Biodiversity Study

Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone
of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park
PNOC-Energy Development Corporation
4 October 2007
Document No.: R07-052
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt.
Kanla-on Natural Park
R07-052
Prepared for
PNOC-Energy Development Corporation
Prepared by
Maunsell Philippines Inc
11/F Ayala Life - FGU Center, 6811 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines
T +632 843 6336 F +632 843 6125 www.maunsell.com
4 October 2007
51052707
© Maunsell Philippines Inc 2007
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Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park
4 October 2007
Quality Information
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural
Document
Park
Ref 51052707
Date 4 October 2007
Prepared by Pastor Malabrigo Jr., Phillip Alviola, Abba Grace Sanchez
Reviewed by Jess Bayrante, Leah Bufi, Butch Aragones
4 October 2007
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines 2
1.1.1 Flora 2
1.1.2 Fauna 2
1.2 The Biodiversity Study 4
1.2.1 Objective of the Study 4
1.2.2 Project Location 4
2.0 Methodology 7
2.1 Flora 7
2.1.1 Survey Method and Location 7
2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens 9
2.1.3 Data Analysis 9
2.2 Fauna 10
2.2.1 Survey Location 10
2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens 11
2.2.3 Data Analysis 13
3.0 Results and Discussions 14
3.1 Flora 14
3.1.1 Floral Diversity 14
3.1.2 Noteworthy Species 20
3.1.3 Conservation Status 22
3.1.4 Resource Use 23
3.2 Fauna 23
3.2.1 Avian community 23
3.2.2 Mammalian community 27
3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 30
3.2.4 Noteworthy Species 31
3.2.5 Conservation Status 32
4.0 Impacts and Mitigating Measures 33
5.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan 39
6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 42
6.1 Flora 42
6.2 Fauna 43
7.0 References 44
4 October 2007
1.0 Introduction
In pursuit of reducing the energy dependence on the foreign market and meeting the increasing
energy demand in the country, the Philippine National Oil Company – Energy Development
Corporation (PNOC EDC) is continuing its effort to explore and develop alternative energy sources. In
2003, DOE drafted the Renewable Energy Policy Framework, which envisioned the country to be the
world’s leader in geothermal energy.
The Philippines is the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. In 2006, geothermal
energy contributed about 18% to the country’ s energy production. In addition to the five steam fields
operated by the PNOC EDC, exploratory activities are still being conducted to locate untapped
geothermal sources in the country.
In Northern Negros, the exploratory drillings carried out in 1994 verified potential geothermal sources,
which is projected to provide 40 to 80 MWe of power. An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was
prepared and submitted on 25 January 1995 for the development of the Northern Negros Geothermal
Project (NNGP). The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) was granted on 5 December 1995.
The government entered into a Geothermal Service Contract (GSC) with PNOC EDC. Based on the
contract, the geothermal block will cover a total land area of 4,650 hectares. Of this total area, 2,800
hectares were classified as alienable and disposable lands (A & D), while the remaining 1,850
hectares were part of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (MKNP).
The initial geothermal development was established in the A & D lands, which generates 40 MW and
targets to sustain power for 25 years. In order to achieve this projection, additional back-up
maintenance and replacement wells will be needed, which can be provided by the areas inside the
MKNP but covered by the GSC. As earlier cited, the GSC included 1,850 hectares inside the park but
due to environmental concerns, the Congress, stakeholders, together with the World Bank park
consultants of the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Program (CPPAP), and PNOC EDC
agreed to limit the development area to 169 hectares (out of 1,850 hectares), which is the minimum
area needed to reach the geothermal resource.
Consistent with NIPAS Act, Republic Act (RA) 9154 or the MKNP Act allotted the 169 hectares of Mt.
Kanlaon’ s land area for the establishment of buffer zone for geothermal development and utilization. In
2001, then DOE Secretary conducted a meeting with the environmental NGOs relative to the intent of
using the buffer zone. While the use of the buffer zone is legal, during the meeting, it was agreed that
PNOC EDC will conduct a comprehensive biodiversity study (both flora and fauna), which will precede
the geothermal developmental activities. This will ensure that environmental and conservation
measures will be identified to mitigate the impacts of the activity at the buffer zone.
4 October 2007 Page 1
1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island,
Philippines
1.1.1 Flora
The moist forests of the Philippines, which include the montane and sub-montane forests of the
Northern Negros Forest Reserve (NNFR), are now classified as the eighth most vulnerable forest
ecoregion in the world (WWF 2001). This area contains the most endemic species that are
‘functionally extinct’or critically endangered within the whole of the Philippines. Less than 4% of the
original forest cover remains intact in Negros, putting a huge amount of pressure on the remaining
endemic species (Heaney & Regalado 1998). Considering most of the botanists’claim that the
Philippines is the most diverse country in the world on an acre per acre basis, it would be justified to
assume that there could have been a high rate of species extinction in the island. Thus, the
comparison of the previous documentations on the Negros biodiversity to the primary data generated
in the current study is important.
The few recent studies on the Negros forest are confined to the North Negros Forest Reserve
including Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (Turner et al., 2002 and Hamann et al.1999).
Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana,
614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families are expected to be present in
Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Of which 364 species
(59.3% endemism) are reportedly endemic species (Lagunzad et. al. 2004).
As cited by Lagunzad (2004), the previous plant collection from the Island of Negros and Siquijor
include Cuming (1837), Steere (1875, 1888), Schandenberg (1881), Ch. S. Banks (1902), H. Long
(1903), Usteri (1903), E. B. Copeland (1903-04), Muñoz (1904), Whitford (1906), Elmer (1908), H. D.
Everett (1908), E. D. Merrill (1910), H. M. Curran (1933), Fairchild (1940) and Edaño (1947). The
most extensive collection was done by Elmer in 1909 in Cuernos Mountains from March to June near
the Bonyao River (Lagunzad et. al. 2004).
Detailed botanical and floristic and ecological inventories are very disproportionately low, although
copious collections have been previously done. Hamann et al. (1999) is the only published floristic
study, which involved a one-hectare permanent plot and reported 645 individuals sampled belonging
to 92 species, 54 genera and 39 families. The structure of the transitional forest type was determined
by the dominance of species belonging to the following families: Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae
and Icacinaceae. The family Dipterocarpaceae registered a low importance values.
Other recent studies include that of the EIS of NNGP (PNOC EDC) in 1995 and a Biodiversity
Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on led by Dr. Robert S. Kennedy from Cincinnati Museum of Natural History
(CMNH), Cincinnati, Ohio. The reports contain information on vegetation types as well as a listing of
plant species, conservation status and uses. There is however no single available published material
on these studies.
1.1.2 Fauna
As early as the 1750s, biological explorations have been done in the Philippines marking its
beginnings with Pierre Poivre who visited Manila and probably Zamboanga between 1751-1755 and
from it came the descriptions of 31 new species from the Philippines (Brisson, 1760 as cited by
Dickinson et al., 1992). Through the succeeding years, several expeditions were made on several
islands in the Philippines, focusing on several parts of Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro and Cebu.
Most notable among these early expeditions were the Cuming (from 1836-39) with the British Museum
(BM) and Challenger Expeditions (1874-1875 in Tweeddale, 1877). Over a hundred years have
passed before any explorations were done in Negros, starting with A.H. Everett in 1877-1878 which he
also visited during that period the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao
and Palawan (Sharpe, 1877).
The first exploration of Mt. Kanlaon dates back from the period between March and April, 1896 when
John Whitehead (as published by Ogilvie-Grant (1896), the famous English naturalist, collected
extensively in the north-central section of the mountain. Mr. Whitehead brought with him to BM several
skins (some of which reported for the first time on Negros Island), including the Visayan Tarictic
(Penelopides panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), and White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike
(Coracina ostenta). Dioscoro S. Rabor, then with Siliman University, followed suit in 1953 where he
collected practically the same places Whitehead worked. Result of the expedition was reported by
Dillon S. Ripley of the Yale Peabody Museum and Rabor (Ripley and Rabor 1956) which included the
description of the Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus).
Virtually all early explorations (pre-war) on Mt. Kanlaon were focused on birds as early work on
mammals, amphibians and reptiles were done on the southern portion of the Negros Island. Even A.H.
Everett’ s 1877-1878 mammals and herpetofaunal collections were from southern Negros as well.
Walter Brown and Angel Alcala, of the California Academy of Sciences and Siliman University,
respectively, collected amphibians and reptiles in Mt. Cuernos de Negros (1961 and 1964) while the
type locality of Negros endemic mammals such as the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina), Negros
naked-backed fruit bat (Dobsonia chapmani) were from southern Negros as well, both mammals
described by Rabor (1952). Recent mammalian survey on the island were made on Mt. Guinsayawan
by the team from University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and Siliman University in 1982 to 1984
(Heidemann et al., 1987; Heideman and Heaney, 1989).
Recent explorations in Mt. Kanlaon were made in 1991 by a team of ornithologists from Cambridge
University (Brooks et al., 1992 and Evans et al., 1993) the results of which include sightings of several
Negros-Panay endemic birds such as the Visayan Tarictic (P. panini), Flame-templed Babbler (S.
speciosa) and the White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis). In 1995, field work by
the PNOC EDC EIA survey team revealed presence of at least 68 species of birds, 12 mammals, four
amphibians and 10 reptiles within the portion of Murcia and Bago City. At least 63 species of resident
birds were observed of which 38 species are forest dwellers (PNOC EDC, 1995). Moreover, a total of
18 endemic birds were recorded including two Negros-Panay endemics, both of which are listed as
threatened species. In 1998, a group led by DENR and CMNH conducted an inventory of the
mountain resulting to documentation of 53 species of birds and 10 species of mammals, of which 48
species of the birds recorded are resident breeders (DENR-CMNH, 1999). A substantial proportion (38
species) of these resident birds are forest-dwellers and the 22 endemic species were also found on
forest. In addition, three species of birds were restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, two
of which are threatened (Stachyris speciosa and Coracina ostenta).
1.2 The Biodiversity Study
1.2.1 Objective of the Study
PNOC EDC commissioned Maunsell Philippines Inc. (Maunsell) to prepare the Biodiversity Study for
the 169-hectare buffer zone. Site visits and surveys were conducted from 1 to 31 May 2007.
The specific objectives of the study are the following:
1. To characterize floral and faunal composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-
on Natural Park by conducting:
a. 100% inventory within the proposed development area of PNOC-EDC
b. 5% sampling on the remaining area within the buffer zone;
2. To determine the biodiversity status of the study area;
3. To identify the potential impacts of the proposed geothermal expansion to the flora and fauna
within the 169-hectare buffer zone; and
4. To design and propose environmental and conservation measures to prevent, minimize or

mitigate development impacts at all phases of the project for the protection, conservation, and
enhancement of flora and fauna inside the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP.
1.2.2 Project Location

Mt. Kanla-on is the highest peak in the Visayas region at 2,435 meters above sea level (masl). It is
located in the island of Negros, approximately 36 kilometers southeast of Bacolod City (Figure 1). On
August 11, 2001, RA 9154, known as the MKNP Act of 2001, declared Mt. Kanla-on as a Protected
Area under the category of a “natural park”. It covers about 24,557 hectares, of which 24,388 hectares
were classified as the nature park and 169 hectares were set aside as buffer zone. MKNP falls under
the jurisdiction of La Castellana, Murcia, Bago City, La Carlota City and San Carlos City in Negros
Occidental; and Vallehermoso and Canlaon City in Negros Oriental. Subsequently, it is included as a
priority area under the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project (CPPAP) (funded by the
Global Environment Facility (GEF)).
PNOC EDC’ s NNGP operates within the boundaries of Barangay Mailum, Bago City and Barangay
Minoyan, Murcia of Negros Occidental. The existing facilities of the project such as power plant, well
pads, pipelines, and support facilities are confined within the 70-hectare alienable and disposable (A &
D) land acquired by PNOC EDC. Adjacent to this area is the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP
designated for geothermal development under the MKNP Act. The survey was exclusively conducted
within the 169-hectare buffer zone (Figure 2). Occupying an elevation of 900 to 1,200 masl, the buffer
zone is covered with forest represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth at the lower
elevations (900 to 1,000 masl) and lower montane forest at the 1,100 to 1,200 masl elevation.
Agricultural plantations (corn), mixed second-growth and agroforest and NNGP infrastructures are
found below the boundaries of the 169-hectare buffer zone (north-west of the buffer zone). A small
portion of the buffer zone (ca. 1 hectare), adjacent to Well Pad B, had already been covered with
grassland-parang vegetation and with occasional rows of banana and ipil-ipil (Leucaena
leucocephala). Boundary delineation of the proposed access road has already been conducted from
the grassland-parang area (0 meters) and continuing to a length of approximately 2.9 kilometers until it
reaches the vicinity of the proposed Pad M1 and Pad M2 (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Location map of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park.
Figure 2. The proposed road system and well pads inside the 169-hectare buffer zone.
2.0 Methodology
2.1 Flora
2.1.1 Survey Method and Location
Proposed Development Area Inside the MKNP Buffer Zone
The established 2.9 kilometer P-line (center-width of the proposed road system) and the boundary
clearings of the proposed well pads were used as reference points for the 100% inventory.
For the inventory along the road system, the P-line was segmented into 200 meter length for each plot
and the width varied from 30 to 50 meters depending on the slope of the area; 30 meters for relatively
flat area, 40 meters for mild sloping area and 50 meters for the rugged terrain (Figure 2). Individual
plants (Ferns and Allies, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) inside the proposed development area were
identified to its corresponding taxon (family, genus, species). Woody plants that have diameter at
breast-height equal (DBH) or greater than 10 centimeters were properly numbered. The DBH,
merchantable height (MH), and total height (TH) were also measured. Frequency of shrubs, poles and
saplings were counted, while Braun-Blanquet survey method was used for grasses and other ground
cover. For unidentified plant species, specimens were collected and brought to the UPLB College of
Forestry and Natural Resources Herbarium for drying and identification.
Area Outside the Proposed Development Area but still within the MKNP Buffer Zone
Quadrat sampling technique was used for obtaining the quantitative information about the structure
and composition of the plant communities of the buffer zone outside the proposed development area.
This method is applicable for forests where almost all of the major plant communities are present. The
quadrat design used by Kennedy et. al. in their 1998 Biodiversity Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on Natural
Park was adopted (Figure 3). A total of 178 quadrats (20m x 20m) equivalent to 7.12 hectares were
laid out and surveyed (Figure 4).
20 m
4m
1m
1m 4m
20 m
Figure 3. Design of sampling quadrats for trees, saplings and understories.
Note: Quadrats in red color are the most diverse quadrats
Figure 4. Map showing the approximate location of the vegetation sampling plots.
2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens
The Sweinfurth’ s method, commonly known as wet collection method, was employed for specimens
that were difficult to identify in the field. This involves the soaking of properly labelled specimens in
ethyl alcohol. Copious information as to the habitat, physiognomy, slope and aspect, characteristics of
the plants that will be lost after drying, DBH and TH were noted down. The specimens were then
packed in polyethylene bags and sealed for further analysis at the laboratory.
2.1.3 Data Analysis

Information gathered in the field were tabulated and analyzed to characterize floral composition within
the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP.
The relative density, relative dominance and relative frequency values for each species were
determined to obtain their Importance Value (IV), which is the standard measurement in forest ecology
to determine the rank relationships of species. Also, the relative frequency, relative density and relative
dominance indicate different aspect of the species importance in a community. Importance values
were determined using the following formula:
Density = number of individuals

area sampled
Relative Density = density for a species x 100

total density for all species
Frequency = number of plots in which species occur

total number of plots sampled
Relative Frequency = frequency value for a species x 100

total frequency for all species
Dominance = basal area or volume for a species

area sampled
Relative Dominance = dominance for a species x 100

total dominance for all species
Importance Value = Relative Density + Relative Frequency

+ Relative Dominance
Using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP 3.0) software, the diversity indices of the different
sampling areas, which include the Shannon index (H), Simpson’ s index (D), and Evenness index (E),
were characterized. Shannon index assumes that individuals are randomly sampled from a large
population and that all species are represented in the sample. It gives an estimate of species richness
and distribution. Simpson’ s index, on the other hand, gives the probability of getting different species
when two individuals (with replacement) were drawn inside a plot. The Evenness index is the ratio of
the observed diversity to maximum diversity.
The Biodiversity Professional (BdPro32) software provided other statistical analysis such as similarity
matrix and ordination analysis based on species composition of the quadrats.
2.2 Fauna
2.2.1 Survey Location
For the study of fauna, the whole 169-hectare buffer zone was compartmentalized into four sites in
order to cover as much area sampled as possible (Figure 6).
Site 1 (N 10º28’45.5”, E 123º06’42.1”)
Site 1 starts at grassland-parang portion of the buffer zone and follows the access road survey line
until it reaches the 1,200-meter survey mark. The elevation at this site is between 900 to 950 masl.
Most of the route of survey line (up to the 880-meter mark) skirts along the edge of the buffer zone.
Consequently, the vegetation at this point is represented by grassland-parang (at the beginning of the
survey line) and edges of lowland dipterocarp forest. Mosaics of mixed second-growth and agroforest
lands (mostly banana and corn) are also found within the 880-meter mark, particularly at the edge of
the buffer zone. At the 900-meter mark (about 1,100 masl), the access road survey line enters the
interior of the buffer zone, marking the beginning of a lower montane forest. Transect lines for birds
and herpetofauna, mist-nets and live traps were placed along and within the vicinity of the survey line,
terminating at the 1,200-meter mark.
Site 2 (N 10 º28”51.9”, E 123 º 07”10.2)
This site begins at the 1,250-meter mark and ends at the 2,000-meter mark. The start of the survey
line bisects the northern portion of the buffer zone and increases in elevation, ca. 1000-1100 masl, as
the survey line extends further and passes through the contours of mountain ridges. Vegetation at this
area can be characterized as transition of lowland dipterocarp forest and lower montane forest
(especially at ridgetops). There is a hiker’ s trail within the site that is used to reach the peak of Mt.
Kanla-on. The mist nets and live traps were concentrated along the edges of the survey line.
Site 3 (N 10 º 28’52.2”, E 123 º 07’31.5”)
The sampling area starts at the 2,050-meter mark of the access-road survey line. The survey line at
this point enters the contours of the several ridges, and consequently gains in elevation (ca. 1200
masl), until it reaches a flat ridge at the 2,550-meter mark. The end of the survey line (at 2,700-meter
mark) is situated within a mixture of lowland dipterocarp forest (at ravines) and assemblages of lower
montane forest (e.g. Lithocarpus and Almaciga). A relatively wide river bisects between Pad M1 and
M2 and runs parallel with the survey line. The bird and herpetofaunal transect extended beyond the
end of the access-road survey line, while the mist nets and live traps were placed along the vicinity of
the flat ridge.
Site 4 (N 10 º 28’43.4”, E 123 º 06’31”)
This site is situated at the southern portion of the buffer zone adjacent to well pad A. A trail bisects this
portion of the buffer zone and runs along the edge of the MKNP boundary. A mixed vegetation of
second-growth forest and agroforest plantation of banana (Musa), abacca (Musa textilis) and coffee
(Coffea sp.) dominates the first 750 meters of the trail until the vegetation shifts to a transition zone of
lowland forest and lower montane forest. This portion of the buffer zone is designated as free from any
of the power plant’ s activities.
Figure 5. Map showing location of transects for wildlife sampling.
2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens

Birds
In each of the sampling sites, bird census was carried out in pre-determined sampling intervals (0600
to 0900 h and 1500-1730h) by walking through 1 to 1.2 kilometer transect line that was established on
the access-road survey line (Site 1 to 3) and established trail (Site 4). During each sampling period, all
bird species seen or heard were noted using the following information: species name, number of
individuals, habitat, elevation, if seen singly or in a group, feeding singly, as a group or in mixed flocks
(if possible, species of feeding tree) and others (flying, perched, heard, seen, foraging behavior).
General observations were used from dusk until 2100 h to record crepuscular and nocturnal birds.
Special attention was allocated for mixed-flock congregations, which required observation for at least
five minutes. Sampling was terminated after three consecutive days of transects.
Mist nets (6 and 12-m long, 4 shelves, 35-mm mesh) were used to capture cryptic and shy species
that were difficult to observe during transect counts. Fifteen to 21 mist nets were used for each study
site and were placed either singly or in series at strategic areas where birds are known to fly (e.g.
ridgetops, flat areas within understorey, across rivers and creeks and along trails).
Nets were usually operated from 0600 to 1800 h, but on several occasion nets were left opened until
the following day for nocturnal birds. Captured species were processed by taking standard biometric
measurements that include total length (TL), tail-vent length (TV), wing cord (WC), tarsus (t), bill (b),
gape (g) and weight (wt). The species were also photographed and identified using Kennedy et al
(2000) and photographs.
Two voucher specimens were collected for each species per site, while the rest were released after
proper identification. All captured specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and stored in 70%
ethanol. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species.
All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.
Nomenclature and classification of birds were based on Kennedy et al.(2000). Population and
threatened status follows the IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) and
Mallari et al (2000).
Amphibians and Reptiles
No standardized method was employed in the survey of herpetofauna. Instead, a wide array of
possible microhabitats (sensu Alcala and Brown, 1998) for frogs and reptiles were examined
intensively for the duration of the fieldwork. These microhabitats include tree holes, forest floor,
buttresses, decaying logs, leaf axils, epiphytes, tree ferns and bodies of water. Sampling periods were
usually conducted in the afternoon and the rest of the evening, although sampling in the morning was
occasionally done after servicing the nets and traps. In addition, frogs were also located and identified
by call. Interviews with the local guides were conducted.
Aside from species identification (if ascertained), other important information were recorded during
sampling such as microhabitat captured, altitude, date, weather, time observed and habit/behavior
prior to capture. Upon capture, descriptive and quantitative measurements, which were necessary for
species identification (e.g. snout to vent length (SVL)), were noted. As much as possible, all
measurements were taken from adult specimens, otherwise juvenile or sub-adults are properly noted
in the standardized field catalogue. Age determination includes examination of gonadal condition, and
presence of secondary sex characteristics such as vocal sacs, nuptial pads, fins (for Agamids). All
captured specimens were photographed, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol.
Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. All
collected specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.
Nomenclature and classification were based on Crombie (1986), Alcala and Brown (1998), W. Brown
et al.(1999), R. Brown et al. (2000) for frogs and Alcala (1986), R. Brown et al. (1999) for reptiles.
Population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor,
2002) and Alcala and Brown (1998).
Mammals
Cage traps were used to capture rodents and shrews. For the ground surface trapping, the traps were
placed in various suitable locations (i.e. under root tangles, in front of burrow entrances, along
runways, and on top of fallen logs). Traps were baited with either live earthworms or fried coconut
coated with peanut butter. All traplines were maintained for three nights.
Mistnets were used for capturing bats and were set on ridgetops, across trails and streams, and at
edges of clearing adjacent to forest. Nets were tended continuously during the peak of the activity,
which is from early dusk (about 17:30) until about 21:00. Nets were left open thereafter, and bats were
removed at dawn. Any given net was left in place for three or four days at a time in all but a few
instances. Nets were either set near the ground or were hoisted four to five meters aboveground and
in some cases almost reaching the canopy.
Information on the presence and perceived abundance of large mammals, including civets, wild pigs,
and deer, were obtained from knowledgeable local guides and hunters encountered during field work.
When possible, trapped animals with certain identification were released at the site of capture.
Voucher specimens were measured, examined for reproductive condition, and either preserved as
complete bodies in formalin (transferred to ethanol) or prepared as complete skeletons. Body
measurements taken include total length (TL), tail-vent (TV), hindfoof (HF), ear (EAR), forearm for bats
(FA) and weight (wt). Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification
of the species. All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.
Nomenclature follows Heaney et al., (1998) whereas population and threatened status follows IUCN
2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002).
2.2.3 Data Analysis
Birds
Community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula that takes into account both
species richness and the relative abundance of each species in the community. Relative abundance
refers to the number of individuals of a given species divided by the total number of individuals of all
species found. The community diversity was mathematically calculated using the Shannon-Weiner
Index. The value of the Shannon-Weiner index (represented by the symbol H’ ) was calculated using
the following formula:
H = -Σ[ni/N ln ni/N]
The following diversity indices (parameters) were also used to determine the degree of species
diversity in all sampling sites:
1) Species Richness index simply refers to the number of species in each sampling site
2) Dominance (D) index was mathematically calculated using the following formula:
D = (Hmax –H), where H = Diversity

Hmax = Maximum diversity = ln (n)
3) Evenness (e) index = H’

/Hmax
4) Sorensen Similarity Index which measures the degree of similarity of bird assemblage between
two sampling sites. It is computed by the equation:
2c
--------
a+b
where a= number of species in first area

b= number of species in second area
c= number of species common to a and b
Amphibians and Reptiles
As the method used in determining herpetofaunal diversity was gathered solely on opportunistic
sampling, effort allocated was not quantified. As such, standardization of data sets was not possible,
rendering any quantitative analysis not possible. To offset this limitation, the main point of discussion
will rely on presence/absence of species and its habitat associations. The study sites were found to
represent different vegetation types, ranging from lowland dipterocarps, lower montane forest,
grassland-parang vegetation, second-growth and forest edge vegetation and agroforest plantation.
Information on the range of vegetation occupied for each herpetofaunal species was noted.
Mammals
Relative abundance in the form of trapping or netting success was used to analyze mammalian
patterns. Total relative abundance was calculated as the number of captures at a given study site
divided by the number of trap-nights x 100 (i.e., the number of captures per 100 net/trap-nights).
Relative abundance was also calculated to determine which study site or vegetation/habitat types each
species is most abundant. At least two levels of distribution patterns will be generated for the analysis
of mammals: (1) elevational distribution (which the four study sites represent different elevations from
900 masl to 1200 masl), (2) habitat and disturbance types (e.g. all the study sites represent various
categories from lowland forest, lower montane forest, secondary forest, agroforest and grassland).
3.0 Results and Discussions
3.1 Flora
3.1.1 Floral Diversity
A total of 394 morpho-species belonging to the seed plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms), ferns
and their allies were recorded from the 36 hectares (sampling area). Sixty nine species have not been
identified to the species level or have been tentatively assigned to the most probable taxon (family or
genus). Most of these are sterile specimens (without flowers or spores). The determination of the
correct rank and position (identification) of the species is very much dependent on the variation
exhibited by the reproductive structures. Two of the taxa were not identified even up to the family level
due to inaccessibility of useful specimen for identification. The number of recorded families is 81, 2,
and 14 for angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes, respectively. The resource assessment
conducted focused mainly on the vascular plants. However, it was observed that among the non-
vascular plants, Sphagnum sp. is the dominant in the project site. Table 1 shows the number of
families, genera and species that was identified.
The most speciose (having several species) of all genera is Ficus with 26 species followed by
Syzygium (11), Piper (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (7), Calamus (6) and Elatostema (6). The most
speciose families are: Moraceae (30), Lauraceae (20), Rubiaceae (20), Urticaceae (16),
Euphorbiaceae (15), and Orchidaceae (15).
Table 1. Number of families, genera and species that were recorded.
Taxon Family Genera Species

Angiosperm 81 (2) 207 (7) 350 (58)
Gymnosperm 2 5 5
Fern 14 22 39 (11)
Total 97 (2) 234 (7) 394 (69)
*Numbers inside parentheses are taxa that have not been identified to the corresponding rank.
The number of species identified for this study was compared with the total tally for the whole country,
island, and that of the previous studies (Table 2). There is a wide discrepancy on the total number of
species recorded understandably because of the different area coverage for each tally (Table 3).
Nevertheless, it is important to note that the 36-hectare area sampled, out of the 169-hectare area of
the buffer zone is more than enough to obtain reliable sampling results.
Table 2. Floral Diversity on Philippines, Negros, PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998), and the results
of this Biodiversity Study.
CMNH Biodiversity
PNOC EIA
Philippines Negros Inventory Study
(1995)
(1998) (2007)
All species 8,000 614 253 197 394
Philippine
4800 (60%) 364(59.3%) 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%)
Endemics
Threatened
695 - 10 9 22
Species
Table 3. Comparison of the floral studies of the PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998) and this
Biodiversity Study (2007).
PNOC EIA (1995) CMNH Inventory Biodiversity Study

(1998) (2007)
Sampling Site Sitios Hagdan, Brgy. Ilijan, and Mailum Brgy. Mailum, and
Katugasan, and Pataan (800-2250masl) Minoyan (900-
(open/disturbed areas) 1200masl)
Area surveyed NA (not area based), 0.84 ha 36 ha
13 sampling stations
Methods used Line Intercept and Quadrat Sampling (21 100% survey and
Point Center Quarter quadrats) Quadrat Sampling
All Species 253 (14 pteridophytes) 197 394
Endemic Species 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%)
Dominant/ Important White Lauan, Bagtikan Baguilomboi, Almaciga, Bakan, Sotsa, White
Species Kaldemon, Tangile, Tanguile, White Lauan, lauan, Nato, Baugit,
Benguet Pine, Igem, Pagatpat Almaciga, Philippine
Mahogany, Bakan Maple
The results of this Biodiversity Study were also compared to the two previous surveys conducted
within Mt. Kanlaon and are presented in Table 3. Similarly, the three studies showed variable results
because of the difference in methodology, as well as sampling locations.
Proposed Development Area
Based on Whitmore’ s forest formation, the proposed development area, with elevation varying from
900 to 1,200 masl, belongs to the lower limit of a tropical upper montane rainforest. At the lower
elevation (900 to 1,000 masl), the buffer zone is represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed
second-growth forest, with some patches of disturbed ecosystem particularly on the lower part of the
proposed road system. At the interior of the buffer zone, which is about 1,100 to 1,200 masl, the area
manifested a lower montane forest cover.
• Proposed road system (P-Line Data)
The entire length of the proposed road system recorded a total of 3,192 large woody trees belonging
to 153 morpho-species, 88 genera and 48 families. The most speciose genera are: Ficus (16),
Syzygium (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (5), Astronia (4), Neonauclea (4), and Macaranga (4). The most
speciose family is Moraceae with 20 species followed by Lauraceae (17), Euphorbiaceae (11),
Myrtaceae (9), and Rubiaceae (7). The most abundant species is Litsea philippinensis with 377
individuals, followed by Symplocos ophirensis ssp. cumingiana (173), Neonauclea lanceolata ssp.
gracilis (120), Shorea contorta (114), Syzygium oleinum (114) and Palaquium luzoniense (107). Table
4 presents the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value, while Appendix
1 shows the taxonomic list of the inventoried woody trees with their corresponding Importance Value.
The DBH of trees ranges from 10 to 210 centimeters and MH is from 1 to 35 meters. The total volume
computed for the whole area is 1,402.58 cubic meters with an average of 0.439 cubic meter per tree,
while density is at 266 individuals per hectare.
Table 4. Ten most important species based on computed Importance Value from the area
covered by the proposed road system.
Family Species Common Name IV

LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 37.838
Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp.
SYMPLOCACEAE Sotsa 18.235
cumingiana var. cumingiana
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 12.815
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 11.322
MYRTACEAE Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Baugit 10.463
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 10.391
Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr.
RUBIACEAE Tiroron 8.892
ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd.
MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 8.674
LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 6.691
LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 6.519
For the poles and saplings, a total of 165 species were observed (Appendix 2). The most abundant
species is Laportea densiflora with 243 individuals followed by Angiopteris palmiformis (233), Turpinia
ovalifolia (229), Shorea contorta (218), Canarium asperum (216), Cyathea philippinensis (205),
Syzygium subcaudatum (183) and Litsea philippinensis (182). The average density is 529 individuals
per hectare.
Since the canopy is relatively closed ( 70% cover), it is expected to have low diversity at the
understories. More than 50% of the area is covered by forest litter. Only 61 species belonging to 51
genera and 30 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses (Appendix 3). The most
frequently occurring is the Selaginella wildenowii which was observed in 12 subplots (out of the 14
subplots) followed by Pandanus exaltatus (11), Zingiber negrosense (11), Sarchandra glabra ssp.
brachystachys var. brachystachys (10), Curculigo capitulata (9) and Christella dentata (9).
Epiphytes or canopy plants are one of the indicators of forest status. The older and more intact forest
has higher diversity of canopy plants. A total of 69 species, 47 genera and 34 families were recorded
for epiphytes. The most speciose families include Orchidaceae with 9 species followed by Araceae (8),
Piperaceae (4), and Davaliaceae (3), Moraceae (3), Polypodiaceae (3) and Pteridaceae (3). The most
abundant species is Dendrobium sp. with 12 subplots occurrence, followed by Asplenium nidus (11),
Freycinetia sp. 1 (11), Freycinetia sp. 2 (10), Piper sp. 1 (10), and Nephrolepis biserrata (9). Appendix
4 shows the complete taxonomic list of epiphytes observed in the proposed road system.
• Proposed Well Pads
A total of 4,734 woody trees belonging to 108 morpho-species, 68 genera, and 41 families were
recorded in the proposed well pad area. The high elevation of the area (1,200 masl) is a limiting factor
for some species to survive that has resulted to a lower diversity level. However, the elevation
provides a suitable environment for some important species of Gymnosperms. The most speciose
family is family Moraceae with 13 species followed by Lauraceae (9), Rubiaceae (7), Euphorbiaceae
(6), Meliaceae (6), Myrtaceae (5) and Clusiaceae (5). The most speciose genera include Ficus (12),
Syzygium (4), Neonauclea (4), Litsea (4), Canthium (3), Palaquium (3), Dysoxylum (3), Astronia (3)
and Terminalia (3). Table 5 shows the ten most important species based on the computed Importance
Value, while Appendix 5 presents the complete taxonomic list of all the species including their
frequency, diameter DBH, MH and Importance Value.
Table 5. Ten most important species from the proposed well pads area.
Family Species Common Name IV

LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 34.437
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 15.365
LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 12.216
MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassissimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 12.161
PODOCARPACEAE Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 11.834
PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 11.466
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 11.363
LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 10.221
MYRTACEAE Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Baugit 10.175
EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 10.152
It is important to note that three species of Gymnosperm (i.e. Agathis philippinensis, Dacrydium
beccarii and Dacrycarpus imbricatus) are included in the ten most important species. Elevation is the
greatest contributing factor for such dominance.
The trees at the proposed well pad area have a higher DBH but slightly shorter than those at the P-
line. The DBH ranges from 10 to 190 centimeters, while MH is from and 1.5 to 25 meters. The
approximately 17 hectares proposed well pad area has a total tree volume of 2571.31 cubic meters,
having an average of 0.54 cubic meter per tree. Despite the larger diameter trees, the stocking is
relatively denser (278 individuals per hectare) than that of P-line (266 individuals per hectare).
Poles and saplings recorded higher species diversity with a total of 186 morpho-species. However, the
average stocking (367 individuals per hectare) is far below the computed density at the P-line (529
individuals per hectare). This is because of the higher accumulated forest litter leaving minimal area
for the seedlings and saplings to grow. Table 6 shows the ten most abundant species in terms of
number of individuals observed. A complete taxonomic list of poles and saplings in the proposed well
pads with their corresponding frequency (number of individuals) is shown in Appendix 6.
Table 6. Ten most abundant pole and sapling species in the proposed well pads.
Family Species Common Name Freq

URTICACEAE Laportea densiflora C.B. Rob. Lipang kalabaw 356
MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 346
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra Tree fern 242
LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 226
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin/Salong 224
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Tree fern 213
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea contaminans (Wall.) Copel. Tree fern 186
LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 182
ARECACEAE Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140
ARECACEAE Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 126
A total of 65 species belonging to 29 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses.
Urticaceae and Rubiaceae are the most speciose families with 10 and 5 species, respectively.
Epiphytes, on the other hand, are more diverse with 75 species belonging to 34 families. The most
speciose families are Orchidaceae and Araceae with 10 species each followed by Piperaceae with 5
species. Appendix 7 and 8 give a complete list of herbaceous plants and grasses, and epiphytes,
respectively.
Quadrat Sampling
From the 178 randomly selected sampling quadrats 254 morpho-species were recorded. No significant
change on the species diversity among the sampling quadrats was observed. Likewise, the most
important and most dominant species are the same for all plant forms as compared to the proposed
development area. Appendix 9 to 12 provide a complete list of species observed from the 20m x 20m
plots (large woody trees), 4m x 4m plots (herbs, shrubs, saplings), 1m x 1m plots (ground cover), and
epiphytes, respectively.
The quadrat that obtained the highest Shannon index is Q 178 at 3.102, however, the Simpson’ s and
Evenness indices are relatively low due to dominance of some species. Q 81 recorded the highest
Simpson’ s index at 0.942 due to the absence of dominant species in the area. The highest frequency
recorded at Q 81 is five individuals making the distribution among the 23 species more balance. The
most even quadrat is Q 04, where the 14 individuals recorded belong to 11 different species. It is
interesting to note that the most diverse quadrats are those near the proposed well pads. Table 7
shows the quadrats that obtained the highest computed value for each diversity index, as well as the
elevation of each quadrat (Figure 4). The diversity indices of all the quadrats are presented in
Appendix 13.
Table 7. The most diverse quadrats based on computed diversity indices and their elevations.
Shannon index Simpson's index Evenness

Quadrat Elev H' Quadrat Elev D Quadrat Elev E
Q 178 1080 3.102 Q 81 1080 0.942 Q 04 1020 0.977
Q 160 1140 3.052 Q 09 1060 0.935 Q 09 1060 0.973
Q 63 1150 3.011 Q 160 1140 0.930 Q 05 1020 0.969
Q 81 1080 2.997 Q 54 1030 0.930 Q 54 1030 0.960
Q 173 1130 2.959 Q 178 1080 0.929 Q 81 1080 0.956
Q 172 1100 2.890 Q 63 1150 0.929 Q 50 1050 0.935
Q 166 1040 2.867 Q 65 1130 0.923 Q 69 1100 0.933
Q 65 1130 2.860 Q 172 1100 0.920 Q 10 1060 0.930
Q 09 1060 2.811 Q 05 1020 0.920 Q 19 1045 0.929
Q 161 1140 2.786 Q 68 1110 0.916 Q 11 1030 0.913
Based on the species composition and species density for each sampling strip, Biodiversity
Professional (BdPro) software provided the similarity matrix, a matrix showing the percentage similarity
among sampling quadrats. The data can be used on deciding what particular area or quadrat can be
sacrificed for some development activities. For instance, clearing of Q 13 will not significantly affect the
floral diversity of the area since most of its species can also be found in Q 37. In the same that similar
management strategies can be applied to related quadrats/habitats. Table 8 below shows the most
similar sampling quadrats while Figure 6 shows the location of the most similar quadrats.
Table 8. List of the most similar sampling quadrats in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone.
Quadrats % Similarity
Q 13/Q 37 90.5405
Q 133/Q 134 86.5979
Q 130/Q 131 80.6452
Q 92/Q 103 79.4224
Q 155/Q 48 76.2887
Q 75/Q 103 75.4448
Q 14/Q 77 73.7327
Q 02/Q 97 72.9282
Q 18/Q 23 72.2689
Q 155/Q 156 72.1893
Q 130/Q 168 71.6049
Q 130/Q 48 71.3693
Q 07/Q 39 70.8861
Q 136/Q 44 70.5882
Q 91/Q 97 70.5882
Q 01/Q 39 70.1987
Q 57/Q 64 70.1754
Figure 6. Location of the most similar quadrats (quadrats with the same color)
3.1.2 Noteworthy Species
New Island Records
The most interesting species and probably the highlight of the resource inventory is the discovery of a
very rare parasitic flowering plant, Rafflesia speciosa, which is a previously recorded endemic species
in Panay (Plate 4). The species is the first record of this unique genus in the island. The genus
Rafflesia is very rare and can only be seen in the forests of Panay, Palawan, Makiling and Banahaw.
Members of the genus are so peculiar since they do not have stem and leaves. Among the seven
recorded Rafflesia species in the Philippines, Rafflesia speciosa has the largest flower that can attain
a maximum diameter of two feet. The specimen was found outside the proposed development area
nor included in the quadrat sampling (Figure 6).
Eight other species, which are probably new island records, are listed in Table 9. However, there is
still a need to verify the validity of the geographical distribution of these records. Unless otherwise
shown to occur in other areas or to have been misidentified, the presence of the new recorded species
based on a limited number of collections should be appreciated with much optimism.
Table 9. List of species that are reported to be new island records for Negros.
Collection Previous Known

Family Species
Number Distribution
BOP 137, BOP
ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sorsogon
138, RMM 75
Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr.
ELAEOCARPACEAE var. gitingensis (Elmer) BOP 187 Sibuyan
Weibel
BOP 156, BOP
EUPHORBIACEAE Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Panay
170, RMM 128
Panay, Samar,
Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. PLM 385
Zamboanga
LAURACEAE
Camarines,
Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. BOP 220
Sorsogon,
Chisocheton mendozae BOP 010, BOP
MELIACEAE Samar
Hildebr. 093
BOP 165, BOP Abra, Benguet,
MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. 196, PLM 406, Nueva Ecija, Quezon,
PLM 454 Sibuyan
Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona
RAFFLESIACEAE Photo taken Panay
and Fernando
NQ 011, BOP
SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. Quezon, Samar
101
Endemism
The geographical distribution of plant species has been very useful for assessing biodiversity values of
regions, countries, and islands. Species confined to a particular site should be given conservation
management strategies so as to ensure their survival.
Categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of recent revisions,

nomenclatural changes and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics, among
others. In this study, a number of specimens have not been identified to the species level; several of
these belong to family Orchidaceae, which has the highest recorded endemism (90 percent). This will
definitely influence the percent endemism estimates. Thus, estimates of endemism should be
interpreted within the context of the methodologies and limitations imposed by contributing factors
aforementioned.
• Island or Near Endemics
Nine species have been recognized as island or near endemics. Island endemics are plant species
that are found only in Negros Island and these include Litsea plateaefolia, Syzygium euphlebium, and
Praravinia lucbanensis. Table 10 lists the island endemic taxa and the corresponding collection
numbers (for future reference and verification). The list is based on the most recent available revision
or monographic work on the taxon.
Table 10. List of island endemic species and their corresponding collection numbers.
Family Species Collection Number

LAURACEAE Litsea plateaefolia Elmer RMM 80, RMM 93
MYRTACEAE Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. BOP 072, PLM 438
RUBIACEAE Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. PLM 410
Near endemics are those found only in a few islands such as Saurauia negrosensis, Rhaphidophora
rigida, Heterospathe negrosensis, Begonia negrosensis, Litsea quercoides, Medenilla aurantifolia, and
Matthaea philippinensis. Distribution and collection numbers of near endemics are presented in Table
11.
Table 11. List of near endemic species with their distribution and collection numbers.
Collection
Family Species Distribution
Number
BOP 159,
ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Negros, Panay
RMM 107
Heterospathe negrosensis Negros, Sibuyan,
ARECACEAE Photo taken
Becc. Masbate
BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Elmer PLM 445 Negros, Panay
RMM 137,
Negros, Panay,
MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer PLM 393, PLM
Sibuyan
431
MONIMIACEAE Matthaea philippinensis Perk. BOP 223 Negros, Leyte
BOP 085, BOP
OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. 088, BOP 209, Negros, Luzon
PLM 440
It should be understood that these information should be interpreted with caution. Endemism depends
on how much study has been done on the taxa in question. If through revisions, some taxa are
synonymized or are subjected to nomenclatural changes, then the geographical distribution may
correspondingly be redefined and that endemism status reassessed.
• Philippine Endemics
The country endemism reported for Philippine flowering plants is 60% (Merrill’ s Enumeration of
Philippine Flowering Plants). More recent estimates place the country’s plant endemism at around 25
to 30%. The reduction in percentage values can be attributed to the changes in nomenclature, as well
as delineation of the geographical distribution of plants, which in turn reflect new appreciation of
evidences coming from various sources. But a more pressing reason for this low percentage could
probably be attributed to a low collection index.
Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana,
there are 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families expected to be present
in Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Three hundred sixty-four
of these are reportedly endemic species for a percentage endemism of 59.3%. Philippine
pteridophytes (ferns and allies), however, has lower reported endemism at 32% (Zamora & Co, 1986).
Out of the 325 species identified, there are at least 160 Philippine endemics that are found in the
buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on based on the collection alone. Fifty-three percent endemism is reported for
the angiosperm (155/293), while 18% endemism is reported for the Pteridophytes (5/28) based on the
number of identified species (Table 12).
The list of Philippine endemics found in Negros is shown in Appendix 14. Notable among these
species are the members of Family Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae,
Meliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The endemic Pteridophytes are Cyathea integra, Cyathea negrosiana,
Cyathea philippinensis, Diplazium magnificum, and Adiantum scabripes.
Table 12. Number of endemic species and percentage endemism for the different taxonomic
groups Angiosperm, Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes.
Number of Number of Identified Percent Endemism

Taxonomic Group
Endemics species (%)
Angiosperms 155 293 53
Gymnosperms 0 5 0
Pteridophytes 5 28 18
3.1.3 Conservation Status

The conservation status of species is based on DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-01 (The National
List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories), the recommendations of the Philippine
Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB), DENR. It
is basically the RedList for Philippine flora containing all the threatened species categorized as follows:
1) critically endangered (CR) - species or subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of extinction
in the wild in the immediate future; 2) endangered (EN) - species or subspecies that is not critically
endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating; 3)
vulnerable species (VU) - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered or endangered, but
is under threat from adverse factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangered
category in the future; 4) other threatened species - species or subspecies that is not critically
endangered, endangered nor vulnerable but is under threat from adverse factors, such as over
collection, throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future; and
5) other Wildlife Species - non-threatened species that have the tendency to become threatened due
to predation and destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary upon
the recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee.
From the identified species in the buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on, 16 species of Angiosperms, one
species of Gymnosperm and five species of ferns, which have various conservation status categories
in the Threatened Plant List of PPCC, were reported (Table 13). Noteworthy among the list are the
three critically endangered species, Pinanga sibuyanensis, Tristaniopsis decorticata and Rafflesia
speciosa, which is considered as a new island record. Also in the list are the lower to montane
species, which are observed to dominate the area. These include three species of Tree ferns (Cyathea
spp.), Agathis philippinensis, Shorea contorta, Cinnamomum mercadoi, Palaquium luzoniense,
Palaquium philippense, and Litsea leytensis.
Table 13. Threatened plant species observed in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone.
Conservation
Family Species
Status
ARECACEAE Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. CR
MYRTACEAE Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. CR
RAFFLESIACEAE Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando CR
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook EN
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. EN
LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr. EN
SAPINDACEAE Guioa acuminata Radlk. EN
SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. EN
ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch VU
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. VU
ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium nidus L. VU
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak. VU
DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. VU
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal VU
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. VU
LAURACEAE Cryptocarya ampla Merr. VU
LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal VU
MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz VU
POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. VU
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal VU
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. VU
MYRTACEAE Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. OTS
3.1.4 Resource Use

Mt. Kanla-on as a whole is one of the sites in the country which houses not only ecologically important
species but also economically important species. Appendix 15 enumerates some of the useful plant
species observed in the 169-hectare buffer zone. The resource use is based primarily on the general
knowledge from available literatures since there was not enough time to really look on the local
indigenous knowledge and practices for the species. However, most of the team members came from
the local community and they have been consulted regarding the local use of some species.
3.2 Fauna
3.2.1 Avian community
To determine if the effort invested in bird transects was sufficient to document as many species as
possible, a Species Accumulation Curve (Figure 6) was plotted. An average of 15 transect hours was
used for each study site, resulting to a total of 79 species documented for the whole 169-hectare buffer
zone; the total constitutes 63 species in Site 1, 56 species in Site 2, 52 species in Site 3 and 61
species in Site 4 (Appendix 16). Accumulation curves for each site showed increasing trends in
species numbers at the termination of each transects; asymptotes or leveling of curve was not
experienced. These curves signify that 15 transect hours may still not be exhaustive enough to
document all bird species found within each study site and that additional transect hours could yield
additional species as well. Species accumulation during the last hours of transects yielded an average
cumulative increase of 7.3 species for each site. It is predicted, based from the trending of the curve
that an additional five hours of observation could result to asymptote of each accumulation curve.
Figure 2. Species accum ulation curves for birds in the four sam pling
sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone
70
Cummulative number of
60
species (per day)
50
40
30
20
10
0
4 hours 8 hours 12 hours
Sam pling efforts (in hours)
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4
Figure 6. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four sampling sites in NNGP
169-hectares buffer zone
In comparing this study with the total tally for the whole Negros Island (Table 14), a wide discrepancy
is evident and that several species were not documented. Species total for the whole Negros Island
include birds from all habitat types (from sea-level lowlands to mossy forest and wetlands) and non-
breeding birds, while this study sampled mainly on a narrow band of upper lowland forest and lower
montane forest. It may be concluded that although the species tally may not be exhaustive, it is
sufficient to show moderately complete bird diversity within the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Compared to previous studies conducted in the area, the species tally were noteworthy. The study
recorded the following counts:
• Almost 60% of Philippine endemic birds known on Negros were recorded within the buffer
zone
• 40% of Negros-Panay endemic birds (3/8) were also recorded
• At least 64% of the total forest-dwelling birds of Negros
• One-fifth of the country’
s endemic and forest-dwelling birds were recorded at the buffer zone.
These numbers emphasize the vertebrate fauna diversity importance of the 169-hectare buffer zone
both within the national context and within Negros Island.
Table 14. Number of bird species on Philippines (Kennedy et al., 2000; Collar et al, 1999)
Negros (Kennedy et al., 2000), PNOC EIA (1995), MKNP and CMNH (1999) and the result
of this biodiversity study in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.
Philippines Negros PNOC-EDC DENR and Biodiversity

EIA, 1995 CMNH, 1999 Study
All species 572 255 68 53 79
Breeding 395 190 63 48 79
Philippine 172 59 18 22 35
Endemics
Negros-Panay na 8 2 3 3
Endemics
Forest Species 300+ 100+ 38 38 64
Threatened
74 20 2 3 3
Species
Each study site showed varied values for some of the computed biodiversity parameters (Table 15).
Similarity indices (Table 16) reveal Sites 1 and 2 and Sites 3 and 4 have almost similar species
composition as shown by the relatively higher percentages. Sites 1 and 4 have almost the same
elevation, vegetation types and habitat characterization, with each site comprising of lowland
dipterocarp forest, forest edge and mixed second growth and agroforest plantations. Both sites are
also situated within 900 to 1,000 masl elevation band. Consequently, both bird assemblages reflect
communities that represent a mixture of forest and agroforest species. As for Sites 2 and 3, both sites
are located within the 1,050 to 1,200 masl elevation band and represent habitats of transition zone
lowland forest and lower montane forest. In addition, the same pattern of endemicity is evident across
the four study sites. The relatively lower endemicity in Sites 1 and 4 reflects influx of almost all non-
endemic species from grassland and agroforest communities.
Table 15. Computed values of different biodiversity parameters/indices for birds per sampling
sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.

(grassland (lowland (transition (grassland
parang, dipterocarp lower montane parang,
Parameters agroforest, forest- forest) agroforest,
lowland transition lower lowland
dipterocarp montane forest dipterocarp
forest) forest)
Species 63 56 52 61
Richness
Endemic species 30 33 29 29
Species Diversity 3.44 3.41 3.42 3.42
Index (‘
H)
Endemicity (E) 47.6 58.9% 55.8% 47.5%
Species 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.06
Dominance
Index (C)
Evenness Index 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.88
(e)
To illustrate further the heterogeneity across all study sites, species composition within each site
represent distinct bird communities depending on the type of habitat present. Site 1 has 47 species
(out of 63 species) which are considered as inhabitants of lowland dipterocarp forest with only one
high elevation specialist, the Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra). Owing to the presence
of grassland-parang vegetation, at least 16 species are associated with agricultural areas.
Furthermore, overlaps between forest and non-forest birds occur on forest edges and transition
between grassland-parang and second growth forest. Similar to Site 1, in terms of habitats/vegetation,
Site 4 has a mixed bird assemblage, where out of the 61 species recorded, at least 12 birds are
associated with grassland-parang vegetation. Sites 2 and 3, on the other hand, have contrasting bird
composition. Virtually all birds recorded on these sites are strict forest inhabitants. Elements of high
elevation-obligate bird communities are also evident within these two sites, becoming more
pronounced at Site 3. A total of six high elevation species, which were all recorded in Site 3, were
documented during the study.
On other biodiversity parameters, all sites showed remarkable similarity (Table 14). All sites have
diversity indices (H’
) that fall between 3.41 to 3.44, Dominance values (C) of 0.04 to 0.07 and
Evenness of 0.87 to 0.91. The similarity in these parameters indicates a relatively similar diversity,
which judging from the levels of the indices, is also relatively high. The low and generally the same
Dominance values across all sites validate the high diversity index indicating that not a single species
highly dominates in each study site. The high Evenness values for all sites further supports the high
diversity level in which each species are relatively evenly distributed, with no species having an
abnormally high number.
Table 16. Computed Sorensen Similarity Index between all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare
buffer zone, Negros Occidental.

parang, dipterocarp lower montane parang,
Sites agroforest, forest- forest) agroforest,
lowland transition lower lowland
dipterocarp montane forest dipterocarp
forest) forest)
Site 1 - 77% 71% 94%
Site 2 - 90% 80%
Site 3 - 73%
Site 4 -
From the over-all species total of 79 species, at least 35 species are listed as endemic to the
Philippines (44% endemicity), of which three species, S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta are
solely restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region. Since the study was conducted during
the closing days of summer season, almost all birds documented are resident breeders. The high
endemism observed within the buffer zone represents near true values of endemism on forested parts
of Negros (59%). Additional transect hours could increase the number of endemic species and thereby
lifting the total species tally (and endemism) up to the level as seen for the whole Negros Island.
At least 64 species are forest dwellers or a remarkably high 81% of the total species tally. Obligate
forest inhabitant families were dominated by the families Accipitridae (Eagle and Hawks), Strigidae
(owls), Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes), Rhabdornithidae (tree-creepers), Turdidae (thrush),
Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers), Dicaedae (flowerpeckers). In addition, some members of
Columbidae (doves and pigeons), Picidae (woodpeckers), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Sylviidae (Old
World warblers), and Nectarinidae (sunbirds) have distributions that are strictly associated with forest
habitats as well. On the other hand, members of Rallidae (rails) and Estrildidae (munias) and
Ploceidae (sparrows) were solely restricted to grassland-parang habitats.
At least three species are included in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
globally-threatened list: S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta; all are range-restricted species.
During the study, all three species were consistently observed in transects or sometimes captured in
mist nets. C. ostenta was observed on all study sites, although only on forest areas far from forest
edge and adjacent agroforest and agricultural areas. S. speciosa was observed in three study sites
(except Site 1). Most records of this species were from lowland forest of good quality although one
individual was captured in mistnet that was placed less than 50 meters from the forest edge in Site 4.
R. albigularis was solely recorded or netted in mature lowland forest in Sites 1, 2 and 3. One general
observation among these three range-restricted and IUCN-recognized threatened species is that all
were found only on lowland forest (but probably rare in forest edge), below 1,100 masl.
During the course of the study, five Negros-Panay restricted birds were not observed namely, Negros
Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus), Negros Bleeding-Heart (Gallicolumba keayi), Visayan Tarictic
(Penelopides panini), Walden’ s Hornbill (Aceros waldeni) and Negros Striped-Babbler (Stachyris
nigrorum).
The Negros Fruit-Dove is known only from a single specimen (a female) that was captured on Mt.
Kanla-on at Pula (Pulopantao) on May 1, 1953. Subsequent explorations on Mt. Kanla-on (DENR-
CMNH- 1998 and Cambridge University- 1992) failed to obtain a specimen or recorded visually this
species. Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans et al. (1993) reported that despite spending nine days at the
type locality and a further 11 days at other sites in the same mountain, this enigmatic fruit dove was
not encountered. The original description (Ripley and Rabor, 1955) of the habitat of the type was “one
of a pair shot out of a large fruiting tree on the edge of a camp clearing, at an altitude of 3,600 feet”,
i.e. 1,090 masl. It seems that this species is chiefly a lowland bird, in which case it might well be
extinct or in perilously low numbers as no forest survives below 750 masl in Mt. Kanla-on. However, an
alternative explanation for the lack of records of this species would be the possible invalidity of the
species: its small size and atypical plumage could suggest that it might be a runt or an abberant
specimen of Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus occipitalis) or possibly of a green pigeon (Treron).
Lest a male specimen is described, final verdict on the validity of the species must be deferred (Collar
et al., 1999).
The Negros Bleeding-Heart was first recorded on Mt. Kanla-on during the late 1870s (Sharpe, 1877)
and were observed to be “fairly common”(Eagle Clarke 1900 as cited by Collar et al., 1999). During
the 1930s, Hachisuka (1936) reported it to be “an extremely rare bird”and quite possibly have become
rarer still during the subsequent years as Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans (1993) recorded only one
bird on Mt. Kanla-on. Surveys in 1995 by PNOC EIA (1995) and DENR-CMNH (1999) failed to record
this bird. Virtually all habitat records were from lowland dipterocarp forest between 300 and 1,200
masl; forest line within the 169-hectare buffer zone starts at 850 to 900 masl. It is perhaps highly likely
that this bird is extremely rare and in low numbers within the buffer zone so that an observation might
be a fortuitous event. Nonetheless, an alarm should be raised on the rarity of this species of which the
cause of its decline is a direct result of massive loss of lowland rainforest on Mt. Kanlaon.
Recent records of both species of hornbills (P. panini and A. waldeni) have become exceedingly rare
on all of its known distribution (especially from 1990 to recent). All records from Mt. Kanla-on were
from higher elevations (1,200 to 1,500 masl). This is probably a reaction to lowland deforestation,
which is highly evident within the mountain which is the case as well at the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Only one record of Negros Striped-Babbler is known from Mt. Kanla-on in Mambucal (May 1987-
Hornskov 1995) despite considerable subsequent fieldwork that followed (Brooks et al. 1992, Evans et
al. 1993 and DENR-CMNH 1999). Survey by PNOC failed to record this bird as well.
Of the three globally-threatened species (S. speciosa, Coracina ostenta and S. philippensis) which
need to be validated by this study, the Philippine Hawk-Eagle (S. philippensis) was not observed. This
is possibly due to the intermittent rains that occur during mid morning and early afternoon which might
have prevented the formation of thermals and consequently the emergence of the raptor.
3.2.2 Mammalian community
Small non-volant mammals
A total of 444 trap-nights were spent in documenting small non-volant mammal diversity, resulting to
only three species captured (Table 17): the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), Oriental house rat
(Rattus tanezumi) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). A total of 48 individuals were captured for
the whole 169-hectare buffer zone, translating to 10.8% trapping success. The most numerous of
which is R. tanezumi with 27 individuals (6.1 individuals/100 trap-nights) and with R. exulans almost
equally numerous with 19 individuals (4.3 ind/100 trap-nights). Two individuals of the Asian house
shrew were captured. Virtually all species captured are commensals and introduced species (non-
native). These small mammals are predominantly found on agricultural lands and highly degraded
forest edge and second growth and cause considerable damage to crops.
Table 17. Relative abundance/trapping success of small non-volant mammals in all sampling
sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.

parang, dipterocar lower parang,
Species agroforest, p forest- montane agroforest,
lowland transition forest) lowland
dipterocarp lower dipterocarp
forest) montane forest)
forest
Suncus murinus 2 - - -
Rattus exulans 5 5 4 5
Rattus tanezumi 8 6 5 8
Total species 3 2 2 2
Total rodents 15 11 9 13
Total trap-nights 111 111 111 111
Trapping success/100 trapnights 13.5 9.9 8.1 11.7
Only two species of native small non-volant mammals are recorded for the whole island of Negros, the
Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina) and an undescribed forest mouse (Apomys sp. A). All specimens
were taken only from Mt. Guinsayawan, Southern Negros, and recorded in low numbers in lowland
forest, becoming slightly numerous up until 1,400 masl; non-native species are significantly more
dominant all throughout the altitudinal range of Mt. Guinsayawan. Sampling effort in the 169-hectare
buffer zone was done on a variety of habitats ranging from grassland-parang and forest edge
(especially in Site 1 and Site 4) to deep, interior lowland forest (Site 3) and transition lower montane
forest (Site 4). Nevertheless, 12 nights of trapping effort failed to yield a single native species, a
pattern almost similar to Mt. Guinsayawan. The data for this study supports hypothesis by Heaney et
al. (1998) that the colonization success of non-native small non-flying mammals on natural habitats
(i.e. forest) is dependent on the presence of native (and endemic) small non-flying mammals. Where
native fauna is few to begin with, colonization of non-natives might be successful and lead to
numerical dominance. This phenomenon is further apparent on relatively young and small oceanic
islands. Whereas Luzon and Mindanao are larger and older islands thus have more native (and
endemic) non-volant mammals and consequently lower frequency of invasion of non-natives, smaller
and younger islands such as Negros and Camiguin have fewer natives thus facilitating a successful
colonization and domination of non-natives on forested mountain ranges.
Bats
A total of 252 net-nights of sampling effort were invested in capturing bats for the whole 169-hectare
buffer zone. A total of 408 individuals were netted comprising 12 species, which include 6 species
apiece of fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and micro bats (Microchiroptera). About half are endemic to the
Philippines including the threatened Negros-Panay and Sibuyan-restricted Philippine tube-nosed fruit
bat (Nyctimene rabori).
An overwhelming majority of the bats captured are fruit bats (395 of the 408 bats) and difference in
abundance in four different study sites reflects distinct habitat associations for most of the species
(Table 18). The most number of bats captured were from Sites 1 and 4 having a netting success of 1.9
and 1.6 bats per net-night, respectively. Species composition within these two sites are dominated by
widely distributed species (both geographically and ecologically), indicative of the variety of habitats
present for both sites i.e. forests and non-forests (Heaney et al., 1998). C. brachyotis and M. minimus
are distributed throughout Southeast Asia and can be found in a wide variety of habitats ranging from
forests to agroforest and agricultural lands. P. jagori is a Philippine endemic but is distributed widely in
the Philippines (except Palawan) and occupies both forest and non-forest habitats (but mostly where
forest is nearby). The endemics H. fischeri, H. whiteheadi and N. rabori are relatively fewer, the former
mostly netted on deep, interior lowland forest. H. whitehadi and N. rabori were netted at grassland-
parang and at forest edge, respectively. Though seldom netted, H. whiteheadi was present throughout
the study sites as ascertained by its distinct loud and high-pitched whistle that can be heard along the
canopy level. Paucity of captures for this species is most likely a result of its canopy-foraging habits.
The lone capture of N. rabori might also be reflective of its high canopy foraging. It is worthwhile to
note that the two bats are able to persist in disturbed habitats of grassland and forest edge although
their habitat requirements necessitate the presence of very near mature, slightly disturbed forests
(Heideman and Heaney, 1987, Heaney et al. 1998).
Sites 2 and 3 have a netting success of 1.4 and 1.3 bats/net-night, respectively. A pronounced
increase in the number of the endemic H. fischeri is apparent while non-endemics have lessened in
frequency. Although widely distributed in the Philippines (except Palawan and Batanes), its habitat
distribution is narrow and confined mostly to forests of pristine and mature condition (becoming
common at middle elevations) and absent entirely in agricultural areas. The relative abundance of the
endemic P. jagori is relatively the same for all sites indicating its wide variety of habitat requirements.
C. brachyotis and M. minimus have become fewer at mature forests, especially at higher elevation, a
pattern that is seen for the rest of the Philippines.
Table 18. Relative abundance/netting of fruit bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare

parang, dipterocarp lower parang,
Species agroforest, forest- montane agroforest,
forest
FRUITBATS
Cynopterus brachyotis 54 22 15 25
Haplonycteris fischeri 7 29 30 8
Harpyionycteris whiteheadi 2 P 1 P
Macroglossus minimus 25 8 5 25
Nyctimene rabori - - - 1
Ptenochirus jagori 29 30 28 22
Total fruit bats 117 89 79 100
Total net-nights 63 63 63 63
Bats per net-night 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.6
A total of 23 individuals of microbats were captured (Table 19), comprising six species and
representing three families from Megadermatidae (one species), Rhinolophidae (three) and
Vespertilionidae (two); two species are endemic to the Philippines namely Hipposideros obscurus and
Rhinolophus virgo. The total species tally for microbats is under represented as these bats utilize
ultrasonic frequencies for navigation, enabling them to evade mist nets easily. As such, describing the
distribution patterns may not be possible due to low capture turn-out. Nevertheless, all microbats were
captured inside forests. Furthermore H. obscurus, R. virgo, Pipistrellus javanicus and Kerivoula
hardwicki were captured in forest that were far from grasslands and forest edge. Elsewhere in the
Philippines, records for these species show similar habitat distribution as well (Heaney et al., 1998).
Table 19. Relative abundance/netting of micro bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare

forest
Megaderma spasma - - - 4
Hipposideros obscurus 1 - -
Rhinolophus arcuatus - - 4 3
Rhinolophus virgo - - 3 -
Kerifvoula hardwicki 1 - - -
Pipistrellus javanicus 1 2 2 2
Total fruit bats 3 2 9 9
Total net-nights 63 63 63 63
Bats per net-night 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.14
Large mammals
From direct observations (through scats and visual encounters) and interviews with local guides, at
least five species of large mammals were recorded (Appendix 17 for the complete list of mammals):
Common palm civet Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Leopard cat (Prionailurus
bengalensis), (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Malay Civet (Viverra tagalunga), and the Visayan warty
pig (Sus cebifrons). The Long-tailed macaque was consistently observed on all four study sites and
thought to be quite common by local guides. Both species of civets were also common in the study
sites as their scats were consistently encountered during the course of the survey. The Leopard cat
and the threatened Visayan warty pig is deemed to be relatively rare, with the former only encountered
by chance on farmlands near forest whereas the latter was identified through chance sightings (though
rarely) of scats along transects. Local guides perceived that the Visayan warty pig has become
uncommon within the buffer zone and are mostly found on upper elevation although depredation on
crops near the forest line were observed.
3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles
Gathering from opportunistic catching and interviews with local guides, a total of 25 species of
amphibians and reptiles were documented for the 169-hectare buffer zone, comprising of 11 frogs and
toads and 14 reptiles (Appendix 18). At least 12 species are endemic to the Philippines (eight frogs
and four reptiles), of which at least three are restricted to Negros-Panay (Limnonected visayana,
Cyrtodactylus annulatus and Lepidodactylus christiani). The 11 frogs are further subdivided into one
toad (Bufonidae), nine true frogs (Ranidae) and two tree frogs (Rhacophoridae) whereas the 14
species of reptiles consist of three agamid, two gekkonids, two scincids, one varanid and six snakes
(from families Colubridae, Pythonidae and the highly venomous Viperidae and Elaphidae).
All, except one frog Polypedates leucomystax, were found inside the forested region of the buffer
zone. These include all species under the genus Platymantis (dorsalis group and corrugatus),
Limnonectes visayana, Rana everetti and Philautus. All of these species are forest obligates and were
found throughout all study sites. Two species found inside the forest have distributions that extend on
non-forest habitats, the introduced Bufo marinus and Occidozyga laevis. The former is interesting as it
is predominantly an agriculture-associated species, implying a possible successful colonization of
forested habitats. This toad was found in Site 2 near the hiker’ s trail that leads to the peak of Mt.
Kanla-on. The site is also near an old logging road, abandoned for at least 15 years. Colonization of
this introduced species may have been facilitated by the presence of an open-access hikers trail or
possibly from the previous logging operations. Unlike the case of the non-flying small mammals,
colonization of B. marinus in forest might be anthropogenic. Several toads were found within the
vicinity of the plant site. O. laevis was found in puddles in Sites 1 and 4 in forest edge and grasslands.
On the other hand, P. leucomystax was exclusively found within grasslands.
The 14 species of reptiles have a markedly mixed habitat associations. Although 12 species were
found inside forest, at least half were also known to inhabit agricultural areas as well. On the other
hand, only two species of reptiles (lizards Mabuya multifasciata and multicarinata) were found in
grassland habitats.
3.2.4 Noteworthy Species
At least 12 species were chosen as noteworthy (Table 20) by virtue of several characteristics: (1)
restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, (2) listed as globally threatened by IUCN, and (3)
heavily exploited for food or pets. At least eight species are restricted to Negros-Panay, of which three
are birds, two mammals, one frog and two reptiles. In addition, at least seven species are listed as
threatened by IUCN. It should be noted that at least six Negros-Panay endemics are currently
recognized as threatened species as well. Furthermore, virtually all of these Negros-Panay endemics
are strictly forest dwellers.
These species are range-restricted and are dependent on their habitats, so that the interplay between
inherent rarity and restrictedness and direct tangible threats to population (from deforestation, hunting
and in-breeding) greatly justifies their importance.
At least two species, both gekkonid reptiles, are also range-restricted (C. annulatus and L. christiani).
So little information is known about these two species that population assessment have not yet been
possible. On the other hand, at least three species, the Leopard cat, Sailfin Lizard and the Monitor
Lizard, are not restricted (tentatively) to Negros-Panay although heavy exploitation for food has been
documented for these species. Furthermore, initial results from morphological and molecular studies
might suggest that these species might represent separate populations that are distinct from the rest of
the Philippine forms. As such, their apparent restricted-range (pending a publication) and threatened
status (though not yet formalized) could include them under the IUCN Redlist.
Table 20. List of noteworthy wildlife species observed in NNGP
Species Residency and Conservation Status*

Birds
Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable
Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable
Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle Negros-Panay endemic and Endangered
Flycatcher
Mammals
Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat Philippine endemic and Vulnerable
Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat Negros-Panay and Sibuyan endemic and
Critically Endangered
Prionailurus bengalensis Non-endemic but In the Philippines,
restricted to Negros and Palawan; not
listed as threatened but heavily hunted
Species Residency and Conservation Status*
Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig Negros-Panay endemic and Critically
Endangered
Amphibians
Limnonectes visayana Visayan Giant Woodland Frog Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable
Reptiles
Cyrtodactylus annulatus Negros-Panay endemic
Lepidodactylus christiani Negros-Panay endemic
Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfin Lizard Negros population possibly restricted to
the island but heavily hunted
Varanus salvatori Monitor Lizard Non-endemic but heavily hunted
*- based from IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2002)
3.2.5 Conservation Status
From a 15-day sampling effort covering four study sites, a total of 124 wildlife vertebrates were
encountered during the study. Of the total, at least 54 species are endemic to the Philippines and eight
are restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region (Appendix 16 to 18). Furthermore, the
study also documented nine species which are currently listed as globally threatened by IUCN (Hilton-
Taylor, 2002) (Table 18).
The Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park is one of the last forested areas in Negros Island and remains as
shelter for endemic and threatened species. As the majority of the landscape within the buffer zone is
forests, coverage of the study sites was mainly on forested habitats as well. Only small portions of the
buffer zone are grasslands and agroforest. Expectedly, at least 101 species documented are
associated with forest (81% of the total species tally), the majority of which are obligate forest dwellers.
Furthermore, practically all 54 Philippine endemics, eight Negros-Panay endemics and seven IUCN
threatened species are forest dwellers also.
It is important to note that most of the 101 endemic species are considered as strict or partially lowland
dipterocarp forest dwellers. Results of the study have shown that species richness, especially for birds
declined, albeit in low increment, with increasing altitude. This is especially apparent at Site 3 where
some of the lowland species have not been encountered, particularly at ridgetop montane forest and
were replaced by at least six high-elevation specialists. As such, the lowland forest of the buffer zone,
covering an elevation band of 900 to 1,100 masl, serves as the most important area for wildlife
vertebrate diversity. Nevertheless, the high-elevation forest within the buffer zone might potentially
harbor other highly threatened Negros-Panay endemics such as the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (P.
panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), Negros Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba keayi) and
the Philippine spotted deer (Cervus alfredi). All of these species were not observed during the study.
4.0 Impacts and Mitigating Measures
Table 21. Potential impacts of the different project activities and their corresponding mitigating measures.
Degree of Impact
Project activities Impact Description Mitigating Measure
Permanent or Long-term or
Temporary Short-term
I. Civil works and

construction phase
- Mobilization of construction equipment and - Temporary - Long-term - Identification and marking of
This phase will encompass workers which will require vegetation ecologically/economically important
the establishment of 2.7 km clearing to facilitate movement. species
access road, well pads and - If feasible, minimize cutting
reinjection wells. potential mother trees, which will
serve as genetic source for the
important species
- Avoidance of unnecessary clearing
- Trampling of understorey vegetation - Temporary - Short-term - Localized movement of equipment

and personnel
- Clearing of vegetation growing in the - Permanent - Vegetation to be cleared should be
proposed access road conversion to delineated to avoid unnecessary
access road clearing.
- Additional clearing of vegetation for the - Permanent - Access road specifications should
construction of pipelines, separator stations also include accommodation of
and utilities pipeline dimensions to avoid new
clearing of vegetation.
Degree of Impact
- Separator stations and utilities
should be constructed as near as
possible to the well pad so that
additional clearing of vegetation will
be minimized.
- For the construction of well pads and - Permanent - Short term - Vegetation clearing and its effect is
reinjection wells, the clearing of vegetation conversion to inevitable, however, poaching of
that is concentric in shape creating large well pads wildlife will be strictly prohibited to
forest gaps, which will lead to mitigate its population reduction
displacement and reduction in wildlife
population numbers
- Captured wildlife shall be released
back to the wild.
- The clearing of vegetation to provide for - Permanent - Long Term
the road network and well pad will have a - Intensive IECs and Reforestation
subtle effect of habitat loss due to a linear program
barrier, which may affect the movement
and dispersal of animals, facilitate
intrusion of non-native and agriculture-
associated-species into forests, as well as
formation of forest edges (edge effect).
- Enhanced soil erosion from earth moving - Temporary - Short-term - Excavated topsoil be used as back-
activities of heavy equipment will affect filling materials or spread evenly in
forest dwelling species within the vicinity of surrounding areas
access road and will contribute to soil
nutrient loss
Degree of Impact
- Siltation from accumulated soil that can - Temporary - Short-term - Provision of erosion-control
make its way to rivers and creeks affecting techniques such as drainage, catch
riparian wildlife basin and sediment ponds
- Possible increase of anthropogenic - Temporary - Long-term - Frequent patrolling/ surveillance

activities inside the buffer zone or even recurring threat shall be conducted
park area but can be - Community involvement in the
controlled protection activities
- Signage on restrictions
Temporary housing of - Staff temporarily housed within the 169- - Temporary (can - Short-term - Hunting should be banned at all
construction staff and hectare buffer zone might resort to be prevented) cost. Strict penalties should be
contractors hunting of wildlife during off-hours imposed.
- Temporary housing shall be

constructed outside the buffer zone.
- Accumulation of solid wastes from - Temporary (can - Short-term - Practice good housekeeping among
everyday activities of staff will not only be controlled) construction staff and contractors.
affect the aesthetics of the area but will
attract animals that feed on decaying
organic matter
Degree of Impact
II. Well drilling
Drilling of well pads and - Noise associated with drilling could drive - Temporary, - Short-term - Regular replacement of equipment
reinjection wells away wildlife (can be mufflers
minimized)
- Drilling fluids might come in contact with - Temporary - Short-term - Drilling fluids should be collected
potable water table or make its way to and transported immediately to
rivers and small creeks designated areas outside the 169-
hectare buffer zone.
Construction of additional - Establishment of these facilities within the - Permanent - Make use of existing thermal
thermal ponds, quarry, spoil 169-hectare buffer zone will lead to further ponds, quarry, spoil disposal areas
disposal areas and sludge reduction of forest and sludge pits within the plant
pits premises. New construction of
these infrastructures should be
avoided.
III. Well testing
Well testing - Discharge of initial steam to the - Temporary - Long-term - Design of steam discharge
atmosphere can affect vegetation within apparatus should incorporate gas
the well pad vicinity leading to possible abatement measures.
defoliation of trees.
- The length of time devoted to initial
steam discharge should be
minimized within practical limits.
Degree of Impact
IV. Power plant operations

(Production phase)
Steam Gathering from Fluid - Gaseous emissions can affect vegetation - Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporate
Collection and Recycling within the well pad vicinity. gas abatement measures.
System (FCRS)
Noise emissions from FCRS - Noise associated with blow-off could drive - Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporate
away wildlife noise muffling apparatus
Liquid discharges from - Waste water could make its way to the - Temporary - Long-term - Liquid discharges should be
FCRS river in between the two well pads collected and transported
affecting riparian fauna immediately to designated areas
outside the 169-hectare buffer
zone.
Solid wastes from FCRS - Accumulation of amorphous silica/scales - Temporary - Long-term - Collection of amorphous silica
formed in the reinjection pipelines might scales should be done regularly to
make its way to rivers and creeks avoid accumulation
affecting riparian fauna
Degree of Impact
- Increase anthropogenic activity, which - Temporary - Long-term - Provide livelihood assistance to the
Power Plant operations can be probably caused by livelihood communities residing adjacent to
opportunities the buffer zone and power plant
vicinity
- Temporary - Long-term - Information, education and
- Intrusion to the natural park communication campaign on the
importance of the natural park and
geothermal power plant
- Frequent patrolling/ surveillance
shall be conducted
5.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Table 22. Proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan for the 169-hectares buffer zone.
Project Parameters and location Frequency Responsibility

Activity/Impacts
1. Clearing of 1. Sampling stations for vegetation Semi-annual Vegetation

vegetation for Five sampling stations will be constructed. One each near specialist
access road and well the two well pads, two probably along the road system,
pads, creating a and one outside the development area, which will serve as
linear barrier and the control station. The exact location of the monitoring
habitat fragmentation plots shall be determined and agreed upon by all the
parties prior to the start of development. A 10m x 10m
quadrat shall be used as monitoring plot for trees (DBH >
3cm), 5m x 5m for saplings (DBH < 3cm) and 1m x 1m for
understories (grasses, vines, ferns, etc.). In each sampling
station, parameters to be monitored include but not limited
to: a) Species composition; b) frequency; c) growth rate; d)
basal area; e) density; f) dominant class plant height of
saplings; and g) litter accumulation. Similarly, diversity
indices and other vegetation analysis will be computed for
each sampling station using some of the available
Biodiversity soft wares (e.g., BioPro, MVSP, KREBS,
Estimate-S).
2. Transect line for birds Semi-annual Trained wildlife

biologist
A 1.5 kilometer transect line will be used to determine
existing avifauna in forest habitats on both sides of the
access road. As the length of the access road totals to 2.7
kilometers, at least four transects will be established. The
route will be subdivided into 10 major points using 150
meters between each point. The observer will walk for 15
minutes between each point, managing the whole distance
of each transect for 150 minutes or 2.5 hours. The
following information will be noted on all birds recorded
during the transect count: species name, number of
individuals, habitat, elevation, exact distance of the bird
observed to forest edge and others (i.e. flying, perched,
heard, seen, foraging behavior, etc.). Since data distance
to edge will be generated, this will determine type of
species that benefits from the linear barrier as well as
species that shy away or avoid such disturbance.
A shorter transect line will be established at the well pad

using a cardinal compass direction (i.e. north, south, west,
east). These four transects will start at the boundary of the
well pad and extend to at least 500 meters in length. Each
transect route will be subdivided into 5 points using a 100-
meter distance between each point. Similar to the line
transect, the observer will walk at least 15 minutes per
Activity/Impacts
point for a total of 75 minutes or 1.25 hours. Information to
be collected from access road transect will also be
collected for the well pad transect.
3. Mist-netting for birds and bats Semi-annual Trained wildlife

biologist
Standard mistnets (12 x 2.6mm 6 x 2.6 m) will be used to
capture bats and birds daily. At least five netting stations
(three mistnets per stations) will be placed within the 1
kilometer transect lines. The nets will be in operation for at
least four nights and checked every hour during night time
from 1800h to 2100h. During daytime, nets will be checked
every two hours starting 0600h until 1700h.
At the well pad transects, three mist net station (with three
nets per station) will be placed on each of the four
transects.
4. Capture-mark-recapture for small non-flying mammals Semi-annual Trained wildlife

biologist
A trapping grid using cage traps will be established on
both sides of the line transect used for birds. The trapping
grid should have the following dimensions: 45 x15m, with
each trap placed at every five meters within the grid for a
total of 40 traps. At least two trapping grids will be placed
on both sides of the transect with at 100 meters interval,
starting from the edge of the access road. Traps will be
baited with coconuts strips roasted in peanut butter or live
earthworms. Traps will be operated for at least three
nights.
Capture-mark recapture method will be employed to

determine movements and habitat preference of each
individual non-flying mammal caught. This will also give a
picture on the proportion of endemics that non-native
species are now occupying forest edges. Ultimately, using
the Lincoln-Peterson Index, an estimate of population
density can be computed for each species viz-a-vis
endemics vs. non-native species.
A smaller trapping grid will be established at each transect

sites at the well pad. Grid dimension is as follows: 20m x
20m for a total of 25 cage traps.
2. All identified 1. The Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS)

impacts
The BMS has been institutionalized in several protected Quarterly PNOC forest
areas in the Philippines. It has also generated meaningful guards.
management actions (acted upon by various stakeholders)
based from the results generated by such system. As the
design for monitoring program for the whole 169-hectare
already involves bird transect lines to be done by trained
biologists, it is envisioned that only two of the four
methods prescribed in the BMS will be used, namely field
Activity/Impacts
diary and fixed photography or photodocumentation.
These two methods will be performed by PNOC forest
guards, especially Forest guards using the field diary
should monitor all the impacts to wildlife listed in this report
at each of the project activities listed and at each operation
phase. Any deviation or observed negative impacts to
wildlife should be noted and reported to EMD for proper
action.
6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Flora
Results of the study revealed that Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone including the PNOC EDC proposed
development area has a high biodiversity value. The number of new island records, island or near
endemics, Philippine endemics and threatened species in the area are found to be significant. The
project development, however, will not have a considerable effect on the overall biodiversity of the
area considering the modest size of the development area, which is about 17% of the 169-hectare
buffer zone and only about 0.1% of the MKNP. Moreover, mitigating measures can be adopted to
minimize its effects and by some means maintain, or even enhance the ecological status of Mt. Kanla-
on buffer zone.
The baseline information gathered for this study will aid in the formulation of the management plan. To
further mitigate impacts of the projects and for the protection, conservation and enhancement of
biodiversity in the area, the following observations and recommendations should be considered in the
management plan.
• The markings of ecologically important tree species found within the study area could help in the
identification of a Genetic Resource Area (GRA) for PNOC’ s forest rehabilitation initiatives in the
future.
• For road construction, the survey of relatively wider P-line area (50meters on the average), as
well as the result of the similarity index, provides more spaces and flexibility for the delineation of
the actual road system. Potential mother trees of those species listed in Table 9, 10, 11, and 13
should be protected for future genetic sourcing. One important observation is that, most of the
species listed as ecologically important are dominating the study site, which makes these species
less arduous to conserve and protect. Protection and conservation of these species should be
prioritized as Mt Kanlaon could be one of the few if not the only remaining native habitat of these
species.
• Mt. Kanlaon buffer zone has a number of ecologically and economically important species which
are abundantly growing in the area. The growth and continues survival of these species is directly
dependent on the continuing good quality of the physico-chemical environment. Thus, remaining
forest fragments should be maintained and, if feasible, forest expansion through reforestation,
regeneration and rehabilitation programs may be implemented.
• A number of premium quality Gymnosperms species (Almaciga, Igem, Lokinai, Dalung and
Lubang-lubang) though abundantly growing in the area has very minimal regeneration. This
minimal regeneration can be attributed to the presence of thick forest litter, which prevents the
recalcitrant seeds (viability last only for few days) to immediately reach the soil before losing its
viability. These species should be given much priority for Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR).
• To determine the possible impacts of the project and other human related development activities,
long-term and regular monitoring activities should be conducted. If ecosystem functions are to be
monitored, then appropriate permanent forest plots may be delineated. By international
standards, a minimum of one hectare is needed to study forest dynamics.
• The presence of new island records is an indication that Mt. Kanlaon is one of the under studied
areas. It is highly possible that many species in the area are still undiscovered and so their
potentials will never be realized.
• Information contained in this report should find its way into the mainstream of the science of
Biodiversity Conservation. Information that was initially gathered, as well as how such information
were utilized for management purposes, needs to be documented and eventually published. This
will also further validate/refute the endemism reported for this study. Lessons learned by PNOC
EDC will be very useful to other corporations involved in similar development projects.
6.2 Fauna
Loss of habitat has been identified as the primary reason for the high number of threatened species
found in the Philippines, so high that the country ranks as having one of the highest number of
threatened species in the world (Ong et al., 2002). Negros Island, in particular, has experienced
massive deforestation over the last 100 years so that forest areas have been fragmented and reduced
to smaller areas that are confined solely on mountain ranges, as mentioned earlier. In turn, this loss
has resulted to a high proportion of wildlife species under the IUCN threatened categories (Critically
Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). Furthermore, given the highly reduced size of remaining
forest, the presence of threatened species might be an indication of impending effects of time-lag,
which is described as the time between habitat loss and subsequent (and possibly sudden) extinctions
of associated fauna due to loss and fragmentation of their habitat (Magsalay et al., 1999).
On a micro scale, clearing of vegetation within the 169-hectare buffer zone could mimic the habitat
fragmentation that has already happened for the rest of the Philippines. Perhaps the project
component that would cause major impact within the 169-hectare buffer zone is the clearing of
vegetation associated with the access road and pad construction.
Considering all possible mitigating measures, there would still be the inevitable effect of the
vegetation clearing to wildlife, thus PNOC EDC in addition to the above recommended environmental
measures, may also opt to promote wildlife conservation through (1) supporting conservation
programs (e.g. reforestation in other parts of the park), and (2) spearheading information, education
and communication (IEC) campaign for MKNP.
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PLATES
Plate 1. Orientation with PNOC-EDC and DENR officials prior to fieldwork.
Plate 2. Briefing orientation on PNOC-EDC operation.
4 October 2007
Plate 3. One of the largest (190 cm diameter) Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis).
Plate 4. Rafflesia speciosa’s first ever record in Negros island.
4 October 2007
Plate 5. The most abundant/dominant epiphyte –Freycinetia sp. (Pandan baging)
Plate 6. Elatostema sp. – one of the most dominant ground cover species.
4 October 2007
Plate 7. Sarchandra glabra – the most dominant species of shrub in the area.
Plate 8. Cyathea negrosiana – one of the threatened species of Tree fern.
4 October 2007
Plate 9. Streblosa sp. – one of the few herbaceous species that survive the thick
forest litter.
Plate 10. The floral diversity survey team.
4 October 2007
Plate 11. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Plate 12. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone.
4 October 2007
Plate 13. Spotted Wood Kingfisher (Actenoides lindsayi), a bird associated with
riverine habitats.
Plate 14. Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra), a high elevation

specialist.
4 October 2007
Plate 15. White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis), a Negros-
Panay endemic and classified as Endangered by IUCN.
Plate 16. Flame-templed Babbler (Stachyris speciosa), a Negros-Panay endemic

and classified as Vulnerable by IUCN.
4 October 2007
Plate 17. Common Emerald Dove (Chalcopaps indica), can be found on both forest
and non-forest habitats.
Plate 18. Striated Grassbird (Megalurus palustris), a common fixture of

grassland vegetation.
4 October 2007
Plate 19. Philippine Tailorbird (Orthotomus castaneiceps), a Philippine endemic
and one of the most common understorey birds.
Plate 20. Velvet-fronted Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis), a one of the most common
understorey birds.
4 October 2007
Plate 21. Sunda Ground-Thrush (Zoothera andromedae), a poorly known and
cryptic understorey bird.
Plate 22. Mountain Verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias panayensis), a high elevation

specialist.
4 October 2007
Plate 23. Harpy fruit bat (Har[yionycteris whiteheadi), a poorly-known Philippine
endemic but fairly common in all study sites.
Plate 24. Philippine pygmy fruit bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), a Philippine

endemic restricted to forested habitats.
4 October 2007
Plate 25. Philippine forest roundleaf bat (Hipposideros obscurus), a Philippine
endemic restricted to forested habitats.
Plate 26. Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus), one of the most common
insectivorous bats captured in all study sites.
4 October 2007
Plate 27. Common Forest frog (Platymantis spp.), one of the several endemic
dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Plate 28. Rough-backed Forest Frog (Platymantis corrugatus.), also one of the
several endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169-
hectare buffer zone.
4 October 2007
Plate 28. Marine Toad (Bufo marinus), an introduced species from South
America that have made its way to the forest of the 169-hectare buffer
zone.
Plate 30. Philippine Flying Lizard (Draco spilopterus), observed in almost all
sites except Site 3.
4 October 2007
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed road system with their
corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.
DBH MH
Family Species Common Name Freq IV
(cm) (m)
ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 6 127 63 0.534

ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera caesia Jack Baluno 2 82 21 0.323
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var.
APOCYNACEAE scholaris Dita 5 93 44 0.399
ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 3 34 40 0.217
Schefflera obovata Merr. 1 10 5 0.064
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 50 2542 501.5 10.391
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 77 1404 550 5.849
Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 32 1344 384 5.798
CELASTRACEAE Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 1 14 4 0.067
CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var.
philippensis Malaikmo 4 155 50 0.671
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 20 339 191 1.560
Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var.
novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.)
CLETHRACEAE Sleum. Malaklak 37 513 186.5 2.519
CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 2 26 10 0.135
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaogon 1 16 7 0.073
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp.
formosum Salinggogon 4 60 30 0.288
Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume
ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 2 34 20 0.158
Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54 982 399.5 4.123
Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 1 12 4 0.066
COMBRETACEAE Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex
Flem. Binggas 5 134 47 0.502
Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 27 611 255 2.423
CUNONIACEAE Hutchinson
Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Kalilan 2 34 6 0.135
Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 37 980 304.5 3.514
DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon-kalabau 10 207 52 0.751
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 114 2927 1536.5 12.815
Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile 2 28 22 0.149
EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 9 140 65 0.652
ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var.
gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Saritan 2 52 19.5 0.199
Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian sikat 5 134 41 0.478
EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 4 64 37 0.304
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C.
Fischer Matang-hipon 4 59 21.5 0.277
Cleisthantus everettii C.B. Robinson Everett Anupag 22 330 128 1.540
Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden)
Fernandez Villar Buta 25 374 176.5 1.788
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax
var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 59 1047 416.3 4.431
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8 139 59.5 0.602
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 16 309 127.5 1.269
Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 2 31 22 0.155
4 October 2007
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 25 469 182 1.925

Hinlaumong
Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw laparan 6 87 55 0.441
Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen
FABACEAE var. clypearia Tiagkot 3 42 13 0.202
FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 23 705 242 2.714
ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam 1 16 8 0.074
JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 4 60 32 0.291
VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum sp. 2 26 18 0.142
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina 1 14 3 0.066
Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 5 203 52 0.793
Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 1 16 5 0.070
Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 52 1385 460 5.085
Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 44 617 238 3.019
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 82 1704 642.5 6.691
Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 10 172 102 0.796
Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 13 288 135 1.186
Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 377 9942 3650.5 37.838
Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 1 11 9 0.069
Litsea sp. 1 12 243 128 1.046
Litsea sp. 2 1 23 11 0.095
Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 13 255 116 1.064
Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 3 125 26 0.441
Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 24 483 217.5 1.997
Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 13 302 116.5 1.167
Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 35 702 260 2.779
Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 1 24 4 0.076
LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Toog 3 142 53 0.853
LOGANIACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour. Taliknono 1 36 12 0.150
Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var.
MAGNOLIACEAE candollii Patangis 2 46 13 0.164
MALVACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 2 48 17 0.180
Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 15 196 136 1.070
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 272 84 1.287
Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 23 366 124 1.617
Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla
Merr. Salasik-laparan 15 224 92.5 1.055
Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 5 77 38.5 0.364
MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 17 360 158 1.462
Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 19 500 166.5 1.836
Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 21 603 208 2.276
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr.
ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 1 18 10 0.081
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 61 1463 537.5 5.553
Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 1 45 13 0.210
MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 3 65 14 0.225
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 1 12 8 0.069
Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 33 658 300 2.736
4 October 2007
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong 4 46 17 0.263

Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis
Corner Lunug 1 18 3 0.068
Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 15 214 75 1.025
Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii Isis-ibon 4 64 20 0.070
Ficus cumingii Miq. var. angustissima
(Merr.) Corner Laningning 1 13 8 0.279
Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 1 11 11 0.070
Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 14 232 85.5 1.009
Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata
(Merr.) Corner Obdas 7 109 45 0.500
Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 5 78 37 0.364
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 6 92 27.5 0.412
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 5 73 15 0.331
Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 4 124 31 0.417
Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 7 154 55 0.588
Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 5 61 25.5 0.335
Ficus variegata Blume var.
sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Dolalog 4 182 53 0.865
Tangisang-
Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata bayawak 10 283 92 1.039
Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Agus-us 4 100 33 0.366
MYRISTICACEAE Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde
ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde Parugan 1 16 12 0.080
Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 27 6 0.131
MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 1 15 11 0.077
Ardisia sp. 1 11 2 0.064
MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 63 1593 539 5.877
Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 34 768 295 2.973
Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 5 96 38.5 0.393
Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 114 2863 940 10.463
Syzygium sp. 2 4 83 36 0.337
Syzygium sp.1 3 79 25 0.285
Malaruhat
Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. bundok 94 2264 857 8.674
Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob)
Merr. Malatampui 1 13 3 0.065
Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. &
Waterh. Malabayabas 12 345 116.5 1.291
OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 5 72 24 0.341
PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma tomentosum Blume Bignai-kalau 4 64 37 0.304
Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz Lindog-ilanan 3 49 23 0.222
Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Nadong 11 252 80 0.924
Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 2 38 15.5 0.157
PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de
Laub. Igem 23 1264 250 5.669
Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 8 560 94 3.080
Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 7 172 85 0.726
Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K.
PUTRANJIVACEAE Hoffm. Butong manok 20 310 131 1.429
RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 10 233 135 1.037
4 October 2007
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
ROSACEAE Lagong
Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. banguhan 30 1148 357 4.807
RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 13 218 120 1.003
Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 26 447 210 1.977
Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 1 12 4 0.066
Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et
Ridsd. Uisak sikat 3 46 20 0.214
ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 120 2137 773.5 8.892
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 5 72 42.5 0.363
Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 9 187 86 0.772
RUTACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. Galigiuan 6 139 51 0.529
Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 66 1268 586 5.347
SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 85 1531 657 6.519
Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 42 22 0.180
Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 13 3 0.065
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 5 113 51 0.459
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.)
Pierre Natong ganda 10 307 123 1.276
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 29 846 290 3.199
Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 11 219 106.5 0.926
Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 107 2888 1132 11.322
Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak-malak 6 196 70 0.794
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var.
velutina Uakatan 45 756 331.5 3.343
SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. Malakamias 3 66 33 0.277
STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 30 912 278 3.318
Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 92 1317 577.5 6.427
SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 173 4754 1749 18.235
THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 2 36 14 0.151
Leyte
Adinandra leytensis Merr. sangnauan 2 36 16 0.154
Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida
(Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 16 278 109 1.187
Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 38 701 316 2.983
Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer Apin 18 401 149 1.542
URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Lipang kalabaw,
Chew Sagai 28 465 130 1.955
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 2 0.065
Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 9 129 44 0.615
Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume Alipasio 2 72 18 0.256
Villebrunea trinervis Wedd. Alilaua 1 12 3 0.065
4 October 2007
Appendix 2. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed road system with their
corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
ACHARIACEAE Ahernia glandulosa Merr. Sanglai 11

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 77
APOCYNACEAE Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 9
Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa 3
ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson 24
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 2
Schefflera obovata Merr. 29
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 58
ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57
Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100
Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32
Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37
Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29
Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58
Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13
Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67
Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58
Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28
Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140
Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 16
Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 112
BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 4
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong 216
Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 6
CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 2
CELASTRACEAE Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 5
Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 2
CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 8
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 20
CLETHRACEAE novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 74
CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 11
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 10
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 3
Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp.
sumatranum Paguringon 8
Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54
Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 6
COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talang-gubat 19
Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 1
CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 1
Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 49
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 205
Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 126
4 October 2007
Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 110

DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 12
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 218
Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile 2
ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian-sikat 21
EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal)
Pax & K. Hoffm. Haginis 9
Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 6
Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon 18
Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 8
Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang 140
Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 80
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis
(Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 52
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 4
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 59
Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 17
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 15
Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Hinlaumo 12
FABACEAE Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var.
clypearia Tiagkot 6
Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 3
FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 15
GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 10
JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan 2
VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8
Clerodendrum sp. 17
LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 4
Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 16
Cryptocarya trinervia Elm. Inikmo 5
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 79
Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 53
Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 5
Litsea philippinensis Merr. Klamagan/Bakan 182
Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 101
Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 35
Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 2
Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 52
LEEACEAE Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 10
Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 6
MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 4
MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2
Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37
MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 233
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 130
Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 38
4 October 2007
Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 14

Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 138
MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 27
Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi/Balukanag 49
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp.
pentandrus Katong-matsing 27
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 57
Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau 5
Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 48
MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 10
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 5
Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 13
Ficus balete Merr. Balete 6
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 10
Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 86
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 8
Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 50
Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 2
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 16
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 11
Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 10
Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 86
Ficus sp. 14
Ficus sp.2 27
Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Tangisang-bayawak 20
Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var.
MYRISTICACEAE simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 4
MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 9
Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 2
Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo 16
MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 89
Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 14
Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 30
Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 118
Syzygium sp. 2 9
Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 183
Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 27
OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6
PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Bignai-pugo 4
Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery
var. malesiana Schot. Bigloi-dilau 33
Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 2
Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 6
PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 3
Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 31
ROSACEAE Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var.
cumingiana Sotsa 51
Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 13
4 October 2007
RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 9
Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8
Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. Tumpis 2
Coffea arabica L. Kape 44
Ixora alba Santan-puti 10
Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 1
Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 12
Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 5
Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis
(Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 63
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 44
Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 13
Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 4
Psychotria alvarezii Kirimbibit 5
Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 2
RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 48
SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 19
SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 157
Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag 6
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 13
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 42
Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 21
Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 64
Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 7
Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak 5
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 30
STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 16
Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 229
Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var.
SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana Sotsa 47
THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 5
Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T.
Yamazaki Batik 100
Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 17
THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong-sibat 1
URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai 243
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 23
Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 16
4 October 2007
Appendix 3. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed road system with their

ACANTHACEAE Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer 1
ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 8
Amorphophallus sp. Pongapong 1
Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. &
Krause Alopayi 6
Xanthosoma violaceum Schott Yautia 1
ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 1
BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Fern 1
Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var.
CHLORANTHACEAE brachystachys 10
COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 5
Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 2
COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 2
CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 4
DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp. Fern 2
EUPHORBIACEAE Manihot utilissima Kamoteng kahoi 2
FABACEAE Desmodium sp. 2
HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 9
LOMARIOPSIDA Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern 1
MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla cumingii Naud. 1
MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 1
MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 4
ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 5
Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 3
PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 11
PIPERACEAE Piper sp. (erect) 3
Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 1
POACEAE Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Kawayan bolo 2
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Cogon 2
Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 1
Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 3
Thysonolaena latifolia (Roxb.ex Hornem.) Honda Tambo 1
POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 1
PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 4
ROSACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 1
RUBIACEAE Mycetia javanica 1
Ophiorrhiza biflora 2
Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 4
Streblosa sp. 8
SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 12
Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 2
THELYPTERIDACEAE Amphineuron emersum Fern 2
4 October 2007
Christella dentata Fern 9

THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 2
URTICACEAE Cypholophus moluccanus 1
Elatostema hastatum 4
Elatostema sp. 1 2
Elatostema sp. 2 5
Elatostema sp. 3 3
Elatostema spinulosum 5
Elatostema sublaxum 7
Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia
(Gaudich.) Wedd. Hilagasi 2
Pilea sp. 2
Procris frutescens 1
VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 1
ZINGIBERACEAE Adelmeria sp. 3
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 7
Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 1
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 2
Etlingera sp. 2
Zingiber negrosense Elm. Torch ginger 11
4 October 2007
Appendix 4. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed road system with their
Family name Species Common Name Freq
ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Susong damulag 5

APOCYNACEAE Allamanda sp. 1
ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Lusegut 6
Philodendron sp. 1 1
Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 3
Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 1
Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 1
Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 8
Scindapsus curranii 2
Scindapus sp. 1
ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 3
ASCLEPIADACEAE Dischidia sp. 4
ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 4
Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 11
ASTERACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko 4
BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis 4
BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. 2
Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 1
CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthes sp. 1
DAVALIACEAE Davalia repens 4
Davalia sp. 1
Davallia sp. (mabuhok) 1
DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 4
DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 1
Dioscorea sp. 6
DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp. Fern 5
FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana
(Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 1
Indet. 1
LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine 1
LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 1
LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium sp. 2 (thick) 1
Lycopodium sp.1 (fine) 1
MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 3
MENISPERMACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 8
MORACEAE Ficus balete Balete 6
Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 3
Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 1
MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. (vine) 1
OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 9
ORCHIDACEAE Appendicula sp. 3
Bulbophyllum sp. 6
Calanthe sp. 2
4 October 2007
Family name Species Common Name Freq
Coelogyne chloroptera 2
Dendrobium sp. 12
Eria sp. 4
Grammatophyllum sp. 1
Indet. 1
Indet. 2 1
PANDANACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 11
Freycinetia sp. 2 10
PIPERACEAE Piper eupodum 5
Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 2
Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 4
Piper sp.1 10
POACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 6
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 2
POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata 4
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 2
Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 3
PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. 1
Adiantum sp. 2 1
Adiantum sp.1 6
SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 3
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 2
THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum Fern 4
URTICACEAE Procris frutescens 2
VITACEAE Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 3
Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 5
MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 4
4 October 2007
Appendix 5. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed well pads with their
corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
ANACARDIACEAE Buchanania nitida Engl. Balitantan 25 577 267 1.491
Mangifera caesia Jack Baluno 6 187 82 0.497
APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Batino-liitan 21 450 197 1.164
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 85 5225 1020 15.365
BORAGINACEAE Ehretia resinosa Hance Talibunog 2 25 9 0.089
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var.
asperum Pagsahingin 109 2573 923 6.177
Garuga floribunda Decne var.
floribunda Bogo 61 2178 671 5.191
CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var.
philippensis Malaikmo 2 42 25 0.118
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 9 231 111 0.604
Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume
var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. &
CLETHRACEAE Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 101 1442 518 4.590
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer
ssp. formosum Salinggogon 2 32 9 0.092
Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack)
Blume ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 2 55 26 0.145
Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 20 364 144 0.991
COMBRETACEAE Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex
Flem. Binggas 9 217 106 0.569
Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat 25 766 261 1.805
Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 8 179 75 0.453
CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 98 2636 725 5.743
DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 1 42 8 0.085
EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-
Arg. Dilak 1 18 8 0.050
Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 1 28 9 0.064
Fernandez Villar Buta 48 728 284 2.228
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax
var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 4 73 26 0.195
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 2 31 23 0.101
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 177 4301 1482 10.152
Archidendron clypearia (Jack)
FABACEAE Nielsen var. clypearia Tiagkot 3 104 26 0.222
Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.)
FAGACEAE Rehd. Katabang 6 145 57 0.355
JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 16 7 0.048
LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 13 325 124 0.786
Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 108 3048 1076 7.182
Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 79 1259 461.5 3.696
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 211 5083 1862 12.216
Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 48 776 358 2.314
Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 537 14593 5207 34.437
4 October 2007
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 2 34 21 0.103
Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 6 84 39 0.277
Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.)
LECYTHIDACEAE Merr. Toog 3 163 40 0.487
MALVACEAE Grewia inflexa Merr. Banglad 3 36 16 0.134
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 1 25 12 0.065
Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 8 142 52 0.388
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 11 223 55.5 0.534
Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 99 1557 575.5 4.618
Merr. Salasik-laparan 89 1553 541.5 4.264
MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Alauihaw 2 33 14 0.096
Agogoi,
Chisocheton patens Blume Balukanag 9 220 83 0.532
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 66 1660 622 3.991
Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp.
mollissimum Himamau 9 264 80 0.591
MONIMIACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 1 18 2 0.044
MORACEAE Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 10 134 58 0.454
Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 67 1434 572 3.632
Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 32 434 132.5 1.427
Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 2 29 20 0.097
Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 23 415 149 1.120
Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 2 93 16 0.190
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 2 37 12.5 0.098
Ficus pubinervis Blume var.
pubinervis Dungo 3 47 28 0.148
MORACEAE Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 1 12 8 0.046
Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 12 163 52.5 0.537
Ficus sp. 92 1962 714 4.880
Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Agus-us 7 94 50 0.323
Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. &
MYRISTICACEAE Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 6 160 59 0.382
MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 224 4931 1821 12.161
Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 191 4049 1533 10.175
Malaruhat
Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. bundok 150 3470 1301 8.465
Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob)
Merr. Malatampui 9 129 58 0.417
Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils.
& Waterh. Malabayabas 17 549 175 1.276
STAPHYLEACEAE Antidesma montanum Blume Bignai-kintab 5 75 31 0.233
Laub. Igem 76 4202 884 11.466
Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 16 697 82 1.151
4 October 2007
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K.
PUTRANJIVACEAE Hoffm. Butong manok 58 992 421.5 2.828
Lagong
ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. banguhan 11 340 119 0.812
Canthium glandulosum (Blanco)
Merr. Aparungan 70 1378 495.5 3.544
Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.)
Merr. Kalamansanai 14 348 132 0.841
ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 97 1986 720.5 5.021
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 3 85 38 0.220
Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 32 608 196 1.568
RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 176 3964 1587 9.896
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Sarakag 2 54 19 0.127
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 56 1472 533 3.491
Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 134 4648 1551 11.363
Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B.
Rob. Malak-malak 36 1156 402 2.787
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.
var. velutina Uakatan 36 613 293 1.781
SIMAROUBACEAE Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Bogo-bogo 2 53 30 0.149
STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 13 467 150 1.141
Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 16 238 113 0.752
SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.)
S. Moore var. philippinensis (Brand)
Noot Balokbok 4 102 36 0.241
cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 108 3558 1182 8.483
THEACEAE Adinandra leytensis Merr. Leyte sangnauan 1 32 11 0.077
Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 13 198 97 0.618
URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Lipang kalabaw,
Chew Sagai 16 237 77 0.728
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 4 0.044
Indet 2 1 10 4 0.043
Indet. 1 45 12 0.116
4 October 2007
Appendix 6. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with their

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm. Kalimug 8
Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 32
Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sanot ilanan 12
ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Titis 4
APOCYNACEAE Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 6
Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa 2
AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Luzon Kalasan 5
ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson 18
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 3
Schefflera obovata Merr. 32
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 68
ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57
Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100
Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32
Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37
Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29
Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58
Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13
Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67
Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58
Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28
Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140
Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 126
Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 114
BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Tui-tui 4
BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 4
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong 224
Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 12
CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 4
CELASTRACEAE Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 10
Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 4
CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 11
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 14
CLETHRACEAE novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 125
CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 68
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 16
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 5
Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp.
sumatranum Paguringon 4
Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 86
Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 13
COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 16
Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 8
4 October 2007
CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 15
Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 58
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 186
Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 242
Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 213
DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 10
ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis
(Elmer) Weibel Saritan 8
Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian-sikat 6
EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal)
Pax & K. Hoffm. Haginis 7
Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 10
Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 19
Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 6
Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang 124
Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 38
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis
(Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 46
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 81
Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Hinlaumong laparan 4
FABACEAE Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var.
clypearia Tiagkot 8
Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 6
FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 24
Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Manaring 15
Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd Vidal oak 18
ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam 6
JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan 14
VERBENACEAE Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Buyakan 6
Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8
Clerodendrum sp. 5
LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 6
Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 8
Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 32
Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 24
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 68
Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 59
Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 7
Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 226
Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 5
Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 13
Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 52
Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 26
Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 29
Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 21
4 October 2007
Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 18

Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 23
LEEACEAE Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 11
Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 9
LOGANIACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour Taliknono 3
MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 5
MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2
Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 126
Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 122
Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 86
Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 45
Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr. Tungau dako 14
Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Digeg 4
MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 64
Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi/Balukanag 32
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp.
pentandrus Katong-matsing 10
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 43
Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau 9
Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 36
MONIMIACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 6
MORACEAE Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 5
Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 22
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 18
Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Lunug 6
Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 32
Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.)
Corner Laningning 18
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 15
Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 26
Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 4
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 25
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 12
Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 8
Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 11
Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 18
Ficus sp. 4
Ficus sp. 2 12
Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Tangisang-bayawak 9
MYRISTICACEAE Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii
(King) de Wilde Parugan 3
Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var.
simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 8
MYRSINACEAE Ardisia angustifolia A. DC. Tagpong kitid 7
Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 11
Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 18
4 October 2007
Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo 10

Discocalyx euphlebia Merr. Dikai-dikaian 2
MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Sagimsim 12
Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 64
Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 17
Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Lamutong linis 6
Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 11
Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 42
Syzygium sp. 2 2
Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 38
Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 9
OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6
STAPHYLEACEAE Antidesma tomentosum Blume Bignai-kalau 3
Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery
var. malesiana Schot. Bigloi-dilau 10
Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 11
Blumeodendron tokbrai Blume Lindog-ilanan 14
Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 3
Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 9
PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 21
Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 17
Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 27
ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 26
RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 10
Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8
Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Aparungan 4
Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 4
Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 8
Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 9
Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis
(Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 52
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 16
Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 14
Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Kirimbibit 4
Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 6
RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 36
SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 6
SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 182
Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 7
Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 11
Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag 6
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 12
Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Alakaak tilos 7
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 17
Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 9
Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 21
4 October 2007
Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 10

Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak 14
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 28
STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 62
Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var.
SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana Sotsa 38
THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 10
Adinandra leytensis Merr. Leyte sangnauan 8
Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T.
Yamazaki Batik 42
Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 25
URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai 356
4 October 2007
Appendix 7. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed well pads with their

ACANTHACEAE Hemigraphis primulaefolia 6
Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer 6
Strobilanthes sp. 6
ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 6
Amorphophallus sp. Pongapong 6
Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. &
Krause Alopayi 6
ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 6
BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Fern 6
Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var.
CHLORANTHACEAE brachystachys Tungaw-tungaw 5
COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 6
Commelina sp. 6
COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 6
DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum Fern 6
Diplazium sp. Fern 6
FABACEAE Desmodium sp. 6
Gesneria sp. 6
HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 6
LOMARIOPSIDACEAE Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern 6
Bolbitis rhizophylla Fern 6
MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla cumingii Naud. 6
Medinilla sp. 1 6
Medinilla sp. 2 6
MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 6
MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 6
OLEANDRACEAE Oleandra neriiformis 6
ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 6
Grammatophylum sp. Ground orchid 6
Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 6
Spathoglottis sp. Ground orchid 6
PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 6
PIPERACEAE Piper sp. (erect) 6
Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 6
POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 6
PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 6
RUBIACEAE Mycetia javanica 6
Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 6
4 October 2007
Streblosa sp. 6
SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 4
THELYPTERIDACEAE Amphineuron emersum Fern 6
Christella dentata Fern 6
THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 6
URTICACEAE Cypholophus moluccanus 6
Elatostema hastatum 5
Elatostema sp. 1 5
Elatostema sp. 2 5
Elatostema sp. 3 5
Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia
(Gaudich.) Wedd. Hilagasi 6
Pilea sp. 6
Procris frutescens 6
VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 6
ZINGIBERACEAE Adelmeria sp. 6
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 6
Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 6
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 6
Etlingera sp. 6
Zingiber negrosense Elm. Torch ginger 6
4 October 2007
Appendix 8. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed wellpads with their corresponding
frequencies.

Rhaphidophora inequilaterus 4
Scindapus sp. 2
Hoya sp. 3
BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Negros Begonia 2
CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthes sp. 4
Davalia sp. 4
Davallia sp. (mabuhok) 5
Dioscorea sp. 4
DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp.1 Fern 4
Diplazium sp.2 Fern 5
FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana
(Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 3
Indet. 4
LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine 3
LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 10
Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 14
Medinilla sp. 1 6
Medinilla sp. 2 4
MENISPERMACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 14
MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. (vine) 3
4 October 2007
NEPENTHACEAE Nepenthes sp. Pitcher plant 1

ORCHIDACEAE Appendicula sp. Orchid 9
Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Orchid 21
Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 7
Coelogyne sp. Orchid 6
Dendrobium sp. Orchid 24
Eria sp. Orchid 3
Vanda sp. Orchid 2
Indet. 1 Orchid 1
PANDANACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 123
Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 164
Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve 8
Piper sp. (microphylla) 9
POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 15
PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 11
Adiantum sp. 2 Fern 7
Adiantum sp.1 Fern 8
SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. 2
THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum Fern 8
4 October 2007
Appendix 9. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding
frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var.
APOCYNACEAE scholaris Dita 4 201 28 0.894
ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 2 38 20 0.245
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 79 4568 805 25.355
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var.
asperum Pagsahingin 56 1110 330 5.765
Garuga floribunda Decne var.
floribunda Bogo 13 517 145 2.617
CANNABACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 70 1566 640 6.949
Clethra canescens Reinw. ex
Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh.
CLETHRACEAE & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 13 185 59.5 1.170
Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 13 194 81 1.270
COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 15 329 116 1.791
CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 39 1181 337 5.413
DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 22 408 116.5 2.297
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 18 448 185 2.389
EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-
Arg. Dilak 1 14 1.5 0.099
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.)
C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon 2 31 9 0.208
Fernandez Villar Buta 43 684 214.5 4.027
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.)
Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 12 182 65 1.265
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 16 228 67.5 1.585
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 36 996 333 4.905
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 18 256 86.5 1.692
Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy
Shaw Hinlaumo 18 261 80 1.744
Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.)
FAGACEAE Rehd. Katabang 5 83 46 0.573
JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 20 3.5 0.107
VERBENACEAE Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina 1 10 2 0.098
LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 2 33 12 0.216
Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 13 353 108.5 1.772
Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 32 482 153 2.825
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 50 1150 417 5.953
LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 60 1440 496.5 7.103
Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 12 240 74 1.257
Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 338 8674 2798 34.350
Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 1 10 7 0.102
Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 2 29 10.5 0.209
4 October 2007
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 1 10 1.5 0.098
MALVACEAE Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 20 299 117.5 1.948
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 278 74.5 1.663
Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 19 295 98 1.889
Merr. Salasik-laparan 16 271 96 1.628
Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 2 59 17 0.299
MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 26 566 170 2.518
Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 11 332 80 1.471
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco)
Merr. ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 2 30 17 0.220
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 66 1497 557.5 7.176
MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 8 113 20 0.630
Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var.
ampelas Upling-gubat 45 789 301 4.437
Ficus congesta Roxb. var.
congesta Malatibig 38 543 141.5 3.305
Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var.
angustissima (Merr.) Corner Laningning 1 10 3 0.099
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume
var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 2 36 6.5 0.208
Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 24 401 101.5 2.235
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 1 24 3 0.109
Ficus pubinervis Blume var.
pubinervis Dungo 1 32 10 0.170
Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 3 42 19 0.316
Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 13 174 41 1.080
Ficus sp. 6 143 58 0.815
Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Is-is 1 12 4 0.101
Ficus variegata Blume var. Tangisang-
variegata bayawak 9 272 80 1.393
MYRISTICACEAE Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 28 15 0.214
MYRSYNACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 1 10 2 0.098
MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.)
Merr. Magolumboi 43 1002 341 5.080
Syzygium densinervium (Merr.)
Merr. Salakadan 34 730 191.5 3.346
Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 74 1761 562.5 7.721
Syzygium sp. 1 1 14 3 0.101
Syzygium sp. 2 2 42 10 0.168
Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Malaruhat
Merr. bundok 20 504 190 2.569
Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B.
Rob) Merr. Malatampui 2 47 12 0.184
Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.)
Wils. & Waterh. Malabayabas 9 297 98 1.635
PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion lutescens Blume Salanisin 2 37 18 0.180
Laub. Igem 21 1394 240 9.449
4 October 2007
DBH MH
(cm) (m)
Lagong
ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. banguhan 43 1129 332 4.996
Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex
DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 1 14 5 0.104
Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f.
et Ridsd. Uisak sikat 1 18 10 0.120
Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume)
Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 76 1386 457.5 7.345
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 20 368 140.5 2.158
RUTACEAE Citrus sp. Abugao 1 10 1.5 0.098
Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 46 779 283.5 4.510
Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 30 13 0.214
Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 14 2 0.099
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. &
Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 7 105 41 0.571
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 15 400 144 2.126
Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.)
Vidal Nato 127 3373 1107 15.355
Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 1 12 7 0.104
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam.
var. velutina Uakatan 33 566 235 3.396
STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 14 370 130.5 1.948
Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 116 1884 646 9.970
SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 141 4720 1097 19.241
THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 1 14 6 0.105
Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 15 261 91.5 1.646
URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora Lipang kalabaw,
(C.Robinson) Chew Sagai 14 188 60.5 1.372
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 10 156 32.5 0.908
Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B.
Rob. Dalunot 12 212 56 0.999
4 October 2007
Appendix 10. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried saplings and poles from the 178 quadrats with their
corresponding frequencies and importance values.
Family Species Common Name Count Freq IV

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm. Kalimug 5 1 0.265
Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 3 3 0.360
Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Negros Kalimug 7 4 0.588
Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sanot ilanan 7 3 0.505
ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Titis 3 2 0.276
AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Luzon Kalasan 10 2 0.530
ARACEAE Loes.
Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 6 6 0.719
ARALIACEAE Schefflera obovata Merr. 1 1 0.120
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 67 40 5.774
ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 9 2 0.494
Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 16 6 1.082
Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 1 1 0.120
Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan 3 2 0.276
Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 10 5 0.781
Daemonorops sp. 1 1 0.120
Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 37 22 3.181
Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 26 16 2.280
Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 16 11 1.500
BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Tui-tui 2 1 0.156
BROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus Pinya 1 1 0.120
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 54 33 4.717
Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 2 2 0.240
CANNABACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 5 4 0.516
CHLORANTHACEAE Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. Tungaw-tungaw 50 11 2.734
CLETHRACEAE brachystachys
Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. Malaklak 13 8 1.140
CLUSIACEAE novoguineensis
Garcinia ituman (Kaneh.
Merr. & Hatus.) Sleum. Ituman 14 5 0.926
Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 4 2 0.312
COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat 13 9 1.224
CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 12 8 1.104
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 56 21 3.787
Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 35 10 2.106
Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 77 31 5.385
CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 5 3 0.432
DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 23 15 2.088
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 21 9 1.514
EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 1 1 0.120
ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. Saritan 22 1 0.882
EUPHORBIACEAE gitingensis (Elmer)
Agrostistachys Weibel
indica Dalz. var. Haginis 1 1 0.120
maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm.
Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1 1 0.120
Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San 48 21 3.497
Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Francisco/Kalangkang
Buta 30 18 2.593
Fernandez Villar
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. Malabalanti 1 1 0.120
levis (Blanco) Merr.
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 1 1 0.120
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 51 14 3.021
FAGACEAE Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Manaring 1 1 0.120
GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 1 1 0.120
HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 102 17 5.123
JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 3 1 0.192
4 October 2007
VERBENACEAE Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Buyakan 11 3 0.650
Clerodendrum sp. 3 2 0.276
LAURACEAE Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 2 1 0.156
Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 54 26 4.132
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 14 6 1.009
Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 16 9 1.333
Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 155 68 11.307
Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 3 2 0.276
Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 14 7 1.093
Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 3 2 0.276
Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 4 4 0.479
Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 10 4 0.697
Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 3 2 0.276
LEEACEAE Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 1 1 0.120
MALVACEAE Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 31 16 2.462
MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 267 75 15.957
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 20 12 1.728
Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 13 10 1.307
Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 15 9 1.296
Melastoma moluccanum 3 2 0.276
Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Digeg 5 2 0.349
MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 3 2 0.276
Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 3 3 0.360
Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 1 1 0.120
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Katong-matsing 1 1 0.120
ssp. pentandrus
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 6 5 0.635
MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 2 2 0.240
Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 42 24 3.530
Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Lunug 2 2 0.240
Corner
Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 27 11 1.899
Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima Laningning 1 1 0.120
(Merr.) CornerElmer var. irisana
Ficus irisana Aplas 11 7 0.984
Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata Obdas 7 2 0.421
(Merr.) CornerBurm. f.
Ficus septica Hauili 16 12 1.583
Ficus sp. 2 6 2 0.385
MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 25 7 1.492
MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Sagimsim 5 3 0.432
Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 33 21 2.952
Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 3 3 0.360
Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Lamutong linis 7 1 0.338
Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 1 1 0.120
Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 49 31 4.368
Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 28 16 2.353
Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 2 1 0.156
PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 20 15 1.979
PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Nadong 2 1 0.156
POACEAE Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 3 1 0.192
PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 4 4 0.479
Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 2 2 0.240
RUBIACEAE Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 2 1 0.156
Coffea arabica L. Kape 116 37 7.302
Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 1 1 0.120
Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. Tiroron 26 17 2.364
gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd.
4 October 2007
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 13 8 1.140
Ophiorrhiza biflora 2 1 0.156
Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 9 4 0.661
Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Kirimbibit 7 3 0.505
Streblosa sp. 7 4 0.588
RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 20 14 1.896
SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 3 3 0.360
SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 153 62 10.733
Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 1 0.156
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 127 49 8.703
Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 3 2 0.276
Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak-malak 2 2 0.240
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. Uakatan 12 7 1.020
SOLANACEAE velutina turvum
Solanum Talong-talongan 1 1 0.120
STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 114 37 7.229
SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. Sotsa 21 10 1.598
THEACEAE cumingiana var. cumingiana
Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 5 2 0.349
Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) Batik 20 11 1.645
T. Yamazaki
Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 47 28 4.045
THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata Fern 132 36 7.799
URTICACEAE Indet. Urticaceae 3 1 0.192
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 8 3 0.541
Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 8 5 0.708
VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 9 3 0.577
ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 37 16 2.680
Etlingera sp. 3 1 0.192
Zingiber sp. 5 2 0.349
4 October 2007
Appendix 11. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understory species from the 178 quadrats with their

ACANTHACEAE Indet. 1
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 1
COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa 38
Commelina sp. 4
CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 1
CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Tree fern 1
EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 2
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 1
LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 1
Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 1
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 1
MORACEAE Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 1
Ficus sp. 1
MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 1
ORCHIDACEAE Grammatophyllum sp. Ground orchid 2
Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 3
POACEAE Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 4
Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 1
RUBIACEAE Coffea arabica L. Kape 2
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 7
SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella engleri 7
Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 31
STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 1
THEACEAE Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) Dyer Batik 2
THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata Fern 19
URTICACEAE Elatostema hastatum 22
Elatostema sp. 1 8
ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber sp. 1
4 October 2007
Appendix 12. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding
frequencies.

Rhaphidophora inequilaterus 10
Scindapus sp. 1
Hoya sp. 1
ASTERACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko 17
CUCURBITACEAE Coccinea grandis Tamling 6
Indet. Cucurbitaceae 1
Tricosanthes sp. 2
Davalia sp. 3
DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum Fern 1
FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S.
Larsen Agpoi 1
Indet. Fabaceae 4
GESNERIACEAE Cyrthandra sp. 1
LOMARIOPSIDA Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching 2
LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 5
Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 2
Medinilla sp. 1 5
Medinilla sp. 2 1
MENISPERMACEAE Archangelisia sp. 3
Pericamphyllus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. Silong pugo 2
Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 2
4 October 2007
Ficus sp. Balete 1
ORCHIDACEAE Appendicula sp. Orchid 1
Calanthe sp. Orchid 1
Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 1
Dendrobium sp. Orchid 6
Eria sp. Orchid 1
Indet. Orchid 8
Vanda sp. Orchid 1
PANDANACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 51
Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 33
Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve 12
Piper sp. (microphylla) 4
POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 19
PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 3
SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. 1
Tetrastigma sp. 1
4 October 2007
Appendix 13. Computed diversity indices of the 178 quadrats with their corresponding elevations and species
number.
Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of Species

Q 01 1005 1.05 0.402 0.438 11
Q 02 1010 0.976 0.346 0.37 14
Q 03 1015 2.471 0.874 0.855 18
Q 04 1020 2.342 0.898 0.977 11
Q 05 1020 2.623 0.92 0.969 15
Q 06 1040 2.338 0.846 0.863 15
Q 07 1060 1.275 0.503 0.497 13
Q 08 1055 2.641 0.904 0.882 20
Q 09 1060 2.811 0.935 0.973 18
Q 10 1005 2.229 0.87 0.93 11
Q 100 1060 2.478 0.885 0.894 16
Q 101 1080 2.191 0.736 0.699 23
Q 102 1040 2.469 0.831 0.787 23
Q 103 1020 1.537 0.529 0.484 24
Q 104 970 2.137 0.783 0.682 23
Q 105 1010 2.605 0.893 0.82 24
Q 106 1000 2.776 0.915 0.898 22
Q 107 1035 2.648 0.886 0.803 27
Q 108 1020 1.974 0.772 0.712 16
Q 109 1030 2.601 0.897 0.868 20
Q 11 1000 2.341 0.881 0.913 13
Q 110 1035 2.588 0.899 0.864 20
Q 111 1015 1.735 0.667 0.626 16
Q 112 1020 1.706 0.725 0.647 14
Q 113 1060 2.765 0.885 0.839 27
Q 114 1090 1.943 0.748 0.628 22
Q 115 1100 2.257 0.843 0.781 18
Q 116 1110 2.183 0.863 0.878 12
Q 117 1080 2.59 0.859 0.795 26
Q 118 1080 2.062 0.812 0.713 18
Q 119 1070 2.182 0.824 0.706 22
Q 12 1030 2.087 0.842 0.906 10
Q 120 1050 2.674 0.895 0.831 25
Q 121 1030 2.268 0.83 0.785 18
Q 122 1020 1.798 0.653 0.611 19
Q 123 1030 2.157 0.826 0.733 19
Q 124 1040 1.987 0.801 0.701 17
Q 125 1050 2.113 0.826 0.731 18
Q 126 1080 1.908 0.754 0.673 17
Q 127 955 1.149 0.571 0.553 8
Q 128 955 1.813 0.755 0.756 11
Q 129 955 1.787 0.724 0.631 17
Q 13 1010 1.186 0.45 0.462 13
Q 130 975 1.511 0.644 0.572 14
Q 131 970 1.727 0.715 0.586 19
Q 132 970 1.622 0.766 0.705 10
Q 133 965 1.26 0.617 0.648 7
Q 134 965 1.146 0.605 0.639 6
4 October 2007
Q 135 945 0.887 0.412 0.427 8
Q 136 975 1.067 0.424 0.416 13
Q 137 1005 1.545 0.592 0.57 15
Q 138 1000 2.02 0.766 0.686 19
Q 139 1030 2.153 0.814 0.719 20
Q 14 980 0.943 0.497 0.526 6
Q 140 1050 1.734 0.721 0.64 15
Q 141 1100 2.285 0.858 0.844 15
Q 142 1070 1.991 0.765 0.718 16
Q 143 1045 1.573 0.694 0.656 11
Q 144 1100 2.174 0.827 0.803 15
Q 145 1100 2.293 0.837 0.847 15
Q 146 1095 1.918 0.78 0.708 15
Q 147 1080 2.107 0.807 0.682 22
Q 148 1040 2.094 0.75 0.711 19
Q 149 1015 2.479 0.859 0.761 26
Q 15 970 1.664 0.781 0.855 7
Q 150 1010 1.871 0.744 0.66 17
Q 151 1050 2.524 0.864 0.784 25
Q 152 1035 2.52 0.88 0.872 18
Q 153 1000 2.324 0.845 0.763 21
Q 154 1020 2.064 0.771 0.678 21
Q 155 1020 1.563 0.638 0.564 16
Q 156 1120 1.849 0.662 0.607 21
Q 157 1130 2.709 0.9 0.864 23
Q 158 1110 2.612 0.895 0.872 20
Q 159 1085 2.599 0.898 0.841 22
Q 16 1005 1.903 0.744 0.766 12
Q 160 1140 3.052 0.93 0.906 29
Q 161 1140 2.786 0.86 0.79 34
Q 162 1155 2.576 0.847 0.773 28
Q 163 1125 2.092 0.79 0.667 23
Q 164 1100 2.138 0.781 0.664 25
Q 165 1040 2.2 0.806 0.692 24
Q 166 1040 2.867 0.9 0.82 33
Q 167 1000 1.896 0.698 0.605 23
Q 168 1040 2.067 0.743 0.608 30
Q 169 1080 1.851 0.735 0.575 25
Q 17 1005 2.165 0.852 0.871 12
Q 170 1185 2.726 0.908 0.858 24
Q 171 1165 2.574 0.848 0.736 33
Q 172 1100 2.89 0.92 0.887 26
Q 173 1130 2.959 0.883 0.832 35
Q 174 1130 2.562 0.854 0.753 30
Q 175 1080 2.484 0.848 0.745 28
Q 176 1100 2.649 0.821 0.764 32
Q 177 1070 2.376 0.828 0.721 27
Q 178 1080 3.102 0.929 0.912 30
Q 18 1020 1.782 0.693 0.675 14
Q 19 1030 2.576 0.908 0.929 16
Q 20 1045 1.79 0.687 0.698 13
4 October 2007
Q 21 1055 1.975 0.811 0.729 15
Q 22 1055 2.275 0.872 0.887 13
Q 23 1070 1.994 0.736 0.69 18
Q 24 1050 2.352 0.875 0.868 15
Q 25 1030 2.19 0.779 0.731 20
Q 26 1100 1.828 0.776 0.762 11
Q 27 1065 2.069 0.825 0.833 12
Q 28 1080 2.149 0.856 0.865 12
Q 29 1085 2.443 0.862 0.802 21
Q 30 1005 1.803 0.741 0.752 11
Q 31 1110 2.417 0.881 0.872 16
Q 32 1120 2.321 0.87 0.837 16
Q 33 1115 2.409 0.852 0.804 20
Q 34 1130 2.515 0.883 0.854 19
Q 35 1000 2.31 0.869 0.853 15
Q 36 1000 1.987 0.709 0.701 17
Q 37 980 1.359 0.505 0.502 15
Q 38 970 2.37 0.847 0.791 20
Q 39 1015 1.749 0.642 0.594 19
Q 40 1040 2.221 0.864 0.866 13
Q 41 1060 1.89 0.754 0.682 16
Q 42 1040 2.502 0.856 0.798 23
Q 43 1070 2.779 0.911 0.886 23
Q 44 1040 1.17 0.415 0.413 17
Q 45 1065 2.375 0.86 0.838 17
Q 46 1035 2.153 0.807 0.745 18
Q 47 1080 2.374 0.87 0.821 18
Q 48 1080 1.661 0.695 0.586 17
Q 49 1050 1.738 0.654 0.627 16
Q 50 1030 2.592 0.905 0.935 16
Q 51 1050 1.857 0.706 0.686 15
Q 52 1080 2.478 0.886 0.875 17
Q 53 1010 2.153 0.85 0.898 11
Q 54 1030 2.776 0.93 0.96 18
Q 55 1035 2.562 0.897 0.886 18
Q 56 1050 2.504 0.881 0.866 18
Q 57 1060 1.603 0.569 0.555 18
Q 58 1090 2.012 0.753 0.683 19
Q 59 1075 2.411 0.888 0.869 16
Q 60 1200 2.582 0.893 0.862 20
Q 61 1180 2.384 0.841 0.81 19
Q 62 1170 2.547 0.885 0.824 22
Q 63 1150 3.011 0.929 0.904 28
Q 64 1145 2.127 0.71 0.653 26
Q 65 1130 2.86 0.923 0.888 25
Q 66 1140 2.598 0.851 0.807 25
Q 67 1110 2.513 0.86 0.813 22
Q 68 1110 2.773 0.916 0.911 21
Q 69 1090 2.528 0.905 0.933 15
Q 70 1110 2.486 0.861 0.817 21
Q 71 1110 2.395 0.835 0.799 20
4 October 2007
Q 72 1090 1.675 0.621 0.591 17
Q 73 1070 2.264 0.833 0.783 18
Q 74 1070 2.484 0.856 0.816 21
Q 75 1045 1.199 0.437 0.443 15
Q 76 1065 1.505 0.649 0.57 14
Q 77 1060 1.685 0.592 0.562 20
Q 78 1070 2.462 0.859 0.796 22
Q 79 1070 2.175 0.851 0.875 12
Q 80 1070 2.211 0.828 0.797 16
Q 81 1080 2.997 0.942 0.956 23
Q 82 1080 2.117 0.774 0.732 18
Q 83 1060 1.856 0.723 0.61 21
Q 84 995 2.3 0.8 0.768 20
Q 85 1000 2.115 0.784 0.732 18
Q 86 1040 2.381 0.806 0.782 21
Q 87 1070 2.332 0.832 0.792 19
Q 88 1090 2.505 0.865 0.823 21
Q 89 1105 2.558 0.892 0.885 18
Q 90 1090 2.265 0.813 0.744 21
Q 91 1080 1.619 0.535 0.503 25
Q 92 1065 1.185 0.404 0.389 21
Q 93 1045 2.244 0.786 0.706 24
Q 94 1030 2.111 0.799 0.745 17
Q 95 1030 1.486 0.507 0.474 23
Q 96 1050 1.778 0.622 0.594 20
Q 97 1020 1.549 0.538 0.517 20
Q 98 1050 1.201 0.429 0.424 17
Q 99 1070 2.112 0.793 0.705 20
4 October 2007
Appendix 14. Taxonomic list of endemic species in Negros.
Taxa Family Species

ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm.
ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy
ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia negrosensis Elm.
ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia oligantha Merr.
ANGIOSPERM ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm.
ANGIOSPERM ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis
ANGIOSPERM APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr.
ANGIOSPERM APOCYNACEAE Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes.
ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson
ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause
ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Photoidium lobbianum Schott
ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora inequilaterus
ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl.
ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause
ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Scindapsus curranii
ANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson
ANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Schefflera obovata Merr.
ANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus merrillii Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus microcarpus Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus vidalianus Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Heterospathe negrosensis Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Pinanga philippinensis Becc.
ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc.
ANGIOSPERM BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Elmer
ANGIOSPERM BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC.
ANGIOSPERM BORAGINACEAE Ehretia resinosa Hance
ANGIOSPERM BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum
Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. &
ANGIOSPERM CLETHRACEAE Hatus.) Sleum.
ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr.
ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Garcinia ituman Merr.
ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Garcinia macgregorii Merr
ANGIOSPERM COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff.
ANGIOSPERM COMBRETACEAE Terminalia nitens Presl.
ANGIOSPERM CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr.
ANGIOSPERM CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer
FERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook
FERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ.
FERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak.
ANGIOSPERM DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill.
ANGIOSPERM DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal
ANGIOSPERM DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.
4 October 2007
Taxa Family Species
FERN DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum (Copel.) Price.
ANGIOSPERM EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume
ANGIOSPERM ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel
ANGIOSPERM ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall.
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm.
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg.
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Cleisthantus everettii C.B. Robinson
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Codiaeum ciliatum Merr.
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg.
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr.
ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw
ANGIOSPERM FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S.
Larsen
ANGIOSPERM FABACEAE Cynometra simplicifolia Harms.
ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd.
ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd.
ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd
ANGIOSPERM JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume
ANGIOSPERM VERBENACEAE Callicarpa surigaensis Merr.
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cryptocarya samarensis Merr.
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr.
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr.
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea plateaefolia Elmer
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea quercoides Elmer
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea tomentosa Blume
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm.
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Neolitsea paucinervia Merr.
ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Neolitsea vidalii Merr.
ANGIOSPERM LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollei (Blume) Keng var. candollei
ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Grewia inflexa Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium Blume
ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm.
ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia williamsii Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer
ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz
ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr.
ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton patens Blume
ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus
ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid.
ANGIOSPERM MONIMIACEAE Matthaea philippinensis Perk.
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus
4 October 2007
Taxa Family Species
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus balete Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus bataanensis Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus botryocarpa Miq.
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus puncticualata Thunb.
ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus ulmifolia Lam.
ANGIOSPERM MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees
ANGIOSPERM MYRISTICACEAE Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde
ANGIOSPERM MYRISTICACEAE Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.)
Sincl
ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia angustifolia A. DC.
ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia squamulosa Presl
ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Discocalyx euphlebia Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr.
ANGIOSPERM ORCHIDACEAE Coelogyne chloroptera
ANGIOSPERM ORCHIDACEAE Spathoglottis elmeri
ANGIOSPERM PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco
ANGIOSPERM PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob.
FERN PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel.
ANGIOSPERM PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm.
ANGIOSPERM ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem.
ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Tarenna acuminata Merr.
ANGIOSPERM RUTACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth.
ANGIOSPERM RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.
ANGIOSPERM SAPINDACEAE Guioa acuminata Radlk.
ANGIOSPERM SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk.
ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr.
ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.
ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium glabrum Merr.
ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal
4 October 2007
Taxa Family Species
ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob.
ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina
ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob.
ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Adinandra leytensis Merr.
ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Gordonia luzonica Vidal
ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer
ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew
ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd.
ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.)
Wedd.
ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob.
ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume
ANGIOSPERM ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber negrosense Elm.
4 October 2007
Appendix 15. List of plant species and their corresponding uses.
Family Species Used

ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm. construction
Saurauia latibractea Choicy construction
Saurauia negrosensis Elm. construction
Saurauia oligantha Merr. construction
ANACARDIACEAE Buchanania nitida Engl. construction
Mangifera caesia Jack food, construction
APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. construction
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris medicinal, construction
Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. medicinal
ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson fiber
Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause medicinal, fiber
Rhaphidophora inequilaterus fiber
Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. fiber
Rhaphidophora rigida fiber
Scindapsus curranii fiber
ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. construction
ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. premium wood, resin
ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. food, furniture
Calamus merrillii Becc. food, furniture
Calamus microcarpus Becc. food, furniture
Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis food, furniture
Calamus vidalianus Becc. food, furniture
Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. food, furniture
Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. food, furniture
Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. food, furniture
ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. ornamental
Asplenium nidus L. ornamental
BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis ornamental
BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. construction
BLECHNACEAE Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. fiber
BROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus food
BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum construction
Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda construction
CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis construction
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume construction
CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. construction
Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. construction
Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum construction
Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum construction
Garcinia ituman Merr. food, medicine
COMBRETACEAE Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. Ex Flem. construction
Terminalia foetidissima Griff. construction
Terminalia nitens Presl. construction
COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith ornamental
DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. food, medicine
DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal premium wood
Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. premium wood
EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume construction
EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. birds' food
Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. birds' food
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer birds' food
4 October 2007
Family Species Used
Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar construction
Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) construction
Merr.
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. medicinal
Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. construction
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. construction
Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw construction
Manihot utilissima food
FABACEAE Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia construction
FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. construction
Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. construction
Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd construction
VERBENACEAE Gmelina arborea Roxb. furniture, construction
LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal food, medicine
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. construction
Litsea leytensis Merr. construction
Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. construction
Litsea philippinensis Merr. construction
Litsea plateaefolia Elmer construction
Litsea quercoides Elmer construction
Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. construction
Neolitsea vidalii Merr. construction
Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. construction
Persia gratissima Gaertn. food
LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. premium wood
MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. construction
Pterospermum diversifolium Blume construction
Sterculia oblongata R. Br. construction
MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal construction
Astronia ferruginea Elm. construction
Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. construction
Astronia williamsii Merr. construction
Medenilla aurantifolia Elmer ornamental
Medinilla cumingii Naud ornamental
MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz construction
Aglaia negrosensis Merr. construction
Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. construction
Chisocheton patens Blume construction
Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus construction
Dysoxylum excelsum Blume construction
Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum construction
Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. construction
MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. medicine
MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. food, furniture
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus construction
Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas birds' food
Ficus balete Merr. birds' food
Ficus bataanensis Merr. birds' food
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. birds' food
Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner birds' food
Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta birds' food
Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner birds' food
Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii birds' food
Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa birds' food
4 October 2007
Family Species Used
Ficus heteropoda Miq. birds' food
Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana birds' food
Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner birds' food
Ficus magnoliifolia Blume birds' food
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. birds' food
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. birds' food
Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis birds' food
Ficus puncticualata Thunb. birds' food
Ficus ruficaulis Merr. birds' food
Ficus septica Burm. f. birds' food
Ficus subulata birds' food
Ficus ulmifolia Lam. birds' food
Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner birds' food
Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata birds' food
Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner construction
MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees fiber
MYRISTICACEAE Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. construction
Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum medicine
MYRTACEAE (A. DC.) Sincl
Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. construction, bird's food
Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food
Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food
Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. construction, bird's food
Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food
Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight construction, bird's food
Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food
Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. construction, bird's food
Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. construction
OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. construction
ORCHIDACEAE Coelogyne chloroptera ornamental
Spathoglottis elmeri ornamental
PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco fiber
PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma montanum Blume birds' food
Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. birds' food
Antidesma tomentosum Blume birds' food
Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. birds' food
malesiana Schot.tokbrai (Blume) Kurz
Blumeodendron birds' food
Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. birds' food
Glochidion lutescens Blume birds' food
Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer birds' food
Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. birds' food
PIPERACEAE Piper eupodum fiber
Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. fiber
Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve fiber
Piper umbellatum L. fiber
POACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. medicine
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. medicine
Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. furniture, construction
PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. premium wood
Dacrydium beccarii Parl. premium wood
Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. premium wood
Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. premium wood
POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata medicine
Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. medicine
4 October 2007
Family Species Used
PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. birds' food
RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. construction
ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. construction
Rubus fraxinifolius food, bird's food
RUBIACEAE Coffea arabica L. food
Morinda bracteata Roxb. medicine
Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. ornamental
Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. construction
Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. construction
Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) construction
Ridsd.
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. construction
Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. construction
RUTACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. construction
Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. construction
SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel food
SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. construction
Guioa acuminata Radlk. construction
Guioa discolor Radlk. construction
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. construction
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. construction
Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. construction
SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre medicine
Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. medicine
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. medicine
Palaquium glabrum Merr. medicine
Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal medicine
Palaquium obtusifolium Burck medicine
Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. medicine
SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. fiber
Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. fiber
SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. construction
SOLANACEAE Solanum turvum food, medicine
STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume construction
Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer construction
SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var. construction
philippinensis
Symplocos (Brand) Noot
ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. construction
THYMELIACEAE cumingiana
Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. fiber
VITACEAE Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. birds' food
Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. birds' food
ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. medicine
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith medicine
Zingiber negrosense Elm. medicine
4 October 2007
Appendix 16. List of bird species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.
Sites
forest
1. Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle X X X X
2. Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle X
3. Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl X X X X
4. Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail X X
5. Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen X X
6. Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown-Dove X X X X
7. Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove X X X X
8. Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon X X X X
9. Macropygia phasianella Reddish Cuckoo-Dove X X X X
10. Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared-Dove X X
11. Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove X X
12. Geopelia striata Zebra Dove X
13. Chalcopaps indica Common Emerald-Dove X X
14. Tanygnathus sumatranus Blue-backed Parrot X X X X
15. Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail X X
16. Cuculus fugax Hodgson’ s Hawk-Cuckoo X X X X
17. Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo X X X X
18. Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo X X X X
19. Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal X X X X
20. Otus megalotis Philippine Scops-Owl X X X X
21. Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-Owl X X X X
22. Batrachostomus septimus Philippine Frogmouth X X X X
23. Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar X
24. Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet X X
25. Actenoides lindsayi Spotted Wood-Kingfisher X X X X
26. Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet X X X X
27. Dendrocopus maculates Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker X X X X
28. Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker X X X X
29. Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback X X X X
30. Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta X X
31. Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow X X
32. Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike X X X
33. Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike* X X X X
34. Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet X X X X
35. Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul X X
36. Pycnonotus urostictus Yellow-wattled Bulbul X X X X
37. Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul X X X X
38. Dicrurus balicassius Balicassiao X X X X
39. Oriolus steeri Philippine Oriole X X X
40. Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow X X
41. Parus elegans Elegant Tit X X X X
42. Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Nuthatch X X X X
43. Rhabdornis mystacalis Striped-headed Rhabdornis X X X
44. Rhabdornis inornatus Striped-breasted Rhabdornis X
45. Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler* X X X
46. Brachypteryx Montana White-browed Shortwing X X X
47. Copsychus luzoniensis White-browed Shama X X X X
48. Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-Thrush X
49. Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-Warbler X X X X
50. Phylloscopus cebuensis Lemon-throated Leaf-Warbler X X X X
51. Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain Leaf-Warbler X X
52. Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird X X
53. Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird X
4 October 2007
Sites
forest
54. Orthothomus castaneiceps Philippine Tailorbird X X X X
55. Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola X
56. Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle X X X
Flycatcher*
57. Eumyias panayensis Mountain Verditer Flycatcher X
58. Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher X X X
59. Culicicapa helianthea Citrine Canary-Flycatcher X
60. Rhipidura cyaniceps Blue-headed Fantail X X X X
61. Terpsiphone cinnamomea Rufous Paradise-Flycatcher X X
62. Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch X X X X
63. Pachycephala homeyeri White-vented Whistler X X X X
64. Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling X X
65. Sarcops calvus Coleto X X X X
66. Aethopyga flagrans Flaming Sunbird X X
67. Aethopyga shelleyi Flaming Sunbird X X X
68. Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird X
69. Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Flowerpecker X X X
70. Dicaeum bicolor Bicolored Flowerpecker X X X
71. Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker X X X X
72. Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker X X X X
73. Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Flowerpecker X X
74. Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker X X X
75. Zosterops nigrogum Yellowish White-eye X X X X
76. Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye X X X X
77. Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow X
78. Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia X X
79. Lonchura Malacca Chestnut Munia X X
TOTAL 63 57 52 61
- Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*)
4 October 2007
Appendix 17. List of mammal species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.
Sites
Species agroforest forest- montane agroforest,
, lowland transition forest) lowland
dipterocar lower dipterocarp
p forest) montane forest)
forest
Family Soricidae
1. Suncus murinus Asian house shrew^ X - - -
Family Pteropodidae
2. Cynopterus brachyotis Common short-nosed fruit bat X X X X
3. Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat X X X X
4. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpy fruit bat X P P P
5. Macroglossus minimus Dagger-toothed flower bat X X X X
6. Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat* X - - -
7. Ptenochirus jagori Musky fruit bat X X X X
Family Megadermatidae
8. Megaderma spasma Common Asian ghost bat - - - X
Family Rhinolophidae
9. Hipposideros obscurus Philippine forest roundleaf bat X - - -
10. Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuate horseshoe bat - - X X
11. Rhinolophus virgo Yellow-faced horseshoe bat - - X -
Family Vespertilionidae
12. Kerivoula hardwicki Common wooly bat X - - -
13. Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pipistrelle X X X X
Family Cercopithecidae
14. Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque P P P P
Family Muridae
15. Rattus exulans Polynesian rat^ X X X X
16. Rattus tanezumi Oriental house rat^ X X X X
Family Felidae
17. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat P P - P
Family Viverridae
18. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus P P P P
19. Viverra tagalunga Malay civet P P P P
Family Suidae
20. Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig* P P P P
TOTAL 17 13 14 15
- Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*);
- non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^
4 October 2007
Appendix 18. List of amphibians and reptiles found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.
Sites
Species agroforest forest- montane agroforest,
, lowland transition forest) lowland
dipterocar lower dipterocarp
p forest) montane forest)
forest
AMPHIBIANS
Family Bufonidae
1. Bufo marinus Marine Toad^ X X - X
Family Ranidae
2. Limnonectes visayanus Visayan Fanged Frog* X X X X
3. Occidozyga laevis Small-headed Frog X X - X
4.Platymantis sp. 1 Forest frog 1 X X X X
8. Platymantis corrugatus Rough-backed forest frog X X X X
9. Rana everetti Everett’s Frog X X X X
Family Rhacophoridae
10. Philautus surdus Common Forest Tree Frog X X X X
11. Polypedates leucomystax Common Tree Frog X - - X
REPTILES
Family Agamidae
12. Draco spilopterus Common Flying Lizard X X X X
13. Calotes cristatellus Indonesian Calotes X - - X
14. Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfun Lizard X - - X
Family Gekkonidae
15. Cyrtodactylus annulatus Small Bent-toed Gecko* - - X -
16. Lepidodactylus christiani Negros Broad-tailed Smooth- - - X -
scaled Gecko*
Family Scincidae
17. Mabuya multicarinata Two-striped Mabouya X - - X
18. Mabuya multifasciata Common Mabouya X - - X
19. Sphenomorphus jagori Jagor’s Sphenomorphus* X X X X
Family Varanidae
20. Varanus salvator Malay Monitor Lizard X X - X
Family Pythonidae
21. Python reticulatus Reticulated Python X X - X
Family Colubridae
22. Ahaetulla prassina Elongate-headed Tree Snake X - - X
23.Lycodon aulicus Common Wolf Snake X - - X
Family Viperidae
24. Trimeresurus sp. Pit Viper X X X X
TOTAL 22 15 13 22
- Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*);
- non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^
4 October 2007

Biodiversity Study

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Biodiversity Study

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Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone

of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park

PNOC-Energy Development Corporation

© Maunsell Philippines Inc 2007

Date 4 October 2007

Prepared by Pastor Malabrigo Jr., Phillip Alviola, Abba Grace Sanchez

Reviewed by Jess Bayrante, Leah Bufi, Butch Aragones

The specific objectives of the study are the following:

2. To determine the biodiversity status of the study area;

4. To design and propose environmental and conservation measures to prevent, minimize or

1.2.2 Project Location

Figure 3. Design of sampling quadrats for trees, saplings and understories.

2.1.3 Data Analysis

Density = number of individuals

Relative Density = density for a species x 100

Frequency = number of plots in which species occur

Relative Frequency = frequency value for a species x 100

Dominance = basal area or volume for a species

Relative Dominance = dominance for a species x 100

Importance Value = Relative Density + Relative Frequency

Site 1 (N 10º28’45.5”, E 123º06’42.1”)

Site 2 (N 10 º28”51.9”, E 123 º 07”10.2)

Site 3 (N 10 º 28’52.2”, E 123 º 07’31.5”)

Site 4 (N 10 º 28’43.4”, E 123 º 06’31”)

2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens

Amphibians and Reptiles

D = (Hmax –H), where H = Diversity

3) Evenness (e) index = H’

where a= number of species in first area

Amphibians and Reptiles

Table 1. Number of families, genera and species that were recorded.

Taxon Family Genera Species

PNOC EIA (1995) CMNH Inventory Biodiversity Study

Proposed Development Area

• Proposed road system (P-Line Data)

Family Species Common Name IV

• Proposed Well Pads

Family Species Common Name IV

Family Species Common Name Freq

Shannon index Simpson's index Evenness

Collection Previous Known

Categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of recent revisions,

Family Species Collection Number

Number of Number of Identified Percent Endemism

3.1.3 Conservation Status

3.1.4 Resource Use

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

Philippines Negros PNOC-EDC DENR and Biodiversity

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

3.2.2 Mammalian community

Small non-volant mammals

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4

3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles

3.2.4 Noteworthy Species

Table 20. List of noteworthy wildlife species observed in NNGP

Species Residency and Conservation Status*

3.2.5 Conservation Status

I. Civil works and

- Trampling of understorey vegetation - Temporary - Short-term - Localized movement of equipment

- Possible increase of anthropogenic - Temporary - Long-term - Frequent patrolling/ surveillance