, 10-toothed, ca. 2 × as long as calyx.
pubescent. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 2 mm, Seeds few.
abaxially laxly glandular pubescent, margin broadly • Mountain slope grasslands; 2100–3500 m. N and W Sichuan.
membranous, apex subacute. Petals white, broadly 10. Cerastium baischanense Y. C. Chu, Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin.
obovate, 8–9 mm, apex 2-lobed. Stamens shorter than Bor.-Orient. 3: 227. 1975.
sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, ca. 1 长白卷耳 chang bai juan er
cm. Seeds brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. Herbs perennial, 6–20 cm tall, densely pubescent.
Forests, scrub, mountain slope grasslands, mire meadows; 2500–3500 Stems caespitose, ascending, slender. Proximal leaves
m. Xizang [Afghanistan, NW India, ?Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan]. oblanceolate, small, pilose, base attenuate into a short
7. Cerastium dichotomum Linnaeus subsp. inflatum (Link) petiole, apex acute; middle and distal leaves lanceolate
Cullen in Hedge & al., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 27: or linear-lanceolate, larger, 1.3–2 cm × 2–4 mm,
211. 1967.
midvein conspicuous, base cuneate, apex acute; leaf
膨萼卷耳 peng e juan er axils with dwarf, sterile shoots. Cyme terminal, 3–5-
Cerastium inflatum Link in Desfontaines, Tabl. Ecole flowered; bracts leaflike, broadly lanceolate, pilose,
Bot., ed. 3, 462. 1829. apex acute. Pedicel 4–15 mm, densely spreading hairy.
Herbs annual, 10–15 cm tall. Stems simple or few Sepals oblong-lanceolate or suboblong, 4–5 mm,
branched, erect, pubescent, mixed with glandular hairs abaxially pilose, margin membranous, apex obtuse.
distally. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1–3 cm × 2–5 mm, Petals white, oblong-obovate, 5–5.5 × 2–2.5 mm,
pilose, base amplexicaul, margin ciliate, apex slightly longer than sepals, 2-lobed for 1/5–1/4 their
acuminate. Dichasium terminal, somewhat lax; bracts length. Stamens 10, shorter than petals. Styles 5.
leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, pilose. Calyx ovate, 1–1.2 cm Capsule cylindric, 8–10 mm, 10-toothed, teeth erect.
× ca. 3.5 mm, strongly inflated in fruit, abaxially Seeds broadly ovoid, slightly compressed, tuberculate.
glandular pubescent, margin membranous. Petals Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Aug.
oblong-obovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as calyx, apex retuse. • Alpine tundra, moist stony slopes, near hot springs; ca. 1700 m. S
Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule erect, conical-cylindric, Jilin (Changbai Shan).
ca. 1.5 × as long as calyx, teeth flat. Fl. May–Jul. 11. Cerastium morrisonense Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
Tokyo 25: 57. 1908.
Coniferous forests, hilly meadows; ca. 1500 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan; 玉山卷耳 yu shan juan er
SW Asia]. Cerastium formosanum (Ohwi) Ohwi; C. morrisonense
Some authors treat this taxon at specific rank, as Cerastium inflatum. var. formosanum Ohwi; C. trigynum Villars var.
It differs from typical C. dichotomum (from N Africa, C and SW Asia, morrisonense (Hayata) Hayata; C. trigynum var.
and S Europe) in having the dichasium somewhat lax and the calyx taiwanianum S. S. Ying.
strongly inflated in fruit.
8. Cerastium lithospermifolium Fischer, Mém. Soc. Imp.
Herbs perennial or biennial, glandular pubescent when
Naturalistes Moscou 3: 81. 1812. young. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5–10 × 1–2 mm, base
紫草叶卷耳 zi cao ye juan er attenuate, semiamplexicaul, apex acute, aristate. Cyme
ca. 3-flowered or flower solitary; bracts scalelike.
Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals broadly so, ca. 6 mm, abaxially pilose, margin
lanceolate, 6–7 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent, membranous, apex acute. Petals narrowly obovate, ca. 2
adaxially glabrous, margin membranous. Petals white, × as long as sepals, 2-lobed for ca. 1/2 their length,
obovate, 1–1.3 cm, apex 2-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted lobes lanceolate, apex acuminate. Stamens slightly
opposite sepals; filaments 5–6 mm, 2-glandular at base. longer than sepals. Styles 5, linear. Capsule cylindric,
Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. slightly longer than calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds numerous,
Styles 5, inserted opposite sepals, ca. 3 mm. Capsule brown, subtriangular-globose, slightly compressed, ca.
erect, cylindric, ca. 7 × 1–2 mm, 10-toothed. Seeds 1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Jul.
reniform-globose, compressed, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. • Forest margins, mountain slopes; 1100–2000 m. Anhui, Gansu,
• Forests, slopes, rocks; 2500–4000 m. Taiwan. Henan, Hubei, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
12. Cerastium davuricum Fischer ex Sprengel, Pl. Min. 15. Cerastium fontanum Baumgarten, Enum. Stirp.
Cogn. Pug. 2: 65. 1815. Transsilv. 1: 425. 1816.
达乌里卷耳 da wu li juan er
喜泉卷耳 xi quan juan er
Cerastium amplexicaule Sims.
Herbs perennial, 50–100 cm tall, subglabrous or proxi- Herbs short-lived perennial or annual, 15–40 cm tall.
mally villous. Stems stout, longitudinally striate. Stems caespitose or simple, suberect; sterile stems
Leaves sessile, oblong to elliptic or ovate, 5–8 × 1.5–3 decumbent; flowering stems pilose and/or glandular
cm, base amplexicaul, apex subobtuse or acute. Cyme pubescent all round. Basal leaves ovate, obovate-
large, spreading; bracts leaflike, ovate. Flowers ca. 3 lanceolate, ovate-spatulate, or spatulate, 5–13 × 3–10
cm in diam.; pedicel 1–2.5(–6) cm. Sepals 5, glossy, mm, both surfaces pilose, base attenuate into a petiole;
elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 0.8–1.2 cm × 3.5–5 cauline leaves subsessile, ovate, oblong, or narrowly
mm, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals white, ovate-oblong, 1–3(–4) × 0.3–1(–1.2) cm, both surfaces
obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals; claw bearded; limb pilose or pubescent, margin densely ciliate, apex acute.
apex 2-lobed. Stamens equaling sepals. Styles 5. Cyme terminal, spreading, lax, up to 40-flowered;
Capsule cylindric, straight, 1.5–2 × as long as calyx. bracts leaflike, ovate, 3–5 mm, both surfaces glandular
Seeds dark brown, oblate, ca. 1.5 mm, acutely pubescent. Pedicel slender, 0.5–2.5 cm, densely
tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. glandular pubescent, recurved after anthesis. Sepals
Coniferous forests, hill scrub, meadows; (1000–)1900–2400 (–2800) oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 mm, abaxially densely
m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia; SW Asia]. glandular pubescent, margin membranous or narrowly
The specific epithet was spelled “dahuricum” in FRPS; however, the so. Petals obovate or obovate-oblong, shorter than to 2
protologue used the spelling “davuricum.” × as long as sepals, apex 2-lobed. Stamens shorter than
The flowers are large and ornamental.
petals. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 5, linear, slightly
13. Cerastium verticifolium R. L. Dang & X. M. Pi, Bull. longer than ovary. Capsule cylindric, 8–10 mm, ca. 2 ×
Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 431. 1995. as long as calyx, 10-toothed, teeth usually recurved.
轮叶卷耳 lun ye juan er Seeds brown, usually 0.4–0.8 mm in diam., tuberculate.
Herbs perennial, 40–100 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely Fl. Apr–Jun, fr. May–Jul.
villous. Stems stout, longitudinally striate. Leaves 3- Forests, forest margins, mountain slopes, hilltop grasslands, fields,
verticillate, sessile, oblong or elliptic, 6–8 × 1.5–4 cm, sandy soils, rock crevices, roadsides; 100–4300 m. Anhui, Fujian,
base cuneate or amplexicaul, apex obtuse. Cyme Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei,
terminal; bracts 3-verticillate, leaflike, elliptic- Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qing-
hai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan,
lanceolate. Flowers large; pedicel 1–4 cm. Sepals
Zhejiang [cosmopolitan weed].
glossy, oblong-lanceolate, 0.9–1.1 cm × 4–5 mm,
margin membranous, apex acute. Petals white, 1a. Herbs short-lived perennial; petals shorter
obcordate, 2-lobed for ca. 1/3 their length. Stamens 10, than or equaling sepals ............ 15a. subsp. vulgare
equaling sepals. Styles 5. Capsule not seen. 1a. Herbs annual; petals 7–9 mm,
• Mountain valleys; 1800–2000 m. Xinjiang.
1.5–2 × as long as sepals 15b. subsp. grandiflorum
14. Cerastium wilsonii Takeda, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 15a. Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (Hartman) Greuter
1910: 381. 1910. & Burdet in Greuter & Raus, Willdenowia 12: 37. 1982.
卵叶卷耳 luan ye juan er 簇生泉卷耳 cu sheng quan juan er
Herbs perennial, 25–35 cm tall. Roots slender. Stems Cerastium vulgare Hartman, Handb. Skand. Fl. 182.
ascending, glabrescent. Basal leaves spatulate, base 1820; C. caespitosum Gilibert ex Ascherson, nom. illeg.
attenuate into a long petiole; cauline leaves sessile, (included C. viscosum Linnaeus and C. vulgatum
ovate or ovate-elliptic, 1.5–2.5 cm × 8–12 mm, midvein Linnaeus); C. caespitosum subsp. triviale (Spenner)
and base villous, apex acute. Cyme terminal, many Hiitonen; C. fontanum var. angustifolium (Franchet) H.
flowered; bracts leaflike, small, pilose. Pedicel slender, Hara; C. fontanum subsp. holosteoides (Fries) Salman
to 3 cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals lanceolate or
et al.; C. fontanum var. tibeticum (Edgeworth & J. D. Forest margins, mountain valleys, hillsides and summits, meadows;
Hooker) C. Y. Wu & L. H. Zhou; C. fontanum subsp. 1200–3800 m. Gansu, Henan, S Jilin (Changbai Shan), Ningxia,
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [N Korea, E Russia].
triviale (Spenner) Jalas; C. holosteoides Fries; C.
17. Cerastium takasagomontanum Masamune, Trans. Nat.
holosteoides var. hallaisanense (Nakai) Mizushima; C. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 28: 120. 1938.
holosteoides subsp. triviale (Spenner) Möschl; C.
高山卷耳 gao shan juan er
ianthes F. N. Williams; C. triviale Link, nom. illeg.
Arenaria takasagomontana (Masamune) S. S. Ying;
(included C. viscosum and C. vulgatum); C. vulgatum
Cerastium subpilosum Hayata var. takasagomontanum
Linnaeus var. angustifolium Franchet; C. vulgatum
(Masamune) S. S. Ying.
subsp. caespitosum Dostál; C. vulgatum var.
Herbs annual, usually densely glandular pubescent.
hallaisanense Nakai; C. vulgatum var. tibeticum
Stems erect. Leaves oblanceolate, 1–3.5 cm × 3–8 mm,
Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker. base attenuate, semiamplexicaul, apex acute. Cyme
Herbs short-lived perennial. Petals shorter than or terminal; bracts ovate, margin ciliate. Pedicel 1–2 cm.
equaling sepals. Sepals ovate, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, apex obtuse. Petals
Forest margins, mountain slopes, hilltop grasslands, fields, sandy
spatulate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex entire.
soils, rock crevices, roadsides; 100–2300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Stamens 1.5–2 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm. Styles 1–
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, 1.5 mm. Capsule erect, cylindric-ovoid, 2.5–3 mm,
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, acutely 8–10-toothed.
Zhejiang [cosmopolitan weed]. • Mountain slopes and rocks; 2500–3400 m. C Taiwan.
15b. Cerastium fontanum subsp. grandiflorum H. Hara, J. 18. Cerastium falcatum Bunge ex Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl.
Jap. Bot. 52: 353. 1977. Ross. 1: 398. 1842.
大花泉卷耳 da hua quan juan er 披针叶卷耳 pi zhen ye juan er
Cerastium grandiflorum Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Cerastium maximum Linnaeus var. falcatum Grenier.
Nepal. 216. 1825, not Gilibert (1782), nor Waldstein & Herbs perennial, 15–40 cm tall, sparsely glandular
Kitaibel (1803–1805); C. holosteoides subsp. triviale pubescent. Stems ascending or erect. Leaves sessile,
var. grandiflorum Majumdar; C. nipaulense Wallich ex lanceolate, 2–6 × 0.2–1 cm, both surfaces and margin
G. Don, nom. illeg. (included C. grandiflorum pilose, midvein conspicuous, base cuneate, apex acute.
Hamilton ex D. Don); C. triviale var. nipaulense F. N. Cyme terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate. Pedicel slender,
Williams, nom. illeg.; C. vulgatum var. grandiflorum 2.5–3 cm, glandular pubescent, usually pendent in fruit.
Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker. Sepals lanceolate, 3–5 mm, glandular pubescent,
Herbs annual. Petals 7–9 mm, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals. margin membranous, apex sharply pointed. Petals
Forested mountain slopes; 3100–4300 m. Xizang [Nepal]. obovate-oblong, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex 2-
The placement of this variety under Cerastium fontanum requires lobed. Stamens shorter than petals. Styles 5. Capsule
further study. oblong-ovoid, 10-toothed. Seeds brown, reniform-
16. Cerastium furcatum Chamisso & Schlechtendal, globose, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.
Linnaea 1: 61. 1826. Scrub forests, grassy forest margins, mountain slopes, ravines, edges
缘毛卷耳 yuan mao juan er of farmland; 800–2800 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shanxi,
Cerastium amurense Ohwi; C. ciliatum Ohwi; C. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia].
ciliatum var. acutifolium (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; C. 19. Cerastium pauciflorum Steven ex Seringe in de
ciliatum var. brevifolium (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; C. Candolle, Prodr. 1: 414. 1824.
rigidum Ledebour (1815), not (Scopoli) Vitman (1789); 疏花卷耳 shu hua juan er
C. rubescens Mattfeld; C. vulgatum Linnaeus var. Herbs perennial, 20–60 cm tall. Roots slender. Stems
acutifolium Franchet; C. vulgatum var. brevifolium caespitose, erect or ascending, pubescent, distally
Franchet. glandular hairy. Basal leaves spatulate, small; cauline
Herbs perennial, 15–55 cm tall. Stems caespitose or leaves sessile, lanceolate, 3–8 × 1–2 cm, both surfaces
simple, suberect, villous, distally both villous and hairy, base attenuate, margin ciliate, apex acute or
glandular pubescent. Basal leaves spatulate; cauline acuminate. Cyme terminal; bracts leaflike, ovate-
leaves ovate-lanceolate, 1–3 × 0.4–1.1 cm, base lanceolate. Flowers 1.5–1.8 cm in diam.; pedicel
rounded or cuneate, apex obtuse or acute. Cyme slender, 0.5–3 cm, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals
spreading; bracts leaflike. Pedicel slender, 1–3.5 cm, ovate-oblong, ca. 6 × 2 mm, abaxially glandular
densely pubescent and glandular pubescent, recurved in pubescent, margin membranous. Petals obovate or
fruit. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, pubescent, obovate-oblong, 1–1.3 cm, 1.5–3 × as long as calyx,
glabrous or pilose at base, apex entire. Stamens
margin broadly membranous. Petals oblong or obovate,
glabrous or filaments pilose at base. Styles 5. Capsule
1.5–2 × as long as sepals, base ciliate, apex 2-lobed.
cylindric, ca. 2 × as long as calyx, 10-toothed, teeth
Stamens sparsely villous. Styles 5. Capsule cylindric, ca. revolute. Seeds yellow-brown, triangular-reniform,
2 × as long as calyx. Seeds brown, compressed globose, tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.
Forests, hillside scrub forests, meadows, wet river banks, wet Xinjiang, Yunnan [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; Eu-
mountain roadsides; 200–2500 m. Gansu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liao- rope, North and South America].
ning, Xinjiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
In FRPS, Cerastium arvense var. arvense was recorded from China,
1a. Leaves 3–6 cm; petals 1.5–2 × as long as as well as var. angustifolium (a synonym of the widespread subsp.
calyx; strictum) and var. glabellum. The identity of Chinese material as
petals and filaments glabrous 19a. var. pauciflorum subsp. arvense needs confirmation: this taxon is native to W Europe
1a. Leaves 4–8 cm; petals 2.5–3 × as long as and has been introduced into several other temperate regions, where it
calyx; grows as a weed in grassy places. Its chromosome number is
petals and filaments pilose at base 19b. var. oxalidiflorum
tetraploid (2n = 72), as compared with diploid (2n = 36) in subsp.
strictum. These two subspecies are very difficult to separate
19a. Cerastium pauciflorum var. pauciflorum morphologically, especially in the herbarium, but a chromosome
疏花卷耳(原变种) shu hua juan er (yuan bian zhong) count can provide a strong indication of identity. Cerastium arvense
var. glabellum (Turczaninow) Fenzl (in Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 1: 413.
Cerastium ledebourianum Seringe; C. pilosum 1842, based on C. glabellum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Ledebour (1815), not Smith (1809). Naturalistes Moscou 15: 614. 1842) is probably only a glabrous form
of subsp. strictum.
Leaves 3–6 cm. Petals 1.5–2 × as long as calyx. Petals
and filaments glabrous. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–Aug. 21. Cerastium subpilosum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 3: 39.
1913.
Hillside scrub forests, wet river banks; 1000–2500 m. Gansu,
Xinjiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia]. 毛卷耳 mao juan er
19b. Cerastium pauciflorum var. oxalidiflorum (Makino) Arenaria subpilosa (Hayata) Ohwi; Cerastium
Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 11: 254. 1942. taiwanense T. S. Liu.
毛蕊卷耳 mao rui juan er Herbs perennial. 15–40 cm tall. Stems slender,
somewhat prostrate, pilose. Leaves sessile, linear-
Cerastium oxalidiflorum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) lanceolate, 3–4.5 cm × 3–4 mm, adaxially aristate
19: 102. 1905; C. pauciflorum var. amurense (Regel) pilose, abaxially subglabrous, base attenuate, margin
Mizushima; C. pilosum var. amurense Regel. remotely ciliate, apex acute. Cyme terminal, lax.
Leaves 4–8 cm. Petals 2.5–3 × as long as calyx. Petals Pedicel slender, 1–3 cm, pubescent. Sepals ovate-
and filaments pilose at base. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. oblong, 2–4 × 1–1.5 mm, margin ciliate, apex obtuse.
Forests, meadows, wet mountain roadsides; 200–800 m. Heilongjiang,
Petals spatulate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, base attenuate,
Jilin, Liaoning [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East)]. apex rounded, entire. Ovary 1–1.5 mm. Styles 4 or 5.
Capsule cylindric, 3–4 × 2–2.5 mm, 8–10-toothed.
20. Cerastium arvense Linnaeus subsp. strictum Gaudin, Fl. Seeds brown-red, oblong-globose, slightly compressed,
Helv. 3: 245. 1828. ca. 1 mm, tuberculate.
卷耳 juan er • Mountains; 3000–3900 m. C Taiwan.
22. Cerastium tianschanicum Schischkin, Trudy Bot. Inst.
Cerastium arvense var. angustifolium Fenzl; C. arvense Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 2: 136. 1936.
var. strictum W. D. J. Koch; C. strictum Haenke (1789), 天山卷耳 tian shan juan er
not Linnaeus (1753). Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus var. tianschanicum
Herbs perennial, 15–35 cm tall. Stems sparsely (Schischkin) Kozhevnikov.
caespitose, creeping proximally, erect distally, Herbs perennial, 15–35 cm tall, densely pubescent.
retrorsely purplish red hairy, distally both retrorsely Stems ascending, distally branched. Leaves sessile,
hairy and glandular pubescent, or glabrous throughout. linear-lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 3–6 mm, base
Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1–4 semiamplexicaul. Cyme lax; bracts ovate-triangular,
mm, pilose or glabrous, base cuneate, amplexicaul, small, margin ciliate. Pedicel equaling or 2–3 × as long
margin sometimes ciliate, apex acute or acuminate; leaf as sepals. Sepals lanceolate, 6–7.5 × 2–3 mm, abaxially
axils with dwarf, sterile shoots. Cyme terminal, 3–7- glandular pubescent, margin membranous. Petals
flowered; bracts leaflike, lanceolate, pilose, margin oblong-obovate, ca. 9 × 5 mm, ca. 1.5 × as long as
scarious. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, densely white glandular sepals, apex retuse. Stamens shorter than petals; anthers
pubescent. Sepals lanceolate, ca. 6 × 1.5–2 mm, yellow, ovoid. Styles 5. Capsule erect, oblong, ca. 2 ×
abaxially densely villous, margin membranous. Petals as long as calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds deep brown,
obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, 2-lobed for 1/4–1/3 reniform or globose, ca. 1 mm, finely and obtusely
their length. Stamens shorter than petals. Styles 5. tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–Jul.
Capsule cylindric, ca. 1.3 × as long as calyx, 10-toothed. Coniferous forests, subalpine meadows, river banks, gullies; 700–
2700 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan].
Seeds numerous, brown, reniform, slightly compressed,
23. Cerastium maximum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 439. 1753.
tuberculate. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 36. 大卷耳 da juan er
Sand dunes under forests of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, forest Herbs perennial, 20–40 cm tall, tomentellous, distally
margins, sand dune scrub, hillsides, grassy mountain valleys and glandular pubescent. Stems simple, erect. Leaves
hilltops, steppes, ditches; 600–4300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Jiangxi, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4–8 × 0.5–1.5 cm, apex
Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan,
acuminate. Cyme terminal; bracts leaflike. Pedicel straight, 1.5–2 × as long as calyx, teeth revolute. Seeds
glandular hairy. Sepals oblong-ovate or ovate, 6–10 × brown, ca. 2 mm, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
3–4 mm, glandular pubescent, margin membranous, Aug–Sep.
apex obtuse. Petals obcordate, 2–3 × as long as sepals, Scrub, grassy river banks. Xinjiang [Russia; North America].
apex crenately 2-lobed. Styles 5. Capsule conical,
14. PSEUDOCERASTIUM C. Y. Wu, X. H. Guo & X. P. Zhang in X. P. Zhang & X. H. Guo,
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20: 395. 1998.
假卷耳属 jia juan er shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Herbs perennial. Stems erect or ascending. Leaves ovate to obovate-spatulate; stipules absent. Inflorescence a leafy
dichasium; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, deeply bifid. Stamens 10. Ovary
1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 5, opposite sepals, attached to deciduous disc. Capsule shortly cylindric,
dehiscing with 10 apical teeth. Seeds numerous, reniform, tuberculate; embryo curved.
• One species.
1. Pseudocerastium stellarioides X. H. Guo & X. P. Zhang, hairy; pedicel slender, densely glandular hairy. Sepals
Acta Bot. Yunnan. 20: 396. 1998. ovate-oblong, 5–7 mm, abaxially glandular pubescent,
假卷耳 jia juan er margin membranous, apex acuminate. Petals obovate-
oblong, 1–1.2 cm; lobes 3–4 mm. Stamens shorter than
Stems 5–25 cm tall, villous, sometimes with intermixed petals. Ovary globose; styles linear. Capsule included in
glandular hairs. Proximal leaves petiolate, distal leaves sepals. Seeds brown. Fl. and fr. Jul.
sessile; leaf blade 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, pubescent, base
rounded or cordate, apex acuminate. Flowers terminal; • 800–1000 m. Anhui.
bracts leaflike, margin pubescent, sometimes glandular

15. MYOSOTON Moench, Methodus 225. 1794.

鹅肠菜属 e chang cai shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Malachium Fries.
Herbs perennial. Stems decumbent or ascending. Leaves ovate; stipules absent. Inflorescence a leafy dichasium;
bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, deeply bifid. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed;
ovules numerous; styles 5, alternating with sepals. Capsule ovoid, dehiscing nearly to 1/2 with 5 shortly bifid valves.
Seeds numerous, reniform, tuberculate; embryo curved.
One species: temperate Asia and Europe.

1. Myosoton aquaticum (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus 225. glandular hairy. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 mm, to ca.
1794. 7 mm in fruit, abaxially glandular pubescent, margin
鹅肠菜 e chang cai narrowly membranous. Petals bifid to base; lobes
lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm. Stamens shorter than petals.
Cerastium aquaticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 439. 1753; Ovary ovoid; styles linear. Capsule pendent from
Malachium aquaticum (Linnaeus) Fries; Stellaria spreading pedicel, exceeding sepals. Seeds rusty brown,
aquatica (Linnaeus) Scopoli. globose, ca. 1 mm, mammillate. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jun–
Stems 20–80 cm, weak, apically glandular hairy. Aug. 2n = 20*, 28.
Proximal leaves petiolate; distal leaves sessile; leaf Mountain slopes, valleys, forests, floodlands, field margins; 300–
blade 2.5–5.5 × 1–3 cm, pubescent or glabrous, base 2700 m. Throughout China [cosmopolitan].
rounded or subcordate, margin undulate, apex acute.
This species is used medicinally, as a wild vegetable, and as fodder.
Flowers terminal or axillary; bracts leaflike, margin
glandular hairy; pedicel 1–2 cm, slender, densely

16. THYLACOSPERMUM Fenzl in Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 967. 1840.

囊种草属 nang zhong cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Cushion shrubs, perennial. Taproot woody. Stems densely caespitose, becoming woody when old. Leaves densely
imbricate, sessile, small; leaf blade ovate, small; stipules absent. Inflorescence a solitary flower in terminal leaf axil.
Flower 5(or 4)-merous. Pedicel nearly absent. Sepals connate below middle, tube obconic. Petals entire. Stamens ca.
2 × as many as sepals; filaments glandular at base, inserted at disc edges. Ovary 1-loculed with several ovules; styles
3(or 2), linear. Fruit a capsule, globose, leathery, 6(or 4)-toothed, several seeded. Seeds reniform, large; testa spongy,
± smooth.
One species: C Asia, W China, Himalayas.
1. Thylacospermum caespitosum (Cambessèdes) Schischkin, × ca. 2 mm, rigid, glossy, base joined to sheath, margin
Sched. Herb. Fl. Ross. 9: 90. 1932. ciliate, apex mucronate. Flowers ca. 4 mm in diam.
囊种草 nang zhong cao Sepals green, lanceolate, ca. 2.5 × 1 mm, 3-veined,
Periandra caespitosa Cambessèdes, Voy. Inde: 27. apex obtuse or acuminate. Petals ovate-oblong, margin
1836; Arenaria caespitosa (Cambessèdes) entire. Disc yellow, orbicular, fleshy. Stamens shorter
Kozhevnikov; A. rupifraga (Karelin & Kirilov) Fenzl than sepals. Capsule glossy yellow, globose, 2.5–3 mm.
ex Ledebour; Bryomorpha rupifraga Karelin & Kirilov; Seed light brown, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Thylacospermum rupifragum (Karelin & Kirilov) Exposed level or gently sloping stony areas, often in rock crevices;
Schrenk. (3600–)4300–6000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang
Cushions ± semiglobose to nearly mat-forming, [NW India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Sikkim].
This is one of the most prominent high-alpine cushion plants.
glabrous, 30–50 cm in diam. Stems very densely
branched, 2–6 cm tall. Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, 2–4

17. MOEHRINGIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 359. 1753.

种阜草属 zhong fu cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems straggling, caespitose, ascending, or erect, slender. Leaves sessile or shortly
petiolate, oblong, obovate, or ovate-lanceolate to linear; stipules absent. Flowers solitary or in lax, few-flowered
cymes; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, white, margin entire. Stamens (5 or
8) or 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles (2 or)3. Capsule ovoid, (4 or)6-toothed. Seeds few, reddish black,
smooth, lucid, with a membranous strophiole; embryo curved.
About 25 species: N temperate regions; three species in China.
1a. Petals 1/3–1/2 as long as sepals; leaves 3-veined, ovate or broadly ovate ........................................ 3. M. trinervia
1b. Petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals; leaves 1-veined.
2a. Leaves elliptic or oblong .......................................................................................................... 1. M. lateriflora
2b. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ...................................................................................... 2. M. umbrosa
1. Moehringia lateriflora (Linnaeus) Fenzl, Vers. Darstell. apex acute. Flower solitary, axillary or terminal. Pedicel
Alsin. 38. 1833. 1.2–1.7 cm, slender, pubescent. Sepals ovate-lanceolate,
种阜草 zhong fu cao 2–3 mm, hairy at base, apex acute. Petals oblong-
Arenaria lateriflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 423. 1753. obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals. Capsule 5–6 mm.
Herbs perennial, with rhizomes. Stems erect, 10–20 cm Seeds brown, reniform, ca. 0.3 mm, slightly flat,
tall, pubescent. Leaves subsessile, elliptic or oblong, 1– strophiolate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
2.5 cm × 4–10 mm, ciliate at margin and veins hairy at Grasslands, woods, scrub; 1800–2700 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
base, 1-veined, apex obtuse. Flowers solitary or in Russia].
cymes, axillary. Pedicel 6–11(–15) mm, slender, 3. Moehringia trinervia (Linnaeus) Clairville, Man. Herbor.
puberulent. Sepals ovate or elliptic, ca. 2 mm, glabrous, Suisse 150. 1811.
margin scarious, apex obtuse. Petals obovate, ca. 2 × as
long as sepals. Stamens shorter than petals. Capsule 三脉种阜草 san mai zhong fu cao
3.5–5.5 mm, apex 6-toothed. Seeds black-brown, Arenaria trinervia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 423. 1753; Stel-
subreniform, ca. 1 mm; strophiole small. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
laria anhweiensis Migo.
Jul–Aug. 2n = 48.
Woods, forest margins; 800–2300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Herbs annual. Stems erect or ascending, 10–40 cm tall,
Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi, Xinjiang [Japan, pubescent, branched at base. Proximal leaves petiolate,
Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia, Europe]. distal leaves subsessile; leaf blade ovate to broadly
2. Moehringia umbrosa (Bunge) Fenzl, Vers. Darstell. Alsin.
ovate, 1–2.5 cm × 5–2 mm, 3-veined, both surfaces
38. 1833.
pilose, ciliate, base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers
新疆种阜草 xin jiang zhong fu cao
solitary and axillary or in terminal or axillary cymes.
Arenaria umbrosa Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: Pedicel 5–25 mm, slender, pubescent. Sepals 4 or 5,
173. 1830. lanceolate, 3–4(–5) mm, with rigid hairs, 1-veined,
Herbs perennial. Stems caespitose, 5–18 cm tall, pub- margin broad, scarious, apex acuminate. Petals 4 or 5,
escent. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, sometimes reduced, obovate-oblong, 1/3–1/2 as long as
1–3 cm × 2–5 mm, pubescent, 1-veined, base attenuate, sepals. Stamens 8–10, shorter than petals. Capsule 2.5–
3 mm, teeth reflexed at apex. Seeds black, globose, Shaded forests, mountain slopes, forest margins, meadows; 1400–
shiny, with small laciniate strophiole. Fl. May–Jun, fr. 2400 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan,
Jun–Jul. 2n = 24. Taiwan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia; SW Asia,
Europe].
18. HOLOSTEUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 88. 1753.
硬骨草属 ying gu cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Herbs annual. Stems ascending to erect. Leaves oblanceolate to elliptic; stipules absent. Inflorescences terminal,
umbellate; bracts immediately subtending calyx absent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, irregularly toothed. Stamens 3–5(or 8–
10). Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 3(4 or 5). Capsule cylindric, opening by 6(or 8 or 10) revolute teeth.
Seeds numerous, dorsiventrally compressed, rugulose; embryo straight.
About four species: Europe and Mediterranean region to C Asia; one species in China.
1. Holosteum umbellatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 88. 1753. margin membra-nous, apex obtuse. Petals white or pale
pink, oblong, subequaling or longer than sepals, apex
硬骨草 ying gu cao
dentate. Stamens 5. Capsule cylindric, somewhat
Stems erect, 5–20 cm tall, simple or branched, usually narrowed above, ca. 2 × as long as sepals. Seeds
glaucous toward base, glandular viscid. Basal leaves reddish brown, 0.5–1 mm. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Jul. 2n
narrowed into petiole, oblanceolate; cauline ones sessile, = 20.
elliptic, 1–3 cm × 3–6 mm, abaxially pubescent, margin Shady mountain grassland slopes; ca. 2300 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan,
ciliate, apex acute. Flowers in umbels. Pedicel deflexed India, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia; Europe, SW Asia].
after anthesis, erect in fruit, 1–1.5 cm, slender, Chinese plants belong to subsp. umbellatum.
pubescent. Sepals oblong, 3–4 mm, abaxially pubescent,

19. ARENARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 423. 1753.

无心菜属 wu xin cai shu
Wu Zhengyi (吴征镒 Wu Cheng-yih), Zhou Lihua (周丽华); Warren L. Wagner
Herbs annual or perennial, rarely biennial. Stems erect or rarely creeping, often caespitose or pulvinate. Leaves
opposite, rarely whorled; leaf blade linear to elliptic, ovate, or orbicular, usually flat, margin entire. Flowers solitary
or numerous in cymes, actinomorphic. Sepals 4 or 5, apex entire, rarely emarginate. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes absent,
apex entire to toothed, 2-cleft, or fimbriate. Stamens (2–5 or 8 or)10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 2 or
3(–5). Capsule ovoid, obovoid, or globose, usually shorter than persistent sepals, rarely equaling or longer than them,
3- or 6-valved. Seeds reniform or subovoid, flattened, smooth, tuberculate, or narrowly winged.
More than 300 species: N temperate to arctic regions; 102 species (79 endemic) in China.
Arenaria has been subdivided into ten subgenera, several of which were further divided into sections and series (McNeill, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 24: 79–155. 1962). Six subgenera are represented in China, one of which (A. subgen. Odontostemma) contains more than half the
species.
Arenaria ladyginii Kozhevnikov (Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 21: 67. 1984) was described from Xizang. However, the type has not been seen by
the present authors and its identity could not be ascertained.

1a. Styles usually 3 and capsules 6-valved or -toothed, or styles rarely 2 and capsules 4-valved or -toothed;
petal apex entire or slightly emarginate; sepals never truncate and saccate at base, not excurved.
2a. Sepals not incrassate at base, veins not obviously impressed; leaf blade subulate to ovate, margin and
apex incrassate, apex not setiform but spinose.
3a. Sepal apex obtuse, margin scarious; basal leaf blade subulate to linear-lanceolate, cauline leaf blade
imbricate in 4 rows (decussate), ovate, less than 5 mm, persistent; flowers solitary or 3 in cymes;
plants congested caespitose or pulvinate (4. A. subgen. Dolophragma).
4a. Plants densely caespitose; stems 10–20 cm, glandular villous ........................................... 33. A. przewalskii
4b. Plants densely pulvinate; stems 2.5–15 cm, glandular villous or glabrous.
5a. Stems 4–15 cm, villous or glandular hairy.
6a. Stems 10–15 cm, villous; sepals ovate to lanceolate-ovate ............................................. 34. A. smithiana
6b. Stems 4–9 cm, glandular villous; sepals elliptic .............................................................. 35. A. oreophila
5b. Stems 2.5–6 cm, glabrous.
7a. Pedicels 2–4 cm; petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals; anthers violet ................................... 36. A. densissima
7b. Pedicels absent (flowers sessile); petals slightly longer than sepals; anthers yellow 37. A. polytrichoides
 3b. Sepal apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse, apex and margin usually hard; leaf blade remote or
sometimes approximate (covering each other), but never imbricate in 4 rows, lanceolate, elliptic,
ovate, or orbicular,
more than 5 mm, deciduous, rarely persistent; flower solitary; plants densely caespitose but never
pulvinate
(5. A. subgen. Solitaria).
8a. Floral disc large, with 5 obvious glands.
9a. Stems 1–15 cm, villous on one side; leaf blade glabrous except ciliate at base; petals white or
pink ........................................................................................................................................ 42. A. forrestii
9b. Stems 2–6 cm, villous all round; leaf blade glandular pubescent; petals violet ............ 43. A. glanduligera
8b. Floral disc small or not impressed, glands small or degenerate.
10a. Petals violet; anthers violet ............................................................................................. 41. A. rhodantha
10b. Petals white or pink; anthers pale yellow, green, or black.
11a. Plants hairy throughout; stems diffuse; leaf blade ovate or ovate-orbicular, margin long hairy;
petals
white; anthers dark green or black ................................................................................... 38. A. ciliolata
11b. Plants not hairy throughout; stems erect; leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly orbicular, margin
shortly
hairy or glabrous; petals white or pink; anthers yellow or green.
12a. Stems 4–6 cm; leaf blade lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, margin shortly hairy; inflorescence
rachis bracteate proximally; sepal apex excurved; petals white or pink; anthers pale yellow 39. A. ramellata
12b. Stems 2–5 cm; leaf blade narrowly orbicular, margin glabrous; inflorescence rachis
ebracteate proximally; sepal apex erect; petals white; anthers green .......................... 40. A. stracheyi
2b. Sepals usually (rarely not) incrassate at base, veins usually obvious (rarely not); leaf blade variously
shaped,
margin and apex not incrassate, or margin scarious, apex spinose when blade aristate.
13a. Leaf blade linear to orbicular, or aristate and narrowly linear, margin not obviously scarious; sepal
veins inconspicuous; plants solitary or caespitose, rarely compacted pulvinate; leaves deciduous,
rarely persistent.
14a. Sepals slightly or not incrassate at base; leaf blade usually linear to ovate, rarely needle-shaped
(1. A. subgen. Arenaria).
15a. Seeds with a flat wing; petals slightly shorter than or equaling sepals ............................. 6. A. compressa
15b. Seeds wingless; petals shorter than bracts, slightly shorter to longer than sepals.
16a. Seeds tuberculate with raised papillae; petals usually slightly shorter than sepals ...... 1. A. serpyllifolia
16b. Seeds not tuberculate with raised papillae; petals equaling or longer than sepals.
17a. Seeds with curls; inflorescence usually axillary; leaf blade elliptic to ovate or orbicular.
18a. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or suborbicular; sepals glabrous abaxially ...................... 2. A. orbiculata
18b. Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or obovate; sepals sparsely white villous on veins abaxially 3. A. neelgherrensis
17b. Seeds reticulate; inflorescence of terminal cymes; leaf blade linear to ovate-saccate.
19a. Capsule 1-seeded; leaf blade linear; sepals with papillose spots abaxially ........... 4. A. monosperma
19b. Capsule several seeded; leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-ovate; sepals white glandular villous
abaxially .................................................................................................................. 5. A. puranensis
14b. Sepals markedly incrassate or woody at base; leaf blade linear or linear-subulate, graminoid,
rarely
aristate with a spinose tip (2. A. subgen. Eremogone).
20a. Plants completely woody at base; sepals not herbaceous, veins inconspicuous, apex usually
acuminate.
21a. Leaf blade apex acute; pedicels glabrous, rarely sparsely glandular hairy ...................... 14. A. griffithii
21b. Leaf blade apex spinose; pedicels densely glandular hairy ........................................ 15. A. androsacea
20b. Plants not completely woody at base; sepals herbaceous throughout or only at middle, veins
impressed,
apex usually obtuse, rarely acute or acuminate.
22a. Sepals herbaceous only at middle, apex long acuminate, with (1–)3 or more parallel veins 7. A. potaninii
22b. Sepals herbaceous ± throughout, apex obtuse, 1-veined.
 23a. Stems with congested, pale brown, long, hardened, dead leaves at base; leaves forming a
sheath at
base .................................................................................................................................... 8. A. juncea
23b. Stems without basal leaves as above; leaves not forming a sheath at base.
24a. Plants pulvinate; stems 4–10 cm; leaf blade linear to subulate, 1.5–5 cm.
25a. Stems 4–10 cm, white glandular hairy distally; sepals ± glandular villous ............ 12. A. formosa
25b. Stems 6–10 cm, villous distally; sepals glabrous ........................................ 13. A. haitzeshanensis
24b. Plants congested caespitose; stems 4–20 cm; leaf blade linear, 2–6 cm.
26a. Stems 4–10 cm, glandular pubescent distally ................................................. 11. A. grueningiana
26b. Stems 10–20 cm; all or only peduncle proximally glandular hairy, or glabrous.
27a. Stems glabrous proximally, becoming glandular hairy or villous distally; sepals
glabrous ................................................................................................................ 9. A. capillaris
27b. Stems hirsutulous throughout; sepals densely glandular hairy .......................... 10. A. acicularis
13b. Leaf blade subulate to linear, never setiform or graminoid, margin obviously scarious; sepal veins
impressed; plants caespitose to compacted pulvinate; leaves persistent (3. A. subgen.
Eremogoneastrum).
28a. Flowers few, in cymes.
29a. Stems sparsely villous, 2–3 cm; leaf blade 5–6 mm; sepals 3-veined ..................... 31. A. taibaishanensis
29b. Stems glandular villous, to 8 cm; leaf blade 0.7–20 mm; sepals usually 1-veined ........ 32. A. festucoides
28b. Flowers solitary, rarely paired.
30a. Flowers sessile.
31a. Sepals violet abaxially; petals pink, lanceolate or orbicular .................................... 27. A. shannanensis
31b. Sepals green; petals white, ovate, obovate, or saccate.
32a. Flowers ca. 1.8 cm in diam.; sepals ovate-lanceolate; petals broadly obovate, ca. 1.5 × as
long as sepals ...................................................................................................... 28. A. edgeworthiana
32b. Flowers ca. 0.8 cm in diam.; sepals elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate; petals narrowly
obovate
or saccate, shorter or slightly longer than sepals.
33a. Sepals elliptic-lanceolate; petals narrowly obovate, slightly longer than sepals; anthers
equal;
styles equaling ovary ............................................................................................. 29. A. bryophylla
33b. Sepals lanceolate; petals saccate, shorter than sepals; anthers 5 long and 5 short; styles ca.
2.5 × as long as ovary ............................................................................................. 30. A. zadoiensis
30b. Flowers pedicellate.
34a. Pedicels glandular villous or villous.
35a. Pedicels villous.
36a. Sepals lanceolate, glabrous .................................................................................... 19. A. kansuensis
36b. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, sparsely pilose, at least at base ............................... 20. A. ischnophylla
35b. Pedicels glandular villous.
37a. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined; petals ovate, ca. 1/3–1/2 as long as sepals ..... 16. A. brevipetala
37b. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-veined; petals elliptic, slightly longer than sepals.
38a. Flowers solitary, rarely paired, pedicel 2.5–5 × as long as bracts; anthers yellow 17. A. baxoiensis
38b. Flowers solitary, never paired, pedicel shorter than bracts; anthers black ....... 18. A. kumaonensis
34b. Pedicels glabrous.
39a. Pedicels 4–10 mm.
40a. Pedicels 5–10 mm; sepals lanceolate, ca. 5 mm; anthers yellow; petals not callose at base 21. A. roborowskii
40b. Pedicels ca. 4 mm; sepals elliptic, 3 mm; anthers white; petals with a yellow, oblong
callus
at base ................................................................................................................. 22. A. lancangensis
39b. Pedicels 1–2 mm.
41a. Sepals hard, 1-veined, base ciliate, apex greenish brown ......................................... 23. A. gerzensis
41b. Sepals soft, 1–3-veined, base not ciliate, apex green.
42a. Flowers 6–7 mm in diam. ..................................................................................... 26. A. pulvinata
42b. Flowers ca. 15 mm in diam.
43a. Sepals linear-lanceolate, 7–8 mm, 1–3 veined; petals elliptic-ovate, 8–9 mm; anthers
yellow ........................................................................................................... 24. A. qinghaiensis
 43b. Sepals lanceolate, 6–7 mm, closely 3-veined; petals obovate, 4–5 mm; anthers violet 25. A. aksayqingensis
1b. Styles usually 2, sometimes 3(or 4 or 5); capsule 4-valved or -toothed, rarely 6-, 8-, or 10-valved or -
toothed;
petal apex entire to fimbriate; sepals truncate and ± saccate at base, excurved (6. A. subgen.
Odontostemma).
44a. Petal apex toothed or fimbriate; filaments opposite sepals with a gland at base; styles 2.
45a. Petals fimbriate or toothed.
46a. Roots conic.
47a. Leaf blade 0.5–1.5 × 0.2–1 cm; sepals 4–10 mm; petals slightly longer than sepals ....... 101. A. delavayi
47b. Leaf blade 1–3 × 0.5–0.6 cm; sepals 3–6 mm; petals ca. 2 × as long as sepals ......... 102. A. yunnanensis
46b. Roots fusiform, solitary or caespitose, rarely each node of rhizome globose or clavate, forming a
moniliform chain.
48a. Roots moniliform .......................................................................................................... 106. A. monilifera
48b. Roots fusiform.
49a. Leaves glabrous; sepal margin black ciliate ............................................................. 92. A. salweenensis
49b. Leaves often glandular pubescent; sepals glandular pubescent but margin not black ciliate.
50a. Anthers yellow, rarely green.
51a. Stems 10–25 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, orbicular-elliptic, or orbicular-lanceolate;
pedicels villous or glandular hairy ............................................................................ 97. A. fimbriata
51b. Stems 40–60 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic-saccate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate; pedicels
multicellular pubescent or glandular hairy.
52a. Plants annual or biennial; stems 30–60 cm; leaves to 40 cm; seeds 2 or 3 ................ 98. A. debilis
52b. Plants perennial; stems 10–40 cm; leaves to 15 cm; seeds 11 or 12 .................. 99. A. polysperma
50b. Anthers black, violet, or yellowish brown (rarely yellow in A. iochanensis).
53a. Plants hispid; leaf blade ovate or orbicular-elliptic ............................................. 93. A. trichophora
53b. Plants glandular or shortly villous; leaf blade broadly lanceolate, orbicular-ovate, or
orbicular.
54a. Stem solitary, branched below middle; leaf blade orbicular-obovate or orbicular, 3–10
mm
wide; seeds 2–4, wingless; roots several clustered together .................................... 96. A. barbata
54b. Stems branched at base, procumbent, diffuse, or erect; leaf blade lanceolate, 1–4 mm
wide;
seeds numerous, with a narrow wing; root solitary.
55a. Stems procumbent or erect; leaf blade usually broadly lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide;
pedicels 0.5–1.5 cm; petal apex fimbriate; anthers violet or black ......... 94. A. yulongshanensis
55b. Stems diffuse; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 1–3 mm wide; pedicels 0.5–2 cm;
petal apex slightly toothed; anthers yellow ..................................................... 95. A. iochanensis
45b. Petal apex toothed.
56a. Roots solitary or several clustered together, spinose, rarely conic.
57a. Stems slender; leaves glabrous or sparsely hairy; petal apex 4-toothed.
58a. Stems glandular pubescent with 2 lines of hairs; leaves sparsely hairy; petals obovate or
narrowly elliptic ..................................................................................................... 80. A. quadridentata
58b. Stems and leaves glabrous; petals obovate or cuneate ..................................................... 81. A. giraldii
57b. Stems rigid; leaves variously hairy; petal apex with small teeth.
59a. Leaf blade ovate or ovate-orbicular; sepals orbicular-ovate or orbicular-lanceolate ..... 85. A. fridericae
59b. Leaf blade mostly ovate-lanceolate or ovate; sepals lanceolate, rarely ovate.
60a. Sepals long villous; petals longer than sepals, but less than 2 × as long as them ... 82. A. trichophylla
60b. Sepals villous or glandular hairy; petals more than 1.5 × as long as sepals.
61a. Stems to 1.5 cm, with numerous branches; flower solitary, terminal, to 1.5 cm in diam.;
anthers violet to yellow-brown ............................................................................ 83. A. pogonantha
61b. Stems to 30 cm, distally with branched, dichasial cymes; flowers small, to 0.8 cm in
diam.;
anthers blue-green to yellow ........................................................................... 84. A. dimorphitricha
56b. Roots conic, fleshy, rarely fibrous.
 62a. Roots fibrous; stems brown glandular villous; leaf blade tuberculate on both surfaces, petiole
2–5
mm ................................................................................................................................. 86. A. longicaulis
62b. Roots conic, fleshy; stems glabrous, subglabrous, or glandular hairy; leaf blade not tuberculate,
petiole 1–2 cm or leaves sessile.
63a. Stems glabrous or subglabrous; petiole 1–2 cm (at least proximal cauline leaves petiolate) 87. A. longipetiolata
63b. Stems villous or glandular hairy; leaves sessile or shortly petiolate.
64a. Stems pale brown, villous.
65a. Stems 4–7 cm; leaf blade elliptic or obovate-elliptic; sepals long villous abaxially 88. A. leucasteria
65b. Stems 10–15 cm; leaf blade elliptic to broadly elliptic-saccate; sepals sparsely glandular
pubescent abaxially .......................................................................................... 89. A. nivalomontana
64b. Stems green, glandular hairy.
66a. Leaf blade thin, glabrous or glandular hairy; sepals narrowly ovate, glabrous; petals ca.
1.5 ×
as long as sepals; cymes spreading .......................................................................... 90. A. omeiensis
66b. Leaf blade thick, villous with yellowish, small, nodose hairs; sepals orbicular-lanceolate,
long pubescent abaxially; petals slightly longer than sepals; cymes compact ......... 91. A. auricoma
44b. Petal apex entire, slightly emarginate, or shallowly 2-cleft, rarely lobes with 3 shallow, round teeth;
filaments opposite sepals with a gland at base or not; styles 2 or 3(–5).
67a. Filaments opposite sepals with a gland at base; seeds globose or reniform, smooth or tuberculate.
68a. Stems villous with 2 lines of hairs; sepals glabrous or only ciliate at margin.
69a. Styles 6–7 mm; petal apex entire; leaves aggregated at stem apex, leaf blade broadly linear or
linear-lanceolate ............................................................................................................... 75. A. longistyla
69b. Styles ca. 1.5 mm; petal apex 2-cleft; leaves in several distant pairs, leaf blade saccate .. 76. A. ionandra
68b. Stems glandular villous, or with long, nodose bristles; sepals glandular villous or glandular
villous mixed
with long, nodose bristles.
70a. Stems and sepals densely hairy mixed with long, nodose bristles; petals ca. 10 mm ....... 77. A. longiseta
70b. Stems and sepals hairy, without nodose bristles; petals 5–8 mm.
71a. Leaf blade obsaccate, petiole short; sepals 2–3 mm ................................................. 78. A. chamdoensis
71b. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, petiole absent; sepals 5–6 mm ...................................... 79. A. szechuensis
67b. Filaments opposite sepals without a gland at base or gland not obvious; seeds oblate or reniform,
glabrous or with small, raised tubercles, or flat but margin with a narrow wing.
72a. Seeds usually flat, with a narrow wing.
73a. Stems diffuse; flowers usually several in cymes.
74a. Stems sparsely villous; petals oblanceolate or obovate, apex 2- or 3-toothed ................ 67. A. euodonta
74b. Stems glandular hairy; petals obovate or broadly ovate, apex entire or emarginate.
75a. Leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular; petals broadly ovate, apex emarginate 65. A. melanandra
75b. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate; petals ovate, apex entire ...................................... 66. A. pseudostellaria
73b. Stems erect or suberect; flowers solitary, rarely paired.
76a. Stems 3–6 cm, glabrous proximally .......................................................................... 68. A. dsharaensis
76b. Stems 4–25 cm, villous or glandular hairy.
77a. Plants to 6 cm tall, white villous in 2 lines or white, yellow, or black nodose villous; petals
white.
78a. Plants 5–6 cm tall; stems white villous in 2 lines; petal apex entire ....................... 74. A. monantha
78b. Plants to 4 cm tall; stems white, yellow, or black nodose villous; petal apex emarginate,
often
with a few small teeth ................................................................................................ 73. A. inornata
77b. Plants 4–25 cm tall, glandular villous; petals white, pink, or violet.
79a. Petal apex entire or emarginate; cauline leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or orbicular.
80a. Stems white; leaf blade violet; petal apex entire ........................................... 69. A. melandryoides
80b. Stems violet; leaf blade green; petal apex slightly emarginate ................................... 70. A. rockii
79b. Petal apex entire or shallowly 2-cleft; cauline leaf blade linear-lanceolate or lanceolate,
sometimes elliptic.
81a. Petals pink, apex shallowly 2-cleft ....................................................................... 71. A. roseiflora
81b. Petals white, apex entire ............................................................................ 72. A. melandryiformis
72b. Seeds reniform, subglobose, globose, or oblate, smooth or tuberculate, wingless.
82a. Plants usually 8–20 cm tall; proximal flowers of stem with petals and anthers reduced, distal
flowers
of stem with petals and anthers not reduced.
83a. Styles 3(or 5).
84a. Principal root napiform or conic, unbranched.
85a. Petals white; stems white; leaves glabrous .................................................................... 47. A. filipes
85b. Petals white or pink; stems white or violet; leaves ciliate at base, otherwise glabrous 46. A. napuligera
84b. Principal root conic, fleshy, many branched.
86a. Petal apex shallowly 2-lobed, lobes with small, irregular teeth; stems and leaves with
septate
hairs ............................................................................................................................ 45. A. setifera
86b. Petal apex rounded, emarginate, or bifid to near middle of petal; stems and leaves with
non-septate hairs ...................................................................................................... 44. A. weissiana
83b. Styles 2.
87a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, to 1.5 cm, glabrous, margin not cartilaginous; stamens 5 51. A. schneideriana
87b. Leaf blade lanceolate to orbicular, to 4 cm, subglabrous, margin cartilaginous; stamens 10.
88a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to suborbicular, 8–15 mm wide .................................. 48. A. nigricans
88b. Leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, 1–5 mm wide.
89a. Leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1–2 cm × 2–5 mm; sepals lanceolate, pubescent
or with white, septate, glandular hairs, margin hairy; petal apex 2-cleft ..... 49. A. zhongdianensis
89b. Leaf blade oblanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1–5 mm; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
densely
shortly hairy at base; petal apex entire .................................................................. 50. A. xerophila
82b. Plants rarely more than 8 cm tall, or very slender when more than 8 cm tall; petals and stamens
sometimes degenerate or reduced to various degrees, petals (when present) ca. 2/3 as long as or
equaling sepals.
90a. Petals absent or only 2 or 3 developed, reduced to various degrees.
91a. Sepals 5; petals absent.
92a. Stamens 5; leaf blade rhomboid-elliptic to saccate; stem with 1 or 2 lines of hairs ... 61. A. reducta
92b. Stamens 2 or 3; leaf blade linear to linear-lanceolate; stem with 2 lines of hairs .... 62. A. pharensis
91b. Sepals 4; petals present or absent.
93a. Petals absent; stamens 2 or 3; sepals and leaves fleshy; pedicels and sepals glabrous 63. A. littledalei
93b. Petals present; stamens 8; sepals and leaves not fleshy; pedicels and sepals hairy 64. A. saginoides
90b. All floral parts present.
94a. Styles 3.
95a. Leaf blade subulate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm .......................................................................... 52. A. minima
95b. Leaf blade saccate, 5–12 × 2–3 mm ........................................................................ 53. A. bomiensis
94b. Styles 2(or 3).
96a. Petals shorter than sepals.
97a. Cauline leaf blade ovate, petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; sepals white villous abaxially, margin
membranous; petals ca. 2/3 as long as sepals, apex entire; styles 2 ........................ 54. A. longipes
97b. Cauline leaf blade lanceolate, petiole absent or inconspicuous; sepals hairy abaxially
and at
margin; petals shorter than sepals, apex entire, sometimes 2-cleft; styles 2 or 3 55. A. inconspicua
96b. Petals equaling or longer than sepals.
98a. Petals 1.5–2 × as long as sepals; sepals leathery .................................................. 56. A. amdoensis
98b. Petals equaling or up to 1.5 × as long as sepals; sepals herbaceous.
99a. Roots conic, fleshy; leaf blade linear or saccate.
100a. Leaf blade linear; sepals glabrous, with wide membranous margin; petal apex
entire .................................................................................................. 68. A. membranisepala
100b. Leaf blade saccate; sepals densely glandular pubescent abaxially; petal apex
slightly emarginate or shallowly lobed .................................................... 57. A. spathulifolia
99b. Roots slender, fibrous, or with a rhizome; leaf blade linear-lanceolate or elliptic.
101a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, margin ciliate; petal apex erose 59. A. karakorensis
101b. Leaf blade elliptic, leathery, margin glabrous; petal apex entire ......... 60. A. tumengelaensis
Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.

1. Arenaria subgen. Arenaria

无心菜亚属 wu xin cai ya shu
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems single or sparsely caespitose, prostrate to diffuse or erect. Leaf blade usually
lanceolate to ovate, rarely linear or subulate, herbaceous, rarely leathery. Inflorescence various, terminal or axillary,
sometimes reduced to 1–3 flowers. Petals white, often shorter than sepals. Sepals not incrassate or only slightly so at
base.
At least 106 species: centered in Europe but extending to Africa, Asia, and North America; six species (two endemic) in China.
McNeill (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 79–155. 1962) subdivided Arenaria subgen. Arenaria into 11 sections, four of which occur in
China: A. sect. Arenaria (species no. 1); A. sect. Rotundifoliae McNeill (loc. cit.: 113; species nos. 2 and 3); A. sect. Rariflorae F. N. Williams
(Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 602. 1895; species nos. 4 and 5); and A. sect. Compressae McNeill (loc. cit.: 118; species no. 6).

1. Arenaria serpyllifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 423. 1753. 3. Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind.
Orient. 1: 43. 1834.
无心菜 wu xin cai 尼盖无心菜 ni gai wu xin cai
Arenaria leptoclados Gussone; A. petiolata Hayata. Herbs annual. Stems prostrate, many branched, 10–20
cm, white pubescent along 1 side. Leaves basally
Herbs annual or biennial. Principal roots slender, with
attenuate into a short petiole; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-
numerous smaller branches. Stems caespitose, erect or lanceolate, or obovate, 5–10 × 1.5–2 mm, midvein
diffuse, 10–30 cm, densely white villous. Leaves sessile; raised, base cuneate, margin ciliate, apex obtuse or
leaf blade ovate, 4–12 × 3–7 mm, both surfaces
mucronulate. Cymes axillary, few to many flowered;
glabrous or sparsely villous, 3-veined abaxially, base bracts elliptic or ovate, ca. 5 × 1 mm, herbaceous,
attenuate, margin ciliate, apex acute; proximal cauline villous along veins, midvein raised, base cuneate, apex
leaves larger, distal ones smaller. Cymes many
acute or acuminate. Pedicel 2–8 mm, white pubescent.
flowered; bracts ovate, 3–7 mm, herbaceous, usually Sepals 5, ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, white villous on veins
densely villous. Pedicel slender, ca. 1 cm, densely abaxially, 1-veined, margin white, membranous, apex
villous or glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–
acuminate. Petals 5, white, oblong, equaling or slightly
4 mm, villous abaxially, veins 3, impressed, margin longer than sepals. Stamens 10, shorter than sepals.
membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 1/3– Ovary ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul.
1/2 as long as sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, shorter Abies forests, riverside grasslands, alpine meadows, mountain rock
than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Capsule crevices; 3200–4100 m. W Xizang [India, Nepal, Pakistan].
ovoid, equaling persistent sepals. Seeds pale brown, 4. Arenaria monosperma F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
reniform, small, tuberculate with raised papillae. Fl. 38: 398. 1909.
Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 单子无心菜 dan zi wu xin cai
Mountain grassland slopes, sandy or stony barrens, fields, gardens; Stellaria monosperma (F. N. Williams) Kozhevnikov
600–4000 m. Widespread in China [N Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, (1983), not Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don (1825); S.
North America].
williamsiana Kozhevnikov.
This species is used medicinally. Herbs perennial. Roots cylindric, fleshy. Stems
2. Arenaria orbiculata Royle ex Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker branched at base, violet proximally, cylindric, slender,
in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 240. 1874. 10–20 cm; nodes and internodes coarsely glandular
圆叶无心菜 yuan ye wu xin cai puberulent or glabrous. Leaves numerous, congested;
Herbs biennial or perennial. Stems erect or prostrate, di- leaf blade effuse, linear, 5–10 mm, slightly coarsened
chotomously branched, slender, 5–40 cm, pubescent with ± short, glandular hairs, 1-veined. Cymes terminal,
along 1 side. Leaves sessile or petiolate; leaf blade many flowered. Pedicel 5–10 mm, white pubescent.
elliptic, ovate, or suborbicular, 2–10 × 2–7 mm, both Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 4 mm, ± papillose spotted
surfaces glabrous, or sparsely villous only on petiole, abaxially, margin slightly incrassate, sometimes
1-veined, base rounded, apex obtuse or mucronulate. membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, narrowly
Cymes axillary and few flowered or flower solitary; obovate, shorter than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3,
bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 5–10 mm, linear. Capsule ovoid, equaling persistent sepals, apex
glabrous or very sparsely pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceo- 6-lobed. Seed 1, yellow-brown, reniform, reticulate. Fl.
late, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, 3–4 mm, glabrous, and fr. Jun–Oct.
margin narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, • Sands, mountain rock crevices; 3300–3500 m. E Xizang.
white, obovate, shorter than sepals, base attenuate, apex This species may belong to Stellaria. Kozhevnikov (Novosti Sist.
obtuse. Stamens 10, shorter than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Vyssh. Rast. 20: 94–107. 1983) transferred Arenaria monosperma to
Styles 3, linear. Fl. May–Jul. Stellaria, but published a later homonym.
Forests, scrub meadows, alpine meadows, stony valleys; 2300–4500 5. Arenaria puranensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl.
m. S Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, ?Kashmir, Nepal, Xizang.1: 686. 1983.
Sikkim]. 普兰无心菜 pu lan wu xin cai
Herbs perennial. Stems many branched at base, usually Arenaria trichotoma Royle ex Edgeworth & J. D.
yellowish, sometimes violet, 8–16 cm, glabrous and Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 235. 1874, not
lustrous proximally, sparsely white villous distally. Boissier (1856); A. lanceolatifolia L. H. Zhou.
Leaves sessile; leaf blade elliptic-ovate, ovate- Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems caespitose,
lanceolate, or elliptic, 5–10 × 1.5–5 mm, densely trichotomously branched, 50–60 cm, glandular villous.
glandular pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially, 1- Leaf blade lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 1–4 mm, glandular
veined, base rounded, margin ciliate, apex acuminate. villous, base clasping, apex acute. Cymes
Cymes terminal, dichasial, many flowered; bracts trichotomously branched, conic, many flowered; bracts
herbaceous, similar to leaves but smaller, villous ovate-lanceolate, similar to leaves but smaller, margin
abaxially. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, densely white glandular broadly membranous. Pedicel 0.5–3 cm, glabrous.
hairy. Sepals (4 or)5, ca. 5 × 1 mm, white glandular Sepals 5, ovate, 3.3–5 × 1.5–3 mm, glabrous, midvein
villous abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex raised, base broadened, margin narrowly membranous,
long acuminate. Petals (4 or)5, white, ovate, apex 2- apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate or elliptic, equaling
cleft. Stamens (4 or)5; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid. or slightly longer than sepals. Stamens 10, 5 long and 5
Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul. short. Ovary obovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 2
• Mountain gravelly and muddy soils. SW Xizang. mm. Seeds with flat wings. Fl. Jun–Jul.
6. Arenaria compressa McNeill, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Mountain gravels; 2600–3500 m. W Xizang [Afghanistan, NW India,
Edinburgh 24: 118. 1962. Pakistan].
扁翅无心菜 bian chi wu xin cai

2. Arenaria subgen. Eremogone (Fenzl) Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 1: 360. 1842.
老牛筋亚属 lao niu jin ya shu
Eremogone Fenzl, Vers. Darstell. Alsin. 13. 1833.
Herbs perennial. Rhizome branched, robust. Stems pulvinate. Leaves long linear, graminoid or shortly setiform,
apex spinose. Cymes terminal, occasionally contracted into a head or cymose clusters, rarely reduced to a solitary
flower. Sepals conspicuously hardened at base, sometimes whole receptacle and calyx proximally becoming woody
in fruit. Petals usually white.
About 70 species: primarily in C and SW Asia and North America, but extending to N Africa and Europe; nine species (three endemic) in China.
McNeill (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 120–127. 1962) subdivided Arenaria subgen. Eremogone into seven sections, three of which
occur in China: A. sect. Monogone Maximowicz (Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 436. 1880; species no. 7); A. sect. Capillares
McNeill (loc. cit.: 122; species nos. 8–13); and A. sect. Sclerophyllae (Boissier) McNeill (loc. cit.: 126; species nos. 14 and 15).

7. Arenaria potaninii Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6: 老牛筋 lao niu jin
536. 1936. Herbs perennial. Roots gray-brown or pale, conic,
五蕊老牛筋 wu rui lao niu jin fleshy. Stems erect, 30–60 cm, hardened, glabrous at
Arenaria pentandra Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. base, glandular hairy near cymes, with or without
Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 429. 1880, not Dufour persistent, pale brown, hardened, withered leaves at
(1820), nor Wallroth (1822), nor Turczaninow (1834), base. Leaf blade narrowly linear, 1–2.5 cm × ca. 1 mm,
nor (J. Gay) Ardoino (1867). 1-veined, base broadened, clasping and sheathing,
margin sparsely dentate, shortly ciliate, often involute
Herbs perennial. Roots compacted, robust, woody. or flat, apex acuminate. Cymes few to many flowered;
Stems pulvinate, many branched, 20–30 cm, slightly bracts ovate, 3–4 × ca. 2 mm, glandular pubescent
woody, glabrous. Leaves congested; leaf blade abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex acute.
subcylindric-subulate, basal ones 2.5–4 cm, cauline Pedicel 1–2 cm, densely glandular villous or glabrous.
ones 1–1.2 cm, base membranous, margin slightly Sepals 5, ovate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, glabrous or glandular
coarsened, apex cuspidate. Cymes terminal, trichoto- villous abaxially, 1–3-veined, margin broadly
mous; bracts lanceolate, 2.5–3 mm, transparent membranous, apex acute or acuminate. Petals 5, white,
membranous except at midvein. Pedicel 1–2 cm, 8–10 mm, elliptic-orbicular or obovate, base shortly
glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–4.5 mm, margin clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 4 mm,
broadly membranous, apex long acuminate. Petals 5, those opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers
white, orbicular, equaling or slightly longer than sepals, yellow. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, ca. 3 mm.
apex subtruncate or obtuse. Stamens 5 (also with 5 Capsule ovoid, equaling or slightly longer than
reduced stamens). Capsule ovoid, enveloped by persistent sepals, apex 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex.
persistent sepals. Seeds with concentrically ringed Seeds brown or black, triangular-reniform, tuberculate.
tubercles. Fl. Jun–Jul. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Shaded mountain forests; ca. 2400 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia]. Open forest margins, mountain grasslands, sandy montane grasslands,
8. Arenaria juncea Marschall von Bieberstein, Fl. Taur.- low-elevation grassland slopes, steppes, desert steppes, rock crevices;
Caucas. 3: 309. 1819. 800–2200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, NW Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
This species is used medicinally. Herbs perennial. Roots long, robust, woody. Stems in
1a. Stems with persistent, pale brown, hardened, compact clusters, 6–20 cm, hirsutulous. Leaf blade
withered leaves at base; pedicel densely linear-lanceolate, 3-veined, lateral veins close to margin;
glandular villous ............................. 8a. var. juncea distal cauline leaf blade with base broadened,
1b. Stems without persistent, pale brown, membranous, forming a short sheath, margin scarious,
hardened, withered leaves at base; pedicel apex acute. Cymes dichasial, densely clustered, 6–9-
glabrous .......................................... 8b. var. glabra flowered; rachis long. Pedicel sparsely glandular hairy.
8a. Arenaria juncea var. juncea Sepals 5, erect, usually violet, lanceolate, membranous,
glandular hairy, with 3 slender veins close together
老牛筋(原变种) lao niu jin (yuan bian zhong) abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex acuminate.
Arenaria dahurica Fischer ex Seringe. Petals 5, white, obovate, 5–6 mm. Stamens 10; anthers
yellow. Ovary obovoid. Styles 3. Capsule obovoid-
Stems with persistent, pale brown, hardened, withered globose, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Fl. and fr.
leaves at base. Pedicel densely glandular villous. Jul–Aug.
Open forest margins, mountain grasslands, steppes, desert steppes, • River valley grasslands; 300–4600(–5200) m. SE Xizang.
rock crevices; 800–2200 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, 11. Arenaria grueningiana Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax,
Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, NW Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea, Mon- Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 366. 1922.
golia, Russia]. 华北老牛筋 hua bei lao niu jin
8b. Arenaria juncea var. glabra Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Arenaria formosa Fischer ex Seringe var. angustipetala
Naturalistes Moscou 35: 246. 1862. Maximowicz.
Herbs perennial. Principal roots slender, woody;
无毛老牛筋 wu mao lao niu jin rootlets fibrous. Stems densely clustered, erect, 4–10
Arenaria tonsa Kitagawa. cm, glandular pubescent distally, with dense, withered,
persistent leaves at base. Basal leaf blade linear, 1–3 cm
Stems without persistent, pale brown, hardened,
× 0.5–1 mm, glabrous, midvein impressed, base
withered leaves at base. Pedicel glabrous.
membranous, sheathing, apex acute; cauline leaf blade
Sandy montane grasslands, low-elevation grassland slopes. N Hebei lanceolate, 3–5 mm, base broadened, margin narrowly
[Russia].
membranous, apex acute. Flower solitary, terminal;
9. Arenaria capillaris Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. 6: 380. bracts lanceolate, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm, base broadened,
1804. margin membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse or acute.
毛叶老牛筋 mao ye lao niu jin Pedicel 3–10 mm, densely brown glandular hairy.
Sepals 5, ovate-oblong, 4–5 × 2–2.5 mm, glandular
Arenaria capillaris var. glabra Fenzl; A. capillaris var. hairy abaxially, margin narrowly membranous, apex
glabrata (Seringe) Schischkin; A. subulata Seringe var. obtuse or acute. Petals 5, white, obovoid-saccate, 5–7 ×
glabrata Seringe. 1.5–2 mm, base attenuate, cuneate, apex obtuse. Floral
Herbs perennial. Stems 12–15 cm; mature branches disc saucer-shaped, with 5 orbicular glands. Stamens 10;
woody, with withered, persistent leaves at base; new filaments ca. 5 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary stipitate,
branches slender, firm, glabrous proximally, becoming obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Styles 3, ca. 2 mm; stigmas
glandular pubescent distally. Leaf blade linear, 2–5 cm, clavate. Fl. Jul.
• Alpine meadows; ca. 3000 m. Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shanxi.
base broadened, margin coarsely and weakly serrate,
12. Arenaria formosa Fischer ex Seringe in de Candolle,
apex acute; basal leaves densely fasciculate; cauline Prodr. 1: 402. 1824.
leaves sheathing at base, clasping at inflated nodes. 美丽老牛筋 mei li lao niu jin
Cymes few to many flowered; bracts ovate, 2–3 × ca.
Arenaria formosa var. latipetala Maximowicz.
1.5 mm, scarious, 1-veined, base clasping, apex long Herbs perennial. Principal roots hard, woody; rootlets
acuminate. Pedicel slender, stiff, glabrous. Sepals 5, slender. Stems densely pulvinate, erect, 4–10 cm, white
yellow abaxially, ovate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, glabrous, 3- glandular hairy distally, with dense, brown, withered,
veined. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 7 × 3 mm, base persistent leaves at base. Leaf blade linear or linear-
shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments subulate, 1.5–4 cm × ca. 1 mm, broadened and forming
opposite sepals with a gland at base. Ovary ovoid. a short sheath at base, margin not involute, apex
Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul–Aug. acuminate. Cymes 1–3-flowered; bracts ovate-
Open montane grasslands, gravelly mountain summits; ca. 900 m.
lanceolate, 2–3 × 1–1.5 mm, glandular hairy, base
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol [Mongolia, Russia; broadened, margin narrowly membranous, apex
North America]. acuminate. Pedicel 5–10 mm, glandular hairy. Sepals 5,
10. Arenaria acicularis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, ± glandular
400. 1909. hairy, base broadened, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
针叶老牛筋 zhen ye lao niu jin obovate or obovate-orbicular, 0.8–1.2 cm. Floral disc
with 5 glands; glands at base of filaments opposite 3 × 1.2 mm, margin membranous. Pedicel 1–1.8 cm,
sepals pale brown, orbicular. Stamens 10, 5 long and 5 glabrous or ± glandular hairy with erect or slightly
short; anthers yellow. Ovary obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles curved hairs. Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate, 3–5 × ca. 2
3, ca. 6 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. mm, glabrous or glandular hairy, veins not obvious
Mountain grasslands; 2000–2200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, abaxially, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5,
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. white, sometimes pink, obovate or ovate-elliptic, 1.5–2
13. Arenaria haitzeshanensis Y. W. Tsui ex L. H. Zhou, × as long as sepals, apex obtuse. Floral disc with 5
Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 13: 1. 1997. impressed glands. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 3, ca.
海子山老牛筋 hai zi shan lao niu jin 3 mm. Capsule globose, 4–6 mm, 3-valved; valves 2-
Herbs perennial. Roots black-brown, conic, woody. cleft at apex. Seeds brown, reniform, slightly flattened,
Stems densely clustered, pulvinate, 6–10 cm, villous ca. 1 mm in diam., smooth. Fl. Jun–Jul.
distally. Basal leaf blade linear, 2–5 cm × ca. 1 mm, Mountains; 2200–3000 m. Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan].
base broadened, apex acute; cauline leaves in 2 or 3 15. Arenaria androsacea Grubov, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot.
pairs; leaf blade subulate or linear-subulate, 1.1–2 cm × Inst. Komarova Acad. Nauk SSSR 17: 12. 1955.
1–2 mm, midvein raised, base broadened, margin 点地梅状老牛筋 dian di mei zhuang lao niu jin
narrowly membranous, apex spinose. Cymes 1–3- Herbs perennial. Roots robust; rootlets many. Stems
flowered; rachis densely hairy; bracts lanceolate, 6–7 pulvinate, with numerous branches, slender, 5–10 cm ×
mm, base broadened, margin membranous, apex ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Leaf blade linear-subulate, 0.5–1.5
spinose. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 6–7(–8) mm, 1–3-veined, cm × ca. 1 mm, margin slightly reflexed, apex spinose.
base incrassate, margin narrowly membranous, apex Cymes 1–3-flowered; rachis densely glandular hairy;
acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, ca. 3/5 as long as sepals. bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2–3 mm, margin broadly white
Ovary obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, 2–3 mm. Fl. Jul– scarious, apex acute. Pedicel densely glandular hairy.
Aug. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 × 1–2 mm, glandular
• Alpine meadows; 3700–4400 m. NW Sichuan (Dêgê Xian), E hairy abaxially, 1-veined, base broadened, margin
Xizang (Jomda Xian).
narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
14. Arenaria griffithii Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient., ser. 2, 1:
89. 1853. orbicular-obovate, longer than sepals, apex slightly
裸茎老牛筋 luo jing lao niu jin undulate. Floral disc with 5 glands. Stamens 10;
filaments equaling sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, ca. 2
Herbs perennial. Principal roots many branched, robust.
Stems sparsely clustered, 5–20 cm, glabrous, with mm. Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than persistent
withered, persistent leaves at base. Leaves crowded; sepals, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Fl. and fr. Jul–
leaf blade linear-subulate or subulate, 8–10 × ca. 1 mm, Sep.
midvein raised abaxially, margin hairy, apex acute. Mountains; 2300–4200 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai,
Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
Cymes 1–3-flowered; bracts ovate or ovate-subulate, ca.
3. Arenaria subgen. Eremogoneastrum F. N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 598. 1895.
雪灵芝亚属 xue ling zhi ya shu
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems pulvinate or caespitose. Leaves sessile, subulate to linear,
always persistent, margin narrowly membranous, apex aristate. Flowers solitary or paired, rarely more in terminal
inflorescences. Sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, midvein raised, lateral veins not obvious, margin
white membranous, apex acute. Petals white, rarely pink, shorter than or equaling sepals, rarely longer than them.
Floral disc scalloped lobed, glands 5, conspicuous.
About 20 species: Asia and North America; 17 species (12 endemic) in China.

16. Arenaria brevipetala Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou in L. H. villous, apex nutant. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 ×
Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 360. 1980. ca. 2 mm, 3-veined, midvein raised, lateral veins not
obvious, base broadened, margin white membranous,
雪灵芝 xue ling zhi apex acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, 3–4 × ca. 2 mm.
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems Floral disc cupular, with 5 glands. Stamens 10; anthers
pulvinate, 5–8 cm, with numerous withered, persistent yellow. Ovary globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Styles 3, ca.
leaves at base; flowering branches much taller than 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug.
• Alpine meadows and gravels; 3400–4600 m. SE Qinghai, NW
vegetative ones. Leaf blade needle-shaped to linear, Sichuan, NE Xizang.
1.5–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially, impressed This species is used medicinally.
adaxially, base broadened, clasping, margin narrowly 17. Arenaria baxoiensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang.
membranous, reflexed, apex acuminate, aristate; basal 1: 676. 1983.
leaves congested, cauline ones in 2 or 3 pairs. Flowers 八宿雪灵芝 ba su xue ling zhi
solitary or paired, terminal; bracts lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1– Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems
1.5 mm, herbaceous. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm, glandular pulvinate, 3–8 cm, glandular hairy. Basal leaves
congested; leaf blade spinose-linear, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 1 Herbs perennial. Stems pulvinate, branched at base, 4–5
mm, veins 3, raised, base broadened, clasping, cm; caudex (root crown) woody, with brown, withered,
membranous, apex acute, pillar-shaped. Cauline leaves persistent leaves at base. Leaves congested; leaf blade
in 1 or 2 pairs; leaf blade subulate, 5–10 × ca. 0.5 mm, subulate or linear-subulate, triangular in cross section,
3-veined, base broadened, clasping, membranous, apex 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially, impressed
erect or curved, acute. Flowers solitary, rarely paired, adaxially, base broadened, membranous, sheathing,
terminal; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1 mm, margin margin thickened, hardened, apex spinose. Flower
broadly membranous, apex acuminate. Pedicel 1–2 cm, solitary, terminal. Pedicel ca. 5 mm, villous. Sepals 5,
densely glandular villous. Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, 6– narrowly lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, usually sparsely pilose
7 × ca. 1.5 mm, glandular hairy abaxially, 1–3-veined, abaxially, 3-veined, margin narrowly membranous,
base broadened, margin narrowly membranous, apex apex erect, acute. Petals 5, white, ovate-elliptic, ca. 5
acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, equaling sepals, apex mm, base not obviously clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens
obtuse. Stamens 10, shorter than petals; anthers yellow. 10, shorter than sepals; filaments opposite sepals with a
Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jun–Jul. gland at base. Ovary globose. Styles 3. Fl. Jul.
• Mountain grasslands; 4000–4500 m. Sichuan, E Xizang. • Alpine meadows; 4500–4900(–5100) m. SE Xizang.
18. Arenaria kumaonensis Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 86. 21. Arenaria roborowskii Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 87. 1889.
1889. 青藏雪灵芝 qing zang xue ling zhi
库莽雪灵芝 ku mang xue ling zhi Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems densely
Herbs perennial. Stems densely clustered, pulvinate, 2– clustered, 5–8 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent
3 cm. Leaf blade subulate, 2–5 × ca. 1 mm, base leaves at woody base. Leaves congested; leaf blade
broadened, margin not glandular ciliate. Flower solitary. linear, triangular in cross section, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 1 mm,
Pedicel shorter than bracts, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, margin broadened, clasping, hardened, margin slightly reflexed,
broadly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, narrowly membranous, sparsely hairy, apex acute.
elliptic, slightly longer than sepals. Stamens 10; anthers Flower solitary, terminal; bracts linear-lanceolate, 4.5–5
black. Ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Styles 3, linear. Fl. × ca. 1.5 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, margin
Jul–Aug. narrowly membranous, apex acute. Pedicel 5–10 mm,
Icy steppes; ca. 4700 m. Xizang [NW India].
glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, 1–3-
19. Arenaria kansuensis Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.
Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 428. 1880.
veined, base broadened, margin narrowly membranous,
甘肃雪灵芝 gan su xue ling zhi apex acute. Petals 5, white, elliptic, ca. 4 × 1.4 mm,
base cuneate, apex acute. Floral disc patelliform, with 5
Arenaria kansuensis var. acropetala Y. W. Tsui & L. H.
large, impressed glands. Stamens 10; filaments shorter
Zhou.
than petals; anthers yellow. Ovary globose, slightly
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems
flattened, ca. 1.5 mm in diam., 1-loculed; ovules
pulvinate, 4–5 cm, with withered, persistent leaves at
numerous. Styles 3, linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
base. Leaves congested; leaf blade spinose-linear, • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 4200–5100 m. S Qinghai, W
triangular in cross section, 1–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, Sichuan, E Xizang.
hardened, veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, 22. Arenaria lancangensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
base slightly broadened, clasping, margin slightly re- 18: 357. 1980.
flexed, narrowly membranous, with small teeth near 澜沧雪灵芝 lan cang xue ling zhi
base, apex acute, aristate. Flower solitary, terminal; Herbs perennial. Stems caespitose, pulvinate, 4–11 cm,
bracts lanceolate, 3–5 × 1–1.5 mm, 1-veined, base with crowded, withered, persistent leaves at woody
forming a short sheath, margin broadly membranous, base. Leaf blade subulate, 6–8 × ca. 1 mm, base
apex acute. Pedicel 2.5–4 mm, glandular villous. Sepals broadened, clasping, apex acute. Flower solitary,
5, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, glabrous, 1-veined, base terminal; bracts ovate, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Pedicel slightly
broadened, margin broadly membranous, apex acute. curved, ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 3 ×
Petals 5, white, obovate, 4–5 mm, base narrowed, 1.2 mm, 3-veined, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5, white,
cuneate, apex obtuse. Floral disc cupular, with 5 glands. elliptic, 3–3.5 × ca. 1.2 mm, with a yellow, oblong
Stamens 10; filaments ca. 4 mm; anthers brown. Ovary callus at base. Stamens 10; filaments less than 1 mm,
globose, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 3, linear, those opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers
ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul. white. Ovary oblate, ca. 2 mm in diam., smooth; ovules
• Alpine meadows, mountain grasslands and gravels; 3500–5300 m. 5 or 6. Styles 3. Capsule globose, ca. 3 mm, 3-valved;
S Gansu, Qinghai, W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan. valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds 1–3, gray, triangular-
20. Arenaria ischnophylla F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
oblate, less than 1 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. and fr.
38: 400. 1909.
Jun–Sep.
瘦叶雪灵芝 shou ye xue ling zhi
• Alpine meadows, gravelly areas; 3500–4800 m. SE Qinghai, W • River beaches; ca. 4900 m. Xinjiang.
Sichuan, SE Xizang, SW Yunnan. 26. Arenaria pulvinata Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
23. Arenaria gerzensis L. H. Zhou, Rep. Invest. Fl. Fauna India 1: 238. 1874.
Ah Li Reg. Tibet, 126. 1979. 垫状雪灵芝 dian zhuang xue ling zhi
改则雪灵芝 gai ze xue ling zhi Arenaria perlevis (F. N. Williams) Handel-Mazzetti; A.
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems polytrichoides Edgeworth var. perlevis F. N. Williams.
clustered, pulvinate, 2–5 cm, with crowded, withered, Herbs perennial. Roots conic, slender. Stems in small,
persistent leaves at woody base. Leaf blade linear, compact, subglobose clusters, pulvinate, branched at
triangular in cross section, 6–10 × ca. 1 mm, base, 4–5 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent
subleathery, veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, leaves at base. Leaf blade subulate-elliptic or ovate-
base broadened, clasping, margin with small teeth, apex subulate, 3–6 × ca. 1 mm, base clasping, membranous,
acute, awned. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts ovate- margin flat distally, hard, ciliate, apex acute,
lanceolate, 2–3 × ca. 1.5 mm, 1-veined, margin mucronulate. Flower solitary, terminal, 6–7 mm in diam.
membranous, apex acute. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Sepals 5, Sepals 5, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1 mm,
lanceolate, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, subleathery, 3-veined, ca. 1/2 as long as petals, 3-veined, midvein raised,
midvein raised, lateral veins inconspicuous, base ciliate, lateral veins short, base rounded, incrassate, margin
apex greenish brown. Petals 5, white, saccate, 8–10 × hard, scarious, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, saccate or
2–3 mm. Stamens 10; filaments opposite sepals with a obovate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm. Stamens 10; filaments
gland at base. Ovary narrowly ovoid, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers yellow.
apex yellow-brown. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jun–Jul. Ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm. Styles 3, less than 1
• Alpine meadows; 4500–4700 m. NW Xizang (Ngari Diqu). mm. Fl. Jul.
24. Arenaria qinghaiensis Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou in L. H. Alpine meadows, gravels; 4200–5000 m. SE Xizang [Bhutan, India,
Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18: 358. 1980. Nepal, Sikkim].
青海雪灵芝 qing hai xue ling zhi
27. Arenaria shannanensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xi-
Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems clustered, zang. 1: 677. 1983.
pulvinate, 5–8 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent
leaves at woody base. Leaf blade linear, 1–1.5 cm × ca. 粉花雪灵芝 fen hua xue ling zhi
1 mm, base broadened, clasping, membranous, margin Herbs perennial. Roots slender, woody. Stems pulvinate,
narrowly membranous, sparsely ciliate, apex slightly 3–6 cm, with crowded, withered, persistent leaves at
reflexed, acute. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts linear- base and distally. Leaf blade subulate, 5–7 cm, 3-veined,
elliptic, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, glabrous. base broadened, membranous, apex acute. Flower
Sepals 5, linear-lanceolate, 7–8 × 1.5–2 mm, 1–3- solitary, terminal, sessile. Sepals 5, violet abaxially,
veined, base broadened, margin membranous, apex ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 1.5 mm, 3-veined, margin
acute. Petals 5, white, elliptic-ovate, 8–9 × 2.5–3 mm, white membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, pink,
apex obtuse. Floral disc patellate, with 5 large, lanceolate or orbicular, 6–7 × 1.5–2 mm, apex obtuse.
impressed, elliptic glands. Stamens 10; filaments 4–5 Stamens 10; filaments shorter than sepals, those
mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm, 1-loculed; opposite sepals with a gland at base. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2
ovules numerous. Styles 3, linear, 2.5–3 mm. Fl. Jun– mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 2 mm.
Jul. • Alpine meadows; ca. 4300 m. S Xizang.
28. Arenaria edgeworthiana Majumdar, J. Indian Bot. Soc.
• Alpine meadows; ca. 4200 m. WC Qinghai (Dulan Xian). 44: 141. 1965.
25. Arenaria aksayqingensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Plateau 山居雪灵芝 shan ju xue ling zhi
Sin. 6: 25. 1987. Arenaria monticola Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
阿克赛钦雪灵芝 a ke sai qin xue ling zhi India 1: 238. 1874, not Buckley (1862).
Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems pulvinate,
clustered, pulvinate, 3–4 cm, with crowded, withered, densely branched, 4–8 cm, glabrous. Leaves crowded;
persistent leaves at woody base. Leaf blade subulate, 5– leaf blade subulate-linear, 0.8–2 cm, with 1 raised vein,
10 × ca. 1 mm, base broadened, clasping, membranous, base broadened, margin sheathing, incrassate,
margin narrowly membranous, sparsely ciliate, apex membranous, hairy, apex cuspidate. Flower solitary,
acute. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts subulate, 3–4 × terminal, sessile, ca. 1.8 cm in diam. Sepals 5,
ca. 1 mm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Sepals 5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 7–8 × ca. 2 mm, closely
lanceolate, 6–7 × 1.5–2 mm, closely 3-veined near 3-veined, base broadened, margin broadly membranous,
margin, base broadened, margin membranous, apex apex acute. Petals 5, white, broadly ovate, 0.9–1.2 cm,
acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 4–5 mm, apex obtuse. base clawed, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments
Floral disc patellate, with 5 ovoid glands. Stamens 10; shorter than sepals, those opposite sepals with a gland
filaments shorter than petals; anthers violet. Ovary at base. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid,
ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. Styles 3, linear, 2–3 mm. Fl. Jul.
shorter than persistent sepals, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary
apex. Seeds obovoid-reniform. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. bottle-shaped, ca. 2 × 1 mm. Styles 3, ca. 2 mm. Fl.
Alpine meadows, grasslands, river beaches; 4200–5100 m. Xizang Jun–Jul.
[Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. • Alpine scrub, meadows; ca. 4000 m. Shaanxi.
29. Arenaria bryophylla Fernald, Rhodora 21: 5. 1919. 32. Arenaria festucoides Bentham ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal.
藓状雪灵芝 xian zhuang xue ling zhi Mts. 1: 81. 1834.
Arenaria musciformis Wallich ex Edgeworth & J. D. 狐茅状雪灵芝 hu mao zhuang xue ling zhi
Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 237. 1874, not Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody; lateral
Triana & Planchon (1862). roots smaller. Stems densely clustered, pulvinate, 5–8
Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems clustered, cm, glandular villous, with crowded, withered, persistent
pulvinate, 3–5 cm, woody, with crowded, withered, leaves at woody base. Leaf blade linear, 0.7–2 cm × ca.
persistent leaves proximally. Leaves crowded; leaf 1 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, clasping, margin
blade linear, triangular in cross section, 4–9 × ca. 1 mm, narrowly membranous, proximally sparsely ciliate,
veins raised abaxially, impressed adaxially, base
apex acute; proximal cauline leaves congested, distal
clasping, broadened, hard, margin slightly involute,
narrowly membranous, sparsely ciliate, apex spreading middle ones gradually sparser. Cymes 1–3- or more
or reflexed, acute. Flower solitary, sessile; bracts flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm,
lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, 1-veined, base broadened, glandular hairy, 1-veined, margin membranous, apex
margin membranous, apex acute. Sepals 5, elliptic- acuminate. Pedicel to 7 mm, densely glandular hairy.
lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, 3-veined, base broadened, Sepals 5, sometimes 4, ovate-lanceolate or broadly
margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, ovate, 3–7 × 2.5–3.5 mm, densely glandular hairy, 1–3-
narrowly obovate, slightly longer than sepals. Floral veined, base rounded, margin usually involute, broadly
disc patellate, with 5 orbicular glands. Stamens 10; fila- membranous, apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate,
ments ca. 3 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid-globose, 7–9 × 4–5 mm, apex truncate or obtuse, sometimes
ca. 1.5 mm, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 3, emarginate. Floral disc patellate, with 5 glands.
linear, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. Stamens 10; filaments 4–6 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary
Alpine meadows, stony slopes, gravelly sands along rivers; 4200– ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, sometimes 4, linear, ca. 2.5
5200 m. S Qinghai, Xizang [Nepal, Sikkim].
mm. Fl. Jun–Jul.
30. Arenaria zadoiensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin.
Mountain grasslands; 2000–4700 m. Qinghai, SW Xinjiang, Xizang
6: 26. 1987.
[India, ?Kashmir, ?Nepal, Pakistan].
杂多雪灵芝 za duo xue ling zhi Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters
Herbs perennial. Roots robust, woody. Stems clustered, seem to be only a matter of degree, and the variation pattern should
pulvinate, 2–3 cm, woody at base, with crowded, be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation should not be the basis
withered, persistent leaves proximally. Leaf blade for formal recognition of taxa.
subulate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm, base membranous, margin 1a. Leaf blade 1–2 cm; pedicel 5–7
involute, apex spinose. Flower solitary, sessile; bracts mm ......................................... 32a. var. festucoides
lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 × 1b. Leaf blade ca. 0.7 cm; pedicel to 5
ca. 2 mm, 1-veined, apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, mm ........................................... 32b. var. imbricata
saccate, shorter than sepals. Floral disc with 5 glands. 32a. Arenaria festucoides var. festucoides
Stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short. Ovary obovoid, ca. 1.5 狐茅状雪灵芝(原变种) hu mao zhuang xue ling zhi
mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. (yuan bian zhong)
• Beneath rocky cliffs; ca. 4400 m. SE Qinghai.
31. Arenaria taibaishanensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. Leaf blade 1–2 cm. Pedicel 5–7 mm.
18: 361. 1980. Mountain grasslands; 2000–4700 m. Qinghai, SW Xinjiang, Xizang
太白雪灵芝 tai bai xue ling zhi [India, ?Kashmir, ?Nepal, Pakistan].
Herbs perennial. Roots with numerous wiry branches at 32b. Arenaria festucoides var. imbricata Edgeworth & J. D.
base. Stems pulvinate, 2–3 cm, sparsely hairy. Leaf Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 237. 1874.
blade subulate-linear, 5–6 × ca. 1 mm, 1-veined, margin
slightly involute, apex acute. Cymes 2- or 3-flowered; 小狐茅状雪灵芝 xiao hu mao zhuang xue ling zhi
bracts ovate, ca. 3 × 1 mm. Pedicel 2–3 mm, sparsely Leaf blade ca. 0.7 cm. Pedicel to 5 mm.
hairy. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 3 × 0.6 mm, sparsely
hairy abaxially, with 3 raised veins, base broadened, • S Xizang.
apex obtuse. Petals white, saccate, ca. 4 × 1 mm.

4. Arenaria subgen. Dolophragma (Fenzl) McNeill, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 127. 1962.
福禄草亚属 fu lu cao ya shu
Dolophragma Fenzl, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch. 1: 63. 1836.
Herbs perennial. Roots often slender, woody. Stems usually densely pulvinate, sometimes caespitose. Leaves sessile,
linear to subulate or linear-lanceolate, leathery, usually persistent, margin slightly swollen, apex usually acuminate.
Inflorescence terminal, 1–3-flowered. Sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, 3-veined, margin membranous,
apex obtuse. Petals white, longer than sepals, sometimes only slightly so. Floral disc with 5 glands.
Seven species: Asia; five species (three endemic) in China.
33. Arenaria przewalskii Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Arenaria lichiangensis W. W. Smith.
Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 428. 1880. Herbs perennial. Stems densely pulvinate, 4–9 cm,
福禄草 fu lu cao densely glandular hairy. Basal leaf blade linear, 1–2 cm
Herbs perennial. Principal roots slender, woody; lateral × ca. 1.5 mm, midvein raised, base broadened,
roots brittle. Stems densely caespitose, prostrate at base, membranous, margin white, hard, apex acute. Cauline
erect distally, 10–20 cm, densely pale brown glandular leaves in 2 or 3 pairs; leaf blade ovate or ovate-
villous, with withered, persistent leaves. Basal leaf lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, margin hairy, apex obtuse.
blade linear, 2–3 cm × 1–2 mm, both surfaces glabrous, Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 5–8 mm, densely
midvein raised, base broadened, membranous, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 5 × 2 mm,
sheathing, margin slightly involute, denticulate, apex glandular villous, 3-veined, margin narrowly
obtuse or acute. Cauline leaf blade lanceolate or membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, narrowly
narrowly so, 1–1.5 cm × 2–3 mm, margin slightly obovate, 7–8 mm. Stamens 10; filaments 5–8 mm,
involute, denticulate, apex obtuse. Cymes 3-flowered; those opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers
bracts ovate-elliptic, 4–7 × 1–2 mm, glandular hairy yellow. Ovary obovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 3, linear, ca. 2
abaxially, base narrowed, apex obtuse. Pedicel 3–4 mm, mm. Capsule ovoid, equaling persistent sepals, 3-
densely glandular hairy. Sepals 5, violet, broadly valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds brown, reniform-
ovate, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, densely glandular hairy, base horseshoe-shaped, ca. 1 mm in diam., smooth. Fl. Jun–
broadened, margin membranous, usually ciliate Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
proximally, apex obtuse or sometimes emarginate. Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3500–5000 m. SE Qinghai, SW
Petals 5, white, obovate, 8–10 × ca. 4 mm, base cuneate, Sichuan, NW Yunnan [Sikkim].
apex obtuse or emarginate. Floral disc patellate, with 5 36. Arenaria densissima Wallich ex Edgeworth & J. D.
elliptic glands. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 5 mm; anthers Hooker in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 239. 1874.
yellow. Ovary stipitate, globose-obovoid. Styles 3, 密生福禄草 mi sheng fu lu cao
linear, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. Cherleria juniperina D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 214.
• Alpine meadows, cirques; 2600–4200 m. Gansu, Qinghai. 1825, not Arenaria juniperina Linnaeus (1767), nor
The whole plant is used medicinally. Villars (1789), nor Pursh (1813); Dolophragma
34. Arenaria smithiana Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin- juniperinum Fenzl.
Dahlem 11: 334. 1932. Herbs perennial. Stems densely pulvinate, densely
大花福禄草 da hua fu lu cao branched, 4–5 cm. Leaves congested, imbricate; leaf
Arenaria oresbia W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. blade subulate, 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially,
Edinburgh 11: 197. 1920, not Greenman (1904). impressed adaxially, margin involute, apex excurved,
Herbs perennial. Stems densely pulvinate, 10–15 cm, spinose. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts lanceolate, ca.
sparsely villous; mature branches woody, with 2 × 1 mm. Pedicel 2–4 mm, glabrous. Sepals 5, elliptic
crowded, withered, persistent leaves. Basal leaf blade or ovate, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, 3-veined, base broadened,
linear or subulate-linear, 0.6–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm, 3- margin membranous, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5,
veined, midvein raised, base broadened, sheathing, white, saccate or narrowly so, ca. 5 × 2 mm. Stamens
margin involute, denticulate, apex acute, spinose. 10; filaments ca. 2 mm, those opposite sepals with a
Cauline leaves in 2 or 3 pairs; leaf blade linear-lan- gland at base; anthers violet. Ovary oblate, ca. 1.2 mm
ceolate or ovate, 3–8 × 1–2 mm, shortly villous, base
in diam. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm, 3-valved;
broadened, sheathing, margin involute, yellow, ciliate,
apex hard. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 1–2 cm, valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds brown, trigonous-reniform,
shortly villous. Sepals 5, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, 6– glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3600–5300 m. SE Qinghai, W
10 × 3–4 mm, sparsely white hairy abaxially,
Sichuan, S Xizang [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
inconspicuously 3-veined, base broadened, margin 37. Arenaria polytrichoides Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl.
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white or yellowish, Brit. India 1: 237. 1874.
obovate, 1.2–1.5 cm × 4–6 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 团状福禄草 tuan zhuang fu lu cao
10; filaments equaling sepals, those opposite sepals
with a gland at base. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Fl. Herbs perennial. Principal roots robust, woody. Stems
Jul. densely clustered, 2.5–11 cm, forming hemispheric
cushions 1–1.5 cm in diam.; branches cylindric, woody
• Alpine meadows; 4000–4500 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
at base, with congested, withered, persistent leaves
35. Arenaria oreophila J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 238.
1874. along their length. Leaves imbricate; leaf blade subulate,
山生福禄草 shan sheng fu lu cao 5–10 × ca. 1 mm, veins raised abaxially, impressed
adaxially, base broadened, clasping, membranous, Floral disc patellate, with 5 dark glands. Stamens 10;
margin involute distally, thickened, sparsely ciliate near filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid or
base, apex cuspidate. Flower solitary, terminal, sessile; obovoid, ca. 1 mm. Styles 3, ca. 1 mm. Capsule ovoid,
bracts lanceolate, 2.5–3 × ca. 1 mm, base broadened, ca. 1.5 mm, 3-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds
clasping, forming a membranous sheath, margin ellipsoid, black-brown, slightly ridged. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
reflexed, hard, apex spinose. Sepals 5, ovate, ovate- Aug–Sep.
elliptic, or broadly elliptic, ca. 3 mm, obscurely 3-
veined, base broadened, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3500–5300 m. SE Qinghai, W
ovate or broadly obovate, slightly longer than sepals. Sichuan, Xizang.

5. Arenaria subgen. Solitaria McNeill, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 128. 1962.
单花亚属 dan hua ya shu
Herbs perennial. Stems clustered, short. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-orbicular, base narrowed, margin usually slightly
hard, cartilaginous. Flowers solitary, rarely paired, terminal, showy. Sepals elliptic or lanceolate to narrowly
orbicular, margin membranous, usually cartilaginous, apex acute. Petals white, pink, or violet, obovate to obovate-
elliptic.
Six species: Asia; six species (two endemic) in China.

38. Arenaria ciliolata Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. apex acute or acuminate. Flower solitary, terminal.
India 1: 240. 1874. Pedicel 5–8 mm, apex erect or nutant. Sepals 5,
缘毛无心菜 yuan mao wu xin cai suberect, narrowly orbicular, 4–5 × 3–4 mm, margin
Herbs perennial, hairy throughout. Roots conic, membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, broadly
branched at base. Stems densely clustered, yellow, 5–8 obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex obtuse.
cm, white villous. Leaves sessile (rarely petiole 2–3 Stamens 10; filaments longer than sepals; anthers green.
mm), ovate or ovate-orbicular, 5–10 × 2–5 mm, Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Capsule ovoid, shorter
adaxially sparsely brown hairy, base cuneate, margin than persistent sepals, apex 6-valved. Seeds subreni-
thick, ciliate, apex cuspidate or acuminate. Flower form, small, smooth, not lustrous. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
solitary, terminal. Pedicel 5–10 mm, white villous. Se- Swamp meadows, gravelly mountain grasslands, river beaches,
pals 5, elliptic or orbicular-lanceolate, 7–8 mm, broken alpine rocks; 3000–5300 m. W Xizang [India, ?Nepal].
sparsely hairy abaxially, margin thick, ciliate, apex 41. Arenaria rhodantha Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax, Repert.
acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate or broadly so, 9–10 Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 366. 1922.
mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments shorter than 红花无心菜 hong hua wu xin cai
sepals; anthers dark green or black. Ovary ovoid. Herbs perennial. Stems sparsely clustered, erect,
Styles 3, linear. Fl. Jul–Aug. slender, 2–5 cm, glabrous. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or
Alpine meadows; 4000–4600 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. lanceolate, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, margin thick, ciliate, rarely
39. Arenaria ramellata F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: narrowly membranous, apex acute, cuspidate. Flower
399. 1909.
solitary, terminal. Pedicel 0.7–1.5 cm, glandular
嫩枝无心菜 nen zhi wu xin cai pubescent. Sepals 5, violet or green, lanceolate or
Herbs perennial, glabrous. Stems branched at base, 4–6 orbicular, ca. 5 × 2 mm, midvein and margin nodose
cm; branches ascending. Leaves congested, sessile, hairy, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5, violet, obovate or
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–9 mm, veins broadly so, 8–9 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens shorter than
inconspicuous, base attenuate, margin ciliate, apex petals; anthers violet. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear. Fl.
acute. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Jun–Jul.
Sepals 5, elliptic or lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, • Alpine meadows, gravels, exposed rocks; 4000–5000 m. W Sichuan,
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex excurved, E Xizang [?India, ?Nepal].
obtuse. Petals 5, white or pink, obovate, ca. 1.5 × as 42. Arenaria forrestii Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
long as sepals, base shortly clawed, apex obtuse. Edinburgh 5: 181. 1912.
Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2/3 as long as sepals; anthers 西南无心菜 xi nan wu xin cai
pale yellowish. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear, ca. 5 mm. Arenaria forrestii f. cernua (F. N. Williams) C. Y. Wu;
Fl. May. A. forrestii f. micrantha (F. N. Williams) C. Y. Wu; A.
• Alpine scrub or meadows; 4200–5000 m. S Xizang.
forrestii f. roseotincta (W. W. Smith) C. Y. Wu; A.
40. Arenaria stracheyi Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
India 1: 240. 1874.
glanduligera F. N. Williams var. cernua F. N.
藏西无心菜 zang xi wu xin cai Williams; A. glanduligera var. micrantha F. N.
Williams; A. roseotincta W. W. Smith.
Herbs perennial, dwarf, glabrous. Stems sparsely
Herbs perennial. Stems clustered, 1–15 cm, glabrous or
clustered, suberect, 2–5 cm. Leaf blade narrowly
sparsely white villous along 1 side. Proximal cauline
orbicular, flat, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, fleshy, veins
leaf blade scalelike, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm; distal cauline leaf
inconspicuous, base narrowed, margin not thickened,
blade orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular-ovate, 5–12 × Herbs perennial. Roots conic, branched at base. Stems
1.5–3 mm, leathery, glabrous, midvein raised, base clustered, yellow, lustrous, slender, 2–6 cm, glabrous
narrowed, margin slightly hard, cartilaginous, apex proximally, white glandular hairy distally. Leaf blade
acute. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, greenish, ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic-orbicular,
villous in a line. Sepals 5, yellow, orbicular-lanceolate, flat, 5–6 × 2–3 mm, both surfaces white glandular
5–8 × 2–3 mm, base narrowed, margin membranous, pubescent, veins inconspicuous, base attenuate into
apex acute. Petals 5, white or pink, obovate-elliptic, petiole, margin ciliate, apex acute or acuminate.
0.7–1.5 cm × 4–6 mm, base narrowed, cuneate, apex Flowers solitary or paired, terminal; bracts similar to
obtuse, sometimes truncate or emarginate. Stamens 10; leaves but smaller. Pedicel yellow, slender, 0.5–2 cm,
filaments 5–6 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid, sparsely white villous. Sepals 5, spreading or excurved,
slightly flattened, ca. 2 mm; ovules 6–8. Styles 3, linear, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm,
ca. 2.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug. glandular hairy abaxially, veins inconspicuous, margin
Mountains, alpine meadows, swamp meadows, shifting screes, narrowly membranous, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 5,
broken rocks, limestone crevices; 2900–5300 m. S Gansu, SE violet, obovate or ovate-elliptic, 5–7 × 2–3 mm, apex
Qinghai, W Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Nepal]. obtuse. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 3 mm; anthers
43. Arenaria glanduligera Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. greenish or yellow. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear, pillar-
Brit. India 1: 240. 1874. shaped or clavate.

小腺无心菜 xiao xian wu xin cai Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 4500–5500 m. Xizang [Bhutan,
Nepal, Sikkim].

6. Arenaria subgen. Odontostemma (Bentham ex G. Don) F. N. Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 603. 1895.
齿瓣亚属 chi ban ya shu
Odontostemma Bentham ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 449. 1831; Gooringia F. N. Williams.
Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial. Leaf blade linear to ovate, rarely subulate. Inflorescences various, but often
with vegetative branches arising within them. Sepals curved, often saccate, veins inconspicuous, margin broadly
membranous, apex truncate. Petals usually longer than sepals (but sometimes smaller, cleistogamous flowers
present), apex emarginate or shallowly bifid or toothed. Styles usually 2, rarely 3. Seeds often inflated, roughened,
without reticulate striae.
About 65 species: Asia; 59 species (57 endemic) in China.
McNeill (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 24: 129. 1962) mentioned that Arenaria subgen. Odontostemma is heterogeneous, but did not further
subdivide it. The following five groups have been recognized in China: A. sect. Pseudoeuthalia C. Y. Wu (in W. T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl.
Hengduan Mount. 1: 396. 1993, but invalid as without Latin diagnosis; species nos. 44–51); A. sect. Reductae C. Y. Wu (loc. cit., but invalid as
without Latin diagnosis; species nos. 52–64); A. sect. Moehringella Franchet (Pl. Delavay. 96. 1889; species nos. 65–74); A. sect. Macrogyne
Franchet (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 432. 1885; species nos. 75–79); and A. sect. Odontostemma (G. Don) Pax (in Engler & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. 3(1b): 84. 1889; species nos. 80–102).
44. Arenaria weissiana Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad. • Alpine meadows, shifting screes, rock crevices; 2800–4800 m.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 47. 1920. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
多柱无心菜 duo zhu wu xin cai A related species, which has not been validly published (Arenaria
Herbs perennial. Roots fusiform or conic. Stems galiiformis C. Y. Wu in W. T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mount.
clustered, 2–10 cm, glandular hairy in 2 lines or yellow 1: 402. 1993), differs from A. weissiana in having stems
or densely white glandular hairy. Leaves diffusely dichotomously branched, slender, hard; leaves usually in whorls of 4,
paired; petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, blade 5–10 × 3–8 mm, thickened, both surfaces white powdery,
densely hairy, base attenuate, apex obtuse; sepals densely and shortly
obovate, or saccate, 5–10 × 3–5 mm, granular, sparsely
glandular pubescent; petals broadly ovate or suborbicular, apex
glandular pubescent or densely villous, midvein emarginate; ovary ovoid, 2–3 mm; and styles 3, ca. 2.5 × as long as
impressed, base cuneate, apex rounded or obtuse. ovary. It grows in rock crevices, from 4200–4300 m, in SW Sichuan.
Flower solitary or cymes few flowered; bracts similar to Three varieties of Arenaria weissiana have been recognized. Field
leaves but smaller. Pedicel 1–4 cm, sparsely glandular studies are needed to better characterize these entities.
hairy. Sepals 5, greenish abaxially, ovate or lanceolate, 1a. Petal apex bifid nearly to middle .... 44b. var. bifida
4–7 × 2–3 mm, sparsely glandular pubescent or 1b. Petal apex rounded, entire.
densely villous, midvein impressed, base broadened, 2a. Plants glandular hairy in 2 lines
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex acute. ........................................... 44a. var. weissiana
Petals 5, white, obcordate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, 2b. Plants densely white glandular
base narrowly cuneate, apex rounded or bifid nearly to hairy ................................... 44c. var. puberula
middle. Floral disc with 5 fleshy glands. Stamens 10, 44a. Arenaria weissiana var. weissiana
longer than sepals; anthers brown or green. Ovary
多柱无心菜(原变种) duo zhu wu xin cai (yuan bian
ovoid, ca. 1.5 × 1.2 mm. Styles 4 or 5 (in female
zhong)
flowers), ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
Plants glandular hairy in 2 lines. Petal apex rounded, 46a. Arenaria napuligera var. napuligera
entire. 滇藏无心菜(原变种) dian zang wu xin cai (yuan bian
• Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 2800–4800 m. SW Sichuan, NW zhong)
Yunnan.
Stems branched proximally. Flowers few to many per
44b. Arenaria weissiana var. puberula C. Y. Wu ex L. H.
cyme. Styles 3.
Zhou, Acta Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 34. 1987.
• Alpine grasslands; 3000–5000 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW
微毛无心菜 wei mao wu xin cai Yunnan.
Plants densely white glandular hairy. Leaves and sepals
46b. Arenaria napuligera var. monocephala W. W. Smith,
densely villous. Petal apex rounded, entire.
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 196. 1920.
• Rock crevices; ca. 3900 m. Sichuan.
44c. Arenaria weissiana var. bifida H. Chuang in C. Y. Wu 单头无心菜 dan tou wu xin cai
et al, Fl. Yunnan. 6: 836. 1995. Stems unbranched. Flower solitary. Styles 2.
裂瓣无心菜 lie ban wu xin cai
• Alpine meadows; 3600–5100 m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.
Plants glandular hairy. Petal apex bifid nearly to middle.
• Alpine meadows; ca. 3700 m. NW Yunnan. 47. Arenaria filipes C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Pla-
45. Arenaria setifera C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. teau Sin. 6: 34. 1987.
Plateau Sin. 6: 37. 1987.
细柄无心菜 xi bing wu xin cai
刚毛无心菜 gang mao wu xin cai
Herbs. Roots conic. Stems slender, 5–10 cm, hard, Herbs. Roots napiform, branched at base. Stems
densely glandular pubescent and with hard, clustered, branched distally, 8–12 cm, shortly villous in
multicellular hairs. Leaf blade ovate, 5–6 × 2.5–3 mm, 1 line. Leaf blade decurved, saccate-oblanceolate or
base rounded, margin villous with sparse, hard, saccate-orbicular proximally, orbicular-lanceolate
multicellular hairs, apex acuminate. Cymes several distally, 5–10 × 2–3 mm, glabrous, base obtuse, apex
attenuate. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts similar
flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel
to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 2.5–5 cm, densely glan-
1–2.5 cm, with hard, multicellular hairs. Sepals 5, dular pubescent. Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate, 3–4 mm,
lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm, with hard, multicellular sparsely pubescent, base broadened, margin white, apex
hairs abaxially, apex long acuminate. Petals 5, white, acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals,
obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex 2-cleft; lobes apex entire or emarginate. Stamens 10; anthers
shallowly toothed. Stamens 10, nearly equaling sepals. yellowish green. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles
Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 3, linear, longer than 3, filiform. Fl. Jul–Aug.
ovary. Fl. Jun–Jul.
• Montane forest margins; ca. 2800 m. SW Sichuan.
• Alpine meadows, rock crevices; 3600–4200 m. SW Yunnan.
48. Arenaria nigricans Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 196.
46. Arenaria napuligera Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
1929.
429. 1886.
滇藏无心菜 dian zang wu xin cai 变黑无心菜 bian hei wu xin cai
Herbs. Root solitary, small; rootlets white, long, fibrous.
Herbs annual. Roots napiform. Stems branched prox-
Stems branched at base, 10–25 cm, black glandular
imally or unbranched, slender, 5–15 cm, hard, white or hairy. Basal leaves petiolate; leaf blade suborbicular.
violet glandular villous. Leaf blade orbicular, narrowly Cauline leaves with sheathing petiole; leaf blade
so, or linear, 5–8 × 1.5–4 mm, base cuneate, margin narrowly elliptic to suborbicular, 1–4 × 0.7–1.5 cm,
ciliate proximally, apex obtuse. Cymes sometimes thick, bullate, both surfaces glabrous, base attenuate,
conic, few to many flowered, or sometimes flower margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes many flowered;
solitary. Pedicel erect, slender, 0.5–2.5 cm, hard, bracts ovate or broadly so, 5–8 mm, apex acute. Pedicel
glandular villous. Sepals 5, violet or green, lanceolate erect in fruit, 1–4 cm, becoming shorter distally on
or ovate-lanceolate, 6–7 × ca. 2 mm, glandular cymes, glandular villous. Sepals 5, orbicular, 4–5 mm,
pubescent abaxially, margin broadly membranous, apex glandular pubescent abaxially, base narrowed, margin
obtuse. Petals 5, white or pink, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, membranous, apex rounded. Petals 5, white, obovate,
apex entire, emarginate, or 2-cleft. Stamens 10, ca. 3/4 1–2 × as long as sepals, apex truncate or emarginate.
as long as petals. Ovary obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles 2 or Floral disc small, with 5 subglobose glands. Stamens 10,
3, linear, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. equaling sepals; anthers yellow. Ovary turbinate-obo-
• Alpine grasslands and meadows; 3000–5100 m. W Sichuan, E void, ca. 1/3 as long as sepals. Styles 2, equaling ovary.
Xizang, NW Yunnan. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds brown, large, smooth,
1a. Stems branched proximally; flowers few narrowly fimbriate. Fl. Jul–Sep.
to many per cyme; styles 3 .... 46a. var. napuligera • Limestone and montane rock crevices; 2600–3500 m. W Yunnan.
1b. Stems unbranched; flower solitary; Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters
styles 2 ............................... 46b. var. monocephala seem to be only a matter of degree or ecologically induced, and the
variation pattern should be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation obovate or broadly so, 3–8 mm, equaling or slightly
should not be the basis for formal recognition of taxa. longer than sepals, apex obtuse. Stamens 10. Ovary
1a. Leaves 1.5–4 × 0.8–1.5 cm, changing to ovoid-globose. Styles 2 or 3, 2–5 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep.
black when dry; petals 1.5–2 × as long • Pinus forest margins, mountain grasslands; 2600–3600 m. Sichuan,
as sepals .................................... 48a. var. nigricans NW Yunnan.
1b. Leaves 1–3 × ca. 0.7 cm, not changing Two weakly distinguished varieties have been recognized.
to black when dry; petals 1a. Styles 2 ..................................... 50a. var. xerophila
subequaling sepals ............ 48b. var. zhenkangensis 1b. Styles 3 .......................... 50b. var. xiangchengensis
48a. Arenaria nigricans var. nigricans 50a. Arenaria xerophila var. xerophila
变黑无心菜(原变种) bian hei wu xin cai (yuan bian 旱生无心菜(原变种) han sheng wu xin cai (yuan bian
zhong) zhong)
Sepals 2–6 × 1–3 mm. Petals slightly longer than the
Leaves 1.5–4 × 0.8–1.5 cm, changing to black when dry.
sepals. Styles 2.
Petals 1.5–2 × as long as sepals.
• Limestone crevices; 2600–3200 m. NW Yunnan. • Mountain grasslands; 2600–3600 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
48b. Arenaria nigricans var. zhenkangensis (C. Y. Wu ex L.
50b. Arenaria xerophila var. xiangchengensis (L. H. Zhou)
H. Zhou) C. Y. Wu in C. L. Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin.
C. Y. Wu in W. T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mount. 1:
26: 209. 1996.
404. 1993.
镇康无心菜 zhen kang wu xin cai
Arenaria zhenkangensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta 乡城无心菜 xiang cheng wu xin cai
Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 36. 1987. Arenaria xiangchengensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol.
Leaves 1–3 × ca. 0.7 cm, not changing to black when Plateau Sin. 6: 36. 1987.
dry. Petals subequaling sepals.
• Montane rock crevices; 2800–3500 m. SW Yunnan. Sepals 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm. Petals equaling sepals. Styles 3.
49. Arenaria zhongdianensis C. Y. Wu in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl.
• Pinus forest margins; ca. 3000 m. W Sichuan (Xiangcheng Xian).
Yunnan. 6: 835. 1995.
中甸无心菜 zhong dian wu xin cai 51. Arenaria schneideriana Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad.
Herbs. Stems dichotomously branched at base, yellow Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 46. 1920.
or violet, 15–20 cm, sparsely and shortly hairy. Leaf 雪山无心菜 xue shan wu xin cai
blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1–2 cm × 2–5 mm,
thick, both surfaces with raised granulosities, glabrous Herbs. Roots conic, wiry toward tip. Stems erect,
or with sparse, hard hairs, base attenuate, apex obtuse. dichotomously branched, yellowish or violet, slender,
Cymes often capitate; bracts ovate, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, base cylindric, 4–8 cm, white pubescent on 1 or 2 sides.
broadened, both surfaces with raised granulosities, Basal leaf blade ligulate, gradually inflated distally,
margin hairy, apex obtuse. Pedicel 2–5 mm, densely small, soon withering. Distal cauline leaf blade often
white villous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, abaxially excurved, linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm × 2 mm, slightly
shortly white nodose glandular hairy or white pubescent, fleshy, glabrous, 1-veined, base attenuate into a very
margin narrowly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, short sheath, apex obtuse. Cymes few flowered. Pedicel
white, obovate, equaling sepals, apex 2-cleft. Stamens recurved at anthesis, suberect in fruit, 4–13 mm, wiry,
10. Ovary globose. Styles 2. Fl. Jul–Aug. glandular villous. Sepals 5, elliptic, ca. 4 mm, glandular
• Ravine margins; ca. 3300 m. NW Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian). pubescent abaxially, veins absent, margin membranous,
50. Arenaria xerophila W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. apex often excurved. Floral disc orbicular, with 5
Edinburgh 11: 198. 1920. elliptic, flat glands. Petals 5, white or rose, narrowly
旱生无心菜 han sheng wu xin cai obovate, shorter than or equaling sepals, with very
Herbs perennial. Roots conic or shortly fusiform. Stems slender veins, base clawed, apex emarginate or
suberect or ascending, branched at base, violet, 5–20 shallowly 2-cleft. Stamens 5; filaments slightly shorter
cm; branchlets numerous, diffuse, than petals; anthers yellow or green. Ovary obovoid, ca.
pseudodichotomously branched, slender, hard, sparsely 0.5 mm. Styles 2, ca. 1/2 as long as ovary. Capsule
white villous or glabrous. Leaf blade oblanceolate, 0.5– ovoid, ca. 4 mm, 4-lobed, apex subacute. Seeds 8, large,
2.5 cm × 1–5 mm, papery, adaxially with or without obtusely tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
small, clavate protuberances, base attenuate into a short • Alpine meadows; 4400–4700 m. NW Yunnan.
sheath, apex acute, not cuspidate. Cymes conic,
52. Arenaria minima C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol.
sparsely many flowered; bracts similar to leaves but
Plateau Sin. 6: 35. 1987.
smaller. Pedicel slender, 0.5–1.5 cm, soft, hairy. Sepals
5, green abaxially, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 2–6 × 1–3 微无心菜 wei wu xin cai
mm, midvein and basal veins hairy, base broadened,
margin white, ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white,
Herbs small. Roots gray, conic. Stems densely dichoto- Herbs perennial. Roots napiform. Stems 1 or 2,
mously branched at base, 3–6 cm; branchlets violet, branched at base, 1–5 cm, with black, hard hairs. Basal
subglabrous. Leaf blade subulate, 4–5 × ca. 1 mm, base leaf blade saccate; cauline leaf blade lanceolate, 8–10 ×
broadened into a sheath, apex acute. Cymes several 1–2.5 mm, glabrous or with sparse, short, hard hairs,
flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel midvein inconspicuous, apex obtuse or acute. Flower
3–10 mm, stiff. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 2 × 1 mm, base solitary, terminal, or cymes few flowered. Pedicel
broadened, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, robust, ca. 1 cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate or orbicular, 2–3
narrowly lanceolate, shorter than sepals, apex obtuse. mm, herbaceous, abaxially with sparse, brown, hard
Stamens 10, equaling petals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, hairs, base saccate, margin membranous, apex acute.
equaling ovary. Capsule ovoid, longer than sepals, 3- Petals 5, white, elliptic or narrowly ovate, shorter than
valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug. sepals, apex rounded, acute, or dentate to 2-cleft.
• Mountain rock crevices; ca. 4000 m. SW Sichuan.
Stamens 10; filaments unequal; anthers pale brown.
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2 or 3. Capsule ovoid, equaling
53. Arenaria bomiensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang. persistent sepals, 4-lobed. Seeds brown, oblate. Fl. and
1: 685. 1983.
fr. Jul–Sep.
波密无心菜 bo mi wu xin cai • Alpine meadows; 3600–4600 m. NW Yunnan.

Herbs small, soft. Stems yellow, slender, 5–6 cm, soft, 56. Arenaria amdoensis L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xizang.
1: 688. 1983.
sparsely white pubescent. Petiole 2–6 mm, sparsely
villous at base. Leaf blade saccate, 0.5–1.2 cm × 2–3 安多无心菜 an duo wu xin cai
mm, base attenuate into petiole, margin crisped- Herbs small, glandular pubescent. Roots numerous,
undulate, apex acute. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts conic, slender. Stems erect, densely dichotomously
similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel slender, 5–9 mm, branched at base, proximally yellowish and lustrous,
distally green or violet, 2–4 cm, glandular villous.
white villous in 1 line. Sepals 5, ovate, ca. 5 mm, base
Petiole short; leaf blade saccate, 4–10 × 1–3.5 mm,
broadened, margin ciliate at base, apex obtuse. Petals 5, leathery, both surfaces sparsely glandular villous, base
white, obovate, ca. 6 mm, apex emarginate. Stamens 10, attenuate, margin densely ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes
shorter than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, linear, ca. 4 3–5-flowered, rarely flower solitary. Pedicel green or
mm. Fl. Jul. brown, 2–7 mm, densely glandular villous. Sepals 5,
• Mountain grasslands; ca. 3700 m. E Xizang. ovate, 2–3 × ca. 1 mm, leathery, glandular villous
A presumably related species, which has not been validly published abaxially, 1-veined, base broadened, margin narrowly
(Arenaria microstella C. Y. Wu in C. L. Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, broadly
Sin. 26: 213. 1996), differs from A. bomiensis in having long hairs
and small retrorse bristles; leaf blade 2–4 × 1–2 mm, both surfaces
obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex emarginate or
raised granular, base attenuate, margin retrorsely ciliate, apex acute; 2-cleft. Stamens 10, longer than sepals; anthers black.
cymes several flowered; and styles 3. It is known from shifting screes, Ovary ovoid, ca. 1.3 mm. Styles 2, linear, ca. 1 mm. Fl.
from 4200 to 4300 m, in SW Sichuan. Jul.
54. Arenaria longipes C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. • River beaches; 4800–5000 m. E Xizang (Amdo Xian).
Plateau Sin. 6: 39. 1987. 57. Arenaria spathulifolia C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
长梗无心菜 chang geng wu xin cai Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 35. 1987.
Herbs annual. Roots slender. Stems branched at base, 匙叶无心菜 chi ye wu xin cai
yellow, slender, 5–10 cm, glandular villous. Petiole Arenaria muliensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou.
0.5–1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, 4–5 × 2–4 mm, both Herbs small. Roots conic. Stems dichotomously
surfaces glabrous, apex rounded or obtuse. Cymes branched at base, 3–10 cm; branches violet, slender,
dichasial, many flowered; bracts similar to leaves but hard, glandular hairy. Leaf blade saccate, 5–6 × 2–3 mm,
smaller. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, sparsely white villous. both surfaces glandular villous, base attenuate, margin
Sepals 5, lanceolate-ovate or ovate, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes few flowered; bracts similar
white villous abaxially, margin membranous, apex to leaves but smaller. Pedicel slender, 0.5–1.5 cm,
densely glandular villous. Sepals 5, lanceolate, ca. 3 × 1
obtuse or acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2/3 as
mm, glandular villous abaxially, base connate, margin
long as sepals, apex entire. Stamens 10. Ovary ovoid; ciliate, apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 3–4 mm,
ovules numerous. Styles 2. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1.5 × as apex emarginate or dentate lobed. Stamens 10, shorter
long as persistent sepals. Seeds gray-black, subglobose. than sepals; anthers yellow. Ovary obovoid. Styles 2,
Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. linear. Fl. Jul–Aug.
• Rocky cliffs; ca. 3500 m. SW Sichuan (Muli Zang Zu Zizhixian). • Mountain grasslands; 3500–4200 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
55. Arenaria inconspicua Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7:
197. 1929. 58. Arenaria membranisepala C. Y. Wu in C. Y. Wu et al.,
不显无心菜 bu xian wu xin cai Fl. Yunnan. 6: 835. 1995.
膜萼无心菜 mo e wu xin cai
Herbs slender. Roots conic. Stems dichotomously white pubescent or glabrous. Sepals 5, violet, ovate-
branched at base, ca. 10 cm, white pubescent, shortly lanceolate or ovate, ca. 2 mm, base broadened, margin
glandular villous. Leaves in several pairs; leaf blade narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex acute. Petals absent.
linear, 3–8 × 0.5–1.5 mm, both surfaces glabrous, veins Stamens 5. Ovary ovoid, equaling sepals. Styles 2,
inconspicuous, base shortly sheathed, apex obtuse. equaling ovary. Capsule ovoid, 4-lobed. Seeds pale
Cymes terminal or axillary; rachis slender, 1.5–2.5 cm, brown, triangular-reniform. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
densely pubescent, also shortly glandular pubescent in 1 • Abies forests, alpine meadows, chalky soils; 3500–4200 m. SW
line. Sepals 5, lanceolate-orbicular, 3–4 × 1–1.5 mm, Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
glabrous, veins inconspicuous, margin broadly 62. Arenaria pharensis McNeill & Majumdar, Bot. J. Linn.
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, Soc. 80: 373. 1980.
equaling sepals, base clawed, apex entire. Stamens 10, 帕里无心菜 pa li wu xin cai
equaling sepals. Ovary globose, ca. 1 mm; ovules Herbs annual. Roots conic or spinose. Stems densely
numerous. Styles 2, equaling ovary. Capsule globose,
branched at base, 2–4 cm; branches slender, ca. 0.5 mm
3–4 mm, deeply 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, flat, orbicular,
1.5–2 mm. in diam., retrorsely white pubescent in 2 lines. Petiole
absent or short; leaf blade linear or linear-lanceolate, 4–
• NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian). 5 × 1–2 mm, tuberculate, 1–3-veined, midvein
59. Arenaria karakorensis Em. Schmid, Repert. Spec. Nov. impressed proximally. Pedicel 3–5.5 mm. Sepals 5,
Regni Veg. 31: 42. 1932. narrowly elliptic, hooded, 1.5–3 × 0.5–1 mm, villous
abaxially, 3-veined, midvein impressed, lateral veins
克拉克无心菜 ke la ke wu xin cai
inconspicuous, base broadened, margin narrowly mem-
Sagina karakorensis (Em. Schmid) Kozhevnikov.
branous, apex obtuse or acute. Petals absent. Stamens 2
Herbs annual. Stems branched at base, ca. 3 cm, or 3, ca. 1 mm. Capsule ellipsoid-ovoid, 2.5–3 mm,
glandular hairy. Petiole narrow; leaf blade linear- deeply 4-valved; valves ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm in diam.
lanceolate, 1-veined, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Seeds brown, subglobose, ca. 0.6 mm in diam.,
Cymes few flowered; flowers nutant. Pedicel glandular narrowly and irregularly parallel striate.
hairy. Sepals 5, narrowly ovate, ca. 1.8 mm, 1-veined, • Plateaus; ca. 4400 m. S Xizang.
margin white membranous, glandular ciliate. Petals 5, No specimens have been seen by the present authors; the above
white, narrowly ovate, 2–2.5 mm, apex erose. Floral description is based on literature and a photograph of the type.
63. Arenaria littledalei Hemsley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
disc with 5 glands. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 2 mm.
1896: 209. 1896.
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, sparsely villous. Capsule nutant,
古临无心菜 gu lin wu xin cai
3–3.5 mm, 4-lobed. Seeds gray, flat, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm.
• Mountains; 5000–5100 m. Xizang. Gooringia littledalei (Hemsley) F. N. Williams.
60. Arenaria tumengelaensis L. H. Zhou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. Herbs small. Stems violet, 4–5 cm, glabrous, with
18: 357. 1980. numerous slender branches. Leaf blade semiterete, to
土门无心菜 tu men wu xin cai 8.5 × 0.2 mm, fleshy, base membranous, connate into a
Herbs perennial. Stems branched at base, slender, 2–10 short sheath. Flowers axillary or pseudoterminal, small.
cm. Leaf blade greenish, elliptic, 0.7–1.5 cm × 2–5 mm, Pedicel elongating to 1.6 cm in fruit, glabrous. Sepals 4,
leathery, midvein and lateral veins raised and green, narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, fleshy, base connate,
base cuneate, margin glabrous, apex obtuse. Cymes margin membranous, apex acute. Petals absent. Floral
compound, corymbose, 3-flowered. Sepals 5, violet, disc cupular, with inconspicuous glands. Stamens 2 or 3.
ovate, 5–6 mm, leathery, glabrous abaxially, 3-veined, Ovary narrowly ovoid. Styles 2. Capsule globose-ovoid,
base broadened, margin ciliate, apex cymbiform. Petals flattened on sides, deeply 4-lobed; fruiting pedicel long,
5, white, broadly obovate or suborbicular, 7–9 mm, glabrous. Seeds small, ca. 0.5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr.
apex entire. Stamens 10; filaments 3–5 mm, those Jul–Sep.
opposite sepals with a gland at base; anthers yellow. • Valleys; 5000–5300 m. C Xizang.
64. Arenaria saginoides Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 87. 1889.
Ovary obovoid, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm. Styles 2, ca. 2 mm,
clavate. Fl. Jun–Jul. 漆姑无心菜 qi gu wu xin cai
• Riverside grasslands; 4600–5300 m. NE Xizang. Herbs annual. Roots slender. Stems erect,
61. Arenaria reducta Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. dichotomously branched at base, 2–4 cm, glabrous,
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 47. 1920. rarely sparsely glandular pubescent proximally on
减缩无心菜 jian suo wu xin cai inflorescence. Leaf blade linear-saccate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm,
Herbs small. Roots conic, slender, short. Stems dichoto- midvein inconspicuous, base narrowed, apex obtuse.
mously branched at base, often violet, slender, 2–4 cm, Flowers terminal, or axillary in trichotomous cymes;
sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Leaf blade rhomboid- bracts similar to leaves but smaller, 2–3 × ca. 1 mm,
elliptic or saccate, 1–3 mm, base narrowed, apex acute. base narrowed, apex acute. Pedicel shorter than bracts
Cymes many flowered; bracts similar to leaves but at anthesis, longer than them in fruit. Sepals 4, rarely 5
smaller. Pedicel often violet, 2–5 mm, hard, sparsely (when 2 sepals wider), narrowly ovate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5
mm, sparsely glandular villous, 1-veined, base Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 0.5–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm,
thickened, saccate, margin membranous, apex obtuse. both surfaces tuberculate, base cuneate, margin sparsely
Petals 4(or 5), only 2 or 3 fully developed, white, ciliate, apex acute. Cymes few flowered (sometimes a
narrowly saccate or obovate, 2–2.5 × ca. 1 mm, apex small, female flower arising from stem base); bracts
emarginate or irregularly dentate. Floral disc saucer- similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, shortly
shaped, with 4 green glands. Stamens 8, sometimes 5, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–1.5 mm,
2/3–3/4 as long as sepals; anthers ochre-colored. Ovary sparsely shortly glandular hairy abaxially (with nodose
ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 mm; ovules 6. Styles 2, ca. 1 mm; hairs in female flower from stem base), base broadened,
stigma ellipsoid. Capsule ovoid-conic, longer than margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white,
persistent sepals, 2-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds obovate, 8–9 mm, apex entire (equaling sepals and
6, flat, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep. denticulate in female flower from stem base). Stamens
• SW Qinghai, W Sichuan, SW Xinjiang, E and N Xizang. 10, slightly shorter than sepals. Ovary ellipsoid (ovoid
65. Arenaria melanandra (Maximowicz) Mattfeld ex in female flower from stem base). Styles 3 (or 4 in
Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 202. 1929. female flower from stem base), linear. Fl. Jul–Aug.
黑蕊无心菜 hei rui wu xin cai
• Rock crevices at forest margins; 3000–3700 m. SW Sichuan, NW
Cerastium melanandrum Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Yunnan.
Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 3, 26: 429. 1880.
Herbs annual. Roots slender. Stems inclined proximally, 67. Arenaria euodonta W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot Gard.
simple or dichotomously branched at base, brown, 6–10 Edinburgh 11: 195. 1920.
cm, glandular pubescent, with sterile, axillary branches.
真齿无心菜 zhen chi wu xin cai
Proximal cauline leaves shortly petiolate; distal cauline
leaves sessile; leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate or Herbs perennial. Principal root branched, conic, robust.
orbicular, 1–1.8 cm × 3–5 mm, midvein impressed, Stems erect or diffuse, branched at base, slender, 10–35
base narrowed, margin sparsely ciliate, apex obtuse. cm, sparsely villous. Petiole short; leaf blade linear or
Cymes 1–3-flowered; flowers erect; bracts ovate- linear-lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 1–2 mm, margin hairy or
lanceolate, 6–10 × 2–3 mm, base narrowed, margin not, apex subobtuse; proximal cauline leaf blade often
ciliate, apex acute. Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, densely glandular lanceolate or narrowly orbicular, leaf axils usually with
villous. Sepals 5, green abaxially, elliptic, 5–6 × ca. 2 sterile branches at anthesis. Flower solitary or cymes 3–
mm, sparsely dark violet glandular villous, 1-veined, 5-flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel
base broadened, margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, 2–3(–6) cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate
apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, broadly ovate, 1–1.2 cm × or orbicular-lanceolate, 8–11 mm, sparsely black vil-
5–6 mm, base narrowly clawed, apex emarginate. Floral lous below middle abaxially, margin membranous,
disc saucer-shaped, with 5 elliptic glands. Stamens 10; ciliate, apex acute. Petals 5, white or pink, oblanceolate
filaments usually longer than sepals; anthers dark violet. or obovate, 2–2.5 × as long as sepals, base shortly
Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 2 or 3, ca. 3 mm; stigma clawed, apex 2- or 3-toothed. Stamens 10; equaling or
clavate. Capsule stipitate, globose-ovoid, 4–5 mm, slightly longer than sepals; anthers red, ca. 1 mm.
slightly shorter than persistent sepals, 4–6-valved. Ovary globose, 3–4 mm. Styles 2, linear, ca. 4 mm. Fl.
Seeds gray-brown, ovoid, ca. 1 mm, with curls on Jul–Aug.
surface. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. • Alpine meadows; 3000–4200 m. NW Yunnan.
• Alpine meadows, shifting screes; 3700–5000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, 68. Arenaria dsharaensis Pax & K. Hoffmann in Pax, Repert.
SW Sichuan, Xizang [?Nepal, ?Sikkim]. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 366. 1922.
This species is used medicinally.
察龙无心菜 cha long wu xin cai
66. Arenaria pseudostellaria C. Y. Wu, Lihua Zhou & W. L.
Wagner, nom. nov.
Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, 3–6 cm, basally
glabrous, with withered leaves, distally slightly villous,
线叶无心菜 xian ye wu xin cai with congested leaves; internodes elongate. Leaf blade
lanceolate or saccate-orbicular, 5–14 mm, base
Replaced synonym: Arenaria linearifolia Franchet, Pl. narrowed, margin hairy, apex acute. Flower solitary.
Delavay. 97. 1889, not Poiret (1804), nor Desvaux
Pedicel ca. 5 mm. Sepals ovate, ca. 4 mm, villous
(1816); A. leptophylla C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou (1987),
abaxially, margin membranous. Petals 5, white, obovate,
not Chamisso & Schlechtendal (1830); Moehringella
6–7 mm, base clawed, apex emarginate or obtuse.
linearifolia Neumayer; Moehringia linearifolia F. N.
Styles 2, equaling sepals.
Williams.
• Alpine streamsides; ca. 4700 m. W Sichuan.
Herbs annual. Roots solitary, spinose or conic. Stems
branched at base, violet, slender, 10–12 cm, pubescent.
69. Arenaria melandryoides Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. ciliate from middle to apex, apex obtuse. Flower
Brit. India 1: 241. 1874. solitary, terminal. Pedicel recurved pubescent or long
桃色无心菜 tao se wu xin cai capitate glandular. Sepals 5, violet, lanceolate, 5–10 ×
2–3 mm, violet glandular hairy abaxially, base cuneate,
Herbs perennial. Roots slender. Stems sparsely apex obtuse. Petals 5, pink or white, obovate, ca. 2 × as
clustered or solitary, branched at base, 5–10 cm, white long as sepals, apex shallowly 2-cleft; lobes very
glandular villous. Leaves sessile, dark green or violet, narrow, irregularly 2- or 3-toothed. Stamens 10, shorter
ovate- or orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular-elliptic, 0.8– to slightly longer than sepals; anthers violet. Ovary
1.5 cm × 1.5–3 mm, leathery, glandular pubescent or ovoid, ca. 1/2 as long as sepals. Styles 2, linear. Fl.
both surfaces glabrous, 1-veined, base cuneate, apex Jun–Jul.
obtuse. Flower solitary, terminal, rarely lateral. Pedicel • Mountains, alpine meadows, shifting screes, barrens; (2700–)
recurved, 1–3 cm, white glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, 3300–4100(–4500) m. NW Yunnan.
erect or reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, 4–8 mm, sparsely 72. Arenaria melandryiformis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc.,
glandular pubescent or glabrous, veins inconspicuous Bot. 38. 399. 1909.
abaxially, margin blue-brown, not membranous, ciliate, 女娄无心菜 nu lou wu xin cai
apex acute. Petals 5, white or pink, narrowly obovate, Herbs perennial. Roots branched, slender; lateral roots
ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex entire. Stamens 10, pale brown. Stems 10–20 cm, white glandular
slightly longer than sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2(or 3). pubescent. Basal leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade
Capsule 2-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds brown, linear-saccate or saccate, 1–2 cm × 3–5 mm, glabrous,
with a ± thin, membranous wing. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul– base cuneate, apex obtuse. Cauline leaf blade linear-
Aug. lanceolate or lanceolate, base cuneate, margin ± ciliate,
Alpine meadows; (3700–)4300–4800(–5000) m. E and S Xizang, NW
apex acute. Flower solitary, terminal. Pedicel 1–5 mm,
Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim]. robust, glandular hairy. Sepals 5, green or violet,
lanceolate, 4–5 mm, ± glandular hairy abaxially,
70. Arenaria rockii Diels, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem inconspicuously 3-veined, margin narrowly
9: 1027. 1926. membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca.
紫红无心菜 zi hong wu xin cai 2 × as long as sepals, apex entire. Stamens 10; fila-
ments slightly longer than sepals; anthers yellow. Ovary
Herbs perennial. Stems branched at base, 4–10 cm; ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Fl. Jun–Jul.
underground part white, with small, white scales; aerial • Shifting screes, barrens; 4000–4900 m. Xizang.
part violet, pubescent and violet glandular villous, 73. Arenaria inornata W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
with axillary, sterile branches. Leaves sessile, Edinburgh 11: 196. 1920.
lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 0.5–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm, 无饰无心菜 wu shi wu xin cai
thick, glabrous except sparsely glandular pubescent Herbs perennial. Roots conic, or numerous, spinose,
abaxially and at margin, 1-veined or vein inconspicuous, and fleshy; primary one lepidote. Stems 1–3, erect or
base cuneate, apex obtuse. Flower solitary, terminal. suberect, to 4 cm, white, yellow, or black villous.
Sepals 5, green or violet, orbicular, 5–8 × 1–2 mm, 3- Proximal cauline leaves imbricate, lepidote; distal
veined, base saccate, margin broadly membranous, cauline leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 1–
apex obtuse. Petals 5, violet or white, broadly obovate, 1.3 cm × 3–4 mm, both surfaces glabrous, tuberculate,
ca. 1.5 cm × 6–7 mm, base attenuate, apex emarginate. base attenuate into petiole, margin ciliate or glabrous,
Stamens 10; filaments equaling sepals. Styles 2. Fl. Jul– apex subobtuse or acute. Flower solitary or cymes ca.
Aug. 3-flowered; bracts leaflike, small. Pedicel ca. 1 cm,
• Mountains; 3800–4700 m. NW Yunnan. densely black nodose hairy. Sepals 5, orbicular-
71. Arenaria roseiflora Sprague, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew lanceolate, ca. 5 × 1–1.5 mm, margin membranous,
1916: 33. 1916. ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 1 cm,
粉花无心菜 fen hua wu xin cai apex emarginate, often few toothed. Stamens 10, longer
Arenaria atuntziensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou var. than sepals. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Styles 2, ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul.
stenopetala Y. W. Tsui ex L. H. Zhou; A. roseiflora f. • Mountains; 4000–4200 m. NW Yunnan.
albiflora C. Y. Wu; Moehringella roseiflora (Sprague) 74. Arenaria monantha F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
Neumayer. 38: 401. 1909.
Herbs perennial. Stems violet, 10–25 cm, distally with 山地无心菜 shan di wu xin cai
recurved, brown, short hairs and long, glandular hairs.
Basal leaves attenuate into a petiole at base; leaf blade Herbs perennial. Stems sparsely clustered, 5–6 cm,
saccate, 1–2 cm × 3–5 mm, apex obtuse. Cauline leaves proximally hairy in 2 lines, distally retrorsely hairy.
sessile, lanceolate or elliptic, 0.7–1.5 cm × 2–5 mm, Leaf blade elliptic-linear, ca. 8 mm, villous abaxially,
midvein raised abaxially, violet, base rounded, margin glabrous adaxially, veins inconspicuous, margin ciliate,
apex acute. Flower solitary, erect; bracts in 2 pairs at 75c. Arenaria longistyla var. pleurogynoides Diels, Notes
base of pedicel. Pedicel slender, ± hairy. Sepals 5, Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 182. 1912.
elliptic, villous abaxially, veins inconspicuous, base 侧长柱无心菜 ce chang zhu wu xin cai
connate, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, Stems 7.5–10 cm. Leaf blade 1.2–2 cm × 1–2 mm.
white, ovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, veins Pedicel 0.6–0.7 cm. Sepals 6–7 mm. Petals to 10 mm.
impressed, base shortly clawed, apex entire. Floral disc Styles 5–6 mm.
with raised, yellow-green glands. Fl. Aug. • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; (3200–)3900–4800(–5000) m.
SW Xizang, NW Yunnan.
• Mountains. S Xizang (near Lhasa Shi). 76. Arenaria ionandra Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
No specimens have been seen by the present authors; the above burgh 5: 182. 1912.
description is based on the protologue. 紫蕊无心菜 zi rui wu xin cai
75. Arenaria longistyla Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: Herbs small. Roots branched, conic. Stems branched at
433. 1886. base, yellow or violet, 4–10 cm, densely glandular hairy
in 2 lines or glabrous. Petiole short; leaf blade saccate
长柱无心菜 chang zhu wu xin cai or ovate, 3–7 × 1–3 mm, thick, both surfaces glabrous,
Herbs small. Roots slender, with numerous branches. base attenuate, apex obtuse. Flower solitary, terminal;
Stems slender, 4–10 cm, villous in 2 lines, or brown bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel 1–2.5 mm,
glandular villous. Leaves aggregated at stem apex; leaf glandular villous. Sepals 5, dark violet at base abaxially,
blade broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm × to orbicular-lanceolate or orbicular, 3–5 × 1.5–2.5 mm,
2 mm, base connate into a sheath, margin sparsely hairy, glabrous or black glandular hairy, base broadened,
apex mucronate. Flowers axillary. Pedicel 0.6–5 cm, margin broadly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5,
glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–10 × 1– white or partly violet, broadly ovate or obovate-elliptic,
1.5 mm, glabrous or glandular pubescent abaxially, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, base shortly clawed, apex 2-
base saccate after anthesis, margin broadly white cleft. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 4 mm; anthers violet or
membranous, apex acute, mucronate. Petals 5, white, dark violet. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm in diam.
obovate-orbicular, 5–10 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens 10, Styles 2, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
slightly shorter than petals; anthers yellow. Ovary • Mountains, alpine shifting screes; 3600–5300 m. SW Sichuan, NW
subglobose, ca. 2 mm. Styles 2, subulate, 5–7 mm. Fl. Yunnan.
Jun–Jul. 1a. Sepals glabrous; petals white .... 76a. var. ionandra
1b. Sepals black glandular hairy; petals
• Forest margins, alpine meadows, mountain grasslands, shifting partly violet ........................ 76b. var. melanotricha
screes; 2800–5000 m. W Sichuan, S Xizang, NW Yunnan.
76a. Arenaria ionandra var. ionandra
Three weakly distinguished varieties have been recognized. The
distinguishing characters seem to be only a matter of degree, and the 紫蕊无心菜(原变种) zi rui wu xin cai (yuan bian
variation pattern should be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation zhong)
(at least for the first two varieties) should not be the basis for formal Sepals glabrous. Petals white.
recognition of taxa. • Mountains; 3600–5300 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
1a. Leaf blade less than 1 mm wide 75b. var. eugonophylla 76b. Arenaria ionandra var. melanotricha H. F. Comber,
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 18: 229. 1934.
1b. Leaf blade 1–2 mm wide.
黑毛无心菜 hei mao wu xin cai
2a. Pedicel 2–5 cm ................. 75a. var. longistyla
2b. Pedicel 0.6–0.7 mm . 75c. var. pleurogynoides Sepals black glandular hairy. Petals partly violet.
75a. Arenaria longistyla var. longistyla • Alpine shifting screes; 3600–4200 m. NW Yunnan.
77. Arenaria longiseta C. Y. Wu in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yun-
长柱无心菜(原变种) chang zhu wu xin cai (yuan bian
nan. 6: 835. 1995.
zhong)
长刚毛无心菜 chang gang mao wu xin cai
Stems 4–5 cm. Leaf blade 0.5–1.5 cm × 1–2 mm.
Pedicel 2–5 cm. Petals 5–6 mm. Styles 6–7 mm. Herbs. Stems violet, ca. 10 cm, densely glandular pub-
escent and long nodose bristly. Petiole short; leaf blade
• Forest margins, alpine meadows; 3600–5000 m. W Sichuan, SE
Xizang, NW Yunnan. obovate, 5–8 mm, both surfaces violet nodose bristly,
base attenuate, margin densely ciliate, apex obtuse,
75b. Arenaria longistyla var. eugonophylla Fernald, Cymes 2- or 3-flowered or flower solitary, terminal;
Rhodora 21: 5. 1919.
rachis and pedicel densely long bristly; bracts ovate, 3–
棱长柱无心菜 leng chang zhu wu xin cai 5 mm, long nodose bristly, base rounded, apex obtuse.
Leaf blade slender, less than 1 mm wide. Pedicel very Sepals 5, violet, ovate, 4–6 × 1–2 mm, densely nodose
slender, 2–4 cm. bristly abaxially, base broadened, margin narrowly
• Mountain grasslands; 2800–4500 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan. membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, ca.
1 cm, apex 2-cleft. Stamens 10; filaments opposite 81. Arenaria giraldii (Diels) Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
sepals with a gland at base. Ovary globose. Fl. Jul–Aug. Berlin-Dahlem 11: 336. 1932.
• Alpine meadows; 3800–3900 m. NW Yunnan. 秦岭无心菜 qin ling wu xin cai
78. Arenaria chamdoensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou in S. W. Lepyrodiclis giraldii Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 36(Beibl.
Liu, Fl. Qinghai. 1: 506. 1997. 82): 38. 1905.
昌都无心菜 chang du wu xin cai Herbs soft. Roots spinose. Stems lustrous yellowish or
Herbs. Roots gray, conic, with slender branches at base. violet, 20–25 cm. Leaves sessile, narrowly elliptic,
Stems whitish proximally, violet distally, 4–7 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate, 0.5–2 cm × 2–5 mm, thin,
densely violet glandular pubescent. Petiole short; leaf base broadened, margin membranous, apex obtuse or
blade violet, obsaccate, both surfaces pubescent, base acute. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts similar to
attenuate, margin ciliate, apex rounded; axils of leaves but smaller. Pedicel slender, 1–2.5 cm. Sepals 5,
proximal cauline leaves with reduced flowers. Cymes lanceolate or narrowly so, 4–5 mm, glandular villous
conic; rachis and pedicels densely glandular pubescent. abaxially, base broadened, margin membranous, apex
Pedicel 0.5–2 mm. Sepals 5, green, ovate, 2–3 mm, obtuse. Petals 5, white, cuneate or obovate, ca. 2 × as
black glandular villous abaxially, margin membranous, long as sepals, base attenuate, apex 4-toothed. Stamens
ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, 6–8 mm. 10, shorter than petals. Ovary ovoid, 2–2.5 mm. Styles
Stamens 10; anthers yellow. Ovary obovoid. Styles 2. 2, to 5 mm. Capsule globose, apex 4-valved. Seeds
Fl. Jul–Aug. brown, ovoid, with curls. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
• Shifting screes; 4500–4700 m. SE Qinghai (Nangqên Xian), W • Scrub meadow margins, mountain grasslands; 2500–3800 m. SE
Sichuan, E Xizang (Qamdo Xian). Gansu, Shaanxi.
79. Arenaria szechuensis F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 82. Arenaria trichophylla C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
34: 437. 1899. Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 27. 1987.
四川无心菜 si chuan wu xin cai 毛叶无心菜 mao ye wu xin cai
Herbs perennial. Stems clustered, diffuse or erect, 3–8 Herbs perennial. Roots spinose or conic. Stems sparsely
cm, glandular pubescent. Leaves sessile, linear- clustered, lustrous yellow or violet, 8–12 cm, nodose
lanceolate, 1–2 cm, base broadened, clasping, margin hairy and long hairy. Leaf blade ovate, 4–6 × 2–3 mm,
sparsely hairy, apex obtuse. Cymes 3- or 4-flowered. both surfaces glandular pubescent, base cuneate, apex
Pedicel 2–3 cm, ± glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, obtuse. Cymes few flowered; bracts lanceolate, 3–4 ×
lanceolate, 5–6 × 1–1.5 mm, glandular pubescent ca. 1 mm, sparsely glandular pubescent along veins,
abaxially, base broadened, margin narrowly base broadened, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Pedicel 5–
membranous. Petals 5, white, ovate, 1.5–2.5 × as long 10 mm, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5,
as sepals, apex emarginate. Stamens 10; filaments lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm, glandular pubescent
equaling sepals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 3, subulate, longer abaxially, base broadened, margin narrowly
than sepals; stigmas recurved. Fl. Jun–Jul. membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, obovate, 8–10
• Scrub meadows, alpine meadows; (3000–)4000–4700 m. Sichuan. mm, apex weakly toothed. Stamens 10, longer than
80. Arenaria quadridentata (Maximowicz) F. N. Williams, sepals; anthers yellowish. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm.
J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 33: 432. 1898.
Styles 2, linear, ca. 3.5 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
四齿无心菜 si chi wu xin cai • Mountain grasslands; ca. 3900 m. SW Sichuan.
Lepyrodiclis quadridentata Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 83. Arenaria pogonantha W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot.
84. 1889. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 198. 1920.
Herbs. Roots spinose. Stems clustered, yellow, slender, 须花无心菜 xu hua wu xin cai
10–40 cm, glabrous or glandular hairy in 2 lines. Herbs perennial. Roots spinose or long conic. Stems
Proximal cauline leaf blade saccate or orbicular-saccate; clustered, erect or suberect, 7–15 cm, long nodose
distal cauline leaf blade ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 1–2 villous and black glandular villous. Proximal cauline
cm × 3–5 mm, base attenuate, apex acute. Cymes few leaves with petiole 1–2 mm; distal cauline leaves sessile;
flowered; bracts similar to leaves but smaller. Pedicel leaf blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–10 × 3–7 mm,
1–2 cm. Sepals 5, lanceolate or orbicular, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 both surfaces villous, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Cymes
mm, glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, terminal, few flowered, or flower solitary; bracts
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse. leaflike, smaller than leaves. Pedicel 0.5–2.5 cm,
Petals 5, white, narrowly elliptic or obovate, apex 4- densely glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate or
toothed. Stamens 10; filaments longer than sepals, those ovate, 4–5 × ca. 1.5 mm, densely glandular pubescent
opposite sepals wider than others. Ovary ovoid; ovules abaxially, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5,
4 or 5. Styles 2, linear. Capsule globose, apex 4-lobed. white, broadly obovate, 5–8 mm, apex weakly toothed.
Seeds orbicular, flat, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Stamens 10, slightly longer than sepals; anthers violet
Jul–Sep. to yellow-brown. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 2, ca.
• 3000–3500 m. Gansu, N Sichuan. 2.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul.
• Alpine meadows, rock crevices; (3000–)3300–4200(–4400) m. W apex acute. Pedicel slender, 0.5–1.5 cm, glandular
Sichuan, NW Yunnan, E Xizang. pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 1–3 × ca. 1 mm,
84. Arenaria dimorphitricha C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta nodose glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened,
Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 28. 1987.
margin narrowly membranous, ciliate, apex acute.
滇蜀无心菜 dian shu wu xin cai Petals 5, white, obovate, equaling or slightly longer
Herbs annual or biennial. Roots spinose. Stems than sepals, apex dentate lobed. Stamens 10; anthers
sparingly branched, erect, brown or violet, 15–30 cm, yellow. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Styles 3,
long hairy proximally, nodose hairy and sparsely ca. 4 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug.
villous distally. Leaves opposite, sometimes in whorls • NW Yunnan.
of 3; petiole 2–4 mm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 87. Arenaria longipetiolata C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
orbicular-lanceolate, or ovate-orbicular, rarely elliptic, Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 29. 1987.
1–2.5 cm × 5–12 mm, both surfaces villous, base atten- 长柄无心菜 chang bing wu xin cai
uate, apex obtuse. Cymes many flowered; bracts ovate, Herbs. Roots conic, fleshy. Stems branched proximally,
5–10 mm, both surfaces villous, base broadened. yellow, 30–35 cm, soft, glabrous or subglabrous.
Pedicel 0.5–2.5 cm, glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade saccate, 1–1.5 cm × 5–8
lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, glandular pubescent mm, both surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent, apex
abaxially, margin membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, acute. Cymes conic, many flowered; bracts lanceolate
white, obovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, apex irreg- or ovate, 3–5 × 1–3 mm, margin ciliate, apex acute.
ularly toothed. Stamens 10; filaments slightly longer Pedicel linear, 1–2.5 cm, densely glandular hairy.
than sepals; anthers blue-green to yellow. Ovary ovoid; Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, sparsely pubescent abax-
ovules few. Styles 2, linear. Capsule ovoid, slightly ially, base broadened, margin membranous, ciliate,
shorter than persistent sepals, apex 4-lobed. Seeds 3 or apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, saccate, 1.5–2 × as
4, black, flat, with curls. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep. long as sepals, apex toothed. Stamens shorter than
• Subalpine forests, scrub, mountain grasslands; 2800–3900 m. SW sepals; anthers yellow-green. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2,
Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
linear, equaling sepals. Fl. Jul–Aug.
85. Arenaria fridericae Handel-Mazzetti, Kaiserl. Akad. • Forests; ca. 2800 m. SW Sichuan.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 57: 142. 1920. 88. Arenaria leucasteria Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-
玉龙山无心菜 yu long shan wu xin cai Dahlem 11: 334. 1932.
Herbs perennial, villous and glandular hairy. Roots 毛萼无心菜 mao e wu xin cai
conic or spinose. Stems usually dichotomously Herbs perennial. Roots conic, robust. Stems sparsely
branched, 4-angled, 10–20 cm, soft; internodes 1–2.5 branched, 4–7 cm, villous, hairs shorter and sparser
cm. Petiole short or absent; leaf blade ovate or ovate- proximally. Proximal cauline leaves shortly petiolate;
orbicular, 0.8–1.7 cm × 4–8 mm, both surfaces hairy, distal leaves sessile; leaf blade elliptic or obovate-
densely so on midvein and margin abaxially, base elliptic, 4–14 × 2–6 mm, both surfaces sparsely villous,
rounded. Cymes monochasial, few flowered, or flower 3-veined, midvein raised, lateral veins impressed, apex
solitary; bracts leaflike, smaller than leaves. Pedicel acute. Cymes few flowered. Sepals 5, lanceolate or
recurved, 1–2 cm, hairy. Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate ovate-lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, villous abaxially, 3-
or orbicular-ovate, 5–6 × ca. 2 mm, herbaceous, hairy veined, margin membranous. Petals 5, white, obovate
abaxially, midvein broadened at base, margin narrowly or obovate-flabellate, 7–11 × 5–7 mm, apex
membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, broadly irregularly toothed or lobed; teeth 0.2–0.8 mm.
obovate, ca. 1.5 × as long as sepals, 5–6 mm wide, apex Stamens 10; filaments ca. 6 mm, those opposite sepals
dentate lobed or lacerate. Floral disc with 5 glands; with a globose gland at base; anthers violet. Ovary
glands 2-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers yellow-brown. ovoid, ca. 2 × 1.5 mm. Styles 2, ca. 3.5 mm, papillose.
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2 or 3, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul. Fl. Jul–Aug.
• Scrub, shifting screes, rock crevices on cliffs; 2800–4000 (–4700) • Mountains; 4000–5400 m. W Sichuan.
m. SE Xizang, NW Yunnan. 89. Arenaria nivalomontana C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta
86. Arenaria longicaulis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. Biol. Plateau Sin. 6: 29. 1987.
Plateau Sin. 6: 38. 1987.
大雪山无心菜 da xue shan wu xin cai
长茎无心菜 chang jing wu xin cai
Herbs. Roots conic, slender. Stems erect or ascending,
Herbs annual. Roots fibrous. Stems prostrate, yellowish,
many branched, slender, 10–15 cm, nodose glandular
slender, 10–30 cm, brown glandular villous. Petiole 2–5
villous. Petiole short; leaf blade elliptic to broadly
mm; leaf blade elliptic or ovate, 5–10 × 3–5 mm, thin,
elliptic-saccate, 5–10 mm, both surfaces tuberculate,
both surfaces tuberculate, midvein raised, base cuneate, margin nodose ciliate, apex obtuse. Cymes few
margin sparsely hairy, apex acute. Cymes few flowered; flowered; bracts ovate, 2–4 × 1–2 mm, margin ciliate,
bracts narrowly ovate, 3–5 × 1–3 mm, base cuneate, apex acute. Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, densely glandular pub-
escent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm, sparsely leaflike, smaller than leaves. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, densely
glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, margin black long nodose villous. Sepals 5, black-red, orbicular,
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, obovate, ca. 1 cm, ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, margin membranous, black ciliate,
apex irregularly shortly toothed. Stamens 10, longer apex obtuse. Petals 5, white or pinkish, obovate, ca. 1
than sepals; anthers dark yellow. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 cm, apex somewhat weakly toothed. Stamens 10,
mm. Styles 2. Fl. Jul–Aug. equaling sepals. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Styles 2, ca. 2 mm. Fl.
• Mountains; ca. 2900 m. W Yunnan. Aug.
90. Arenaria omeiensis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. • Grasslands. W Yunnan (Tengchong Xian).
Plateau Sin. 6: 30. 1987.
93. Arenaria trichophora Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
峨眉无心菜 e mei wu xin cai
33: 431. 1886.
Herbs. Roots conic, slender. Stems erect, 15–20 cm, no-
dose glandular hairy and nodose villous. Leaf blade 具毛无心菜 ju mao wu xin cai
ovate, 5–10 × 4–6 mm, glabrous or glandular hairy,
midvein raised, base broadened, apex obtuse. Cymes Arenaria yunnanensis Franchet var. trichophora (Fran-
few flowered; bracts narrowly ovate, 4–5 × 1–2 mm, chet) F. N. Williams.
both surfaces sparsely glandular villous, base Herbs perennial. Roots conic or spinose. Stems
broadened, apex acute. Pedicel 1–2 cm, densely clustered, simple or branched at base, prostrate or erect,
glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, narrowly ovate, sparsely 10–30 cm, long hard hispid and glandular pubescent.
glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, margin Proximal cauline leaves sessile; middle and distal
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, 8–9 cauline leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade green
mm, base long clawed, apex dentate lobed. Stamens 10, abaxially, ovate or orbicular-elliptic, 0.8–2 cm × 3–10
longer than sepals; anthers dark. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm, thick, midvein raised, base narrowed, apex
mm. Styles 2, linear, ca. 2 × as long as ovary. Fl. Aug. obtuse. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts leaflike,
very small. Pedicel 0.8–2 cm, densely stiffly hairy and
• Forests, scrub; ca. 3100 m. C Sichuan.
glandular pubescent, hairs erect or recurved. Sepals 5,
91. Arenaria auricoma Y. W. Tsui ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. lanceolate, 5–6 mm, glandular pubescent abaxially,
Plateau Sin. 6: 31. 1987. base broadened, margin white membranous, apex acute.
Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex
黄毛无心菜 huang mao wu xin cai
fimbriate. Stamens 10; anthers black or yellow-brown,
Herbs perennial, yellowish hairy. Roots conic, robust. globose. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2. Fl.
Stems densely clustered, ca. 8 cm, villous. Leaf blade Jul–Sep.
ovate, 4–6 × 3–5 mm, thick, both surfaces densely • Alpine scrub, grasslands, shifting screes, sands; 2500–4700 m. SW
yellowish villous, base rounded or broadly cuneate, Sichuan, SE Xizang, N Yunnan.
apex obtuse; 2 pairs of leaves aggregated at stem apex
below cyme. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts 94. Arenaria yulongshanensis L. H. Zhou ex C. Y. Wu in W.
T. Wang et al., Vasc. Pl. Hengduan Mount. 1: 410. 1993.
leaflike. Pedicel 3–10 mm, densely yellowish hairy.
Sepals 5, orbicular-lanceolate, ca. 4 × 1.5 mm, weakly 狭叶无心菜 xia ye wu xin cai
yellowish hairy abaxially, base broadened, margin
membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, white, obovate, Arenaria trichophora Franchet var. angustifolia
slightly longer than sepals, apex 2-cleft; lobes 3-toothed Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 431. 1886, not A.
at apex. Stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short; anthers yellow. angustifolia McNeill (1961).
Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Fl. Jul–Aug. Herbs perennial. Roots conic or spinose. Stems
• Mountain sands; 4200–4800 m. NW Yunnan. branched at base, procumbent or erect, 10–20 cm,
glandular pubescent. Leaf blade usually broadly
92. Arenaria salweenensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. lanceolate, 1–2 cm × 2–4 mm, base attenuate, apex
Gard. Edinburgh 12: 194. 1920. acute. Cymes few to many flowered; bracts leaflike,
怒江无心菜 nu jiang wu xin cai small. Pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, densely glandular hairy.
Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, glandular hairy abaxially,
Herbs perennial. Roots long, spinose. Stems densely di- base broadened, margin white membranous, apex acute.
chotomously branched at base, suberect, 12–20 cm, Petals 5, white, obovate, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex
yellow or black nodose villous. Petiole short or absent; fimbriate. Stamens 10; anthers violet or black. Ovary
leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 5–7 mm, ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2. Capsule shorter than
glabrous, surface raised and coarse adaxially, midvein persistent sepals, 2-valved; valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds
impressed, lateral veins inconspicuous, base attenuate, flat, narrowly winged. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct.
margin narrowly membranous, apex acute. Cymes
• Alpine meadows; 4000–4500 m. NW Yunnan.
dichotomously branched, many flowered; bracts
95. Arenaria iochanensis C. Y. Wu in C. L. Tang, Fl. 髯毛无心菜(原变种) ran mao wu xin cai (yuan bian
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 241. 1996. zhong)
药山无心菜 yao shan wu xin cai Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals white nodose hairy
Cerastium mairei H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni and shortly glandular hairy.
Veg. 13: 341. 1914, not Arenaria mairei Emberger • Scrub, alpine meadows, grasslands, shifting screes; 2400–4800 m.
(1933); A. yunnanensis Franchet var. linearifolia C. Y. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Wu ex L. H. Zhou; Drymaria mairei H. Léveillé.
96b. Arenaria barbata var. hirsutissima W. W. Smith,
Herbs. Roots spinose. Stems branched proximally, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 11: 195. 1920.
often diffuse, violet, 10–15 cm, densely violet glandular
pubescent in 1 line. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 1–2 硬毛无心菜 ying mao wu xin cai
cm × 1–3 mm, both surfaces glabrous, midvein raised Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals densely white nodose
abaxially, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute. Flower hairy.
solitary, terminal, or cymes 2–5-flowered; rachis
densely violet glandular pubescent; bracts ovate- • Alpine meadows, shifting screes; (2600–)2800–3200 m. NW
lanceolate, midvein raised abaxially, base rounded, Yunnan.
97. Arenaria fimbriata Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-
margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Pedicel 0.5–2 cm, densely
Dahlem 11: 335. 1932.
violet glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 4–5 ×
1–2 mm, glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, 瘰瓣无心菜 sui ban wu xin cai
apex obtuse. Petals 5, obovate, apex toothed. Stamens
Cerastium fimbriatum E. Pritzel, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29:
10; anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2. Seeds flat,
320. 1900, not Ledebour (1815).
narrowly winged. Fl. Jul–Aug.
• Alpine scrub, meadows; 3200–3400 m. NE Yunnan.
Herbs. Roots spinose. Stems simple or sometimes
branched at base, often violet, 10–25 cm, white villous
96. Arenaria barbata Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: or black glandular lanate. Proximal cauline leaves
430. 1886. shortly petiolate; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, slightly
髯毛无心菜 ran mao wu xin cai fleshy. Distal cauline leaf blade orbicular-lanceolate or
orbicular-elliptic, 0.8–2 cm × 2–7 mm, slightly fleshy,
Herbs perennial, long nodose hairy and shortly sparsely white villous, base cuneate, apex acute. Cymes
glandular hairy. Roots clustered, spinose or conic. 3–5-flowered; bracts herbaceous. Pedicel 1.5–4.5 cm,
Stems usually solitary, branched below middle, 10–30 villous or glandular hairy. Sepals 5, white, lanceolate,
cm, densely glandular hairy. Leaf blade pale green 5–7 mm, villous or glandular hairy, margin narrowly
abaxially, greenish adaxially, orbicular-obovate or membranous, apex excurved, acute. Petals 5, white,
orbicular, 0.5–1.5 cm × 3–10 mm, both surfaces obovate-elliptic, ca. 2 × as long as sepals, apex
glandular pubescent, base attenuate, margin long white fimbriate toothed. Stamens 10; filaments ca. 6 mm;
ciliate, apex obtuse or acute. Cymes dichotomously anthers yellow. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2,
branched, few to many flowered; bracts leaflike, small. linear. Capsule equaling or longer than persistent sepals,
Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, densely glandular pubescent. Sepals apex 4-toothed. Seeds brown, depressed triangular-
5, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, densely glandular pubescent globose, ca. 2 mm, smooth or with curls. Fl. Jul–Aug.
abaxially, 3-veined. Petals 5, white or pink, more than 2
• Forests, mountain grasslands; 3000–4000 m. SE Gansu, Shaanxi.
× as long as sepals, apex fimbriate. Stamens 10; 5
filaments inflated at base; anthers dark violet or yellow- 98. Arenaria debilis J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 242. 1874.
brown. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2, linear. 柔软无心菜 rou ruan wu xin cai
Capsule 4-valved. Seeds 2–4. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Arenaria aureocaulis C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou; A. ben-
• Scrub, alpine meadows, grasslands, shifting screes; 2400–4800 m.
SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
thamii Edgeworth (1874), not Fenzl ex Torrey & A.
Gray (1840); A. glandulosa (Bentham ex G. Don) F. N.
Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters Williams (1895), not Jacquin (1798); A. sikkimensis
seem to be only a matter of degree, and the variation pattern should Majumdar; A. stellarioides C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou
be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation should not be the basis
(1987), not Persoon (1805), nor Willdenow ex D. F. K.
for formal recognition of taxa.
Schlechtendal (1816); A. yunnanensis Franchet f.
1a. Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals white angustifolia F. N. Williams; Lepyrodiclis debilis H.
nodose hairy and shortly glandular hairy 96a. var. barbata Ohba; L. glandulosa H. Ohba; Odontostemma
1b. Stems, leaves, bracts, and sepals densely glandulosum Bentham ex G. Don.
white nodose hairy ............... 96b. var. hirsutissima Herbs annual or biennial, violet multicellular
96a. Arenaria barbata var. barbata glandular hairy. Roots spinose or conic. Stems sparsely
clustered or solitary, yellow, 30–60 cm. Proximal ovoid, ca. 2 × 1.8 mm; ovules numerous. Styles 2,
cauline leaves shortly petiolate; distal cauline leaves relatively long, papillate above middle. Fl. Jun–Jul.
sessile; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 1–4 cm × • Mountains; 3000–4000 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang.
(0.5–)1–2 mm, both surfaces sparsely glandular hairy, 101. Arenaria delavayi Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
midvein raised abaxially, base cuneate, apex acute. 432. 1886.
Cymes dichotomously branched, few flowered; bracts 大理无心菜 da li wu xin cai
ovate-lanceolate, 3–5 mm, glandular hairy. Pedicel 1– Herbs perennial. Roots branched at base, gray-brown,
2(–3) cm, densely glandular hairy. Sepals 5, lanceolate, conic, robust, fleshy. Stems clustered, solitary or
5–6 mm, densely glandular pubescent abaxially, margin branched at base, often violet, slender, 10–20 cm,
narrowly membranous, apex acute. Petals 5, white, sparsely glandular pubescent. Proximal cauline leaves
obovate or obovate-saccate, 7–8 mm, apex fimbriate. shortly petiolate, larger; distal cauline leaves sessile,
Stamens 10, slightly longer than sepals; anthers smaller; leaf blade gray abaxially, ovate-lanceolate,
yellowish. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Capsule ovoid, ovate, elliptic, saccate, or orbicular, 0.5–1.5 cm × 2–10
slightly shorter than or equaling persistent sepals, mm, thick, ± papillate adaxially, ± villous, midvein
apex 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, flat, ca. 2 mm in diam., raised, pale brown. Cymes 3–5-flowered; bracts
weakly striate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. lanceolate, small, herbaceous, margin membranous,
apex excurved, acute. Pedicel slender, 1–2.5 cm,
Scrub, alpine meadows, mountain grasslands; (2500–)3200–4500 m. densely violet glandular pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate
SE Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sikkim].
or ovate-lanceolate, 4–10 mm, glandular pubescent
99. Arenaria polysperma C. Y. Wu ex L. H. Zhou, Acta Biol. abaxially, margin membranous, apex acute or
Plateau Sin. 6: 33. 1987. acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate, slightly longer than
多子无心菜 duo zi wu xin cai sepals, apex ciliate. Stamens 10; anthers violet-black,
Herbs perennial. Roots brown, spinose or conic. Stems yellow, or yellowish. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous.
sparsely clustered or solitary, yellow or violet, 10–40 Styles 2, linear. Capsule equaling persistent sepals,
cm, glandular pubescent. Leaf blade elliptic-ovate, 1– apex 4-lobed. Seeds 10, brown. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
• Mountains; 3600–4000 m. E Xizang, NW Yunnan.
1.5 cm × 4–6 mm, thin, both surfaces tuberculate, base
102. Arenaria yunnanensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
cuneate, apex obtuse. Cymes few flowered; bracts 33: 431. 1886.
leaflike, small. Pedicel 1–3 cm, soft, glandular
云南无心菜 yun nan wu xin cai
pubescent. Sepals 5, lanceolate, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm,
sparsely glandular pubescent abaxially, base broadened, Herbs. Roots spinose, nodose. Stems diffuse, many
margin narrowly membranous, apex obtuse. Petals 5, branched, slender, 15–30 cm, glabrous at base, violet
white, obovate, 1.5–2 × as long as sepals, apex lacerate. nodose glandular hairy in 1 line distally. Proximal
Stamens 10, longer than sepals; anthers yellow, rarely cauline leaves shortly petiolate; distal cauline leaves
green. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2, linear. Capsule shorter sessile; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to orbicular, 1–3 cm
than or equaling persistent sepals. Seeds 11 or 12. Fl. × 5–6 mm, adaxially coarse, granular, hairy along veins,
and fr. Jul–Sep. base attenuate, margin ciliate, apex obtuse, mucronate.
• Mountain grasslands; 3000–4000 m. NW Yunnan. Cymes conic, many flowered; bracts similar to leaves
100. Arenaria monilifera Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. but smaller. Pedicel slender, glandular hairy. Sepals 5,
Berlin-Dahlem 11: 334. 1932. lanceolate, 3–6 mm, glandular pubescent abaxially,
念珠无心菜 nian zhu wu xin cai apex acuminate. Petals 5, white, obovate or orbicular,
Herbs perennial. Roots moniliform. Stems 6–10 mm, apex fimbriate. Stamens 10; anthers yellow-
dichotomously branched, ca. 20 cm, white villous green. Ovary ovoid; ovules numerous. Styles 2. Capsule
proximally, curled red hairy distally; internodes ca. 5 slightly shorter than persistent sepals, apex 4-valved.
cm. Proximal cauline leaves with petiole ca. 5 mm; Seeds 3 or 4, reniform. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
distal cauline leaves sessile; leaf blade broadly elliptic • Alpine forest margins, subalpine meadows, mountain grasslands;
or obovate-elliptic, rarely ovate-elliptic, 1–1.8 cm × 6– 2900–3800 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
9 mm, hirsutulous (on distally cauline leaves), midvein Two varieties have been recognized. The distinguishing characters
robust, lateral veins inconspicuous. Pedicel erect at seem to be only a matter of degree, and the variation pattern should
anthesis, curved in fruit, 1–4 cm. Sepals 5, elliptic or be studied in the field. Perhaps this variation should not be the basis
ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 × ca. 2 mm, densely curved white for formal recognition of taxa.
or red long hairy, also glandular hairy, 3-veined, 1a. Leaves lanceolate to orbicular 102a. var. yunnanensis
surface raised abaxially, minutely pitted adaxially, 1b. Leaves linear-lanceolate ....... 102b. var. caespitosa
margin broadly membranous, apex obtuse or acute.
102a. Arenaria yunnanensis var. yunnanensis
Petals 5, white, obovate, 5.5–7 × 2.5–4 mm, base
云南无心菜(原变种) yun nan wu xin cai (yuan bian
cuneate, apex lacerate; lobes 0.8–1 mm. Floral disc
funnelform, with 5 globose, septate glands. Ovary zhong)
Arenaria yunnanensis f. robusta C. Y. Wu ex L. H. 102b. Arenaria yunnanensis var. caespitosa C. Y. Wu in C.
Zhou. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 835. 1995.
Leaves lanceolate to orbicular. 簇生无心菜 cu sheng wu xin cai
• Alpine forest margins, mountain grasslands; 2900–3800 m. SW Leaves linear-lanceolate.
Sichuan, NW Yunnan. • Subalpine meadows; ca. 3500 m. NW Yunnan.

20. BRACHYSTEMMA D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 216. 1825.

短瓣花属 duan ban hua shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Michael G. Gilbert
Herbs annual. Stems subscandent, branched. Leaves opposite, petiolate; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate; stipules absent.
Inflorescence a thyrse, terminal or axillary. Flowers numerous, 5-merous, pedicellate. Sepals free, subscarious,
persisting in fruit. Petals lanceolate, much shorter than sepals, margin entire. Stamens ca. as many as sepals,
alternating with anther-less staminodes. Ovary 1-loculed, with 3 or 4 ovules; styles 2. Fruit a capsule, oblate, 4-
valved, 1-seeded. Seed reniform or globose; testa tuberculate.
One species: SE Asia, China, Himalayas.
1. Brachystemma calycinum D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 216. apex obtuse. Petals white, lanceolate, 1/3–1/2 as long as
1825. sepals, margin entire. Stamens and staminodes short.
短瓣花 duan ban hua Ovary globose. Capsule globose, ca. 2.5 mm, shorter
than sepals. Seed ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. Aug–Dec.
Stems diffuse or climbing among shrubs, to 6 m,
glabrous or upper parts pilose, 4-angled, glossy, Grasslands on mountain slopes, in open forests; 500–2700 m. W
epidermis fragile. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade 3.5–7.5 × Guangxi, S Guizhou, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan,
1–1.5 cm, apex acuminate. Thyrse lax, many flowered. Cambodia, NE India, Laos, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
Pedicel 2–5 mm. Sepals narrowly ovate, 4–6.5 mm,

21. SILENE Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 416. 1753.

蝇子草属 ying zi cao shu
Zhou Lihua (周丽华 ), Wu Zhengyi (吴征镒 Wu Cheng-yih); Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman
Cucubalus Linnaeus; Elisanthe (Fenzl) Reichenbach; Gastrolychnis (Fenzl) Reichenbach; Melandrium Röhling;
Otites Adanson; Physolychnis (Bentham) Ruprecht; Pleconax Adanson; Viscago Zinn.
Herbs annual, biennial, or perennial, rarely plants suffrutescent. Stems erect, ascending, or creeping. Leaves subulate,
linear or lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; male-sterile flowers frequent in
otherwise hermaphroditic plants. Male-sterile flowers often have markedly shorter androgynophores and petal limbs
than hermaphroditic flowers. Inflorescence a monochasium, dichasium, thyrse or flower solitary. Calyx tubular,
funnel-shaped, campanulate, or ovoid, usually 10-veined, with 5 teeth with ciliate membranous margin; the form of
this margin usually varies between teeth in a single calyx. Petals 5, each with a sometimes auriculate claw; limb
entire, bifid, 4-fid, or laciniate, variously colored; coronal scales present. Androgynophore ± conspicuous. Stamens
10. Ovary usually with 3 or 5 basal septa; ovules numerous; styles 3 or 5. The protrusion of stamens and styles from
calyx mouth are correlated in perfect flowers. Fruit usually a capsule dehiscing with 6 or 10, rarely 5, teeth. Seeds
reniform, minute, ± tuberculate, sometimes with abaxial spinose processes or a marginal wing.
About 600 species: mainly in N temperate regions, but also in Africa and South America; 110 species (67 endemic) in China.
Two species are cultivated in China for their attractive flowers, including Silene pendula Linnaeus and S. gallica Linnaeus.
The phylogenetic relationships within Silene are currently under investigation, clearly showing deficiencies in recent subgeneric classifications.
Therefore, we refrain from using any formal ranks between genus and species. However, 59 of the 110 species of Silene in China can be
attributed to one of three informal groups that approximately correspond to Silene sect. Cucubaloideae Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker, S. sect.
Odontopetalae Schischkin ex Chowdhuri, and S. sect. Physolychnis (Bentham) Bocquet. As circumscribed here, the “Cucubaloideae” group is
probably monophyletic (characterized by ± creeping habit and fleshy, fasciculate root tubers). However, the character used (carpel number) to
distinguish the “Odontopetalae” and “Physolychnis” groups almost certainly results in a paraphyletic “Odontopetalae” group. Moreover, it is
probable that the transformation between three and five carpels has occurred more than once in these groups. Nevertheless, we believe that
keying out these informal groups separately will aid in identifying species in China.
Much taxonomic research is still needed at the species level, and we have tried to highlight the most obvious, serious problems. We found it
impossible to infer the identity of the taxon pertaining to Melandrium chailaricum A. I. Baranov & Skvortsov (Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 19: 158.
1966).

Key 1 (main key, species nos. 1–51)

1a. Calyx with 30 veins ........................................................................................................................ 48. S. conoidea
1b. Calyx with 10, rarely 20 veins.
2a. Calyx with 20 veins, at least at base.
3a. Flowers female; plants green, pubescent ..................................................................................... 46. S. latifolia
3b. Flowers bisexual; plants glaucous, glabrous ............................................................................... 32. S. vulgaris
2b. Calyx with 10 veins.
4a. Fruit a black pseudoberry, irregularly dehiscent ....................................................................... 33. S. baccifera
4b. Fruit a capsule dehiscing by teeth.
5a. Styles 5.
6a. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious) ..................................................................................... 46. S. latifolia
6b. Flowers bisexual or plants gynomonoecious.
7a. Calyx funnel-shaped in flower; flowers in ± regular terminal dichasia ............................. 1. S. linnaeana
7b. Calyx tubular or campanulate in flower; inflorescence an irregular thyrse composed of unequal
cymules, or flower solitary ............................................................................................................... Key 2
5b. Styles 3.
8a. Petals (including limb) together forming a short tube exserted beyond calyx by 1–3 mm ... 49. S. tubulosa
8b. Petal limbs not forming a tube.
9a. Leaves petiolate throughout, usually ± cordate.
10a. Cyme capitate ................................................................................................................ 38. S. capitata
10b. Cymes not capitate.
11a. Leaves ovate to lanceolate; petal limbs bifid ........................................................... 39. S. seoulensis
11b. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular; petal limbs 4-lobed ............................. 40. S. qiyunshanensis
9b. At least distal leaves not petiolate, not cordate.
12a. Seeds with a rim of long protuberances or winged abaxially; flowers 1 to few.
13a. Seeds with an entire marginal wing.
14a. Plants perennial ...................................................................................................................... Key 3
14b. Plants annual ................................................................................................................. 45. S. nana
13b. Seeds with a rim of spinulose protuberances.
15a. Flowers in an irregular thyrse, or solitary; petaline claws auriculate ..................................... Key 3
15b. Flowers in terminal lax, regular dichasia; petaline claws not auriculate.
16a. Leaves lanceolate ............................................................................................... 41. S. salicifolia
16b. Leaves linear.
17a. Calyx narrowly tubular .................................................................................. 44. S. tubiformis
17b. Calyx campanulate.
18a. Leaves 2–3.5 cm; flowers solitary; petals white ............................. 42. S. morrisonmontana
18b. Leaves 5–8 cm; usually more than one flower in each cyme; petals pale red 43. S. hupehensis
12b. Seeds without long marginal protuberances or wings.
19a. Flowers in terminal dichasia or monochasia, or solitary.
20a. Plants annual or biennial ....................................................................................... 47. S. noctiflora
20b. Plants perennial.
21a. Cushion- or mat-forming herbs, usually less than 10 cm tall; leaves small, 1–3 mm
wide; flower solitary.
22a. Leaves glabrous except for marginal cilia ............................................................ 50. S. davidii
22b. Plants hairy throughout .................................................................................. 51. S. gracilenta
21b. Plants taller, not forming cushions; leaves broader; 1- to many flowered.
23a. Roots fleshy, fasciculate; inflorescence a many-flowered dichasium .............................. Key 4
23b. Roots not as above; inflorescence 1–3-flowered.
24a. Androgynophore pubescent.
25a. Calyx 2–2.5 cm; androgynophore 8–10 mm .......................................... 35. S. incurvifolia
25b. Calyx 1–1.8 cm; androgynophore 3–6 mm ............................................ 34. S. subcretacea
24b. Androgynophore glabrous.
26a. Basal rosettelike clusters of sterile shoots absent; calyx ca. 2 cm or more 36. S. moorcroftiana
26b. Basal rosettelike clusters of sterile shoots present; calyx less than 2 cm 37. S. karaczukuri
19b. Inflorescence a regular or irregular thyrse composed of dichasial or 1-flowered cymules.
27a. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); calyx less than 6 mm; plants biennial.
28a. Calyx 4–6 mm; petals greenish ................................................................................. 29. S. otites
28b. Calyx 2–3.5 mm; petals white.
29a. Calyx hairy; petaline claws and filaments hairy ........................................ 30. S. borysthenica
29b. Calyx glabrous; petaline claws and filaments glabrous .................................. 31. S. wolgensis
27b. Flowers bisexual; calyx usually longer than 6 mm; plants annual, biennial, or perennial.
30a. Plants annual or biennial.
 31a. Calyx tubular in flower; cymules 1-flowered.
32a. Petals 4-lobed ............................................................................................. 24. S. quadriloba
32b. Petals with numerous lobes ........................................................................ 25. S. suaveolens
31b. Calyx ovoid-campanulate; cymules many flowered.
33a. Stamens and styles exserted ............................................................................ 15. S. koreana
33b. Stamens and styles included.
34a. Androgynophore glabrous; stalks of cymules very short ................................. 26. S. firma
34b. Androgynophore hairy; at least proximal cymules with prominent stalks, ca.
as long as or longer than pedicels.
35a. Calyx densely glandular hairy ................................................. 28. S. orientalimongolica
35b. Calyx not glandular hairy ............................................................................ 27. S. aprica
30b. Plants perennial.
36a. Cymules very unequal; basal rosette of large broad leaves usually present ..................... Key 3
36b. Cymules ± equal, forming a ± symmetric thyrse; basal rosette of large broad leaves
usually absent.
37a. Cymules densely clustered; thyrse appearing capitate ........................... 6. S. pseudofortunei
37b. Cymules clearly separated; thyrse appearing paniculate or racemose.
38a. Cymules long stalked, thyrse appearing paniculate; petals usually pink.
39a. Calyx shorter than 1.2 cm ........................................................................................ Key 4
39b. Calyx at least 1.2 cm.
40a. Petal limbs bifid, lobes entire or erose.
41a. Calyx less than 1.8 cm; leaves oblanceolate ...................................... 2. S. esquamata
41b. Calyx more than 2.5 cm; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate.
42a. Petal lobes entire ............................................................................. 3. S. dawoensis
42b. Petal lobes erose ..................................................................................... 4. S. incisa
40b. Petal limbs bifid, lobes multifid or laciniate ............................................. 5. S. fortunei
38b. Cymules shortly stalked, thyrse appearing racemose at least distally; petals white
or yellowish white.
43a. Basal leaves caespitose, not withered at anthesis; cauline leaves few, without
axillary sterile short shoots.
44a. At least some cymules with more than 1 flower ............................... 20. S. jenisseensis
44b. Cymules very rarely with more than 1 flower.
45a. Petal auricles ciliate ...................................................................... 21. S. graminifolia
45b. Petal auricles not ciliate.
46a. Plants 10–20 cm tall, villous; leaves 3–6 cm; calyx 1.5–1.7 cm, hairy at
veins ................................................................................................ 23. S. dumetosa
46b. Plants 20–50 cm, glabrous; leaves 6–18 cm; calyx less than 1.2 cm (1.5–
1.8 cm in var. rubescens), usually glabrous at veins .................. 22. S. gracilicaulis
43b. Basal leaves withered at anthesis; cauline leaves many, with axillary sterile
short
shoots.
47a. Petals entire.
48a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 15–30 mm wide ..................................... 16. S. kungessana
48b. Leaves lanceolate or linear, 1.5–10 mm wide.
49a. Leaves linear, 1–3 cm × 1.5–3 mm ............................................... 19. S. holopetala
49b. Leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate, 3–8 cm × more than 4 mm.
50a. Stems multibranched; calyx 8–12 mm; petals yellowish white .. 17. S. komarovii
50b. Stems usually not branched; calyx 6–9 mm; petals pinkish abaxially 18. S. pseudotenuis
47b. Petals lobed.
51a. Plants glabrous; petals 4-lobed .................................................... 12. S. odoratissima
51b. Plants pubescent; petals 2-lobed.
52a. Cymules alternate.
53a. Leaves linear or subulate, nearly spiniform at maturity.
54a. Calyx 1.2–1.5 cm ............................................................................ 7. S. altaica
54b. Calyx 2–2.5 cm ........................................................................ 8. S. alexandrae
53b. Leaves linear, never spiniform.
55a. Calyx shortly pubescent ........................................................ 34. S. subcretacea
 55b. Calyx glabrous.
56a. Calyx 1–1.2 cm; androgynophore ca. 3 mm ........................ 9. S. tianschanica
56b. Calyx 1.4–1.7 cm; androgynophore ca. 5 mm ................... 10. S. ningxiaensis
52b. Cymules opposite.
57a. Calyx tubular or club-shaped; androgynophore longer than 3 mm .. 11. S. repens
57b. Calyx ovoid or campanulate; androgynophore not longer than 2 mm.
58a. Calyx broadly campanulate, 4–6 mm ..................................... 13. S. macrostyla
58b. Calyx ovoid-campanulate, 6–8 mm ............................................... 14. S. foliosa
Key 2 (species nos. 52–80, “Physolychnis” group)
1a. Calyx inflated, loose in fruit.
2a. Seeds ± tuberculate.
3a. Calyx with short reflexed eglandular hairs ........................................................................... 80. S. multifurcata
3b. Calyx with glandular hairs.
4a. Basal leaves persistent; cauline leaves smaller.
5a. Leaves 4–10 cm; calyx 1.5–2.2 cm; petals slightly exserted beyond calyx; coronal scales small,
not
obvious; seeds with prominent tubercles ................................................................................. 63. S. bungei
5b. Leaves 1–4 cm; calyx 1.3–1.7 cm; petals prominently exserted; coronal scales laciniate; seeds
faintly tuberculate .............................................................................................................. 64. S. rubricalyx
4b. Basal leaves early withered; cauline leaves well developed.
6a. Inflorescence few flowered; stems whitish pubescent ................................................... 79. S. cashmeriana
6b. Inflorescence 7–30-flowered; stems green.
7a. Stem leaves ovate to lanceolate, in 4–8 pairs ........................................................................ 77. S. indica
7b. Stem leaves broadly ovate, in 2 pairs .................................................................................. 78. S. tibetica
2b. Seeds with wings (unknown in S. zhoui).
8a. Petals entire or bifid.
9a. Petals entire; calyx 1.3–1.5 cm ..................................................................................................... 55. S. zhoui
9b. Petals bifid; calyx 1.5–2 cm ................................................................................................. 56. S. nigrescens
8b. Petals 4-lobed (lateral lobes often small).
10a. Leaves linear .......................................................................................................................... 57. S. chodatii
10b. Leaves not linear.
11a. Pedicel 5–15 mm; plants 2–7-flowered .............................................................................. 61. S. karekirii
11b. Pedicel 10–50 mm; plants 1–3-flowered.
12a. Petal limb hairy .................................................................................................................. 60. S. wardii
12b. Petal limb glabrous.
13a. Calyx ca.1.5 cm ........................................................................................................ 62. S. puranensis
13b. Calyx 2–2.7 cm.
14a. Stems ascending, creeping at base; petaline claws ciliate at base ............................. 59. S. atsaensis
14b. Stems erect, caespitose; petaline claws not ciliate ................................................. 58. S. namlaensis
1b. Calyx appressed to capsule in fruit.
15a. Seeds large with broad marginal wings (unknown in S. zhongbaensis); plants 5–40 cm with
persistent basal
leaves.
16a. Flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3; calyx 1.3–1.5 cm, veins not cohering at apex ................... 52. S. gonosperma
16b. Flowers (1–)3–8; calyx to 1.3 cm, veins cohering at calyx teeth.
17a. Pedicel 2–8 mm ............................................................................................................. 54. S. zhongbaensis
17b. Pedicel 10–50 mm .......................................................................................................... 53. S. himalayensis
15b. Seeds minutely tuberculate (unknown in S. muliensis); plants 20–80 cm; basal leaves usually
withered at
anthesis.
18a. Leaves grasslike, linear; calyx 6–7 mm ................................................................................ 74. S. caespitella
18b. Leaves broader; calyx usually longer.
19a. Petals prominently exserted beyond calyx (4 mm or more).
20a. Fruiting calyx ca. 2 × as long as broad ............................................................................ 76. S. huguettiae
20b. Fruiting calyx 1–1.5 × as long as broad.
21a. Androgynophore 2–3 mm .............................................................................................. 73. S. muliensis
 21b. Androgynophore shorter.
22a. Calyx 12–15 mm ................................................................................................................. 70. S. yetii
22b. Calyx 7–11 mm.
23a. Seeds ca. 1.5 mm; inflorescence 1–4-flowered .................................................... 72. S. alaschanica
23b. Seeds ca. 1 mm; inflorescence 5–10-flowered .................................................. 71. S. herbilegorum
19b. Petals not exserted or exserted less than 4 mm.
24a. Glandular hairs present.
25a. Calyx 1–1.2 cm ..................................................................................................... 69. S. chungtienensis
25b. Calyx ca. 1.5 cm ...................................................................................................... 66. S. nangqenensis
24b. Glandular hairs absent.
26a. Calyx 10–15 mm.
27a. Calyx with retrorse hairs; androgynophore to 1 mm .................................................. 65. S. songarica
27b. Calyx with spreading hairs; androgynophore 1.5–2 mm .............................................. 68. S. kialensis
26b. Calyx 6–10 mm.
28a. Plants 30–60 cm; basal leaves lanceolate, 5–10 cm; cymules 3–7-flowered; corolla limb
broader
than long, shallowly bifid or irregularly 4-fid ........................................................... 67. S. nepalensis
28b.Plants 20–25 cm; basal leaves elliptic, ca. 3 cm; cymules 1–3-flowered; corolla limb narrow,
deeply bifid ........................................................................................................................ 75. S. sveae
Key 3 (species nos. 81–90, “Odontopetalae” group)
1a. Calyx subcylindric, closed in fruit.
2a. Corolla limbs slightly emarginate or shallowly bifid, margin erose above ................................... 87. S. delavayi
2b. Corolla limbs deeply 4-lobed, lobes entire or bifid, margin not erose.
3a. Petal claw auricles inconspicuous; petal lobes subequal ........................................................ 90. S. lineariloba
3b. Petal claw auricles prominent, orbicular, with erose margin; petal lobes unequal.
4a. Petal claws prominently exserted; limb ca. 10 mm .......................................................... 88. S. longicornuta
4b. Petal claws not or slightly exserted; limb ca. 5 mm ......................................................... 89. S. oblanceolata
1b. Calyx campanulate, loose in fruit.
5a. Corolla limbs bifid, seeds not winged.
6a. Androgynophore 1–2 mm; seeds striate .................................................................................... 81. S. lamarum
6b. Androgynophore 2–3 mm; seeds minutely tuberculate ....................................................... 82. S. pubicalycina
5b. Corolla limbs 4-lobed; seeds winged.
7a. Basal leaves 3–4 cm wide ................................................................................................... 83. S. atrocastanea
7b. Basal leaves less than 2 cm wide.
8a. Calyx 2–2.5 cm .................................................................................................................. 84. S. stewartiana
8b. Calyx ca. 1.5 cm.
9a. Corolla limb oblanceolate; auricles entire ....................................................................... 85. S. scopulorum
9b. Corolla limb obovate; auricles with erose margin ........................................................... 86. S. melanantha
Key 4 (species nos. 91–110, “Cucubaloideae” group)
1a. Calyx 8 mm or less; androgynophore to 1 mm .................................................................... 109. S. phoenicodonta
1b. Calyx and androgynophore longer.
2a. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; middle leaves less than 5 mm wide.
3a. Calyx campanulate.
4a. Petal limb rounded, very slightly emarginate ........................................................................ 106. S. principis
4b. Petal limb deeply 4-lobed ....................................................................................................... 107. S. bilingua
3b. Calyx cylindric to tubular-clavate.
5a. Calyx eglandular ................................................................................................................ 99. S. grandiflora
5b. Calyx glandular hairy.
6a. Calyx 12–15 mm; androgynophore ca. 3 mm ................................................................ 104. S. batangensis
6b. Calyx and androgynophore longer ................................................................................. 105. S. napuligera
2b. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, or elliptic; middle leaves at least 5 mm wide.
7a. Calyx teeth and bracts blackish pointed ................................................................................... 110. S. otodonta
7b. Calyx teeth and bracts not blackish pointed.
8a. Calyx eglandular.
9a. Androgynophore 5–8 mm.
 10a. Leaves lanceolate, 30–60 × 4–15 mm; calyx ca. 2 cm ............................................... 99. S. grandiflora
10b. Leaves elliptic, 20–40 × 7–15 mm; calyx 1.5–1.8 cm ............................................. 100. S. cardiopetala
9b. Androgynophore 2–4 mm.
11a. Leaves ovate, usually with five parallel veins ............................................................. 92. S. platyphylla
11b. Leaves lanceolate, 1–3-veined.
12a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 1-veined; flowers pink .............................................. 93. S. yunnanensis
12b. Leaves broadly lanceolate to ovate, 1–3-veined; flowers pale pink or white ........... 91. S. tatarinowii
8b. Calyx glandular hairy.
13a. Leaves cuneate at base, usually with 1 prominent vein.
14a. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm .......................................................................................... 102. S. monbeigii
14b. Androgynophore 1–2 mm.
15a. Calyx tubular to funnel-shaped ................................................................................... 103. S. rosiflora
15b. Calyx campanulate.
16a. Calyx 13–15 mm; pedicels subequaling or longer than calyx .......................... 101. S. lichiangensis
16b. Calyx 8–13 mm; pedicels shorter than or subequaling calyx ................................. 108. S. viscidula
13b. Leaves rounded to subcordate at base, often with 3–5 parallel veins.
17a. Calyx tubular, 13–17 mm.
18a. Petal limb to 6 mm, lobes 1–1.5 mm wide ............................................................... 94. S. adenocalyx
18b. Petal limb to 10 mm, lobes to 3 mm wide .............................................................. 95. S. trachyphylla
17b. Calyx campanulate, 8–12 mm.
19a. Leaves undulate ............................................................................................................ 98. S. lhassana
19b. Leaves not undulate.
20a. Petal limbs 2-lobed ................................................................................................... 97. S. khasiana
20b. Petal limbs 4-lobed ............................................................................................... 96. S. asclepiadea
1. Silene linnaeana Voroschilov in A. K. Skvortsov, Florist. area, the record is best regarded as doubtful. Lychnis yunnanensis is
Issl. V. Razn. Raionakh SSSR, 167. 1985. sometimes erroneously placed in the synonymy of S. huguettiae.
林奈蝇子草 lin nai ying zi cao The Lychnis sibirica group has recently been demonstrated to belong
Lychnis sibirica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 437. 1753, not to Silene by molecular and morphological studies (Oxelman et al.,
Silene sibirica (Linnaeus) Persoon (1805, based on Nordic J. Bot. 20: 513–518. 2001).
Cucubalus sibiricus Linnaeus); ?L. yunnanensis E. G. 2. Silene esquamata W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Baker; Melandrium sibiricum (Linnaeus) A. Braun. Edinburgh 11: 223. 1920.
Herbs perennial, 15–20 cm tall, pubescent with a 无鳞蝇子草 wu lin ying zi cao
mixture of glandular and eglandular hairs. Rootstock Herbs perennial, 30–60 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified.
sturdy. Stems caespitose, erect, apically branched. Stems erect, multibranched from base, sparsely
Basal leaves oblanceolate to oblong; cauline leaves pubescent with short retrorse hairs at base, apically
lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 cm × 3–6 mm. Dichasium several viscid. Basal leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, early
flowered, lax. Pedicel 4–30 mm; bracts leaflike. Calyx withered. Cauline leaves with short sterile axillary
funnel-shaped, 5–7 × 2.5–3 mm, sparsely glandular branches, broadly oblanceolate, 2–7 cm × 5–11(–15)
hairy, veins obscure, teeth very obtuse, margin mem- mm, abaxially antrorse-scabrid or with short hairs at
branous. Petals white, to 1.3 cm; claw cuneate, shorter veins and margin, adaxially not hairy, coarse, midvein
than sepals or slightly longer, without auricles; limb sunken, base attenuate into short petiole or cuneate,
apex acute to acuminate. Flowers erect, in a lax ±
broadly obovate, bifid for 1/4–1/3 its length; lobes
regular thyrse; cymules long stalked, opposite, 1–3-
entire, sometimes with a lateral tooth on each side; flowered. Pedicel 1.5–4 cm, slender, viscid; bracts
coronal scales rounded. Stamens slightly exserted. linear to linear-lanceolate, 3–8 mm, herbaceous, ciliate.
Styles 5. Androgynophore ca. 1 mm. Calyx tubular, clavate in fruit, 1.2–1.7 cm × 2–3 mm,
Pinus forests, sandy steppes, rocky foothill grasslands. Nei Mongol subglabrous, sometimes with sparse short hairs at veins,
[Mongolia, Russia (Far East, Siberia)]. veins green or violet; calyx teeth ca. 1 mm, ciliate.
Lychnis yunnanensis was described from material allegedly collected Androgynophore 5–8 mm, glabrous. Petal claws
in Yunnan and received from Max Leichtlin. The plant evidently included or slightly exserted beyond calyx, narrowly
belongs in the Silene linnaeana group, but differs from S. linnaeana cuneate, glabrous, auricles not obvious; limbs pale red,
sensu stricto in having broader flowers with larger petals that some- obovate, 8–11 mm, deeply bifid, lobes oblong; coronal
times have prominent lateral teeth, and in having a much denser in- scales very small. Stamens and styles long exserted;
dumentum. The other Siberian taxa also always lack the lateral teeth, filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ca. 1 cm. Seeds
which might indicate that L. yunnanensis is something different. dark brown, globose-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug,
Indeed, Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) believes that it is distinct because fr. Sep.
of the wide geographic disjunction and morphological differences. • Mountain stony grasslands, scrub; (1800–)2700–3300(–4000) m.
However, until more records of this plant are made from the Yunnan Sichuan, Yunnan.
3. Silene dawoensis Limpricht in Pax, Repert. Spec. Nov. It is difficult to find consistent and non-overlapping differences
Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 363. 1922. between this species and Silene dawoensis. The petal lobes of the type
道孚蝇子草 dao fu ying zi cao specimen of S. incisa are slightly crumpled or undulate along the mar-
gin, but otherwise similar to those of S. dawoensis, and hardly incised.
Silene longiuscula C. Y. Wu & C. L. Tang.
Herbs perennial, 30–80 cm tall. Roots robust, conical, 5. Silene fortunei Visiani, Linnaea 24: 181. 1851.
lignified. Stems erect or ascending, multibranched from
woody base, glabrous or sparsely hairy, apically viscid. 鹤草 he cao
Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Cauline leaves with Silene argyi H. Léveillé; S. fissipetala Turczaninow; S.
short sterile axillary branches, linear or linear- kiiruninsularis Masamune.
lanceolate, (1.5–)3–5(–6) cm × 2–5 mm, base cuneate Herbs perennial, 50–80(–100) cm tall. Roots robust, lig-
or attenuate, glabrous, midvein prominent. Flowers nified. Stems caespitose, erect, multibranched, shortly
erect, in a lax, few-flowered thyrse; cymules with villous or subglabrous, viscid. Basal leaves
peduncles subequaling pedicels, opposite or alternate, oblanceolate or lanceolate, withered at anthesis, 3–8 cm
often 1-flowered. Pedicel 2–4 cm, slender, glabrous, × 7–12(–15) mm, both surfaces glabrous or villous
viscid; bracts linear, 5–10 mm, ciliate. Calyx tubular, when young, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, base
clavate in fruit, 2.5–3.5 cm × ca. 3 mm, glabrous, veins attenuate into short petiole. Cauline leaves with short
green or violet; calyx teeth ca. 1.5 mm. sterile axillary branches, gradually smaller than basal
Androgynophore 1.5–2 cm, glabrous. Petal claws leaves. Flowers 2(–2.5) cm in diam., erect, in a lax,
slightly exserted beyond calyx, narrowly lanceolate, 1– few-flowered thyrse; cymules with peduncles shorter
1.5 cm, glabrous, not auriculate, limbs pale red, than or subequaling pedicels, opposite, 1–3-flowered.
obcordate or obovate, 1–1.4 cm, divided to about Pedicel 3–12(–15) mm, slender; bracts linear, 5–10 mm,
halfway, lobes narrowly ovate; coronal scales very ciliate. Calyx narrowly tubular, (2.2–)2.5–3 cm × ca. 3
small. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments glabrous. mm, glabrous, inflated above and clavate in fruit,
Styles 3. Capsule 1–1.5 cm. Seeds dark brown, reni- longitudinal veins green or violet; teeth 1.5–2 mm.
form, slightly flat, ca. 1.2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug– Androgynophore 1–1.5(–1.7) mm in fruit, glabrous.
Sep. Petal claws slightly exserted beyond calyx,
• Grasslands, cliffs; 1400–3100 m. W Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
The type specimen of Silene longiuscula deviates from S. dawoensis oblanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, glabrous; limbs exserted, pale
in its glandular hairy calyx. red, cuneate-obovate, ca. 1.5 cm, deeply bifid to middle
4. Silene incisa C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 428. 1980. or more; lobes laciniate; coronal scales ligulate, small.
齿瓣蝇子草 chi ban ying zi cao Stamens and styles slightly exserted; filaments glabrous.
Styles 3. Capsule 1.2–1.5 cm × ca. 4 mm, shorter than
Herbs perennial, 30–60 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified. or equaling calyx. Seeds dark brown, orbicular-
Stems sparsely caespitose, suberect, slender, glabrous, reniform, slightly flattened, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr.
apically viscid. Basal leaves oblanceolate, withered at Jul–Sep. 2n = 30*.
anthesis, 5–8 cm × 5–10(–12) mm, both surfaces • Scrub, plateaus, low mountain scrub grasslands. Anhui, Fujian,
glabrous, slightly coarse, margin sometimes ciliate, Gansu, Hebei, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan,
midvein prominent, base attenuate into long petiole. Taiwan.
Cauline leaves with short sterile axillary branches, The present authors have not seen type material of Silene fissipetala
gradually smaller than basal leaves. Flowers 2(–2.5) cm or S. kiiruninsularis.
This species is used medicinally.
in diam., erect, in a lax, few-flowered thyrse; cymules
6. Silene pseudofortunei Y. W. Tsui & C. L. Tang, Acta Bot.
with peduncles shorter than or subequaling pedicels, Yunnan. 2: 429. 1980.
opposite, 1–3-flowered. Pedicel 1–2.5(–3) cm, slender, 团伞蝇子草 tuan san ying zi cao
glabrous or sparsely and shortly hairy, viscid; bracts
Herbs perennial, 25–50 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified.
linear or linear-lanceolate, ciliate. Calyx tubular, ca. 30
Stems sparsely caespitose, erect, branched, glabrous or
× 3 mm, glabrous, clavate in fruit, longitudinal veins
sparsely short villous. Basal leaves withered at anthesis.
green or violet, teeth 1–2 mm. Androgynophore ca. 2
Cauline leaves with short sterile axillary branches,
cm, glabrous. Petal claws cuneate-oblanceolate, gla-
oblanceolate, 2–6 cm × 5–13 mm, both surfaces
brous, auricles not obvious, limbs exserted beyond
glabrous to slightly pubescent, margin shortly ciliate,
calyx, pale red, triangular-oblanceolate, 1–1.5 cm,
midvein prominent, base attenuate into short petiole,
divided to about halfway, lobes band-shaped, uneven;
apex acute. Flowers erect, in a densely capitate, few-
coronal scales papillate. Stamens and styles exserted;
flowered thyrse. Pedicel 5–18 mm, slender, subglabrous;
filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule globose-ovoid, 1–
bracts linear, 2–3 mm, glabrous to sparsely ciliate.
1.2 cm, shorter than calyx, rarely subequaling calyx.
Calyx narrowly tubular, 1.5–2 cm × ca. 2 mm, glabrous
Seeds reddish brown, globose-reniform, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl.
or sparsely short hairy, clavate in fruit, longitudinal
Jul–Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
veins violet or green; calyx teeth ca. 1.5 mm.
• Mountain stony grasslands; 1700–1800 m. Sichuan. Androgynophore 1–1.2 cm, glabrous. Petal claws
narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles not obvious; teeth ca. 1 mm. Androgynophore 8–10 mm, glabrous.
limbs exserted beyond calyx, violet, bifid to middle or Petals white, claws oblanceolate, glabrous, limbs bifid
more; lobes rounded, subentire or 2- or 3-laciniate to 3/4 length of petals, lobes obovate; coronal scales
toothed. Stamens exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles minute. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments glabrous.
exserted. Styles 3. Capsule 8–10 mm. Seeds grayish Styles 3. Capsule 1–1.5 cm. Seeds dark brown,
brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1 mm, with angular pit triangular-ovoid. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug.
on one side. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
• Mountain grasslands, stony scrub; 600–1300 m. S Shanxi, E Si-
The type of Silene alexandrae has not been seen by the present
chuan.
authors.
7. Silene altaica Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 497. 1805.
9. Silene tianschanica Schischkin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot.
阿尔泰蝇子草 a er tai ying zi cao Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 8: 56. 1940.

Cucubalus fruticulosus Pallas; Physolychnis altaica 天山蝇子草 tian shan ying zi cao
(Persoon) Ruprecht; S. fruticulosa (Pallas) Schischkin
Herbs suffruticose, 30–40 cm tall. Roots robust, multi-
ex Krylov (1931), not Siebold ex Otth (1824), nor M.
crowned. Stems densely clustered, erect, basally
Bieberstein (1825).
lignified, solitary or sparsely branched, basally
Herbs suffruticose, 15–50 cm tall. Roots robust. Stems pubescent, apically glabrous. Leaves with short, sterile
caespitose, erect, basally lignified, not branched or only axillary branches, linear, 3–5 cm × 1–2 mm, both
branched at base, basally slightly coarse, shortly surfaces glabrous, sparsely ciliate at base, base at-
pubescent, apically viscid. Leaves with short, sterile tenuate, slightly clasping, apex acute. Flowers erect, in
axillary branches, linear or subulate, 1.5–3 cm × 0.5–1 a racemiform thyrse, with alternate, 1-flowered cymules,
mm, hard, margin coarse, ciliate at base, apex acute, slightly nutant at early stage. Pedicel 4–15 mm, slender,
triangular in cross section at maturity, pungent. Flowers glabrous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3–3.5 mm, margin
erect, in a racemiform thyrse with usually alternate, 1- membranous, shortly ciliate. Calyx tubular, clavate in
flowered cymules. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, glabrous, viscid; fruit, 10–12 × ca. 3 mm, glabrous, slightly inflated
bracts ovate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex above in fruit, longitudinal veins green or violet; calyx
acuminate. Calyx tubular, clavate in fruit, 1.2–1.5 cm, teeth broadly triangular-ovate, short, ciliate, apex ob-
subglabrous, longitudinal veins green or violet; calyx tuse. Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petal claws
teeth ca. 1 mm. Androgynophore 4–6 mm, shortly hairy. narrowly cuneate, without cilia and auricles; limbs
Petal claws slightly exserted beyond calyx, narrowly slightly exserted beyond calyx, white, bifid to base,
oblanceolate, without auricles; limbs white, bifid to 1/2; lobes narrowly obovate; coronal scales minute. Stamens
lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales minute. and styles exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3.
Stamens and styles included or slightly exserted; Capsule ovoid, ca. 9 × 5 mm. Seeds triangular-reniform,
filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule 8–10 mm. Seeds ca. 1.2 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Stony mountains; 1100–2100 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
Jul–Aug. The type has not been seen by the present authors.
Stony mountains, desert grasslands; 1400–1900 m. N Xinjiang 10. Silene ningxiaensis C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 431.
[Kazakhstan, Russia]. 1980.
The type of Silene altaica has not been seen by the present authors. 宁夏蝇子草 ning xia ying zi cao
8. Silene alexandrae B. Keller, Trav. Soc. Naturalistes Kazan.
Herbs perennial, 20–45 cm tall. Roots robust, slightly
44(5):71. 1912.
lignified. Stems sparsely caespitose, rarely solitary,
斋桑蝇子草 zhai sang ying zi cao erect, slender, basally lignified, simple or branched at
base, glabrous or with short robust hairs at base. Basal
Silene altaica Persoon var. grandiflora C. A. Meyer; S.
leaves clustered, linear, 3–5(–8) cm × 1–2.5 mm,
altaica var. hystrix Trautvetter.
glabrous, basally ciliate at margin, base attenuate, apex
Herbs suffruticose, 25–45 cm tall. Stems caespitose,
acuminate; cauline leaves few, small. Flowers erect, in
erect, basally lignified, simple or branched, basally
a racemiform thyrse, with alternate, 1-flowered
sometimes hirtellous, apically viscid. Leaves with short,
cymules. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate in
sterile axillary branches, linear, spiniform, 3–8 cm × 2–
lower part. Calyx tubular, 1.5–1.7 cm × ca. 2.5 mm,
3 mm, pungent, basal margin ciliate, midvein prominent.
glabrous, slightly clavate in fruit, longitudinal veins
Flowers erect, in a racemiform thyrse, with usually
sometimes violet; calyx teeth triangular-lanceolate.
alternate, 1-flowered cymules. Pedicel shorter to
Androgynophore 5–6 mm, glabrous. Petal claws
slightly longer than calyx, glabrous, usually viscid;
slightly exserted beyond calyx, narrowly oblanceolate,
bracts ovate, margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx tubular,
glabrous, auricle not obvious, limbs white, bifid to 2/3
clavate in fruit, 2–2.5 cm × 2.5–3 mm, shortly
of petal; lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales
pubescent, longitudinal veins green or violet; calyx
minute. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments glabrous.
Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm, shorter than calyx. coronal scales minute. Stamens and styles exserted;
Seeds grayish brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm,
Jul–Aug, fr. Aug. 2n = 24*. shorter than or subequaling calyx. Seeds brown,
• Mountains; 1700–2400 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia.
reniform, ca. 1.5 mm, pitted. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Sand dunes, grasslands. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia].
11. Silene repens Patrin in Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 500. 1805. 13. Silene macrostyla Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 54.
蔓茎蝇子草 wan jing ying zi cao 1859.
Silene pachyrrhiza Franchet; S. repens var. angustifolia 长柱蝇子草 chang zhu ying zi cao
Turczaninow ex Regel f. sinensis F. N. Williams; S.
repens var. latifolia Turczaninow; S. repens var. Silene foliosa Maximowicz var. macrostyla
sinensis (F. N. Williams) C. L. Tang; S. repens var. (Maximowicz) Rohrbach; S. tatarica Persoon var.
vulgaris Turczaninow; S. repens var. xilingensis Y. Z. macrostyla (Maximowicz) Regel.
Zhao. Herbs perennial, 50–90 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified,
Herbs perennial, 15–50 cm tall, shortly pubescent or multicrowned. Stems solitary or clustered, erect,
glabrous throughout. Rhizome slender, branched. Stems simple or sparsely branched above, basally retrorsely
solitary or sparsely caespitose, ascending, basally pubescent, apically glabrescent. Basal leaves withered
usually lignified, simple or sometimes branched. at anthesis; cauline leaves with prominent, sterile
Leaves with short, sterile axillary branches, linear- axillary branches, narrowly lanceolate, 4–9 cm × 5–13
lanceolate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or orbicular- mm, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein
lanceolate, (1.5–)2–7 cm × (1–)3–10(–12) mm, prominent, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flowers in a
sparsely pubescent, ciliate at margin, midvein thyrse; cymules 1- to several flowered. Pedicel 4–8 mm,
prominent, base cuneate. Flowers in a racemiform slender, glabrous; bracts lanceolate-linear, margin
thyrse; cymules usually 3–7-flowered, usually opposite, membranous, ciliate. Calyx sometimes pale violet,
distal cymules often capitate. Pedicel 1–8 mm; bracts broadly campanulate, 4–6 mm, glabrous.
lanceolate. Calyx often violet-tinged, tubular to clavate, Androgynophore 1–1.5 mm, shortly hairy. Petal claws
1–1.5 cm × 3–4.5 mm, pubescent. Androgynophore 4– glabrous, auricles not obvious; limbs white, bifid to 1/3
6(–8) mm, shortly pubescent. Petal claws oblanceolate, to 1/2 of petals; lobes obtuse; coronal scales minute.
without auricles; limbs not exserted beyond calyx, Stamens and styles conspicuously exserted; filaments
white, rarely yellowish white, obovate, usually 5–7 mm, glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 5.5–6.5 mm, shorter
bifid to middle or less. Stamens and styles slightly than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl.
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
6–8 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds black-brown,
reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 24, Gravelly grasslands, dry steppes, forests. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Li-
48. aoning [Korea, Russia].
Forests, grasslands, stream edges, stony mountain grasslands, dry
14. Silene foliosa Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 53. 1859.
steppes, sand dunes, grasslands, mountain summit steppes; 1500–
3500 m. NW Gansu, Hebei, Jilin, Nei Mongol, N Shaanxi, Sichuan, 石缝蝇子草 shi feng ying zi cao
Xizang [Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia; NW North America].
This taxon is very variable and in urgent need of taxonomic revision ?Silene foliosa var. mongolica Maximowicz; ?S.
on a global scale. maximowicziana Kozhevnikov (1995), not Rohrbach
12. Silene odoratissima Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: (1869–1870); S. tatarica Persoon var. foliosa
148. 1830. (Maximowicz) Regel.
香蝇子草 xiang ying zi cao
Silene radians Karelin & Kirilov. Herbs perennial, 25–40 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified,
Herbs somewhat suffruticose, greenish white, 30–60 cm multicrowned. Stems clustered, erect, slender, basally
tall, glabrous throughout. Stems caespitose, erect, retrorsely hairy. Basal leaves withered at anthesis;
multibranched throughout. Basal leaves withered at cauline leaves with prominent, sterile axillary branches,
anthesis; cauline leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 3–7 cm linear-oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear, 2–4 cm × 3–6
× 2–5(–9) mm, ciliate at margin, base attenuate, slightly mm, shortly villous at midvein, margin shortly ciliate,
clasping, apex acuminate or acute. Flowers in a base attenuate, apex acuminate. Flowers in a thyrse;
racemiform thyrse; cymules with peduncles cymules 1- to several flowered. Pedicel 4–6 mm,
subequaling or longer than pedicels, opposite, usually slender, viscid; bracts lanceolate-linear, basal margin
1-flowered. Pedicel 1–2 cm, viscid; bracts lanceolate, membranous, ciliate. Calyx ovoid-campanulate, 6–8
herbaceous, margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx tubular, mm. Androgynophore 2–2.5 mm, sparsely hairy. Petal
clavate in fruit, 1.2–1.5 cm, glabrous; calyx teeth 1–2 claws oblanceolate, glabrous; limbs white, deeply bifid
mm. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm, sparsely villous. Petal to middle or more; lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal
claws oblanceolate, auricles not obvious; limbs exserted scales minute. Stamens and styles conspicuously
beyond calyx, white, 4-lobed; lobes linear, apex obtuse; exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule globose-
ovoid, 5–7 × 2.5–3 mm. Seeds grayish brown, reniform, Herbs perennial, 50–70 cm tall. Stems sparsely
ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug. caespitose, erect, branched, basally shortly pubescent,
Forests, mountain grasslands, gravelly stone fissures; 1300–2000 m.
apically viscid. Basal leaves spatulate or lanceolate, 6–8
Gansu, Heilongjiang, S Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi, N Shaanxi cm × 5–10 mm, both surfaces hairy, shortly ciliate,
[Japan, Korea, Russia]. marcescent, base attenuate into long petiole; cauline
leaves with short, sterile axillary branches, lanceolate or
The concept of Silene foliosa and S. macrostyla, sensu Maximowicz,
linear-lanceolate. Flowers in a slender, racemiform
is difficult to understand, and it is possible that the variation between
these two taxa is more or less continuous. More detailed studies,
thyrse. Pedicel 5–10 mm, sparsely pubescent; bracts
including typifications, are needed. lanceolate, submembranous, sparsely villous, apex
acute. Calyx tubular-clavate, 8–12 × 2–3 mm, glabrous
15. Silene koreana Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. or sparsely villous, inflated in fruit. Androgynophore 2–
Sada 18: 440. 1901. 3 mm in fruit, glabrous. Petal claws narrowly
朝鲜蝇子草 chao xian ying zi cao oblanceolate, glabrous, without obvious auricles; limb
Herbs annual or biennial, 30–70 cm tall. Principal roots pale yellowish white, narrowly obovate, margin entire
slender. Stems solitary or sparsely clustered, erect, or slightly emarginate; coronal scales minute. Stamens
sparsely branched above, basally shortly pubescent, and styles exserted. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 7–9 mm.
apically viscid. Basal leaves withered at early anthesis; Seeds reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul–Aug.
cauline leaves with short, sterile axillary branches, Dry steppes; 500–1100 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2–4(–6) cm × 2–8(–15) Tajikistan].
mm, abaxially pubescent at midvein, ciliate, midvein 18. Silene pseudotenuis Schischkin, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn.
prominent. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymules 1- Bot. Sada SSSR 6(3): 6. 1926.
flowered, opposite; peduncles very short. Pedicel 5–20 昭苏蝇子草 zhao su ying zi cao
mm, slender, subglabrous, viscid; bracts linear-
lanceolate, ciliate. Calyx tubular to narrowly Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified,
campanulate, 8–9 mm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. crowned. Stems sparsely caespitose, erect, not or
Androgynophore 1.5–2 mm, pubescent. Petal claws sparsely branched, basally pubescent, rarely
narrowly oblanceolate, ciliate at base, auricles not ob- subglabrous, apically viscid. Basal leaves spatulate to
vious; limbs not exserted beyond calyx, white, oblanceolate, (2–)4–9 cm × 4–10 mm, both surfaces
shallowly bifid; coronal scales minute. Stamens and glabrous, ciliate, midvein conspicuous, base attenuate
styles prominently exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles into long petiole, apex acute or obtuse; cauline leaves
3. Capsule globose, 7–8.5 mm, shorter than calyx. 1–4 pairs, linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves,
Seeds dark brown, globose-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul– without short, axillary sterile branches. Flowers in a
Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. racemiform thyrse; cymules several flowered, opposite,
Forests. Heilongjiang, Jilin [Japan, Korea, Russia]. appearing verticillate. Pedicel 5–13 mm, glabrous;
16. Silene kungessana B. Fedtschenko, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 14: bracts ovate-lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate.
2. 1908. Calyx sometimes violet, clavate, 6–7 mm, glabrous.
Androgynophore 2–3 mm, pubescent. Petal claws
巩乃斯蝇子草 gong nai si ying zi cao elliptic-oblanceolate, ciliate basally, without auricles;
Herbs perennial, 80–100 cm tall, glabrous throughout. limbs yellowish white, elliptic, margin entire or
Stems sparsely caespitose, erect. Leaves ovate- emarginate. Coronal scales minute. Stamens and styles
lanceolate, 7–12 × 1.5–3 cm, base attenuate into long prominently exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3.
petiole. Flowers in a slender, racemiform thyrse. Capsule ovoid, ca. 6 mm. Seeds reniform. Fl. Jun–Jul.
Pedicel 6–10 mm; bracts lanceolate, small. Calyx Gravelly steppes, sandy steppes; 1900–3200 m. N Xinjiang [Ka-
tubular, 6–8 × 2–3 mm, glabrous. Androgynophore 1– zakhstan, Kyrgyzstan].
2 mm. Petal limbs white, margin entire or emarginate at 19. Silene holopetala Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 142.
apex. Capsule ovoid, ca. 7 mm. Styles 3. Seeds 1830.
triangular-reniform, tuberculate.
全缘蝇子草 quan yuan ying zi cao
• Xinjiang.
No specimens have been seen by the present authors. Herbs perennial, 30–80 cm tall, suffrutescent at base.
Roots robust, lignified. Stems caespitose, erect,
17. Silene komarovii Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6:
multibranched; branchlets opposite, sparsely villous.
678. 1936.
Leaves with short, axillary branches, lanceolate to
轮伞蝇子草 lun san ying zi cao linear, 1–3 cm × 1.5–3 mm, pubescent, base attenuate,
Silene viscidula Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. apex acute. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymules
Obshch. Estestvoisp., Vyp. 3, Otd. Bot. 26: 129. 1896, opposite, several flowered, appearing verticillate. Pedi-
not Franchet (1886). cel 2–6(–10) mm, viscid; bracts ovate-lanceolate, small,
margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx tubular-clavate, 6–9 Soviet Union. The treatment here is to a large extent in agreement
× 2.5 mm, glabrous, slightly inflated above in fruit. with Fl. URSS and herbarium determinations in BM, K, E, and P (but
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petal claws see note under S. graminifolia).
21. Silene graminifolia Otth in de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 368.
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles absent or obsolete;
1824.
limbs white, pale red below, narrowly obovate, margin
entire; coronal scales minute. Stamens and styles slight- 禾叶蝇子草 he ye ying zi cao
ly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, Silene jenisseensis Willdenow var. viscifera Y. C.
5–8 mm. Seeds reniform, tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Chu; ?S. pubistyla L. H. Zhou; S. stylosa Bunge; ?S.
Aug–Sep. tenuis Willdenow.
Stony mountains; ca. 400 m. NW Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
Herbs perennial, 15–50 cm. Roots robust, multicrowned.
The above four species all belong to Silene sect. Holopetalae Stems caespitose, erect, slender, simple, glabrous or
Chowdhuri, with many taxa described from the region of the former pubescent at base, apically viscid. Basal leaves
Soviet Union. A revision on a global scale is needed to understand numerous, linear-oblanceolate, thin, 2–8(–10) cm × 2–
properly the variation of the Chinese plants.
4.5 mm, ciliate, base attenuate into short petiole, apex
20. Silene jenisseensis Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 1: 473. 1809. acute; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, sessile, ciliate, base
山蚂蚱草 shan ma zha cao slightly connate, clasping. Flowers in a racemiform
Silene dasyphylla Turczaninow; ?S. graminifolia var. thyrse; cymules opposite, with a solitary flower;
parviflora Ledebour; ?S. jenissea Poiret; ?S. jenissea peduncles very short. Pedicel shorter than or nearly as
Stephan ex Bunge; ?S. jenissea var. parviflora long as calyx, slender, glabrous; bracts ovate-
Turczaninow; ?S. jenissea var. setifolia lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate. Calyx
Turczaninow; ?S. jenisseensis var. oliganthella (Nakai narrowly campanulate, 7–10 × 2–3 mm, glabrous.
ex Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu; ?S. jenisseensis f. parviflora Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petal claws
(Turczaninow) Schischkin; ?S. jenisseensis f. setifolia narrowly oblanceolate, long ciliate, limbs exserted
beyond calyx, white, deeply bifid to middle; lobes
(Turczaninow) Schischkin; ?S. jenisseensis var.
linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales minute. Stamens and
vegetior Popov; ?S. oliganthella Nakai ex Kitagawa; ?S.
styles exserted. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 7–8 mm. Seeds
pauciflora (F. N. Williams) Nakai; ?S. tenuis
dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug.
Willdenow var. jenissea Rohrbach; ?S. tenuis var.
pauciflora F. N. Williams. Mountain grasslands; 1600–4200 m. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, ?Xizang
[Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia].
Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified. Schischkin (in Komarov, Fl. URSS 6: 626. 1936) stated that the type
Stems caespitose, erect or suberect, simple, glabrous, of Silene tenuis, a name very often applied to plants in this group,
usually with many axillary sterile shoots at base. Basal “does not correspond to the Siberian plant [S. graminifolia Otth] and
leaves numerous, narrowly oblanceolate or lanceolate- belongs to some other species.” It is imperative that the identity of S.
linear, 5–13 cm × 2–7 mm, midvein prominent, base tenuis be settled.
attenuate into long petiole, margin ciliate at base; 22. Silene gracilicaulis C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 434.
cauline leaves few, small, clasping at base. Flowers in a 1980.
racemiform thyrse; cymules opposite, proximal ones 细蝇子草 xi ying zi cao
usually with more than one flower, distal ones with a Silene gracilicaulis C. L. Tang var. longipedicellata C.
solitary flower; peduncles very short. Pedicel 4–18 mm, L. Tang; S. gracilicaulis var. rubescens (Franchet) C. L.
glabrous; bracts ovate or lanceolate, base slightly Tang; S. sericata C. L. Tang; S. tenuis Willdenow f.
connate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate. rubescens Franchet; S. tenuis Willdenow var. denudata
Calyx narrowly campanulate, slightly inflated in fruit, Y. W. Tsui & L. H. Zhou; S. tenuis Willdenow var.
8–10(–12) mm, glabrous, longitudinal veins green or
rubescens (Franchet) Diels.
violet. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, shortly hairy. Petal
Herbs perennial, (15–)20–50 cm. Roots robust, slightly
claws narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous, without obvious
lignified. Stems sparsely, rarely densely, caespitose,
auricles; limbs white or pale greenish, bifid to middle;
erect or ascending, simple, rarely 1- or 2-branched
lobes linear, apex obtuse; coronal scales small. Stamens
below, glabrous, rarely shortly pubescent. Basal leaves
and styles exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3.
numerous, linear-oblanceolate, 6–18 cm × 2–5 mm,
Capsule ovoid, 6–7 mm. Seeds grayish brown, reniform,
both surfaces glabrous, ciliate basally, base attenuate
ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 24.
into petiole, apex acuminate at apex; cauline leaves
Forest margins, forested grasslands, shifting alpine screes, steppes, linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves, ciliate, base
sandy steppes, mountain grasslands, gravelly grasslands, dune half clasping. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymules
margins; 200–1000 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei opposite, 1-flowered (rarely more); peduncles very
Mongol, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia].
short. Pedicel nearly as long as calyx, glabrous; bracts
No type material has been seen by the present authors. Such material ovate-lanceolate, 4–12 mm, ciliate, base connate, apex
is necessary for a complete understanding of this very difficult group acuminate. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 8–15(–18) × 4
(Silene jenisseensis and the following two species), which has mm, glabrous, longitudinal veins violet, connate at
numerous forms and varieties described from the region of the former apex; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, margin
membranous, white, shortly ciliate, apex obtuse. Herbs biennial, 20–70 cm tall, densely short glandular
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, shortly hairy. Petal claws hairy throughout. Stems sparsely caespitose or solitary,
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles triangular; limbs robust, erect, simple. Basal and proximal cauline leaves
exserted beyond calyx, white, violet or pink below, spatulate or spatulate-oblanceolate, 3–5 × ca. 1 cm,
bifid to middle or below, lobes narrowly rounded; midvein prominent, base attenuate into petiole, apex
coronal scales orbicular, small. Stamens and styles ex- obtuse or acute; distal leaves sessile, lanceolate, apex
serted; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule globose- acuminate. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse; cymule
ovoid, 6–8 mm. Seeds orbicular-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. shortly stalked, 1–3(–7)-flowered. Pedicel 3–5 mm;
Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx tubular-
• Gravelly grasslands, mountains; 3000–4000 m. Nei Mongol, clavate, 1.7–2 cm × ca. 4 mm, densely glandular hairy;
Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan. calyx teeth triangular-ovate, 1.5–2 mm.
Silene gracilicaulis var. rubescens, from Yunnan, is distinct from the Androgynophore 2–3 mm, pubescent. Petals ca. 2 cm,
typical variety in having larger flowers with pink petals. Considering claws cuneate, ciliate at base, auriculate at apex; limbs
the subtle differences between other species recognized in this group, exserted beyond calyx, white, deeply 4-lobed; medial
it may well deserve specific status. lobes ovate, margin entire; lateral lobes linear-lanceo-
late, small; coronal scales absent. Stamens and styles
Silene sericata was distinguished on its ciliate calyx teeth, which in
fact is a common character for all taxa in this group (as well as most
prominently exserted; filaments ciliate at base. Styles 3.
of the genus Silene). Capsule globose-ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, lobe teeth excurved.
Silene pterosperma Maximowicz (Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Seeds dark brown, triangular-reniform, ca. 1.2 mm,
Sada 11: 67. 1889) was placed in this group in FRPS, but we believe slightly flat on one side, striate, minutely tuberculate. Fl.
it more likely that this taxon is related to S. salicifolia (see note under May–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
that species) or S. hupehensis. Grasslands, cultivated fields; 600–1900 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
23. Silene dumetosa C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 154. Mongolia, Russia].
1982.
灌丛蝇子草 guan cong ying zi cao 25. Silene suaveolens Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov,
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 168. 1842.
Herbs perennial, 10–20 cm. Roots robust, multicrowned.
Stems caespitose, suberect, simple, white pubescent; 细裂蝇子草 xi lie ying zi cao
sterile stems numerous. Basal leaves numerous,
Melandrium griffithii (Boissier) Rohrbach; M.
spatulate to oblanceolate, 3–6 cm × 3–7 mm, both
suaveolens (Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov)
surfaces glabrous, ciliate, midvein obvious, base
Schischkin; M. viscosum (Linnaeus) Celakovsky f.
attenuate into short petiole, apex acute; cauline leaves
suaveolens Krylov; Silene griffithii Boissier; S. viscosa
2 or 3 pairs, narrowly oblanceolate, pubescent. Flowers
(Linnaeus) Persoon f. multifida Krylov.
in a racemiform thyrse; cymules opposite, 1-flowered,
often 3; peduncles very short. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, slender, Herbs biennial, rarely perennial, 30–80 cm tall, densely
villous and sparsely glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, pubescent and viscid throughout. Stems sparsely
pubescent. Calyx campanulate or broadly campanulate, caespitose, erect, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate,
1.5–1.7 cm × 6–8 mm; longitudinal veins usually violet, base attenuate into long petiole, withered at anthesis;
pubescent. Androgynophore 3–4 mm, shortly hairy. cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate, 3–8 cm × 3–30 mm,
Petal claws oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles orbicular; apex acuminate. Flowers in a racemiform thyrse.
Pedicel 3–5 mm; bracts lanceolate, small. Calyx
limbs exserted beyond calyx, violet, bifid to middle;
tubular-club-shaped, 1.4–2 cm × ca. 3 mm, densely
lobes slightly curved, apex obtuse; coronal scales pubescent, viscid, longitudinal veins not prominent;
lanceolate. Stamens and styles included, ca. 1 cm; fila- calyx teeth triangular, short, margin membranous,
ments glabrous. Styles 3(or 4). Fl. Aug–Sep. ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 2–3 mm,
• Scrub; ca. 4000 m. NW Yunnan. pubescent. Petals exserted beyond calyx, 1.5–2 cm;
The type has not been seen by the present authors. Judging from the claws narrowly cuneate, ciliate, auricles not prominent;
original description, Silene dumetosa is possibly closely related to, or limbs white, multilobed, lobes linear; coronal scales
a synonym of, S. stewartiana, and does not belong to the S. absent. Stamens prominently exserted, to 2.5 cm;
gracilicaulis group. filaments ciliate. Styles exserted. Capsule globose-
ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform, ca.
24. Silene quadriloba Turczaninow ex Karelin & Kirilov,
1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 167. 1842.
Xinjiang [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Taji-
四裂蝇子草 si lie ying zi cao kistan].
This species is very closely related to Silene quadriloba, differing
Melandrium quadrilobum (Turczaninow ex Karelin & mainly in the multilobed petals.
Kirilov) Schischkin; M. viscosum (Linnaeus) 26. Silene firma Siebold & Zuccarini, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl.
Celakovsky f. quadrilobum Krylov; Silene viscosa Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(2): 166. 1843.
(Linnaeus) Persoon var. quadriloba Trautvetter. 疏毛女娄菜 shu mao nu lou cai
Melandrium apricum (Turczaninow) Rohrbach var. fir- or slightly longer than calyx, bifid; coronal scales lig-
mum (Siebold & Zuccarini) Rohrbach; ?M. apricum var. ulate. Stamens and styles included; filaments ciliate at
firmum f. pubescens Makino; M. firmum (Siebold & base. Styles 3, shortly hairy at base. Capsule ovoid, 8–9
Zuccarini) Rohrbach; ?M. firmum f. pubescens (Makino) mm, subequaling or slightly longer than calyx. Seeds
Makino; ?M. firmum var. pubescens (Makino) Y. Z. gray-brown, globose-reniform, 0.6–0.7 mm, thickened,
Zhao; Silene aprica Turczaninow var. firma (Siebold & minutely tuberculate. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug.
Plateaus, downs, mountains. Throughout China [Japan, Korea,
Zuccarini) F. N. Williams; S. epilosa W. W. Smith; ?S.
Mongolia, Russia].
firma f. pubescens (Makino) Ohwi & Ohashi; ?S. firma
var. pubescens (Makino) S. Y. He. Silene oldhamiana, described from Ningbo, Zhejiang, has pink petal
limbs 4–5 mm long, and may deserve status as an independent taxon.
Herbs annual or biennial, 50–100 cm tall, usually Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) regards it as a maritime variety of the
glabrous throughout, sometimes only shortly hairy at widespread S. aprica. Silene morii, from Taiwan, was segregated on
base. Stems erect, sometimes dark violet basally, subtle differences in calyx teeth morphology.
robust, simple or sparsely branched. Leaves elliptic- 28. Silene orientalimongolica Kozhevnikov, Novosti Sist.
lanceolate to ovate-oblanceolate or obovate- Vyssh. Rast. 21: 68. 1984.
oblanceolate, 4–10(–16) × 0.8–2.5(–5) cm, base atten-
uate, apex acute. Flowers in an irregular thyrse. At least 内蒙古女娄菜 nei meng gu nu lou cai
distal cymules without a stalk, proximal cymules rarely Melandrium orientalimongolicum (Kozhevnikov) Y. Z.
stalked. Pedicel erect, 5–18(–30) mm, usually glabrous; Zhao.
bracts narrowly lanceolate. Calyx ovoid-campanulate,
7–9 mm, glabrous, enlarged to 1–1.2 cm in fruit, veins Herbs annual or biennial, 10–40 cm tall, densely pub-
escent throughout. Principal roots robust, lignified.
green. Androgynophore very short or obsolete, glabrous.
Stems erect, solitary or multibranched at base. Basal
Petals included, white; claws oblanceolate, glabrous,
leaves petiolate, distal leaves sessile; leaf blade
auriculate; limbs ovate, bifid. Coronal scales small. oblanceolate or lanceolate, 2–5 cm × 2–5 mm, midvein
Stamens and styles included. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, raised abaxially, both surfaces densely pubescent, base
8–11 mm, shorter or longer than calyx. Seeds gray- attenuate into petiole or sessile, apex acute. Cymes
brown, globose-reniform, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. terminal, conical; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, ciliate,
Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 48. apex acuminate. Pedicels erect, unequal in length, 5–20
Mountain grasslands, scrub; 300–2500 m. Throughout China [Japan, mm, pubescent. Calyx elliptic or ovoid-campanulate, 6–
Korea, Russia]. 8 mm, ovoid in fruit, ca. 1 cm, glandular hairy;
27. Silene aprica Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer, longitudinal veins 10, green, cohering at apex; calyx
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 38. 1835. teeth triangular-lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate.
Androgynophore very short. Petals white or pale red;
女娄菜 nu lou cai limbs obovate, shallowly bifid at apex; claws narrowly
cuneate; coronal scales ligulate. Stamens included;
Hedona ischnopetala F. N. Williams; Melandrium apri- filaments hairy at base. Styles 3, short, shortly hairy at
cum (Turczaninow ex Fischer & C. A. Meyer) base. Capsule ovoid, ca. 8 mm, shorter than calyx, 6-
Rohrbach; M. apricum subsp. oldhamianum (Miquel) toothed. Seeds gray-brown, reniform, ca. 0.6 mm,
Kitagawa; M. apricum var. oldhamianum (Miquel) Y. C. tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Chu; M. oldhamianum (Miquel) Rohrbach; Silene
• Steppes, sterile areas. Nei Mongol [?Russia].
aprica var. oldhamiana (Miquel) C. Y. Wu; S.
melandriiformis Maximowicz; S. morii Hayata; S. mu- 29. Silene otites (Linnaeus) Wibel, Prim. Fl. Werth. 241.
shaensis Hayata; S. oldhamiana Miquel; S. taquetii H. 1799.
Léveillé. 黄雪轮 huang xue lun
Herbs annual or biennial, 30–70 cm tall, densely gray
pubescent throughout. Principal roots robust, slightly Cucubalus otites Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 415. 1753; Silene
lignified. Stems erect, simple or branched. Basal leaves pseudo-otites Besser ex Reichenbach.
oblanceolate or narrowly spatulate, 4–7 cm × 4–8 mm,
midvein prominent, base attenuate into long petiole, Herbs biennial, 20–40 cm tall, villous throughout.
apex acute; cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate or Roots robust. Stem solitary, erect, simple or sparsely
linear-lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves. Cymules branched. Basal leaves spatulate, 4–6 cm × 5–12 mm,
stalked. Pedicel erect, 5–20(–40) mm; bracts lanceolate, base attenuate into long petiole, apex obtuse or
herbaceous, ciliate, apex acuminate. Calyx ovoid- mucronulate; cauline leaves linear-oblanceolate, small,
campanulate, 6–8 mm, to 1.2 cm in fruit, nearly narrow. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious), in a
herbaceous, densely pubescent; longitudinal veins green, racemiform thyrse with many-flowered cymules. Ped-
cohering at apex; calyx teeth triangular-lanceolate, icel 4–10 mm, slender, glabrous. Calyx campanulate,
margin membranous, ciliate. Androgynophore very 4–6 mm, glabrous. Androgynophore obsolete. Petal
short or obsolete, pubescent. Petal claws ciliate below; claws glabrous; limbs greenish, linear-oblanceolate,
limbs white or pink, oblanceolate, 1–5 mm, subequaling small, margin entire; coronal scales absent. Stamens
and styles slightly exserted. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid or Male and female plants of species nos. 29–31 may differ considerably,
subglobose, 3.5–5(–6) mm, slightly longer than calyx. both in vegetative and floral parts. An understanding of this variation
Seeds reniform, small. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = 24. is desirable in order to attain a useful taxonomy of this group.

N Xinjiang [Europe]. 32. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Fl. Nord-Mittel-Deut-

schl., ed. 9, 46. 1869.
30. Silene borysthenica (Gruner) Walters, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 69: 47. 1964. 白玉草 bai yu cao
小花蝇子草 xiao hua ying zi cao Behen vulgaris Moench, Meth. Pl. 709. 1794;
Silene otites (Linnaeus) Wibel var. borysthenica Gruner, Cucubalus behen Linnaeus (1753), not Silene behen
Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(2): 126. 1868; Linnaeus (1753); C. latifolius Miller; C. venosus
Otites borysthenica (Gruner) Klokov; O. parviflora Gilibert; S. cucubalus Wibel; S. inflata Smith; S. inflata
(Ehrhart) Grossheim; S. parviflora (Ehrhart) Persoon. var. vulgaris Turczaninow; S. venosa (Gilibert)
Ascherson; ?S. wallichiana Klotzsch.
Herbs biennial, 30–60 cm, pubescent throughout. Roots
robust. Stem solitary, erect, simple or sparsely branched. Herbs perennial, grayish green, 40–100 cm tall,
Basal leaves spatulate, 2–6 cm × 2–5(–10) mm, base glabrous throughout. Roots slightly robust, lignified.
attenuate into long petiole, apex acute; cauline leaves Stems sparsely caespitose, erect, usually gray, apically
sessile, small. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious), in a branched. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 4–10 × 1–3(–4.5)
racemiform thyrse with many-flowered cymules. cm, proximal cauline leaves with prominent midvein,
Pedicel 2–5 mm, pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 1.5– base attenuate, apex acuminate or acute; distal leaves
2.5 mm, pubescent, longitudinal veins greenish. cuneate, slightly clasping. Flowers usually in many-
Androgynophore obsolete. Petals white, ca. 1.5 × as flowered dichasia, sometimes in thyrsoid inflorescences;
long as calyx; claws linear-oblanceolate, ciliate; limbs flowers sometimes spreading or slightly nutant. Pedicel
narrowly orbicular, margin entire; coronal scales shorter than or subequaling calyx; bracts ovate-
absent. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments shortly lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx usually violet-tinged,
hairy. Styles 3. Capsule subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diam. broadly ovoid, inflated, 1.3–1.6 cm × 5–7 mm,
Seeds reniform, ca. 0.6 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = submembranous, with 20 anastomosing veins; calyx
24. teeth broadly triangular, short, ciliate. Androgynophore
ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals 1.5–1.8 cm; claws cuneate-
River beaches, grasslands. N Xinjiang [C Asia, Europe]. oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles ovoid; limbs exserted
31. Silene wolgensis (Hornemann) Otth in de Candolle, Prodr. beyond calyx, white, obovate, deeply bifid to base of
1: 370. 1824. limb, lobes narrowly obovate; coronal scales small.
伏尔加蝇子草 fu er jia ying zi cao Stamens and styles prominently exserted; filaments
glabrous; anthers violet. Styles 3. Capsule subglobose,
Viscago wolgensis Hornemann, Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. ca. 8 mm in diam., shorter than calyx. Seeds globose-
48. 1819; Silene otites (Linnaeus) Wibel var. wolgensis reniform, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n =
(Hornemann) Rohrbach.
24, 48.
Herbs biennial, 40–80 cm tall. Roots robust, lignified. Meadows, scrub; 200–2700 m. Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang,
Stems solitary, sparsely branched, erect, basally Xizang [India, Mongolia, Nepal; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe].
hirtellous, apically glabrous, sometimes viscid. Basal
and proximal cauline leaves spatulate, 8–10 cm × 5–10 33. Silene baccifera (Linnaeus) Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 2(1):
mm, both surfaces pubescent, ciliate at margin, midvein 491. 1789.
prominent, base attenuate into long petiole, apex acute; 狗筋蔓 gou jin wan
distal leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers unisexual
(plants dioecious), in a racemiform thyrse with many- Cucubalus baccifer Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 414. 1753; C.
flowered cymules. Pedicel ca. 1.5 × as long as calyx, baccifer var. angustifolius L. H. Zhou; C. baccifer var.
rarely shorter, slender, glabrous; bracts triangular- cavaleriei H. Léveillé; C. baccifer var. japonicus
lanceolate, membranous. Calyx campanulate, 3–3.5 mm, Miquel.
glabrous, longitudinal veins inconspicuous. Herbs perennial. Roots white, long fusiform, cross sec-
Androgynophore very short or absent. Petals white, ± tion yellow. Stems and branches spreading, 50–150 cm.
linear, ca. 5 mm, claws glabrous, limbs entire. Coronal Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or
scales absent. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments narrowly elliptic, 1.5–5(–13) × 0.8–2(–4) cm, papery,
glabrous. Capsule ellipsoid, 4–6 mm, slightly longer both surfaces hairy at veins, base attenuate, margin
than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. entire, ciliate, apex acuminate. Flower slightly nutant.
Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 24. Pedicel hairy. Calyx broadly campanulate, 9–11 mm;
Dry steppes, stony mountain grasslands; 1100–1400 m. Xinjiang [C
calyx teeth ovate-triangular, nearly as long as tube,
Asia, Europe].
ciliolate, revolute in fruit. Androgynophore ca. 1.5 mm.
Petals oblanceolate, ca. 15 × 2.5 mm; claw long, narrow; 36. Silene moorcroftiana Wallich ex Bentham in Royle, Ill.
limb 2-fid. Stamens and styles included. Fruit black, Bot. Himal. Mts. 79. 1839.
globose, 6–8 mm, fleshy, irregularly dehiscent. Seeds 冈底斯山蝇子草 gang di si shan ying zi cao
black, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 24. Silene gyirongensis L. H. Zhou; S. persica Boissier
Forest margins, scrub, grasslands. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, subsp. moorcroftiana (Wallich ex Bentham) Chowdhuri.
Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Herbs perennial, 15–25 cm, shortly glandular hairy.
Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xi- Stems caespitose, basally slightly lignified, erect,
zang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Japan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Korea, simple. Leaves linear, narrowly lanceolate, or
Nepal, Russia, Sikkim; Europe]. oblanceolate, 1.5–2.5 cm × 2–5 mm, both surfaces
Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) prefers to treat this species as a distinct,
glandular hairy, midvein prominent, often curved.
monotypic genus (Cucubalus), on account of its fleshy, baccate,
irregularly dehiscent fruit, which is unique in the Caryophyllaceae. Flowers 1–3. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm. Calyx narrowly
Silene baccifera is used medicinally. tubular-clavate, submembranous, 2–2.3 cm × ca. 3.5
34. Silene subcretacea F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: mm, slightly umbilicate at base, with 10 longitudinal
404. 1909. violet veins, densely glandular hairy; calyx teeth ca. 2
藏蝇子草 zang ying zi cao mm. Androgynophore ca. 1 cm, glabrous. Petal claws
?Silene waltonii F. N. Williams. narrowly cuneate, ca. 1 cm, auricles triangular; limbs
Herbs suffruticose, (15–)20–45 cm tall. Stems clustered, not exserted, pale red or white. Filaments glabrous.
erect, basally lignified, dichotomously branched, Styles slightly exserted. Capsule ovoid, 7–9 mm,
densely shortly pubescent. Leaves with short, sterile shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
axillary branches, linear, 8–12 × 1–2 mm, both surfaces Gravelly grasslands, fissures in cliffs; 3900–5000 m. W Xizang
[Afghanistan, India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan].
densely pubescent, apex acute. Flowers bisexual,
37. Silene karaczukuri B. Fedtschenko, Trudy Imp. S.-Peter-
spreading in bud, erect in flower, usually with two 1- burgsk. Bot. Sada 28: 469. 1909.
flowered cymules per stem. Pedicel pubescent, 2–5 mm;
喀拉蝇子草 ka la ying zi cao
bracts linear-lanceolate, 2–8 mm, herbaceous,
Herbs perennial, 10–20 cm tall. Stems densely clustered,
pubescent. Calyx campanulate, clavate in fruit, 1–1.5(–
1.8) cm × ca. 3.5 mm, densely pubescent, veins dark basally slightly lignified, erect, simple, shortly
violet; calyx teeth 2–3 mm. Androgynophore 3–5(–6) glandular hairy, with rosettelike clusters of sterile
shoots basally. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate or
mm, pubescent. Petal claws narrow, glabrous, upper
part forming triangular, erose auricles; limbs reddish, linear, 5–20(–40) × 0.5–1.5(–3) mm, both surfaces
deeply bifid to 1/2 or more, sometimes erose at apex; glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein inconspicuous; cau-
line leaves usually 3(–6) pairs, sessile, linear-lanceolate,
coronal scales ca. 2 mm, margin erose. Stamens and
styles included or slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. smaller than basal leaves, sparsely shortly hairy, base
Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 8–12 mm. Seeds triangular- half clasping. Flowers 1 or 2 per stem. Pedicel 5–10
mm, glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, 3–10 mm,
reniform, ca. 1.2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
• Alpine meadows, gravelly mountain grasslands; (3000–)3800–4700 herbaceous. Calyx tubular-clavate, 1.5–2 cm × ca. 5
m. Xizang. mm, shortly glandular pubescent, longitudinally 10-
35. Silene incurvifolia Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. veined, green or violet; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, ca.
Naturalistes Moscou 14: 391. 1841. 1 mm, glandular hairy, margin membranous, apex
镰叶蝇子草 lian ye ying zi cao obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 8 mm, glabrous. Petals
Herbs perennial, 10–25 cm tall, densely and shortly with claws narrowly elliptic-linear, glabrous, auriculate;
pubescent throughout. Stems densely clustered, basally limbs exserted beyond calyx, pale red, bifid to 1/2;
lignified, erect or ascending, simple, with sterile short coronal scales band-shaped, short. Filaments glabrous.
branches at base. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, Capsule not seen. Fl. Jul–Aug.
2–5 cm × 1–3(–5) mm; cauline leaves 3–8 pairs, linear- Alpine meadows, stony valleys; 4000–4300 m. SW Xinjiang [Ta-
lanceolate, 1–2.5 cm × 1–2 mm, incurved falcately, jikistan].
proximally with sterile axillary shoots. Flowers 1–3, 38. Silene capitata Komarov, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot.
Sada 18: 440. 1901.
upright. Pedicel 2–4 mm, pubescent; bracts linear,
slightly longer than pedicel, herbaceous. Calyx tubular- 头序蝇子草 tou xu ying zi cao
clavate, 2–2.5 cm × ca. 2.5 mm, glandular hairy. Herbs perennial, underground organs probably similar
Androgynophore pubescent, 8–10 mm. Petal claws to those of S. qiyunshanensis. Stems diffuse, 20–40 cm,
broad at apex; limbs obovate, deeply bifid, lobes much branched, densely villous with curved hairs.
dentate. Filaments glabrous. Capsule ovoid or ovoid- Leaves petiolate, broadly ovate or cordate-ovate, ca. 2 ×
1–1.5 cm, both surfaces villous with curved hairs, base
conical, 1–1.2 cm. Seeds reniform, with small auricular
rounded or shallowly cordate, apex acute, mucronulate.
pit, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul.
Scrub on river beaches; ca. 2600 m. SE Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
Inflorescence capitate; bracts herbaceous, lowermost
Kyrgyzstan, Russia]. pair forming an involucrum, distal ones lanceolate,
small. Pedicel 2–4 mm, pubescent. Calyx campanulate,
ca. 8 mm, densely villous, sparsely glandular hairy, Herbs perennial, pubescent throughout. Stems
inflated after anthesis. Androgynophore ca. 1 caespitose, diffuse, slender, arising from a thick
mm, ?glabrous. Petals 1–1.2 cm; claws oblanceolate, irregular rootstock, leafless at very base (probably
glabrous, auricles not prominent; limbs pale red or underground), but forming a leaf rosette and branched
violet, obovate, deeply bifid to middle or more, lobes at ground level. Leaves subcordate to broadly ovate,
entire; coronal scales papillose. Stamens and styles proximal ones long petiolate (to 4 cm), petioles of distal
prominently exserted. Capsule ovoid, ca. 5 mm, shorter leaves gradually shorter; cauline leaves broadly ovate
than calyx. Seeds reniform. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug. or suborbicular, (0.5–)1.5–2(–3.5) × (0.5–)1–2(–2.5)
Jilin (Yalu Jiang) [Korea]. cm, both surfaces villous, glabrescent, margin ciliate,
Together Silene capitata, S. seoulensis, and S. qiyunshanensis form a apex acute or mucronulate. Dichasial cymes lax, rachis,
very peculiar and distinct assemblage, unique in the genus for their
pedicels, and calyx densely pubescent; bracts ovate,
petiolate, cordate leaves.
small, herbaceous. Pedicel 0.7–2 cm. Calyx
39. Silene seoulensis Nakai, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo
campanulate, 4–5 mm, 10-veined; calyx teeth ovate-
26(1): 77. 1909.
汉城蝇子草 han cheng ying zi cao obtuse, 1.5–2 mm, densely villous. Petals oblanceolate,
7–9 mm, claws slightly exserted beyond calyx; limbs
Herbs perennial, pubescent throughout. Stems
white or pale pink, 4(or 6)-lobed, lobes oblong; coronal
caespitose, ascending, 40–60 cm tall, slender, sparsely
scales small, scarious. Androgynophore 0.5–1 mm.
branched. Leaves broadly ovate to narrowly lanceolate,
Stamens 10, included; filaments inflated at base,
3–6 × 0.5–3 cm, both surfaces sparsely villous or at
glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm, shorter
veins only, margin ciliate-scabrid, base subsessile or
than calyx. Seeds violet-brown, orbicular to reniform,
rapidly attenuate into short petiole, apex acute.
ca. 0.7 mm in diam., minutely tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul,
Inflorescence a lax, many-flowered dichasium. Bracts
fr. Aug–Sep.
lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, ca. 5 mm, glabrous or
densely hairy, open at apex in fruit, longitudinal veins • Gravel on mountains; ca. 400 m. Anhui (Xiuning Xian).
dark green; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, ca. 1 mm. 41. Silene salicifolia C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 439.
Androgynophore obsolete to 1 mm, glabrous. Petal 1980.
claws included in calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous,
exauriculate; limbs exserted, white, bifid to middle. 柳叶蝇子草 liu ye ying zi cao
Stamens slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles
Herbs perennial. Stems caespitose, ascending, 20–30
exserted. Capsule ovoid, ca. 5 mm, shorter or slightly
cm, sparsely branched, glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, 5–7
longer than calyx. Seeds few, large, subglobose. Fl.
× 0.6–1.2 cm, both surfaces glabrous, margin ciliate
Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea].
with multicellular hairs, midvein prominent, base
1a. Calyx glabrous ........................ 39a. var. seoulensis cuneate, apex acuminate. Dichasial cymes few flowered.
1b. Calyx densely hairy ................. 39b. var. angustata Pedicel 1.5–3 cm, slender, ± viscid; bracts linear-
lanceolate, nearly membranous, 5–10 mm, margin
39a. Silene seoulensis var. seoulensis ciliate. Calyx campanulate, 1–1.4 cm × ca. 4.5 mm,
glabrous; longitudinal veins violet, cohering at apex;
汉城蝇子草(原变种) han cheng ying zi cao (yuan bian
calyx teeth triangular, 3–5 mm, apex acute.
zhong) Androgynophore ca. 4 mm, pubescent. Petals ca. 2 cm;
Melandrium seoulense (Nakai) Nakai. claws slightly exserted beyond calyx, ca. 1.2 cm,
glabrous; auricles orbicular, obscurely laciniate; limbs
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3–6 × 2–3 cm. Calyx pale red or lilac, broadly obovate, ca. 7 mm, bifid
glabrous. deeply to middle, sometimes with one small lobe on
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea]. each lateral side; coronal scales nearly flabellate, ca. 1.5
× 2 mm. Stamens and styles included; filaments
39b. Silene seoulensis var. angustata C. L. Tang, Acta glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm, shorter
Phytotax. Sin. 24: 391. 1986. than calyx. Seeds yellow-brown, reniform, ca. 1.2 mm,
狭叶汉城蝇子草 xia ye han cheng ying zi cao minutely tuberculate, with prominent, spinose pro-
tuberances abaxially. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3–4 cm × 5–10 mm. Calyx
• Stony forest substrates; 2100–2300 m. Sichuan.
densely pubescent.
• SE Liaoning. This species and the following three are clearly closely related. Tang
(Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 439. 1980) likened S. salicifolia to S.
40. Silene qiyunshanensis X. H. Guo & X. L. Liu, Acta Bot. pterosperma Maximowicz (Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 11:
Yunnan. 13: 24. 1991. 67. 1889). We have not seen type material of S. pterosperma, but it is
齐云山蝇子草 qi yun shan ying zi cao likely that that name applies to either S. hupehensis or S. salicifolia.
42. Silene morrisonmontana (Hayata) Ohwi & H. Ohashi, J. with clustered sterile shoots at base. Basal leaves few,
Jap. Bot. 49: 345. 1974. small. Cymes often 2–5-flowered, rarely numerous or
solitary flowered. Pedicel 2–5 cm, slender; bracts
玉山蝇子草 yu shan ying zi cao
linear-lanceolate, ciliate. Flowers erect, 1.5–2 cm in
Herbs perennial, 10–15 cm tall. Stems caespitose, diam. Calyx campanulate, 1.2–1.5 cm × 3.5–7 mm,
nearly prostrate, slender, simple, pubescent or glabrous. glabrous, rarely densely pubescent, base rounded;
Leaves linear, 2–3.5 cm × 1.5–2.5 mm, margin ciliate, longitudinal veins violet, inconspicuous, cohering at
midvein prominent, margin obscurely dentate at base, apex; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, 2–4 mm, margin
apex acuminate. Flower solitary, terminal, slightly membranous, shortly ciliate, apex rounded or obtuse.
nutant. Pedicel 6–8 mm, densely pubescent; bracts Androgynophore 3–4 mm, villous. Petals pale red, 1.5–
lanceolate, 1–1.4 cm × ca. 2 mm, glandular. Calyx 2 cm; claws inserted or slightly exserted beyond calyx,
campanulate, ca. 15 × 5–7 mm, hairy at veins; calyx oblanceolate, 8–10 mm, eciliate, auricles inconspicuous;
teeth narrowly triangular, 3–4 mm, margin ciliate, apex limbs obovate or broadly ovate, 7–9 mm, shallowly
acute. Androgynophore 2–3 mm, pubescent. Petals 1.5– bifid, rarely deeply lobed to middle; lobes nearly or-
2 cm; claws saccate-oblanceolate, eciliate; auricles bicular, slightly waved or obscurely laciniate,
orbicular, sometimes obscurely laciniate; limbs exserted sometimes with 1 small linear lobe or obtuse tooth on
beyond calyx, white, obovate, 4–6 mm, shallowly each lateral side; coronal scales subreniform or
furcately bifid; lobes narrowly elliptic or ovate, lanceolate, 1–3 mm, margin often irregularly dentate.
sometimes with one obscure obtuse tooth on each Stamens slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles
lateral side; coronal scales flabellate, ca. 1 mm, slightly exserted. Capsule ovoid, 6–8 mm. Seeds dark
laciniate at apex. Stamens included; filaments glabrous. brown, globose-reniform, ca. 1.5 mm, with a marginal
Styles 3, slightly exserted. Capsule narrowly ovoid, 8– rim of spinose processes. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
10 mm. Seeds reniform, with a marginal rim of spinose • Rock crevices in forests and mountains, mountain grasslands;
processes. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Sep–Oct. 1200–2700 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
• Stony and gravelly fissures, screes; 3100–3400 m. Taiwan. 1a. Calyx glabrous ....................... 43a. var. hupehensis
1a. Plant hairy ................... 42a. var. morrisonmontana 1b. Calyx densely pubescent ......... 43b. var. pubescens
1b. Plant glabrous ............................. 42b. var. glabella 43a. Silene hupehensis var. hupehensis
湖北蝇子草(原变种) hu bei ying zi cao (yuan bian
42a. Silene morrisonmontana var. morrisonmontana zhong)
玉山蝇子草(原变种) yu shan ying zi cao (yuan bian Silene linearifolia Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.,
zhong) n.s., 22: 284. 1915, not Otth (1824).
Calyx glabrous.
Melandrium morrisonmontanum Hayata, Icon. Pl. • Rock crevices in forests, mountain grasslands; 1200–2700 m.
Formosan. 3: 36. 1936; M. transalpinum Hayata; M. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
vesiculiforme Hayata. 43b. Silene hupehensis var. pubescens C. L. Tang, Acta Bot.
Yunnan. 2: 438. 1980.
Plants pubescent. 毛湖北蝇子草 mao hu bei ying zi cao
• Stony and gravelly fissures, screes; 3100–3400 m. Taiwan. Calyx densely pubescent.
• Rock crevices in mountains; 1600–2600 m. Shaanxi.
42b. Silene morrisonmontana var. glabella (Ohwi) Ohwi & 44. Silene tubiformis C. L. Tang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24: 387.
H. Ohashi, J. Jap. Bot. 49: 345. 1974. 1986.
剑门蝇子草 jian men ying zi cao
秃玉山蝇子草 tu yu shan ying zi cao
Herbs perennial, 15–20 cm tall. Stems caespitose, sub-
Melandrium glabellum Ohwi, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni erect, slender, simple. Basal leaves linear, 5–7 cm × 1–
Veg. 36: 47. 1934; M. morrisonmontanum Hayata var. 1.5(–2) mm, ciliate near basal margin, both surfaces
glabellum (Ohwi) Ohwi. glabrous, midvein prominent, apex acuminate; cauline
leaves few, linear. Flowers 1–3, erect, ca. 2 cm in diam.
Plants glabrous.
Pedicel 1.5–2 cm, slender, glabrous; bracts linear or
• N Taiwan. linear-lanceolate, 1–2 cm. Calyx usually green-violet or
violet, narrowly cylindric, 2–2.5 cm × 2.5–3 mm,
43. Silene hupehensis C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 438.
glabrous, umbilicate at base, apically slightly inflated at
1980.
late maturity, longitudinal veins inconspicuous,
湖北蝇子草 hu bei ying zi cao cohering at apex; calyx teeth triangular-lanceolate, 3–7
mm, apex acuminate. Androgynophore 8–12 mm,
Herbs perennial, 10–30 cm tall, glabrous throughout. glabrous. Petals 2–2.5 cm; claws exserted 2–3 mm
Stems caespitose, erect or ascending, simple, usually beyond calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous, exauriculate;
limbs obovate, 6–8 mm, sometimes shallowly bifid; Grasslands, scrub grasslands; 1100–1500 m. Liaoning (introduced),
coronal scales lanceolate, ca. 1 mm, margin entire or Xinjiang (native) [C and SW Asia, Europe].
obscurely toothed. Stamens and styles slightly exserted; 1a. Fruiting calyx strongly inflated; capsule
filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid, teeth spreading or recurved ..... 46a. subsp. latifolia
ca. 1 cm, shorter than or subequaling calyx. Seeds 1b. Fruiting calyx slightly inflated; capsule
reddish brown, reniform, ca. 1.2 mm. Seeds with a teeth erect ..................................... 46b. subsp. alba
marginal rim of spinose processes. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul.
• Stony scrub grasslands; 700–1000 m. N Sichuan. 46a. Silene latifolia subsp. latifolia
45. Silene nana Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. 叉枝蝇子草(原亚种) cha zhi ying zi cao (yuan ya
Naturalistes Moscou 15: 169. 1842. zhong)
矮蝇子草 ai ying zi cao Lychnis divaricata Reichenbach; Melandrium boissieri
Herbs annual, 3–15 cm, glabrous. Stems erect, simple Schischkin; Silene alba (Miller) E. H. L. Krause subsp.
or much branched at base. Leaves sessile, lanceolate- divaricata (Reichenbach) Walters; S. pratensis subsp.
linear or lanceolate, 2–3.5 cm × 2–6 mm, margin ciliate divaricata (Reichenbach) McNeill & C. Prantice.
with curved hairs, base cuneate, apex acute or obtuse.
Dichasial cymes (1-to) few flowered. Pedicel Fruiting calyx strongly inflated; capsule teeth spreading
subequaling to 3 × as long as calyx, usually curved at or recurved. Seeds with flat surfaces.
late anthesis; bracts lanceolate. Calyx greenish, ovoid- Grasslands, scrub grasslands; 1100–1500 m. Xinjiang [SW Asia, S
campanulate, ca. 10 × 3.5 mm, umbilicate at base; calyx Europe].
teeth triangular-lanceolate, ca. 1/4 as long as calyx, 46b. Silene latifolia subsp. alba (Miller) Greuter & Burdet,
margin narrowly membranous, shortly ciliate, apex Willdenowia 12: 189. 1982.
acute. Androgynophore 1–2 mm, glabrous. Petals 白花蝇子草 bai hua ying zi cao
slightly exserted beyond calyx, white, ca. 1.1 cm; claws
narrowly oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles triangular; Lychnis alba Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8, Lychnis no. 4.
limbs subovate, ca. 2.5 mm, margin entire; coronal 1768; L. pratensis Rafinesque; Melandrium album
scales narrowly ovoid, ca. 1/2 as long as limbs, margin (Miller) Garcke; Silene alba (Miller) E. H. L. Krause; S.
entire, rarely laciniate. Stamens and styles slightly pratensis (Rafinesque) Grenier & Godron.
exserted; filaments glabrous. Capsule ovoid, ca. 8 mm, Fruiting calyx slightly inflated, teeth short; capsule
shorter than calyx. Seeds orbicular-reniform, flat, ca. 2 teeth erect. Seeds with concave surfaces.
mm in diam., abaxially grooved with undulate wings. Fl. Liaoning (introduced) [native to C Asia and Europe].
Apr–May, fr. Jun. 47. Silene noctiflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 419. 1753.
Sand dunes, sandy steppes. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Pakistan; SW 夜花蝇子草 ye hua ying zi cao
Asia]. Elisanthe noctiflora (Linnaeus) Ruprecht; Melandrium
46. Silene latifolia Poiret, Voy. Barbarie 2: 165. 1789. noctiflorum (Linnaeus) Fries.
叉枝蝇子草 cha zhi ying zi cao Herbs annual, 30–50(–90) cm tall, densely shortly pub-
escent. Primary root slightly lignified. Stems erect,
Herbs annual or biennial, rarely perennial, dioecious,
simple or sparsely branched, apically glandular hairy.
40–80 cm tall. Stems erect, branched, basally villous,
Basal leaves long elliptic-obovate, 5–11 × 2–4 cm, both
apically glandular villous. Proximal cauline leaves
surfaces villous, midvein and lateral veins prominent,
elliptic, base attenuate into short petiole; distal leaves
base attenuate into short petiole, half clasping, apex
sessile, orbicular-lanceolate or lanceolate, 6–8 × 1–2.7
acute; distal leaves subsessile, narrowly elliptic or
cm, densely pubescent, 3-veined, apex acuminate.
lanceolate. Dichasial cymes few flowered, glandular
Flowers unisexual, forming dichasial cymes. Pedicel
hairy; flowers bisexual, ca. 1.5 cm in diam. Pedicel
usually less than 1 cm, glandular villous; bracts ovate-
erect, shorter than calyx; bracts lanceolate, glandular
lanceolate, villous. Calyx pubescent, glandular hairy;
hairy. Calyx tubular, 2–2.5(–3) cm × ca. 5 mm,
calyx teeth triangular, margin glandular villous, apex
glandular hairy, inflated and ellipsoid at late anthesis,
acuminate; male flower calyx tubular-campanulate,
slightly constricted at apex; longitudinal veins 10, violet,
1.3–1.5 cm, longitudinally 10-veined; female flower
reticulate; calyx teeth narrowly lanceolate, 8–10 mm.
calyx tubular-ovoid, inflated at middle in fruit,
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm. Petals ca. 2.5 cm; claws
contracted at apex, 1.5–2 cm, longitudinally 20-veined.
slightly exserted beyond calyx, narrowly oblanceolate,
Androgynophore very short. Petals white, claws
glabrous, auricles triangular; limbs pale pink, yellowish
exserted beyond calyx, glabrous, cuneate, auricles
below, obovate, ca. 6 mm, deeply bifid to 1/2 to 2/3 of
inconspicuous; limbs obovate, deeply bifid; coronal
limbs; lobes entire or slightly erose, inrolled at daylight;
scales small or inconspicuous. Stamens included.
coronal scales ovoid, small, 2–4-toothed. Stamens
Female flower styles 5. Capsule ovoid, 1.5–1.7 cm, 10-
included; filaments glabrous. Styles 3, slightly exserted.
toothed. Seeds gray-brown, reniform, 1–1.3 mm. Fl.
Capsule ovoid, 1.5–1.8 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds
Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 24.
dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul– beyond petal tube by up to 5 mm. Filaments white;
Aug. 2n = 24. anthers dark brown. Styles 3, greenish white. Seeds
Grasslands; 1300–1800 m. Xinjiang (N of Tian Shan) [Kazakhstan, unknown.
Russia; SW Asia, Europe]. • Granite boulders in deep shade of Betula forests, grassy cliff ledges,
48. Silene conoidea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 418. 1753. steep hillsides; 3600–4100 m. Xizang.
麦瓶草 mai ping cao Silene tubulosa is not similar to any other species of Silene. The name
alludes to the petals that together form a small tube protruding from
Herbs annual, 25–60 cm tall, shortly glandular hairy.
the calyx.
Principal roots slightly lignified. Stems solitary, erect, 50. Silene davidii (Franchet) Oxelman & Lidén in Oxelman
simple. Basal leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, cauline et al., Novon 11: 322. 2001.
leaves linear or lanceolate, 5–8 cm × 5–10 mm,
垫状蝇子草 dian zhuang ying zi cao
pubescent, margin ciliate. Dichasial cymes few to many
flowered; flowers erect, ca. 2 cm in diam. Calyx green, Lychnis davidii Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér.
conical, 2–3 cm × 3–4.5 mm, umbilicate at base, 2, 8: 204. 1885; Hedona davidii (Franchet) F. N.
inflated in fruit, to 3.5 cm, lower part broadly ovoid, Williams; Melandrium caespitosum F. N. Williams;
6.5–10 mm in diam., upper part attenuate; longitudinal Silene caespitosa Bureau & Franchet (1891), not
veins 30, shortly glandular hairy; calyx teeth narrowly Salisbury (1796, nom. illeg., included S. acaulis
lanceolate, ca. 1/3 as long as to longer than calyx, Linnaeus), nor S. caespitosa Steven (1812); S. kant-
margin narrowly membranous below, ciliate. zeensis C. L. Tang.
Androgynophore to 1 mm, subglabrous. Petals 2.5–3.5 Herbs perennial, 4–8 cm tall. Roots brown, cylindric,
cm; claws included in calyx, narrowly lanceolate, 2–2.5 slightly robust, multibranched, multicrowned. Stems
cm, glabrous, auricles triangular; limbs pink, obovate, densely clustered, very short, simple. Basal leaves
ca. 8 mm, margin entire or slightly emarginate, oblanceolate-linear, 1–2.5 cm × 2–3 mm, glabrous,
sometimes slightly erose; coronal scales white, coarsely and shortly ciliate, base attenuate, apex
narrowly lanceolate, 2–2.5 mm. Stamens and styles acuminate or acute; cauline leaves 1 or 2 pairs or absent,
included or slightly exserted; filaments sparsely shortly homomorphic with basal leaves. Flower solitary, erect,
hairy. Styles 3. Capsule pyriform, ca. 15 × 6–8 mm. 1.5–2 cm in diam. Pedicel shorter than leaves, densely
Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1.5 mm. Fl. May–Jun, pubescent. Calyx dark violet, narrowly campanulate or
fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 20. cylindric-campanulate, 1.3–1.8 cm × 3–5 mm, base
Xinjiang, Xizang [Africa, Asia, Europe]. truncate, violet glandular hairy, longitudinal veins
This species is used medicinally. violet; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, margin
49. Silene tubulosa Oxelman & Lidén in Oxelman et al., No- membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore ca.
von 11: 323. 2001.
1 mm, glabrous. Petals lilac or pale red, ca. 2 cm; claws
管花蝇子草 guan hua ying zi cao narrowly cuneate, glabrous, auricles ovoid; limbs ex-
Herbs perennial. Rootstock short and sturdy, with a few serted beyond calyx, obovate, bifid deeply to middle;
robust roots, crowned by a few small, sterile leaf lobes narrowly orbicular, margin entire, sometimes
rosettes. Stems few, caespitose, erect to ascending, 15– laterally obscurely 1-toothed; coronal scales obovoid,
25 cm, with a rather dense mixture of long, glandular margin entire or laciniate. Stamens included; filaments
hairs and some shorter, reflexed, eglandular hairs. Basal
glabrous. Styles included. Capsule cylindric or conical,
leaves long petiolate with leaf blade decurrent on
ca. 15 × 3.5 mm, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds dark
petiole; petiole 1–4 cm; leaf blade suborbicular to
brown, globose-reniform, slightly flattened, ca. 1 mm,
narrowly ovate, 2–5 × 1–4 cm, abaxially glaucous and
hairy, especially at veins and margin, adaxially subsmooth, keeled. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
subglabrous, apex obtuse to subacute. Distal leaves • Alpine meadows; (3500–)4100–4700 m. SE Qinghai, W Sichuan,
shortly petiolate; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic, 1–2 Xizang, NW Yunnan.
cm × 5–10 mm, apex acute. Inflorescence a lax, 51. Silene gracilenta H. Chuang in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yun-
irregular, unequally branched, 1–10-flowered thyrse; nan. 6: 836. 1995.
cymules long stalked, 2–4 cm, 1(or 3)-flowered; bracts 纤细蝇子草 qian xi ying zi cao
lanceolate, small, herbaceous. Pedicel 5–15 mm. Calyx
Herbs perennial, 5–10 cm tall, violet septate hairy
pale green with indistinct veins, campanulate at first,
throughout. Roots multicrowned. Basal leaves
soon becoming ± inflated and subglobose, sparsely to
caespitose, linear, (2–) 3–5 cm × 1–1.5 mm, both
densely pubescent; teeth obtuse to subacute at apex.
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, densely woolly. Petals surfaces white villous; cauline leaves usually 1–3 pairs,
greenish white, ± straight and erect, together forming a smaller, shorter than basal leaves. Flower solitary.
short tube exserted beyond calyx by 1–3 mm, each petal Pedicel 1.5–4.5 mm. Calyx campanulate, 1–1.3 cm × 5–
oblong, narrowed toward hairy base, 9–10 mm, ca. 1.5 7 mm, violet glandular hairy; calyx teeth broadly
mm wide at apex, without distinct lamina, claw, or triangular, ca. 3 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse or acute.
coronal scales; apex truncate, ± irregularly notched or Androgynophore short, glabrous. Petals pale red, claws
sometimes bifid. Stamens and styles long exserted narrowly obovate-cuneate, glabrous; limbs exserted
beyond calyx, narrowly obovate, bifid deeply to middle, Alpine meadows; (1600–)3000–4400 m. Gansu, Hebei, Qinghai,
lobes somewhat band-shaped; coronal scales small, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang [C Asia].
laciniate. Stamens not or slightly exserted; filaments 53. Silene himalayensis (Rohrbach) Majumdar, J. Indian Bot.
glabrous. Styles 3, 1.5–2 mm. Capsule ovoid. Seeds Soc. 42: 648. 1964.
dark brown, reniform, flattened, ca. 1 mm, keeled. Fl. 须弥蝇子草 xu mi ying zi cao
Aug.
• Stone cliffs; 3700–3800 m. NW Yunnan. Melandrium apetalum (Linnaeus) Fenzl var. himalay-
Species nos. 52–80 belong to an informal group roughly equivalent to
ense Rohrbach, Linnaea 36: 220. 1869; Lychnis
Silene sect. Physolychnis (Bentham) Bocquet. A major difficulty in apetala Linnaeus var. pallida Edgeworth & J. D.
dealing with the plants in this group is the rather different appearance Hooker; L. himalayensis (Rohrbach) Edgeworth; L.
of the flowers at early anthesis compared with those at the fruiting macrorhiza Royle ex Bentham; M. apertum Pax & K.
stage. In some species the calyx swells considerably, and its Hoffmann; M. himalayense (Rohrbach) Y. Z. Zhao; M.
pigmentation is dependent on exposure and individual variation. The
macrorhizum (Royle ex Bentham) Walpers; M.
arbitrary division between the “Physolychnis” group and the
following “Odontopetalae” group (species nos. 81–90) is based
qomolangmaense Y. W. Tsui & P. Ke ex L. H. Zhou; M.
solely on the number of styles, which poorly reflects natural souliei F. N. Williams; Silene gonosperma (Ruprecht)
relationships. Bocquet subsp. himalayensis (Rohrbach) Bocquet; S.
The species of the “Physolychnis” group can be described as follows.
madens Majumdar.
Herbs perennial. Stems usually simple, erect to ascending. Basal Herbs perennial, 20–80 cm tall. Roots robust. Stems
leaves usually caespitose. Inflorescence a thyrse with very unequal sparsely clustered or solitary, erect, slender, simple,
branches, or flower solitary. Flowers hermaphroditic, usually nutant.
pubescent, apically sparsely glandular hairy. Basal
Calyx often inflated, with 10 veins. Androgynophore short. Petals
violet, red, or greenish white; claws with auricles; limbs included or
leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 4–10 cm × 4–10 mm,
exserted beyond calyx, slightly emarginate, 2- or 4-lobed; coronal both surfaces pubescent to subglabrous, margin ciliate,
scales obvious. Styles 5. Capsule (5 or)10-toothed. Seeds abaxially base attenuate into petiole, apex acuminate, rarely acute;
either tuberculate, or with a broad wing, or (in Silene bungei) with cauline leaves 3–6 pairs, oblanceolate or linear-
long spinose papillae. The group is widespread in Asia, Europe, and lanceolate, base cuneate or attenuate. Flowers 3–7,
North and South America. slightly nutant. Pedicel 1–5 cm, slender, densely
52. Silene gonosperma (Ruprecht) Bocquet, Candollea 22(1): pubescent, sparsely glandular hairy; bracts linear-
7. 1967.
lanceolate, herbaceous, hairy. Calyx ovoid-campanulate,
1–1.2 cm, closed in fruit, densely pubescent, glandular
隐瓣蝇子草 yin ban ying zi cao hairy, veins violet, anastomosing and broadly confluent
above; calyx teeth triangular, margin membranous,
Physolychnis gonosperma Ruprecht, Mém. Acad. Sci. ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 1 mm. Petals
Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 7, 14(4): 41. 1869; Lychnis not or slightly exserted beyond calyx, dark red, ca. 1 cm;
pumila Royle ex Bentham; Melandrium pumilum claws cuneate, glabrous, auricles not obvious; limbs
(Bentham) Walpers. shallowly bifid at apex; coronal scales small. Stamens
Herbs perennial, 6–20 cm. Roots robust, multicrowned. included; filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule
Stems sparsely caespitose or solitary, erect, simple, ovoid, 8–10 mm, shorter than calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds
brown, orbicular, flat, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. including
densely pubescent, apically glandular hairy. Basal
wing. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jun–Aug.
leaves linear-oblanceolate, 3–6 cm × 4–8 mm, both
surfaces pubescent, margin ciliate, base attenuate into Scrub, alpine meadows; 2000–5000 m. Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi,
petiole, apex obtuse or acute; cauline leaves 1–3 pairs, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan,
Sikkim].
sessile, lanceolate, smaller. Flowers solitary, rarely 2 or
3, nutant. Pedicel 2–5 cm, densely glandular villous; This species is distinct from Silene gonosperma by its more
bracts linear-lanceolate, sparsely ciliate. Calyx floriferous inflorescence and smaller, more inflated calyx with
campanulate-globose, 1.3–1.5 cm × 7–10 mm, base peculiar venation.
rounded, villous and glandular hairy; longitudinal veins 54. Silene zhongbaensis (L. H. Zhou) C. Y. Wu & C. L.
dark violet, not cohering at apex; calyx teeth triangular, Tang, Flora Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 314. 1996.
margin membranous, apex obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 仲巴蝇子草 zhong ba ying zi cao
1 mm. Petals included or rarely slightly exserted Melandrium zhongbaense L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl.
beyond calyx, dark violet; claws cuneate, eciliate, with Xizang. 1: 722. 1983.
orbicular auricles; limbs emarginate or shallowly bifid;
coronal scales inconspicuous. Stamens included; Herbs perennial, 10–20 cm tall, densely pubescent or
filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule ellipsoid- sparsely glandular hairy. Roots conical, slender. Stems
ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, 10-toothed. Seeds brown, orbicular, clustered, simple. Basal leaves caespitose, oblanceolate,
flat, 1.5–2 mm in diam. including wing. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. 3–5 cm × 3–6 mm, both surfaces shortly pubescent,
Aug. base attenuate into long petiole, apex obtuse; cauline
leaves 2 or 3 pairs, lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves,
broadly cuneate at base, sessile. Flowers (1–)3–8. mm, margin membranous, glandular ciliate.
Bracts lanceolate, densely glandular hairy. Pedicel 2–8 Androgynophore 1.5–2 mm, woolly. Petals exserted 3–
mm, densely villous with pallid hairs. Calyx narrowly 5 mm beyond calyx, blackish violet; claw obovate, ca.
campanulate, 7–13 mm, densely glandular hairy; calyx 10 × 5 mm, auriculate, ciliate at base; limbs broadly
teeth triangular, margin membranous, ciliate, apex obovate, ca. 5 × 4–5 mm, shallowly bifid; lobes dentate
obtuse; veins dark violet, robust, reticulate. with small round teeth; coronal scales truncate at apex,
Androgynophore ca. 1 mm. Petals violet, subequaling dentate with round teeth. Filaments ± hairy at base;
or slightly longer than calyx; claws cuneate, ciliate, anthers dark violet. Styles slightly exserted. Capsule
auricles minute, limbs bifid; lobes truncate at apex, subglobose, ca. 2 cm in diam., shorter than calyx, 5–10-
each with a lateral tooth; coronal scales ligulate. toothed at apex. Seeds brown, triangular-reniform, flat,
Stamens included. Capsule not seen. Fl. Jul–Aug. ca. 1.8 mm including wing. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
Alpine meadows, gravelly grasslands, shifting screes; 3000–4500 m.
• 4700–5200 m. SW Xizang (Zhongba Xian).
SW Sichuan, S Xizang, NW Yunnan [Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal,
55. Silene zhoui C. Y. Wu in C. L. Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Sikkim].
Popularis Sin. 26: 315. 1996. 1a. Leaves 2–4 mm wide, linear 56a. subsp. nigrescens
1b. Leaves 5–10 mm wide, narrowly
耐国蝇子草 nai guo ying zi cao lanceolate ............................... 56b. subsp. latifolia
Melandrium integripetalum L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. 56a. Silene nigrescens subsp. nigrescens
Xizang. 1: 715. 1983, not Silene integripetala Bory & 变黑蝇子草(原亚种) bian hei ying zi cao (yuan ya
Chaubard (1832). zhong)
Herbs perennial, 8–15 cm tall. Root crowns slender, Lychnis nigrescens Edgeworth in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit.
multibranched. Stems clustered, densely glandular India 1: 223. 1874; Melandrium nigrescens (Edgeworth)
villous. Cauline leaves 4 or 5 pairs, oblanceolate, 1.5–4 F. N. Williams.
cm × 5–8 mm, both surfaces densely glandular hairy, Leaves linear, 2–4 mm wide.
base cuneate, attenuate into petiole, apex obtuse or Alpine meadows; 3800–4200 m. S Xizang (Yadong Xian) [Bhutan,
mucronulate. Flowers 1–4. Pedicel 1.5–10 mm, densely Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].
glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, glandular hairy. 56b. Silene nigrescens subsp. latifolia Bocquet, Candollea
22(1): 16. 1967.
Calyx campanulate, 1.3–1.5 cm, glandular hairy;
longitudinal veins 10, violet, cohering at apex, densely 宽叶变黑蝇子草 kuan ye bian hei ying zi cao
glandular hairy; calyx teeth triangular, margin Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5–10 mm wide. Fl. Jul–
membranous, ciliate. Androgynophore short. Petals Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
slightly exserted beyond calyx, ca. 1.5 cm; claws • Gravelly grasslands, shifting screes; 3000–4500 m. SW Sichuan,
NW Yunnan.
narrowly cuneate, glabrous; limbs pale violet, flat-or- 57. Silene chodatii Bocquet, Candollea 22(1): 18. 1967.
bicular, margin nearly entire; coronal scales square.
球萼蝇子草 qiu e ying zi cao
Stamens included; filaments glabrous. Styles linear, ca.
5 mm. Capsule not seen. Fl. Aug. Herbs perennial, 4–25 cm tall. Roots robust,
multicrowned. Stems clustered, robust, ascending,
• Grasslands; ca. 5000 m. S Xizang (Lhasa Shi). simple, glandular villous, with leaf remnants at base.
Basal leaves caespitose, narrowly linear or linear, 5–10
This species differs from Silene nigrescens in its less divided petals
and different habitat requirements.
cm × 2–5 mm, both surfaces glabrous or glandular
villous, base slightly clasping, apex acute; cauline
56. Silene nigrescens (Edgeworth) Majumdar, J. Indian Bot. leaves 2–6 pairs, homomorphic with but smaller than
Soc. 42: 647. 1964. basal leaves. Flowers 1–3, slightly nutant, suberect in
变黑蝇子草 bian hei ying zi cao late anthesis. Pedicel 3–4 cm, glandular hairy. Calyx
Herbs perennial, 10–15 cm tall. Stems few to several globose, inflated, 1.5–2.5 × 1.2–1.8 cm, umbilicate at
from a creeping branched base, ascending, simple, base, open at apex; veins cohering at apex, dark brown-
glandular hairy. Basal leaves caespitose, pale green or or dark violet glandular hairy; calyx teeth broadly
dark green, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, 3–6 cm × triangular, margin glandular ciliate. Androgynophore
2–4(–10) mm, both surfaces sparsely hairy, ciliate at 2–4 mm, violet woolly-hairy. Petals exserted 6–7 mm
beyond calyx, dark violet; limbs 7–9 × 8–11 mm,
base, base attenuate into petiole, apex acute; cauline
deeply bifid; lobes with lobules unequal in size or
leaves usually 2–4, linear or narrowly oblanceolate. dentate with weak round teeth, basal part 1-toothed on
Flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3, slightly nutant. Pedicel both sides; coronal scales nearly cuneate, ca. 2 mm,
8–20 mm, densely glandular villous; bracts lanceolate, margin weakly dentate, apex truncate or obtuse.
herbaceous. Calyx globose, saccate, 1.8–2 × 1.2–1.6 cm, Stamens slightly exserted; filaments long woolly-hairy
membranous, slightly contracted at mouth, with at base. Styles slightly exserted. Capsule ovoid, 1.8–2 ×
prominent dark violet veins, densely glandular villous, ca. 1.3 cm, usually 5-toothed. Seeds dark brown, flat,
loose in fruit; calyx teeth broadly triangular, ca. 5 × 6 1.5–2 mm in diam. including wing. Fl. Aug–Sep.
• Cliffs, stone fissures; 2700–4300 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan. Herbs creeping and branched at base, ascending with
1a. Leaves 2–6 mm wide; calyx 1.8–2.5 cm 10–20 cm tall flowering stems, densely glandular hairy
..................................................... 57a. var. chodatii throughout. Leaves oblanceolate, 3–5 × 1–1.5 cm, both
1b. Leaves 1–2 mm wide; calyx 1.5–1.8 cm surfaces and margin densely glandular villous, base
................................................... 57b. var. pygmaea attenuate, apex acute or obtuse. Flowers 1–3. Pedicel
57a. Silene chodatii var. chodatii 1–4 cm. Calyx cylindric-campanulate, membranous,
球萼蝇子草(原变种) qiu e ying zi cao (yuan bian saccate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, densely violet glandular
hairy; longitudinal veins violet or dark violet, cohering
zhong)
at apex, with violet glandular hairs; calyx teeth ovate-
Stems 10–25 cm tall. Leaves 5–10 cm × 2–6 mm, gla-
triangular, 3–4 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse.
brous. Calyx 1.8–2.5 cm. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm.
• Stone fissures; 2700–3300 m. NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxi Zu Zi- Androgynophore 2–5 mm, hairy. Petals exserted 6–9
zhixian). mm beyond calyx, white or lilac; claws usually violet,
This variety is similar to Silene stewartiana, but has fewer flowers, a narrowly cuneate, ca. 1.8 cm, ca. 6 mm wide at apex,
more rounded calyx, and 5 styles. auriculate, ± hairy at base; limbs suborbicular, 6–8 mm,
57b. Silene chodatii var. pygmaea Bocquet, Candollea 22: deeply 4-lobed to middle; median lobes broad,
19. 1967. shallowly 2-lobed; lateral lobes linear; coronal scales
矮球萼蝇子草 ai qiu e ying zi cao nearly cupuliform with small round teeth at apex.
Silene graminoidea C. Y. Wu & C. L. Tang. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments glabrous,
Stems 4–10 cm tall. Leaves 3–5 cm × 0.8–2 mm, sometimes sparsely villous at base. Styles included.
glandular villous. Calyx 1.5–1.8 cm. Androgynophore Capsule ovoid, 1.3–1.7 cm, 10-toothed. Seeds flat, with
to 4 mm. broad wings, yellowish brown, orbicular-reniform, ca.
• Cliffs; 3700–4300 m. SW Sichuan (Muli Zang Zu Zizhixian), NW 1.8 × 1.5 mm. Fl. Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian).
58. Silene namlaensis (Marquand) Bocquet, Candollea 22: 19. • Alpine grassland, shifting screes; 4200–4500 m. C and E Xizang.
1967. 60. Silene wardii (Marquand) Bocquet, Candollea 22: 20.
墨脱蝇子草 mo tuo ying zi cao 1967.
Lychnis namlaensis Marquand, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 48:
林芝蝇子草 lin zhi ying zi cao
164. 1929; Melandrium namlaense (Marquand) Pax &
K. Hoffmann. Lychnis wardii Marquand, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 48: 165.
Plants perennial, 15–40 cm tall, with violet 1929; Melandrium wardii (Marquand) Pax & K.
multicellular glandular hairs throughout. Rootstock Hoffmann.
robust, lignified, brown, without stolons. Stems
Stems violet, ascending from ± procumbent base, 10–
clustered, erect, simple, basally usually violet. Cauline 15(–22) cm tall, sparsely clustered, usually simple,
leaves 2–6 pairs, narrowly orbicular or lanceolate, 3–7 densely glandular hairy. Basal leaves withered at
cm × 5–12 mm, glandular villous, midvein prominent, anthesis; cauline leaves usually 4 or 5 pairs, sessile,
base cuneate, apex acute. Flowers 1–3, slightly nutant, elliptic, 2–3(–4.5) × 1–1.5(–2) cm, both surfaces and
erect in late anthesis. Pedicel 3–5 cm, densely glandular margin glandular hairy, apex acute. Flowers solitary,
villous; bracts lanceolate. Calyx cylindric-campanulate, rarely 2 or 3. Pedicel 1.5–2 cm, densely glandular hairy.
slightly inflated-saccate, 2.3–2.7 × 1–1.5 cm, densely Calyx ovoid-campanulate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.4 cm,
violet glandular hairy, open at apex; longitudinal veins umbilicate below, open at apex, densely violet
dark violet, hairy; calyx teeth broadly triangular, 4–6 glandular hairy at veins; calyx teeth violet, elliptic, 5–7
mm, margin ciliate, apex acute. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm, margin glandular ciliate, apex obtuse.
mm, villous. Petals exserted 3–6 mm beyond calyx, Androgynophore 3–4 mm, long lanate-villous. Petals
violet; claws cuneate, ca. 15 × 6 mm, with auricles, exserted 8–10 mm beyond calyx, pale violet; claws 1.7–
subglabrous at base; limbs square, shallowly 4–6-lobed, 1.8 cm; limbs glandular hairy, deeply bifid; lobes
lobes rounded or laciniate; coronal scales broad, dentate or with small round teeth; coronal scales
rounded to slightly erose. Stamens slightly exserted cuneate, truncate at apex, erose. Stamens ca. 1 cm;
beyond corolla throat; filaments glabrous. Styles filaments woolly-hairy basally. Styles short. Capsule
included. Capsule ovoid. Seeds probably winged. Fl. ovoid, 1.2–1.5 cm, 5-toothed. Seeds pale brown, orbi-
Aug–Sep. cular-reniform, flat, ca. 2 mm, winged.
• Alpine grasslands; 3600–4500 m. C and SE Xizang. • Shifting screes, sandy gravelly deltas of glacier streams; ca. 4200 m.
59. Silene atsaensis (Marquand) Bocquet, Candollea 22: 20. SE Xizang.
1967. This species is unique in its group in its hairy petal limbs. The type
阿扎蝇子草 a zha ying zi cao sheet bears the field note “limb dark slaty blue, pink at margin,
Lychnis atsaensis Marquand, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 48: 163. coronal scales crimson.”
1929; Melandrium atsaense (Marquand) Pax & K. 61. Silene karekirii Bocquet, Candollea 22: 10. 1967.
Hoffmann. 污色蝇子草 wu se ying zi cao
Lychnis sordida Karelin & Kirilov, Bull. Soc. Imp. 63. Silene bungei Bocquet, Candollea 22: 15. 1967.
Naturalistes Moscou 15: 170. 1842, not Silene sordida 暗色蝇子草 an se ying zi cao
Huber-Morath & Reese (1943); Melandrium sordidum Lychnis tristis Bunge in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 184.
(Karelin & Kirilov) Rohrbach; ?M. verrucosoalatum Y. 1830, not Silene tristis Salisbury (1796, nom. illeg.,
Z. Zhao & P. Ma. included S. undulata Aiton); Melandrium triste Fenzl
Herbs 30–45 cm tall. Rootstock conical, multicrowned. ex Ledebour.
Stems several, rarely solitary, erect, basally nearly Herbs perennial, (15–)25–40(–50) cm tall. Roots
glabrous, apically densely glandular pubescent. Basal vertical, gray-brown, robust, lignified; root crowns
leaves and proximal cauline leaves oblanceolate, 5–12 multibranched, slightly lignified, with procumbent
cm × 5–11 mm, both surfaces sparsely hairy, margin stems. Stems sparsely caespitose, erect, pale yellowish
glandular ciliate, midvein prominent, base attenuate green, ± black at apex, simple, basally glabrous,
into petiole, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 2–5 pairs, apically hirtellous with intermixed black glandular hairs.
narrowly lanceolate, base attenuate into short petiole or Basal leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 4–10
sessile, apex acute. Flowers (1–)2–7, slightly nutant or cm × 6–10 mm, base attenuate into petiole, apex obtuse
erect. Pedicel 5–15 mm, slender, shortly glandular. or acute; cauline leaves 1–4 pairs, narrowly elliptic,
Calyx narrowly campanulate, 1.7–2.3 cm × 8–10 mm, smaller than basal leaves, nearly sessile, slightly
open at apex; longitudinal veins dark violet, robust, sheathed, both surfaces glabrous, ciliate, hairy at veins
shortly glandular hairy. Androgynophore ca. 4 mm, abaxially, midvein prominent; distal leaves narrowly
shortly hairy. Petals dark violet; claws exserted beyond lanceolate, sometimes withered, coarsely glandular
calyx by ca. 2 mm, cuneate, with obtuse auricles, hairy. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2 or 3, nutant, erect
glabrous (or nearly so) at base, limbs deeply bifid; lobes
in late anthesis. Pedicel subequaling calyx, elongating
orbicular, with irregular round teeth at apex, narrowly
in late anthesis, viscid, villous. Calyx globose-
1-toothed on two sides; coronal scales small, margin
campanulate, saccate, 1.8–2.2 × 1.2–1.5 cm,
crenulate. Styles 5, exserted. Capsule globose-ovoid, ca.
1.5 cm. Seeds flat. Fl. Jul. membranous, sparsely robust glandular hairy,
Mountain grasslands; ca. 3000 m. W Xinjiang [Kazakhstan]. contracted at apex, opened in late anthesis; veins dark
62. Silene puranensis (L. H. Zhou) C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang violet, with brown-violet glandular hairs, coherent at
in C. L. Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 26: 321. 1996. calyx teeth; calyx teeth triangular, margin ciliate, apex
普兰蝇子草 pu lan ying zi cao acute. Androgynophore 2–3 mm, villous. Petals
Melandrium puranense L. H. Zhou in C. Y. Wu, Fl. Xi- exserted 1–3 mm beyond calyx, dark violet; claws 1.4–
zang. 1: 718. 1983. 1.6 cm, cuneate, with narrow auricles, limbs emarginate
Herbs perennial, 10–30 cm tall. Roots multicrowned. or shallowly bifid; lobes entire or shallowly toothed,
Stems sparsely clustered, ascending from ± weak and rarely 1-toothed obscurely at base of two sides; coronal
creeping base, glandular hairy. Non-flowering leafy scales small, cuneate, with minute teeth at apex. Sta-
shoots present at base. Leaves oblanceolate, 4–7 cm × mens included. Styles 5. Capsule orbicular, 1.2–1.5 ×
6–15(–20) mm, both surfaces with short glandular hairs, 1–1.4 cm, 5-toothed. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca.
margin glandular hairy, base attenuate into petiole, apex 1.4 mm, thick, flat, with prominent papillae abaxially.
acute; cauline leaves usually 2 or 3 pairs, smaller than Fl. Jun–Jul.
basal leaves, lanceolate, 2–3 cm, densely glandular Alpine grasslands, shifting screes; 4000–5300 m. Xinjiang [Ka-
hairy, base nearly sessile, slightly clasping. Flowers 1– zakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Russia].
3. Pedicels unequal, 1.5–7 cm, densely glandular hairy; 64. Silene rubricalyx (Marquand) Bocquet, Candollea 22: 15.
1967.
bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5–10(–15) mm, herbaceous,
glandular villous. Calyx greenish, campanulate, 1–1.5 红萼蝇子草 hong e ying zi cao
cm × ca. 8 mm, membranous; veins dark violet Lychnis rubricalyx Marquand, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 48:
glandular hairy, cohering at calyx teeth; calyx teeth 164. 1929; Melandrium rubricalyx (Marquand) Pax &
broadly ovate-triangular, margin membranous, apex K. Hoffmann.
obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 1 mm, white woolly- Herbs perennial, 5–15(–20) cm, with procumbent stems,
hairy. Petals ca. 1.5 cm; claws narrowly oblanceolate, rooting at nodes. Stems sparsely caespitose, erect,
woolly-hairy at base, auricles not obvious; limbs simple, densely violet glandular hairy. Basal leaves
exserted beyond calyx, orbicular, shallowly bifid; lobes ovate or narrowly oblanceolate, 2.5–5 cm × 7–13 mm,
obtuse, each with a narrow lateral tooth; coronal scales subglabrous to sparsely villous with long hairs,
small. Stamens shorter than or nearly as long as petals. especially toward margin, apex acute or nearly so;
Styles 4 or 5. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm, shorter than cauline leaves 1 or 2 pairs, elliptic, smaller, 1–3 cm ×
4–6 mm. Flowers 1–3, slightly nutant, erect after
or subequaling calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds suborbicular or
anthesis. Pedicel 2.5–3 cm, glandular villous; bracts
irregularly shaped, flat, 1–1.2 mm wide, smooth,
lanceolate, glandular hairy. Calyx campanulate or
winged. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. cylindric-campanulate, membranous, saccate, 1.3–1.7
• Shifting screes; ca. 5000 m. SW Xizang (Burang Xian).
cm × 8–10 mm, densely glandular villous, umbilicate at
base, open at apex, inflated in fruit, longitudinal veins Zhou; ?M. glandulosum var. longistylum Y. W. Tsui &
brown or dark violet; calyx teeth broadly triangular, ca. L. H. Zhou.
4 mm, weakly hairy, margin ciliate. Androgynophore ca. Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm tall, densely glandular hairy
3 mm, woolly-hairy. Petals exserted ca. 7 mm beyond throughout. Roots spiniform or conical, slightly fleshy.
calyx; claws pale red, exserted 2–3 mm beyond calyx, Stems sparsely clustered or solitary, erect, simple. Basal
1.3–1.4 cm × 5–6 mm, cuneate, with triangular-ovate leaves elliptic-oblanceolate, rarely saccate, 4–8 × 1–
auricles above, villous at base; limbs spreading, violet 1.5 cm, midvein prominent, base cuneate or attenuate,
or dark violet, broadly ovate, ca. 5 mm, 4-lobed or
apex acute, rarely rounded; cauline leaves often 1–3
deeply so, medial lobes with minute laciniae or round
teeth; lateral lobes dentate or linear, smaller; coronal pairs, smaller than basal leaves. Flowers few, slightly
scales broadly cuneate, 1–1.5 mm, laciniate or dentate. nutant, erect in late anthesis. Pedicel 1–5 cm, densely
Stamens slightly exserted beyond corolla throat; glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, 5–10 mm, glandular
filaments villous at base. Styles not exserted. Capsule hairy. Calyx broadly campanulate, slightly saccate, ca.
globose or ellipsoid, 7–10 × 6–8 mm, shorter than calyx, 1.5 × 1 cm, rounded at base, open at apex; longitudinal
5-toothed. Seeds brown, slightly flattened, ca. 1.5 mm, veins slightly robust, dark violet, glandular hairy; calyx
lustrous, abaxially faintly tuberculate. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. teeth broadly triangular-ovate, ca. 3 mm, margin
Aug–Sep. membranous, white, shortly ciliate, apex acute.
• Alpine meadows; 3400–3600 m. SW Sichuan, E Xizang. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals slightly
65. Silene songarica (Fischer, C. A. Meyer & Avé-Lallemant) exserted beyond calyx; claws nearly cuneate, ciliate at
Bocquet, Candollea 22: 3. 1967. base, auricles obtuse; limbs broadly obovate, deeply
准噶尔蝇子草 zhun ga er ying zi cao bifid; lobes narrowly elliptic, apex obtuse, emarginate
Melandrium songaricum Fischer, C. A. Meyer & Avé- or shallowly bifid, shortly 1-lobed or weakly toothed on
Lallemant, Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. Suppl. 9: 14. 1844; two sides; coronal scales flabellate, laciniate. Stamens
Lychnis brachypetala Fischer ex Hornemann; L. slightly exserted; filaments hairy. Styles included.
mongolica Maximowicz; ?Melandrium auritipetalum Y. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1.2 cm, 10-toothed. Seeds brown,
Z. Zhao & P. Ma; M. baicalense Sukaczev ex globose-reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug.
Tolmatchew; M. brachypetalum (Fischer ex • Alpine meadows; 4200–4600 m. S Qinghai, E Xizang.
Hornemann) Fenzl; M. irikutense Kitagawa; M. mongo- 67. Silene nepalensis Majumdar, J. Indian Bot. Soc. 42: 649.
licum (Maximowicz) Grubov; Silene duthiei Majumdar. 1964.
Herbs perennial, 15–60 cm tall, densely pubescent 尼泊尔蝇子草 ni po er ying zi cao
throughout. Principal root slender, slightly lignified. Lychnis multicaulis Wallich ex Bentham; Melandrium
Stems caespitose, erect, simple. Basal leaves narrowly brachypetalum (Hornemann) Fenzl var. tibetanum
lanceolate, 3–9 cm × 3–10 mm, ciliate, base attenuate Rohrbach; M. multicaule (Wallich ex Bentham)
into petiole, apex acuminate; cauline leaves 3–5 pairs, Walpers.
sessile, linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence 2–6-flowered, Herbs perennial, 10–50 cm tall. Roots robust,
rarely more; flowers nutant in early anthesis, soon multicrowned. Stems caespitose, erect, simple, densely
becoming erect. Pedicel (2–)5–15 mm; bracts linear- pubescent. Basal leaves linear-lanceolate, 3–14 cm × 3–
lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 7 mm, midvein prominent, glabrous or subglabrous,
1.2–1.5 cm × 5–7 mm, densely pubescent, sparsely base attenuate into petiole, ± connate, apex acuminate;
glandular hairy; longitudinal veins dark green, not distal leaves sessile, homomorphic with basal leaves, ±
cohering at apex; calyx teeth triangular, margin
connate at base, both surfaces and margin pubescent.
membranous, white, ciliate, apex acute.
Inflorescence an irregular elongate thyrsoid with
Androgynophore ca. 1 mm, shortly pubescent. Petals
white or pale red, subequaling or longer than calyx, (short-and) long stalked densely 3–7-flowered cymules;
1.1–1.3 cm; claws oblanceolate, auricles orbicular; flowers nutant, erect in late anthesis. Pedicel 5–10 mm
limbs obovate, shallowly bifid, with or without a couple in fruit, densely pubescent; bracts linear, pubescent.
of lateral teeth; coronal scales small. Stamens included; Calyx cylindric-campanulate in early anthesis, 7–9 × 3–
filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule ellipsoid- 4 mm, soon becoming broader as capsule swells,
ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds dark brown, densely pubescent, round at base, open at apex;
reniform, 0.8–1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul– longitudinal veins dark violet or deep greenish brown,
Aug. not raised, usually cohering at calyx teeth.
Gravelly scrub grasslands, alpine meadows; 2000–4700 m. Jilin, Nei Androgynophore to 1 mm, pubescent. Petals exserted
Mongol, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia]. 2–3 mm beyond calyx, violet; claws broadly cuneate,
66. Silene nangqenensis C. L. Tang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 2: 6–8 mm, subglabrous at base, very broadly auriculate;
433. 1980. limb 1.5–2 mm long and slightly broader, emarginate or
囊谦蝇子草 nang qian ying zi cao bifid, lobes entire or usually with obscure lateral teeth;
Melandrium glandulosum (Maximowicz) F. N. coronal scales small, nearly round, obtuse or
Williams var. hexapetalum Y. W. Tsui & L. H. emarginate at apex. Stamens included; filaments
subglabrous. Styles included. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid,
8–10 mm. Seeds grayish brown, reniform, ca. 0.8 mm, conical irregular thyrsoid; cymules with short to long
tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug. rachis, usually 3-flowered; flowers slightly nutant.
Mountain grasslands; 2700–5100 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Pedicel usually shorter than calyx, rarely longer,
Yunnan [Bhutan, ?Kashmir, Nepal, ?Pakistan, Sikkim]. densely villous or sparsely glandular hairy; bracts
68. Silene kialensis (F. N. Williams) Lidén & Oxelman in linear-lanceolate, sparsely hairy. Calyx narrowly
Oxelman et al., Novon 11: 322. 2001. campanulate, narrowed at base, 1–1.2 cm × 3–3.5 mm,
甲拉蝇子草 jia la ying zi cao soon becoming broader as capsule swells; veins violet
or green, slightly raised, pubescent; calyx teeth
Melandrium kialense F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
triangular, ca. 3 mm, margin membranous, ciliate, apex
34: 432. 1899; Lychnis kialensis (F. N. Williams) H.
acute or obtuse. Androgynophore 1.5–2 mm, pubescent.
Léveillé; Silene nepalensis Majumdar var. kialensis (F.
Petals dark red, rarely white; claws oblanceolate, 8–10
N. Williams) C. L. Tang ex C. Y. Wu.
mm, hairy at base; auricles not prominent (claw at apex
Herbs perennial, 30–60 cm tall. Stems few or solitary,
not or only slightly broader than limb), with erose
erect, with sparse to dense, strict erect branches,
margin; limb 3–4 mm, shallowly to deeply (to middle)
pubescent, very rarely glabrous. Basal leaves
bifid, with lateral triangular small teeth or small lobes;
(ob)lanceolate, 6–10 × 1–2 cm, base attenuate into short
coronal scales subflabellate, ca. 1 mm. Stamens
petiole, apex acute; cauline leaves lanceolate or
included or slightly exserted. Styles 5, included.
narrowly oblanceolate. Inflorescence an irregular Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm. Seeds gray, globose-
thyrsoid with long stalked, usually 3-flowered cymules; reniform, ca. 1.2 mm, minutely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug,
flowers slightly nutant. Pedicel usually shorter than fr. Aug–Sep.
calyx, rarely longer, densely pubescent, sometimes with • Moist rocks; 2800–3600 m. NW Yunnan.
a few glandular hairs. Calyx narrowly campanulate to In the original description, Smith incorrectly indicated 3 (rather than
ovoid, narrowed at base, 1–1.2 cm × 3–3.5 mm, soon 5) styles.
becoming broader as capsule swells; veins slightly Photographs of the type material of Silene flavovirens (described from
raised, pubescent. Androgynophore 1.5–2 mm, pubes- Luquan Xian, NC Yunnan) agree well with S. chungtienensis, except
cent. Petals dark red, rarely white; claws usually for their shorter stems. The petal color is variable in natural pop-
conspicuously exserted beyond calyx (but ulations of S. chungtienensis, as well as among the types of S. flavo-
virens, and so that character cannot be used to distinguish them.
cleistogamous forms occur), oblanceolate, 8–10 mm,
Silene flavovirens was, however, described as having a glabrous
hairy at base; auricles prominent, orbicular; limb 3–4 androgynophore.
mm, deeply bifid to middle, sometimes with short 70. Silene yetii Bocquet, Candollea 22: 5. 1967.
lateral lobes. Stamens included or slightly exserted. 腺毛蝇子草 xian mao ying zi cao
Styles 5, included. Capsule ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm. Seeds
Lychnis glandulosa Maximowicz, Fl. Tangut. 83. 1889,
gray, globose-reniform, ca. 1.2 mm, minutely
not Silene glandulosa Hampe ex Walpers (1842), nor
tuberculate.
• Forest margins, grasslands; 1800–4000 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan,
Bertoloni (1884); Melandrium glandulosum
SE Xizang. (Maximowicz) F. N. Williams.
This species is very similar to, and possibly sometimes confused with, Herbs perennial, 20–60 cm tall, densely glandular hairy
Silene chungtienensis, but has prominent petal claw auricles and very throughout. Principal root vertical, robust, slightly
few or no glandular hairs. lignified. Stems sparsely caespitose, rarely solitary,
Melandrium kialense was not treated by Bocquet (1969) in his erect, robust, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate or
revision of Silene sect. Physolychnis. The taxon is close to S. son-
elliptic-lanceolate, 5–10(–13) × 1–2(–2.5) cm, both
garica, but differs in calyx size (10–12 mm, vs. 12–15 mm in S. son-
garica), 4-fid petal limbs with subequal lobes (vs. 2-fid, or 2-fid with surfaces glandular hairy, midvein prominent, base
small, lateral teeth), poorly developed petal claw auricles, and longer attenuate into long petiole; cauline leaves oblanceolate
androgynophore (1.5–2 mm, vs. only to 1 mm). We also find a differ- or lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 5–15 mm, half clasping at base.
ence in calyx pubescence: S. kialensis has spreading, stiff hairs, Inflorescence racemiform, usually 3–5-flowered, rarely
whereas S. gonosperma has retrorse, shorter hairs. more; flowers slightly nutant, erect in late anthesis.
69. Silene chungtienensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Pedicel 5–50 mm; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, 5–7 mm,
Gard. Edinburgh 11: 221. 1920.
herbaceous. Calyx campanulate, 1.1–1.5 cm × 6–9 mm,
中甸蝇子草 zhong dian ying zi cao densely glandular hairy, rounded at base, open at apex,
Melandrium chungtienense (W. W. Smith) Pax & Hoff- slightly inflated in fruit; longitudinal veins dark brown
mann; Silene flavovirens C. Y. Wu. or brown, coherent at calyx teeth, glandular hairy; calyx
Herbs perennial, (15–)30–60 cm tall. Stems sparsely teeth ovate-triangular, margin membranous, white,
clustered or solitary, erect, simple or sparsely branched ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 1–1.5 mm. Petals
at base, pubescent. Basal leaves elliptic-lanceolate or exserted 5–6 mm beyond sepals, violet or pale red;
narrowly oblanceolate, 6–10 × 0.8–3 cm, both surfaces claws nearly cuneate, auricles orbicular, glabrous or
glabrous or pubescent, base attenuate into short petiole, sparsely hairy; limbs nearly elliptic, ca. 3 mm,
apex acute; cauline leaves numerous, lanceolate or
shallowly bifid; lobes narrowly elliptic; coronal scales
narrowly oblanceolate. Inflorescence a racemiform-
round, small. Stamens included; filaments hairy. Styles
included. Capsule ovoid, 1.2–1.4 cm × 9 mm, shorter teeth triangular-ovate, ca. 4 mm, margin membranous,
than calyx. Seeds gray-brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, sparsely ciliate, apex obtuse or acute. Androgynophore
tuberculate. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. ca. 1 mm. Petals exserted ca. 5 mm beyond calyx, lilac;
• Gravelly grasslands, alpine grasslands; 2700–4800(–5000) m.
claws prominently exserted, narrowly cuneate, with
Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang. triangular auricles, long ciliate at base; limbs broadly
obovate, ca. 4 mm, deeply bifid; lobes entire, linearly 1-
71. Silene herbilegorum (Bocquet) Lidén & Oxelman in lobed on two sides; coronal scales elliptic, laciniate.
Oxelman et al., Novon 11: 322. 2001.
Stamens slightly exserted beyond corolla throat;
多裂腺毛蝇子草 duo lie xian mao ying zi cao filaments hairy at base. Styles exserted. Capsule ovoid,
8–9 mm, shorter than calyx, 10-toothed. Seeds dark
Silene yetii Bocquet var. herbilegorum Bocquet, brown, orbicular-reniform, ca. 1.5 mm, thick, minutely
Candollea 22: 5. 1967. tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
Herbs perennial, densely glandular hairy throughout, • Mountain scrub or grasslands; 2000–2700 m. Nei Mongol, Ningxia.
with sterile basal rosettes and a few flowering stems. 73. Silene muliensis C. Y. Wu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 147.
Stems sparsely caespitose, rarely solitary, erect, robust, 1982.
30–60 cm tall, simple, with very long internodes above. 木里蝇子草 mu li ying zi cao
Rosette leaves obovate, 2–4 × 0.5–1.5 cm, both Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm, densely pubescent
surfaces glandular hairy, base attenuate into distinct throughout, erect, simple, apically glandular hairy.
petiole; cauline leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate, 3–7 × Basal leaves obovate-lanceolate, 5–7 × 1.3–1.8 cm,
0.5–1 cm, becoming smaller upward, base half clasping. both surfaces villous, margin ciliate, 3-veined basally,
Inflorescence 5–10-flowered, racemiform with unequal midvein conspicuous, pubescent at veins, base attenuate
branches that become very strict and erect and into petiole, apex acute; distal leaves ovate-lanceolate,
elongated in fruit; cymules 1–3-flowered; flowers smaller, base nearly rounded, apex acuminate. Flowers
nutant at first, becoming erect in late anthesis. Pedicel in an irregular thyrsoid, most cymules shortly stalked,
4–10 mm, elongating in fruit to 1–3 cm; bracteoles
usually 3-flowered, densely glandular villous. Pedicel
linear-lanceolate, herbaceous, 5–7 mm. Calyx narrowly
campanulate, 9–11 × 5–7 mm, densely glandular hairy, 5–10(–20) mm, slender, glandular hairy; bracts ovate-
longitudinal veins dark brown or brown, glandular hairy. lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx campanulate, ca. 15 × 6
Androgynophore ca. 1 mm, pubescent. Petal claws mm; longitudinal veins violet, glandular hairy; calyx
slightly exserted, cuneate, auricles prominent; teeth ovate, 3–5 mm, margin membranous, ciliate, apex
limbs ?dark red, 2–3 mm, shallowly 4-fid. Stamens obtuse. Androgynophore 2–3 mm, shortly hairy. Petals
included; filaments hairy at base. Styles included. lilac, 2–2.5 cm; claws slightly exserted beyond calyx,
Capsule ovoid, ca. 9 × 5 mm, equaling calyx. Seeds narrowly cuneate, ciliate at base, auricles broad; limbs
gray, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. nearly orbicular, 4–6 mm, deeply 4-lobed; medial lobes
• Alpine grasslands; 2700–4100 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan. narrowly band-shaped, with 2 or 3 obscure teeth; lateral
This species is close to Silene yetii, but the inflorescence has 5–10 lobes nearly linear, small; coronal scales nearly square.
flowers (vs. 1–5 in S. yetii), the calyx is markedly smaller (9–10 mm,
Stamens included; filaments glabrous. Styles included.
vs. 12–13 mm in S. yetii), and the petal limb is clearly 4-fid (vs. 2-fid
in S. yetii). Capsule not seen. Fl. Aug.
72. Silene alaschanica (Maximowicz) Bocquet, Candollea 22: • Grasslands at forest margins; 2800–4200 m. Sichuan (Muli Zang
Zu Zizhixian).
15. 1967.
74. Silene caespitella F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38:
贺兰山蝇子草 he lan shan ying zi cao 403. 1909.
Lychnis alaschanica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. 丛生蝇子草 cong sheng ying zi cao
Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 26: 427. 1880; Melandrium Melandrium neocaespitosum Y. W. Tsui ex L. H. Zhou;
alaschanicum (Maximowicz) Y. Z. Zhao. M. xainzaense L. H. Zhou; Silene maheshwarii Bocquet.
Herbs perennial, 20–30 cm tall, densely glandular Plants 13–40(–60) cm tall. Roots robust, vertical,
villous throughout. Principal root conical, robust, lignified. Stems caespitose, erect, green, shortly
slightly lignified, multicrowned. Stems sparsely retrorse pubescent throughout. Basal and proximal
caespitose, erect, simple. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 3– cauline leaves green on both surfaces, linear, 4–7(–10)
7(–10) cm × 7–16 mm, both surfaces and margin cm × 2–5 mm, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, hairy
glandular hairy, midvein prominent, base attenuate into only at veins or glabrous, base narrow, apex acute;
petiole, apex obtuse or acute; distal leaves lanceolate, distal leaves 3 or 4 pairs, sessile, linear, gradually
smaller than basal leaves. Flowers 1–4. Pedicel 1.3– reduced upward. Flowers up to 20, in an irregular
1.5 cm, slender, densely glandular hairy; bracts linear- thyrsoid with long- and shortly stalked, (1–)3–5-
lanceolate, 3–8 mm, herbaceous. Calyx narrowly flowered cymules, sharply nutant, becoming erect in
campanulate, 7–11 × 3–3.5 mm, open at apex, late anthesis. Pedicel short. Calyx narrowly cylindric-
glandular hairy; longitudinal veins deep green or violet, campanulate, soon becoming broader as capsule swells,
shortly glandular villous, cohering at calyx teeth; calyx
5–7 × 2.5–3 mm, rounded at base, open at apex, weakly sparse glandular hairs; bracts lanceolate, villous. Calyx
hairy, veins dark green to blackish red; teeth triangular, narrowly oblong, 8–12 × ca. 3 mm, slightly inflated in
ca. 2.5 mm, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acute. fruit, densely pubescent; longitudinal veins dark green
Androgynophore ca. 1 mm, sparsely villous. Petals or dark violet, glandular hairy, cohering at calyx teeth;
exserted 1–2 mm beyond calyx, dark red, rarely calyx teeth triangular-lanceolate, 3–4 mm, margin
greenish white; claws cuneate, ca. 6 mm, glabrous at membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore
base, conspicuously auriculate (2.5–3 mm wide at apex); very short, sparsely hairy. Petals exserted 4–6 mm
auricles ciliate; limb 1–2 mm, shallowly bifid, usually beyond calyx, pale yellowish green or dark red; claw
with small lateral lobes; coronal scales small. Stamens exserted, with narrow auricles, glabrous; limb 2–4 mm,
included. Styles included. Capsule globose, ca. 8 mm, shallowly bifid; lobes narrow, usually with small lateral
slightly longer than calyx. Seeds gray, globose-reniform, teeth; coronal scales ligulate, entire or emarginate.
ca. 0.8 mm, minutely tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug– Stamens included; filaments glabrous. Styles 5,
Sep. included, very short. Capsule globose, 1–1.4 cm, often
Alpine forests, alpine meadows; 2500–5100 m. SE Qinghai, SW and longer than calyx. Seeds gray-brown, globose-reniform,
W Sichuan, S and SE Xizang [Bhutan, Kashmir]. ca. 0.8 mm, thickened, tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr.
This species is closely related to Silene nepalensis, from which it
Aug–Sep.
differs in its linear leaves and smaller flowers. Silene caespitella is a
• Forest margins, grasslands; 2300–4600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan,
very homogeneous species throughout its range.
Xizang, Yunnan.
75. Silene sveae Lidén & Oxelman in Oxelman et al., Novon
11: 323. 2001.
1a. Glandular hairs present, at least on calyx,
leaves adaxially, and stem apically 76a. var. huguettiae
德钦蝇子草 de qin ying zi cao
1b. Glandular hairs absent ................... 76b. var. pilosa
Herbs perennial, 20–25 cm. Stems caespitose, few,
erect, simple, grayish pubescent with short retrorse 76a. Silene huguettiae var. huguettiae
hairs throughout. Basal leaves in a persistent rosette, 狭果蝇子草(原变种) xia guo ying zi cao (yuan bian
ovate, ca. 3 × 1–1.5 cm, fleshy; cauline leaves 2–4 pairs, zhong)
lanceolate, 1–2 cm. Cymules 1–3-flowered in a lax, Glandular hairs present.
few-flowered thyrsoid. Pedicel sharply deflexed and • Forest margins, grasslands; 2400–4600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan,
very short in early anthesis, becoming strict, erect, and Xizang, Yunnan.
1–3 cm in fruit. Fruiting calyx grayish green, ca. 7 × 4 76b. Silene huguettiae var. pilosa C. Y. Wu & H. Chuang in
mm, cylindric, base rounded; veins not anastomosing, C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 836. 1995.
dark green to dark violet; teeth triangular, shortly ciliate, 无腺狭果蝇子草 wu xian xia guo ying zi cao
apex acute. Petals slightly exserted; claw ca. 2 mm Stems, leaves, and calyx sparsely villous, eglandular.
wide at apex with narrow, prominent forward- • Forest margins, grasslands; 2300–3600 m. Qinghai, Sichuan,
projecting auricles; limb narrow, deeply bifid with Xizang, Yunnan.
entire lobes. Androgynophore very short, sparsely hairy. 77. Silene indica Roxburgh ex Otth in de Candolle, Prodr. 1:
Stamens and styles included. Capsule shortly cylindric, 368. 1824.
subequaling fruiting calyx. Seeds gray, round, ca. 0.8 印度蝇子草 yin du ying zi cao
mm, minutely tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Sep. Herbs perennial, 25–50 cm tall. Roots robust, root
• Gravelly river banks, ca. 3000 m. NW Yunnan (Dêqên Xian).
Silene sveae is easily distinguished from S. caespitella by its few
crown lignified, producing stoloniform stems. Stems
broad basal leaves, from S. nepalensis by being smaller in all its parts, caespitose, erect or ascending, gray-green, simple or
and from both species by its grayish, slightly fleshy habit, overwinter- branched, hairy, apically glandular hairy. Basal leaves
ing leaf rosette, few-flowered inflorescence, prominent, forward-pro- withered early; cauline leaves 4–8 pairs, ovate or ovate-
jecting petal auricles, and narrow, deeply bifid petal limbs. lanceolate, 2–4(–4.5) × 1–2 cm, hirtellous, glandular
76. Silene huguettiae Bocquet, Candollea 22: 5. 1967. hairy, margin ciliate, base cuneate, half clasping, apex
狭果蝇子草 xia guo ying zi cao acute. Flowers 7–20(–30). Pedicel elongated. Flowers
Herbs perennial, 30–60(–90) cm tall. Root conical, slightly nutant, erect in late anthesis. Calyx
slightly lignified. Stems solitary, sparsely clustered, campanulate, slightly inflated, 1.1–1.8 cm × 6–12 mm,
erect, simple, sometimes basally branched, densely umbilicate at base, open at apex, glandular hairy;
pubescent, intermixed with sparse glandular hairs. longitudinal veins dark violet or green, densely
Basal leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5–10 hirtellous-glandular hairy; calyx teeth broadly
cm × (5–)8–15(–20) mm, both surfaces sparsely triangular, 3–4 mm, margin membranous, glandular
glandular villous, margin glandular ciliate, base ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 2–3 mm, weakly
attenuate into long petiole, apex acute; distal leaves 1–3 hairy. Petals exserted 3–4 mm beyond calyx, green or
pairs, lanceolate, smaller than basal leaves. Flowers violet-brown; claws cuneate, 9–11 mm, narrowly
many, nutant, soon becoming erect. Cymules 1–3- auriculate, glabrous or sparsely villous in early anthesis;
flowered with strict erect peduncles of varying length. limbs nearly orbicular, ca. 4 mm, bifid or deeply so,
Pedicel 1–3 cm, slender, pubescent, intermixed with lobes entire or with obtuse laciniae; coronal scales
round, scarious, with small round teeth at apex, 0.5–1 mm, deeply bifid, usually with 2 pairs of lateral teeth;
mm. Stamens exserted; filaments villous at base. Styles coronal scales short, dentate. Stamens exserted. Styles 5,
4 or 5. Capsule ovoid, 1.1–1.2 cm × 7–8 mm, 8–10- included or exserted. Seeds (immature) with long, spiny
toothed. Seeds triangular-reniform, ca. 1 mm, with papillae abaxially.
auriculate pit on two sides, abaxially with prominent • About 3000 m. SW Xizang (Zanda Xian).
tubercles. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. This species is not similar to any other Chinese species of Silene. A
Mountains, mountain scrub; 2300–3900 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, India, peculiar feature of the type specimen is that only the alar (apical or
Kashmir, Nepal]. first) flower is bisexual, whereas the other (later) flowers appear to be
functionally male. Although gynomonoecy is a widespread phenome-
1a. Calyx 11–14 × 6–9 mm; androgynophore
non in Silene, andromonoecy is not. Silene tibetica is possibly related
ca. 2 mm ........................................ 77a. var. indica to the S. indica group, which is in urgent need of revision. The regular
1b. Calyx 14–18 × 10–12 mm; androgynophore nature of the inflorescence is deviating.
ca. 3 mm .................................. 77b. var. bhutanica 79. Silene cashmeriana (Royle ex Bentham) Majumdar, J.
77a. Silene indica var. indica Indian Bot. Soc. 42: 649. 1964.
克什米尔蝇子草 ke shi mi er ying zi cao
印度蝇子草(原变种) yin du ying zi cao (yuan bian Lychnis cashmeriana Royle ex Bentham in Royle, Ill.
zhong) Bot. Himal. Mts. 80. 1834; Melandrium cashmerianum
Lychnis indica (Roxburgh ex Otth) Bentham; L. nutans (Royle ex Bentham) Walpers; M. dingriense Y. W. Tsui
Royle ex Bentham; Melandrium indicum (Roxburgh ex & P. Ke ex L. H. Zhou; M. nyalamense L. H. Zhou.
Otth) Walpers. Herbs perennial, 50–70 cm tall. Stems erect, densely
shortly whitish hairy. Basal leaves withering early;
Plants relatively smaller. Calyx 1.1–1.4 cm × 6–9 mm. cauline leaves sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5–7.5
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm cm × 6–15(–20) mm, both surfaces sparsely villous,
Mountain scrub; 2300–2900 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, ciliate at margin, base cuneate or nearly rounded, apex
Nepal]. acute or acuminate. Cymes sparse, few flowered.
77b. Silene indica var. bhutanica (W. W. Smith) Bocquet, Pedicel slender, glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate,
Candollea 22: 13. 1967. herbaceous, glandular hairy. Calyx pale green,
不丹蝇子草 bu dan ying zi cao campanulate, 1–1.7 cm × 7–9 mm; longitudinal veins
Lychnis bhutanica W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. violet-blue or brown, prominent, cohering at calyx teeth;
Edinburgh 10: 51. 1917; Silene bhutanica (W. W. calyx teeth triangular-ovate, 3–5 mm, abaxially
Smith) Majumdar. glandular hairy, margin membranous, ciliate, apex
acute or acuminate. Androgynophore 2–3 mm, densely
Plants tall, robust. Calyx 1.4–1.8 × 1–1.2 cm. Andro- villous. Petals exserted 6–8 mm beyond calyx,
gynophore ca. 3 mm. yellowish green or ?pale green, 1.2–1.5 cm; claws
Mountains; 2600–3900 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, India, Kashmir, Nepal]. saccate-oblanceolate, villous at base, auricles ovate;
78. Silene tibetica Lidén & Oxelman in Oxelman et al., limbs broadly ovate, 5–8 mm, bifid; lobes entire or
Novon 11: 324. 2001. laciniate, with teeth or small lobes on each lateral side;
西藏蝇子草 xi zang ying zi cao coronal scales round, ca. 1.5 mm, slightly undulate at
Herbs perennial, probably with a densely branched apex. Stamens included, ca. 1 cm; filaments glabrous.
rootstock crowned by dense remnants of dead leaves Styles (4 or)5, ca. 3 mm. Capsule not seen. Fl. Jul–Aug.
and cataphylls. Sterile rosette leaves with petiole 5–6
Grasslands, scrub; 3400–4100 m. S Xizang [Kashmir].
cm; leaf blade obovate, gradually narrowed into petiole,
3(–4) × 1.5–2 cm, apex subobtuse to acuminate. Stems The type has not been seen by the present authors.
erect or ascending, 10–15 cm. Cauline leaves in 2 pairs, 80. Silene multifurcata C. L. Tang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 24:
sessile, broadly ovate, ca. 3.5 × 2.5 cm, apex acute. 391. 1986.
Inflorescence a dense thyrse consisting of a terminal
dichasium and stalked (stalk ca. 2 cm) lateral dichasia, 花脉蝇子草 hua mai ying zi cao
each dichasium 3–5-flowered; bracts gradually
Melandrium multifurcatum (C. L. Tang) Kozhevnikov.
narrowed toward apex, 6–12 × 2–3 mm, herbaceous.
Pedicel 3–4 mm, that of basal (first) flower to 1 cm. Herbs perennial, 30–40 cm tall, rhizomatous. Stems
Lateral (later) flowers in dichasium apparently sparsely clustered, ascending, simple, sparsely villous.
functionally male (an extremely rare condition in Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5–8 cm × 8–
Silene). Calyx 1–1.2 cm × ca. 5 mm, expanding to 1– 12 mm, both surfaces glabrous, margin sparsely ciliate,
1.3 cm wide at late anthesis, divided to ca. 1/3 into 3-veined at base, midvein prominent, base cuneate,
triangular teeth acute at apex. Androgynophore ca. 3 apex acuminate. Cymes racemiform. Pedicel 2–3 cm,
mm, densely woolly. Petal claws exserted beyond calyx slender, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate or linear-
by 1–2 mm, with orbicular auricles; limb oblong, ca. 3 lanceolate, densely pubescent, margin ciliate. Calyx
campanulate, 1.5–1.8 cm × 6–8 mm, densely villous, 毛萼蝇子草 mao e ying zi cao
sparsely glandular hairy; longitudinal veins violet, veins Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Roots robust, with root
usually reticulate. Calyx teeth triangular-ovate, 3–4 mm, crown. Stems sparsely clustered, ascending, simple,
margin membranous, ciliate. Androgynophore ca. 3 mm, white villous, apically glandular hairy. Basal leaves
villous. Petals violet, ca. 2 cm; claws pale yellowish saccate-oblanceolate, 5–10 cm × 5–12 mm, both
green, cuneate, ca. 1.2 cm, glabrous at base, auricles surfaces and margin white villous, midvein prominent,
orbicular; limbs exserted beyond calyx, deeply 4-lobed; base attenuate into long petiole, apex acute, rarely
medial lobes round, shallowly 2-lobed or laciniate; rounded, mucronulate; cauline leaves oblanceolate or
lateral lobes linear, small; coronal scales broad, nearly lanceolate, small, 3–5 cm × 4–7 mm. Cymes few
flabellate, ca. 2 mm, with small irregular teeth. Stamens flowered. Pedicel 1–3 cm, villous, glandular hairy;
slightly exserted, 1–1.3 cm; filaments glabrous. Styles bracts ovate-lanceolate, small, herbaceous, densely
(4 or)5, included or slightly exserted. Capsule ellipsoid, white villous. Calyx campanulate, 1.2–1.5 cm × 4–6
1–1.2 cm, shorter than calyx, usually 5-toothed. Seeds mm, densely villous; longitudinal veins obscure, lilac,
brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, with prominent tubercles. cohering at apex; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, 3–4 mm,
Fl. Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. margin membranous, ciliate, apex rounded or obtuse.
Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petals red, ca. 1.8
• Mountains; 2600–3200 m. S Xizang (Cona Xian). cm; claws oblanceolate, ca. 1.2 cm, glabrous, with
Species nos. 81–90 belong to an informal group that approximates to auricles; limbs exserted beyond calyx, ovate, ca. 6 mm,
Silene sect. Odontopetalae Schischkin ex Chowdhuri. The Chinese deeply bifid to middle; lobes narrowly ovate, margin
species fall neatly into two distinct subgroups corresponding to the entire, slightly emarginate; coronal scales broad, ca. 1.5
first lead in the key: those with broad, inflated corollas, similar to the
mm, with few indented teeth. Stamens included;
winged-seeded species of the “Physolychnis” group above, and those
of the S. delavayi group.
filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule ovoid,
shorter than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform,
Silene dentipetala H. Chuang (in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 836. minutely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
1995) probably also belongs to the “Odontopetalae” group. It was
described as differing from S. gracilenta in having more flowers, • Forests; ca. 3200 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang (Zayü Xian), NW
shorter and irregularly toothed petal limbs, and fimbriate seeds. Yunnan (Zhongdian Xian).
This species is very similar to Silene lamarum, but has a longer
81. Silene lamarum C. Y. Wu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 153.
androgynophore and different seed morphology.
1982.
83. Silene atrocastanea Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
喇嘛蝇子草 la ma ying zi cao burgh 5: 181. 1912.
Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Stems sparsely 栗色蝇子草 li se ying zi cao
caespitose, ascending, simple, apically sparsely
Melandrium atrocastaneum (Diels) Handel-Mazzetti;
glandular hairy. Cauline leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
Silene cupiformis C. L. Tang.
4–10 cm × 5–10 mm, both surfaces glabrous, shortly
Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm. Roots brown, robust,
ciliate, base attenuate into long petiole, apex acuminate; conical, with root crowns. Stems solitary or sparsely
cauline leaves usually 2–4 pairs, narrowly oblanceolate clustered, erect or ascending, simple, densely villous.
to lanceolate, slightly clasping at base. Cymes 2–4- Basal leaves saccate-obovoid or elliptic-oblanceolate,
flowered. Pedicel 1–4 cm, densely glandular hairy; 5–10(–15) × 2.5–4 cm, sparsely villous, margin ciliate,
bracts lanceolate, densely white villous. Calyx 3-veined, base attenuate into petiole, apex acute or
campanulate, 1.1–1.4 cm × 5–7 mm, base rounded, acuminate; distal leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate to
margin membranous, ciliate. Androgynophore 1–2 mm, lanceolate, small. Cymes 3–8-flowered; flowers
glabrous. Petals lilac, 1.7–2 cm; claws oblanceolate, subopposite, slightly nutant. Pedicel 1–1.5 cm, slender,
glabrous, auricles orbicular; limbs exserted beyond densely villous; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, villous.
calyx, orbicular, deeply bifid to middle, lobes entire or Calyx broadly campanulate, 1.8–2 cm, margin
weakly laciniate; coronal scales broad, toothed. membranous, ciliate, apex acute or obtuse.
Stamens included; filaments glabrous. Styles included. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm, glabrous or early villous.
Capsule ellipsoid-ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, shorter than calyx. Petals dark violet, ca. 1.8 cm; claws obovate-lanceolate,
Seeds 2–2.5 mm, minutely striate, grooved abaxially. Fl. ca. 1 cm, ciliate at base, auricles orbicular; limbs
Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. exserted beyond calyx, broadly obovate, ca. 8 mm,
• Alpine grasslands, scrub; (2900–)3400–4000 m. Sichuan, NW deeply 4-lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, subequal, apex
Yunnan (Dêqên Xian, Zhongdian Xian). acute; coronal scales nearly suborbicular, 1.5–2 mm,
with few round teeth. Stamens included; filaments
This species is like a miniature Silene stewartiana, but its seeds are
sparsely villous. Styles included. Seeds 2–2.5 mm,
wingless.
winged. Fl. Aug–Sep.
82. Silene pubicalycina C. Y. Wu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 151.
• Stony alpine grasslands; (3000–)3200–4000 m. NW Yunnan
1982. (Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian).
84. Silene stewartiana Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Melandrium longipes Handel-Mazzetti; M.
Edinburgh 5: 180. 1912. melananthum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; Silene
大子蝇子草 da zi ying zi cao longipes (Handel-Mazzetti) C. Y. Wu.
Herbs perennial, 25–35 cm. Roots slightly spiniform, Herbs perennial, ca. 30 cm tall. Roots long conical.
often multicrowned. Stems sparsely caespitose, Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, simple, apically
ascending, apically slightly villous. Basal leaves pubescent. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 8–12
narrowly oblanceolate, 7–12 × 0.7–1.5 cm, both cm × 5–7 mm, glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein
surfaces and margin glabrous, midvein prominent, base prominent, base attenuate into long petiole, apex acute;
attenuate into long petiole, apex acute; cauline leaves distal leaves lanceolate, small. Cymes few flowered;
narrowly lanceolate, 6–8 cm × 5–10 mm, glabrous, base flowers slightly nutant. Pedicel 1–3 cm, glandular
slightly clasping, apex acuminate. Cymes 2–5-flowered; hairy; bracts small, herbaceous. Calyx violet,
flowers slightly nutant. Pedicel 1–3 cm, densely campanulate, 1.2–1.4 cm × 3.5–5 mm; longitudinal
glandular hairy; bracts linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, veins violet, cohering at apex, glandular hairy; calyx
glandular villous. Calyx campanulate, 2–2.5 cm × 7–10 teeth triangular-ovate, mucronulate at apex.
mm, loose in fruit; longitudinal veins dark green, violet Androgynophore ca. 2 mm. Petals dark violet, 1.5–1.8
glandular hairy; calyx teeth triangular-ovate, 5–8 mm, cm, exserted beyond ca. 1/3 × length of calyx, claws
margin membranous, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 3– obovoid, glabrous, with orbicular auricles, margin erose;
4 mm, glabrous. Petals lilac, 2.3–2.5 cm; claws nearly limbs broadly obovate, deeply 4-lobed; medial lobes
cuneate, glabrous, auricles orbicular; limbs exserted broadly band-shaped, truncate at apex, sometimes
beyond calyx, elliptic, ca. 10 × 4–5 mm, deeply 4-lobed; toothed; lateral lobes spreading, linear; coronal scales
medial lobes narrowly elliptic, margin entire; lateral subsquarrose, indented-toothed. Stamens included;
lobes spreading, linear, small; coronal scales oblong, 2- filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule ovoid, 8–
or 3-toothed. Stamens included; filaments glabrous. 10 mm. Fl. Aug.
Styles included. Capsule ovoid, 1–1.4 cm, shorter than
calyx. Seeds 2–2.5 mm, winged. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct. • Grasslands; 2800–3800(–4200) m. NW Yunnan.

• Alpine grasslands; 2800–3900 m. NW Yunnan (Lijiang Naxi Zu This species is probably best regarded as conspecific with Silene
Zizhixian). scopulorum, because it is impossible to find sharp discontinuities in
85. Silene scopulorum Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: any of the characters used for separating them.
423. 1886. 87. Silene delavayi Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 424.
岩生蝇子草 yan sheng ying zi cao 1886.
Lychnis scopulorum (Franchet) Diels; Melandrium 西南蝇子草 xi nan ying zi cao
scopulorum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti.
Herbs perennial, 20–25 cm tall. Roots cylindric, multi- Lychnis delavayi (Franchet) Diels; Melandrium
crowned. Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, simple, delavayi (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti.
shortly villous. Basal leaves oblanceolate, 4–7 cm × 5– Herbs perennial, 20–40(–60) cm tall. Roots conical.
10 mm, glabrous, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, simple, apically
base attenuate into long petiole, apex acute; cauline densely glandular hairy. Basal leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, small. Cymes few 3–8(–12) × 1–1.7 (–2.5) cm, minutely pubescent, ciliate,
flowered; flowers slightly nutant. Pedicel 2–4 mm, midvein obvious, densely pubescent, base attenuate into
villous with curved hairs; bracts ovate-elliptic, long petiole, sometimes nearly cuneate, apex acute or
herbaceous, shortly villous. Calyx reddish, campanulate, obtuse; cauline leaves usually 2–4 pairs, violet,
1.2–1.5 cm × ca. 6 mm, base rounded; longitudinal lanceolate, 1.5–3 cm. Cymes many flowered; flowers
veins violet, cohering at apex, multicellular glandular slightly nutant. Pedicel shorter than calyx, densely
hairy; calyx teeth nearly semirounded, margin violet glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous.
membranous, ciliate, apex acute. Androgynophore ca. Calyx narrowly campanulate or cylindric-campanulate,
1.5 mm, glabrous. Petals dark violet, 1.5–2 cm; claws 1–1.5(–2) cm × 4–5 mm, densely violet glandular hairy,
oblanceolate, glabrous, with auricles; limbs exserted longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular-
beyond calyx, broadly obovate, deeply 4-lobed; medial lanceolate, 4–6 mm. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm,
lobes narrowly elliptic, sometimes toothed or shallowly glabrous. Petals red or dark violet, (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) cm;
bifid; lateral lobes spreading, linear; coronal scales
claws narrowly cuneate, glabrous, auricles triangular;
subsquarrose, laciniate. Stamens included; filaments
limbs exserted beyond calyx, nearly orbicular,
glabrous. Styles included. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm,
shallowly bifid or emarginate; lobes nearly ovate, erose
shorter than calyx. Seeds ca. 2.5 mm, winged. Fl. Aug–
at apex, sometimes lateral part of limb 1-toothed at base;
Sep, fr. Sep–Oct.
• Alpine grasslands; 3000–4000 m. NW Yunnan.
coronal scales narrowly elliptic, apex erose. Stamens
slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Capsule globose-
86. Silene melanantha Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds dark brown,
423. 1886. reniform, 1.2–1.5 mm, minutely tuberculate, with long,
黑花蝇子草 hei hua ying zi cao
sharp tubercles toward abaxial side. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. to middle of petals; lateral lobes linear-orbicular, small;
Sep–Oct. coronal scales suborbicular to orbicular. Stamens
• Mountain grasslands; below 3800 m. NW Yunnan. included; filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule
This species is used medicinally.
ellipsoid, ca. 1 cm, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds
88. Silene longicornuta C. Y. Wu & C. L. Tang, Acta Bot.
reniform, minutely tuberculate. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct.
Yunnan. 4: 149. 1982.
• Stony substrate of forests; 2400–3600 m. SW Sichuan, N Yunnan.
长角蝇子草 chang jiao ying zi cao 90. Silene lineariloba C. Y. Wu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 4: 148.
Herbs perennial, 7–15 cm tall. Roots robust. Stems 1982.
solitary or sparsely clustered, erect, simple, rarely 线瓣蝇子草 xian ban ying zi cao
branched at base, densely villous and glandular hairy. Herbs perennial, 6–15 cm tall. Roots robust. Stems
Basal leaves oblanceolate, 5–12 × 1–2 cm, glabrous, sparsely caespitose, erect, simple, densely glandular
margin long ciliate, midvein conspicuous, base hairy. Basal leaves saccate-oblanceolate, 3–6 × 0.8–1.2
attenuate into long petiole, apex acute or acuminate; cm, both surfaces subglabrous, margin ciliate, midvein
cauline leaves 1 or 2 pairs, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, prominent, base attenuate into petiole, apex obtuse,
smaller than basal leaves. Cymes many flowered, rarely rarely rounded; cauline leaves 1 or 2 pairs oblanceolate
2- or 3-flowered. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, dense hairy with to lanceolate, small. Cymes multiflowered. Pedicel 5–
multicellular, violet glandular hairs; bracts ovate or 15 mm, glandular villous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1
ovate-lanceolate, 8–15 mm, herbaceous, densely cm, herbaceous, glandular villous. Calyx narrowly
glandular villous. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 1.2– campanulate, 9–11 × 3–3.5 mm, densely glandular
1.7 cm × ca. 5 mm, densely violet glandular hairy, villous, longitudinal veins not prominent; calyx teeth
longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular-lanceo- triangular, ca. 2 mm, ciliate, apex obtuse.
late, 3–4 mm, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acute. Androgynophore 1–1.5 mm, pubescent. Petals pale red,
Androgynophore 1–2 mm, glabrous. Petals violet, to 1.2–1.4 cm; claws oblanceolate, glabrous, exauriculate;
2.5 cm; claws slightly exserted beyond calyx, white, limbs exserted beyond calyx, subsaccate, 3–5 mm,
cuneate-oblanceolate, 1–1.3 cm, glabrous, auricles deeply 4-lobed to below middle of petal; lobes linear,
orbicular, margin erose; limbs obovate, deeply 4-lobed nearly equal in size; lateral lobes spreading; coronal
to 2/3 of petals; medial lobes broadly band-shaped, scales nearly flabellate, ca. 0.6 mm, margin entire or
sometimes emarginate at apex; lateral lobes linear, slightly emarginate. Stamens included; filaments
small; coronal scales lanceolate. Stamens included; glabrous. Styles exserted after anthesis. Capsule ovoid,
filaments glabrous. Styles included. Capsule globose. ca. 8 mm, shorter than calyx. Fl. Sep–Oct.
Seeds reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Sep–Oct. • About 2900 m. NW Yunnan.
• Stony fissures in mountains; ca. 2500 m. SW Sichuan, W Yunnan. Species nos. 91–110 belong to an informal group that approximates to
89. Silene oblanceolata W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Silene sect. Cucubaloideae Edgeworth & J. D. Hooker. As cir-
Edinburgh 11: 227. 1920. cumscribed here, this is a distinct, probably monophyletic group char-
倒披针叶蝇子草 dao pi zhen ye ying zi cao acterized by more or less creeping habit and fleshy, fasciculate root
Melandrium oblanceolatum (W. W. Smith) Handel- tubers.
The species of the “Cucubaloideae” group can be described as
Mazzetti.
follows. Herbs perennial, with clustered, tuberous roots. Stems diffuse,
Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Roots slightly robust. supine or ascending, branched. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme.
Stems solitary or sparsely clustered, erect or ascending, Flowers bisexual, erect. Calyx tubular-clavate or campanulate,
simple, densely hairy with violet, nodiferous glandular appressed to capsule in fruit, 10-veined, veins usually violet, usually
hairs, apically viscid. Basal leaves usually violet, coherent at calyx teeth. Androgynophore short. Petals red, rarely
oblanceolate, 5–15 × 1–2 cm, both surfaces slightly white, bifid, sometimes 1-toothed on each side; coronal scales present.
coarse, sometimes sparsely hairy, margin ciliate, Styles 3. The group is distributed in China, the Himalayas, and Indo-
midvein prominent, base attenuate into long petiole, China.
apex acute or rarely obtuse; cauline leaves 2 or 3 pairs, 91. Silene tatarinowii Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes
Moscou 34(2): 562. 1861.
sessile, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex
acuminate. Cymes many flowered; flowers slightly 石生蝇子草 shi sheng ying zi cao
nutant. Pedicel 5–15 mm, densely violet glandular hairy;
bracts ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, glandular hairy. Melandrium tatarinowii (Regel) Y. W. Tsui; Silene po-
Calyx narrowly campanulate, 1–1.2 cm × 3–3.5 mm, taninii Maximowicz; S. tatarinowii f. albiflora
densely violet glandular hairy, closed in fruit, (Franchet) Kitagawa; S. tatarinowii var. albiflora
longitudinal veins cohering at apex; calyx teeth Franchet.
triangular-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm, glandular hairy. Herbs perennial, finely retrorse pubescent throughout.
Androgynophore very short, villous. Petals included, Roots yellowish, cylindric or spiniform. Stems
lilac or red, ca. 1 cm; claws saccate or oblanceolate, ascending or supine, branched, sometimes with
glabrous, auricle erose at margin; limbs nearly orbicular, adventitious roots at nodes. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
deeply 4-lobed; median lobes orbicular, shallowly bifid lanceolate, rarely ovate, 2–5 × 0.5–1.5(–2) cm, both
surfaces sparsely villous, margin shortly ciliate, 1- or 93. Silene yunnanensis Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
usually 3-veined, base broadly cuneate or attenuate into 425. 1886.
petiole, apex acuminate. Dichasial cymes lax, broad. 云南蝇子草 yun nan ying zi cao
Pedicel 8–30(–50) mm, slender, pubescent; bracts
lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx tubular-clavate, 1.2–1.5 Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, long cylindric. Stems
cm × 3–5 mm; longitudinal veins green, rarely violet, diffuse, 20–80 cm, much branched, pubescent. Leaves
glabrous or sparsely pubescent; calyx teeth triangular, sessile, gray-green abaxially, green or gray-green
margin membranous, shortly ciliate, apex acute, rarely adaxially, lanceolate, 3–7 × 0.6–1.5 cm, base rounded
obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Petals to broadly cuneate, apex acuminate, pubescent with
white, oblanceolate, claws not or slightly exserted be- small tubercle-based hairs. Cymes few flowered, dense
yond calyx, glabrous, exauriculate; limbs obovate, ca. 7 to rather lax; flowers erect, ca. 2 cm in diam. Pedicel 5–
mm, shallowly bifid to 1/4 of limbs, each with 1 small 20 mm, densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, her-
linear lobe or slender tooth on two lateral lobes; coronal baceous, villous. Calyx tubular-clavate, ca. 15 × 3.5
scales elliptic, margin entire. Stamens prominently mm; longitudinal veins green or violet, densely spinose
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles prominently hairy, or ± evenly pubescent; calyx teeth triangular-
exserted. Capsule ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 6–8 mm, lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate.
shorter than calyx. Seeds gray-brown, reniform, ca. 1 Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red to
mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. white, 2–2.5 cm; claws slightly exserted, oblanceolate,
glabrous; limbs broadly obovate, deeply bifid to middle;
• Scrub, forested stony mountains, rock fissures; 800–2900 m. Gansu,
Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanxi,
lobes obovate, with 1 small linear lobe on lateral side
Shaanxi, Sichuan. at base; coronal scales elliptic, margin entire. Stamens
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule
92. Silene platyphylla Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
narrowly ovoid, 1–1.2 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds
419. 1886.
dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, with long papillae
宽叶蝇子草 kuan ye ying zi cao abaxially. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 24*.
• Forests, fields; (2400–)2700–3400(–3900) m. NW Yunnan.
Melandrium platyphyllum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; 94. Silene adenocalyx F. N. Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38:
M. praticola (W. W. Smith) Pax & K. Hoffmann; 403. 1909.
Silene platyphylla f. congesta Franchet; S. platyphylla f. 腺萼蝇子草 xian e ying zi cao
involucrata Franchet; S. platyphylla f. paniculifera Herbs perennial. Stems supine, 25–40 cm,
Franchet; S. platyphylla var. praticola (W. W. Smith) C. multibranched, densely short glandular hairy,
Y. Wu; S. praticola W. W. Smith. sometimes glandular hairy apically. Leaves ovate-
Herbs perennial. Roots cylindric. Stems diffuse, 60–100 lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5–3 cm × 5–12 mm, both
cm tall, much branched, pubescent. Leaves ovate, 6–8 × surfaces densely pubescent, margin glandular hairy, 1-
3–5 cm, abaxially pubescent, margin ciliate, or 3-veined, base rounded, apex acuminate. Dichasial
conspicuously 3- or 5-veined, base nearly rounded or cymes 3–10-flowered, lax. Pedicel 1–2.5 cm, slender,
shallowly ovate, apex acute. Lower internodes in glandular villous; bracts lanceolate, 8–10 mm,
dichasium long, subsequent short. Pedicel 6–30 mm, pubescent. Calyx tubular, 1.4–1.5 cm × 4–5 mm,
hirtellous. Bracts ovate, herbaceous, densely pubescent. truncate at base, slightly constricted above, glandular
Calyx tubular-clavate, ca. 1.5 cm, densely spinose hairy villous, longitudinal veins dark green; calyx teeth nar-
at veins; teeth triangular-lanceolate, margin rowly lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, shortly glandular hairy,
membranous, ciliate, apex acute or acuminate. margin shortly ciliate, apex acuminate.
Androgynophore 1–2 mm. Petals white or pale red, ca. Androgynophore ca. 3 mm, glabrous. Petals white or
2 cm; claws slightly exserted beyond calyx, pale red; claws cuneate-oblanceolate, ca. 1 cm, glabrous;
oblanceolate, glabrous; limbs obovate, bifid to middle; auricles triangular, margin entire or slightly erose; limb
lobes elliptic, with a linear lobe or narrow tooth on each narrow, ca. 5 mm, bifid to 1/2, lobes entire or laciniate.
side (shallowly 4-lobed in var. praticola). Stamens Stamens and styles prominently exserted. Capsule ca. 8
slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles mm. Seeds not seen. Fl. Jul–Aug.
prominently exserted. Capsule ovoid, 8–10 mm, shorter • Alpine scrub grasslands, shifting screes; 3200–4300 m. C and SE
Xizang.
than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, with 95. Silene trachyphylla Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
lateral auricular pits. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 417. 1886.
• Forest margins, scrub; 2400–2700(–3200) m. SW Sichuan, W 糙叶蝇子草 cao ye ying zi cao
Yunnan. Herbs perennial. Roots cylindric, with robust root
The primary dichasial branch is very long and subsequent ones short, crowns. Stems supine or ascending, branched, densely
especially so in f. involucrata. The species is not divided here, but Wu glandular villous. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or
Zhengyi (editor’s note) prefers to maintain var. praticola. lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 6–8(–12) mm, both surfaces
hirtellous, margin coarsely ciliate, midvein prominent, • Scrub grasslands, forest edges; 1300–3900 m. Guizhou, Sichuan,
base attenuate, apex acuminate. Dichasial cymes large, Yunnan.
The type material of Silene kermesina is slightly heterogeneous; the
many flowered. Pedicel nearly as long as to longer than
specimen at BM has slightly larger and less hairy calyces, whereas
calyx, densely glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate. Calyx the specimen at E fits well with our concept of S. asclepiadea.
tubular, 1.5–2 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, glandular hairy, 97. Silene khasiana Rohrbach, Linnaea 36: 258. 1869.
umbilicate at base, longitudinal veins violet; calyx 卡西亚蝇子草 ka xi ya ying zi cao
teeth triangular-ovate, ca. 2 mm, villous, margin Herbs perennial, glandular villous throughout. Stems
membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse. Androgynophore ca. sparsely caespitose, ascending, 50–80 cm, branched.
3 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red, ca. 2.5 cm; claws Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2.5–5 × 1–2.5 cm,
slightly exserted beyond calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous, conspicuously 3- or 5-veined, both surfaces glabrous or
auricles not prominent; limbs obovate, 8–10 mm, sparsely hairy, margin ciliate, base rounded, apex
shallowly bifid; lobes ovate, with 1 small dentate lobe acuminate. Cymes few flowered, lax (smaller lateral
on lateral side of limbs; coronal scales ovoid, inflorescences often 1-flowered). Pedicel 1–3 cm;
sometimes laciniate. Stamens slightly exserted; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous. First branch in dichasium
filaments glabrous. Styles slightly exserted. Capsule sometimes very long (to 15 cm). Calyx campanulate, 8–
ovoid-globose, 1–1.2 cm. Seeds reniform. Fl. Jul–Aug, 10 mm, glandular hairy; longitudinal veins dark green,
fr. Aug–Oct. cohering at apex; calyx teeth lanceolate, apex acute.
• Scrub; 3100–3900 m. Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red,
The type could not be found by the present authors. The taxon claws narrow, subequaling calyx, glabrous, limbs
described above is similar to Silene adenocalyx, but has much larger deeply bifid, lobes obtuse; coronal scales small.
and broader petals and fits reasonably well with the type description
Filaments glabrous. Capsule ovoid, ca. 8 mm. Seeds
of S. trachyphylla.
96. Silene asclepiadea Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
reniform.
Xizang [India, ?Nepal].
422. 1886.
掌脉蝇子草 zhang mai ying zi cao 98. Silene lhassana (F. N. Williams) Majumdar, Bull. Bot.
Surv. India 15(1–2): 42. 1976.
Lychnis adenantha (Franchet) Diels; Melandrium 拉萨蝇子草 la sa ying zi cao
adenanthum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; M. Melandrium lhassanum F. N. Williams; Silene
asclepiadeum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti ex Pax & K. nyingchiensis L. H. Zhou.
Hoffmann; M. kermesinum (W. W. Smith) Handel- Herbs perennial. Stems ascending to upright, usually
Mazzetti; M. viscidulum (Franchet) F. N. Williams var. violet, 30–60 cm, branched, pubescent, apically
szechuanensis (F. N. Williams) Handel-Mazzetti; Silene glandular hairy, with sterile leafy branches. Leaves
adenantha Franchet; S. asclepiadea var. glutinosa Fran- ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm × 5–15 mm, both surfaces
chet; S. kermesina W. W. Smith; S. lutea Franchet; S. densely hairy, margin ciliate, 1- or 3-veined basally,
szechuanensis F. N. Williams. margin undulate. Dichasial cymes densely glandular
Herbs perennial, basally crispate-puberulent to sub- pubescent. Flowers erect, 1–1.3 cm in diam. Pedicel 5–
glabrous, apically glandular hairy. Roots clustered, 15 mm; bracts lanceolate, 2–10 mm, herbaceous. Calyx
cylindric, fleshy. Stems diffuse, to 1 m, much branched. campanulate, 1–1.2 cm × 3.5–5 mm, densely glandular
Leaves sessile, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4–7 × hairy, truncate at base, slightly inflated in late maturity,
2–4 cm, glabrous or sparsely hairy abaxially and at longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular, ca. 2.5
veins adaxially, conspicuously 3- or 5-veined. Dichasial mm. Androgynophore ca. 3.5 mm, glabrous. Petals
cymes lax and broad; proximal pedicels to 5 cm, violet, 1–1.5 cm; claws exserted beyond calyx,
subsequent ones much shorter, densely glandular hairy; oblanceolate, glabrous, with broad auricles; limbs ca.
bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, glandular 4.5 mm, bifid nearly to 1/2; lobes elliptic, margin entire.
pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 8–12(–13) × ca. 4 mm, Stamens exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles ca. 8 mm,
base rounded, slightly inflated in late maturity, densely prominently exserted. Capsule ovoid, 6–8 mm, shorter
violet glandular villous at veins; calyx teeth triangular- than calyx. Seeds dark brown, triangular-reniform, ca.
ovate, subobtuse and shortly ciliate. Androgynophore 1.2 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
1–2 mm, glabrous. Petals ca. 1.5 cm; claws cuneate, • Alpine scrub grasslands; 2900–4600 m. C and S Xizang.
glabrous, erose above; limbs violet or pale pink, 4- 99. Silene grandiflora Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33:
lobed; medial lobes narrowly orbicular; lateral lobes 427. 1886.
linear, small; coronal scales subsquarrose, margin 大花蝇子草 da hua ying zi cao
dentate or entire. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments Melandrium grandiflorum (Franchet) Y. W. Tsui.
glabrous. Styles 3. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm, shorter than Herbs perennial. Stems diffuse, 40–50 cm, branched,
calyx. Seeds reniform, with auricular pit. Fl. Jul–Aug, pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 3–
fr. Aug–Oct. 6 cm × 4–15 mm, both surfaces slightly coarse, sparsely
villous at veins, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, base
suborbicular or broadly cuneate, apex acuminate. Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems
Dichasial cymes lax and broad; flowers erect, to 2.5 cm diffuse, supine, 20–40 cm, multibranched, basally
in diam. Pedicel 4–7 cm, slender, pubescent; bracts eglandular pubescent, apically glandular hairy. Leaves
lanceolate, herbaceous, villous. Calyx pale green or red, elliptic or elliptic-oblanceolate, 3–6 × 1–2(–2.5) cm,
tubular-clavate, ca. 20 × 4 mm, umbilicate at base, subglabrous, midvein prominent, cuneate or gradually
sparsely pubescent, veins not prominent; calyx teeth narrowed to base, apex acute. Dichasia 1–5(–7)-
ovate-lanceolate, ca. 2.5 mm, margin membranous, flowered. Pedicel 1.5–5 cm, densely violet glandular
apex obtuse. Androgynophore 5–8 mm, glabrous. pubescent; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 3–15 mm,
Petals red, 2–2.5 cm; claws narrowly oblanceolate, herbaceous, abaxially and margin violet glandular hairy.
glabrous, auriculate; limbs obcordate, shallowly bifid, Calyx campanulate, 1.3–1.5 cm × ca. 5 mm, glandular
lobes suborbicular; coronal scales orbicular. Stamens hairy, veins violet, base truncate; calyx teeth triangular,
exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule ca. 3.5 mm. Androgynophore 1–2 mm, glabrous.
Petals ca. 2 cm; claws oblanceolate, glabrous, with
ovoid-globose, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform. Fl.
auricles; limbs pale red, obovate, deeply bifid to middle;
Jul–Aug.
lobes rounded, sometimes with 2 or 3 teeth. Stamens
• Scrub grasslands; ca. 2000 m. Yunnan. and styles included; filaments glabrous. Styles 3. Fl.
This species is similar to Silene cardiopetala, but has narrower leaves Jul–Aug.
and stiffer hairs on the calyx. • Grasslands near forest margins; 2900–3600 m. NW Yunnan
(Lijiang Naxi Zu Zizhixian).
Silene grandiflora var. xerobatica W. W. Smith (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
102. Silene monbeigii W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 11: 224. 1920) has a creeping habit, more crowded, linear
leaves, shorter internodes in the inflorescence, fewer flowers, and
Edinburgh 11: 226. 1920.
shorter pedicels. It is perhaps best regarded as a separate species. 沧江蝇子草 cang jiang ying zi cao
Silene grandiflora is cultivated as an ornamental.
Silene cardiopetala Franchet var. deqenensis C. Y. Wu;
100. Silene cardiopetala Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: S. zangdongensis L. H. Zhou.
419. 1886.
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric. Stems
心瓣蝇子草 xin ban ying zi cao supine, 15–50 cm, slender, multibranched, retrorsely
Melandrium cardiopetalum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti. pubescent. Leaves narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-
elliptic, 5–15(–30) × 4–7 mm, thin, both surfaces
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric or spiniform. pubescent, ciliate, midvein prominent, base attenuate
Stems diffuse, supine, slender, 40–100 cm, branched, into short petiole, sometimes with short, sterile axillary
pubescent. Leaves elliptic, 2–3(–4) × 0.7–1.5(–1.7) cm, branches. Dichasial cymes several flowered; ca. 1.5 cm
both surfaces subglabrous, abaxially sparsely villous at in diam. Pedicel 7–17 mm, with glandular and
midvein, ciliate, midvein prominent, base attenuate, eglandular hairs; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx
apex acute. Dichasial cymes lax and broad, with narrowly cylindric, ca. 15 × 2 mm, glandular hairy,
flowers ca. 2 cm in diam. Pedicel longer, rarely shorter, clavate in fruit, longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth
than calyx, densely villous; bracts linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, apex acute. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm,
sparsely villous. Calyx tubular-clavate, 1.5–1.8 cm × ca. glabrous. Petals ca. 1.5 cm; claws subequaling calyx,
glabrous, narrowly cuneate; limbs pale red, obovate, ca.
3 mm, longitudinal veins obscure, villous or
6 mm, shallowly bifid, sometimes with 1 obscure thin
subglabrous; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, margin
tooth on lower part of lateral lobes; coronal scales
membranous, apex obtuse. Androgynophore 5–8 mm, ovoid or suborbicular, margin entire. Stamens slightly
glabrous. Petals pale red, 2–2.5 cm; claws cuneate, exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule
glabrous, with auricles; limbs obcordate, 6–7 mm in ovoid-globose, 8–10 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds
diam., slightly emarginate or shallowly bifid at apex; dark brown, reniform, with lateral auricular pits. Fl.
lobes broadly ovate, margin entire; coronal scales Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
orbicular, margin entire. Stamens slightly exserted; • Forest margins; 1900–3400 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
filaments glabrous; anthers dark violet. Styles exserted. This species is very similar to Silene rosiflora, but has a markedly
Capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 1 cm, shorter than calyx. longer calyx and androgynophore.
Seeds reniform. Fl. Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct. 103. Silene rosiflora Kingdon-Ward ex W. W. Smith, Notes
• Scrub, forest margins; 700–3200 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang (Zayü Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 8: 111. 1913.
Xian), NW Yunnan. 粉花蝇子草 fen hua ying zi cao
101. Silene lichiangensis W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Silene salweenensis W. W. Smith; ?S. sinowatsonii W.
Edinburgh 11: 225. 1920. W. Smith.
丽江蝇子草 li jiang ying zi cao Herbs perennial. Stems sparsely clustered, diffuse,
Melandrium lichiangense (W. W. Smith) Handel- ascending, 40–60 cm, multibranched, pubescent,
Mazzetti. apically glandular hairy. Leaves elliptic, sometimes
nearly obovate, 2–4 × 1–2 cm, abaxially villous,
adaxially papillose or sparsely hairy, margin coarsely Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems
ciliate, midvein prominent, base cuneate, apex rounded ascending, 20–50 cm, multibranched, pubescent,
or obtuse, mucronulate; distal leaves smaller. Dichasia basally retrorsely pubescent, apically glandular hairy.
7–15-flowered, rachis densely glandular hairy. Pedicel Leaves often with short, sterile axillary branches; leaf
2–4 cm, glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate or linear. blade lanceolate-linear, 1.5–6 cm × 1.5–4(–9) mm, both
Calyx campanulate, 1.1–1.3 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, surfaces densely pubescent, margin ciliate, sometimes
umbilicate at base; longitudinal veins violet, densely revolute, midvein prominent, base cuneate, apex acute.
glandular hairy; calyx teeth suborbicular or obtusely Dichasial cymes lax, densely glandular hairy, lateral di-
triangular, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely villous.
chasia sometimes present. Pedicel 5–20 mm, densely
Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red, ca.
glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate-linear, glandular hairy.
2 cm; claws exserted ca. 5 mm beyond calyx,
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles inconspicuous; limbs Calyx tubular, ca. 15 × 2.5 mm, densely to sparsely
nearly orbicular, ca. 5 mm, shallowly 4-lobed; medial glandular hairy, veins violet; calyx teeth triangular,
lobes square or elliptic, entire, lateral lobes dentate; margin membranous, ciliate, apex acute.
coronal scales narrowly elliptic, small, margin entire. Androgynophore 3–5 mm, glabrous. Petals pale red, ca.
Stamens included, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx; filaments 2 cm; claws slightly exserted beyond calyx,
glabrous. Styles prominently exserted. Capsule ovoid- oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles obscure; limbs obovate,
ellipsoid, ca. 8 mm. Fl. Sep, fr. Oct. bifid, 1-toothed on each lateral side, lobes ovate;
• Grasslands of forest margins; 2800–3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan. coronal scales orbicular, apex obtuse. Stamens exserted;
This species is similar to Silene monbeigii, but has a shorter calyx and filaments glabrous. Styles exserted. Capsule ovoid, ca.
androgynophore. Silene sinowatsonii has been reported to have the 1 cm, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform, grossly
chromosome number 2n = 24.
tuberculate and slightly grooved abaxially. Fl. May–Jun,
104. Silene batangensis Limpricht in Pax, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 363. 1922. fr. Jun–Jul.
巴塘蝇子草 ba tang ying zi cao • Scrub grasslands; 1500–3600 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Melandrium batangense (Limpricht) Pax & K. Three forms of Silene napuligera have been distinguished based on
differences in leaf morphology. These correspond to Silene rubicunda
Hoffmann.
Franchet (not A. Dietrich), with lanceolate leaves to 6 cm long; the
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems type of S. napuligera, with linear-lanceolate leaves to 3 cm long; and
supine or ascending, 20–35 cm, multibranched, 25–35 S. rubicunda var. revoluta, with revolute, linear leaves. However, we
do not find any characters consistently correlated with these entities,
cm, densely shortly glandular hairy, apically viscid. and we therefore treat them as conspecific.
Leaves lanceolate-linear, 2–3 cm × 1.5 × 3.5(–5) mm, Silene habaensis H. Chuang (in C. Y. Wu et al., Fl. Yunnan. 6: 837.
both surfaces pubescent, margin ciliate, midvein 1995) is said to be similar to S. bilingua, but differs in having a
prominent, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute. tubular-clavate calyx and 2-lobed petals. We have seen only a scanty
Dichasial cymes 3–7-flowered, densely glandular hairy; paratype (at KUN), which agrees with these characters. This
flowers erect, 1.6–2 cm in diam. Pedicel 1–1.8 cm, specimen also differs in having 1- or 2-flowered inflorescences and
very long pedicels; moreover, the leaves are reminiscent of plants that
slender, glandular hairy; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous.
have been called S. rubicunda var. revoluta, but the calyx is about 20
Calyx tubular-clavate, 1.2–1.5 cm, densely pubescent, mm.
viscid, longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular- 106. Silene principis Oxelman & Lidén in Oxelman et al.,
lanceolate, villous, margin membranous, apex obtuse. Novon 11: 323. 2001.
Androgynophore 2–3 mm, glabrous. Petals included in 宽瓣蝇子草 kuan ban ying zi cao
calyx, pale red; claws oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles
inconspicuous; limbs obovate, 5–6 mm, shallowly bifid; Silene platypetala Bureau & Franchet, J. Bot. (Morot) 5:
coronal scales orbicular. Stamens slightly exserted; 22. 1891, not Otth (1824); Melandrium platypetalum F.
filaments glabrous. Styles slightly exserted. Capsule N. Williams.
ovoid, 6–8 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds reniform, Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric. Stems
abaxially smooth. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. diffuse, supine, slender, 40–60 cm, multibranched,
• Forest margins, coastal scrub grasslands; 2500–3500 m. W Sichuan, shortly retrorsely pubescent. Leaves linear or ligulate,
E Xizang. 1–3(–4) cm × 1.5–3(–4) mm, abaxially pubescent at
The type has not been seen by the present authors. veins, adaxially coarse, margin ciliate, midvein
105. Silene napuligera Franchet, Pl. Delavay. 82. 1889. prominent, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Dichasial
纺锤蝇子草 fang chui ying zi cao cymes diffuse, few flowered; flowers erect, ca. 2 cm in
Melandrium napuligerum (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; diam. Pedicel 1–3 cm, pubescent; bracts lanceolate,
M. rubicundum Handel-Mazzetti; Silene rubicunda herbaceous, densely pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 1–
Franchet (1886), not A. Dietrich (1835); S. rubicunda 1.3 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, densely pubescent; calyx teeth
var. revoluta Franchet. triangular-ovate. Androgynophore 3–4 mm. Petals
white, rarely pale pink; claws included or slightly
exserted beyond calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous, broadly
triangular above; limbs obcordate, 6–8 × 5–6 mm; ovate-lanceolate, apex acute. Androgynophore 1–2 mm,
coronal scales narrowly elliptic, apex obtuse. Stamens glabrous, furrowed. Petals pale red, 1–2 cm, claws
slightly exserted; filaments glabrous; anthers dark violet. exserted 2–5 mm beyond calyx, oblanceolate, glabrous,
Styles slightly exserted beyond calyx. Capsule ovoid, auricles not prominent, limb bifid to ca. 1/2; lobes
ca. 8 mm, shorter than calyx. Seeds dark brown, narrow, sometimes with 1 slender lateral tooth.
reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. Stamens and styles prominently exserted (2–3 mm);
• Scrub grasslands; 1600–4000 m. W Sichuan. filaments glabrous. Capsule ovoid, 5–8 mm, shorter
Wilson 3751a (K) has smaller petal limbs and fasciculate leaves. than calyx. Seeds dark brown to black, globose-
107. Silene bilingua W. W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Edinburgh 11: 220. 1920.
双舌蝇子草 shuang she ying zi cao • Scrub grasslands; (1200–)1500–3200 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, SE
Xizang, Yunnan.
Melandrium bilinguum (W. W. Smith) Pax & K. Hoff-
mann. Silene viscidula is a complex that could be split into about three
species differing, for example, in indumentum, inflorescence structure,
Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, spiniform. Stems
size of calyx and petals, and degree of exsertion of petals. One form
diffuse, supine, ca. 8 cm, slender, multibranched, has a thyrse (including the types of Silene bodinieri, S. dumicola, and
basally sparsely pubescent, apically glandular hairy. S. mairei) and multicellular, often glandular hairs together with
Leaves linear, 2–3(–6) cm × 1–2(–3) mm, both surfaces recurved, short, unicellular, eglandular hairs; another form has
subglabrous, margin ciliate, midvein prominent, apex terminal dichasia and multicellular, often glandular hairs only. The
acute. Dichasial cymes multiflowered. Pedicel 1–2.5 latter form also has smaller flowers (calyx 7–8 mm) and less exserted
cm, glandular hairy; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 5–10 petal claws (by 2–3 mm). This applies also to the type of S. viscidula
at P. Another species in the vicinity of this complex is S.
mm, glandular hairy. Calyx campanulate, (8–)10–12 × phoenicodonta, which is distinguished by its small flowers and
ca. 3 mm, densely glandular hairy, base rounded, fringed petal auricles.
longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth triangular, apex
The roots are used medicinally.
obtuse. Androgynophore ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Petals
pale red, ca. 1.5 cm; claws included in calyx, 109. Silene phoenicodonta Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France
oblanceolate, glabrous, auricles spreading to flabellate, 33: 422. 1886.
margin erose; limbs obovate, bifid; lobes ligulate, ca.
3.5 mm, 1-toothed on each lateral side; coronal scales 红齿蝇子草 hong chi ying zi cao
subsquarrose, small, margin entire or emarginate. Herbs perennial. Roots clustered, cylindric, dark brown.
Stamens exserted beyond calyx; filaments glabrous. Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, 25–50 cm,
Styles exserted. Capsule ovoid, ca. 8(–10) mm, shorter branched, basally sparsely villous, apically sparsely
than calyx. Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm. Fl. hairy. Proximal cauline leaves greenish, ovate-elliptic
Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep. or obovate-elliptic, 5–10 (–12) × 2–3 cm, glabrous or
• Forests, alpine meadows; (2200–)3100–4100 m. Sichuan, Xizang, sparsely villous at veins, margin shortly pubescent, 3-
NW Yunnan.
108. Silene viscidula Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 421.
veined, base attenuate into petiole, apex acute at apex;
1886. distal leaves sessile, often ovate, small. Dichasia diffuse,
粘萼蝇子草 nian e ying zi cao few flowered; flowers erect. Pedicel and rachis villous,
Melandrium lankongense (Franchet) Handel-Mazzetti; sparsely glandular hairy; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
M. viscidulum (Franchet) F. N. Williams; Silene villous. Calyx ovoid-campanulate, 6–8 mm, base
asclepiadea Franchet var. dumicola (W. W. Smith) C. rounded; longitudinal veins green or violet, sparsely
L. Tang); S. bodinieri H. Léveillé; S. dumicola W. W. hirtellous and glandular hairy, inflated after anthesis;
Smith; S. lankongensis Franchet; S. mairei H. Léveillé. calyx teeth violet, ovate, apex acute. Androgynophore
Herbs perennial, pubescent throughout. Roots clustered, ca. 1 mm, glabrous. Petals dark violet, 1–1.2 cm; claws
dark brown, cylindric. Stems diffusely branched, to 80 included in calyx, subsaccate, glabrous, flabellately
cm, apically glandular hairy. Leaves elliptic, 3–6 cm, inflated above, laciniate; limbs obovate, deeply bifid to
1.5–2 × as long as broad, both surfaces slightly middle, lobes ovate or nearly band-shaped; coronal
tuberculate-scabrid or shortly pubescent, margin shortly scales orbicular-linear, small. Stamens included or
ciliate, midvein prominent, base cuneate or attenuate slightly exserted; filaments glabrous. Styles exserted.
into short petiole, apex acute. Dichasia large, the first Capsule broadly ovoid, 7–10 mm, shorter than calyx.
internodes very long (often 5–10 cm), distally dense, Seeds dark brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, thickened. Fl.
densely glandular villous; flowers erect, 1–1.2 cm in Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug.
diam. Pedicel of first flower subequaling or longer than • Scrub, stream edges; 1600–2600 m. E and S Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
calyx, pedicels of other flowers usually shorter than 110. Silene otodonta Franchet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 33: 426.
calyx; bracts ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous. Calyx 1886.
campanulate, (6–)8–10 mm, densely glandular villous, 耳齿蝇子草 er chi ying zi cao
base rounded, longitudinal veins violet; calyx teeth
Herbs perennial, eglandular pubescent. Roots clustered, Petals ca. 1.8 cm; claws included in calyx, oblanceolate,
cylindric. Stems diffuse, 30–70 cm, multibranched, glabrous, with broad auricles; limbs pale red or white,
shortly pubescent. Leaves with short, sterile axillary ca. 7 mm, bifid to middle; lobes linear, with 1 narrow
branches; leaf blade elliptic, 2–3 cm × 6–15 mm, both lateral tooth; coronal scales lanceolate, 1.5–2 mm, apex
surfaces pubescent, ciliate, midvein prominent, base acute. Stamens and styles exserted; filaments glabrous.
cuneate or attenuate into short petiole, apex acute. Styles 3. Capsule subovoid, 8–10 mm. Seeds reniform.
Inflorescence a thyrse, sometimes composed of two Fl. Aug–Sep.
orders, cymules usually 5–7-flowered, dense. Pedicel
1–10(–20) mm, pubescent; bracts linear-lanceolate, • Forests; 2100–2500 m. Sichuan, Yunnan.
herbaceous, blackish pointed, pubescent. Flowers ca. Silene otodonta is easily distinguished from all other species by
1.5 cm in diam. Calyx tubular or narrowly campanulate, numerous lateral dichasia, forming a complex paniculate thyrse, and
1.2–1.5 cm × ca. 3.5 mm, pubescent, base umbilicate; its acuminate flower buds, appearing pointed because of the
calyx teeth blackish violet, ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3.5 mm, protruding, blackish violet calyx teeth.
apex acuminate. Androgynophore ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous.

22. AGROSTEMMA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 435. 1753.

麦仙翁属 mai xian weng shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman
Herbs annual. Stems erect. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear. Flowers in few flowered, lax dichasia. Calyx tube
ovate or elliptic-ovate, with 10 longitudinal, raised veins; teeth 5, leaflike, linear, usually longer than tube.
Androgynophore absent. Petals 5; limb usually shorter than calyx teeth, emarginate, gradually turning to claw;
coronal scales absent. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-locular; styles 5, hairy, alternating with calyx lobes. Capsule ovoid,
septicidally dehiscing by 5 teeth. Seeds numerous.
About three species: native to the Mediterranean region, native or naturalized in N Asia and Europe, naturalized in North America; one species in
China.
1. Agrostemma githago Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 435. 1753. and styles exserted. Capsule ovoid, 1.2–1.8 cm, slightly
麦仙翁 mai xian weng longer than calyx. Seeds black, ovoid or reniform, 2.5–
3 mm, with prominent acute tubercles. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr.
Plants 60–90 cm tall, with long appressed grayish hairs. Jul–Sep. 2n = 24, 48.
Stems unbranched, often with axillary dichasia above. Weed of fields, wheat farmlands, roadside grasslands. Heilongjiang,
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 4–13 cm × (2–)5–10 Jilin, Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [native to the Mediterranean region,
mm, midvein prominent, base slightly connate, apex native or naturalized in N Asia and Europe; naturalized elsewhere].
acute. Pedicel very long. Calyx tube 1.2–1.5 cm, This species is used medicinally. The stem, leaves, and seeds are
abaxially villous; teeth 2–3 cm. Petal limbs pink, 1.4– poisonous.
1.8 cm, shorter than calyx teeth; claw white, narrowly
cuneate; limb dark red, obovate, emarginate. Stamens

23. LYCHNIS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 436. 1753.

剪秋罗属 jian qiu luo shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman
Coronaria Guettard; Hedona Loureiro.
Herbs biennial or perennial. Stems erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, apex acute. Inflorescence a
dichasium or flower solitary. Calyx tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped or narrowly campanulate, usually not inflated,
10-veined, with 5 teeth. Petals 5, long clawed, limb white, pink, or red, entire, bifid, 4-fid, or laciniate; coronal
scales present. Androgynophore ± conspicuous, glabrous. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 5,
opposite calyx teeth, their bases persistent in fruit. Capsule septicidally dehiscing with 5 teeth. Seeds numerous,
reniform, minute, ± tuberculate.
About 25 species: temperate Africa, Asia, and Europe; six species in China.
Lychnis coronaria (Linnaeus) Desrousseaux is cultivated in China for its attractive flowers.
Recently, Greuter (in Taxon 44: 543–581. 1995) placed Lychnis into the synonymy of Silene. However, Oxelman et al. (in Nordic J. Bot. 20: 513–
518. 2001) showed that it is possible to retain Lychnis and several other genera (e.g., Atocion) as separate from Silene in a taxonomy that is
consistent with both the ability to diagnose taxa and solid, molecular-phylogenetic hypotheses. Some species, traditionally included in Lychnis,
belong in Silene.

1a. Inflorescence a dense, corymblike dichasium ............................................................................ 1. L. chalcedonica

1b. Inflorescence not corymblike.
 2a. Petal limb unlobed, apex dentate ................................................................................................. 5. L. coronata
2b. Petal limb lobed, apex dentate or entire.
3a. Petal limb 2-lobed with lateral, subulate teeth, apex obtuse.
4a. Petal limb crimson-red, not overlapping, bracts and calyx densely villous ........................ 4. L. fulgens
4b. Petal limb orange-red or reddish, obovate, overlapping, bracts and calyx laxly villous .... 3. L. cognata
3b. Petal limb with several acute, ± irregular lobes.
5a. Androgynophore ca. 10 mm or more .................................................................................... 6. L. senno
5b. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm or less .................................................................................... 2. L. wilfordii
1. Lychnis chalcedonica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 436. 1753. Wet meadows, low river banks, woodland edges, forest margins;
200–1200 m. Jilin [Japan, N Korea, Russia (Far East)].
皱叶剪秋罗 zhou ye jian qiu luo
Mabberley (in Telopea 8: 249–256) considered species nos. 2–6 to be
Silene chalcedonica (Linnaeus) E. H. L. Krause. conspecific, hypothesizing that the type specimens pertaining to them
are of garden origin and that they could all be of hybrid origin. The
Herbs perennial, 50–100 cm tall, hispid with morphological diversity should thus be a reflection of segregation of
multicellular eglandular hairs. Stems simple or rarely offspring in F2 or later generations.
branched; sterile, dwarf, axillary shoots from short
rhizomes present. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5– 3. Lychnis cognata Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 55. 1859.
12 × 2–5 cm, both surfaces sparsely pilose. 浅裂剪秋罗 qian lie jian qiu luo
Inflorescence a terminal, dense, corymblike, 10–50-
Lychnis fulgens Fischer var. cognata (Maximowicz)
flowered dichasium. Pedicel much shorter than calyx,
Regel; Silene cognata (Maximowicz) H. Ohashi & H.
slender; bracts lanceolate, small, herbaceous. Flowers
Nakai.
1.5–2 cm in diam. Calyx tubular or tubular-clavate,
1.2–1.5(–1.7) × ca. 3 mm, pilose at veins; teeth Herbs perennial, 30–90 cm tall, pilose with intermixed
triangular-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Petal limb orange-red, sparse multicellular eglandular hairs. Roots caespitose,
broadly obovate, 7–9 mm, bifid to 1/3; lobes obovate, fusiform, slightly fleshy. Stems simple or branched
each with a subulate lateral tooth; claw oblanceolate, above. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 5–11 × 1–4 cm, more
base ciliate; coronal scales linear, apex acute. Stamens densely pilose at veins, base broadly cuneate, apex
slightly exserted. Androgynophore 4–6 mm. Capsule acute. Dichasium several flowered, or sometimes
ovoid, 8–10 mm. Seeds dark red-brown, triangular- flowers solitary in leaf axils. Pedicel 3–12 mm; bracts
reniform, ca. 1 mm, sharply pointed tuberculate. Fl. laxly villous. Flowers 3.5–5 cm in diam. Calyx
summer–autumn, fr. autumn. 2n = 24, 48. narrowly campanulate, 2–2.5 cm × 3.5–5 mm, laxly
Gansu, Xinjiang [Mongolia, Russia].
villous at veins, slightly inflated in fruit; teeth triangular,
ca. 3 mm. Petal limb orange-red or reddish, bifid,
This species is also cultivated in Chinese gardens. apically obtuse, each with a subulate lateral tooth, main
2. Lychnis wilfordii (Regel) Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. lobes obovate, margin entire or obscurely denticulate;
Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 178. 1872. claw slightly protruding from calyx, glabrous, base
narrowly cuneate; coronal scales dark red, apex dentate.
丝瓣剪秋罗 si ban jian qiu luo Stamens and styles slightly exserted. Androgynophore
Lychnis fulgens Fischer var. wilfordii Regel, Bull. Soc. 8–10 mm. Capsule narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm.
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(4): 576. 1861; Silene Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Jul–Aug. 2n = 24.
wilfordii (Regel) H. Ohashi & H. Nakai. Mountain slopes, gullies, forests, scrub, grasslands; 500–2000 m.
Herbs perennial, 45–100 cm tall, glabrous or pilose Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi,
Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang [Korea, Russia (Far East)].
with intermixed sparse multicellular eglandular hairs.
Roots unknown. Stems simple or branched above. 4. Lychnis fulgens Fischer ex Sprengel, Nov. Prevent. 26.
Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1818.
3–12 × 1–2.5 cm, glabrous, margin thickly ciliate. 剪秋罗 jian qiu luo
Dichasium rather dense, many flowered. Pedicel 3–20
mm; bracts linear-lanceolate. Flowers 2.5–3 cm in diam. Silene fulgens (Sprengel) E. H. L. Krause.
Calyx narrowly funnel-shaped, 1.5–2 cm × 4–5 mm, Herbs perennial, 50–85 cm tall, pilose with sparse
veins prominent, teeth ca. 3 mm. Petal limb bright red, multicellular eglandular hairs. Roots caespitose,
4-lobed; lobes subulate to broadly filiform, apex acute; fusiform, slightly fleshy. Stems simple or branched
claw narrowly cuneate; coronal scales dark red, oblong. above. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–10 × 2–4
Stamens and styles exserted. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm. cm, both surfaces and margin pilose, base rounded,
Capsule cylindric-ovoid, ca. 1 cm, equaling or slightly rarely broadly cuneate, slightly clasping, apex acute.
included in calyx. Seeds black-brown, reniform, ca. 1 Dichasium several flowered, dense, rarely corymblike.
mm, sharply pointed tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug– Pedicel 3–12 mm; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous,
Sep. 2n = 24. densely villous, ciliate at margin. Flowers 3.5–5 cm in
diam. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 1.5–2.8 cm × 4–8
mm, villous, densely so at veins, slightly inflated in included. Androgynophore 1–1.5 cm. Capsule narrowly
fruit; teeth triangular. Petal limb crimson-red, 2-lobed ellipsoid, ca. 2 cm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.
to 1/2; lobes linear, apex obtuse, sometimes obscurely Sparse forests, scrub grasslands, also cultivated. Anhui, Fujian,
denticulate, each lobe with a subulate, lateral tooth; Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan (Emei Shan), Zhejiang [Japan].
claw narrowly lanceolate, not exceeding calyx; coronal
This species is used medicinally.
scales dark red, narrowly elliptic. Stamens and styles
6. Lychnis senno Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. 1: 98. 1839.
slightly exserted. Androgynophore ca. 5 mm. Capsule
narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, 1.2–1.4 cm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. 剪红纱花 jian hong sha hua
Aug–Sep. 2n = 24. Agrostemma bungeana D. Don; Lychnis bungeana (D.
Woodlands on low hills, wet shady scrub meadows. Guizhou, Hebei, Don) Fischer ex Lindley; Silene bungeana (D. Don) H.
Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Yunnan [Japan, Korea, Russia (Siberia, Far East)].
Ohashi & H. Nakai.
5. Lychnis coronata Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, Herbs perennial, 50–100 cm tall, pilose with sparse
435. 1784. multicellular eglandular hairs. Roots caespitose, pale
剪春罗 jian chun luo yellow, narrowly cylindric, slightly fleshy. Stem
Agrostemma banksia Meerburgh; Hedona sinensis solitary, simple or branched above. Leaves elliptic-
Loureiro; Lychnis grandiflora Jacquin; Silene banksia lanceolate, (4–)8–12 × 2–3 cm, both surfaces pubescent,
(Meerburgh) Mabberley; S. grandiflora (Jacquin) H. ciliate at margin, base cuneate, apex acuminate.
Ohashi & H. Nakai. Dichasium many flowered. Pedicel 2–5(–15) mm;
bracts lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers 3.5–5 cm in diam.
Herbs perennial, 50–90 cm tall, subglabrous. Roots Calyx tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped, (2–)2.5–3 cm
caespitose, pale yellow, narrowly fusiform, slightly × 2.5–3.5 mm, slightly inflated in fruit, pilose at veins;
fleshy. Stem solitary, rarely sparsely caespitose. Leaves teeth triangular, 2–4 mm. Petal limb deep red,
ovate-lanceolate, (5–)8–15 × (1–)2.5 cm, both surfaces triangular-obovate, irregularly parted into numerous
subglabrous, ciliate at margin, base cuneate, apex incised-dentate lobes; claw often exceeding calyx,
acuminate. Dichasium several flowered. Pedicel very narrowly cuneate, glabrous. Stamens and styles
short, sparsely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, included; anthers dark purple. Androgynophore 1–1.5
ciliate at margin. Flowers 4–5 cm in diam. Calyx cm. Capsule ellipsoid-ovoid, 1–1.5 cm, protruding from
tubular, (2.5–)3–3.5 cm × 3.5–5 mm, veins prominent, calyx tube. Seeds red-brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm,
glabrous, teeth 8–10 mm. Petal limb salmon-pink, tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 24*.
obovate, (1.5–)2–2.5 cm, unlobed, apex irregularly
incised-dentate; claw not exceeding calyx. Stamens Sparse forests, scrub grasslands, also extensively cultivated; 100–
2000 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].

24. VACCARIA Wolf, Gen. Pl. iii. 1776.

麦蓝菜属 mai lan cai shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman
Herbs annual. Stems erect, dichotomously branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, base slightly clasping.
Inflorescence a corymbose dichasium. Calyx narrowly ovate, 5-toothed, 5-winged at angles, inflated below after
anthesis. Petals 5, long clawed. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 2. Capsule ovoid, dehiscing
with 4 teeth. Seeds numerous, globose, tuberculate.
One species: temperate Asia and Europe; one species in China.
1. Vaccaria hispanica (Miller) Rauschert, Wiss. Z. Martin- cm × 5–10 mm, 5-angled, submembranous between
Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 14: angles; calyx teeth triangular, margin scarious; globose
496. 1965. in fruit. Petals 1.4–1.7 cm × 2–3 mm; claw greenish,
麦蓝菜 mai lan cai narrowly cuneate; limb pink, emarginate, sometimes
Saponaria hispanica Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8, erose. Stamens included. Styles slightly exserted.
Saponaria no. 4 [in errat.]. 1768; S. segetalis Necker; S. Capsule 8–10 mm. Seeds red-brown to black, ca. 2 mm,
vaccaria Linnaeus; Vaccaria pyramidata Medicus; V. granulate. Fl. Apr–Jul, fr. May–Aug. 2n = 30*.
Wheat fields. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
segetalis (Necker) Garcke.
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong,
Plants 30–70 cm tall. Stems gray-green, apically Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [native to Asia and Europe].
branched, glabrous. Leaves 3–9 × 1.5–4 cm, apex acute. The seeds are used medicinally.
Bracts lanceolate, midvein green. Calyx green, 1–1.5

25. DIANTHUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 409. 1753.

石竹属 shi zhu shu
 Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Nicholas J. Turland
Herbs perennial, rarely annual. Roots sometimes woody. Stems mostly caespitose, terete or angular, articulated,
dilated at nodes. Leaves opposite, usually glaucescent, linear or lanceolate, veins parallel, base slightly connate,
margin scabrid. Flowers solitary, several in a loose cyme, or numerous and clustered into capitula, subtended by 1–4
pairs of appressed bracts. Calyx cylindric, apically 5-toothed, veins 7, 9, or 11, without scarious commissures. Petals
5, purple, red, pink, or white; claw long; limb dentate or lacerate, rarely entire. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules
numerous. Gynophore long. Styles 2. Capsule cylindric, suboblong, or rarely ovoid, dehiscing by 4 teeth or valves.
Seeds dorsiventrally compressed, orbicular or discoid, flat or concave; embryo erect; albumen eccentric.
About 600 species: widespread in N temperate regions, mostly in Asia and Europe and especially in the Mediterranean region, a few species in
Africa and America; 16 species (two endemic) in China.
Dianthus harrissii K. H. Rechinger (Pl. Syst. Evol. 142: 240. 1983), described from N Pakistan (Chitral), was recorded by Rechinger (Fl. Iran.
163: 143. 1988) from W Xizang and Kashmir. The specimens cited by Rechinger have not been seen by the present authors, and the species is
therefore not described here.
The following species have not yet been recorded for China but might be expected to occur in SW Xinjiang and/or W Xizang: Dianthus
angulatus Royle (Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 1: 79. 1835), from Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan, including the W Himalayas; D. cachemiricus
Edgeworth (in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 1: 214. 1874), from E Afghanistan, Kashmir, and N Pakistan; and D. crinitus Smith (Trans. Linn. Soc.
London, Bot. 2: 300. 1794), from C and SW Asia, as far E as Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan.
Dianthus foliosus Turczaninow (Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 5: 184. 1832) was described from territory probably now within China
(“Habitat in saxosis Mongoliae chinensis”), and D. seisuimontanus Masamune (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 31: 343. 1941) was described from
Taiwan (“Mt. Seisui,” ca. 2000 m). However, the types have not been seen by the present authors and their identities could not be ascertained.
Several species are cultivated in China for their attractive flowers, including Dianthus barbatus, D. caryophyllus Linnaeus (including D.
arbuscula Lindley), D. chinensis, and D. japonicus Thunberg.

1a. Flowers numerous, clustered into capitula, very shortly pedicellate or subsessile ........................... 1. D. barbatus
1b. Flowers solitary or several in a loose cyme, long pedicellate.
2a. Petal limb margin distally lobed to irregularly toothed.
3a. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2–4 mm wide; bracts more than 1/2 as long as calyx.
4a. Stems densely caespitose; bracts 2(or 4); calyx 1.2–1.4 cm ............................................... 2. D. repens
4b. Stems loosely caespitose; bracts 4; calyx 1.5–2.5 cm ..................................................... 3. D. chinensis
3b. Leaves linear or subulate, 1–2(–3) mm wide; bracts 1/3–1/2 as long as calyx.
5a. Petals white; calyx tube ca. 3 mm in diam.; bracts elliptic, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx 7. D. ramosissimus
5b. Petals purple, light purple-red, pink, or rose; calyx tube 4–7 mm in diam.; bracts ovate or
obovate,
ca. 1/2 as long as calyx.
6a. Plants 5–15 cm tall ................................................................................................... 4. D. semenovii
6b. Plants 20–50 cm tall.
7a. Calyx not inflated near middle, ca. 4 mm in diam.; bracts obovate, apex subulate with
short, sharp tip; leaves 1–2 mm wide ............................................................ 5. D. turkestanicus
7b. Calyx slightly inflated near middle, 5–7 mm in diam.; bracts ovate, apex long
acuminate
with caudate tip; leaves 2–3 mm wide ..................................................................... 6. D. elatus
2b. Petal limb margin distally fimbriate to deeply fimbriate.
8a. Plants more than 30 cm tall; leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate.
9a. Bracts broadly ovate, 1/4–1/3 as long as calyx; calyx 2.3–2.5 cm; capsule longer than calyx 16. D. hoeltzeri
9b. Bracts ovate or obovate, 1/5–1/4 as long as calyx; calyx 2.5–4 cm; capsule shorter to slightly
longer than calyx.
10a. Bracts in 2 or 3 pairs, obovate, ca. 1/4 as long as calyx, apex subulate or long acuminate;
calyx usually reddish purple, 2.5–3 cm; capsule equaling or slightly longer than calyx 14. D. superbus
10b. Bracts in 3 or 4 pairs, ovate, ca. 1/5 as long as calyx, apex mucronate; calyx green, 3–4
cm;
capsule shorter than calyx ................................................................................... 15. D. longicalyx
8b. Plants less than 30 cm tall; leaves linear or acicular.
11a. Plants to 15 cm tall; calyx ca. 1.8 cm (Taiwan) ......................................................... 13. D. pygmaeus
11b. Plants (10–)15–30(–40) cm tall; calyx (1.5–)2–3.5 cm.
12a. Petals dark red, yellow-brown, or pink.
13a. Petals dark red or yellow-brown; bracts in 2 pairs, oblong-elliptic, 1/5–1/4 as long
as calyx ................................................................................................... 10. D. soongoricus
 13b. Petals pink; bracts in 3 or 4 pairs, ovate, 1/4–1/3 as long as calyx ............. 11. D. orientalis
12b. Petals white, rarely pale rose or claw pink.
14a. Petal limb fimbriate for less than 1/4 its length (Taiwan) ......................... 12. D. palinensis
14b. Petal limb fimbriate for at least 1/3 its length (Xinjiang).
15a. Petal limb adaxially hairy, fimbriate for ca. 1/3 its length; bracts 1/4–1/3 as
long
as calyx; leaves acicular, basal ones densely fascicled ........................ 8. D. acicularis
15b. Petal limb glabrous, fimbriate for ca. 1/2 its length; bracts 1/3–1/2 as long as
calyx; leaves linear, basal ones not densely fascicled .................. 9. D. kuschakewiczii

1. Dianthus barbatus Linnaeus var. asiaticus Nakai, Tyosen- 3. Dianthus chinensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 411. 1753.
Syokubutsu 143. 1914.
石竹 shi zhu
头石竹 tou shi zhu
Dianthus amurensis Jacques; D. chinensis var.
Herbs perennial, 30–60 cm tall, glabrous. Stems erect,
amurensis (Jacques) Kitagawa; D. chinensis var.
angular. Leaves lanceolate, 4–8 × ca. 1 cm, midvein dentosus (Fischer ex Reichenbach) Debeaux; D.
prominent, base attenuate into a sheath, apex acute. chinensis f. ignescens (Nakai) Kitagawa; D. chinensis
Flowers numerous, clustered into capitula; pedicel very var. ignescens Nakai; D. chinensis var. jingpoensis G.
short or obscure; bracts 4, ovate, equaling or slightly Y. Zhang & X. Y. Yuan; D. chinensis var. liaotungensis
longer than calyx, margin membranous, denticulate, Y. C. Chu; D. chinensis var. longisquama Nakai &
apex caudate. Calyx tubular, ca. 1.5 cm; teeth sharply Kitagawa; D. chinensis var. macrosepalus Franchet ex
pointed. Petals purple-red, spotted with white; claw L. H. Bailey; D. chinensis var. morii (Nakai) Y. C. Chu;
long; limb ovate, throat bearded, apex toothed. Stamens D. chinensis var. subulifolius (Kitagawa) Y. C. Ma; D.
slightly exserted. Ovary suboblong. Styles linear. chinensis var. sylvaticus W. D. J. Koch; D. chinensis
Capsule ovoid-suboblong, ca. 1.8 cm, 4-valved for ca. var. trinervis D. Q. Lu; D. chinensis subsp. versicolor
1/2 its length. Seeds brown, compressed ovoid, smooth. (Fisher ex Link) Voroschilov; D. chinensis var.
Fl. and fr. May–Oct. versicolor (Fisher ex Link) Y. C. Ma; D. dentosus
Fischer ex Reichenbach; D. fischeri Sprengel; D. morii
Broad-leaved forests, forest margins. E and S Jilin [N Korea, Russia Nakai; D. sequieri Chaix; D. sequieri var. dentosus
(Far East)]. (Fischer ex Reichenbach) Franchet; D. subulifolius
Dianthus barbatus var. barbatus, which is restricted to Europe as a Kitagawa; D. subulifolius f. leucopetalus Kitagawa; D.
native plant, is cultivated for ornament in China. It differs from var. versicolor Fisher ex Link; D. versicolor f. leucopetalus
asiaticus in being stouter, with broader, thicker leaves, and larger, (Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu; D. versicolor var. subulifolius
more numerous flowers. (Kitagawa) Y. C. Chu.
2. Dianthus repens Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 2: 681. 1799. Herbs perennial, 30–50 cm tall, glabrous. Stems laxly
簇茎石竹 cu jing shi zhu caespitose, erect, distally branched. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 2–4 mm, midvein prominent, base
Dianthus chinensis Linnaeus subsp. repens (Willdenow) slightly narrowed, margin entire or denticulate, apex
Voroschilov.
acuminate. Flowers solitary or several in cymes; pedicel
Herbs perennial, to 30 cm tall, glabrous, rarely stems 1–3 cm; bracts 4, ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, margin
pilose and scabrid. Stems numerous, densely caespitose. membranous, ciliate, apex long acuminate. Calyx
Leaves pendent, linear-lanceolate, 3–5 cm × 2–3 mm, cylindric, 1.5–2.5 cm × 0.4–5 mm, striate; teeth lan-
soft, midvein prominent, base attenuate, apex ceolate, ca. 5 mm, margin ciliate, apex sharply pointed.
acuminate. Flowers 1 or 2, terminal, 2–2.5 cm in diam.; Petals 1.6–1.8 cm; limb bright red, purple-red, pink, or
bracts 2(or 4), ovate, slightly shorter than or white, obovate-triangular, 1.3–1.5 cm, throat spotted
subequaling calyx, apex subulate. Calyx sometimes and laxly bearded, apex irregularly toothed. Stamens
purplish, cylindric, 1.2–1.4 cm × ca. 4 mm; teeth exserted; anthers blue. Ovary suboblong. Styles linear.
lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex sharply Capsule cylindric, surrounded by calyx, apex 4-toothed.
pointed. Petal claw 1.4–1.5 cm; limb purple-red,
Seeds black, compressed globose. Fl. May–Jun, fr. Jul–
obovate-cuneate, 1.2–1.3 cm × 8–9 mm, adaxially
shortly hairy, base dark purple ringed, caespitose long Sep. 2n = 30*.
pilose, apex toothed. Gynophore ca. 1 mm. Capsule not Sandy forest margins, forest grasslands, scrub on mountain slopes,
seen. Fl. Jul–Aug. hillside grasslands, dry hillsides, sandy hill summits, valleys, rocky
ravines, meadows, streamsides, mountain stream wetlands, mountain
Meadows at forest margins, mountain slopes, river banks, steppes. waterfalls, rocks, steppes, steppe sands, fixed dunes, seashores, also
Nei Mongol [Russia (Far East, Siberia); North America]. widely cultivated. Native in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin,
Dianthus repens var. scabripilosus Y. Z. Zhao (Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,
Intramong. 20(1): 110. 1989) was described from Nei Mongol. It and Xinjiang; naturalized in S China [Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia,
differs only in having pilose, scabrid stems. Russia (Siberia, Far East); Europe].
Dianthus chinensis is a very variable species represented in China by scabrous, apex acute. Flowers 1 or 2, terminal; bracts (4
both cultivated and wild plants. In FRPS, the species was divided into or)6(or 8), ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, apex long
eight varieties (treated in synonymy here), all of them occurring as
acuminate-caudate. Calyx cylindric, slightly inflated at
wild plants and var. chinensis also including the cultivated material.
No key to the varieties was provided, and the features given in the middle, 1.6–2 cm × 5–7 mm; teeth ovate, margin
diagnoses were not always parallel, making it almost impossible to membranous, ciliate, apex mucronate. Petals adaxially
identify any given plant to variety. Moreover, the plants cultivated as light purple-red or pink, abaxially yellowish green; limb
ornamentals comprise numerous cultivars. Further research is needed 0.8–1.2 cm × 5–8 mm, adaxially hairy, apex irregularly
on the species in China and surrounding countries before a toothed. Ovary oblong. Styles linear. Capsule shorter
satisfactory infraspecific classification can be presented. In the
present account, therefore, Dianthus chinensis is treated in the
than calyx, apex 4-toothed. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug.
Mountain slopes; 1200–1800 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia (W
broadest sense.
Siberia)].
The species is used medicinally.
7. Dianthus ramosissimus Pallas ex Poiret in Lamarck, En-
4. Dianthus semenovii (Regel & Herder) Vierhapper, cycl. Suppl. 4: 130. 1816.
Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Acad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt.
1, 107: 1147. 1898. 多分枝石竹 duo fen zhi shi zhu
狭叶石竹 xia ye shi zhu Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Stems caespitose, erect,
much-branched, slender, subglabrous or pilose. Leaves
Dianthus alpinus Linnaeus var. semenovii Regel & Her- linear, 1–4 cm × 1–1.5 mm, base connate into a 1–2
der, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 39: 531. 1866. mm sheath, margin slightly revolute, apex sharply
Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall. Stems numerous, pointed. Flower solitary, terminal; pedicel 1–2 cm;
densely caespitose, ascending. Leaves linear, 1.5–3 cm bracts 4(or 6), elliptic, ca. 1/3 as long as calyx, leathery,
× 1–2 mm, 3–5-veined, base connate into a 1–2 mm margin membranous, apex mucronate. Calyx cylindric,
sheath, apex acuminate. Flowers 1–4; bracts 4 or 6, 1.2–1.4 cm × ca. 3 mm; teeth triangular, margin
membranous. Petals white; limb obovate, 5–6 × 3–3.5
leaflike, ovate, ca. 1/2 as long as calyx, apex sharply
mm, throat pilose, apex irregularly toothed. Ovary
pointed. Calyx greenish or lilac, cylindric, 1.5–1.9 cm ×
suboblong. Styles linear. Capsule cylindric, ca. 1.5 cm
4–5.5 mm; teeth lanceolate, apex acuminate. Petals × 3.5 mm, apex 4-valved. Fl. and fr. Sep.
purple-red, 1.1–1.2 cm × 7.5–8 mm, adaxially hairy,
apex cristate toothed. Capsule not seen. Dry grassy slopes; 1100–1900 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, W
Mongolia, Russia (W Siberia)].
Grassy mountain slopes; 1300–1800 m. Xinjiang [Kazakhstan,
8. Dianthus acicularis Fischer ex Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 1: 284.
Kyrgyzstan].
1842.
5. Dianthus turkestanicus Preobraschensky, Izv. Imp. Bot. 针叶石竹 zhen ye shi zhu
Sada Petra Velikago 15: 366. 1915.
Herbs perennial, 15–30 cm tall. Stems numerous, erect,
细茎石竹 xi jing shi zhu simple or branched above, glabrous. Leaves acicular, 2–
Dianthus versicolor Fischer ex Link subsp. 4(–6) cm × 0.3–1 mm, base connate into a sheath; basal
turkestanicus (Preobraschensky) Kozhevnikov. leaves clustered. Flowers 1–3, terminal, fragrant;
pedicel 1–3 cm; bracts 4, ovate or elliptic (outer pair) or
Herbs perennial, 20–40 cm tall. Rhizome woody. Stems obovate (inner pair), 1/4–1/3 as long as calyx, leathery,
caespitose, branched, scabridulous. Leaves linear, 3–5 apex sharply pointed. Calyx cylindric, 2–2.5 cm × 3–5
cm × 1–2 mm, base connate into a 2–4 mm sheath, apex mm; teeth lanceolate, apex sharply pointed. Petals
sharply pointed; basal leaves early withered; apical white; limb elliptic or obovate, 1.2–1.5 cm, adaxially
leaves usually subulate. Flowers solitary, sometimes 2 hairy, fimbriate for ca. 1/3 its length, fimbriae linear.
or 3, terminal; bracts 4 or 6, obovate, ca. 8 × 6 mm, Capsule cylindric, subequaling calyx. Seeds ca. 2 mm.
leathery, apex subulate with a short, sharp tip. Calyx Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
cylindric, 1.5–1.8 cm × ca. 4 mm, striate, glabrous or Rocky mountain slopes, floodlands, deserts; 500–1300 m. N Xinjiang
pubescent; teeth ciliate at margin, apex acute. Petal [Kazakhstan, Russia (W Siberia); E Europe].
limb rose or purple, ca. 1 cm × 5 mm, adaxially shortly 9. Dianthus kuschakewiczii Regel & Schmalhausen, Trudy
hairy, apex shallowly dentate. Ovary suboblong. Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 244. 1877.
Capsule cylindric, subequaling calyx, apex 4-valved.
Seeds black, compressed globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. 长萼石竹 chang e shi zhu
Jul–Aug, fr. Sep.
Herbs perennial, 20–35 cm tall. Stems usually
Mountain slope grasslands; 1000–2000 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan].
numerous, branched, glabrous. Leaves spreading, linear,
6. Dianthus elatus Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 2: 136. 1830.
2–8 cm × 0.5–2 mm, flaccid, glabrous, midvein
高石竹 gao shi zhu
prominent, base connate into a ca. 1.5 mm sheath, apex
Herbs perennial, 25–50 cm tall. Stems distally branched, acute. Flower solitary, terminal and lateral; bracts 4,
scabrous or subglabrous. Leaves linear, 2.5–4 cm × 2–3 oblong to elliptic (outer pair) or ovate-elliptic (inner
mm, base connate into a 1–2 mm sheath, margin
pair), 1/3–1/2 as long as calyx, leathery, margin mem- Mountain slope grasslands, rocky areas, river banks, dry rocky deserts;
branous, apex mucronate. Calyx cylindric, 2.5–3.5 cm 900–2200 m (Xinjiang), 3100–4100 m (Xizang). N Xinjiang, W
Xizang [SW Asia].
× 3–4 mm; teeth lanceolate, margin narrowly
membranous, apex acuminate. Petals white, rarely pale The Chinese populations of Dianthus orientalis appear to be disjunct
from the main range of the species and therefore deserve further study.
rose; limb oblong, glabrous, fimbriate for ca. 1/2 its
Rechinger (Fl. Iran. 163: 155–166. 1988) recorded nine subspecies
length, fimbriae linear. Capsule not seen. Fl. Jun–Aug. from SW Asia, ranging from Turkey to Iran, but no further east, even
Forests, forest margin grasslands, mountain slopes, mire drainage though the coverage of that flora extends to the western border of
margins, steppes; 600–2800 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan]. China.

10. Dianthus soongoricus Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. URSS 12. Dianthus palinensis S. S. Ying, Coloured Illustr. Fl. Tai-
6: 899. 1936. wan 2: 693. 1987.

准噶尔石竹 zhun ga er shi zhu 八里石竹 ba li shi zhu

Dianthus crinitus Smith subsp. soongoricus Herbs perennial, 10–20 cm tall. Rhizomes slender.
(Schischkin) Kozhevnikov. Stems few branched; branches erect. Basal leaves
crowded, sessile, lanceolate, 5–8 cm × 5–7 mm, both
Herbs perennial, (10–)15–30 cm tall, subglabrous. surfaces glabrous, midvein prominently elevated
Roots thick, woody. Stems caespitose, simple. Leaves abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially, base long attenuate,
linear, 1–3 cm × 0.5–1 mm, glabrous, apex sharply somewhat dilated and semiamplexicaul, margin entire,
pointed. Flower solitary, terminal; bracts 4, oblong- apex acuminate; cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceo-
elliptic, 1/5–1/4 as long as calyx, margin membranous, late, 4–7 cm × 3–3.5 mm, usually smaller distally on
apex acuminate, rarely mucronate. Calyx cylindric, 2–3 stem, apex acuminate. Flowers 1–4, terminal, erect;
cm × 3–4 mm; teeth lanceolate, apex sharply pointed. pedicel 1.5–2 cm, glabrous; bracts ca. 10, proximal
Petals dark red or yellow-brown; limb ca. 1 cm, fim- ones linear, 5–6 × ca. 1 mm, apex acute, distal ones
briate. Stamens shorter than petals. Ovary cylindric. ovate, 1–1.2 cm × 3–4 mm, apex shortly cuspidate.
Styles linear. Capsule cylindric, subequaling calyx. Calyx green, tinged purple, cylindric, 2.8–3.2 cm × ca.
Seeds compressed ellipsoid, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, apex 4 mm, many veined; teeth lanceolate, 6–8 × 1.2–1.5
slightly emarginate. Fl. and fr. Jul–Aug. mm, glabrous except margin ciliate, apex acute or
Rocky mountain valley slopes, deserts, semideserts; 900–3200 m. N acuminate. Petals 5–5.5 cm, glabrous; claw white,
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, W Mongolia]. elongate linear, 3–3.5 cm × 0.3–2.5 mm; limb pink,
ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1.8–2.2 × 1.2–1.5 cm, usually
11. Dianthus orientalis Adams in F. Weber & D. Mohr, Beitr. fimbriate for less than 1/4 its length. Stamens 4 or 5(or
Naturk. 1: 54. 1805–1806.
6); filaments white, tinged pink distally, 3.5–4 cm;
瘰裂石竹 sui lie shi zhu anthers oblong, 1–1.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, glabrous. Styles 2,
distinct, linear, 3–3.5 cm, white pubescent. Seeds black,
Dianthus fimbriatus Marschall von Bieberstein (1808), oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, apex apiculate. Fl. Nov.
not Lamarck (1779), nor Brotero (1805), nor
• About 600 m. N Taiwan (Taoyuan Xian: Bali).
Hohenacker (1833).
Herbs perennial, (10–)15–30(–40) cm tall. Roots thick, 13. Dianthus pygmaeus Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formos. 3: 34.
ca. 1 cm in diam., woody. Stems caespitose, erect, 1913.
basally woody, distally branched, glabrous. Basal 玉山石竹 yu shan shi zhu
leaves caespitose, linear-subulate, 1–4 cm × 1–1.5 mm,
stiff, midvein convex abaxially, base broadened, shortly Dianthus pygmaeus f. albiflorus (S. S. Ying) S. S. Ying;
membranous sheathed, margin revolute, apex sharply D. pygmaeus var. albiflorus S. S. Ying.
pointed; cauline leaves somewhat shorter than basal Herbs perennial, to 15 cm tall. Stem solitary, erect.
ones. Flowers solitary, rarely in cymes, terminal; Leaves linear, 2–3 cm × 1–4 mm, base attenuate,
pedicel ca. 1.5 cm; bracts 6 or 8, ovate, 1/4–1/3 as long connate into a short sheath, margin minutely denticulate,
as calyx, margin membranous, apex mucronate or long apex acuminate. Flowers solitary or in cymes; pedicel
acuminate. Calyx slightly glaucous, cylindric, (1.5–)2– 1.5–1.8 cm; bracts 4, outer pair oblong, 8–10 × 2–4 mm,
2.5 cm × 4–5 mm, striate, glabrous; teeth lanceolate, apex sharply pointed, inner pair ovate, 1–1.2 cm × 4–6
margin membranous. Petals pink; claw long; limb mm, base cuneate, apex acute. Calyx cylindric, ca. 1.8
narrowly oblong, fimbriate for ca. 1/2 its length. cm × 3.5 mm, with numerous fine veins; teeth lanceo-
Stamens shorter than petals; anthers suboblong. Ovary late, margin glabrous. Petals pink, rarely white, 3–3.5
suboblong. Styles linear. Capsule cylindric, slightly cm × 2–3 mm; claw long; limb fimbriate for ca. 1/2 its
shorter than or equaling calyx, apex 4-toothed. Seeds length, fimbriae linear. Filaments 1.5–2 cm; anthers
black-brown, compressed suboblong, 3–4 × ca. 1.5 mm, narrowly suboblong, 1–1.5 mm. Ovary cylindric, 7–8
broadly winged. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. mm. Styles linear, ca. 1 cm. Capsule cylindric, ca. 1 cm
× 3 mm. Seeds minute.
• Meadows, grasslands, rocky places and ledges, roadsides; 1400– Forest openings, high mountain forest margins, grassy hillsides, river
3900 m. Taiwan. banks; 2100–3200 m. Hebei, S Jilin (Changbai Shan), S Nei Mongol
14. Dianthus superbus Linnaeus, Fl. Suec., ed. 2, 146. 1755. (Helan Shan), S Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), Shanxi [alpine regions of
瞿麦 qu mai Asia and Europe].
Herbs perennial, green to glaucous, to 60 cm tall or 15. Dianthus longicalyx Miquel, J. Bot. Néerl. 1: 127. 1861.
长萼瞿麦 chang e qu mai
more. Stems caespitose, erect, distally branched,
glabrous, large jointed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 5–10 Dianthus oreadum Hance; D. superbus Linnaeus f.
cm × 3–5 mm, sometimes glabrescent, midvein longicalycinus Maximowicz; D. superbus var.
prominent, base connate into a sheath, apex sharply longicalycinus (Maximowicz) F. N. Williams; D.
pointed. Flowers 1 or 2, terminal, sometimes axillary; superbus var. oreadum (Hance) Pampanini; D.
bracts 4 or 6, elliptic to broadly ovate or obovate, 6–10 superbus var. taiwanensis (Masamune) T. S. Liu & S. S.
× 4–5 mm, ca. 1/4 as long as calyx, apex subulate or Ying; D. taiwanensis Masamune.
long acuminate. Calyx usually reddish purple, cylindric, Herbs perennial, 40–80 cm tall. Stems erect, basally
2.5–3 cm × 3–7 mm; teeth lanceolate, 4–5 mm. Petals branched, glabrous, large jointed. Basal leaves several,
4–5 cm; claw 1.5–3 cm, surrounded by calyx tube; limb withered at anthesis; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate or
broadly obovate, 2–3 cm, fimbriate for at least 1/2 its lanceolate, 4–10 cm × 2–5(–10) mm, base connate into
length, throat bearded. Stamens and styles slightly a short sheath, margin serrulate, apex acuminate.
exserted. Capsule cylindric, equaling or slightly longer Flowers 2 to several in lax cymes; bracts 6 or 8,
than calyx, 4-toothed. Seeds black, glossy, compressed appressed, leaflike, ovate, ca. 1/5 as long as calyx,
ovoid, ca. 2 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Aug–Oct. margin broadly membranous, scabridulous, apex
mucronate. Calyx green, long tubular, 3–4 cm, striate,
Wooded hills, forest openings and margins, grassy hillsides, meadows, glabrous; teeth lanceolate, 5–6 mm, apex sharply
mountain valley streams, river banks; 400–3700 m. Anhui, Gansu, pointed. Petals pink, obovate or cuneate-oblong; limb
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, fimbriate for ca. 1/2 its length. Stamens level with
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shan-
corolla throat. Styles linear, ca. 2 cm. Capsule narrowly
dong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang [Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea,
N and W Mongolia, Russia (Far East, Siberia); Europe].
cylindric, slightly shorter than calyx, 4-toothed. Fl.
Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
1a. Plants glaucous; petal limb ca. 3 cm
................................................ 14b. subsp. alpestris Forests, grassy mountain slopes, grasslands, exposed rocky places,
river beds, fixed dunes; 800–2100 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
1b. Plants green or only slightly glaucous;
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
petal limb ca. 2 cm ................ 14a. subsp. superbus Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong,
14a. Dianthus superbus subsp. superbus Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
16. Dianthus hoeltzeri C. Winkler, Gartenflora 30: 1. 1881.
瞿麦(原亚种) qu mai (yuan ya zhong)
大苞石竹 da bao shi zhu
Dianthus szechuensis F. N. Williams.
Herbs perennial, 30–60 cm tall. Rhizomes ropelike,
Plants green or only slightly glaucous; petal limb ca. 2 bearing flowering stems and sterile dwarf shoots. Stems
cm. solitary or caespitose, erect, simple. Leaves linear-
Wooded hills, forest margins, meadows, mountain valley streams; lanceolate, 4–6 cm × 2–4 mm, base connate into a 2–4
400–3700 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang,
mm sheath, margin slightly uneven, apex sharply
Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia,
Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Zhejiang pointed. Flowers 1–4; bracts 4, broadly ovate, 1/4–1/3
[Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, N and W Mongolia, Russia (Far East, as long as calyx, margin narrowly membranous, apex
Siberia); Europe]. mucronate, sometimes subtruncate. Calyx reddish
The species is used medicinally. purple, cylindric, 2.3–2.5 cm × 4–5 mm; teeth
14b. Dianthus superbus subsp. alpestris Kablikova ex Cela- triangular, margin ciliate. Petals deep rose, 2.5–3 × as
kovsky, Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 3: 508. 1875. long as calyx; claw usually longer than (rarely equaling)
高山瞿麦 gao shan qu mai calyx; limb obovate or broadly ovate, rarely oblong,
Dianthus superbus var. monticola Makino; D. superbus bearded, fimbriate for ca. 2/5 its length. Capsule
subsp. speciosus (Reichenbach) Hayek; Dianthus cylindric, longer than calyx, 4-toothed. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
superbus var. speciosus Reichenbach; D. speciosus Aug.
(Reichenbach) Reichenbach. Grassy mountain slopes; 1500–3300 m. N Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, W
Plants glaucous; petal limb ca. 3 cm. Mongolia].

26. ACANTHOPHYLLUM C. A. Meyer, Verz. Pfl. Casp. Meer. 210. 1831.

刺叶属 ci ye shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Nicholas J. Turland
Herbs suffruticose. Stems caespitose, erect, many branched. Leaves subulate or linear-lanceolate, spinose. Flowers
in panicles, corymbs, or capitula; bracts leaflike, ovate, lanceolate, or needlelike, margin sometimes spinose. Calyx
tubular or campanulate, membranous between veins, 5(–15)-veined, apex 5-toothed. Petals 5, red, rarely white; claw
long, narrow; limb apically entire, rarely retuse. Gynophore short, rarely long. Stamens 10, in 2 series, those inserted
opposite petals shorter. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules 4–10. Styles 2. Capsule suboblong or subglobose, membranous
proximally, irregularly transversely dehiscent or toothed. Seeds 1 or 2, subreniform, slightly compressed; embryo
annular.
About 50 species: C and W Asia; one species in China.
1. Acanthophyllum pungens (Ledebour) Boissier, Fl. Orient. proximally, ciliate, apex subulate-spinose. Petals red or
1: 561. 1867. reddish, elliptic-oblanceolate, ca. 1.2 cm × 1.5 mm;
刺叶 ci ye claw glabrous; limb apex obtuse-rounded. Stamens
Saponaria pungens Ledebour, Icon. Pl. 1: [3]. 1829. exserted, ca. 1.4 cm. Ovules 4. Style exserted. Capsule
Plants 15–35 cm tall. Main root stout. Stems globose not seen. Fl. Jun–Aug.
caespitose, basally branched, tomentulose. Leaves Rocky mountain slopes, sandy places; 400–1300 m. N Xinjiang
horizontal or reflexed, subulate-needlelike, 2–4 cm × 1– [Kazakhstan, Mongolia].
1.5 mm, sparsely tomentulose; leaf axils with dwarf, In FRPS, Acanthophyllum spinosum (Desfontaines) C. A. Meyer was
treated as a synonym of A. pungens. However, the present account
spinose, sterile shoots. Corymb or capitulum terminal,
follows Schiman-Czeika (in Rechinger, Fl. Iran. 163: 285–286. 1988)
2–5 cm in diam. Pedicel very short; bracts leaflike, in treating A. spinosum (including A. fontanesii Boissier) as a separate
usually reflexed distally, hairy. Calyx sometimes red, species restricted to Afghanistan and Iran.
tubular, 6–7 × 1–1.5 mm, white hirsute, 5-veined; calyx
teeth broadly triangular, ca. 1 mm, margin membranous

27. SAPONARIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 408. 1753.

肥皂草属 fei zao cao shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman
Herbs annual or perennial. Stem solitary, erect. Leaves lanceolate, elliptic or spatulate, 3- or 5-veined. Inflorescence
a cyme, panicle, or capitulum. Calyx cylindric, 15- to 25-veined, not membranous between veins, 5-toothed. Petals 5,
red or white, margin entire, emarginate, or 2-lobed; claw long, narrow; coronal scales usually present. Stamens 10.
Ovary 1-loculed; styles 2. Androgynophore short. Capsule cylindric or ovoid, crustaceous, dehiscing with 4 teeth.
Seeds reniform, tuberculate or striate; embryo annular.
About 30 species: temperate Asia and Europe, mainly in the Mediterranean region; one species in China.
1. Saponaria officinalis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 408. 1753. sometimes dark purple, tubular, 1.8–2 cm × 2.5–3.5
肥皂草 fei zao cao mm, obscurely 20-veined; calyx teeth broadly ovate,
apex acute. Petal limb white or pink, cuneate-obovate,
Lychnis officinalis (Linnaeus) Scopoli; Silene 1–1.5 cm, apex emarginate; coronal scales linear.
saponaria Fries ex Willkomm & Lange. Gynophore ca. 1 mm. Stamens and styles exserted.
Herbs perennial, 30–70 cm tall. Axial root stout, fleshy, Capsule cylindric-ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm. Seeds black-brown,
rhizome thin, many branched. Stem simple or branched globose-reniform, slightly compressed, 1.8–2 mm,
above, usually glabrous. Leaves ovate or ovate- tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Sep. 2n = 30.
lanceolate, 5–10 × 2–4 cm, 3- or 5-veined, base Cultivated as an ornamental in parks, usually escaping. NE China
attenuate, slightly connate, semiclasping, apex acute. [native to W Asia and Europe].
Inflorescence a thyrse, cymules 3–7-flowered; bracts
lanceolate, margin and midvein sparsely hirtellous, This species is used medicinally and as a soap.
apex long acuminate. Pedicel 3–8 mm, sparsely and
shortly pubescent. Flowers large. Calyx green,

28. PSAMMOSILENE W. C. Wu & C. Y. Wu in L. P. King et al., Icon. Pl. Medic. Libro Tien-
Nan-Pen-Tsao Lanmaoano 1: t. 1. 1945.
金铁锁属 jin tie suo shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Magnus Lidén, Bengt Oxelman
Herbs perennial. Roots long conical, fleshy. Stems several, diffuse, branched. Leaves ovate, subcarnose, midvein
prominent. Flowers bisexual, subsessile, small. Inflorescence a thyrse, densely glandular pubescent; bracts
herbaceous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, herbaceous, 15-veined, slightly convex, veins free at apex, 5-toothed. Petals
5, purple-red, narrowly spatulate, margin entire, claw attenuate. Stamens 5, opposite calyx teeth. Ovary 1-loculed;
ovules 2, anatropous; styles 2. Capsule clavate, thin, nearly unsplit. Seed 1, narrowly obovoid, plano-convex.
• One species.
1. Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu & C. Y. Wu in L. P. dichasia proximally. Flowers 3–5 mm in diam. Pedicel
King et al., Icon. Pl. Medic. Libro Tien-Nan-Pen-Tsao Lan- short or flowers sessile. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4–
maoano 1: t. 1. 1945. 6 mm, densely glandular pubescent, veins green; calyx
金铁锁 jin tie suo teeth triangular-ovate, margin membranous, apex
Silene cryptantha Diels, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. obtuse or acute. Petals 7–8 mm. Stamens exserted
Edinburgh 5: 180. 1912, not Viviani (1824). beyond calyx, 7–9 mm; anthers yellow. Ovary narrowly
Roots brown-yellow. Stems prostrate, purple-green, 20– obovoid, ca. 7 mm; styles ca. 3 mm. Capsule ca. 7 mm.
35 cm, dichotomously branched, pubescent. Leaves Seed brown, ca. 3 mm. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Jul–Oct.
subsessile, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.5 cm, adaxially pilose, base • Warm and dry valleys along Jinsha Jiang and Yarlung Zangbo
rounded, rarely broadly cuneate, apex entire, acute. Jiang, rocky mountain slopes, dry pastures, calcareous rock crevices,
Inflorescence a thyrse with a terminal, lax dichasium forests; 900–3800 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan.
This species is used medicinally.
and 2 opposite, similarly lax and many-flowered

29. GYPSOPHILA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 406. 1753.

石头花属 shi tou hua shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Nicholas J. Turland
Heterochroa Bunge; Psammophila Fourreau; Psammophiliella Ikonnikov; Timaeosia Klotzsch.
Herbs annual or perennial. Stems usually caespitose, erect or diffuse, glabrous or glandular pubescent, sometimes
glabrescent or base woody. Leaves opposite, linear, lanceolate, ovate, oblong, spatulate, or sometimes subulate or
subfleshy. Flowers numerous, bisexual, small, borne in dichasial cymes, corymbs, or panicles, sometimes
aggregated into capitula; bracts usually scarious, rarely leaflike. Calyx green or purple veined, white membranous
between veins, campanulate or funnelform, rarely cylindric, glabrous or puberulous, veins broad, apex 5-toothed.
Petals 5, white or pink, sometimes purple veined, oblong or obovate, longer than calyx, base usually cuneate, apex
entire, truncate, or retuse. Stamens 10. Ovary globose or ovoid, 1-loculed; ovules numerous. Styles 2(or 3).
Gynophore absent. Capsule globose, ovoid, or oblong, 4-valved. Seeds subreniform, compressed, tuberculate; hilum
lateral; embryo annular; radicle prominent.
About 150 species: mainly in temperate Asia and Europe, fewer species in NE Africa (Egypt), Australia, and North America; 17 species (four
endemic) in China.
Gypsophila elegans Marschall von Bieberstein, native to SW Asia and SE Europe, is cultivated in China as an ornamental.
1a. Herbs annual ..................................................................................................................................... 17. G. muralis
1b. Herbs perennial.
2a. Stems densely caespitose, ascending; bracts leaflike; calyx not white membranous between veins.
3a. Plants white pubescent; leaves obovate-spatulate .......................................................... 14. G. cerastioides
3b. Plants brown glandular pubescent or sericeous; leaves linear-subulate or lanceolate.
4a. Plants brown glandular pubescent; leaves linear-subulate; pedicels 0.3–1.2 cm ....... 15. G. desertorum
4b. Plants sericeous; leaves lanceolate; pedicels 1.4–2 cm .................................................... 16. G. sericea
2b. Stems simple or laxly caespitose, erect; bracts scarious; calyx white membranous between veins.
5a. Inflorescence paniculate, spreading, many branched, pedicels slender; calyx broadly
campanulate.
6a. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 0.25–0.7 cm wide, glabrous; calyx 1.5–2 mm, veins
purple .......................................................................................................................... 12. G. paniculata
6b. Leaves obovate- or ovate-oblong, 1–3 cm wide, glandular pubescent; calyx 2–4 mm, veins
green ............................................................................................................................ 13. G. perfoliata
5b. Inflorescence usually corymbose, sometimes subcapitate, pedicels usually stout, rigid; calyx
campanulate
or narrowly so.
7a. Leaves linear.
8a. Inflorescence few branched or subcapitate, few flowered.
9a. Inflorescence lax, pedicels 5–20 mm; calyx 2–3 mm ............................................. 8. G. patrinii
9b. Inflorescence subcapitate, pedicels ca. 1 mm; calyx 3.5–5 mm ..................... 9. G. capituliflora
8b. Inflorescence many branched, numerous flowered.
10a. Inflorescence lax, divergent spinose .................................................................. 11. G. spinosa
10b. Inflorescence congested, not spinose ............................................................. 10. G. licentiana
 7b. Leaves not linear.
11a. Leaves linear-lanceolate.
12a. Plants more than 50 cm tall; inflorescence many branched; calyx veins green 6. G. davurica
12b. Plants less than 50 cm tall; inflorescence few branched; calyx veins purple-brown.
13a. Inflorescence lax, few flowered, pedicels 5–15 mm; calyx 3–5 mm, lobes
acuminate; stamens and styles included; seeds obtusely tuberculate ... 4. G. tschiliensis
13b. Inflorescence subcapitate, numerous flowered, pedicels 2–3 mm; calyx 2–3
mm,
lobes obtuse; stamens and styles exserted; seeds acutely tuberculate 5. G. huashanensis
11b. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate.
14a. Leaves linear-oblanceolate.
15a. Plants 50–80 cm tall; inflorescences scattered, pedicels 2–5 mm; bracts and
calyx
lobes ciliate at margin; seeds acutely tuberculate .................................... 1. G. altissima
15b. Plants 20–50 cm tall; inflorescences concentrated into capitula, pedicels 0.5–
2.5
mm; bracts and calyx lobes undulate at margin, not ciliate; seeds truncately
tuberculate ............................................................................................ 2. G. cephalotes
14b. Leaves oblong or ovate.
16a. Leaves oblong; inflorescence dense, pedicels 2–5 mm; petal apex truncate or
retuse; stamens and styles longer than petals ...................................... 3. G. oldhamiana
16b.Leaves ovate; inflorescence spreading, pedicels 5–10 mm; petal apex rounded;
stamens and styles shorter than petals ...................................................... 7. G. pacifica
1. Gypsophila altissima Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 407. 1753. 2.5 mm, glabrous. Calyx purple, campanulate, 2.5–3
高石头花 gao shi tou hua mm, divided for ca. 1/2 its length; lobes slightly
Herbs perennial, 50–80 cm tall. Roots thick, 0.5–1.5 cm undulate and membranous at margin, apex obtuse.
in diam. Stems usually solitary, sometimes 2 or 3 Petals white, obovate-oblong, ca. 6 × 1 mm, apex
together, erect, distally branched, glandular pubescent. truncate or retuse. Stamens longer than petals. Ovary
Leaves sessile, glaucous, linear-oblanceolate, 1.5–8 cm obovoid, ca. 2 mm. Styles ca. 4 mm, shorter than
× 3–12 mm, midvein prominent, base attenuate, apex stamens. Capsule globose, 3–4 mm. Seeds brown,
subobtuse or acute; proximal leaves longer than distal compressed globose, ca. 1.5 mm, truncately tuberculate.
ones. Corymbose cymes scattered; bracts ovate, base Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Jul–Sep.
attenuate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex acute.
Mountain slope grasslands; 1000–3900 m. N Xinjiang [NE Af-
Pedicel 2–5 mm, glabrous. Calyx campanulate, 2–3 ×
ghanistan, Kazakhstan, W Mongolia, N Pakistan, Russia (W Siberia)].
ca. 1.5 mm; lobes ovate, margin ciliate, apex rounded.
Petals white or pink, obovate-oblong, apex retuse. 3. Gypsophila oldhamiana Miquel, Ann. Mus. Bot.
Stamens shorter than or equaling petals. Capsule Lugduno-Batavi 3: 187. 1867.
globose, slightly longer than calyx, 2–2.5 mm in diam. 长蕊石头花 chang rui shi tou hua
Seeds ca. 1 mm, acutely tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr.
Jul–Aug. Herbs perennial, 60–100 cm tall. Roots brownish or
Mountain slopes, valley grasslands, floodlands, ditches; 1300–2400 m. brown-gray, thick, woody. Stems several, arising from
NW Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Russia (Siberia); Europe]. root crown, dichotomously or trichotomously spreading
branched, usually purple-red when mature. Leaves
2. Gypsophila cephalotes (Schrenk) F. N. Williams, J. Bot.
oblong, 4–8 × 0.5–1.5 cm, thick, subfleshy, 3–5-veined,
27: 323. 1889.
midvein prominent, base connate into a short sheath,
膜苞石头花 mo bao shi tou hua apex apiculate. Corymbose cymes terminal or axillary,
dense, glabrous; bracts ovate-lanceolate, membranous,
Gypsophila fastigiata Linnaeus var. cephalotes Schrenk margin ciliate, apex caudate-acuminate. Pedicel 2–5
in Fischer & C. A. Meyer, Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 92. 1841. mm, glabrous or pubescent. Calyx campanulate or
Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Roots thick, 3–15 mm funnelform, 2–3 mm; lobes ovate-triangular, veins
green, margin white, membranous, ciliate, apex acute.
in diam. Stems several, caespitose, rarely solitary, erect,
Petals pink, obovate-oblong, ca. 2 × as long as calyx,
branched, distally glandular pubescent. Leaves linear- apex truncate or retuse. Stamens longer than petals.
oblanceolate, 3–6 cm × 3–8 mm, apex obtuse. Ovary obovoid. Styles exserted, long linear. Capsule
Corymbose cymes concentrated into subcapitate ovoid, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds brown-gray,
clusters; peduncle 1–4 cm; bracts lanceolate, margin compressed subreniform, 1.2–1.5 mm, with striate
undulate, membranous, apex acuminate. Pedicel 0.5–
protuberances; raphe mucronate tuberculate. Fl. Jun– Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, 3–6 cm × 1–7 mm,
Sep, fr. Aug–Oct. midvein abaxially prominent, base narrowed, apex long
Scrub, mountain slope grasslands, rocks, maritime sands; sea level to acuminate. Cymes lax; bracts lanceolate, margin
2000 m. Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, slightly membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate to caudate.
Shandong, Shanxi [Korea]. Pedicel 4–10 mm. Calyx campanulate, 3–4 mm, 5-
The roots are used medicinally and the species is cultivated as an lobed for 1/3–1/2 its length; lobes ovate-triangular,
ornamental. veins 5, extending to apex, green, margin white,
broadly membranous, apex acute. Petals pinkish or
4. Gypsophila tschiliensis J. Krause in Pax, Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 364. 1922. pinkish white, obovate-oblong, ca. 3 × as long as calyx,
河北石头花 he bei shi tou hua base narrowed, apex retuse or truncate. Stamens shorter
than petals. Ovary ovoid. Styles long exserted. Capsule
Gypsophila acutifolia Fischer ex Sprengel var.
ovoid, longer than calyx. Seeds brown-black,
chinensis Regel; G. ellipticifolia Barkoudah.
Herbs perennial, (10–)20–30 cm tall. Roots thick. compressed reniform-globose, 1.2–1.5 mm, elevated
Stems erect or ascending, distally branched, slender, ca. striate; raphe acutely tuberculate. Fl. Jun–Sep, fr. Jul–
2 mm in diam. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2–3 cm × 2–4 Oct.
Hills, dry rocky slopes, steppes, fixed dunes. Hebei, Heilongjiang,
mm, midvein prominent, base attenuate, apex acute,
Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [E and N Mongolia, Russia (Far
mucronulate. Cymes laxly few flowered, glabrous;
East, Siberia)].
bracts white, lanceolate, scarious, veins brownish at
1a. Leaves 3–7 mm wide .................. 6a. var. davurica
apex. Pedicel brownish, 0.5–1.5 cm. Calyx brown-
purple, campanulate, 3–5 × ca. 4 mm, 5-veined; lobes 1b. Leaves 1–2 mm wide ............. 6b. var. angustifolia
ovate, margin scarious, apex acuminate. Petals rose, 6a. Gypsophila davurica var. davurica
obovate-cuneate, 6–7 × ca. 2 mm, apex truncate or 草原石头花(原变种) cao yuan shi tou hua (yuan bian
slightly undulate. Stamens ca. 5 mm. Ovary ovoid, ca. 2 zhong)
mm. Styles equaling stamens. Capsule ovoid. Seeds Gypsophila patrinii Seringe subsp. davurica
brown, globose, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr.
(Turczaninow ex Fenzl) Kozhevnikov.
Sep.
Leaves 3–7 mm wide.
• Forest margins, scrub, mountain slopes, grasslands; 2000–3000 m. Hills, dry rocky slopes, steppes, fixed dunes. Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Hebei. Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi [E and N Mongolia, Russia (Far
5. Gypsophila huashanensis Y. W. Tsui & D. Q. Lu in D. Q. East, Siberia)].
Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31: 565. 1993.
The species is used medicinally.
华山石头花 hua shan shi tou hua 6b. Gypsophila davurica var. angustifolia Fenzl in
Herbs perennial, 20–50 cm tall. Roots woody, Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 1: 294. 1842.
sometimes thick. Stems sparsely caespitose, erect, 狭叶石头花 xia ye shi tou hua
distally branched, glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, Leaves 1–2 mm wide.
2–4 cm × 2–5 mm, midvein abaxially prominent, base
attenuate, connate into a short sheath, apex acute. Hilltops, dry rocky slopes, steppes. E Nei Mongol [Russia (Siberia)].
7. Gypsophila pacifica Komarov, Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada
Corymbose cymes terminal or borne in distal leaf axils,
RSFSR 16: 167. 1916.
in subcapitate clusters; bracts ovate, 1–3 mm, scarious,
大叶石头花 da ye shi tou hua
glabrous, apex acute. Pedicel slender, 2–3 mm. Calyx
white membranous between 5 brown-purple veins, Herbs perennial, 60–90 cm tall. Roots brown-gray,
campanulate, 2–3 mm; lobes membranous at margin, thick, woody. Stems erect, reddish or glaucous,
apex obtuse. Petals pinkish white, oblong-oblanceolate, glabrous. Leaves ovate, 2.5–6 × 1–3.5 cm, 3- or 5-
ca. 5 mm, apex retuse. Filaments exserted, linear, flat, veined, base amplexicaul, apex obtuse to acute. Cymes
unequal, shorter than to longer than petals, base broad. terminal, lax; bracts triangular, margin membranous,
Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm. Styles longer than filaments. ciliate, apex acuminate. Pedicel 5–10 mm. Calyx
Capsule ovoid, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds brown, campanulate, 2–3 mm; lobes ovate-triangular, margin
reniform-globose, both surfaces elevated striate; raphe membranous, ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals pale purple or
acutely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. pink, oblong, ca. 6 mm, base narrowed, apex rounded.
• Mountain slopes, valleys, roadside grasslands, rock crevices; 600– Stamens shorter than petals. Ovary ovoid. Styles shorter
2600 m. S Shaanxi (Hua Shan, Qin Ling). than petals. Capsule ovoid, longer than calyx. Seeds
6. Gypsophila davurica Turczaninow ex Fenzl in Ledebour, brown-black, compressed reniform-globose, 1.2–1.5
Fl. Ross. 1: 294. 1842. mm, obtusely tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Oct, fr. Aug–Oct.
草原石头花 cao yuan shi tou hua Quercus-forested hills, forest margin grasslands, rocky slopes; 200–
Herbs perennial, 50–80 cm tall, glabrous. Roots 300 m. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea, Russia (Far East)].
brownish to brown-gray, thick, ca. 1 cm in diam., The roots are used medicinally.
woody. Stems several, caespitose, distally branched. 8. Gypsophila patrinii Seringe in de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 353.
1824.
紫萼石头花 zi e shi tou hua length; lobes ovate, apex acuminate. Petals white,
Gypsophila acutifolia Fischer ex Sprengel var. gmelinii triangular-cuneate, 2.5–3 × as long as calyx, apex
(Bunge) Regel; G. gmelinii Bunge. retuse. Stamens unequal, shorter than petals; anthers
Herbs perennial, 25–60 cm tall, glabrous. Roots thick, yellowish brown, globose. Ovary ovoid. Styles
equaling petals. Capsule slightly longer than calyx.
5–10 mm in diam., woody. Stems ascending or erect.
Seeds reniform-globose, ca. 1 mm, tuberculate. Fl. Jul–
Leaves linear, 1.5–4 cm × 1–3 mm, base connate into a
Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
short sheath, apex acute; basal leaves fascicled; cauline
leaves few. Cymes terminal, laxly few flowered; bracts • Mountain slopes, sands, field margins; 500–2000 m. Gansu, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, N Shaanxi, Shanxi, Xinjiang [?C Asia].
lanceolate or triangular, 2–3 × ca. 1 mm, margin
membranous, ciliate, apex acuminate. Pedicel slender, Chinese records of Gypsophila acutifolia Fischer ex Sprengel are
0.5–2 cm. Calyx lilac membranous between green or referable to G. licentiana. True G. acutifolia is native to the Caucasus
purplish, broad veins, campanulate, 2–3 mm; lobes region and has distal stems and inflorescences glandular pubescent,
leaves broader, and the calyx incised for ca. 1/2 its length.
ovate, margin membranous, sparsely ciliate, apex acute. Czerepanov (Vasc. Pl. Russia Adjacent States, 167. 1995) recorded G.
Petals purple-red, obovate, base cuneate, apex retuse. licentiana from C Asia, but without further data.
Stamens shorter than petals; filaments linear, flat;
anthers yellow, subglobose. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1.5 mm. 11. Gypsophila spinosa D. Q. Lu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 31:
568. 1993.
Styles ca. 3.5 mm. Capsule ovoid, longer than calyx.
Seeds brown-red, compressed reniform-globose, 0.8– 刺序石头花 ci xu shi tou hua
1.2 mm, both surfaces smooth; raphe tuberculate. Fl. Herbs perennial, 30–50 cm tall, glabrous. Roots thick.
Jun–Sep, fr. Jul–Oct. Stems erect. Leaves linear, 1–4.5 cm × ca. 1 mm, fleshy,
Grassy mountain slopes, rocky slopes, Gobi Desert rock crevices, base connate into a short sheath, apex acute.
sands; 600–3400 m. Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Corymbose cymes lax, bearing spines in forks of axis;
N Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)]. spines 2–10 mm; bracts triangular, scarious. Flowers 3–
9. Gypsophila capituliflora Ruprecht in Osten-Saken & Ru- 4 mm in diam.; pedicel 1–5 mm. Calyx campanulate, 2–
precht, Sert. Tianschan. 40. 1869. 3 mm, 5-toothed; lobes triangular or ovate, margin
头状石头花 tou zhuang shi tou hua scarious, apex obtuse. Petals light purple-red, pink, or
Gypsophila dshungarica Czerniakowska. white, cuneate, ca. 4 × 1 mm, apex retuse. Stamens
Herbs perennial, to 25 cm tall. Roots thick, woody. subequaling petals; anthers globose. Ovary ovoid.
Stems several, caespitose, usually simple, glabrous. Styles long linear. Capsule ovoid. Seeds brown, ovoid,
Leaves linear, subtrigonous, 1–3 cm × ca. 1 mm, ca. 1 mm, striate tuberculate. Fl. and fr. Jul–Sep.
subfleshy, glabrous, apex acute; basal leaves caespitose. • Desert grasslands, river bank sands; 500–900 m. N Xinjiang (Altay
Cymes terminal, in subcapitate clusters 1–2 cm in diam.; Shan).
bracts lanceolate, margin membranous, ciliate, apex 12. Gypsophila paniculata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 407. 1753.
acuminate. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx purple 5-veined, 圆锥石头花 yuan zhui shi tou hua
campanulate, 3.5–5 mm, lobed for 1/3–1/2 its length;
lobes triangular, margin membranous, ciliate, apex Herbs perennial, 30–80 cm tall. Roots stout. Stems
acute. Petals light red-purple or white, narrowly solitary, rarely sparingly caespitose, erect, diffusely
obovate, 6–7 × ca. 1.5 mm, base cuneate, apex retuse. many branched, glabrous or proximally glandular
Stamens equaling petals. Ovary ca. 2 mm. Styles short. pubescent. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2–5
Capsule suboblong, subequaling calyx. Seeds purple- cm × 2.5–7 mm, glabrous, midvein prominent, apex
black, globose, 1.5–2 mm, minutely flat tuberculate. Fl. acuminate. Thyrse profusely forked, numerous
Jul–Sep, fr. Aug–Sep. flowered; bracts triangular, apex acute. Flowers small;
pedicel slender, 2–6 mm, glabrous. Calyx prominently
Dry mountain slopes; 800–2600 m. Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia,
purple veined, broadly campanulate, 1.5–2 mm; lobes
Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, W Mongolia].
ovate, margin scarious, apex obtuse. Petals pale reddish
10. Gypsophila licentiana Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot. Z. or white, spatulate, ca. 3 × 1 mm, apex truncate or
82: 245. 1933. obtuse. Filaments linear, flat, subequaling petals;
细叶石头花 xi ye shi tou hua anthers globose. Ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm. Styles slender.
Capsule globose, slightly longer than calyx. Seeds
Herbs perennial, 30–50 cm tall, glabrous. Stems caespi- brown-red, globose, ca. 1 mm, obtusely tuberculate. Fl.
tose, distally branched, straight, slender. Leaves linear, Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
1–3 cm × ca. 1 mm, subfleshy, base connate into a short Grasslands, rocky slopes, fixed dunes, floodlands, fields; 1100–1500
sheath, apex usually acutely conduplicate carinate, m. N and W Xinjiang [Kazakhstan, W Mongolia, Russia (Siberia)].
cartilaginous. Cymes terminal, dense; bracts triangular,
ca. 1.5 mm, margin white scarious, ciliolate, apex The species is used medicinally and cultivated as an ornamental.
acuminate. Pedicel purplish, 2–3(–10) mm. Calyx white 13. Gypsophila perfoliata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 408. 1753.
membranous between 5 green or deep purple veins,
narrowly campanulate, 2–3 mm, lobed for ca. 1/3 its 钝叶石头花 dun ye shi tou hua
Gypsophila trichotoma Wenderoth. × 0.5–1 mm, rigid, midvein abaxially prominent, base
connate, margin involute, apex apiculate. Inflorescence
Herbs perennial, yellow-green, to 70 cm tall. Stems a dichasium; bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2–4
erect, distally many branched, proximally glandular × 2–3 mm, apex apiculate. Pedicel 3–12 mm. Calyx
pubescent. Leaves obovate- or ovate-oblong, 3–7 × 1–3 campanulate, ca. 4 × 2–3 mm, lobed for ca. 1/2 its
cm, glandular pubescent, 3–5-veined, base length; lobes ovate, ca. 1.5 mm, margin membranous,
amplexicaul and slightly connate. Thyrse diffuse; apex obtuse or acute. Petals white, lilac veined,
bracts triangular, glabrous, apex acuminate. Pedicel obovate-cuneate, ca. 6 × 3 mm, base narrowed, apex
slender, 4–15 mm, glabrous. Calyx green veined, retuse. Stamens slightly shorter than petals. Ovary
broadly campanulate, 2–4 mm, lobed for ca. 1/2 its ovoid, ca. 3 mm. Styles 2, ca. 2.5 mm. Capsule ovoid,
length; lobes ovate, margin membranous, apex obtuse. ca. 4 mm. Seeds deep brown, reniform, ca. 1 mm, ob-
Petals red, pink, or white, oblong, ca. 5 × 2 mm, apex tusely curved rugulose. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug.
retuse or obtuse. Stamens slightly shorter than petals. Dry river valleys, sandy and desert steppes, gravelly places; 1400–
1500 m. Nei Mongol, N Xinjiang [N Mongolia, Russia (Altai)].
Ovary ovoid. Styles exserted. Capsule globose, longer
16. Gypsophila sericea (Seringe) Krylov, Fl. Sibir. Occid. 5:
than calyx. Seeds reniform, ca. 1 mm, minutely flat 1087. 1931.
tuberculate. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep.
绢毛石头花 juan mao shi tou hua
Forest grasslands, wet riversides, saline-alkaline soils, steppe sands; Arenaria sericea Seringe in de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 414.
500–1000 m. N Xinjiang (Altay Shan) [Kazakhstan, W Mongolia, 1824.
Russia, Turkmenistan; SW Asia, SE Europe].
Herbs perennial, diffuse, small, sericeous, with stolons
14. Gypsophila cerastioides D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 213. 10–35 cm, rooting at nodes. Stems numerous,
1825. ascending, branched, slender, 5–10 cm. Leaves sessile,
lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm × 1.5–3.5 mm, lower leaves
卷耳状石头花 juan er zhuang shi tou hua
obtuse at apex, upper leaves acute. Flowers solitary,
Timaeosia cerastioides (D. Don) Klotzsch. terminal or borne in distal leaf axils; bracts leaflike.
Pedicel 1.4–2 cm, hairlike. Calyx broadly campanulate,
Herbs perennial, 10–27(–40) cm tall, tomentose. Roots 4–5 × 3.5–4 mm, glandular pubescent, lobed for ca. 1/2
conical, thick, 9–18 cm, fleshy. Stems densely its length; lobes ovate, margin membranous, apex
caespitose, ascending. Leaves obovate-spatulate, 0.5– obtuse. Petals abaxially lilac, adaxially white,
1.5 × 0.3–1.2 cm, both surfaces pubescent, margin oblanceolate to obovate, 2.5–3 × as long as calyx.
ciliate; basal leaves long petiolate; cauline leaves Stamens shorter than petals. Ovary ovoid, 4–5 mm.
sessile. Cymes terminal, 5–20-flowered; bracts leaflike, Styles incurved, long. Capsule equaling calyx. Seeds
ovate, 2–5 mm, margin ciliate. Flowers 4–13 mm in black, reniform, ca. 1.3 mm, flat tuberculate. Fl. Jun–
diam.; pedicel 2–9 mm. Calyx green, broadly Aug, fr. Jul–Aug.
campanulate, 3–6 mm, lobed for ca. 1/2 its length; lobes Coniferous forests, forest margins, hill ridge grasslands; 1600–2400
ovate or lanceolate, margin ciliate, apex obtuse. Petals m. N Xinjiang (Altay Shan) [Kazakhstan, N Mongolia, Russia (Si-
lilac or white, pale purple-red 3-veined, obovate- beria)].
cuneate, 5–8 mm, base narrowed, apex retuse. Stamens 17. Gypsophila muralis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 408. 1753.
shorter than petals. Ovary ovoid. Styles 2(or 3). Cap- 细小石头花 xi xiao shi tou hua
sule ovoid, usually indehiscent. Seeds black, Psammophila muralis (Linnaeus) Fourreau;
compressed globose, ca. 0.7 mm in diam., minutely Psammophiliella muralis (Linnaeus) Ikonnikov.
tuberculate. Fl. and fr. May–Aug.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes, forest grasslands, water courses, Herbs annual, 5–20 cm tall. Stems branched,
rubble, roadside fields; 2800–4000 m. S Xizang [Bangladesh, Bhutan, proximally puberulous, distally glabrous. Leaves
N India, Nepal, N Pakistan, Sikkim]. glaucous, linear, 0.5–2.5 cm × 1–2.5 mm, base
Gypsophila sedifolia Kurz (Flora 55: 285. 1872), from Afghanistan, attenuate, apex obtuse or acute. Dichasium lax; bracts
Kashmir, and Pakistan, is similar to G. cerastioides. It has not yet leaflike. Pedicel strict, thin, many times longer than
been recorded for China but might be expected to occur in SW Xin- calyx. Calyx obconic-cylindric, 3–4 × 0.5–2.5 mm,
jiang and/or W Xizang. lobed for 1/4–1/3 its length; lobes orbicular, apex erose.
15. Gypsophila desertorum (Bunge) Fenzl in Ledebour, Fl. Petals pink, darker veined, obovate-cuneate, 1.5–2 × as
Ross. 1: 292. 1842. long as calyx, apex erose. Stamens equaling or longer
荒漠石头花 huang mo shi tou hua than calyx. Ovary ovoid. Styles short. Capsule
Heterochroa desertorum Bunge, Verz. Altai Pfl. 29. 1836. suboblong, longer than calyx. Seeds numerous, black,
Herbs perennial, 5–15 cm tall, brown glandular asymmetrically ovoid, 0.3–0.5 mm, striate tuberculate.
pubescent. Roots brown, 0.5–1.5 cm in diam., woody. Fl. May–Oct.
Stems densely caespitose, ascending, simple or distally Roadside grasslands, fields, walls. SE Heilongjiang (Xingkai Hu)
sparsely branched, usually with dwarf, sterile, axillary [Kazakhstan, Russia (Siberia); SW Asia (Caucasus); Europe].
shoots. Leaves pseudoverticillate, linear-subulate, 4–15
Flora of China 6: 1–113. 2001.

30. PETRORHAGIA (Seringe) Link, Handbuch 2: 235. 1831.

膜萼花属 mo e hua shu
Lu Dequan (鲁德全); Richard K. Rabeler
Gypsophila Linnaeus sect. Petrorhagia Seringe in de Candolle, Prodr. 1: 354. 1824.
Herbs annual (or perennial). Stems erect or ascending. Leaves linear or linear-subulate; stipules absent.
Inflorescence a cymose panicle, (rarely capitate); bracts subtending calyx in 1–4 pairs or rarely absent. Flowers
small. Calyx campanulate, 5(or 15)-veined, scarious between veins, 5-toothed. Petals 5, white (or reddish), (with or)
without claw; limb entire (or emarginate). Stamens 10. Ovary 1-loculed; ovules numerous; styles 2. Capsule oblong
or ovoid, dehiscing by 4 teeth or valves. Seeds numerous, dorsiventrally compressed, ridged-winged, tuberculate or
smooth; embryo straight.
About 30 species: Mediterranean region to C Asia; one species in China.
Petrorhagia saxifraga (Linnaeus) Link var. saxifraga is cultivated in China. It is a perennial, with four bracts immediately subtending the calyx,
and reddish or white petals.
1. Petrorhagia alpina (Hablitz) P. W. Ball & Heywood, Bull. smaller than basal leaves. Cymose panicle lax. Pedicel
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 3: 145. 1964. 1–1.5 cm. Calyx green, 3–4(–5.5) × ca. 1.5 mm, 5-
直立膜萼花 zhi li mo e hua veined, ribbed, teeth shortly triangular, apex acute.
Petals white, oblong-obovate, 3–6 mm, slightly longer
Gypsophila alpina Hablitz, Neue Nord. Beytr. Phys.
than calyx, not clawed, margin entire. Stamens included.
Geogr. Erd-Völkerbeschreib. 4: 57. 1783; Fiedleria
Styles included. Capsule cylindric-obovoid, ca. 5 mm.
alpina (Hablitz) Ovczinnikov; G. stricta Bunge; Tunica
Seeds ovoid, 0.7–1.2 mm, tuberculate. Fl. May–Jun, fr.
stricta (Bunge) Fischer & C. A. Meyer.
Jul–Aug. 2n = 30.
Herbs annual, glabrous. Stem solitary, erect, 10–40 Rocky, dry grassy slopes; 1000–1800 m. N Xinjiang [Kashmir,
cm tall, branched from base; branchlets alternate, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan; SW Asia, Europe].
Chinese plants belong to var. alpina.
strict. Basal leaves in a rosette, linear-oblanceolate,
2.5–3.5 cm × 3–15 mm, midvein conspicuous, margin
rough, apex acute; cauline leaves erect, broadly linear,