Pak. J. Bot., 47(2): 495-510, 2015.

DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORA OF MASTUJ

VALLEY, DISTRICT CHITRAL, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN
FARRUKH HUSSAIN1, S. MUKARAM SHAH1, LAL BADSHAH1 AND MUFAKHIRA JAN DURRANI2
1
Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
2
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Corresponding author’s e-mail: farrukhbotanyy@gmail.com.

Abstract

This study revealed that the floristic diversity consisted of 571 species belonging to 82 families including 65 dicots, 13
monocots, 2 gymnosperms and 2 pteridophyte families. There were 334 genera including 3 Pteridophytes, 2 gymnosperms,
54 monocot and 275 dicot genera. Asteraceae (91 Spp., 15.95 %), Poaceae (58 Spp., 10.16 %), Papilionaceae (38 Spp., 6.65
%), Lamiaceae & Rosaceae (each with 26 Spp., 4.55 %), Polygonaceae (25 spp; 4.38), Caryophyllaceae (23 spp.; 4.03%),
Apiaceae (21 Spp., 3.68 %), Boraginaceae and Brassicaceae (20 Spp., each with 3.50 %) were the leading families. There
were 45 (13.47%), 32 (9.58%), 19 (5.69%), 18 (5.39%) and 16 (4.79%) genera respectively in Asteraceae, Poaceae,
Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Papilionaceae. Flora consisted of 91.59% wild species, 92.64% deciduous species, 92.12% non-
spiny species, 80.04% mesophytes and 94.57% heliophytes. Biological spectrum was dominated by therophytes (234 spp.,
40.98%), followed by hemicryptophytes (154 spp., 26.97%), geophytes (82 spp., 14.36%), chamaephytes (44 spp., 7.71%),
nanophanerophytes (31 spp, 5.43%) and megaphanerophytes (24 spp., 4.20%). The leaf size spectra was dominated by
nanophylls (40.98%), leptophylls (24.87%), mesophylls 18.56%) and microphylls (9.11%). Further plant exploration is
suggested in this remote inaccessible valley in the Hindukush Range, Pakistan

Key words: Phytodiversity, Ecological characteristics, Mastuj Valley, Hindukush range, Pakistan.

Introduction species of 56 families from Ghalegay Hills, District

Swat. Marwat & Qureshi (2000) recorded 383 species of
Floristic diversity and its ecological characteristics 110 families including 5 conifers, 43 broad leaved trees,
depend upon climate, altitudinal and related habitat 56 shrubs and 279 herbs from upper Siran Reserved
condition. The character of flora such as phenology, leaf forests. Durrani et al. (2005) reported 202 plant species
size and life form spectra and other morphological of 45 families from Harboi rangeland, Kalat. The
features reflect the existing ecological and habitat dominant life-form was therophytes and
conditions. A rich floristic diversity means favourable hemicryptophytes, while leptophylls, nanophylls, and
growing conditions. Listing of species has always been a microphylls were dominant leaf-sizes. Sher & Khan
pre requisite for any ecological and plant resource (2007) reported 222 plant species of 88 families from
management. Many studies for listing floristic diversity Chagharzai Valley, District Buner. They stated that
and its ecological behaviour have been done at home therophytes and nanophanerophytes were dominant life-
and abroad. Nusbaumer et al. (2005) described the forms while microphylls and mesophylls were important
structure and floristic composition of 534 species of leaf-size classes. Durrani et al. (2010) reported 123 plant
Scio, Western Ivory Coast forest. Estrella et al. (2006) species of 36 families from protected sites and 28
prepared a checklist of 52 genera and 124 taxa of species from unprotected sites from Aghberg rangeland,
Caesalpinoideae from Equatorial Guinea. Ssegawa & Balochistan. Saima et al. (2009) reported 167 plant
Nkuutu (2006) recorded 179 species belonging to 70 species of 65 families from Ayubia National Park,
families and 146 genera from forests in the Ssese Islands District Abbottabad. Asteraceae was dominant followed
of Lake Victoria, Central Uganda. by Lamiaceae. The floristic diversity and ecological
Alelign et al. (2007) recorded the composition of features of flora of District Tank is worked out by
113 woody plant species. Costa et al. (2007) identified Badshah et al. (2013). Sher et al. (2014) reported the
133 plant species belonging to 47 families including diversity and ecological features of flora of Gadoon,
42.9% therophytes, 26.3% phanerophytes, 15.8% District Swabi.
chamaephytes, 12.8% hemicrytophytes and 2.3% Mastuj Valley is botanically less explored that
cryptophytes. Devineau & Fournier (2007) identified invites the plant scientists to come forward. Some
130 herbaceous species of West African Sudan Type references are available on weed flora and ecology
Savanna. Shukla (2009) reported 615 species of (Hussain et al., 1994, 2004 a, b; Hussain & Murad,
angiosperms from Terai landscape in Northeastern Uttar 2004), flora and vegetation of Mastuj (Shah et al., 2006;
Pradesh. Parswan et al. (2010) reported 80 species of 36 Hussain et al., 2007), medicinal plants (Shah & Hussain,
families and biological spectrum of vegetation of alpine 2012), aquatic vegetation (Hussain et al., 2012), status
meadows of Kedarnath. Asteraceae was dominant family of juniper (Shah et al., 2013 a) and phytosociology
and major life-form class was chamaephytes followed by (Shah et al., 2013 b). No other reference on the plants
therophytes. Kotresha et al. (2011) reported 303 plant of Mastuj Valley is available. The present effort
species of 238 genera and 75 families from Karnataka, therefore brings on record the diversity and ecological
India. They reported that Fabaceae with 44 species was features of plants of Mastuj Valley that might be helpful
the dominant family. Hussain et al. (2000) reported 92 for future workers.
496 FARRUKH HUSSAIN ET AL.,

Materials and Methods species belonging to 65 families from Ayubia National

Park, District Abbottabad. The present floristic list differs
Floristic diversity: Plants including cultivated species from them due to moist temperate climate, which is
were collected from Mastuj Valley during 2006-2009. They contrasting to dry arid climatic of Mastuj Valley. Floristic
were dried, identified with the help of available literature list is ecologically important as it provides information
(Nasir & Ali, 1970-1989., Ali & Nasir, 1989-1991; Ali &
about natural resources and associations of plants with each
Qaiser, 1993-2012). The identification was further
other and their interaction with other biotic and abiotic
confirmed at National Herbarium, National Agriculture
Research Council, Islamabad and at the Herbarium factors. Floristic composition varies in response to
Department of Botany, University of Karachi. A complete altitudinal and habitat differences. Floristic diversity
floristic list was compiled by arranging plants provides an idea about the life-form, stratification, habitat
alphabetically within each group, family and genera. Some and related environmental condition. Floristic listing is easy
plants were deposited at the University of Karachi, others at to handle and is less time consuming (Saima et al., 2009).
the Department of Botany and Botanical Garden, Centre of Families Asteraceae and Poaceae were on the top of the list
Plant Biodiversity at Azakhel, University of Peshawar. in the area (Table 3). Parswan et al. (2010) also reported
Asteraceae as the dominant family in alpine meadows of
Ecological characteristics: Leaf persistence, spiny Kedarnath. Both these families are the largest families in
nature, habitat, light requirement, cultivation/wild and the flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1970-1989; Ali & Nasir,
leaf shape of species were observed in the field. 1989-1991; Ali & Qaiser, 1993-2012). A similar trend for
both these and other families has been reported by many
Life-form and leaf size spectra: Life-form and leaf size
workers (Durrani et. al., 2005, 2010; Shah et. al., 2006;
classes were assigned to plants by following Raunkiaer
(1934) and Hussain (1989) and Raunkiarian life-form and Saima et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2011; Peer et. al., 2001,
leaf size spectra (Biological Spectra) was prepared. 2007) in the arid and moist climatic conditions of Pakistan
and our results in this regard are strengthened by them.
Results and Discussion Almeida Jr et al. (2011) and Kotresha et al. (2011) also
reported Fabaceae (Papilionaceae) as the leading families
Floristic composition: The floristic list comprised of 571 in their study area. The findings also agree with Badshah et
species of 82 families (Tables 1 & 2). It included 65 dicots, al. (2013) and Sher et al. (2014).
13 monocots, 2 gymnosperms and 2 pteridophyte families. Table 4 shows that the floristic diversity respectively
In all there were 334 genera. Pteridophyte and included 523 (91.59%) and 48 (8.41%) wild and cultivated
gymnosperms had 3 and 2 genera, respectively. There were species. Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum,
54 monocot and 275 dicot genera. Table 3 shows that Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Oryza sativa, Triticum
Asteraceae (91 Spp., 15.95 %) and Poaceae (58 Spp., 10.16 aestivum and Zea mays are some of the cultivated species in
%) were the leading families. They were followed by the area. There are 5 (0.88%) aphyllous species, 529
Papilionaceae (38 Spp., 6.65 %), Lamiaceae and Rosaceae (92.64%) deciduous species and only 37 (6.48%) evergreen
(each with 26 Spp., 4.55 %), Polygonaceae (25 spp; 4.38), species (Table 4). This is well in agreement with the arid dry
Caryophyllaceae (23 spp.; 4.03%), Apiaceae (21 Spp., 3.68 temperate climate of the area. The rain fall is poor and snow
%), Boraginaceae and Brassicaceae (20 Spp. Each; 3.50 fall is predominant with short growing season that does not
%), Scrophulariaceae and Chenopodiaceae respectively had favour the evergreen species. There were 45 (7.8%) and 526
16 (2.80) and 14 (245) species. Each of the Cyperaceae and (92.12%) spiny and non spiny species in the area. Keeping in
mind the habitat form (Table 4), it was obvious that 457
Ranunculaceae had 13 species (2.28%). The remaining
(80.04%) species belonged to dry habitat which is the main
families had less than 13 species in the area. Of the total
habitat form. The area is arid mountainous with eroded
334 genera (Table 2), there were 45 (13.47%), 32 (9.58%), shallow soil surface. There were 66 (11.56%), 66 (11.56%)
19 (5.69%), 18 (5.39%) and 16 (4.79%) genera respectively and 25 (4.38%) in mesic and moist soil types. Aquatic
in Asteraceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and species were the least as there are few aquatic habitats that
Papilionaceae. Shah et al. (2006) reported 218 plant species had only 23 (4.03%) species. These included one
of 63 families while studying the summer flora of Tehsil insectivorous plant, Utricularia austrailis which is
Mastuj, District Chitral. The present study reported double submerged hydrophyte. Other submerged hydrophytes
the number of species and genera compared to them. These included species of Potamogeton, Callitriche palustris and
also included the previously reported species and many Hippruris vulgaris. Mentha longifolia, Oxyria digyna,
more. The presence of high species diversity is attributable Phragmites karka, Primula denticulata and Nasturtium
to extensive exploration from diverse localities round the officinale were some of the aquatic plants and this agrees
year and diverse habitats and altitudinal range within the with Hussain et al. (2012). Major bulk of species, i.e., 540
valley. The present floristic list is also improved over the (94.57%) were heliophytes and only 31 (5.43%) species
flora reported by Sher & Khan (2007), who reported 222 were sciophytes (Table 4). Adiantum venustum, Equisetum
plant species belonging to 88 families from Chagharzai ramossimum, Colchicum aitchisonii, Geranium sp, Pteris sp,
Valley, District Buner. Addo-Fordjour et al. (2008) Swertia speciosa and Tussilago farfara were sciophytes. The
reported 108 plant species belonging to 37 families from leaves were simple in 427 (74.78%) species, incised in 63
Tinte Bepo forest reserve. Durrani et al. (2010) reported (11.03%) and compound in 76 (13.31%) species (Table 4).
123 plant species from Aghberg rangeland, Quetta and Five species (0.88%) were aphyllous. This floristic list
some of the species are common to the present study due to demands write up of complete flora for the area with
some similarity in climatic features as both the locations are taxonomic description, keys for identification and further
exploration in the area.
arid temperate. Saima et al. (2009) recorded 167 plant
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN MASTUJ VALLEY, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN 497

Table 1. Floristic composition and ecological characteristics of plants of Mastuj Valley, District Chitral.
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A. Pteridophyta
1. Family Equisetaceae
1. Equisetum ramossimum Desf. G Aph Aph - Aq L W Aph
2. Family Pteridaceae
2. Adiantum venustum D. Don G N E - M S W Comp
3. Pteris sp. G N E - M S W Comp
B. Gymnospermae
3. Family Cupressaceae
4. Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb MP L E - D L W Incised
5. Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pallas. NP L E - D L W Incised
6 Juniperus semiglobosa Regel NP L E - D L W Disc
7. Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don NP L E D L W Incised
4. Family Ephedraceae
8. Ephedra gerardiana Wall ex Stapf Ch Aph Ap - D L W Aph
9. Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & Meyer Ch Aph Ap - D L W Aph
C. Monocotyledonae
5. Family Alliaceae
10. Allium carolinianum DC. G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
11. Allium cepa Linn. G Mes Dec - D L C Simple
12. Allium chitralicum Wang & Tang G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
13. Allium griffithianum Boiss. G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
14. Allium sativum L. G Mes Dec - D L C Simple
15. Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng G Mes Dec - D L C Simple
6. Family Amaryllidaceae
16. Ixilirion montanum (Labill.) Herb. G Mes Dec - M L W Simple
7. Family Araceae
17. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume G Mic Dec - M L W Comp
8. Family Colchicaceae
18. Colchicum aitchisonii (Hook. f.) E. Nasir G N Dec - M S W Simple
9. Family Cyperaceae
19 Blysmus compressus subsp. brevifolius (Decne.) Kukkonen G Mic E - M L W Simple
20. Carex haematostoma Nees G L Dec - M S W Simple
21. Carex alpina Swartz. G L E - D S W Simple
22. Carex infuscata Nees G L E - M L W Simple
23. Carex diluta M. Bieb. G L E - M L W Simple
24. Carex nivalis Bootl. G L E - D L W Simple
25. Carex stenocarpa Turcz. ex V. Krecz G L E - D L W Simple
26. Carex stenophylla Wahlenb G L E - D L W Simple
27. Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla subsp. tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel) A. & D. LÖve G Mic E - M L W Simple
28. Kobresia humilis (C.A. Mey) Serg. G Mic E - M L W Simple
29. Kobresia nitens C.B. Clarke G Mic E - M L W Simple
30. Kobresia schoenoides (C. A. Mey) Steud G Mic E - M L W Simple
31. Schoenoplectus sp G Mic E - D L W Simple
10. Family Iridaceae
32. Iris germanica Linn G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
33. Iris hookeriana Foster G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
34. Iris lactea Pallas G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
11. Family Juncaceae
35. Juncus articulata Linn. H Mic E - M L W Simple
36. Juncus himalensis Klotzsch H Mic E - M L W Simple
37. Juncus membranaceus Royle ex D. Don H Mic E - M L W Simple
12. Family Juncaginaceae
38. Triglochin palustris Linn. G N E - Aq L W Simple
13. Family Liliaceae
39. Eremurus perisicus (Jaub & Spach) Boiss. G N Dec - D L W Simple
40. Eremurus stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker G N Dec - D L W Simple
41. Gagea chitralensis S. Dasgupta & Deb G L Dec - M L W Simple
42. Gagea setifolia Baker G N Dec - D L W Simple
43. Gagea uliginosa Siehe et Pascher G L Dec - D L W Simple
44. Tulipa clusiana DC G L Dec - D L W Simple
14. Family Orchidaceae
45. Cyperipedium cordigerum D. Don G N Dec - M S W Simple
46. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo G N Dec - M S W Simple
15. Family Poaceae
47. Aeluropus macrostachyus Hack. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
48. Alloteropsis crimicina (Linn.) Stapf Th N Dec - D L W Simple
498 FARRUKH HUSSAIN ET AL.,

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
49. Aristida cynantha Nees. & Steud. H N Dec - D L W Simple
50. Avena sativa Linn Th N Dec - D L W Simple
51. Avena barbata Pott ex Link Th N Dec - D L W Simple
52 Bromus danthoniae Trin Th N Dec - D L W Simple
53. Bromus gracillimus Bunge Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
54. Bromus pectinatus Thunb. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
55. Bromus stenostachyus Boiss Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
56. Calamogrostis pseudophragmites (Hall. f.) Koeler. G Mes E - Aq L W Simple
57. Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. H N Dec - D L W Simple
58. Dactylis glomerata Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
59. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. H N Dec - M L W Simple
60 Echinochloa crus-galli (Linn.) P. Beauv. Th N Dec - M L W Simple
61. Elymus cognatus (Hack) T.A. Cope H L Dec - D L W Simple
62. Elymus nutans Griseb. H N Dec - D L W Simple
63. Elymus repens (Linn) Gould H N Dec - D L W Simple
64. Elymus schugnanicus (Nevski) Tzvelev H N Dec - D L W Simple
65. Eragrostis minor Host. Th N Dec - M L W Simple
66. Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud. Th N Dec - M L W Simple
67. Eragrostis sp. H N Dec - M L W Simple
68. Eremopoa persica (Trin) Rozhev Th L Dec - D L W Simple
69. Festuca alatavica (St-Yves) Rozhev Th L Dec - D L W Simple
70. Festuca kashmiriana Stapf H L Dec - D L W Simple
71. Festuca olgae (Regel) Krivot. H L Dec - D L W Simple
72. Festuca valesiaca Schleich ex Gaud H L Dec - D L W Simple
73. Festuca valesiaca subsp hypsophila (St.- Yves ) Tzvelve H L Dec _ D L W Simple
74. Heteropogon contortus (Linn) P. Beauv. ex Roem & Schult H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
75. Hordeum spontaneum C.Koch. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
76. Hyparrhenia hirta (Linn.) Stapf H N Dec - D L W Simple
77. Ischaemum timorense Kunth. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
78. Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb) Schult. H L Dec - D L W Simple
79. Koeleria crstata Pers. H N Dec - D L W Simple
80. Lolium rigidum Guad. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
81. Lolium persicum Boiss & Hohen ex Boiss. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
82. Melica sp. H N Dec - D L W Simple
83. Melica persica Kunth H L Dec - D L W Simple
84. Oryza sativa Linn. G-Hyd Mic Dec - Aq L C Simple
85. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud. G-Hyd Mac E - Aq L W Simple
86. Piptatherum gracile Mez H L Dec - D L W Simple
87. Poa attenuata Trin H L Dec - D L W Simple
88. Poa alpina Linn Th L Dec - D L W Simple
89. Poa araratica Trautv. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
90. Poa bulbosa Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
91. Poa pratensis Linn H N Dec - D L W Simple
92. Poa sinaica Steud. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
93. Poa sterilis M. Bieb. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
94. Saccharum spontaneum Linn. Ch Mac E - D L W Simple
95. Setaria glauca (Linn.) P. Beauv. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
96. Setaria intermedia Roem & Schult. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
97. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. Th N Dec - M L W Simple
98. Stipa arabica Trin & Rupr H N Dec - D L W Simple
99. Stipa himalaica Rozhev H N Dec - D L W Simple
100. Stipa trichoides P. Smirnn H N Dec - D L W Simple
101. Stipagrostis plumosa (Linn) Munro ex Anders. H Mes Dec - D L W Simple
102. Tetrapogon villosus Desf. H N Dec - D L W Simple
103. Triticum aestivum L. Th Mes Dec - D L C Simple
104. Zea mays L. Th Mac Dec - D L C Simple
16. Family Potamogetonaceae
105. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis G-Hyd L Dec - Aq S W Simple
106. Potamogeton nodosus Poiret. G-Hyd L Dec - Aq S W Simple
17. Family Typhaceae
107. Typha angustata Borry. & Chaub. G-Hyd Mac E - Aq L W Simple
D. Dicotyledonae
18. Family Amaranthaceae
108. Amaranthus cruentius Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
109. Amaranthus hybridus Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
110. Amaranthus retroflexus Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
111. Amaranthus viridis Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN MASTUJ VALLEY, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN 499

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
19. Family Anacardaceae
112. Pistacia integerrhima J. L. Stewart ex Brandis. NP Mes Dec - D L W Simple
113. Pistacia khinjuk Stocks NP N Dec - D L W Simple
20. Family Apiaceae
114. Ammi visnega (L.) Lam. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
115. Anethum graveolens L. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
116. Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch. G N Dec - D L W Incised
117. Bupleurum gracillimum KI H N Dec - D L W Simple
118. Bupleurum thomsoni C. B. Clarke H N Dec - D L W Simple
119. Carum capticum L. G Mic Dec - D L W Incised
120. Carum carvi L. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
121. Coriandrum sativum L. Th N Dec - D L C Incised
122. Cortia schmidii Nasir. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
123. Daucus carota L. G Mes Dec - D L C Incised
124. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke. G Mes Dec - D L W Comp
125. Ferula Sp. G Mes Dec - D L W Comp
126. Foeniculum vulgare Miller. Th N Dec - D L C Incised
127. Plearospermum stylosum Clarke. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
128. Pimpinella stewartii Dunn. Nasir. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
129. Prongus publaria (Lind.) Hiroe. H N Dec - D L W Comp
130. Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch. Th L Dec - D L W Comp
131. Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link. Th Mic Dec - D L W Comp
132. Schulzia dissecta (Clarke) Norman Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
133. Trachydium roylei Lindl. H Mic Dec - D L W Comp
134. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spargue. G N Dec - D L W Comp
21. Family Apocynaceae
135. Trachomitum venetum (Linn.) Woodson H Mes Dec - D L W Simple
22. Family Asclepiadaceae
136. Cynanchum acutum Linn. Ch (Cl) Mes Dec - D L W Simple
137. Cynanchum arnottianum Wight. Ch (Cl) Mes Dec - D L W Simple
23. Family Asteraceae
138. Ajania fruticulosa (Ledeb.) Poljakov H N Dec - D L W Incised
139. Anaphalia gracilis Handel & Mazzetti. H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
140. Anthemis cotula L. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
141. Anthemis sp Th N Dec - D L W Incised
142. Artemisia brevifolia Wall ex DC. H L Dec - D L W Incised
143. Artemisia laciniata Willd. H L Dec - D L W Incised
144. Artemisia japonica. Thunb. H Mic Dec - D L W Incised
145. Artemisia persica Boiss Ch L Dec - D L W Incised
146. Artemisia rutifolia Spreng. H L Dec - D L W Incised
147. Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz ex Krasch Ch L DEc - D L W Diec
148. Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. H N Dec - D L W Incised
149. Artemisia sp Ch L Dec - D L W Incised
150. Aster altaicus Willdenow H Mes Dec - D L W Simple
151. Aster amellus Linn H Mes Dec - D L W Simple
152. Aster flaccidus Bunge H N Dec - D L W Simple
153. Bidens tripartita Linn. H N Dec - D L W Simple
154. Brachyactis roylei (Candolle) Wendelbo H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
155. Calendula officinalis Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
156. Carbenia benedicta (Linn) Bth & HK Th N Dec + D L W Simple
157. Centaurea calcitrapa Linn. Th N Dec + D L W Incised
158. Chondrilla graminea M.Bieb. H N Dec - D L W Incised
159. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis. H N Dec - D L W Incised
160. Cirsium acaule (Linn.) Scop. Th Mac Dec + D L W Simple
161. Cirsium argyacanthum D.C. Th Mac Dec + D L W Simple
162. Cichorium intybus Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
163. Cnicus benedictus Linn. Th Mes Dec + D L W Simple
164. Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
165. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Th N Dec - D L W Simple
166. Conyza japonica (Thunb.) Less. ex DC Th N Dec - D L W Simple
167. Conyza stricta Willd. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
168. Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
169. Cousinia buphthalmoides Regel Th L Dec + D L W Simple
170. Cousinia mattfeldii Bornm. Th Mic Dec + D L W Simple
171. Cousinia multiloba DC Th L Dec + D L W Simple
172. Cousinia thomsonii C. B. Clarke Th L Dec + D L W Simple
500 FARRUKH HUSSAIN ET AL.,

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
173. Crepis flexuosa (Ledeb.) C. B. Clarke Th L Dec + D L W Simple
174. Crepis multicaulis Ledeb Th L Dec + D L W Simple
175. Crepis sancta (Linn.) Babc. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
176. Crepis thomsonii Babc. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
177. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Th Mac Dec + D L W Simple
178. Echinops cornigerus DC Th Mes Dec + D L W Simple
179. Erigeron sp. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
180. Erigeron acris Linn. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
181. Erigeron alpinus Linn. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
182. Erigeron canadensis Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
183. Erigeron uniflorus Linn Th L Dec - D L W Simple
184. Filago germanica Linn. H N Dec - D L W Simple
185. Gnaphalium luteo-album Linn. H N Dec - D L W Simple
186. Gnaphalium thomsonii Hook.f. H N Dec - D L W Simple
187. Inula obtusifolia A. Kerner Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
188. Koelpinia linearis Pallas Th L Dec - D L W Simple
189. Lactuca clarkei Hook.f. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
190. Lactuca dissecta D. Don H N Dec + D L W Simple
191. Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
192. Lactuca sativa Linn. Th Mac Dec - D L C Simple
193. Lactuca serriola Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
194. Lactuca tatarica (Linn.) C.A.Mey. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
195. Lactuca undulata Ledeb. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
196. Lactuca viminea (L.) J. & C. Presl. H N Dec - D L W Simple
197. Launaea polyclada (Boiss.) Burkill Th N Dec - D L W Simple
198. Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Th N Dec - D L W Incised
199. Leontopodium leontopodinum (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. H N Dec - D L W Simple
200. Matricaria chamomilla Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
201. Matricaria disciformis (C. A. Mey) DC Th N Dec - D L W Incised
202. Matricaria praecox (M.Bieb.) DC. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
203. Myriactis wallichii Less. Th N Dec - M S W Simple
204. Psychrogeton andryaloides (Candolle) Novopokrovsky ex Krascheninnikov H L Dec - D L W Simple
205. Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. H N Dec - D L W Simple
206. Saussurea bracteata Decne H L Dec - D L W Simple
207. Saussurea gnaphalodes (Royle ex Candolle) Schultz H L Dec - D L W Simple
208. Saussurea falconeri Hook.f. H L Dec - D L W Simple
209. Saussurea gilesii Hemsley H L Dec - D L W Simple
210. Scorzonera codringtonii (Rech.f.) Podl. H L Dec - D L W Simple
211. Scorzonera virgata DC H L Dec - D L W Simple
212. Senecio dubitabilis C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen Th N Dec - D L W Simple
213. Senecio kraschenninikovii Schischkin Th N Dec - D L W Simple
214. Seriphidium kurramense (Qazilb.) Y.R. Ling H L Dec - D L W Incised
215. Seriphidium oliverianum (J. Gay ex Besser) Bremer & Humphries ex Y. R. Ling Ch N Dec - D L W Incised
216. Solidago virgaurea Linn. H N Dec - D L W Simple
217. Sonchus arvensis Linn. Th Mes Dec - M S W Incised
218. Sonchus asper (Linn.) Hill. Th Mes Dec - M S W Incised
219. Sonchus maritimus Linn. Th N Dec - M S W Incised
220. Sonchus oleraceus Linn. Th N Dec - M S W Incised
221. Tagetes erecta Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
222. Taraxacum dealbatum Handel-Mazzett G N Dec - M L W Simple
223. Taraxacum officinale Weber. G Mes Dec - M L W Simple
224. Taraxacum stenolepium Hand.-Mazz. G N Dec - M L W Simple
225. Tragopogon gracilis D. Don H N Dec - D L W Simple
226. Tricholepis tibetica J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke H N Dec - D L W Simple
227. Tussilago farfara Linn. G Mac Dec - M L W Simple
228. Xanthium strumarium Linn. Th Mes Dec + D L W Simple
24. Family Berberidaceae
229. Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch NP N Dec + D L W Simple
230. Berberis lycium Royle NP N Dec + D L W Simple
231. Berberis pseudoumbellata subsp. gilgitica Jafri. NP N Dec + D L W Simple
25. Family Betulaceae
232. Betula utilis D. Don. MP Mes Dec - D L W Simple
26. Family Boraginaceae
233. Arnebia euchroma(Royle ex Benth) I.M. Johnston H N Dec - D L W Simple
234. Arnebia hispidissima (Lehm.) A. DC. H Mes Dec - D L W Simple
235. Arnebia guttata Bunge H N Dec - D L W Simple
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN MASTUJ VALLEY, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN 501

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
236. Arnebia linearifolia A. DC. H N Dec - D L W Simple
237. Cynoglossum glochidiatum Wall ex Benth. H N Dec - D L W Simple
238. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
239. Eritrichum canum var. canum (Benth & Royle) Kit. H N Dec - D L W Simple
240. Eritrichum nanum subsp villosum (Ledeb) Brand H L Dec - D L W Simple
241. Heliotropium dasycarpum Ledeb. H L Dec - D L W Simple
242. Lappula barbata (M. Bieb) Gurke Th L Dec - D L W Simple
243. Lindelofia anchusoides (Lindl) Lehm. H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
244. Lindelofia stylosa (Kar & Kir)Brand H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
245. Lindelofia longiflora (Benth) Baill H N Dec - D L W Simple
246. Mattiastrum himalayense (Klotzsch) Brand Ch L Dec - D L W Simple
247. Mattiastrum tibeticum (C.B. Clark) Brand Ch L Dec - D L W Simple
248. Myosotis alpestris subsp. asiatica Vestergren ex Hulten. H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
249. Myosotis arvensis (Linn.) Hill. H N Dec - D L W Simple
250. Nonea edgeworthii A. DC. H N Dec - D L W Simple
251. Onosma hispida Wall ex G. Don H N Dec - D L W Simple
252. Rochelia stylaris Boiss. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
27. Family Brassicaceae
253. Arabis amplexicaulis Edgew. Th N Dec - D L W Incised
254. Arabis fruticulosa C. A. Mey H N Dec - D L W Simple
255. Arabis tibetica Hook. f. & Thoms H N Dec - D L W Simple
256. Brassica campestris Linn. Th Mac Dec - D L C Incised
257. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Th Mes Dec - M L W Incised
258. Chorispora macropoda Trautv. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
259. Chorispora siberica (Linn) DC Th N Dec - D L W Incised
260. Conringia planisiliqua Fisch & Mey Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
261. Coronopus didymus (Linn.) Smith. Th L Dec - M L W Incised
262. Descurainia sophia (Linn.) Webb & Berth Th N Dec - D L W Incised
263. Draba cachemirica Gandoger. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
264. Draba korshinskyi (O. Fedtschenko) Pohle H L Dec - D L W Simple
265. Draba lanceolata Royle H L Dec - D L W Simple
266. Draba melanopus Komarov H L Dec - D L W Simple
267. Draba nemorosa Linn Th L Dec - D L W Simple
268. Draba stenocarpa Hook.f. & Thoms. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
269. Draba tibetica Hook. f. & Thoms H L Dec - D L W Simple
270. Lepidium sativum Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
271. Lepidium apetalum Willdenow Th N Dec - D L W Simple
272. Malcolmia africana (Linn.) R. Br. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
273. Malcolmia cabulica (Boiss.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
274. Matthiola flavida Boiss. Ch Mes Dec - D L W Simple
275. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. G-Hyd N E - Aq L W Incised
276. Neslia apiculata Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Ave'-Lall Th L Dec - D L W Simple
277. Raphanus raphanistrum Linn. Th N Dec - D L C Incised
278. Raphanus sativus Linn. var. sativus Th Mac Dec - D L C Incised
279. Rorippa islandica (Oed.) Borbas. Th N Dec - M L W Simple
280. Sisymbrium brassiciforme C.A. Mey Th L Dec - D L W Incised
28. Family Callitrichaceae
281. Callitriche palustris Linn G-Hyd L Dec - Aq S W Simple
29. Family Campanulaceae
282. Asyneuma strictum Wendelbo H L Dec - D L W Simple
283. Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) C. B. Clarke Th N Dec - Wet S W Simple
284. Codonopsis rotundifolia Benth. H Mes Dec - Wet S W Simple
30. Family Canabinaceae
285. Canabis sativa Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
31. Family Capparidaceae
286. Capparis spinosa Linn. H Mes Dec + D L W Simple
287. Cleome ariana Hedge & Lamond Th N Dec - D L W Simple
32. Family Caprifoliaceae
288. Lonicera asperifolia (Decne.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Ch N Dec - D L W Simple
33. Family Caryophyllaceae
289. Arenaria griffithii Boiss Ch L E + D L W Simple
290. Arenaria neelgerrensis Wight & Arn. Th L Dec - D L W Simplr
291. Arenaria serpyllifolia Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
292. Cerastium cerastioides (L.) Britton. Th Mes Dec - D S W Simple
293. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill Th L Dec - D L W Simple
294. Cerastium thomsonii Hook. H L Dec - D L W Simple
502 FARRUKH HUSSAIN ET AL.,

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
295. Dianthus anatolicus Boiss. H N Dec - D L W Simple
296. Dianthus angulatus Royle ex Bth. H N Dec - D L W Simple
297. Dianthus crinatus Sm H N Dec - D L W Simple
298. Gypsophila floribunda (Kar. & Kir.) Turez & Ledeb Th N Dec - D L W Simple
299. Lepyrodicilis holosteoides C.A. Mey. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
300. Minuartia hybrida (Vill). Schischkin. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
301. Minuartia kashmirica (Edgew.) Mattf. H L Dec - D L W Simple
302. Saponaria griffithiana Boiss. H L Dec - D L W Simple
303. Silene arenosa C.Koch. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
304. Silene conoidea L. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
305. Silene gonosperma ssp. himalayensis (Rohrb) Bocquet H L Dec - D L W Simple
306. Silene kunawurensis Bth. H L Dec - D L W Simple
307. Silene moorcroftiana Wall. H L Dec - D L W Simple
308. Stellaria alsinoides Boiss & Buhse Th L Dec - D L W Simple
309. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
310. Stellaria uliginosa Murr H N Dec - D L W Simple
311. Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
34. Family Chenopodiaceae
312. Atriplex tatarica Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
313. Atriplex schugnanica Iljin Th N Dec - D L W Simple
314. Beta vulgaris Linn. Th Mac Dec - D L C Simple
315. Chenopodium album Linn. Th N Dec - D L C Simple
316. Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. Th L Dec - M L W Simple
317. Chenopodium botrys Linn. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
318. Chenopodium foliosum Aschers. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
319. Chenopodium murale Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
320. Haloxylon griffithii (Moq.) Boiss. Ch L E - D L W Simple
321 Haloxylon griffithii (Paulsen) Hedge subsp griffithii Ch L E - D L W Simple
322 Kochia stellaris Mocq Th L Dec - D L W Simple
323. Kochia prostrata (Linn.) Schard. Th L Dec - D L W Incised
324. Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (Linn.) Guldenst H N Dec - D L W Simple
325. Salsola tragus Linn. Th L E + D L W Simple
35. Family Convolvulaceae
326. Convolvulus arvensis Linn. Th (Cl) Mes Dec - D L W Simple
36. Family Crassulaceae
327. Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Boriss Ch Mes Dec - D L W Simple
328. Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook.f., & Thomson) Boriss. G N Dec - D L W Simple
329. Rosularia alpestris (Kar & Kir) Boriss Ch Mes Dec - D L W Simple
330. Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H.Ohba Ch Mes Dec - D L W Simple
331. Sedum ewersii Ledeb. G N Dec - D L W Simple
37. Family Cucurbitaceae
332. Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mats. & Nakai Th Mes Dec - D L C Comp
333. Cucurbita maxima Duch ex Lam. Th Mac Dec - D L C Comp
334. Cucumis sativus Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L C Comp
38. Family Cuscutaceae
335. Cuscuta europaea Linn. P Aph Ap - D L W Aph
336. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. P Aph Ap - D L W Aph
39. Family Elaeagnaceae
337. Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn. MP Mes Dec + D L C Simple
338. Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. turkestanica Rousi MP N Dec + D L W Simple
40. Family Euphorbiaceae
339. Euphorbia falcata Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
340. Euphorbia osyridea Boiss. Ch N E - D L W Simple
341. Euphorbia pamirica Prokh H L Dec - D L W Simple
342. Euphorbia peplus Linn. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
343. Euphorbia Sp. H N Dec - D L W Simple
344. Euphorbia wallichii Hk.f. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
41. Family Fumariaceae
345. Corydalis govaniana Wall ex Trend. G L Dec - Wet S W Incised
346. Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Linn. Th L Dec - D L W Incised
42. Family Gentianaceae
347. Centaurium meyeri (Bunge.) Druce. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
348. Gentiana kurroo Royle Th L Dec - Wet L W Simple
349. Jaeschkea oligosperma (Griseb.) Knobloch Th N Dec - Wet L W Simple
350. Swertia speciosa D. Don. G N Dec - Wet L W Simple
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN MASTUJ VALLEY, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN 503

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
43. Family Geraniaceae
351. Geranium pratense Linn. Th Mes Dec - Wet S W Comp
352. Geranium rotundifolium Linn. Th N Dec - M S W Comp
353. Geranium wallichinum D. Don ex Sweet. Th Mes Dec - Wet S W Comp
44. Family Grossulariaceae
354 Ribes alpestre Decne. NP N Dec - Wet L W Comp
355. Ribes orientale Desf. NP Mes Dec - D L W Comp
45. Family Hippuridaceae
356. Hippuris vulgaris Linn. G N Dec - Aq L W Simple
46. Family Hypericaceae
357 Hypericum scabrum Linn H N Dec - D L W Simple
47. Family Juglandaceae
358. Juglans regia Linn. MP Mac Dec - D L C Comp
48. Family Lamiaceae
359. Alajja rhomboidea (Benth.) Ikonn. Gal. G N Dec - D L W Simple
360. Drachocephalum nutans Linn. G N Dec - D L W Simple
361. Lamium amplexicaule Linn. Th N Dec - Wet L W Simple
362. Marrubium vulgare Linn. Ch Mes Dec - D L W Simple
363. Mentha longifolia (Linn.) Linn. G Mes Dec - Aq L W Simple
364. Mentha royleana Benth. G N Dec - Aq L W Simple
365. Nepeta cataria Linn. Ch Mes Dec - D L W Simple
366. Nepeta discolor Royle ex Bth H N Dec - D L W Simple
367. Nepeta glutinosa Benth. Th Mic Dec - Wet L W Simple
368. Nepeta kokanica Regel Th N Dec - D L W Simple
369. Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand. Mazz. G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
370. Nepeta paulsenii Briq. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
371. Nepeta subincisa Benth. H N Dec - D L W Simple
372. Nepeta longibracteata Benth. H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
373. Nepeta raphanorhiza Benth. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
374. Ocimum basilicum Linn. Ch N Dec - D L C Simple
375. Ocimum sanctum Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L C Simple
376. Otostegia limbata (Bth.) Boiss. Ch N Dec + D L W Simple
377. Salvia aegyptiaca L. Ch N Dec - D L W Simple
378. Salvia nubicola Wall ex Sweet Ch Mes Dec - D L W Simple
379. Salvia rhytidea Benth. Ch N Dec - D L W Simple
380. Scutellaria multicaulis Boiss. H L Dec - D L W Simple
381. Thymus linearis Benth subsp. hedgei Jalas. Ch N Dec - D L W Simple
382. Thymus linearis Benth subsp. linearis Jalas. H N Dec - D L W Simple
383. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. H L Dec - D L W Simple
384. Ziziphora tenuior Linn Th L Dec - D L W Simple
49. Family Lentibulariaceae
385. Utricularia australis R. Br. (insectivorous) G L Dec - Aq S W Incised
50. Family Linaceae
386. Linum usitatissimum Linn. Th N Dec - D L C Simple
51. Family Malvaceae
387. Abutilon bidentatum Hochst ex A. Rich. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
388. Alcea rosea (Linn.) Cav. H Mac Dec - D L W Comp
389. Malva neglecta Wall. Th Mes Dec - D L W Comp
390. Malva parviflora Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
52. Family Meliaceae
391. Melia azedarach Linn. MP Mic Dec - D L C Comp
53. Family Moraceae
392. Morus alba Linn. MP Mac Dec - D L C Simple
393. Morus nigra Linn. MP Mac Dec - D L C Simple
54. Family Oleaceae
394. Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Wall ex G. Don. NP Mic Dec - D L W Comp
55. Family Onagraceae
395. Epilobium angustifolium Linn. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
396. Epilobium cylindricum D. Don. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
397. Epilobium hirsutum Linn. Th N Dec - Wet L W Simple
56. Family Paeoniaceae
398. Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle G N Dec - Wet S W Comp
57. Family Papaveraceae
399. Papaver nudicaule Linn H L Dec - D L W Incised
400. Papaver somniferum Linn. Th Mac Dec - D L C Simple
504 FARRUKH HUSSAIN ET AL.,

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
58. Family Papilionaceae
401. Astragalus amherstianus Royl ex Benth. H L Dec + D L W Comp
402. Astragalus candolleanus Royle ex Bth H L Dec - D L W Comp
403. Astragalus chlorostachys Lindl. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
404. Astragalus corrugatus Bertol. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
405. Astragalus falconeri Bunge H L Dec - D L W Comp
406. Astragalus gilgitensis Ali H Mic Dec + D L W Comp
407. Astragalus grahammianus Royle ex Bth. Ch L Dec - D L W Comp
408. Astragalus lasiosemius cushion Ch N Dec + D L W Comp
409. Astragalus laspurensis Ali H L Dec - D L W Comp
410. Astragalus subumbellatus Klotzsch. H N Dec + D L W Comp
411. Astragalus peduncularis Royle ex Bth. H L Dec - D L W Comp
412. Astragalus psilocentros Fisch. H L Dec + D L W Comp
413. Astragalus nivalis Kar & Kir H L Dec - D L W Comp
414. Astragalus tibetanus Benth ex Bunge H L Dec + D L W Comp
415. Chesneya depressa (Oliver.) Popov H L Dec - D L W Simple
416. Cicer macranthum M. Popov H L Dec + D L W Comp
417. Cicer microphyllum Benth H L Dec + D L W Comp
418. Colutea paulsenii Feryh. NP N Dec - D L W Simple
419. Crotolaria prostrata Roxb ex D.Don. H L Dec - D L W Simple
420. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. G Mes Dec - D L W Simple
421. Hedysarum falconeri Baker H Mes Dec - M L W Simple
422. Lotus corniculatus var. tennifolius Linn. H L Dec - D L W Simple
423. Lotus corniculatus var. corniculatus Linn. H L Dec - D L W Simple
424. Lespedza Sp. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
425. Medicago lupulina Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
426. Medicago polymopha Linn. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
427. Medicago sativa Linn. H N Dec - D L C Comp
428. Melilotus officinale (Linn.) Desr. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
429. Melilotus indica (Linn.) All. Th N Dec - D L W Comp
430. Oxytropis mollis Royle ex Bth H L Dec + D L W Comp
431. Oxytropis tatarica Camb ex Bunge H L Dec - D L W Comp
432. Pisum sativum Linn. Th Mic Dec - D L C Simple
433. Sophora mollis (Royle.) Baker NP N Dec - D L W Simple
434. Trifolium pratense Linn. G N Dec - M L W Simple
435. Trifolium repens Linn. G N Dec - M L W Simple
436. Trifolium resupinatum Linn. Th Mes Dec - M L C Simple
437. Vicia monentha Retz. Th (Cl) N Dec - M L W Simple
438. Vicia sativa L. Th (Cl) N Dec - M L W Simple
59. Family Parnassiaceae
439. Parnassia nubicola Planch ex Clarke. Th Mes Dec - Aq L W Simple
60. Family Plantaginaceae
440. Plantago lanceolata Linn. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
441. Plantago major Aitch. G Mac Dec - Aq L W Simple
61. Family Platanaceae
442. Platanus orientalis Linn. MP Mac Dec - D L C Comp
62. Family Plumbaginaceae
443. Acantholimon kokandanse Bunge Ch L Dec + D L W Simple
444. Acantholimon longiscapum Bokhari. Ch L Dec + D L W Simple
445. Acantholimon lycopodioides (Girad) Boiss Ch L Dec + D L W Simple
446. Psylliostachys suworowii (Regel.) Roshk. Th Mac Dec - D L W Simple
63. Family Polygonaceae
447. Aconogonon tortuosum (D. Don) Hara H Mes Dec - D L W Simple
448. Atraphaxis pyrifolia Bunge NP Mes Dec + D L W Simple
449. Atraphaxis spinosa Linn. Ch L Dec + D L W Simple
450. Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Green Ch N Dec - D L W Simple
451. Bistorta vivipara (Linn) S. F. Gray H N Dec - D L W Simple
452. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve Th N Dec - D L W Simple
453. Fallopia dumetorum (Linn.) Holub Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
454. Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. Th N Dec - M L W Simple
455. Persicaria barbata (Linn.) Hara var gracilis (Danser) Hara Th N Dec - D L W Simple
456. Persicaria chinensis (Linn.) H. Gross Th N Dec - D L W Simple
457. Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Gomes H N Dec - D L W Simple
458. Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Spach G-Hyd Mes Dec - Aq L W Simple
459. Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gay Th Mic Dec - Aq L W Simple
460. Persicaria nepalensis (Meiss.) H. Gross Th N Dec - D L W Simple
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN MASTUJ VALLEY, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN 505

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
461. Persicaria orientalis (Linn.) Spach Th N Dec - D L W Simple
462. Polygonum afghanicum Meiss. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
463. Polygonum aviculare Linn. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
464 Polygonum paronychioides C.A. Mey & Hohen H L Dec - D L W Simple
465. Polygonum rottboelliodes Jaub Th L Dec - D L W Simple
466. Polygonum sp Th N Dec - D L W Simple
467. Rheum emodi Wall.ex Meissn. G Mac Dec - D L W Comp
468. Rheum tibeticum Maxim G Mac Des - D L W Simple
469. Rumex hastatus D. Don Ch Mes Des - D L W Simple
470. Rumex longifolius DC. Th Mes Dec - D L W Simple
471. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. H Mes Dec - M L W Simple
64. Family Portulacaceae
472. Portulaca oleracea Linn. Th N Dec - D L C Simple
65. Family Primulaceae
473. Androsace baltistanica Y. Nasir H N Dec - D L W Comp
474. Androsace mucronifolia Watt Ch N Dec - D L W Comp
475. Primula elliptica Royle. H N Dec - M L W Simple
476. Primula macrophylla D. Don. H Mes Dec - M L W Simple
66. Family Puniacaceae
477. Punica granatum Linn. NP Mes Dec - D L C Simple
67. Family Ranunculaceae
478. Anemone polyanthes D. Don H Mes Dec - M L W Incisedt
479. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle H Mes Dec - M L W Incised
480. Aconitum rotundifolium Kar et Kar. H Mes Dec - M L W Incised
481. Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf H Mes Dec M L W Incised
482. Clematis graveolens Lindl. NP (Cl) N Dec - D L W Comp
483. Clematis grata Wall. NP (Cl) N Dec - D L W Comp
484. Clematis orientalis Linn. NP (Cl) N Dec - D L W Comp
485. Delphinium nordhagenii Wendelbow. Ch Mic Dec - D L W Incised
486. Ranunculus arvensis Linn. Th- N Dec - Aq L W Incised
Hyd
487. Ranunculus lobatus Jacquem. ex Camb. G-Hyd L Dec - Aq L W Incised
488. Ranunculus natans C. A. Mey. Th- N Dec - Aq L W Incised
Hyd
489. Thalictrum alpinum Linn. Th N Dec - M L W Incised
490. Thalictrum vaginatum Royle H N Dec - M L W Simple
68. Family Resedaceae
491. Reseda odorata Linn. Th L Dec - D L W Incised
69. Family Rosaceae
492. Agrimonia eupatoria Linn. H N Dec - D L W Comp
493. Cotoneaster affinis var.bacillaris (Lindl.) Schneider. MP Mes Dec - D L W Simple
494. Cotoneaster microphylla Wall.ex Lind NP L Dec - D L W Simple
495. Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch.& C.A. Mey NP N Dec - D L W Simple
496. Crataegus songarica K. Koch. MP Mes Dec - D L W Comp
497. Malus domestica Linn. MP Mac Dec - D L C Simple
498. Potentilla biflora Wild. ex Schlecht H Mes Dec - D L W Comp
499. Potentilla bifurca Linn. Ch Mes Dec - D L W Comp
500. Potentilla cuneifolia Bertol Ch Mes Dec - D L W Comp
501. Potentilla gelida C. A. Mey. Ch Mes Dec - D L W Comp
502. Potentilla dryandanthoides (Juz) Viroshilov Ch N Dec - D L W Comp
503. Potentilla multifida Linn H Mes Dec - D L W Comp
504. Potentilla ornithopoda Tausch var. ornithopoda. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
505. Potentilla pamirica Th. Wolf. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
506. Potentilla salesoviana Steph NP L Dec - D L W Comp
507. Potentilla supina Linn. Ch L Dec - D L W Simple
508. Pyrus communis Linn. MP Mac Dec - D L C Simple
509. Prunus amygdalus Batsch MP Mes Dec - D L C Simple
510. Prunus armeniaca Linn. MP Mes Dec - D L C Simple
511. Prunus griffithii (Boiss.) C.K. Schneid NP Mes Dec - D L W Simple
512. Prunus jacquemontii Hook. f. NP Mes Dec - D L W Simple
513. Prunus persica (Linn.) Batsch. MP Mes Dec - D L C Simple
514. Rosa alba Linn. NP Mes Dec + D L C Comp
515. Rosa webbiana Wall.ex Royle NP N Dec + D L W Comp
516. Rubus fruticosus Linn. NP Mes Dec + D L W Comp
517 Sibaldia cuneata Kunze Ch Mic Dec - D L W Comp
70. Family Rubiaceae
518. Asperula oppositifolia subsp. cabaulica Ehrend. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
519. Asperula oppositifolia ssp. pseudocynanchia Ehrend. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
520. Galium aparine Linn. Th (Cl) N Dec - D L W Simple
521. Galium asperifolium Wall. Th (Cl) N Dec - D L W Simple
506 FARRUKH HUSSAIN ET AL.,

Table 1. (Cont’d.).
S. No. Plant species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
522. Galium boreale Linn Th (Cl) L Dec - D L W Simple
523. Galium pauciflorum Bunge Th (Cl) L Dec - D L W Simple
524. Galium tricornutum Dandy. Th (Cl) N Dec - D L W Simple
71. Family Salicaceae
525. Populus alba Linn. MP Mes Dec - M L C Simple
526. Populus nigra Linn. MP Mac Dec - M L C Simple
527. Salix acmophylla Boiss. MP Mes Dec - M L W Simple
528. Salix capusii Franchet MP Mes Dec - M L W Simple
529. Salix tetrasperma Roxb. MP Mes Dec - M L C Simple
530. Salix viminalis Linn MP Mes Dec - M L W Simple
531. Salix wilhelmsiana M. Bieb MP Mes Dec - M L W Simple
72. Family Saxifragaceae
532. Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. ex Sternb G Mic E - Wet L W Simple
533. Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. G Mic E - Wet S W Simple
534. Bergenia himalaica Boriss. G Mic E - Wet S W Simple
73. Family Scrophulariaceae
535. Antirrhinum majus Linn. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
536. Euphrasia aristulata Penn. Th L Dec - Wet S W Simple
537. Leptorhabdos parviflora (Bth.) Bth. Th L Dec - D L W Simple
538. Linaria odora (M.B.) Fisch Th L Dec - D L W Simple
539. Linaria volkii Patzak Th L Dec - D L W Simple
540. Linaria vulgaris Miller Th L Dec - D L W Simple
541. Pedicularis albida Penn. H(P) Mes Dec - Wet L W Simple
542. Pedicularis brevifolia D. Don H(P) Mes Dec - Wet L W Simple
543. Pedicularis pyramidata Royle H(P) Mes Dec - Wet L W Simple
544. Scrophularia scoparia Penn. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
545. Scrophularia stewartii Penn. H Mic Dec - D L W Simple
546. Verbascum erianthum Benth. Th Mic Dec - D L W Simple
547. Verbascum thapsus Linn. G Mac Dec - D L W Simple
548. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L G Mes Dec - Wet L W Comp
549. Veronica biloba Linn. Th L Dec - Wet L W Simple
550. Veronica serpyllifolia Linn. Th Mic Dec - Wet L W Comp
74. Family Simarubaceae
551. Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill.) Swingle. NP Mic Dec - Wet L W Comp
75. Family Solanaceae
552. Datura stramonium Linn. Th Mac Dec + D L W Simple
553. Hyoscyamus niger Linn. Th L Dec + D L W Simple
554. Hyoscyamus pusillus Linn. Th N Dec + D L W Simple
555. Lycopersicon esculentum Miller Th Mic Dec - D L C Comp
556. Nicotiana tabacum L Th Mac Dec - M L C Simple
557. Nicotiana rustica Linn. Th Mac Dec - M L C Simple
558. Solanum melongena Linn. Th Mac Dec - D L C Simple
559. Solanum nigrum Linn. Th Mes Dec - M S W Simple
560. Solanum tuberosum Linn. G Mes Dec - D L C Comp
76. Family Tamaricaceae
561. Tamaricaria elegans (Royle) Qaiser & Ali NP L Dec - Aq L W Simple
562. Tamarix dioica Rox.ex Roth. NP L Dec - Aq L W Simple
77. Family Thymelaeaceae
563. Daphne oleoides Schrend. NP L E - M S W Simple
564 Diarthron vesiculosum C. A. May Th L Dec - D L W Simple
565. Thymelaea passerina (Linn.) Cosson & Germain. Th N Dec - D L W Simple
78. Family Utricaceae
566. Pilea umbrosa Blume Th N Dec - D S W Simple
79. Family Verbenaceae
567 Vitex negundo Linn MP Mic Dec - D L W Simple
80. Family Violaceae
568. Viola serpens Wall ex Roxb. G Mic E - Wet S W Simple
81. Family Vitaceae
569. Vitis vinifera Linn. NP Mac Dec - D L C Comp
82. Family Zygophyllaceae
570. Peganum harmala Linn. H N Dec - D L W Simple
571. Tribulus terrestris Linn. Th L Dec + D L W Simple
Key:
1. Life-form: Th. Therophyte, G. Geophyte, H. Hemicryptophytes, Ch. Chamaephytes, NP. Nanophanerophytes, MP. Megaphanerophytes
2. Leaf-size: Aph. Aphyllous, L. Leptophyll, N. Naonphyll, Mic. Microphyll, Mes. Mesophyll, Mac. Macrophyll,
3. Leaf persistence: E. Evergreen, Dec. Deciduous
4. Spiny nature: += Spiny, -= Non spiny
5. Habitat form: Aq= Aquatic, M= Mesic, M= Moist, D= Dry
6. Light Tolerance: L. Light demanding =Heliophyte, S. Shade demanding= Sciophyte
7. Cultivation Status: W= Wild, C= Cultivated
8. Leaf Type: Incised. , Simple, Compound
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN MASTUJ VALLEY, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN 507

Table 2. Summary of floristic diversity of plants of Mastuj Valley in different major groups.
Families Genera Species
Major group
No. % No. % No. %
Pteridophyta 2 2.44 3 0.90 3 0.53
Gymnosperms 2 2.44 2 0.90 6 1.05
Monocots 13 15.85 54 16.17 98 17.16
Dicots 65 79.27 275 82.04 464 81.26
Total 82 100 334 100 571 100

Table 3. Leading 14 plant families with highest number of species (A) and Genera (B) arranged in decreasing
order of numbers from Mastuj Valley, District Chitral.
S. No. Family Species % S. No. Family Genera %

A. Number of species B. Number of genera

1. Asteraceae 91 15.94 1. Asteraceae 45 13.47
2. Poaceae 58 10.16 2. Poaceae 32 9.58
3. Papilionaceae 38 6.65 3. Brassicaceae 19 5.69
4. Lamiaceae 26 4.55 4. Apiaceae 18 5.39
5. Rosaceae 26 4.55 5. Papilionaceae 16 4.79
6. Polygonaceae 25 4.38 6. Lamiaceae 12 3.59
7. Caryophyllaceae 23 4.02 7. Boraginaceae 12 3.59
8. Apiaceae 21 3.68 8. Caryophyllaceae 11 3.29
9. Boraginaceae 20 3.50 9. Rosaceae 9 2.69
10. Brassicaceae 20 3.50 10. Scrophulariaceae 8 2.40
11. Scrophulariaceae 16 2.80 11. Polygonaceae 7 2.10
12. Chenopodiaceae 14 2.45 12. Chenopodiaceae 7 2.10
13. Cyperaceae 13 2.28 13. Ranunculaceae 6 1.80
14. Ranunculaceae 13 2.28 14. Cyperaceae 5 1.50
15. Solanaceae 5 1.50
The remaining families have less than 13 species The remaining families have less than 5 genera

Biological spectrum: Biological spectra are characteristic form of the vegetation is the product of their genetic pool
of the prevailing environmental and habitat conditions of and tolerance towards the climatic variation. Life-form
any area. Plants assume life form according to the climatic reflects the environmental and biotic influences prevailing
conditions for their survival. It was seen that biological in a particular locality. In the present study therophytes,
spectrum (Tables 1 & 4) was dominated by therophytes hemicrytophytes and geophytes were the major floristic
(234 spp., 40.98%), followed by hemicryptophytes (154 laments. This agrees with the prevailing environmental
spp., 26.97%), geophytes (82 spp., 14.36%), chamaephytes condition of the Mastuj Valley. In harsh and arid alpine
(44 spp., 7.71%), nanophanerophytes (31 spp, 5.43%) and climates annual plants flush out during short spring,
megaphanerophytes (24 spp., 4.20%). There were two thereby quickly completing the life cycle so as to avoid the
shoot parasitic species of Cuscuta and three root parasitic dry desiccating season. The hemicrytophytes reduce their
plants belonging to genus Pedicularis. The present findings body size and spread on the soil to avoid heat, strong winds
agree with Shah & Hussain (2007), Sher & Khan (2007) that are characteristic for such climates. Geophytes, too,
and Ajaib et al. (2008). Devi & Sharma (2004) and Alelign appear during short spring and remain dormant by virtue of
et al. (2007) also reported the dominance of therophytes in their underground perennating parts under unfavourable
their study. The arrangement of life-form of a species in a seasons. In alpine regions shrubs and trees are rarely
natural series is known as biological spectrum and is based represented. In the present study the few recorded
on life-form and leaf spectra. It represents climatic, phanerophytic plants are mostly cultivated trees near the
microclimatic and bioclimatic habitat conditions of settlement as they may be fruit, shade or fuel wood species.
particular area (Cain, 1950; Cain & Castro, 1959). Species of Salix, Prunis, Pyrus, and walnut etc are valuable
Biological spectra are useful in comparing geographically fruit plants. Some shrubby plants recorded in the present
widely separated plant communities and are also regarded study are either cushion plants like species of
as indicator of prevailing environment. Occurrence of Acantholimon, Arenaria, Juniper, or woody chamaephytes.
similar biological spectrum in different regions indicates The only tree in the mountainous habitat is Juniperus
similar climatic conditions. Biological spectrum may be excelsa that has decreased over the years due to heavy
materially changed due to introduction of therophytes like demand as fuel wood and its slow regeneration. At higher
annual weeds, due to biotic influences like agricultural altitudes above 4000 m there is no shrub or tree species.
practices and grazing, deforestation and trampling etc. The There is short growing season that is frequently windy. The
life-form of a plant species is a constant characteristic but degraded vegetation generally supports the therophytic and
sometimes it varies with different environmental conditions hemicryptophytic type of vegetation. Sher & Khan (2007)
and species go through different life-form stages in its life also reported that therophytes were dominant (86 spp.,
cycle from seed to maturity (Ajaib et al., 2008). The life- 38.65 %) in Chagharzai Valley, District Buner.
508 FARRUKH HUSSAIN ET AL.,

Table 4. Summary of ecological characteristics of plant species of Mastuj Valley, District Chitral, Pakistan.
S. No. Parameters No. of species (%)
Life form classes
1. Therophytes 231 40.98
2. Geophytes 85 (Including one Insectivorous plant) 14.36
3. Hemicryptophytes 154 (Including 3 root parasites) 26.97
4 Chamaephytes 44 7.71
5. Nanophanerophytes 31 5.43
6. Megaphanerophytes 24 4.20
Shoot Parasite 02 0.35
Total 571 100
Leaf size classes
1 Aphyllous 5 0.88
2. Leptophylls 142 24.87
3. Nanophylls 234 40.98
4. Microphylls 52 9.11
5. Mesophylls 106 18.56
6. Macrophylls 32 5.6
Total 571 100
Leaf persistance
Phyllous 5 0.88
1. Deciduous 529 92.64
2. Evergreen 37 6.48
Total 571 100
Spiny nature
1. Non-spiny 526 92.12
2. Spiny 45 7.88
Total 571 100
Habitat Form
1. Aquatic 23 4.03
Moist 25 4.38
2. Mesic 66 11.56
Dry 457 80.04
Total 569 100
Light Tolerance
1. Heliopyhtes 540 94.57
2. Sciophytes 31 5.43
Total 571 100
Cultivated/wild
1. Wild 523 91.59
2. Cultivated 48 8.41
Total 571 100
Leaf Type
Aphyllous 5 0.88
1. Simple 427 74.78
2. Incised 63 11.03
3. Compound 76 13.31
Total 571 100
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY IN MASTUJ VALLEY, HINDUKUSH RANGE, PAKISTAN 509

Leaf size spectrum: The leaf size classification and their Cain, S.A. 1950. Life form and phytoclimates. Bot. Rev., 16: 1-32.
spectrum are shown in Tables 1 and 4. It is evident that Cain, S.A. and G.M.D. Castro. 1959. Manual of Vegetation
nanophylls were leading leaf-size class with 234 Analysis. Harper & Brothers, New York.
(40.98%). It was followed by leptophylls (142 spp., Costa, C., F.S. de Araujo and L.W. Lima-Verde. 2007. Flora and
24.87%), mesophylls 106 (18.56%), microphylls (52 spp., life form spectrum in an area of deciduous thorn woodland
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cold freezing winters. Devi & Sharma (2004), Alelign et Floristic diversity, ecological characteristics and
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also recorded same species from this valley. It is also Hussain, F. and A. Murad. 2004. Weed communities in the
recommended that a complete illustrated flora with potato fields of Mastuj, District Chitral. Sci. Khyber, 17:
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Acknowledgement District Chitral, Pakistan. Pak. J. Pl. Sci., 10(1): 25-29.
Hussain, F., A. Murad and M.J. Durrani. 2004b. Weed
This research was financed by Higher Education communities in the wheat fields of Mastuj, District Chitral,
Commission Islamabad to Prof. Dr. Farrukh Hussain Pakistan. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 10: 101-108.
Hussain, F., I. Iqbal and M.J. Durrani. 2000. Vegetation studies
through Project No. 20-352/R&D/05, to which we are
of Ghalegay Hills, District Swat, Pakistan. Pak. J. Pl. Sci.,
highly thankful. We are thankful to unknown reviewer (s) 6(1-2): 1-10.
for their valuable suggestion that improved the quality of Hussain, F., S.M. Shah and H. Sher. 2007. Traditional resource
the paper. evaluation of some plants of Mastuj, District Chitral,
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(Received for publication 22 December 2013)