Catalog of Plants 261

to boils and swellings, (as H. lanatum 16:492) Poison Plant consid sent trying to steal away one's luck in hunting game. He must be dri
ered poisonous. Toothache Remedy Root held on the sore tooth for ven away from the camp of the hunter by smudging a fire with the
toothaches, (as H lanatum 16:491) Venereal Aid Powdered roots and roots or seeds. This gets into the spirit's eyes and he cannot see the
lard used as ointment or root paste poultice applied to venereal dis hunter leave the camp, so naturally does not follow and bother him.
ease chancres, (as H. lanatum 16:494) Cree, Woodlands Analgesic (as H. lanatum 153:432) Okanagan-Colville Dermatological Aid De
Poultice of ground root, calamus, and yellow pond lily applied to the coction of roots, red willow, and chokecherry branches used as a
head for severe headaches. Decoction of root, calamus, and yellow cleansing medicine for the scalp. Decoction of branches used as a
pond lily used as a wash for severe headaches. Antirheumatic (Exter hair tonic to prevent gray hair and dandruff. Orthopedic Aid Heated
nal) Poultice of ground root, calamus, and yellow pond lily applied poultice of sliced, pounded roots applied to sore backs, (as H. lana
to painful limbs. Decoction of root, calamus, and yellow pond lily tum 188:62) Okanagon Cathartic Decoction of roots taken as a pur
used as a wash for painful limbs. Dermatological AidVovXtice of root, gative. Tonic Decoction of roots taken as a tonic, (as H. lanatum 125:
calamus, root and yellow pond lily root applied to mancos, worms in 40) Omaha Analgesic Decoction of root taken for intestinal pains.
the flesh, (as H. lanatum 109:40) Gitksan Antirheumatic (External) Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a physic. Gastrointestinal Aid
Poultice of fresh roots used for rheumatism, (as H. lanatum 74:25) Decoction of root taken for intestinal pains, (as H. lanatum 70:107)
Poultice of mashed root applied to rheumatic or other swellings. Paiute Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of mashed root applied for
Dermatological AidVoxMce of mashed root applied to boils and oth rheumatism, (as H. lanatum 180:85,86) Cold Remedy Decoction of
er swellings, (as H. lanatum 150:61) Witchcraft MedicineRoots, red roots taken for colds, (as H. lanatum 104:197) Dermatological Aid
elder bark, and juniper boughs used as a smudge for evil witchcraft Roots used as a salve for sores, (as H. lanatum 104:196) Salve made
victims, (as H. lanatum 74:25) Haisla Dermatological Aid Poultice of from root applied to wounds, (as H. lanatum 180:85,86) Paiute,
roots, Indian hellebore, and Sitka spruce pitch applied to wounds, Northern Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of roasted, split plants
(as H. lanatum 43:214) Iroquois Analgesic Compound infusion of applied to aching joints for rheumatism, (as H. lanatum 59:130)
plant used as steam bath for headaches. Antirheumatic (External) Pawnee Dermatological Aid Poultice of scraped, boiled root applied
Compound infusion of plant used as steam bath for rheumatism. to boils, (as H. lanatum 70:107) Porno Antirheumatic (External) De
Dermatological Aid Compound decoction used as wash or poultice coction of plant used as a wash for rheumatism. Poultice of pound
applied to chancres or lumps on penis. Diaphoretic Infusion of plant ed, raw, or heated roots applied to rheumatism. Dermatological Aid
used as steam bath to sweat out rheumatism and headaches. Gastro Decoction of plant used as a wash for swellings. Poultice of pound
intestinal Aid Compound decoction of roots taken for bruises on the ed, raw, or heated roots applied to swellings, (as H lanatum 66:14)
back of the stomach. Hunting Medicine Decoction of roots used as Porno, Kashaya Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of baked, pound
wash for rifles, a "hunting medicine." (as H. lanatum 87:400) Misc. ed root used for rheumatism, arthritis, and other muscular pains, (as
Disease Remedy Plant used for influenza, (as H. lanatum 141:56) H. lanatum 72:87) Qulnault Analgesic Poultice of warmed leaves ap
Karok Poison Roots poisonous to cattle, (as H. lanatum 148:387) Kla- plied to sore limbs. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of warmed leaves ap
math UnspecifiedRoots used medicinally for unspecified purpose, plied to sore limbs, (as H. lanatum 79:42) Salish, Coast Dermatologi
(as H. lanatum 45:102) Kwakiutl Dermatological Aid Dried, pounded cal AidRoots pounded, roasted, mixed with dogfish oil and used as a
roots and oil used as a hair ointment. Gynecological Aid and Pediat- hair lotion to make hair grow long, (as H. lanatum 182:89) Sanpoil
ric Aid Dried, pounded roots and oil rubbed on face and waist of girl Analgesic Poultice of roots applied overnight to "painful parts, sore
at puberty, (as H. lanatum 183:276) Makah Eye MedicineHeated eyes, etc." Dermatological Aid Pounded root mixed with water and
poultice of leaves applied for eye problems. TonicUsed as a spring used as a hair wash for dandruff. Eye Medicine Poultice of roots ap
tonic. Unspecified Central stalk considered strong medicine, (as H. plied overnight to "painful parts, sore eyes, etc." (as H. lanatum 131:
lanatum 67:293) Malecite Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of root 220) Shoshoni Cold Remedy Decoction of root in whisky taken and
shoots used for smallpox. Infusion used for cholera, (as H. lanatum smoke of root compound inhaled for colds. Cough Medicine Decoc
116:256) Menominee Hunting Medicine Herb used in the hunting tion of root in whisky taken for colds and coughs. Throat Aid Infu
bundle and smudged for 4 days to remove the charm, (as H. lanatum sion of mashed root gargled and poultice applied for sore throat.
151:81) Witchcraft Medicine An evil medicine used by sorcerers, (as Toothache Remedy Raw root placed in cavities for toothaches. Tuber
H. lanatum 151:55) Meskwaki Analgesic Seeds used for severe head culosis Remedy Decoction of root taken for tuberculosis, (as H lana
ache and root used for stomach cramps. Dermatological A/d Poultice tum 180:85,86) Shuswap Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots taken
of stems applied to wounds. Gastrointestinal AidRoot used for colic for sores. Internal Medicine Infusion of roots taken to kill all the in
or any kind of stomach cramps. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of ternal germs. Urinary Aid Infusion of roots taken for the bladder, (as
root used for erysipelas, (as H. lanatum 152:249) Mewuk Antirheu Meracleum lanatum 123:56) Sikani Analgesic Poultice of mashed
matic (External) Poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings. Misc. roots applied to swellings of neuralgia or rheumatism. Antirheumat
Disease Remedy Used for mumps, (as H. lanatum 117:366) Micmac ic (External) Poultice of mashed roots applied to swellings of rheu
Misc. Disease Remedy Root used for smallpox and cholera, (as H matism. Dermatological Aid Poultice of mashed roots applied to
lanatum 40:57) O\\\m& Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded, swellings of neuralgia, (as H. lanatum 150:61) Tanaina Unspecified
fresh root applied to sores, (as H. lanatum 153:390) Hunting Medi Root used as a medicine, (as H lanatum 149:329) Thompson Ca
cine Root or seeds used to smudge a fire and drive away a bad spirit thartic Decoction of roots taken as a purgative, (as H. lanatum 125:
from the camp of the hunter. There is a bad spirit who is always pre 40) Decoction of root used as a purgative and tonic, (as H. lanatum
262 Heracleum maximum (Apiaceae)

164:457) Decoction of roots taken by warriors and hunters as a pur and eaten fresh, (as H. lanatum 188:62) Okanagon Staple Growing
gative, (as H. lanatum 164:504) Ceremonial Medicine and Disinfec stalks used as a principal food, (as H. lanatum 178:239) Unspecified
tant Decoction of root used ceremonially as a wash for purification, Young flower stalks peeled and eaten raw. (as H. lanatum 125:38)
(as H. lanatum 164:457) Decoction of roots taken by warriors and Oweekeno Unspecified Stems and petioles peeled and used for food,
hunters as a purifier, (as H. lanatum 164:504) Tonic Decoction of (as H. lanatum 43:84) Porno, Kashaya Unspecified New shoots peeled
roots taken as a tonic, (as H. lanatum 125:40) Decoction of root used and eaten raw. (as H. lanatum72:Q7) Quileute Unspecified Stems
as a tonic and purgative, (as H. lanatum 164:457) Unspecified Plant dipped in seal oil and eaten, (as H. lanatum 79:42) VegetableYoung
used medicinally, (as H. lanatum 187:152) Venereal Aid Strong de shoots eaten raw as greens, (as H. lanatum 137:66) Quinault Unspec-
coction of root used for syphilis, (as H. lanatum 164:457) Washo j4h- ifiedStems dipped in seal oil and eaten, (as H. lanatum 79:42) Salish,
tidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for diarrhea. Toothache Remedy Coast UnspecifiedYoung stems and leafstalks eaten raw or boiled,
Raw root placed in cavities for toothaches, (as H. lanatum 180:85, (as H. lanatum 182:89) Shuswap UnspecifiedYoung stems eaten raw.
86) Winnebago Anticonvulsive Plant tops used in smoke treatment (as Meracleum lanatum 123:56) Spokan Unspecified Stalks used for
for convulsions. Stimulant Plant tops used in smoke treatment for food, (as H. lanatum 178:344) Thompson Dried Food Plant formerly
fainting, (as H. lanatum 70:107) dried for storage, (as H. lanatum 187:152) Forage Stalks used as a
• Food—Alaska Native Unspecifiedlnner stem pulp eaten raw and of common food for cattle, (as H. lanatum 164:482) Frozen Food Plant
ten dipped in seal oil. (as H. lanatum 85:133) Anticosti Forage Whole frozen for future use. (as H. lanatum 187:152) UnspecifiedYoung
plant eaten by cows, (as H. lanatum 143:67) Bella Coola Unspecified flower stalks peeled and eaten raw. (as H. lanatum 125:38) Young
Young stems peeled and eaten with grease, (as H. lanatum 184:201) stalks peeled and eaten raw. (as H. lanatum 164:482) Vegetable
Blackfoot Soup Stem pieces dipped in blood, stored, and used to Peeled shoots eaten as vegetables with meat or fish. Peeled, raw, or
make soup and broths, (as H. lanatum 86:103) Unspecified Stalks cooked leaf stalks and flower stalks used for food. The stalks were
roasted over hot coals and eaten, (as H. lanatum 114:277) Vegetable ready to use around May and June, but after a while, they became
Young plant stems peeled and eaten like celery, (as H. lanatum 86: tough, dry, or sticky and were no longer good to eat. The raw stalks
103) California Indian Vegetable Young, raw shoots eaten like celery, would cause a burning like pepper if eaten in too great a quantity; it
(as H. lanatum 19:13) Carrier UnspecifiedYoung growth used for was better to eat cooked stalks. Winter Use Food Plant canned for fu
food, (as H. Ianatum3l:82) Coeur d'Alene Unspecified Growing ture use. (as H. lanatum 187:152) Tolowa Unspecified Stem inner lay
stalks used for food, (as H. lanatum 178:91) Costanoan Unspecified ers eaten raw. (as H. lanatum 6:32) Wet'suwet'en Unspecified Stems
Boiled roots and foliage used for food, (as H. spondylium ssp. mon- used for food in spring, (as H. lanatum 73:154) Yuki UnspecifiedTen-
tanum 21:251) Cree, Woodlands Unspecified Leaf petiole peeled and der, young stems peeled and eaten raw. (as H. lanatum 49:87) Yurok
eaten fresh. Pith scraped out of the roasted, main stem and eaten, Unspecified Stem inner layers eaten raw. (as H. lanatum 6:32)
(as H. lanatum 109:40) Gitksan Unspecified Stems used for food in • Fiber—Makah Basketry Large blossom stems twined with seaweed,
spring, (as H. lanatum 73:154) Stalks eaten in spring, (as H. lanatum made into baskets, and used by girls for playing. Quileute Basketry
74:25) Haisla Unspecified Stems used for food in spring, (as H. lana Large blossom stems twined with seaweed, made into baskets, and
tum 73:154) Haisla & Hanaksiala Unspecified Petioles considered used by girls for playing, (as H. lanatum 79:42)
"the main food in spring." (as H. lanatum 43:214) Hesquiat Forage • Dye—Karok Yellow Roots used as a yellow dye for porcupine quills,
Young shoots eaten by cattle. Unspecified Raw stalks of young leaves (as H. lanatum 148:387)
and flower buds eaten with sugar or honey, (as H. lanatum 185:60) • Other—Blackfoot Ceremonial Items Stalks placed on the altar of the
Hoh Vegetable Young shoots eaten raw as greens, (as H. lanatum 137: Sun Dance ceremonial, (as H. lanatum 114:277) Stalk placed on altar
66) Karok Unspecified Fresh shoot used for food, (as K lanatum 148: of Sun Dance ceremonial, (as H. lanatum 118:50) Cooking Tools Hol
387) Kitasoo Vegetable Young stems and petioles eaten as a spring low stems used by infirm people to suck soup and stew without rais
vegetable, (as H. lanatum 43:326) Klamath Unspecified Young shoots ing up. MusicalInstrumentHoWow stems used to make children's
used for food, (as H. lanatum 45:102) Kwakiutl, Southern Unspeci flutes. Toys & Games Hollow stems used to make children's toy blow-
fiedYoung stems and petioles peeled and eaten raw like celery, (as H. guns, (as H. lantum 86:113) Carrier, Southern Insecticide Infusion of
lanatum 183:276) Makah Unspecified Fresh petioles peeled, mixed blossoms rubbed on body to keep off flies and mosquitoes, (as H.
with oil, and used for food. Stems considered a favored food. Plant lanatum 150:61) Cheyenne Musical InstrumentHollow stems made
eaten after peeling, (as H. lanatum 67:293) Young tops eaten raw in into whistles and used for romantic purposes at night, (as H. lana-
the spring. Stems used for food, (as H. lanatum 79:42) Mendocino turn 83:40) Haisla & Hanaksiala Toys & Games Stems used to make
Indian Vegetable Tender leaf and flower stalks eaten as green food in whistles. Plant used to play a game by throwing the plant into a pot.
spring and early summer, (as H. lanatum 41:373) Meskwaki Vege- (as H. lanatum 43:214) Menominee Protection Plant smudged to
tafr/e Potatoes cooked like the rutabaga, (as H. lanatum 152:265) drive away the evil spirit, whose special mission was to steal one's
Mewuk UnspecifiedYoung stems peeled and eaten raw. (as H. lana hunting luck, (as H. lanatum 151:81) Nitinaht Toys & Games Swollen
tum 117:366) Montana Indian Vegetable Young, raw shoots eaten leaf sheaths and small, unexpanded leaves used in children's games,
like celery, (as H. lanatum 19:13) Nitinaht Unspecified Hollow and (as H. lanatum 186:91) Ojibwa Hunting & Fishingltem Roots boiled
solid leafstalks peeled and used for food, (as H. lanatum 186:91) and sprinkled on the fishing nets to lure fish, (as H. lanatum 153:432)
Ojibwa Vegetable Leaves used as greens, (as H. lanatum 135:237) Omaha Ceremonial Items Pounded, dried roots mixed with beaver
Okanagan-Colville Vegetable Flower stalks and leaf stems peeled dung and planted in the same hole as the sacred pole, (as H. lana-
 Catalog of Plants 263

turn 70:107) Porno, Kashaya Containers Hollow stems used to carry Heterotheca, Asteraceae
water. Toys & Games Dried, hollow stems used as toy blowguns to Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt., Telegraphweed
shoot berries or small pebbles, (as H. lanatum 72:87) Shuswap Con • Other—Luiseno Hunting & Fishing Item Tall stems sometimes used
tainers Leaves used to cover a basket of berries, (as Meracleum lana to make arrow main shafts. (155:228) Stems used to make small ar
tum 123:56) Tsimshian Hunting & Fishing Item Petioles rubbed on rows. (155:206)
fishing gear to insure success in fishing, (as H. lanatum 43:326)
Heterotheca villosavar. hispida (Hook.) Harms, Bristly Hairy
Heracleum sp.
Goldaster
• Food—Aleut Unspecified Species used for food. (7:29)
• Drug—Isleta Poison Plant, when touched, caused a skin irritation
Heracleum sphondylium L, Eltrot similar to ant bites, (as Chrysopsis hirsutissima 100:25) Navajo, Ra-
• Drug—Micmac Gynecological Aid Green and light-color plant used mah Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to ant bites. Nose
as medicine for women. (194:30) Unspecified Part of plant consid Medicine Poultice of leaves applied to sore nose. Toothache Remedy
ered "good medicine." (40:57) Urinary Aid Dark and ripe plant used Poultice of root applied for toothache, (as Chrysopsis hispida 191:49)
as medicine for men. (194:30)
Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners var. villosa, Hairy Golden-
Hericium, Hydnaceae, fungus aster

Hericium coralloides, Coral Mushroom • Drug—Cheyenne DisinfectantPlant burned as incense to remove

• Food—Porno, Kashaya Vegetable Baked on hot stones, in the oven, evil spirits from the house, (as Chrysopsis villosa 83:20) Sedative
or fried. (72:129) Infusion of tops and stems taken for feeling poorly and made one
sleepy, (as Chrysopsis foliosa76:l87) Hopi Analgesic Infusion of
Hesperocallis, Liliaceae leaves and flowers used for chest pain, (as Chrysopsis villosa 200:95)
Hesperocallis undulata Gray, Desert Lily Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial Medicine Plant used in the corral dance,
• Food—Cahuilla Unspecified Bulbs eaten raw or oven pit baked. (as Chrysopsis villosa 205:46) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine
(15:77) Yuma Unspecified Bulbs eaten raw, baked, or boiled. (37:207) Plant used as a ceremonial emetic and chant lotion. Emetic Plant
used alone as a sweat house emetic. Plant used as a ceremonial and
Heteranthem, Pontederiaceae sweat house emetic for various ailments. Gastrointestinal Aid Cold
Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pavon, Kidneyleaf Mudplantain infusion of leaves used to kill a swallowed red ant. Plant used as a
• Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid Hot poultice of root applied to sweat house emetic for indigestion. Heart MedicinePlant used as an
inflamed wounds and sores. (80:45) "aorta medicine." Panacea Root used as a "life medicine." Toothache
Remedy Poultice of heated root applied for toothache. Venereal Aid
Heteromeles, Rosaceae Plant used as a sweat house emetic for sexual infection, (as Chrysop
Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindl.) M. Roemer, Toyon sis villosa 191:49)
• Drug—Costanoan (Olhonean) Abortifacient Infusion of leaves taken • Food—Navajo, Ramah Fodder Used for sheep feed, (as Chrysopsis
"for suppression of menses or irregular menses of girls." (117:373) villosa 191:49)
Diegueno Dermatological Aid Infusion of bark and leaves used as • Other—Navajo, Ramah Insecticide Infusion thrown on anthill to kill
wash for infected wounds. (88:217) Mendocino Indian Analgesic De red ants, (as Chrysopsis foliosa 191:49)
coction of leaves taken for various aches and pains. Gastrointestinal
Aid Decoction of leaves taken for stomachaches. (41:355) Heuchera, Saxifragaceae
• Food—Cahuilla FraYBerries eaten cooked and raw. (15:77) Costano
Heuchera americana L, American Alumroot
an Fruit Fruits eaten toasted or dried. (21:249) Diegueno Fruit Fruit
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Taken for dysentery. Dermatological
used for food. (88:217) Karok Fruit Berries roasted over an open fire
Aid Powdered root used on malignant ulcers and infusion sprinkled
and eaten. (6:32) Luiseno Dried Food Parched berries used for food.
on bad sores. Infusion of astringent root taken for bowel complaints.
(155:194) Mahuna Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.
Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root taken for bowel complaints. Gy
(140:70) Mendocino Indian Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Fruits boiled or
necological AidUsed for "immoderate flow of menses." Hemorrhoid
roasted and used for food. (41:355) Porno, Kashaya Fruit Berries
Remedy Infusion of root taken for piles. Oral Aid Infusion used for
wilted in hot ashes and winnowed in a basket plate. (72:115) Yurok
"thrash" and sore mouth and root chewed to take coat off tongue.
Fruit Berries roasted over an open fire and eaten by children. (6:32)
(80:23) Chickasaw Dermatological Aid Root used as a powerful as
Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem. var. arbutifolia, Toyon tringent. Tonic Root used as a tonic. Choctaw Dermatological Aid
• Food—Karok Fruit Berries put on a basket plate in front of the fire, Root used as a powerful astringent. Tonic Root used as a tonic. Creek
turned until wilted and eaten, (as Photinia arbutifolia 148:385) Nee- Dermatological Aid Root used as a powerful astringent. Tonic Root
shenam Fruit Bright, red berries used for food, (as Photinea arbuti used as a tonic. (28:286,287) Menominee Analgesic Compound de
folia 129:375) Pomo Fruit Wilted, winnowed berries used for food. coction of root used for stomach pain. Gastrointestinal AidRaw root
(as Photinia arbutifolia 66:13) eaten for "disordered stomach." (54:130) Meskwaki Dermatological
• Other—Karok Toys & Games Leaves thrown into the fire by children Aid Foliage used as an astringent for sores. Panacea Compound con
to hear them crack like firecrackers, (as Photinia arbutifolia 148:385) taining root used as a "healer." (152:246)
 Catalog of Plants 269

Hordeum, Poaceae (171:48) Navajo, Kayenta Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant used
for menstrual troubles. (205:43)
Hordeumjubatum L, Foxtail Barley
• Drug—Chippewa Eye Medicine Dry root wrapped, moistened, and Houstonia wrightii Gray, Pygmy Bluet
used as a compress for sties or inflammation of lid. (53:360) Navajo, • Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial MedicinePlant used as a ceremo
Ramah Poison Plant considered poisonous and children taught to nial fumigant for "deer infection." Dermatological Aid Cold, com
avoid it. (191:16) Potawatomi Unspecified Root used for unspecified pound infusion of plant taken and used as lotion for poison ivy rash.
ailments. (154:59) Dried, pulverized root used as dusting powder for sores on humans
• Food—Kawaiisu Unspecified Seeds pounded and eaten dry. (206:34) or livestock. Disinfectant Plant used as a ceremonial fumigant for
• other—Iroquois Toys & Games Used by children to place in the "deer infection." Panacea Root used as a "life medicine." (191:45)
sleeves of playmates as a joke. (142:106) Kawaiisu Tools Used to rub
the skin off yucca stalks. (206:34) Hudsonia, Cistaceae
Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt., Woolly Beachheather
Hordeum marinum ssp, gussonianum (Parl.) Thellung, Medi
• Drag^-Montagnais Blood Medicine Decoction of plant taken by
terranean Barley
women to "purge the blood." (156:313)
• Food—Mendocino Indian Fodder Green grass used for fodder.
(41:313)
Humulus, Cannabaceae
Hordeum murinum L, Mouse Barley Humulus lupulus L, Common Hop
• Food—Mendocino Indian StapleSeeds used for pinole. (41:313) • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic "Alleviates pain and produces sleep."
Antirheumatic (Internal) Taken for rheumatism. Breast Treatment
Hordeum murinum ssp, glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev, Smooth
Used for breast and womb problems. Gynecological Aid Used for
Barley
"breast & female complaints where womb is debilitated." Kidney Aid
• Drug—Costanoan Urinary Afd Decoction of plant used for bladder
Taken for inflamed kidneys. Sedative "Alleviates pain and produces
ailments, (as H. glaucum 21:30)
sleep." UrinaryAidTsken for "gravel" and the bladder. (80:39) Dakota
• Food—Cahuilla Unspecified Seeds eaten, when other foods were
Analgesic Decoction of fruits taken for intestinal pains. Febrifuge
scarce, (as H. stebbinsi 15:78) Costanoan Staple Seeds used for
Decoction of fruits taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction
pinole, (as H. glaucum 21:255)
of fruits taken for intestinal pains. (69:362) Delaware Ear Medicine

Hordeum sp., Foxtail Grass Poultice of heated plants in small bags applied for earache. Sedative
• Food—Porno, Kashaya Unspecified Seeds used in pinole. (72:53) Blossoms used for nervousness. Stimulant Infusion of plants used
as a tonic stimulant. Toothache Remedy Poultice of heated plants in
Hordeum vulgareL., Common Barley small bags applied for toothache. (176:31) Delaware, Oklahoma Ear
• Food—Cahuilla Unspecified Cultivated and used for food. (15:78) Medicine Poultice of heated herb in bag applied for earache. Sedative
Papago Unspecified Species used for food. Pima Unspecified Species Blossoms used in medicine for "nervousness." Stimulant Infusion of
used for food. (36:117) Yuki Bread & Cake Seeds ground into flour plant taken as a tonic and stimulant. (175:26,76) Tonic Infusion of
and used to make bread. Substitution Food Seeds parched and used plant taken as a "tonic-stimulant." (175:26) Toothache Remedy Poul
as a substitute for coffee. (41:313) tice of heated herb in bag applied for toothache. (175:26,76) Mes-
kwaki Sedative Root used for insomnia. (152:250) Mohegan Anal-
Horkelia, Rosaceae ges/c Blossoms used for pain. (176:130) Ear Medicine Dried blossoms
Horkelia califontica Cham. & Schlecht., California Honeydew applied to earache. (174:266) Sedative Used in making "nerve medi
• Drug—Pomo, Kashaya Blood Medicine Decoction of root used as a cine." (30:120) Infusion of blossoms used for nerves. (174:266) Infu
blood purifier. (72:57) sion of blossoms taken for nervous tension. (176:72,130) Toothache
Remedy Dried blossoms applied to toothache. (174:266) Ojibwa Di-
Hosta, Liliaceae uretic Infusion of herb taken as a diuretic and to reduce acidity of
Hosta lancifoliaEngl, Narrowleaf Plantainlily urine. (153:391) Omaha Dermatological Aid Root used for wounds.
• Drug—Cherokee Antihemorrhagic Warm infusion of root taken for (58:584) Round Valley Indian Dermatological Aid Poultice of soaked
spitting blood. Cough MedicineWaim infusion of root taken for hops applied to swellings and bruises. (41:344) Shinnecock Pulmo
coughing. Dermatological Aid Leaf rubbed on swollen legs and feet nary Aid Poultice of dried hops heated in a cloth bag applied for
after scratching insect bites, (as H. japonica 80:50) pneumonia. SedativeUsed in making "nerve medicine" and used as
a poultice for pneumonia. (30:120)
Houstonia, Rubiaceae • Food—Algonquin, Quebec Bread & Cake Hops used to make bread.
Houstonia caerulea L, Azure Bluet (18:83) Lakota Cooking Agent Used to make bread swell. (139:51)
• Drug—Cherokee Urinary Aid Infusion given for bed-wetting. (80:26) Ojibwa Cooking Agent Hop fruit often used as a substitute for baking
soda. (153:411)
Houstonia rubra Cav., Red Bluet
• Drug—Keres, Western Eye Medicine Infusion of plant used for sore Humulus lupulus var. lupuloidesE. Small, Common Hop
eyes. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant used for the stomach. • Drug—Dakota Analgesic Infusion of fruit taken for intestinal pains.
 Catalog of Plants 275

466) Infusion of roots and other plant branches taken for large stom Pawnee Analgesic Pulverized root dusted on body for pain. Sedative
achs. (141:64) Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of dried roots Root used in smoke treatment for nervousness and bad dreams.
taken by girls who "leak rotten." Heart Medicine Decoction of dried Stimulant Pulverized root used to revive "one who had fainted." (70:
roots taken for fevers, tuberculosis, and heart troubles. (87:466) De 110) Sia Veterinary Aid Infusion of ground roots used to promote the
coction of roots taken for stroke. (87:467) Misc. Disease Remedy Com fertility of horses and the growth of the colts. (199:284)
pound decoction of powdered plants taken for fevers or typhoid. • Food—-Arapaho Starvation Food Root roasted for food when pressed
Panacea Plant used as medicine for anything. (87:466) PediatricAid by hunger. Cheyenne Starvation Food Root roasted for food when
Dried leaves given to children for asthma. (87:467) Pulmonary Aid pressed by hunger. Kiowa Starvation Food Root roasted for food
Compound roots used for chest pains. (87:465) Respiratory Aid Infu when pressed by hunger. (19:13)
sion of roots taken for asthma. (87:466) Dried leaves given to children • Other—Keres, Western Unspecified Plant known and named but no
for asthma. (87:467) Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of leaf or root or use was specified. (171:48) Keresan Ceremonial Items Root used to
infusion of one root taken for consumption. (87:466) Veterinary Aid make hindquarters of little hobbyhorse "ridden" by saints in ceremo
Powdered roots mixed with horse's feed or decoction of root given nial impersonations. (198:559) Lakota Fuel Roots used in place of
for heaves. (87:465) Maiecite Analgesic Dried roots finely powdered matches. It is said that in olden days when there were no matches,
and snuffed for headaches. Cold Remedy Infusion of roots used for they used to start a fire in the root, wrap it up, and hang it outside.
colds. Heart Medicine Infusion of roots used for heart trouble. (116: The fire would keep for 7 months. (139:43)
248) Micmac Analgesic Root used for headaches. Cold Remedy Root
Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey, Man of the Earth
used for colds. Heart Medicine Root used for heart trouble. (40:57)
• Drug^-Cherokee Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of root applied
Mohegan Pulmonary Aid Infusion of plant taken for lungs. (174:266)
to rheumatism. Cough MedicineTaken for coughs. Diuretic Taken as
Leaves used for lung trouble. (176:130) Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion
a diuretic. Expectorant Taken as an expectorant. Kidney Aid Taken
of leaves taken for tuberculosis. (176:72,130) Veterinary Aid Infusion
for "dropsy." Laxative Taken as a laxative. Misc. Disease RemedyInfu
of plant given to horses for colic. (174:266) Infusion of leaves used
sion of root taken for cholera morbis. Respiratory Aid Taken for asth
for horses with colic. (176:72,130)
ma. Tuberculosis Remedy Taken for consumption. Urinary Aid Taken
Iodanthus, Brassicaceae for "gravel" and "suppression of urine." (80:51) Creek Diuretic Plant
used as a diuretic. Kidney Aid Plant used "nephritic complaints."
Iodanthuspinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud., Purple Rocket
(172:670) Iroquois Analgesic Decoction of roots taken for abdominal
• Drug—Meskwaki Love Medicine Decoction of root used as a paint by
pains. Infusion of powdered plants taken for headaches. Blood Medi
women for a love medicine. (152:219,220) Poultice Poultice used on
cine Compound infusion of bark, roots, and leaves taken as blood
head of old man who is cold, to bring warmth to whole body.
purifier. Cough Medicine Decoction of roots taken as a cough medi
(152:219)
cine. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots taken for abdominal
Ipomoea, Convolvulaceae pains. Infusion of powdered plants taken for upset stomachs. Liver

Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam., Sweet Potato Aid Plant used for the liver. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of dried

• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Potatoes used for food, (as Impomoea roots taken for all kinds of diseases. Other Compound infusion taken

batatas 80:51) Seminole Vegetable Tubers eaten. (169:465) or injured parts washed, a "Little Water Medicine." Tuberculosis Rem
edy Decoction of roots taken for initial stages of tuberculosis. Witch
Ipomoea cailica (L) Sweet, Mile a Minute Vine craft Medicine Plant had magical potency. (87:419)
• Food—Hawaiian UnspecifiedTubers grated, roasted, and eaten, (as • Food—Cherokee Unspecified Roots used for food. (80:51) Vegetable
/. tuberculata 112:69)
Potatoes used for food, (as Impomoea pandurata 80:21)
Ipomoea indka (Burm. f.) Merr., Oceanblue Morningglory • Other—Cherokee Insecticide Infusion of vine used for soaking sweet
• Drug—Hawaiian Analgesic Poultice of pounded flowers, leaves, and potatoes to keep away bugs and moles. (80:51)
salt applied to the back for pain. Dermatological A/d Poultice of
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br., Bayhops
pounded roots, other plants, and the resulting liquid applied to flesh
• Drug—Hawaiian Reproductive AidPlant used by expectant mothers,
wounds. Laxative Whole plant and other plants baked and eaten as a
(as Impomea pes-caprae 2:73)
laxative. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of pounded roots, other plants, and
the resulting liquid applied to broken bones. PediatricAid and Ipomoea sagittata Poir., Saltmarsh Morningglory
Strengthener Flowers chewed by mothers and given to infants for • Drug—Houma Blood Medicine Decoction of root taken to remove
general weakness, (as Impomea insularis 2:52) poison from the blood or heart. Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled
leaves applied to swellings. Heart Medicine Hot decoction of roots
Ipomoea leptophyllaTorr., Bush Morningglory
taken to "take poison out of the blood or heart." Snakebite Remedy
• Drug—Keres, Western Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of staminate
Leaf chewed and juice swallowed or poultice of chewed leaves used
cones used as a stomach tonic. (171:48) Keresan Veterinary Aid
on snakebite. (158:62,63)
Dried, ground root added to water and given to colts to cause them
to become large horses. Infusion of dried, pulverized root used for Ipomoea sp., Uwala
fertility of mares and growth of colts. (198:559) Lakota Gastrointesti • Drug—Hawaiian Emetic Infusion of tubers and other plants strained
nal Aid Root scraped and eaten raw for stomach troubles. (139:43) and taken to vomit stomach contents that caused vomiting. Gynecol-
276 Ipomoea sp. (Convolvulaceae)

ogical AidTubers and other plants pounded, resulting liquid strained, • Dye—Hopi Unspecified Plant used for dye. (as Gilia aggregata 42:321)
heated, and taken for womb troubles. Laxative Tubers and other • Other—Hopi Decorations Plant used for decoration, (as Gilia aggre
plants pounded, resulting liquid strained and taken for constipation. gata 42:321) Ute Fasteners Whole plant boiled for glue, (as Gilia ag
Tubers cooked with taro leaves and nuts and used as a laxative for gregata 118:56)
children and adults. Pediatric Aid Tubers used to strengthen children.
Tubers cooked with taro leaves and nuts and used as a laxative for
Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. attenuata (Gray) V & A. Grant, Scar
let Skyrocket
children and adults. Respiratory Aid Tubers and other plants pound
ed, resulting liquid heated and taken for asthma. Sedative Tubers
• Drug—-Navajo Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of crushed, dried leaves
taken for stomach troubles, (as Gilia attenuata 55:70)
and other plants pounded, resulting liquid strained and taken for
lack of sleep. Strengthener Tubers used to strengthen children. (2:35)
• Food—Navajo Forage Used as a browse plant, (as Gilia attenuata
90:160)
• Food—Hawaiian Vegetable Tubers eaten. (2:35)
• Other—Navajo Decorations Cultivated as an ornamental flower, (as
Ipomoea tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy, Darkeye Momingglory Gilia attenuata 90:160)
• Drug—Hawaiian Laxative Plant used to make a laxative, (as Argyreia
tiliaefolia 2:73) Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. Candida (Rydb.) V. & A. Grant, Scarlet
Skyrocket
IpomopsiSj Polemoniaceae • Other—Keres, Western UnspecifiedPlant known and named but no
Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. Grant, Skyrocket Gilia use was specified, (as Gilia greeneana 171:45)

• Drag^-Great Basin Indian Blood Medicine Infusion of whole plant

Ipomopsis congesta (Hook.) v. Grant ssp. congesta, Ballhead
used for blood disease, (as Gilia appregata 121:49)
Gilia

Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. Grant ssp. aggregata, Skyrocket • Drug—Great Basin Indian Analgesic Poultice of dried, powdered
Gilia blossoms applied for pain, (as Gilia congesta 121:49) Paiute Antidiar-
• Drug—Hopi Gynecological Aid Plant used after birth when the rheal Decoction of plant taken for diarrhea. Cathartic Decoction of
mother lied in bed for 15 or 20 days, (as Gilia aggregata 42:321) Nava- plant taken as a physic. Cold Remedy Decoction of plant taken for
jo, Kayenta Cathartic Plant used as a cathartic. DermatologicalAid colds. Emetic Decoction of plant taken as an emetic. Gastrointestinal
Plant used for spider bites. Emetic Plant used as an emetic. Gastroin Aid Decoction of plant taken for indigestion and stomach trouble.
testinal Aid Plant used for stomach disease, (as Gilia aggregata 205: Venereal Aid Plant used in many ways for venereal diseases. Shosho
37) Navajo, Ramah Hunting MedicineCold infusion taken and ap ni Attf/d/arrftm/ Decoction of plant taken for diarrhea. Cathartic De
plied to body of hunter and weapons for good luck, (as Gilia aggre coction of plant taken as a physic. Cold Remedy Decoction of plant
gata 191:39) Okanagan-Colville Febrifuge Infusion of roots taken for taken for colds. DermatologicalAid Decoction of plant used as an
high fevers. Laxative Infusion of leaves and stalks taken for constipa antiseptic wash for wounds, cuts, sores, and bruises. Disinfectant
tion and to "clean out your system." Infusion of roots taken as a laxa Decoction of plant used as an antiseptic wash for skin problems.
tive, (as Gilia aggregata 188:111) Paiute Cathartic Simple or com Emetic Decoction of plant taken as an emetic. Eye Medicine Decoc
pound decoction of plant or root taken as a physic. Cold Remedy De tion or infusion of plant used as an eyewash. Gastrointestinal Aid
coction of root taken as a cold remedy. Emetic Simple or compound Decoction of plant taken for indigestion and stomach trouble. Kid
decoction of plant or root taken as an emetic, (as Gilia aggregata ney Aid Decoction of plant taken for "kidney complaint." Liver Aid
180:76,77) Salish DermatologicalAid Decoction of plants used as a Decoction of plant taken for liver trouble. Misc. Disease Remedy De
face and hair wash by adolescent girls. Eye Medicine Decoction of coction of plant taken for influenza. Poultice of boiled, drained, and
plants used as an eyewash. Pediatric Aid Decoction of plants used as mashed plant applied for erysipelas. Venereal AidPlant used in many
a face and hair wash by adolescent girls, (as Gilia aggregata 178:294) ways for venereal diseases. Veterinary Aid Poultice of crushed, raw
Shoshoni Analgesic Poultice of crushed, whole plant applied for plants applied to back sores on horses. Washo Antidiarrheal Decoc
rheumatic aches. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of crushed plant tion of plant taken for diarrhea. Cathartic Decoction of plant taken
applied for rheumatic aches. Blood Medicine Decoction of plant tak as a physic. Cold Remedy Decoction of plant taken for colds. Emetic
en as a blood tonic. Cathartic Decoction of plant or root taken as a Decoction of plant taken as an emetic. Gastrointestinal AidDecoc-
physic. Dermatological Aid Decoction of whole plant used as a disin tion of plant taken for indigestion and stomach trouble. Kidney Aid
fecting wash for the itch. Disinfectant Decoction of whole plant used Infusion of crushed plant taken and poultice applied for dropsy, (as
as a disinfectant wash for the itch. Emetic Compound decoction of Gilia congesta 180:77-80)

roots used to induce vomiting. Decoction of plant or root taken as an

Ipomopsis gunnisonii (Torn & Gray) V. Grant, Sanddune Sky
emetic. Tonic Simple or compound decoction of whole plant taken
rocket
as a blood tonic. Venereal Aid Simple or compound decoction of
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Blood Medicine Plant used as a blood purifi
plant taken and used as a wash for gonorrhea and syphilis, (as Gilia
er. Dermatological A/d Poultice of plant applied to sores, (as Gilia
aggregata 180:76,77)
gunnisoni 205:37)
• Food—Hopi Beverage Boiled for a drink, (as Gilia aggregata 42:321)
Klamath Snack Food Nectar sucked from flowers by children, (as Ipomopsis laxiflora (Coult.) V. Grant, Iron Skyrocket
Gilia aggregata 45:103) • Drug—Keres, Western Emetic Infusion of roots used as an emetic to
 Catalog of Plants 277

eliminate the ozone in cases of lightning shock, (as Gilia laxiflora Iridaceae, see Iris, Sisyrinchium
171:45)
Iris, Iridaceae
Ipomopsis longiflora (Torr.) V. Grant ssp. longiflora, Flax-
Iris Clistata Ait., Dwarf Crested Iris
flowered Gilia
• Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of pul
• Drug—Hopi Analgesic Decoction of leaves used for stomachache,
verized root used as salve for ulcers. Liver Aid Infusion taken for liv
(as Gilia longiflora 200:87) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of leaves
er. Urinary Aid Compound decoction of root used for "yellowish
taken for stomachache, (as Gilia Iongiflora200:33,87) Keres, Western
urine." (80:41)
Emetic Infusion of roots used as an emetic to eliminate the ozone in
cases of lightning shock, (as Gilia longiflora 171:45) Navajo Ceremo Iris douglasiana Herbert, Douglas Iris
nial Medicine Plant used as medicine in the Wind and Female Shoot • Drug—-Yokia Oral Aid and Pediatric Aid Leaves used to wrap babies
ing Chants. Emetic Decoction of pounded plant taken to vomit. Gas during berry gathering trips to retard perspiration and prevent thirst.
trointestinal Aid Decoction of pounded plant taken for the bowels. (41:330)
Veterinary Aid Infusion of flowers mixed with feed and given to sheep • Other—Mendocino Indian Hunting & Fishing Item Leaf edges made
for stomach troubles, (as Gilia longiflora 55:70) Navajo, Kayenta into nets and ropes used to make snares for catching deer. (41:330)
Blood Medicine and Gynecological Aid Plant used for postpartum Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance wreaths at
septicemia. (as Gilia longiflora 205:38) Navajo, Ramah Analgesic the Strawberry Festival. (72:62)
Plant used for stomachache and arthritis. Antirheumatic (Internal)
Iris innominate Henderson, Del Norte County Iris
Plant used for arthritis. Ceremonial MedicinePlant used as ceremo
• Fiber—Tolowa Cordage Roots and leaves used to make cordage.
nial eyewash and chant lotion. Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant
(6:33)
used as hair tonic to lengthen hair and prevent baldness. Disinfec-
tant Plant used for "deer infection" and "snake infection." EyeMedi- Iris macrosiphonTon., Bowltube Iris
cine Plant used as ceremonial eyewash and chant lotion. Gastroin • Drug—Pomo Gynecological Aid Roots used to hasten the birth of a
testinal Aid Plant chewed with salt for heartburn. Plant used for baby. (117:284)
stomachache. Gynecological Aid Plant used to facilitate delivery of • Fiber—Karok Cordage Leaves dried, scraped, and used to make
placenta. Panacea Plant used as "life medicine." Veterinary Aid Cold string or cord. Used to make rope. (148:381)
infusion of plant applied daily to heal incision in castrated colt, (as • Other—Karok Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves dried, scraped, and
Gilia longiflora 191:40) Jews Analgesic Infusion of pulverized flowers used to make fish nets, camping bags, deer snares, traps, and wood
and leaves used for headache. Dermatological Aid Infusion of pul pecker nets. (148:381) Pomo Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make
verized flowers and leaves used on sores, (as Gilia longiflora 138:55) the strongest deer snares. (117:284)
Zuni Dermatological Aid and PediatricAidPouitice of dried, pow
Iris missouriensis Nutt., Rocky Mountain Iris
dered flowers and water applied to remove hair on newborns and
• Drwg^-Great Basin Indian Toothache Remedy Root put in a hollow
children, (as Gilia Iongiflora27:318)
tooth for toothaches. (121:47) Klamath Emetic Dried rootstocks used
• Other—Navajo CeremonialItemsUsed to make prebreakfast drink
by medicine men as smoking material to cause nausea. Dried root-
and taken to make the person "bark" or sing loudly for Squaw
stocks sometimes used by medicine men as a smoking material,
Dance, (as Gilia longiflora 55:70)
mixed with poison camas and a little tobacco, to give a person a se
Ipomopsis multiflora (Nutt.) V. Grant, Manyflowered Gilia vere nausea, in order to secure a heavy fee for making him well
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of plant again. (45:93) Montana Indian Emetic Decoction of rootstocks used
used as a ceremonial medicine, (as Gilia multiflora 191:40) Zuni by medicine men to induce vomiting. (19:13) Navajo, Ramah Cere
Analgesic Powdered, whole plant applied to face for headache. Der monial Medicine and Emetic Decoction of plant used as a ceremoni
matological AidPowdexed plant applied to wounds. Pulmonary Aid al emetic. (191:21) Nevada Indian Kidney Aid Infusion of roots taken
Crushed blossoms smoked in corn husks to "relieve strangulation." for kidney troubles. Urinary Aid Infusion of roots taken for bladder
(as Gilia multiflora 166:52) troubles. (121:47) Paiute Analgesic Decoction of root taken for stom
achaches. Dermatological AidPaste of ripe seeds applied to sores.
Ipomopsis pofycladon (Torr.) V. Grant, Manybranched Gilia
Ear MedicineWaim decoction of root dropped into ear for earache.
• Drug—Nava)o, Kayenta Sedative Plant used as a soporific. Tonic
Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root taken for stomachaches.
Plant used as a tonic, (as Gilia pofycladon 205:38)
Toothache Remedy Raw root placed in cavity or against gum for
Ipomopsis pumila (Nutt.) V. Grant, Dwarf Gilia toothache. Urinary Aid Decoction of root taken for bladder troubles.
• Other—Keres, Western Unspecified Plant known and named but no Venereal Aid Decoction of root used for gonorrhea. Shoshoni Anal
use was specified, (as Gilia pulmila 171:45) gesic Decoction of root taken for stomachaches. Poultice of mashed
roots applied for rheumatic pains. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice
Iresine, Amaranthaceae of mashed roots applied to rheumatic pains. Burn DressingPaste of
Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Juba's Bush ripe seeds applied to burns. Dermatological Aid Pulped root applied
• Drug—Houma Pulmonary Aid Syrup of leaves and stems taken for as a salve for venereal sores. Ear MedicineWarm decoction of root
whooping cough, (as /. paniculata 158:66) dropped into ear for earache. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root
278 Iris missouriensis (Iridaceae)

taken for stomachaches. Toothache Remedy Raw root placed in cavi Liver AidRoot used for disorders of the liver. (175:30) Root combined
ty or against gum for toothache. Venereal Aid Decoction of root tak with root of Hydrangea arborescens and used for gallstones. Tubercu
en for gonorrhea and root salve used for venereal sores. (180:89,90) losis Remedy Root taken for "scrofula." (175:30,76) Iroquois Blood
Yavapai Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a purgative. (65:261) Medicine Poultice of crushed rhizomes applied for blood poisoning
Zuni PediatricAidPoultice of chewed root applied to increase caused by contusions. (141:67) Cathartic Infusion of plant taken as a
strength of newborns and infants. Strengthener Poultice of chewed physic. Gynecological Aid Infusion of smashed roots taken at menses
root used for newborns and infants to increase strength. (27:373) to induce pregnancy. Orthopedic Aid Infusion of smashed roots tak
• Other—Jemez Decorations Flower used as a decoration for dances. en to induce paralysis. Respiratory Aid Compound decoction with
(44:24) roots taken for hay fever. (87:287) Malecite Throat Aid Infusion of
plants and bulrush used as a gargle for sore throats. (116:248) Mes-
Iris setosa Pallas ex Link, Beachhead Iris
kwaki Burn Dressing Poultice of freshly macerated root applied to
• Drug—Aleut Laxative Decoction of root taken as a laxative. (8:428)
burns. Cold Remedy Root used for colds. Dermatological AidPoultice
Eskimo, Inupiat Poison Whole plant considered poisonous. (98:140)
of freshly macerated root applied to sores. Pulmonary AidRoot used
• Food—Eskimo, Alaska Beverage Roasted, ground seeds used for cof
for lung trouble. (152:224) Micmac Dermatological AidRoot used for
fee. (4:715)
wounds and herb used for sore throat. Misc. Disease Remedy Root
• Dye—Eskimo, Alaska UnspecifiedPetals made into a dye and used
used for cholera and the prevention of disease. Panacea Root used
for staining strands of grass for weaving colored patterns on baskets.
as a "basic medical cure" and for cholera. Throat Aid Herbs used for
(1:34)
sore throat and root used for wounds. (40:57) Mohegan Analgesic
Iris sp., Iris Poultice of pulverized root mixed with flour applied to pain. (176:72,
• Drwg^-Seminole Dermatological AidPlant used for alligator bites. 130) Montegnais Analgesic Poultice of crushed plant mixed with
(169:298) Yana Cough MedicineRaw roots chewed for coughs. flour applied to any pain. (156:315) Compound poultice of plant and
(147:253) flour applied to pain. (174:268) Ojibwa Cathartic Decoction of root
• Fiber—Wintoon Cordage Used to make cord for fish nets. (117:264) taken as a "quick physic." Emetic Decoction of root taken as an emet
• Dye—Navajo Green Used to make a green dye. (55:37) ic. (153:371) Omaha Dermatological Aid Paste of pulverized root-
stock applied to sores and bruises. Ear Medicine Pulverized rootstock
Iris tenax ssp. klamathensis Lenz, Klamath Iris
mixed with water or saliva and dropped in ear for earache. Eye Medi-
• Fiber—Tolowa Cordage Used to make cordage. (6:33)
cine Rootstock used to medicate "eye-water." (70:72) Penobscot
Iris tenuissima Dykes, Longtube Iris Herbal Steam Plant steamed throughout the house to keep away
• Drug—Porno Gynecological Aid Roots used to hasten the birth of a "disease in general." (156:311) Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of root
baby. (117:284) taken for cholera. (156:308,309) Preventive Medicine Root chewed to
• Other—Porno Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make the strongest keep disease away; the plant is thought to "kill" sickness. (156:311)
deer snares. (117:284) Ponca Dermatological AidPaste of pulverized rootstock applied to
sores and bruises. Ear Medicine Pulverized rootstock mixed with wa
Iris verna L, DwarfViolet Iris
ter or saliva and dropped in ear for earache. Eye Medicine Rootstock
• Drwg^-Cherokee Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of pul
used to medicate "eye-water." (70:72) Potawatomi Dermatological
verized root used as salve for ulcers. Liver Aid Infusion taken for liv
Aid Poultice of root used to allay inflammation. (154:60) Rappahan-
er. Urinary Aid Compound decoction of root used for "yellowish
nock Panacea Infusion of dried roots taken for "every complaint."
urine." (80:41) Creek Cathartic Plant used as a powerful cathartic.
(161:28)
(172:669, 670)
• Fiber—Potawatomi Basketry Leaves used to weave baskets. Mats,
Iris versicolorL., Harlequin Blueflag Rugs & BeddingLeaves used to weave mats. (154:120)
• Drug—Abnaki Poison Plant considered poisonous. (144:155) Plant • Other—Ojibwa Protection Used as a charm against snakes. When
considered poisonous. (144:175) Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Burn blueberry picking, everyone carries a piece of this plant in his clothes
DressingPoultlce of smashed roots applied to burns. Dermatological and will handle it every little while to perpetuate the scent. They be
Aid Poultice of smashed roots applied to wounds. (132:129) Chippe- lieve that snakes will shun them while so protected. They say that
wa Dermatological Aid Poultice of root, very strong, applied to swel the Arizona Indians use it when they hold their snake dances and are
lings. (53:366) Poultice of roots applied to scrofulous sores. Tubercu never struck as long as their clothes are fumigated with it. They also
losis Remedy Poultice of roots applied to scrofulous sores. (71:126) chew it to get the odor into their mouths, preparatory to taking rat
Cree, Hudson Bay Cathartic Plant used as a purgative. Liver Aid Plant tlesnakes into their teeth. The rattlesnake never offers to bite them
used to increase the flow of bile. (92:303) Creek Cathartic Plant used so long as the scent of the blue flag persists. (153:430)
as a powerful cathartic. (172:669,670) Plant used as a cathartic. (177:
10) Delaware Antirheumatic (External) Roots used for rheumatism. Iris virginica L, Virginia Iris
Kidney Aid Roots used for kidney disorders. Liver Aid Roots used for • Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of pul
liver disorders. Venereal Aid Roots used for scrofula. (176:36) Dela verized root used as salve for ulcers. Liver Aid Infusion taken for liver.
ware, Oklahoma Antirheumatic (Internal) Root taken for rheuma Urinary Aid Compound decoction of root used for "yellowish urine."
tism. (175:30,76) Kidney AidRoot used for disorders of the kidneys. (80:41)
 Catalog of Plants 311

face or rubbed on chest as a stimulant, (as L linearifolium 75:40,41) • Drug—Navajo, Ramah Panacea Root used as a "life medicine" and
Chewed plant spit and blown into face and rubbed over the heart by considered a "big medicine." (191:41)
the doctor for sleepiness, (as L linearifolium 76:185) Chewed plant • Food—Gosiute Unspecified Seeds formerly used for food. (39:373)
spit and blown onto face to keep a very sleepy person awake, (as L
Lithospermum officinaleL., European Gromwell
linearifolium 83:15) Great Basin Indian Unspecified Roots used
• Drug—Iroquois Diuretic and Pediatric Aid Infusion of dried, pow
medicinally for unspecified purpose, (as L angustifolium 121:50)
dered seeds given to children as a diuretic. (141:56)
Hopi Antihemorrhagic Plant used for hemorrhages. Blood Medicine
Plant used for building up the blood. (42:331) Unspecified Used as a Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm., Western Gromwell
medicinal plant. Used as a medicinal plant, (as L linearifolium 190: • Drug—Cheyenne Analgesic Poultice of dried, powdered leaves and
165) Navajo Cold Remedy Plant chewed for colds, (as L angustifoli stems applied for rheumatic pains. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice
um 55:71) Plant used for colds. Contraceptive Plant used as an oral of dried, powdered leaves and stems applied for rheumatic pains.
contraceptive. (90:161) Cough Medicine Plant chewed for coughs, (as (76:185) Poultice of dried, pulverized leaves and stems applied for
L angustifolium 55:71) Plant used for coughs, (as L angustifolium rheumatic pains. (76:185) Gosiute Diuretic Infusion or decoction of
90:161) DermatologicalAidRoots used for soreness at the attach roots used as a diuretic, (as L pilosum 39:351) Roots used as a diu
ment of the umbilical cord. Pediatric AidRoots used for soreness at retic for kidney troubles, (as L pilosum 39:373) Kidney Aid Infusion
the attachment of the umbilical cord, (as L angustifolium 55:71) or decoction of roots used for kidney troubles, (as L. pilosum 39:351)
Navajo, Ramah Eye Medicine Cold infusion of pulverized root and Roots used as a diuretic for kidney troubles, (as L pilosum 39:373)
seeds used as an eyewash. Panacea Root used as a "life medicine" Navajo Contraceptive Ptent used as an oral birth control. (97:51)
and considered a "big medicine." (191:41) Sioux, Teton Pulmonary Okanagan-Colville Antihemorrhagic Infusion of roots taken for in
Aid Fragrant herb used for lung hemorrhages, (as L linearifolium ternal hemorrhaging. (188:91) Shoshoni Antidiarrheal Infusion or
52:269,270) Zuni Ceremonial Medicine Salve of powdered root ap decoction of root taken for diarrhea. (180:102) Contraceptive Plant
plied ceremonially to swelling of any body part, (as L linearifolium used as an oral birth control. (97:51) Infusion of root taken for 6
166:56) Dermatological AidPowdeted root mixed with bum branch months as a permanent birth control. (118:46) Cold water infusion
resin and used for abrasions and skin infections. (27:374) Poultice of of root taken daily for 6 months as a contraceptive. (180:102) Shu-
root used and decoction of plant taken for swelling, (as L linearifoli swap DermatologicalAidPlant used for sores. Disinfectant Decoc
um 166:56) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root taken for stomach tion of plant used as a bath to "clean the germs off the body." (123:
ache. Kidney Aid Infusion of root taken for kidney problems. (27:374) 60) Thompson Witchcraft Medicine Root used to "inflict sickness or
Throat Aid Poultice of root used and decoction of plant taken for bad luck on persons." (as L pilosum 164:508) Ute Diuretic Decoction
sore throat, (as L linearifolium 166:56) of roots used as a diuretic, (as L pilosum 38:35)
• Food—Blackfoot Beverage Roots used to make tea. (as L angustifoli • Food—Gosiute Unspecified Seeds formerly used for food, (as L pilo-
um 121:50) UnspecifiedRoots eaten boiled or roasted, (as L lineari sum 39:373)
folium 114:278) Okanagon Unspecified Plants boiled and used for • Other—Blackfoot Toys & Games Stems used by children to make
food, (as Lithosperum angustofolium 125:37) Shoshoni Beverage headpieces for playing and mimicking the affairs of the Holy Wom
Roots used to make tea. (as Lithospermum angustifolium 121:50) an. (86:114) Okanagan-Colville Good Luck Charm Plant rubbed on
Thompson UnspecifiedPhnts boiled and used for food, (as Lithosper fishing line for good luck. Water Indicator Plant used as a charm to
um angustofolium 125:37) Root cooked and eaten, (as Lithospermum make it rain. (188:91) Thompson Decorations Hard, white, shiny
angustifolium 164:480) seeds formerly used to make beads. Protection Plant used as a charm
• Dye—Great Basin Indian Blue Roots used to make a blue dye. (as L to stop a thunderstorm. (187:192)
angustifolium 121:50) Montana Indian PurpleRoot used to produce
Lithospermum sp.
a violet-colored dye. (as L angustifolium 19:14)
• Food—Pima Unspecified Leaves eaten raw. (146:77)
• Other—Blackfoot Ceremonial Items Plant top dried and burned cer
• Other—Keres, Western Paint Ground flowers used to make yellow
emonially, (as L linearifolium 118:50) Navajo Ceremonial Items Used
paint. (171:52)
in the Life or Knife Chant, (as L angustifolium 55:71) Okanagon Toys
& Games Seeds used as beads by children, (as Lithosperum angusto Loasaceae, see Mentzelia
folium 125:37) Thompson Paint Roots dipped in hot grease and used
as a red paint on the face and on dressed skins, (as Lithospermum Lobelia, Campanulaceae
angustifolium 164:502) Toys & Games Seeds used as beads by chil Lobelia cardinalis L, Cardinal Flower
dren, (as Lithosperum angustofolium 125:37) Zuni Weapon Leaves • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Compound given for pain and poultice
bound to arrow shafts, close to the point, obscured by sinew wrap of crushed leaves used for headache. Anthelmintic Infusion of root
ping and used in wartime. The leaves were said to be so deadly poi taken for worms. Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion given for rheu
sonous that they would cause the immediate death of anyone matism. Cold Remedy Infusion of leaf taken for colds. Dermatologi-
pierced by them, (as Lithospermum linearifolium 166:93) calAid Poultice of root used for "risings" and infusion used for "sores
hard to heal." Febrifuge Infusion of leaf taken for fever. Gastrointesti
Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex Gray, Manyflowered nal Aid Infusion of root taken for stomach trouble. Hemostat Cold
Gromwell infusion "snuffed" for nosebleed. Pulmonary Aid Used for croup.
312 Lobelia cardinalis (Campanulaceae)

Venereal AidUsed for syphilis. (80:28) Delaware Misc. Disease Remedy whole plant taken as an emetic. (87:455) Love Medicine Infusion of
Infusion of roots used for typhoid. (176:34) Delaware, Oklahoma plant taken as a love or anti-love medicine. (87:454) Other Cold infu
Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of root, considered to be very strong sion of whole plant used as a divining agent. (87:455) Psychological
medicine, taken for typhoid. (175:28,76) Iroquois Adjuvant Plant Aid Infusion of plant taken to vomit and cure tobacco or whisky
strengthened all medicines. (87:453) Analgesic Infusion of roots tak habit. Venereal Aid Infusion of smashed roots used as wash and
en or poultice applied for pain. Anticonvulsive Compound decoction poultice for venereal disease sores. Witchcraft Medicine Decoction of
of plants taken by women for epilepsy. (87:452) Basket Medicineln- plant taken to counteract sickness produced by witchcraft. (87:454)
fusion of stalks and flowers used as wash for baskets, a "basket medi • Other—Cherokee InsecticideUsed to smoke out gnats. (80:40)
cine." (87:453) Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots used as a wash
Lobelia kalmiiL., Ontario Lobelia
and poultice applied to chancres and fever sores. (87:452) Febrifuge
• Drug—Cvee, Hudson Bay Emetic Plant used as an emetic. (92:303)
Plant used as a fever medicine. Gastrointestinal Aid Compound de
Iroquois Dermatological Aid Infusion of smashed plants used as
coction of plants taken for bad stomach caused by consumption.
drops for abscesses. Ear Medicine Infusion of smashed plants used
(87:453) Gynecological Aid Decoction or infusion taken and poultice
as drops for earaches. Emetic Infusion of plants taken to vomit to re
or wash used for breast troubles. (87:452) Love Medicine Decoction
move the effect of a love medicine. Love Medicine Infusion of plants
of plants or infusion of roots used as a wash for love medicine. (87:
taken to vomit to remove the effect of a love medicine. (87:455)
453) Other Compound infusion of plants taken for stricture caused
by menstruating women. Decoction of roots, plants, and blossoms Lobelia Siphilitica L, Great Blue Lobelia
taken for cramps. (87:452) Infusion of roots taken or washed on in • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Compound given for pain and poultice
jured parts, "Little Water Medicine." Panacea Plant used for every ail of crushed leaves used for headache. Anthelmintic Infusion of root
ment. (87:453) Psychological Aid Compound decoction of whole taken for worms. Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion given for rheu
plant taken for sickness caused by grieving. (87:452) Tuberculosis matism. Cold Remedy Infusion of leaf taken for colds. Dermatologi-
Remedy Compound decoction of plants taken for bad stomach calAid Poultice of root used for "risings" and infusion used for "sores
caused by consumption. (87:453) Witchcraft Medicine Infusion of hard to heal." Febrifuge Infusion of leaf taken for fever. Gastrointesti
roots taken or poultice applied for trouble caused by witchcraft. (87: nal Aidlnfusion of root taken for stomach trouble. HemostatCold
452) Meskwaki Love Medicine Roots used as a love medicine. (152: infusion "snuffed" for nosebleed. Pulmonary AidUsed for croup. Ve
231) Ground roots used in food to end quarrels, a love medicine and nereal AidUsed for syphilis. (80:28) Iroquois Cough MedicinePlant
anti-divorce remedy. (152:273) Pawnee Love Medicine Compound used as a gargle for coughs. (87:454) Witchcraft Medicine Infusion of
containing roots and flowers used as a love charm. (70:129) smashed plants taken for anti-bewitchment. (87:453) Meskwaki Love
• Other—Meskwaki Ceremonial Items Ceremonial "tobacco" not Medicine Finely chopped roots eaten by couple to avert divorce and
smoked, but used to ward off storms and strewn onto graves. renew love. (152:231,232) Ground roots used in food to end quarrels,
(152:273) a love medicine and anti-divorce remedy. (152:273)

Lobelia cardinalis ssp. graminea var. propinqua (Paxton) Lobelia sp.

Bowden, Cardinal Flower • Drug—Iroquois Other Plant used for "divining sickness." (87:451)
• Drug—Zuni Antirheumatic (External) Ingredient of "schumaakwe Yokut Cold Remedy Dried, pulverized leaves used as snuff for head
cakes" and used externally for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid In colds. Emetic Infusion of leaves used as a potent emetic. (117:437)
gredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used externally for swelling, (as
Lobelia spicata Lam., Palespike Lobelia
L splendens 166:56)
• Drug—Cherokee Orthopedic Aid Compound taken for "arm shakes
• Other—Jemez Ceremonial /terns Flowers used in the rain dance, (as
and trembles." (80:43) Cold infusion of roots put into scratches
L splendens 44:25)
made for shaking arms. (177:60) Iroquois Blood Medicine Decoction
Lobelia inflata L, Indian Tobacco of stalks used as wash for bad blood. Dermatological Aid Decoction
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Poultice of root used for body aches and of stalks used as wash for neck and jaw sores. Emetic and Love Medi-
leaves rubbed on aches and stiff neck. Dermatological AidUsed for cine Infusion of plants taken as an emetic for the lovelorn. (87:454)
bites and stings and roots and leaves used on boils and sores. Emetic
Plant used as a strong emetic. Gastrointestinal Aid Tincture in small Lobularia, Brassicaceae
doses prevented colics. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of root used for body Lobularia maritima (L) Desv., Seaside Lobularia
aches and leaves rubbed on aches and stiff neck. Other Smoked "to • Food—Costanoan Unspecified Raw stems used for food. (21:252)
break tobacco habit." Pulmonary Aid Given for croup and tincture in
small doses prevented croup. Respiratory Aid Plant taken for "asth Loeseliostrum, Polemoniaceae
ma and phthisic." Throat Aid Chewed for sore throat. (80:40) Crow Loeseliostnim matthewsii (Gray) Timbrook, Desert Calico
Ceremonial Medicine Used in religious ceremonies. (19:14,15) Iro • Drag^-Tubatulabal Cold Remedy Decoction of plant taken for colds.
quois Cathartic Cold infusion of whole plant taken as a physic. (87: (as Langloisia matthewsii 193:59)
455) Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots or leaves used as a wash or
Loganiaceae, see Gelsemium, Spigelia
poultice on abscesses or sores. Emetic Infusion of plant taken to
vomit and cure tobacco or whisky habit. (87:454) Cold infusion of Lolium, Poaceae
 Catalog of Plants 313

Lolium temulentuml., Darnel Ryegrass Lomatium COUS (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose, Cous Biscuitroot
• Food—Porno Staple Seeds formerly used for pinole. Yuki Staple • Food—Montana Indian Bread & Cake Roots pulverized, moistened,
Seeds formerly used for pinole. (41:314) partially baked, and made into different sized cakes. Dried Food
Whole roots sun dried and stored for future food use. Porridge Roots
Lomatium> Apiaceae pulverized and made into a gruel. Soup Roots pulverized, moistened,
Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose, Wyeth Biscuitroot partially baked, mixed in water, and eaten as soup. (82:26) Staple
• Drwg^-Okanagan-Colville Cold Remedy Infusion of flowers and up Spring roots eaten or reduced to flour. Unspecified Spring roots eat
per leaves taken for colds and sore throats. Throat Aid Infusion of en or reduced to flour, (as L montanum 19:15) Peeled roots eaten
flowers and upper leaves taken for sore throats. (188:70) raw or boiled. (82:26) Okanagan-Colville Dried Food Roots dried for
• Food—Montana Indian Staple Spring roots reduced to flour. Unspe future use. Unspecified Roots used for food. (188:65) Oregon Indian
cified Spring roots eaten. (19:15) Okanagan-Colville Dried Food Soup Roots and fish used to make stew. These roots were eaten at the
Flowers and upper leaves dried for future use. Spice Dried flowers first feast of the new year. This was called the Root Feast, (as Cogswel-
and upper leaves used to flavor meats, stews, and salads. Substitu liacous 118:12)
tion Food Flowers and upper leaves sometimes used as a substitute
food. (188:70) Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance, Fernleaf
Biscuitroot
Lomatium bicolorvar. leptocarpum (Torr. & Gray) Schlessman, • Drug—Nez Perce Dermatological Aid Root oil used for sores. Dietary
Wasatch Desertparsley
Aid Infusion of cut roots taken to increase the appetite. Eye Medicine
• Food—Paiute Dried Food Roots dried and used for food. Unspecified Root oil used for sore eyes. Respiratory Aid Roots mixed with tobacco
Roots eaten fresh, (as L leptocarpum 104:101)
and smoked for sinus trouble. Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of cut
roots taken for tuberculosis. (82:26) Okanagan-Colville Antirheu
Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance, California
matic (Internal) Infusion or decoction of roots taken for arthritis.
Lomatium
Blood Medicine'Shoots used to "change the blood" to adapt to the
• Drug—Karok Dietary Aid Decoction of roots taken by person who
summer's heat. Dermatological Aid Poultice of peeled, pounded
does not feel like eating, (as Leptotaenia californica 148:387) Kawai-
roots applied to open cuts, sores, boils, or bruises. Roots soaked in
isu Cold Remedy and Emetic Decoction of dried roots taken for colds,
cold water and used for dandruff. Dietary Aid Infusion of roots taken
but caused vomiting. Gastrointestinal Aid Pounded root rubbed on
to increase the appetite. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of peeled, pounded
the stomach for stomachaches. Throat Aid Root chewed for sore
roots applied to sore backs. Other Infusion or decoction of roots tak
throat. (206:37) Yuki Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Root
en for some general illness. Poison Purple shoots considered poison
moxa used for arthritic pains. Cold Remedy Dried root smoked or
ous. Mature tops and roots considered poisonous. Strong infusion or
decoction of roots taken for colds. Other Root dried, ground, and
decoction of roots considered poisonous. Tuberculosis Remedy Infu
smoked in a pipe for severe colds; this occasionally caused dizziness.
(49:44)
sion or decoction of roots taken for tuberculosis. Veterinary Aid Ptent
tops rubbed on cattle to kill lice. (188:66) Paiute, Northern Analgesic
• Food—Karok Unspecified Roots eaten raw. (as Leptotaenia californi
Roots smoked and decoction of roots taken or used as a head wash
ca 148:387) Kawaiisu Vegetable Spring leaves eaten raw as greens.
for head pains. Roots mixed with tobacco and smoked for head
(206:37) Yuki UnspecifiedYoung stems eaten raw. Shoots cooked and
aches. Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of plant rubbed on the
used for food. (49:87)
joints for rheumatism and aches. Cold Remedy Decoction of roots
• Other—Karok Smoke Plant Root chewed and smoked in the pipe.
taken and roots smoked for colds. Root chips thrown on the fire and
(6:37) Poliklah Sacred Items Plant considered the most sacred plant
fumes inhaled or roots sliced, boiled, and eaten for colds. Roots
of the tribe, (as Leptotaenia californica 117:173) Yuki Good Luck
mixed with tobacco and smoked for colds. Dermatological AidPoul-
Charm Root bits placed in pockets for good luck in gambling. Hunt
tice of roasted roots applied to sores. Decoction of plant rubbed on
ing & Fishing Item Chewed while hunting to prevent deer from de
pimples and sores. Diuretic Decoction of plant taken to pass water
tecting human scent. (48:44) Protection Poultice of roots applied to
stopped by venereal disease. Panacea Plant used for all the common
neck to ward off sickness and rattlesnakes. (49:44) Yurok Ceremonial
ailments and injuries. Throat Aid Roots chewed and juice swallowed
Items Thrown into the fire at ceremonies. (6:37)
for sore throats. Vertigo Medicine Roots smoked and decoction of
Lomatium canbyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose, Canby's Biscuit- roots taken or used as a head wash for dizziness. (59:129) Shuswap
root Dermatological Aid Poultice of mashed roots or decoction of mashed
• Food—Klamath Dried Food Dried roots used for food. Porridge roots applied to sores. (123:56) Thompson Cold Remedy Infusion of
Mashed and boiled roots made into mush. Modoc Unspecified Roots dried root used for colds. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of washed, pound
used for food, (as Peucedanum canbyi 45:102) Okanagan-Colville ed root used for sprains and as a bone setter for broken bones.
Dried Food Roots dried for future use. Unspecified Roots eaten raw or (187:154)
pit cooked and boiled. (188:64) Paiute Bread & Cake Peeled, mashed • Food—Nez Perce Unspecified Roots pit baked and eaten. (82:26)
roots formed into cakes and allowed to dry, "Indian bread." (111:94) Okanagan-Colville Sauce & Relish Young shoots eaten raw as a relish,
Dried Food Dried roots cooked and used for food. Unspecified Fresh alone or with meat. Sanpoil Special Food Shoots mixed with balsam-
roots cooked and used for food. (104:101) root and featured in the "first roots" ceremony. (188:66) Shuswap
314 Lomatium dissectum (Apiaceae)

Unspecified Root of the young plant roasted and eaten. (123:56) applied as a salve to cuts and wounds. Orthopedic Aid Pounded
Thompson Unspecified Roots dug in the early spring, pit cooked un roots applied as a salve to sore limbs. (206:37) Montana Indian Poi
til soft, like balsamroots, and used for food. (187:154) son Young sprouts eaten, but poisonous to stock in early spring, (as
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Hunting & Fishing Item Roots pounded, Leptotaenia multifida 19:14) Navajo Ceremonial MedicineInfusion
steeped in water overnight, and used to poison fish. (188:66) Paiute, of dried, ground plant mixed with other plants and taken by patients
Northern Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to stupefy fish. Smoke for Mountain Top Chant, (as Leptotaenia dissecta var. multifida 55:
Plant Roots smoked for pleasure. (59:129) 67) Nevada Indian Veterinary Aid Poultice of ground chips given to
horses for head trouble and sores. Oregon Indian Veterinary Aid
Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance var. dissec
Roots used in a wash for horse ticks and dandruff, (as Leptotaenia
tum, Fernleaf Biscuitroot
multifida 118:49) Paiute Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of root
• Drug—Thompson Burn DressingRoot powder mixed with grease
applied and decoction of root used as a wash for rheumatism. Cold
and used as a salve for burns. Dermatological Aid Dried root powder
Remedy Compound decoction of root taken for colds. Compound of
sprinkled on wounds and sores to aid healing, (as Leptotaenia dissec-
pulverized roots smoked for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of
ta 164:472) Veterinary Aid Dried, crushed root sprinkled on horses'
root taken as a cough remedy, (as Leptotaenia multifida 180:97-100)
sores or wounds, (as Leptotaenia dissecta 164:513)
Dermatological Aid Smashed roots used for sores and swellings, (as
• Food—-Okanagon Dried Food Thick, fleshy roots split, dried, and
Leptotaenia multifida 104:196) Poultice of root applied and decoc
cooked for food. Thompson Dried Food Thick, fleshy roots split,
tion used as a wash for swellings. Poultice of root applied or decoc
dried, and cooked for food, (as Leptotaenia dissecta 125:37) Roots
tion used as a wash for rashes, cuts, or sores. Sap from cut roots or
split, strung, dried, and cooked as needed, (as Leptotaenia dissecta
oil from decoction used as a salve on cuts and sores. Disinfectant
164:480)
Root used as "the basis of a number of antiseptics." Herbal Steam
Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Con Compound of roots used as herbal steam for lung or nasal conges
stance, Carrotleaf Biscuitroot tion and asthma. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of dried root taken
• Drug—Blackfoot Ceremonial Medicine Pulverized root burned as in for influenza. Decoction of root and sometimes leaves used as an
cense. Dietary Aid Root used to make a drink taken as a tonic to help antiseptic wash for smallpox. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of root applied
weakened people gain weight. Stimulant and Tonic Root used to and decoction used as a wash for sprains. Panacea Root used for a
make a drink taken as a tonic for "people in a weakened condition." wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction. Pulmonary Aid
Veterinary AidRoot smoke inhaled by horses for distemper, (as Lep Compound of roots used as herbal steam for lung congestion. Pul
totaenia multifida 114:274) Cheyenne Analgesic Infusion of dried, verized roots smoked to clear lungs and nasal passages. Root used in
powdered roots taken for stomach pains or any internal disorder. In various ways for pneumonia. Respiratory Aid Compound of roots
fusion of pulverized stems and leaves taken for stomach pains or any used as herbal steam for nasal congestion and asthma. Decoction of
internal disorder. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of dried, powdered dried root taken for hay fever, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Pulverized
roots taken for stomach pains or any internal disorder. Infusion of roots smoked alone or in compound for asthma. ThroatAidRaw
pulverized stems and leaves taken for stomach pains or any internal root chewed and decoction of root taken for sore throat, (as Lepto
disorder. Tonic Infusion of dried, powdered roots taken as a tonic. taenia multifida 180:97-100) Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of
Infusion of pulverized stems and leaves used as a tonic, (as Leptotae roots taken for tuberculosis, (as Leptotaenia multifida 104:198) Com
nia multifida76:\82) Gosiute Dermatological Aid Poultice of roots pound of pulverized roots smoked for tuberculosis. Decoction of
applied to wounds, cuts, or bruises, (as Ferula multifida 39:348) dried root taken for tuberculosis. Venereal Aid Simple or compound
Poultice of roots applied to wounds and bruises, (as Ferula multifida decoction of root taken for venereal diseases. Veterinary AidRoot
39:369) Disinfectant and Orthopedic Aid Poultice of roots applied to smoke inhaled by horses for distemper. Shoshom Antirheumatic
infected, compound fractures, (as Ferula multifida 39:348) Poultice (External) Poultice of root applied and decoction of root used as a
of roots applied to foot crushed under the wheel of a wagon. Veteri wash for rheumatism. Cold Remedy Compound decoction of root
nary Aid Burning root smoke inhaled by horse for distemper, (as Fer taken for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken as a cough
ula multifida39:36$) Great Basin Indian Cold Remedy Decoction of remedy. Dermatological A/d Poultice of root applied and decoction
roots taken or steam inhaled for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion of used as a wash for swellings. Sap from cut roots or oil from decoc
roots taken for coughs. Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered tion used as a salve on cuts and sores. Disinfectant Root used as "the
roots used on sores. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots taken basis of a number of antiseptics." (as Leptotaenia multifida 180:97-
or steam inhaled for flu. Decoction of roots taken for colds and flu. 100) Eye Medicine Root oil used as eye drops for "trachoma." (97:48)
Other Plant used to make a scent for a sick person. Respiratory Aid Oil of root used for trachoma, (as Leptotaenia multifida 118:39) Sap
Dried roots burned on coals and smoke inhaled for asthma or bron from cut roots used as eye drops for trachoma or gonorrheal eye in
chial troubles. Tonic Infusion of roots taken as a tonic. Unspecified fections. Herbal Steam Compound of roots used as herbal steam for
Decoction of root water used to sponge a sick person. Dried, pound lung or nasal congestion and asthma. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoc
ed roots and grease massaged on affected parts, (as Leptotaenia tion of dried root taken for influenza. Decoction of root and some
multifida 121:49) Kawmisu Analgesic Pounded roots applied as a times leaves used as an antiseptic wash for smallpox. Orthopedic Aid
salve to sore limbs. Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots used as a Poultice of root applied and decoction used as a wash for sprains.
wash or poultice applied to cuts and open wounds. Pounded roots Panacea Root used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoc-
 Catalog of Plants 315

tion. Pulmonary Aid Compound of roots used as herbal steam for men as a love charm, (as Cogswellia daucifolia 70:107)
lung congestion. Decoction of dried root taken for pneumonia. Pul
Lomatium geyeri (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose, Geyer's Biscuitroot
verized roots smoked to clear lungs and nasal passages. Respiratory
• Food—Okanagan-Colville Unspecified Roots peeled, cooked, and
Aid Compound of roots used as herbal steam for nasal congestion
eaten with bitterroot. (188:68)
and asthma. Decoction of dried root taken for hay fever and bron
chitis. Pulverized roots smoked for asthma. Throat AidRaw root Lomatium graveolens (S. Wats.) Dorn & Hartman
chewed for sore throat. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound of pulver var. graveolens, King Desertparsley
ized roots smoked for tuberculosis. Decoction of dried root taken for • Drug—Gosiute Cold Remedy Compound decoction of roots takeij
tuberculosis. Venereal Aid Simple or compound decoction of root for biliousness with severe colds, (as Peucedanum graveolens 39:351)
taken for venereal diseases. Veterinary Aid Smoke from root alone or Decoction of plant used for severe colds, (as Peucedanum graveolens
in compound inhaled by horses for distemper, (as Leptotaenia mul- 39:376) Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of roots taken for
tiflda 180:97-100) Ute Dermatological Aid Poultice of root pulp ap biliousness with severe colds, (as Peucedanum graveolens 39:351)
plied to wounds and bruises. Veterinary Aid Roots burned in a pan Decoction of plant used for biliousness, (as Peucedanum graveolens
and held beneath the horse's nose for distemper, (as Ferula multiflda 39:376) Throat Aid Decoction of roots used or poultice of root pulp
38:34) Washo Cold Remedy Decoction of root taken as a cold remedy. applied for sore throats, (as Peucedanum graveolens 39:351) Poultice
Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken as a cough remedy. Derma of mashed plant applied to throat for a sore throat. Unspecified Root
tological A/d Pulverized root applied as powder to infant's severed used as medicine, (as Peucedanum graveolens 39:376)
umbilical cord. Sap from cut roots or oil from decoction used as a
Lomatium grayi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose, Gray's Biscuitroot
salve on cuts and sores. Herbal Steam Compound of roots used as
• Food—Paiute Starvation Food Roots eaten when hungry in the win
herbal steam for lung or nasal congestion and asthma. Misc. Disease
ter. UnspecifiedTender, young stems eaten raw. (111:95)
Remedy Decoction of dried root taken for influenza. Panacea Root
used for a wide variety of ailments, usually as a decoction. Pediatric Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose,
Aid Poultice of fresh root pulp applied to severed umbilical cord. Bigseed Biscuitroot
Pulmonary Aid Compound of roots used as herbal steam for lung • DragHBlackfoot Strengthener Infusion of roots taken for weakness.
congestion. Decoction of dried root taken for pneumonia. Pulver Veterinary Aid Smoke from burning roots or decoction of roots in
ized roots smoked to clear lungs and nasal passages. Respiratory Aid haled by horses for distemper. Crow Antirheumatic (External) Poul
Compound of roots used as herbal steam for nasal congestion and tice of boiled root shavings used for swellings. Cold Remedy Infusion
asthma. Decoction of dried root taken for hay fever and bronchitis. of root shavings mixed with animal fat and used for colds. Throat Aid
Pulverized roots smoked for asthma. Throat A/dRaw root chewed for Roots chewed and juice used for sore throats. (82:26) Okanagan-
sore throat. Tuberculosis /teraedy Decoction of dried root taken for Colville Cold Remedy Dried roots soaked overnight and chewed for
tuberculosis, (as Leptotaenia multiflda 180:97-100) colds. Misc. Disease Remedy Dried roots soaked overnight and
• Food—Gosiute UnspecifiedYoung shoots, seeds used for food, (as chewed for flu. Oral Aid and Pediatric Aid Poultice of pounded roots
Ferula multiflda 39:369) Great Basin Indian Beverage Roots boiled to applied to the inside of babies mouths for mouth sores or "thrush."
make a drink. Vegetable Long, young shoots cooked in the spring for Respiratory Aid Dried roots soaked overnight and chewed for bron
greens, (as Leptotaenia multiflda 121:49) Montana Indian Unspeci- chitis. (188:69) Thompson Pediatric A/d Leaves used in babies' bath
fiedYoung sprouts eaten, but poisonous to stock in early spring, (as water to make them sleep a lot. (187:155) Reproductive Aid Root eat
Leptotaenia multiflda 19:14) en by childless women for infertility, (as Peucedanum macrocarpum
• Other—Blackfoot Hide Preparation Plant mixed with brains and 164:508) Roots eaten by elderly couples to help them conceive. Seda
used in soft tanning, (as Leptotaenia multiflda 114:274) Great Basin tive Leaves used in babies' bath water to make them sleep a lot.
Indian Smoke Plant Dried root chips and Bull Durham used as a Leaves used as padding, especially in children's cradles, to cause
friendly smoke, (as Leptotaenia multiflda 121:49) Oregon Indian them to sleep a lot. (187:155)
Hide Preparation Root used in tanning hides, (as Leptotaenia multi- • Food—Flathead Dried Food Roots dried and stored for future use.
flda 118:55) UnspecifiedRoots eaten raw. (82:26) Okanagan-Colville Unspecified
Roots peeled and eaten raw or boiled. (188:69) Okanagon Staple
Lomatiumfarinosum (Hook.) Coult. & Rose, Northern Biscuitroot
Roots used as a principal food, (as Peucedanum macrocarpum 178:
• Foodr-Okanagan-Colville UnspecifiedRoots boiled and eaten fresh.
238) Unspecified Thick roots, tiger lily bulbs, and salmon roe boiled
(188:68)
and eaten. (125:36) Paiute Dried Food Roots dried and used for food.
Lomatiumfoeniculaceum ssp. daucifolium (Torr. & Gray) UnspecifiedRoots eaten fresh. (104:101) Peeled roots eaten raw or
Theobald, Desert Biscuitroot baked. (111:95) Paiute, Northern Unspecified Roots roasted in the
• Drug—Dakota Love Medicine Compound containing seeds used by sand and eaten. (59:43) Porno, Kashaya Spice Sweet seed used to fla
men as a love charm. Omaha Love Medicine Compound containing vor tea and pinole. UnspecifiedYoung leaves used for food. (72:31)
seeds used by men as a love charm. Pawnee Love Medicine Com Sanpoil UnspecifiedRoots pit cooked and eaten. (188:69) Shuswap
pound containing seeds used by men as a love charm. Ponca Love Spice Roots used to flavor dried salmon heated with dried bread over
Medicine Compound containing seeds used by men as a love charm. an open fire. UnspecifiedRoots roasted and eaten. (123:57) Thomp
Winnebago Love Medicine Compound containing seeds used by son Dried Food Roots dug in the springtime, peeled, and dried for
316 Lomatium macrocarpum (Apiaceae)

later use. Pie & PuddingRoots used in puddings. Spice Roots cooked a vitamin supplement for colds. Diaphoretic Infusion of 2 teaspoons
with meat stews, saskatoon berries, or tiger lily bulbs as a flavoring. of dried seeds used to "sweat the cold out." (187:156) Febrifuge Strong
(187:155) UnspecifiedThick roots, tiger lily bulbs, and salmon roe decoction of whole plant or stems and leaves taken for fevers, (as
boiled and eaten. (125:36) Thick roots combined with salmon roe, Peucedanum nudicaulis 164:473)
boiled, and eaten, (as Peucedanum macrocarpum 164:479) Boiled • Food—Atsugewi Unspecified Raw leaves and tender stems used for
roots used for food. (187:155) food. (61:139) Okanagon Vegetable Stalks used like celery. (125:38)
• Fiber—Thompson Mats, Rugs & BeddingLeaves finely divided and Paiute Vegetable Stem eaten raw like celery. (111:96) Thompson Bev-
used as a padding in child carriers, (as Peucedanum macrocarpum erage Flowers, leaves, and stems dried, brought to a boil, and used as
164:496) Leaves used as padding, especially in children's cradles, to a drink, (as Peucedanum leiocarpum 164:494) Dried leaves used to
cause them to sleep a lot. (187:155) make a tea-like beverage. Mature fruits, leaves and other plant parts
• Other—Crow Ceremonial Items Root shavings sprinkled on live coals preserved and used all year to make a tea-like beverage. Young, green
to produce a ceremonial incense. Incense & Fragrance Root shavings fruits used to make tea. Dried Food Leaves frozen or canned for fu
sprinkled on live coals to deodorize and purify the air. (82:26) ture use or dried and used to flavor stews or other dishes. Frozen
Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band) Cash Crop Plant traded to the Low Food Leaves frozen, canned, or dried for future use, and used to fla
er Thompson band, (as Peucedanum macrocarpum 164:479) vor stews or other dishes. Fruit Green, undeveloped fruits chewed
raw. Spice Leaves used as a flavoring in soups and stews. Green, un
Lomatium nevadense (S.Wats.) Coult. & Rose, Nevada Biscuitroot
developed fruits used as a flavoring. (187:156) Unspecified Stalks
• Foodr-Paiute, Northern Unspecified Roots eaten raw or cooked in
used for food, (as Peucedanum leiocarpum 164:484) Roots formerly
the sand. (59:44)
used as food, (as Peucedanum leiocarpum 164:479) Stalks peeled and
Lomatium nevadensevar. parishii (Coult. & Rose) Jepson,
eaten as celery, (as Peucedanum leiocarpum 164:483) Vegetable Stalks
Parish's Biscuitroot
used like celery. (125:38) Leaves eaten raw or cooked as a potherb.
• Food—Paiute Vegetable Peeled roots eaten fresh like radishes.
Winter Use Food Leaves frozen or canned for future use or dried and
(111:95)
used to flavor stews and other dishes. (187:156)
Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose, Barestem Biscuitroot • Other—Cowichan Ceremonial Items Seeds burned to fumigate
• Drag^-Cowichan Cold Remedy Seeds chewed for colds. Throat Aid homes and to "drive away ghosts." (182:89) Nitinaht Hunting & Fish
Seeds chewed for sore throats. (182:89) Ywakiutl Analgesic Poultice ing Item Leaves or seeds used for devil's club codfish lures. Incense &
of chewed seeds applied or chewed seeds blown on head for head FragranceLeaves or seeds used as scents or charms. (186:92) Saanich
aches. (183:276) Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of chewed seeds Ceremonial Items Seeds burned to fumigate homes and to "drive
applied to back for sore places, pains, or itching, (as Peucedanum away ghosts." Songish Ceremonial Items Seeds burned to fumigate
lecocarpum 20:382) Cold Remedy Poultice of chewed seeds applied homes and to "drive away ghosts." (182:89) Thompson Incense &
for colds. (183:276) Cough Medicine Seeds kept in the mouth and the Fragrance Plant sometimes used as a scent. Stems used as a scent,
saliva swallowed to loosen the phlegm for hoarseness and coughs. (as Peucedanum leiocarpum 164:503)
(as Penoedanum leiocarpum 20:381) Seeds sucked for coughs. Der-
Lomatium nuttallii (Gray) J. F. Macbr., Nuttall's Biscuitroot
matologicalAidPoultice of chewed seeds applied to carbuncles.
• Dnig^Creek Poison Plant considered poisonous if eaten in winter.
Gastrointestinal Aid Poultice of chewed seeds applied for stomach
UnspecifiedUsed as a medicine in summer. (172:667)
aches. Gynecological Aid Infusion of seeds taken by pregnant women
to insure an easy delivery. Poultice of chewed seeds applied for swel Lomatium orientate Coult. & Rose, Northern Idaho Biscuitroot
ling of a woman's breasts. Herbal Steam Compound with seeds used • Drug—Cheyenne Analgesic Infusion of roots and leaves used by
in a steam bath for general sickness. Hunting Medicine Seeds used children and adults for bowel pain and diarrhea, (as Cogswellia ori-
by hunters for protection. Laxative Seeds eaten for constipation. entalis 76:l&2) Infusion of roots and leaves used or dried roots and
Orthopedic Aid Poultice of chewed seeds applied for backaches and leaves eaten for bowel pain. (82:26) Antidiarrheal Infusion of pound
swollen knees and feet. Panacea Compound with seeds used in a ed roots and leaves taken for diarrhea, (as Cogswellia orientalis76:
steam bath for general sickness. (183:276) Throat Aid Seeds kept in 182) Roots and leaves infused or eaten dry for diarrhea. (82:26) Gas
the mouth and the saliva swallowed to loosen the phlegm for hoarse trointestinal ;4/d Infusion of pounded roots and leaves taken for
ness and coughs, (as Penoedanum leiocarpum 20:381) Seeds sucked bowel pain. Pediatric Aid Infusion of pounded roots and leaves given
for sore throats. (183:276) Nitinaht Ceremonial Medicine Seeds to children for bowel pain or diarrhea, (as Cogswellia orientalis
burned as a protective fumigant against bad spirits and illness. Cold 76:182)
Remedy Poultice of warm, soaked seeds applied to the chest for • Food—Lakota Unspecified Roots used for food. (139:33) Navajo Un
colds. (186:92) Saanich Cold Remedy Seeds chewed for colds. Throat specified Roots used for food. (55:68) Roots rubbed in hot ash to re
Aid Seeds chewed for sore throats. Salish, Coast Internal Medicine move the strong taste and eaten raw or baked, (as Cogswellia orien
Seeds swallowed for internal complaints. Songish Cold Remedy talis 165:221)
Seeds chewed for colds. Throat Aid Seeds chewed for sore throats.
Lomatium piperi Coult. & Rose, Indian Biscuitroot
(182:89) Thompson Cold Remedy Strong decoction of whole plant or
• Food—Paiute Unspecified Roots used for food. (111:94)
stems and leaves taken for colds, (as Peucedanum nudicaulis 164:
473) Decoction of leaves, strawberry leaves, and ginger root used as Lomatium simplex (Nutt.) J. F. Macbr., Narrowleaf Lomatium
 Catalog of Plants 317

• Food—Montana Indian Vegetable Fusiform root eaten baked, roast Lomatium watsonii (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose, Watson's
ed, or raw. (19:15) Desertparsley
• Food—Paiute Winter Use Food Peeled roots dried for winter use,
Lomatium simplex var. leptophyllum (Hook.) Mathias,
ground, and boiled into a mush or used to flavor dried crickets.
Narrowleaf Lomatium
(111:94)
• Food—Blackfoot Unspecified Roots eaten raw or roasted. (97:48)

Lonicera, Caprifoliaceae
Lomatium simplex (Nutt.) J. F. Macbr. var. simplex, Great Basin
Desertparsley Lonicera atizonica Rehd., Arizona Honeysuckle
• Food—Montana Indian Staple Spring roots reduced to flour. Un • Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Leaves used

specified Spring roots eaten, (as L platycarpum 19:15) as a ceremonial emetic. (191:45)

Lomatiumsp., Biscuitroot Lonicera canadensisBartr. ex Marsh., American Fly Honeysuckle

• Drug—Iroquois Blood Medicine Complex compound taken as blood
• Drug—Cheyenne Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of dried pulver
ized roots applied to swellings. DermatologicalAid Infusion of dried purifier. DermatologicalAid Decoction of shoots taken for chancres

roots applied to swellings, (as Cogswellia 76:182) Oregon Indian Love caused by syphilis. Pediatric Aid Infusion of bark given to children

Medicine Aromatic seeds carried by men as a love charm, (as Cogs who cry all night. Psychological Aid Infusion of bark taken for home

wellia 118:57) sickness. Sedative Infusion of bark given to children who cry all
night. Venereal Aid Decoction of shoots taken for chancres caused by
Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose, Nineleaf Biscuit- syphilis. (87:443) Menominee Urinary Aid Bark used for urinary dis
root eases. Venereal Aid Compound containing bark used for gonorrhea.
• Drwg^Blackfoot Panacea Chewed roots blown onto affected part by (151:27) Montagnais Diuretic Infusion of vines taken as a diuretic.
the diviner. The healing qualities of the spray were believed to pene (156:315) Potawatomi Diuretic Compound infusion of bark used as
trate the body at that place. (86:83) Pulmonary Aid Infusion of roots a diuretic. (154:46)
and leaves taken for chest troubles. (86:72) Strengthener Fruit chewed
by long distance runners to avoid side aches. (86:67) Okanagan-
Lonicera dliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC, Orange Honeysuckle
• Drwg^Chehalis Contraceptive Infusion of leaves taken as a contra
Colville Cold Remedy Infusion of flowers and upper leaves taken for
ceptive. DermatologicalAid Infusion of crushed leaves used as a hair
colds. Throat Aid Infusion of flowers and upper leaves taken for sore
wash to make it grow. (79:48) Cowichan Unspecified Leaves used for
throats. (188:70)
medicine. (182:79) Klallam DermatologicalAid Poultice of chewed
• Food—Atsugewi Unspecified Roots cooked in earth oven and used
leaves applied to bruises. Lummi Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of
for food. (61:138) Blackfoot Unspecified Flowers used to make pem-
leaves taken for tuberculosis. Skagit Tonic Decoction of leaves ap
mican. (86:103) Roots eaten raw or roasted. (97:49) Montana Indian
plied to the body as a strengthening tonic. Squaxin Gynecological
Staple Spring roots reduced to flour. Unspecified Spring roots eaten.
Aid Infusion of leaves taken for womb trouble. Swinomish Cold Rem
(19:15) Roots eaten raw, roasted, or baked. (82:26) Vegetable Fusiform
edy Infusion of bark or chewed leaf juice taken for colds. Gynecologi
root eaten baked, roasted, or raw. (19:15) Okanagan-Colville Dried
cal Aid Infusion of leaves used as a steam bath to stimulate lacteal
Food Flowers and upper leaves dried for future use. Spice Dried flow
flow. Throat Aid Infusion of bark taken for colds and sore throats.
ers and upper leaves used to flavor meats, stews, and salads. Substi
(79:48) Thompson Anticonvulsive Infusion of woody part of vine tak
tution Food Flowers and upper leaves sometimes used as a substitute
en in small amounts or used as a bath for epilepsy. Infusion of woody
food. (188:70)
part of vine taken in small amounts or used as a bath for children
• Other—Blackfoot Good Luck Charm Fruits stuffed into a porcupine
with epilepsy. Flowers sucked for epilepsy. Reproductive A/d Decoc
foot and tied on a young girl's hair as a good luck charm. Hide Prepa
tion of chopped, cooked vine stems taken by women who could not
ration Fruits used during the tanning process of animal pelts to keep
become pregnant. SedativeVine pieces used under the pillow to in
them from smelling. (86:115) Paiute Malicious MagicWhen broken,
duce sound sleep. (187:196) Tonic Decoction of peeled stems taken
it brought the cold wind. (111:96)
as a tonic. (164:471)
Lomatium Utriculatum (Nutt. exTorr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose, • Food—Nitinaht Candy Tubes formerly sucked by children for sweet
Common Lomatium nectar. (186:99) Okanagan-Colville Forage Flower nectar sucked by
• Drug—Kawaiisu DermatologicalAid Decoction of plant used as a hummingbirds. (188:93) Saanich Candy Flower nectar sucked by
wash for swollen limbs. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of plant used as a children. (182:79) Thompson Candy Nectar sucked from flowers by
wash for broken limbs. (206:38) Salish, Coast Analgesic Roots chewed children. (187:196) Forage Flower nectar eaten by bees and hum
or soaked in water and taken for headaches. Gastrointestinal Aid mingbirds. (164:516)
Roots chewed or soaked in water and taken for stomach disorders. • Fiber—Thompson BuildingMaterialVmes used with other plants as
(182:89) building materials. The vines were used with willow withes to rein
• Food—Atsugewi Unspecified Raw leaves used for food. (61:139) force suspension bridges across canyons and rivers. The vines were
Kawaiisu Vegetable Leaves, sometimes with flowers, cooked, fried in also twisted with coyote willow to lash together the framing poles of
grease and salt, and eaten. (206:38) Mendocino Indian Unspecified underground pit houses and to make a pliable ladder on the outside
Young leaves eaten raw in early summer. (41:373) of the pit house, running from the opening down to the ground. (187:
318 Lonicera ciliosa (Caprifoliaceae)

196) Cordage Fiber obtained from stems used as twine. Sewing Mate • Other—Kawaiisu Smoking Tools Hollowed stem section used as a
rial Fiber obtained from stems used as thread. (164:499) cigarette-type pipe. (206:38)
• Dye—Thompson Black Stems used as a black dye for bitter cherry.
(187:196) Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Spreng., Twinberry Honeysuckle
• Drug—Bella Coola Cough MedicineDecoction of bark taken for
Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg, Purpleflower Honeysuckle
cough. Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves used on itch,
• FoodL-Klamath Fruit Fresh berries used for food. (45:104)
boils, and gonorrheal sores and bark used for sores. (150:63) Leaves
Lonicera dioica L, Limber Honeysuckle chewed and used for itchy skin and boils. (184:203) Venereal Aid
• Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Cathartic Infusion of bark used as a ca Poultice of chewed leaves or toasted bark applied to gonorrheal
thartic. Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark used for menstrual diffi sores. (150:63) Blackfoot Cathartic and Emetic Infusion of berries
culties. Kidney Aid Infusion of bark used for kidney stones. (18:234) used as a cathartic and emetic to cleanse the body. Gastrointestinal
Chippewa Diuretic Infusion of stems taken as a diuretic. Urinary Aid Aid Infusion of berries used for stomach troubles. Pulmonary AidIn
Infusion of stems taken for dysuria. (as L divica 71:141) Iroquois fusion of berries used for chest troubles. (86:67) Carrier Dermatolog
Emetic Decoction of vines taken as an emetic to throw off effects of ical Aid Poultice of crushed leaves applied to open sores. EyeMedi-
love medicine. Love Medicine Decoction of vines taken as an emetic, cine Decoction of leaves used to bathe sore eyes. (31:77) Carrier,
love or anti-love medicine. Venereal Aid Compound decoction of Northern Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of stems taken
roots taken for gonorrhea. (87:443) Meskwaki Anthelmintic Infusion for body sores. Orthopedic Aid and Stimulant Compound decoction
of berry and root bark taken by pregnant women for worms. of stems taken for constitutional weakness or paralysis. Carrier,
(152:207) Southern Eye Medicine Decoction of bark used daily as an eyewash.
(150:63) Gitksan Eye MedicineFruit juice used for sore eyes. Infusion
Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters, Limber Honey
of inner bark used for sore eyes. (43:229) Fresh juice of berries or in
suckle
fusion of inner bark used in sore eyes. (150:63) Kvjakiutl Analgesic
• Drug—Cree, Woodlands Diuretic Infusion of inner bark, either
Compound infusion of bark used as foot bath for painful legs and
scraped from or attached to the stem, used as a diuretic. Infusion of
feet. (20:380) Chewed leaves with yellow cedar rubbed on painful
peeled, internodal stem lengths used for urine retention. Gynecologi
places. (20:382) Antirheumatic (External) Plant used in sweat baths
cal Aid Decoction of stems used for blood clotting after childbirth.
for arthritis and rheumatism. (183:266) Dermatological Aid Leaves
Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of peeled, internodal stem lengths
chewed with yellow cedar and rubbed on painful places. (20:380)
used for flu. Venereal Aid Decoction of stems used for venereal dis
Chewed leaves rubbed on sores. Poultice of bark, berries, or leaves
ease. (109:43) Iroquois Febrifuge Decoction of plants given to chil
and grease applied to swellings or sores. Gynecological Aid Decoc
dren for fevers and sickness. Gynecological Aid Decoction taken by
tion of bark applied to women's breasts to make milk flow. (183:279)
pregnant women for internal and leg soreness. PediatricAid Decoc
Herbal Steam Plant used in sweat baths for arthritis and rheumatism.
tion of plants given to children for fevers and sickness. Tuberculosis
(183:266) Orthopedic Aid Compound decoction of bark used as foot
Remedy Compound decoction of roots taken for consumption.
bath for leg and foot pains. (20:380) Compound infusion of bark used
(87:444)
as a soak for sore feet and legs. Infusion of leaves or roots applied as
• Other—Cree, Woodlands Cooking Tools Hollow stems used as straws
poultice to swollen shoulders and feet. (183:279) Kwakiutl, Southern
by children. Smoking Tools Hollow stem sections used as pipestems
Analgesic Poultice of bark and berries or leaves, fresh sea wrack, and
for corn cob pipes and toy rose hip pipes. (109:43)
alder bark applied for aches and pains. (183:260) Makah Dermato
Lonicera hispidulavar. californica]euson, Pink Honeysuckle logical Aid Mashed fruit applied to the scalp for dandruff. Emetic
• Other—Pomo Smoking Tools Stems used for clay elbow pipes. Fruit used as an emetic. (67:317) Gynecological AidLeaves chewed
(66:15) by women during confinement. (79:48) Poison Fruit considered poi
sonous. (67:317) Navajo,Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic
Lonicera hispidulavar. vocillans (Benth.) Gray, Pink Honey
Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic. (191:45) Nitinaht Psychological
suckle
Aid Buds eaten in spring or bark rubbed on body as a tonic for ner
• Other—Pomo, Kashaya Designs Burned wood ashes made into a
vous breakdowns. Nootka, Manhousat Love Medicine Decoction of
paste for tattooing. Smoking Tools Hollow stems used for pipestems.
bark or fresh bark eaten by whalers to relieve effects of sexual absti
(72:56)
nence. (186:99) Nuxalkmc Cough Medicineleaves or bark used for
Lonicera interrupta Benth., Chaparral Honeysuckle coughs. Dermatological Aid Leaves or bark used for boils and itchy
• Drwg^Mendocino Indian Eye Medicine Infusion of leaves taken and areas. Venereal AidLeaves or bark used for gonorrhea. (43:229) Oka-
used as a wash for sore eyes. (41:388) Shoshoni Antirheumatic (Exter nagan-Colville Gynecological Aid Branches used to make a medicine
nal) Poultice of raw root applied to swellings. Yuki Dermatological for mothers after childbirth. Poison Berries considered poisonous.
Aid Leaves used in a wash for sores. (118:44) (188:94) Poliklah Poison Berries considered poisonous. (117:173)
• Food—Mendocino Indian Unspecified Nectar sucked out of long, Quileute Antidote and Emetic Leaves chewed as an emetic when
yellow flowers by children. (41:388) poisoned. (79:48) Quinault Dermatological AidLeaves chewed or
• Fiber—Mendocino Indian Basketry Long, flexible stems used for the rubbed on sores. (201:276) Gynecological Aid Leaves chewed by
circular withes of baskets. (41:388) women during confinement. (79:48) Oral Aid Leaves chewed for sore
 Catalog of Plants 319

mouth. (201:276) Thompson Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled branches taken as a mild laxative. (188:94)
leaves applied to swellings. (164:457) Decoction of sticks, leaves and • Food—Okanagan-Colville Fruit Berries used for food. (188:94)
all, used for scabs and sores. Dietary Aid Decoction of stems and
leaves taken as a tonic "for vitamins." (187:197) Orthopedic Aid De Lophophora, Cactaceae
coction of leaves and twigs used as a liniment. (164:457) Decoction Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Coult., Peyote
of sticks, leaves and all, used for broken bones. (187:197) Poison Ber • Drag^-Comanche Ceremonial Medicine and Narcotic Plant used in
ries considered poisonous if more than two or three eaten. (164:489) ceremonies as a narcotic. (29:522) Delaware Panacea Carried in
Throat Aid Decoction of sticks, leaves and all, taken for sore throat. small beaded bags and worn around the neck to protect against ill
Urinary Aid Decoction of sticks, leaves and all, taken for bladder ness. Tuberculosis Remedy Used for tuberculosis. (176:39) Kiowa .
trouble. (187:197) Tolowa Poison "Not good to eat, poison." (6:37) Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of plants applied for
Wet'suwet'en Burn DressingBark used for burns. Dermatological Aid rheumatic pains. Cold Remedy Decoction of plants taken for colds.
Bark used for wounds. Disinfectant Bark used for infections. (73:152) Dermatological Aid Poultice of plants applied for cuts. Febrifuge De
• Food—Bella Coola Forage Berries eaten by birds. (184:203) Hesquiat coction of plants taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of
Forage Berries eaten by crows and other birds. (185:63) Montana In plants taken for intestinal ills. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of
dian Winter Use Food Fruit dried and stored for winter use. (19:15) plants taken for grippe and scarlet fever. Narcotic Plant used as a
Okanagan-Colville Forage Berries eaten by bears. (188:94) Okana- narcotic. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of plants applied for bruises. Pana
gon Fruit Fruits occasionally used for food. (125:39) Oweekeno Fruit cea Decoction of plants taken as a panacea. Pulmonary Aid Decoc
Berries used for food. (43:89) Thompson Forage Berries eaten by tion of plants taken for pneumonia and scarlet fever. Tuberculosis
grizzly bears. (187:197) Fruit Fruits occasionally used for food. (125: Remedy Decoction of plants taken for tuberculosis. Venereal Aid De
39) Berries eaten, but not commonly exploited as a food source. One coction of plants taken for venereal disease. (192:43) Omaha Cere
informant ate the berries, but was told by her mother not to eat monial Medicine Plant revered and used in important ritual and cer
them. (187:197) emonial sacraments. (70:104,110) Paiute Unspecified Plant used by
• Dye—Hesquiat Purple Mashed berries boiled to make a purple one shaman for curing. (111:91) Ponca Hallucinogen Dried flesh
paint. (185:63) Makah Unspecified Fruit used as a dye for basketry "buttons" eaten to cause auditory and visual hallucinations. Unspec-
materials. (67:317) ifiedDecoction of dried flesh "buttons" taken for illness. (94:48) Win-
• Other—Quileute Paint Juice used to paint the faces of dolls. (79:48) nebago Ceremonial Medicine Plant revered and used in important
ritual and ceremonial sacraments. (70:104,110)
LonicerajaponicaThunb., Japanese Honeysuckle
• Other—Blackfoot Ceremonial Items Plant used in ceremonial rites of
• Fiber—Cherokee Basketry Vines used to make baskets. (80:38)
the Native American Church. (97:45) Ponca Ceremonial Items Flesh
Lonicem oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook., Swamp Fly Honeysuckle dried into "buttons" and eaten during religious ceremonies. (94:48)
• DrwgMroquois Analgesic Poultice of hot bark applied to abdomen
for urinating pain. Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of Lotus, Fabaceae
branches taken for falling of the womb. Psychological Aid Infusion of Lotus humistratUS Greene, Foothill Deervetch
bark taken for loneliness. Sedative Infusion of bark taken for restless • Drug—Karok Gynecological Aid Infusion of plant taken and used as
ness. Urinary Aid Poultice of hot bark applied to abdomen for uri a wash by women in labor. (148:385)
nating pain. (87:443)
Lotus mearnsii (Britt.) Greene, Mearns's Birdsfoot Trefoil
Lonicerasp., Honeysuckle
• Food—Havasupai Unspecified Species used for food. (197:226)
• Drug—Chippewa Pulmonary Aid Compound decoction of root tak
en for lung trouble. (53:340) Costanoan Cough Medicine Decoction Lotus pwcumbens (Greene) Greene, Silky Deerweed
of dried fruit used as a cough syrup. Dermatological Aid and Disin • Foodr—Kawaiisu Spice Plant added to the dry pine needles spread as

fectant Decoction of plant used for infected sores. Orthopedic Aid a layer in the pit roasting of the yucca. (206:38)

Decoction of plant used as a bath for swollen feet. (21:24) Iroquois • Fiber—Kawaiisu Building Material Plant used as wall filler in the

Antidiarrheal and Pediatric Aid Compound decoction of twigs given construction of the winter house. (206:38)

to babies with diarrhea. (87:442)

Lotus SCOparius (Nutt.) Ottley, Common Deerweed
Lonicerasubspicatavar.johnstoniiKeck, Johnston's Honey • Drwg^Costanoan Cough Medicine Decoction of foliage used for
suckle coughs. (21:19)
• Drug—Diegueno Veterinary Aid Decoction of plant used to wash • Food—Diegueno Fodder Leaves fed to domesticated animals. (88:
sores on horses. (84:24) 218) T\ibatulabal Unspecified Leaves used for food. (193:15)
• Fiber—Cahuilla Building Material Plant used as a material in house
Lonicera utahensisS.Wats., Utah Honeysuckle
construction. (15:87) Costanoan Building MaterialFoliage used for
• Drug^Navajo, Ramah Hunting Medicine Chewed leaves blown on
house thatching. (21:250)
weapons for good luck in hunting. (191:45) Okanagan-Colville Blood
• Other—Diegueno Soap Roots used for soap. (88:218)
Medicinelnnision of branches taken as a tonic to "change the blood"
in the spring and fall. Dermatological Aid Infusion of branches and Lotus scoparius (Nutt.) Ottley var. scoparius, Common Deer
leaves used to wash sores and infections. Laxative Infusion of weed
320 Lotus scoparius (Fabaceae)

• Drwg^Mahuna Blood Medicine Infusion of plant taken to build the • Other—Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths
blood, (as Hosackiaglabra 140:34) for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.
(72:65)
Lotus StligOSUS (Nutt.) Greene, Bishop Lotus
• Foodr—Luiseno Vegetable Plant used for greens. (155:231) LupiflUS albifrons Benth. ex Lindl, Silver Lupine
• DrwgHKarok Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken and
Lotus imifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. var. unifoliolatus, Prairie
used as a steam bath for stomach troubles. (148:385)
Trefoil
• Other—Porno, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths
• Food—Kawaiisu Spice Plant used as a mat for the juniper cake which
for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.
improves the taste of the cake, (as L purshianus 206:39) Miwok
(72:65)
Cooking Agent Green leaves pounded with oily acorns, to absorb
some of the oil. (as L americanus 12:144) Lupinus arboreus Sims, Bush Lupine
• Fiber—Pomo Cordage Root fibers used for string. (66:13) Pomo,
Lotus wrightii (Gray) Greene, Wright's Deervetch
Kashaya Cordage Root fibers used to make string for fish nets, deer
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Decoction of leaves used for stom
and rabbit nets, gill nets, and carrying nets. (72:65)
achache. Cathartic Decoction of leaves used as a cathartic. Disinfec
• Other—Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths
tant Decoction of leaves used for "deer infection." Gastrointestinal
for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.
Aid Decoction of leaves used for stomachache. Panacea Plant used
(72:65)
as "life medicine." (191:32) Zuni Witchcraft Medicine Poultice of
chewed root applied to swellings caused by being witched by a bull- Lupinus arcticus S. Wats., Arctic Lupine
snake. (27:376) • Drwg^Eskimo, Inupiat Poison Seeds considered poisonous.
• Food—Isleta Forage Considered an excellent grazing plant for sheep. (98:143)

(100:34)
Lupinus argenteus ssp. ingratus (Greene) Harmon, Silvery
• Other—Keres, Western UnspecifiedPlant known and named but no Lupine
use was specified. (171:52)
• Drug—Nava]o, Ramah Dermatological A/d Poultice of crushed
leaves applied to poison ivy blisters, (as L ingratus 191:32)
Ludwigia, Onagraceae
Ludwigia bonariensis (M. Micheli) Hara, Carolina Primrosewillow Lupinus brevicaulis S.Wats., Shortstem Lupine
• DrwgHHawaiian Blood Medicine Infusion of pounded whole plants • DrwgH^avajo Dermatological Aid Plant rubbed on as a liniment for

and other plants strained and taken to purify the blood. Dermatolog- boils. Reproductive A/d Plant used for sterility. (55:56)

ical Aid and Pediatric Aid Seeds or root pulp used by children on • Other—Navajo Ceremonial Items Used in the female shooters

small cuts or scratches, [asjussiaea villosa 2:48) branch of the Lightning Chant. (55:56)

Ludwigia virgataMichx., Savannah Primrosewillow Lupinus caudatus ssp, argophyllus (Gray) L. Phillips, Kelloggs
Spurred Lupine
• DrMg^-Seminole DermatologicalAid Decoction of root taken and
• Drw^-Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine Leaves used as a cere
used as a body steam for snake sickness: itchy skin. (169:239)
monial emetic. Dermatological Aid Cold infusion of leaves used as a
Luetkea, Rosaceae lotion on poison ivy blisters. Emetic Leaves used as a ceremonial
emetic, (as L aduncus 191:32)
Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze, Partridgefoot
• Drug—Okanagon Analgesic Decoction of plant taken for abdominal Lupinus densiflorus Benth., Whitewhorl Lupine
pains. Dermatological Aid?oultice of crushed plant applied to sores. • Food—Miwok Unspecified Steamed leaves and flowers eaten with
Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of plant taken for abdominal pains. acorn soup. (12:159)
Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken by women for profuse or • Other—Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths
prolonged menstruation. (125:42) Thompson Analgesic Decoction of for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.
plant taken for abdominal pains. (164:472) Dermatological A/d Poul (72:65)
tice of crushed plant applied to sores. (125:42) Poultice of crushed,
Lupinus kingii S. Wats., King's Lupine
fresh plant applied to sores. (164:472) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction
• Drug—Hopi Eye Medicine Plant used as an eye medicine. (200:33,
of plant taken for abdominal pains. (125:42) Decoction of plant tak
80) Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid Poultice of crushed leaves
en for abdominal pain. (164:472) Gynecological Aid Decoction of
used for poison ivy blisters and other skin irritations. Panacea
plant taken by women for profuse or prolonged menstruation. (125:
Leaves used as "life medicine." (191:32)
42) Decoction of plant taken for profuse or prolonged menstruation.
(164:472) Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J. G. Agardh, Broadleaf Lupine
• Food—Miwok Sauce & Relish Steamed, dried leaves and flowers
Lupinus, Fabaceae boiled and used as a relish with manzanita cider. Winter Use Food
LupiflUS affinis]. G. Agardh, Fleshy Lupine Steamed leaves and flowers dried and stored for winter use. (12:159)
• Food—Mendocino Indian Vegetable Young leaves formerly roasted • Other—Miwok Containers Leaves used to line acorn leaching bas
and eaten as greens, (as L carnosulus 41:357) ket, to prevent meal from running through the interstices. (12:146)
 Catalog of Plants 321

Lupinus HttoralisDougl, Seashore Lupine for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.
• DrMg^Kwakiutl Pediatric Aid and SedativeRoot ash rubbed into a (72:65)

newborn baby's cradle to make infant sleep well. (183:284)

Lupinus pusillus Pursh, Rusty Lupine
• Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala UnspecifiedRoots peeled and eaten raw.
• Drug—Hopi Ear Medicine Plant used as an ear medicine. EyeMedi-
(43:249) Kwakiutl, Southern Unspecified Fleshy taproots eaten raw,
cine Plant used as an eye medicine. (42:333)
boiled, or steamed in spring. If eaten raw, these roots caused dizzi • Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Juice used as holy water in the Po-
ness. Therefore, they were usually eaten raw only before bedtime in
wa-mu ceremony. (42:333)
the evening. (183:284)
Lupinus pusillus ssp, intermontanus (Heller) D. Dunn, Inter-
Lupinus luteolus Kellogg, Pale Yellow Lupine mountain Lupine
• Food—Mendocino Indian Forage Succulent tops eaten sparingly by • Drwg^-Navajo, Kayenta Disinfectant Plant used as a fumigant ingre
horses in early summer. VegetablePlant tops eaten as greens. dient. Ear Medicine Plant used for earaches. Hemostat Plant used for
(41:358) nosebleeds. (205:28)
• Other—Porno, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths
for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.
Lupinus tivularis Dougl. ex LindL, Riverbank Lupine
• Drwg^-Thompson Unspecified Plant used medicinally for unspeci
(72:65)
fied purpose. (164:461)
Lupinus lyallii Gray, Dwarf Mountain Lupine
Lupinus sericeus Pursh, Silky Lupine
• Drwg^-Navajo Dermatological A/d Plant used for boils. (55:97)
• Drug—Okanagan-Colville Eye Medicine Seeds pounded, mixed with
• Dye—Navajo Blue Flowers used to make a blue dye. Green Used to
water, strained, and resulting liquid used as an eye medicine.
make a green dye. (55:57)
(188:105)
Lupinus nanus ssp. latifolius (Benth. exTorr.) D. Dunn, Sky • Food—Okanagan-Colville Forage Plant considered the marmot's
Lupine favorite food. (188:105)
• Other—Porno, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths • Fiber—Okanagan-Colville Mats, Rugs & BeddingPlants used for
for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. bedding and as flooring in the sweat house. (188:105)
(72:65) • Other—Okanagan-Colville Season Indicator Blooms indicated that
groundhogs were fat enough to eat. (188:105)
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims, Nootka Lupine
• Drwg^-Alaska Native Poison Roots considered poisonous. (85:157) Lupinus sericeus Pursh var. sericeus, Silky Lupine
• Food—Alaska Native UnspecifiedRoots peeled and inner portion • Drag^-Thompson Poison Plant considered poisonous. Veterinary
eaten raw or boiled. (85:157) Aid Plant eaten by horses as medicine. (187:224)

Lupinus nootkatensis var.fruticosus Sims, Nootka Lupine Lupinus sp., Lupine

• Foodr-Haisla & Hanaksiala UnspecifiedRoots peeled and eaten raw. • Drug—Blackfoot Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant taken for in
(43:249) Kimsquit UnspecifiedRoots formerly roasted and used for digestion and gas. (86:67) Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of roots tak
food. (184:205) en and rubbed on mumps. (86:77) Respiratory Aid Infusion of plant
taken for hiccups. (86:72) Veterinary Aid Infusion of leaves applied to
Lupinus nootkatensis Donn ex Sims var. nootkatensis, Nootka
wounds caused by small biting flies, especially on the chest and ud
Lupine
der. (86:89) Paiute Diuretic Plant used for failure to urinate. (167:317)
• Foorf—Haisla & Hanaksiala Unspecified Roots peeled and eaten raw.
Plant used for "failure in urination." (180:102) Urinary Aid Plant used
(43:249)
for bladder trouble. (167:317) Shoshoni Diuretic Plant used for "fail
Lupinus perennis L, Sundial Lupine ure in urination." (180:102) Thompson Poison Plant considered poi
• Drag^Cherokee Antiemetic Cold infusion taken and used as wash sonous. VeterinaryAidPlant eaten by horses as medicine. (187:224)
"to check hemorrhage and vomiting." Antihemorrhagic Cold infu • Food—Costanoan Sfap/e Seeds used for pinole. (21:250) Kitasoo Un
sion taken and used as wash "to check hemorrhage and vomiting." specifiedRoots used for food. (43:337) Luiseno UnspeciftedLemes
(80:43,44) Menominee Veterinary AidPlant used to fatten a horse used for food. (15:87) Vegetable Plant used for greens. (155:231)
and make him spirited and full of fire. Witchcraft Medicine Plant Paiute Forage Plants used for horse and cattle food. (111:86) Thomp
rubbed on hands or body to give person power to control horses. son Fodder Used as a fodder for horses and cattle. (164:514) Yavapai
(151:40) Vegetable Boiled leaves used for greens. (65:257) Yuki Vegetable
Young plants roasted and eaten as greens. (49:88)
Lupinus polyphyllus LindL, Bigleaf Lupine
• Other—Blackfoot Ceremonial Items Leaves chewed by ceremonial-
• Dmg^Salish Tonic Decoction of plants used as a tonic. (178:293)
ist, to reinforce his powers, before he undertook any face painting.
Thompson Poison Plant considered poisonous. (187:224) Unspeci-
Incense & Fragrance Used as incense in the Ghost Dance. (86:38)
fied Plant used medicinally for unspecified purpose. (164:461) Veteri
Navajo Ceremonial Items Used in the Male Shooting Chant. (55:56)
nary Aid Plant eaten by horses as medicine. (187:224)
• Food—Kwakiutl UnspecifiedRoots eaten fresh or steamed. (182:84) Lupinus SUCCUlentUS Dougl. ex K. Koch, Hollowleaf Annual Lupine
• Other—Porno, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths • Other—Porno, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths
322 Lupinus succulentus (Fabaceae)

for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. mixed with water, and used as a beverage. Dried Food Berries sun
(72:65) dried, stored, and eaten without preparation. Berries washed, boiled,
dried, and stored. Porridge Berries washed, boiled, strained, mashed,
Lupinus sulphureus Dougl. ex Hook., Sulphur Lupine
and wheat added to make mush. (37:204)
• Drwg^-Okanagan-Colville Eye Medicine Seeds pounded, mixed with
water, strained, and resulting liquid used as an eye medicine. Lyciumfremontii Gmy, Fremont's Desertthorn
(188:105) • Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Dried berries boiled into mush or ground
• Food—Okanagan-Colville Forage Plant considered the marmot's into flour and mixed with water. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (15:87)
favorite food. (188:105) Maricopa Fruit Black berries used for food. (95:265) Papago Dried
• Fiber—Okanagan-Colville Mats, Rugs & BeddingPlants used for Food Berries dried and eaten like raisins. (34:19) Fruit Berries used
bedding and as flooring in the sweat house. (188:105) for food. (36:62) Pima BeverageRed berries boiled, mashed, and the
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Season Indicator Blooms indicated that liquid used as a beverage. (47:87) Fruit Red berries cooked and eaten
groundhogs were fat enough to eat. (188:105) warm or cold with sugar. (95:262) Red berries boiled and eaten. (146:
75) Yuma Beverage Berries gathered, washed, boiled, ground, mixed
Lupinus versicolorUndl, Manycolored Lupine
with water, and used as a beverage. Dried Food Berries sun dried,
• Other—Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths
stored, and eaten without preparation. Berries washed, boiled, dried,
for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May.
and stored. Porridge Berries washed, boiled, strained, mashed, and
(as I. variicolor 72:65)
wheat added to make mush. (37:204)
Lupinus wyethii S. Wats., Wyeth's Lupine • Other—Papago Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make bows. (34:70)
• Drwg^Okanagan-Colville Eye Medicine Seeds pounded, mixed with
Lycium pallidum Miers, Pale Wolfberry
water, strained, and resulting liquid used as an eye medicine.
• Drug—Hopi Ceremonial MedicinePlant used at the annual "Niman-
(188:105)
katcina" ceremony. (56:19) Navajo, Kayenta Toothache Remedy
• Food—Okanagan-Colville Forage Plant considered the marmot's
Ground root placed in cavity for toothaches. (205:41) Navajo, Ramah
favorite food. (188:105)
Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Leaves or root used as ceremonial
• Fiber—Okanagan-Colville Mats, Rugs & BeddingPlants used for
emetic. Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used for chickenpox and poultice
bedding and as flooring in the sweat house. (188:105)
of plant used for toothaches. Panacea Bark and dried berries used as
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Season IndicatorBlooms indicated that
"life medicine." Toothache Remedy Poultice of heated root applied
groundhogs were fat enough to eat. (188:105)
for toothache. (191:42)

Luzula, Juncaceae • Food—Acoma Sauce & Relish Berries cooked into a syrup. (32:33)
Havasupai Beverage Dried berries ground and mixed with water to
Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej., Common Woodrush
make a drink. Dried Food Berries sun dried for future use. (197:239)
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial MedicinePlant used as a ceremo
Hopi Fruit Berries eaten fresh from the shrub. (56:19) Berries eaten.
nial emetic and for other ceremonial purposes. Emetic Plant used as
(138:47) Porridge Ground berries mixed with "potato clay" and eaten.
a ceremonial emetic. (191:20)
(42:332) Preserves Berries cooked to make a jam-like food and served
Luzula sp., Woodrush with fresh piki bread. (120:19) Starvation Food Berries boiled, ground,
• Drug—Iroquois Other Decoction used to increase strength to physi mixed with "potato clay," and eaten during past famines. (200:89)
cally punish one of bewitchment. (87:279) Unspecified Seeds eaten. (190:166) Isleta Fruit Fresh, summer berries
eaten for food. (100:34) Jemez Fruit Ripe or cooked berries used for
Lycium, Solanaceae food. Special Food Unripe berries stewed, sweetened, and eaten as a
Lycium andersonii (Pursh) Nutt., Anderson's Wolfberry delicacy. (32:33) Keres, Western Sauce & Relish Cooked berries made
• Food—Paiute, Northern Dried Food Berries dried in the sand for into a syrup. (171:52) Laguna Sauce & Relish Berries cooked into a
winter use. (59:50) syrup. (32:33) Navajo Beverage Berries mashed in water and used as
a beverage. (110:32) Dried Food Fruits boiled, dried, stored for winter
Lycium andersonii Gray Anderson's Wolfberry
use, and eaten dry. (55:74) Sun dried berries used for food. (110:32)
• Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Dried berries boiled into mush or
Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. (55:74) Berries used for food. (90:153) Berries
ground into flour and mixed with water. Fruit Berries eaten fresh.
eaten fresh off the bush. (110:32) Fresh, mashed berries mixed with
(15:87) Kawaiisu Beverage Fruit juice used as a beverage. Dried Food
powdered clay to counteract astringency and used for food. (165:
Fruit mashed, dried, soaked in warm water for an hour, and eaten.
222) Soup Fruits boiled, dried, stored for winter use, and made into
Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (206:39) Mohave Beverage Berries crushed,
a soup. (55:74) Berries used to make soup and stew. (110:32) Special
strained, and used as a drink. Dried Food Berries dried like raisins.
Food Fruit sacrificed to the gods. (55:74) Winter Use Food Fresh ber
(37:205) Paiute, Northern Fruit Berries eaten fresh and crushed or
ries soaked, boiled until tender, ground with clay, and stored for win
mixed with water. Porridge Berries dried, mashed, and eaten like a
ter use. (165:222) Navajo, Ramah Dried Food Berries dried and boiled
mush. (59:50)
with clay, sugar, or wild potatoes. Fruit Berries eaten raw or boiled
Lydum exsertum Gray, Arizona Desertthorn with clay. (191:42) Zuni Fruit Berries eaten raw when perfectly ripe
• Food—Yuma Beverage Berries gathered, washed, boiled, ground, or boiled and sometimes sweetened. (166:68)
 Catalog of Plants 323

• Other—Hopi Ceremonial items Whole shrub used in Niman kachina • Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala Fruit Fruit used for food. (43:291) Semi-
dance. (42:332) Navajo Sacred Items Plant considered to be a sacred nole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:508)
plant. (56:19) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial /terns Thorn ash used for Lycopodiaceae, see Huperzia, Lycopodium
Evilway blackening. Stem used to make Evilway big hoop. (191:42)
Zuni Protection Ground leaves, twigs, and flowers given to warriors
Lycopodium, Lycopodiaceae, club moss
for protection during war. A pinch of the mixture was given to each Lycopodium annotinum L, Stiff Clubmoss
warrior. The warriors placed it in their mouths, ejected the mass into • Fiber—Shuswap Building Material Moss mixed with clay and used
their hands, and rubbed in on their faces, arms, and bodies so that between the logs of a log house. (123:49)
the enemy's arrows could not harm them. (166:94) • Other—Cree, Woodlands Cooking Tools Plant used to separate raw
fish eggs from the membranes. (109:44) Shuswap Fertilizer Moss
Lydum sp., Wolfberry mixed with house plant dirt as a fertilizer to make the plants healthi
• Food—Pima, Gila River Fruit Fruits eaten raw and boiled. (133:7)
er. (123:49)

Lydum torreyi Gray, Squawthorn Lycopodium clavatum L, Running Clubmoss

• Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Leaves or • Drug—Aleut Analgesic and Gynecological Aid Infusion of plant taken
root used as ceremonial emetic. Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used for for postpartum pain. (8:427) Carrier, Southern Analgesic Moss in
chickenpox and poultice of plant used for toothaches. Panacea Bark serted into the nose to cause bleeding for headaches. (150:48) Mon-
and dried berries used as "life medicine." Toothache Remedy Poultice tagnais Febrifuge "Brew" from plant used for weakness and fever.
of heated root applied for toothache. (191:42) Stimulant Compound containing plant used for weakness and fever.
• Food—Navajo, Ramah Dried Food Berries dried and boiled with clay, (156:315) Potawatomi Hemostat Spores of fruiting spikes used as a
sugar, or wild potatoes. Fruit Berries eaten raw or boiled with clay. styptic and coagulant. (154:64)
(191:42) Tubatulabal Fruit Berries used extensively for food. (193:15) • Fiber—Hanaksiala Clothing Plant used as a belt for the blankets that
• Other—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Items Stem used to make Evil- were worn. (43:157)
way big hoop. Thorn ash used for Evilway blackening. (191:42) • Other—Bella Coola Decorations Used to make wreaths. (184:196)
Hesquiat Decorations Used by children to make Christmas decora
Lycoperdaceae, see Bovista, Bovistella, Calvatia, Geastrum, Lyco-
tions. (185:29) Oweekeno Jewelry Plant used to make a decorative
perdon
necklace worn during festive occasions. (43:59) Thompson Decora

Lycoperdon, Lycoperdaceae, fungus tions Plant used as a Christmas decoration. One informant used it as
a Christmas decoration but was told not to use it by her chief as it
Lycoperdonsp., Puffball
was considered to bring bad luck. He said, "that's for the devil."
• Drw#—Blackfoot Antihemorrhagic Spores mixed with water and tak
(187:87)
en for internal hemorrhage. Hemostat Poultice of spores applied to
wounds as a styptic. Plant pieces held to the nose for nosebleeds. Lycopodium complanatumh., Groundcedar
(86:84) Veterinary A/d Plant pieces applied as a styptic on castration • Drag^-Blackfoot Dermatological Aid Spores applied as an antiseptic
wounds and other cuts. (86:89) Haisla & Hanaksiala Poison Spores dust on wounds. Hemostat Spores snuffed for nosebleed. Pulmonary
dangerous, especially harmful to the eyes. (43:134) Pomo, Kashaya Aid Decoction of plant used for lung diseases. Venereal Aid Decoc
Poison Plant considered poisonous. (72:132) tion of plant used for venereal diseases. (97:16) Iroquois Reproduc
• Other—Blackfoot Ceremonial Items Puffballs figured into religious tive Aid Compound decoction taken to induce pregnancy. (87:263)
life. Puffballs were thought to be stars that had fallen to earth during Ojibwa StimulantDried leaves used as a reviver. (153:375)
supernatural events. There was a story about the woman who mar • Dye—Blackfoot Mordant Whole plant used as a mordant to set cer
ried Morning Star and had a child by this supernatural being. When tain dyes. (97:16)
she returned to earth with the Natoas bundles and her child, she was
Lycopodium dendroideum Michx., Tree Groundpine
directed by the star personage to keep her baby from touching the
• Drug—Montagnais Cathartic and Gastrointestinal A/d Decoction of
ground for 14 days. She managed all right until the day she went for
plant taken as a purgative "in case of biliousness." (156:316) Penob-
wood and left the child in the care of a grandmother. The grand
scot UnspeciftedPlant thought to have "some medicinal value."
mother was careless and the baby touched the ground. It turned into
(156:309)
a large puffball and returned to the heavens as the Fixed Star (North
Star), plugging the hole left by the woman when she pulled out the Lycopodium obscurum L, Rare Clubmoss
Holy Turnip. Used in the Firelighters bundle of the Horn Society for • Drug—Chippewa Antirheumatic (External) Compound decoction of
use as punk to light a fire easily. Designs Small, painted circles at the moss used as herbal steam for rheumatism. (53:362) Iroquois Blood
base of the tepee represented puffballs to insure fire to those within. Medicine Cold, compound decoction taken for weak blood. Gyneco
Incense & Fragrance Puffballs used as incense to keep ghosts away. logical Aid Decoction of root taken for change of life and resulting
(86:38) blindness and deafness. (87:263) Ojibwa Diuretic Plant combined
with Diervilla lonicera and taken as a diuretic. (153:375) Potawatomi
Lycopersicon, Solanaceae Hemostat Spores of fruiting spikes used as a styptic and coagulant.
Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill., Garden Tomato (154:64)
324 Lycopodium obscurum (Lycopodiaceae)

• Other—Cree, Woodlands Cooking Tools Plant used to separate raw Lygodesmiajuncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook., Rush Skeletonplant
fish eggs from the membranes. (109:44) • Drwg^Blackfoot Cough MedicineInfusion of stems taken for burn
ing coughs. (86:72) Dermatological Aid Infusion of stems mixed with
Lycopodium sabinifoliumWiMd., Savinleaf Groundpine
grease and applied as a hair tonic. (86:124) Diuretic Infusion of pow
• DrMgH^oquois VfenereaMfd Compound decoction with plant taken
dered galls taken as a diuretic. (86:70) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction
for gonorrhea. (87:263)
of plant taken for heartburn. (97:61) Gynecological Aid Decoction of
Lycopodium sp., Clubmoss plant taken for symptoms resembling heartburn caused by pregnan
• Drug—Algonquin, Quebec GynecologicalAidUsed to make a medic cy. (86:61) Kidney Aid Infusion of plant taken for kidney trouble. (86:
inal tea for inducing labor and making childbirth easier. Pediatric 70) Orthopedic Aid Crushed stems used as foot pads in moccasins.
Aid and Urinary Aid Used to make a medicinal tea for children with (86:115) Pediatric Aid and Tonic Infusion of plant used as a general
bladder trouble. (18:120) Iwquois Anticonvulsive Compound decoc tonic for children. (86:67) Veterinary Aid Infusion of plant rubbed on
tion taken by men for epilepsy. Diuretic Compound decoction used saddle sores and leg wounds. Infusion of plant given to horses with
as a diuretic. Hemostat Smoke (spores) from plant sprinkled on coughs. (86:89) Cheyenne Breast TreatmentInfusion of dried stems
nosebleed. (87:262) Micmac Febrifuge Herb used for fever, (as Ly- taken to increase milk flow. (82:27) Gynecological Aid Simple or com
copodia 40:58) pound decoction of plant taken to increase maternal milk flow. (75:
41) Infusion of plant taken by women after childbirth to increase
Lycopus, Lamiaceae milk flow. (76:191) Infusion of stems taken by pregnant and nursing
Lycopus americanus Muhl. exW. Bart., American Waterhorehound mothers to increase milk flow. (83:22) Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion
• Drug—Meskwaki Analgesic and Gastrointestinal Aid Compound of leaves taken for smallpox and measles. (76:191) Pediatric AidInfu
containing entire plant used for stomach cramps. (152:225) sion of stems taken by pregnant and nursing mothers for a healthy
baby. (83:22) Psychological Aid Infusion of dried stems taken to bring
Lycopus asper Greene, Rough Bugleweed
feelings of contentment to mothers. (82:27) Keres, Western Antirheu-
• Drwg^Iroquois Laxative and Pediatric Aid Decoction of plants giv
matic (External) Poultice of crushed plant, warmed with rocks, ap
en to children as a laxative. Poison Plant considered poisonous, (as L
plied to swellings. (171:53) Lakota Antidiarrheal and Pediatric Aid
lucidus ssp. americanus 87:427)
Infusion of whole plant used for children with diarrhea. (139:38)
• Food—Chippewa Dried Food Dried, boiled, and used for food.
Omaha Eye Medicine Infusion of stems used as a wash for sore eyes.
(53:320)
Gynecological Aid Infusion of stems taken by nursing mothers to in
Lycopus sp., Waterhorehound crease milk flow. (70:136) Ponca Antidiarrheal Infusion of plant tak
• Drug—Blackfoot Cold Remedy and Pediatric Aid Plant compounded en for diarrhea. (94:152) Eye Medicine Infusion of stems used as a
with other plants and used for children's colds. (97:51) wash for sore eyes. (70:136) Infusion of plant applied to sore eyes.
(94:152) Gynecological Aid Infusion of stems taken by nursing moth
Lycopus uniflorusMichx., Northern Bugleweed
ers to increase milk flow. (70:136) Infusion of plant used to increase
• Food—Okanagon Staple Roots used as a principal food, (as Cycopus
milk flow of mothers. (94:152) Sioux Eye Medicine Infusion of dried
uniflorus 178:238) Thompson Dessert Cooked tuberous root eaten
stems used for sore eyes. Gynecological Aid Infusion of dried stems
for dessert. (187:232) Unspecified Roots eaten. (164:480) Tuberous
taken to increase milk flow. (82:27)
root steamed or baked and used for food. (187:232)
• Foorf—Lakota Unspecified Plant chewed. (139:38) Navajo, Ramah
Lycopus virginicus L, Virginia Waterhorehound Candy Roots left in the sun until gum came out and hardened and
• Drag^Cherokee Ceremonial Medicine Infusion taken at green corn used for chewing gum. (191:52) Sioux Unspecified Hardened juice
ceremony. Operand Pediatric Aid Chewed root given to infants to chewed for the flavor. (82:27)
give them "eloquence of speech." Snakebite Remedy Root chewed, a • Other—Blackfoot Waterproofing Agent Stems used to waterproof
portion swallowed, the rest applied to snakebite wound. Veterinary newly tanned buffalo hides. (86:115) Keres, Western Decorations
Aid Decoction fed to snakebitten dog. (80:39) Iroquois Poison Roots Plant used for decorations in ceremonial dances. (171:53)
and leaves considered poisonous. (87:426)
Lygodesmia sp., Desert Gum
Lygodesmia, Asteraceae • Food—Washo Candy Plant gum used for chewing gum. (118:56)

Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Largeflower Skele-

Lyonia, Ericaceae
tonplant
Lyoniafruticosa (Michx.) G. S. Torr., Coastalplain Staggerbush
• Drug—Gosiute Veterinary Aid Plant used as ahorse medicine.
• Other—Seminole Smoking Tools Plant used to make pipe bowls, (as
(39:374) Hopi Gynecological AidLeaves chewed to increase mother's
Xolismafruticosa 169:466)
milk supply. (200:36,97) Navajo, Kayenta Dermatological Aid Plant
milk applied to sores caused by sunburn. (205:48) Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don, Piedmont Staggerbush
• Food—Hopi Spice Boiled with a certain kind of mush for flavor. • Drug^-Cherokee Dermatological Aid Infusion used for toe itch,
(190:168) UnspecifiedLeaves boiled with meats and eaten. (56:19) "ground-itch," and ulcers. (80:57)
Leaves boiled with meat. (200:97) Navajo, Kayenta Vegetable Used
for greens in foods. (205:48) Lysichiton, Araceae
 Catalog of Plants 325

Lyskhiton americanus Hulten & St. John, American Skunk- cea Cold infusion of roots taken for any sickness. (123:53) Skokomish
cabbage Analgesic Leaves used for headaches. Cathartic Infusion of roots tak
• Drug—Bella Coola Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root taken for en as a physic. DermatologicalAid Poultice of leaves applied to cuts
stomach trouble, (as L kamtschatcense 150:52,53) Clallam Derma and swellings. FebrifugeLeaves used for fevers. Swinomish OtherIn
tological AidPoxdtice of roots used for sores. (57:196) Cowlitz Anti- fusion of roots used as a wash for invalids. (79:22) Thompson Der
rheumatic (External) Poultice of heated blossoms applied to the matological Aid Powdered, charred rhizome mixed with bear grease,
body for rheumatism. (79:22) Gitksan Antihemorrhagic Compound used as an ointment for animal bites and infections. Charcoal used
containing root used as plaster on the chest for lung hemorrhages. for wounds. The charcoal was applied four times, the fourth time be
Antirheumatic (External) Compound containing root used for rheu ing mixed with bear grease. Psychological Aid Leaves placed under
matism. Poultice applied or leaves sat on or lain on in sweat bath for pillows during sleep or the head washed with charcoal to induce
rheumatism. Antirheumatic (Internal) Smoke of root inhaled for in "power dreams." (187:113) Tolowa Antirheumatic (External) Roots
fluenza, rheumatism, and bad dreams. Dermatological Aid Simple or used in a steam for arthritis and lumbago. Other Roots used in a
compound poultice of mashed root applied for blood poisoning and steam for stroke. Yurok Antirheumatic (External) Roots used in a
boils. Misc. Disease Remedy Smoke from burning roots inhaled for steam for arthritis and lumbago. Misc. Disease Remedy Roots used in
influenza and bad dreams. Poison Roots considered poisonous. Pul a steam for stroke. (6:38)
monary Aid Compound containing root used as plaster on the chest > Food—Cowlitz Unspecified Blossoms cooked overnight and eaten no
for lung hemorrhages. Sedative Smoke of root inhaled for bad more than two or three at a time, otherwise one became sick. (79:22)
dreams, influenza, and rheumatism, (as L kamtschatcense 150:52, Haisla & Hanaksiala Forage Roots eaten by black and grizzly bears
53) Haisla & Hanaksiala Burn Dressing Poultice of pounded root after hibernation, to cleanse and strengthen their stomachs. (43:189)
paste applied to burns. Urinary Aid Roots used experimentally for Hesquiat Forage Roots eaten by deer and bear. (185:48) Hoh Forage
bloody urine. (43:189) Hesquiat Burn Dressing Poultice of cold and Plants eaten by bears in spring. Spice Leaves placed over roasting ca-
fresh leaves applied for burns. (186:78) Dermatological Aid Poultice mas, wild onion, or garlic for flavoring, (as L camtschatcense 137:59)
of cool leaves used for bad burns. Unspecified Roots used as a medi Okanagan-Colville Forage Flower stalks sucked by grizzly and black
cine. (185:48) Klallam Dermatological Aid Poultice of baked roots bears. (188:35) Oweekeno Forage Roots eaten by bears after emerg
applied to carbuncles. Tuberculosis Remedy Poultice of leaves applied ing from hibernation. (43:76) Quileute Forage Plants eaten by bears
to parts of the body sore with scrofula. (79:22) Kwakiutl Dermatolog in spring. Spice Leaves placed over roasting camas, wild onion, or
ical AidPoultice of leaf, oil, down, and Douglas fir bark applied to garlic for flavoring, (as L camtschatcense 137:59) Unspecified Root
carbuncles. (183:270) Heated leaves used to draw out thorns and cooked and eaten. Skokomish Unspecified Young leaves steamed
splinters. Poultice of steamed, mashed roots applied to swellings. and eaten. (79:22) Tolowa Unspecified Root centers eaten after boil
Poultice of washed, heated leaves applied to boils, carbuncles, and ing eight times. Yurok Unspecified Root centers eaten after boiling
sores. Pulverized root rubbed into a child's head to make his hair eight times. (6:38)
grow. Herbal Steam Leaves used in a sweat bath for general weakness ► Other—Bella Coola Containers Large leaves folded and used as
or undefined sickness. Other Leaves used in a sweat bath for unde berry containers. Cooking Tools Large leaves folded and used as
fined sickness. PediatricAid Pulverized root rubbed into a child's drinking cups, as covering for drying cakes, and to line pits. (184:198)
head to make his hair grow. Stimulantleaves used in a sweat bath Haisla & Hanaksiala Cooking Tools Leaves used to wrap western
for general weakness. (183:271) MakahAbortifacient Raw root hemlock cambium, bear meat, and porcupine meat while cooking.
chewed by women to effect an abortion. (79:22) Roots chewed to in Leaves used as a mat when drying berries. (43:189) Hesquiat Con-
duce an abortion. (186:78) Analgesic Poultice of warmed leaves ap tamers Leaves used as sheets to dry berries. (185:48) Hoh Containers
plied for chest pain. (79:22) Warmed leaves applied to chest for pain. Leaves wrapped around cooked fruits and buried in swampy regions
(186:78) Antirheumatic (External) Roots used for arthritis. (67:336) for preservation. Cooking Tools Leaves used to wrap red elderberries
Blood Medicine Decoction of roots taken as a blood purifier. Gastro during baking, (as L camtschatcense 137:59) Kitasoo Toys & Games
intestinal AidRoot chewed to soothe the stomach after taking an Spadices on sticks thrown by children in distance contests. (43:320)
emetic. Pulmonary Aid Poultice of warmed leaves applied for chest Kwakiutl, Southern Containers Leaves used to cover baskets of stink
pain. (79:22) Unspecified Roots used medicinally for unspecified pur currants. (183:286) Leaves used to cover baskets of freshly picked
pose. (67:336) Nitinaht Burn Dressing Poultice of one leaf applied for berries. (183:271) Cooking Tools Leaves used for drying salal berry
severe burns. (186:78) Qvileute Analgesic Leaves used for headaches. cakes. (183:282) Leaves used with green grass leaves to line steaming
Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to cuts and swellings. boxes for cooking lupine roots. Leaves used to wrap wild clover roots
Febrifuge Leaves used for fevers. Gynecological Aid Decoction of for baking, boiling, and steaming. (183:285) Leaves used for steam
pounded root taken to bring about easy delivery. Quinault Panacea cooking salmon. (183:271) Makah Containersleaves used for drying
Poultice of leaves applied for many ailments. Urinary Aid Decoction salal berries and to line berry baskets. (79:22) Cooking Tools Leaves
of roots taken to clean out the bladder. Samish Other Infusion of used to cover sprouts while cooking. (67:336) Nitinaht Containers
roots used as a wash for invalids. (79:22) Shuswap Analgesic Poultice Large, waxy leaves used as berry containers and for wrapping left
of leaves applied for pain, particularly pains in the knees. Dermato over food. (186:78) Cooking Tools Leaves used to make rectangular
logical Aid Poultice of leaves applied to sores. Orthopedic AidPoul- drying frames for drying mashed salal berries. (186:105) Large, waxy
tice of leaves applied for pain, particularly pains in the knees. Pana leaves used as plates, drinking cups, berry drying racks, and steam
326 Lysichiton americanus (Araceae)

pit covers. (186:78) Okanagan-CoMUe Containers Leaves placed Machaemnthem, Asteraceae

over and under the food in steaming pit cooking. (188:35) Oweekeno Machaeranthera altak. Nels., Purple
Containers Leaves used to line berry baskets to prevent the berries Aster
from falling through holes in the baskets. Cooking Tools Leaves fold • Drug—Nava)o Dermatological Aid Plant
ed into makeshift cups. (43:76) Quileute Containers Leaves used to used as a rub on pimples. (55:88)
wrap salal berries and elderberries while drying. (79:22) Leaves
wrapped around cooked fruits and buried in swampy regions for Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh)
preservation. Cooking Tools Leaves used to wrap red elderberries Gray ssp. canescensvar. canescens,

during baking, (as L camtschatcense 137:59) Good Luck Charm Cutleaf Goldenweed

Leaves placed under canoe bow pieces to make seals easier to catch. • Drug—Navajo Nose Medicine Dried and pulverized plant used as a

(79:22) Salish, Coast Cooking Toolsleaves used to make water dip snuff for nose troubles, Throat Aid Dried and pulverized plant used
as a snuff for throat troubles, (as Aster canescens 55:82) Okanagan-
pers on camping trips. (182:73) Samish Containers Large leaves dou
bled or rolled and used as cups for drinking or picking berries. Colville Witchcraft MedicineUsed for witchcraft, (as Aster canescens
188:79) Zuni Emetic Infusion of whole plant taken and rubbed on
Swinomish Containers Large leaves doubled or rolled and used as
abdomen as an emetic, (as M. glabella 166:56)
cups for drinking or picking berries. (79:22) Thompson Protection
Charcoal used as protection against "witchcraft." (187:113) Tolowa Machaeranthera canescens ssp, canescensvar. leucan-
Containers Leaves used as a vessel to drive water from streams. themifolia (Greene) Welsh, Whiteflower Machaeranthera
Cooking Tools Leaves used to wrap sturgeon eggs baked in ashes. • Drwg^-Paiute Throat Aid Poultice of mashed leaves applied to swol
(6:38) Tsimshian Containers Leaves used to line cooking pits. Leaves len jaw or neck glands. Shoshoni Analgesic Decoction of fresh or
used to cover and wrap foods during collection, transit, storage, or dried leaves taken for headaches. Blood Medicine Decoction of whole
cooking. Cooking Tools Leaves used as an underlay for drying ber plant taken as a blood tonic. CatharticWaim infusion of plant tops
ries. (43:320) Yurok Containers Leaves used as a vessel to drive water taken as a physic. Eye Medicine Infusion of scraped roots used as an
from streams. Cooking Tools Leaves used to wrap sturgeon eggs eyewash. Tonic Decoction of whole plant taken as a blood tonic, (as
baked in ashes. (6:38) Aster leucanthemifolius 180:49)

Lysichiton sp., Skunkcabbage Machaeranthera canescens ssp. glabravar. aristata

• Other—Poliklah Containers Leaves used as a temporary lining for (Eastw.) B. L. Turner, Hoary Tansyaster
openwork baskets when used to hold berries. (117:173) • Drug—Hopi Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken by parturi
ent women for any disorder, (as Aster cichoriaceus 200:36,94) Stimu
Lysimachia, Primulaceae lant Decoction of plant taken as a strong stimulant, (as Aster cichori-
Lysimachia quadrifolia L, Whorled Yellow Loosestrife aceus 200:31,94)
• Drwg^Cherokee Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root taken for
Machaeranthera gracilis (Nutt.) Shinners, Slender Goldenweed
"bowel trouble" and "kidney problems." Gynecological Aid Infusion
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid Cold infusion used as lo
taken for "female trouble." Kidney Aid Taken "for kidney problems."
tion for pimples, boils, and sores. Eye Medicine Coid, compound in
(80:43) Urinary Aid Infusion of roots taken for urinary troubles. (177:
fusion of plant used as an eyewash. Internal Medicine Decoction of
50) Iroquois Emetic Infusion of roots taken as an emetic. (87:411)
plant taken for internal injury. Respiratory Aid Plant used as snuff to
Lysimachia thyrsifloraL, Tufted Loosestrife cause sneezing, clearing congested nose, (as Aplopappus gracilis
• Drug—Iroquois Gynecological Aid Compound decoction used as 191:47)

wash and applied as poultice to stop milk flow. (87:411) • Food—Navajo, Ramah Dried Food Dried seeds used for food, (as
Aplopappus gracilis 191:47)
Lythraceae, see Ammannia, Lythrum
Machaeranthera grindelioides (Nutt.) Shinners
Lythrum, Lythraceae var. grindelioides, Rayless Aster
• Drug—Hopi Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken for cough, (as
Lythrum alatumvar. lanceolatum (Ell.) Torr. & Gray ex Roth-
Aplopappus nuttallii2Q0:35, 94)
rock, Winged Lythrum
• Drwg^-Cherokee Kidney Aid Infusion taken "for kidneys." (as L Machaeranthera parviflora Gray, Smallflower Tansyaster
lanceolatum 80:43) • Drag^-Navajo Cathartic Plant used as a purgative, (as Aster parvi-
florus90:U8)
Lythrum californkumTon. & Gray, California Loosestrife
• Drug—Kawaiisu DermatologicalAidPlant used for washing hair. Machaeranthera pinnatiflda (Hook.) Shinners
UnspecifiedPlant used medicinally. (206:40) ssp. pinnatifida Lacy Tansyaster
• Drug—Nava]o Analgesic Plant or some part of it used for headaches.
Lythrum salicaria L, Purple Loosestrife
(as Haplopappus spinulosus ssp. typicus 90:151)
• Drug—Iroquois Febrifuge and Witchcraft Medicine Compound de
coction of plants taken for fever and sickness caused by the dead. Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Kunth) Nees, Tanseyleaf Aster
(87:389) • Drug—Hopi Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken by parturi-
 Catalog of Plants 327

ent women for any disorder, (as Aster tanacetifolius 200:36,94) Stim utl, Southern Hunting & Fishing Item Blades weighted, placed under
ulant Decoction of plant taken as a strong stimulant, (as Aster tan- water at river mouths, and used to catch herring spawn. (183:261)
acetifolius 200:31,94) Navajo, Ramah Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction
Macrocystis luetkeana, Giant Kelp
of whole plant taken for stomachache. Respiratory Aid Dried root
• Food—Porno Unspecified Plant chewed raw. (as M. lutkeanall'M)
used as snuff to cause sneezing to relieve congested nose, (as Aster -
tanacetifolius 191:49) Zuni Unspecified Infusion of flowers taken Macromeria, Boraginaceae
with other flowers for unspecified illnesses. (27:375)
Macromeria viridifloraDC, Gianttrumpets
Machaerocereus, Cactaceae • Drug—Hopi Anticonvulsive Dried plant and mullein smoked for
"fits," craziness, and witchcraft, (as Onosmodium thurberi 200:33,
Machaerocereiis eruca (T. Brandeg.) Britt. & Rose
88) Psychological Aid Compound of plant smoked by persons not in
• Food—Papago & Pima Fruit Fruit used for food. (35:42)
their "right mind." Witchcraft Medicine Compound of plant smoked
Machaerocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose, Pitahaya as a cure for persons with "power to charm." (as Onosmodium
Agria thurberi 200:88)
• Food—Papago & Pima Fruit used for food. (35:40)
Madia, Asteraceae
Maclura, Moraceae
Madia capitata Nutt., Coast Tarweed
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid., Osage Orange
• Food—Porno Staple Seeds used to make pinoles. (11:87)
• Drug—Comanche Eye Medicine Decoction of root used as a wash for
sore eyes. (29:522) Madia elegans D. Don ex Lindl., Common Madia
• Dye—Kiowa Yellow Outer portion of the roots yielded a yellow dye. • Food—Hupa Staple Seeds parched and pounded into a flour. (148:
(192:23) Pima Unspecified Inner wood and large roots formerly used 390) Mewuk Staple Seeds roasted with hot coals, pounded or rolled
as dyes. (47:83) into flour, and eaten dry. (117:338) Miwok Staple Pulverized seeds
• Other—Comanche Hunting & Fishing Item Branches used to make eaten as a dry meal. (12:154) Neeshenam Bread & Cake Seeds
bows. (29:522) Kiowa Ceremonial /terns Wood used as the favorite parched, ground into flour, and used to make bread. Porridge Seeds
material for the staff held by singer in the peyote ceremony. Hunting parched, ground into flour, and used to make mush. Staple Seeds
& Fishing Item Wood used for making bows. (192:23) Omaha Hunt parched, ground into flour, and used for food, (as Madaria, tarry
ing & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows. Pawnee Hunting & smelling weed 129:377) Porno Staple Seeds used to make pinoles.
Fishing /tern Wood used to make bows, (as Toxylon pomiferum 70: (11:87) Porno, Kashaya Staple Seeds used to make pinole. (72:112)

76) Pima Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make bows. (47:83) Ponca Shoshoni Unspecified Seeds roasted and eaten alone or mixed with
Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows whenever obtain manzanita berries, acorns, and pine nuts. (117:440)
able, (as Toxylon pomiferum 70:76) Seminole Hunting & Fishing Item
Madia elegans ssp, densifolia (Greene) Keck, Showy Tarweed
Plant used to make bows. (169:467) Tewa Hunting & Fishing Item
• Food—Porno Staple Seeds used to make pinoles, (as M. densifolia
Wood used to make bows. This plant grew outside Tewa country. It
11:87)
was considered to be better for making bows than any native wood.
It was brought from the east by the Tewa, or obtained from the Co Madia glomerata Hook., Mountain Tarweed
manche or other eastern tribes, (as M. aurantiaca 138:68) • Drug—Cheyenne Ceremonial Medicine Dried plant used in special
ceremony for perverted, oversexed people. Herbal Steam Infusion of
Macranthera, Scrophulariaceae stems and leaves taken and used as a steam bath for venereal disease.
Macranthera sp. Love Medicine Dried plant aroma used as a love medicine to attract a
• Drug—Jemez Veterinary Aid Decoction of plant given to horses with woman. PsychologicalAidDried plant used for perverted, oversexed
blood poisoning. (44:25) people. Venereal Aid Infusion of stems and leaves taken and used as
a steam bath for venereal disease. (83:22) Crow Ceremonial Medicine
MacrocystiSy Lessoniaceae, alga Dried herbs burned as incense in some ceremonies. (19:15)
Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, Giant Kelp • Food—Crow Unspecified Seeds used for food. (19:15) Klamath Un
• Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala UnspecifiedPlant used to collect herring specified Seeds used for food. (45:106)
roe, dried and eaten with the roe. (43:127) Kitasoo Unspecified Plant
Madia gracilis (Sm.) Keck & J. Clausen ex Applegate ssp. gracilis,
eaten with herring roe. (43:303) Oweekeno Dried Food Plant and
Grassy Tarweed
herring eggs dried for future use. Unspecified Plant eaten with her
• Food—Mendocino Indian Staple Seeds used to make pinole, (as M.
ring roe. Winter Use Food Plant and herring eggs preserved in brine
dissitiflora 41:395) Miwok Staple Parched, pulverized seeds made
for future use. (43:45)
into oily meal and readily picked up in lumps, (as M. dissitiflora 12:
• Other—Heiltzuk Cash Crop Plant traded for oolichan (candlefish)
154) Porno Staple Seeds used to make pinoles, (as M. dissitiflora
grease and smoked oolichans. (43:127) Hesquiat Toys & Games Chil
11:87)
dren threw dried, little floats from blade base onto fire to make them
explode; firecrackers. (185:24) Kitkatla Cash Crop Plant traded for Madia saliva Molina, Coast Tarweed
oolichan (candlefish) grease and smoked oolichans. (43:127) Kwaki- • Food—Mendocino Indian Cooking Agent Oil from seeds used for
328 Madia sativa (Asteraceae)

cooking. (41:395) Miwok Unspecified Seeds used for food. (12:154) Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt, Hollyleaved Barberry
Pomo Porridge Parched, pulverized seeds eaten as pinole and meal • Drug—Blsicldoot Antihemorrhagic Decoction of root used for hem
moistened to keep people from choking on dry meal. (66:15) Staple orrhages. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root used for stomach
Seeds used to make pinoles. (11:87) Winter Use Food Raw seeds trouble, (as Berberis aquifolium 114:275) Karok Misc. Disease Reme
stored for later use, parched, and pounded when used for food. (66: dy Leaves and roots used as a steam bath for "yellow fever." (as Ber
15) Pomo, Kashaya Staple Seeds used to make pinole. (72:111) beris aquifolium 148:383) Other Fruits, if eaten, caused diarrhea. (6:
38) Panacea Decoction of roots taken as a good medicine for all kinds
Madia sp.,Tarweed
of sickness. Poison Plant considered poisonous, (as Berberis aquifoli
• Food—Wintoon Staple Seeds used to make pinole. (117:274)
um 148:383) Keres, Western Other Plant chewed for sickness that oc
Magnoliaceae, see Liriodendron, Magnolia curred during hunting when approached by a dying deer. Preventive
Medicine Infusion of leaves used to prevent sickness that occurred
Magnolia, Magnoliaceae
while hunting and approached by dying deer (as Berberis aquifolium
Magnolia acuminata (L) L, Cucumber Tree 171:32) Nitinaht LaxativeUsed as a laxative. (186:98) Tuberculosis
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Infusion of bark taken for stomachache Remedy Used with hemlock and alder as drink for tuberculosis. Un
or cramps. Antidiarrheal Compound medicine containing bark tak specified Bark used medicinally, (as Berbaris aquifolium 67:254) Oka-
en for "bloody flux." Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark used for nagan-Colville Blood Medicine Decoction of branches and choke-
toothache. Used in steam bath for "indigestion or biliousness with cherry branches taken for the "changing of the blood." Infusion of
swelling abdomen." Respiratory Aid Hot infusion of bark snuffed for branches taken as a blood tonic. Eye Medicine Infusion of plant used
sinus and used for toothache. Toothache itemedy Warm compound to wash out blurry or bloodshot eyes. Kidney Aid Roots used to make
decoction of bark held in mouth for toothache. (80:44) Iroquois a tonic for the kidneys. Decoction of roots and chokecherry or kin-
Anthelmintic Compound decoction taken by men for worms caused nikinnick branches taken for bad kidneys, (as Berberis aquifolium
by venereal disease. Toothache Remedy Infusion of inner bark 188:85) Samish Tonic Infusion of roots taken as a general tonic, (as
"chewed" for toothaches. Venereal Aid Compound decoction taken Berberis aquifolium 79:30) Sanpoil Antiemetic Decoction of stem
by men for worms caused by venereal disease. (87:330) tips taken for vomiting. Eye Medicine Infusion of root parts used as a
• Fiber—Cherokee BuildingMaterialWood used for lumber. Furniture wash for the eyes. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of stem tips taken
Wood used to make furniture. (80:44) "to relieve a disturbed stomach." Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of
• Other—Cherokee PaperWood used for pulpwood. (80:44) roots used for tuberculosis, (as Berberis aquifolium 131:219) Squaxin

Magnolia grandiflora L, Southern Magnolia Blood Medicine Infusion of roots taken to purify the blood. Throat

• Drug—Choctaw Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used as wash Aid Infusion of roots used as a gargle for sore throats. Swinomish

for prickly heat itching. (25:23) Decoction of plant used as a bath for Tonic Infusion of roots taken as a general tonic, (as Berberis aquifoli

prickly heat. Kidney Aid Infusion of mashed bark used as a steam um 79:30) Thompson Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of peeled,

bath for dropsy. Koasati Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used chopped root bark used as a wash for arthritis. Antirheumatic (Inter

as a wash for sores. (177:23) nal) Decoction of peeled, chopped root bark taken for arthritis.
Blood Medicine Decoction of peeled, chopped root bark taken as a
Magnolia macrophyllaMichz., Bigleaf Magnolia blood tonic. Eye Medicine Infusion of stems and bark used to make
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Infusion of bark taken for stomachache an eyewash for red, itchy eyes.46 Laxative Fruit considered an "excel
or cramps. Antidiarrheal Compound medicine containing bark taken lent laxative." Tonic Fruit eaten as a "tonic." Venereal Aid Decoction
for "bloody flux." Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark taken for of peeled, chopped roots taken for syphilis. (187:187)
stomachache or cramps. Used in steam bath for "indigestion or bil • Food—Klallam Fruit Berries used for food, (as Berberis aquifolium
iousness with swelling abdomen." RespiratoryAid Hot infusion of 78:197) Kwakiutl, Southern Fruit Sour berries occasionally used for
bark snuffed for sinus and used for toothache. Toothache Remedy food, (as Berberis aquifolium 183:279) Makah Preserves Fruit used to
Warm compound decoction of bark held in mouth for toothache. make preserves, (as Berbaris aquifolium 67:254) Okanagan-Colville
(80:44) Fruit Berries eaten raw. (as Berberis aquifolium 188:85) Salish, Coast
• Fiber—Cherokee BuildingMaterialWood used for lumber. Furni- Preserves Berries used to make jelly, (as Berberis aquifolium 182:78)
ture Wood used to make furniture. (80:44) Samish Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Berberis aquifolium 79:30) San
• Other—Cherokee Paper Wood used for pulpwood. (80:44) poil Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Preserves Berries boiled into a jam. (as

Magnolia virginiana L, Sweet Bay Berberis aquifolium 188:85) Sanpoil & Nespelem Fruit Berries eaten

• Drug—Houma Blood Medicine Decoction of leaves and twigs taken fresh, (as Berberis aquifolium 131:102) Skagit, Upper Dried Food Ber

to warm the blood. Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves and twigs taken ries pulped, dried, and stored in cakes for winter use. (as Berberis

for colds. Febrifuge Decoction of leaves and twigs taken for chills. aquifolium 179:37) Fruit Fruit eaten raw or mashed, (as Berberis

(158:56) Rappahannock Hallucinogen Leaves or bark placed in aquifolium 179:38) Snohomish Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Squaxin

cupped hands over nose and inhaled as "mild dope." (as M. glauca, Fruit Berries eaten. Swinomish Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Berberis
aquifolium 79:30) Thompson Dried Food Fruit dried in the absence
laurel 161:28)
of any other fruit. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, a few at a time. Preserves
Mahonia, Berberidaceae Fruit used to make jelly. (187:187)
 Catalog of Plants 329

• Dye—Chehalis Yellow Roots used to make a yellow dye. (as Berberis • Drwg^-Nitinaht Laxative Used as a laxative. (186:98) Thompson An-
aquifolium 79:30) Makah Yellow Roots or possibly the leaves used tirheumatic (External) Decoction of peeled, chopped root bark used
for yellow dye. (as Berbaris aquifolium 67:254) Nitinaht Yellow Bark as wash for arthritis. Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of peeled,
scrapings steeped and used as a yellow dye. (186:98) Okanagan-Col- chopped root bark taken for arthritis. Blood Medicine Decoction of
ville Yellow Stem and root inner bark used as bright yellow dye for peeled, chopped root bark taken as a blood tonic. Eye Medicine Infu
basket materials, wool, and porcupine quills, (as Berberis aquifolium sion of woody stems and bark used as an eyewash for red, itchy
188:85) Salish, Coast YellowRoot bark shredded, boiled, and used as eyes.46 Laxative Fruit considered an "excellent laxative." Psychologi
a yellow dye for basketry, (as Berberis aquifolium 182:78) Skagit Yel cal A/d Plant induced dreams of someone sleeping when brought
low Roots used to make a yellow dye. Snohomish Yellow Roots used into the house. Venereal Aid Decoction of peeled, chopped roots tak
to make a yellow dye. (as Berberis aquifolium 79:30) Thompson Yel en for syphilis. (187:187)
low Outer bark boiled to make a bright yellow dye used for basket • Food—Thompson Preserves Berries used to make jelly. (187:187)
materials. (187:187) Yurok YellowRoot used to dye porcupine quills • Dye—Nitinaht YellowBaik scrapings steeped and used as a yellow
yellow. (6:38) dye. (186:98) Thompson YellowRoot bark boiled to make a bright
• Other—Karok Paint Fruit mixed with salmon glue and pounded yellow dye used for basket materials. (187:187)
larkspur flowers and used to paint arrows and bows, (as Berberis
aquifolium 148:383) Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt. var. nervosa, Cascade Oregon-
grape
Mahonia dictyota (Jepson) Fedde, Shining Netvein Barberry
• Drug—Hoh Blood Medicine Infusion of roots used as a blood remedy,
• Drwg^-Kawaiisu Venereal Aid Decoction of roots taken for gonor
(as Berberis nervosa 137:61) Nitinaht Tuberculosis Remedy Used with
rhea, (as Berberis dictyota 206:15)
hemlock and alder as drink for tuberculosis. Unspecified Bark used
Mahoniafremontii (Torr.) Fedde, Fremont's Mahonia medicinally, (as Berbaris nervosa 67:254) Paiute Blood Medicine Infu
• Drwg-^Apache, White Mountain Ceremonial MedicinePlant used for sion of roots and leaves taken as a general tonic "to make the blood
ceremonial purposes, (as Berberis fremontii 136:155) Hopi Oral Aid good." Hemostat Infusion of roots and leaves taken as a general tonic
Plant used for gums, (as Odostemon fremontii 200:33,76) Hualapai for nosebleeds, (as Berberis nervosa 111:72) Quileute Blood Medicine
Gastrointestinal AidRoots used as a bitter tonic to promote diges Infusion of roots used as a blood remedy, (as Berberis nervosa 137:
tion. Laxative Roots made into a bitter tonic and used as a laxative. 61) Skagit Venereal Aid Decoction of roots taken for venereal disease.
Liver Aid Roots used as a bitter tonic for the liver, (as Berberis fer- (as Berberis nervosa 79:30)
montii 195:5) • Food—Clallam Fruit Sour berries used for food, (as Berberis nervosa
• Food—Hualapai Beverage Berries used to make a beverage. Fruit 57:197) Hoh Preserves Berries used to make jelly, (as Berberis nervosa
Berries used for food, (as Berberis fermontii 195:5) Yavapai Fruit Raw 137:61) Klallam Fruit Berries used for food, (as Berberis nervosa 78:
berries used for food. (65:257) 197) Kwakiutl, Southern Fruit Sour berries occasionally used for
• Dye—Havasupai Yellow Roots used as a yellow buckskin dye. (as food, (as Berberis nervosa 183:279) Makah Preserves Fruit used to
Berberis fremontii 197:219) Hualapai Yellow Roots used to make a make preserves, (as Berbaris nervosa 67:254) Quileute Preserves Ber
brilliant yellow dye. (as Berberis fermontii 195:5) Navajo Yellow Roots ries used to make jelly, (as Berberis nervosa 137:61) Salish, Coast Pre
and bark used as a yellow dye for buckskin, (as Berberisfremontii serves Berries used to make jelly, (as Berberis nervosa 182:78) Skagit
55:48) Walapai Yellow Roots used as a yellow basket dye. (as Berberis Fruit Ripe berries formerly used for food. Preserves Ripe berries used
fremontii 197:219) to make jam. (as Berberis nervosa 79:30) Skagit, Upper Dried Food
• Other—Hopi Tools Wood used to make various tools, (as Odostemon Berries pulped, dried, and stored in cakes for winter use. (as Berberis
fremontii 200:76) Zuni Ceremonial Items and Paint Crushed berries nervosa 179:37) Fruit Fruit eaten raw or mashed, (as Berberis nervosa
used as purple coloring for the skin and for objects employed in cer 179:38)
emonies, (as Berberis fremontii 166:88) • Dye—Klallam Unspecified Roots used to dye basketry material, (as
Berberis nervosa 79:30) Makah Yellow Roots or possibly the leaves
Mahonia haematocarpa (Woot.) Fedde, Red Barberry
used for yellow dye. (as Berbaris nervosa 67:254) Skagit Unspecified
• Drwg-^Apache, Mescalero Eye Medicine Inner wood shavings soaked
Roots used to dye basketry material. Snohomish Unspecified Roots
in water and used as an eyewash, (as Berberis haematocarpa 14:49)
used to dye basketry material, (as Berberis nervosa 79:30)
• Food—Apache Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Berberis haematocarpa
32:19) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Preserves Fruit cooked with
Mahonia pinnata (Lag.) Fedde SSp. pintwta, California Barberry
a sweet substance, strained, and eaten as jelly, (as Berberis haemato
• Drug—Miwok Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of root taken for
carpa 33:46) Apache, Mescalero Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Berberis
rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Chewed root liquid placed on cuts,
haematocarpa 14:49) Pueblo Preserves Berries used to make jelly.
wounds, and abrasions to prevent swelling. Decoction of root used
Spanish American Preserves Berries used to make jelly, (as Berberis
as a wash for cuts and bruises, (as Berberis pinnata 12:168) Gastroin
haematocarpa 32:19)
testinal Aid Decoction of root taken for heartburn. Misc. Disease
• Dye—Apache, Mescalero Yellow Root shavings used to make a yel
RemedyDecoction of roottaken for ague, (as Berberis pinnata 12:167)
low dye for hides, (as Berberis haematocarpa 14:49)
Leaves chewed as a preventative of ague. Tuberculosis Remedy De
Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt., Cascade Oregongrape coction of roots taken for consumption, (as Berberis pinnata 12:168)
330 Mahonia pumila (Berberidaceae)

Mahoniapumila (Greene) Fedde, Dwarf Barberry Decoction of stems taken as a tonic for stomach troubles. Urinary
• Drug—Karok Tonic Root used in a tonic. Tolowa Blood Medicine Aid Decoction of root taken for bladder difficulties, (as Berberis
Roots used in a concoction for blood purification. Cough Medicine repens 180:51,52) Venereal Aid Decoction of roots taken for venereal
Roots used in a concoction for coughs. (6:38) disease, (as Berberis repens 104:198) Decoction of roots taken for ve
• Dye—Karok Yellow Root used to dye porcupine quills yellow. (6:38) nereal diseases. Shoshoni Analgesic Decoction of leaves taken or
root used for general aches or rheumatic pains. Antidiarrheal Decoc
Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don, Oregongrape tion of root taken to prevent or stop bloody dysentery. Antirheumatic
• Drug—Blackfoot Antihemorrhagic Decoction of roots used for hem (Internal) Decoction of roots or leaves taken for general aches or
orrhages, (as Berberis repens 118:45) Dermatological Aid Poultice of rheumatic pains. Blood Medicine Infusion or decoction of root taken
fresh berries applied to boils. Infusion of roots applied to boils, (as as a blood tonic or purifier. Cough Medicine Decoction of root, some
Berberis repens 86:75) Disinfectant Infusion of roots applied as an times with whisky, taken for coughs. Kidney Aid Decoction of root
antiseptic to wounds, (as Berberis repens 86:83) Gastrointestinal Aid taken as a kidney medicine. Venereal Aid Decoction of roots taken
Decoction of roots used for stomach trouble, (as Berberis repens for venereal diseases, (as Berberis repens 180:51,52) Shuswap Blood
118:45) Kidney Aid Infusion of berries used for kidney troubles, (as Medicine Decoction of leaves and stems taken as a blood tonic, (as
Berberis repens 86:66) Veterinary Aid Berries mixed with water and Berberis repens 123:59)
given to horses with coughs. Infusion or roots used for body sores on • Food—Blackfoot Fruit Berries eaten when nothing else was avail
horses, (as Berberis repens 86:88) Cheyenne Unspecified Fruit used in able, (as Berberis repens 86:101) Fruit used for food, (as Berberis
medicinal preparations, (as Berberis repens83:\5) Flathead Antirheu- repens 97:35) Cheyenne Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as Berberis repens
matic (External) Infusion of roots used for rheumatism. Contracep 83:15) Flathead Dessert Berries mashed, sugar and milk added, and
tive Infusion of roots used as a contraceptive. Cough Medicine Infu eaten as a dessert. Fruit Berries roasted and used for food. Kutenai
sion of roots used for coughs. Dermatological Aid Roots crushed and Appetizer Root tea taken as an appetizer. Dessert Berries mashed,
used for wounds and cuts. Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots used sugar and milk added, and eaten as a dessert, (as Berberis repens
for delivery of the placenta. Venereal Aid Infusion of roots taken for 82:18) Montana Indian Beverage Fruit used to make wine and "lem
gonorrhea and syphilis, (as Berberis repens 82:18) Great Basin Indian onade." (as Berberis repens 19:8) Berries crushed, mixed with sugar
Antidiarrheal Infusion of roots taken for dysentery. Blood Medicine and water, and made into a refreshing beverage, (as Berberis repens
Infusion of roots taken to thicken the blood for bleeders, (as Berberis 82:18) Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Preserves Fruit used to make jelly, (as
repens 121:47) Havasupai Analgesic Cooled decoction of roots taken Berberis repens 19:8) Berries used to make jams and jellies, (as Ber
three times a day for headaches. Antirheumatic (External) Cooled beris repens 82:18) Shuswap Fm/fRipe berries used for food, (as iter-
decoction of roots used as a wash for aches. Cold Remedy Cooled de beris repens 123:59)
coction of roots used as a wash for colds. Gastrointestinal Aid Cooled • Dye—Blackfoot Yellow Roots used to make a yellow dye. (as Berberis
decoction of roots taken three times a day for stomach upsets. Laxa repens 97:35) Great Basin Indian Orange Plant used to make an
tive Cooled decoction of roots taken as a laxative for colds and stom orange dye. (as Berberis repens 121:47) Montana Indian YellowBaik
ach ailments. Pediatric Aid and Unspecified Cooled decoction of shredded, boiled, and used as a brilliant yellow dye. (as Berberis
roots given to sick babies, (as Berberis repens 197:219) Kutenai Blood repens82:\S)
MedicineTaken to "enrich" the blood. Kidney Aid Infusion of roots • Other—Hopi Ceremonial /terns Yellow root and leaves used for cere
taken for kidney trouble, (as Berberis repens 82:18) Mendocino Indi monial purposes in the Home Dance. The yellow root is the most
an Blood Medicine Decoction of root bark taken as a blood purifier. important part. The leaf is sometimes used to represent a mountain
Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root bark taken for stomach trou lion's paw. (as Berberis repens 42:294) Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial
bles, (as Berberis repens 41:348) Montana Indian Febrifuge Decoction Items Sprinkled on grass where lightning struck near livestock, (as
of root bark used for mountain fever. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction Berberis repens 205:23)
of root bark used for stomach trouble. Kidney Aid Decoction of root
bark used for kidney trouble. Tonic Decoction of root bark used as a Mahonia sp., Oregongrape
tonic, (as Berberis repens 19:8) Navajo Antirheumatic (Internal) De • Drag^-Cowlitz Dermatological Aid Infusion of bark used as a wash
coction of leaves and twigs taken for rheumatic stiffness, (as Berberis for skin sores. Oral Aid Infusion of bark used as a wash for mouth
repens 55:48) Navajo, Kayenta Panacea Infusion of plant taken and sores, (as Berberis 79:30) Modesse Blood Medicine Infusion of plant
poultice of plant applied as a cure-all, (as Berberis repens 205:23) taken as a blood medicine, (as Berberis 117:224) Quinault Cough
Navajo, Ramah CeremonialMedicineV\fho\e plant used as a ceremo Medicine Decoction of roots taken for coughs. Gastrointestinal Aid
nial emetic. Dermatological Aid Cold infusion of plant used as a lo Decoction of roots taken for stomach disorders, (as Berberis 79:30)
tion on scorpion bites. Emetic Whole plant used as a ceremonial • Food—Coeur d'Alene Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Berberis 178:90)
emetic. Laxative Decoction of root used for constipation, (as Berber- Cowlitz Fruit Berries eaten raw. Berries boiled and eaten. Lummi
is repens 191:28) Pmute Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken to pre Fruit Berries eaten, (as Berberis 79:30) Modesse Preserves Berries
vent or stop bloody dysentery. Blood Medicine Decoction of root tak used to make jelly, (as Berberis 117:224) Okanagon Staple Berries
en as a blood tonic or purifier. Decoction of root taken to "thicken used as a principal food, (as Berberis 178:239) Spokan Fruit Berries
the blood of haemophilic persons." Cough Medicine Decoction of used for food, (as Berberis 178:343)
root, sometimes with whisky, taken for coughs. Gastrointestinal Aid • Dye—Cowlitz UnspecifiedRoots used to make a dye. Makah Unspec-
 Catalog of Plants 331

ifled Roots used to make a dye. (as Berberis 79:30) Nitinaht Yellow coction of root taken for back pain, (as Vagnera racemosa 53:356)
Formerly used to make yellow basket dyes. (186:79) Wintoon Yellow Burning root fumes inhaled for headaches and pain, (as Smilacina
Used to make a yellow dye. (as Berberis 117:264) racemosa 71:125) Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of root
taken for "female weakness." (as Vagnera racemosa 53:356) Costa-
Maianthemum, Liliaceae noan Contraceptive Decoction of leaves used as a contraceptive, (as
Maianthemum canadenseDest, Canada Beadruby Smilacina racemosa 21:28) Delaware, Oklahoma Tonic Compound
• Drug—Iroquois Kidney Aid Compound decoction of roots taken for containing root used as a tonic, (as Smilacina racemosa 175:80) Gitk-
the kidneys. (87:284) Montagnais Analgesic Infusion of plant taken san Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of root, a very strong medi
for headache. (156:314) Ojibwa Analgesic Plant used for headache cine, taken for rheumatism. Cathartic Decoction of root, a very
and sore throat. Gynecological Aid and Kidney Aid Plant used "to strong medicine, taken as a purgative. Dermatological Aid Poultice of
keep the kidneys open during pregnancy." Throat Aid Plant used for mashed roots bound on cuts. Kidney Aid Decoction of root taken for
sore throat and headache. Unspecified Smoke inhaled for unspeci sore back and kidney trouble. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of roots tak
fied purpose. (153:373,374) Potawatomi ThroatAidRoot used for en as a very strong medicine for sore back, (as Smilacina racemosa
sore throat. (154:62,63) 150:53) Iroquois Anthelmintic Compound infusion with whisky tak
• Food—Potawatomi Fruit Berries eaten, but the preparation as a en for tapeworms, (as Smilacina racemosa 87:284) Antidote Com
food was not discovered. (154:105) pound infusion taken as remedy for poison. Antirheumatic (Exter
• Other—Potawatomi Good Luck Charm Root used as a good luck nal) Compound infusion used as foot soak. Antirheumatic (Internal)
charm to win a game. (154:121) Compound decoction taken for rheumatism, (as Smilacina racemosa
87:283) Blood Medicine Compound infusion with whisky taken as a
Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J. E Macbr., iwoleaf
blood remedy, (as Smilacina racemosa 87:284) Dermatological Aid
False Solomon's Seal
Poultice used for swellings, (as Smilacina racemosa 87:283) Gyneco
• Drug—Hesquiat Dermatological Aid Poultice of whole or mashed
logical AidCompound decoction of roots used "when woman has
leaves used for boils and cuts. Tuberculosis Remedy Fruit used as a
miscarriage." (as Smilacina racemosa 87:284) Hunting Medicine Cold,
good medicine for tuberculosis. (185:55) Makah Reproductive Aid
compound infusion used to "get a fish on each hook, every cast."
Chewed roots taken to correct sterility. (79:25) Nitinaht Burn Dress-
Other Compound decoction of roots used as a "rooster fighting med
ing Poultice of leaves used for minor burns. Dermatological Aid
icine." Snakebite Remedy Roots bound to spoiled snakebites, (as
Poultice of leaves used for sores, boils, cuts, and wounds. (186:86)
Smilacina racemosa 87:283) Witchcraft Medicine Compound used
Oweekeno Dermatological .A/d Poultice of water-soaked, bruised
for witching, (as Smilacina racemosa 87:284) Kitasoo Unspecified
leaves applied to wounds. (43:78) Quinault Eye Medicine Infusion
Plant used for medicinal purposes, (as Smilacina racemosa 43:321)
of pounded roots used as a wash for sore eyes. (79:25) Poultice of
Malecite Dermatological Aid Leaves and stalks boiled and used for
chewed roots applied to sore eyes, (as M. bifolium 201:276)
rashes or itching, (as Smilacina racemosa 116:250) Menominee Herb
• Food—Bella Coola Fruit Ripe berries occasionally eaten by hunters
al Steam and Respiratory AidRoot used in herbal steam inhaled for
and berry pickers. (184:199) Haisla & Hanaksiala Fruit Fruits eaten
catarrh, (as Smilacina racemosa 151:41) Meskwaki Anticonvulsive
for food. (43:198) Hesquiat Fruit Raw fruit eaten with oil. (185:55)
Smudge of root used in cases of a fit, to bring back to normal. Cere
Kitasoo Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (43:321) Kwakiutl, Southern Fruit
monial Medicine Root used in meeting when medicine man wants to
Berries occasionally eaten raw. (183:273) Oweekeno Forage Berries
perform trick or cast spells. Laxative Compound containing root
eaten by frogs. (43:78) Salish, Coast Fruit Berries occasionally eaten
used to loosen the bowels. Misc. Disease Remedy Root cooked in ket
raw. (182:76)
tle to prevent sickness during time of plague. Pediatric Aid Smudge
used "to hush a crying child." Psychological Aid Smudge of root used
Maianthemum racemosum ssp. amplexicaule (Nutt.)
in cases of insanity, to bring back to normal. Sedative Smudge used
LaFrankie, Western Solomon's Seal
"to hush a crying child." Stimulant Smudge used to "smoke patient
• Drug—Karok Dermatological Aid and Pediatric Aid Poultice of root
for five minutes" and revive him. Veterinary Aid Root mixed with
applied to the severed umbilical cord of child, (as Smilacina amplex-
food fed to hogs to prevent hog cholera, (as Smilacina racemosa 152:
icaulisU&38\)
230,231) Micmac Dermatological Aid Leaves and stems used for
• Food—Tewa Fruit Ripe berries eaten, (as Vagnera amplexicaulis
rashes and itch, (as Smilacina racemosa 40:62) Mohegan Cough Med
138:70)
icine Infusion of leaves used for cough, (as Smilacina racemosa 174:
Maianthemum racemosum (L) Link ssp. racemosum, 265) Infusion of leaves used as a cough remedy, (as Smilacina race
Feather Solomon's Seal mosa 176:75,132) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root used for "a
• Drug—Abnaki AntihemorrhagicUsed by men for spitting up blood. stronger stomach." (as Smilacina racemosa 174:265) Infusion of root
Used for spitting up blood, (as Smilacina racemosa 144:154) Decoc taken for stomach disorders, (as Smilacina racemosa 176:75,132)
tion of plant taken for spitting up blood, (as Smilacina racemosa 144: Tonic Complex compound infusion including spikenard root taken
174) Algonquin, Quebec Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of plant as spring tonic, (as Smilacina racemosa 174:266) Ojibwa Analgesic
used as a tea for sore backs, (as Smilacina racemosa 18:139) Chero Compound containing root used for headache. Gynecological Aid
kee Eye Medicine Cold infusion of root used as a wash for sore eyes, and Kidney Aid Compound containing root taken "to keep kidneys
(as Smilacina racemosa 80:56) Chippewa Analgesic Compound de open during pregnancy." Stimulant Root used as a reviver. Throat
332 Maianthemum racemosum (Liliaceae)

Aid Compound containing root used for sore throat, (as Smilacina Gosiute Antirheumatic (External) Pounded roots rubbed on limbs
racemosa 153:374) Ojibwa, South Analgesic Roots used as an inha affected by rheumatism, (as Smilacina stellata 39:382) Iroquois Gy
lant for headache. Gynecological Aid Decoction of leaves used by necological Aid Compound infusion taken for stricture caused when
"lying-in women." Hemostat Poultice of crushed, fresh leaves applied a woman has her changes, (as Smilacina stellata 87:283) Navajo,
to bleeding cuts, (as Smilacina raceraosa 91:199) Okanagan-Colville Kayenta CeremonialMedicinePtent used in the Fire Dance, (as Smi-
Cold Remedy Decoction of rhizomes taken for colds. Dietary Aid lacinastellata205:\7) Navajo, Raman Ceremonial Medicine and
Decoction of rhizomes taken to increase the appetite, (as Smilacina Emetic Decoction of plant used as a ceremonial emetic, (as Smila
racemosa 188:48) Potawatomi StimulantRoot smudged on coals cina stellata 191:20) Paiute Cough MedicineExudate from plant used
and used to revive comatose patient, (as Smilacina racemosa 154:63) as a cough syrup. Dermatological Aid Poultice of fresh or dried roots
Shuswap Blood Medicine Decoction of roots taken as a blood purifi applied to boils or swellings. Ear Medicine Pulped root squeezed into
er, (as Smilacina racemosa 123:55) Thompson Analgesic Compound ear for earache. Eye Medicine Infusion of root used as a wash for eye
decoction of root taken for internal pains, (as Vagnera racemosa 164: inflammations. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root taken for
459) Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of leaves taken two or three stomach trouble. Gynecological Aid Decoction of root taken to regu
times a day for rheumatism. Cancer TreatmentDzcoction of rhi late menstrual disorders. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of fresh or dried
zomes taken in several doses over a period of several days for cancer, roots applied to sprains. Shoshoni Eye Medicine Infusion of root
(as Smilacina racemosa 187:127) GastrointestinalAidDecoction of used as a wash for eye inflammations. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoc
rhizomes taken as a stomach medicine. Gynecological Aid Decoction tion of root taken for stomach trouble. Gynecological Aid Decoction
of rhizomes taken during the menstrual period, (as Vagnera race of leaf taken daily for a week by women as a contraceptive. Decoc
mosa 164:458) Decoction of leaves and roots taken during pregnancy tion of root taken to regulate menstrual disorders. Venereal Aid De
for internal soreness. Heart Medicine Decoction of rhizomes taken in coction of root taken for venereal disease, (as Smilacina stellata
several doses over a period of several days for heart trouble. Throat 180:139,140) Thompson Analgesic Compound decoction of roots
Aid Decoction of rhizomes taken for a sore or ulcerated throat. The taken for internal pains, (as Vagnera stellata 164:459) Antirheumatic
decoction was taken in several doses over a period of several days. (Internal) Decoction of leaves taken two or three times a day for
(as Smilacina racemosa 187:127) rheumatism. Cold Remedy Decoction of crushed, dried leaves and
• Food—Costanoan Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as Smilacina race fruits taken for colds, (as Smilacina stellata 187:129) Washo Blood
mosa 21:255) Hanaksiala Beverage Juice mixed with Pacific crabap- Medicine and Dermatological Aid Infusion of root used as an anti
ples and high-bush cranberries and drunk, (as Smilacina racemosa septic wash in cases of blood poisoning. Hemostat Powdered root
43:200) Ojibwa Fodder Roots added to oats to make a pony grow fat. applied to bleeding wounds. Tonic Decoction of root taken as a tonic,
Vegetable Roots soaked in lye water, parboiled to get rid of the lye, (as Smilacina stellata 180:139,140)
and cooked like potatoes, (as Smilacina racemosa 153:407) Okana • Food—Bella Coola Fruit Berries chewed and juice swallowed, (as
gan-Colville Unspecified Rhizomes dried, soaked, pit cooked with Smilacina stellata 184:199) Okanagon Fruit Bright-colored berries
camas, and eaten, (as Smilacina racemosa 188:48) Okanagon Fruit used for food. Thompson Fruit Bright-colored berries used for food,
Bright-colored berries used for food, (as Vagnera racemosa 125:38) (as Vagnera stellata 125:38) Berries eaten in large quantities, (as
Skagit, Upper Fruit Berries used for food, (as Smilacina racemosa Vagnera stellata 164:486)
179:38) Thompson Forage Rhizomes eaten by bears, (as Smilacina • Other—-Kawaiisu Hunting & Fishing Item Mashed roots used as a
racemosa 187:127) Fruit Bright-colored berries used for food, (as fish stupefier. When put in a stream it stunned the fish, which float
Vagnera racemosa 125:38) Berries eaten in large quantities, (as Vag ed on the water. They were caught in the basket winnower and
nera racemosa 164:486) Spice Leafy shoots cooked as a flavoring for thrown to the bank, (as Smilacina stellata 206:64)
meat. Unspecified Roots used for food. Vegetable Young shoots
cooked and eaten like asparagus, (as Smilacina racemosa 187:127) Malacothrix, Asteraceae
Malacothrix californica DC, California Desertdandelion
Maianthemum Stellatum (L.) Link, Starry False Solomon's Seal • Food—Luiseno Unspecified Seeds used for food. (155:228)
• Drwg^-Delaware Cathartic Roots combined with others and used to
cleanse the system. Gastrointestinal AidRoots combined with others Malacothrixfendleti Gray, Fendler's Desertdandelion
and used to stimulate the stomach. Gynecological Aid Roots com • Drug—Na\a]o, Raman Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied

bined with others and used for leukorrhea. (as Smilacina stellata to sores. Eye Medicine Cold infusion used as wash for sore eyes.

176:38) Delaware, Oklahoma Cathartic Compound containing root (191:52)

taken to "cleanse the system." (as Smilacina stellata 175:32,80) Gas

Malacothrix glabrata (D. C Eat. ex Gray) Gray, Smooth Desert
trointestinal Aid Compound containing root taken to stimulate the
dandelion
stomach and cleanse the system, (as Smilacina stellata 175:32) Gyne
• Drug—kpache, White Mountain Blood Medicine Roots used as a
cological Aid Compound containing root taken for leukorrhea. Stim
blood medicine. (136:158)
ulant Compound containing root taken to "stimulate the stomach."
(as Smilacina stellata 175:32,80) Tuberculosis Remedy Root used Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Sowthistle Desert
alone or in compound for scrofula. Venereal Aid Root used alone or dandelion
in compound for venereal disease, (as Smilacina stellata 175:80) avajo, Kayenta Antiemetic Plant used for vomiting. (205:49)
 Catalog of Plants 333

Malaxis, Orchidaceae versifolia 79:38) Blood Medicine Bark used as a "blood purifier" and it

Malaxis unifolia Michx., Green Addersmouth Orchid "puts something in your blood that cuts down the clots." (as Pyrus

• Drug—O]\bwa Diuretic Compound containing root used as a diuret fusca 67:268) Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed bark applied to

ic, (as Microstylis unifolia 153:377) wounds, (as Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Gastrointestinal Aid Bark used
for ulcers, (as Pyrus fusca 67:268) Infusion of bark taken for intestinal
MaluSy Rosaceae disorders, (as Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Heart Medicine Bark used for
the heart. Internal Medicine Bark used for any internal ailment. Bark
Malus angUStifolia (Ait.) Michx., Southern Crabapple
used for internal organs. Laxative Bark of larger trees used as a laxa
• Food—Cherokee Dried Food Sun dried, sliced fruit used for food.
tive. Orthopedic AidUsed for fractures. Panacea Bark used for any ill
Preserves Fruit used to make clear jelly. (126:56)
ness and considered a complete medicine, all in itself, (as Pyrus fus-
Malus coronaria (L) R Mill., Sweet Crabapple ca 67:268) Pulmonary Aid Soaked leaves chewed for lung trouble, (as
• Drwg^-Cherokee Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark taken for gall Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Leaves chewed for lung trouble, (as Pyrus
stones and piles and infusion used for sore mouth. Hemorrhoid fusca 186:121) Tonic Used as a tonic, (as Pyrus fusca 67:268) Infusion
Remedy Infusion of bark taken for gallstones and "piles" and infusion of bark used as a tonic, (as Pyrus fusca 186:121) Tuberculosis Remedy
used for sore mouth. Oral Aid Infusion of bark taken for gallstones Used for tuberculosis. Unspecified Bark used to make the most pop
and infusion used as a wash for sore mouth. (80:31) ular and healing medicine, (as Pyrus fusca 67:268) Nitinaht Cough
• Food—Cherokee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:31) Medicine Infusion of bark taken for coughs. Dietary Aid Infusion of
bark taken for losing weight. Panacea Infusion of bark taken for "any
Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. var. coronaria, Sweet Crabapple
kind of sickness." (as Pyrus fusca 186:121) Tome Bark and roots used
• Drug—Iroquois Abortifacient Decoction of roots taken for sup
as a tonic for young men in training. Used as a tonic to "repair the
pressed menses, (as Pyrus coronaria 87:351) Dermatological Aid
damage done by the elder" during puberty rites. Unspecified Used as
Cold infusion of bark used as wash for black eyes. Eye Medicine Cold
a medicine, (as Pyrus fusca 67:268) Oweekeno Oral Aid Bark chewed
infusion of bark used as wash for snow-blindness and black or sore
by hunters to suppress thirst. (43:109) Quileute Pulmonary Aid Infu
eyes. Gynecological Aid Cold, compound infusion of twig bark taken
sion of bark taken for lung trouble, (as Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Vene
for difficult birth. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoction of
real Aid Infusion used for gonorrhea, (as Pyrus diversifolia 137:64)
roots taken for consumption, (as Pyrus coronaria 87:350)
Quinault Analgesic and Blood Medicine Infusion of bark taken for
• Food—Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes,
"soreness inside, for it is throughout the blood." Eye Medicine Infu
and dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire
sion of bark used as an eyewash, (as Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Saanich
dried and stored for future use. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting
Panacea Infusion of bark and wild cherry bark taken as a cure-all
food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and
tonic, (as Pyrus fusca 182:87) Samish Dermatological Aid Decoction
cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread, (as Pyrus coronaria
of bark used as a wash for cuts. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of
196:129) Ojibwa Fruit Fruit used for food, (as Pyrus coronaria
bark taken for stomach disorders. Swinomish Dermatological Aid
135:236)
Decoction of bark used as a wash for cuts. Gastrointestinal Aid De
Malusfusca (Raf.) Schneid., Oregon Crabapple coction of bark taken for stomach disorders, (as Pyrus diversifolia
• Drug—Bella Coola Eye Medicine Compound decoction of bark or 79:38) Thompson Analgesic Decoction of bark and cascara bark tak
root used as an eyewash for soreness, (as Pyrus diversifolia 150:60) en for sciatica. (187:262)
Cowichan Panacea Infusion of bark and wild cherry bark taken as a • Food—Alaska Native Cooking Agent Used as a source of pectin for
cure-all tonic, (as Pyrus fusca 182:87) Gitksan Antirheumatic (Inter jelly making. (85:85) Bella Coola Fruit Berries used for food, (as Pyrus
nal) Decoction of trunk and branch or inner bark taken for rheuma fusca 184:209) Chinook, Lower Fruit Fruits stored in baskets until
tism. Dietary Aid Decoction of trunk, branches, or inner bark taken soft and used for food, (as Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Clallam Fruit
as a "fattening medicine." Diuretic Decoction of trunk and branches Fruit softened in baskets and eaten, (as Pyrus fusca 57:202) Cowlitz
or inner bark taken as a laxative and diuretic. Eye Medicine ]u\ce, Fruit Fruits cooked, stored in baskets until soft and used for food, (as
scraped from peeled trunk, used as an eye medicine. Laxative De Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Haisla & Hanaksiala Fruit Fruit used for
coction of trunk and branch or inner bark taken as a laxative and di food. Winter Use Food Fruit boiled and stored in the cooking water
uretic. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of trunk and branch or inner or oil for winter use. (43:265) Hesquiat Dried Food Sour fruit dried
bark taken for consumption, (as Pyrus diversifolia 150:60) Haisla & for future use. (as Pyrus fusca 185:73) Hoh Fruit Fruits eaten for food,
Hanaksiala Antirheumatic (Internal) Fruit eaten after a long day of (as Pyrus diversifolia 137:64) Kitasoo Special Food Fruit used as a
hunting, "kills poison in muscles." Ceremonial Medicine Afterbirth of food item associated with ceremonial situations. Winter Use Food
a child tied to a young tree to ensure the child would grow up strong. Fruit stored in water and topped with mammal or fish grease or oil.
(43:265) Hoh Venereal Aid Infusion used for gonorrhea, (as Pyrus di (43:342) Kwakiutl, Southern Special Food Fruits boiled until soft and
versifolia 137:64) Klallam Eye Medicine Infusion of bark used as an eaten with oil at large feasts, (as Pyrus fusca 183:290) Makah Fruit
eyewash, (as Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Kwakiutl Antihemorrhagic Ripe fruit used for food, (as Pyrus fusca 67:268) Fruits stored in bas
Shredded bark used for blood-spitting. Dermatological AidTree used kets until soft and used for food, (as Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Preserves
for eczema or skin troubles, (as Pyrus fusca 183:290) Makah Antidiar- Ripe fruit used to make jelly, (as Pyrus fusca 67:268) Nitinaht Forage
rheal Infusion of bark taken for dysentery and diarrhea, (as Pyrus di- Fruits eaten by grouse. Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as Pyrus fusca
334 Malusfusca (Rosaceae)

186:121) Oweekeno Frw/rOverripe fruit cooked with sugar and eat Compound infusion of bark and leaves used as drops for blindness.
en. Fruit boiled and stored under grease in special boxes for future Orthopedic Aid Compound poultice of bark and fruit peelings used
use. (43:109) Quileute Fruit Fruits eaten raw. (as Pyrus diversifolia for bruises, (as Pyrus malus 87:350)
79:38) Fruits eaten for food, (as Pyrus diversifolia 137:64) Quinault • Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala Fruit Fruit used for food. (43:270) Hopi
Fruit Fruits stored in baskets until soft and used for food, (as Pyrus Unspecified Species used for food. (200:79) Iroquois Bread & Cake
diversifolia 79:38) Salish, Coast Fruit Berries used for food, (as Pyrus Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for future use. Dried
fusca 182:87) Samish Fruit Fruits eaten raw. (as Pyrus diversifolia Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.
79:38) Skagit, Upper Fruit Fruit ripened in storage and then eaten, Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit
(as Pyrus diversifolia 179:38) Swinomish Fruit Fruits eaten raw. (as cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with
Pyrus diversifolia 79:38) Thompson Fruit Fruit picked in fall when corn bread, (as Pyrus malus 196:129) Oweekeno Fruit Fruit used for
still green, allowed to ripen in a basket, and eaten with oulachen food. (43:110)
(candlefish) oil. (187:262) • Dye—Navajo Red-Yellow Bark used to make a red yellow dye. (as
• Other—Haisla & Hanaksiala Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to Pyrus malus 55:55)
make bows. Sticks used to strike rods of cedar to make noise while • Other—Mohegan Water Indicator Crotched sticks used to locate
driving animals to be killed. Too Is Wood used to make sledgeham underground water, (as Pyrus malus 176:87)
mer handles and mallet heads. Wood used to make root digging
Malvaceae, see Abutilon, Alceat Callirhoe, Eremalche, Gossypiumt
sticks. Hanaksiala Cooking Tools Sticks used to retrieve special cook
Hibiscus, Malva} Malvella, Modiola, Napaea, Sida, Sidalcea, Sphaer-
ing stones used for cooking edible seaweed. (43:265) Hesquiat Tools
alcea
Wood used to make ax handles, (as Pyrus fusca 185:73) Kwakiutl,
Southern Cash Crop Fruits used as a common article of trade, (as
Malva, Malvaceae
Pyrusfusca 183:290) Nitinaht Hunting & Fishing Item V-shaped
Malva moschata L, Musk Mallow
branches used as gaffs for salmon. Tools Wood used to make digging
• Drwg^-Iroquois Febrifuge Infusion of plant taken for chills. Stimu-
sticks, (as Pyrus fusca 186:121) Oweekeno Cooking Too/5 Wood used
/am Infusion of plant taken for lassitude. (87:385)
to make spoons. (43:109) Quileute Hunting & Fishing Item Wood
used to make seal spear prongs and as bait lure on sea bass hooks. Malva neglecta Wallr., Common Mallow
Tools Wood used to make mauls for driving stakes, (as Pyrus diversi • Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid Flowers put in oil and mixed
folia 79:38) Salish, Coast Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make with tallow for use on sores. (80:44) Iroquois Dermatological Aid
halibut hooks, bows, and fishing floats. Tools Wood used to make Compound infusion of plants applied as poultice to swellings of all
digging sticks and adz handles, (as Pyrus fusca 182:87) kinds. (87:384) Emetic Infusion of smashed plant taken to vomit for a
love medicine. Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of plants
Mains ioensis (Wood) Britt, Prairie Crabapple
applied as poultice to baby's swollen stomach. Love Medicine Infu
• Food—Omaha Fruit Fruit used for food. Ponca Fruit Fruit used for
sion of smashed plant taken to vomit for a love medicine. Orthopedic
food. (70:86)
Aid Cold, compound infusion of leaves applied as poultice to broken
Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. var. ioensis, Prairie Crabapple bones. Compound decoction of plants applied as poultice to baby's
• Drug—Meskwaki Misc. Disease Remedy Used 50 years ago for small sore back. Pediatric Aid Compound decoction of plants applied to
pox, (as Pyrus ioensis 152:242) baby's swollen stomach or sore back. (87:385) Mahuna Analgesic
• Food—Meskwaki Preserves Fruit reduced to jelly. Winter Use Food Plant used for painful congestion of the stomach. Gastrointestinal
Fruit dried for winter use. (as Pyrus ioensis 152:263) Aid Plant used for painful congestion of the stomach, (as M. rotundi-
Malus pumila P. Mill., Cultivated Apple folia 140:8) Navajo, Ramah Other Cold infusion of plant taken and
• Drug—Cherokee Gastrointestinal Aid and Hemorrhoid RemedyInfu used as a lotion for injury or swelling. (191:36)

sion of bark taken for gallstones and "piles." Pulmonary AidUsed

Malva nicaeensisMl, Bull Mallow
with other ingredients to give ballplayers wind during the game.
• Drug—Costanoan Analgesic Decoction of plant taken for migraine
Throat Aid Infusion of inner bark used for lost voice and used as an
headaches. Poultice of heated leaves applied to the stomach or head
ingredient in drink for dry throat. (80:23)
for pain. Dermatological AidDecoction of roots used as a hair rinse.
• Dye—Cherokee Yellow Bark used to make a yellow dye. (80:23)
Emetic Decoction of plant taken as an emetic. Febrifuge Decoction of
Malus sp., Wild Crabapple roots used, especially for children, for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid
• Drug—Creek Herbal Steam and Misc. Disease Remedy Strong decoc Poultice of heated leaves applied to stomach or head for pain. Other
tion of plant taken, used as wash and herbal steam for rabies. Decoction of plant taken for migraine headaches. Pediatric Aid De
(172:659) coction of roots used, especially for children, for fevers. (21:8)
• Food—Pima Unspecified Leaves cooked, mixed with white flour,
Malus sylvestris P. Mill., Apple
cooked again, and used for food, (as M. borealis 95:264)
• Drug—Cherokee Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark taken to loosen
phlegm for hoarseness, (as Pyrus malus 177:29) Iroquois Ear Medi Malva parviflora L, Cheeseweed Mallow
cine Decoction of bark used as drops for earaches. Eye Medicine • Drug—Diegaeho Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves or roots
Compound poultice of bark and fruit peelings used for black eyes. used as a rinse for dandruff and to soften the hair after the hair
 Catalog of Plants'-335

wash. Febrifuge Decoction of leaves or roots used as an enema and • Drwg^-Catawba Kidney Aid Infusion of pounded roots taken and
bath for babies with fevers. (84:24) Miwok Antirheumatic (External) used externally for dropsy, (as Agave virginica 157:191) Infusion of
Infusion of leaves, soft stems, and flowers used as poultice on swel pounded roots taken and used as a wash for dropsy, (as Agave vir
lings. DermatologicalAid Infusion of leaves, soft stems, and flowers ginica 177:10) Snakebite Remedy Infusion of roots taken and used ex
used as poultice on running sores and boils. (12:171) Pima Dermato ternally for snakebite, {as Agave virginica 157:191) Infusion of roots
logicalAid Decoction of plant used as a shampoo. (47:79) taken and used as a wash for snakebites, (as Agave virginica 177:10)
• Food—Pima Forage Seeds eaten by hogs. (47:79) Cherokee Anthelmintic Root chewed for worms. Antidiarrheal Root
chewed for diarrhea, (as Agave virginica 80:23) Root, a very strong
Malva sp., Mallow
medicine, chewed for persistent diarrhea, (as Agave virginica 203:74)
• Drug—Mahuna Kidney Aid Plant used for the kidneys, (as Malvacea
Liver Aid Root chewed for the liver, (as Agave virginica 80:23) Creek
rubra, creeping rock mallow 140:70) Tewa Analgesic Poultice of pul
Snakebite Remedy Decoction of root in sweet milk taken or used as
verized plant paste applied to head for headache, (mallow 138:70,71)
wash for rattlesnake bite. Root chewed and swallowed or used exter
• Food—Cahuilla Unspecified Seeds eaten fresh. (15:88) Papago Star
nally for rattlesnake bite. (28:289) Seminole Snakebite Remedy Plant
vation Food Plants boiled and liquid used to make pinole during
used for snakebites, (as Agave virginica 169:297)
famine. (146:76)

Mangifera, Anacardiaceae
Malvelldy Malvaceae
Mangifera indica L, Mango
Malvella leprosa (Ortega) Krapov., Alkali Mallow
• Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:491)
• Drug—Choctaw Antidiarrheal Burn Dressing, and Gastrointestinal
AidRoot used for "dysentery, diarrhea, inflammation of the bowels,
Manihot Euphorbiaceae
burns, etc." (as Sida hederacea 28:287)
Manihot esculenta Crantz, Tapioca
Mammillaria, Cactaceae • Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:490)

Mammillaria dioica K. Brandeg., Strawberry Cactus

Marah, Cucurbitaceae
• Food—Diegueno Fruit Small fruits eaten raw. (84:25)
Marahfabaceus (Naud.) Naud. ex Greene, California Manroot
Mammillaria grahamii Engelm., Graham's Nipple Cactus • Drug—Porno DermatologicalAid Pounded nuts and grease rubbed
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Dried Food Dried fruit on the head for falling hair, (as Echinocystis fabacea 66:14) Porno,
cooked and eaten. Fruit Raw fruit used for food. Raw fruit used for Kashaya DermatologicalAid Raw, pounded root mixed with pound
food, (as Neomammillaria o/w/tf 33:41) Apache, San Carlos Fruit ed pepper nuts and skunk grease applied to head to prevent bald
Fruits eaten for food. (95:257) ness. (72:41)

Mammillaria grahamii Engelm. var, grahamii, Graham's Nip • Other—Porno Hunting & Fishing Item Root used as a fish drug, (as

ple Cactus Echinocystis fabacea 66:14) Porno, Kashaya Hunting & Fishing Item

• Drug—Pima Ear Medicine Plant boiled and placed warm in the ear Mashed root used in pools in the river and in tide pools at the beach

for earaches and suppurating ears, (as M. microcarpa 47:57) for poisoning fish. (72:41)

• Food—Pima, Gila River Baby Food Raw pulp eaten primarily by chil
Marah honridus (Congd.) S. T. Dunn, Sierran Manroot
dren, (as M. microcarpa 133:7) Snack Food Pulp eaten, primarily by
• Drwg^-Kawaiisu DermatologicalAid Mashed, roasted seeds used as
children, as a snack food, (as M. microcarpa 133:5)
a salve for skin irritations and sores, and as a salve to eliminate bald

Mammillaria mainiaeK, Brandeg., Counterclockwise Nipple ness. Ear Medicine Roasted seeds placed in the ear for earaches. (206:

Cactus 40) Tubatulabal DermatologicalAid Burned, ripe seeds rubbed on

• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Fruit Raw fruit used for pimples and newborn baby's navel. Pediatric Aid Burned, ripe seeds

food, (as Neomammillaria mainae33:41) rubbed on newborn baby's navel, (as Echinocystis horrida 193:59)

Mammillaria sp., Cactus Marah macrocarpus (Greene) Greene, Cucamonga Manroot

• Food—Apache, White Mountain Unspecified Flesh used for food. • Drug—-Costanoan DermatologicalAid Seeds used as a paste for
(136:158) Gosiute Unspecified Skinned inner portion of plant used pimples and skin sores. (21:24) Luiseno Cathartic Roots used as a
for food. (39:374) Navajo Unspecified Flesh used for food. (55:64) purgative, (as Echinocystis macrocarpa 155:229)
Tewa Unspecified Spines burned off and the entire plant eaten raw. • Other—Costanoan Soap Root used to make detergent lather. (21:
(138:62) 251) Luiseno Paint Seeds mixed with iron oxide and turpentine to
make a red paint, (as Echinocystis macrocarpa 155:210)
Mammillaria wrightiiEngelm., Wright's Nipple Cactus
• Food—Navajo, Ramah Unspecified Stems and ripe fruits used for Marah macrocarpusvar. major (S. T. Dunn) Stocking, Cuca
food, (as Neomammillaria wrightii 191:37) monga Manroot
• Drug—Mahuna DermatologicalAid Plant juices rubbed on parts af
Manfreday Agavaceae flicted by ringworm. Seed oil rubbed on the head for diseased scalps
Manfreda virginica (L) Salisb. ex Rose, False Aloe and hair roots, (as Micrapelis micracarpa 140:38)
336 Marah oreganus (Cucurbitaceae)

Marah oreganus (Torr. ex S.Wats.) T. ]. Howell, Coastal Manroot fectant Strong infusion used for "lightning infection." Gastrointesti
• Drug—Chehalis Dermatological Aid and Tuberculosis Remedy Salve nal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachache. Gynecological Aid
of root ash and grease applied to scrofula sores, (as Echinocystis ore- Root used before and after childbirth. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoc
gana 79:48) Kaiok Dermatological Aid Poultice of roots applied to tion of plant taken for influenza. (191:41) Paiute Analgesic Branches
bruises and boils. (6:39) Poison Plant considered poisonous, (as used to whip aching body parts to stimulate circulation. (180:103)
Echinocystis oregana 148:386) Mendocino Indian Antirheumatic (Ex Rappahannock Cold Remedy Infusion of roots taken for colds. Cough
ternal) Seeds and roots used for rheumatism or root rubbed on rheu Medicine Compound decoction taken for coughs. (161:27) Round
matic joints. Dermatological AidRoot rubbed on rheumatic joints, Valley Indian Antidiarrheal Decoction of leaves taken for diarrhea.
boils, and swellings. Poison Roots and seeds considered poisonous. Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves taken for colds. (41:383) Yuki
Urinary Aid Seeds eaten for urinary troubles. Venereal Aid Seeds and Cough Medicinelnhxsion of plant taken for coughs. (49:47)
roots used for rheumatism and venereal disease, (as Micrampelis • Food—Diegueno Candy Infusion of leaves mixed with honey and
marah 41:390) Paiute Eye Medicine Decoction of peeled, sliced, and made into candy. (84:25) Navajo, Ramah Fodder Used for sheep feed,
dried root used for "sore eyes." (as Echinocystis oreganas 111:113) made the meat bitter. (191:41)
Squaxin Analgesic and Orthopedic Aid Infusion of smashed stalks
used as a soak for aching hands. Poison Plant considered poisonous. Marshallia, Asteraceae
(as Echinocystis oregana 79:48) Marshallia obovata (Walt.) Beadle & F. E. Boynt., Spoonshape
• Food—Yurok Beverage Young shoots and Polypodium rhizomes used Barbara's Buttons
to make tea. (6:39) • Drug—Catawba Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used in certain diseases.
• Other—Mendocino Indian Hunting & Fishing Item Roots formerly (157:191)
used as fish poison, (as Micrampelis marah 41:390) Yurok Toys &
Games Fruit used by children to construct representations of ani Martynia, Pedaliaceae
mals by inserting twigs. Fruit tossed by children at one another in Martynias\)., Devil's Claw
play. (6:39) • Food—Apache, Western Beverage Seeds cracked and chewed for the
juice. Winter Use Food Seeds stored in pottery, gourd, or water-bas
Marantaceae, see Thalia
ket receptacles. (26:189)
Marattiaceae, see Marattia • Fiber—Shoshoni Basketry Pods used to make the black design in
basketry. (117:445)
Marattia, Marattiaceae, fern • Other—Santa Clara Ceremonial Items Open seed vessels used to
Marattia sp., Pala Fern make artificial flowers for dancers' headdresses. Tewa of Hano Cere
• Food—Hawaiian Unspecified Leaf stem bases overcooked and eaten. monial Items Open seed vessels used to make artificial flowers for
(112:68) dancers' headdresses. (138:57)

Marrubium, Lamiaceae Matelea, Asclepiadaceae

Marrubium vulgarel., Horehound Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woods., Star Milkvine
• Drug—Cahuilla Kidney Aid Infusion of whole plant used for flushing • Drug—Comanche Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of thick, white
the kidneys. (15:88) Cherokee Breast Treatment Infusion used for roots used for ghost sickness. Dermatological Aid Decoction of thick,
"breast complaints." Cold RemedyTaken for colds. Cough Medicine white roots used for bruises. Gastrointestinal AidRoot paste used for
Mixed with sugar to make cough syrup. Pediatric Aid Infusion given severe stomach pains. Gynecological Aid Decoction of thick, white
to babies. Throat Aid Taken for hoarseness. (80:39) Costanoan Cough roots used for menstrual cramps. Misc. Disease Remedy Root paste
Medicine Decoction of leaves used for coughs. Dermatological Aid used for diphtheria and other throat closing ailments in children.
Heated leaf salve used on boils. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of leaves Orthopedic Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for broken
used for whooping cough. (21:16) Diegueno Cold Remedy Infusion of bones. Pediatric AidRoot paste used for diphtheria and other throat
leaves taken for colds. Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves mixed with closing ailments in children. (99:9)
honey and given to children for colds and whooping cough. Pulmo
Matelea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods., Prairie Milkvine
nary Aid Infusion of leaves taken for whooping cough. (84:25) Hopi
• Drug—Comanche Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of thick, white
UnspecifiedUsed as a medicinal plant. (190:165) Isleta Antirheumat
roots used for ghost sickness. Dermatological AidDecoction of thick,
ic (External) Poultice of crushed leaves used for swellings. (100:34)
white roots used for bruises. Gastrointestinal AidRoot paste used for
Kawaiisu Cold Remedy Hot or cold infusion of leaves and flowering
severe stomach pains. Gynecological Aid Decoction of thick, white
tops taken for colds. Cough MedicineUot or cold infusion of leaves
roots used for menstrual cramps. Misc. Disease Remedy Root paste
and flowering tops taken for coughs. Respiratory Aid Plant used as a
used for diphtheria and other throat closing ailments in children.
syrup for respiratory ailments. (206:40) Mahuna Cough Medicine In
Orthopedic Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for broken
fusion of leaves and flowers taken for coughs. Throat Aid Infusion of
bones. Pediatric Aid Root paste used for diphtheria and other throat
leaves and flowers taken for sore throats. (140:18) Navajo Throat Aid
closing ailments in children. (99:9)
Infusion of plant taken for sore throats. (55:73) Navajo, Ramah Anal
gesic Decoction of plant used for stomachache and influenza. Disin Matelea producta (Torr.) Woods., Texas Milkvine
 Catalog of Plants 337

• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Unspecified Seeds eaten ioides 188:84) Shuswap Cold Remedy Dried plants used for colds.
fresh or boiled, (as Vincetoxicum productum 33:45) Heart Medicine Dried plants used for the heart, (as M. matricarioides
123:59) Ute Unspecified Used as a medicine. (38:35) Yokia Antidiar
Matricaria, Asteraceae rhealDecoction of leaves and flowers taken for diarrhea. (41:395)
Matricaria discoidea DC, Disc Mayweed • Food—Eskimo, Alaska Candy Plant tops chewed by children for the
• Drug—Aleut Analgesic and Carminative Infusion of leaves taken for pleasant flavor, (as M. matricarioides 1:38) Flathead Preservative
stomach pains, especially from gas. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of Plants dried, pulverized, and used to preserve meat and berries.
leaves taken for stomach pain, especially for gas on the stomach. Kutenai Unspecified Small, yellowish green flower heads eaten occa
Laxative Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative. PanaceaPlant used as sionally. Montana Indian Unspecified Occasionally used for food, (as
a cure-all. Tonic Plant used to make a tonic, (as M. matricarioides 8: M. matricarioides82:23) Okanagan-Colville Unspecified¥\ower
426) Bladdoot Antidiarrheal Decoction of plant and flowers used for heads eaten by children, (as M. matricarioides 188:84)
diarrhea, (as M. matricarioides 97:61) Cahuilla Antidiarrheal Infu • Fiber—Crow Mats, Rugs & BeddingPlants dried, crushed, and used
sion of plant used for diarrhea. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant to line baby cradles, (as M. matricarioides 82:23)
used for colic and to settle upset stomachs, (as M. matricarioides 15: • Other—Blackfoot Incense & Fragrance Blossoms dried and used for
88) Cherokee Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion taken "to keep regular." perfume, (as M. matricarioides 114:278) Insecticide Dried blossoms
(as M. matricarioides 80:49) Cheyenne Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as an insect repellent, (as M. matricarioides 97:61) Cheyenne
used in the Sun Dance ceremony, (as M. matricarioides 83:22) Der- Incense & Fragrance Leaves dried, powdered, mixed with fir or sweet
matologicalAidDried, pulverized flowers, leaves, sweet grass, horse grass, and used as perfume, (as M. matricarioides 82:23) Eskimo,
mint, and sweet pine used as a perfume, (as M. matricarioides 76: Inuktitut Incense & Fragrance Used as an aromatic in sweat lodges.
189) UnspecifiedPlant tops used as an ingredient in many medicines, Season IndicatorPlant used as an indicator of salmonberry picking
(as M. matricarioides 83:22) Costanoan Analgesic Decoction of plant time, (as M. matricarioides 202:183) Kutenai Incense & Fragrance
taken for stomach pain. Anticonvulsive Decoction of plant used for Leaves dried, powdered, and used as perfume. Jewelry Dried heads
infant convulsions. Dermatological Aid and Disinfectant Seeds used used to make necklaces. Montana Indian Incense & Fragrance Used
as salve for infected sores. Febrifuge Decoction of plant taken for as a perfume. Insecticide Used as a bug repellent, (as M. matricari
fever. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomach pain oides 82:23)
and indigestion. PediatricAid Decoction of plant used for infant
Matricaria sp.
convulsions, (as M. matricarioides 21:27) Diegueno Febrifuge Decoc
• Drug—-Aleut Unspecified Used medicinally. (7:29)
tion of plant mixed with mallow and elderberry blossoms and used
as an enema for babies with fever. Gynecological Aid Decoction of
Matteuccia, Dryopteridaceae, fern
whole plant taken by women following childbirth. Pediatric Aid De
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L) Todaro, Ostrich Fern
coction of plant mixed with mallow and elderberry blossoms and
• Drwg^-Cree, Woodlands Gynecological AidDecoction of leaf stalk
used as an enema for babies with fever, (as M. matricarioides 84:25)
base from the sterile frond taken to speed expulsion of the afterbirth.
Eskimo, Alaska Antihemorrhagic Plant tops chewed for spitting up
Orthopedic Aid Decoction of leaf stalk base from the sterile frond
blood, (as M. matricarioides 1:38) Eskimo, Inuktitut Unspecified
taken for back pain. (109:44)
Used for medicinal purposes, (as M. matricarioides 202:183) Eskimo,
Kuskokwagmiut AdjuvantPlant used in the steam bath for the pleas Medeola, Liliaceae
ant odor. Cold Remedy Decoction of dried seed heads taken for colds.
Medeola virginianal., Indian Cucumberroot
Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of dried seed heads taken for indiges
• Drug—Iroquois Anticonvulsive Infusion of crushed dried berries
tion, (as M. suaveolens 122:22,23) Eskimo, Western Adjuvant Plants
and leaves given to babies with convulsions. Panacea Compound
added to sweat bath water container to impart fragrance, (as M.
infusion taken or placed on injured part, a "Little Water Medicine."
suaveolens 108:39) Cold Remedy and Gastrointestinal AidDecoction
PediatricAid Infusion of crushed dried berries and leaves given to
of dried seed heads used "for either indigestion or a cold." (as M.
babies with convulsions. Witchcraft Medicine Raw root chewed and
suaveolens 108:13) ¥\a\hea.d Antidiarrheal Infusion of herb used for
spit on hook to "make fish bite." (87:285)
diarrhea. Cold Remedy Infusion of herb used for children with colds.
Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of herb used for upset stomach. Pediat Medicago, Fabaceae
ric Aid Infusion of herb used for children with colds, (as M. matricar
Medicago polymorpha L, Bur Clover
ioides 82:23) Montana Indian Antidiarrheal Decoction of herbs and
• Food—Cahuilla Porridge Parched, ground seeds used to make mush,
flowers used for diarrhea. (19:15) Gynecological Aid Infusion of herb
(as M. hispida 15:88) Mendocino Indian Forage Seeds and leaves
used for building up blood at childbirth and delivering the placenta.
used as a forage plant. Dried seedpods eaten by sheep in summer,
Infusion of herb used by young girls for menstrual cramps, (as M.
(as M. denticulata 41:358)
matricarioides 82:23) Okanagan-ColvilleLoi^Med/cmeTops and
human hair buried on range to prevent loved ones or relations from Medicago sativa L, Alfalfa
going away. Veterinary AidTops, horse and human hair, and musk • Drwg^-Costanoan Ear Medicine Poultice of heated leaves applied to
gland material buried on range to prevent horses from running the ear for earaches. (21:19)
away. Witchcraft Medicine Plant used for witchcraft. (asM. matricar • Food—Navajo, Ramah Fodder Plant cultivated, harvested, dried,
338 Medicago sativa (Fabaceae)

stacked, or stored in hogans, and fed to livestock in winter. (191:32) • Food—Jemez Forage Plant very nutritious food for horses, (as M.
Okanagan-Colville Spice Plants placed above and below black tree alba 44:25)
lichen and camas in cooking pits for the sweet flavor. (188:105) Shu- • Other—Dakota Incense & Fragrance Grass hung in houses for the
swap Fodder Used for horse feed. (123:64) pleasant fragrance, (as M. alba 69:365) Bunches of plants hung in the
• Other—Keres, Western UnspecifiedPlant known and named but no home for the fragrance, (as M. alba 70:91) Iroquois Incense & Fra
use was specified. (171:53) grance Flowers used in a bouquet to perfume the house, (as M. alba
142:93) Keres, Western Insecticide Plant used in beds as a bedbug re
Melampyrum, Scrophulariaceae pellent, (as M. alba 171:53)
Melampyrum lineare Desr., Narrowleaf Cowwheat
MelilotUS sp., Sweetclover
• Drug—Ojibwa Eye Medicine Infusion of plant used as a "little medi
• Other—Havasupai Incense & Fragrance Leaves dried, ground, placed
cine for the eyes." (153:389)
in a small bundle, and tied onto women's clothes as a perfume.
Melastomataceae, see Rhexia (197:227)

Meliaceae, see Melia Melissa, Lamiaceae

Melia, Meliaceae Melissa officinalis L, Common Balm

• Drug—Cherokee Cold Remedy Used for old colds. Febrifuge Used for
Melia azedarach L, Chinaberrytree
typhus fevers, chills, and fevers. Misc. Disease RemedyPlant used for
• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Infusion of root and bark given for
typhus fevers, chills, and fevers. StimulantUsed as a stimulant. Tonic
worms. Dermatological AidUsed for "scald head," ringworm, and
Used as a tonic. (80:24) Costanoan Gastrointestinal AidDecoctlon of
"tetterworm." (80:29)
plant used for infants' colic and stomachaches. PediatricAid Decoc
• Other—Cherokee Insecticide Crushed leaves used to drive out
tion of plant used for infants with colic. (21:16)
"house insects." (80:29) Omaha Good Luck Charm Fruits used as
good luck charm beads. Jewelry Fruits used as beads. Ponca Good Melothria, Cucurbitaceae
Luck Charm Fruits used as good luck charm beads. Jewelry Fruits
MelothriapendulaU Guadeloupe Cucumber
used as beads. (70:98)
• Drwg^-Houma Snakebite Remedy Poultice of pulverized leaves and
gunpowder applied to moccasin bite. (158:64)
Melica, Poaceae
Melica bulbosa Geyer ex Porter & Coult., Oniongrass Menispermaceae, see Cocculus, Menispermum
• Food—Porno Porridge Raw roots pounded like pinole. Unspecified
Raw roots used for food. (66:11)
Menispermum, Menispermaceae
Menispermum canadensel., Common Moonseed
Melica imperfectaTrm., Smallflower Melicgrass
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Taken for weak stomachs and bow
• Drug—Kawaiisu Toothache RemedyPlant clump used to discard
els. Dermatological Aid Root used for skin diseases. Gastrointestinal
children's milk teeth, "then another one will grow in." (206:40)
Aid Taken for weak stomachs and bowels. Gynecological A/d Taken
• Food—Kawaiisu Porridge Seeds winnowed, pounded in a bedrock
by "weakly females." Laxative Root used as a laxative. StimulantTak-
mortar, and cooked into a mush. (206:40)
en by "weakly females." Venereal AidTaken for venereal diseases and
as a laxative. (80:54) Delaware, Oklahoma Dermatological Aid Salve
Melicopef Rutaceae
containing plant used on chronic sores. (175:27)
Melicope cinerea Gray, Manena
• Drwg^-Hawaiian Venereal Aid Plant used for venereal diseases, (as Menodora, Oleaceae
Pelea cinerea 2:72)
Menodora SCabra Engelm. ex Gray, Rough Menodora
• Drug—Na\a.)of Ramah Analgesic Decoction of root used for back
Melilotus, Fabaceae
bone pain. Gastrointestinal Aid Cold infusion taken for heartburn.
MelilotUS indicus (L.) All., Annual Yellow Sweetclover
Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken to facilitate labor. Ortho
• Drug—Porno, Kashaya Laxative Decoction of whole plant taken as a
pedic Aid Decoction of root used for "pain in backbone." Panacea
purgative, a very strong laxative. (72:37)
Plant used as "life medicine." (191:39)
• Other—Isleta Insecticide Plant used in beds as a bedbug repellant.
(100:34) Pima Toys & Games Used in target shooting games. (47:131) Mentha, Lamiaceae
MelilotUS officinalis (L) Lam., Yellow Sweetclover Mentha arvensis L, Wild Mint
• Drug^-Iroquois Dermatological Aid Infusion of flowers and rhi • Drw£-California Indian Kidney Aid Infusion of leaves taken for kid
zomes from another plant applied to the face for pimples and sun ney complaint. (118:41) Cherokee Febrifuge Infusion given for fever.
burn, (as M. alba 141:49) Febrifuge Infusion taken for typhoid-like (80:45) Cheyenne Antiemetic Infusion of ground leaves and stems
fever caused by odor from killed snake, (as M. alba 87:364) Navajo, taken for vomiting. (82:64) Ceremonial MedicinePlant used in the
Ramah Cold Remedy Cold infusion taken and used as lotion for Sun Dance ceremony. Dermatological Aid Decoction of plant used as
colds caused by becoming chilled, (as M alba 191:33) a hair oil. Heart Medicine Infusion of ground leaves and stems taken
 Catalog of Plants 339

to strengthen heart muscles. (83:27) Love Medicineleaves chewed tion used for concealing human scent from traps. (82:64) Thompson
and placed on body for improved love life. (82:64) Infusion of ground Containers Plant tops used as a liner for dried fish platters, to coun
leaves and stems used to improve one's love life. Stimulant Infusion teract the strong odor. Incense & Fragrance Whole plant soaked in
of ground leaves and stems taken to stimulate vital organs. (83:27) warm water to make a solution used to scent feather pillows. Insecti
Flathead Cold Remedy Infusion taken for colds. Cough Medicine In cide Plant used all over the house for bedbugs and other insect pests.
fusion taken for coughs. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fevers. Tonic In Soap Whole plant soaked in warm water to make a solution used as a
fusion taken as a tonic. Toothache Remedyleaves used for carious hair dressing. (187:233)
teeth. GrosWentre Analgesic Infusion taken for headaches. (82:64)
hoquois Antidote Compound decoction of plants taken to vomit as Mentha canadensis L, Canadian Mint
cure for poison. (87:428) Kawaiisu Analgesic Poultice of leaves and • Drug—Abnaki Panacea Used by children for maladies. PediatricAid
stems applied to areas of pain. Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves Used by children for maladies. (144:155) Used for crying babies. Sed-
and stems applied to areas of swelling. (206:40) Kutenai Antirheu- ativeUsed for crying babies. (144:171) Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
matic (External) Poultice of leaves used for rheumatism and arthri Febrifuge Plant used as a fever medicine. (132:129) Bella Coola Anal
tis. Cold Remedy Infusion taken for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion gesic Decoction of entire plant taken for stomach pain. Gastrointesti
taken for coughs. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fevers. Kidney Aid In nal Aid Decoction of entire plant taken for stomach pain. (150:63)
fusion taken for kidney problems. Tonic Infusion taken as a tonic. Blackfoot Analgesic Dried leaves chewed and swallowed for chest
(82:64) Menominee Pulmonary Aid Compound infusion taken and pains. Heart Medicine Dried leaves chewed and swallowed for heart
poultice applied to chest for pneumonia. (151:39) Navajo, Kayenta ailments. (asM. arvensisvai. villosa 97:51) Carrier, Southern Cold
Dermatological AidPtent used as a lotion for swellings. Disinfectant /temedy Decoction of entire plant taken for colds and the stomach.
and PediatricAid Roots used for prenatal snake infection. (205:40) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of entire plant taken for the stomach
Navajo, Ramah Febrifuge Cold infusion taken and used as lotion for and various ailments. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of entire plant taken
fever. Misc. Disease Remedy Cold infusion taken and used as lotion for "lung affections" and colds. (150:63) Cheyenne Antiemetic De
for influenza. Stimulant Cold infusion given to counteract effects of coction of finely ground leaves and stems taken to prevent vomiting.
being struck by a whirlwind. (191:41) Okanagan-Colville Analgesic (75:39) Decoction of ground stems and leaves taken to prevent vom
Infusion of stems taken for pains. Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion iting. (76:186) Chippewa Carminative Plant used as a carminative.
of stems taken for swellings. Cold Remedy Infusion of stems taken for (71:140) Cree, Hudson Bay Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant
colds. Febrifuge Infusion of stems taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal used as a stomachic. (92:303) Cree, Woodlands Analgesic Infusion of
Aid and PediatricAid Infusion of stems taken for colic in children. leaves taken for headaches. Antihemorrhagic Infusion of plant taken
(188:109) Paiute Other Plant chewed or infusion of entire plant, ex for coughing up blood. Cold Remedy Infusion of plant taken to pre
cept root, taken to keep cool. (167:317) Thompson Cold RemedyIn vent the onset of a cold and for prolonged colds. Infusion of leaves
fusion of plant taken for colds. Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of taken for colds. Febrifuge Infusion of leaves taken for fevers. Hemo-
plant taken to prevent influenza. One informant said that during the stafLeafy stems and flowers inserted into the nostril for serious nose
flu epidemic after the First World War, her grandmother made a big bleeds. Oral Aid Ground flowers and yarrow placed in a cloth, mois
potful of mint tea. She and her family drank this and did not get sick. tened, and rubbed on infected gums to remove pus. Toothache Rem
(187:233) edy Poultice of ground leaves or leafy stems applied to the gums for
► Food—Blackfoot Beverage Dried plant used to make tea. Spice Dried toothaches, (as M. arvensisvax. villosa 109:45) Dakota Carminative
plant used to spice pemmican and soups. (86:103) Cherokee Unspec Sweetened infusion taken as a carminative or beverage. (70:112,113)
ified Species used for food. (80:45) Cheyenne Beverageleaves and Gosiute Analgesic, Cold Remedy, and Cough Medicine Decoction of
stems made into a tea and used as a beverage. (83:27) Kawaiisu Bev plant taken for coughs and colds with headaches. (39:351) Great
erage Green leaves brewed into an nonmedicinal beverage tea. (206: Basin Indian Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of whole plant taken for
40) Lakota BeverageUsed to make tea. (139:49) Navajo, Kayenta indigestion. (121:50) Hoh Unspecified Used as smelling and rubbing
Spice Used as flavoring with meats or cornmeal mush. (205:40) Oka medicine. (137:68) Iroquois Emetic Compound decoction of plants
nagan-Colville Beverage Stems used to make tea. (188:109) Paiute taken to vomit as cure for poison, (as M. arvensisvar. canadensis SI:
Beverage Dried leaves used to make a tea. (104:103) Leaves boiled 428) Febrifuge Infusion of plant given to children for fevers. (141:58)
into a refreshing drink. (167:245) Saanich Spice Leaves used for fla Hemorrhoid Remedy Compound decoction of roots taken and used
voring food. (182:84) Sanpoil BeverageStems used to make tea. (188: as a wash for piles, (as M. arvensis var. canadensis 87:428) Pediatric
109) Shuswap Beverage Leaves used in tea. (123:64) Thompson Un Aid Infusion of plant given to children for fevers. (141:58) Isleta Eye
specified Greens warmed over an open fire and eaten with dried fish. MedicinePoultice of moistened, crushed leaves used for eye trouble,
(187:233) (as M. penardi 100:34) Keres, Western Analgesic Infusion of dried
1 Other—Cheyenne Incense & Fragrance Leaves and stems used as plants used for headaches. Febrifuge Infusion of dried plants used
perfume and deodorizers in houses. (83:27) Flathead Insecticide for fevers. (171:53) Keresan Febrifuge Infusion of plant used for fever.
Leaves powdered and sprinkled on meat and berries as a bug repel (198:562) Mahuna Sedative Plant used as a sedative. (140:23) Male-
lent. Kutenai Insecticideleaves powdered and sprinkled on meat cite Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plants used by children with
and berries as a bug repellent. Montana Indian Incense & Fragrance stomach trouble. PediatricAid Infusion of plants used to quiet chil
Used as a home fragrance. Sioux Hunting & Fishing Item Plant solu dren suffering from croup, and used by children with stomach trou-
340 Mentha canadensis (Lamiaceae)

ble. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of plants used by children with croup. and plant tips given to children with colicky pains. Infusion of leaves
Sedative Infusion of plants used to quiet children suffering from and plant tips taken for pains. (125:42) Decoction of leaves and tops
croup. (116:250) Menominee Febrifuge Infusion of whole plant used taken for pains. Antirheumatic (External) Leaves used in the sweat
for fever. (54:132) Micmac Antiemetic and Pediatric Aid Herb used bath for rheumatism. Plant steamed in the sweat bath for rheuma
for children with an upset stomach. Pulmonary Aid Herb used for tism and severe colds. (164:475) Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves and
croup. (40:58) Mohegan Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves con plant tips taken for colds. (125:42) Decoction of leaves and tops tak
sidered beneficial to the stomach. (176:73,130) Montana Indian Un- en and used as herbal steam for colds. Plant steamed in the sweat
specifled Infusion of leaves used for various complaints. (19:15) Ojib- bath for severe colds. (164:475) Dermatological Aid Infusion of leaves
wa Blood Medicine Infusion of entire plant taken as a blood remedy. and plant tips taken for swellings. (125:42) Decoction of leaves and
Diaphoretic Plant used in the sweat bath. Febrifuge Infusion of leaves tops taken for swellings. (164:475) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of
taken for fevers, (as M. arvensisvai. canadensis 153:371,372) Gastro leaves and plant tips given to children with colicky pains. (125:42)
intestinal A/d Infusion of plants taken for stomach troubles. (135: Herbal Steam Plant steamed in the sweat bath for rheumatism and
231) Okanagon Analgesic Infusion of leaves and plant tips given to severe colds. (164:475) Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves and plant tips
children with colicky pains. Infusion of leaves and plant tips taken given to children with colicky pains. (125:42) Unspecified Plant used
for pains. Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves and plant tips taken for as a charm for unspecified purpose. (164:507) Washo Antidiarrheal
colds. Dermatological Aid Infusion of leaves and plant tips taken for Decoction of various plant parts taken for diarrhea. Cold Remedy
swellings. Gastrointestinal Aid and Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves Decoction of various plant parts taken for colds. Febrifuge Decoction
and plant tips given to children with colicky pains. (125:42) Omaha of various plant parts taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid and Pedi-
Carminative Plant used as a carminative. (68:334) Sweetened infu atric Aid Decoction of plant parts used for stomachache, indigestion,
sion taken as a carminative or beverage. (70:112,113) Paiute Anal and babies' colic. (180:104,105) Winnebago Carminative Sweetened
gesic Decoction of various plant parts taken for headaches. Leaves infusion taken as a carminative or beverage. (70:112,113)
used in several ways for headaches. (180:104,105) CarminativeInfu » Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Spice Leaves used as flavor
sion of leaves and stems taken for gas pains, (as M. penardi 118:45) ing, (as M. penardi 33:47) Blackfoot Beverage Leaves used to make
Cold Remedy Infusion of fresh or dried leaves taken for colds, (as M tea. Spice Leaves placed in parfleches to flavor dried meat. (114:278)
arvensisvax. glabrata 111:107) Decoction of various plant parts taken Chippewa Beverage Leaves used to make a pleasant, tea-like bever
for colds. Dermatological AidPoultice of crushed leaves applied to age. Spice Leaves used to add flavor to certain meats in cooking. (71:
swellings. Febrifuge Decoction of various plant parts taken and used 140) Cree, Woodlands Beverage Leaves added to store bought tea to
as a wash for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid and Pediatric Aid Infusion improve the flavor. Spice Leaves added to sturgeon oil to sweeten the
and/or decoction of plant parts used for stomachache, indigestion, odor, (as M. arvensisvai. villosa 109:45) Dakota BeveragePlant used
and babies' colic. Throat AidLeaves chewed for sore throats. (180: to make a hot, tea-like beverage. (69:363) Plant used to make a tea-
104,105) Paiute, Northern Cold Remedy Fresh leaves put in the nos like beverage enjoyed for its pleasing, aromatic flavor. (70:112) Spice
trils for colds. Plant spread out on the ground and lied on for a cold. Plant used as a flavor for meat. (69:363) Plant used as a flavor in
Febrifuge Plant spread out on the ground and lied on for a fever. (59: cooking meat. (70:112) Unspecified Plant laid in alternate layers with
129) Pawnee Carminative Sweetened infusion taken as a carmina dried meat in the packing case. (69:363) Plant parts packed in alter
tive or beverage. Ponca Carminative Sweetened infusion taken as a nate layers with dried meat for storage. (70:112) Gosiute Beverage
carminative or beverage. (70:112,113) Potawatomi Febrifuge Leaves Leaves formerly used to make tea. (39:374) Hopi Sauce & Relish Plant
or plant top used for fevers. PulmonaryAid Decoction of leaves used eaten as a relish. (56:19) Spice Boiled with mush for flavor. (190:165)
for pleurisy, (as M. arvensisvai. canadensis 154:61) Quileute Unspec- Klamath Beverage Herbage used for tea. (45:104) Malecite Spice
ifiedUsed as smelling and rubbing medicine. (137:68) Salish Unspec Plant used as a flavoring in soup. (116:250) Ojibwa Beverage Foliage
ified Decoction of plants used as a medicine, (as M. borealis 178:294) used to make a beverage tea. (as M. arvensis var. canadensis 153:405)
Sanpoil Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves taken by adults for colds Omaha Beverage Leaves used to make a hot, aqueous, tea-like bever
and infusion given to children. Decoction of plant given to infants age. (68:329) Plant used to make a tea-like beverage enjoyed for its
for colds. Panacea Decoction of leaves taken by adults and given to pleasing, aromatic flavor. (70:112) Paiute Beverage Fresh or dried
children for "illnesses of a general nature." Pediatric Aid Decoction leaves made into tea. (as M. arvensis var. glabrata 111:107) Pawnee
of leaves taken by adults for colds and infusion given to children. Beverage Plant used to make a tea-like beverage enjoyed for its pleas
Decoction of plant given to infants for colds. Infusion of leaves given ing, aromatic flavor. Ponca BeveragePlant used to make a tea-like
to children for "illnesses of a general nature." (131:218) Shoshoni beverage enjoyed for its pleasing, aromatic flavor. (70:112) Sanpoil &
Carminative Infusion of leaves and stems taken for gas pains, (as M. Nespelem Beverage Leaves and stems boiled, liquid strained and
penardi 118:45) Cold Remedy Decoction of various plant parts taken drunk, (as M. arvensis var. lanata 131:104) Winnebago Beverage
for colds. Febrifuge Decoction of various plant parts taken and used Plant used to make a tea-like beverage enjoyed for its pleasing, aro
as a wash for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant parts matic flavor. (70:112)
used for stomachache, indigestion, or babies' colic. (180:104,105) > Other—Blackfoot Hunting & Fishing Item Plant boiled with traps to
Pediatric Aid Decoction of plant parts used for stomachache, indiges destroy the human scent, (as M. arvensis var. villosa 97:51) Thomp
tion, or babies' colic. (180:104,105) Sisl Febrifuge Infusion of leaves son Incense & Fragrance Plant used extensively as a scent. (164:503)
taken for fevers. (199:284) Thompson Analgesic Infusion of leaves Winnebago Hunting & Fishing Item Plant boiled with traps to de-
 Catalog of Plants 341

odorize them so that the smell of blood would not deter the animals. Cold Remedy Infusion of whole plant taken as a cold remedy. (87:428)
Incense & Fragrance Plant boiled with traps to deodorize them so Emetic Infusion of plants given to children as an emetic. Febrifuge
that the smell of blood would not deter the animals. (70:112) Compound infusion of powdered plants taken for fevers. Gastroin
testinal Aid Infusion of plants given to children for a bad stomach.
Mentha xpiperita L. Misc. Disease Remedy Compound infusion of powdered plants taken
• Drug—Cherokee Adjuvant Plant used to flavor medicine and foods.
for typhoid. Other Compound infusion used as wash on injured
Analgesic Taken for colic pains, cramps, and used for nervous head
parts, a "Little Water Medicine." Pediatric Aid Infusion of plants giv
ache. AntiemeticTaken for vomiting. CarminativeTaken to "dispel
en to children as an emetic or for a bad stomach. Respiratory Aid
flatulence and remove colic pains." Cold Remedy Infusion taken for
Compound decoction of roots and berries taken for hay fever. (87:
colds. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal AidTaken
427) Mahuna Sedative Plant used as a sedative. (140:23) Miwok Anti-
for "affections of stomach and bowels" and infusion used for upset
diarrheal Infusion of leaves taken for diarrhea. Gastrointestinal Aid
stomach. Taken for bowel problems. Hemorrhoid Remedy Tincture
Infusion of leaves taken for stomach trouble. (12:171) Mohegan
applied externally to piles. Misc. Disease Remedy Given for cholera
Anthelmintic Infusion of plant taken as a worm medicine. (174:265)
infantum. Pediatric Aid Given for cholera infantum. SedativeTaken
Infusion of leaves taken as a vermifuge. (176:73,130)
for hysterics. Stimulant Used as a stimulant. Urinary AidTaken for
• Food—Cherokee Spice Used to flavor foods. Unspecified Species
"suppression of urine and gravelly affection." (water mint 80:48,49)
used for food. (80:48) Kawaiisu Beverage Leaves brewed into an non-
Delaware, Oklahoma Tonic Compound containing leaves used as a
medicinal beverage tea. (206:41) Miwok Beverage Leaves used for
tonic, (water mint 175:76) Hoh UnspecifiedUsed as smelling and
tea. (12:171) Yuki BeverageUsed to make a beverage. (49:88)
rubbing medicine. Quileute Unspecified Used as smelling and rub
• Other—Yuki Incense & Fragrance Used as body and garment per
bing medicine, (peppermint 137:68) Iroquois Cold Remedy Infusion
fume. (49:93)
of whole plant taken for colds. Febrifuge Infusion of whole plant tak
en for fevers. Other Compound infusion used as wash on injured Mentzelia, Loasaceae
parts, a "Little Water Medicine." Witchcraft Medicine Infusion of
Mentzelia affinis Greene, Yellowcomet
plant will throw off witchcraft, (water mint 87:428) Menominee Pul
• Food-—Kawaiisu Preserves Seeds parched and ground into a "peanut
monary Aid Compound infusion taken and poultice applied to chest
butter"-like substance. Winter UseFoodSeeds stored for future use.
for pneumonia, (water mint 151:39) Mohegan Anthelmintic Infusion
(206:41)
of plant given to babies for worms, (water mint 174:265) Infusion of
leaves taken by children and adults as a vermifuge, (water mint 176: Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. exTorr. & Gray,
73,130) Pediatric Aid Infusion given to babies for worms, (water mint Whitestem Blazingstar

174:265) Infusion of leaves used as a vermifuge for children and • Drwg^-Gosiute Burn Dressing Seeds used for burns. (39:375) Hopi

adults, (water mint 176:73) Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. (42:335) Nava

• Food—Cherokee Spice Used to flavor foods. Unspecified Species jo, Ramah Snakebite Remedy Compound containing leaves used for

used for food, (water mint 80:48) snakebite. Toothache Remedy Poultice of crushed, soaked seeds ap
plied for toothache. (191:36)
Mentha sp., Mint • Food—Cahuilla Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used
• Drwg^-Chehalis Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves taken as a cold to make mush. (15:88) Havasupai Preserves Seeds parched, ground,
medicine. Cowlitz Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves taken as a cold kneaded into seed butter, and eaten with fruit drinks or spread on
medicine. (79:45) Kiowa Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of leaves bread. (197:67) Soup Seeds and Indian millet seeds ground and used
taken for stomach troubles. (192:48) Navajo Ceremonial Medicine to make soup or mush. (197:73) Unspecified Seeds formerly used for
Used with sage, red penstemon, red willow, scrub oak, and choke- food. (197:232) Hopi Staple Seeds parched, ground into a fine, sweet
cherry as medicine for Shooting Chant. (55:73) meal, and eaten in pinches. (56:20) Unspecified Mashed seeds rolled
• Food—Kiowa Candy Fresh leaves frequently chewed. (192:48) into sticks and eaten. (190:164) Kawaiisu Preserves Seeds parched
and ground into a "peanut butter"-like substance. Winter Use Food
Mentha spicata L, Spearmint
Seeds stored for future use. (206:41) Klamath Unspecified Seeds used
• Drug—Cherokee Adjuvant Plant used to flavor medicine and foods.
for food. (45:100) Montana Indian Unspecified Seeds used for food.
Analgesic Taken for colic pains, cramps, and used for nervous head
(19:15) Paiute Sauce & Relish Fried seeds and water used for gravy.
ache. AntiemeticTaken for vomiting. CarminativeTaken to "dispel
(118:27) Staple Seeds parched, ground, and eaten as meal. (104:98)
flatulence and remove colic pains." Cold Remedy Infusion taken for
Paiute, Northern Dried Food Seeds dried and stored for winter use.
colds. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal AidTaken
Porridge Seeds dried, roasted, ground into a flour, and used to make
for "affections of stomach and bowels" and infusion used for upset
mush. (59:46) Tubatulabal UnspecifiedUsed extensively for food.
stomach. Taken for bowel problems. Hemorrhoid RemedyTincture
(193:15)
applied externally to piles. Misc. Disease Remedy and Pediatric Aid
• Other—Hopi Smoke Plant Plant used as substitute for tobacco.
Given for cholera infantum. SedativeTaken for hysterics. Stimulant
(42:335)
Used as a stimulant. Urinary Aid Taken for "suppression of urine and
gravelly affection." (80:48,49) Iroquois Analgesic Cold infusion ap Mentzelia albicaulis var. veatchiana (Kellogg) Urban & Gilg,
plied to forehead or powdered plant snuffed for headaches. (87:427) Whitestem Blazingstar
342 Mentzelia albicaulis (Loasaceae)

• Drug—Kawaiisu Burn Dressing Pounded seeds made into a salve • Other—Navajo Ceremonial Items Leaves chewed and sprayed with
and rubbed on burned skin, (as M. veatchiana206'A\) the mouth on offerings before and after making prayer sticks. (55:63)
• Food—Cahuilla Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray var. multiflora, Adonis Blaz
to make mush, (as M. veatchiana 15:88) Kawaiisu Preserves Seeds
ingstar
parched and ground into a "peanut butter'Mike substance. Winter
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial MedicinePlant used as fumigant
UseFoodSeeds stored for future use. (206:41)
for collared lizard ceremony. Dermatological A/d Plant used to keep
Mentzelia congesta Nutt. exTorr. & Gray, United Blazingstar smallpox sores from pitting. DisinfectantPlant used as fumigant for
• Food—Kawaiisu Preserves Seeds parched and ground into a "peanut collared lizard ceremony. Gastrointestinal A/d Plant used for abdom
butter"-like substance. Winter UseFoodSeeds stored for future use. inal swellings, (as M. pumilavar. multiflora205:32) Navajo,Ramah
(206:41) Eye Medicine Infusion of flowers used as an eyewash, (as M. pumila
var. multiflora 191:37)
Mentzelia dispersa S. Wats., Bushy Blazingstar • Food—Navajo, Ramah Staple Seeds parched with hot coals in an old
• Food—Kawaiisu Preserves Seeds parched and ground into a "peanut
basket, ground lightly with a special rock, (as M. pumilavdx. multi-
butter"-like substance. Winter Use Food Seeds stored for future use.
flora 191:37)
(206:41)
• Offter—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Items Used to make Big Snake's

Mentzelia gracilenta (Nutt.) Torn & Gray, Grass Blazingstar prayer stick in Beautyway. (as M. pumilavdx. multiflora 191:37)

• Food—Tubatulabal Unspecified Used extensively for food. (193:15) Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & Gray var. nuda, Bractless
Blazingstar
Mentzelia involucrata S. Wats., Whitebract Blazingstar
• Drug—Dakota Febrifuge Boiled, strained sap applied externally for
• Food—Cahuilla Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used
fever, (as Nuttallia nuda 70:103)
to make mush. (15:88)
• Other—Kawaiisu Toys & Games Leaves thrown by children at one Mentzelia puberula]. Darl., Roughstem Blazingstar
another because they stick and were hard to remove. (206:41) • Food—Cahuilla Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used
to make mush. (15:88)
Mentzelia laciniata (Rydb.) J. Darl., Cutleaf Blazingstar
• Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Eye Medicine Infusion of flowers used as an Mentzelia pumila Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Dwarf Mentzelia
eyewash. (191:36) • Drwg^-Apache, White Mountain Laxative Powdered roots used for
constipation. (136:158) Hopi Toothache Remedy'Plant used as "a
Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Torr. & Gray, Smoothstem
toothache medicine." (200:85) Zuni Laxative Powdered root inserted
Blazingstar
into rectum as a suppository for constipation. (166:57) PediatricAid
• Drug—Cheyenne Antirheumatic (Internal) Roots used for rheuma
and Strengthener Plant used to whip children to make them strong
tism and arthritis. Dietary Aid Roots chewed for thirst prevention.
so they could hold on to a horse without falling. (166:84)
Ear MedicineRoots used for earaches. FebrifugeRoots used for fevers.
• Other—Hopi Smoke Plant Plant used as a substitute for tobacco.
Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of roots taken for mumps, measles,
(200:85)
and smallpox. UnspecifiedPlant used as an ingredient in medicinal
preparations. Roots used for complicated illnesses. (83:30) Gosiute Mentzelia sp., BuenaMujer
Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots used for bruise swellings. (39: • Drug—Mmok Poultice Pulverized seeds mixed with water, fox

349) Mendocino Indian Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves grease, or wildcat grease and applied as a poultice. (12:171)

used as a wash for skin diseases. Gastrointestinal A/d Decoction of • Food—Hualapai Dried Food Mature seeds parched and stored for

leaves taken for stomachaches. (41:369) Montana Indian Dermatolo winter use. Porridge Green seeds pounded into a gruel and cooked.

gical Aid Decoction of leaves applied as a lotion for certain skin dis Staple Seeds considered an important staple. (195:52) Miwok Un

eases. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of leaves taken for stomach specified Pulverized seeds made into pinole. (12:155)

trouble. (19:16) Thompson UnspecifiedVX&ni used medicinally for Menyanthaceae, see Menyanthes, Nymphoides
unspecified purpose. (164:474)
• Food—Paiute Sauce & Relish Fried seeds and water used for gravy. Menyanthes, Menyanthaceae
(118:27) Menyanthes sp.
• Drug—Aleut Unspecified Used medicinally. (7:29)
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray, Manyflowered Mentzelia
• Drug—Keres, Western Diuretic Infusion of plant used as a diuretic. Menyanthes trifoliata L, Common Buckbean
Psychological Aid Plants used to make infants good horseback riders. • Drug—Aleut Analgesic Infusion of roots taken for gas pains, consti
Plants used to whip 3- or 4-month-old infants, or ground leaves pation, and rheumatism. Antirheumatic (Internal) Compound con
rubbed on their thighs so that they will become good horseback rid taining roots taken as a tonic for gas pains and rheumatism. Car
ers when they grow up. Tuberculosis Remedy Leaves and roots used minative Compound containing roots taken as a tonic for gas pains.
as the strongest tuberculosis medicine by the strongest patients. Laxative Compound containing roots taken as a tonic for constipa
(171:54) Navajo Emetic Plant used as an emetic. (90:161) tion. Tonic Roots used as a powerful ingredient in a tonic. (8:427)
• Food—Navajo Unspecified Seeds used for food. (55:63) Kwakiutl Antiemetic Decoction of roots or leaves taken when sick to
 Catalog of Plants 343

the stomach. (183:287) Antihemorrhagic Decoction of root and stem briefly, and eaten with seal oil. (1:38) Rootstock used for food. (4:715)
used for "spitting of blood and other internal diseases." (20:380) De
Mertensia virginica (L) Pers. ex Link, Virginia Bluebells
coction of ground stem and roots taken for blood-spitting. Dietary
• Drug—Cherokee Pulmonary AidTaken for whooping cough. Tuber
Aid Decoction of roots or leaves taken to put on weight. Gastrointes
culosis RemedyTaken for consumption. (80:26) Iroquois Antidote
tinal Aid Decoction of roots or leaves taken when sick to the stom
Compound infusion of roots taken as an antidote for poisons. Vene
ach. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots or leaves taken to put
real Aid Decoction of roots taken for venereal disease. (87:421)
on weight during the flu. (183:287) Menominee UnspecifiedPlant
used in medicines. (151:36) Micmac Unspecified Strong decoction of
Metrosideros, Myrtaceae
root taken for unspecified purpose, (as Mergantnes trifolia 156:317)
Tlingit Unspecified Plant used for the medicinal value. (149:330) Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. var. polymorpha, Ohi a
• Drug—Hawaiian Analgesic Flowers and other plants rubbed,
• Food—Alaska Native Bread & Cake Rootstocks dried, ground,
leached, dried, ground into flour, and used to make bread. Dried squeezed, and the resulting liquid taken for severe childbirth pain,

Food Rootstocks dried, ground, leached, dried, and used for food. (as Metrosideros collins polym 2:31)

Starvation Food Rootstocks used in the past as an emergency food.

Microlepia, Dennstaedtiaceae, fern
(85:145) Hesquiat Forage Deer put their heads under the surface of
the water to get at the long, green rhizomes. (185:69) Microlepia setosa (Sm.) Alston, Pa-la-pa-la-i
• Drwg^-Hawaiian Psychological Aid Plant used for insanity, (as M.
Menziesia, Ericaceae strigosa2:73)
Menziesiaferruginea Sm., Rusty Menziesia
• Drug—Hesquiat Oral Aid Nectar sucked from flowers to sweeten the Microseris, Asteraceae
mouth. (185:65) Kwakiutl Analgesic Leaves chewed for heart pain. Microseris laciniata (Hook.) Schultz-Bip., Cutleaf Silverpuffs
DermatologicalAid Poultice of heated leaves applied to sores and • Food—Mendocino Indian Substitution Food Milky juice exposed to
swellings. Gastrointestinal Aid Leaves chewed for stomach troubles. the sun and used by school children as a substitute for gum. Unspec
Heart Medicine Leaves chewed for heart pain. (183:283) Nitinaht ified Roots formerly used for food, (as Scorzonella maxima 41:391)
Witchcraft Medicine Bark used to counteract evil spells and doctor
remedies. (186:107) Quinault Love Medicine Forked twig waved in
Microseris nutans (Hook.) Schultz-Bip., Nodding Microseris
• Food—Montana Indian UnspecifiedBitter, milky root juice eaten
the air by a woman to make a man fall in love with her. (79:43)
raw. (19:16)
• Fiber—Quileute Canoe MaterialTwigs woven together with cedar
bark and used for grills on the bottom of canoes. (79:43)
Mikania, Asteraceae
• Other—-Nitinaht Toys & Games Forked branches used by children to
make sling shots. (186:107) Mikania batatifolia DC, Southern Hempvine
• Drag^-Seminole Dermatological AidPlant used for snake sickness:
Merremia, Convolvulaceae itchy skin. (169:166) Decoction of plant taken and used as a body
Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f., Noyau Vine steam for snake sickness: itchy skin. (169:239)
• Drug—Hawaiian Analgesic Poultice of pounded flowers, leaves, and
salt applied to the back for pain. DermatologicalAid Poultice of Mimulus, Scrophulariaceae
pounded roots, other plants, and the resulting liquid applied to flesh Mimulus cardinolis Dougl. ex Benth., Crimson Monkeyflower
wounds. Laxative Roots and other plants pounded, mixed with wa • DrwgHKarok Pediatric Aid Infusion of plant used as a wash for new
ter and an egg, and taken as a laxative. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of born baby. (148:389)
pounded roots, other plants, and the resulting liquid applied to bro • Food—Kawaiisu UnspecifiedTender stalks eaten raw. (206:41)
ken bones. Pediatric Aid and Strengthener Flowers chewed by moth
ers and given to infants for general weakness, (as Impomea dissecta
Mimulus eastwoodiae Rydb., Eastwood's Monkeyflower
• Drug—Nava]ot Kayenta Anticonvulsive Plant used for hiccups.
2:52)
(205:42)
Mertensia, Boraginaceae • Food—Navajo, Kayenta Fruit Berries eaten raw. Berries stewed and

Mertensiaciliata (James exTorr.) G. Don, Mountain Bluebells used for food. (205:42)

• Drug—Cheyenne Breast Treatment Infusion of plant used to in

Mimulus glabratusxar.jamesii (Torr. & Gray ex Benth.) Gray,
crease milk flow of mothers, (as Mestensia ciliata 83:16) Dermatolo
James's Monkeyflower
gicalAid Infusion of powdered roots taken for itching from smallpox.
• Drug—Potawatomi Unspecified Leaves used as treatment for un
(76:184) Gynecological Aid Infusion of plant taken by women after
specified ailments. (154:83)
childbirth to increase milk flow. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of
• Food—Isleta VegetableTender shoots slit and eaten as a salad, (as M.
leaves taken for smallpox and measles. (76:184) Infusion of leaves
geyeri32:34) Salted, tender, young leaves used for salad, (as M. geyeri
used for measles and smallpox, (as Mestensia ciliata 83:16)
100:35)
Mertensia maritima (L) S. F. Gray, Oysterleaf • Other—Keres, Western Water Indicator Plant used as an indication
• Food—Eskimo, Alaska Unspecified Long, leafy stems boiled, cooked of surface water, (as M. geyeri 171:54)
344 Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae)

Mimulus guttatUSDC, Seep Monkeyflower Pounded, boiled root taken for gonorrhea, (as Allionia coccinea
• Drug—Kawaiisu Analgesic, Herbal Steam, and Orthopedic AidDe- 65:260)
coction of stems and leaves used as steam bath for chest and back
Mirabilis greenei S. Wats., Greene's Four o'clock
soreness. (206:41) ShoshoniDermatologicalAid Poultice of crushed
• Drug—Karok Pediatric AidPlant used to make a newborn baby
leaves applied to wounds or rope burns. (180:105) Yavapai Gastroin
healthy. (148:383)
testinal AidDecoction taken as tea for stomachache, (as M. nasutus
65:261) Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl, Narrowleaf Four o'clock
• Food—Mendocino Indian Substitution Food Plants used as a substi • Drug—Lakota Diuretic Infusion of roots taken for urinating difficul

tute for lettuce. (41:387) Miwok Vegetable Boiled leaves used for ties. (139:52) Navajo, Kayenta Gastrointestinal Aid Root used for

food. (12:160) stomach disorders. Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots used for post-
partum treatment. Panacea Plant used as a life medicine, (as Oxyba
Mimulus moschatus Dougl. ex Lindl., Musk Monkeyflower
phus linearis205:21) Navajo, Raman Burn Dressmg Poultice of
• Food—Miwok Vegetable Boiled, young plant used for food. (12:160)
soaked, split root applied to burns. Cough Medicine Decoction of
Mimulus ringens L, Ringen Monkeyflower plant used for coughs. Hunting Medicine Cold infusion of plant used
• Drug-Aroquois Anticonvulsive Compound decoction of roots taken as a lotion for good luck in trading or hunting. Veterinary Aid Decoc
by women for epilepsy. Antidote Compound decoction of plants tion of plant used for sheep and horses with coughs, (as Oxybaphus
used as wash to counteract poison. (87:435) linearis 191:26) Zuni Diuretic Root eaten to induce urination. Emetic
Root eaten to induce vomiting. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root
Mimulus sp., Monkeyflower
taken for stomachache, (as Oxybaphus linearis 27:377)
• Drug-^AiwokAntidiarrheal Infusion of root used for diarrhea.
• Food—Navajo, Kayenta Fruit Berries stewed and used for food. Un
(12:171)
specified Seeds roasted and used for food, (as Oxybaphus linearis
Mimulus tilingiivdl. caespitOSUS (Greene) A. L. Grant, Sub- 205:21)

alpine Monkeyflower
Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray, Colorado Four o'clock
• fbod—Neeshenam VegetableLeaves eaten as greens, (as M. luteus
• Drug—Hopi Gynecological Aid Used to push up the blood in the
129:377)
woman during the pregnant stage. Hallucinogen Root chewed by
medicine man to induce visions while making a diagnosis. Veterinary
Mirabilis, Nyctaginaceae
Aid Used as antiseptic to wash out wounds in horses, (as Nirabilis
Mirabilis alipes (S.Wats.) Pilz, Winged Four o'clock
multiflora 42:334) Navajo Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for
• Drug—Paiute Analgesic Decoction of root taken and used as a wash
rheumatism. DermatologicalAidPlant used for "swellings." Oral Aid
for headaches. Decoction of root used as a wash for neuralgia. Poul
Plant used for various mouth disorders. (90:161) Navajo, Ramah Der
tice of crushed, fresh leaves applied for headaches. Antiemetic De
matologicalAid Poultice of root applied to swellings. (191:26) Zuni
coction of root taken or used as a wash for fainting spells and nau
Dietary Aid Powdered root mixed with flour, made into a bread and
sea. Burn DressingDried root powder moistened and used as a salve
used to decrease appetite. (27:377)
for burns. Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a physic. Dermatolo-
• Food—Navajo, Ramah BeverageUsed to make tea. (191:26)
gicalAid Dried root powder sprinkled on sores or made into a wash
• Other-^Ropi Hunting & Fishing Item Heavy root used to anchor the
for impetigo. Poultice of mashed leaves applied to swellings. Psycho
bird trap string, (as Nirabilis multiflora 42:334) Keres, Western Smoke
logical Aid Decoction of root used as a wash for "delirium," neural
Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. (171:54)
gia, and dizziness. Stimulant Decoction of root taken or used as a
wash for fainting spells and dizziness, (as Hermidium alipes 180:86, Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray var. multiflora, Colorado
87) Paiute, Northern DermatologicalAid Poultice of dried, powdered Four o'clock

roots applied and decoction of powdered roots used as a wash for • Drug—Hopi Hallucinogen Roots chewed by doctor to induce visions

sores, (as Hermidium alipes 59:125) while making diagnosis, (as Quamoclidion multiflorum 200:31,75)
Tewa Kidney Aid Infusion of pulverized root taken for swellings "of
Mirabilis bigeloviivar. retrorsa (Heller) Munz, Bigelow's Four
dropsical origin." (as Quamoclidion multiflorum 138:60) Zuni Die
o'clock
tary AidInfusion of root taken and rubbed on abdomen of hungry
• Drwg^-Paiute DermatologicalAid Powdered root used as shampoo
adults and children, (as Quamoclidion multiflorum 166:58,59) Gas
and infusion of root taken simultaneously, (as Hesperonia retrorsa
trointestinal Aid and Pediatric Aid Infusion of powdered root taken
118:46) Powdered root used as shampoo and infusion taken simulta
by adults or children after overeating, (as Quamoclidion multiflorum
neously, (as Hesperonia retrorsa 118:57)
166:58)
Mirabilis californica Gray, California Four o'clock
Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacM., Heartleaf Four o'clock
• Drug—Luiseno Cathartic Decoction of leaves taken as a purgative.
• Drug—Cherokee DermatologicalAid Poultice of beaten root used
(155:232) Mahuna Febrifuge Plant used for eruptive fevers. (140:10)
for boils and milk poured over leaves used as fly poison. (80:34,35)
Mirabilis cocdneus (Torr.) Benth. & Hook, f., Scarlet Four o'clock Chippewa Orthopedic Aid Decoction of root or poultice of root ap
• Drug—Hopi DermatologicalAid Decoction of plant used as a wash plied to sprain or strained muscles, (as Allionia nyctaginea 53:362)
for wounds, (as Oxybaphus coccinea 200:32,75) Yavapai Venereal Aid Dakota Anthelmintic Decoction of roots taken as a vermifuge, (as
 Catalog of Plants 345

Allionia nyctaginea 69:361) Compound decoction of root taken as a naryA/d Given to pregnant cat and her kittens. (80:47) Chippewa
vermifuge. Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of root used as Unspecified Infusion of whole plant used for medicinal purposes.
wash for swollen arms or legs, (as Allionia nyctaginea 70:78) Febri (71:141) Delaware Abortifacient Infusion used for suppressed men
fuge Decoction of roots taken as a febrifuge, (as Allionia nyctaginea struations to strengthen the female generative organs. Antirheumat-
69:361) Decoction of root taken for fever, (as Allionia nyctaginea 70: ic (External) Hot infusion of roots or twigs used as a steam treatment
78) Meskwaki Burn Dressing Poultice of macerated root applied to for muscular swellings and stiff joints. (176:36) Delaware, Oklahoma
burns. Urinary Aid Root or whole herb used for bladder troubles, (as Abortifacient Infusion of plant taken for "suppressed menses." Anti-
Oxybaphus nyctaginea 152:232) Ojibwa OrthopedicAidRoot used for rheumatic (External) Strong infusion of roots or twigs used as herbal
sprains and swellings, (as Oxybaphus nyctagineus 153:375) Pawnee steam for rheumatism. (175:30,76) Gynecological Aid Infusion of
Gynecological Aid Decoction of root taken after childbirth for ab plant taken to strengthen the "female generative organs." Herbal
dominal swelling. Oral Aid Dried, ground root applied to baby's sore Steam Infusion of roots or twigs used as herbal steam for rheuma
mouth. PediatricAid Pulverized dried root applied to babies for sore tism. (175:30) Iroquois Analgesic Compound decoction of roots tak
mouth. Ponca Dermatological Aid Chewed root blown into wounds, en for urinating pain. Decoction of plants taken by pregnant women
(as Allionia nyctaginea70:7S) Sioux, Teton Dermatological Aid Mois with side or labor pains. (87:441) Compound infusion of roots and
tened, grated root rubbed on skin for swelling. Orthopedic Aid Herb bark taken for back pain. (87:442) Berries used to prevent severe la
used externally for broken bones, (as Allionia nyctaginea 52:270) bor pains. (124:96) Anticonvulsive Compound infusion given to chil
• Other—Cherokee Insecticide Poultice of beaten root used for boils dren with convulsions. (87:440) Antiemetic Compound infusion of
and milk poured over leaves used as fly poison. (80:34,35) Keres, roots and bark taken for vomiting. (87:442) Blood Medicine Com
Western Smoke Plant Leaves used as tobacco, (as Allionia nyctaginea pound decoction of plants taken as blood purifier. Decoction of
171:25) plants taken to "remove chill from the blood." (87:441) Carminative
Decoction of plant taken for stomach gas. (87:442) Cathartic Decoc
Mirabilis oblongifolia (Gray) Heimerl, Mountain Four o'clock
tion of roots given to newborn babies as a physic for stomachaches.
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Burn Dressing Poultice of soaked, split root
Dermatological Aid Decoction of plants given to babies with rashes.
applied to burns, (as Oxybaphus comatus 191:26)
Poultice of smashed plant applied to bleeding cuts. (87:441) Febri
Mirabilis oxybaphoides (Gray) Gray, Smooth Spreading Four fuge Compound infusion given to children with inward fever. Com
o'clock pound infusion of plants taken for typhoid-like fever or inward fever.
• Drug—Nava\o, Kayenta Dermatological Aid Plant used for spider (87:440) Poultice of hot plant applied to chest for fevers. (87:442)
bites or as a hair lotion for dandruff. (205:21) Navajo, Ramah Ortho Gastrointestinal Aid Compound infusion taken for inward fever from
pedic Aid Poultice of whole plant applied to fractures. (191:26) stomach trouble. (87:440) Decoction of roots given to newborn ba
• Food—Navajo, Kayenta Vegetable Used for greens in foods. (205:21) bies as a physic for stomachaches. Poultice applied or decoction of
Navajo, Ramah BeverageUsed to make tea. (191:26) vines given to babies with swollen abdomens. Gynecological Aid
Compound decoction of leaves and roots taken for leukorrhea (sick
Mirabilis pumila (Standl.) Standl, Dwarf Four o'clock
womb). Compound decoction of plants taken by pregnant women
• Drug—Nava)o, Kayenta Dermatological Aid Plant used as a lotion
with side pains. (87:441) Compound of plants taken for labor pain in
for sores and skin eruptions, (as Oxybaphus pumilus 205:21)
parturition. (87:442) Berries used to prevent severe labor pains and
Mirabilis sp., Four o'clock to facilitate delivery. (124:96) Hemostat Poultice of smashed plant
• Dye—Navajo Brown Petals boiled and used as a light brown dye for applied to bleeding cuts. (87:441) Kidney Aid Infusion or decoction
wool. Purple Petals boiled and used as a purple dye for wool. Red of roots and bark taken for kidney troubles. (87:442) Love Medicine
Petals boiled for about 15 minutes and used as a light red dye. Yellow Compound of plant used as love medicine. (87:441) Misc. Disease
Petals boiled for about 15 minutes and used as a muddy yellow dye. Remedy Decoction of plant taken by pregnant mother to prevent
(55:46) rickets in baby. Orthopedic Aid Compound infusion of roots and
bark taken for back pain. (87:442) PediatricAid Compound infusion
Mitchella, Rubiaceae given to children with inward fever and convulsions. Decoction of
Mitchella repens L, Partridge Berry vines given to babies when they will not suckle. (87:440) Decoction
• Drug—AbnakiAntirheumatic (External) Used for swellings. of plants given to babies with rashes. Decoction of roots given to
(144:155) Poultice of plant applied to swellings. (144:173) Cherokee newborn babies as a physic for stomachaches. Poultice applied or
Analgesic Taken for "monthly period pains." Antidiarrheal Decoction decoction of vines given to babies with swollen abdomens. (87:441)
made with milk taken for dysentery. Dermatological Aid Infusion Decoction of plant taken by pregnant mother to prevent rickets in
taken for hives and used for sore nipples. DiaphoreticTaken as a di baby. (87:442) Psychological Aid Compound infusion of plants taken
aphoretic. Dietary Aid Given to baby before it "takes the breast." Di- for typhoid-like fever or craziness. (87:440) Urinary Aid Compound
uretic Taken as a diuretic. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root taken decoction of plants taken for swollen testicles or ruptures. Com
with rattlesnake weed for bowel complaint. Gynecological Aid Used pound decoction of roots taken for urinating pain. Decoction of
to facilitate childbirth, for sore nipples, and taken for menstrual plants taken for bladder stricture. Venereal Aid Compound decoc
cramps. Hemorrhoid Remedy Decoction made with milk taken for tion of plants taken for venereal disease. (87:441) Menominee Gyne
piles. PediatricAid Given to baby before it "takes the breast." Veteri cological Aid Decoction of leaves used for "diseases of women."
346 Mitchella repens (Rubiaceae)

(54:133) Sedative Infusion of leaves taken "to cure insomnia." (151: Monarda, Lamiaceae
51) Montagnais Febrifuge Berries cooked into a jelly and used for
Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag., Lemon Beebalm
fevers. (156:313) Ojibwa Ceremonial Medicine Leaves smoked during
• Food—Hopi UnspeciftedP\ant boiled and eaten only with hares.
ceremonies. (135:239) Penobscot Unspecified Infusion of leaves used
(56:19)
as a medicine for unspecified purpose. (156:309) Seminole Kidney
Aid Plant used for kidney disorders. (169:274) Monarda didyma L, Scarlet Beebalm
• Food—Cherokee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:47) Iroquois Bread & • Drug—Cherokee Abortifacient Used for female obstructions. Anal-
Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for future use. gesic Poultice of leaves used for headache. CarminativeUsed carmin
Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future ative for colic and flatulence. Cold Remedy Poultice of leaves used for
use. (196:128) Fruit Berries eaten by women. (124:96) Dried fruit tak colds. DiaphoreticUsed as a diaphoretic. Diuretic Used as a diuretic.
en as a hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm FebrifugeHot infusion of leaf used to "bring out measles" and infu
water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. (196:128) sion used as febrifuge. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaf and plant
Micmac BeverageUsed to make a beverage. (159:258) top taken for weak bowels and stomach. Heart Medicine Infusion
used for heart trouble, Hemostat Infusion of leaf or root taken orally
Mitella, Saxifragaceae and wiped on head for nosebleed. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of
Mitella diphylla L, Twoleaf Miterwort leaf used to "bring out measles" and infusion used to "sweat off flu."
• Drug—Iroquois Emetic Decoction of whole plants taken to vomit SedativeUsed for hysterics and restful sleep. (80:39)
and counteract bad luck. Eye Medicine Infusion of plant used as • Food—Cherokee Unspecified Species used for food. (80:39)
drops for sore eyes. (87:345)
Monardafistulosa L, Wildbergamot Beebalm
• Other—Iroquois Good Luck Charm Decoction of whole plants used
• Drwg^-Blackfoot Cough Medicine Infusion of plant taken for coughs.
as body and rifle wash to counteract bad luck. (87:345) Menominee
(86:72) DermatologicalAid Poultice of a flower head applied to a burst
Sacred Items Seed used as the sacred bead and swallowed in the
boil and removed after the wound healed. (86:77) Poultice of plant
medicine dance, during the reinstatement ceremony. (151:81)
pieces applied to cuts. (86:84) Emetic Infusion of plant and another
Mitella Hilda L, Naked Miterwort plant taken and used as a steam to serve as an emetic. (86:65) Eye
• Drug—Cree, Woodlands Ear Medicine Crushed leaf wrapped in a MedicineUsed to make a solution for sore eyes. (82:70) Kidney Aid
cloth and inserted in the ear for earaches. (109:45) Infusion of plant taken for aching kidneys. (86:67) Throat Aid Root
chewed for swollen neck glands. (86:77) Cherokee Abortifacient Used
Mitella sp.
for female obstructions. Analgesic Poultice of leaves used for head
• Drug—Gosiute Cathartic Infusion of root juice taken to hasten elim
ache. Carminative Used as a carminative for colic and flatulence.
ination and purging. (39:348) Plant used as a purgative for babies
Cold Remedy Poultice of leaves used for colds. Diaphoretic Used as a
and adults with intestinal disorders. Gastrointestinal A/d Plant used
diuretic, diaphoretic, and especially for "sweating off flu." Diuretic
as a purgative for babies and adults with intestinal disorders. (39:350)
Used as a carminative for colic, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Febrifuge
Laxative Infusion of root juice taken to hasten elimination and purg
Hot infusion of leaf used to "bring out measles" and infusion used as
ing. (39:348) Pediatric A/d Plant used as a purgative for babies and
febrifuge. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaf and plant top taken
adults with intestinal disorders. (39:350)
for weak bowels and stomach. Heart Medicine Infusion used for heart
Mitella trifida Graham, Threeparted Miterwort trouble. Hemostat Infusion of leaf or root taken orally and wiped on

• Drug—Gosiute Gastrointestinal Aid and Pediatric A/d Infusion of head for nosebleed. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of leaf used to

roots used for babies with colic. (39:375) "bring out measles" and infusion used to "sweat off flu." Sedative
Used for hysterics and restful sleep. (80:39) Chippewa Analgesic
Mniaceae, see Mnium, Plagiomnium, Rhizomnium Chewed leaves placed in nostrils for headaches. Cold Remedy Plant

Mnium, Mniaceae, moss tops used for colds. (71:140) Choctaw Analgesic Plant rubbed on
child's chest for pain. Cathartic Infusion of leaves taken as a cathar
Mnium affine
tic. PediatricAidPlant rubbed on child's chest for pain. (177:54) Crow
• Drug—Carrier, Southern Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of
RespiratoryAid Infusion taken for respiratory problems. (82:70)
plant used to bathe a swollen face. (43:53)
Dakota Analgesic Infusion of flowers and leaves taken for abdominal
Mnium punctatum L pains. (69:363) Decoction of flowers and leaves taken for abdominal
• Drug—Makah Antirheumatic (External) Leaves used for swellings. pains. (70:111) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of flowers and leaves
(43:53) taken for abdominal pains. (69:363) Decoction of leaves and flowers
taken for abdominal pains. (70:111) Flathead Cold Remedy Infusion
Modiola, Malvaceae taken for colds. Plants hung on walls for colds. Cough Medicine Used
Modiola caroliniana (L) G. Don, Carolina Bristlemallow for coughs. Eye MedicineUsed to make a solution for sore eyes. Febri-
• Drug—Houma Misc. Disease Remedy Compound infusion gargled fuge Infusion taken for fevers. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion taken for
and decoction taken for sore throat or diphtheria. Throat Aid Com flu and chills. Pulmonary Aid Infusion taken for pneumonia. Tooth
pound infusion gargled and decoction taken for tonsillitis or sore ache Remedy Used for toothache. (82:70) Ko&sati Febrifuge Decoction
throat. (158:64) of leaves used as a bath for chills. (177:54) Kutenai Kidney Aid Infu-
 Catalog of Plants 347

sion used for kidney problems. (82:70) Lakota Cough Medicine Infu- Beverage Leaves and young stems boiled to make a nonintoxicating
sion of leaves used as a cough remedy. Eye Medicine Infusion of leaves beverage, (as M. menthaefolia 33:53) Spice Leaves used as flavoring,
used on a cloth placed on sore eyes overnight. Hemostat Poultice of (as M. menthaefolia 33:47) Hopi Dried Food Dried in bundles for
chewed leaves applied to stop the flow of blood. Pulmonary A/d In winter use. (as M. menthaefolia200:9l) Isleta Spice Leaves used for
fusion of leaves used for whooping cough. Stimulant Infusion of seasoning soups and stews, (as M. menthaefolia 100:35) Laguna
leaves used for fainting. (139:50) Menominee PediatricAid Decoction Spice Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for seasoning. Pueblo
of stem and leaves used as strengthening bath for infants. (54:133) Dried Food Dried and stored for winter use. Spice Cooked with meats
Respiratory Aid Simple or compound infusion of leaves and flowers and soups as a flavoring, (as M. menthaefolia32:34) San Ildefonso
used as a universal remedy for catarrh. (151:39) Meskwaki Cold Rem Spice Used to flavor meat during cooking, (as M. menthaefolia 138:
edyCompound used for colds. (152:225) Montana Indian Gynecolog 57) Spanish American Dried Food Dried and stored for winter use.
ical Aid Infusion taken for expulsion of the afterbirth. (82:70) Navajo Spice Cooked with meats and soups as a flavoring, (as M. menthaefo
Analgesic Cold infusion of plant used as a wash for headaches. (55:73) lia 32:34) Tewa of Hano Unspecified Plant cooked and eaten, (as M.
Ojibwa Antkonvulsive Infusion of plant taken or used as a bath for menthaefolia 138:57)
infant convulsions. Febrifuge Infusion of flowers taken for fevers. Pe • Fiber—Cheyenne Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems and flowers used as
diatricAid Infusion of plant taken or used as a bath for infant convul fragrant pillow stuffing by young girls from puberty to marriage, (as
sions. (5:2274) Respiratory Aid Plant boiled and steam inhaled "to M. menthoefolia76:\86)
cure catarrh and bronchial affections." (153:372) Ojibwa, South Anal • Other—Blackfoot Incense & Fragrance Flowers dried and used as a
gesic Sind Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of root taken for "pain in the perfume, (as Monardofisiulosavax. menthaefolia 97:51) Cheyenne
stomach and intestines." (91:201) Sioux Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion Incense & Fragrance Dried leaves and pine needles burned over coal
taken for stomach pains. (82:70) Sioux, Teton Cold Remedy Infusion for a fragrance, (as Monarda menthoefolia 76:186) Keres, Western
of blossoms used for "hard cold." Febrifuge Infusion of blossoms Hunting & Fishing Item Plant chewed by hunters while hunting, (as
used for fever. (52:270) Winnebago Dermatological Aid Decoction of M. menthaefolia Graham 171:54)
leaves used on pimples and other skin eruptions on the face. (70:111)
Monardafistulosassp.fistulosavar. mollis (L) Benth.,
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Species used for food. (80:39) Flathead
Oswego Tea
Preservativeleaves pulverized and sprinkled on meats as a preserva
• Drug—Bl&Moot Eye Medicine Infusion of blossoms used as an eye
tive. (82:70) Iroquois BeverageUsed to make a beverage. (196:149)
wash to allay inflammation, (as M. scabra 114:275) Chippewa Anthel-
Lakota Special Food Leaves chewed while people were singing and
mintic Decoction of root and blossoms taken for worms, (as M. mol-
dancing. (139:50)
UsL. 53:346) Burn Dressing Poultice of moistened, dry flowers and
• Other—Blackfoot Cooking Tools Dried flowerheads used by invalids
leaves applied to scalds and burns, (as M. mollis 53:354) Dermatolog
for sucking broth and soup. Tools Dried flowerheads used to apply
ical Aid Infusion of flower and leaf used as a wash, especially for
water to a green hide to make it easier to scrape the hide. (86:115)
children, for "eruptions." (as M. mollis 53:350) Flathead Gynecologi
Cheyenne Incense & Fragrance Leaves chewed and used as horse
cal AidInfusion of leaves used by women after confinement. Sioux
perfume. Crow Incense & FragrancePlants mixed with other plants
Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves used by women after confine
and beaver castor oil and used as a hair, body, or clothing perfume.
ment, (as M. scabra 19:16)
(82:70) Dakota Incense & Fragrance Bunches of plants carried in
Monarda pectinata Nutt., Pony Beebalm
bachelors' coats for the pleasant fragrance. Plant used for perfume.
• Drug—Kiowa Dermatological Aid Flowers gathered, placed in water,
(69:363) Flathead Insecticide Leaves pulverized and sprinkled on
and the liquid sprinkled on the hair as a perfume. Infusion of flowers
meats as a bug repellent. Kutenai Incense & Fragrance Leaves placed
used as a wash for insect bites and stings. Flowers gathered, placed
on hot rocks in the sweat house as incense. (82:70) Omaha Incense &
in water, and the liquid sprinkled on the hair as a perfume. (192:49)
Fragrance Leaves used as a perfume for hair oil. (68:323)
Navajo Analgesic Plant used for headaches. (90:153) Navajo, Kayenta
Gastrointestinal AidPlant used for stomach disease. (205:41) Navajo,
Monardafistulosassp.fistulosavar. menthifolia (Graham)
Ramah Analgesic Cold infusion taken and used as poultice for head
Fern., Mintleaf Beebalm
ache. Ceremonial Medicine Plant used in a ceremonial lotion. Cough
• Drug—Cheyenne Ceremonial MedicinePlant used in ceremonies.
Medicine Cold infusion taken and used as poultice for cough. Febri
(asM. menthoefolia76:lS6) Dermatological Aid and Veterinary Aid
fuge Cold infusion taken and used as poultice for fever. Misc. Disease
Chewed or dried leaves used as a perfume for horses, bodies, and
Remedy Cold infusion taken and used as poultice for influenza.
clothing, (as M. menthoefolia 76:186) Navajo, Ramah Dermatological
(191:41)
Aid Cold infusion taken and used as lotion for gunshot or arrow
• Food—Acoma Spice Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for sea
wounds, (as M. menthaefolia 191:41) Tewa Analgesic Pulverized
soning. (32:34) Keres, Western Spice Ground leaves mixed with sau
plant rubbed on the head for headache. Eye Medicine Plant used for
sage for seasoning. (171:54) Laguna Spice Leaves ground and mixed
sore eyes. Febrifuge Dried plant or leaves rubbed over body and infu
with sausage for seasoning. (32:34)
sion taken for fever. Throat Aid Dried leaves worn around neck and
decoction taken for sore throat, (as M. menthaefolia 138:57,58) Monarda punctata L, Spotted Beebalm
• Food—Acoma Spice Leaves ground and mixed with sausage for sea • DrMg^-Delaware Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant used to bathe
soning, (as M. menthaefolia 32:34) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero patients' faces. Febrifuge Infusion of plant used for fever. (176:35)
348 Monarda punctata (Lamiaceae)

Delaware, Oklahoma Febrifuge Infusion of whole plant taken and • Food—Tubatulabal Beverage Fresh or dried plants boiled, sugar
used as a face wash for fever. (175:29,76) Meskwaki Analgesic Com added, and tea used as a beverage. (193:19) UnspecifiedLeaves and
pound containing leaves snuffed up nostrils for sick headache. Com stalks used for food. (193:15)
pound containing leaves used for stomach cramps. Cold Remedy
Monardella lanceolata Gray, Mustang Mountainbalm
Compound used as a snuff for head colds and catarrh. Gastrointesti
• Drug—Diegueno Unspecified Infusion of plant used as a medicinal
nal Aid Compound containing leaves used for stomach cramps. Res
tea and beverage. (84:25) Luiseno Unspecified Infusion of plant used
piratory Aid Compound used as a snuff for catarrh and used for head
for medicinal purposes. (155:229) Miwok Analgesic Decoction of
cold. Stimulant Compound applied at nostrils of patient to rally him
leaves, upper stems, and flowers taken for headaches. Cold Remedy
when at point of death. (152:225,226) Mohegan Febrifuge Infusion
Decoction of leaves, upper stems, and flowers taken for colds.
of leaves used for fevers. (176:73,130) Nanticoke Cold Remedy Infu
(12:171)
sion of whole plant taken as a cold remedy. (175:55,84) Navajo,
• Food—Diegueno Beverage Infusion of plant used as a medicinal tea
Raman Analgesic Co\d infusion taken and used as poultice for head
and beverage. (84:25) Luiseno Beverage Plant used to make a tea.
ache. Cough Medicine Cold infusion taken and used as poultice for
(155:211)
cough. Febrifuge Cold infusion taken and used as poultice for fever.
(191:42) Ojibwa Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plants taken for Monardella linoides Gray, Narrowleaf Monardella
stomach or bowel troubles. Laxative Decoction of plants taken for • Food—Kawaiisu Beverage Leaves and flowers used to make a non-

sick stomach, bowels, or for constipation. (135:231) Unspecified medicinal tea. (206:42)

Plant used as a rubbing medicine. (135:240) Monardella odoratissima Benth., Pacific Monardella
• Other—Navajo Incense & Fragrance Plant hung in the hogan for the • Drug—Kaiok DiaphoreticPlant used as a sweat medicine. LoveMed-
pleasing odor. (55:73) icine Plant used as a love medicine by women. (148:389) Miwok Cold
Remedy Decoction of stems and flower heads taken for colds. Febri
Monarda sp., Mint
fuge Decoction of stems and flower heads taken for fevers. (12:171)
• Drug—Bannock Cold Remedy Infusion of seed heads taken for
Okanagan-Colville Cold Remedy and Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves
colds. (118:38) Blackfoot Veterinary Aid Infusion of plant pieces and
and stems given to children and adults for the common cold. (188:
Allium applied to saddle sores. (86:87) Creek Antirheumatic (Exter
109) Paiute Analgesic Decoction of plant taken for gas pains. Cold
nal) Compound decoction of plant used as a wash for rheumatism.
Remedy Decoction of plant taken for colds. Eye Medicine Decoction
Antirheumatic (Internal) Compound decoction of plant taken for
of branches used as an eyewash for soreness or inflammation. Gas
rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of plant tak
trointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for indigestion, gas pain,
en and used as a wash for swollen legs. Diaphoretic Infusion of entire
or minor digestive upset. (180:105,106) Sanpoil Cold Remedy and
plant taken to induce perspiration. (172:657) Decoction of entire
Pediatric Aid Decoction of stems and leaves taken by adults and chil
plant used to promote perspiration. (177:54) Ear Medicine Com
dren for severe colds, (as M. adoratissima 131:218) Shoshom Anal-
pound decoction of plant taken and used as wash to prevent deaf
gesic Decoction of plant taken for gas pains. Blood Medicine Decoc
ness from ghosts. Kidney Aid Compound decoction of plant taken
tion of branches taken as a blood tonic. Cathartic Decoction of
and used as a wash for dropsy. (172:657) Infusion of plant used as a
branches taken as a physic. Cold Remedy Decoction of plant taken
bath and taken for dropsy. (177:54) Psychological Aid Compound de
for colds. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of plant taken for indiges
coction of plant administered to delirious person. (172:657) Decoc
tion, gas pain, or minor digestive upset. Tonic Decoction of branches
tion of plant used for delirium. Sedative Decoction of plant used for
taken as a general tonic. Washo Analgesic Decoction of plant taken
delirium. (177:54) Witchcraft Medicine Compound decoction of
for gas pains. Cold Remedy Decoction of plant taken for colds. Gas
plant taken and used as a wash to protect from ghosts. (172:657) Iro-
trointestinal AidDecoction of plant taken for indigestion, gas pain,
quois Analgesic Infusion of roots given to children for headaches.
or minor digestive upset. (180:105,106)
(87:426) Emetic Infusion of plants taken to "soften the brain" or as an
• Food—Kawaiisu Beverage Leaves and flowers used to make a non-
emetic. (87:425) Febrifuge Compound decoction of leaves and roots
medicinal tea. (206:42) Miwok Beverage Decoction of stems and
taken for recurring chills from fevers. Decoction of roots taken for
flower heads used as a beverage. (12:171) Okanagan-Colville Bever
fevers and sickness caused by dead people. Laxative Infusion of roots
age Leaves and stems used to make a hot or cold tea. (188:109) San
given to children for constipation. Ofher Compound decoction of
poil & Nespelem Beverage Leaves and stems boiled, liquid strained
roots given to children with "summer complaint." Plant used in "Lit
and used as a hot or cold beverage. (131:105)
tle Water Medicine." Pediatric Aid Compound decoction of roots giv
• Other—Karok Incense & Fragrance Plant put inside the hat for the
en to children with "summer complaint." Infusion of roots given to
nice smell when going on a journey. (148:389) Okanagan-Colville
children for headaches and constipation. Stimulant Infusion of
Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to wipe fishing hooks and lines,
plants taken for general lassitude. (87:426)
spears, harpoons, animal snares, and arrows to remove scent.
• Food—bannock Appetizer Infusion of seed heads used as an appe
(188:109)
tizer. (118:38)
Monardella sp., Aromatic Mint
Monardella, Lamiaceae • Drug—Karok Unspecified Used for medicine. (117:209)

Monardella candicans Benth., Sierran Mountainbalm Monardella villosa Benth., Coyote Mint
 Catalog of Plants 349

• Drug—Cahuilla Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves taken for (36:60) Pima Staple Seeds boiled, partially dried, parched, ground,
stomachaches. (15:89) Costanoan Blood Medicine and Pulmonary and eaten as pinole. Unspecified Roots boiled, cooled, mixed with fat
Aid Poultice of plant applied to back cuts to draw out "bad blood" for or lard and salt, cooked, and eaten with tortillas, (as M. chenopoides
pneumonia. Respiratory Aid Decoction of plant and plant salve used 146:70) Vegetable Leaves boiled until tender, salted, fried in lard or
for respiratory conditions. (21:16) Mahuna Gastrointestinal AidPlant fat, and eaten as greens. (47:70) Pima, Gila River Vegetable Leaves
used for stomachaches. (140:8) boiled or boiled, strained, refried, and eaten as greens. (133:5)

Monardella villosa ssp. sheltonii (Torr.) Epling, Shelton's Monotropa, Ericaceae

Mountainbalm
Monotropa hypopithysl., Pinesap
• Drug—Mendocino Indian Blood Medicine Infusion of dried leaves
• Drug—Kwakiutl Love Medicine Plant used in a love potion, (as Hypo-
taken to purify the blood. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of dried
pites monotropa 183:283)
leaves taken for colic, (as M. sheltonii 41:384)
• Food—Mendocino Indian Substitution Food Aromatic, sweet-scent Monotropa uniflora L, Indian Pipe
ed leaves used dried or fresh as a substitute for tea. (as M. sheltonii • Drug—Cherokee Anticonvulsive Pulverized root given to children

41:384) for fits, epilepsy, and convulsions. Dermatological Aid Crushed plant
rubbed on bunions or warts. Eye MedicineJuice and water used to
Monardella viridis Jepson, Green Mountainbalm
wash sore eyes. PediatricAid Pulverized root given to children for
• Food—Kawaiisu Beverage Leaves and flowers used to make a non-
fits, epilepsy, and convulsions. (80:40) Cree, Woodlands Toothache
medicinal tea. (206:42)
Remedy Flower chewed for toothaches. (109:46) Mohegan Analgesic

Moneses, Ericaceae and Cold Remedy Infusion of root or leaves taken for pain due to
colds. (176:73,130) Febrifuge Leaves used for colds and fever. (176:
Moneses uniflora (L) Gray, Single Delight
130) Potawatomi Gynecological Aid Infusion of root taken for female
• Drug—Cowichan Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to
troubles. (154:57) Thompson Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant
draw out the pus from boils or abscesses. (182:83) Eskimo, Alaska
used for sores that would not heal. Dried powdered stems applied to
Cold Remedy Infusion of dried plants used for colds. Cough Medicine
sores or burned stalk rubbed on sores. (187:215)
Infusion of dried plants used for coughs. (149:331) Haisla & Hanak-
• Other—Thompson Plant Indicator Abundance of plant in woods in
siala Throat Aid Plant chewed for sore throats. (43:261) Kwakiutl
dicated many mushrooms in the coming season. (187:215)
Analgesic Poultice of chewed or pounded plant applied to pains.
(183:283) Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed plant applied to Monroa, Poaceae
swellings to draw blisters. (20:382) Plant used to draw blisters. Poul
Monroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr., False Buffalograss
tice of chewed or pounded plant applied to swellings. (183:283)
• Other—Navajo, Kayenta Decorations Pollen mixed with corn pollen
Kwakwaka'wakw Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed plant ap
and mineral pigments and painted on masks of the God Imperson
plied to swellings and blisters. (43:261) Montagnais Orthopedic Aid
ators. (205:16)
Infusion of plant used as a medicine for paralysis, (as Monensis uni
flora 156:314) Salish, Coast Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves ap
Moraceae, see Artocarpus, Broussonetia, Ficus} Madura, Morus

plied to draw out the pus from boils or abscesses. (182:83)

Morchella, Helvellaceae, fungus
• Food—Montana Indian Fruit Fruit used for food. (19:16)
Morchellasp., Morelle
Moneses uniflora ssp. reticulata (Nutt.) Calder & Taylor, Single • Other—Crow Soap Used as a substitute for soap. (19:16)
Delight
• Drw^-Haisla & Hanaksiala Throat Aid Plant chewed for sore Moricandia, Brassicaceae
throats. Kwakwaka'wakw Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC, Purple Mistress
plant applied to swellings and blisters. (43:261) • Drug—Hoh UnspecifiedPlants used for medicine. Quileute Unspeci-
fled Plants used for medicine, (as Brassica arvensis 137:61)
Monolepis, Chenopodiaceae • Food—Hoh SpiceUsed for flavoring. Vegetable Plants eaten as greens.
Monolepis nuttalliana (J. A. Schultes) Greene, Nuttall's Poverty- Quileute Spice Used for flavoring. Vegetable Plants eaten as greens,
weed (as Brassica arvensis 137:61)
• Drwg^—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial MedicinePlant used as ceremo • Other—Keres, Western Unspecified Plant known and named but no
nial emetic. Dermatological AidPoultice of moist leaves applied to use was specified, (as Brassica arvensis 171:33)
skin abrasions. Emetic Plant used as ceremonial emetic. Hunting
MedicineP'mch of dried plant eaten by hunters to prevent "buck Morinda, Rubiaceae
fever." (191:25) Morinda citrifolia L, Indian Mulberry
• Food—Hopi Porridge Ground seeds used to make mush. Ground • Drwg^-Hawaiian Dermatological AidYoung fruit thoroughly pound
seeds used to make mush. Ground seeds used to make mush. (190: ed with salt or fruit juice and used for broken bones and deep cuts.
161) Navajo, Ramah Fodder Used for sheep feed. (191:25) Papago OrthopedicAidYoung fruit thoroughly pounded with salt or fruit
Dried Food Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked, juice used for broken bones and deep cuts. Unspecified Leaves used
stored, and used for food. (34:24) Unspecified Roots used for food. to make medicine. (2:73)
350 Mortonia sempervirens (Celastraceae)

Mortonia, Celastraceae • Other—Seminole Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make bows.

Mortonia sempervirens ssp. scabrella (Gray) Prigge, Rio (169:475)

Grande Saddlebush Morus sp., Wild Mulberry

• Other—Havasupai Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make the • Food—Hualapai Fruit Berries used for food. (195:50) Lakota Fruit
foreshaft on the reed arrow, (as M. scabrella 197:230) Fruits eaten for food. (139:51)
• Fiber—Hualapai Basketry Used to make the frame for coil weaving.
MoruSy Moraceae
(195:50)
Morus alba L, White Mulberry
• Other—Hualapai Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make bows. Walk
• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Infusion of bark taken for worms.
ing Sticks Used to make canes. (195:50)
Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken to "check dysentery." Cathartic
Infusion of bark used as a purgative. Laxative Infusion of bark taken Mucuna, Fabaceae
as a laxative. (80:45)
Mucuna gigantea (Willd.) DC, Seabean
• Food—Cherokee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:45)
• Drug—Hawaiian Laxative Fruit meat and other plants chewed,
Morus microphylla Buckl., Texas Mulberry mixed with salt water, and injected with an enema as a laxative. (2:45)
• Food—\pache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & Cake Fruit pressed
into pulpy cakes, dried, and stored. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Winter Muhlenbergia, Poaceae
Use Food Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried, and stored for winter Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchc, Foxtail Muhly
use. (33:44) Apache, Mescalero Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Sauce & • Fiber—-Navajo, Ramah Brushes & Brooms Stems used to make hair
Relish Berries dried and used as a spread on mescal. (14:47) Yavapai brushes. (191:16)
Fruit Raw berries used for food. (65:257)
Muhlenbergia CUSpidata (Torr. ex Hook.) Rydb., Plains Muhly
• Fiber—Papago Basketry Twigs split in half lengthwise and used to
• Fiber—Navajo Brushes & Brooms Stems used to make hairbrushes
make serviceable baskets. (34:57)
and brooms for sweeping out the hogan. (55:25)
• Other—Apache, Mescalero Weapon Wood used to make the best war
bows. (14:47) Papago Hunting & Fishing Item Long shoots peeled of Muhlenbergia dubia Fourn. ex Hemsl., Pine Muhly
bark, laid in hot ashes, dried, and used as bows. (34:70) • Dni#-Navajo Veterinary Aid Compound poultice with roots applied
to make sheep's blood cake. (90:153)
Morus nigra L, Black Mulberry
• Drug—Delaware, Oklahoma Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as Muhlenbergiafllifarmis (Thurb. ex S.Wats.) Rydb., Pullup Muhly
a cathartic. Emetic Decoction of bark taken as an emetic. Gastroin • Food—Navajo, Ramah Fodder Used for sheep, horse, and cow feed.
testinal Aid and Liver Aid Decoction of bark taken "to remove bile (191:16)
from the intestines." (175:25,76)
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L) Trin. var. mexicana, Mexican
Morus rubra L, Red Mulberry Muhly
• Drwg^Alabama Urinary Aid Decoction of roots taken for passing • Food—Navajo, Ramah Fodder Used for sheep and horse feed, (as M.
yellow urine. (177:19) Cherokee Anthelmintic Infusion of bark taken foliosa 191:16)
for worms. Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken to "check dysentery." • Fiber—Navajo, Ramah Brushes & Brooms Stems used to make hair
Cathartic Infusion of bark used as a purgative. Laxative Infusion of brushes, (as M. foliosa 191:16)
bark taken as a laxative. (80:45) Creek Emetic Roots used as an emet
Muhlenbergia pauciflora Buckl., New Mexico Muhly
ic. Stim ulantlnhision of root taken for weakness. Urinary AidInfu
• Other—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Containers Moist grass laid
sion of root taken for urinary problems. (172:659) Meskwaki Pana
onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping, (as M. neomexicana
cea Root bark used as a medicine for any sickness. (152:251) Rappa-
33:36)
hannock Dermatological AidTxee sap rubbed on skin for ringworm.
(161:30) Muhlenbergia pungensThurb., Sandhill Muhly
• Food—Cherokee Beverage Berries used to make juice. Bread & Cake • Fiber—Hopi Brushes & Brooms Used to make a hairbrush and
Berries and pokeberries crushed, strained, mixed with sugar and broom. (56:16) Used to make brooms. (190:158) Culms stripped of
cornmeal, and made into dumplings. (126:48) Fruit Fruit used for leaves and bound together to form a broom and hairbrush. (200:65)
food, (as M. ruba 80:21) Fresh berries used for food. Preserves Berries Navajo Brushes & Brooms Stems, pulled out of their sheaths when
used to make jam. Winter Use Food Berries canned for future use. dry, tied with string and used as brooms and brushes. (55:26)
(126:48) Comanche Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (29:523) Iroquois
Muhlenbergia richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb., Mat Muhly
Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for fu
• Drwg^-Blackfoot Veterinary Aid Roots used as a horse medicine.
ture use. Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored
(97:22)
for future use. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food. Sauce & Rel
• Food—Blackfoot Forage Plant eaten by horses. (97:22)
ish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or
mixed with corn bread. (196:128) Omaha Dried Food Fruit dried for Muhlenbergia rigens (Benth.) A. S. Hitchc, Deer Grass
winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (68:326) Seminole Unspecified • Food—Apache, Western Porridge Seeds ground, mixed with corn-
Plant used for food. (169:475) meal and water, and made into a mush, (as Epicompes rigens 26:189)
 Catalog of Plants 351

Apache, White Mountain Bread & Cake Seeds ground and used to Musa sp., Banana
make bread and pones, (as Epicompes rigens 136:149) Fodder Plant • Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:509) .
used for hay. (as Epicampes rigens 136:157) Porridge Seeds ground,
mixed with meal and water, and eaten as mush, (as Epicompes rigens
Musineon, Apiaceae
136:149) Unspecified Seeds used for food, (as Epicampes rigens 136: Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Raf. var. divaricatum. Leafy
157) Hopi Bread & Cake Ground seed meal used to make bread. Wildparsley
Ground seed meal used to make bread. (190:158) • Food—Blackfoot Unspecified Roots eaten raw. (114:278)
• Fiber—Cahuilla Basketry Stalks used as the horizontal or foundation
Musineon divaricatumvar. hookeri (Jon. & Gray) Mathias,
around which the coils were wrapped in basket making. (15:89)
Hooker's Wildparsley
Diegueno Basketry Seed stems used as the foundation material for
• Food—Crow Unspecified Fleshy root used for food, (as Museneon
coiled baskets. (84:25) Kawaiisu Basketry Stems used as the multiple
hookeri 19:16)
rod foundation material in coiled basketry. (206:42) Luiseno Basketry
Long grass used to make coiled baskets. ClothingLong grass made Myosotis, Boraginaceae
into coiled, conical baskets and used as hats, (as Epicampes rigens
Myosotis loxu Lehm., Bay Forget Me Not
californica 155:204) Shoshoni Sewing Material Grass used as thread,
• Drwg^-Makah Dermatological Aid Plant rubbed on the hair to act
very white, long, and fine, (as Epicampes rigens 118:8)
like a hair spray. (67:312)
• Other—Apache, White Mountain Cash Crop Plant gathered and sold,
(as Epicompes rigens 136:149) Kawaiisu Tools Stems used in pierced Myosotis sp., Forget Me Not
ears to keep the hole from growing together. (206:42) Luiseno Con • Drug—Iroquois Veterinary Aid Compound decoction of plants

tainers Long grass made into large, coiled baskets and used for stor mixed with feed to aid cows with birthing. (87:421)

ing food. Cooking Tools Long grass made into coiled, conical baskets
Myosurus, Ranunculaceae
and used as eating and drinking vessels. Long grass made into nearly
flat, coiled baskets and used for winnowing and cleaning seeds, (as Myosurus aristatus Benth., Bristle Mousetail
Epicampes rigens californica 155:204) Zuni Ceremonial Items Grass • Drug—Nava)o, Ramah Panacea Plant used as "life medicine." Witch

attached to sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods. This grass craft Medicine Co\o\ infusion of plant taken to protect from witches.

was used only by Galaxy and Shu'maakwe fraternities. The sticks (191:27)

designated the god to whom the offerings were made and the plumes Myosurus CUpulatUS S. Wats., Arizona Mousetail
of the eagle and of other birds conveyed the breath prayers to the • Drug—Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid Cold infusion used inter
gods, (as Epicampes rigens 166:91) nally or externally for ant bites. Gastrointestinal Aid Co\d infusion of
plant taken and used as a lotion for effects of swallowing an ant.
Muhlenbergia sp.
(191:27)
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & Cake Seeds
threshed, winnowed, ground, and the flour used to make bread. Myosurus minimus L, Tiny Mousetail
(33:48) • Drag^-Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid Co\o\ infusion taken or
• Fiber—Navajo Brushes & Brooms Used in the making of brushes and poultice of chewed plant applied to ant bite. (191:27)
brooms. (55:25)
MyrciantheSy Myrtaceae
Muhlenbergia wrightiiVasey ex Coult., Spike Muhly
Myrcianthesfragrans (Sw.) McVaugh, Twinberry
• Other—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Containers Moist grass laid
• Other—Seminole Cooking Tools Plant used to make food paddles.
onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping. (33:36)
Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make blowgun darts. Tools
Plant used to make pestles and ax handles, (as Eugenia simpsoni
Murdannia, Commelinaceae
169:468)
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan, Nakedstem Dewflower
• Drug—Hawaiian Blood Medicine Infusion of pounded leaves and Myricaceae, see Comptonia, Myrica
other plants strained and taken to purify the blood, (as Commelina
Myrica, Myricaceae
nudiflora2:70)
• Other—Hawaiian Containers Leaves used as a covering for under Myrica cerifera L, Southern Bayberry
ground ovens, (as Commelina nudiflora 2:70) • Drug—Choctaw Febrifuge Decoction of leaves and stems taken "dur
ing attacks of fever." (25:23) Decoction of leaves and stems taken for
Musaceae, see Musa fevers. Throat Aid Decoction of roots used as a gargle for inflamed
tonsils. (177:13) Houmei Anthelmintic Decoction of leaves taken as a
Musay Musaceae vermifuge. (158:56) Koasati Gastrointestinal Aid and Pediatric Aid
MusaxparadisiacaL., Paradise Banana Decoction of roots given to children with stomachaches. (177:13)
• Drug—Hawaiian Strengthener Bud or young flower juice rubbed on Micmac Analgesic Roots used for headaches. (40:58) Antirheumatic
tongue and mouth interior for body weakness from stomach disor (External) Hot poultice of pounded, water-soaked roots applied to
der, (as M, sapientum 2:65) inflammations. (194:30) Dermatological Aid Roots used for inflam-
352 Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae)

/nations. Stimulant Berries, bark, and leaves used as an exhilarant give accounts of how they saved people's lives during such times.
and beverage. (40:58) Semmole Analgesic Decoction of leaves taken (102:14)
for headaches. Febrifuge Decoction of leaves taken for fevers. Gas
Myriophyllum verticillatum L, WhorlleafWatermilfoil
trointestinal AidDecoction of leaves taken for stomachaches. (169:
• Drug—Iroquois Other Compound infusion of plants used as a
282) Love Medicine Decoction of wood ashes placed on the tongue to
"snowsnake medicine." Pediatric Aid and Stimulant Decoction of
cleanse the body and strengthen the marriage. (169:250)
plant given to children when they lie very quiet and never move.
• Other—Houma Lighting Berries boiled and wax used to make can
(87:391)
dles. (158:56) Seminole Cleaning Agent Plant used to make lye.
Smoke P/araf Plant used as a tobacco substitute. (169:480) Myrsinaceae, seeArdisia
Myrica gale L, Sweet Gale Myrtaceae, see Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Metrosideros, Myrdanthes,
• Drug—Bella Coola Diuretic Decoction of pounded branches taken Psidium, Syzygium
as a diuretic and for gonorrhea. Venereal Aid Decoction of pounded
branches taken for gonorrhea and as a diuretic. (150:55) Infusion of Myrtillocactus, Cactaceae
pounded branches and fruits taken as a diuretic for gonorrhea. MyrtillocactUS COChal (Orcutt) Britt. & Rose, Cochal
(184:206) • Food—Papago & Pima Fruit Fruit used for food. (35:42)
• Food—Potawatomi PreservativePlant used to line the blueberry pail
to keep the berries from spoiling. (154:121)
• Dye—Ojibwa Brown In the fall, the branch tips grow into an abortive
scale and boiled to yield a brown dye stuff. (153:425) Yellow Seeds Nama, Hydrophyllaceae
boiled to obtain a yellow dye. (96:114)
Nama demissum Gray van demissum,
• Other—Cree, Woodlands Hunting & Fishing Item Pistillate catkins
Purplemat
used as an ingredient in lures. (109:46) Potawatomi Insecticide Plant
• Foorf-^Kawaiisu Porridge Seeds pounded in
thrown onto the fire to make a smudge and keep away mosquitoes.
a bedrock mortar and boiled into a mush.
(154:121)
(206:43)
Myrica heterophylla Raf., Evergreen Bayberry
Nama hispidum Gray, Bristly Nama
• Other—Houma Lighting Berries boiled and wax used to make can
• Dnigavajo, Kayenta DermatologicalAidPlant used as a lotion for
dles, (as M. caroliniensis 158:56)
spider or tarantula bites. (205:39)
Myrica sp., Sweet Bay
• Drug—Creek Emetic Compound decoction of leaves taken after a Napaea, Malvaceae
burial as an emetic before eating. (172:664) Delaware Blood Medi Napaea dioica L, Glade Mallow
cine Bark used as a blood purifier. Kidney Aid Bark used for kidney • Drwg^-Meskwaki DermatologicalAid Poultice of root applied to
troubles. (176:35) Delaware, Oklahoma Blood Medicine Bark used as keep old sores soft and boiled root used for swellings. Gynecological
a blood purifier. Gynecological Aid Compound containing root taken AidRoot used to ease childbirth and for female troubles. Hemorrhoid
for "female generative organs." Kidney Aid Bark used for "kidney Remedy Roots used as a special remedy for piles. Hunting Medicine
trouble." (175:29,76) Mohegan Kidney Aid Infusion of bark taken for Root used as a hunting charm and for female troubles. (152:232)
kidney disorders. (176:74,130)
Navarretia, Polemoniaceae
Myriophyllum, Haloragaceae Navarretia atractyloides (Benth.) Hook. & Arn., Hollyleaf Pin-
Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov, Shortspike Watermilfoil cushionplant
• Drug—Iroquois Blood Medicine Infusion of whole plant and two • Drag^-Costanoan Burn Dressing Toasted, powdered plant or plant
other plants taken by adolescents for poor blood circulation, (as M. ash applied to burns. (21:13)
exalbescens 141:51) Emetic Infusion of plant taken as a strong emetic,
Navarretia COtulifolia (Benth.) Hook. & Arn., Cotulaleaf Pincush-
(as M. exalbescens 141:51). Pediatric Aid Infusion of whole plant and
ionplant
two other plants taken by adolescents for poor blood circulation, (as
• Drug—Miwok Antirheumatic (External) Decoction applied to swel
M. exalbescens 141:51)
ling. (12:171)
Myriophyllum spicatum L, Spike Watermilfoil
Navarretia sp., Skunk Weed
• Drug—Menominee Unspecified Some plants of this class used in
• Food—Miwok Unspecified Dried, stored, parched, pulverized seeds
medicines. (151:37)
used for food. (12:155)
• Food—Tanana, Upper Frozen Food Rhizomes frozen for future use.
Unspecified Rhizomes eaten raw, fried in grease, or roasted. Rhi Nelumbonaceae, see Nelumbo
zomes were sweet and crunchy and a much relished food. They were
said to have been an important food during periods of low food sup Nelumbo, Nelumbonaceae
ply as they were usually able to obtain them when needed. People Nelumbo lutea Willd., American Lotus
 Catalog of Plants 353

• Food—Comanche Unspecified Boiled roots used for food. (29:523) • Food—Kawaiisu Forage Plant eaten by the cows. (206:43)
Dakota Soup Hard, nut-like seeds cracked, freed from the shells, and
used with meat to make soup. UnspecifiedVeeXed tubers cooked with Neomammillaria, Cactaceae
meat or hominy and used for food. (70:79) Huron Starvation Food Neomammillaria sp., Fishhook Cactus
Roots used with acorns during famine. Roots used with acorns dur • Food—Navajo Unspecified Spines removed and used for food. (55:64)
ing famine, (as Nelumbium Iuteim3:63) Meskwaki Unspecified Seeds
cooked with corn. Winter Use Food Terminal shoots cut crosswise, NepetUy Lamiaceae
strung on string, and dried for winter use. (152:262) Ojibwa Unspeci- Nepeta cataria L, Catnip
fiedW&rd chestnut-like seeds roasted and made into a sweet meal. • Drug—Cherokee Abortifacient Infusion used for female obstruc
Shoots cooked with venison, corn, or beans. The terminal shoots are tions. Anthelmintic Infusion used for worms. Anticonvulsive Infusion
cut off at either end of the underground creeping rootstock and the used for spasms. Cold Remedy "Syrup" and honey used for colds and
remainder is their potato. These shoots are similar in shape and size infusion used for babies' colds. Cough Medicine "Syrup" and honey
to a banana, and form the starchy storage reservoirs for future used for coughs. Dermatological Aid Infusion taken for hives and
growth. They have pores inside, but have more substance to them poultice of leaf used for boils and swellings. Febrifuge Infusion taken
than the stems. They are cut crosswise and strung upon basswood for fevers and poultice of leaf used for boils. Gastrointestinal Aid In
strings, to hang from the rafters for winter use. (153:407) Omaha fusion used for colic and infusion of leaves used for stomach. Pediat-
Soup Hard, nut-like seeds cracked, freed from the shells, and used ricAid Infusion used for babies' colds. Sedative Infusion used for
with meat to make soup. UnspecifiedVeeXed tubers cooked with hysterics. Stimulant Infusion of leaf used as a stimulant. Tonic Infu
meat or hominy and used for food. (70:79) Vegetable Roots boiled sion of leaf used as a tonic. (80:28) Chippewa Febrifuge Simple or
and eaten as vegetables, (as Nelumbium luteum 58:341) Pawnee compound decoction of leaves taken for fever. (53:354) Delaware Pe-
Soup Hard, nut-like seeds cracked, freed from the shells, and used diatricAid Leaves used with peach seeds to make a beneficial syrup
with meat to make soup. UnspecifiedVeeXed tubers cooked with for children. (176:37) Delaware, Oklahoma Pediatric Aid Leaves used
meat or hominy and used for food. Ponca Soup Hard, nut-like seeds with peach pits to make a tonic for children. (175:31,82) Tonic Leaves
cracked, freed from the shells, and used with meat to make soup. prepared with peach pit and given as a pediatric tonic. (175:31,76)
Unspecified Peeled tubers cooked with meat or hominy and used for Delaware, Ontario Pediatric Aid and Sedative Infusion of leaves giv
food. (70:79) Potawatomi Unspecified Seeds gathered and roasted en to soothe infants. (175:67) Hoh Pediatric Aid Infusion used as
like chestnuts. Winter Use Food Roots gathered, cut, and strung for medicine for infants. (137:68) Iroquois Analgesic Cold infusion of
winter use. (154:105) Winnebago Soup Hard, nut-like seeds cracked, plants taken for headaches. Decoction of plant tips given to children
freed from the shells, and used with meat to make soup. Unspecified with headaches. (87:423) Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of
Peeled tubers cooked with meat or hominy and used for food. (70:79) stems given to children with diarrhea. (87:422) Plant used as a laxa
• Other—Dakota Ceremonial Items Plant characterized as having tive and astringent for diarrhea. Antiemetic Infusion of plants taken
mystic powers. Omaha Ceremonial Items Plant characterized as hav for vomiting from fever or unknown cause. Cold Remedy Infusion of
ing mystic powers. Pawnee Ceremonial Items Plant characterized as stems taken for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion of stems taken for
having mystic powers. Ponca Ceremonial Items Plant characterized coughs. Febrifuge Cold infusion of plants taken or applied to fore
as having mystic powers. Winnebago Ceremonial Items Plant char head for fevers and chills. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant given
acterized as having mystic powers. (70:79) to children for stomachaches due to colds. Infusion of plants taken
for trouble caused by eating rich foods. Laxative Plant used as a laxa
Nemopanthus, Aquifoliaceae tive and astringent for diarrhea. (87:423) Oral Aid Flowers and roots
Nemopanthus mucronatus (L) Loes., Catberry used for excess saliva. (141:58) Other Cold infusion of plants taken
• DrwgHMalecite Cough Medicine Used with blackberry roots, stag- for fever and "summer complaint." (87:423) Pediatric Aid Compound
horn sumac, lily roots, and mountain raspberry roots for coughs. decoction of stems given to children with diarrhea. (87:422) Decoc
Febrifuge Used with blackberry roots, staghorn sumac, lily roots, and tion of plant tips given to children when peevish or with headaches.
mountain raspberry roots for fevers. (116:251) Kidney Aid Infusion of Infusion of plant given to children for stomachaches due to colds.
root scrapings used for gravel. (116:257) Tuberculosis Remedy Used Infusion of plant tips given to babies who are restless and cannot
with blackberry roots, staghorn sumac, lily roots, and mountain sleep. Plant used for babies with fevers. Sedative Decoction of plant
raspberry roots for consumption. (116:251) Ojibwa Unspecified Ber tips given to children when peevish. Throat Aid Infusion of stems
ries used medicinally for unspecified purpose. (153:355) Potawatomi taken for sore throats and chills. (87:423) Keres, Western Stimulant
Panacea Compound decoction boiled down to syrup and used for Infusion of plant used as a bath for tiredness. (171:55) Menominee
many kinds of diseases. Tonic Decoction of small branches reduced Diaphoretic Decoction of whole plant, except root, taken to produce
to syrup and taken as a tonic. (154:39) perspiration. (54:132) Pulmonary Aid Compound infusion taken and
• Food—Potawatomi Sour Berries edible, but quite bitter and kept for poultice applied to chest for pneumonia. (151:39) Sedative Decoction
a food. (154:95) of whole plant, except root, taken to produce restful sleep. (54:132)
Mohegan Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant given to babies for
Nemophila, Hydrophyllaceae colic. (174:266) Infusion of leaves taken for the stomach and given to
Nemophila menziesii Hook. & Arn., Menzies's Baby Blue Eyes infants for colic. (176:74,130) Pediatric Aid Infusion given to babies
354 Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)

for colic. (174:266) Infusion of leaves given to infants for colic. (176: make fishing lines, (bull kelp 43:303) Hesquiat Containers Hollow
74,13) Ojibwa Blood Medicine Infusion of leaves taken as a blood floats and upper stipes used to store oil and other liquids. Hollow
purifier. Other Infusion of leaves used to bathe a patient to raise the floats and upper stipes used as molds for cottonwood resin and deer
body temperature. (153:372) Okanagan-Colville Cold RemedyInfu fat skin "cream." This ointment was poured in hot and melted. After
sion of plant tops taken for colds. (188:110) Quileute PediatricAid it had solidified, the kelp mold was cut open and the ball of ointment
Infusion used as medicine for infants. (137:68) Rappahannocki4na/- removed, (common kelp 185:25) Kwakiutl, Southern Ceremonial
gesic Infusion of leaves given to babies for pains. Antirheumatic (In ItemsTubes used in special pre-war rituals. Containers Long, hollow
ternal) Infusion of leaves given to babies for rheumatism. Pediatric stipes used to store oulachen (candlefish) grease and other oils.
Aid Infusion of leaves given to babies for pains, rheumatism, and Cooking Tools Tubes put into steaming pits so that water could be
measles. Weak infusion of plant given to children as a tonic. Tonic poured directly on hot rocks at the bottom. Hunting & Fishing Item
Weak infusion of plant given to children as a tonic. (161:25) Shinne- Blades weighted, placed underwater at river mouths, and used to
cock Antirheumatic (Internal) Dried leaves smoked in a pipe for catch herring spawn, (common kelp 183:261) Makah Containers
rheumatism. (30:119) Bottle ends used to carry fish oil and molasses. Hunting & Fishing
• Food—Ojibwa Beverage Leaves used to make a beverage tea. Item Kelp used as fishing culture for fish line, (kelp 79:50) Solid stipes
(153:405) Okanagan-Colville Forage Plant eaten by skunks. (188:110) used for fish lines, (bull kelp 67:206) Toys & Games Plants and stems
used by children as beach games, (kelp 79:50) Used by children to
Nephromdy Peltigeraceae, lichen make "kelp cars" to tow around on the beach, (bull kelp 67:206) Niti
Nephroma arcticum (L) Tross., Arctic Kidney Lichen naht Containers Enlarged upper portion of the stipes used as molds
• Drug—Eskimo, Inuktitut Strengthener Infusion of plant used for for cosmetics. Enlarged upper portion of stipes dried and rinsed with
"weakness." (202:187) fresh water and used for oil storage bottles. Blades used to cover fish
• Food—Eskimo, Inuktitut Unspecified Plant boiled and eaten with in the boat, while at sea, to prevent the fish from drying out. (bull
fish eggs. (202:187) kelp 67:206) Hollow stipes used as containers for storing oil. Leafy
fronds used to cover fish to prevent spoiling or drying out. (common
Nereocystis, Lessoniaceae, alga kelp 186:52) Cooking Tools Enlarged upper portion of stipes used as
Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens). Postels & Ruprecht funnels for pouring water onto hot rocks in pit cooking. Hunting &
• Drug—-Kwakiutl, Southern Burn DressingLeaves used for burns. Fishing Item Lower stipes used for ropes and fishing lines, (bull kelp
DermatologicalAidLeaves used for scabs and nonpigmented spots. 67:206) Stipes partially dried, rubbed with oil until saturated, and
Leaves dried, pulverized, and rubbed into children's heads to make used as fishing line, (common kelp 186:52) Tools Enlarged upper
hair grow long. Orthopedic Aid Leaves used for swollen feet. Pediat portion of the stipes used as steam boxes for making halibut hooks,
ric Aid Leaves dried, pulverized, and rubbed into children's heads to (bull kelp 67:206) Bulbs used for curving and molding halibut hooks,
make hair grow long, (common kelp 183:261) Nitinaht Dermatologi- (common kelp 186:52) Oweekeno Hunting & Fishing Item Stipes
calAid Bulbs dried, melted, hardened, and used as skin cream for used to make fishing lines, (bull kelp 43:46) Pomo, Kashaya Hunting
protection from sun, wind, and cold, (common kelp 186:52) Porno, & Fishing Item Dried, shredded stems used as cordage or fish line,
Kashaya Expectorant Dried, salty stalk strips sucked for colds with (bull kelp 72:124) Quileute Containers Bottle ends used to carry fish
sore throats and to clear mucus. Throat Aid Dried, salty stalk strips oil and molasses. Hunting & Fishing Item Kelp used as fishing cul
sucked for colds with sore throats, (as N. luetkeama, bull kelp 72:124) ture for fish line. Quinault Containers Bottle ends used to carry fish
• Food—Oweekeno Unspecified Plant eaten with herring roe. Winter oil and molasses. Hunting & Fishing Item Kelp used as fishing cul
Use Food Plant and herring eggs salted for storage, (bull kelp 43:46) ture for fish line, (kelp 79:50) Tsimshian Hunting & Fishing Item
Pomo, Kashaya UnspecifiedThick part of the stalk cooked in an oven Stipes used to make fishing lines, (bull kelp 43:303)
or in hot ashes. Winter Use Food Stalks cut into lengthwise strips and
dried for winter use. (bull kelp 72:124) Nicotiana, Solanaceae
• Fiber—Hesquiat Cordage Long stipes used to make fishing lines and Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats., Coyote Tobacco
anchor ropes. Long stipes were dried, then soaked in dogfish or • Drwg-rApache, White Mountain Ceremonial MedicinePlant smoked
whale oil so they would not lose their flexibility. Kelp ropes were very in the medicine ceremonies. (136:158) Hopi Ceremonial Medicine
strong and could be plaited or spliced together to make them longer, Plant smoked for all ceremonial occasions. (56:19) Navajo, Kayenta
(common kelp 185:25) Makah Cordage Solid stipes used for tying, Hemostat Plant used for nosebleed. Narcotic Plant used as a narcot
(bull kelp 67:206) Nitinaht Cordage Lower stipes used for ropes and ic. (205:41) Navajo, Raman Analgesic Leaves smoked in corn husks
fishing lines, (bull kelp 67:206) Pomo, Kashaya Cordage Dried, for headache. Ceremonial Medicine Plant smoked in corn husks for
shredded stems used as cordage or fish line, (bull kelp 72:124) ceremonial purposes. Cough Medicine heaves smoked in corn husks
• Other—Alaska Native Hunting & Fishing Item Long, hollow stalks for cough. Veterinary Aid Plant used to heal castration cuts on a
used to make fishing lines for deep-sea fishing, (giant kelp 85:139) young racehorse. (191:43) Palute Anthelmintic Decoction of leaves
Bella Coola Containers Used to store eulachon (candlefish) grease, taken sparingly to expel worms. (180:106,107) Antirheumatic (Exter
(bull kelp 184:195) Haisla & Hanaksiala Designs Plant heads used as nal) Infusion of stems and leaves used as a wash for aches and pains.
the design for the horizontal timber ends of the Killer Whale house, (111:108) Crushed seeds used as a liniment for rheumatic swellings.
(bull kelp 43:128) Kitasoo Hunting & Fishing Item Stipes used to Poultice of crushed leaves applied to swellings, especially from rheu-
 Catalog of Plants 355

matism. CatharticWfeak decoction of leaves taken as a physic. (180: filling ceremonial prayer sticks in the Night Chant. (55:75) Navajo,
106,107) Cold Remedy Leaves smoked during sweat house bathing Ramah Smoke Plant Plant used as substitute for commercial tobac
and prayer, connected with spiritual power. (111:108) Dried leaves co. (191:43) Okanagan-Colville Smoke Plantleaves used for smok
smoked alone or in a compound for colds and asthma. Dermatologi ing. (188:140) Okanagon Smoke Plantleaves dried, greased, mixed
cal Aid Decoction of leaves used as a healing wash for hives or other with leaves of other plants, and smoked. (125:39) Paiute Smoke Plant
skin irritations. Poultice of chewed leaves applied to cuts. Poultice of Roasted, dried leaves and small twigs used for smoking. (111:108)
crushed leaf applied or crushed seed used as a liniment for swellings. Leaves dried, ground, moistened, and made into balls for preserva
Poultice of crushed leaves applied to eczema or other skin infections. tion. (167:319) Papago Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Pima Smoke
Pulverized dust of plant sprinkled on sores. (180:106,107) Emeticln- PlantUsed for smoking. (36:109) Shoshoni Cash Crop Leaves pulver
fusion of stems and leaves taken as an emetic. (111:108) Weak decoc ized and made into large cakes and sold. (117:446) Shuswap Smoke
tion of leaves taken as an emetic. Kidney Aid Decoction of leaves Plant Mixed with kinnikinnick and red willow and smoked at cere
used as a wash for "dropsical conditions." (180:106,107) Misc. Dis monies. (123:69) Tewa Smoke Plant Dried leaves and other plant
ease Remedy Infusion of plant taken for measles. Respiratory Aid In parts smoked in pipes and cigarettes. (138:103,104) Thompson
fusion of stems and leaves taken for respiratory diseases. (111:108) Smoke PlantLeaves dried, greased, mixed with leaves of other plants,
Compound containing dried leaves smoked for asthma. Snakebite and smoked. (125:39) Dried, toasted leaves considered the most im
Remedy Poultice of chewed leaves bound on snakebite after remov portant source of tobacco. (164:495) Yavapai Smoke Plant Dried
ing poison. (180:106,107) Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of stems and stems and leaves used for smoking. (65:263) Zuni Ceremonial Items
leaves taken for tuberculosis. (111:108) Compound containing dried and Smoke Plantleaves smoked ceremonially. (166:95)
leaves smoked for tuberculosis. (180:106,107) Salish Dermatological
Nkotiana clevelandii Gray, Cleveland's Tobacco
Aid Plant used as a head wash for dandruff. (178:294) Shoshoni
• Drug—Cahuilla Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to
Anthelmintic Decoction of leaves taken sparingly to expel worms.
cuts, bruises, swellings, and other wounds. Ear Medicine Leaf smoke
Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of crushed leaves applied to swel
blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Emetic
lings, especially from rheumatism. CatharticWeak decoction of
Infusion of leaves used as an emetic. Hunting Medicineleaves
leaves taken as a physic. Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves
smoked as part of a hunting ritual. (15:90)
used as a healing wash for hives or other skin irritations. Poultice of
• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked, or used in a
chewed leaves applied to cuts. Poultice of crushed leaf applied to re
drinkable decoction. (15:90)
duce swellings. EmeticWezk decoction of leaves taken as an emetic.
• Other—Cahuilla Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every
Toothache RemedyPoultice of crushed leaves applied to gum for
ritual.47 Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production,
toothache. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound of dried leaves smoked
divining, and improve health of community. Used by shamans, at
for tuberculosis. (180:106,107) Shuswap Urinary Aid Plant used for
community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers. Protection
the bladder. (123:69) Tewa Ceremonial Medicine Dried leaves and
Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure
other plant parts smoked ceremonially. (138:103,104) Cough Medi
blessing from spiritual guides. Smoke Plantleaves chewed, smoked,
cinePoultice of leaves mixed with oil and soot applied to neck and
or used in a drinkable decoction. (15:90)
chest for cough. Gynecological Aid Snuff containing leaves used by
women in labor. (138:106) Nose Medicine Snuff of leaves used for "a Nkotiana glauca Graham, Tree Tobacco
discharge from the nose." (138:103,104) Toothache Remedyleaves • Drw^-Cahuilla Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to
placed on or in a tooth for toothache. (138:106) Thompson Derma cuts, bruises, swellings, and other wounds. Ear Medicine Leaf smoke
tological y4/d Decoction of plant used as a wash to remove dandruff blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Emetic
and prevent falling hair. (164:467,468) Zuni Snakebite Remedy Infusion of leaves used as an emetic. Hunting Medicine Leaves
Smoke blown over body for throbbing from rattlesnake bite. (166:54) smoked as part of a hunting ritual. (15:90) Hawaiian Dermatological
• Other—Blackfoot Smoke Plantleaves used for smoking. (97:52) Aid Plant used for removing the pus from scrofulous sores or boils.
Coahuilla Smoke Plantleaves pounded, mixed with water, chewed, Plant used for sores and the smoke used for cuts. Tuberculosis Reme-
and used as a smoking material. (13:74) Gosiute Smoke Plantleaves dy Plant used for removing the pus from scrofulous sores. (2:73) Ma-
dried and smoked. (39:375) Havasupai Smoke Plantleaves smoked huna Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of leaves used as a steam
for pleasure. (197:240) Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant smoked in pipes bath for rheumatism. Throat Aid Poultice of leaves applied to in
for ceremonial purposes only. (200:90) Smoke Plant Used for smok flamed throat glands. Tuberculosis Remedy Poultice of leaves applied
ing. (36:109) Used very much. (190:166) Kawaiisu Protection Leaves for scrofula. (140:60)
and lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from • Food—Cahuilla Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked, or used in a
bothering you. Smoke Plantleaves dried, pulverized, powdered, drinkable decoction. (15:90)
mixed with liquid, formed into cakes, and smoked in hollow stems. • Other—Cahuilla Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every
(206:43) Klamath Smoke Plantleaves used for smoking. (45:104) ritual.47 Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production,
Mewuk SmokePlantLeaves dried, pounded, and used for smoking. divining, and improve health of community. Used by shamans, at
(117:356) Midoo Smoke Plantleaves dried, pounded, and used for community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers. Protection
smoking. (117:319) Navajo Ceremonial Items Smoked after the feast Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure
following the completion of the masks for the Night Chant. Used for blessing from spiritual guides. Smoke Plantleaves chewed, smoked,
356 Nicotiana glauca (Solanaceae)

or used in a drinkable decoction. (15:90) Diegueno Smoke Plant Chewed plant put in the ear for earaches. Emetic Plant eaten to cause
Leaves used for smoking. (84:27) vomiting. Plant induced vomiting. Gastrointestinal AidVXant eaten
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani, Tex-mex Tobacco to clean out the stomach. Gynecological Aid Poultice of plant applied
• Other—Neeshenam Smoke PlantLeaves sun dried, finely cut, and to woman's stomach during parturition. Hallucinogen Plant eaten to
smoked. (129:378) cause dreams. Hemostat Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts.
Other Plant used for infanticide and suicide. Poison Plant considered
Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh, Indian Tobacco
poisonous. Psychological AidPlant blown in the air to prevent bad
• Other—Blackfoot Ceremonial Items Plants planted, harvested cere
dreams. Respiratory Aid Plant used as snuff for stuffy noses. Sedative
monially, and smoked as an important part of every ritual. Leaves
Plant used as a soporific. Stimulant Plant used for fatigue. Toothache
mixed with kinnikinnick, dried cambium, or red osier dogwood and
Remedy Plant held between the teeth for toothaches, (as N. bigelovii
used in all religious bundles. Smoke Plant Leaves used for ritual
206:43)
smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the
• Other—Karok Smoke Plantleaves dried, powdered, and smoked.
pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating
(as N. bigelovii var. exaltata 148:389) Kawaiisu Protection Leaves and
ceremonialist. This man had the favored position because of his
lime placed in the camp fire to prevent supernatural beings from
wealth in bundle ownership. He drew on the unlit pipe four times
bothering you. Smoke Plantleaves dried, pulverized, powdered,
and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to
mixed with liquid, formed into cakes, and smoked in hollow stems,
the man next to the distinguished bundle owner. This man drew on
(as N. bigelovii 206:43) Mendodno Indian Smoke Plant Light green
the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward. Then
leaves used for smoking, (as N. bigelovii 41:386) Mewuk Smoke Plant
the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it
Leaves dried, pounded, and used for smoking, (as N. bigelovi 117:
reached the door of the tepee, whence it was returned to the orderly.
356) Midoo Smoke Plantleaves dried, pounded, and used for smok
The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the
ing, (as N. bigelovi 117:319) Porno, Kashaya Smoke Plant Dried leaves
lodge, where women and children were seated. If the pipe went out
used as tobacco, (as N. bigelovii 72:115) Tolowa Smoke Plantleaves
during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and re
smoked for leisure, (as AT. bigelovii 6:41)
filled it. The manner in which the participant received the pipe var
ied according to bundle ownership. Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle Nicotiana rustica L, Aztec Tobacco
owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, • Drug—Cherokee AnalgesicUsed for cramps and sharp pains. (80:59)
imitating the actions of a bear. A ceremony in which smoking had Chewed plant used for headaches. (177:56) Anthelmintic Used as an
special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony. anthelmintic. AnticonvulsiveUsed as an antispasmodic. Cathartic
This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle Used as a cathartic. Ceremonial Medicine Used extensively in rituals.
owners. They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their Dermatological Aid Poultice of beaten plant used for boils and ap
prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe. The Big Smoke com plied to insect bites. Diaphoretic Used as a sudorific. Diuretic Used
menced at sundown and continued until daybreak, and there was as a diuretic. Emetic Used as an emetic. Expectorant Used as an ex
continuous use of many pipes. Four songs were allowed to be sung pectorant. Gastrointestinal AidTaken for colic. Kidney Aid Taken for
for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for 16 songs dropsy. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of leaf used for ague,
or more, (as N. multivalvis86:U) Dakota Smoke Plant Plant cultivat "locked-jaw," and "black-yellow disease." Other Compound used for
ed and used for smoking. (70:113,114) Montana Indian Smoke Plant apoplexy, dizziness, and fainting. (80:59) Decoction of leaves rubbed
Used in compound for smoking and the delicate tobacco from flower in scratches made on the patient for apoplexy. (177:56) Snakebite
was never chewed. (19:16) Omaha Smoke Plant Plant preferred for RemedyJuice applied to snakebite. Toothache Remedy Smoke blown
smoking because of the mild quality. (68:331) Plant cultivated and on toothache. Vertigo Medicine Used for dizziness and fainting. (80:
used for smoking. Pawnee Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for 59) hoquois Antidote Compound decoction of plants used as wash
smoking. Ponca Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. to counteract poison. Dermatological 4/d Poultice of chewed plant
(70:113,114) Tsimshian Smoke Plantleaves used for smoking. (43: applied to all insect bites. Psychological Aid Decoction of plants tak
350) Winnebago Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. en for insanity caused by masturbation. Tuberculosis Remedy Plant
(70:113,114) used for consumption. (87:430)
• Otfier—Apalachee Cash Crop Plant cultivated and sold. Smoke Plant
Nicotiana quadrivalvisvar. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf, Bigelow's
Tobacco
Plant smoked in the pre-ballgame rituals. (81:97) Cherokee Smoke
Plantleaves used for smoking. (80:59) Iroquois Ceremonial Items
• Drug—Costanoan Catharticleaves smoked as a general purgative
Leaves used for ceremonial purposes. (196:4) Smoke Plant Smashed
in social and ritual contexts. Ceremonial Medicineleaves smoked as
roots used for smoking. (141:57) Leaves used to smoke and if the
a general purgative in social and ritual contexts. Ear MedicinePlant
smoke blew in a streak to one side, it would rain in 24 hours. (196:30)
smoke blown into the ear for earaches. Emetic Fresh leaves chewed
Leaves used for smoking purposes. (196:4) Pima Smoke PlantUsed
as an emetic, (as N. bigelovii21:14) Karok UnspecifiedUsed for med
for smoking. (36:111)
icine, (as N. bigelovi 117:209) Kawaiisu Analgesic Chewed plant put
in the nostril for headaches. Poultice of plant applied to the chest for Nicotianasp., Tobacco
internal pains. Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to itchy • Drug—Cheyenne Dermatological Aid Poultice of wet leaves applied
bites. Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts. Ear Medicine to sores, (as Nicotina83:39) Eskimo, Inuktitut VeterinaryAidUsed
 Catalog of Plants 357

medicinally for dogs. (202:184) Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut Veterinary 108) Used for smoking. (36:110) Thompson Ceremonial Items Plant
Aid Leaves considered to be "a good cure for a dog in a weakened used as an offering in the sweat house. (187:288) Tsimshian Smoke
condition." (122:32) Kwakiutl Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed PlantLeaves used for chewing. (43:350)
leaves applied or compound rubbed on sores and swellings. (183:
Nicotiana trigonophyllaDunal, Desert Tobacco
266) Poultice of leaves applied to sores, lumps, and cuts. Herbal
• Drwg^-Cahuilla DermatologicalAid Poultice of leaves applied to
Steam Leaves used in steam baths. (183:292) Kwakiutl, Southern
cuts, bruises, swellings, and other wounds. Ear Medicine Leaf smoke
Analgesic Poultice of dried plant and fresh sea wrack, alder, and
blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Emetic
black twinberry applied for aches and pains. (183:260) Navajo Cere
Infusion of leaves used as an emetic. Hunting Medicineleaves
monial Medicine Infusion of leaves given to the patient in a painted
smoked as part of a hunting ritual. (15:90)
turtle shell during the Raven Chant. Dermatological A/d Plant used
• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked, or used in a
for sores caused by the handling or burning a raven's nest. (55:74)
drinkable decoction. (15:90)
• Other—Eskimo, Inuktitut Smoke Plant Plant chewed rather than
• Other—Cahuilla Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every
smoked. (202:184) Luiseno Smoke Plant Plant formerly used as
ritual.47 Used by shamans to control rain, increase crop production,
tobacco. (155:229) Yuki Smoke Plant Leaves crushed, stuffed into
divining, and improve health of community. Used by shamans, at
pipes, and smoked. (49:91)
community gatherings, to drive away malevolent powers. Protection
Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure
Nicotiana tabacum L, Cultivated Tobacco
blessing from spiritual guides. Smoke PlantLeaves chewed, smoked,
• Drug-Cherokee Analgesic Used for cramps and sharp pains.
or used in a drinkable decoction. (15:90) Havasupai Smoke Plant
AnthelminticUsed as an anthelmintic. AnticonvulsiveUsed as an
Leaves used for smoking. (162:105) Leaves smoked for pleasure. (197:
antispasmodic. Cathartic Used as a cathartic. Ceremonial Medicine
240) Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant smoked in pipes for ceremonial
Used extensively in rituals. Dermatological Aid Poultice of beaten
purposes only. (200:90) Smoke Plant Used for smoking. (36:109)
plant used for boils and applied to insect bites. DiaphoreticUsed as
Hualapai Smoke Plant Used to smoke in ceremonials. (195:54) Mo-
a sudorific. Diuretic Used as a diuretic. Emetic Used as an emetic. Ex-
have Smoke PlantWild tobacco smoked. (37:120) Papago Smoke
pectorantUsed as an expectorant. Gastrointestinal AidTaken for col
PlantLeaves dried and smoked. (34:27) Leaves half or fully dried and
ic. Kidney Aid Taken for dropsy. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of
smoked. (34:36) Used for smoking. Pima Smoke Plant Used for
leaf used for ague, "locked-jaw," and "black-yellow disease." Other
smoking. (36:108) Yuma Smoke Plant Wild tobacco smoked. (37:120)
Compound used for apoplexy, dizziness, and fainting. Snakebite
Remedy Juice applied to snakebite. Toothache Remedy Smoke blown Nicotiana trigonophyllavar. palmeri (Gray) M. E. Jones,
on toothache. Vertigo Medicine Used for dizziness and fainting. (80: Palmer's Tobacco

59) Haisla & Hanaksiala Antirheumatic (External) Juice rubbed on • Otfier—Navajo Ceremonial Items Used for filling ceremonial prayer

the hands and feet for rheumatism. (43:291) Hawaiian Dermatologi sticks, (as N. palmeri 55:75)

cal Aid Plant used for removing the pus from scrofulous sores or
Nolina, Agavaceae
boils. Plant used for sores and the smoke used for cuts. Tuberculosis
Remedy Plant used for removing the pus from scrofulous sores. (2: Nolina bigelovii (Torr.) S.Wats., Bigelow's Nolina
73) Hesquiat Dermatological Aid Chewed leaves used as a poultice or • Food—Cahuilla Unspecified Stalk baked in a rock-lined roasting pit

rubbed on bruises and cuts. (185:76) Micmac Ear Medicineleaves and eaten. (15:94)

used for earache. Hemostatleaves used for bleeding. (40:58) Mohe- • Fiber—Papago Basketry Bleached or green grass used for basketry.

gan Ear Medicine Smoke blown into the ear for an earache. Montauk (118:9)

Toothache Remedy Tobacco placed in tooth for toothache. Rappa- Nolina bigeloviivar. parryi (S.Wats.) L. Benson, Parry's Nolina
hannock Ear Medicine Smoke blown into the ear for an earache. • Food—Hualapai Fruit Fruit used for food, (as N. parryi 195:26)
Toothache RemedyTobacco placed in tooth for toothache. Shinne- Tubatulabal UnspecifiedStalks used for food, (as N. parryi 193:15)
cock Ear Medicine Smoke blown into the ear for an earache. Tooth • Fiber—-Hualapai Basketry Used to make coil baskets, (as N. parryi
ache RemedyTobacco placed in tooth for toothache. (30:120) 195:26)
Thompson Dermatological AidPouhice of plant used on cuts and
Nolinaerumpens(Torr.) S.Wats., Foothill Beargrass
sores. (187:288)
• Fiber—Papago Basketry Leaves sun dried, split into strands, and
• Other—Cherokee Smoke Plantleaves used for smoking. (80:59)
used as foundation in coiled basketry. (34:57) Used as the warp ele
Haisla & Hanaksiala Smoke Plantleaves used for chewing and
ment of baskets. (34:59)
smoking. (43:291) Hesquiat Smoke PlantLeaves mixed with kinni-
kinnick and smoked. SnuffLeaves mixed with kinnikinnick and Nolina microcarpa S. Wats., Sacahuista
chewed. (185:76) Iroquois Smoke Plant Smashed roots used for • Drug—-Isleta Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of root taken for
smoking. (141:57) Navajo Sacred Items Sacred plant depicted with rheumatism. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of root taken for pneumonia
beans, corn, and squash in the first sacred painting of the Mountain and lung hemorrhages. (100:35)
Chant. (55:75) Oweekeno Smoke PlantLeaves chewed and smoked. • Food-^Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Unspecified Stalks roasted,
(43:118) Papago Smoke PlantLeaves half or fully dried and smoked. boiled, or eaten raw. Vegetable Stalks boiled, dried, and stored to be
(34:36) Used for smoking. Pima Smoke Plant Used for smoking. (36: used as vegetables. (33:38) Apache, Western UnspecifiedYoung stalks
358 Nolina microcarpa (Agavaceae)

placed in fire, peeled, and eaten. (26:183) Isleta Bread & Cake Seeds • Food—Lakota Unspecified Roots boiled and eaten, (as N luteum
made into a meal and used to make bread. (32:22) Fruit Fruit eaten 139:52)
fresh. (100:35) Porridge Seeds made into a meal and used to make
Nuphar lutea ssp. advena (Ait.) Kartesz & Gandhi, Yellow Pondlily
mush. (32:22) Preserves Fruit eaten preserved. Staple Seeds used to
• Drug—hoquois Analgesic Compound decoction taken for pain be
make flour. (100:35)
tween shoulder blades. Anticonvulsive Compound decoction with
• Fiber—Apache, Mescalero Mats, Rugs & Bedding Grass used as tepee
plant taken by men with epilepsy. Blood Medicine Compound infu
ground covering. (14:51) Apache, Western Building Material Grass
sion of dried roots taken for blood disease. Febrifuge Compound de
used as a thatching material for wickiup or ramada. (26:183) Hava-
coction with roots taken for recurring chills followed by fever, (as N.
supai BuildingMaterialLeaves used for thatch. Mats, Rugs & Bedding
luteum ssp. macrophyllum 87:319) Gastrointestinal Aid Poultice of
Leaves woven into a coarse mat and used for drying mescal. (197:
roots or decoction taken and used as wash for swollen abdomen, (as
212) Isleta Basketry Leaf fibers formerly used in basketry. Brushes &
N luteum ssp. macrophyllum 87:318) Heart Medicine Infusion of
Brooms Leaf fibers used to make brushes. Cordage Leaf fibers used to
dried, grated plant taken for heart trouble, (as N luteum ssp. macro
make cords, ropes, and whips. (100:35) Jemez Basketry Leaves used
phyllum 87:319) Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of roots taken to dry
to make baskets for storage and washing of grains. (17:34) Leaves
up smallpox. (asN. luteumssp. macrophyllum87:318) OtherCold
woven together into baskets. (44:25) Keres, Western Basketry Plant
infusion of roots used as a "ghost medicine." Pulmonary Aid Com
used to make baskets. Mats, Rugs & BeddingVtent used to make mats.
pound decoction taken for swollen lungs. Witchcraft Medicine "Hung
(171:55) Keresan Basketry Used to make baskets. (198:559) Papago
up inside to keep witches away" as an anti-witch remedy. Compound
Basketry Grass used as the foundation in coiled basketry. (17:34)
used to "detect bewitchment." Poultice of roots applied to sore areas
Leaves dried, split, and made into baskets. Pima Basketry Leaves
caused by witchcraft diseases, (as N. luteum ssp. macrophyllum 87:
used to fashion coils for storage baskets. (17:62) Southwest Indians
319) Menominee Dermatological A/d Poultice of dried, powdered
Basketry Beargrass used to make basketry. Made into baskets and
root applied to cuts and swellings, (as Nymphaea advena 151:42,43)
used for storage containers. Leaves used as foundation element in
Micmac Dermatological A/d Poultice of bruised root with flour or
coiled basketry. Cordage Leaves used as tying material. Mats, Rugs &
meal applied to swellings and bruises, (as Nuphar advena 156:317)
BeddingUsed to make matting to cover the dead. (17:61) Yavapai
Orthopedic A/d Leaves used for limb swellings, (as Nymphaea adve
BuildingMateriallezves used to thatch dwellings. (17:62)
na 40:58) Ojibwa Dermatological A/d Poultice of grated root applied
• Dye—Navajo UnspecifiedPtent used to make a dye for blankets.
to sores and powdered root used for cuts and swellings, (as Nym
(100:35)
phaea advena 153:376) Penobscot DermatologicalAidPouhice of
• Other—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Containers Moist grass laid
mashed leaves applied to swollen limbs, (as Nymphaea advena 156:
onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping. (33:36) Apache,
310) Potawatomi Dermatological AidPoultice of pounded root ap
Mescalero Cooking Tools Grass woven into trays and used for pro
plied for "many inflammatory diseases." (as Nymphaea advena 154:
cessing datil and mescal. (14:51) Apache, Western Cooking Tools
65) Rappahannock Dermatological Aid Poultice of parched and
Dried leaves fashioned into spoons. Protection Grass used as wrap
bruised leaf used to remove fever and inflammation from sores.
ping material for foods to be transported or stored. (26:183) Soap
Warmed leaves applied to boils. Febrifuge Poultice of parched and
Roots used as soap. (26:182) Havasupai Cooking Tools Lower stalks
bruised leaf used to remove fever and inflammation from sores, (as
split open to form an alternative base for drying mescal. (197:212)
Nymphaea advena 161:32) Sioux HemostatDry, porous rhizomes
Isleta Ceremonial Items Seeds used in dried gourd shells to make
ground fine and applied to wounds as a styptic, (as Nuphar advena
ceremonial rattles. Stable Gear Leaf fibers used to make brushes,
19:17) Thompson Analgesic Cold decoction of stems or roots taken
cords, ropes, and whips. (100:35)
for internal pains. Dermatological Aid Poultice of fresh or dried leaves
Nolina sp., Beargrass applied to wounds, cuts, or sores, (as Nymphaea advena 164:460)
• Fiber—Hualapai Building Materialised for tying and thatching • Food—Comanche Unspecified Boiled roots used for food, (as Nym
houses. (195:51) Southwest Indians Basketry Leaves used for making phaea advena 29:523) Menominee Vegetable Rhizomes cooked in
coarse forms of basketry. (17:60) Mats, Rugs & BeddingGrass made the same manner as rutabagas, (as Nymphaea advena 151:69) Mon
into mats and used in cradles. (17:48) tana Indian Snack Food Parched seeds eaten like popcorn. Soup
• Other—Apache, Western Soap Crowns and bases of leaves pounded Seeds ground into meal used for thickening soups. UnspecifiedThkk,
together and mixed with water to make soap. (26:183) Hualapai fleshy rhizomes boiled with fowl or other meat. Mucilaginous seed-
Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make snares. (195:51) pods were well flavored and nutritious, (as Nuphar advena 19:17)
Pawnee Unspecified Cooked seeds used for food, (as Nymphaea ad
Nothochelone, Scrophulariaceae
vena 70:79)
Nothochelone nemorosa (Dougl. ex Lindl.) Straw, Woodland
Beardtongue Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala (Engelm.) E. O. Beal, Rocky Moun
• Drug—Paiute Dermatological Aid Green, mashed plant juice applied tain Pondlily
to sores "like iodine." (as Penstemon nemorosus 111:109) • Drug—Bella Coola Analgesic Decoction of root taken for pain in any
part of the body. Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of root taken
Nuphar, Nymphaeaceae for rheumatic pain. Blood Medicine Decoction of root considered
Nuphar lutea (L) Sm., Yellow Pondlily "good for the blood." Heart Medicine Decoction of root taken for
 Catalog of Plants 359

heart disease pain. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of root taken for • Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Dermatological Aid Poultice of mashed
consumption pain, (as Nymphaea polysepala 150:56) Rhizomes used rhizomes applied to swellings. Disinfectant Poultice of mashed rhi
for tuberculosis, (as Nupharpolysepalum 184:206) Venereal Aid De- zomes applied to infections, (as N variegatum 18:163) Cree, Wood
coction of root taken for gonorrheal pain. Gitksan Antihemorrhagic lands Analgesic Poultice of grated rhizome, calamus, water or grease,
Infusion of toasted root scrapings taken for lung hemorrhages. Gyne and sometimes cow parsnip applied for headaches. Antirheumatic
cological Aid Infusion of toasted root or decoction of root heart used (External) Poultice of grated rhizomes and other ingredients applied
as a contraceptive. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of root taken for lung to sore joints, swellings, and painful limbs. Poultice consisted of
hemorrhage, (as Nymphaea polysepala 150:56) Haisla & Hanaksiala grated rhizomes, grated calamus rootstocks, and occasionally cow
Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of rhizomes taken for tuberculosis. parsnip with the addition of water or grease. Dermatological Aid
UnspecifiedDecoction of rhizomes taken as medicine. (43:256) Hes- Poultice of roots with calamus and cow parsnip roots applied to
quiat UnspecifiedVond lily was a good medicine, (as Nuphar poly mancos, worms in the flesh. Poultice of fresh or rehydrated, dried
sepalum 185:70) Kitasoo Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant and rhizome slice applied to infected skin lesions. Poultice of sliced, dried
devil's club used for unspecified woman's illness. (43:339) Kwakiutl roots soaked in water and applied to infected wounds. Panacea Pow
Analgesic Poultice of heated leaves applied or rhizome extract taken dered rhizomes added to a many herb remedy for various ailments,
for chest pains. Orthopedic Aid Rhizomes used as a medicine for in (as N. variegatum 109:46) Flathead Antirheumatic (External) Decoc
ternal swellings or sickness in the bones. Respiratory Aid Rhizome tion of rootstocks added to bath water for rheumatism. Dermatologi
extract taken for asthma and chest pains, (as N polysepalum 183: cal AidPou\t\ce of baked rootstocks used for sores. Venereal Aid Infu
287) Nitinaht Other Large rhizomes placed in hot water and liquid sion of rootstocks taken for venereal disease. Veterinary Aid Poultice
taken to prevent sickness during epidemics, (as N. polysepalum 186: of rootstocks used for horses with cuts and bruises, (as N. variega
114) Unspecified Decoction of rhizomes used as a medicinal drink, tum 82:33) Iroquois Blood Medicine and Pediatric Aid Infusion of
(as N. polysepalum 67:251) Rhizomes used as a medicine, (as N pol rhizomes and two other plants taken by adolescents for poor blood
ysepalum 185:70) Okanagan-Colville Poison Roots considered poi circulation. Veterinary Aid Infusion of plant, other plant fragments,
sonous. Toothache Remedy Stems placed directly on the tooth for and milk given to pigs that drool and have sudden movements, (as
toothaches, (as N polysepalum 188:110) Qumault Analgesic Poultice N. variegatum 141:43) Kutenai Dermatological Aid Poultice of baked
of heated roots applied for pain. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of rootstocks used for sores. Sioux Hemostat Rootstocks powdered and
heated roots applied for rheumatism, (as Nymphozanthus polysepa- used as a styptic for wounds, (as N variegatum 82:33)
lus 79:29) Shuswap Analgesic Infusion of mashed roots applied for • Food—Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Beverage Petiole sucked to relieve
sore back pain. Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of mashed roots thirst. Unspecified Grains used for food, (as N. variegatum 132:129)
applied for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Infusion of mashed Cree, Woodlands Dried Food Sliced roots dried for food and eaten
roots taken for sores. Orthopedic Aid Infusion of mashed roots ap dried or cooked, (as N. variegatum 109:46) Montana Indian Cooking
plied for sore back pain, (as Nuphar polysepalum 123:64) Tanana, Agent Thin slices of rootstocks dried, ground, or pulverized into meal
Upper Analgesic Poultice of sliced, warmed rhizomes applied for or gruel, and used to thicken soups. PorridgeSeeds parched, ground
pain, (as N. polysepalum 102:17) Thompson Antirheumatic (External) into meal, and used for mush or gruel. Unspecified Root stocks eaten
Powdered, dried leaves mixed with bear grease and used as an oint raw or boiled with meat, (as JV. variegatum 82:33)
ment for swellings. Dermatological AidPowdered, dried leaves mixed
Nuphar sp., Yellow Pondlily
with bear grease and used as an ointment for bites and infections.
• Drwg^Abnaki Love Medicine Used as an anaphrodisiac. (144:154)
Gastrointestinal A/d Large rhizomes chewed for ulcers. (187:235)
Psychological Aid Infusion of roots taken by men to inhibit sexual
• Food—Alaska Native Vegetable Rootstocks boiled or roasted and eat
drives for 2 months. (144:167) Iroquois Analgesic Compound roots
en as a vegetable, (as Nuphar polysepalum 85:145) Cheyenne Un
used for "pains in the chest which make you hold your breath."
specified Roots eaten raw or boiled, (as Nymphea polysepala 76:173)
(87:320)
Species used for food, (as Nuphar polysepala 83:45) Klamath Bread
& Cake Ground seeds used for bread. Dried Food Seeds stored for lat Nyctaginaceae, see Abronia, Allionia, Boerhavia, Mirabilist
er use. Porridge Ground seeds used for porridge, (as Nymphaea poly Tripterocalyx

sepala 45:96) Special Food Used as a delicacy. Staple Used as a staple Nymphaeaceae, see Nuphar, Nymphaea
food in primitive times, (as Nymphaea polysepala 46:728) Dried,
roasted seeds used as cereal, (as Nuphar polysepalum 118:29) Un Nymphaea, Nymphaeaceae
specified Roasted seeds, tasted like popcorn, used for food, (as Nym Nymphaea odorata Ait., American White Waterlily
phaea polysepala 45:96) Mendocino Indian Forage Fleshy roots eat • Drag^-Chippewa Oral Aid Dried, pulverized root put in the mouth
en as a favorite food by deer. Unspecified Seeds used for food, (as for sores, (as Castalia odorata 53:342) Micmac Cold Remedy Leaves
Nymphaea polysepala 41:347) Thompson Dried Food Rhizomes used for colds. (40:58) Cough Medicine luice of root taken for coughs.
sliced and dried like apples. (187:235) Tolowa Unspecified Seeds used Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled root applied to swellings. (156:
for food, (as Nuphar polysepalum 6:41) 317) Gland Medicine Roots used for suppurating glands and leaves
used for colds. Misc. Disease Remedy Leaves used for grippe. Ortho
Nuphar lutea ssp. variegata (Dur.) E. O. Beal, Variegated Yellow pedic Aidleaves used for limb swellings and colds. (40:58) Ojibwa
Pondlily Cough Medicine Root used as a cough medicine for tuberculosis.
360 Nymphaea odorata (Nymphaeaceae)

Tuberculosis Remedy Root used as a cough medicine for tuberculosis, Obolaria, Gentianaceae
(as Castalia odorata 153:376) Okanagan-Colville Poison Roots con
Obolaiia virginka L, Virginia Pennywort
sidered poisonous. Toothache Remedy Stems placed directly on the
• Drwg^-Cherokee Cold Remedy Taken for
tooth for toothaches. (188:110) Penobscot Dermatological Aid Com
colds. Cough MedicineTaken for coughs. Dia-
pound poultice of mashed leaves applied to limb swellings, (as Cos-
phoreticTaken as a diaphoretic. Gastrointesti
talia odorata 156:310) Potawatomi Unspecified Poultice of pounded nal A/d Taken for colic. (80:48) Choctaw Der
root used for unspecified ailments, (as Castalia odorata 154:65) matological Aid Simple or compound decoc
• Food—Ojibwa Unspecified Buds eaten before opening, (as Castalia tion of root used as a wash or dressing for cuts and bruises. (25:23)
odorata 153:407) Decoction of root used as bath or poultice of root applied to cuts
Nymphaea sp., Waterlily and bruises. (177:51)
• Drug—Abnaki Psychological Aid Infusion of roots taken by men to
inhibit sexual drives for 2 months. (144:167) Seminole Cough Medi
Ochrosia, Apocynaceae
cine, Respiratory Aid, and SedativePlant used for turtle sickness: Ochrosia compta K. Schum., Ho-le-i
trembling, short breath, and cough, (as Castalia, Pond Lily 169:237) • Drug—Hawaiian Herbal Steam Infusion of bark and leaves used for
• Food—Kiowa Vegetable Tubers stewed or prepared like potatoes. steam in the sweat bath. Pediatric Aid and Strengthener Nuts and
(192:27) Klamath Unspecified Seeds used for food. (117:224) Lakota other plants chewed and fed to infants for general debility, (as
UnspecifiedRoots boiled and eaten. (139:52) Ochorosia sandwicensis 2:44)
• Food—Hawaiian UnspecifiedNuts used for food, (as Ochorosia
Nymphoides, Menyanthaceae sandwicensis 2:44)
Nymphoidescordata (Ell.) Fern., Little Floatingheart
• Drug—Seminole Cough MedicinePlant used for turtle sickness: Ocotea, Lauraceae
trembling, short breath, and cough, (as N. lacunosum 169:237) Other Ocotea coriacea (Sw.) Britt, Lance Wood
Complex infusion of roots taken for chronic conditions, (as N. lacu • Other—Seminole Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make bows.
nosum 169:272) Respiratory Aid and Sedative Plant used for turtle (169:469)
sickness: trembling, short breath, and cough, (as N. lacunosum
169:237)
Octoblephorum, Leucobryaceae, moss
Octoblephorum albidum Hedw., Moss
Nyssa, Cornaceae • Drug—Seminole Antirheumatic (External) and Febrifuge Plant used
Nyssa aquatica L, Water Tupelo for fire sickness: fever and body aches. (169:203)
• Dye—Choctaw Red Burned bark and red oak ash added to water and
used as a red dye. (25:14) Odontoglossum, Orchidaceae
Odontoglossum chinensis, Pa-la-a
Nyssa sp., Black Gum »
• Dm^-Hawaiian Laxative Infusion of plant used for softening the
• Drug—Creek Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark and chips tak
bowels and constipation, (as Odonto-glossum chineusis 2:73)
en and used as a wash for tuberculosis. (172:659)

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Black Gum Oemleria, Rosaceae

• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Compound given for worms. (80:26) Oemleria cerasiformis (Ton*. & Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon,
Infusion of bark used as a bath and given to children with worms. Indian Plum
(177:47) Antidiarrheal Compound decoction given for diarrhea. • Drug—Kwakiutl Analgesic and Dermatological Aid Poultice of
Emetic Inner bark used as part of "drink to vomit bile." (80:26) De chewed, burned plant and oil applied to sore places, (as Osmaronia
coction of inner bark taken to cause vomiting when unable to retain cerasiformis 183:289) Makah LaxativeBaik used as a mild laxative.
food. (177:47) Eye Medicine Strong ooze from root dripped into eyes. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis. Un-
(80:26) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of inner bark taken to cause specifiedBaik used as a healing agent. (67:264)
vomiting when unable to retain food. (177:47) Gynecological AidIn • Food—Oowlitz Dried Food Berries dried and eaten in the winter.
fusion given for childbirth and infusion of bark given for "flooding." Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis 79:37) Karok
Other Compound infusion of bark used for "bad disease." (80:26) Pe- Forage Berries eaten by ground squirrels, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis
diatricAid Infusion of bark used as a bath and given to children with 148:384) Kitasoo Fruit Fruit used for food. (43:343) Kwakiutl, South
worms. (177:47) Urinary Aid Used as ingredient in drink for "milky ern Fruit Fruits eaten fresh with oil at family meals or large feasts.
urine." (80:26) Creek Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark used as Special Food Fruits eaten fresh with oil at large feasts, (as Osmaronia
a bath and taken for pulmonary tuberculosis. (177:47) Houma cerasiformis 183:289) Lummi Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Osmaro-
Anthelmintic Decoction of root or bark taken for worms. (158:55) nia cerasiformis 79:37) Nitinaht Fruit Fruits formerly cooked and
Koasati Dermatological AidDecoction of bark taken and applied to used for food, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis 186:118) Quinault Fruit
gun wounds. (177:47) Berries eaten fresh, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis 79:37) Saanich Fruit
• Other—Chippewa Tools Wood used to make awl handles, mauls, Berries eaten ripe, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis 182:86) Samish Fruit
and war clubs because it would not split or check. (71:138) Berries eaten fresh, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis 79:37) Shasta Fruit
 Catalog of Plants 361

Berries eaten raw with wild currants, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis maids in their hair on holidays, (as 0. pinnatifida 56:16) Smoke Plant
93:308) Skagit Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Osmaronia cerasiformis Plant used for tobacco. (42:336) Zuni Ceremonial Items Chewed blos
79:37) Skagit, Upper Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, (as Osmaronia cerasi soms rubbed on the bodies of young girls so that they could dance
formis 179:38) Snohomish Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Squaxin Fruit well and ensure rain. The blossoms were given by the High Priest and
Berries eaten. Swinomish Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as Osmaronia the Sun Priest of the Corn Maidens. The girls chewed the blossoms,
cerasiformis 79:37) Thompson Bread & Cake Smashed fruit made ejected the mass into their hands, and rubbed it on the neck, breast,
into bread. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. It was cautioned that if too much arms, and hands, ensuring that they would dance well so that it
fruit was eaten, one would get "bleeding lungs." (187:262) Tolowa would rain and the corn would grow, (as Anogra albicaulis 166:87)
Fruit Fruit used for food. This was called the "wood that lies" because
Oenothera biennis L, Common Eveningprimrose
it was the first to bloom in the spring and the last to set fruit. (6:41)
• Drug—Cherokee Dietary Aid Infusion taken for "overfatness." Hem-
• Other—Makah Fasteners Inner bark strips used to bind harpoons.
orrhoid Remedy Hot root poultice used for piles. (80:33) Iroquois
(67:264)
Dermatological Aid Compound used for boils. Hemorrhoid Remedy
Oenanthe, Apiaceae Compound decoction of roots taken and used as a wash for piles.
Stimulant Compound used for laziness. Strengthener Chewed roots
Oenanthe sarmentosa K. Presl ex DC, Water Parsley
rubbed on arms and muscles to provide athletes great strength. (87:
• Drug—Haisla & Hanaksiala Poison Plant considered highly toxic.
390) Ojibwa Dermatological Aid Poultice of soaked, whole plant ap
(43:216) Kitasoo Cathartic Roots used as a purgative. Emetic Roots
plied to bruises. (153:376) Potawatomi UnspecifiedTmy seeds used
used as an emetic. (43:326) Kwakiutl Emetic Seeds and roots used as
as a valuable medicine for unspecified ailment. (154:66,67)
an emetic. (183:277) Kwakwaka'wakw Emetic Plant used as an emet
• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves cooked and eaten as greens. (80:
ic. (43:216) Roots used as an emetic. (43:326) Makah Laxative
33) Roots boiled like potatoes. (126:49) Gosiute Unspecified Seeds
Pounded roots used as a laxative. (79:42) Nitinaht Gynecological Aid
used for food. (39:375)
Roots squashed and swallowed to facilitate and speed up delivery.
• Other—Lakota Incense & Fragrance Seeds aromatic. (139:52)
(186:93) Nuxalkmc Emetic Plant used as an emetic. (43:216) Tsim-
shian Ceremonial Medicine Roots eaten as an emetic to seek super Oenothera brachycarpa Gray, Shortfruit Eveningprimrose
natural powers and purify. (43:326) • Drwg^-Navajo, Kayenta Dermatological Aid Plant used as a lotion
• Food—Costanoan Unspecified Raw or cooked stems used for food. for sores. (205:33)
(21:251) Cowlitz UnspecifiedYoung, tender stems used for food. (79:
42) Hesquiat Unspecified Stems formerly eaten. (185:61) Skokomish
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt., Tufted Eveningprimrose
• Drug—Blackfoot Dermatological AidWet poultice of crushed roots
UnspecifiedYoung, tender stems used for food. Snuqualmie Unspec
applied to sores and swellings. (97:48) Gosiute Unspecified Root used
ifiedYoung, tender stems used for food. (79:42)
as medicine. (39:375) Isleta Dermatological Aid Poultice of dried,
• Other—Makah Toys & Games Stalks cut and used as whistles by chil
ground leaves used on sores for rapid healing, (as Pachylophus hir-
dren. Quileute Toys & Games Stalks cut and used as whistles by chil
sutus 100:36) Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial MedicinePlant used in
dren. (79:42)
various ceremonies. Dermatological Aid Plant used as dusting pow
Oenanthe sp., Twiggy Water Dropwort
der for chafing. Gynecological Aid Poultice of ground plant applied
• Food—Miwok UnspecifiedRaw stems used for food. (12:160)
for prolapse of the uterus. (205:33)

Oenothera, Onagraceae • Other—Navajo, Kayenta Decorations Mixed with cornmeal and

placed on Nightway sand painting figures. (205:33)
Oenothem albicaulis Pursh, Whitest Eveningprimrose
• Drug—Hopi Ceremonial Medicine Used to ward out the cold through Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. ssp. cespitosa. Tufted Evening
prayer. (42:336) Keres, Western Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of primrose
plant used for swellings, (as Anogra albicaulis 171:27) Navajo, Ramah • Drwj*—Blackfoot Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded root ap
Ceremonial Medicine Dried flowers used as ceremonial medicine, (as plied to inflamed sores and swellings, (as Pachylobus caespitosus 114:
0. ctenophylla 191:37,38) Orthopedic Aid Decoction of root taken 274) Poultice of pounded, wetted root applied to inflamed sores, (as
and used as a lotion for strain from carrying heavy load. Panacea De Pachylophus caespitosus 118:44)
coction of root taken and used as a lotion for muscle strain, a "life
Oenothera cespitosa ssp, marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Am.)
medicine." (191:37) Root used as a "life medicine." (as 0. ctenophylla
Munz, Tufted Eveningprimrose
191:37,38) Throat Aid Compound poultice of plant applied for
• Drug—Hopi Eye MedicinePlant used with Kachina ears for sore eyes.
"throat trouble." (191:37)
Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. (42:337) Nava
• Food—Apache Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as Anogra albicaulis 32:
jo, Ramah Panacea Poultice of plant or root used only for large swel
17) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Sauce & Relish Seeds ground
lings, a "life medicine." (191:37)
and made into a gravy. Soup Seeds boiled in soups. Special Food Fruit
• Other—-Hopi Ceremonial Items Flowers used ceremonially as "white
chewed as a delicacy without preparation, (as Anogra albicaulis
flower." Smoke PlantPlant used as substitute for tobacco. (42:337)
33:45)
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Flower used ceremonially as the Oenothera COmnopifoliaTon. & Gray, Crownleaf Evening
"white flower." (42:336) Decorations Flowers used by marriageable primrose
362 Oenothera coronopifolia (Onagraceae)

• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Adjuvant Dried leaves added to improve the on throat and infusion taken for sore throat, (as 0. runcinata 191:38)
flavor of wild tobacco. Analgesic and Gastrointestinal Aid Cold infu • Other—-Hopi Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the White
sion of leaves taken for stomachache. Panacea Poultice of plant or Flower associated with the northeast direction, (as Anogra runcinata
root used only for large swellings, a "life medicine." (191:37) Zuni 200:86)
Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of powdered flower and saliva
OenotheraperennisL, Small Eveningprimrose
applied at night to swellings. (27:377)
• Drwg^-Iroquois Orthopedic Aid Decoction of plants taken for paraly
Oenothera elata ssp. hookeri (Torr. & Gray) W. Dietr. & W. L. sis. (87:390)
Wagner, Hooker's Eveningprimrose
Oenothera primiveris Gmy, Desert Eveningprimrose
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta CeremonialMedicine?\ant used as a Plume-
• Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine Fresh or dried flowers
way emetic. Cold Remedy Plant used for colds. DermatologicalAid
used as ceremonial lotion and medicine. DermatologicalAidPouitice
Poultice of plant applied to sores. Emetic Plant used as a Plumeway
of plant applied to swellings. (191:38)
emetic. Misc. Disease Remedy Hot poultice of plant applied for
mumps, (as 0. hookeri 205:33) Navajo, Ramah Panacea Poultice of Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fourpoint
root used only for large swellings, a "life medicine." (as 0. hookeri Eveningprimrose
var. hirsutissima 191:37) Zuni Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of • Other—Kiowa DecorationsYeMow flowers picked and brought into
powdered flower and saliva applied at night to swellings, (as 0. the house, (as Raimannia rhombipetala 192:45)
hookeri 27:377)
Oenothera sp., Eveningprimrose
• Food—Paiute Unspecified Species used for food, (as 0. hookeri
• DrugHMavajo DermatologicalAid Compound infusion of plants
167:243)
used as a wash for sore skin. (55:66)
• Dye—Pomo, Kashaya Yellow Flowers chewed with gum to make
• Food—Cherokee UnspecifiedLeaves boiled, fried, and often eaten
gum yellow, (as 0. hookeri72:95)
with greens. (204:253)
• Other—Jemez Good Luck Charm Root carried by deer hunters as a
charm, (as 0. hookeri 44:25) Paiute Hunting & Fishing Item Root Oenothera trilobaNutl, Stemless Eveningprimrose
rubbed on hunter's moccasins and body to attract deer. Protection • Drug—Zuni Antirheumatic (External) Ingredient of "schumaakwe
Root rubbed on hunter's moccasins and body to repel snakes, (as cakes" and used externally for rheumatism. DermatologicalAid
0. hookeri 118:50) Ingredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used externally for swelling.
(as Lavauxia triloba 166:55)
Oenotheraflava (A. Nels.) Garrett, Yellow Eveningprimrose
• Food—Zuni Unspecified Roots ground and used for food, (as
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Burn Dressing Seedpod ashes applied to
Lavauxia triloba 136:158)
burns. Panacea Poultice of plant or root used only for large swellings,
a "life medicine." Poultice of root used for swellings and internal in Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven, Hairy
juries, a "life medicine." ThroatAid Poultice of compound contain Eveningprimrose
ing whole plant used for "throat trouble." (191:38) • Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Disinfectant Cold infusion of dried root taken
for "deer infection." Hunting Medicine Dried leaves and tobacco
Oenotherafruticosa L, Narrowleaf Eveningprimrose
smoked for good luck in hunting, (as O. procera 191:38)
• Food—Cherokee VegetableLeaves parboiled, rinsed, and cooked in
hot grease as a potherb. (126:49) Olacaceae, see Ximenia
Oenothera pallida Until. Pale Eveningprimrose
• Drwg^-Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a Bead- Olneya, Fabaceae
way emetic. DermatologicalAid Plant used as dusting powder for ve Olneya tesota Gray, Desert Ironwood
nereal disease sores. Poultice of plant applied to spider bites. Emetic • Food—Cahuilla Staple Roasted pods and seeds ground into flour.
Plant used as a Beadway emetic. Kidney Aid Infusion of plant used (15:94) Cocopa PorridgeSeeds roasted, ground, and made into mush.
for kidney disease. Venereal A/d Plant used as dusting powder for Mohave Bread & Cake Seeds parched, ground lightly, roasted, and the
venereal disease sores. Veterinary Aid Plant used for livestock with meal made into thin loaves and baked. Dried Food Seeds parched,
colic. (205:34) ground lightly, roasted, and eaten. (37:187) Papago Dried Food Seeds
basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked, stored and used for
Oenothera pallida Lindl. ssp. pallida, Pale Eveningprimrose
food. (34:24) Beans flailed, winnowed, parched, and used for food.
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the White
(34:25) Staple Beans parched, sun dried, stored, ground into flour,
Flower associated with the northeast direction, (as Anogra pallida
and used as a staple food. (34:45) Unspecified Ground, leached seeds
200:86)
used for food. (36:60) Pima Dried Food Beans formerly pit roasted,
Oenothera pallida ssp. runcinata (Engelm.) Munz & W. Klein, parched, and eaten whole. (47:93) Seeds formerly dried, roasted,
Pale Eveningprimrose ground coarsely, and used for food. (95:263) Nuts parched and eaten.
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicineand Emetic Plant used (146:70) Staple Beans formerly pit roasted, ground, mixed with wa
as a ceremonial emetic. SnakebiteRemedy'Decoction of root and ter, and eaten as pinole. (47:93) Pima, Giia River Unspecified Seeds
leaves used as a lotion for snakebites. ThroatAid Soaked plant rubbed leached, roasted, and eaten. (133:5) Seeds parched and eaten. (133:7)
 Catalog of Plants 363

Seri Porridge Beans ground into a meal, mixed with water or sea lion Medicine Decoction used for witchcraft poison and as an emetic to
oil, and eaten. (50:136) Yavapai Bread & Cake, and Staple Dried, counter witchcraft. (87:476)
mashed, parched seeds ground into a meal and used to make greasy
cakes. (63:211) Yuma Bread & Cake Seeds parched, ground lightly, Onosmodium, Boraginaceae
roasted, and the meal made into thin loaves and baked. Dried Food Onosmodium molleMichx., Smooth Onosmodium
Seeds parched, ground lightly, roasted, and eaten. (37:187) • Drug—-Lakota Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of roots and seeds
• Fiber—Papago Building Material Posts of wood, forked at the top, used by men for swellings. Veterinary Aid Infusion of roots and seeds
used for the core of the house frame. (34:66) given to horses or used as a rubbing solution. (139:41)
• Other—Cahuilla Fuel Wood used for firewood. Tools Wood used to
Onosmodium molle ssp. hispidissimum (Mackenzie) Boivin,
make implements requiring extreme hardness: throwing sticks and
Softhair Marbleseed
clubs. (15:94) Papago Musical Instrument Concave sticks with far-
• Other—Chippewa Good Luck Charm Seeds used as a love charm and
spaced, deep notches used as loud rattles for scraping stick songs.
to attract money and worldly goods, (as 0. hispidissimum 53:376)
(34:68) Tools Four-foot sticks with sharp points used as digging sticks.
(34:31) Wooden stakes driven into the ground and used for weaving Onosmodium molle ssp, occidentale (Mackenzie) Cochrane,
cotton. (34:60) Pima Fuel Wood used for firewood. Tools Wood used Western Onosmodium
to make tool handles. Formerly used to make shovels. (47:93) • Drug—Cheyenne Antirheumatic (External) Pulverized leaves and
stems mixed with grease and used as a rub for lumbago, (as 0. occi-
Onagraceae, see Boisduvalia, Calylophus, Camissonia, Circaea,
dentale 76:185) Dermatological Aid Pulverized leaves and stems
Clarkia, Epilobium, Gaura, Gayophytum, Ludwigia, Oenothera
mixed with grease and rubbed on numb skin. Orthopedic Aid
Onoclea, Dryopteridaceae, fern Smashed leaves and stems rubbed on back for lumbago, (as 0. occi-
dentale76:\Q5)
Onoclea sensibilis L, Sensitive Fern
• Drug—Iroquois Antirheumatic (Internal) Used for arthritis and in
Ophioglossaceae, see Botrychium
fection. (87:256) Blood Medicine Fermented compound decoction
taken before meals and bed to "make blood." (87:254) Compound OplopanaXy Araliaceae
decoction of roots taken for "cold in blood." Decoction used as a hair
Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Torr. & Gray ex Miq., Devil's Club
wash and taken for the blood which caused the hair to fall out. (87:
• Drug—Bella Coola Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of root bark
255) Infusion of rhizomes given to children when "the blood doesn't
and stems taken for rheumatism. CatharticRoot bark chewed as
have a determined path." (141:34) Dermatological Aid Poultice of
purgative and decoction of root bark and stems taken, (as Fatsia hor-
plant top used for deep cuts. (87:256) Gastrointestinal Aid Used "for
rida 150:62) Emetic Inner bark chewed as an emetic, (as 0. horridum
trouble with the intestines, when you catch cold and get inflated and
184:201) Carrier Analgesic Poultice of bark scrapings applied or bark
sore." (87:255) Gynecological Aid Infusion of root taken for pain after
pills taken for pain, (as 0. horridum 31:82) Carrier, Northern Anal
childbirth. Infusion of whole plant or roots applied to full, nonflow-
gesic Inner bark taken for stomach and bowel cramps. Cathartic In
ing breasts. (87:254) Decoction of roots taken for fertility in women
ner bark acts as a purgative, especially if taken with hot water. Gas
and the blood, to give strength after childbirth, and to start menses
trointestinal A/d Inside layer of inner bark taken for stomach and
and for swellings, cramps, and sore abdomen. (87:255) PediatricAid
bowel cramps. Carrier, Southern Cathartic and Gynecological Aid
Infusion of rhizomes given to children when "the blood doesn't have
Decoction of bark taken as a purgative before and after childbirth.
a determined path." (141:34) Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoc
(as Fatsia horrida 150:62) Cheyenne Analgesic Root mixed with to
tion of roots taken during the early stages of consumption. (87:256)
bacco and smoked for headache, (as Fatsia horrida 19:12) Cowlitz
Venereal Aid Compound decoction used for venereal disease. (87:
Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of bark used as wash for rheuma
254) Cold, compound infusion of plant washed on sores and taken
tism. Cold Remedy Infusion of bark taken for colds. Poison Plant con
for gonorrhea. (87:255) Infusion of plant and female fern rhizomes
sidered poisonous, (as 0. horridum 79:41) Crow Analgesic Root
used by men for venereal diseases. (141:34) Ojibwa Gynecological
mixed with tobacco and smoked for headache, (as Fatsia horrida
Aid Decoction of powdered, dried root used by patients with caked
19:12) Gitksan Analgesic Fresh or dried inner bark used for stomach
breast for milk flow. (153:382)
ulcers and pain. Infusion of dried bark used for stomach pain and
• Food—Iroquois Vegetable Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper, or
ulcers, (as 0. horridum 74:16) Antihemorrhagic Poultice of com
butter. (196:118)
pound containing bark used as a chest plaster for lung hemorrhage,
Onoclea sp. (as Fatsia horrida 150:62) Antirheumatic (External) Bark and other
• Fiber—Iroquois Mats, Rugs & BeddingMade into pillows and used plants used for arthritis. (73:152) Poultice of compound containing
by children under their lower backs to prevent bed-wetting. (142:82) bark used for rheumatism, (as Fatsia horrida 150:62) Cancer Treat
mentBark and other plants used for cancer. (73:152) Cathartic^ Com
Onopordum, Asteraceae pound decoction taken as a diuretic and purgative for "strangury."
Onopordum acanthium L, Scotch Cottonthistle (as Fatsia horrida 150:62) Cold Remedy Decoction of inner bark used
• Drug—Iroquois Emetic Decoction used as an emetic to counter for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of inner bark used for coughs.
witchcraft. Poison Decoction used for witchcraft poison. Witchcraft Dermatological Aid Poultice of inner bark applied to wounds. Bark
364 Oplopanax horridus (Araliaceae)

and other plants used as a skin wash. (73:152) Poultice of compound fusion of roots and stems taken for dry coughs. Tuberculosis Remedy
containing bark applied to boils and ulcers. Diuretic Compound de Infusion of roots and stems taken for consumption, (as 0. horridum
coction taken as a diuretic and purgative for "strangury." (as Fatsia 188:73) Okanagon Blood Medicine Infusion of crushed stems taken
horrida 150:62) Gastrointestinal Aid Bark used as a "cleanser." Misc. as a blood purifier. Dermatological Aid Burned stems and grease
Disease Remedy Bark and other plants used for diabetes. Decoction salve rubbed on swollen parts. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of
of inner bark used for flu. (73:152) Orthopedic Aid Decoction taken crushed stems taken for stomach troubles and indigestion. TonicIn
to aid the knitting of broken bones. Other Compound decoction tak fusion of crushed stems taken as a tonic, (as Fatsia horrida 125:40)
en continuously for rupture. Pulmonary Aid Poultice of compound Oweekeno Analgesic Decoction of inner bark from young spring
containing bark used as a chest plaster for lung hemorrhage, (as Fat growth taken for general aches and pains. Antirheumatic (External)
sia horrida 150:62) Respiratory Aid Bark and other plants used for Roots used in a bath for rheumatism. Cold Remedy Decoction of in
bronchitis. Tonic Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic. Tuberculo ner bark from young spring growth taken for colds. Plant boiled and
sis RemedyBzrk and other plants used for tuberculosis. (73:152) Vene vapor inhaled for colds. Dermatological Aid Berries mashed into a
real Aid Decoction taken as a purgative for gonorrhea, (as Fatsia hor foam and rubbed into the scalp for head lice. Panacea Decoction of
rida 150:62) Green River Group Cold Remedy Infusion of roots taken inner bark from young spring growth taken for any kind of sickness.
for colds. Dermatological AidDried bark used as a deodorant, (as 0. Poison Berries considered poisonous. Tonic Decoction of inner bark
horridum 79:41) Haisla Antirheumatic (External) Bark and other from young spring growth used as a tonic. (43:85) Quileute Unspeci-
plants used for arthritis. Cancer Treatment Bark and other plants fiedUsed as medicine, (as Echinopanax horridum 137:65) Salish,
used for cancer. Cold Remedy Decoction of inner bark used for colds. Coast Analgesic Poultice of pounded, boiled roots used for rheuma
Cough Medicine Decoction of inner bark used for coughs. Dermato- tism and other aches and pains. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of
logical Aid Poultice of inner bark applied to wounds. Bark and other pounded, boiled roots used for rheumatism. Prickly stems beaten
plants used as a skin wash. Gastrointestinal Aid Bark used as a against the skin as a counterirritant for sore limbs, (as 0. horridum
"cleanser." Misc. Disease Remedy Bark and other plants used for dia 182:78) Sanpoil Cold Remedy Infusion of inner pith of stalk taken for
betes. Decoction of inner bark used for flu. Respiratory AidBark and colds, (as Echinopanax horridum 131:220) Skagit Gynecological Aid
other plants used for bronchitis. Tonic Decoction of inner bark used Decoction of bark taken by women to start menstrual flow after
as a tonic. Tuberculosis Remedy Bark and other plants used for tuber childbirth. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for tubercu
culosis. (73:152) Haisla & Hanaksiala Antirheumatic (External) Infu losis, (as 0. horridum79'Al) Thompson Blood Medicine Infusion of
sion of pounded leaves applied to arthritic joints. Dermatological crushed stems taken as a blood purifier, (as Fatsia horrida 125:40)
Aid Inner bark placed in wounds followed by an application of Sitka Decoction of stems taken as a blood purifier, (as Echinopanax hor
spruce pitch. Juice used for sores. Emetic Decoction or infusion of ridum 164:459) Dermatological Aid Burned stems and grease salve
plant and sea water taken as an emetic. Eye Medicine Decoction of rubbed on swollen parts, (as Fatsia horrida 125:40) Stem ash with
stem bark, stems, or winter roots used as an eyewash for cataracts. grease used as an ointment for swellings, (as Echinopanax horridum
Decoction of plant used as an eyewash for cataracts. Gastrointestinal 164:459) Dietary Aid Infusion of sticks, with the spines and outer
Aid Juice taken for stomach sickness. Laxative Decoction or infusion bark removed, taken to cease weight loss. The infusion was taken in
taken as a laxative. Hanaksiala Cold Remedy Infusion or decoction of doses of about xh cup before meals, to replace milk and other bever
plant taken for winter colds. (43:217) Hoh UnspecifiedUsed as medi ages. It was noted that if the infusion was taken for too great a period
cine, (as Echinopanax horridum 137:65) KwakiutMmz/ges/cBark of time, one could gain too much weight. Infusion of whole plant
used in a steam bath for body pains. Root held in the mouth and taken to give one a good appetite. (187:164) Gastrointestinal AidIn
juice swallowed for stomach pains. Dermatological AidRotten stem fusion of crushed stems taken for stomach troubles and indigestion,
ash and oil rubbed on swellings. Gastrointestinal AidRoot held in (as Fatsia horrida 125:40) Infusion of crushed stems taken for indi
the mouth and juice swallowed for stomach pains. Herbal Steam gestion and stomach troubles, (as Echinopanax horridum 164:459)
Bark used in a steam bath for body pains. Laxative Root held in the Infusion of whole plant taken for ulcers. (187:164) Laxative Decoc
mouth and juice swallowed for constipation. Poison Spines consid tion of stems taken as a laxative, (as Echinopanax horridum 164:459)
ered poisonous. Tuberculosis Remedy Bark extract taken for tubercu Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of sticks, with the spines and outer
losis. Witchcraft Medicine Plant used for the magical powers, (as 0. bark removed, taken for influenza and other illnesses.48 Infusion of
horridum 183:278) Lummi Gynecological Aid Poultice of bark applied roots taken for diabetes. Panacea Infusion of sticks, with the spines
to woman's breast to stop an excessive flow of milk, (as O. horridum and outer bark removed, taken for everything.48 (187:164) Tonic Infu
79:41) Makah Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of cooked or boiled sion of crushed stems taken as a tonic, (as Fatsia horrida 125:40) De
plant applied to sore spots. Plant used for arthritis. Unspecified Bark coction of stems taken as a tonic, (as Echinopanax horridum 164:
and roots used medicinally, (as 0. horridum 67:289) Montana Indian 459) Tlingit Dermatological Aid Compound containing plant ash
Ceremonial Medicine Used by medicine men in their incantations, used for sores, (as Panax horridum 107:284) Wet'suwet'en Antirheu
(as Fatsia horrida 19:12) Nitinaht Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion matic (External) Bark and other plants used for arthritis. Cancer
of bark taken for arthritis and rheumatism, (as O. horridum 67:289) Treatment Bark and other plants used for cancer. Cold Remedy De
Infusion of stem pieces taken for arthritis. (186:95) Orthopedic Aid coction of inner bark used for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of
Infusion of bark taken for bone ailments. UnspecifiedUsed for medi inner bark used for coughs. Dermatological AidPoultice of inner
cine, (as 0. horridum67:289) Okanagan-Colville CoughMedicineln- bark applied to wounds. Bark and other plants used as a skin wash.
 Catalog of Plants 365

Gastrointestinal Aid Bark used as a "cleanser." Misc. Disease Remedy Aid Plant used for stomach troubles. (47:58)
Bark and other plants used for diabetes. Decoction of inner bark • Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Fruit gathered in the spring and dried
used for flu. Respiratory AidBark and other plants used for bronchi for storage. Fruit Fruit gathered in the spring and eaten fresh. (15:95)
tis. Tonic Decoction of inner bark used as a tonic. Tuberculosis Reme- Staple Berries and stems were an important and dependable food
dy Bark and other plants used for tuberculosis. (73:152) source. (15:49) Pima, Gila River Dried Food Calyxes pit roasted with
• Food—Oweekeno UnspecifiedYoung, spring buds boiled and eaten. inkweed and dried for future use. (133:4) Staple Flowers pit roasted
(43:85) and eaten as a staple. (133:7) Unspecified Calyxes pit roasted with
• Dye—Hesquiat Unspecified Bark shavings and berries made into inkweed and eaten fresh. (133:4)
paint and used to color basket materials and other objects, (as 0.
Opuntia acanthocarpa var. ramosa Peebles, Cholla
horridum 185:61)
• Food—Maricopa Unspecified¥\ower buds pit baked and used for
• Other—Bella Coola Protection Spiny stems used as protective
food. (37:201)
charms against supernatural powers, (as 0. horridum 184:201) Clal-
• Other—Pima Cash Crop Dry, woody joints made into canes, napkin
lam Hunting & Fishing Item Sticks peeled, cut into pieces, fastened
rings, and other tourist souvenirs. (47:58)
to bass fishing line, and used to attract fish. Wood made into fishing
lures, (as 0. horridum 57:197) Gitksan Ceremonial Items Inner bark Opuntia arbuscula Engelm., Arizona Pencil Cholla
chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals. Haisla Ceremonial • Food—Pima Fruit Green fruits boiled with saltbush and used for
Items Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purification rituals. (73: food. (47:59) Pima, Gila River Dried Food Calyxes pit roasted with
152) Paint Plant made into black face paint and used by warriors. inkweed and dried for future use. Unspecified Calyxes pit roasted
Haisla & Hanaksiala Ceremonial Items Bark used for ritual purifica with inkweed and eaten fresh. (133:4) Flowers pit roasted and eaten.
tion. Good Luck Charm Bark used for the acquisition of luck by hunt (133:7)
ers, fishers, and shamanistic initiates. Plant used by bathing black
Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow, Beavertail Pricklypear
bear and brought observer good luck. Plant used to bring good luck.
• Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Buds cooked and dried for indefinite
Paint Bavk charred, mixed with pounded salmon eggs, and used as
storage. Porridge Seeds ground into mush. UnspecifiedBuds cooked
black face paint for dancing. Protection Bark made into face paint
and eaten. Vegetable Joints boiled and mixed with other foods or eat
and used by shamans to repel enemy spirits from the shaman's pa
en as greens. (15:95) Diegueno Dried Food Fruit cleaned of thorns,
tient. Plant used to cleanse areas where people had died. Soap De
dried, and eaten. (84:27) Kawaiisu UnspecifiedBuds cooked and eat
coction or infusion of bark used to wipe one's body after bathing. (43:
en. (206:46) Tubatulabal Unspecified Species used for food, (as 0.
217) Hesquiat Hunting & Fishing Item Spiny stems used as spears for
basilans 193:16)
catching octopus and carved into fishing lures. Because the wood is
• Other—Diegueno Cash Crop Fruit dried and sold by children in
light, it spins around when pulled through the water and helps to at
small sacks for 10 cents. (84:27)
tract fish, (as 0. horridum 185:61) Kitasoo Hunting & Fishing Item
Plant used by hunters in a bath to remove the human smell. (43:327) Opuntia basilarisvar. aurea (E. M. Baxter) W. T. Marsh., Golden
Klallam Hunting & Fishing Item Sticks peeled, cut, fastened to bass Pricklypear
lines, and used as fish lures, (as 0. horridum 79:41) Kwakiutl Protec • Drug—Shoshoni Analgesic Poultice of inner pulp applied to cuts
tion Stem used as a protective charm, (as 0. horridum 183:278) Lum- and wounds and for the pain. DermatologicalAid Fuzz-like spines
mi Paint Sticks burned, mixed with grease or Vaseline, and used as a rubbed into warts or moles to remove them. Poultice of inner pulp
reddish brown face paint, (as 0. horridum 79:41) Lummi, Washing applied to cuts and wounds and for the pain. (180:107,108)
ton Paint Stems charred, mixed with grease or Vaseline, and used as
Opuntia bigelovii Engelm., Teddybear Cholla
a black face paint, (as 0. horridum 182:78) Makah Hunting & Fishing
• Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Buds cooked and dried for indefinite
Item Wood used to make lures and hooks for bass fishing. Nitinaht
storage. (15:96) Staple Berries and stems were an important and de
Ceremonial Items Plant burned to make charcoal used as a protec
pendable food source. (15:49) Unspecified Buds cooked and eaten.
tive face paint for ceremonial dancers. A person wearing this kind of
(15:96)
paint would have so much power you could not look them in the
eye. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make lures for cod fishing, Opuntia caseyivar. magenta Pursh
(as 0. horridum 67:289) Wood used to make codfish and sea or black • Food—Tubatulabal Unspecified Species used for food. (193:16)
bass lures. PaintWfood charcoal used as a special ceremonial paint
Opuntia chlorotica Engelm. & Bigelow, Dollarjoint Pricklypear
for dancers. (186:95) Tsimshian Ceremonial Items Plant used by sha
• Food—Yavapai Fruit Raw fruit used for food. (65:257)
mans, novices, and warriors for power seeking. (43:327) Wet'suwet'en
Ceremonial Items Inner bark chewed during pre-hunting purifica Opuntia clavata Engelm., Club Cholla
tion rituals. (73:152) • Drug—Keres, Western DermatologicalAid Dried joints ground or
burned into a powder and used on open sores or bad wounds. Veteri
Opuntia, Cactaceae nary Aid Dried joints ground or burned into a powder and used on
Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow, Buckhorn Cholla open sores or bad wounds on horses. (171:56)
• Drwg^-Cahuilla Burn Dressing Stem ash applied to burns. Dermato- • Food—Acoma Starvation Food Stems and fruits roasted and eaten in
logical Aid Stem ash applied to cuts. (15:95) Pima Gastrointestinal times of food shortage. Joints roasted and eaten during famines. (32:
366 Opuntia clavata (Cactaceae)

35) Keres, Western Starvation Food Roasted joints used for food in damp sand and eaten with chili, (as O. lindheimeri 198:560) Sia Un
times of famine. (171:56) Laguna Starvation Food Stems and fruits specifiedRoasted in damp sand and eaten with chili, (as O. lind-
roasted and eaten in times of food shortage. Joints roasted and eaten heimeri 199:107)
during famines. (32:35)
Opuntia erinacea Engelm. & Bigelow ex Engelm., Grizzlybear
Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow, Staghorn Cholla Pricklypear
• Food—Cocopa Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines and • Food—Yavapai Frw/fRaw fruit used for food. (65:257)
eaten raw. Maricopa Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove spines
Opuntia erinaceavar. hystricina (Engelm. & Bigelow) L. Ben
and eaten raw. Mohave Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove
son, Grizzlybear Pricklypear
spines and eaten raw. (37:204) Papago StapleBuds and joints used as
• Food—Hopi Fruit Fruits cooked, freed from thorns, and served with
a staple crop. (34:15) Pit baked buds, fruits, and joints considered a
cornmeal boiled bread, (as O. hystricina 120:18) Unspecifiedjoints
staple food. (36:59) Vegetable Buds eaten as greens in May. (34:14)
boiled, dipped into syrup, and eaten after thorn removal, (as 0. hys-
Yavapai Fruit Fruit boiled and eaten without mashing. (65:257)
tricina200:S5)
Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck, Cactus Apple
OpuntiaficuS'indica (L.) P. Mill., Tuna Cactus
• Drug—Pima Gynecological Aid Poultice of heated plant applied to
• Drwg^-Cahuilla Cathartic Boiled fruit used as a purgative. Dermato
breasts to encourage the flow of milk. (47:60)
logical AidPlugs made from the plant and inserted into wounds as
• Food—Acoma FruitRipe tunas eaten fresh. Porridge Tunas split,
healing agents. Laxative Boiled fruit used for constipation, (as 0.
dried, ground, and the meal mixed with cornmeal to make a mush
megacantha 15:96)
for winter use. (32:35) Cocopa Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to re
• Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Diced pads dried and stored for later
move spines and eaten raw. (37:204) Keres, Western Cooking Agent
use. Buds dried for future use. Fruit Peeled, cool fruit eaten as a re
Tunas used as a red dye for corn mush. Fruit Fresh tunas used for
freshing early morning meal, (as 0. megacantha 15:96) Staple Berries
food. Winter Use Food Ground, dried tunas mixed in equal propor
and stems were an important and dependable food source, (as 0.
tions with cornmeal and made into a mush for winter food. (171:56)
megacantha 15:49) UnspecifiedDiced pads boiled and eaten. Buds
Laguna Fruit Ripe tunas eaten fresh. Porridge Tunas split, dried,
eaten fresh, (as 0. megacantha 15:96)
ground, and the meal mixed with cornmeal to make a mush for win
ter use. (32:35) Maricopa Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to remove Opuntiafragilis (Nutt.) Haw, Brittle Pricklypear
spines and eaten raw. Mohave Fruit Fruits rolled on ground to re • Drug—Okanagan-Colville DermatologicalAid Poultice of flesh ap
move spines and eaten raw. (37:204) Papago Beverage Fruits former plied to skin sores and infections. Diuretic Flesh eaten to cause urina
ly fermented and used for a beverage. (34:26) Sauce & Relish Fruits tion. (188:92) Shuswap DermatologicalAid Poultice of heated quills
used to make syrup. (146:75) Staple Fruits and joints used as a staple applied to cuts, sores, and boils. Throat Aid Poultice of heated quills
food. (36:60) Vegetableleaves with thorns scraped off sliced in strips applied to swollen throats. (123:60)
and eaten as greens in summer. (34:14) Pima Fruit Fruits freed from • Food—Okanagan-Colville Soup Flesh and fat boiled into a soup.
thorns, peeled, and eaten. (146:75) UnspecifiedTender leaves sliced, Unspecified Flesh pit cooked or roasted and eaten. (188:92) Shuswap
cooked, seasoned like string beans and used for food. (47:60) Pima, Unspecified Stems used for food. (123:60) Thompson Dessert Stems
Gila River Fruit Fruits eaten raw. (133:7) San Felipe Fruit Ripe tunas roasted over a fire, peeled, and eaten as dessert by children. Starva
eaten fresh. Porridge Tunas split, dried, ground, and the meal mixed tion Food Stems used for food during times of famine.49 Unspecified
with cornmeal to make a mush for winter use. Seeds ground with Stems steam cooked in pits, the outer, spiny skin peeled off, and the
white corn and meal eaten as mush. (32:35) insides used for food.50 Winter Use Food Stems mixed with berry
• Other—Keres, Western Pamf Tunas used for red paint. Tools Thorns juice and canned for future use. (187:194)
used for needles. (171:56) • Other—Okanagan-Colville Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used to
make fishhooks. Season Indicator Blooms indicated saskatoon ber
Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck var. engelmannii Cactus
ries ready to be picked. (188:92) Thompson Fasteners Mucilaginous
Apple
material from cut stems used for glue by some people, but not con
• Food—Cahuilla Fruit Fruit used for food, (as O. megacarpa 15:97)
sidered very good. (187:194)
Staple Berries and stems were an important and dependable food
source, (as O. occidentalisvai. megacarpa 15:49) Unspecified Diced Opuntiafulgida Engelm., Jumping Cholla
joints used for food, (as O. megacarpa 15:97) Diegueno Fruit Fruit • Food—Papago StapleP'M baked buds, fruits, and joints considered a
eaten raw. Vegetable Pads boiled like cabbage or string beans with staple food. (36:59) Vegetable Young shoots and buds eaten as greens
tomatoes, onions, and peppers, like a stew, (as O. phaeacanthavai. in summer. (34:14)
discata 84:27)
Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf., Pricklypear
• Other—Diegueno Lubricant Pad juice used to lubricate oxcart
• Drug—Dakota DermatologicalAid Poultice of peeled stems bound
wheels, (as O. phaeacanthavzx. discataSA:27)
on wounds. (70:104) Lakota Snakebite Remedy Cut stems used for
Opuntia engelmanniivar. lindheimeri (Engelm.) Parfitt & rattlesnake bites. (106:32) Nanticoke DermatologicalAidjuice of
Pinkava, Texas Pricklypear fruit rubbed on warts. (175:56,84) Pawnee Dermatological Aid Poul
• Food—Keresan UnspecifiedPlant, with thorns burned off, roasted in tice of peeled stems bound on wounds. (70:104)
 Catalog of Plants 367

• Food—Dakota Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. (69:366) Fruits, Opuntia leptocaulis DC, Christmas Cactus
with bristles removed, dried for winter use. (70:104) Fruit Fruit eaten • Drwg-rApache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Narcotic Fruits crushed
raw or stewed. (69:366) Fruits, with bristles removed, eaten fresh and and mixed with a beverage to produce narcotic effects. (33:55)
raw or stewed. (70:104) Starvation FoodStems, cleared of spines, • Food—Pima Fruit Fruits freed from thorns and eaten raw. (47:60)
roasted, and used for food in times of scarcity. (69:366) Stems, with Small fruits eaten raw. (95:261) Pima, Gila River Fruit Fruits eaten
spines removed, roasted during food scarcities. (70:104) Lakota Bev raw. (133:7)
erage Fruit "insides" eaten for thirst. Dried Food Fruits dried and
Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. var. macrorhiza, Twistspine
stored for winter use food. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Fruits stewed and
Pricklypear
used for food. (106:32) Pawnee Dried Food Fruits, with bristles re
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid Cactus spines formerly
moved, dried for winter use. Fruit Fruits, with bristles removed, eat
used to pierce ears and lance small skin abscesses. Gynecological Aid
en fresh and raw or stewed. Starvation Food Stems, with spines re
Stem roasted and material used to lubricate midwife's hand for pla
moved, roasted during food scarcities. (70:104)
centa removal, (as 0. plumbea 191:37)
• Dye—Dakota Mordant Mucilaginous stem juice used to fix the col
• Food—Navajo, Ramah Dried Food Fruit dried and boiled. Fruit Fruit
ors painted on hides or receptacles made from hides.51 Pawnee Mor
eaten raw. Winter Use Food Fruit harvested for winter use. (as 0.
dant Mucilaginous stem juice used to fix the colors painted on hides
plumbea 191:37)
or receptacles made from hides.51 (70:104)
• Other—Dakota Toys & Games Plant used by small boys in playing Opuntia XOCCidentallS Engelm. & Bigelow, Pricklypear
games. The "cactus game" was played on the prairie where the cactus • Food—Cahuilla Fruit Fruit used for food. Unspecified Diced joints
abounded. One boy was chosen to be "it" and he would take a stick, used for food. (15:97)
place a cactus plant upon it, and hold it up it the air. The other boys
Opuntia panyi Engelm., Brownspined Pricklypear
would attempt to shoot at it with their bows and arrows and the tar
• Food—Cahuilla Staple Berries and stems were an important and
get holder would run after the boy who hit the target and strike him
dependable food source. (15:49)
with the spiny cactus making him "it." (70:104)
Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm., Tulip Pricklypear
Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. var. imbricata, Tree Cholla
• Drug—Vima Gynecological ,4/d Poultice of heated plant applied to
• Drwg^-Keres, Western Dermatological Aid Ground needle coverings
breasts to encourage the flow of milk. (47:60)
made into a paste and used for boils. Ear Medicine Dried stem pith
• Food—Havasupai Beverage Plant used to make a drink. (197:66)
used for earache and running ear. StrengthenerThorn coverings eaten
Bread & Cake Dried fruit pounded into cakes for storage or pieces of
by men in times of war to make them tough, (as O. arborescens 171:55)
cake eaten without further preparation. Dried Food Fruits sun dried
• Food—Acoma Dried Food Young joints split lengthwise, dried, and
for future use. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. (197:233) Navajo Beverage
stored for winter use. Unspecified Joints roasted and eaten, (as O. ar
Plant used to make fruit juice. Bread & Cake Pad pulp formed into
borescens 32:35) Apache, White Mountain Dried Food Fruit dried for
cakes, dried, stored for later use, and fried or roasted. Candy Pads
winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten raw or stewed, (as O. arborescens 136:
peeled, sliced, roasted, boiled in sugar water, dried, and eaten like
159) Keres, Western Starvation Food Roasted joints used for food
candy. Pad strips peeled, parboiled, boiled, and used as chewing
during times of famine. Winter Use Food Young, dried joints stored
gum. Cooking Agent Seed flour used to thicken soups, puddings, or
for winter food, (as O. arborescens 171:55) Laguna Dried Food Young
fruit dishes. Dried Food Plant eaten dried. Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Pre
joints split lengthwise, dried, and stored for winter use. Unspecified
serves Plant used to make jelly. Pads peeled, sliced, roasted, boiled in
Joints roasted and eaten, (as O. arborescens 32:35) Papago Vegetable
sugar water until dissolved into a syrup, and eaten like jelly. Staple
Eaten as greens in summer, (as O. arborescens 34:14) Pima Dried
Dried seeds ground into flour. Unspecified Plant eaten fresh. Pads
Food Fruits pit baked overnight, dried, and stored, (as O. arborescens
parboiled, peeled, sliced, boiled in salted water, and eaten. (110:14)
32:36) Fruits pit cooked, dried, boiled, salted, and eaten with pinole,
Pima Unspecified Tender leaves sliced, cooked, seasoned like string
(as O. arborescens 146:71) Fruit Fruits roasted in pits and eaten, (as
beans, and used for food. (47:60)
O. arborescens 146:69) Tewa of Hano Fruit Fruits boiled and eaten
• Other—Havasupai Containers Used in preparing pottery clay. Tools
with sweetened cornmeal porridge, (as O. arborescens 138:62)
Spines used to prick the design into the skin for tattooing. (197:233)
• Fiber—Keres, Western Sewing Material Thorns used as sewing ma
terial and for tattooing, (as 0. arborescens 171:55) Opuntiaphaeacanthavar. camanchica (Engelm. & Bigelow)
• Other—Keres, Western Lighting Dried woody stems used for candles L. Benson, Tulip Pricklypear
and torches before the presence of other forms of lighting. Season • Food—Keres, Western Fruit Mountain tunas used for food, (as O.
Indicator Red flowers used as an indicator of when to plant beans. camanchica 171:56) Tewa Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as 0. caman
Tools Thorns used as sewing needles and for tattooing, (as O. arbor chica 138:62)
escens 171:55) Zuni Ceremonial Items Ptent used ceremonially, (as 0.
Opuntia polyacantha Haw., Plains Pricklypear
arborescens 166:95)
• Drug—Flathead Analgesic Stems smashed and used for backache.
OpuntiaxkelvinensisV. & K. Grant, Kelvin's Pricklypear Antidiarrheal Infusion of stems taken for diarrhea. (82:39) Navajo
• Food—Pima, Gila River Unspecified Flowers pit roasted and eaten. Poison Plant used as a poison for hunting. (55:65) Okanagan-Col-
(133:7) ville Dermatological AidPoultice of flesh applied to skin sores and
368 Opuntia polyacantha (Cactaceae)

infections. Diuretic Flesh eaten to cause urination. (188:92) Sioux Opuntia sp., Pricklypear
Dermatological Aid Stems peeled and used for wounds. (82:39) • Drwg^-Apache,Mescalero Dermatological Aid and Disinfectant
• Food—Cheyenne Cooking Agent Pulp dried and used to thicken Stems scorched, split, and used for infections and cuts. Eye Medicine
soups and stews. (82:39) Dried Food Fruits dried and used as a winter Needles used for scraping infected eyelids and tattoos. (14:38)
food. (83:16) Fruit Fruit eaten raw or dried for winter use. (76:180) Apache, Western Antidiarrheal Liquid extract of boiled roots used for
Fruits eaten raw. (83:16) Soup Fruit stewed with meat and game into thin and frequent bowel movements. Burn Dressing Poultice of
a soup. Winter UseFoodFmit dried for winter use. (76:180) Gosiute peeled stalks applied to burns. Laxative and Pediatric Aid Boiled
Unspecified Joints roasted in hot coals and eaten. (39:375) Hopi Fruit roots used as laxative for babies and small children. (26:180) Costa-
Fruits cooked, freed from thorns, and served with cornmeal boiled noan Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of warm fruit applied and
bread. (120:18) Unspecified Joints boiled, dipped into syrup, and eat warm fruit juice rubbed on for rheumatism. (21:10) Hualapai Burn
en after thorn removal. (200:85) Keres, Western Winter Use Food Dressinglnner pad juice applied to burns. Dermatological Aid Inner
Joints singed in hot coals, boiled with dried sweet corn, and used as pad juice applied to cuts. (195:4) lemez Dermatological AidHot poul
a winter food. (171:57) Montana Indian Dried Food Fruits dried and tice of baked pear skin applied to boils, probably to remove the swel
stored for winter use. (82:39) Fodder In times of scarcity, spines were ling and pain. (44:25) Kiowa Dermatological AidThoms used to
singed off and fed to stock. Fruit Ripe fruit eaten raw. (19:17) Fruits puncture the skin for boils. Hemostat Poultice of peeled stems ap
eaten raw. (82:39) Preserves Fruit made into preserves. Unspecified plied as a hemostat. (192:45) Lakota Abortifacient Roots and soap-
Young joint pulp boiled and fried. (19:17) Stems occasionally used weed roots used as "medicine for not give birth." Diuretic Decoction
for food. (82:39) Okanagan-Colville Soup Flesh and fat boiled into of roots taken for urinary problems. Gynecological Aid Roots and
a soup. UnspecifiedFlesh pit cooked or roasted and eaten. (188:92) soapweed roots used by mothers when they cannot give birth. (139:
Okanagon Unspecified Insides of plants oven roasted and used for 42) Lummi Gynecological Aid Infusion of smashed plants taken to
food. (125:36) Paiute, Northern UnspecifiedFlesh peeled and eaten facilitate childbirth. (79:41) Mahuna Dermatological Aid Leaves in
roasted or uncooked and fresh. (59:49) San Felipe Unspecified Joints serted into wound. (140:16) Navajo Dermatological A/d Plant used
formerly roasted and eaten. Winter UseFoodjoints singed in hot for boils. (90:161)
coals, boiled and dried with sweet corn to make a winter use food. • Food—Apache, Mescalero Dried Food Unpeeled fruits split, covered
(32:36) Sanpoil & Nespelem DriedFood Berry pits roasted, after with juice, sun dried, and stored for future food use. Fruit Tunas eat
spines burned off and removed, and used for food. (131:103) Thomp en fresh. (14:38) Apache, San Carlos Porridge Seeds parched, ground,
son Dessert Stems roasted over a fire, peeled, and eaten as dessert by boiled, and eaten as mush. Staple Seeds parched, ground, and flour
children. Starvation Food Stems used for food during times of fam eaten with drafts of water. (95:257) Apache, Western Porridge Seeds
ine.49 (187:194) Unspecified Insides of plants oven roasted and used roasted, mixed with corn and meal, moistened with water and salt
for food. (125:36) Roots and little bulbs cooked, peeled, and the in before eating. Soup Fruit pit baked, dried, and boiled with fat or in
side eaten. Stalks cooked, peeled, and the inside eaten. (164:480) soups. (26:180) Comanche Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (29:523) Cos-
Stems steam cooked in pits, the outer, spiny skin peeled off, and the tanoan Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (21:251) Hopi Unspecified Stems,
insides used for food.50 Winter Use Food Stems mixed with berry with spines removed, boiled and eaten. (56:17) Hualapai Beverage
juice and canned for future use. (187:194) Fruit made into a drink. (195:4) Dried Food Fruits sun dried and used
• Dye—Crow MordantStems peeled and used to fix color on hides. (82: for food. (195:10) Fruit dried for future use. (195:4) Fruit Fruits pit
39) Navajo Red Fruit used to dye wool pink. Dead, ripe fruits used to baked and eaten. (195:10) Fruit eaten fresh. (195:4) Isleta Fruit Fruit
make a cardinal dye. (55:65) Sioux Mordant Stems peeled and used eaten fresh. Preserves Fruit eaten as conserves. (100:35) Jemez Fruit
to fix color on hides. (82:39) Pears used for food. (44:25) Kiowa Candy Ripe fruits gathered in
• Other—Navajo Fasteners Juice used to adhere buckskin cuttings and large quantities and employed in making candy. Fruit Ripe fruits
trimmings to the buckskin war shirt. (55:65) Okanagan-Colville gathered in large quantities and used fresh in jams. Preserves Ripe
Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used to make fishhooks. Season Indi fruits gathered in large quantities and used fresh in jams. (192:45)
cator Blooms indicated saskatoon berries ready to be picked. (188:92) Luiseno Dried Food Fruit eaten dried. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Staple
Thompson Fasteners Mucilaginous material from cut stems used for Seeds ground into a meal. (155:230) Maricopa Fruit Fruits eaten raw.
glue by some people, but not considered very good. (187:194) Jewelry (95:265) Navajo Dried Food Fruits split, sun dried, and used for food.
Seeds strung and worn as necklaces. (164:498) (55:64) Fruit with thorns rubbed off, dried and used for food. Fruit
Fruit boiled and eaten plain or boiled with dried peaches. Sauce &
Opuntia polyacanthavar. rufispina (Engelm. & Bigelow ex
Relish Juice mixed with sugar and used to make syrup. (165:222) Un-
Engelm.) L Benson, Hairspine Pricklypear
specifiedTunas stewed with dried peaches and eaten. (32:37) Okana
• Food—Gosiute Unspecified Joints roasted in hot coals and eaten, (as
gon Staple Used as a principal food. (178:239) Papago Dried Food
O.rutila 39:375)
Pulp spread on grass, sun dried for 2 days, stored, and used for food.
Opuntia ramosissima Engelm., Branched Pencil Cholla (34:22) Fruits dried, stored in jars, and used as sweets. (34:46) Fruits
• Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Fruit dried for later use. Stalks, with pit cooked, dried, boiled, salted, and eaten with pinole. (95:262)
thorns removed, dried for future use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Soup Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Sauce & Relish Pulp mashed with sticks,
Stalks, with thorns removed, boiled into a soup. (15:97) Staple Berries juice squeezed, strained, boiled, strained again, and used as a syrup.
and stems were an important and dependable food source. (15:49) (34:22) Fruits made into a syrup. (34:46) Unspecified Large, waxy
 Catalog of Plants 369

flowers fried in grease or lard and used for food. (34:16) Vegetable • Drug—Catawba Dermatological Aid Root used as salve for boils,
Joints pit baked and used as greens. Joints roasted in ashes and eat sores, and wounds, (as Psorglea pedunculata 157:188) Poultice of
en as greens. (34:46) Pima Unspecified Pulp sliced, cooked with mes- boiled roots applied to sores, (as Psoralea pedunculata 177:32) Ortho
quite bean pods, and used for food. (95:257) Cooked and used for pedic AidRoot used as salve for broken bones, (as Psorglea peduncu-
food. (95:262) Pima, Gila River Unspecified Buds used for food. (133: lata 157:188)
6) Southwest Indians Unspecified Buds used for food. (17:15) Spokan
Orbexilum pedunculatumvar. psoralioides (Walt.) Isely,
Unspecified Species used for food. (178:344) Thompson, Upper
Sampson's Snakeroot
(Spences Bridge) Unspecified Peeled stems baked or steamed. (164:
• Drug—Cherokee Abortifacient Infusion taken for obstructed men
484) Yavapai Bread & Cake Ground fruit made into cakes. Dried Food
struation. DiaphoreticTaken as a diaphoretic. Gastrointestinal Aid
Fruit dried in cakes or opened and dried without expressing juice.
Taken for colic and indigestion. Gynecological Aid Infusion taken to
Fruit Salty fruit eaten only out of necessity and the seeds spat out.
"check discharge." Tonic Taken as a tonic, (as Psoralea psoralioides
Juice used as a beverage. (65:257)
80:55)
• Other—Havasupai Containers Juice used to mix with pottery clay.
(197:234) Kiowa Hunting & Fishing Item Sharp thorns used as points Orchidaceae, see Aplectrum, Calypso, Coeloglossum, Corallorrhiza,
for small arrows to kill birds. Protection Cut stem secretion applied to Cypripedium, Epipactis, Goodyera, Habenaria, Liparis, Malaxis,
buckskin moccasins as a varnish. (192:45) Navajo Designs Plant shape Odontoglossum, Piperia, Platanthera, Spiranthes, Zeuxine
used as form for figures in the sand painting of the Cactus People for
the Wind Chant. (55:64) Papago Protection Used between fence Oreoxis, Apiaceae
posts to protect tobacco plants from marauding animals. (34:37) Oreoxis alpina (Gray) Coult. & Rose ssp. alpina, Alpine Oreoxis
• Drwg^-Navajo Ceremonial MedicinePlant, greasewood, and wild
Opuntia spinosior (Engelm.) Tourney, Walkingstick Cactus
privet used as a medicine for the Coyote Chant, (as Cymopterus alpi-
• Food—Papago StaplePit baked buds, fruits, and joints considered a
nus 55:67)
staple food. (36:60)

Opuntia tunkata (Lehm.) Link & Otto, Thistle Cholla Ornithogalunij Liliaceae
• Drwg^-Hawaiian Laxative Leaf juice and roots used for constipation. Ornithogalum umbellatum L, Sleepydick
Reproductive Aid Leaf juice and roots used by expectant mothers, (as • Other—Thompson Decorations Plant used only ornamentally.
0. tarn? 2:73) (187:127)

Opuntia versicolorEngelm. ex Coult., Staghorn Cholla Orobanchaceae, see Boschniakia, Conopholis, Epifagus,
• Food—Papago Staple Pit baked buds, fruits, and joints considered a Orobanche
staple food. (36:60) Vegetable Young shoots and buds eaten as greens
in summer. (34:14) Pima Fruit Green fruits boiled with saltbush and Orobanche} Orobanchaceae
used for food. (47:59) Fruits eaten raw. (146:78) Orobanche californica Cham. & Schlecht, California Broomrape
• Drwg^-Paiute Cold Remedy Decoction of plant taken for colds. Pul
Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow, Whipple Cholla
monary A/d Decoction of plant taken for pneumonia or pulmonary
• Drug—Hopi Antidiarrheal Root chewed or compound decoction
trouble. (180:108)
taken for diarrhea. (200:34,86)
• Food—Apache, White Mountain Dried Food Fruit dried for winter Orobanche COOperi (Gray) Heller, Desert Broomrape
use. Fruit Fruit eaten raw or stewed. (136:159) Hopi Unspecified Buds • Food—Pima, Gila River Unspecified Stalk, below the ground, eaten
boiled and eaten with cornmeal boiled bread. (120:19) Zuni Dried cooked or raw. (133:5) Roots eaten raw or roasted. (133:7)
Food Fruit, with the spines rubbed off, dried for winter use. (166:69)
Orobanche COOperi (Gray) Heller ssp. cooperi} Cooper's Broom
Fruit Spineless fruits eaten raw or stewed. (32:36) Fruit, with the
rape
spines rubbed off, eaten raw or stewed. Porridge Dried fruit ground
• Food—Cahuilla Unspecified Root peeled and eaten, (as O. ludovi-
into a flour, mixed with parched cornmeal and made into a mush.
cianav&x. cooped 15:97)
(166:69)
• Other—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Items Used to make cactus Orobanchefasciculata Nutt., Clustered Broomrape
prayer stick, Chiricahua Windway. Branches made into a wand and • Drug—Blackfoot Dermatological Aid Chewed root blown onto
used in Red Antway. The Antway wand consisted of five cactus wounds by medicine men. (as Thalesia fasciculata 114:276) Keres,
branches with branches of rabbitbrush and other plants wrapped Western Pulmonary Aid Roots eaten as a lung medicine, (as Thalesia
around their combined bases. The base was wrapped with yucca fasciculata 171:72) Montana Indian Cancer Treatment Parasite (can
fiber. A small colored wooden disk was attached to each branch by cer root) on sweet sage roots used for cancer. Poison Plant poisonous
a yucca fiber, each disk a different color. (191:37) to stock, (as Aphyllonfasciculatum 19:6) Navajo Dermatological Aid
Infusion of leaves used as wash for sores. (55:77) Poultice of plant
Orbexilum, Fabaceae applied to wounds and open sores. (90:153) Navajo, Ramah Panacea
Orbexilumpedunculatum (P. Mill.) Rydb. Plant used as "life medicine." Pediatric AidPlant used for birth in
var. pedunculatum, Sampson's Snakeroot juries. (191:45) Zuni Hemorrhoid RemedyPowdered plant inserted
370 Orobanchefasciculata (Orobanchaceae)

into rectum as a specific for hemorrhoids, (as Thalesia fasciculata Orthocarpus purpureoalbus Gray ex S. Wats., Purplewhite Owl-
166:61) clover
• Food—Gosiute UnspecifiedEntire plant sometimes eaten. (as Aphyl- • Drwg^-Navajo, Raman Cathartic Decoction of whole plant taken as
lonfasciculatum 39:361) Navajo, Ramah UnspecifiedRoasted in ash a cathartic. Ceremonial Medicine Compound decoction used as cer
es, the skin peeled off and eaten like a baked potato. (191:45) Paiute, emonial medicine. Gastrointestinal Aid Cold infusion of plant taken
Northern Unspecified Stems eaten raw or boiled. (59:49) for heartburn. (191:44)

Orobanche ludovicianaNuti, Louisiana Broomrape Orthocarpus sp.

• Drwg^-Blackfoot DermatologicalAid Plant chewed by medicine men • Drug—Costanoan Cough MedicineDecoction of foliage used for
and blown upon wounds. (97:53) Pima DermatologicalAid Poultice coughs. (21:15)
of stems applied to ulcerated sores. (47:49)
Oryza, Poaceae
• Food—Pima UnspecifiedYoxmg sprouts covered with hot ashes,
baked and the lower parts eaten. (47:49) OryzasativaU Rice
• Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala Staple Grains used for food. (43:207) Ki-
Orobanche ludovicianaNutt ssp. ludoviciana, Sand Broom- tasoo Unspecified Grains used for food. (43:324) Oweekeno Unspeci-
rape
/zed Grains used for food. (43:81) Seminole Unspecified Seeds used
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta DermatologicalAid Powdered plant applied for food. (169:470)
to gunshot wounds, (as 0. multiflora var. arenosa 205:43)
Oryzopsis, Poaceae
Orobanche ludoviciana ssp. multiflora (Nutt.) Collins,
Manyflowered Broomrape
Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roemer & J. A. Schultes) Ricker ex Piper,
Indian Ricegrass
• Food—Pima UnspecifiedPlants cooked and used for food, (as Oro-
• Food—Apache, Western Porridge Seeds ground, mixed with corn-
branche multiflora 95:264)
meal and water, and made into a mush, (as Eriocoma cuspidata26:
Orobanche sp., Broomrape 189) Apache, White Mountain Bread & Cake Seeds ground and used
• Drug—Navajo Other Plant used for infections. (90:153) to make bread and pones, (as Eriocoma cuspidata 136:149) Fodder
Plant used for hay. (as Eriocoma cuspidata 136:157) Porridge Seeds
Orthiliay Ericaceae
ground, mixed with meal and water, and eaten as mush, (as Erioco
Orthilia secunda (L) House, Sidebells Wintergreen ma cuspidata 136:149) Unspecified Seeds used for food, (as Eriocoma
• Drug—Carrier, Southern Eye Medicine Strong decoction of root used cuspidata 136:157) Gosiute Unspecified Seeds formerly used for food.
as an eyewash, (as Pyrola secunda 150:62) (as O. cuspidata39:375) Havasupai Bread & Cake Seeds parched,
ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls, and eaten as dump
Qrihocarpus, Scrophulariaceae
lings. (197:66) Soup Seeds and Indian millet seeds ground and used
Orthocarpus attenuatus Gray, Attenuate Indian Paintbrush to make soup or mush. (197:73) Staple Seeds ground and eaten as a
• Food—Miwok UnspecifiedDried, parched, pulverized seeds used for
ground or parched meal. (197:67) Hopi Bread & Cake Seeds ground
food. (12:155)
with corn into fine meal and used to make tortilla bread. (120:20)
Orthocarpus densiflorusBenth., Denseflower Indian Paintbrush Staple Ground seeds used to make meal, (as Stipa hymenoides 190:

• Other—-Porno, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance 158) Starvation Food Seeds eaten, especially in time of famine. (42:

wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May. (72:35) 338) Plants formerly used for food during famines, (as O. membrana-
cea 101:43) Seeds used during famines. (200:65) Kawaiisu Staple
Orthocarpusfaucibarbatus Gray, Triphysaria
Seeds pounded into a meal and eaten dry. (206:46) Montana Indian
• Other—Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance
Unspecified Seeds used for food, (as Ericooma cuspidata 19:11) Nava
wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May. (72:35)
jo Bread & Cake Ground seeds made into cakes. (55:26) Seeds ground
Orthocarpus lithospermoides Benth., Indian Paintbrush and made into bread and dumplings. (165:223) Fodder Plant used as
• Food—Mendocino Indian Forage Plants eaten sparingly by horses. a fodder for both wild and domesticated animals. Forage Plant used
(41:387) as a forage for both wild and domesticated animals. (90:154) Porridge
Seeds ground and made into gruel. (165:223) Staple Ground seeds
Orthocarpus luteus Nutt., Yellow Owlclover
used for food. (90:154) Unspecified Seeds used for food, (as Eriocoma
• Dye—Blackfoot Red Leaves crushed and pressed firmly into skins,
cuspidata 32:27) Navajo, Raman Fodder Young plants used as horse
horsehair, and feathers as a red dye. (97:53) Plant pounded and
feed. Porridge Seeds finely ground and cooked into a mush with milk
pressed firmly into the gopher skin as a red dye. (114:276) Red-Brown
or water. (191:16) Paiute Porridge Seeds ground into a meal for mush.
Whole, blooming plant pressed firmly into skins, horsehair, and
(118:26-27) Sauce & Relish Ground seeds used for sauce. Staple
feathers as a reddish tan dye. (97:53) Great Basin Indian Yellow
Ground seeds used for flour. (118:32) Roasted and ground into flour.
Whole plant used to make a yellow dye. (121:50)
(167:244) Paiute, Northern Porridge Seeds dried, winnowed, ground
Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth., Exserted Indian Paintbrush into a flour, and used to make mush. Soup Seeds dried, winnowed,
• Other—Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance ground into a flour, and used to make soup. Special Food Seeds con
wreaths at the Strawberry Festival in May. (72:35) sidered a good food to eat when suffering from stomachaches, colic,
 Catalog of Plants 371

or aching bones. When a person was suffering from any of these Aid Decoction of root gargled or root chewed for sore throat. (53:342)
sicknesses, Indian ricegrass seeds should have been the only food Menominee DietaryAidRoot eaten "to enable one to put on flesh."
eaten. Staple Seeds used as a staple food. Winter Use Food Seeds (151:55) Branch or piece of root eaten cautiously for losing flesh, a
stored for winter use. (59:46) Zuni Staple Ground seeds used as a sta fattener. (151:72) Eye Medicine Decoction of root used as an eyewash
ple before the availability of corn. After the introduction of corn, the for sore eyes. (54:133) Ojibwa Gynecological Aid Infusion of root used
ground seeds were mixed with cornmeal and made into steamed to ease parturition. Throat Aid Infusion of root taken for sore throat.
balls or pats, (as Eriocoma cuspidata 166:67) Unspecified Used espe (153:391) Tlingit Cough MedicineVJarm infusion of whole plant tak
cially in earlier times as an important source of food, (as Eriocoma en for coughs, (as Osmorhyza brevistyla 107:283)
cuspidata32:27)
Osmorhiza depauperata Phil, Bluntseed Sweetroot
• Other—Apache, White Mountain Cash Crop Plant gathered and
• Food—Isleta Beverage Roots and stems boiled to make a beverage,
sold, (as Eriocoma cuspidata 136:149)
(as Washingtonia obtusa 100:45)

Osmorhiza, Apiaceae
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC, Longstyle Sweetroot
Osmorhiza berteroi DC, Sweetcicely • Drwg^-Cheyenne Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of pulverized leaves,
• Drug—Bella Coola Cathartic Infusion of ground root pieces taken as stems, and roots taken for bloated stomachs or disordered stomachs.
a purgative. Emetic Infusion of ground root pieces taken as an emet Kidney Aid Infusion of pulverized leaves, stems, and roots taken for
ic, (as 0. chilensis 184:201) Blackfoot Cold Remedy'Hot drink contain kidney troubles. (76:181) Chippewa Gynecological Aid Infusion of
ing root taken for colds. Throat Aid Hot drink containing root taken roots taken for amenorrhea. Veterinary Aid Decoction of roots used
for tickling in throat, (as Washingtonia divaricata 114:276) Veterinary as nostril wash to increase dog's sense of scent. (71:137) Meskwaki
Aid Whole plant fed to mares in the winter to put them into condi Dietary Aid Compound infusion of leaves taken "to regain flesh and
tion for foaling, (as 0. chilensis 97:49) Plant given to mares to put strength." Eye Medicine Used chiefly as an eye remedy. Panacea Used
them in good foaling condition, (as Washingtonia divaricata 114:276) as a "good medicine for everything." Veterinary Aid Grated root
Roots placed in mares' mouths and chewed to put them in good con mixed with salt for distemper in horses. (152:249) Ojibwa Gynecolog
dition for foaling, (as Washingtonia divaricata 118:49) Cheyenne Ad- ical AidInfusion of root used to ease parturition. Throat Aid Infusion
juvantPtent used as an ingredient in all medicines. Cold Remedy of root taken for sore throat. (153:391) Omaha Dermatological Aid
Root chewed or infusion of leaves taken for colds. Stimulant Root Poultice of pounded root applied to boils. Pawnee Stimulant Decoc
chewed to "bring one around." (as 0. chilensis 83:40) Karok Analgesic tion of root taken for weakness and general debility, (as Washingtonia
Root chewed for headaches. Panacea Roots used for any illness. Pre
longistylis70:\Q7) Potawatomi Eye Medicine Root used to make an
ventive Medicine Roots placed under pillow to prevent sickness. Psy eye lotion. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root used as a stomachic.
chological Aid Infusion of roots used as a bath for grieving person. (154:86) Winnebago Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded root
(as Osmorrhiza nudavax. brevipes 148:386) Kwakiutl Emetic Seeds applied to wounds, (as Washingtonia longistylis 7'0:107)
and roots used as an emetic. Poison Plant "sure to kill" if eaten, (as • Food—Omaha Fodder Root used to attract horses and catch them.52
Osmorhiza chilensis 183:277) Swinomish Love Medicine Roots Ponca Fodder Root used to attract horses and catch them.52 (as
chewed and used as powerful love charms, (as 0. chilensis 79:41) Washingtonia longistylis 70:107) Potawatomi Fodder Chopped roots
• Food—Karok Vegetable Young tops eaten raw as greens, (as Osmor
added to oats or other seeds to fatten the ponies. (154:124)
rhiza nudavzx. brevipes 148:386) Miwok Vegetable Boiled leaves used
for food, (as Osmorrhiza nuda 12:160) Okanagon UnspecifiedJhick, Osmorhiza occidentals (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr., Western
aromatic roots used for food, (as Washingtonia nuda 125:36) Thomp Sweetroot
son Unspecified Thick, aromatic roots eaten, (as Osmorrhiza nuda • Drug—Blackfoot Breast TreatmentInfusion of roots applied to swol
164:480) Thick, aromatic roots used for food, (as Washingtonia nuda len breasts. (86:77) Cough Medicine Infusion of plant taken for
125:36) coughs. (86:72) Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots applied to sores.
• Other—Karok Good Luck Charm Plant growing in a place where it (86:77) Eye Medicine Infusion of roots used for eye troubles. (86:81)
had never been seen before was very good luck, (as Osmorrhiza Gynecological Aid Roots used by women as a feminine deodorant.
nudavar. brevipes 148:386) (86:124) Infusion of roots taken by women to induce labor. (86:61)
Nose Medicine Infusion of roots used for nose troubles. (86:81) Oka-
Osmorhiza brachypodalon., California Sweetcicely
nagan-Colville Febrifuge Infusion of roots taken for fevers. Toothache
• Drug—Kawaiisu Cold Remedy Decoction of roots taken for colds.
Remedy Roots applied to the tooth for toothaches. (188:70) Paiute
Cough Medicine Decoction of roots taken for coughs. Dermatological
Analgesic Decoction of root taken for stomachaches and gas pains.
Aid Infusion of mashed plant used as a hair wash to kill fleas.
Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a physic. Cold Remedy Decoc
(206:47)
tion of root taken for colds. Dermatological Aid Decoction of root
• Other—Kawaiisu Insecticide Infusion of mashed plant used as a hair
used as a wash for venereal sores and skin rashes. Hot decoction of
wash to kill fleas. (206:47)
root applied to kill head lice. Poultice of pulped roots applied to cuts,
Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C. B. Clarke, Clayton's Sweetroot sores, swellings, and bruises. Disinfectant Decoction of root used as
• Drug—Chippewei Dermatological Aid Poultice of moistened, pulver an antiseptic wash for venereal sores. Eye Medicine Decoction of root
ized root used for ulcers, especially running sores. (53:354) Throat used as an eyewash. Febrifuge Decoction of root taken for fever, and
372 Osmorhiza occidentalis (Apiaceae)

for chills. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root taken for stomach scent. (188:70) Paiute Insecticide Decoction of root used as a dip to
aches, indigestion, or gas pains. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of kill chicken lice. (180:109,11)
root taken for colds and influenza. (180:109,110) Pulmonary Aidln-
fusion of roots taken "when sick in the chest, not feeling well." (Ill:
Osmorhiza purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksdorf, Purple Sweetroot
• Drug—Songish Love Medicine Roots used by girls as love charms.
93) Decoction of root taken for pulmonary disorders and pneumo
(182:89)
nia. Snakebite Remedy Poultice of pulped roots applied to snakebites.
Throat Aid Root chewed for sore throat. Venereal Aid Decoction of Osmorhiza sp.
root used as an antiseptic wash for venereal sores. Simple or com
• Drug—Bella Coola Emetic Infusion of ground root taken as an emet
pound decoction of root taken for venereal disease. (180:109,110)
ic and sometimes acted as a purgative. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of
Paiute, Northern Analgesic Roots chewed for chest pains. Antirheu-
ground root used for pneumonia, (as Osmorrhiza, sweet cicely 150:
matic (External) Roots used to make a liniment. Cold Remedy Roots 61) Iroquois Analgesic Infusion of roots taken for fevers and head
chewed for colds. Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots taken for aches. Antidiarrheal Infusion of plants taken for diarrhea. Blood
sores. Eye Medicine Decoction of roots taken for sore eyes. (59:128) Medicine Complex compound decoction of powdered roots taken as
Shoshoni Analgesic Decoction of root taken for stomachaches and
blood purifier, (as Osmorrhiza, sweet cicely 87:397) Cathartic Infu
gas pains. Fresh root inserted into nostrils for headaches. Antidiar- sion of roots taken as a physic, (as Osmorrhiza, sweet cicely 87:398)
rheal Decoction of root taken for diarrhea. (180:109,110) Cathartic Febrifuge Infusion of roots given to children or adults with intermit
Infusion of roots taken as a general physic. (118:41) Decoction of tent fevers. Hunting MedicineInfusion of roots used as a soak for
root taken as a physic. (180:109,110) Cold Remedy Infusion of aro muskrat traps, a "hunting medicine." Roots chewed and spit on bait,
matic roots with Indian balsam taken for heavy colds. (118:38) Sim a "fishing medicine." Laxative Compound decoction of roots taken
ple or compound decoction of root taken or pulverized root smoked for venereal disease or to loosen bowels. Love Medicine Roots chewed
for colds. Cough Medicine Compound decoction of roots taken for for an anti-love medicine. Pediatric Aidlnfusion of roots given to
coughs, "heavy colds," and fevers. Dermatological Aid Hot decoction children with intermittent fevers, (as Osmorrhiza, sweet cicely 87:
of root applied to kill head lice. Poultice of pulped roots applied to 397) Tonic Infusion of roots taken as a tonic, (as Osmorrhiza, sweet
cuts, sores, swellings, and bruises. Disinfectant Decoction of root cicely 87:398) Venereal Aid Compound decoction of roots or pow
used as an antiseptic wash for measles. Eye Medicine Decoction of dered roots taken for venereal disease, (as Osmorrhiza, sweet cicely
root used as an eyewash. Febrifuge Simple or compound decoction 87:397) Miwok Snakebite Remedy Chewed and put on snakebite,
of root taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of root taken (snake root 12:171) Sanpoil Dermatological Aid Poultice of inner
for stomachaches, indigestion, or gas pains. Gynecological AidDe portion of root applied to sores, wounds, boils, or bruises. Unspeci-
coction of root taken to regulate menstrual disorders. Misc. Disease fied Infusion taken instead of water "when a person was generally
Remedy Decoction of root taken for colds and influenza. Decoction ill." Veterinary Aid Infusion of crushed root used as a wash for horse's
of root used as an antiseptic wash for measles. (180:109,110) Pulmo sore back or scabby body, (snake root 131:221)
nary Aid Infusion of aromatic roots with Indian balsam taken for • Other—Iroquois Fertilizer Decoction of roots and whole plant used
pneumonia. (118:38) Decoction of root used for pulmonary disor as wash for seeds, a "seed medicine." (as Osmorrhiza, sweet cicely
ders, pneumonia, and whooping cough. Snakebite Remedy Poultice 87:397)
of pulped roots applied to snakebites. Throat AidRoot chewed for
sore throat. Tonic Decoction of root taken as a tonic to protect Osmundaceae, see Osmunda
against illness. Toothache Remedy Poultice of raw root applied for
toothaches. Venereal Aid Infusion or decoction of root taken for ve Osmunda, Osmundaceae, fern
nereal disease. (180:109,110) Thompson Cold Remedy Root chewed Osmunda cinnamomea L, Cinnamon Fern
for colds. (187:158) Washo Analgesic Decoction of root taken for • Drug—Cherokee Antirheumatic (External) Compound decoction of
stomachaches and gas pains. Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a root applied with warm hands for rheumatism. (80:8) Decoction of
physic. Cold Remedy Decoction of root taken for colds. Gastrointesti roots rubbed on area affected by rheumatism. (177:4) Febrifuge
nal AidDecoction of root taken for stomachaches, indigestion, or Compound decoction used for chills. Snakebite Remedy Root
gas pains. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of root taken for colds chewed, a portion swallowed, and remainder applied to the wound.
and influenza. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of root taken for pulmo Tonic Cooked fronds eaten as "spring tonic." (80:33) Iroquois Anal
nary disorders and pneumonia. (180:109,110) gesic Decoction taken for headache and joint pain. Antirheumatic
> Food—-Blackfoot Candy Root chewed, especially during the winter, (External) Decoction taken for rheumatism. Cold Remedy Decoction
as a confection. (86:103) Shoshoni Spice Steeped seeds added to taken for colds. Gynecological Aid Roots used for "woman's troubles."
dishes for flavoring. (118:29) Orthopedic Aid Decoction taken for joint pain. Panacea Decoction
► Dye—-Blackfoot Unspecified Stems mixed with ocher and applied to taken for malaise. Venereal Aid Cold, compound infusion used as a
robes. (86:115) wash and decoction taken for affected parts. Veterinary Aid Com
• Other—Blackfoot Incense & Fragrance Root pieces kept in quivers pound chopped and added to cows food for difficult birth of a calf.
and clothing as a deodorant. (86:115) Infusion of roots used to (87:261) Menominee Gynecological Aid Used to promote the flow of
sweeten diapers. (86:124) Okanagan-Colville Hunting & Fishing Item milk and for caked breasts. (151:70)
Roots carried by hunters for the "good smell" to cover the human • Food—Abnaki Snack Food Used as a nibble. (144:152) Unspecified
 Catalog of Plants 373

White base of plant eaten raw. (144:162) Menominee Soup Frond berculosis Remedy Compound decoction of bark taken for consump
tips simmered to remove the ants, added to soup stock, and thick tion. (87:298) Potawatomi Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark used for
ened with flour. (151:70) flux. Antihemorrhagic Compound decoction of heartwood chips tak
• Other—Menominee Hunting & Fishing Item Shoots eaten by hunters en for hemorrhages. (154:44)
to have same scent as shoot-eating deer; deer will not be frightened • Fiber—Chippewa Building Materialised as frames for dwellings.
away. (151:70) (53:377)
• Other—Lakota Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows.
Osmunda claytoniana L, Interrupted Fern
Paint Blossoms used for painting the face. (139:40) Malecite Hunting
• Drug—Iroquois Blood Medicine Cold, compound decoction taken
& Fishing Item Used to make bows. Tools Used to make utensil han
for weak blood. Venereal Aid Compound decoction taken for gonor
dles. (160:6)
rhea. (87:260)
Oxalidaceae, see Oxalis
Osmunda regalisl., Royal Fern
• Drug—Iroquois Anticonvulsive Infusion of fronds and wild ginger Oxalis, Oxalidaceae
rhizomes used by children with convulsions from intestinal worms.
Oxalis corniculata L, Creeping Woodsorrel
(141:33) Blood Medicine Decoction taken by women for watery
• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Infusion taken and used as a wash
blood. Gynecological Aid Decoction taken by women for strong
for children with hookworms. Antiemetic Cold infusion of leaf taken
menses. Decoction used when "girls leak rotten; affected women
to stop vomiting. Blood Medicine Infusion taken for blood. Cancer
can't raise children." Kidney Aid Decoction taken by women for cold
Treatment Used for cancer "when it is first started." Dermatological
in kidneys. (87:260) Pediatric Aid Infusion of fronds and wild ginger
Aid Salve of infusion of leaf mixed with sheep grease used for sores.
rhizomes used by children with convulsions from intestinal worms.
Oral Aid Leaves chewed for "disordered saliva" and sore mouth. Pe
(141:33) Menominee Unspecified Roots used medicinally for unspec
diatric Aid Infusion taken and used as a wash for children with hook
ified purpose. (151:44) Seminole Other Complex infusion of roots
worms. Throat Aid Chewed for sore throat. (80:56)
taken for chronic conditions. (169:272) Pediatric Aid Plant used for
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Species used for food. (80:56) Iroquois
chronically ill babies. (169:329) Psychological Aid Infusion of plant
Vegetable Eaten raw, sometimes with salt. (196:118)
used to steam and bathe the body for insanity. (169:292) Unspecified
• Dye—Menominee Yellow Boiled whole plant used as a yellow dye.
Plant used for medicinal purposes. (169:162)
(151:78)

Osmunda sp. Oxalis drummondii Gray, Drummond's Woodsorrel

• Fiber—Iroquois Mats, Rugs & BeddingMade into pillows and used • Drug—Nava]of Ramah Analgesic Decoction of bulb used for pain.
by children under their lower backs to prevent bed-wetting. (142:82) Dermatological Aid Poultice of bulbs, alone or in compound, applied
to sores, (as O. amplifolia 191:34)
OsteomeleSy Rosaceae
Oxalis montana Raf., Mountain Woodsorrel
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (Sm.) Lindl., Hawaii Hawthorn
• Food—Potawatomi Dessert Plant gathered, cooked, and sugar added
• Drwg^-Hawaiian Dermatological AidLeaves, root bark and salt
to make a dessert, (as O. acetosella 154:106)
pounded and the resulting liquid used on deep cuts. Laxative Seeds
• Ztye^-Menominee Yellow Boiled whole plant used as a yellow dye.
and buds chewed and given to children as a laxative for general de
(as O. acetosella 151:78)
bility of the body. (2:38)
Oxalis oregana Nutt., Oregon Oxalis
Ostrya, Betulaceae • Dni^-Cowlitz Eye Medicine Fresh juice from plant applied to sore
Ostrya virginiana (P Mill.) K. Koch, Eastern Hop Hornbeam eyes. (79:39) Karok Dietary Aid Plant used by anyone who does not
• Drwg^-Cherokee Blood Medicine Infusion of bark taken to build up feel like eating. (148:385) Makah Other Decoction of plants taken for
blood. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of bark used to bathe sore muscles. "summer complaint." (79:39) Pomo Antirheumatic (External) Decoc
Toothache Remedy Infusion of bark held in mouth for toothache. (80: tion of whole plant used as a wash for rheumatism. (66:13) Pomo,
39) Chippewa Antihemorrhagic Compound infusion of heartwood Kashaya Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of whole plant used to
taken for lung hemorrhages. (53:340) Antirheumatic (External) Com wash parts of the body afflicted with rheumatism. (72:108) Quileute
pound decoction of heartwood used as herbal steam for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Poultice of wilted leaves applied to boils. Qui-
(53:362) Cough Medicine Compound liquid made from wood taken nault Eye Medicine Chewed root juice applied to sore eyes. (79:39)
as a cough syrup. (53:340) Kidney Aid Decoction of wood taken for Tolowa Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of plant applied to swollen
kidney trouble. (53:346) Pulmonary Aid Compound infusion of inner areas on the skin. Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to
wood taken for lung hemorrhage. (53:340) Delaware, Ontario Gyne sores. Disinfectant Poultice of plant applied to draw out infections.
cological Aid Compound containing root used for "female weakness." (6:42)
Tonic Compound containing root used as a tonic. (175:82) Iroquois • Food—Cowlitz UnspecifiedLeaves eaten fresh or cooked. (79:39)
Cancer TreatmentDecoction of bark used for rectum cancer. (87:299) Makah UnspecifiedLeaves eaten fresh. (67:284) Pomo, Kashaya Sour
Cough Medicine Decoction of heart chips taken for catarrh coughs. Flowering plant leaves and stem chewed for the sour taste. (72:108)
(87:298) Dermatological Aid Infusion used for swellings. (87:299) Tu Quileute Unspecified Leaves eaten by hunters or by those traveling
374 Oxalis oregana (Oxalidaceae)

in the woods. Quinault Unspecified Leaves cooked with grease and bulbs fed to horses to make them fleet. UnspecifiedLeaves, flowers,
used for food. (79:39) Tolowa Unspecified Plant eaten with dried fish. scapes, and bulbs used for food by children, (as Ionoxalis violacea
Yurok Unspecified Plant eaten with dried fish. (6:42) 70:98)
• Other—Pomo, Kashaya Toys & Games Children ate as many leaves as
they could without making an awful face; a children's game. (72:108) Oxydendrum, Ericaceae
Oxalis sp., Sorrel Oxydendrum arboreum (L) DC, Sourwood
• Drug—Catawba Gynecological Aid Cold infusion of plant taken by
• Drug—Iroquois Alterative Sprouts used as an alterative. (124:93)
women to check excessive flow of blood. Cold infusion of plant taken
• Food—Iroquois Unspecified Sprouts eaten raw. (124:93)
bywomen when very sick from the change of life. (157:188) Cold in
Oxalis Stricta L, Common Yellow Oxalis
fusion of plant taken to regulate flow of blood during menopause.
• Drug—Iroquois Blood Medicine Compound decoction of roots taken
(177:49) Cherokee Antidiarrheal Compound infusion taken for diar
as a blood medicine, (as 0. europaea 87:366) Febrifuge Infusion of
rhea. Dermatological A/dBark ooze used for itch. Gastrointestinal
plant taken for fever. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant taken for
Aid Taken as a tonic for "dyspepsy." Oral AidBark chewed for mouth
cramps and nausea, (as 0. europaea 87:365) Oral Aid Infusion of
ulcers. PulmonaryAidTaken as a tonic for lung diseases. Respiratory
plant used as wash to refresh the mouth, (as 0. europaea 87:366)
Aid Taken as a tonic for phthisic and asthma. Sedative Infusion taken
Other Infusion of plant taken for "summer complaint." Witchcraft
for nerves. (80:56)
Medicine Compound used as an anti-witch medicine, (as 0. europaea
• Food—Cherokee Sauce & Relish Used to make honey. (80:56)
87:365) Kiowa Oral Aid Leaves chewed on long walks to relieve thirst.
• F/fcer—Cherokee Snow GearWood used to make sled runners. (80:56)
The Kiowa name means "salt weed." This name may indicate that
• Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make butter paddles.
there was an early realization that the loss of salt through perspira
DecorationsWood used to carve. Fwe/Wood used for firewood.
tion may be counteracted by chewing the leaves of this plant. (192:
Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make arrow shafts. Smoking
35) Omaha Dermatological Aid Poultice of plants applied for swel
Tools Wood used to make pipestems. (80:56)
lings. (68:335)
• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves used for food. (126:49) Meskwaki Oxypolis, Apiaceae
Sour Eaten for its acidity. (152:271) Omaha Fodder Pounded bulbs
Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf., Stiff Cowbane
fed to horses to make them fleet. Unspecified Leaves, flowers, scapes,
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Roots baked and eaten. (80:51)
and bulbs used for food by children. Pawnee Fodder Pounded bulbs
fed to horses to make them fleet. Forage Plant much esteemed by Oxyria, Polygonaceae
buffalo. UnspecifiedLeaves, flowers, scapes, and bulbs used for food
Oxyria digyna (L) Hill, Alpine Mountainsorrel
by children. Plant considered to have a salty and sour taste. Ponca
• Food-^Alaska Native Dietary Aid Leaves used as a good source of
Fodder Pounded bulbs fed to horses to make them fleet. Unspecified
vitamin C. Unspecified Leaves eaten fresh and raw. (85:39) Eskimo,
Leaves, flowers, scapes, and bulbs used for food by children, (as Xan-
Alaska Unspecified Leaves and stems eaten raw or cooked with seal
thoxalis stricta70:98)
oil. (1:35) Leaves eaten fresh, soured, boiled or in oil, and root also
• Dye—Menominee Yellow Boiled whole plant used as a yellow dye.
utilized. (4:715) Fresh leaves mixed with seal blubber and eaten.
(151:78) Meskwaki Orange Whole plant boiled to obtain an orange
Eskimo, Arctic Unspecified Leaves and young stems eaten raw and
dye. (152:271)
cooked. Eskimo, Greenland Unspecified Juice sweetened, thickened
Oxalis violacea L, Violet Woodsorrel with a small amount of rice or potato flour and eaten. Fresh leaves
• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Infusion taken and used as a wash mixed with seal blubber and eaten. (128:24) Eskimo, Inuktitut Un
for children with hookworms. Antiemetic Cold infusion of leaf taken specified Leaves eaten with seal oil. (202:190) Eskimo, Inupiat Vege-
to stop vomiting. Blood Medicine Infusion taken for blood. Cancer tafr/e Leaves eaten raw, with seal oil, cooked, or fermented. (98:65)
TreatmentUsed for cancer "when it is first started." Dermatological Montana Indian Vegetable Acid- tasting leaves used as a salad. (19:17)
Aid Salve of infusion of leaf mixed with sheep grease used for sores.
Oral Aid Leaves chewed for "disordered saliva" and sore mouth. Pe- Oxytropis, Fabaceae
diatricAid Infusion taken and used as a wash for children with hook Oxytropis campestris (L) DC, Cold Mountain Crazyweed
worms. Throat Aid Chewed for sore throat. (80:56) Pawnee Veteri • Drug—Thompson Disinfectant Decoction of roots taken and poured
nary Aid Pounded bulbs fed to horses to make them run faster, (as on head in sweat house for purification. (164:504)
Ionoxalis violacea 70:98) • Food—Thompson Forage Used as a common forage plant. (164:516)
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Unspecified Mixed with
Oxytropis lagopus Nutt., Haresfoot Pointloco
other leaves and cooked or eaten raw. Bulbs eaten raw or boiled. (33:
• Drug—Blackfoot Dermatological AidPlant chewed to allay swelling.
47) Cherokee Unspecified Species used for food. (80:56) Omaha Fod
Throat Aid Plant chewed for sore throat, (as Aragallus lagopus
der Pounded bulbs fed to horses to make them fleet. Unspecified
114:274) Plant chewed for sore throat and swelling, (as Aragallus
Leaves, flowers, scapes, and bulbs used for food by children. Pawnee
lagopus 118:38)
Fodder Pounded bulbs fed to horses to make them fleet. Unspecified
Plant considered to have a salty and sour taste. Leaves, flowers, Oxytropis lambertii Pursh, Lambert's Crazyweed
scapes, and bulbs used for food by children. Ponca Fodder Pounded • Drug—-Hopi Poison Plant poisonous to cattle. (200:80) Lakota Poison
 Catalog of Plants 375

Plant, in quantities, poisonous to livestock and horses. (139:47) Pachycereus, Cactaceae

Navajo, Kayenta LaxativePlant used for constipation. (205:28) Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt. & Rose
• Food—Lakota Forage Whole plant and roots eaten by horses. • Food—Papago & Pima Cooking Agent Pulp made
(139:47) Navajo, Kayenta Porridge Used to make a mush or parched into a flavoring substance and used for jellies.
and used for food. (205:28) (cardon 35:37) Seri Fruit Fruits eaten for food.
• Other—Navajo Ceremonial Items Plant offered to the bighorn at the Porridge Seeds ground to a powder and made
Night Chant. (55:57) into a meal or paste, (giant cactus 50:134)

Oxytropis maydellianaTmutv., Maydell's Oxytrope • Fiber—Papago & Pima BuildingMaterialRlbs used for building and

• Food—Eskimo, Inupiat Frozen Food Roots frozen for future use. Veg fence materials. Furniture Ribs used as frames and springs for beds

etable Roots, always with some kind of oil, eaten raw or cooked. Win and couches, (cardon 35:37) Seri Caulking Material Dried plant

ter Use Food Roots stored in buried sacks for winter use. Roots stored skeletons and sea lion oil used as a caulking compound, (giant cac
tus 50:136)
in seal oil, fish oil, or bear fat for winter use. (98:122)
• Other—Papago & Pima Hunting & Fishing Item Ribs used as shafts
Oxytropis monticola Gray, Yellowflower Locoweed for fish spears, (cardon 35:37) Seri Tools Dried plant skeletons used
• Drug—Thompson Dermatological Aid Decoction of whole plant as a straight, slender pole for knocking off ripe fruit, (giant cactus
used as a wash for the head, hair, and whole body. (164:473,474) 50:136)

Oxytropis nigrescens (Pallas) Fisch. ex DC, Blackish Oxytrope Paeoniaceae, see Paeonia
• Food—Alaska Native UnspecifiedRoots used for food. (85:159)
Paeonia, Paeoniaceae
Oxytropis sericea Nutt, Silvery Oxytrope
Paeonia brownii Dougl. ex Hook., Brown's Peony
• Drug—Blackfoot Dermatological Aid Infusion of leaves applied to
• Drug—Costanoan Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots or plants
sores. (86:77) Ear Medicine Infusion of leaves used for ear troubles.
used for stomachaches and indigestion. Laxative Decoction of plants
(86:81)
taken for constipation. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of roots used for
• Other—Blackfoot Jewelry Stems used by children to make head
pneumonia. (21:7) Mahuna Febrifuge and Pulmonary Aid Infusion of
dresses. The headdresses were worn during a single-file dance to
roots taken for complicated lung fevers. (140:9) Paiute Cough Medi-
different spots while singing a song. The seeds would rattle in their
cine Seeds used to make cough medicine. (15:98) Cold infusion of
pods. Then the leader would suddenly stop and look behind him
seeds used as a cough medicine. (104:197) Decoction of root taken
while the others dropped to the ground. The leader struck whoever
as a cough remedy. Dermatological A/d Decoction of root used as a
remained standing with a smoking stick which he carried. Then he
liniment for swellings. (180:110, 111) Dietary Aid Decoction of sun
took some of the seeds of the plant, chewed them, and applied the
dried roots taken to make people grow fat. (111:71) Eye Medicine In
mixture to the burn. Shortly, the irritation stopped and the game
fusion of root used as a wash for sore eyes. (180:110, 111) HeartMed-
continued with changing leaders. (86:115)
icine Fresh roots chewed and the juice swallowed for heart trouble.
Oxytropis sp., Locoweed (111:71) Kidney Aid Decoction of root taken for kidney trouble. Tu
• Drug—Alaska Native Poison Plant considered poisonous. (85:159) berculosis Remedy Decoction of root taken for tuberculosis. (180:110,
Blackfoot Poison Plant poisonous to horses. Throat Aid Leaves 111) Veterinary Aid Decoction of sun dried roots given to make hors
chewed and liquid swallowed for sore throats. (97:40) Cheyenne es grow fat. (111:71) Shoshoni Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken
Gynecological Aid Powdered root used to increase flow of milk. Pedi- for diarrhea. Burn DressingPowder of pulverized, dried roots applied
atricAid Powdered roots taken by women when milk does not agree to burns. Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken as a cough reme
with the child. (76:179) Navajo Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used for dy. Dermatological Aid Powdered, dried roots used on cuts, wounds,
rabies. Respiratory Aid Infusion of crushed leaves taken for bronchial sores, and burns. Poultice of mashed root applied to boils and deep
and esophagus troubles. (55:57) Thompson Analgesic and Antirheu- cuts or wounds. Eye Medicine Infusion or decoction of root used as a
matic (External) Plant used in the sweat bath for rheumatism, stiff wash for sore eyes. Kidney Aid Decoction of root taken for kidney
and aching muscles and joints. Dermatological AidPlant used in trouble. Throat Aid Decoction of root gargled for sore throat. Tuber
steam bath for swellings and rheumatism. (164:468) Decoction of culosis Remedy Decoction of root taken for tuberculosis. Venereal Aid
whole plant used as a wash for the head, hair, and whole body. (164: Decoction of root taken for venereal disease. Washo Analgesic De
473,474) DiaphoreticPlant used in the sweat bath for rheumatism coction of root used as a lotion for headaches. Tuberculosis Remedy
and various aches. Herbal Steam Plants steamed in the sweat bath Decoction of root taken for tuberculosis. (180:110, 111)
for rheumatism and other joint and muscle aches. Orthopedic Aid • Other—Paiute Jewelry Seeds strung by children and worn as beads.
Plant used in the sweat bath for sprains, stiff and aching muscles (111:71)
and joints. (164:468) Tlingit Gastrointestinal Aid Root extract used
Paeonia californicaNutu California Peony
for colic. (107:283)
• Drug—Dieguerio Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of sliced, oven baked
• Food—Navajo Forage Plant used by sheep, in the spring, for forage.
roots taken for indigestion. (84:28)
(55:57)
• Food—Diegueno Vegetable Leaves cooked as greens. Young leaves
were picked before the blossoms appeared in the spring. They were
376 Paeonia californica (Paeoniaceae)

prepared by boiling, placing the boiled leaves in a cloth sack and Venereal Aid Plant used for gonorrhea. (87:396) Menominee Hunting
weighting the sack down in the river with a stone, allowing the water MedicineRoot used in some war bundles and hunting bundles. (151:
to flow through the greens overnight to remove the bitterness in 80) Psychological Aid and Tonic Plant acted as a tonic and "strength-
them. Alternatively, the boiled leaves could be soaked in a pan and ener of mental powers." (151:24) Meskwaki Adjuvant Used chiefly as
the water changed until the bitterness was removed. The leaves were a seasoner to render other remedies powerful. Love Medicine Com
then cooked as greens, with onions, and eaten as a vegetable with pound called a "bagger" and used by a woman to get a husband.
acorn mush. The greens could also be prepared by boiling them Panacea and Pediatric AidUsed as a "universal remedy for children
twice, rather than letting them wash in the river. Buds cooked as and adults." (152:204) Micmac Blood Medicine Roots used as a "de
vegetables. (84:28) tergent for the blood." (40:58) Mohegan Panacea Herb highly valued
as a cure-all. (176:74,130) Tonic Complex compound infusion in
Palafoxia, Asteraceae
cluding ginseng root taken as spring tonic. (174:266) Root used alone
Palafoxia arida B. L. Turner & Morris, Desert Palafox or in combination to make a tonic. (176:74,130) Pawnee Love Medi
• Dy^-Cahuilla YellowUsed as a yellow dye. (as P. linearis 15:98) cine Compound containing root used by men as a love charm. (70:
Palmariaceae, see Halosaccion 106) Penobscot Reproductive Aid Infusion of root taken by women to
increase fertility. (156:310) PotawatomMd/uwant Root used as a sea
Panax, Araliaceae soner in many powdered medicines. Ear Medicine Poultice of
Panax quinquefolius L, American Ginseng pounded root applied to earache. Eye Medicine Infusion of pounded
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Used for headache. Anticonvulsive Root root used as wash for sore eyes. (154:41) Seminole Antirheumatic
used for convulsions and palsy. Expectorant Root used as an expec (External) Decoction of roots used as a body rub and steam for joint
torant. Gastrointestinal AidRoot chewed for colic. Gynecological Aid swellings. (169:193) Dermatological Aid Poultice of roots applied to
Used for "weakness of the womb and nervous affections." Oral Aid burst and drain boils and carbuncles. (169:243) Plant used for gun
Infusion used for "thrush." Other Root used as a tonic and expecto shot wounds. (169:302) Plant used in medicine bundles for bullet
rant and for palsy and vertigo. Tonic Root used as a tonic. (80:36) wounds. (169:422) Love MedicineVtent rubbed on the body and
Creek Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to bleeding cuts. clothes to get back a divorced wife. (169:401) Pediatric A/d Plant and
Diaphoretic and Febrifuge Decoction of plant taken to produce other plants used as a baby's charm for fear from dreams about rac
sweating for fevers. Hemostat Poultice of plant applied to bleeding coons or opossums. (169:221) Respiratory Aid Infusion of roots taken
cuts. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of roots taken for short-windedness. for shortness of breath. Four bits of root were floated on water in a
(177:44) Delaware Tonic Roots and other plant parts used as a gener container. If none sank, the water was drunk and the patient would
al tonic. Unspecified Plants used to effect cures where all others have recover immediately. If one or two sank, the recovery would be slow
failed. (176:32) Delaware, Oklahoma Panacea Infusion of root used er, and if all four sank the patient was certain to die. (169:278) Seda
in any severe illness as a cure when others have failed. Tonic Infusion tive Plant and other plants used as a baby's charm for fear from
of root and other plant parts taken as a general tonic. (175:27,76) dreams about raccoons or opossums. (169:221) Tonic Plant used as
Houma Antiemetic Decoction of root taken for vomiting. Antirheu- a general tonic. (169:318) UnspeciftedPlant used for medicinal pur
matic (Internal) Decoction of root with whisky taken for rheuma poses. (169:161) Plant used as medicine. (169:158) Plant used medic
tism. (158:61) Iroquois Anthelmintic Compound infusion of roots inally. (169:164) WitchcraftMedicinePtent used to make a witchcraft
taken for tapeworms. Antiemetic Decoction of roots taken for vomit medicine. (169:394)
ing from cholera morbus. Infusion of roots taken for vomiting gall. • Other—Cherokee Cash Crop Roots sold in large quantities to traders
Blood Medicine Compound infusion of roots taken as a blood reme in the late nineteenth century for 50 cents a pound. (80:36) Chippe-
dy. Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots taken for sores on body and wa Cash Crop Root became a money commodity because of the
boils. Dietary Aid Infusion of roots taken for a bad appetite. Ear Med white traders' demand for it. Good Luck Charm Root considered a
icine Compound infusion of roots used as drops for earaches. Eye good luck charm if carried in the pocket. (71:137) Menominee Hunt
Medicine Infusion of roots used as a wash for 2-year-old children ing & Fishing Item Root chewed by hunters to impart a lure to the
with sore eyes. (87:395) Febrifuge Infusion of roots used for night breath and to attract deer. Protection Root used in some war bundles
fevers. (141:55) Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of roots taken for up and hunting bundles. (151:80)
set stomach and vomiting gall. Gynecological Aid Compound infu
Panax sp., Ginseng
sion of seedpods taken by women having difficulty with labor. Liver
• Drug—Creek Adjuvant Healthful root added to many compounds.
Aid Decoction or infusion of roots taken to stop vomiting gall. Misc.
Ceremonial Medicine Plant used to keep ghosts away and for reli
Disease Remedy Decoction of roots taken for vomiting from cholera
gious occasions. Diaphoretic and Febrifuge Compound decoction of
morbus. Panacea Compound decoction of roots taken or dried roots
root taken to induce sweating, reducing fever. Hemostat Infusion of
smoked as a panacea. (87:395) Dried roots smoked for every ailment
root applied to bleeding cuts or wounds. Pediatric Aid and Pulmo
or fainting spells. (87:396) Pediatric Aid Infusion of roots used as a
nary Aid Decoction of root taken for shortness of breath and by chil
wash for 2-year-old children with sore eyes. Respiratory Aid Smashed
dren for croup. (172:656)
root smoked for asthma. (87:395) Stimulant Plant used for laziness
and as a stimulant. Tonic Plant used as a tonic. (87:396) Tuberculosis Panax trifolius L, Dwarf Ginseng
Remedy Compound infusion of roots taken for tuberculosis. (87:395) • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic An "ingredient to relieve sharp pains in
 Catalog of Plants 377

the breast." (80:36) Chewed plant used for headaches. Infusion of Panicum hirticaule]. Presl, Mexican Panicgrass
plant taken for breast pains and chewed plant used for headaches. • Food—Cocopa Bread & Cake Seeds ground into a meal and used to
(177:44) Antirheumatic (Internal) Used for rheumatism. (80:36) make bread. Sauce & Relish Seeds ground into a meal and used to
Breast Treatment\nn\s\on of plant taken for breast pains. (177:44) make gravy. Winter Use Food Seeds stored in ollas for future use. (37:
Dermatological Aid Compound infusion given to children for "bold 175) Yuma Staple Seeds parched, winnowed, and ground into flour.
hives." Gastrointestinal Aid Root chewed for short breath and colic (37:190)
and infusion taken for colic. Used for "nervous debility," "dyspepsia/'
Panicum obtusum Kunth, Obtuse Panicgrass
and apoplexy. Kidney Aid Root used for "dropsy" and gout. Liver Aid
• Drug—Isleta Dermatological Aid Grass characterized as making the
Used for the liver. Misc. Disease Remedy Used for "diseases induced
hair grow rapidly. (100:36)
by mercury" and pox. Ofher Taken for "nervous debility, dyspepsia
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Sauce & Relish Seeds
and apoplexy." (80:36) Decoction of roots rubbed into scratches
ground, made into gravy, and mixed with meat. (33:48) Navajo,
made for apoplexy. (177:44) Pediatric Aid Compound infusion given
Ramah FodderCut for hay. Forage Good forage. (191:17)
to children for "bold hives." Pulmonary Aid Root chewed for short
• Other—Isleta Soap Ground stolons mixed with soapweed and used
breath and colic and infusion used for colic. Stimulant Cold, com
in washing hair. (100:36)
pound infusion of beaten roots given for fainting. Tuberculosis Rem
edyInfusion used for tuberculosis and "scrofulous sores." Venereal Panicum sonorum Beal, Sauwi
Aid Root used for stubborn venereal disease. (80:36) Iroquois Anal • Food—Cocopa Bread & Cake Seeds ground, mixed with water, and

gesic Compound used for chest pains. Hunting Medicine Infusion of dried to make cakes. Winter UseFoodSeeds harvested, winnowed,

roots used as a wash for fishing equipment, a "fishing medicine." and stored for winter use. Warihio Beverage Seeds ground into flour

Pulmonary Aid Compound used for chest pains. Sports Medicine De and mixed with milk to make a nourishing drink. Staple Seeds

coction of plant rubbed on the arms and legs of lacrosse players. (87: ground into flour and seasoned with salt and sugar. (37:170)

396) Ojibwa, South Hemostat Poultice of chewed root applied to cuts

Panicum sp., Panicgrass
as a coagulant, (as Aralia trifolia 91:201)
• Drug—Creek Misc. Disease RemedyWarm infusion of leaves taken

Pandanaceae, see Freycinetia, Pandanus for fevers, especially malaria. Natchez FebrifugeYJarm infusion of
leaves taken for fevers, especially malaria. (172:667) Misc. Disease
PandanuSy Pandanaceae Remedy Infusion of plant taken for malaria. (177:6) Seminole Anti-

Pandanus tectotius Parkinson exZucc, Tahitian Screwpine rheumatic (External) Plant used for rabbit sickness: muscular

• Drug—Hawaiian Analgesic Roots and other plants pounded, cramps. (169:166) Cough Medicine, Pulmonary Aid, and Throat Aid

squeezed, resulting liquid heated and taken for chest pains. Laxative Infusion of plant taken and used as bath for gopher-tortoise sick

and Pediatric Aid Flowers chewed by the mothers and given to in ness: cough, dry throat, noisy chest. (169:236)

fants with constipation. Strengthener Roots and other plants pound • Fiber—Cherokee Clothing Stems used for padding inside of moc

ed, resulting liquid heated and taken for weakness from too many casins. (80:47)

births, (as P. odoratissimus 2:41) Panicum urvilleanum Kunth, Desert Panicgrass

• Fiber—Hawaiian ClothingLeaves used to make hats. Mats, Rugs & • Food—Cahuilla Porridge Singed seeds boiled and made into a gruel.
BeddingLeaves used to make mats, (as P. odoratissimus2:41) (15:98)

Panicum, Poaceae Papaveraceae, seeArgemone, Chelidonium, Corydalis, Dendrome-

con, Dicentra, Eschscholzia, Papaver, Platystemon, Romneya, San-
Panicum bulbosum Kunth, Bulb Panicgrass
guinaria
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & Cake Seeds
threshed, winnowed, ground, and the flour used to make bread.
Papaver, Papaveraceae
Sauce & Relish Seeds ground, made into gravy, and mixed with meat.
Papaversomniferumh., Opium Poppy
(33:48)
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Large dose used to produce sleep, for
Panicum capillare L, Witch Grass pain and cramps. Anticonvulsive Large dose given as antispasmodic,
• Drwg^-Keres, Western Emetic Infusion of leaves used as an emetic to produce sleep and for pain. Sedative Large dose used for pain, to
before breakfast. (171:57) Mahuna Dietary Aid Infusion of plant tak produce sleep and soothe and tranquilize the system. Stimulant
en as a reducing aid. (140:66) Small doses given as a stimulant and larger dose produced sleep and
• Food—Hopi Bread & Cake Ground seed meal used to make bread. used for pain. (80:50,51)
(190:159) Staple Seeds ground and mixed with cornmeal. (56:17)
Navajo Unspecified Seeds used for food. (55:26) Navajo, Ramah Fod Parkinsonia} Fabaceae
der Used for sheep and horse feed. (191:17) Parkinsonia OCUleata L, Jerusalem Thorn
• Fiber—Tewa Brushes & Brooms Grass made into brooms and used to • Food—Papago Dried Food Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun
clean metates and metate boxes, (as P. barbipulvinatum 138:64) dried, cooked, stored, and used for food. (34:24) Beans flailed, win
• Other—Keres, Western UnspecifiedPtent known and named but no nowed, parched, and used for food. (34:25) Unspecified Seeds used
use was specified. (171:57) for food. (36:60)
378 Parkinsoniaflorida (Fabaceae)

Parkinsoniaflorida (Benth. ex Gray) S.Wats., Blue Paloverde leaves used for food. Winter Use Food Leaves stored raw in seal oil
• Food—Cahuilla Porridge Dried beans ground into flour and used to for winter use. (85:123)
make mush or cakes, (as Cercidiumfloridum 15:52) Cocopa Porridge
Seeds roasted, ground, and made into mush. Mohave Starvation . Parryella, Fabaceae
Food Seeds parched until almost burned and eaten as a famine food, Parryellafilifolia Torr. & Gray ex Gray, Common Dunebroom
(as Cercidiumfloridum 37:187) Pima Unspecified Green pods eaten • Drug—Hopi Toothache Remedy Beans used for toothaches. (42:339)
raw in summer, (as Cercidiumfloridum 47:90) Beans formerly eaten Beans used for toothaches. (200:33,80) Navajo, Raman Ceremonial
fresh, (as P. torreyana 146:75) Yuma Starvation FoodSeeds parched Medicine and Emetic Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic. (191:33)
until almost burned and eaten as a famine food, (as Cercidium Tewa Toothache Remedy Beam used for toothaches. (42:339)
floridum7:\87) • Fiber—Hopi Basketry Plant used as basketry material. (42:339) Used
• Other—Cahuilla Protection Trees large enough to shelter campers. as an important basketry material. (200:80) Navajo, Raman Basketry
(as Cercidiumfloridum 15:52) Pima Cooking Tools Trunk and larger Stems used as material for small baskets. (191:33) Tewa Basketry
branches used to make ladles, (as Cercidiumfloridum 47:90) Plant used as basketry material. (42:339) Zuni Basketry Pleasantly
fragrant plant used for weaving baskets. (166:81)
Parkinsonia microphylla Torr., Yellow Paloverde
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant used to weave kachina masks.
• Food—Cocopa Porridge Seeds roasted, ground, and made into mush.
Stable Gear Roots made into hooks and used to secure packs on bur
Mohave Starvation Food Seeds parched until almost burned and eat
ros during salt expeditions. Tewa Ceremonial Items Plant used to
en as a famine food, (as Cercidium microphyllum 37:187) Papago
weave kachina masks. Stable Gear Roots made into hooks and used
Dried Food Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked,
to secure packs on burros during salt expeditions. (42:339)
stored, and used for food. (34:24) Beans flailed, winnowed, parched,
and used for food. (34:25) Staple Beans parched, sun dried, stored,
Parthenium, Asteraceae
ground into flour, and used as a staple food. (34:45) Unspecified
Seeds used for food, (as Cercidium microphyllum 36:60) Pima Un-
Parthenium hysterophorusL., Santa Maria Feverfew
• Dnig^-Koasati Antidiarrheal Decoction of roots taken for dysentery.
specifiedBeans formerly eaten fresh. (146:75) Pima, Gila River Un
(177:63)
specified Peas eaten raw or cooked, (as Cercidium microphyllum 133:
5) Seeds eaten raw and boiled, (as Cercidium microphyllum 133:7)
Parthenium incanum Kunth, Mariola
Yuma Starvation FoodSeeds parched until almost burned and eaten
• Food-^Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Beverage Fresh leaves
as a famine food, (as Cercidium microphyllum 37:187)
boiled and used similarly to coffee. (33:53)
Parmeliaceae, see Candelaria, Cetraria, Parmelia
Parthenium integrifolium L, Wild Quinine
Parmelia, Parmeliaceae, lichen • Drug—Catawba Burn Dressing Poultice of fresh leaves applied to
burns. Veterinary Aid Leaf ash rubbed on horse's sore back. (157:191)
Parmelia physodes (L) Ach., Lichen
• Food—Potawatomi Soup and Vegetable Cooked into a soup, materi
Parthenocissus, Vitaceae
al swelled and afforded a pleasant flavor. (154:107)
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L) Planch., Virginia Creeper
Parmelia saxatilis (L) Ack., Flat Lichen • Drug—Cherokee Liver Aid Infusion taken for yellow jaundice. (80:
• Fiber—Eskimo, Inuktitut Canoe Material Used to stuff caribou skins 60) hoquois Antidote Compound decoction of twigs taken and used
for rafts. (202:190) as wash to counteract poison sumac. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of
vines applied to bunches (swellings) on wrists. Other Compound de
Parnassia, Saxifragaceae
coction of bark taken for stricture caused by menstruating woman.
Parnassiaflmbriata Koenig, Rocky Mountain Parnassia Poison Plant considered poisonous. Urinary Aid Compound decoc
• Drug—Cheyenne Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of powdered leaves tion of plants taken for difficult urination. (87:382)
given to small babies for dullness or sick to the stomach. Pediatric • Food—Chippewa Unspecified Stalks cut, boiled, peeled, and the
Aid Infusion of powdered leaves given to small babies for dullness or sweetish substance between the bark and the wood used for food.
sick to the stomach. Stimulant Infusion of powdered leaves given to (53:320)
babies when dull. (76:176) Gosiute Venereal Aid Poultice of plant ap • Dye—Kiowa Pink Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers
plied or plant used as wash for venereal diseases. (39:351) worn in war dance. (192:41)

Paronychia, Caryophyllaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L) Planch, van quinquefolia,

Paronychia jamesiiTon. & Gray, James's Nailwort Virginia Creeper

• Food—Kiowa Beverage Used as a "tea" plant. (192:27) • Drug—Houma Dermatological Aid Hot decoction of stems and
leaves applied to reduce swellings. Poultice of crushed leaves and
Parrya, Brassicaceae vinegar applied to wounds. Misc. Disease Remedy Poultice of crushed
Parrya nudicaulis (L) Boiss., Nakedstem Wallflower leaves and vinegar applied for lockjaw, (as Psedera quinquefolia 158:
• Food—Alaska Native Soup Roots cooked and added to fish and meat 63) Meskwaki Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for diarrhea, (as
stews. UnspecifiedRoots cooked and used for food. New, young Psedera quinquefolia 152:252)
 Catalog of Plants 379

• Food—Montana Indian Fruit Ripe fruit collected and eaten like compound infusion of root used for boils. PediatricAid Infusion of
grapes, (as Ampelopsis quinquefolia 19:6) Ojibwa Special Food Root root given to babies to aid in weaning. (80:47) Houma Blood Medi
cooked and given as a special food by Winabojo. Unspecified Root cine Infusion of roots taken as a blood tonic. (158:63)
cooked and eaten, (as Psedera quinquefokia 153:411) • Food—Cherokee Beverage Used to make a social drink. (80:47)
• Dye—Kiowa Pink Fruits used as pink paint for skin and feathers Crushed fruit strained into a juice, mixed with flour or cornmeal to
worn in war dance, (as Psedera quinquefolia 192:41) thicken, and used as a beverage. (126:50) Fruit Fruit used for food.
(80:47) Fruit eaten raw. (126:50) UnspecifiedYoung shoots and leaves
Parthenocissussp., Woodbine
boiled, fried, and often eaten with other greens. (204:253) Vegetable
• Drug—Creek Venereal Aid Root used for gonorrhea. (172:662) Roots
Leaves parboiled, rinsed, and cooked in hot grease with salt as a
used for gonorrhea. (177:41)
potherb. (126:50)
Parthenocissus Vltacea (Knerr) A. S. Hitchc, Woodbine
• Drug—Iroquois Urinary Aid Compound decoction of plants taken Pastinaca, Apiaceae
for difficult urination caused by gall. (87:382) Navajo Ceremonial Pastinaca saliva L, Wild Parsnip
MedicineUsed as part of the medicine the patient takes in the Moun • Drug—Cherokee AnalgesicTaken for "sharp pains." (80:47) Iroquois
tain Chant Ceremony. (55:62) Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid In Dermatological Aid Compound decoction used as wash or poultice
fusion of leaves and berries used as a lotion for swollen arm or leg. applied to chancres or lumps on penis. (87:399) Ojibwa Gynecologi
(191:36) cal Aid Compound infusion of minute quantity of root taken for fe
• Food—Navajo, Ramah Fruit Berries used for food. (191:36) male troubles. Poison Root powerful in small amounts and poison
• Fiber—Navajo Building Materialised on ramadas for shade. (55:62) ous in large amounts. (153:391) Paiute Tuberculosis Remedy Root
• Other-—Jemez Ceremonial Items Berry juice mixed with white clay medicine taken "for their all over inside—when they have this awful,
and used as a purple body paint for the summer dance. (44:26) Keres, maybe TB." (111:93) Potawatomi Dermatological Aid Poultice of root
Western Unspecified Plant known and named but no use was speci applied to inflammation and sores. Poison Root considered poison
fied. (171:58) ous when taken internally. (154:86)

Pascopyrum, Poaceae Paxistima, Celastraceae

Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love, Western Wheatgrass Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf., Boxleaf Myrtle
• Food—Lakota Forage Heads eaten by horses, (as Agropyron smithii • Drug—Bella Coola Unspecified Formerly used for medicine. (184:
139:28) Montana Indian Fodder and Forage Most valuable forage 203) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Plant used as
grass and cultivated for hay, good keeping qualities, and high nutri an emetic in various ceremonies. (191:36) Okanagan-Colville Cold
tional value, (as Agropyron occidentale 19:5) Remedy Decoction of branches taken for colds. Kidney Aid Decoc
• Other—Keres, Western Insecticide Grass and water used to soak mel tion of branches taken for kidney troubles. Tuberculosis Remedy De
on seeds before planting to keep worms away and make melons coction of branches taken for tuberculosis. (188:95) Thompson Anal
sweeter, (as Agropyron smithii 171:25) gesic Poultice of leaves used for pain in any part of the body. Derma
tological AidVovXtice of boiled leaves applied to swellings and body
Paspalidium, Poaceae
pains. (164:468) Internal Medicine Decoction or infusion of plant
Paspalidium geminatumvar. paludivagum (A. s. Hitchc. & used for internal ailments. Orthopedic Aid Decoction or infusion of
Chase) Gould, Egyptian Panicum plant used for broken bones. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction or in
• Drug—Seminole Dermatological Aid Plant used for snake sickness: fusion of branches taken for tuberculosis. (187:202)
itchy skin, (as Panicum paludivagum 169:166) Decoction of whole • Food—Karok Fruit Berries used for food. (148:385) Okanagan-
plant taken and used as a body steam for snake sickness: itchy skin,
Colville Forage Plant used by deer as a good winter food. (188:95)
(as Panicum paludivagum 169:239) Thompson Forage Long, narrow leaves eaten by cattle when other
foods scarce. (164:515)
Paspalum, Poaceae
• Other—Paiute Decorations Plant used for grave decorations. (111:88)
Paspalum setaceum Michx., Thin Paspalum
Saanich Cash Crop Branches sold to local florist shops. (182:80)
• Food—Kiowa Fodder Used as a valuable fodder plant. Forage Used
as a valuable pasture plant, (as P. stramineum 192:16) Pectis, Asteraceae
Passifloraceae, see Passiflora Pectis angustifolia Ton., Narrowleaf Pectis
• Drug—Keres, Western Gastrointestinal Aid Blossoms and salt eaten
Passiflora, Passifloraceae for stomach trouble. Psychological Aid Infusion of plant used as an
Passiflora incarnata L, Purple Passionflower emetic before breakfast to relieve sadness and worry. (171:58) Navajo
• Drug^-Cherokee Dermatological Aid Compound infusion of root CarminativePlant used as a carminative. Ceremonial Medicine Plant
used for boils. Pounded root applied to "draw out inflammation" of used in the liniment for the Chiricahua Apache Wind Chant. Gastro
brier or locust wounds. Dietary Aid Infusion of root given to babies intestinal Aid Crushed leaves used for stomachaches. (55:88)
to aid in weaning. Ear MedicineWarm infusion of beaten root • Food—Acoma Spice Used as seasoning to counteract the taste of
dropped into ear for earache. Liver Aid Infusion taken for liver and tainted meat. (32:38) Havasupai Sauce & Relish Plant used as a con-
380 Pectis angustifolia (Asteraceae)

diment. (197:74) Hopi Dried Food Plants dried and eaten with fresh plied to tumors. Dermatological AidPoultice of root applied to exter
roasted corn, dried parched corn, or corn dumplings. (120:20) Dried, nal swellings. Internal Medicine Decoction of plant taken for internal
stored, and used for food. Spice Used as a flavoring. Unspecified Ea swelling and poultice applied for external swelling. (152:247) Love
gerly eaten raw. (200:97) Keres, Western Spice Plant used as a season Medicine Root used in food to make estranged married people con
ing for meat, to kill the tainted taste. (171:58) Laguna Spice Used as genial and a love medicine used to return love (152:273) Mohegan
seasoning to counteract the taste of tainted meat. Pueblo SpiceUsed Abortifacient Infusion of leaves taken to induce abortion. (176:74,
as seasoning. (32:38) 130) Ojibwa Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of roots taken for stomach
• Dye—Hopi UnspecifiedUsed to make an inferior dye. (200:97) ulcers. (5:2304) Love Medicine Finely cut root secretly added to an
other's food as an aphrodisiac. (153:389,390) Chopped root added to
Pectis papposa Harvey & Gray, Cinchweed Fetidmarigold
food as a love charm. The root was added to some dish of food that
• Drug—Pima Laxative Decoction of plant or dried plant taken as a
was cooking, without the knowledge of the people who were going
laxative. (47:104) Zuni Carminative Infusion of whole plant taken as
to eat it, and if they had been quarrelsome, then they became lovers
a carminative. Eye Medicine Infusion of blossoms used as eye drops
again. However, the informant said that it was too often put to bad
for snow-blindness. (166:57)
uses. (153:432) Throat Aid Infusion of fresh or dried leaves taken for
• Food—Havasupai Porridge Seeds parched, ground, and used to
sore throats. (5:2304) Potawatomi Cathartic Root used as a physic.
make mush. (197:67) Sauce & Relish Fresh plant dipped in salted wa
Internal Medicine Root used by Prairie Potawatomi for both internal
ter and eaten with mush or cornmeal as a condiment. (197:249) Soup
and external swellings. (154:83)
Seeds parched, ground, and used to make soup. (197:67) Pueblo
• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Cooked leaves and stems used for food.
SpiceUsed as seasoning. (32:38)
(126:54) Iroquois Vegetable Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper,
• Other—Zuni Ceremonial Items, and Incense & Fragrance Chewed
or butter. (196:118) Potawatomi Fodder Roots mixed with oats to fat
blossoms used as perfume before a dance in ceremonies of the secret
ten the ponies. (154:123)
fraternities.53 (166:83)

Pedicularis centranthera Gray, Dwarf Lousewort

Pedaliaceae, see Martynia, Proboscidea, Sesamum
• Drug—Shoshoni Gastrointestinal Aid and PediatricAid Decoction of
Pedicularis, Scrophulariaceae root given to children for stomachaches. (180:112)

Pedicularis attollens Gray, Attol Lousewort Pedicularis densiflora Benth. ex Hook., Indian Warrior
• Drug—Washo Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to cuts, • Food—Mendocino Indian Forage Flower nectar used by yellow-
sores, and swellings. Tonic Decoction of leaves taken as a tonic. hammer birds. Unspecified Honey sucked out of the flowers by chil
(180:112) dren. (41:388)

Pedicularis bmcteosa Benth., Bracted Lousewort Pedicularis groenlandicaRetz., Elephanthead Lousewort

• Drug—Thompson Unspecified Plant used medicinally for unspeci • Dn*£-Cheyenne Cough Medicine Infusion of powdered leaves and
fied purpose. (164:467) stems taken to stop or loosen a long-lasting cough. (76:187) Infusion
• Other—Thompson Designs Leaves used as designs on baskets. of smashed leaves and stems taken for coughs. (83:39)
(164:500)
Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schlecht., Woolly Lousewort
Pedicularis canadensisl., Canadian Lousewort • Food—Alaska Native UnspecifiedFlowers with water added allowed
• Drug—Catawba Analgesic Infusion of roots used for stomach pains.
to ferment. Roots boiled or roasted. (85:125) Eskimo, Arctic Unspeci
Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of roots used for stomach pains and
fied Roots eaten either raw or cooked. Flowers sucked by children for
disorders. (157:190) Cherokee Antidiarrheal Taken "for bloody dis
the sweet nectar. Vegetable Flowering stems boiled and eaten as a
charge from bowels" and used to rid sheep of lice. Cough Medicine
potherb. (128:23) Eskimo, Inupiat Dessert Fermented, frozen greens
Used as an ingredient in cough medicine. Dermatological AidInfu
mashed, creamed, and mixed with sugar and oil for a dessert. Un
sion of root rubbed on sores. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root
specified Raw shoots and roots used for food. Vegetable Fermented
taken for stomachache and infusion taken for "flux." Veterinary Aid
young flower tops eaten with oil and sugar, like sauerkraut. (98:56)
Put in dog bed to delouse pups and used to rid sheep of lice. (80:43)
Chippewa Blood Medicine Infusion of dried roots used for anemic Pedicularis lanata Cham. & Schlecht. ssp. lanata, Woolly
conditions. (71:140) Iroquois £mef/c and Gastrointestinal Aid Decoc Lousewort

tion taken to vomit for stomachaches caused by menstruating wom • Food—Eskimo, Alaska Unspecified Raw roots eaten with seal oil. (as
en. Heart Medicine Infusion of smashed roots taken for heart trou Pkaneil:38)

bles. Orthopedic Aid Compound decoction of plants used as steam

Pedicularis lanceolataMichx., Swamp Lousewort
bath for sore legs or knees. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound infusion
• Food—Iroquois Vegetable Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper, or
of whole plants taken for consumption with bad hemorrhage. (87:
butter. (196:118)
436) Menominee Love Medicine Root carried on the person who is
contemplating making love advances. (151:81) Veterinary Aid Pedicularis procera Gray, Giant Lousewort
Chopped root added to feed to make pony fat and vicious to all but • Other—Navajo, Raman Ceremonial Items Used in Mountaintopway.
its owner. (151:53) Meskwaki Cancer Treatment Poultice of root ap (as P. grayi 191:44)
 Catalog of Plants 381

Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. ex Benth., Sickletop Lousewort by teething children, (as Psoralea esculenta 97:41) Unspecified Root
• Drug—Thompson Unspecified Plant used medicinally for unspeci pieces dried and attached to clothing and robes as ornamentation
fied purpose. (164:467) and medicine, (as Psoralea esculenta 86:119) Cheyenne Antidiarrheal
Plant used as a diarrhea medicine. Burn DressingPlant used as a burn
Pedicularis sp., Bumblebee Plant
medicine. Unspecified Plant used as an ingredient for medicinal mix
• Food—Eskimo, Alaska SowrSoured leaves used for food. (4:716) Un-
tures, (as Psoralea esculenta 83:29)
specifled Nectar rich flowers eaten by children. (1:38) Root used for
• Food—Blackfoot Dried Food Peeled roots dried and added to winter
food. (4:716)
supplies. Unspecified Peeled roots eaten fresh, (as Psoralea esculenta

Pediomelum, Fabaceae 86:104) Cheyenne Cooking Agent Dried plant pieces powdered and
used as a thickening for soups, gravy, and dry meat, (as Psoralea
Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) J. Grimes, Silverleaf Scurfpea
esculenta 83:29) Dried Food Roots dried and eaten as a winter food,
• Drug—Cheyenne Febrifuge Decoction of plant taken for fever and
(as Psoralea esculenta 83:30) Roots formerly cut into thin, lengthwise
salve of plant used for high fever, (as Psoralea argophylla 75:40) Infu
slices and dried for winter use. Pie & PuddingDned plant slices
sion of ground leaves and stems taken for fevers, (as Psoralea argo
boiled, a sweetener added, and eaten as a sweet pudding, (as Pso
phylla 76:178) Ground leaf and stem powder mixed with grease and
ralea esculenta 83:29) Unspecified Roots eaten fresh, (as Psoralea es
rubbed over the body for high fevers, (as Psoralea argophylla 76:178)
culenta 83:30) Species used for food, (as Psoralea esculenta 83:45)
Chippewa Veterinary Aid Compound infusion of root applied to
Roots formerly eaten raw or cooked as one of the most important
chest and legs of horse as a stimulant, (as Psoralea argophylla 53:
foods, (as Psoralea esculenta 83:29) Dakota Dried Food Roots dried
366) Lakota Unspecified Plant used as a medicine. Veterinary Aid
for winter use. The roots were peeled and braided into festoons by
Roots fed to tired horses, (as Psoralea argophylla 139:47) Meskwaki
their tapering roots or were split into halves or quarters and after
Laxative Infusion of root used for chronic constipation, (as Psoralea
drying were stored in any convenient container, (as Psoralea esculen
argophylla 152:230) Montana Indian Dermatological Aid Decoction
ta 69:365) Peeled roots braided and dried for winter use. (as Psoralea
of plant used as a wash for wounds, (as Psoralea argophylla 19:20)
esculenta 7'0:92) Unspecified Roots eaten fresh, (as Psoralea esculenta
• Fiber—Lakota Basketry Tough, green stems made into a basket to
69:365) Peeled roots eaten fresh and uncooked or cooked, (as Pso-
carry meat home, (as Psoralea argophylla 139:47)
ralea esculenta 70:92) Lakota Dried Food Roots peeled, dried, and
Pediomelum canescens (Michx.) Rydb., Buckroot used as a winter food. Soup Roots cooked in soups and stews. Un-
• Drug—Seminole Analgesic Poultice of warmed roots applied exter specifiedRoots peeled and eaten raw. (as Psoralea esculenta 106:41)
nally as an analgesic, (as Psoralea canescens 169:167) Poultice of wet, Montana Indian Bread & Cake Roots dried, mashed, and used to
warm tuberous roots applied for pains. Antirheumatic (External) make cakes or breads. Cooking Agent Roots dried, mashed, and used
Poultice of wet, warm tuberous roots applied for rheumatism, (as to thicken soups. Dried Food Roots shredded, dried, and stored for
Psoralea canescens 169:285) Cold Remedy Infusion of tuberous roots future use. Porridge Roots dried, mashed, and used to make mush
taken and steam inhaled for runny nose, stuffy head, and sore throat. and gruel. Unspecified Inner root core eaten raw, roasted, or boiled.
Cough Medicine Infusion of tuberous roots taken and steam inhaled (as Psoralea esculenta 82:61) Vegetable Roots, similar to yams, roast
for coughs, (as Psoralea canescens 169:279) UnspecifiedPlant used as ed in ashes. Winter Use Food Peeled, sliced roots dried for winter use.
medicine, (as Psoralea canescens 169:158) (as Psoralea esculenta 19:20) Omaha Dried Food Thickened root eat
en dried, (as Psoralea esculenta 68:325) Peeled roots braided and
Pediomelum CUSpidatum (Pursh) Rydb., Largebract Indian
dried for winter use. (as Psoralea esculenta 70:92) Soup Thickened
Breadroot
root cooked with soup. Unspecified Thickened root eaten fresh and
• Drug—Lakota UnspecifiedUsed as a medicine, (as Psoralea cuspida-
raw. (as Psoralea esculenta 68:325) Peeled roots eaten fresh and un
ta 139:47)
cooked or cooked. Pawnee Dried Food Peeled roots braided and
Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb., Breadroot Scurfpea dried for winter use. Unspecified Peeled roots eaten fresh and un
• Drug—Blackfoot Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of chewed roots cooked or cooked. Ponca Dried Food Peeled roots braided and dried
applied to sprains, (as Psoralea esculenta 86:80) Ear Medicine Chewed for winter use. Unspecified Peeled roots eaten fresh and uncooked or
root spittle used for earaches. Eye Medicine Chewed root spittle ap cooked, (as Psoralea esculenta 70:92) Sioux Soup Boiled or roasted
plied to the eye to remove matter, (as Psoralea esculenta 86:82) Gas roots eaten or dried and ground into meal and used in soups. Winter
trointestinal 4/d Infusion of dried roots taken for gastroenteritis. Use Food Plant gathered and hung up for winter use. (as Psoralea es
Chewed roots blown into a baby's rectum for colic, (as Psoralea escu culenta 118:13) Winnebago Dried Food Peeled roots braided and
lenta 86:68) Roots chewed by children for bowel complaints, (as dried for winter use. Unspecified Peeled roots eaten fresh and un
Psoralea esculenta97Al) Orthopedic Aid Poultice of chewed roots cooked or cooked, (as Psoralea esculenta 70:92)
applied to fractures, (as Psoralea esculenta 86:80) PediatricAid • Other—Blackfoot Decorations Root pieces dried and attached to
Chewed roots blown into a baby's rectum for colic, (as Psoralea escu clothing and robes as ornamentation and medicine, (as Psoralea
lenta 86:68) Pulmonary Aid Infusion of roots taken for chest troubles, esculenta 86:119)
(as Psoralea esculenta 86:73) Throat Aid Infusion of dried roots taken
for sore throats, (as Psoralea esculenta 86:68) Roots chewed for sore Pediomelum hypogaeum (Nutt. exTorr. & Gray) Rydb.
throat, (as Psoralea esculenta 86:73) Toothache Remedy Roots chewed var. hypogaeum, Scurfpea
382 Pediomelum hypogaeum (Fabaceae)

• Food—Cheyenne Dried Food Roots dried and eaten as a winter food, Pellaea mucronata (D. C. Eat.) D. C. Eat. ssp. mucronata, Bird-
(as Psoralea hypogaea 83:30) Unspecified Root eaten fresh, (as Psora- foot Cliffbrake
lea hypogeae 76:178) Roots eaten fresh, (as Psoralea hypogaea 83:30) • Drug—Diegaeno Antihemorrhagic Decoction of rhizomes taken for
Species used for food, (as Psoralea hypogea 83:46) Winter Use Food hemorrhage, (as P. mucronatav&x. mucronata84:28) Luiseno Un
Root dried for winter use. (as Psoralea hypogeae 76:178) Comanche specified Decoction of fronds used for medicinal purposes, (as P. or-
Unspecified Raw roots used for food, (as Psoralea hypogeae29:523) nithopus 155:234) Miwok Antihemorrhagic Infusion taken for nose
bleed. Blood Medicine Infusion taken as a blood purifier. Other Infu
Pelea, Rutaceae sion taken as a spring medicine, (as P. ornithopus 12:171)
Peleu sp,, Alani-kuahiwi • Food—Luiseno Beverage Plant used to make a tea. (as P. ornithopus
• Drwg^-Hawaiian Blood Medicine Infusion of pounded bark and oth 155:211)
er ingredients taken to purify the blood. Ceremonial Medicineleaves • Other—Diegueno Good Luck Charm Rhizome pieces scattered
placed on the bed as a beauty remedy for king, queens, and their sons about the home to keep animals and enemies away and encourage
and daughters. The alani was the Hawaiian beauty remedy and was friends to visit, (as P mucronata var. mucronata 84:28)
dedicated to the exclusive use of the kings and queens and their sons
and daughters. The leaves, in sufficient quantity, were taken and laid Peltandra, Araceae
on the bed, covering the space, from the neck to the feet. A sheeting Peltandra virginka (L) Schott, Green Arrow Arum
of tapa, tightly drawn, was laid over the leaves. In the meantime, 20 • Drug—Nanticoke PediatricAidand Unspecified Grated root in milk
leaves were allowed to remain in the water overnight and placed in given to babies for unspecified purpose. (175:58)
the sun during the day. This was for bathing. Towards evening, the • Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:494)
royal child, or the one chosen for beauty, was given a bath of this wa
Peltigeraceae, see Nephroma, Peltigera
ter. In it were put the alani flowers. After the bath the child was fed a
fattening ration. After feeding, and when the child became sleepy, it PeltigerUy Peltigeraceae, lichen
was placed in the bed covered with the alani leaves. This was repeat
Peltigera aphthosa (L) Willd.
ed for five consecutive days. The bedding was then changed, the old
• Drug—Nitinaht Tuberculosis Remedy Plants chewed and eaten for
alani leaves were removed and new ones took their place, and the
tuberculosis. Urinary Aid Formerly used to facilitate urination.
process continued from that point on for 5 days more. Not only did
(186:55)
this treatment improve the appearance, but it made the skin im
• Fiber—Eskimo, Inuktitut Canoe Material Used to stuff caribou skins
mune to certain diseases, especially skin diseases. Dermatological
for rafts, (as P. apthosa, flat lichen 202:190)
Aid Leaves placed in beds of kings, queens, their sons, and daughters
to make the skin immune to diseases. PediatricAidand Strengthener Peltigera canina Willd., Dogtooth Lichen
Young shoots or buds used for children with general debility. (2:15) • Drug—Nitinaht Urinary Aid Formerly used to facilitate urination.
(186:55)
Pellaea, Pteridaceae, fern
Peltigera sp., Veined Lichen
Pellaea atropurpurea (L) Link, Purple Cliffbrake
• Drug—Oweekeno Dermatological Aid Poultice of whole, pounded
• Drug—Mahuna Blood Medicine Infusion of plants taken to tone and
plants and spruce pitch applied to wounds. Veterinary Aid Poultice
thin the blood. Kidney Aid Infusion of plants taken to flush the kid
of chewed, whole plants and pitch applied by black and grizzly bears
neys. Preventive MedicineInfusion of plants taken as a preventative
to wounds. (43:50)
against sunstroke. (140:22)

Pellaea mucronata (D. C. Eat.) D. C. Eat., Birdfoot Cliffbrake Peniocereus, Cactaceae

• Dnig^-Costanoan Antihemorrhagic and Blood Medicine Decoction Peniocereus greggii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose var. greggii, Night-
of plant used for internal injuries to cough up "bad blood." Dermato blooming Cereus
logical Aid Infusion of leaves used as a wash for facial sores. Emetic • Drug—Nevada Indian Heart Medicine Infusion of root taken as a
Decoction of plant used for internal injuries to cough up "bad cardiac stimulant, (as Cereus greggii 118:40) Papago Dermatological
blood." Febrifuge Infusion of sprouts taken for fevers. (21:5) Yavapai Aid Seedpod and deer grease salve rubbed on sores. Seedpod mixed
DermatologicalAidDned, pulverized leaves dusted on sores. Gyne with deer grease as salve for sores, (as Cereus greggii 34:65) Pima
cological Aid Decoction taken as tea by women after childbirth. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots taken for diabetes, (as
(65:261) Cereus greggii 47:55)
• Food—Diegueno Beverage Used to make tea. (88:215) Kawaiisu Bev • Food—Apache, San Carlos Unspecified Red, doughnut-like fruits
erage Ferns brewed to make a nonmedicinal tea. (206:47) Luiseno and flowers used for food, (as Cereus greggii 95:257) Papago Beverage
BeverageVxonds used to make a beverage. (155:234) Roots chewed for thirst. Unspecified Roots baked whole in ashes,
peeled, and eaten, (as Cereus greggii 34:18) Vegetable Stalks eaten as
Pellaea mucronata ssp. californica (Lemmon) Windham, Cali
greens, (as Cereus greggii 34:14) Shoots eaten as greens, (as Cereus
fornia Cliffbrake
grc?gg/f 34:16)
• Food—Tubatulabal Unspecified Leaves and stalks used for food, (as
P. compacta 193:15) Peniocereus striatus (Brandeg.) Buxbaum, Gearstem Cactus
 Catalog of Plants 383

• Food—Papago & Pima Fruit Fruit used for food, (as Wilcoxia striata • Drag^-Apache, White Mountain Witchcraft MedicinePlant used as a
35:42) magic medicine, (as Pentstemon torreyi 136:159) Navajo Diureticln-
fusion of plants taken as a diuretic, (as Penstemon torreyi 55:77) Tewa
Pennellia, Brassicaceae Dermatological Aid Plant used as a dressing for sores, (as Pentstemon
Pennellia micrantha (Gray) Nieuwl., Mountain MockThelypody torreyi 138:58) Zuni Hunting Medicine Chewed root rubbed over the
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Gynecological Aid Decoction of root taken to rabbit stick to insure success in the hunt.54 (as Pentstemon torreyi
expedite delivery. Toothache Remedy Poultice of crushed, heated 166:95)

roots applied for toothache. (191:29) • Other—Keres, Western Decorations Flowers used for bouquets and
decorations in dances, (as Pentstemon torreyi 171:58) Zuni Ceremo
Pennisetum, Poaceae nial Items Chewed root rubbed over the rabbit stick to insure suc
Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br., Pearl Millet cess in the hunt.54 (as Pentstemon torreyi 166:95)
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Dermatological AidFruits rubbed on open Penstemon centranthifolius Benth., Scarlet Bugler
facial pimples, (as Setaria lutescens 191:17) • Drug—Costanoan Dermatological Aid and Disinfectant Poultice of
plant applied to deep, infected sores, (as Pentstemon centranthifolius
Penstemon, Scrophulariaceae
21:15)
Penstemon acuminatus Dougl exLindl., Sharpleaf Penstemon • Food—Diegueno Unspecified Flowers sucked for the good taste.
• Drug—Blackfoot Analgesic Decoction of plant taken for stomach (88:219)
pain, (as Pentstemon acuminatus 114:276) Antiemetic Infusion of • Other—Cahuilla Decorations Used as decorations at funerals or
leaves taken for vomiting. (97:53) Decoction of plant taken for vom
church affairs. (15:99)
iting. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for cramps and
Penstemon COnfertUS Dougl. ex Lindl., Yellow Penstemon
stomach pain, (as Pentstemon acuminatus 114:276)
• Drug—Thompson Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a purgative,
Penstemon ambigUUSTon., Gilia Beardtongue (as Pentstemon confertus 164:467) Decoction used as a beverage, but
• Drag—Keres, Western Emetic Infusion of plant used as an emetic, if too strong acted as a purgative, (as Pentstemon confertus 164:493)
(as Pentstemon ambiguus 171:58) Navajo, Kayenta Dermatological Dermatological A/d Toasted, powdered stems and leaves sprinkled
Aid Plant used for solpugid (wind scorpion) bites or poultice of plant on sores, cuts, and wounds, (as Pentstemon confertus 164:473) Gas
applied to eagle bites. Disinfectant and Veterinary Aid Plant used as a trointestinal AidDecoction of outer bark taken for stomach troubles,
fumigant for livestock with snakebites. (205:42) (as Pentstemon confertus 164:467)
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant, associated with east direction, • Food—Thompson Beverage Dried stems and leaves boiled for a
used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony. Season Indicator Flowers used to short time and drunk as a tea. (as Pentstemon confertus 164:493)
indicate when watermelon planting was over. Tewa Ceremonial • Dye—Okanagan-Colville Blue Flowers boiled and rubbed on arrows
Items Plant, associated with east direction, used in the Po-wa-mu and other items to give them a blue, indelible coloring. (188:139)
ceremony. Season IndicatorFlowers used to indicate when water
Penstemon deustUS Dougl. ex Lindl., Scabland Penstemon
melon planting was over. (42:340)
• Drug—Paiute Dermatological Aid Poultice of smashed leaves ap
Penstemon angUStifolius Nutt. ex Pursh, Broadbeard Beard- plied to sores. (104:196) Poultice of mashed, fresh leaves applied to
tongue boils, mosquito bites, tick bites, and open sores. (111:109) Poultice of
• Other—Lakota Paint Blossoms used to make blue paint for moc green leaves or leaf powder applied to various skin problems. Poul
casins. (139:59) tice of green or dried plant applied for swellings. Eye Medicine De
coction of plant used as an eyewash. Gastrointestinal Aid and Pedi-
Penstemon barbatUS (Cav.) Roth, Beardlip Penstemon
atric Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches, especially chil
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Decoction of root taken for men
dren's. (180:112,113) Paiute, Northern Dermatological Aid Poultice
strual pain and stomachache. Burn Dressing Cold infusion or pow
of dried, ground leaves and stalks applied to chapped and cracked
dered plant applied to burns. Cough Medicine Decoction of plant
skin. (59:129) Shoshom Analgesic Decoction of plants used as a hot
taken for cough. Dermatological AidVoxAtice of root applied to swel
bath for sore feet and swollen legs and veins. Decoction of plants
lings, gun wounds, and arrow wounds, a "life medicine." Gastroin
taken for colds and rheumatic aches. Antirheumatic (Internal) De
testinal Aid Simple or compound decoction of root taken for stom
coction of whole plant taken for rheumatic aches. Cold Remedy'De
achache. Gynecological Aid Honey sucked from flower by pregnant
coction of whole plant taken for colds. (180:112,113) Dermatological
woman to keep baby small for easy labor. Simple or compound de
Aid Powdered root used for sores, (as Pentstemon deustus 118:44)
coction of root taken for menstrual pain. Panacea Decoction of plant
Poultice of green leaves or leaf powder applied to various skin prob
taken for internal injuries, a "life medicine." Poultice of root applied
lems. Disinfectant Decoction of stems and leaves dropped into the
to gun wounds, arrow wounds, and swellings, a "life medicine." Vet
ear for ear infections. Ear Medicine Strong decoction of stems and
erinary Aid Poultice of plant applied to sheep for fractured legs.
leaves dropped into ear for ear infection. Eye Medicine Decoction of
(191:44)
plant used as an eyewash. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of plant
Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck, Torrey's taken for stomachaches, especially children's. Orthopedic AidDecoc
Penstemon tion of plants used as a hot bath for sore feet and swollen legs and
384 Penstemon deustus (Scrophulariaceae)

veins. Pediatric Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches, es • Food—Thompson Forage Plant frequented by bees and humming
pecially children's. (180:112,113) Venereal Aid]\xice of mashed, raw birds for the nectar. Spice Plant used in pit cooking nodding onions.
leaves used as wash for venereal disease, (as Pentstemon deustus (187:286)
118:47) Compound infusion of plant used as a wash for gonorrheal • Fiber—Okanagan-Colville Clothing Mashed leaves placed inside
sores. Plant used in various ways both internally and externally for moccasins for insoles. (188:139)
venereal disease. (180:112,113) • Dye—Thompson UnspecifledPlant used in making a dye for basket
designs. (187:286)
Penstemon eatonii Gray, Eaton's Penstemon
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Dermatological AidPlant used for spider • Other—Thompson Decorations Plant used as a yellow-flowered gar

bites. Disinfectant Plant used as a fumigant and Lightning infection den shrub frequented by hummingbirds. (187:286)

emetic. Emetic Plant used as a Lightning infection emetic. Gastroin

Penstemonfruticosusvar.scouleri(Undl) Cronq., Iittleleaf
testinal AidPlant used for stomach troubles. Hemostat Plant used as
Bush Penstemon
a hemostatic. Orthopedic A/d Plant used for backache. Snakebite
• Drug—Okanagon Eye Medicine Decoction of stems, flowers, and
Remedy Poultice of plant applied to snakebites. Veterinary Aid Plant
leaves used as a wash for inflamed eyes. Kidney Aid Decoction of
used for livestock with colic. (205:42) Shoshoni Analgesic Decoction
stems, flowers, and leaves taken for kidney troubles. Orthopedic Aid
of whole plant used as a wash for pain and healing of burns. Burn
Decoction of stems, flowers, and leaves taken for sore back. Thomp
DressingDecoction of whole plant used as a wash for pain and heal
son Eye Medicine Decoction of stems, flowers, and leaves used as a
ing of burns. (180:114)
wash for inflamed eyes. Kidney Aid Decoction of stems, flowers, and
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant, associated with east direction,
leaves taken for kidney troubles. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of stems,
used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony. Season IndicatorFlowers used to
flowers, and leaves taken for sore back, (as Pentstemon scouleri
indicate when watermelon planting was over. (42:341)
125:41)
PenstemonfendleriTon. & Gray, Fendler's Penstemon
PenstemongracilisNutx., Lilac Penstemon
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid Plant used for arrow or
• Other—Lakota Protection Roots used against snakebite. (139:59)
gunshot wounds. (191:44)

Penstemonfhlticosus (Pursh) Greene, Bush Penstemon Penstemon grandiflorusNutt., Large Beardtongue

• Drug—Iroquois Emetic Compound decoction of plants taken as an • Drug—Dakota Analgesic Decoction of roots used for chest pains, (as
emetic to cure a love medicine. Gynecological Aid Compound decoc Pentstemon grandiflorus 69:363) Kiowa Gastrointestinal AidDecoc
tion used as wash by women who are bothered by milk flow. Love tion of roots taken for stomachaches. (192:51) Pawnee Febrifuge De
Medicine Compound decoction of plants taken as an emetic to cure coction of leaves taken for chills and fever, (as Pentstemon grandi-
a love medicine, (as P. pubescens 87:434) Okanagan-Colvilleyl/20/- florus 70:114)
gesic Infusion of plant tops taken for headaches. Cold Remedy Infu
Penstemonjamesii Benth., James's Beardtongue
sion of plant tops taken for colds. Dermatological Aid Infusion of
• DragHMavajo, Kayenta Emetic and Pediatric Aid Plant used as an
plant tops used for sore and itchy scalp and to bathe the skin for
emetic and lotion to purify a newborn infant before nursing. (205:
acne and pimples. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant tops taken
43) Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Cold, compound infusion of plant tak
for internal disorders. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of plant tops
en for headache caused by hunting. Ceremonial Medicine Plant used
taken for flu. Toothache Remedy Raw roots placed on the tooth for
ceremonially for headache and sore throat. Throat Aid Cold infusion
severe toothaches. Veterinary Aid Infusion of plant tops used on ani
taken and used as lotion for sore throat. (191:44)
mals for skin problems. (188:139) Salish UnspecifledDecoction of
plants used as a medicine, (as Pentstemon douglassii 178:294) Shu- Penstemon laetUS Gmy, Mountain Blue Penstemon
swap Urinary Aid Plant used for the bladder. (123:69) Thompson • Drag^-Karok Psychological Aid Infusion of plant taken and used as
Antirheumatic (External) Whole plant used to make bathing water a steam bath by grieving person, (as Pentstemon laetus 148:389)
for rheumatism. Decoction of plant used as a wash for arthritis or as
a bath for any kind of aches and sores. (187:286) Eye Medicine Infu Penstemon laevigatUS Ait., Eastern Smooth Beardtongue
sion of fresh plant used as a wash for sore eyes, (as Pentstemon dou- • Drwg^-Cherokee Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion taken for cramps.
glasii 164:468) Infusion of plant used as an eyewash. The informant (80:25)

used the infusion as an eyewash after she had gotten glass splinters
Penstemon linarioides ssp. coloradoensis(h. Nels.) Keck, Col
in her eye. Decoction of leaves used as an eyewash for sore, red eyes.
orado Penstemon
Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of plant taken for ulcers and "to clean
• Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken
you out." (187:286) Kidney Aid Decoction of stems, flowers, and
early in pregnancy to insure birth of female child. Decoction of plant
leaves taken for kidney trouble. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of stems,
taken to facilitate labor and delivery of placenta. (191:44)
flowers, and leaves taken for sore back, (as Pentstemon douglasii 164:
468) Decoction of plant with other "weeds" used as a poultice for Penstemon pachyphyllus Gray ex Rydb., Thickleaf Beardtongue
broken bones. Veterinary Aid Decoction of plant used on horses' legs. • Other—Havasupai Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves folded lengthwise
The decoction was used to wash a horse's leg, and after just a couple and place in the mouth to produce a baby deer sound while hunting.
of days the horse was able to walk again. (187:286) (197:241)
 Catalog of Plants 385

Penstemon palmeri Gray, Palmer's Penstemon Pentaphylloidesfloribunda (Pursh) A. Love, Shrubby Cinquefoil
1 Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Snakebite Remedy Poultice of plant applied • Drwg^-Cheyenne Ceremonial MedicineDried, powdered leaves
to snakebite sores. (205:43) rubbed over hands, arms, and body for Contrary dance, (as Dasipho-
rafruticosa 76:176) Other Plant used as a medicine against an enemy.
Penstemon pruinosus Dougl. ex Lindl., Chilean Beardtongue
Poison Plant considered poisonous, (as Potentillafruticpsa 83:35)
• Dye—Okanagan-Colville Blue Flowers boiled and rubbed on arrows
Tanana, Upper Gynecological Aid Branches placed under the mat
and other items to give them a blue, indelible coloring. (188:139)
tress to lessen first menstruation and number of years of menstrua
Penstemon richardsonii Dougl. ex Lindl., Cutleaf Beardtongue tion, (as Potentillafruticosa 102:8)
• Drw^-Okanagan-Colville Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of stalks • Food—Blackfoot Spice Leaves mixed with dried meat as a deodorant
with leaves and flowers taken for typhoid fever. (188:139) Paiute Der- and spice, (as Potentillafruticosa 86:104) Eskimo, Alaska Beverage
matologicalAidPoultice of crushed leaves applied to sores. (111:109) Dried leaves used to make tea. (as Potentillafruticosa 4:715) Eskimo,
Arctic Beverage Leaves dried and used as a substitute for tea. (as Po
Penstemon rostriflorus Kellogg, Bridge Penstemon
tentillafruticosa 128:31)
• Drug—Kawaiisu Orthopedic Aid Poultice of mashed roots applied to
• Fiber—Blackfoot Mats, Rugs & BeddingLeaves used to fill pillows,
swollen limbs, (as P. bridgesii 206:47)
(as Potentillafruticosa 86:119)
Penstemon sp,, Penstemon • Other—Blackfoot Fuel Dry, flaky bark used as tinder when starting a
• Drug—Creek Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of root taken for colds, fire with twirling sticks, (as Potentillafruticosa97:39) Cheyenne Pro
coughs, consumption, and whooping cough. Natchez Cold Remedy tection Powdered leaves or infusion rubbed over body to protect
Infusion of root taken for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion of root tak hands from hot soup during Contrary dance, (as Dasiphorafruticosa
en for coughs. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of root taken for consump 76:176) Jemez Ceremonial Items Yellow flowers used for the summer
tion and whooping cough. (172:667) Navajo Snakebite RemedyInfu dances, (as Dasiophorafruticosa 44:22)
sion taken and poultice of pounded leaves applied to rattlesnake
bites. (55:77) Paiute Toothache Remedy Chewed root inserted into Penthorum, Saxifragaceae
the tooth cavity for pain. (180:114,115) Thompson Eye Medicine In Penthorum sedoides L, Ditch Stonecrop
fusion of plants used as a wash for sore eyes. Kidney Aid Decoction • DrwgHVieskwaki Cough Medicine Seeds used to make a cough
of plants taken for kidney trouble. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of syrup. (152:219)
plants taken for sore back. (164:465) • Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves used as a potherb. (126:50)
• Food—Navajo Beverage Used to make tea. (55:77) Used to make bev
erages. Forage Plant browsed by animals. (90:162) Peperomia, Piperaceae
Peperomia sp., Ala-ala-waionui-pehu
Penstemon Utahensis Eastw., Utah Penstemon
• Drug—Hawaiian Gynecological Aid Whole plant with other ingredi
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant, associated with east direction,
ents and coconut milk taken by women with sexual organ afflictions.
used in the Po-wa-mu ceremony. Decorations Flowers used for per
Laxative Buds chewed by the mother and given to the newborn in
sonal decoration. Season IndicatorFlowers used to indicate when
fant as a laxative. Other Stems and other ingredients pounded and
watermelon planting was over. (42:342)
the resulting liquid taken for wasting away of the body. PediatricAid
Penstemon virgatUS Gray, Upright Blue Beardtongue Buds chewed by the mother and given to the newborn infant as a
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Panacea Whole plant or root used as "life laxative. Pulmonary Aid Leaves with other ingredients and water tak
medicine." (191:45) en for pulmonary diseases. (2:13) Respiratory Aid Buds and other
plants pounded, the resulting liquid heated and taken for asthma. (2:
Pentachaeta, Asteraceae 57) Strengthener Stems and other ingredients taken for general debil
Pentachaeta aurea Nutt., Golden Chaetopappa ity. Stems and other ingredients pounded and the resulting liquid
• Other—Cahuilla Decorations Pollen used as a cosmetic for women. taken for general weakness. (2:13)
(as Chaetopappa aurea 15:52)
Perezia, Asteraceae
Pentagrama, Pteridaceae, fern Perezia sp.
Pentagrama triangularis (Kaulfuss) Yatskievych, Windham & • Drwg^-Yavapai Dermatological Aid and PediatricAid Cotton-like
Wollenweber ssp, triangularis, Western Goldfern material at root base placed on baby's umbilicus. (65:261)

• Drug—Karok Analgesic and Gynecological Aid Plant used to mitigate

Pericome, Asteraceae
the afterpains of childbirth, (as Gymnogramme triangularis 148:377)
Miwok Toothache Remedy Chewed for toothache, (as Gymnogram- Pericome caudata Gray, Mountain Leaftail
ma triangularis 12:170) • Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Decoction of root taken for general

• Other—Yurok Designs Spores used by children to make a design on body pain. Fresh leaves "smelled" for headache. Ceremonial Medi

their hands, (as Pityrogramma triangularis 6:45) cine Cold infusion of leaves used as a ceremonial chant lotion and
emetic. Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken for cough. Derma
Pentaphylloides, Rosaceae tological AidCompound containing stems used as shampoo to pre-
386 Pericome caudata (Asteraceae)

vent falling hair. Diaphoretic Decoction of root used as a sweat bath berries. Winter Use Food Roots stored in pits for future use. (188:71)
medicine. Emetic Cold infusion of leaves used as a ceremonial chant Paiute Dried Food Dried, mashed corms used in a mush or gravy.
lotion and emetic. Febrifuge Cold infusion of leaves taken for fever. Unspecified Corms eaten raw or boiled. Winter Use Food Roots mixec
Gynecological Aid Decoction of root taken to facilitate delivery of with dirt and buried for winter use. (111:97) Paiute, Northern Por-
placenta. Misc. Disease Remedy'Cold infusion of leaves taken for in ridgeRoots dried, pounded, ground, and used to make mush. Soup
fluenza. Toothache Remedy Poultice of heated root applied for tooth Roots dried, pounded, ground, and used to make soup. Staple Roots
ache. Witchcraft Medicine Decoction of root used for protection ground into flour. Unspecified Roots peeled and eaten fresh, boiled,
from witches. (191:52) or roasted. (59:43) Skagit, Upper UnspecifiedRoots steamed in an
earth oven and eaten. (179:40)
Perideridia, Apiaceae • Other—-Blackfoot WaterproofingAgentPlant rubbed on arrows for

Perideridia bolanderi (Gray) A. Nels. & J. F. Macbr., Bolander's shine and waterproofing. (86:116)

Yampah Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias ssp. gairdneri,

• Food—Atsugewi Bread & Cake Stored, dried roots pounded and Gairdner'sYampah
made into bread. Dried Food Dried roots stored for winter use. • Drug—Blackfoot Dermatological Aid Root used to draw inflamma
Stored, dried roots pounded and made into bread or dried and stored tion from swellings. ThroatAidRoot used for sore throat, (as Carum
for later use. Soup Stored, dried roots pounded and made into soup. gairdneri 114:274) Cheyenne UnspecifiedDecoction of roots, stems,
UnspecifiedFresh, ground roots used for food, (as Pteridendia bolan- and leaves used as a medicine, (as Carum gairdneri76:\82)
den 61:138) Miwok Substitution Food Served as substitution food • Food—-Blackfoot SpiceUsed to flavor stews. Vegetable Eaten raw or
when acorn supply was reduced. Unspecified Eaten raw or cooked in boiled as a vegetable, (as Carum gairdneri 114:274) Cheyenne Por
baskets by stone boiling, becoming mealy like potatoes, (as Eulo- ridge Dried roots cooked and used as a mush by pouring soup over
phus bolanderi 12:157) them. Unspecified Roots eaten fresh. Winter Use Food Roots dried for
winter use. (as Carum gairdneri 76:182) Gosiute UnspecifiedRoots
Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias, Gairdner'sYampah
roasted in a pit lined with hot stones and eaten. Winter Use Food
• Drug—Blackfoot Antidiarrheal and Antiemetic Infusion of roots tak
Roots preserved in quantity for winter use. (as Carum gairdneri39:
en to counteract cathartic and emetic effects of another infusion.
365) Great Basin Indian Unspecified Root eaten raw or cooked, (as
(86:67) Breast TreatmentInfusion of roots used to massage sore
Carum gairdneri 121:49) Karok UnspecifiedRoots dried, peeled,
breasts with warm stones. (86:77) Cough Medicine Infusion of roots
cooked in an earth oven, and eaten, (as Carum gairdneri 148:387)
or roots chewed for coughs. Root smudge smoke inhaled for nagging
Klamath UnspecifiedRoots used for food, (as Carum gairdneri45:
coughs. (86:72) Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots applied to sores
101) Miwok Unspecified Boiled and eaten like a potato, (as Carum
and wounds. (86:77) Diuretic Roots eaten in quantity as a diuretic.
gairdneri 12:157) Montana Indian Vegetable Roots boiled like pota
(86:67) Infusion of roots taken as a diuretic. (86:70) Laxative Roots
toes, (as Carum gairdneri 19:9) Nevada Indian Pie & PuddingRoots
eaten in quantity as a mild laxative. (86:67) Panacea Chewed roots
ground into flour for puddings. Unspecified Boiled roots used for
sprayed onto affected part by the diviner. A diviner, like Dog Child,
food. Winter Use FoodRoots stored for winter use. (as Carum gaird
would find the root mysteriously during the rituals. While he sang,
neri 118:16) Porno Staple Seeds used for pinole. Tubers eaten raw,
often with a drum, he would dig the ground with a special bear claw,
cooked, or used for pinole. Vegetable Fresh tops eaten as greens, (as
coming up with the root every time and anywhere. (86:83) Respirato
Carum gairdneri 11:89) Umatilla Unspecified Roots used for food.
ry y4/d Infusion of roots used as a nostril wash for catarrh. (86:72)
Ute Unspecified Roots used for food, (as Carum gairdneri 45:101)
Strengthener Roots chewed by buffalo runners to extend their en
Yana UnspecifiedRoots roasted and eaten. Leaves eaten raw. (as
durance. (86:116) Throat Aid Infusion of roots or roots chewed for
Carum gairdneri 147:251)
sore throats. (86:72) Veterinary Aid Infusion of roots given to horses
as a diuretic. Roots chewed by lazy horses to enliven them. Infusion Perideridia kelloggii (Gray) Mathias, Kellogg's Yampah
of roots used for horses with nasal gleet. (86:89) Cheyenne Unspeci • Drug—Porno Antiemetic Decoction of flowers taken for vomiting,
fied Roots used as an ingredient in medicines. (83:41) (as Carum kelloggii 66:14) Pomo, Kashaya Antiemetic Decoction of
• Food—Blackfoot Snack Food Roots eaten as snacks by children flowers used for vomiting. (72:89)
while playing on the prairie. Soup Roots stored for use in soups. Sta- • Food—Mendocino Indian Spice Seeds used to flavor pinole. Staple
pleRoot considered a staple. Unspecified Roots eaten fresh. (86:103) Tubers and semifleshy roots eaten as pinole. Unspecified Leaves eat
Cheyenne Dried Food Roots scraped, dried, and stored for winter en raw. Tubers and semifleshy roots eaten raw or cooked like acorn
use. Porridge Roots cooked, dried, pulverized, and eaten as mush. bread, (as Carum kelloggii 41:372) Miwok Unspecified Species used
(82:65) UnspecifiedSpeties used for food. (83:45) Flathead Bread & for food, (as Carum kelloggii 12:157) Pomo Staple Seeds used to
Cake Roots smashed, formed into small, round cakes, sun dried, and make pinoles, (as Carum kelloggii 11:86) Pomo, Kashaya Unspecified
stored for winter use. Montana Indian Unspecified Roots eaten raw Young greens eaten raw. (72:89) Yuki UnspecifiedYoung plants eaten
or boiled. (82:65) Okanagan-Colville Dried Food Roots eaten raw, raw. (as Carum kelloggii 49:88)
boiled, or cooked, sliced, dried, and mixed with dried, powdered • Fiber—Mendocino Indian Brushes & Brooms Rigid, root fibers made
deer meat. Pie & PuddingRoots mixed with flour or black tree lichen into compact cylindrical brushes and used "for combs." (as Carum
into a pudding. UnspecifiedRoots boiled alone or with saskatoon kelloggii 41:372) Pomo, Kashaya Brushes & Brooms Roots bundled
 Catalog of Plants 387

together to make a hairbrush or scrub brush. (72:89) Yuki Brushes & leaves taken by babies and adults for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomit
Brooms Strong, fibrous roots used to make hairbrushes, (as Carun ing, and appetite loss. (169:234) Infusion of leaves taken by children
kelloggii 49:91) for buzzard sickness: vomiting. (169:305) Antirheumatic (External)
Decoction of leaves rubbed on body and body steamed for deer sick
Perideridia oregana (S. Wats.) Mathias, Squaw Potato
ness: numb, painful limbs and joints. (169:192) Plant used for fire
• Food—Klamath Dried Food Dried roots eaten raw. (as Carum ore-
sickness: fever and body aches. (169:203) Ceremonial Medicine Leaf
ganum 45:101) Paiute Dried Food Roots sun dried and used for food.
used as an emetic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school,
Unspecified Roots eaten raw or boiled, (as Carum oreganum 104:101)
and after death of patient. (169:167) Infusion of leaves added to food
Perideridia pringlei (Coult. & Rose) A. Nels. & J. F. Macbr., Adobe after a recent death. (169:342) Dietary Aid Leaves used for bird sick
Yampah ness: diarrhea, vomiting, and appetite loss. (169:156) Infusion of
• Food—Kawaiisu Vegetable Peeled roots boiled like potatoes and eat leaves taken by babies for opossum sickness: appetite loss, and
en. (206:47) Yana Unspecified Roots roasted and eaten, (as Eulophus drooling. (169:220) Decoction of leaves taken by babies and adults
pringlei 147:251) for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting, and appetite loss. (169:234)
Leaves used for baby sickness caused by adultery: appetite loss,
Perillciy Lamiaceae fever, headache, and diarrhea. (169:253) Decoction of leaves taken
Perillafrutescens (L) Britt, Beefsteakplant for dead people's sickness.36 (169:257) Infusion of leaves taken as
• Drug—Rappahannock Blood Medicine An ingredient of a blood emetic for ghost sickness: grief, lung cough, appetite loss, and vom
medicine, (as P. fructescens 161:31) iting. (169:260) Emetic Decoction of plant and other plants taken as
an emetic by doctors to strengthen his internal medicine. (169:145)
Persea, Lauraceae Leaves used as an emetic to "clean the insides." (169:167) Leaves
Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., Red Bay used as an emetic by the doctor to prevent the next patient from get
• Drug—Semmole Abortifacient Infusion of leaves taken to abort a ting worse.37 (169:184) Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for rain
fetus up to about 4 months old. (169:320) Analgesic Infusion of leaf bow sickness: fever, stiff neck, and backache. (169:210) Infusion of
taken for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation, and leaves taken as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, head
blocked urination. (169:198) Infusion of leaves taken for sun sick ache, and diarrhea. (169:213) Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic
ness: eye disease, headache, high fever, and diarrhea. (169:206) Infu and rubbed on the body for cat sickness: nausea. (169:224) Plant
sion of leaves taken as an emetic for rainbow sickness: fever, stiff used as an emetic during religious ceremonies. (169:409) EyeMedi-
neck, and backache. (169:210) Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic cine Infusion of leaves taken for sun sickness: eye disease, headache,
for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache, and diarrhea. (169: high fever, and diarrhea. (169:206) Infusion of leaves taken and used
213) Infusion of plant taken for wolf sickness: vomiting, stomach as a bath for mist sickness: eye disease, fever, and chills. (169:208)
pain, diarrhea, and frequent urination. (169:227) Leaves used for Febrifuge Infusion of leaf taken for bear sickness: fever, headache,
baby sickness caused by adultery: appetite loss, fever, headache, and thirst, constipation, and blocked urination. (169:198) Plant used for
diarrhea. (169:253) Leaves used for adult's sickness caused by adul fire sickness: fever and body aches. (169:203) Infusion of leaves taken
tery: headache, body pains, and crossed fingers. (169:256) Decoction for sun sickness: eye disease, headache, high fever, and diarrhea.
of leaves taken for dead people's sickness.36 (169:257) Leaves used for (169:206) Infusion of leaves taken and used as a bath for mist sick
scalping sickness: severe headache, backache, and low fever. (169: ness: eye disease, fever, and chills. (169:208) Infusion of leaves taken
262) Decoction of leaves taken for headaches. (169:282) Antidiar- as an emetic for rainbow sickness: fever, stiff neck, and backache.
rhealLeaves used for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting, and appetite (169:210) Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for thunder sitkness:
loss. (169:156) Infusion of leaves taken for sun sickness: eye disease, fever, dizziness, headache, and diarrhea. (169:213) Leaves used for
headache, high fever, and diarrhea. (169:206) Infusion of leaves tak baby sickness caused by adultery: appetite loss, fever, headache, and
en as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache, and diarrhea. (169:253) Decoction of leaves taken for dead people's sick
diarrhea. (169:213) Leaves burned and smoke "smelled" by the baby ness.36 (169:257) Leaves used for scalping sickness: severe headache,
for raccoon sickness: diarrhea. (169:218) Infusion of leaves taken by backache, and low fever. (169:262) Decoction of leaves taken for
babies and adults for otter sickness: diarrhea and vomiting. (169: fevers. (169:282) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant taken for wolf
222) Infusion of plant taken for wolf sickness: vomiting, stomach sickness: vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, and frequent urination.
pain, diarrhea, and frequent urination. (169:227) Decoction of leaves (169:227) Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for ghost sickness: grief,
taken by babies and adults for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting, and lung cough, appetite loss, and vomiting. (169:260) Decoction of
appetite loss. (169:234) Leaves used for baby sickness caused by leaves taken for stomachaches. (169:282) Laxative Infusion of leaf
adultery: appetite loss, fever, headache, and diarrhea. (169:253) Anti- taken for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation, and
emetic Leaves used for bird sickness: diarrhea, vomiting, and appe blocked urination. (169:198) Love Medicine Leaves sung over to get
tite loss. (169:156) Infusion of leaves taken by babies and adults for the love of a particular girl. (169:400) OralAid Infusion of leaf taken
otter sickness: diarrhea and vomiting. (169:222) Infusion of leaves for bear sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation, and blocked
taken as an emetic and rubbed on the body for cat sickness: nausea. urination. (169:198) Infusion of leaves taken by babies for opossum
(169:224) Infusion of plant taken for wolf sickness: vomiting, stom sickness: appetite loss and drooling. (169:220) OrthopedicAidDecoc-
ach pain, diarrhea, and frequent urination. (169:227) Decoction of tion of leaves taken for dead people's sickness.36 (169:257) Leaves
388 Persea borbonia (Lauraceae)

used for scalping sickness: severe headache, backache and low fever. used for colds and head congestion. Respiratory Aid Infusion of
(169:262) Other Leaves burned for ghost sickness: dizziness and dried, stored leaves used for chest congestion. (98:62)
staggering. (169:260) Infusion of leaves taken and rubbed on the • Food—Alaska Native Vegetable Leaves mixed with other greens. (85:
body for "mythical wolf" sickness. (169:306) Panacea Leaves used 41) Eskimo, Alaska Vegetable Leaves used for greens. (4:716) Eskimo,
medicinally for everything and could be added to any medicine. (169: Arctic Vegetable Young leaves and flowering stems eaten raw as sal
161) PediatricAidLeaves burned and smoke "smelled" by the baby ad, cooked as a potherb, or made into a "sauerkraut." (128:26)
for raccoon sickness: diarrhea. (169:218) Infusion of leaves taken by • Fiber—Eskimo, Alaska Mats, Rugs & Bedding Cotton-like seed heads
babies for opossum sickness: appetite loss and drooling. (169:220) formerly used for mattress stuffing with duck and goose feathers.
Leaves with other plants used as a baby's charm for fear from dreams (1:38)
about raccoons or opossums. (169:221) Infusion of leaves taken by • Otfier-^Alaska Native Containers Large, mature leaves used to cover
babies and adults for otter sickness: diarrhea and vomiting. (169: berries and other greens stored in kegs for winter use. (85:41) Eskimo,
222) Decoction of leaves taken by babies and adults for bird sickness: Alaska Containers Leaves used by children to make cone-shaped
diarrhea, vomiting, and appetite loss. (169:234) Leaves used for baby buckets to hold the picked berries. Cooking Tools Leaves occasionally
sickness caused by adultery: appetite loss, fever, headache, and diar used to form makeshift funnels. Smoke Plant Dried, burned leaves
rhea. (169:253) Infusion of leaves taken by children for buzzard sick added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. SnuffDried, burned leaves
ness: vomiting. (169:305) Whole plant used for chronically ill babies. added to snuff for flavoring. (1:38) Eskimo, Inuktitut Smoke Plant
(169:329) Psychological Aid Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for Dried, burned plant ashes added to chewing tobacco. (202:189) Eski
ghost sickness: grief, lung cough, appetite loss, and vomiting. (169: mo, Inupiat Containers Large, mature leaves used to cover barrels of
260) Infusion of leaves used to steam and bathe the body for insani rhubarb and blueberries, to prevent mold from growing. (98:62)
ty. (169:292) Plant burned to smoke the body for insanity. (169:293)
Petasitesfrigidusvar. nivalis (Greene) Cronq., Arctic Sweet
Pulmonary Aid Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for ghost sickness:
Coltsfoot
grief, lung cough, appetite loss, and vomiting. (169:260) Reproductive
• Drug—Eskimo, Inupiat Cold Remedy Infusion of dried, stored leaves
Aid Infusion of leaves taken and rubbed on the body for protracted
used for colds and head congestion. RespiratoryAid Infusion of dried,
labor. (169:323) Respiratory Aid Decoction of leaves taken for dead
stored leaves used for chest congestion, (as P. hyperboreus 98:62)
people's sickness.36 (169:257) Sedative Leaves with other plants used
• Fiber—-Eskimo, Alaska Mats, Rugs & Bedding Cotton-like seed heads
as a baby's charm for fear from dreams about raccoons or opossums.
formerly used for mattress stuffing with duck and goose feathers, (as
(169:221) Infusion of leaves taken and used as a steam for turkey
P. hyperboreus 1:38)
sickness: dizziness or "craziness." (169:236) Stimulant Decoction of
• Other—-Eskimo, Alaska ContainersLeaves used by children to make
leaves used as a bath for hog sickness: unconsciousness. (169:229)
cone-shaped buckets to hold the picked berries. Leaves occasionally
Decoction of leaves taken for dead people's sickness.36 (169:257) Un
used to form makeshift funnels. Smoke Plant Dried, burned leaves
specified Leaves used for medicinal purposes. (169:161) Plant used
added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. SnuffDned, burned leaves
medicinally. (169:164) Urinary Aid Infusion of leaf taken for bear
added to snuff for flavoring, (as P. hyperboreus 1:38) Eskimo, Inupiat
sickness: fever, headache, thirst, constipation, and blocked urina
Containers Large, mature leaves used to cover barrels of rhubarb and
tion. (169:198) Infusion of planttaken for wolf sickness: vomiting,
blueberries, to prevent mold from growing, (as P. hyperboreus 98:62)
stomach pain, diarrhea, and frequent urination. (169:227) Vertigo
Medicine Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for thunder sickness: Petasitesfrigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq., Arctic Sweet
fever, dizziness, headache, and diarrhea. (169:213) Coltsfoot
• Otfier—-Seminole Ceremonial Items Leaves used in funeral ceremo • Drug—Concovt Dermatological Aid Dried, grated roots applied to
nies. (169:161) Leaves carried by every member of the burial party boils and running sores. Misc. Disease Remedy Root used for the first
and placed on top of the casket. (169:338) Leaves burned to keep the stages of grippe. Tuberculosis Remedy Root used for the first stages of
soul of the recently deceased from returning home. (169:342) Cook consumption, (as P. palmata Gray. 41:395) Delaware Cough Medi
ing Tools Plant used to make spoons. (169:507) cineCombined with great mullein, plum root, and glycerin and used
as a syrup for coughs. Pulmonary Aid Combined with great mullein,
Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg., Swamp Bay
plum root, and glycerin and used as a syrup for lung trouble. Respi
• Drug—Creek Alterative Root used as a "hydragogue" and alterant.
ratory Aid Combined with great mullein, plum root, and glycerin
Diaphoretic and Febrifuge Decoction of root used as a diaphoretic in
and used as a syrup for catarrh, (as P. palmatus 176:36) Delaware,
"fevers of all descriptions." Kidney Aid Decoction of root used for
Oklahoma Cough Medicine Compound decoction of leaves taken for
dropsy, (as P. pubescens 28:289)
coughs. Pulmonary Aid Compound decoction of leaves taken for ca
Persea planifolia, American Avocado tarrh and lung trouble. Respiratory Aid Compound containing plant
• Drug—Mahuna Oral Aid Powdered seeds used for pyorrhea. Tooth taken for catarrh, coughs, and lung trouble, (as P. palmata 175:30,
ache itemedy Infusion used for toothaches. (140:25) 31) Karok Panacea Plant used for sickly babies. Pediatric Aid Plant
used for sickly babies, (as P. palmata 148:390) Lummi Emetic Decoc
Petasites, Asteraceae tion of roots taken as an emetic, (as P. speciosus 79:49) Menominee
Petasitesfrigidus (L.) Fries, Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot Dermatological Aid Decoction of root used for itch, (as P. palmatus
• Drug—-Eskimo, Inupiat Cold Remedy Infusion of dried, stored leaves 151:31) Quileute Cough Medicine Decoction of roots or raw roots
 Catalog of Plants 389

eaten as a cough medicine. Quinault Dermatological Aid Infusion of Rocky Mountain Rockspirea
smashed roots used as a wash for swellings. Eye Medicine Infusion of • Drug—-Gosiute Burn Dressing Poultice of boiled roots applied to
smashed roots used as a wash for sore eyes. Skagit Antirheumatic burns, (as Spiraea caespitosa 39:349) Boiled roots used as a salve for
(External) Poultice of warmed leaves applied to parts afflicted with burns. Gastrointestinal Aid Leaves used as a bowel medicine, (as Spi
rheumatism. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of roots taken for tu raea caespitosa 39:382) Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial MedicinePlant
berculosis, (as P. speciosus79'A9) Tanaina Antirheumatic (Internal) used as a charm or prayer in the "Pleiades rite." Narcotic Plant used
and Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used for diseases from rheumatism as a narcotic, (as Spiraea caespitosa 205:27)
to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis Remedy Plant used for diseases from
rheumatism to tuberculosis, (as P. palmatus 149:329) Tlingit Derma- Petroselinum, Apiaceae
tological Aid Compound containing plant used for sores, (as Nardos- Petroselinum Clispum (P. Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill, Parsley
mia palmata 107:284) Tolowa Antirheumatic (External) Leaves placed • Drug—Cherokee Abortifacient Infusion of top and root taken as an
in hot water and used for arthritic joints, (as P. palmatum 6:42) abortive for "female obstructions." Gynecological Aid Infusion taken
• Food—Concow UnspeciftedLeaves and young stems used for food, by "lying-in women whose discharges are too scant." Kidney Aid In
(as P. palmata 41:395) Nitinaht Forage Plants eaten by elk. (186:98) fusion of top and root taken for kidneys and "dropsy." Urinary Aid
Sanpoil & Nespelem Unspecified Petioles eaten raw after removal of Infusion of top and root taken for the bladder. (80:47) Micmac Uri
integumental fibers, (as Pedasites speciosa 131:103) nary Aid Herb used for "cold in the bladder." (as P. sativum 40:58)
• Other—Quinault Cooking Tools Leaves used to cover berries cooking
in pits, (as Petasites speciosus 79:49)
Peucedanum, Apiaceae
Peucedanum sandwicense Hb<±, Makou
Petasites sagittatUS (Banks ex Pursh) Gray, Arrowleaf Sweet Colts
• Drwg^-Hawaiian Laxative and PediatricAid Bark eaten by children
foot
and adults as a mild laxative. Reproductive Aid Bark taken by expec
• Drug—Cree, Woodlands Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves ap
tant mother for the healthy effect on the growing life. (2:71)
plied to worms eating the flesh and itchy skin. (109:48)
Peucedanum sp., Wild Celery
Peteria, Fabaceae • Food—Coeur d'Alene Unspecified Growing stalks used for food. (178:
Peteria scoparia Gray, Rush Peteria 91) Okanagon Staple Growing stalks used as a principal food. (178:
• Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine Co\o\ infusion of root 239) Thompson Unspecified Roots and stalks eaten. (164:482)
used by family to protect hogan and livestock. Dermatological Aid Thompson, Upper (Nicola Band) Unspecified Roots and stems eaten.
Plant used as a lotion for injury inflicted by porcupine. Misc. Disease (164:479)
itemedy Compound infusion of tops taken for influenza. Veterinary
Pezizaceae, see Peziza
Aid Smoke from dried tops inhaled by sheep for cough. Witchcraft
Medicine Compound infusion of tops taken for protection from Peziza, Pezizaceae, fungus
witches. (191:33)
Peziza aurantia} Orange Peel Mushroom
• Food—Porno, Kashaya Vegetable Cooked on hot stones, coals, or
Petradoria, Asteraceae
eaten fresh. (72:131)
Petradoria pumila (Nutt.) Greene, Grassy Rockgoldenrod
• Dye^-Navajo Yellow Flowering tops mixed with wild rhubarb and Phacelia, Hydrophyllaceae
used as a yellow dye. (as Solidago pumila 55:89)
Phacelia californica Cham., California Scorpionweed
Petradoria pumila (Nutt.) Greene ssp. pumila, Grassy Rock • Drug—Costanoan Febrifuge Decoction of root used for fevers.
goldenrod (21:13) Kawaiisu Cold Remedy Infusion of roots taken for colds.
• Drug—Hopi Analgesic Plant considered a good remedy for breast Cough Medicine Infusion of roots taken for coughs. Gastrointestinal
pain, (as Solidago petradoria 200:98) Breast TreatmentPlant used for Aid Infusion of roots taken for stomach problems. Stimulant Infu
breast pain and to dry up flow of milk, (as Solidago petradoria 42:361) sion of roots taken when weak and not feeling good. (206:48) Porno,
Gynecological Aid Plant used to decrease milk flow and ease breast Kashaya Dermatological A/d Fresh, crushed leaf juice rubbed on
pain, (as Solidago petradoria 200:36,98) Navajo, Kayenta Dermato cold sores and impetigo. (72:48)
logical AidPlant used for ant bites, (as Solidago petradoria205:50)
Phacelia crenulataTou. ex S.Wats., CleftleafWildheliotrope
Navajo, Ramah Cathartic Strong decoction taken as a cathartic. Cer
• Drug—Hopi Veterinary AidPlant used for injury in animals, espe
emonial Medicine Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Dermatologi
cially horses. (42:344)
cal Aid Cold infusion used as a lotion for injuries. Emetic Plant used
as a ceremonial emetic, (as Solidago petradoria 191:53) Phacelia crenulatavar. corrugata (A. Nels.) Brand, Cleftleaf
• Other—Hopi Decorations Used as prayer stick decorations, (as Sol Wildheliotrope
idago petradoria 200:96) • Drug—Hopi Plant used for injury in animals, especially horses, (as
P. corrugata 42:343) Keres, Western Antirheumatic (External) Infu
Petrophyton, Rosaceae sion of root used as a rub for swellings. Throat Aid Infusion of plant
Petrophyton caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb. var. caespitosutti used for sore throat, (as P. corrugata 171:59)
390 Phacelia distans (Hydrophyllaceae)

Phacelia distans Benth., Distant Phacelia • Food—Havasupai Soup Beans parched, ground, and added to hot
• Food—Kawaiisu Vegetable Leaves steam cooked and eaten as greens. water to make a soup. Vegetable Beans cooked with fresh corn,
(206:48) cooked in hot ashes under a fire, or boiled. Winter Use Food Beans
stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use. (197:227) Sia
Phacelia dubia (L) Trel., Smallflower Scorpionweed
Vegetable Cultivated beans used for food. (199:106)
• Food—Cherokee UnspecifiedYoung growth boiled, fried, and eaten.
• Other—Keresan Ceremonial Items Beans made into a flour by the
(204:252) Vegetable Leaves cooked and eaten as greens. (80:49)
Koshairi and used for ritual purposes. Prayer meal ground from
Phacelia hastata Dougl. ex Lehm. var. hastata, Silverleaf beans was exceedingly unusual; it was almost always made from
Phacelia corn. (198:558)
• Drug—Thompson Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken for
Phaseolus acutifolius var, latifolius Freeman, Tepary Bean
difficult menstruation, (as P. leucophylla 164:470)
• Food—Cocopa Staple Parched, ground, boiled beans and unparched
Phacelia heterophylla Pursh, Varileaf Phacelia maize made into a meal. Winter Use Food Beans stored in pots for
• Drwg^-Miwok Dermatological Aid Poultice of pulverized, dried plant later use. (64:264) Kamia Unspecified Species used for food. (62:21)
put in fresh wounds. (12:171,172) Papago Dried Food Beans threshed, dried on the ground or roofs,
• Food—Navajo, Kayenta Vegetable Used for greens in foods. (205:39) stored, and used for food. StapleUsed as a staple crop. (34:32)

Phacelia linearis (Pursh) Holz., Threadleaf Phacelia Phaseolus angUStissimus Gray, Slimleaf Bean
• Drug—Shuswap Cold Remedy Infusion of plant taken for a bad cold. • Drug—Zuni Pediatric Aid and Strengthener Crushed leaves, blos
(123:64) Thompson Unspecified Decoction of plant used medicinally. soms, and powdered root rubbed on a child's body as a strength
(as P. menziesii 164:468) ened (166:85)

Phacelia neomexicanaThurb. exTorr., New Mexico Scorpionweed Phaseolus coccineus L, Scarlet Runner
• Drug—Zuni Dermatological A/d Powdered root mixed with water • Food—Iroquois Bread & Cake Seeds cooked, mixed with corn bread
and used for rashes. (27:376) paste, and again cooked in the making of the bread. Dried Food
Seedpods boiled, dried in evaporating baskets or on flat boards, and
Phacelia purshii Buckl., Miami Mist
stored away in bags or barrels. Soup Seedpods cooked and used to
• Drug—Cherokee Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of plant used for
make soup. Beans boiled with green sweet corn, meat, and seasoned
swollen joints. (80:49)
with salt, pepper, and butter or fat. Dried seedpods soaked, boiled,
Phacelia ramosissima Dougl. ex Lehm., Branching Phacelia seasoning and butter added, and eaten as a soup. Seeds washed with
• Drug—Kawaiisu Emetic Decoction of roots taken to cause vomiting. hot water, cooked until soft, and sugar added to make a sweet soup.
Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots taken to clear the "bad stom Ripe seeds boiled with beef or venison, mashed until thoroughly
ach." Venereal Aid Decoction of roots taken for gonorrhea. (206:48) mixed, and eaten as soup. Vegetable Seedpods cooked and eaten
• Food—Kawaiisu Vegetableleaves steam cooked and eaten as greens. whole or cooked with butter, squash, or meat. Seeds boiled or fried
(206:48) Luiseno Vegetable Plant used for greens. (155:230) in bear or sunflower oil, seasoned, and eaten. Seeds cooked "like
potatoes" and mashed or pounded, (as P. multiflorus 196:103)
Phacelia sp., Wildheliotrope
• Offor—Iroquois Ceremonial Items Seeds intimately associated with
• Food—-Pima, Gila River Unspecified Leaves boiled and eaten. (133:7)
the annual ceremonies of planting time and the harvest thanksgiv
Vegetable Leaves boiled or boiled, strained, refried, and eaten as
ing, (as P. multiflorus 196:103)
greens." (133:5)
Phaseolus lunatus L, Sieva Bean
Phalaris, Poaceae • Food—Cherokee Bread & Cake Beans used to make bean bread.
Phalaris arundinacea L, Reed Canarygrass Soup Beans used to make hickory nut soup. Vegetable Beans used for
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Ceremonial Items Used to make peaked food. (80:24) Havasupai Soup Beans parched, ground, and added to
hats suitable for wearing by Indian doctors. Cooking Tools Used to hot water to make a soup. Vegetable Beans cooked with fresh corn,
make eating mats and mats for drying roots and berries. Hunting & cooked in hot ashes under a fire, or boiled. Winter Use Food Beans
Fishing Item Used to make fishing weirs. (188:57) stored in granaries or in frame houses for later use. (197:227) Iro
quois Bread & Cake Seeds cooked, mixed with corn bread paste, and
Phalaris carolinianaWtit., Carolina Canarygrass
again cooked in the making of the bread. Dried Food Seedpods
• Food—Pima, Gila River Unspecified Seeds parched and eaten. (133:7)
boiled, dried in evaporating baskets or on flat boards, and stored
Phalaris minor Retz., Littleseed Canarygrass away in bags or barrels. Soup Seedpods cooked and used to make
• Food—Pima, Gila River Unspecified Seeds parched and eaten. (133:7) soup. Beans boiled with green sweet corn, meat, and seasoned with
salt, pepper, and butter or fat. Dried seedpods soaked, boiled, sea
Phaseolus, Fabaceae soning and butter added, and eaten as a soup. Seeds washed with
Phaseolus acutifolius Gray, Tepary Bean hot water, cooked until soft, and sugar added to make a sweet soup.
• Drug—Papago Toothache RemedyPlant bitten and held between Ripe seeds boiled with beef or venison, mashed until thoroughly
teeth for toothache. (34:65) mixed, and eaten as soup. Vegetable Seedpods cooked and eaten
 Catalog of Plants 391

whole or cooked with butter, squash, or meat. Seeds boiled or fried the Cocopa Indians. (37:108) Navajo, Ramah Cash Crop Beans culti
in bear or sunflower oil, seasoned, and eaten. Seeds cooked "like vated as a commercial crop. (191:33) Paipai Cash Crop Plant grown
potatoes" and mashed or pounded. (196:103) Navajo, Ramah Un- and traded to the Cocopa Indians. (37:108)
specifiedLarge, white bean cultivated for local use. Small, white lima
bean cultivated for local use. (191:33) Ojibwa VegetableThe Ojibwe Phegopteris, Thelypteridaceae, fern
claim to have originally had the lima bean, but that is doubtful. Phegopteris sp., Ako-lea
(153:406) • Drwg^-Hawaiian Dietary Aid Young shoots or buds and bark mixed
• Other—Iroquois Ceremonial Items Seeds intimately associated with with cooked leaves and eaten to restore the lost of appetite. Gyneco
the annual ceremonies of planting time and the harvest thanksgiv logical Aid Inner bark scraped or buds mixed with cooked taro leaves
ing. (196:103) and water and eaten during childbirth. (2:12)
• Food—Hawaiian Unspecified Roots cooked for food. (2:12)
Phaseolussp., Bean
• Food—Havasupai Porridge Seeds parched, ground, and used to make Philadelphus, Hydrangeaceae
mush. Soup Seeds parched, ground, and used to make soup. (197:67)
Philadelphus lewisii Pursh, Lewis's Mockorange
Okanagan-Colville Unspecified Seeds used for food. (188:105)
• Drug—Okanagan-Colville Cathartic Decoction of plant taken as a
Phaseolus VUlgaris L, Kidney Bean physic in the morning and evening. (188:108) Thompson Antirheu-
• Food—Abnaki Vegetable Beans used for food. (144:169) Apache, matic (External) Powdered, burned wood mixed with pitch or bear
White Mountain Vegetable Beans used for food. (136:159) Cherokee grease and rubbed on the skin for swellings. Dried, powdered leaves
Bread & Cake Beans used to make bean bread. Soup Beans used to mixed with pitch or bear grease and rubbed on the skin for swellings.
make hickory nut soup. (80:24) Vegetable Beans used for food. (80: Breast Treatment Poultice of bruised leaves used by women for in
21) Havasupai Soup Beans parched, ground, and added to hot water fected breasts. DermatologicalAidPowdered, burned wood mixed
to make a soup. VegetableBeans cooked with fresh corn, cooked in with pitch or bear grease and rubbed on the skin for sores. Dried,
hot ashes under a fire, or boiled. Winter Use Food Beans stored in powdered leaves mixed with pitch or bear grease and rubbed on the
granaries or in frame houses for later use. (197:227) Iroquois Bread & skin for sores. Strained decoction of branches, sometimes with the
Cake Seeds cooked, mixed with corn bread paste, and again cooked blossoms, used as a soaking solution for eczema.56 Hemorrhoid
in the making of the bread. Dried Food Seedpods boiled, dried in Remedy Strained decoction of branches, sometimes with the blos
evaporating baskets or on flat boards, and stored away in bags or soms, used to soak bleeding hemorrhoids.56 Pulmonary Aid Strained
barrels. Soup Seedpods cooked and used to make soup. Beans boiled decoction of branches taken for sore chest. (187:230)
with green sweet corn, meat, and seasoned with salt, pepper, and • Fiber—Mewuk Basketry Rods used in the fine, coiled baskets. (117:
butter or fat. Dried seedpods soaked, boiled, seasoning and butter 328) Okanagan-Colville FurnitureWood used to make cradle hoops.
added, and eaten as a soup. Seeds washed with hot water, cooked Snow Gear Wood used to make snowshoes. (188:108) Paiute Brushes
until soft, and sugar added to make a sweet soup. Ripe seeds boiled & Brooms Sticks split and used as hair combs. (111:77) Shuswap
with beef or venison, mashed until thoroughly mixed, and eaten as Snow GearWood used for fish spears and snowshoes. (123:63)
soup. Vegetable Seedpods cooked and eaten whole or cooked with Thompson Basketry Sticks used as edging for birch bark baskets.
butter, squash, or meat. Seeds boiled or fried in bear or sunflower oil, (187:230) Brushes & BroomsWood used to make combs. (164:499)
seasoned, and eaten. Seeds cooked "like potatoes" and mashed or Furniture Sticks used as edging for birch bark cradle hoods. (187:230)
pounded. (196:103) Menominee Staple Berry used as a staple article • Other—Coeur d'Alene Tools Wood used to make root diggers. (178:
of food. (151:69) Navajo Soup Beans boiled and used in stews. Vege- 91) Klamath Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used in the manufacture
fafr/e Beans formed a large part of the vegetable diet. (165:221) Navajo, of arrows for war purposes or large game. Stems used to make arrows
Ramah Fodder Plants, after harvesting the beans, used as stock feed. for war purposes or large game. (45:97) Montana Indian Hunting &
Winter Use Food Beans cultivated and stored for use during the win Fishing Item Stems used for making arrows. (19:17) Okanagan-
ter. (191:33) Ojibwa Vegetable Similar to the white man's navy bean. Colville Hunting & Fishing /tern Wood used to make harpoon shafts,
Original source of all best commercial pole beans, used alone or in bows and arrows, arrow tips, and clubs. Protection Wood used to
many peculiar combinations. (153:406) Papago Dried Food Beans make breast plate armor. Season Indicator Blooming bushes indicat
threshed, dried on the ground or roofs, stored, and used for food. ed the groundhogs were fat. Smoking Tools Wood used to make pipe-
(34:32) Unspecified Beans grown for food. (36:99) Potawatomi Veg stems. Soap Leaves rubbed with water, made into a frothy lather, and
etable A great number of varieties of beans were used. (154:104) Sia used to wash the hands and hair. Tools Wood used to make digging
Vegetable Cultivated beans used for food. (199:106) Tewa StapleUsed sticks. (188:108) Paiute Tools Sticks used as digging sticks, one of the
as a staple food. (138:100) Zuni Vegetable Beans boiled and fried or principal tools. (111:77) PolMah Hunting & Fishing Item Used to
crushed, boiled beans mixed with mush, baked in corn husks, and make arrows. (117:173) Saanich Hunting & Fishing Item Wood occa
used for food. Boiled and fried beans used for food. (166:69) sionally used to make bows and arrows. (182:84) Shuswap Hunting
• Other—Diegueno Cash Crop Plant grown and traded to the Cocopa & Fishing Item Wood used for fish spears and snowshoes. Soap Bark
Indians. (37:108) Iroquois Ceremonial Items Seeds intimately associ soaked in warm water and used for washing the face. (123:63)
ated with the annual ceremonies of planting time and the harvest Thompson Tools Hard wood used for making knitting needles.
thanksgiving. (196:103) Kiliwa Cash Crop Plant grown and traded to (187:230)
392 Philadelphus lewisii (Hydrangeaceae)

Philadelphia lewisii var. gordonianus (Lindl.) Jepson, Gor used as a cathartic, (as P. douglasiivai. diffusa90:\62) Ceremonial
don's Mockorange Medicine Crushed plant and other plants used to make the Night
• Drug—Snohomish Dermatological Aid Soapy lather from bruised Chant liniment. (55:70) Plant used in medicine ceremonies. Diuretic
leaves rubbed on sores, (as P. gordonianus 79:31) Plant used as a diuretic. Gynecological Aid Plant used for childbirth.
• Fiber—Cowlitz Brushes & BroomsWood used to make combs. Lum- Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine, (as P. douglash
mi Brushes & BroomsWood used to make combs, (as P. gordonianus var. diffusa 90:162)
79:31) Mendocino Indian Furniture Pithy stems used to make light
baskets for carrying babies, (as P. gordonianus 41:352) Phlox gradlis (Hook.) Greene ssp. gracilis, Slender Phlox
• Other—California Indian Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to • Drug—Gosiute Dermatological A/d Poultice of mashed plant applied

make bows. Shoots used to make arrows, (as P. gordonianus 118:52)

to wounds and bruises, (as Gilia gracilis 39:370) Navajo, Ramah Der

Karok Hunting & Fishing Item Young shoots used to make arrow matological AidPoultice of plant applied to sores on body. Oral Aid

shafts. Smoking ToolsTwigs, with the pithy center removed, used to Cold infusion used as mouthwash for mouth sores, (as Gilia gracilis

make tobacco pipes. (148:384) Lummi Tools Wood used for netting 191:40) Ute Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to bruised
or sore legs, (as Gilia gracilis 38:34)
shuttles and knitting needles. Skagit Hunting & Fishing Item Wood
used to make arrow shafts, (as P. gordonianus 79:31) Wailaki Hunting Phlox hoodii Richards., Spiny Phlox
& Fishing Item Older, less pithy wood formerly used to make bows. • Drag^-Blackfoot Laxative and Pediatric Aid Infusion of plant given
Young, very pithy shoots used to make arrows. Yuki Hunting & Fish to children as a mild laxative. (86:67) Pulmonary Aid Infusion of
ing Item Older, less pithy wood formerly used to make bows. Young, plant taken for chest pains. (86:73)
very pithy shoots used to make arrows, (as P. gordonianus41:352) • Dye—-Blackfoot Yellow Plant used to make a yellow dye. (86:116)
Straight branches used to make arrows. (49:91)
Phlox longifolia Nutt., Longleaf Phlox
Philadelphus microphyllus Gray, Littleleaf Mockorange
• Drug—Havasupai Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of pounded
• Food—Isleta Fruit Fruits formerly used for food. (32:30) Fruit for
roots rubbed all over the body for aches. Cold Remedy Decoction of
merly eaten as food. (100:36)
pounded roots rubbed all over the body for colds. Gastrointestinal
Philadelphus sp., Wild Syringa Aid and Pediatric Aid Decoction of pounded roots given to babies
• Other—Midoo Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make the best with stomachaches. (197:238) Okanagan-Colville Blood Medicine
arrow shafts. (117:320) Modesse Hunting & Fishing Item Used to and Pediatric Aid Infusion of whole plant given to "anemic" children.
make spear tips. (117:224) Washo Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used (188:112) Paiute Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a physic. Eye
to make shafts. (118:51) Medicine Infusion or decoction of root used as an eyewash. Gastro
intestinal Aid and Pediatric Aid Decoction of root given to children
Phlebodium, Polypodiaceae, fern for stomachaches. Venereal Aid Decoction of root taken for venereal
Phlebodium aureum (L) J. Sm., Golden Polypody disease. Shoshoni Antidiarrheal Infusion of mashed root taken for
• Drag^Seminole Other Complex infusion of tuberous roots taken diarrhea. (180:115) Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves used for
for chronic conditions. (169:272) Pediatric Aid Plant used for chroni boils. (118:44) Eye Medicine Infusion or decoction of root used as an
cally ill babies. (169:329) P5yc/zo/og/cfl/i4/^Infusionofplantusedto eyewash. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of entire plant taken for
steam and bathe the body for insanity. (169:292) UnspecifiedPtent stomach disorders. Infusion of root given to children for stomach
used for medicinal purposes. (169:162) aches. Pediatric Aid Infusion of root given to children for stomach
aches. Washo Eye Medicine Infusion or decoction of root used as an
Phleum, Poaceae eyewash. (180:115)
Phleum pratense L, Timothy
• Food—Shuswap Fodder Plant used as feed for cows. (123:55)
Phlox maculata L, Wild Sweetwilliam
• Fiber—Navajo, Ramah Brushes & Brooms Stems used to make hair • Drug—Cherokee Dietary Aid and Pediatric Aid Infusion of root used

brushes. (191:17)
as a wash to make children grow and fatten. (80:58)

• Other—Okanagan-Colville Containers Used in pit cooking. (188:57) Phlox multiflorah. Nels., Flowery Phlox
• Drug—Cheyenne Stimulant Infusion of pulverized leaves and flow
Phlox, Polemoniaceae
ers used as a wash and taken as a stimulant for body numbness.
Phlox austromontana Coville, Desert Phlox (76:184)
• Drug—Havasupai Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of pounded
roots rubbed all over the body for aches. Cold Remedy Decoction of Phlox pilosa L, Downy Phlox
pounded roots rubbed all over the body for colds. Gastrointestinal • DragHVieskwaki Blood Medicine Infusion of leaves taken to cure
Aid &nd Pediatric Aid Decoction of pounded roots given to babies and purify blood. Dermatological Aid Infusion of leaves used as wash
with stomachaches. (197:238) Navajo, Kayenta Toothache Remedy for eczema. Love Medicine Compound containing root used as a love
Crushed plant placed in cavity for toothaches. (205:38) medicine. (152:235)

Phlox caespitosa Nutt, Tufted Phlox Phlox Stansburyi (Torr.) Heller, Colddesert Phlox
• Drug—Navajo Burn DressingPlant used for burns. Cathartic Plant • Drag—Navajo, Ramah Contraceptive Decoction of leaves taken dur-
 Catalog of Plants 393

ing menstruation as a contraceptive. Dermatological Aid Decoction WitchcraftMedicinePlant used as "medicine for the stomach and bad
of leaves used as a lotion for sores. Disinfectant Plant used as a fumi- medicine of wizards." (200:72) Keres, Western Antidiarrheal Crushed
gant for "deer infection." Gynecological Aid Decoction of leaves tak plant given to children for diarrhea. Antirheumatic (External)
en during pregnancy to insure birth of female baby. Decoction of Crushed plant used as a rub for rheumatism. Pediatric Aid Crushed
leaves taken to facilitate delivery of placenta. (191:40) plant given to children for diarrhea. (171:59) Navajo Dermatological
• Food—Navajo, Kayenta Vegetable Eaten as greens with meat or as an Aid Plant used for warts. (90:162) Navajo, Raman Gastrointestinal
emergency food. (205:38) Aid Cold infusion taken to relieve distress caused by eating too much
• Other—Hopi Protection Infusion used to keep grasshoppers, rabbits, meat. (191:23) Tewa Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of pulverized plant
and pack rats from eating corn. Navajo, Kayenta Protection Infusion taken for "chill in the stomach." (138:47) Zuni Emetic Infusion of
used to keep grasshoppers, rabbits, and pack rats from eating corn. whole plant taken as an emetic for stomachaches. (27:377) Gyneco
(205:38) logical Aid Compound infusion of plant taken to promote muscular
relaxation at birth. Simple or compound infusion of twigs taken after
Phlox subulata L, Moss Phlox
childbirth to stop blood flow. Hemostat Simple or compound infu
• Drug—Mahuna Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for rheuma
sion of twigs taken after childbirth to stop blood flow. (166:55)
tism. (140:59)
• Food—Acoma Starvation Food Berries eaten when other foods be
Phoenicaulis, Brassicaceae came scarce. (32:39) Havasupai Unspecified Plant pounded and
boiled for food. (197:216) Keres, Western Fodder Plant used as sheep
Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Nutt., Wallflower Phoenicaulis
and goat feed, to produce good milk. Starvation Food Berries eaten
• Drw^-Paiute Gynecological Aid and Tonic Decoction of root taken
when other food was scarce. (171:59) Laguna Starvation Food Berries
as a tonic after childbirth, (as Parrya menziesii 180:112)
eaten when other foods became scarce. (32:39) Navajo Beverage
Pholisma, Lennoaceae Stems used to make tea. Fruit Berries used for food. (55:42)

Pholisma arenarium Nutt. ex Hook., Desert Christmas Tree Phoradendronjuniperinum Engelm. ssp. juniperinum,
• Food—Kawaiisu Unspecified Stems eaten raw, "roasted," or baked Juniper Mistletoe
below the fire "like mushrooms." (206:48) • Drug—Navajo Dermatological AidPlant used for warts, (as P. liga-

Pholisma sonorae (Torr. ex Gray) Yatskievych, Sandfood tum 90:162)

• Food—Cocopa Dried Food Roots baked, dried, boiled, and eaten.

Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. C. Johnston, Oak
Unspecified Roots baked and eaten after stripping off the thin bark.
Mistletoe
(as Ammobroma sonorae 37:207) Papago Dried Food Surplus of roots
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic "Tea ooze" used to bathe head for head
sun dried on roofs and used for food. Staple Used as a staple root
ache. Anticonvulsive Dried and pulverized plant "good for epilepsy
crop, (as Ammobroma sonorae 34:17) Unspecified Species used for
or fits, best if from oak." Gynecological Aid Hot infusion used as
food. {Ammobroma sonorae 32:7) Roots used for food, (as Ammobro
"medicine for pregnant women." Hypotensive Infusion used for high
ma sonorae 36:60)
blood pressure. Love Medicine Infusion taken after vomiting for 4
days, to cure "love sickness." (as P. serotinum 80:45) Creek Pulmo
Pholistoma, Hydrophyllaceae
nary Aid Compounds containing leaves and branches used for lung
Pholistoma membranaceum (Benth.) Constance, White Fiesta-
trouble, (as P.flavescens 172:659) Leaves and branches used for lung
flower
troubles, (as P.flavescens 177:20) Tuberculosis Remedy Compounds
• Food—Tubatulabal Unspecified Rolled in palm of hand with salt
containing leaves and branches used for consumption, (as P.
grass leaves and stems and eaten, (as Ellisea membranacea 193:19)
flavescens 172:659) Houma Orthopedic Aid Decoction of plant taken
Leaves used for food, (as Ellisia membranacea 193:15)
for debility and paralytic weakness. Panacea Decoction of plant said
to be good for sickness in general, a panacea, (as P.flavescens 158:
Phoradendron, Viscaceae
58) Mendocino Indian Abortifacient Infusion of roots taken for abor
Phoradendron californicum Nutt., Mesquite Mistletoe
tions. Poison Plant considered poisonous. Toothache Remedy Root
• Drug—Pima Cathartic Decoction of berries taken as a purge. Der
chewed for toothaches, (as P. flavescens 41:344) Seminole Antirheu
matological Aid Infusion of plant used as a wash for sores. Gastroin
matic {External) Decoction of leaves rubbed on body and body
testinal Aid Decoction of berries taken for stomachaches. (47:82)
steamed for deer sickness: numb, painful limbs and joints, (as P.
• Food—Maricopa Porridge Berries boiled to produce liquid and com
flavescens 169:192) Emetic Plant used as an emetic during religious
bined with wheat mush. (37:204) Papago Dried Food Berries sun
ceremonies, (as P.flavescens 169:409) Pediatric AidPlant used for
dried, stored, and used for food. (34:19) Pima Fruit Berries boiled
chronically ill babies, (as P.flavescens 169:329)
and eaten. (32:39) Berries boiled and eaten. (146:71) Pima, Gila River
Fruit Berries eaten cooked or raw. (133:5) Snack Food Fruits eaten Phoradendron macrophyllum (Engelm.) Cockerell
raw or boiled as a snack food. (133:7) ssp. macrophyllum, Colorado Desert Mistletoe
• Drug—Diegueno Dermatological AidDecoction of entire, fresh plant
Phoradendronjuniperinum Engelm., Juniper Mistletoe
used for dandruff, (as P. tomentosum ssp. macrophyllum 84:28)
• Drug—Hopi Gastrointestinal AidPlant used as "medicine for the
stomach." (200:34,72) Unspecified Plant used medicinally. (42:345) Phoradendron sp., Mistletoe
394 Phoradendron sp. (Viscaceae)

• Drug—Cahuilla Disinfectant and Eye Medicine Powdered berries nis 167:245) Paiute, Northern CandySap crystallized, gathered, and
mixed with water and used to bathe sore or infected eyes. Unspeci eaten like candy, (as P. communis 59:53) Thompson Forage Used as a
fied Leaves used to make tea, which may have had a medicinal use. forage plant only in absence of other foods, (as P. communis 164:516)
(15:101) Hopi UnspecifiedPlant growing on cottonwood used medic Yuma Unspecified Honeydew obtained from grass, (as P. communis
inally for unspecified purpose. (200:72) Papago Analgesic Bed of 37:218)
heated branches used by women for menstrual cramps. Decoction 1 Fiber—Havasupai Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems used to make mats
of leaves taken for stomach cramps and menstrual cramps. Gastro for drying yucca fruit pulp, baked mescal, peaches, or figs, (as P.
intestinal Aid Decoction of leaves taken for stomach cramps. Gyne communis 197:209) Hopi Building Materialised for roofing, tubular
cological A/d Decoction of leaves taken for menstrual cramps. De pipes, pipestems, and weaving rods, (as P. communis 200:66) Kla
coction of leaves taken and bed of heated branches used for men math Basketry Stems used for surface finish of baskets, (as P. phrag
strual cramps. (34:65) mites 45:91) Montana Indian Basketry Waxd, hollow culms used for
• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Leaves used to make tea, which may have pipestems, arrow shafts, and in making baskets, (as P. communis 19:
had a medicinal use. Fruit Ground berries mixed with a small 17) Okanagon Basketry Extensively used for basketry. Mats, Rugs &
amount of ashes, boiled in a pot, and eaten. (15:101) Zteddmg Extensively used to make mats, (as P. communis 125:39)
• Dye—Cahuilla Black Leaves used to dye basket weeds permanently Pima Mats, Rugs & BeddingUsed to make mats, (as P. communis47:
black. (15:101) 75) Seri Canoe Material Canes used to make rafts, (as P. communis
• Other—Navajo Ceremonial ItemsUsed in the War Dance liniment. 50:134) Thompson Basketry Extensively used for basketry, (as P.
Protection Twigs hung over the doorway of a hogan for protection communis 125:39) Stems used commonly as basketry material. Reed
from lightning. (55:41) used for weaving baskets, (as P. communis 164:497) Stems used in
basket imbrication. (187:142) Mats, Rugs & Bedd/rcg Extensively used
Phoradendron villosum (Nutt.) Nutt, Pacific Mistletoe
to make mats, (as P. communis 125:39) Stems twined together to
• Drug—Kawalisu Abortifacient Infusion of plant taken first 2 months
make food drying mats similar to those of tule stems. (187:142)
of pregnancy to cause an abortion. Antirheumatic (External) Infu
• Other—Apache, White Mountain Hunting & Fishing Item Reeds
sion of plant used as a wash on limbs affected by rheumatism, (as P.
used as an arrow shaft for hunting small birds with arrows. Smoke
flavescensvax. villosum 206:49) Porno Abortifacient Decoction of
PlantReeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette. Smoking
leaves taken to bring on delayed menstruation. (66:13)
ToolsReeds used to make pipestems. (as P. communis 136:159)
Phoradendron villosum (Nutt.) Nutt. ssp. villosum, Pacific Cahuilla Musical Instrument Used to make a flute, usually played by
Mistletoe men. (as P. communisvav. berlandieri 15:101) Chippewa Cooking
• Drug—PomotKashaya Abortifacient Decoction of leaves used for Tools Used to weave frames for drying berries, (as P. communis 53:
delayed menstruation. {as P. flavescens var. villosum 72:72) 378) Cocopa Smoking Tools Tubular internodes used to smoke to
bacco, (as P. communis 37:122) Havasupai Hunting & Fishing Item
PhragmiteSy Poaceae Stems used for arrow shafts. Smoking Tools Stems used to make
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Common Reed pipestems. (as P. communis 197:209) Hopi Ceremonial Items Associ
• Drug—Apache, White Mountain An tidiarrheal Root used for diar ated ceremonially with the bow and arrow, (as P. communis 200:66)
rhea and kindred diseases. GastrointestinalAidRoot used for stom Hualapai Hunting & Fishing Item Shoots used to make arrow shafts.
ach troubles and kindred diseases, (as P. communis 136:159) Black- Musical Instrument Shoots used to make flutes, (as P. comminus 195:
foot Emetic Decoction of whole plant taken as an emetic, (as P. com 7) Kawaiisu Hunting & Fishing Item Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboo-
munis 97:22) Cahuilla Orthopedic Aid Used as a splint for broken like stems used in the making of arrows. Musical Instrument Reed ar
limbs, (as P. communis war. berlandieri 15:101) Iroquois Ceremonial rows used to play the musical bow. Stems used as a clapper to main
Med/cme Decoction of rootstocks and bottle brush grass used as tain the rhythm in singing and dancing. Smoking Tools Straight,
medicine to soak corn seeds before planting, (as P. communis 196: rigid, hollow, bamboo-like stems used in the making of pipes. Tools
18) Other Compound used as a "corn medicine." (87:273) Keres, Straight, rigid, hollow, bamboo-like stems used in the making of fire
Western Pediatric Aid Crushed plant given to children for diarrhea. drills. Stem split and the sharp edge used at birth to cut the navel
(as P. communis 171:59) Paiute Analgesic Sugary sap taken by pneu cord. Toys & Games Small stem sections used in the dice game and
monia patients to loosen phlegm and soothe lung pain. Expectorant ring and pin game. (206:49) Keres, Western Unspecified Plant known
Sugary sap taken by pneumonia patients to loosen phlegm. Pulmo and named but no use was specified, (as P. communis 171:59) Kla
nary Aid Sugary sap taken by pneumonia patients to loosen phlegm math Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used for arrow shafts, (as P.
and soothe lung pain, (as P. communis 180:116) Seminole Dermato- phragmites 45:92) Maricopa Smoking Tools Tubular internodes used
logical Aid Poultice of plant applied to dry up boils and carbuncles. to smoke tobacco, (as P. communis 37:122) Montana Indian Hunting
(as P. communis 169:243) & Fishing Item Hard, hollow culms used for arrow shafts and in mak
• Food—Kawaiisu Sweetener Stems dried and beaten with sticks to re ing baskets. Smoking Tools Hard, hollow culms used for pipestems.
move the sugar crystals. (206:49) Klamath Unspecified Seeds used for (as P. communis 19:17) Navajo Ceremonial Items Reeds used to make
food, (as P. phragmites 45:91) Montana Indian Unspecified Seeds prayer sticks for the Mountain Chant Ceremony. The reeds were first
used for food, (as P. communis 19:17) Paiute Sweetener Dried sap rubbed with a polishing stone to remove the siliceous surface in or
made into balls, softened by fire, and eaten like sugar, (as P. commu der that the paint might adhere well. The reeds were then rubbed
 Catalog of Plants 395

with finely powdered tobacco or sometimes with snakeweed. After used as a wash to make weak, lazy babies walk, (as Lippia nodiflora
wards the reed was cut into four pieces (or 10 pieces for the second 158:65)
ceremony). When this was finished, the sticks were colored and yuc
ca inserted to serve as handles. The sections were then filled with Phyllodoce, Ericaceae
some kind of tobacco. These had to be kept in order. The section Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don, Pink Mountainheath
growing nearest the ground was segment number 1, the next num • Drug—-Thompson Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of plant taken
ber 2, and so on. It was also important that the side of the reed grow over a period of time for tuberculosis and spitting up blood.
ing toward the east be indicated, so the painting would be done on (187:215)
the side having that exposure. This made it more potent. Fifty-two
Phyllodoce sp.
prayer sticks were made for the evening of the third day of the Night
• Drug—Thompson Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of plant taken
Chant. Of these, four were made of sections of reed, 12 of mountain
over a period of time for tuberculosis and spitting up blood.
mahogany, 12 of Russian olive, 12 of sierra juniper, and 12 of cherry.
(187:215)
The first people, according to the Navajo, were supposed to have
come up to this earth on a reed. Reeds made into frames, like kite Phyllospadix, Zosteraceae
frames, and carried by dancers on last night of Mountain Chant.
PhyllospadlXSCOuleriHook., Scouler's Surfgrass
Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used to make arrow shafts, (as P. com-
• Food—Hesquiat Unspecified Leaves occasionally cooked and eaten
munis 55:26) Okanagon Decorations Extensively used to make fringe
when it had herring eggs on it. (185:58) Makah Unspecified Rhizomes
for dresses, (as P. communis 125:39) Paiute, Northern Hunting &
chewed or eaten raw. (67:328) Roots eaten raw in the spring. (79:21)
Fishing Item Stalks used to make arrow shafts. (60:75) Papago Smok
• Other—Quileute Toys & Games Grass used by boys as arrow target
ing Tools Six-inch stems used as smoking tubes, (as P. communis 34:
practice. (79:21)
27) Pima Musical Instrument Used to make flutes, (as P. communis
47:75) Seminole Tools Stems used to make medicine tubes, (as P. Phyllospadix serrulatUS Rupr. ex Aschers., Toothed Surfgrass
communis 169:172) Plant used to make medicine blowing tubes, (as • Food—Makah Unspecified Rhizomes chewed or eaten raw. (67:328)
P. communis 169:495) Tewa Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to
Phyllospadix sp., Seaweed
make arrows. Toys & Games Plant used to make game sticks for the
• Food-^VIakah Species used for food. (67:205)
Canute game, (as P. phragmites 138:66) Thompson Cooking Tools
Stems twined together to make food drying mats similar to those of Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats., Torrey's Surfgrass
tule stems. (187:142) Decorations Extensively used to make fringe for • Drug—Kwakiutl Pediatric Aid and Strengthener Leaves placed in the
dresses, (as P. communis 125:39) Whitish culms valued for the use in bottom of child's cradle to make him grow strong. (183:274)
decoration of coiled split cedar root baskets. The culms were har • Food—Hesquiat Dried Food Leaves, with herring eggs on it, dried for
vested while still green and soft, warmed over the coals of a fire, and later use. (185:58) Makah Unspecified Rhizomes chewed or eaten
broken at the nodes. They were then split open, flattened, and used raw. (67:328)
together with dyed and undyed bitter cherry bark to create patterns • Fiber—Hesquiat Basketry Bleached leaves used to make baskets.
on coiled cedar root baskets. (187:142) DesignsUsed to design orna (185:58) Makah Basketry White, sun bleached leaves used in bas
menting baskets, (as P. communis 164:499) Jewelry Reed cut in dif ketry. (67:328) Nitinaht Basketry Leaves dried, split, and used in bas
ferent lengths, dyed, and used interspersed with seed beads for ketry. (186:89)
necklaces, (as P. communis 164:497) Yuma Smoking Tools Tubular • Otfier—Hesquiat Toys & Games Dried, curly leaves used by children
stalk internodes used to smoke tobacco, (as P. communis 37:122) to make wigs. (185:58) Nitinaht Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves used
to trap herring spawn. (186:89)
Phryma, Verbenaceae
Phryma leptostachya L, American Lopseed Physalis, Solanaceae
• Drwg^-Chippewa Throat Aid Decoction of root gargled or root Physalis OCUtifolia (Miers) Sandw., Sharpleaf Groundcherry
chewed for sore throat. (53:342) Ojibwa, South Antirheumatic (Inter • Food—Pima, Gila River Baby Food Fruits eaten raw, primarily by
nal) Decoction of root taken for rheumatic leg pains. (91:201) children. (133:7) Snack Food Fruit eaten primarily by children as a
snack food. (133:5)
Phyla, Verbenaceae
Physalis hederifoliavar.fendleri (Gray) Cronq., Fendlers
Phyla cuneifolia (Torr.) Greene, Fogfruit
Groundcherry
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta DermatologicalAid Poultice of plants ap
• Food—Apache, White Mountain Fruit Fruit eaten raw and cooked.
plied to spider bites, (as Lippia cuneifolia 205:40)
(as P.fendleri 136:159) Mohave Fruit Fruits eaten fresh by children.
Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene, Lanceleaf Fogfruit Yuma Fruit Fruits eaten fresh by children, (as P.fendleri 37:207) Zuni
• Drug—Mahuna Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for rheumatism, Sauce & Relish Fruit boiled in small quantities of water, crushed, and
(as Lippia lanceolata 140:60) used as a condiment, (as P.fendleri 166:70)

Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, Turkey Tangle Fogfruit Physalis hetewphylla Nees, Clammy Groundcherry
• Drwg^-Houma Orthopedic Aid and Pediatric Aid Decoction of plant • Drug—Iroquois Burn Dressing Compound infusion of dried leaves
396 Physalis heterophylla (Solanaceae)

and roots used as wash for scalds and burns. Emetic and Gastroin stored for winter use. (110:17) Navajo, Ramah Fruit Fruit eaten raw
testinal Aid Compound infusion of leaves and roots taken to vomit or boiled. (191:43) Yuma Fruit Fruits eaten fresh by children. (37:207)
for bad stomachaches. Venereal Aid Compound infusion of dried
Physalis sp., Groundcherry
leaves and roots used as wash for venereal disease. (87:430) Lakota
• Food—Cherokee Fruit Fresh fruit used for food. (126:55) Hualapai
Dietary Aid Three or five berries used for lack of appetite. (139:60)
Fruit Berries eaten fresh from the vine. Preserves Berries used to
Meskwaki Unspecified Root used as a medicine. (152:247)
make preserves. Sauce & Relish Berries used to make relish. (195:9)
• Food—Cherokee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:37) Cheyenne Fruit
Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and
Ripe fruits eaten in fall. (83:39) Dakota Dried Food Fruits, when in
dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried
sufficient quantity, dried for winter use. (70:113) Sauce & Relish Fruit
and stored for future use. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.
made into a sauce. (69:362) Fruits made into a sauce for food. (70:
Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as
113) Winter Use Food Fruit dried and stored for winter use. (69:362)
a sauce or mixed with corn bread. (196:129) Isleta Fruit Fresh berries
Meskwaki Fruit Berries eaten raw. (152:264) Omaha Dried Food
eaten for food. (100:36)
Fruits, when in sufficient quantity, dried for winter use. Sauce & Rel
ish Fruits made into a sauce for food. Pawnee Dried Food Fruits, Physalissubulatavar. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterfall ex
when in sufficient quantity, dried for winter use. Sauce & Relish Fruits Kartesz & Gandhi, New Mexican Groundcherry
made into a sauce for food. Ponca Dried Food Fruits, when in suffi • Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Special Food Fresh fruit eat
cient quantity, dried for winter use. Sauce & Relish Fruits made into en by children as a delicacy, (as P. neomexicana 33:45) Keres, West
a sauce for food. (70:113) ern Fruit Berries used for food, (as P. neo-mexicana 171:59) Navajo
Fruit Raw fruit used for food, (as P. neomexicana 165:222) Pueblo
Physalis lanceolataMichx., Lanceleaf Groundcherry
Fruit Berries eaten fresh or boiled, (as P. neo-mexicana32:39) Tewa
• Drug—Omaha Analgesic Decoction of root used for headache and
Fruit Berries used for food, (as P. neomexicana 138:59)
stomach trouble. DermatologicalAid Root used as a dressing for
wounds. Gastrointestinal A/d Decoction of root used for stomach Physalis virginiana P. Mill, Virginia Groundcherry
trouble and headache. Unspecified Root used in smoke treatment • Drug—Meskwaki Stimulant Infusion of whole plant taken for dizzi
for unspecified ailments. Ponca Analgesic Decoction of root used for ness. (152:247,248)
headache and stomach trouble. DermatologicalAidRoot used as a • Food—Meskwaki Fruit Berries, touched by frost, eaten raw. (152:264)
dressing for wounds. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root used for
stomach trouble and headache. UnspecifiedRoot used in smoke Physalis viscosa L, Starhair Groundcherry
treatment for unspecified ailments. Winnebago Analgesic Decoction • Drug—Omaha Dermatological AidRoot used to dress wounds, (as
of root used for headache and stomach trouble. DermatologicalAid P. viscora 58:584)

Root used as a dressing for wounds. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction

of root used for stomach trouble and headache. UnspecifiedRoot
Physaria, Brassicaceae
used in smoke treatment for unspecified ailments. (70:113) Physaria chambersii Rollins, Chambers's Twinpod
• Food—Dakota UnspecifiedBud clusters used in the spring for food. • Dnig^-Paiute Eye Medicine Infusion or decoction of various plant
Firm, young, green seedpods boiled with meat in the spring. (69:363) parts used as a wash for sore eyes or sties. Shoshoni Eye Medicine
Navajo Fruit Berries used for food. (90:154) Infusion or decoction of various plant parts used as a wash for sore
• Other—Dakota Toys & Games Large calyx of plant inflated by chil eyes and sties. (180:116)
dren in play and popped by striking it on the forehead or hand.
Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray, Common Twinpod
(69:362)
• Drug—Blackpool Abortifacient Infusion of plant taken in small
Physalis longifoliaNutU Longleaf Groundcherry amounts to abort. (86:61) Analgesic Plant chewed for cramps and
• Food—Keres, Western Fruit Berries used for food. (171:59) Pueblo stomach trouble. (114:274) Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of
Fruit Berries eaten fresh or boiled. San Felipe Fruit Berries eaten roots applied to aching parts of the body. (86:78) Strong infusion of
fresh or boiled. (32:40) Zuni Fruit Berries boiled, ground in a mortar plant used as a liniment on sprains. (86:79) Decoction of plant used
with raw onions, chile, and coriander seeds and used for food. for swellings. (97:35) Dermatological AidWeak decoction of plant
(166:70) used for diaper rash. Weak decoction of leaf used on newborn's um
bilical. (86:77) Infusion of plant applied to wounds to heal with less
Physalis philadelphica Lam., Mexican Groundcherry
irritation. (86:84) Infusion of plant used to allay swelling. (114:274)
• Drw^-Diegueno Eye Medicine Berries squeezed and the juice used
Dietary Aid Decoction of plant taken slowly to gradually expand the
as an eyewash. (84:28)
stomach until food was eaten without pain. This decoction was used
Physalis pubescensU Husk Tomato by a person who had not eaten for a long time. (86:104) Ear Medicine
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Panacea Dried leaves and root used as "life Infusion of leaves used as drops for ear infections. Eye Medicine Infu
medicine." (191:43) sion of leaves used as drops for bloodshot eyes. (86:81) Gastrointesti
• Food—Mohave Fruit Fruits eaten fresh by children. (37:207) Navajo nal Aid Plant chewed for cramps and stomach troubles. (97:35) Plant
Fruit Sour berries mixed with honey and eaten. Preserves Sour ber chewed for cramps, stomach trouble, and sore throat. (114:274) Infu
ries used to make jam. Staple Berries dried, ground into a flour, and sion of leaves taken for stomach trouble. (118:38) Orthopedic Aid
 Catalog of Plants 397

Strong infusion of plant used as a liniment on dislocations. (86:79) Decoction of inner bark taken and used as a wash for scrofulous
PediatricAidVJeak decoction of leaf used on newborn's umbilical. glands in neck. Venereal Aid Decoction of inner bark taken and used
(86:77) Throat Aid Plant chewed for sore throats. (97:35) Plant as wash for gonorrhea. Carrier, Southern Cathartic and Emetic De
chewed for sore throat. (114:274) Infusion of leaves taken for sore coction of bark taken as an emetic, a large dose fatal. (150:59) Chip-
throat. (118:38) Toothache Remedy Leaf clenched between the teeth pewa Emetic Infusion of roots taken as an emetic. (71:132) Iroquois
for toothache. (86:77) Plant used as toothache medicine. (86:78) Vet Gynecological Aid Poultice used when women swell after copulation;
erinary AidInfusion of plant applied as a liniment to the shoulders caused by bad medicine. (87:349) Menominee Gynecological Aid
of work and wagon horses. (86:89) Bark used to make a drink for female maladies, to cleanse system
and enhance fertility. (151:49)
Physaria didymocarpavar. lanataA. Nels., Common Twinpod
• Drug—Blackfoot Gastrointestinal Aid Plant chewed for stomach Physostegia, Lamiaceae
troubles. Throat Aid Plant chewed for sore throats. (121:47)
Physostegia parviflora Nutt. ex Gray, Western False Dragonhead
Physaria newberryi Gray, Newberry's Twinpod • Drwg^-Meskwaki Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves taken for bad cold.

• Drug—Hopi Antidote and Ceremonial MedicinePlant taken as an (152:226)

antidote after the snake dance. (56:16) Navajo Respiratory Aid Plant Phytolaccaceae, see Phytolacca
used as a snuff for catarrh. (55:49)
Phytolacca, Phytolaccaceae
Physocarpus, Rosaceae Phytolacca americana L, American Pokeweed
Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze, Pacific Ninebark • Drug—Cherokee Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of berry taken
• Drug—-Bella Coola Emetic Decoction of 3-foot stick taken alterna for arthritis. Roots and berries or berry wine used for rheumatism.
tively with large amounts of water as an emetic. (184:208) Green Riv Blood Medicine Cooked greens eaten or infusion of root taken to
er Group Emetic Young shoots, peeled of bark, used as an emetic. build the blood. Dermatological Aid Poultice used for ulcers and
(79:33) Hesquiat Antidote Decoction of bark taken as an antidote for swellings and infusion of root used for eczema. Salve used on "ulcer
poisoning, caused vomiting. Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of ous sores" and dried, crushed roots sprinkled on old sores. Febrifuge
bark used as a wash or soaking solution for rheumatic pain. Anti- Poultice used for "nervous fevers, ulcers and swellings." Kidney Aid
rheumatic (Internal) Decoction of bark taken for rheumatic fever. Cold infusion of powdered root taken for kidneys. (80:50) Laxative
Emetic Decoction of bark taken as an antidote for poisoning, caused Plant used in a side dish with laxative properties. (204:251) Other
vomiting. Bark chewed and juice swallowed to induce vomiting. Lax Compound used for "white swelling." (80:50) Poison Roots and ber
ative Decoction of bark taken in small doses as a laxative. (185:73) ries considered poisonous. Unspecified Berries used for medicine.
Kwakiutl Cathartic Root extract used as a purgative. Emetic Decoc (126:51) Delaware Antirheumatic (External) Roasted, crushed roots
tion of bark taken to induce vomiting. Laxative Decoction of bark used with sarsaparilla and mountain grape barks for rheumatism.
taken for constipation. Venereal Aid Root extract used for locomotor Blood Medicine Roasted, crushed roots used with sarsaparilla and
ataxia. (183:289) Saanich Laxative Infusion of macerated roots taken mountain grape barks as a blood purifier. Dermatological Aid Roots
as a quick laxative. (182:86) roasted and the salve used for chronic sores. Gland Medicine Roots
• Food—Miwok Fruit Raw berries used for food. (12:162) roasted and the salve used for glandular swellings. Stimulant^ Roast
• Dye—Hesquiat Brown Bark soaked with cedar bark to darken the ed, crushed roots used with sarsaparilla and mountain grape barks
cedar. (185:73) as a stimulant, (as P:decandra 176:32) Delaware, Oklahoma Anti
• Other—Hesquiat Toys & GamesWood used for making children's rheumatic (External) Strong infusion of roots or twigs used as herbal
bows. (185:73) Karok Hunting & Fishing Item Shoots used to make steam for rheumatism, (as P. decandra 175:30,78) Antirheumatic
arrows. (148:384) Tolowa Toys & Games Seeds squeezed and popped. (Internal) Compound containing root used for rheumatism. Blood
(6:43) Wintoon Hunting & Fishing Item Straight stems used to make Medicine Compound containing root used as a blood purifier, (as P,
arrows. (117:264) decandra 175:27,78) Herbal Steam Infusion of roots or twigs used as
herbal steam for rheumatism, (as P. decandra 175:30) Stimulant
Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze, Mallow Ninebark
Compound containing root used as a stimulant, (as P. decandra 175:
• Drug—Okanagan-Colville Hunting Medicine Infusion of bark used
27,78) Iroquois Antirheumatic (External) Stalks cooked as greens
to wash arrows and other hunting equipment to protect them from
and used for rheumatism, (as P. decandra 124:93) Cathartic Plant
spells. (188:126)
used as a cathartic. (87:316) Cold Remedy Decoction of stems taken
• Food—Okanagan-Colville Unspecified Roots steam cooked and eat
for chest colds. (87:317) Dermatological Aid Compound with un-
en. (188:126)
dried roots applied as a salve on bunions. Poultice of crushed roots
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Malicious Charm Plant used to cause
applied to bruises. Raw berries rubbed on skin lumps. Emetic Plant
other people bad luck. (188:126)
used as an emetic. Expectorant Plant used as an expectorant. (87:
Physocarpus opulifolius (L) Maxim., Common Ninebark 316) Liver Aid Compound infusion of whole roots used for liver sick
• Drug—Bella Coola Analgesic and Emetic Decoction of inner bark ness. (87:317) LoveMedicine "Tie in a poplar tree, then place among
taken as an emetic by persons "dizzy with pain." Laxative Decoction roots," as a love medicine. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of roots applied
of inner bark taken as a laxative for gonorrhea. Tuberculosis Remedy as poultice to sprains, bruises, and swollen joints. Witchcraft Medi-
398 Phytolacca americana (Phytolaccaceae)

cine Plant used for bewitchment. (87:316) Mahuna Analgesic Roots • Fiber—Hoh BuildingMaterialTimber used to make shakes, clap
used for severe, neuralgic pains. Dermatological AidLedues used for boards, and framing timbers. Cordage Limbs and roots shredded,
skin diseases or to remove pimples and blackheads. Poison Plant pounded, and used to make cord and rope. (137:59) Paiute Mats,
considered poisonous, (as P. decandra 140:65) Micmac Hemostat Rugs & BeddingBoughs used on the floor of sweat houses and for
Leaves used for bleeding wounds, (as P. decandra 40:59) Mohegan camping beds. (111:44) Quileute BuildingMaterialTimber used to
Gynecological Aid Poultice of mashed berries applied to sore breasts, make shakes, clapboards, and framing timbers. Cordage Limbs and
(as P. decandra 176:74,130) Poison Root considered poisonous, (as roots shredded, pounded, and used to make cord and rope. (137:59)
P. decandra 176:74) Rappahannock Antidiarrheal Infusion of berries Thompson Basketry Bark used to make baskets. Building Material
taken for dysentery. Antirheumatic (Internal) Fermented infusion of Bark used to thatch the roofs of lodges. Canoe Material Bark used to
leaves taken for rheumatism. DermatologicalAid Compound infu cover canoes. (164:499)
sion with roots applied to ivy poison. Poultice of mashed root applied • Other—Hoh Toys & Games Timber used to make toys. Quileute Toys
to wart until it bleeds. Hemorrhoid Remedy Steam from decoction of & Games Timber used to make toys. (137:59) Thompson Cooking
roots used for piles. (161:29) Seminole Analgesic Berries eaten as an Tools Bark used to make utensils of all kinds. (164:499) Good Luck
analgesic. (169:167) Berries eaten for pains. Antirheumatic (Internal) Charm Tree and red cedar tree provided good luck and wishes for
Berries eaten for rheumatism. (169:285) those who asked for it. (187:100) Soap Branch tips and needles
• Food—Cherokee Beverage Crushed berries and sour grapes strained, boiled and used as a wash by hunters, warriors, and boys at puberty.
mixed with sugar and cornmeal, and used as a beverage. (126:51) (164:505) See also P glaucax engelmannii under P glauca.
CookingAgentCnished berries used to add color to canned fruit. (80:
50) Berries used to color canned fruit. Dried Food Leaves gathered Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, White Spruce
into bundle and dried for future use. (126:51) UnspecifiedYoung • Drug—Abnaki Urinary Aid Infusion of cones taken for urinary trou
shoots cut, cooked, and eaten. (204:251) Vegetable Shoots, leaves, bles. (144:164) Algonquin, Quebec Cough Medicine Inner bark
and stems parboiled, rinsed, and cooked alone or mixed with other chewed and infusion of inner bark taken for coughs. Dermatological
greens and eggs. Peeled stalks cut lengthwise, parboiled, dipped in AidGum used as a salve. Gynecological Aid Used in the sudatory, this
egg, rolled in cornmeal, and fried like fish. (126:51) Iroquois Vege is taken by women after childbirth and for other complaints. Inter
table Stalks eaten as greens in spring, (as P. decandra 124:93) Male- nal Medicine Infusion of branch tips taken to "heal the insides." Lax
cite Unspecified Shoots used for food. (160:6) Mohegan Unspecified ative Gum chewed as a laxative. (18:126) Resin chewed as a laxative.
Cooked and used for food, (as P. decandra 176:83) (18:73) Unspecified Used in the sudatory, this is taken by women af
• Dye—Mahuna Unspecified Berries used to make dyes and inks, (as ter childbirth and for other complaints. (18:126) Chippewa Antirheu
P. decandra 140:65) matic (External) Compound decoction of twigs used as herbal steam
• Other—Kiowa Jewelry Dark, dry fruits used by girls to make neck for rheumatism, (as P. canadensis 53:362) Cree, Woodlands Antirheu
laces. (192:26) Pawnee PaintVvuit made into a red stain used in matic (Internal) Decoction of inner bark used for arthritis. Blood
painting horses and various articles of adornment. (70:78) Medicine Poultice of gum and lard applied for blood poisoning. Der
matological AidPitch and grease used as an ointment for skin rash
Picea, Pinaceae, conifer es, scabies, persistent scabs, and growing boils. Rotten, dried, finely

Picea abies (L.) Karst., Norway Spruce powdered wood used as baby powder and for skin rashes. Poultice of

• Drug—Mohegan Analgesic Poultice of sap or gum applied for boil gum and lard applied to infections. Rotten wood used in baby dust

and abscess pains. (176:74) DermatologicalAid Sap or gum applied ing powder. PediatricAid Rotten, dried, finely powdered wood used

to boil or abscess pains. (176:74,130) as baby powder and for skin rashes. Rotten wood used in baby dust
ing powder. (109:48) Eskimo, Maska Dermatological Aid Poultice of
Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., Engelmann's Spruce resin applied to wounds. Unspecified Infusion of needles used as
• Drwg-nNavajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Plant used medicine for all purposes, (as P. canadensis 4:716) Eskimo, Inuktitut
as a ceremonial emetic. (191:12) Okanagan-CoMlle Respiratory Aid Dermatological AidVoultice of gum and grease applied to pustulant
Infusion of bark used for respiratory ailments. Tuberculosis Remedy wounds. Respiratory Aid Decoction of gum or needles taken for res
Infusion of bark used for tuberculosis. (188:27) Thompson Cancer piratory infections. (202:188) Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut Cough Medi
Treatment Decoction of needles and gum taken for cancer. It was cine Decoction of green needles taken or raw needles chewed as
said that if this treatment did not work, nothing would work. The de cough medicine. (122:28,29) Eskimo, Nunivak DermatologicalAid
coction was taken with a spoon directly from the bark blisters and in Resin applied to wounds. Panacea Infusion of needles used as a med
concentrated form. Cough Medicine Decoction of needles and gum icine for all purposes, (as P. canadensis 149:325) Eskimo, Western
taken for coughs. (187:100) Dermatological AidTwig ashes mixed Cough Med/cme Decoction of needles taken or raw needles chewed
with grease and used as an ointment or salve. (164:475) Pitch used as a cough medicine. (108:24) Gitksan Cold Remedy Decoction of
for eczema. PsychologicalAidTree and red cedar tree caused vivid bark or inner bark used for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of bark
dreams for anyone who slept under it. (187:100) or inner bark used for coughs. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of
• Food—Okanagan-Colville Beverage Branches used by mountain bark or inner bark used for flu. Tonic Decoction of bark or inner bark
travelers to make a tea. (188:27) Thompson UnspecifiedSap consid used as a tonic, (as P. glaucax engelmannii73:152) Iroquois Gastro
ered edible. (187:100) intestinal Aid Gum chewed to facilitate digestion. (142:83) Koyukon
 Catalog of Plants 399

Ceremonial Medicine Pitch, swan feathers, and slender grass tops Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for flu. Tonic Decoc
burned by shamans when making medicine for a sick person. (119: tion of bark or inner bark used as a tonic, (as Picea glauca x engel-
50) DermatologicalAid Infusion of needles used as a rub or bath for mannii73:\52)
dry skin or sores. (119:49) Pitch applied to sores and cuts. (119:50) • Food—Algonquin, Quebec Candy Resin chewed like chewing gum.
HuntingMedicineTops put in animal track by girls before stepping (18:73) Cree, Woodlands Candy Gum chewed for pleasure. Gum
over it, to avoid alienating animals from hunters. Kidney Aid Infu chewed as a confection. (109:48) Eskimo, Alaska Candy Resin
sion of needles taken for kidney problems. Panacea Infusion of nee chewed for pleasure, (as P. canadensis 4:716) Eskimo, Inuktitut Un
dles taken to promote general good health. UnspecifiedTvee tops specifiedCambium eaten in the spring. (202:188) Gitksan Unspeci
used by the shamans to brush people and remove their sickness. fied Cambium eaten fresh, (as P. glauca x engelmannii 73:151) Koyu-
(119:49) Malecite Unspecified Pitch used in medicines. (160:6) Meno- kon Candy Pitch chewed like gum. (119:50) Micmac BeverageBaik
minee DermatologicalAid Poultice of cooked, beaten inner bark ap used to make a beverage. (159:258) Okanagan-Colville Beverage
plied to wounds, cuts, or swellings. Internal MedicineInfusion of in Branches used by mountain travelers to make a tea. (188:27) Tanana,
ner bark taken for "inward troubles for either man or woman." (as P. Upper Candy Hard pitch used for chewing gum. Fodder Rotten wood
canadensis 151:45) Micmac Cough Medicine Bark used as a cough mixed with poque and fed to puppies. Starvation Food Cambium
remedy. DermatologicalAid Bark used to prepare a salve for cuts and used as a food during periods of food shortage. Unspecified Fresh
wounds. Gum used for scabs and sores. Gastrointestinal Aid Parts of sap eaten as food during the summer. (102:2) Wet'suwet'en Unspeci-
plant used for stomach trouble. Misc. Disease Remedy Bark, leaves, fiedCambium eaten fresh, (as P. glaucax engelmannii73:\5l)
and stems used for scurvy, (as P. canadensis 40:59) Montagnais Tonic • Fiber—Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Basketry Roots used to sew bas
Infusion of twigs taken "for generally beneficial effects." (as P. cana kets. Canoe Material Roots used to sew canoes. Snow Gear Roots
densis 156:314) Ojibwa DisinfectantDried leaves used as an inhalant used to sew snowshoes. (132:129) Cree, Woodlands Basketry Wood
and fumigator. (as P. canadensis 153:379) Ojibwa, South Antidiar- used for the edging of a birch bark sewing basket base and lid. Build
rheal Compound containing outer bark taken for diarrhea, (as Abies ing Material Bark sheets used for roofing on buildings. Canoe Mater-
canadensis 91:198) Okanagan-Colville Respiratory Aid Infusion of ial Wood used to make canoe paddles. Wood used to make ribs and
bark used for respiratory ailments. Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of gunwales for birchbark canoes. Caulking Material Pitch used as a
bark used for tuberculosis. (188:27) Shuswap DermatologicalAid sealant for birchbark canoes. Mats, Rugs & BeddingBaxk sheets used
Poultice of soft pitch applied to sores. Panacea Decoction of bark for tent flooring. Sewing Material Roots used to sew birch bark bas
taken for tuberculosis and other sickness. Toothache Remedy Hard kets and canoes. (109:48) Eskimo, Inuktitut BuildingMaterialWood
pitch chewed to clean the teeth. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of used to make cabins and caches. Canoe Material Split wood used to
bark taken for tuberculosis. (123:51) Tanana, Upper Antirheumatic make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers. Cordage Split, inner
(Internal) Decoction of tree top, young birch tip, and Hudson Bay tea root bark or small rootlets used as fishing lines and cord for making
taken for body aches. Cold Remedy Decoction of young tips, Hudson and repairing tools. Mats, Rugs & BeddingNeedles used as flooring
Bay tea, and blackberry stems taken for colds. Raw cambium chewed in tents. (202:188) Iroquois Brushes & BroomsWood used to make
for colds. Decoction of tree top, young birch tip, and Hudson Bay tea scrub brushes. (142:83) Koyukon BuildingMaterialWood used for
taken for colds. Decoction of tree tip, Hudson Bay tea, and blackber the building log houses. Wood split or ripsawed and used as lumber
ry stems used for colds. Cough Medicine Raw cambium chewed for for house construction, caches, and tent frames. Canoe Material
coughs. Dermatological Aid Poultice of raw or boiled cambium ap Wood split or ripsawed and used to make boats and canoes. Caulk
plied to sores and infected areas or used to bandage cuts. Decoction ing Material Y\\ch used to caulk boat seams. Snow Gear Wood split
of tree tip used as a wash for rashes and sores. Pitch and moose fat or ripsawed and used to make sleds. (119:50) Malecite Building Ma
warmed into an ointment and used for sores. Pitch boiled in water terial Bark used for hut roofing. Canoe Material Bark used for ca
and applied to sores. Soft pitch, sometimes mixed with grease, used noes. Mats, Rugs & BeddingNeedles and branches used for pillows
as an ointment for sores. Disinfectant Decoction of tree top and cot- and bedding. Sewing Material Roots used for thread. (160:6) Micmac
tonwood taken for infections. Soft pitch, sometimes mixed with Mats, Rugs & BeddingBoughs used to make beds. (159:258) Tanana,
grease, used as an ointment for external infections. Hemorrhoid Upper Basketry Roots used to sew birch bark baskets.57 Brushes &
Remedy Chewed pitch applied to bleeding cuts. Oral Aid Decoction Brooms Twigs used by young menstruating girls to clean their teeth
of young tips, Hudson Bay tea, and blackberry stems taken for mouth and to scratch their heads. Building Material Bark used as siding and
sores. Decoction of tree tip, Hudson Bay tea, and blackberry stems roofing material for steam bath houses and other structures. Wood
used for mouth sores. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of wood ash taken used for fuel and building logs. Canoe Material Roots used for the
for chest problems. Respiratory Aid Decoction of tree top, young bow of a canoe.57 Wood used to make boats, boat paddles, shovels,
birch tip, and Hudson Bay tea taken for congestion. Throat Aid Pitch skin stretchers, and wedges for chopping wood. Cordage Split or
chewed for sore throats. Tuberculosis Remedy Raw cambium chewed whole roots used to make line.57 Mats, Rugs & BeddingBoughs used
for tuberculosis. Decoction of wood ash taken for tuberculosis. (102: for camp mattresses and dog bedding. Boughs used on the floor of
2) Tlingit Antidiarrheal Sap mixed with mountain goat tallow and camp buildings to sit on. Snow Gear Boughs used as temporary
used for diarrhea, (as Pinus canadensis 107:283) Wet'suwet'en Cold snowshoes by securing with line. (102:2)
Remedy Decoction of bark or inner bark used for colds. Cough Medi • Dye—Cree, Woodlands Yellow-Brown Rotten wood used as a yellow
cine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Misc. Disease brown dye for white goods. (109:48)
400 Picea glauca (Pinaceae)

• Other—Cree, Woodlands Cooking Tools Split log hollowed out to 188) Iroquois Gastrointestinal Aid Gum chewed to facilitate diges
make a dish to feed fish broth to puppies. Fasteners Wood pegs used tion. (142:83) Koyukon Dermatological Aid Infusion of needles used
to fasten the tabs on the bottom and top pieces to the basket body as a rub or bath for dry skin or sores. Hunting MedicineTops put in
during construction. Hide Preparation Rotten, dried wood burned in animal track by girls before stepping over it, to avoid alienating ani
a slow fire to smoke tan hides. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to mals from hunters. Kidney Aid Infusion of needles taken for kidney
make floats for fishing nets. Tools Dead, standing trees used to make problems. Panacea Infusion of needles taken to promote general
a moose hide stretcher. (109:48) Eskimo, Inuktitut Ceremonial Items good health. UnspecifiedTree tops used by the shamans to brush
Roots used to make headgear and masks. Containers Roots used to people and remove their sickness. (119:49) Malecite UnspecifiedPltch
make trays and buckets. Cooking Tools Roots used to make spoons, used in medicines. (160:6) Montagnais Cough Medicine Decoction of
dippers, and bowls. Fwe/Wood used for fires. Hunting & Fishing Item twigs taken for coughs. (156:314) Ojibwa Analgesic Infusion of roots
Split wood used to make fish traps and canoe or kayak stringers. and bark used for stomach pain. Anticonvulsive Infusion of roots and
Roots used to make floats. (202:188) Iroquois FuelBark used to start bark used for trembling and fits. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of
fires. (142:83) Koyukon Ceremonial Items Knot ring worn by children roots and bark used for stomach pain, (as P. nigra 135:244) Stimulant
on a string around the neck to make them skilled with their hands. Leaves used as a reviver and bark used as a medicinal salt. Unspeci-
Cooking Tools Roots used for carving spoons and bowls. Fasteners ftedBark used as a medicinal salt. (153:379) Ojibwa, South Unspeci-
Roots skinned and used to lash birch bark baskets. FuelWood used /zed Decoction of leaves and crushed bark taken for unspecified ail
for household heating fuel. Good Luck Charm Golden needles con ments, (as Abies nigra 91:198) Potawatomi Dermatological Aid Poul
ferred good luck to those who found them. Hide Preparation Rotten tice of inner bark applied to infected inflammations. Disinfectant
wood pulverized, mixed with rotten willow and used to smoke hides. Poultice of inner bark applied to infected inflammations. (154:70)
(119:50) Protection Trees protected those who slept beneath them, • Food—Anticosti Beverage Branches used to make beer. (143:63) Car
especially from malevolent spirits. (119:49) Trees nullified dangerous rier Candy Pitch used to chew. (31:69) Cree, Woodlands Candy Gum
spiritual forces. Boughs taken home as talismans for protection. chewed for pleasure. (109:49) Eskimo, Inuktitut Unspecified Cambi
(119:50) Maledte Waterproofing Agent Pitch used for waterproofing um eaten in the spring. (202:188) Micmac Beverage Bark used to
seams in canoes. (160:6) Micmac Fuel Wood used for kindling and make a beverage. (159:258)
fuel. (159:258) Tanana, Upper Containers Roots woven into water • Fiber—Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Basketry Roots used to sew bas
proof containers.57 Small, dead tree used to dry fish on. Cooking kets. Canoe Material Roots used to sew canoes. Snow Gear Roots
Tools Rough bark used to cut fish on, prevented the fish from slip used to sew snowshoes. (132:129) Carrier Snow Gear Young wood
ping. Bark made into a container and used to roast waterfowl eggs. used to make snowshoes. (31:69) Cree, Woodlands Building Material
The spruce bark was cut large enough to surround the eggs, tied Peeled, wood poles preferred for tepee framing because of their
around the eggs, and the ends plugged with moss. Fasteners Warmed straightness and lack of taper. Small trees and boughs used in the
pitch used as glue to patch birchbark canoes and to attach feathers construction of shelters made of brush and shelters for storing moss.
to arrows. Fuel Wood used for fuel and building logs. Hide Prepara Canoe MaterialWood used to make canoe paddles. Caulking Materi
tion Rotten, reddish colored wood smoke used to tan moose skins. al Pitch used to seal seams on a birchbark canoe. Cordage Roots used
Hunting & Fishing Item Roots woven into dip nets.57 White, inner to tie and secure the stick and bundle game made from black spruce
side of bark used in the bottom of a weir to act as a reflector. Reflec boughs. Roots used to tie and secure the arched roof trees of the
tor used in order to more easily spot fish as they swam through the shelter for storing moss. Roots used to tie and secure the ends of a
weir. Wood used to build weirs, fish traps, fish racks, fish rafts, and birch bark dish. Mats, Rugs & BeddingBoughs used on the ground as
boat poles. Insecticide Needles burned to keep mosquitoes away. flooring in tepees and in front of the tent door as a door mat. Sewing
Tools Wood used to make boats, boat paddles, shovels, skin stretch Material Roots used to sew sheets of birch bark together for a tepee
ers, and wedges for chopping wood. (102:2) cover. Roots used to stitch birch bark basket and canoe seams. (109:
49) Eskimo, Inuktitut BuildingMaterialWood used to make cabins
Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P., Black Spruce and caches. Canoe Material Split wood used to make fish traps and
• Drag^-Algonquin, Quebec Dermatological Aid Gum used as a salve. canoe or kayak stringers. Cordage Split, inner root bark or small root
Internal Medicineinfusion of branch tips used for "healing the in- lets used as fishing lines and cord for making and repairing tools.
sides." Unspecified Used in the medicinal sudatory. (18:127) Cree, Mats, Rugs & BeddingNeedles used as flooring in tents. (202:188)
Woodlands Antidiarrheal Decoction of cones taken for diarrhea. Iroquois Brushes & Brooms Wood used to make scrub brushes. (142:
Burn DressingPitch mixed with grease and used as ointment for bad 83) Koyukon BuildingMaterialWood used to make poles for tent
burns. Dermatological Aid Pitch mixed with grease and used as oint frames. (119:49) Wood used for the building log houses. Wood split
ment for skin rashes, scabies, and persistent scabs. OralAidCone or ripsawed and used as lumber for house construction, caches, and
chewed for a sore mouth. Throat Aid Decoction of cones used as a tent frames. Canoe MaterialWood split or ripsawed and used to
gargle for sore throats. Toothache Remedy Cone chewed for tooth make boats and canoes. Snow Gear Wood split or ripsawed and used
aches. Venereal Aid Decoction of cones and other herbs taken for ve to make sleds. (119:50) Malecite Mats, Rugs & BeddingNeedles and
nereal disease. (109:49) Eskimo, Inuktitut Dermatological Aid Poul branches used for pillows and bedding. Sewing Material Roots used
tice of gum and grease applied to pustulant wounds. Respiratory Aid for thread. (160:6) Micmac Mats, Rugs & BeddingBoughs used to
Decoction of gum or needles taken for respiratory infections. (202: make beds. Sewing Material Roots used as sewing material for canoe
 Catalog of Plants 401

birch bark products. (159:258) Ojibwa Canoe Material Roots used to nial Medicine Boughs used ritually for protection from death and ill
sew canoes. Caulking Material Boiled resin and tallow used to make ness. (184:198) Dermatological Aid Gum applied to "small cuts, bro
pitch for caulking canoes. (153:421) ken skin and suppurating sores." (150:51,52) Poultice of gum applied
• Other—Carrier Cooking Tools Wood made into drying poles and to cuts. Disinfectant Poultice of gum applied to infections. (184:198)
used for smoking and drying meat. (31:69) Cree, Woodlands Designs Diuretic Decoction of gum taken as a diuretic for gonorrhea. (150:51,
Roots used to make designs on baskets. Hide Preparation Dry cones 52) Gastrointestinal Aid Sapling bark and ripe cones used to make
mixed with rotten white spruce wood and used to smoke tan hides steam baths for stomach troubles. (184:198) Heart Medicine Poultice
a golden brown color. Toys & Games Roots used to tie and secure the of compound containing gum applied to the chest for heart trouble.
stick and bundle game made from black spruce boughs. (109:49) Laxative Sap from peeled trunk taken in large doses as a laxative.
Eskimo, Inuktitut Ceremonial Items Roots used to make headgear (150:51,52) Cambium eaten as a laxative. (184:198) Venereal Aid
and masks. Containers Roots used to make trays and buckets. Cook Compound decoction of tips of small spruces taken for gonorrhea.
ing Tools Roots used to make spoons, dippers, and bowls. Fuel Wood Decoction of gum taken as a diuretic for gonorrhea. (150:51,52) De
used for fires. Hunting & Fishing Item Split wood used to make fish coction of branch tips and other herbs taken for gonorrhea. Gum
traps and canoe or kayak stringers. Roots used to make floats. (202: taken for gonorrhea. (184:198) Carrier,
188) Iroquois FuelBark used to start fires. (142:83) Koyukon Cooking
Tools Roots used for carving spoons and bowls. Fasteners Roots
skinned and used to lash birch bark baskets. (119:50) Fuel Wood
used for firewood. (119:49) Hide Preparation Rotten wood pulver
ized, mixed with rotten willow, and used to smoke hides. (119:50)
Tools Wood used to make drying racks. (119:49) Malecite Waterproof
ing AgentPitch used for waterproofing seams in canoes. (160:6) Mic-
mac Fuel Wood used for kindling and fuel. (159:258)

Picea parryana Parry, Spruce

• Drug—Keres, Western Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of leaves
used as a bath for rheumatism. Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves used
for colds. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant used to clean the
stomach. (171:60)
• Other—Keres, Western Ceremonial Items Plant used in ceremonies.
Good Luck Charm Twig bits given as presents to bring good luck.
(171:60)

Picea pungens Engelm., Blue Spruce

• Other—Navajo Ceremonial Items Branches used for the Chant of the
Sun's House. (55:20)

Picea rubens Sarg., Red Spruce

• Drug—Cherokee Cold Remedy Infusion of bough taken for colds.
Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of bough taken to break out measles.
(80:57) Montagnais Pulmonary Aid Compound decoction of bark
taken for lung trouble. Throat Aid Compound decoction of bark tak
en for throat trouble. (156:315)
• Food—Chippewa Beverage Leaves used to make a beverage, (as P.
rubra 53:317)
• Fiber—Cherokee BasketryBark used to make baskets. Building Ma
terial Bark used to make lumber. (80:57) Chippewa Canoe Material
Roots used in sewing canoes. Caulking Material Gum used to make
pitch, (as P. rubra 53:377)

Picea sitchemis (Bong.) Carr., Sitka Spruce

• Drug—Bella Coola Analgesic Decoction of cones taken for pain and
bark used as steam bed for backache. Antirheumatic (External) Poul
tice of compound containing gum applied to the arms for rheuma
tism. Steam bed of ripe cones or bark on hot stones used by rheu
matics. (150:51,52) Sapling bark and ripe cones used to make steam
baths for rheumatism. (184:198) Burn Dressing "Branches used to
whip a burned arm or leg until the blood came." (150:51,52) Ceremo
 Catalog of Plants 433

Trees used to make a deadfall trap for bear. Toys & Games Short sec chopped, dried, and eaten raw like popcorn. Soup Leaves used in
tion of fresh branch used to make a toy whistle. (109:52) Hopi Cere fish stews and soups. (85:141)
monial ItemsTlant smoked ceremonially, (as P. awrea 200:71) Mon
Porphyra lanceolata (Setchell) G. M. Smith
tana Indian Fuel Wood used for fire and shelter during the winter.
• Food—Porno, Kashaya Dried Food Fresh seaweed dried for later use.
(19:19) Used occasionally for firewood. (82:37) Smoke Plant Inner
UnspecifiedVxesh seaweed baked and eaten. (72:126) Tolowa Un
bark used for "kinnikinnick." (19:19) Navajo CeremonialItemsTree
specified Species used for food. Yurok Unspecified Species used for
important to the Sun's House Chant. This tree, according to legend,
food. (6:47)
has the distinction of being the first tree against which the bear rubs
his back in the Sun's House Chant. The others are red willow, fir, and Porphyra perforata J. Agardh
chokecherry. (55:38) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Items Stem used to • Food—Hesquiat Unspecified Boiled with herring spawn and eaten
make Evilway hoop. Cooking Tools Knots used to make wooden cups. with dogfish oil or eulachon (candlefish) oil. (edible seaweed 185:25)
(191:22) Ojibwa Paper Wood used for pulpwood. (135:243) Okana- Porno Bread & Cake Weeds stacked like cakes and dried until needed.
gan-Colville Tools Logs used to scrape deer hides. (188:134) Paiute Dried Food Seaweed sun dried and used for food. (11:94) Winter Use
FuelDry limbs used as a source of fuel. (111:61) Shuswap Toys & Food Plant made into a cake, cooked in earth oven, and stored for
Games Branches used by boys to make whistles. (123:68) Tanana, winter consumption. (66:10) Pomo, Kashaya Dried Food Fresh sea
Upper FuelWfood used for fuel. SmokePlantWood ashes mixed with weed dried for later use. Unspecified Fresh seaweed baked and eaten.
tobacco and used for chewing tobacco. (102:5) Thompson Hunting (72:125)
& Fishing Item Decoction of branches used to wash traps, guns, buck • Other—Nitinaht Cash Crop Plants formerly sold to the Chinese, (edi
skins, and hunters. The decoction was used to wash humans such as ble seaweed 186:54)
hunters who desired to be exceptionally "clean." Protection Decoc
tion of branches used as a protective bath against witches. (187:277) Porphyrasp., Red Laver
• Food—Bella Coola Dried Food Sun dried and eaten alone or cooked
Porophyllunty Asteraceae with other food. (184:195) Kwakiutl, Southern Bread & Cake Plants
Powphyllum gracile Benth., Slender Poreleaf allowed to rot, shaped into cakes, sun dried, and eaten with dried
• Drug—Hawisupai Analgesic Decoction of pounded plant taken for salmon at feasts. Dessert Mixed with water, beaten until frothy and
pain. Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of pounded plant rubbed white, and eaten as a dessert. Dried Food Plants sun dried, boiled
in as a liniment. Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of pounded with clams or creamed corn, and eaten with large amounts of
plant taken for aches. DermatologicalAid Decoction of pounded oulachen (candlefish) grease. Snack Food Plants sun dried and eaten
plant used as a wash on sores. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of as a snack. Unspecified Strips lightly browned, pulverized, cooked,
pounded plant taken for abdominal pain. (197:249) Paiute Abortifa- and used for food. (183:262) Nitinaht Unspecified Plant used for
cient Decoction of root taken as "a regulator for delayed menstrua food. (67:210)
tion." (as P. leucospermum 180:122) Shoshoni Abortifacient Plant
used to regulate delayed menstruation, (as P. leucospermum 118:46) PorteranthuSy Rosaceae
Porteranthus sp.
Porphyra, Bangiaceae, alga
• Drag^-Creek Gynecological Aid Plant thought to be used by women
Porphyra abbottae Krishnamurthy, Edible Seaweed during their menstrual periods. (172:667)
• Drug—Hanaksiala Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken or
poultice applied for any kind of sickness in the stomach or body. Or Porteranthus stipulatUS (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt., Indian Physic
thopedic j4/d Poultice of plant applied to broken collarbones. Pana • Drug—Cherokee Antirheumatic (External) Roots used for rheuma

cea Decoction of plant taken or poultice applied for any kind of sick tism. Cold Remedy Mild infusion used in slight doses for colds. Der

ness in the stomach or body. (43:131) matologicalAid Cold infusion of root given or root chewed "for bee

• Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala Dried Food Plant gathered and dried for and other stings." Emetic Mild infusion taken as an emetic, (as Gil-

winter use. Sauce & Relish Plant dried, crushed, and sprinkled on lenia stipulata 80:40) Decoction or strong infusion of whole plant

various foods as a condiment. (43:131) Kitasoo Bread & Cake Plant taken a pint at a time as an emetic, (as Gillenia stipulata 203:74) Kid

pressed into boxes to form compressed cakes, dried, and stored for ney Aidlnfusion taken for kidneys. Liver Aid Compound taken for

future use. Unspecified Plant eaten with salmon roe or butter clams. liver. Orthopedic Aid Poultice used for "leg swelling." Respiratory Aid

(43:304) Oweekeno Bread & Cake\Vho\e plant formed into flat Mild infusion used in slight doses for asthma. Toothache Remedy In

sheets, pressed in boxes, dried, and made into cakes. Dried Food fusion used for toothache. Veterinary A/d Tincture of root given for

Whole plant dried for future use. UnspecifiedVJhole plant cooked "milksick."

and eaten with salmon eggs, cooked salmon, clams, herring eggs,
Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britt., Bowman's Root
and other foods. (43:47)
• Drug—Cherokee Antirheumatic (External) Poultice used for rheu
• Other—Tsimshian Cash Crop Plant used for trade. (43:304)
matism. Cold Remedy Mild infusion used in slight doses for colds.
Porphyra laciniata (Lightfoot) Agardh, Seaweed DermatologicalAid Cold infusion of root given or root chewed "for
• Food—Alaska Native Dried Food Leaves sun dried, chopped, dried, bee and other stings." (as Gillenia trifoliata 80:40) Infusion of roots
and stored in closed containers. Snack Food Leaves sun dried, used as a wash for leg scratches, (as Gillenia trifoliata 177:27) Emetic
 Catalog of Plants 443

soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn Pitted fruit eaten fresh, (as P. besseyi 69:364) Sauce & Relish Fruit
bread. (196:128) Ojibwa Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit used to make a sauce during the fruiting season, (as P. besseyi 70:88)
Fruit eaten fresh. (135:235) Berries used for food. The pin cherry was Lakota Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as P. besseyi 139:56) Omaha Dried
abundant around the Flambeau Reservation and the Ojibwe were Food Fruit dried for winter use. (as P. besseyi 70:88) Fruit Fruit eaten
fond of it. It was an education in itself to see a group of Ojibwe wom fresh, (as P. besseyi 68:326) Sauce & Relish Fruit used to make a sauce
en working on mats with a supply of fruit laden branches beside during the fruiting season. Pawnee Dried Food Fruit dried for winter
them. With one hand they would start a stream of berries into the use. Sauce & Relish Fruit used to make a sauce during the fruiting
mouth and the stream of cherry stones ejected from the other corner season. Ponca Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Sauce & Relish
of the mouth seemed ceaseless. The Pillager Ojibwe also had the tree Fruit used to make a sauce during the fruiting season, (as P. besseyi
and used it is the same manner. (153:409) Soup Dried fruit ground 70:88)
into a flour and used to make soup. (135:235) Potawatomi Fruit • Other—Lakota Paint Fruit used to paint the face, (as P. besseyi
Cherries eaten as the women worked making baskets. (154:108) 139:56)
• Fiber—Cherokee BuildingMaterialWood used for lumber. Furni
Prunus pumilavar. susquehanae (hort. exWilld.) Jaeger,
ture Wood used to make furniture. (80:28)
Sesquehana Sandcherry
• Other—Cherokee DecorationsWood used to carve. (80:28)
• Food—Potawatomi Beverage Cherries used to improve the flavor of

Prunus persica (L) Batsch, Peach whisky, (as P. cuneata 154:107)

• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Decoction or teaspoon of parched

Prunus serotina Ehrh., Black Cherry
seed kernels taken for worms. Antiemetic Infusion of scraped bark
• Drwg^-Cherokee Blood Medicine Compound used as a blood tonic.
taken for vomiting. Cathartic Infusion of any part taken as a purga
Cold Remedy Infusion of bark taken for colds. Cough Medicine Infu
tive. Dermatological AidUsed for skin diseases and leaves wrung in
sion of bark taken for coughs. Dermatological Aid Astringent root
cold water used to bathe swelling. Febrifuge Strong infusion taken
bark used in a wash for old sores and ulcers. Root bark used as a wash
for fever. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves taken for sick stom
for old sores and ulcers. Febrifuge Infusion or decoction of bark used
ach. (80:47,48) Delaware Anthelmintic Infusion of leaves used to ex
for fevers, including the "great chill." (80:28,29) Decoction of bark
pel pinworms. Antiemetic and PediatricAid Infusion of leaves used
used as a wash for chills and fevers. (177:28) Infusion of bark taken
by children for vomiting. (176:31) Koasati Orthopedic Aidleaves
for fevers. (203:74) Gastrointestinal A/d Boiled fruit used for "blood
rubbed on the scratches of tired legs. (177:27) Navajo Cathartic Plant
discharged from bowels." Used in steam bath for indigestion, bilious
used as a purgative. (55:96) Dried fruit used as a purgative. (55:54)
ness, and jaundice. Gynecological yl/d Warm infusion given when la
Rappahannock Kidney Aid Infusion of fresh or dried leaves taken for
bor pains begin. (80:28,29) Infusion of bark taken for childbirth. (177:
kidney trouble. (161:33)
28) Misc. Disease Remedy Compound of barks added to corn whisky
• Food—Cherokee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:47) Havasupai Bever
and used to break out measles. (80:28,29) Decoction of bark used as
age Dried fruits pounded, stewed, and the water drunk. Dried Food
a wash for ague. (177:28) Oral Aid Infusion of bark used for "thrash."
Fruit split open, pitted, and sun dried for later consumption. (197:
Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark used for laryngitis. (80:28,29)
224) Hopi Dried Food Fruits split open and dried for winter use. Fruit
Chippewa Anthelmintic Compound decoction of root taken for
Fruits eaten fresh. (200:79) Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed,
worms. (53:346) Burn DressingPowder containing powdered root
made into small cakes, and dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or
applied to burns. (53:354) Dermatological Aid Compound poultice
cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Fruit Dried
of inner bark applied to cuts and wounds. (53:352) Poultice of fresh
fruit taken as a hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked
roots or decoction of bark used as a wash for "scrofulous neck." Pow
in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. (196:
der containing powdered root applied to ulcers. (53:354) Disinfectant
129) Keres, Western Fruit Fresh peaches eaten for food. Winter Use
Compound decoction of inner bark used as a disinfectant wash. (53:
Food Peaches dried for winter use. (171:63) Keresan Dried Food Fruit
366) Misc. Disease Remedy and Pediatric Aid Decoction of root given
dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (198:562) Navajo, Ramah
for "cholera infantum." (53:346) Tuberculosis Remedy Poultice of root
Fruit Favorite fruit used for food. (191:31) Seminole Unspecified
applied or decoction of bark used as a wash for scrofulous, neck
Plant used for food. (169:507)
sores. (53:354) Delaware Antidiarrheal Bark used for diarrhea. Cough
• Dye—Navajo Yellow Leaves used as a yellow dye. (55:54)
Medicine Fruits used to make cough syrup. Tonic Bark combined
• Other—Hopi Tools Wood used to make weaving batons. (200:79)
with other roots and used as a tonic. (176:32) Delaware, Oklahoma
Antidiarrheal Bark used as a diarrhea remedy. Cough Medicine Fruit
Prunus pumila L, Sandcherry
used to make cough syrup. Tonic Compound containing bark taken
• Food—Menominee Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Preserves Berries some
as a tonic. (175:27,78) Delaware, Ontario Gynecological Aid Com
times gathered and preserved. (151:71) Ojibwa Dried Food Fruit used
pound infusion of bark taken for "diseases peculiar to women." Tonic
dried. Fruit Fruit used fresh. (5:2221) This species was plentiful on
Compound infusion of bark taken as a tonic for general debility. (175:
sandy openings in the forest and the fruit gathered for food. (153:409)
68,82) Iroquois Analgesic Decoction of bark taken or poultice ap
Prunuspumilavar. besseyi (Bailey) Gleason, Western Sandcherry plied to forehead and neck for headaches. (87:362) Blood Medicine
• Food—Dakota Dried Food Pitted fruit dried for winter use. (as P. Compound infusion of bark and roots taken as a blood purifier. (87:
besseyi 69:364) Fruit dried for winter use. (as P. besseyi 70:88) Fruit 361) Infusion of roots and other roots taken by young mothers for
444 Prunus serotina (Rosaceae)

thick blood. (141:46) Burn Dressing Compound of roots applied as a Aid Infusion of fresh or dried bark taken as an appetizer. Poison Infu
salve to burns. (87:362) Cold Remedy Infusion or decoction of bark sion of bark or berries with honey used for coughs, if stale it is poi
taken or inhaled for colds or sore throats. (87:361) Cough Medicine sonous. Tonic Infusion of fresh or dried bark taken as a tonic. (161:
Decoction of bark taken for consumption or an "old cough." (87:360) 26) Shinnecock Cold Remedy Compound infusion of leaves and
DermatologicalAid Compound decoction taken for "sores all over boneset taken with molasses for colds. Infusion of buds, leaves, or
the body caused by bad blood." Compound poultice of bark applied bark taken with sugar for colds. Gastrointestinal Aid Fruit put in a
to chancres caused by syphilis or cuts. (87:361) Compound decoc bottle and allowed to stand, then taken for stomach trouble. (30:118)
tion used as wash for parts affected by "Italian itch." (87:362) Emetic • Food—Cherokee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:28) Chippewa Sever-
Compound decoction of plants taken to vomit for sleepiness and age Twigs used to make a beverage. (53:317) Bread & Cake Berries
weakness. (87:361) Febrifuge Decoction of bark taken for colds and cooked, spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried, and stored for
fever. (87:360) Gynecological Aid Compound decoction taken when a winter use. Fruit Berries eaten raw. (53:321) Iroquois Bread & Cake
woman has a miscarriage. (87:361) Liver Aid Decoction of bark taken Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for future use. Dried
for too much gall. PediatricAid Decoction of bark used as a steam Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.
bath for babies with bronchitis. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of bark Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit
taken for soreness and lung inflammation. Respiratory Aid Decoction cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with
of bark used as a steam bath for babies with bronchitis. (87:360) corn bread. (196:128) Mahuna Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench
Stimulant Compound decoction of plants taken to vomit for sleepi the thirst. (140:70) Menominee Fruit Cherries, if eaten when picked
ness and weakness. Throat Aid Infusion of bark taken for colds and and allowed to stand some time, said to make the Indian drunk.
sore throats. (87:361) Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark or roots Cherries eaten fresh. (151:71) Ojibwa BeverageRipe cherries used to
taken for consumption or for an "old cough." (87:360) Venereal Aid make whisky. (153:409) Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. (135:
Compound poultice of bark applied to chancres caused by syphilis. 235) This cherry was preferred to all other wild cherries and dried for
(87:361) Mahuna Cough Medicine Infusion of bark or roots taken for winter use. (153:409) Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Soup Dried fruit ground
coughs. (140:18) Malecite Cold Remedy Infusion of bark, "beaver cas into a flour and used to make soup. (135:235) Potawatomi Beverage
tor," and gin used for colds. Castor or castorecum is a strong-smell Cherries mostly used in wine or whisky. Fruit Cherries used for food.
ing, brown, concrete substance from the preputial follicles of the (154:108)
beaver, Castorfiber. It has long been used in medicine as a stimulant • Fiber—Cherokee Building MaterialWood used for lumber. Furni
and antispasmodic, and also In the manufacture of perfume. Cough ture Wood used to make furniture. (80:28)
Medicine Infusion of bark, beaver castor, and gin used for coughs. • Other—Cherokee DecorationsYJood used to carve. (80:28)
Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of bark, beaver castor, and gin used by
Prunus sp,, Chokecherry
men for consumption. (116:249) Micmac Cold Remedy Bark used for
• Drug^Apache, Mescalero Antidiarrheal Berries used for diarrhea.
colds. Cough Medicine Bark used for coughs. Misc. Disease Remedy
Burn DressingRipe berries mashed and used for burns. (14:48) Chip
Bark used for smallpox. Tonic Fruit used as a tonic. Tuberculosis
pewa DermatologicalAid Poultice of fresh root or decoction of dried
Remedy Bark used for consumption. (40:60) Mohegan Antidiarrheal
root applied to ulcers. (53:354) Gynecological Aid Poultice of fresh
Ripe fruit fermented 1 year and used for dysentery. (174:264) Liquid
root or decoction of dried root applied to "broken breast." (53:360)
from fermented fruit taken for dysentery. (176:74,130) Cold Remedy
Creek Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for dysentery. (172:659)
Compound infusion of leaves and boneset taken with molasses for
Infusion of roots taken for dysentery. Koasati Gastrointestinal Aid In
colds. Infusion of buds, leaves, or bark taken with sugar for colds. (30:
fusion of inner bark taken for dyspepsia. (177:27) Malecite Unspeci-
118) Compound infusion taken, hot at night and cold in the morn
fiedUsed to make medicines. (160:6)
ing, for colds. (174:264) Compound infusion of bark taken for colds.
• Food—Apache, Mescalero Bread & Cake Berries ground, formed into
(176:74,13) Gastrointestinal Aid Fruit put in a bottle and allowed to
cakes, and dried. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (14:48) Coeur d'Alene
stand, then taken for stomach trouble. (30:118) 7bmcComplex com
Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (178:89) Comanche Dried Food Fruits eaten
pound infusion including wild cherry bark taken as spring tonic.
dried and stored for later use. (29:523) Malecite Fruit Fruits eaten for
(174:266) Narraganset Cold Remedy Infusion of buds, leaves, or bark
food. (160:6) Micmac BeverageB&rk used to make a beverage. (159:
taken with sugar for colds. (30:118) Ojibwa Cold Remedy Infusion of
258) Navajo Fruit Fruits eaten as soon as they were picked. (55:54)
bark used for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion of bark used for
Oweekeno Fruit Fruit used for food. (43:111) Thompson Preserves
coughs. (153:385) Ojibwa, South Analgesic Infusion of inner bark
Berries collected in large quantities and cured. (178:237)
taken for chest pain and soreness. DermatologicalAid Poultice of
• Dye—Navajo Green Fruits used to make a green dye. Purple Roots
boiled, bruised, or chewed inner bark applied to sores. Pulmonary
used to make a purple dye. (55:54)
Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for chest pain and soreness. (91:199)
• Other—Apache, Mescalero Hunting & Fishing Item Small shoots
Penobscot Cough Medicine Infusion of bark taken for coughs. Tonic
used to make arrow shafts. (14:48) Malecite Smoking Tools Wood
Infusion of berries taken as a "fine bitter tonic." (156:310) Potawato-
used to make pipes. (160:6) Navajo Ceremonial ItemsYJood used to
mi Adjuvantlnner bark used as a seasoner for medicines. (154:77)
make prayer sticks. Wood used to make a staff carried by the Hump
Rappahannock Cold Remedy Infusion of buds, leaves, or bark taken
back in the Night Chant. (55:54)
with sugar for colds. (30:118) Cough Medicine Infusion of bark or
berries with honey used for coughs, if stale it is poisonous. Dietary Prunus subcordata Benth., Klamath Plum
 Catalog of Plants 445

• Food—Atsugewi Bread & Cake Seeds removed, pulp pounded, and Dressing Infusion of bark used for cleansing burns. Dermatological
stored for winter in small cakes. (61:139) Klamath Dried Food Fresh Aid Infusion of bark used for cleansing sores. Flathead Anthelmintic
or dried fruit used for food. Fruit Dried or fresh fruit used for food. Infusion used for intestinal worms. Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark
(45:99) Mendocino Indian Dried Food Fruits dried and eaten. Fruit used for diarrhea and dysentery. Eye Medicine Bark resin warmed,
Fruits eaten for food. (41:356) Modesse Fruit Fruit used for food. strained, cooled, and used for sore eyes. GrosVentre Antidiarrheal
(117:223) Wintoon Fruit Fruit used for food. (117:264) Infusion of bark used for diarrhea and dysentery. (82:42) Iroquois
Antidiarrheal Bark used for diarrhea. Antihemorrhagic Stalk used for
Prunus subcordata var. oregana (Greene) w. Wight ex M. E.
hemorrhages. Blood Medicine Stalk used as a blood purifier. (87:359)
Peck, Oregon Klamath Plum
Cough MedicineDecoction of plant taken as a cough syrup. (87:360)
• Food—Wintoon Fruit Fruit used for food, (as P. oregana 117:264)
DermatologicalAid Inner bark used for wounds. (87:359) Gynecologi
Prunus virginiana L, Common Chokecherry cal Aid Compound decoction of stalks taken to prevent hemorrhage
• Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Cough Medicine Infusion of bark and after childbirth. Misc. Disease Remedy Compound decoction of
sweet flag taken for coughs. (18:185) Blackfoot Antidiarrheal Berry plants and bark taken for cholera. (87:360) Pediatric Aid Stalk used
juice used for diarrhea. Cathartic Infusion of cambium and saska for prenatal care. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoction of
toon taken as a purge. Pediatric Aidlnfusion of cambium and saska roots taken for consumption. Veterinary Aid Decoction of branches,
toon taken by nursing mothers to pass medicinal qualities to baby. leaves, and berries given to horses for diarrhea. (87:359) Kutenaii4/i-
Throat Aid Berry juice used for sore throats. (86:68) Cherokee Blood tidiarrheal Infusion of bark used for diarrhea and dysentery. (82:42)
Medicine Compound used as a blood tonic. Cold Remedy Infusion Menominee Antidiarrheal Infusion of inner bark or decoction of
of bark taken for colds. Cough MedicineInfusion of bark taken for berries taken for diarrhea. DermatologicalAid Poultice of pounded
coughs. Dermatological Aid Astringent root bark used in a wash for inner bark applied to man or beast for wounds or galls. Pediatric Aid
old sores and ulcers. Root bark used as a wash for old sores and ul Sweetened infusion of inner bark given to children for diarrhea. Vet
cers. Febrifuge Infusion or decoction of bark used for fevers, includ erinary Aid Poultice of inner bark applied to heal a wound or gall on
ing the "great chill." (80:28,29) Decoction of bark used as a wash for humans or beasts. (151:49,50) Meskwaki Dermatological Aid Decoc-
chills and fevers. (177:28) Gastrointestinal Aid Boiled fruit used for tion of bark used as an astringent and spoken of as "a puckering."
"blood discharged from bowels." Used in steam bath for indigestion, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root bark used for stomach troubles
biliousness, and jaundice. Gynecological AidWarm infusion given and as a sedative. Hemorrhoid Remedy Decoction of root bark used
when labor pains begin. Misc. Disease Remedy Compound of barks as an astringent, rectal douche for piles. Sedative Infusion of root
added to corn whisky and used to break out measles. (80:28,29) De bark used as a sedative and for stomach trouble. (152:242) Micmac
coction of bark used as a wash for ague. (177:28) Oral Aid Infusion of Antidiarrheal Bark used for diarrhea. (40:60) Navajo, Raman Anal
bark used for "thrash." Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark used for gesic Cold infusion of dried fruit taken for stomachache. Ceremonial
laryngitis. (80:28,29) Decoction of inner bark taken to loosen phlegm Medicine and Emetic Leaves used as an emetic in various ceremonies.
for hoarseness. (177:28) Cheyenne Antidiarrheal Unripened berries Gastrointestinal Aid Cold infusion of dried fruit taken for stomach
pulverized and used for diarrhea. (82:42) Unripened fruits eaten by ache. Panacea Dried fruit used as "life medicine." (191:31) Ojibwa
children for diarrhea. Dietary Aid and Pediatric Aid Dried, smashed, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for lung trouble. (153:
ripe berries given to children with loss of appetite. Unripened fruits 385) Ojibwa, South Gynecological Aid "Branchlets" used in unspeci
eaten by children for diarrhea. Unspecified Dried, smashed, ripe ber fied manner during gestation. (91:199) Okanagan-CoWiMe Antidiar-
ries used as an ingredient for medicines. (83:35) Chippewa Analgesic rheal Decoction of wood, branches and bark taken for diarrhea. Cold
Decoction of inner bark taken for cramps. (53:344) Antihemorrhagic Remedy Decoction of wood, branches, and bark taken for colds.
Compound infusion of inner bark taken for hemorrhages from the Cough Medicine Decoction of wood, branches, and bark taken for
lungs. (53:340) Blood Medicine Compound decoction of inner bark coughs. DermatologicalAid Poultice of wood scraped until pasty and
used as cathartic blood cleanser for scrofula. Cathartic Compound applied to woman's stomach to eliminate the "stretch marks." Gas
decoction of bark used as a blood-cleansing cathartic for scrofula trointestinal AidMashed seeds taken as a stomach medicine. Tonic
sores. (53:354) Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used as a wash Decoction of branches and red willow roots used as a general tonic
to strengthen the hair and make it grow. (53:350) Disinfectant Com for any type of sickness. (188:127) Penobscot Antidiarrheal Infusion
pound decoction of inner bark used as a disinfectant wash. (53:366) of bark taken for diarrhea. (156:310) Potawatomi Eye Medicine Bark
Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for stomach used in an eyewash and berries used to make tonic drink. Tonic Ber
cramps. (53:344) Pulmonary Aid Compound infusion of inner bark ries used to make tonic drink and bark used in an eyewash. (154:77,
taken for lung hemorrhage. (53:340) Throat Aid Decoction of inner 78) SanpoH Antidiarrheal Decoction of bark taken for diarrhea. (131:
bark gargled for sore throat. (53:342) Tuberculosis Remedy Com 221) Thompson Antidiarrheal Decoction of twigs taken for diarrhea.
pound decoction of bark used as a blood-cleansing cathartic for Cold Remedy Decoction of broken sticks taken for colds. Decoction
scrofula sores. Compound decoction of inner bark used as cathartic of branches, sometimes with red willow branches and wild rose
blood cleanser for scrofula. (53:354) Cree, Hudson Bay Antidiarrheal roots, taken for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of branches, some
Decoction of fresh bark taken for diarrhea. (92:303) Cree, Woodlands times with red willow branches and wild rose roots, taken for coughs.
Antidiarrheal Decoction of roots taken for diarrhea. (109:53) Crow Laxative Decoction of branches, sometimes with red willow branch
Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark used for diarrhea and dysentery. Burn es and wild rose roots, taken as a laxative. Misc. Disease Remedy De-
446 Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae)

coction of branches, sometimes with red willow branches and wild used to make syrup. Winter Use Food Fruit, with the pit, canned for
rose roots, taken for influenza. UnspecifiedDecoction of broken future use. (187:264)
sticks taken for a sick feeling. (187:264) • Fifcer—Blackfoot Furniture Straight branches used to make back
• Food-^Abnaki Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (144:168) Algonquin, Que rests. (86:119) Cherokee BuildingMaterialWood used for lumber.
bec Beverage Fruits used to make a wine. (18:113) Cherries used to FurnitureWood used to make furniture. (80:28)
make wine. Fruit Cherries eaten fresh. Preserves Cherries made into • Other—Blackfoot ContainersHard wood used to make incense
preserves. (18:96) Apache, Western Fruit Berries eaten raw. (26:190) tongs. Cooking Tools Hard wood used to make roasting skewers. (86:
Blackfoot Beverage Juice given as a special drink to husbands or the 119) Tools Sticks used to dig roots. (86:104) Cherokee Decorations
favorite child. Dried Food Berries greased, sun dried, and stored for Wood used to carve. (80:28) Cheyenne Hunting & Fishing Item Limbs
future use. Fruit Crushed berries mixed with back fat, and used to used to make arrow shafts and bows. (82:42) Used to make arrow
make pemmican. Soup Crushed berries mixed with back fat, and shafts. Used to make bows. (83:46) Wood used to make arrow shafts
used to make soup. (86:104) Special Food Berry soup used for most and bows. (83:35) Crow Fasteners Wood used to make tepee stakes
ceremonial events.10 (86:26) Spice Peeled sticks inserted into roasting and pins. Sap mixed with the neck portion of certain animals and
meat as a spice. Staple Berries considered a staple. (86:104) Chero used to make a glue. (82:42) Lakota Ceremonial Items Branch bun
kee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:28) Cheyenne Bread & Cake Fruits dles tied to sacred Sun Dance poles. (106:38) Hunting & Fishing Item
pounded, formed into flat cakes, sun dried, and used as a winter Stems used to make arrows. (139:57) Montana Indian PaintSap
food. Pie & PuddingBenies boiled, sugar and flour added, and eaten mixed with different colored clays and used as paint for Indian de
as a pudding. (83:35) Chippewa BeverageTwigs used to make a bev signs. (82:42) Okanagan-Colville Season Indicator Ripened fruit in
erage. (53:317) Dried Food Fruits pounded, dried, and used for food. dicated that the spring salmon were coming up the river to spawn.
(53:321) Cree, Woodlands Fruit Fruit and pits, sometimes with fish (188:127)
eggs, crushed, mixed with grease, and eaten. Sauce & Relish Fruit
used to make pancake syrup. (109:53) Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit Prunus virginianavar. demissa (Nurt.) Torr., Western Choke-
mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for future use. (196:128) cherry
Dried Food Fruits dried and used as a winter food. (124:95) Raw or • Drug—Atsugewi Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to
cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Fruit Dried cuts, sores, bruises, and black eyes. Decoction of bark used for bath
fruit taken as a hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked ing wounds, (as P. demissa 61:140) Blackfoot Unspecified Decoction
in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. of bark and roots of western sweet cicely, northern valerian, and
(196:128) Soup Fruits pulverized, mixed with dried meat flour, and horehound taken internally, (as P. demissa 114:277) Gosiute Blood
eaten as soup. (124:95) Lakota Beverage Leaves used to make a tea Medicine Decoction of bark used as a blood medicine for nose hem
during the Sun Dance. Fru/f Berries eaten fresh. (106:38) Fruits eaten orrhages, (as P. demissa 39:378) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of
for food. (139:57) Pie & PuddingBenies mixed with cornstarch and wood scrapings used by children and adults for bowel troubles, (as
sugar to make a pudding. Special Food Small branches sucked or P. demissa 39:350) Hemostat Decoction of bark used as a blood med
chewed for thirst during the Sun Dance. (106:38) Menominee Bever icine for nose hemorrhages, (as P. demissa 39:378) Pediatric Aid De
age Bark boiled into regular tea and drunk with meals. Fruit Cherries coction of wood scrapings used by children and adults for bowel
eaten fresh. (151:71) Meskwaki Beverage Bark made into a beverage. troubles, (as P. demissa 39:350) Haisla & Hanaksiala Oral Aid Poul
Fruit Cherries eaten raw. (152:263) Montana Indian Bread & Cake tice of mashed leaves applied to oral abscesses. (43:273) Karok Cold
Berries pulverized, shaped into round cakes, sun dried, and stored Remedy and Pediatric AidBaik scrapings placed beside the nose of
for winter use. Fruit Berries eaten raw. Berries pulverized, shaped babies for colds, (as P. demissa 148:384) Kawaiisu LaxativeRipe ber
into round cakes, sun dried, and used to make pemmican. Pie & ries had a laxative effect, (as P. demissa 206:54) Mendocino Indian
PuddingBenies mixed with sugar and flour and used to make a pud Antidiarrheal Inner bark used for diarrhea. Sedative Inner bark used
ding. Soup Berries pulverized, shaped into round cakes, sun dried, for nervous excitability. Tonic Inner bark used in a tonic, (as Cerasus
and used in soups and stews. (82:42) Ojibwa Dried Food Berries used demissa 41:356) Menominee Pulmonary Aid Decoction of inner bark
dried. (5:2222) Fruit dried for winter use. (135:235) Fruit Berries used used for lung trouble, (as P. demissa 54:130) Oregon Indian Antidiar
fresh. (5:2222) Fruit eaten fresh. (135:235) Fruit of this cherry was rheal Pounded, dried cherries mixed with dry salmon and sugar and
liked, especially after the fruit had been frosted. (153:409) Soup Dried used for dysentery, (as P. demissa 118:42) Paiute Analgesic Dried,
berry powder mixed with dried meat flour for soup. (5:2222) Dried pulverized bark smoked for headache or head cold. Cold Remedy
fruit ground into a flour and used to make soup. (135:235) Okana- Decoction of peeled bark or root taken for colds and bark smoked
gan-Colville Bread & Cake Berries mashed, seeds and all, and sun for head colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of peeled bark or root tak
dried into thin cakes. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Winter UseFoodBer- en for coughs and colds. Dermatological Aid Pulverized, dried bark
ries stored for winter use. (188:127) Omaha Dried Food Fruit pound used as a drying powder on sores. Eye Medicine and Herbal Steam
ed with the pits, made into thin cakes, and dried for winter use.60 Steam from boiling bark allowed to rise into the eyes for snow-blind
Fruit Fruit eaten fresh.60 (68:326) Potawatomi Fruit Cherry used for ness. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of leaves, bark, or roots taken
food and for seasoning or flavoring wine. (154:108) Thompson Bev for tuberculosis. Shoshoni Antiemetic Decoction of bark taken for in
erage Fruit used to make wine and juice. Dried Food Fruit, with the digestion or upset stomach. Eye Medicine Steam from boiling bark
pit, dried for future use. Fruit Fruit used for food. Sauce & Relish Fruit allowed to rise into the eyes for snow-blindness. Gastrointestinal Aid
 Catalog of Plants 447

Decoction of bark taken for indigestion or upset stomach. Herbal Shuswap Beverage Boiled roots used to make beer. Dried berries
Steam Steam from boiling bark allowed to rise into the eyes for snow- used to make wine. Winter Use Food Berries dried for winter use.
blindness. (180:123,124) Sioux Adjuvant Wood used to make "medi (123:67) Spokan Fruit Berries used for food, (as P. demissa 178:343)
cine-spoons" for use in ceremonial dog feasts. Antidiarrheal Infusion Thompson Unspecified Dark purple drupe used as part of the diet,
of bark used for dysentery. Ceremonial MedicineWood used to make (as P. demissa 164:490) Wintoon Fruit Fruit used for food, (as P. de
"medicine-spoons" for use in ceremonial dog feasts. Hemostat Dried missa 117:264) Yuki Fruit Berries eaten raw. Ripe berries cooked and
roots chewed and placed in bleeding wounds, (as P. demissa 19:19) eaten, (as P. demissa 49:87) Yurok Fruit Fruit used for food. (6:48)
Thompson Gynecological Aid Decoction of bark taken after child • Fiber—Maidu Basketry Withes used as overlay twine weft bases in
birth as a strengthening tonic. Tonic Decoction of bark taken as a the manufacture of baskets, (as P. demissa 173:71)
tonic, (as P. demissa 164:477) • Other—Karok Fasteners Gum used to fasten foreshafts to the end of
► Food—Atsugewi Porridge Ripe, mashed fruit added to water to form arrows. Paint Gum applied to the surface of bows and arrows before
a paste and eaten without cooking, (as P. demissa 61:139) Blackfoot painting the design, (as P. demissa 148:384) Kawaiisu Hunting &
Fruit Berries eaten raw. Berries pounded, mixed with meat, and eat Fishing Item Straight stems used to make arrows. Tools Straight stems
en. Soup Berries used for soups, (as P. demissa 114:277) Cahuilla used to make gun cleaners, (as P. demissa 206:54) Montana Indian
Dried Food Fruit sun dried for future use. Fruit Fruit considered a Hunting & Fishing Item Straight shoots used to make arrow shafts,
great delicacy, important food and a highly prized food source. Fruit (as P. demissa 19:19) Navajo Ceremonial ItemsVJood used to make
eaten fresh. Staple Ground pit used as a meal. (15:119) Coeur d'Alene dance implements, prayer sticks, and square hoops for ceremonies.
Dried Food Berries dried and used for food. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Sacred ItemsTree sacred to the Navajo. (as P. demissa 55:54) Paiute
Berries mashed and eaten. Soup Berries dried, boiled with roots, and Hunting & Fishing Item Limbs used for arrow shafts, (as P. demissa
eaten as soup, (as P. demissa 178:89) Costanoan Fruit Fruits used for 111:84) Paiute, Northern Smoke Plant Berries mashed, made into lit
food, late in season only. (21:249) Gosiute Dried Food Fruit mashed, tle cakes, dried, and used like chewing tobacco, (as P. demissa 59:49)
sun dried, and stored for winter use. Fruit Fruit used for food. Por Shuswap Paint Berries mixed with bear grease and used to make
ridge Fruit mashed, sun dried, stored for winter, and used to make a paint for painting pictographs. (123:67) Thompson Designs Shred
mush, (as P. demissa 39:378) Haisla & Hanaksiala Forage Fruit eaten ded bark used to ornament the rims of baskets. Tools Wood used to
by bears. Fruit Fruit used for food. (43:273) Karok Fruit Berries used make handles for root diggers, (as P. demissa 164:500)
for food, (as P. demissa 148:384) Kawaiisu Fruit Berries eaten fresh.
Preserves Berries used to make jelly, (as P. demissa 206:54) Kiowa Prunus virginianavar. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg., Black
Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Winter UseFoodFruit dried in large quanti Chokecherry
ties for winter use. (as Cerasus demissa 192:30) Klamath Dried Food • Drug—Keres, Western Cough Medicine Bark made into a cough
Fruit dried for later use. (as P. demissa 45:98) Luiseiio Fruit Fruit medicine, (as P. melanocarpa 171:63) Navajo Unspecified Fruit and
used for food, (as P. demissa 155:232) Mendocino Indian Preserves seeds ground raw, patted into a cake, sun dried, and used for medici
Fruits made into a jelly and used for food, (as Cerasus demissa 41: nal purposes, (as P. melanocarpa 165:222) Sanpoil & Nespelem Un
356) Modesse Fruit Fruit used for food, (as Cerasus demissa 117:223) specified Decoction of branches taken as medicine. (131:104)
Montana Indian BeverageRipe fruit collected each fall and made • Food—Acoma Dried Food Fruits dried for winter use. Fruit Fruits
into wine. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh.61 Preserves Ripe fruit collected each eaten fresh, (as P. melanocarpa 32:46) Apache Bread & Cake Berries
fall and made into marmalade. Staple Fruit used as an important ground and meal made into sweet, blackish cakes, (as Padus melano
ingredient in the preparation of "pemmican."61 Winter Use Food carpa 138:47) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Fruit Fruit eaten
Crushed, dried fruit strips stored for winter use. (as P. demissa 19:19) fresh. Preserves Fruit cooked to make a preserve. Winter Use Food
Ojibwa Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Fruits ground, pressed, and saved for winter, (as Prunus melanocar
Soup Dried fruit ground into a flour and used to make soup, (as P. pa 33:46) Cheyenne Fruit Fresh or pounded, dried berries and pits
demissa 135:235) Okanagon Staple Berries used as a principal food. used to make berry pemmican. Winter Use Food Pounded berries
(as P. demissa 178:238) Paiute Beverage Fruits added to hot water and and pits made into flat cakes and sun dried for winter use. (as P.
used as a beverage. Stems used to make tea. (as P. demissa 104:99) melanocarpa 76:177) Cochiti Dried Food Fruits dried for winter use.
Bark and twigs made into a tea and taken with meals, (as P. demissa Fruit Fruits eaten fresh, (as P. melanocarpa 32:46) Dakota Fruit
111:84) Dried Food Fruits broken, molded into cakes, hardened, Fresh fruit used for food. Winter Use Food Fruit pounded to a pulp,
ground, boiled, dried, and used for food. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh, (as made into small cakes, dried in the sun, and stored for winter use.
P. demissa 104:99) Chokecherry cakes ground and boiled with flour, (as P. melanocarpa 69:364) Great Basin Indian Dried Food Mashed
sugar, and occasionally roasted deer liver. Winter Use Food Choke- berries dried for winter use. (as P. melanocarpa 121:48) Keres, West
cherries made into cakes for winter use. (as P. demissa 111:84) ern Fruit Fruit used for food. Winter Use Food Fruit dried for winter
Paiute, Northern Bread & Cake Berries mashed, made into round use. (as P. melanocarpa 171:63) Kiowa Fruit and Winter Use Food
cakes, and eaten dry. Dried Food Berries dried, cooked, and eaten. Fruit eaten fresh and dried in large quantities for winter use. (192:30)
Fruit Berries eaten ripe. Porridge Berries dried, ground, and boiled Laguna Dried Food Fruits dried for winter use. Fruit Fruits eaten
into a mush. Winter Use Food Berries dried and stored for winter use. fresh. Navajo Porridge Fruits cooked into a gruel with cornmeal. (as
(as P. demissa 59:49) Round Valley Indian Dried Food Fruits dried P. melanocarpa 32:46) Navajo, Ramah Bread & Cake Fruit ground
and used for food. Fruit Fruits eaten, (as Cerasus demissa 41:356) and made into small cakes. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Winter Use Food
448 Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae)

Fruit dried for winter use. (191:31) Pueblo Fruit Fruits eaten fresh wash. Toothache Remedy'Dried leaves chewed for toothache. Sho-
or cooked. San Felipe Dried Food Fruits dried for winter use. Fruit shoni Gastrointestinal Aid and PediatricAid Decoction of entire
Fruits eaten fresh, (as P. melanocarpa 32:46) Sanpoil & Nespelem plant used for stomachaches, especially children's. Urinary Aid
Beverage Branches used to make a beverage. (131:104) Bread & Cake Decoction of whole plant taken for urinary troubles. (180:124)
Berries mashed, mixed with dried salmon into a pemmican, formed
Psathyrotes pilifera Gray, Hairybeast Turtleback
into cakes, dried, and stored. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh or dried. (131:
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a cere
101) Spanish American Preserves Fruits made into jelly and jam. (as
monial emetic. Dermatological AidPlant used as a lotion for chil
P. melanocarpa32'A6) Tewa Fruit Berries boiled and eaten. Berries
blains. Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. (205:49)
eaten raw. (as Padus melanocarpa 138:47)
• Dye—Great Basin Indian Red Fruit used to make a dark red dye. Psathyrotes ramosissima (Torr.) Gray, Velvet Turtleback
Red-Brown Inner bark used to make a red-brown dye. (as Prunus • Drug—Paiute Analgesic Decoction of plant used as a head wash

melanocarpa 121:48) for headaches. Antidiarrheal Decoction of plant taken for diarrhea.

• Other—Isleta Hunting & Fishing Item Strong, supple, straight- Cathartic Decoction of plant taken as a physic. Dermatological Aid

grained limbs used to make bows, (as P. melanocarpa 100:40) Keres, Compound poultice of crushed plants applied to draw boils and im

Western Hunting & Fishing /tern Wood, backed with sinew, made bedded slivers. Compound poultice of plant applied to sores, cuts,

into bows, (as P. melanocarpa 171:63) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial swellings, and insect bites. Emetic Decoction of plant taken as an

Items Stems used to make Evilway and Mountaintopway big hoops emetic. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomach

and Bear's prayer stick in Mountaintopway. (191:31) Paiute Designs aches, bowel disorders, and biliousness. Laxative Decoction of plant

Flower used as the favorite basket pattern, (as P. melanocarpa 121: taken for constipation. Liver Aid Decoction of plant taken for liver

48) Tewa Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows, (as trouble. Snakebite Remedy Poultice of crushed, green plant or mois

Padus melanocarpa 138:47) tened dried plant used on snakebites. (180:125,126) Toothache Rem
edyDrybits chewed for toothache. (118:45) Venereal Aid Decoction
Prunus virginiana L. var. virginiana, Chokecheny of plant taken for venereal diseases. Shoshoni Analgesic Decoction
• Drug—Dakota Ceremonial Medicine Fruit prepared in unspecified of plant used as a head wash for headaches. Antidiarrheal Decoction
way and used in old-time ceremonies. Omaha Ceremonial Medicine of plant taken for diarrhea. Cathartic Decoction of plant taken as a
Fruit prepared in unspecified way and used in old-time ceremonies. physic. Cough Medicine Decoction of plant taken for tubercular
Pawnee Ceremonial Medicine Fruit prepared in unspecified way and cough. Dermatological Aid Compound poultice of crushed plants
used in old-time ceremonies. Ponca Antidiarrheal Infusion of fruit applied to draw boils and imbedded slivers. Compound poultice of
or decoction of bark taken for diarrhea. Ceremonial Medicine Fruit plant applied to sores, cuts, swellings, and insect bites. Emetic De
prepared in unspecified way and used in old-time ceremonies. Win- coction of plant taken as an emetic. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction
nebago Ceremonial Medicine Fruit prepared in unspecified way and of plant taken for stomachaches, bowel disorders, and biliousness.
used in old-time ceremonies, (as Padus nana70:88,89) Laxative Decoction of plant taken for constipation. Liver Aid Decoc
• Food—Dakota Bread & Gate Fruit and pits pounded to a pulp, tion of plant taken for liver trouble. Snakebite Remedy Poultice of
formed into small cakes, sun dried, and stored for winter use. Dried crushed, green plant applied to snakebites. Tuberculosis Remedy De
Food Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Omaha Bread coction of plant taken for tubercular cough. Venereal Aid Decoction
& Cake Fruit and pits pounded to a pulp, formed into small cakes, sun of plant taken for venereal diseases. (180:125,126)
dried, and stored for winter use. Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use.
Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Pawnee Bread & Cake Fruit and pits pounded
Pseudephebe, Alectoriaceae, lichen
to a pulp, formed into small cakes, sun dried, and stored for winter Pseudephebe pubescens (L) Choisy
use. Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. • Other—Haisla & Hanaksiala Paint Plant used to make black paint
Ponca Bread & Cake Fruit and pits pounded to a pulp, formed into for wood. (43:143)
small cakes, sun dried, and stored for winter use. Dried Food Fruit
Pseudocymopterus, Apiaceae
dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, (as Padus nana 70:88)
• Other—Dakota Season Indicator Ripe fruit used as an indicator for Pseudocymopterus montanus (Gray) Coult. & Rose, Alpine False
the time of the Sun dance. Omaha Season Indicator Ripe fruit used as Springparsley

an indicator for the time of the Sun dance. Pawnee Season Indicator • Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Plant used

Ripe fruit used as an indicator for the time of the Sun dance. Ponca as a ceremonial emetic. (205:35) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine

Hunting & Fishing Item Boiled bark water used as a wash for traps to and Emetic Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Gastrointesti

remove the scent of the former captures. Season IndicatorRipe fruit nal Aid Infusion or decoction taken after swallowing an ant. (191:38)

used as an indicator for the time of the Sun dance, (as Padus nana • Food—Hopi VegetablePlant used for greens. (42:352) Navajo, Ramah

70:88) Unspecified Ground root cooked with meat. Leaves boiled with corn-
meal. (191:38)

Psathyrotes, Asteraceae Pseudocymopterus sp.

Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) Gray, Annual Psathyrotes • Food—Isleta Beverage Leaves and stems boiled to make a beverage.
• Drug—Paiute Eye Medicine Decoction of dried plant used as an eye (100:40)
456 Purshia stansburiana (Rosaceae)

and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a yellow the swelling of milk leg. Poultice of leaf, decoction of plant or leaf
brown dye. (as Cowania stansburiana 55:53) powder used for skin problems. Emetic Decoction of leaves or twigs
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant used ceremonially on the Po- taken as an emetic. Misc. Disease Remedy Simple or compound de
wa-mu altar, (as Cowaniamexicanavax. stansburiana42:304) Hunt coction of plant taken and used as a wash for diseases with rashes.
ing & Fishing Item Used for arrows, (as Cowania stansburiana 200: Other Bundle of inner bark strips sucked and decoction of leaf used
78) Keres, Western Hunting & Fishing Item Plant sometimes used for as a wash for milk leg. Tonic Decoction of leaf taken as a "blood or
arrow shafts, (as Cowania stansburiana 171:38) Navajo Ceremonial general tonic." Decoction of leaf taken as a blood tonic or general
Items\Mood used to make female prayer sticks for the Night Chant. tonic. Venereal Aid Compound decoction of inner bark taken specifi
Wood used to make arrows for the Mountain Chant Ceremony. Toys cally for gonorrhea. Decoction of leaves or roots taken for venereal
& Games Softened bark used to stuff baseballs, (as Cowania stans diseases. Washo Cathartic Decoction of ripe, whole seeds taken as a
buriana 55:53) physic. (180:126-128)
• Food—Navajo Forage Considered an important browse plant. (90:
Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC, Antelope Bitterbrush 154) Okanagan-Colville Forage Plant eaten by deer. (188:128)
• Drug—Klamath Cough Medicine Infusion of root taken for coughs. • Fiber—Navajo ClothingBark used for diapers. (90:154) Navajo,
(as Kunzia tridentata 45:98) Infusion of roots taken for coughs, (as Ramah Mats, Rugs & Bedding Shredded bark used as bedding for
Kunzia tridentata 163:131) EmeticRipe fruit mashed in cold water cradleboard. (191:31) Paiute ClothingBark used to make moccasins.
and taken as an emetic, (as Kunzia tridentata 45:98) Infusion of (111:82)
smashed, dried, ripe, bitter fruits taken as an emetic, (as Kunzia tri • Dye—Great Basin Indian Purple Seed coats used to make a violet
dentata 163:131) Pulmonary Aidlnfusion of root taken for lung and dye. (121:48) Klamath Purple Outer seed coat used as a purple stain
bronchial troubles, (as Kunzia tridentata 45:98) Infusion of roots tak to produce temporary color on arrows, bows, and other objects, (as
en for lung troubles, (as Kunzia tridentata 163:131) Respiratory Aid Kunzia tridentata 45:98) Montana Indian Purple Outer seed coats
Infusion of root taken for lung and bronchial troubles, (as Kunzia tri used to make a purple stain for wood. (19:20)
dentata 45:98) Infusion of roots taken for bronchial troubles, (as • Other—Navajo Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make arrows. (55:54)
Kunzia tridentata 163:131) Montana Indian EmeticDry, ripe fruits Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial /terns Twig and leaf ash used for Evilway
mashed in cold water and used as an emetic. Pulmonary Aid Infu blackening. (191:31) Okanagan-Colville Fuel Branches used for fuel.
sion of roots taken for lung troubles. (19:20) Navajo Gynecological Branches used to make the initial fire for pit cooking. (188:128)
Aid Plant taken during confinement. (90:154) Navajo, Ramah Cere Paiute Fuel Large branches that grow close to the roots used as fire
monial Medicine Leaves used as an emetic in various ceremonies. wood. (111:82)
DisinfectantLeaves chewed by hunters for "deer infection." Emetic
Leaves used as an emetic in various ceremonies. Febrifuge Decoc
Pycnanthemum, Lamiaceae
tion of root used for fever. Gynecological Aid Decoction of root used Pycnanthemum albescensTon. & Gray, Whiteleaf Mountainmint
to facilitate delivery of placenta. Hunting Medicineleaves chewed • Drug—Choctaw Cold Remedy Hot decoction of leaves taken as dia
by hunters for good luck in hunting. (191:31) Paiute Analgesic Com phoretic for colds. (25:24) Decoction of leaves taken to cause sweat
pound infusion of twigs and leaves taken for tubercular lung pain. ing for colds. (177:54) Diaphoretic Hot decoction of leaves taken as
Cathartic Decoction of leaves or twigs taken as a physic. Cold Reme diaphoretic for colds. (25:24) Decoction of leaves taken to cause
dy Decoction of leaves taken for colds. DermatologicalAid Poultice sweating for colds. (177:54)
of leaf, decoction of plant or leaf powder used for skin problems.
Pycnanthemum californicumTon., Sierra Mint
Emetic Decoction of leaves or twigs taken as an emetic. Liver Aid De
• Drug—Miwok Cold Remedy Decoction taken for colds. (12:172)
coction of leaf taken for liver trouble. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoc
tion of plant taken and used as a wash for smallpox, chickenpox, and
Pycnanthemumflexuosum (Walt.) B.S.R, Appalachian Moun
tainmint
measles. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of leaf taken for pneumonia.
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Poultice of leaves used for headache.
Tonic Decoction of leaf taken as a "blood or general tonic." Tubercu
Antidiarrheal Infusion taken with "green corn" to prevent diarrhea.
losis Remedy Compound decoction of bark taken for tuberculosis
Cold Remedy Infusion taken for colds. DermatologicalAidWarm in
and tubercular lung pain. Venereal Aid Decoction of leaves or inner
fusion used to bathe inflamed penis and infusion taken for upset
bark taken for venereal diseases. (180:126-128) Paiute, Northern
stomach. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aidln
Anthelmintic Decoction of sun dried leaves taken for intestinal
fusion used for upset stomach. Heart Medicine Infusion of leaves
worms. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sun dried leaves taken to
taken for "heart trouble." (80:45)
vomit and move the bowels for stomachaches and constipation.
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Species used for food. (80:45)
Laxative Decoction of sun dried leaves taken to vomit and move the
bowels for stomachaches and constipation. (59:126) SaxupoW Antihe- Pycnanthemum incanum (L) Michx., Hoary Mountainmint
morrhagic Infusion of crushed berries used for hemorrhage. Laxative • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Poultice of leaves used for headache.
Infusion of crushed berries used for constipation. (131:217) Shosho- Antidiarrheal Infusion taken with "green corn" to prevent diarrhea.
ni Antihemorrhagic Decoction of inner bark taken to aid the healing Cold Remedy Infusion taken for colds. Dermatological Aid Warm in
of an internal rupture. Cathartic Decoction of leaves or twigs taken fusion used to bathe inflamed penis and infusion taken for upset
as a physic. DermatologicalAid Decoction of leaf used as a wash for stomach. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid In-
 Catalog of Plants 457

fusion used for upset stomach. Heart Medicine Infusion of leaves • Other—Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial Items Used in paint for the God
taken for "heart trouble." (80:45) Choctaw Analgesic Infusion of Impersonators. (205:35)

mashed leaves taken and used as a wash for headaches. Panacea In

Pyrola elliptica Nutt., Waxflower Shinleaf
fusion of mashed leaves blown on sickly patient. Koasati Analgesic
• Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid "Stick on cuts and sores to heal
Decoction of roots taken for headaches. Hemostat Soaked plants put
them." (80:55) Chippewa Unspecified Poultice of plant and two other
up the nose for nosebleeds. Stimulant Cold infusion of leaves taken
plants used medicinally. (71:138) \roquo\s Anticonvulsive Decoction
and used as a bath for laziness. (177:55)
of roots and leaves given to babies with fits or epileptic seizures. (87:
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Species used for food. (80:45)
408) Antirheumatic (Internal) Compound infusion of plants taken
Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Dur. & B. D. Jackson ex B. L. for rheumatism. Blood Medicine Compound used for bad blood.
Robins. & Fern., Virginia Mountainmint Dermatological Aid Compound used for neck sores. Eye Medicine
• Drug—Chippewa Abortifacient Decoction of powdered root taken Decoction of plant used as drops for sore eyes, sties, and inflamed
for "stoppage of periods." (as Koellia virginiana 53:358) Febrifuge lids. Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of whole plants tak
Compound decoction of leaves taken for chills and fever, (as Koellia en for indigestion. Orthopedic Aid Compound infusion of smashed
virginiana 53:354) Lakota Cough Medicine Infusion of plant taken plants applied as poultice to sore legs. (87:409) Pediatric Aid Decoc
for coughs. (139:50) Meskwaki Alterative Infusion of leaf used as an tion of roots and leaves given to babies with fits or epileptic seizures.
alterative "when a person is all run down." Febrifuge Infusion of (87:408) Mohegan Oral Aid Infusion of leaves used as a gargle for
plant tops taken for chills. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of plant sores or cankers in the mouth. (174:264) Infusion of leaves used as a
tops taken for ague. Stimulant Compound containing florets applied mouthwash for canker sores. Throat Aid Infusion of leaves used as a
at nostrils to rally a dying patient. (152:226,227) wash for mouth sores and sore throat. (176:74,130) Montagnais
• Food—Chippewa Spice Buds and flowers used to season meat or Stimulant Decoction of root taken for "weakness." (156:315) Nootka
broth, (as Koellia virginiana 53:318) Cancer TreatmentPoultice of bruised plant applied to "tumors."
• Other—Meskwaki Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves used to scent (170:79)
mink traps. (152:273)
Pyrola picta Sm., Whiteveined Wintergreen
Pyrola, Ericaceae • Drug—Karok Panacea and Pediatric Aid Infusion of plant used as a

Pyrola americana Sweet, American Wintergreen wash for sick child. (148:387)

• Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid "Stick on cuts and sores to heal

Pyrola sp., Wintergreen
them." (as P. rotundifolia 80:55) Q)ibwa Hunting Medicine Dried
• Drug^-Blackfoot Cough MedicineInfusion of flowers given to chil
leaves used to make tea and drunk as good luck potion in the morn
dren with coughs. (86:73) Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed
ing before the hunt started. (153:430)
roots applied to wounds. (86:84) Diuretic Infusion of leaves and/or
Pyrola asarifolia Michx., LiverleafWintergreen roots taken as a diuretic. (86:70) Ear Medicine Poultice of chewed
• Drug—Carrier, Southern Eye Medicine Decoction of leaves or leaves roots applied to ear disorders. Eye Medicine Poultice of chewed roots
and roots used as an eyewash. (150:62) Cree, Woodlands Antihemor- applied to eye disorders. (86:82) Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves
rhagic Decoction of plant taken for coughing up blood. Eye Medicine and roots taken to expel the afterbirth. (86:61) Laxative Infusion of
Infusion of leaves used for sore eyes. (109:54) Karok Ceremonial leaves taken as a laxative. (86:68) Pediatric Aid Infusion of flowers
Medicine, Pediatric Aid} and Sedative Decoction of plant used as a given to children with coughs. Throat Aid Root pieces used for throat
steam bath for "goofy" child in the Brush Dance. (148:387) Shoshoni lozenges. (86:73) Infusion of roots applied to swollen neck glands.
Liver Aid Decoction of root taken for liver trouble. (180:128) (86:78) Nootka Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used for "derangement" of
stomach and bowels. (170:81) Thompson Gynecological Aid Plant
Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. asarifolia, LiverleafWintergreen
chewed at childbirth to ease confinement. (164:462)
• Drug—Micmac An tihemorrhagic Parts of plant used for spitting
• Food—Malecite Beverage Used to make tea. (160:6)
blood. Kidney Aid Parts of plant used for kidney trouble. Venereal Aid
Parts of plant used for gonorrhea, (as P. uliginosa 40:60) Montagnais
Pyrrhopappus, Asteraceae
Panacea Decoction of leaves taken for any ailment, (as P. uliginosa
156:314) Penobscot Antihemorrhagic Compound infusion of plant
Pyrrhopappus caroliniaitUS (Walt.) DC, Carolina Desertchicory
• Drwg^-Cherokee Blood Medicine Infusion taken to purify blood.
taken for "spitting up blood." Kidney Aid Compound infusion of
plant taken for kidney trouble. Tonic Compound infusion of plant (80:31)
• Food—Kiowa Unspecified Autumn, sweet roots used for food, (as
taken as a tonic. Venereal Aid Compound infusion of plant taken for
Sitilias caroliniana 192:61)
gonorrhea, (as P. uliginosa 156:311)

Pyrola chlorantha Sw, Greenflowered Wintergreen Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (D. Don) DC, Desertchicory
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Antidiarrheal Plant used for infants with • Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Flower
bloody diarrhea. Gynecological Aid Plant used for menorrhagia. He- stalks used as a ceremonial emetic, (as P. multicaulis 191:52)
mostat Plant used as a hemostatic. Pediatric Aid Plant used for in • Other—Keres, Western Unspecified Plant known and named but no
fants with bloody diarrhea. (205:35) use was specified, (as Sitilias multicaulis 171:69)
458 Pyrularia pubera (Santalaceae)

Pyrularia, Santalaceae Quercus agrifolia Nee var. agrifoliay California Live Oak
PyrulariapuberaMichx., Buffalo Nut • Drug—Diegueno Dermatological Aid Decoction of chipped bark

• Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid Used as a salve for "old sores." used as a wash for sores. (84:33)

Emetic Nut chewed to "make vomit for colic." (80:27) • Food—Diegueno Porridge Acorns shelled, pounded, leached, and
cooked into a mush or gruel. (84:33)
Pyrus, Rosaceae • Other—Diegueno FuelBaxk used as fuel for firing pottery. (84:33)

Pyrus communis L, Common Pear

• Food—Cherokee Fruit Fruit used for food. (80:48) Hopi Unspecified Quercus alba L, White Oak
Species used for food. (200:79) Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, • Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Bark used for chronic dysentery.

made into small cakes and dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or Dermatological Aid Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores. Infu

cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Fruit Dried sion of bark applied to sore, chapped skin. Disinfectant Bark used as

fruit taken as a hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked an antiseptic. Emetic Bark used as an emetic. (80:46) Bark used as an

in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. emetic. (203:74) Febrifuge Bark used after long, intermittent fevers

(196:129) Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:496) and as a wash for chills and fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Bark used for
indigestion and "any debility of the system." Oral Aid Bark chewed
Pyrus sp., Service Tree for mouth sores. Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken for asthma.
• Drug—Cree, Hudson Bay Dermatological Aid Branch bark used for Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark used for "lost voice." Tonic Bark
its astringent qualities. Misc. Disease Remedy Branch bark used for used as a tonic. Urinary Aid Unspecified liquid preparation taken for
inflammatory diseases. Pulmonary Aid Branch bark used for pleurisy. "milky urine." (80:46) Delaware Cough Medicine Infusion of bark
(92:303) used for severe coughs. Disinfectant Infusion of bark used as a disin
• Food—Iroquois Dried Food Fruits cut up in thin slices, strung on fectant. Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark used as a douche. Throat
twine, dried, and used for food. Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Fruits boiled Aid Infusion of bark used for sore throats. (176:30) Delaware, Okla
or baked and eaten. Sauce & Relish Fruits cut up and used as sauce. homa Cough Medicine Infusion of bark taken for severe cough. (175:
(124:94) 25,78) Dermatological Aid Strong infusion of bark used to cleanse
bruises and ulcers. (175:25) Disinfectant Compound containing bark
used as an antiseptic. (175:78) Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark
used as an excellent douche. Panacea Bark used in many medicinal
Quercus, Fagaceae compounds. (175:25,78) Throat Aid Strong infusion of bark gargled
Quercus agrifolia Nee, California Live Oak for a sore throat. (175:25) Delaware, Ontario Gynecological Aid Com
• Drug—Mahuna Hemostat and Pediatric Aid pound infusion of bark taken for "diseases peculiar to women." Tonic
Plant used for newborns with bleeding navels. Compound infusion of bark taken as a tonic. (175:68,82) Houma
(140:56) Antirheumatic (External) Crushed root mixed with whisky and used
• Food—Cahuilla Bread & Cake Acorns ground as liniment on rheumatic parts. (158:56) Iroquois Psychological Aid
into a fine meal and used to make bread. Compound decoction used to counteract loneliness. Tuberculosis
Dried Food Dried acorns stored for a year or more in granaries. Por Remedy Compound decoction of bark taken for consumption. Vet
ridge Cooked acorns used to make mush. Special Food Acorn meat erinary AidBark used for horses with distemper. Witchcraft Medicine
considered a delicacy and favored at social and ceremonial occa Compound decoction used "when your woman goes off and won't
sions. (15:121) Costanoan Unspecified Acorns used for food. (21:248) come back." (87:303) Menominee Unspecified Inner bark used in
Luiseno Porridge Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an compounds. (151:36) Meskwaki Antidiarrheal Compound contain
earthen vessel, and eaten. (155:194) Staple Acorns eaten as a staple ing bark used for diarrhea. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of inner bark
food. (155:193) Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar taken to "throw up phlegm from the lungs." (152:221) Micmac Die
and pestle to make a flour.64 Winter Use Food Acorns formerly gath tary AidNuts used to induce thirst. Hemorrhoid Remedy Plant parts
ered for storage in acorn granaries. (155:194) Pomo Unspecified used for bleeding piles. (40:60) Mohegan Analgesic Infusion of bark
Acorns used for food. (66:12) Pomo, Kashaya Dried Food Acorns sun used as liniment for muscular pains. (30:121) Infusion of inner bark
dried before storing. Porridge Acorns used as flour for pancakes, used as liniment for humans and horses with pain. (176:75) Anti-
bread, mush, or soup.45 (72:80) rheumatic (External) Infusion of inner bark used as a liniment for
► Other—Cahuilla Cash Crop Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, pain. (176:75,132) ColdRemedy Bark used for colds. (176:132) Ortho
mesquite beans, and palm tree fruit. Acorn meal used as payment to pedic Aid Infusion of bark used as liniment for muscular pains. (30:
a shaman for special services. Fuel Dried wood considered an ideal 121) Infusion of bark used as a liniment for people. Veterinary Aid
firewood for heating and cooking. Hunting & Fishing Item Acorns Infusion of bark used as a liniment for horses. (174:266) Infusion of
used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals. Jewelry Un- inner bark used as a liniment for horses with pain. (176:75,132)
husked acorns dried and strung as necklaces. Musical Instrument Ojibwa, South Antidiarrheal Decoction of root bark and inner bark
Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce taken for diarrhea. (91:198) Penobscot Dietary Aid Acorns eaten to
music. Toys & Games Acorns used by children in a game like jacks induce thirst and plenty of water thought to be beneficial. (156:309)
and for juggling. (15:121) Hemorrhoid Remedy Infusion of bark taken for bleeding piles. (156:
 Catalog of Plants 459

310) Shinnecock Analgesic Infusion of bark used as liniment for dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal, and leached. Winter Use Food
muscular pains. Orthopedic Aid Infusion of bark used as liniment for Acorns stored for future use.65 (206:56) Luiseno Porridge Acorns
muscular pains. (30:121) leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel, and eaten.
• Food—Iroquois Unspecified Acorns used for food. (196:123) Staple Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar and pes
Menominee Pie & Pudding Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, tle to make a flour.64 (155:194) Substitution Food Acorns used as a
ground, sifted, and made into pie. Porridge Acorns boiled, simmered substitution during a scarcity of common live oak or black oak. (155:
to remove lye, ground, sifted, and made into mush with bear oil sea 193) Winter Use Food Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries. (155:
soning. Staple Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sift 194) Pomo Bread & Cake Acorns used to make bread. Porridge
ed, cooked in soup stock to flavor, and eaten. (151:66) Meskwaki Acorns used to make mush. (117:290) Shasta Bread & Cake Acorns
Beverage Ground, scorched acorns made into a drink similar to cof pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into bread. Porridge Acorns
fee. Porridge Dried acorns made into mush. (152:257) Ojibwa Soup pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into mush. Soup Acorns
Acorns soaked in lye water to remove bitter tannin taste, dried for pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into thin soup. Staple
storage, and used to make soup. Lye for leaching acorns was ob Acorns used as the basic staple. (93:308) Tubatulabal Unspecified
tained by soaking wood ashes in water. Acorns were put in a net bag Acorns used extensively for food. (193:15) Wintoon Dried Food
and then soaked in the lye, then rinsed several times in warm water. Acorns dried and preserved for future use. Unspecified Acorns
The acorns were then dried for storage, and when wanted, pounded leached all winter in cold, wet, swampy ground, boiled or roasted,
into a coarse flour which was used to thicken soups or form a sort of and eaten in the spring. (117:265)
mush. (153:401) • Fiber—Kawaiisu Building Material Logs used in house construction.
• Fiber—Cherokee Basketry Used to make baskets. Building Material (206:56)
Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims. Furni- • Dye—Dieguefio Black Acorn cups soaked in water containing iron
ture Wood used to make furniture. Used to make woven chair bot and used as a black dye to color basket materials. (84:33)
toms. (80:46) Ojibwa BuildingMaterialYJood used in making wig • Other—Cahuilla Cash Crop Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts,
wams and for several other things. (153:418) mesquite beans, and palm tree fruit. Acorn meal used as payment to
• Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make corn beaters a shaman for special services. Fuel Dried wood considered an ideal
and mortars. Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making. Fuel firewood for heating and cooking. Hunting & Fishing Item Acorns
Wood used for firewood. (80:46) Ojibwa Tools Wood was of much used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals. JewelryUn-
value, especially for making awls to punch holes in birch bark. husked acorns dried and strung as necklaces. Musical Instrument
(153:418) Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce
music. Toys & Games Acorns used by children in a game like jacks
Quercus bicolorWiWd., Swamp White Oak
and for juggling. (15:121) Kawaiisu Fasteners Acorn meal used to
• Drug—Iroquois Misc. Disease Remedy Compound decoction of bark
mend cracks in clay pots. Toys & Games Acorn cupule used to make
taken for cholera. Orthopedic Aid Compound decoction of bark taken
a top for children. (206:56)
for broken bones. Respiratory Aid Compound of leaves smoked and
exhaled through the nostrils for catarrh. Tuberculosis Remedy Com
Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn., Blue Oak
pound decoction of bark chips taken for consumption. Witchcraft
• Drug—Kawaiisu Burn Dressing Poultice of ground galls and salt ap
Medicine\Jsed "when wife runs around, takes away lonesomeness."
plied to burns. Dermatological Aid Poultice of ground galls and salt
(87:303)
applied to sores and cuts. Eye Medicine Ground gall powder and salt
• Food—Iroquois Unspecified Acorns used for food. (196:123)
wrapped in a small piece of cloth and dipped in water applied to
• Other—Chippewa Cleaning Agent Bark boiled with hemlock and
sore eyes. (206:56) Midoo Throat Aid Leaves chewed for sore throats.
soft maple bark and the liquid used to clean the rust from traps. The
(117:310)
solution was believed to prevent the trap from becoming rusty
• Food—Kawaiisu Bread & Cake Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked
again. (71:128)
into a mush, and allowed to stand and harden into a "cake." Staple
Quercus chrysolepis Liebm., Canyon Live Oak Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal, and leached. Winter
• Drug—Mendocino Indian Poison Nuts considered poisonous. Use Food Acorns stored for future use.65 (206:56) Mendocino Indian
(41:342) Bread & Cake Thick acorns used to make bread. Soup Thick acorns
• Food—Cahuilla Bread & Cake Acorns ground into a fine meal and used to make soup. (41:342) Miwok Bread & Cake Acorns ground into
used to make bread. Dried Food Dried acorns stored for a year or a meal and used to make bread and biscuits. Porridge Acorns consid
more in granaries. Porridge Cooked acorns used to make mush. Spe ered a staple food and used to make mush. So up Acorns ground into
cial Food Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and a meal and used to make soup. Winter Use Food Whole acorns stored
ceremonial occasions. (15:121) Diegueno Porridge Acorns shelled, for winter use. (12:142) Tubatulabal Unspecified Acorns used exten
pounded, leached, and cooked into a mush or gruel. (84:33) Karok sively for food. (193:14) Yana Bread & Cake Acorn flour used to make
Fruit Fruit buried from 1 to 4 years to kill the bugs and worms and bread. Dried Food Acorns dried for winter use. Porridge Acorn flour
used for food. (6:49) Unspecified Acorns used for food. (148:382) used to make mush. Staple Dried acorns ground into flour. (147:249)
Kawaiisu Bread & Cake Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a Yokut Unspecified Acorns used for food. (117:420)
mush, and allowed to stand and harden into a "cake." Staple Acorns • Fiber—Kawaiisu Basketry Branches used to make rims for twined
460 Quercus douglasii (Fagaceae)

work baskets. Building MaterialLogs used in house construction. • Drug—Menominee Abortifacient Compound decoction of inner
(206:56) bark taken for suppressed menses caused by cold. (54:133)
• Other—Kawaiisu Cooking Tools Wood used to carve a ladle about a • Food—Menominee Beverage Roasted acorn ground for coffee.
foot long. A branch with a bulge was sought and the bulge was hol (151:66)
lowed out by burning to form the bowl. Such a utensil was used for
Quercus emoryiTorr., Emory's Oak
stirring and dipping out foods. Fasteners Acorn meal used to mend
• Food-^Apache, Western Unspecified Acorns eaten whole and raw,
cracks in clay pots. FuelVJood preferred as firewood for roasting yuc
ground on a metate, or boiled. (26:174) Papago Candy Acorns
ca bulbs. Spongy pith material used for starting fires. Toys & Games
chewed as a confection. (34:47) Unspecified Acorns eaten fresh from
Acorn cupule used to make a top for children. (206:56) Miwok Cash
the shell. (34:19) Acorns used for food. (36:61) Yavapai Cooking Agent
Crop Acorns gathered in large quantities and traded for other foods.
Ground meat used as thickening for venison stew. Winter Use Food
(12:142)
Nuts stored for later use. (65:257)
Quercus dumosa Nutt., California Scrub Oak
• Drug—Diegueno Eye Medicine Decoction of broken galls used as an
Quercus engelmannii Greene, Engelmann s Oak
• Food—Diegueno Candy Bark gum pounded, washed, and chewed
eyewash. (84:33) Luiseno Dermatological Aid Gallnuts used for sores
like chewing gum. Porridge Acorns shelled, pounded, leached, and
and wounds and as an astringent. (155:233)
cooked into a mush or gruel. (84:33) Luiseno Porridge Acorns
• Food—Cahuilla Bread & Cake Acorns ground into a fine meal and
leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel, and eaten.
used to make bread. Dried Food Dried acorns stored for a year or
Staple Stored acorns pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a
more in granaries. Porridge Cooked acorns used to make mush. Spe
flour.64 (155:194) Substitution Food Acorns used only when more
cial Food Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and
preferred species could not be obtained. (155:193) Winter Use Food
ceremonial occasions. (15:121) Diegueno Porridge Acorns shelled,
Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries. (155:194)
pounded, leached, and cooked into a mush or gruel. (84:33) Kawai
isu Bread & Cake Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush, Quercusfakata Michx., Southern Red Oak
and allowed to stand and harden into a "cake." Staple Acorns dried, • Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Bark used for chronic dysentery.
pounded, sifted into a fine meal, and leached. Winter Use Food Dermatological Aid Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores. Infu
Acorns stored for future use.65 (206:56) Luiseno Porridge Acorns sion of bark applied to sore, chapped skin. DisinfectantBark used as
leached, ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel, and eaten. an antiseptic. Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Febrifuge Bark used af
Staple Stored acorns pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a ter long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers. Gas
flour.64 (155:194) Substitution Food Acorns used only when more trointestinal Aid Bark used for indigestion and "any debility of the
preferred species could not be obtained. (155:193) Winter Use Food system." OralAidBzrk chewed for mouth sores. Respiratory Aid Infu
Acorns formerly stored in acorn granaries. (155:194) Pomo, Kashaya sion of bark taken for asthma. Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark
Forage Acorns not used by people but eaten as a favorite food by used for "lost voice." Tonic Bark used as a tonic. Urinary Aid Unspec
deer, squirrels, chipmunks, quail, and jays. (72:82) Tubatulabal Un ified liquid preparation taken for "milky urine." (80:46)
specified Acorns used extensively for food. (193:15) • Fiber—Cherokee Basketry Used to make baskets. Building Material
• Fiber—Diegueno Basketry Branches, with willow branches, used to Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims. Furni
make acorn storage baskets. Furniture Branches used as framework tureWood used to make furniture. Used to make woven chair bot
material for cradles. (84:33) Kawaiisu Building Materiallogs used in toms. (80:46)
house construction. (206:56) • Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make corn beaters
• Other—Cahuilla Cash Crop Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts, and mortars. Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making. Fuel
mesquite beans, and palm tree fruit. Acorn meal used as payment to Wood used for firewood. (80:46)
a shaman for special services. Fuel Dried wood considered an ideal
Quercus gambeliiNutu Gambel's Oak
firewood for heating and cooking. Hunting & Fishing Item Acorns
• Drug—isleta Reproductive Aid Acorns eaten to give greater sexual
used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals. JewelryUn-
potency. (32:47) Consumption of acorns believed to give greater sex
husked acorns dried and strung as necklaces. Musical Instrument
ual potency. (100:41) Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Decoction of root
Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce
bark used for postpartum pain. Cathartic Decoction of root bark
music. Toys & Games Acorns used by children in a game like jacks
used as a cathartic. Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Leaves used as
and for juggling. (15:121) Kawaiisu Fasteners Acorn meal used to
a ceremonial emetic. Gynecological Aid Decoction of root bark used
mend cracks in clay pots. Toys & Games Acorn cupule used to make
for postpartum pain and to help in delivery of placenta. Panacea
a top for children. (206:56)
Root bark used as a "life medicine." (191:22)
Quercus dunnii Kellogg, Palmer Oak • Food—Acoma Staple Acorns ground into meal. Unspecified Acorns
• Food—Diegueno Fruit Fruit formerly used for food, (as Q. palmeri
boiled and eaten. (32:47) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Fruit Raw
88:216) Paiute Porridge Acorns boiled into mush. Winter Use Food
fruit used for food. Winter Use Food Acorns roasted slightly, pounded,
Acorns stored for future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark, mixed with dried meat, and stored away in hide containers. (33:42)
(as Q. palmeri 167:246)
Apache, Western Unspecified Acorns eaten whole and raw, ground
Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill, Northern Pin Oak on a metate, or boiled. (26:174) Apache, White Mountain Unspecified
 Catalog of Plants 461

Acorns used for food. (136:160) Cochiti Staple Acorns ground into dery stretchers, (as Q. utahensis 138:44)
meal. Unspecified Acorns boiled and eaten. (32:47) Havasupai Por • Other—Tewa Tools Woods used to make digging sticks. Weapon
ridge Acorns parched, ground, and used to make mush. Soup Acorns Woods used to make bows and war clubs. Tewa of Hano Tools Wood
parched, ground, and used to make soup. (197:67) Spice Acorns used to make rabbit sticks and other utensils, (as Q. utahensis
ground and added to flavor beef or deer soups. (197:74,215) Unspec 138:44)
ified Acorns parched on a tray or eaten raw. (197:215) Hualapai Soup
Quercus ganyana Dougl. ex Hook., Oregon White Oak
Acorns used to make soup. Unspecified Acorns roasted and used for
• Drwg^-Cowlitz Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for tu
food. (195:12) Isleta Staple Acorns formerly used as a staple food.
berculosis. (79:27) Karok Gynecological Aid Infusion of plant taken
(100:41) Laguna Staple Acorns ground into meal. Unspecified Acorns
by mother before her first baby comes. Pounded bark rubbed on
boiled and eaten. (32:47) Navajo, Ramah Staple Acorns eaten raw,
abdomen and sides of mother before her first delivery. (148:382)
boiled, roasted in ashes, or dried, ground, and cooked like cornmeal.
• Food—Chehalis Unspecified Acorns roasted and eaten. Cowlitz Un
(191:22) Neeshenam Bread & Cake Acorns ground into flour, soaked
specified Acorns buried in the mud for leaching and used for food.
in water, and baked to make a bread. Porridge Acorns ground into
(79:27) Karok Unspecified Acorns used for food. (148:382) Mendoci-
flour, soaked in water, and cooked to make mush. (129:374) Pueblo
no Indian Bread & Cake Acorns used to make bread. Soup Acorns
Unspecified Acorns formerly used extensively for food. San Felipe
used to make soup. (41:343) Nisqually Unspecified Acorns used for
Staple Acorns ground into meal. Unspecified Acorns boiled and eat
food. (79:27) Paiute Unspecified Autumn acorns buried in mud to
en. (32:47) Yavapai Cooking Agent Acorns sometimes added as thick
ripen and eaten. (111:65) Pomo Bread & Cake Acorns used to make
ening to venison stews. Unspecified Uncooked acorns used for food.
bread. Porridge Acorns used to make mush. (117:290) Unspecified
(65:257)
Acorns used for food. (66:12) Pomo, Kashaya Dried Food Acorns sun
• Fiber—Navajo, Ramah BuildingMaterialVJho\e trees used for shade
dried before storing. Porridge Acorns used as flour for pancakes,
house construction. FurnitureWood used to make frames for baby
bread, mush, or soup.45 (72:81) Salish, Coast Unspecified Acorns
cradles. (191:22)
steamed, roasted, or boiled and used for food. (182:84) Shasta Bread
• Dye—Navajo, Ramah Unspecified Red leaf galls and red clay or gum
& Cake Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into bread.
used to make stripes on arrow shafts between and below the feathers.
Porridge Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into mush.
(191:22)
Soup Acorns pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into thin soup.
• Other—Apache, White Mountain Hide Preparation Bark used to tan
Staple Acorns used as the basic staple. (93:308) Squaxin Unspecified
skins. (136:160) Havasupai Tools Wood used to make handles for im
Acorns roasted on hot rocks and eaten. (79:27)
plements, such as hoes and axes. (197:215) Hopi Ceremonial Items
• Fiber—Cowlitz Brushes & Brooms Wood used to make combs. (79:27)
Plant used in Oaqol ceremony. (42:355) Isleta Tools Wood used to
• Other—Cowlitz FuelWood used as a fuel. Tools Wood used to make
make handles and other wooden portions of various implements.
digging sticks. (79:27) Paiute Cooking Tools Wood made into dishes
(100:41) Jemez Hunting & Fishing Item Hard, tough wood made into
used to pound roots. (111:65) Pomo Hunting & Fishing Item Branch
clubs and used in rabbit hunts. (44:27) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial
es used to make arrows. (66:12)
/terns Wood used to make ceremonial bull-roarers. Tools Wood used
to make ax handles, hoe handles, digging sticks, and weaving tools. Quercus garryanavar. semota Jepson, Oregon White Oak
Wood sticks notched by sheepherders to keep track of the days they • Food—Kawaiisu Bread & Cake Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked
have worked. (191:22) into a mush, and allowed to stand and harden into a "cake." Staple
Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal, and leached. Winter
Quercus gambelii Nutt. var. gambelii Gambel's Oak Use Food Acorns stored for future use.65 (206:56)
• Drug—Isleta Reproductive Aid Acorns eaten to give greater sexual • Fiber—Kawaiisu Building Materiallogs used in house construction.
potency, (as Q. utahensis 32:47) Keres, Western Emetic Infusion of (206:56)
ground leaves and oak galls used as an emetic. Oral Aid and Pediatric • Otfter—Kawaiisu Fasteners Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay
Aid Velvet pubescence rubbed on babies' tongues to remove milk pots. Toys & Games Acorn cupule used to make a top for children.
coating, (as Q. utahensis 171:64) (206:56)
• Food—Acoma Staple Acorns ground into meal. Unspecified Acorns
Quercus grisea Liebm., Gray Oak
boiled and eaten. Cochiti Staple Acorns ground into meal. Unspeci
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Fruit Raw fruit used for
fied Acorns boiled and eaten, (as Q. utahensis 32:47) Keres, Western
food. (33:42) Spice Shaved root chips used to flavor drinks. (33:51)
Staple Acorns ground into flour. Unspecified Acorns boiled and eat
Winter UseFoodRipe acorns roasted slightly pounded, and mixed
en, (as Q. utahensis 171:64) Laguna Staple Acorns ground into meal.
with dried meat and stored. (33:42) Navajo, Ramah Unspecified
Unspecified Acorns boiled and eaten, (as Q. utahensis 32:47) Navajo
Acorns used for food. (191:22)
Unspecified Acorns seldom used for food, (as Q. utahensis 165:222)
• Other—Navajo, Ramah Protection Used to protect new or ceremonial
Pueblo Unspecified Acorns formerly used extensively for food. San
hogans from lightning, ghosts, and witches. (191:22)
Felipe Staple Acorns ground into meal. Unspecified Acorns boiled
and eaten, (as Q. utahensis 32:47) Tewa Unspecified Acorns used for Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh., Bear Oak
food, (as Q. utahensis 138:44) • Drug—Iroquois Gynecological Aid Used as a wash and taken for
• Fiber—Tewa of Hano SewingMaterialWood used to make embroi "female troubles." Other Used as a "sugar medicine." (87:302)
462 Quercus imbricaria (Fagaceae)

Quercus imbricaria Michx., Shingle Oak Acorns used to make soups, (as Q. californica 11:67) Unspecified
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Bark used for chronic dysentery. Acorns used for food. (66:12) Pomo, Kashaya Dried Food Acorns sun
Dermatological Aid Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores. Infu dried before storing. Porridge Acorns used as flour for pancakes,
sion of bark applied to sore, chapped skin. Disinfectant Bark used as bread, mush, or soup.45 (72:79) Shasta Bread & Cake Acorns pound
an antiseptic. Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Febrifuge Bark used af ed, winnowed, leached, and made into bread. Porridge Acorns
ter long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers. Gas pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into mush. Soup Acorns
trointestinal Aid Bark used for indigestion and "any debility of the pounded, winnowed, leached, and made into thin soup. Staple
system." Oral Aid Bark chewed for mouth sores. Respiratory Aid Infu Acorns used as the basic staple, (as Q. californica93:3Q8) Tolowa
sion of bark taken for asthma. Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark Fruit Fruit used for food. (6:49) Tubatulabal Unspecified Acorns used
used for "lost voice." Tonic Bark used as a tonic. Urinary Aid Unspec extensively for food, (as Q. californica 193:15) Yokut Unspecified
ified liquid preparation taken for 'milky urine." (80:46) Acorns used for food, (as Q. californica 117:420) Yuki Bread & Cake
• Fiber—Cherokee Basketry Used to make baskets. Building Material Nutmeats pounded into fine meal, winnowed, and made into bread.
Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims. Furni- Porridge Nutmeats pounded into fine meal, winnowed, boiled, and
tare Wood used to make furniture. Used to make woven chair bot eaten as mush. (49:89) Yurok Fruit Fruit used for food. (6:49)
toms. (80:46) • Fiber—Kawaiisu Building Material Logs used in house construction.
• Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make corn beaters (206:56) Maidu Basketry Withes used to make basket rims. (173:71)
and mortars. Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making. Fuel Mewuk Basketry Shoots split into strands and used for twining the
Wood used for firewood. (80:46) rods of baskets and scoops, (as Q. californicus 117:328)
• Dye—Pomo, Kashaya Black Round, fleshy insect galls made into a
Quercus kelloggii Newberry, California Black Oak dark hair dye. (72:79)
• Food—Cahuilla Bread & Cake Acorns ground into a fine meal and • Other—Cahuilla Cash Crop Acorn meal exchanged for pinyon nuts,
used to make bread. Dried Food Dried acorns stored for a year or mesquite beans, and palm tree fruit. Acorn meal used as payment to
more in granaries. Porridge Cooked acorns used to make mush. Spe a shaman for special services. Fuel Dried wood considered an ideal
cial Food Acorn meat considered a delicacy and favored at social and firewood for heating and cooking. Hunting & Fishing Item Acorns
ceremonial occasions. (15:121) Diegueno Porridge Acorns shelled, used as bait in trigger traps to capture small animals. Jewelry Un-
pounded, leached, and cooked into a mush or gruel. (84:33) Karok husked acorns dried and strung as necklaces. Musical Instrument
Fruit Fruit soaked in mud for a year and used for food. (6:49) Unspec Acorns gathered on a cord and swung against the teeth to produce
ified Acorns made into "houm" and eaten. (148:382) Kawaiisu Bread music. Toys & Games Acorns used by children in a game like jacks
& Cake Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush, and al and for juggling. (15:121) Kawaiisu Fasteners Acorn meal used to
lowed to stand and harden into a "cake." Staple Acorns dried, pound mend cracks in clay pots. Toys & Games Acorn cupule used to make a
ed, sifted into a fine meal, and leached. Winter Use Food Acorns top for children. (206:56) Mewuk Too/5 Shoots split into strands and
stored for future use.65 (206:56) Luiseno Porridge Acorns leached, used for twining the rods of baskets and scoops, (as Q. californicus
ground into a meal, cooked in an earthen vessel, and eaten, (as Q. 117:328) Miwok Cooking Tools Branch used to make mush stirring
californica 155:194) Staple Acorns eaten as a staple food, (as Q. cali- paddles. (12:146) Pomo Fuel Small square of thick dry bark used to
fornica 155:193) Acorns from storage granaries pounded in a mortar carry fire from one place to another, (as Q. californica 117:283)
and pestle to make a flour.64 Winter Use Food Acorns formerly gath
Quercus laurifolia Michx., Laurel Oak
ered for storage in acorn granaries, (as Q. californica 155:194) Men-
• Other—Choctaw Paint Bark, red oak, and live oak boiled and used
docino Indian Bread & Cake Acorns used to make bread. Soup
for paint, (as Q. obtusiloba25:H)
Acorns used to make soup, (as Q. californicum 41:342) Mewuk Bread
& Cake Acorns used to make bread. Porridge Acorns used to make Quercus lobata Nee, California White Oak
mush, (as Q. californicus 117:327) Unspecified Acorns used for food, • Drwg^-Kawaiisu Burn Dressing Poultice of ground galls and salt ap
(as Q. californicus 117:333) Miwok Bread & Cake Acorns ground into plied to burns. Dermatological AidPoultice of ground galls and salt
a meal and used to make bread and biscuits. Porridge Acorns consid applied to sores and cuts. Eye Medicine Ground gall powder and salt
ered a staple food and used to make mush. So up Acorns ground into wrapped in a small piece of cloth and dipped in water applied to sore
a meal and used to make soup. Winter Use Food Whole acorns stored eyes. (206:56) Miwok Cough Medicine Decoction of bark taken as a
for winter use. (12:142) Modesse Staple Acorns used as the principal cough medicine. Dermatological Aid and PediatricAid Pulverized,
vegetable food, (as Q. californica 117:223) Neeshenam Unspecified outer bark dusted on running sores and particularly used for babies
Acorns occasionally used for food, (as Q. sonomensis 129:374) Paiute with sore umbilicus. (12:172) Yuki Antidiarrheal Bark used for diar
Porridge Acorns boiled into mush. Winter Use Food Acorns stored for rhea. (41:343)
future use in pits lined and covered with sage bark. (167:246) Paiute, • Food—Kawaiisu Bread & Cake Acorns made into a fine meal, cooked
Northern Staple Acorns ground into flour, leached, and eaten. (59:52) into a mush, and allowed to stand and harden into a "cake." Staple
Pomo Bread & Cake Acorns used to make white bread, (as Q. califor Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine meal, and leached. Winter
nica 11:67) Acorns used to make bread, (as Q. californica 117:290) Use Food Acorns stored for future use.65 (206:56) Mendocino Indian
Porridge Acorns used to make gruel and mush, (as Q. californica 11: Bread & Cake Large acorns used to make bread. (41:343) Miwok Bread
67) Acorns used to make mush, (as Q. californica 117:290) Soup & Cake Acorns ground into a meal and used to make bread and bis-
 Catalog of Plants 463

cuits. Soup Acorns ground into a meal and used to make soup. Staple dantBark used in combination with other materials to set color.
Acorns considered a staple food and used to make mush. Winter Use (153:425)
Food Whole acorns stored for winter use. (12:142) Pomo Bread & Cake • Other—Dakota Toys & Games Young growths used to make popgun
Acorns used to make white and black bread. (11:67) Acorns used to pistons. Omaha Toys & GamesYoung growths used to make popgun
make bread. (117:290) Porridge Acorns used to make gruel and mush. pistons. Pawnee Toys & GamesYoung growths used to make popgun
(11:67) Acorns used to make mush. (117:290) Soup Acorns used to pistons. Ponca Toys & GamesYoung growths used to make popgun
make soup. (11:67) Pomo, Kashaya Porridge Acorns used to make pistons. Winnebago Toys & GamesYoung growths from this or an
mush or soup rather than bread. (72:84) Tubatulabal Unspecified other plant used to make popgun pistons. (70:116)
Acorns used extensively for food. (193:15) Wintoon Unspecified
Quercus marilandica Muenchh., Blackjack Oak
Roasted seeds used for food. (117:274) Yokut Unspecified Acorns used
• Drug—ChooXaw Analgesic Infusion of tree bark coal taken to remove
for food. (117:420) Yuki Bread & Cake Nutmeats pounded into fine
the afterbirth and ease cramps. Gynecological Aid Infusion of tree
meal, winnowed, and made into bread. Porridge Nutmeats pounded
bark coal taken to aid in childbirth, and to remove the afterbirth and
into fine meal, winnowed, boiled, and eaten as mush. (49:89)
ease cramps. (177:17)
• Fiber—Kawaiisu Building Material Logs used in house construction.
• Food—Comanche Starvation Food Boiled acorns used for food in
(206:56)
times of scarcity. (29:524)
• Dye—Concow Black Bark used to blacken strands of red buds for
• Other—Comanche Smoking Tools Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.
basket making. (41:343)
(29:524)
• Other—Kawaiisu Fasteners Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay
pots. Toys & Games Acorn cupule used to make a top for children. Quercus muehlenbergiiEngelm., Chinkapin Oak
(206:56) • Drug—Delaware, Ontario Antiemetic Infusion of bark taken for
vomiting. (175:68,82)

Quercus macrocarpa Michx., Bur Oak Quercus nigra L, Water Oak

• Drug—Chippewa Analgesic Decoction of root or inner bark taken • Food—Choctaw Staple Pounded acorns boiled and made into a
for cramps. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of inner bark used for meal. Pounded acorns used as cornmeal. (as Q. aquatica25:8) Kiowa
cramps. (53:340) Heart Medicine Compound decoction of inner bark Beverage Acorns used to make a beverage. Unspecified Acorns used
prepared ceremonially for heart trouble. (53:338) Pulmonary Aid for food. (192:21)
Compound decoction of inner bark taken for lung trouble. (53:340) • Other—Kiowa Fuel Wood burned in the home and in the peyote cer
Iroquois Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark chips taken for diarrhea. An emony. Smoke Plant Leaves used as a substitute for paper in rolling
tidote "Plant will stop the effects of the laxative made from V[ibur- cigarettes. (192:21)
num] opulus." Dermatological Aid Complex compound decoction
used as wash for affected parts of "Italian itch." (87:303) Menominee
Quercus oblongifoliaJon., Mexican Blue Oak
• Food—Papago Unspecified Acorns used for food. (36:61) Pima Staple
Abortifacient Compound decoction of inner bark taken for sup
Hulls removed, acorns parched, ground into meal, and used for food.
pressed menses caused by cold. (54:133) Meskwaki Anthelmintic
(146:78)
Compound containing wood and iryier bark used to expel pinworms.
(152:221,222) Ojibwa Dermatological Aid Bark used as an astringent Quercus pagoda Raf., Cherrybark Oak
medicine. Orthopedic Aid Bark used to bandage a broken foot or leg. • Drug—Houma Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of bark taken for
(153:369) dysentery. Orthopedic Aid Strong decoction of root or bark applied
• Food—Cheyenne Unspecified Acorns formerly used for food. (83:26) to swollen joints. Throat Aid Decoction of bark and roots taken for
Chippewa Unspecified Acorns roasted in ashes or boiled, mashed, sore throat or hoarseness. Tonic Decoction of bark and root taken as
and eaten with grease or duck broth. Vegetable Acorns boiled, split a tonic for "run-down health." (as Q. pagodaefolia 158:56)
open, and eaten like a vegetable. (53:320) Dakota Unspecified Acorns
Quercus palustris Muenchh., Pin Oak
leached with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for
• Drug—Delaware Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of inner bark used for
food. (70:75) Lakota So up Acorns chopped and cooked in soups and
intestinal pains. (176:30) Delaware, Oklahoma Analgesic and Gastro
meats. Unspecified Acorns chopped, cooked over fire, and eaten.
intestinal Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for intestinal pains. (175:
(106:31) Ojibwa Unspecified Acorns treated with lye to remove bitter
25,78)
ness and eaten. (153:402) Omaha Unspecified Acorns leached with
• Other—Cherokee FastenersWood used to make pins or small pegs.
basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food. Paw
(80:47)
nee Unspecified Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the
bitter taste and used for food. Ponca Unspecified Acorns leached Quercus xpauciloba Rydb., Wavyleaf Oak
with basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food. • Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Sedative Plant used for nervousness, (as Q.
Winnebago Unspecified Acorns leached with basswood ashes to undulata 205:18) Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Decoction of root bark
remove the bitter taste and used for food. (70:75) used for internal pains. Decoction of root bark taken for internal
• Dye—Chippewa Black Boiled with black earth and ocher to make pains, (as Q. undulata 191:22)
a black dye. Inner bark boiled with green hazel burs, added to black • Food—Apache, Western Unspecified Acorns eaten whole and raw,
earth and butternut, and used as a black dye. (53:372) Ojibwa Mor ground on a metate, or boiled, (as Q. undulata 26:174) Apache,
464 Quercus xpauciloba (Fagaceae)

White Mountain Beverage Acorns used to make "coffee." Bread & ter long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers. Gas
Cake Acorns ground into flour and used to make bread. Unspecified trointestinal AidBark used for indigestion and "any debility of the
Acorns eaten raw. (as Q. undulata 136:148) Gosiute Unspecified system." Oral Aid Bark chewed for mouth sores. Respiratory Aid Infu
Acorns used only in season for food, (as Q. undulata 39:378) Navajo, sion of bark taken for asthma. Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark
Ramah Unspecified Acorns used for food, (as Q. undulata 191:22) used for "lost voice." (80:46) Decoction of inner bark taken for hoarse
• Fiber—Navajo FurnitureWood used to make batten sticks and bows ness. (177:17) Tonic Bark used as a tonic. Urinary Aid Unspecified
for the baby's cradle, (as Q. undulata 55:41) liquid preparation taken for "milky urine." (80:46) Chippewa Heart
• Dye—Navajo, Ramah Black Charcoal used as a black pigment for Medicine Compound decoction of inner bark prepared ceremonially
sand paintings, (as Q. undulata 191:22) for heart trouble. (53:338) Delaware Cough Medicine Infusion of bark
• Other—Apache, White Mountain Hide Preparation Bark used to tan used for severe coughs. Throat Aid Infusion of bark used for hoarse
skins, (as Q. undulata 136:160) Navajo Tools Wood used to make bat ness. (176:30) Delaware, Oklahoma Cough Medicineinfusion of bark
ten sticks and bows for the baby's cradle, (as Q. undulata 55:41) taken for severe cough. Throat Aid Infusion of bark taken for hoarse
Navajo, Ramah Protection Used to protect new or ceremonial ness. (175:25,78) Mahuna Toothache Remedy Plant juice used for
hogans from lightning, ghosts, and witches, (as Q. undulata 191:22) straightening and setting loose teeth. (140:25) Malecite Antidiarrheal
Infusion of plant and fir buds or cones used for diarrhea. (116:244)
Quercus peninsularisTrel, Peninsula Oak
Infusion of bark or roots used for diarrhea. (116:255) Micmac Anti-
• Food—Diegueno Staple Acorns pounded, sun dried, ground, and
diarrhealBeiYk and roots used for diarrhea. (40:60) Ojibwa Blood
leached. (88:216)
MedicineDecoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases, (as
Quercus phellos L, Willow Oak Q. ruba 135:231) Heart Medicine and Respiratory Aid Bark used for
• Drug—Seminole Analgesic Decoction of wood bits or bark applied "heart troubles and bronchial affections." (153:369,370) Unspecified
externally as an analgesic. (169:167) Antirheumatic (External) Decoc Plant used for medicinal purposes. (135:242) Venereal Aid Infusion
tion of wood or bark used as a bath for aches and pains. (169:286) Der- of root bark taken for gonorrhea, (as Q. ruba 135:231) Ojibwa, South
matological AidDecoction of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, Antidiarrheal Decoction of root bark and inner bark taken for diar
back or limb pains, and hemorrhoids. Decoction of wood or bark rhea. (91:198) Potawatomi Antidiarrheal Inner bark used for flux.
used as a bath for sores and cuts. (169:269,286) Hemorrhoid Remedy (154:58) Rappahannock Dietary Aid Infusion of north side bark tak
Decoction of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, back or limb en as an appetizer. Tonic Decoction of bark and leaves taken as a
pains, and hemorrhoids. (169:269) Love Medicine Decoction of wood beneficial beverage (bitters). (161:26)
ashes placed on the tongue to cleanse the body and strengthen the • Food—Dakota Unspecified Acorns leached with basswood ashes to
marriage. (169:250) Orthopedic AidDecoction of bark used for ball remove the bitter taste and used for food. (70:75) Iroquois Unspeci
game sickness: sores, back or limb pains, and hemorrhoids. (169:269) fied Acorns used for food. (196:123) Ojibwa Staple Acorns leached
• Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:471) with lye and used as of the most important starchy foods. (153:402)
• Other—Seminole Cleaning Agent Plant used to make lye. Toys & Omaha Unspecified Acorns freed from tannic acid by boiling with
Games Plant used to make ball sticks. (169:471) wood ashes and used for food. (68:327) Acorns leached with bass-
wood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food. Pawnee
Quercus prinus L, Chestnut Oak
Unspecified Acorns leached with basswood ashes to remove the bit
• Food—Iroquois Unspecified Acorns used for food. (196:123)
ter taste and used for food. Ponca Unspecified Acorns leached with
• Fiber—Cherokee BuildingMaterialVJood used to make railroad ties.
basswood ashes to remove the bitter taste and used for food. (70:75)
(80:46)
Potawatomi Porridge Dried, ground acorns used as a flour to make
• Dye—Cherokee Brown Bark used to make a tan dye. (80:46)
gruel. Hardwood ashes and water furnished the lye for soaking the
Quercus pumila Walt., Running Oak acorns, to swell them and remove the tannic acid. A bark bag or
• Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:493) reticule served to hold the acorns while they were washed through a
series of hot and cold water to remove the lye. Then they were dried
Quercus pungens Liebm., Pungent Oak
in the sun and became perfectly sweet and palatable. They were
• Food—Navajo Candy Gum used for chewing gum. (55:41)
ground on depressions of rocks which served as a mortar with a
• Dye—Navajo Brown Bark exudation used as a tan dye. (55:41)
stone pestle, to a flour, which was cooked as a gruel, sometimes
• Other—Keres, Western Tools Wood used for tool handles. Twigs used
called samp. (154:100)
to tie warp of rugs to beam while weaving. (171:64) Navajo Ceremo
» Fiber—Cherokee Basketry Used to make baskets. Building Material
nial Items Wood charcoal used as the black for sand paintings. Paint
Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims. Furni-
Gum used for painting arrows between the feathers. Tools Wood
ture Wood used to make furniture. Used to make woven chair bot
used to make batten for weaving. (55:41)
toms. (80:46)
Quercus rubra L, Northern Red Oak 1 Dye—Ojibwa Unspecified Bark used in tanning and coloring. (135:
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Bark used for chronic dysentery. 242) Omaha Black Bark used to make a black dye for porcupine
Dermatological Aid Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores. Infu quills. (68:325) Potawatomi Red-Brown Rushes gathered for mat
sion of bark applied to sore, chapped skin. Disinfectant Bark used as weaving and boiled with bark to impart a brownish red dye.
an antiseptic. Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Febrifuge Bark used af (154:120)
 Catalog of Plants 465

» Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make corn beaters trouble, especially in children. Winnebago Gastrointestinal Aidand
and mortars. Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making. Fuel PediatricAid Decoction of root bark given for bowel trouble, espe
Wood used for firewood. (80:46) Ojibwa Hide Preparation Bark used cially in children. (70:75)
in tanning and coloring. (135:242) Potawatomi Designs Leaves used > Food—Apache, Mescalero Unspecified Acorns boiled, pounded, and
to furnish a design for beadwork. (154:120) mixed with mescal. Acorns eaten raw. (14:41) Chippewa Unspecified
Acorns, with the tannin removed by using wood ash lye and leached
Quercus rubra L. var. rubra, Northern Red Oak
out with water, used for food. (71:129) Comanche Unspecified Acorns
• Drwg^-Alabama Dermatological AidDecoction of bark used as a
used for food. (29:524) Concow Bread & Cake Acorns made into bread
wash for bad smelling sores on the head or feet. Orthopedic Aid and
and eaten. Porridge Acorns made into mush and eaten. (41:333)
PediatricAid Infusion of bark given to child old enough to walk but
Costanoan Unspecified Acorns used for food. (21:248) Iroquois Bev-
too weak to do so. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of bark taken for lung
erage Fresh nutmeats crushed, boiled, and liquid used as a drink.
trouble. Throat Aid Decoction of bark taken for sore throats. Chero
Bread & Cake Fresh nutmeats crushed and mixed with bread. Pie &
kee Antidiarrheal Infusion of twig juice taken for dysentery, (as Q.
PuddingYresh nutmeats crushed and mixed with corn pudding.
borealisvax. maxima 177:16) Iroquois DermatologicalAid Complex
Soup Acorns boiled, roasted, pounded, mixed with meal or meat,
compound decoction used as wash for affected parts of "Italian itch."
and eaten as soup. Special Food Fresh nutmeats crushed, boiled, and
Poultice of powdered bark bound to ruptured or improperly healed
oil used as a delicacy in corn bread and pudding. Unspecified Acorns
navels, (as Q. borealisvar. maxima87:304)
eaten raw by children. (124:99) Malecite Unspecified Acorns baked
• Other—Kiowa Fue/Wood used as a favorite fuel for the altar fire in
and used for food. (160:6) Miwok Bread & Cake Acorns ground into a
the peyote ceremony, (as Q. borealisvai. maxima 192:21)
meal and used to make bread and biscuits. Soup Acorns ground into
a meal and used to make soup. (12:142) Navajo Staple Dried acorns
Quercus sadleriana R. Br. Campst., Deer Oak
ground into flour. Unspecified Acorns boiled like beans and roasted
• Food—Karok Unspecified Acorns shelled, parched, and eaten.
over coals. (55:40) Round Valley Indian Bread & (Me Nuts dried,
(148:382)
cracked, pulverized, water added, and the dough made into bread.
Quercus sp., Oak Porridge Nuts dried, cracked, pulverized, water added, and the
• Drug—Alabama DermatologicalAid Decoction of bark used as a dough made into brownish red mush. (41:333)
wash for bad smelling sores on the head or feet. Emetic and Pulmo ► Fiber—Apache, Mescalero Building Materialised for poles in
nary AidDecoction of bark taken as emetic for lung troubles. Throat dome-shaped lodges and as tepee stakes. Furniture Used as footrests
Aid Boiled bark used for sore throat. (172:665) Atsugewi Blood Medi- for cradleboards. (14:41) Comanche BuildingMaterialTrunks used
cine Decoction taken by women to prevent blood poisoning. Cold for fence posts. (29:524) Navajo Basketry Twigs used as the frame
Remedy Decoction taken by women to prevent catching cold during work of a temporary carrying basket. A temporary carrying basket
the birth ordeal, (as Cambrium 61:140) Chippewa Hemostat Poultice was made of two staves or bows of oak twigs crossed in the center
of chewed, fresh or dry root applied to wounds as a styptic. (53:356) and brought upwards to the hoop. This framework was then covered
Costanoan Antidiarrheal Infusion of acorns used for diarrhea. Tooth with sheep or goatskin. These carrying baskets were usually made in
ache Remedy Decoction of bark used for toothaches and to tighten the field for carrying yucca fruits. (55:40)
loose teeth. (21:20) Creek Orthopedic Aid and PediatricAid Com » Dye—Chippewa Black Used with grindstone dust or black earth to
pound decoction of bark used as a wash to strengthen children un make a black dye. (53:372) Red Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added,
able to walk. (172:665) Dakota Gastrointestinal Aid and PediatricAid and used to make a red dye. (53:370)
Decoction of root bark given for bowel trouble, especially in chil » Other—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero FuelVJood used on fire to
dren. (70:75) Iroquois Other Infusion of bark and elm bark taken for heat cooking stones. (33:36) Tools Branches used to dig out crowns of
ruptures caused by violence. (141:38) Throat Aid Poultice of inner the mescal plants. (33:35) Apache, Mescalero Cooking Tools Used to
bark used for "sore throats that will not heal." Tuberculosis Remedy make platters and shelves for mescal cakes. Stable Gear Used to
Compound used for tuberculosis. (87:302) Malecite Unspecified make stirrups. Too/5 Used to make digging sticks and wooden tweez
Used to make medicines. (160:6) Mendocino Indian Dietary Aid ers. Toys & Games Used to make toy bows. (14:41) Cherokee Hunting
Plant used for fattening. (41:26) Neeshenam Antirheumatic (Internal) & Fishing /fern Wood used to make bows. (80:21) Chippewa Tools
Burning pitch smoke inhaled for rheumatism. Burn DressingPoul- Used for awls. (53:378) Costanoan Cooking Tools Wood used for
tice of powdered acorns applied to burns or scalds. Cold Remedy bowls and mortars. FuelBark used as tinder. (21:248) Miwok Cooking
Burning pitch smoke inhaled for colds. Cough Medicine Burning Tools Wood used to make mush stirring paddles. (12:146) Navajo
pitch smoke inhaled for coughs. (129:374) DermatologicalAid Pitch Ceremonial Items Used to make digging sticks for the Female Shoot
rubbed on wounds, sores, or arrow wounds. Psychological Aid Poul ing Life Chant for digging medicinal roots. Sticks inserted in crevice
tice of hot pitch and powdered, burned acorns applied to mourning above door during the dedication and purification of the hogan.
widows. (129:375) Omaha Gastrointestinal Aid and Pediatric AidDe Curled twig used as a drum stick in the War Dance Ceremony. Wood
coction of root bark given for bowel trouble, especially in children. used, because of its hardness and great resisting power, in nearly all
Pawnee Gastrointestinal Aid and PediatricAid Decoction of root of the ceremonies. Containers Acorn shells used to hold medicine
bark given for bowel trouble, especially in children. Ponca Gastroin and a hummingbird was made to sip from each shell. Hunting &
testinal Aid and PediatricAid Decoction of root bark given for bowel Fishing Item Used to make throwing sticks. The Navajo throwing
466 Quercus sp. (Fagaceae)

stick, which was of oak, was made by whittling the piece down to the Quercus velutina Lam., Black Oak
shape of a batten and then heating it and bending it over the knee to • Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Bark used for chronic dysentery. Der-
give it a slight curve. Tools Used to make batten stick for weaving. matologicalAid Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores. Infusion of
Concave hole in wood used as a die to make metallic hemispheres bark applied to sore, chapped skin. DisinfectantBark used as an an
for beads and sunflower blossoms. Used to make hoes and digging tiseptic. Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Febrifuge Bark used after
sticks. Toys & Games Sticks kicked out of the ground while playing long, intermittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers. Gastro
"football." Stick curved in hot ashes to make a J-shaped stick or bat intestinal Aid Bark used for indigestion and "any debility of the sys
for shinny and other games. Weapon Wood used to make the bow tem." Gynecological Aid Compound infusion of bark of black oak
carried into war. Branches used to make clubs. In warfare, clubs taken for "female trouble." OralAidBavk chewed for mouth sores.
were used by some of the warriors. The older type consisted of a Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken for asthma. Throat Aid Decoc
grooved stone, which was hafted by twisting a small branch from an tion of inner bark used for "lost voice." Tonic Bark used as a tonic.
oak twice around the grooved section of the stone and tying the free Urinary Aid Unspecified liquid preparation taken for "milky urine."
ends together. (55:40) Pima, Desert Cash Crop Acorns used for trade. (80:46) Delaware Cold Remedy Infusion of inner bark used as a gar
(133:6) gle for colds. Throat Aid Infusion of inner bark used as a gargle for
hoarseness. (176:30) Delaware, Oklahoma Cold Remedy Infusion of
Quercus Stellata Wangenh., Post Oak
inner bark taken and used as a gargle for colds. Throat Aid Decoction
• Drwg^-Cherokee Antidiarrheal Bark used for chronic dysentery. (80:
of inner bark taken and used as a gargle for hoarseness. (175:25,78)
46) Infusion of twig juice taken for dysentery. (177:18) Dermatologi-
Menominee Eye Medicine Decoction of crushed bark used as a wash
calAid Astringent bark chewed for mouth sores. Infusion of bark ap
for sore eyes. (151:36) Meskwaki Pulmonary Aid Compound con
plied to sore, chapped skin. DisinfectantBaxk used as an antiseptic.
taining inner bark used for lung troubles. (152:222)
Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Febrifuge Bark used after long, inter
• Food—Lakota Staple Acorns used to make flour. (139:49) Ojibwa
mittent fevers and as a wash for chills and fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid
Unspecified Acorns, with tannic acid extracted, equally as good as
Bark used for indigestion and "any debility of the system." Oral Aid
other acorns. (153:402)
Bark chewed for mouth sores. Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken
• Fiber—Cherokee Basketry Used to make baskets. Building Material
for asthma. Throat Aid Decoction of inner bark used for "lost voice."
Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims. Furni
Tonic Bark used as a tonic. Urinary Aid Unspecified liquid prepara
tureWood used to make furniture. Used to make woven chair bot
tion taken for "milky urine." (80:46) Infusion of inner bark taken for
toms. (80:46)
difficult urination with discharge. Choctaw Gastrointestinal Aid De
• Dye—Ojibwa Mordant Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set
coction of bark taken for stomachaches. (177:18) Creek Antidiarrheal
its own color. Red-Yellow Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to
Bark used to make a drink taken for dysentery. (172:659) Infusion of
set its own color. (153:425)
bark taken for dysentery. (177:18)
• Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make corn beaters
• Food—Kiowa Beverage Acorns used to make a drink similar to cof
and mortars. Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making. Fuel
fee. Dried Food Dried, pounded acorns used for food. (192:22)
Wood used for firewood. (80:46)
• Fiber—Cherokee Basketry Used to make baskets. Building Material
Wood used for lumber, railroad ties, wagon spokes and rims. Furni- Quercus virginiana?. Mill, Live Oak
ture Wood used to make furniture. Used to make woven chair bot • Drug—Houma Antidiarrheal Decoction of bark taken for dysentery.
toms. (80:46) (158:56) Mahuna Unspecified Bark used for medicine. (140:55) Semi-
• Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make corn beaters no\e Analgesic Decoction of wood bits or bark applied externally as
and mortars. Leaves used to wrap dough for bread making. Fuel an analgesic. (169:167) Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of wood
Wood used for firewood. (80:46) Kiowa FuelWfood used for firewood. or bark used as a bath for aches and pains. (169:286) Dermatological
Smoke PlantLeaves used as cigarette wrappers for the peyote cere Aid Decoction of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, back or
mony. (192:22) limb pains, and hemorrhoids. Decoction of wood or bark used as a
bath for sores and cuts. (169:269,286) HemorrhoidRemedy'Decoc
Quercus texana Buckl., Nuttall Oak
tion of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, back or limb pains,
• Dye—Choctaw Red Burned bark and black gum ash added to water
and hemorrhoids. (169:269) Love Medicine Decoction of wood ashes
and used as a red dye. (25:14)
placed on the tongue to cleanse the body and strengthen the mar
• Other—Choctaw Paint Bark, post oak, and live oak boiled and used
riage. (169:250) Orthopedic Aid Decoction of bark used for ballgame
for paint. (25:14)
sickness: sores, back or limb pains, and hemorrhoids. (169:269)
Quercus turbinella Greene, Shrub Live Oak • Food—Mahuna Dessert Acorns ground into a fine meal, sun dried,
• Food—-Hualapai Bread & Cake Acorns used to make bread. Soup made into porridge, cooked, and eaten as a dessert. Unspecified
Acorns used to make stew. Unspecified Acorns roasted like pinyons. Acorns ground into a fine meal, sun dried, made into porridge, and
(195:11) Mohave Porridge Acorns used to make mush. (37:187) Pima, eaten with deer meat. (140:55) Seminole Fodder Acorns used as hog
Gila River Snack Food Fruits eaten raw as a snack food. (133:7) food. (169:493)
• Other—Cocopa Cash Crop Acorns gathered and traded with the • Fiber—Mahuna Mats, Rugs & BeddingLeaves used to make mattress
Paipai for wild sheep skins. (37:187) Havasupai Tools Wood used to bedding. (140:55) Seminole Caulking MaterialPlant used to make
make the hoe and ax handles. (197:215) mortar. (169:493)
 Catalog of Plants 467

• Dye—Houma Red Roots and bark boiled to make a red basket dye. • Food—Kiowa Preserves Berries gathered to make jelly. Berries gath
(158:56) Mahuna BlackBark blended with other oak barks and roots ered to make jelly. (192:50)
and used to make a black dye for buckskins. Brown Bark blended with • Other—Kiowa Toys & Games Bladdery envelope blown up by chil
other oak barks and roots and used to make a light or dark brown dren and busted on the forehead. (192:50)
dye for buckskin. Gray Bark blended with other oak barks and roots
and used to make a gray dye for buckskins. Red Bark blended with
other oak barks and roots and used to make a red dye for buckskins.
White Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make Ramalina, Usneaceae, lichen
a white dye for buckskins. Yellow Bark blended with other oak barks Ramalina menziesii, Spanish Moss
and roots and used to make a yellow dye for buckskins. (140:55) • Fiber—Pomo, Kashaya ClothingUsed for baby
• Other—Choctaw Paint Bark, red oak, and post oak boiled and used diapers and other sanitary purposes. (72:123)
for paint, (as Q. virens25:\4) Seminole Cleaning Agent Plant used to
Ranunculaceae, see Aconitum, Actaea,
make lye. Fuel Wood used to burn out mortar hollow. Hide Prepara
Anemone, Aquilegia, Caltha, Cimicifuga,
tion Plant used for tanning. Tools Plant used to make pestles and
Clematis, Consolida, Coptis, Delphinium,
cane mills. (169:493)
Hepatica, Hydrastis, Myosurus, Pulsatilla, Ranunculus, Thalictrum,
Quercus wislizeniA. DC, Interior Live Oak Trautvetteria, Trollius, Xanthorhiza
• Drug—Miwok Cough Medicine Decoction of bark taken as a cough
medicine. Dermatological Aid and PediatricAid Pulverized, outer Ranunculus, Ranunculaceae
bark dusted on running sores and particularly used for babies with Ranunculus abortivus L, Littleleaf Buttercup
sore umbilicus. (12:172) • Drug—Cherokee Dermatological AidUsed as poultice for abscesses.
• Food—Luiseno Porridge Acorns leached, ground into a meal, cooked Oral Aid Infusion used for "thrash." Sedative Juice used as sedative.
in an earthen vessel, and eaten. (155:194) Staple Stored acorns Throat Aid Infusion gargled for sore throat. (80:31) Iroquois Anticon-
pounded in a mortar and pestle to make a flour.64 Substitution Food vulsive Compound decoction of roots taken by men and women for
Acorns used only when more preferred species could not be ob epilepsy. (87:325) Antidote Decoction of smashed root taken to
tained. (155:193) Winter Use Food Acorns formerly stored in acorn counteract poison. (87:320) Blood Medicine Compound infusion of
granaries. (155:194) Miwok Bread & Cake Acorns ground into a meal roots taken for blood disease which caused fainting. (87:325) Emetic
and used to make bread and biscuits. Porridge Acorns considered a Decoction of root taken to vomit for stomach trouble and to counter
staple food and used to make mush. Soup Acorns ground into a meal act poison. (87:320) Compound decoction of plants taken to vomit
and used to make soup. Winter Use Food Whole acorns stored for after taking epilepsy medicine. Eye Medicine Decoction of roots and
winter use. (12:142) Neeshenam Unspecified Acorns occasionally leaves used as wash for sore eyes from catching cold. (87:325) Gas
used for food. (129:374) Tubatulabal Unspecified Acorns used exten trointestinal Aid Decoction of smashed root taken for stomach trou
sively for food. (193:15) ble. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots taken to dry up small
pox. (87:320) Orthopedic Aid Compound decoction of roots taken for
Quercus wislizenivar.frutescensEngelm., Interior Live Oak
stiff muscles. Psychological Aid Compound decoction of plants taken
• Drug—Kawaiisu Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of inner bark
for "loss of senses during menses." (87:325) Snakebite Remedy Decoc
taken for arthritis. Burn Dressing Ground plant applied to burns.
tion of smashed root used as a wash for snakebites. (87:320) Tooth
(206:56)
ache Remedy Plant used for sore teeth. (87:325) Meskwaki Hemostat
• Food—Diegueno Porridge Acorns shelled, pounded, leached, and
Root used as a styptic for nosebleeds. (152:239)
cooked into a mush or gruel. (84:33) Kawaiisu Bread & Cake Acorns
• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves cooked and eaten as greens.
made into a fine meal, cooked into a mush, and allowed to stand and
(80:31)
harden into a "cake." Staple Acorns dried, pounded, sifted into a fine
meal, and leached. Winter Use Food Acorns stored for future use.65 Ranunculus acris L, Tall Buttercup
(206:56) • Drug—Abnaki Analgesic Used for headaches. (144:155) Flowers and
• Fiber—Kawaiisu Basketry Branches used to make rims for twined leaves smashed and sniffed for headaches. (144:166) Bella Coola
work baskets. Building Material Logs used in house construction. Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded roots applied to boils, (as R.
(206:56) arcis 150:57) Cherokee Dermatological AidUsed as poultice for ab
• Other—Kawaiisu Fasteners Acorn meal used to mend cracks in clay scesses. Oral Aid Infusion used for "thrash." Sedative Juice used as
pots. Toys & Games Acorn cupule used to make a top for children. sedative. Throat Aid Infusion gargled for sore throat. (80:31) Iroquois
(206:56) Analgesic Poultice of smashed plant applied to chest for pains. Anti-
diarrheal Infusion of roots taken for diarrhea. Antihemorrhagic Poul
Quincula, Solanaceae tice of smashed plant applied to chest for colds. (87:320) Blood Medi
Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf., Chinese Lantern cine Poultice of plant fragments with another plant applied to the
• Drug—Kiowa Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots taken or skin for excess water in the blood. (141:42) Micmac Analgesic Leaves
poultice of pounded roots applied for grippe, (as Physalis lobata used for headaches. (40:60) Montagnais Analgesic Crushed leaves in
192:50) haled for headaches. (156:315)
468 Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae)

• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves cooked and eaten as greens. en and used as a lotion to protect hunters from animals. (191:27)
(80:31) • Food—Acoma Unspecified Roots used for food. (32:48) Keres, West
ern UnspecifiedRoots considered good to eat. (171:65) Laguna Un
Ranunculus aquatilis L, Whitewater Crowfoot
specified Roots used for food. (32:48)
• Food—Gosiute Unspecified Entire plant boiled and eaten. (39:379)
Ranunculus lapponicus L, Lapland Buttercup
Ranunculus bulbosus L, St. Anthonys Turnip
• Drug—Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut Dietary Aid Plants soaked and eat
• Drug—Iroquois Toothache Remedy Root placed in cavity to break up
en by starving persons before eating other food. (122:23)
the tooth for a toothache. Venereal Aid Decoction of plants taken for
• Food—Eskimo, Inuktitut Soup Leaves and stems stewed with duck
venereal disease. (87:320)
and fresh fish. (202:183)
Ranunculus californkus Benth., California Buttercup
Ranunculus OCCidentalisNutt, Western Buttercup
• Food—Miwok UnspecifiedDried, stored, parched, pulverized seeds
• Drug—Aleut Poison Flower juice slipped into food to cause a person
used for food. (12:155) Neeshenam Bread & Cake Seeds parched,
"to waste away to nothing." (8:428)
ground into flour and used to make bread. Porridge Seeds parched,
• Other—Shasta Season Indicator Plant blooms indicated the coming
ground into flour, and used to make mush. Staple Seeds parched,
of the summer salmon. (93:310)
ground into flour, and used for food. (129:377)
• Other—Pomo, Kashaya Toys & Games Flower put under the chin by Ranunculus occidentalisvar. eisenii (Kellogg) Gray, Western
a child, if yellow was reflected, the child would like butter. (72:30) Buttercup
• Food—Mendodno Indian Staple Smooth, flat, and orbicular seeds
Ranunculus californicusvar. cuneatus Greene, California
used alone or mixed with other seeds to make pinole, (as R. eisenii
Buttercup
41:347) Pomo Staple Seeds used to make pinoles. (11:87)
• Other—Karok Musical Instrument Stems split and sucked on to
make sounds. (6:49) Ranunculus occidentalisvar. rattaniiGray, Western Buttercup
• Food—Pomo Staple Seeds used to make pinoles. (11:87)
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh, Alkali Buttercup
• Drug—Kawaiisu Dermatological Aid Mashed leaves and flowers ap Ranunculus pallasii Schlecht., Pallas's Buttercup
plied as salve to sores and cuts. (206:58) Navajo Venereal Aid Plant • Drug—Eskimo, Inupiat Poison Young shoots poisonous, if not
used for syphilis. (55:96) Navajo, Kayenta Panacea Plant used as a boiled. (98:143)
life medicine. (205:22) • Food-^Alaska Native UnspecifiedYoung, tender shoots cooked and
• Food—Iroquois UnspecifiedMature leaves used for food. (142:87) eaten. (85:53) Eskimo, Alaska Unspecified Shoots and stems boiled
until tender and eaten with seal oil. (1:35) Rootstocks used as food,
Ranunculus cymbalariavar. saximontanus Fern., Rocky
but became bitter after leaves developed. (4:715)
Mountain Buttercup
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Plant used Ranunculus pensylvanicus L f., Pennsylvania Buttercup
as an emetic in various ceremonies. (191:27) • Drug—Ojibwa Hunting Medicine Seeds used as a hunting medicine.
(153:383) Seeds smoked in hunting medicine to lure buck deer near
Ranunculusflabellaris Raf., Yellow Water Buttercup
enough for a shot with bow and arrow. (153:431) Potawatomi Der
• Drug—Meskwaki Cold Remedy Flower stigmas used as snuff to in
matological AidPlant used as an astringent medicine for unspecified
duce sneezing for catarrh and head colds. Respiratory Aid Com
diseases. (154:75)
pound containing leaves used as a snuff for catarrh and head cold,
• Dye—Ojibwa Red Entire plant boiled to yield a red coloring dye and
(as R. delphinifolius 152:239,240)
bur oak added to set the color. (153:426) Potawatomi Yellow Entire
RanunculusglaberrimusUook., Sagebrush Buttercup plant boiled with rushes or flags to dye them yellow; used to make
• Drug—Okanagan-Colville Arcfl/ges/c Poultice of mashed and damp mats or baskets. (154:123)
ened whole plants applied to pains of any kind. Antirheumatic (Ex
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir., Blisterwort
ternal) Poultice of mashed and dampened whole plants applied to
• Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid Used as poultice for abscesses.
sore joints. Poison Dried or mashed, fresh whole plant placed on a
Oral Aid Infusion used for "thrash." Sedative Juice used as sedative.
piece of meat as poisoned bait for coyotes. (188:119) Thompson Der
Throat Aid Infusion gargled for sore throat. (80:31) Iroquois Laxative
matological Aid Poultice of mashed flowers used for warts. (187:249)
Compound decoction of roots taken to loosen bowels and for vene
Poison Flowers or whole plant rubbed on arrow points as a poison.
real disease. Toothache Remedy Decoction of roots taken to "kill the
(164:512) Plant considered a skin irritant. (187:249)
worms" in sore and hollow teeth. Venereal Aid Decoction of roots
Ranunculus hispidusvar. nitidus (Chapman) T. Duncan, taken for venereal disease. (87:320)
Bristly Buttercup • Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves cooked and eaten as greens.
• Drug—Iroquois Toothache Remedy Root placed in cavity to break up (80:31)
the tooth for a toothache, (as R. septentrionalis 87:320) • Dye—Menominee Red Boiled root used for red coloring. (151:79)

Ranunculus inamoenus Greene, Graceful Buttercup Ranunculus repens L, Creeping Buttercup

• Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Hunting Medicine Cold infusion of plant tak • Drug—Hesquiat Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of
 Catalog of Plants 469

chewed leaves used for muscular aches and rheumatic pains. Der- (as R. columnaris 69:368) Keres, Western Gynecological Aid Crushed
matological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves used for sores. Gynecologi leaves rubbed on mothers' breast to wean child. (171:65) Lakota
cal AidThree or four leaves eaten to help heal the insides after child Analgesic Infusion of plant tops taken for headaches. Gastrointesti
birth. Other Chewed leaves swallowed for general sickness. (185:71) nal Aid Infusion of plant tops taken for stomachaches. Veterinary Aid
Thompson Poison Plant considered a skin irritant. (187:249) Plant given to horses for urinary problems. (139:39) Navajo, Ramah
• Food—Hesquiat Forage Eaten by cows and deer. (185:71) Febrifuge Cold infusion used for fever. Veterinary Aid Cold infusion
given to sheep that are "out of their minds." (as R. columnaris war.
Ranunculus reptansl., Buttercup
pulcherrima 191:52) Zuni Emetic Infusion of whole plant taken as an
• Food—Makah Unspecified Roots cooked on hot rocks, dipped in
emetic, (as R. columnaris 166:59)
whale or seal oil, and eaten with dried salmon eggs. Quileute Un
• Food—Dakota Beverage Leaves used to make a hot, tea-like bever
specified Roots cooked on hot rocks, dipped in whale or seal oil, and
age, (as R. columnaris 69:368) Oglala Beverage Leaves and cylindrical
eaten with dried salmon eggs. (79:29)
heads used to make a tea-like beverage, (as R. columnaris 70:131)
Ranunculus sceleratus L, Celeryleaf Buttercup • Other—Lakota Cooking Tools Plant top used as a nipple. (139:39)
• Drug—Thompson Poison Flowers or whole plant rubbed on arrow
points as a poison. (164:512) Ratibida tagetes (James) Barnh., Green Prairie Coneflower
• Drwg^-Keres, Western Hunting Medicine Roots carried while deer
Ranunculus sceleratus var. multifidus Nutt., Blister Buttercup
hunting to prevent craziness. Chewing the root prevented craziness
• Drug—Keres, Western Poison Plant considered poisonous, (as R. ere-
which occurred if a wounded deer blew his breath into one's face.
mogenes 171:65)
Sedative Infusion of plant used for epileptic fits. Unspecified Plant
Ranunculus sp., Buttercup considered strong medicine. (171:65) Navajo, Ramah Analgesic
• Drug—Costanoan Dermatological Aid Decoction of plant used as a Strong infusion of leaves used for stomachache or as a cathartic.
wash for wounds. (21:8) Iroquois Veterinary Aid Compound decoc Cathartic Strong infusion of leaves used as a cathartic. Ceremonial
tion given to cows when bearing a calf and womb comes out. (87: Medicine Plant used in ceremonial chant lotion. Cough Medicine
324) Thompson Poison Flowers of several species used as a poison Cold infusion of leaves taken for coughs. Febrifuge Cold infusion of
on arrowheads. (164:512) Tuberculosis Remedy Poultice of mashed leaves taken for fever. Gastrointestinal Aid Strong infusion of leaves
root mixed with pitch applied to the chest for tuberculosis. (187:249) taken for stomachache. Panacea Plant used as "life medicine." Pedi-
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Leaves boiled and used for food. (204: atricAid Decoction of root used for "birth injuries." Venereal Aid
253) Skokomish Winter Use Food Roots eaten as winter food. (79:30) Plant used as a fumigant for sexual infection. (191:52)

Ranunculus uncinatus D. Don ex G. Don, Hooked Buttercup

Reverchonia, Euphorbiaceae
• Drwg^-Thompson Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of plant used
Reverchonia arenaria Gray, Sand Reverchonia
as a wash or steam for stiff, sore muscles, and rheumatism, (as R.
• Drug—Hopi Gynecological Aid Plant used for postpartum hemor
douglasii 164:473) Disinfectant Decoction of whole plant used as a
rhage. (200:36,84) Navajo, Kayenta Veterinary Aid Plant used for
body wash for purification in sweat house, (as R. douglasii 164:505)
livestock bloat. (205:31)
Herbal Steam Decoction of plant used as a sweat bath wash for stiff,
sore muscles and bones. Decoction of plant used as a wash or steam Rhamnaceae, see Berchemia, Ceanothus, Condalia, Frangula,
for stiff, sore muscles and rheumatism. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of Rhamnus, Ziziphus
plant used as a sweat bath wash for stiff, sore muscles and bones, (as
R. douglasii 164:473) Poison Plant considered a skin irritant. (187:249) Rhamnus, Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her., Alderleaf Buckthorn
RaphanuSy Brassicaceae
• Drug—Iroquois Antidote Infusion of plant taken and poultice ap
Raphanus sativus L, Wild Radish
plied to swelling caused by poison. Blood Medicine Infusion of bark
• Food—Costanoan UnspeciftedRaw stems used for food, (as R. sati-
given to children as a blood purifier. Cathartic Infusion of bark given
vum 21:252)
to children as a physic. Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant taken

Ratibida, Asteraceae and poultice applied to swelling caused by poison. Orthopedic Aid
Infusion given and used as a wash for bad backs. PediatricAid Infu
Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl., Upright Prairie
sion given and used as a wash for peevish children. Infusion of bark
Coneflower
given to children as a tonic, physic, and as blood purifier. Sedative
• Drug—Cheyenne Analgesic Decoction of leaves and stems used as
Infusion given and used as a wash for peevish children. Tonic Infu
wash for pain. Dermatological AidDecoction of leaves and stems
sion of bark given to children as a tonic. Venereal Aid Compound
used for poison ivy rash. Snakebite Remedy Decoction of leaves and
decoction of roots taken for gonorrhea. (87:381) Meskwaki Laxative
stems used as wash to draw out poison of a rattlesnake's bite, (as R.
Decoction of bark taken for constipation. (152:241) Potawatomi
columnaris76:\88) Leaves and stems boiled and solution used for
Cathartic Inner bark used as a physic. (154:75)
rattlesnake bites. (83:23) Dakota Analgesic Flowers used for chest
pains and other ailments. DermatologicalAidFlowers used for Rhamnus cathartica L, Common Buckthorn
wounds. Panacea Flowers used for chest pains and other ailments. • Drwg^-Cherokee Cathartic Bark and fruit used as a cathartic. Der-
470 Rhamnus cathartica (Rhamnaceae)

matologicalAid Decoction of bark used for itch. Eye Medicine Used Rhizjomnium glabrescens (Kindb.) Koponen
as wash for sore and inflamed eyes. (80:27) • Drug—Bella Coola Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of crushed
"leaves" applied to infections and swellings. Blood Medicine Poultice
Rhamnus croceaNutl, Redberry Buckthorn
of "leaves" used for blood blisters. Breast TreatmentPoultice of
• Food—Cahuilla Fruit Berries used for food. (15:131)
"leaves" used for breast abscesses in women. Dermatological Aid
Rhamnus crocea ssp. ilicifolia (Kellogg) C. B. Wolf, Hollyleaf Poultice of "leaves" used for boils. (184:196)
Redberry
Rhizophoraceae, see Rhizophora
• Drug—Kawaiisu Analgesic Decoction of roots and bark taken for in
ternal soreness. Plant smoke inhaled for headaches. Antirheumatic Rhizophora, Rhizophoraceae
(Internal) Plant smoke inhaled for rheumatism. Blood Medicine Infu
Rhizophora mangle L, American Mangrove
sion of roots and bark taken as a blood medicine. Plant used by wom
• Dye—Seminole UnspecifiedPlant used as a buckskin dye. (169:468)
en for blood shortages. Cold Remedy Decoction of roots and bark
taken for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of roots and bark taken Rhododendron, Ericaceae
for coughs. Dermatological Aid Plant used for boils and carbuncles.
Rhododendron albiflorum Hook., Cascade Azalea
Diuretic Decoction of roots used to increase urination. Gastrointesti
• Drug—Okanagon Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered, burned
nal Aid Plant used for stomach disorders and the spleen. Gynecologi
wood and grease applied to swellings. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction
cal Aid Plant used by women for blood shortages. Kidney Aid Plant
of bark taken as a stomach remedy. (125:40) Skokomish Cold Reme
used for the kidneys. Laxative Decoction of roots used to loosen the
dy Decoction of buds taken for colds. Dermatological Aid Poultice of
bowels_and as a laxative. Liver Aid Plant used for the liver and spleen.
chewed buds applied to cuts. Gastrointestinal Aid Chewed buds eat
Stimutant Infusion of roots and bark taken when "one feels tired and
en for an ulcerated stomach. Throat Aid Decoction of buds taken for
run down." Venereal Aid Decoction of roots used for gonorrhea, (as
sore throats. (79:43) Thompson Dermatological Aid Poultice of pow
R. ilicifolia 206:58) Yuki Unspecified Inner bark used as a "good med
dered, burned wood and grease applied to swellings. (125:40) Wood
icine." (as R. ilicifolia 41:369)
ash mixed with grease and used as a salve for swellings, (164:460)
• Other—Wintoon Lighting\Nood used for torches because it burned
Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of bark taken as a stomach remedy.
a long time, (as R. crocea ilicifolia 117:276)
(125:40)

Rhamnus sp., Buckthorn • Food—Okanagan-Colville Beverage Leaves used to make tea.

• Drug—Costanoan (Olhonean) Cathartic Infusion of bark taken as a (188:102) Thompson Preservative Branches used in bottoms of berry
cathartic, (as Rhamus 117:374) Iroquois Dermatological Aid Poultice baskets and on top of the berries to keep them fresh. (187:216)

of ripe berry jelly applied to sores, (as Rhamus 117:374) Emetic Bark • Other—Thompson Incense & Fragrance Used as a scent. (164:502)

used as an emetic. (87:380)

Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr., Flame Azalea
• Food—Cahuilla Preserves Plant boiled into a jelly-like substance and
• Drug—Cherokee Antirheumatic (External) Peeled and boiled twig
eaten. (15:131)
rubbed on rheumatism. Gynecological Aid Infusion taken by women.
(80:24)
Rheum, Polygonaceae
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Fungus "apple" formed on the stem
Rheum rhabarbarum L, Garden Rhubarb eaten to appease thirst. (80:24)
• Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala Unspecified Petioles used for food.
• Other—Cherokee Decorations Flowers used to decorate the home.
(43:259) Kitasoo Pie & PuddingSta\ks used to make pie. Preserves
(80:24)
Stalks used to make jam. (43:340)
Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don, Pacific
Rheum rhaponticum L, False Rhubarb Rhododendron
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Used for dysentery. Cathartic Used • Drug—Karok Ceremonial Medicine Plant used in the luck-getting
as a mild purgative. DermatologicalAidUsed as an astringent. Laxa
ceremony of the sweat house, (as R. californicum 148:387)
tive Infusion of plant taken for constipation. Poison Leaves consid • Other—Porno Decorations Flowers used for dance wreaths, (as R.
ered poisonous. StrengthenerUsed for strengthening. (80:52) californicum 66:14) Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Species used for food. (80:52) in dance wreathes at the Strawberry Festival. (72:98)

Rhexia, Melastomataceae Rhododendron maximum L, Great Laurel

Rhexia virginica L, Handsome Harry • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Compound used as liniment for pains

• Drug—Micmac Throat Aid Leaves and stems used as a throat and poultice of leaves used for headache. (80:52) Infusion of leaves

cleanser. (40:60) Montagnais Throat Aid "Brew" from leaves and put on scratches made over the location of the pain. (177:49) Anti

stems used for cleaning the throat. (156:314) rheumatic (Internal) Compound decoction of leaf taken for rheuma

• Food—Montagnais Beverage Leaves and stems used to make a sour tism. Ceremonial Medicine "Throw clumps of leaves into a fire and
dance around it to bring cold weather." Heart Medicine Infusion of
drink. (156:314)
leaf taken for heart trouble. (80:52) Other Decoction of leaves rubbed
Rhizomnium, Mniaceae, moss into scratches made on legs as preliminary treatment. (177:49)
 Catalog of Plants 471

• Other—Cherokee Cooking Tools Wood used to make spoons. Deco used to make red dye. (80:57)
rations Wood used to carve. Smoking Tools Wood used to make pipes. • Other—Delaware, Oklahoma Ceremonial Items Leaves and root
(80:52) used in ceremonial tobacco mixture. (175:78)

Rhododendron occidental (Torr. & Gray ex Torr.) Gray, Western Rhus copallinumvar. leucantha (Jacq.) DC, Winged Sumac
Azalea • Drwg^-Seminole Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied for
• Other—Pomo Decorations Flowers used for dance wreaths. (66:14) ant sickness: boils and infections, (as R. leucantha Jacq. 169:304) Uri
Pomo, Kashaya Ceremonial Items Flowers used in dance wreaths at nary Aid Decoction of root bark taken for urine retention. Venereal
the Strawberry Festival. (72:21) Aid Decoction of bark taken for gonorrhea, (as R. leucantha 169:274)

Rhododendron occidental (Torr. & Gray ex Torr.) Gray Rhus glabra L, Smooth Sumac
var. occidental, Western Azalea • Drug—Cherokee Antiemetic Red berries eaten for vomiting. Burn
• Drug—Modesse Antidote Used for poisoning, (as Azalea occidentalis Dressing Infusion poured over sunburn blisters. (80:57) Dermatologi
117:224) cal AidDecoction ofbark used as a wash for blisters. (177:36) Gyne
cological Aid Infusion of bark taken "to make human milk flow abun
Rhodymeniaceae, see Rhodymenia
dantly." Urinary Aid Red berries chewed for bed-wetting. (80:57)

Rhodymenia, Rhodymeniaceae, alga Chippewa. Antidiarrheal Decoction of "growth which sometimes ap

pears on the tree" used for dysentery. (53:344) Cold Remedy Infusion
Rhodymenia palmata (L) Greville, Dulse
of roots taken for colds. Emetic Infusion of roots taken as an emetic.
• Food—Alaska Native Dried Food Leaves air dried and stored for
(71:135) Oral Aid Compound decoction of blossoms used as mouth-
winter use. Soup Leaves air dried and added to soups and fish head
wash for teething children. (53:342) Blossoms chewed for sore
stews. Unspecified Leaves eaten fresh or singed on a hot stove or
mouth. (71:135) Pediatric Aid Compound decoction of flower used
griddle. (85:143)
as a mouthwash for teething child. (53:342) Respiratory Aid Infusion

Rhus, Anacardiaceae of plants taken for asthma. (71:135) Creek Antidiarrheal Decoction
of root taken for dysentery. (172:659) Decoction of roots taken for
Rhus aromatica Ait., Fragrant Sumac
dysentery. (177:36) Other Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked for
• Drug—Natchez Dermatological Aid Poultice of root applied to boils.
"all cephalic and pectoral complaints." (172:659) Flathead Cathartic
(172:667) Ojibwa Ceremonial Medicine Bark and berries used in med
Fruits used as a purgative. Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of green or
icine ceremonies. Unspecified Bark and berries used in medicinal
dried branches taken for tuberculosis. (82:55) Iroquois Alterative
purposes. (135:234) Ojibwa, South Antidiarrheal Compound decoc
Sprouts used as an alterative. (124:93) Kiowa Other Plant used to
tion of root taken for diarrhea. (91:201)
"purify" the body and mind. Tuberculosis Remedy Plant used for tu
• Food—Midoo Fruit Berries pounded and eaten. (117:312)
berculosis. (192:37) Kutenai Throat Aid Roots squeezed and juice
• Other—Lakota Smoke Plantleaves mixed with tobacco and smoked.
swallowed for sore throat. (82:55) Meskwaki Dermatological Aid
(139:32)
Root bark used as a rubefacient, to raise a blister on the patient. Die
Rhus copallinum L, Flameleaf Sumac tary Aid Decoction of root taken as an appetizer by invalids. (152:
• Drug—Cherokee Antiemetic Red berries eaten for vomiting. Burn 200) Micmac Ear Medicine Parts of plant used for earaches. (40:60)
Dressing Infusion poured over sunburn blisters. (80:57) Dermatologi Nez Perce Dermatological Aid Leaves moistened and used for skin
cal Aid Decoction of bark used as a wash for blisters. (177:36) Gyne rashes. (82:55) Ojibwa Ceremonial Medicine Bark and berries used in
cological AidInfusion of bark taken "to make human milk flow abun medicine ceremonies. (135:234) Dermatological Aid Inner bark of
dantly." Urinary Aid Red berries chewed for bed-wetting. (80:57) trunk or twig used in compounds as astringents. Eye Medicine Infu
Creek Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for dysentery. (172:659) sion of blossoms used as a wash for sore eyes. Hemostat Infusion of
Decoction of roots taken for dysentery. (177:36) Delaware Dermato root bark used as a "hemostatic." (153:354) Unspecified Bark and
logical Aid Poultice of roots applied to sores and skin eruptions. In berries used for medicinal purposes. (135:234) Poultice of leaves
fusion of leaves used to cleanse and purify skin eruptions. Oral Aid used for unspecified conditions. (153:354) Okanagan-Colville Der
Berries used to make mouthwash. Venereal Aid Infusion of roots matological Aid Decoction of branches with seed heads used for an
used for venereal disease. (176:32) Delaware, Oklahoma Ceremonial itchy scalp condition. Milky latex used as a salve on sores. Gyneco
MedicineLeaves and root used in "ceremonial tobacco mixture." logical AidDecoction of seed heads taken by women during child
Dermatological Aid Poultice of roots or infusion of leaves used for birth. Heart Medicine Infusion of bark and/or roots taken and ap
sores and skin eruptions. Oral Aid Berries used to make mouthwash. plied externally to the chest for a "tight chest." Other Decoction of
Venereal Aid Infusion of root taken for venereal disease. (175:26,78) branches with seed heads used as bathing water for frost-bitten
Koasati Orthopedic Aid and Pediatric Aid Decoction of leaves used as limbs. Venereal Aid Decoction of seed heads used as bathing water
a bath and given to babies to make them walk. (177:36) Ojibwa Cere for gonorrhea. (188:59) Okanagon OralAidRoot chewed for sore
monial Medicine Bark and berries used in medicine ceremonies. Un- mouth or tongue. (125:41) Omaha Analgesic Decoction of root taken
specifiedBdxk and berries used for medicinal purposes. (135:234) for painful urination and retention of urine. (70:99,100) Antidote
• Food—Cherokee Fruit Berries used for food. (80:57) Poultice of plants applied for poisoning. (68:335) Dermatological Aid
• Dye—Cherokee Black Berries used to make black dye. Red Berries Infusion used as wash for sores and powdered plants applied to
472 Rh us glabra (Anacardiaceae)

wounds and open sores. (68:334) Poultice of leaves or fruits applied ture of tobacco. Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco. (192:
"in case of poisoning of the skin." Diuretic Decoction of root taken 37) Lakota Smoke PlantRed, autumn leaves used to smoke. (139:33)
"in case of retention of urine." Gynecological Aid Decoction of root Okanagan-Colville Season IndicatorLeaves changing color used as
used as a postpartum styptic wash. Hemostat Decoction of fruits an indication that the sockeye salmon were spawning. (188:59) Oma
used as a postpartum styptic wash. Urinary Aid Decoction of root ha Smoke Plant Dried, deveined, red leaves broken fine and used for
taken for painful urination and retention of urine. Pawnee Antidiar- smoking in the absence of kinnikinnick. (68:331) Red leaves dried
rheal Decoction of fruit used for "bloody flux." Gynecological Aid De and used for smoking. (70:99,100) Pawnee Smoke PlantRed leaves
coction of fruit used for dysmenorrhea. (70:99,100) Sanpoil Derma- dried and used for smoking. (70:99,100) Plains Indian Smoke Plant
tologicalAidMashed leaves rubbed on sore lips. Oral Aid Leaves Leaves used to make a tobacco mixture. (82:55) Ponca Smoke Plant
chewed and held in the mouth for sore gums. (131:219) Sioux Anti- Red leaves dried and used for smoking. (70:99,100) Tewa Smoke
hemorrhagic Decoction of fruits used by women for hemorrhaging PlantLeaves smoked as tobacco, (as R. cismontana 138:47) Winne
after parturition. DermatologicalAid Poultice of bruised and wetted bago Smoke PlantRed leaves dried and used for smoking. (70:99,100)
leaves or fruits used for poisoned skin. Urinary Aid Infusion of roots
used for urine retention and painful urination. (82:55) Thompson RhllS hirta (L) Sudworth, Staghorn Sumac
Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of shredded bark with another plant • Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of
taken for ulcers. Internal Medicine Infusion of plant used after inter plant with chokecherry, oak, yellow birch, and dogwood used for
nal surgery, to make the wounds heal faster. (187:149) Oral Aid Root rheumatism. Dietary Aid Infusion of fruits used as tonic to improve
chewed for sore mouth or tongue. (125:41) Fresh root chewed for the appetite. Unspecified Root used as a medicine, (as R. typhina
sore mouth or tongue. (164:466) Poison Decoction of plant consid 18:192) Cherokee Antiemetic Red berries eaten for vomiting. Burn
ered poisonous if too strong or taken in large dose. (164:512) Venere Dressing Infusion poured over sunburn blisters. Gynecological Aid
al Aid Decoction of stems and roots taken for syphilis. (164:466) Infusion of bark taken "to make human milk flow abundantly." Uri
► Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Special Food Bark eaten by nary Aid Red berries chewed for bed-wetting, (as R. typhina 80:57)
children as a delicacy, (as R. cismontana 33:44) Cherokee Fruit Ber Chippewa Analgesic Decoction of flowers taken for stomach pain.
ries used for food. (80:57) Comanche Fruit Fruits eaten by children. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of flowers taken for stomach pain.
(29:524) Gosiute Fruit Berries used for food. (39:379) Iroquois Bever- (53:344) Delaware Venereal Aid Roots combined with purple cone-
ageBobs boiled and used as a drink in winter. (124:96) Unspecified flower roots and used for venereal disease, (as R. typhina 176:33)
Sprouts eaten raw. (124:93) Fresh shoots peeled and eaten raw. (196: Delaware, Oklahoma Venereal Aid Compound containing root used
119) Meskwaki Beverage Berries and sugar used to make a cooling for venereal disease, (as R. typhina 175:28,78) Delaware, Ontario
drink in the summertime and stored for winter use. (152:255) Ojibwa Antidiarrheal Infusion of berries taken for diarrhea, (as R. typhina
Beverage Fresh or dried berries sweetened with maple sugar and 175:69,82) Iroquois Dietary Aid Wood pieces eaten by mothers to
made into a hot or cool beverage like lemonade. (153:397) Okana- improve the milk. Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark, buds, and
gan-Colville Beverage Seed heads used to make tea. (188:59) branches from another plant taken before giving birth. Reproductive
► Fiber—Thompson Basketry Leaves used as basket covers. (187:149) Aid Infusion of bark and flowers taken to prevent the water from
* Dye—Cherokee Black Berries used to make black dye. Red Berries breaking too early during the pregnancy, (as R. typhina 141:51) Male-
used to make red dye. (80:57) Chippewa Red Fruit used to make a cite Blood Medicine Infusion of roots or berries used as a blood puri
dull, red dye. (71:135) Yellow Stalk pulp used to make a light yellow fier, (as R. typhina 116:253) Cough Medicine Used with blackberry
dye. (53:373) Inner bark, bloodroot, and wild plum inner bark used roots, mountain holly, lily roots, and mountain raspberry roots for
to make a yellow dye. (53:374) Kiowa Orange-Yellow Spring roots coughs. Febrifuge Used with blackberry roots, mountain holly, lily
used as a yellow, orange dye. (192:37) Meskwaki Yellow Root used to roots, and mountain raspberry roots for fevers. Tuberculosis Remedy
dye rush mats and woven bark mats yellow. (152:271) Ojibwa Orange Used with blackberry roots, mountain holly, lily roots, and mountain
Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and raspberry roots for consumption, (as Thus typhina 116:251) Menom-
used for the orange color. (153:424) Omaha Yellow Inner bark used inee Cough Medicine Decoction of "red top" sweetened, strained,
to make a yellow dye. (68:325) Roots used to make a yellow dye. (70: "boiled down," and used for coughs. (54:130) DermatologicalAid
99) Plains Indian Black Leaves, bark, and roots used to make a black Inner bark considered astringent and used as a valuable pile remedy.
dye. Gray Leaves, bark, and roots used to make a gray dye. Yellow Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root bark taken for "inward troubles."
Leaves, bark, and roots used to make a yellow-tan dye. (82:55) Gynecological Aid Hairy twigs of smaller shrubs used for various
Thompson Unspecified Juice used as a stain, (as R. glabra 164:502) "female diseases." Hemorrhoid Remedy Astringent, inner bark of
Winnebago Yellow Roots used to make a yellow dye. (70:99) trunk considered a valuable pile remedy. Pulmonary Aid and Tuber
► Other—Cheyenne Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and culosis Remedy Compound containing berries used for consumption
used for smoking. (76:180) Chippewa Smoke Plant Leaves dried and and pulmonary troubles, (as R. typhina 151:22) Meskwaki Anthel-
smoked. (71:135) Comanche Smoke Plant Leaves added to tobacco mintic Compound containing berries used for pinworms. (as R. ty
for smoking. (29:524) Dakota Smoke Plant Scarlet leaves gathered in phina 152:201) Micmac Dietary Aid Berries and roots used for loss of
the fall and dried for smoking. (69:367) Red leaves dried and used for appetite. Throat Aid Parts of plant used for sore throats, (as R. typhi
smoking. (70:99,100) Gosiute Smoke Plant Leaves formerly used to na 40:60) Used for sore throats. Used for sore throats, (as R. typbira
smoke. (39:379) Kiowa Smoke Plant Dried leaves smoked in a mix 194:25) Mohegan Throat Aid Berries used to make a gargle for sore
 Catalog of Plants 473

throat, (as R typhina 176:75,132) Natchez Dermatological Aid Poul pain when urinating. Anthelmintic and Anticonvulsive Infusion of
tice of roots applied to boils, (as R. typhina 177:37) Ojibwa Hemostat root given to children with worms that cause convulsions. Carmina
Root used for hemorrhages, (as R. typhina 153:354) Oral Aid Infusion tive Compound decoction of roots taken for stomach gas. (87:370)
of gall-infected leaves taken for mouth sores. Throat Aid Infusion of Cathartic Infusion of bark given to newborn babies as a physic. (87:
gall-infected leaves taken for sore throat, (as R. typhina5:2244) Pota- 372) Cold Remedy Berries used for colds. (87:373) Cough Medicine
watomi Anthelmintic Compound containing berries used to expel Compound decoction of roots taken for coughs. (87:370) Dermato
worms. Hemostat Root bark used as a "hemostatic." Misc. Disease logical Aid Decoction of inner bark used for itching, bruises, bumps,
Remedy Infusion of leaves used as gargle for sore throat, tonsillitis, or black eyes. (87:371) Decoction of roots applied as poultice to red
and erysipelas. Throat Aid Infusion of leaves gargled for sore throat, swellings and wounds. Plant used for cuts and blisters. Dietary Aid
tonsillitis, and erysipelas, (as R. typhina 154:38) Rappahannock Pan Taken as an appetizer by a sick person. (87:372) Emetic Infusion of
acea Decoction of stems, leaves, or berries used for complaint, (as R. seed cluster taken to vomit for consumption. (87:370) Decoction of
typhina 161:30) berries taken as an emetic for sugar diabetes. (87:373) Expectorant
• Food—Algonquin, Quebec Beverage Berries steeped in water, sweet Compound decoction of roots taken for phlegm. (87:370) Eye Medi
ened with sugar, and drunk like lemonade, (as R. typhina 18:114) cine Compound poultice of bark applied to bruises or black eyes. (87:
Cherokee Fruit Berries used for food, (as R. typhina 80:57) Menomi- 372) Febrifuge Compound poultice applied for fever. Decoction of
nee Beverage Infusion of dried berries used as a beverage very simi bark taken for mild fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Poultice of smashed
lar to lemonade. Winter Use Food Berries dried for winter use. (as R. bark applied for intestinal pains. (87:371) Gynecological Aid Com
typhina 151:62) Ojibwa Beverage Fresh or dried berries sweetened pound decoction of plants taken for a fallen womb. Compound infu
with maple sugar and made into a hot or cool beverage like lemon sion of roots taken for evacuation of the placenta. (87:370) Com
ade. Winter Use Food Seed heads dried for winter use. (as R. typhina pound poultice applied for lumps and swellings of the breast. Hem-
153:397) Potawatomi Sour Berries eaten to satisfy a natural craving orrhoid Remedy Compound decoction of bark taken for piles. (87:
for something acid or tart, (as R. typhina 154:95) 371) Laxative Infusion of bark taken as a laxative. (87:370) Liver Aid
• Dye—Cherokee Black Berries used to make black dye. Red Berries Decoction of inner bark taken for gall caused by diphtheria. (87:371)
used to make red dye. (as R. typhina 80:57) Menominee Yellow Roots Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of bark taken to prevent smallpox. (87:
boiled for yellow dye. (as R. typhina 151:77) Ojibwa Orange Inner 370) Decoction of inner bark taken for gall caused by diphtheria. (87:
bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for 371) Compound infusion of berries and poultice of bark used for
the orange color, (as R. typhina 153:424) mumps. Decoction of bark or infusion of cones taken for scarlet
• Other—Potawatomi Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco to fever. (87:372) Decoction of berries taken as an emetic for sugar dia
cause it to smoke pleasantly, (as R. typhina 154:116) betes and measles. (87:373) Ora/A/d Infusion of cones used as awash
for chancres and sore throats. (87:371) Orthopedic Aid Poultice of
Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Brewer & S. Wats.,
bark applied to dislocated elbows or shoulders. (87:372) Pediatric
Lemonade Sumac
Aid Infusion of bark given to children with throat rashes. Infusion of
• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Berries soaked in water and used as a bev
root given to children with worms that cause convulsions. (87:370)
erage. (15:131) Diegueno Beverage Leaf wad kept in the mouth to
Compound infusion of berries given to children with measles. (87:
assuage thirst on long journeys by foot. (84:37) Mahuna Fruit Berries
371) Infusion of bark given to newborn babies as a physic. (87:372)
eaten mainly to quench the thirst. (140:70)
Pulmonary Aid Berries used for whooping cough. (87:373) Throat
Rhus mkrophylla Engelm. ex Gray, Littleleaf Sumac Aid Infusion of bark given to children with throat rashes. (87:370)
• Food—Apache Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (32:49) Apache, Chiric- Infusion of cones or berries used as a wash for chancres and sore
ahua & Mescalero Preserves Dried fruits ground, pulp mixed with throats. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoction or infusion of
water and sugar and cooked to make jam. (33:46) roots or berries taken for consumption. (87:371) Urinary A/d Warm
poultice of bark applied to abdomen for pain when urinating. (87:
Rhus OVUta S. Wats., Sugar Sumac
370) Compound decoction of bark taken for urine retention. (87:371)
• Drug—Cahuilla Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves taken for colds.
Venereal Aid Compound poultice of bark applied to lumps that re
Cough Medicine Infusion of leaves taken for coughs. (15:131) Coa-
main after having syphilis. (87:369) Veterinary Aid Infusion of berries
huilla Analgesic Infusion of leaves taken for chest pain. Cough Medi-
given to horses with bellyaches. (87:370) Winnebago Antidiarrheal
cine Infusion of leaves taken for coughs. (13:78) Diegueno Gyneco
Compound decoction of leaves taken as an antidiarrheal. (130:265)
logical A/d Infusion of leaves taken just before the birth for an easy
• Dye—Rappahannock Unspecified Stems, leaves, or berries used to
delivery. (88:218)
make a dark dye. (161:30)
• Food—Cahuilla Dried Food Berries dried. Fruit Berries eaten fresh.
Porridge Berries ground into a flour for mush. Sweetener Fruit sap
Rhus trilobata Nutt., Skunkbush Sumac
used as a sweetener. (15:131) Yavapai Frw/f Mashed, raw berries used
• Drug—Blackfoot Misc. Disease Remedy Dried berries ground and
for food. (63:212)
dusted onto smallpox pustules. (97:42) Cheyenne Burn Dressing
Rhussp., Sumac Plant used to protect the hands when removing dog meat from a
• Drug—Iroquois Abortifacient Decoction of roots taken for irregular boiling pot. Cold Remedy Leaves used for head colds. Diuretic Decoc
menses. Analgesic Warm poultice of bark applied to abdomen for tion of leaves taken as a diuretic. Hemostat Plant used for bleeding.
474 Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae)

Reproductive Aid "Old man took this medicine and bore a child (an 84) Fruit Berries eaten by young people. (56:16) Hualapai Beverage
aphrodisiac?)." Toothache Remedy Fruit chewed for toothaches. Vet Berries used to make a drink. Fruit Berries used for food. (195:15)
erinary Aid Fruit used for horses with urinary troubles and to prevent Isleta Sauce & Relish Sour, acid flavored fruits eaten as an appetizer
tiredness. (83:14) Comanche Cold Remedy Bark chewed and juice or relish. (100:41) Jemez Fruit Berries used for food. (44:27) Keres,
swallowed for colds. (29:524) Hopi Ceremonial MedicineTwigs used Western Beverage Berries used to make a beverage. Fruit Raw berries
for ceremonial purposes. (56:16) Dermatological Aid Roots used as eaten as an appetizer. Spice Berries used as a lemon flavored season
deodorant. (42:356) Buds used on the body as a medicinal deodor ing for food. (171:66) Keresan Fruit Berries used for food. (198:563)
ant or perfume. (200:84) Tuberculosis Remedy Compound containing Kiowa Beverage Berries boiled into a "tea." Fruit Berries mixed with
root used for "consumption." (200:35,84) Unspecified Roots used cornmeal and eaten. Berries mixed with cornmeal and eaten, (as
medicinally for unspecified purpose. (42:356) Jemez OraM/dBark Schmaltzia baked 192:39) Laguna Appetizer Fruits eaten fresh as ap
chewed for sore gums. (44:27) Keres, Western Emetic Infusion of petizers. Spice Fruits mixed with various foods as seasoning. (32:48)
leaves used as an emetic. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves used Luiseno Porridge Berries ground into a meal and used for food. (155:
as a stomach wash. Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark used as a 195) Mahuna Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst. (140:
douche after childbirth. Oral Aid Berries used for a mouthwash. (171: 70) Montana Indian Fruit Berries used for food. (19:21) Navajo Bev
66) Kiowa Gastrointestinal Aid Berries eaten for stomach troubles. erage Berries used to make juice. (110:26) Berries ground, washed,
Misc. Disease Remedy Berries eaten for grippe. (192:39) Mahuna Die mixed with water, and used as a beverage. Bread & Cake Berries used
tary Aidand GastrointestinalAidPlanl used as appetite restorative to make cakes. (165:222) Dried Food Berries dried for future use. (110:
for inactive stomach that refused food. (140:63) Montana Indian 26) Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. (32:48) Fruits eaten as they come off the
Misc. Disease RemedyPowdered fruit applied as a lotion or dusted bush. Fruits ground with sugar in a little water and eaten. (55:60)
on the affected surface in cases of smallpox. (19:21) Navajo, Kayenta Berries boiled with meat. (165:222) Porridge Fruits cooked into a
Dermatological A/d Plant used as a lotion for poison ivy dermatitis. gruel with cornmeal. (32:48) Fruits ground into a meal, cooked with
GastrointestinalAidPlant used for bowel troubles. (205:31) Navajo, cornmeal, and eaten as a gruel. (55:60) Berries ground, mixed with
Ramah Analgesic Leaves chewed for stomachache. Contraceptive flour and sugar, and made into a mush. (165:222) Staple Fruits
Decoction of leaves taken to induce impotency, as a means of con ground into a meal and eaten. (55:60) Berries ground into a flour.
traception. Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves used for itch and (110:26) Navajo, Ramah Dried Food Fruit dried for later use, ground,
decoction of fruits used to prevent falling hair. Gastrointestinal Aid and soaked before using. Fruit Fruit eaten raw, with sugar, some
Leaves chewed for stomachache. Gynecological Aid Decoction of times ground, and used with other foods, especially roasted corn.
root bark used to facilitate delivery of placenta. (191:35,36) Paiute Unspecified Inner bark used for food. (191:35) Shoshoni Beverage
Dermatological AidDried, powdered fruits used as an astringent for Berries used to make a cooling drink. Winter Use Food Berries kept
smallpox sores. (180:129) Round Valley Indian Dermatological Aid in large quantities for future use. (117:440) Tewa Fruit Fruits eaten
and Misc. Disease Remedy Dried, powdered berries used for smallpox whole or ground, (as Schmaltzia baked 138:49) Wintoon FruitBer-
sores. Yokia Dermatological Aid and Misc. Disease Remedy Dried, ries used for food. (117:264) Yokut Fruit Sour berries gathered and
powdered berries used for smallpox sores. (41:365) used for food. (117:420)
* Food—Acoma Appetizer Fruits eaten fresh as appetizers. Spice Fruits • Fiber—Apache, Western Basketry Stalks split or peeled off the bark
mixed with various foods as seasoning. Apache Fruit Fruits eaten and used to make pitched water baskets. (26:190) Apache, White
fresh. Staple Fruits ground into meal. (32:48) Apache, Chiricahua & Mountain Basketry Used in basket weaving. (136:160) Cahuilla Bas-
Mescalero Dried Food Fruits ground with mescal, dried, and stored. ketryThin, pliable stems used for the woof in baskets. (15:131) Great
(33:37) Preserves Dried fruits ground, pulp mixed with water, and Basin Indian Basketry Branches used to make baskets. (121:48)
sugar and cooked to make jam. (33:46) Fruits formerly used to make Havasupai Basketry Stems used as an important basketry material.
jam. (33:49) Apache, Western Beverage Berries stirred in warm water (197:229) Hopi Basketry Twigs used in basketry. (42:356) Iwigs used
to make a nonintoxicating drink. Fruit Berries ground or chewed raw for coarse basketry. (56:16) FurnitureTmgs used to make cradles. (42:
for the juice. (26:190) Apache, White Mountain Fruit Berries used for 356) Hualapai Basketry Limbs used to make baskets. (195:15) Jemez
food. (136:160) Atsugewi Beverage Berries pounded into flour, mixed Basketry Twigs and small branches used to make baskets. (44:27)
with manzanita flour and water, and used as a beverage. Dried Food Keres, Western Basketry Branches woven into rough baskets. (171:
Berries washed, dried, and stored for later use. Preserves Berries 66) Luiseno Basketry Grass used as splints for wrapping the basket
mixed with sugar and made into jam. (61:139) Cahuilla Beverage coils. Rushes used as splints for wrapping the basket coils, to give a
Berries soaked in water and used as a beverage. Fruit Berries eaten brown color. (155:204) Mahuna BasketryVme fibers used to make
fresh. Soup Berries ground into a flour and used to make soup. (15: baskets. (140:63) Mewuk Basketry Rods used in the fine, coiled bas
131) Gosiute Fruit Berries used for food. (39:379) Great Basin Indian kets. (117:328) Navajo Basketry Split stems used to make baskets.
Beverage Berries used to make an acid drink. (121:48) Havasupai Used to make carrying baskets. Sewing Material Used to sew water
Beverage Berries crushed, soaked in water, ground, more water bottles. (55:60) Navajo, Kayenta Basketry Used as basket material.
added, and used as a drink. Dried Food Berries sun dried and kept in (205:31) Navajo, Ramah Basketry Split stems used to make baskets,
sacks for future use. (197:229) Hopi Beverage Berries used to make water bottles, and basket sacks. Clothing Small stems used to make
"lemonade." (42:356) Berries pounded, soaked in water, and used to sunshades or hats. (191:35) Panamint Basketry Formerly used as
make a refreshing drink. (120:20) Berries made into lemonade. (200: withes and splints for baskets. (105:78) Porno Basketry Rods with
 Catalog of Plants 475

bark used for coarse baskets, fish baskets, and the coarsest kind of • Drug—Diegaeno Eye Medicine and Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves
burden baskets. (117:296) Tewa Basketry Stems used to make bas used as a wash for babies' eyes. (84:37)
kets, (as Schmaltzia bakeri 138:49) Wintoon Basketry Long shoots • Food—Yavapai Beverage Mashed berries mixed with water or mescal
used in making large storehouse baskets. (117:264) Zuni Basketry syrup and used as a beverage. Unspecified Seeds used for food, (as R.
Stems, with the bark removed, used in making fine "Apache" and emoryi 65:257)
other baskets. The bark covered stems were used to form patterns in • Fiber—Dieguefio Basketry Stems split into thin splints, dried, and
the weave. (166:81) used as wrapping material for baskets. (84:37) Kawaiisu Basketry
• Dye—Dakota Mordant Fruits used for the mordant effect. JtedRipe, Split stem strands used to make twined and coiled baskets. (206:59)
red fruits boiled with another plant to make a red dye. (69:367) Great Southwest Indians Basketry Stems used to make the warp and weft
Basin Indian Black Twigs and pine gum used to make a black dye. of baskets, (as R. emoryi 17:35)
Red-Brown Bark and leaves used to make a red-brown dye. Berries
Rhus trilobata Nutt. var. trilobata, Skunkbush Sumac
used to make a pink-tan dye. (121:48) Hopi Mordant Berries used as
• Food—Kiowa Beverage Berries boiled into a "tea." Fruit Berries
a mordant in dying wool and in the preparation of body paint. (42:
mixed with cornmeal and eaten, (as Schmaltzia trilobata 192:39) Ute
356) Hualapai UnspecifiedRoots boiled and used to make a dye. (195:
Fruit Berries used for food, (as R. aromaticavax. trilobata 38:36)
15) Navajo Black Leaves used to make black dye for baskets and
• Other—Kiowa Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for
leather. BlueUsed to make a blue dye. Mordant Ashes used in setting
smoking, (as Schmaltzia trilobata 192:39) Modesse Tools Wood made
dyes. (55:60) Navajo, Ramah Black Leaves boiled to dye basketry and
into the large plug used to keep the pierced ear lobe open on young
wool black. (191:35)
girls, (as R. aromatica trilobata 117:223)
• Other—Cheyenne Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and
used for smoking. (76:180) Leaves dried, mixed with tobacco, and Rhytidiaceae, see Rhytidiadelphus
smoked. (83:14) Hopi Ceremonial Items Plant used for ceremonial
equipment and prayer sticks. (42:356) Twigs used for many ceremo Rhytidiadelphus, Rhytidiaceae, moss
nial purposes. (56:16) Used for ceremonial equipment. Used to make
Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst.
prayer sticks. (200:84) FuelDry shrub used as one of the four pre
• Fiber—Bella Coola Mats, Rugs & BeddingUsed for padding and bed
scribed fuels for the kivas. (56:16) Incense & Fragrance Roots used as
ding. (184:196)
perfume. (42:356) Hualapai Insecticide Leaves used on a person's
body as an insect repellent. Protection Leaves used on a person's body Ribes, Grossulariaceae
as a snake repellent. (195:15) Jemez Tools Branches used to make
Ribes amarum McClatchie, Bitter Gooseberry
hoe handles. (44:27) Keres, Western Hunting & Fishing Item Larger
• Food—Mahuna Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst.
bushes sometimes used for bows. Paint Crushed berry juice used as
(140:70)
a vehicle for paint. (171:66) Keresan Smoke PlantDried leaves mixed
with native tobacco and used for smoking. (198:563) Kiowa Smoke Ribes americanum P. Mill., American Black Currant
PlantLeaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Leaves mixed • Dnig—Bladdoot Gynecological Aid Decoction of roots taken by
with tobacco and used for smoking, (as Schmaltzia bakeri 192:39) women for uterine troubles. Kidney Aid Decoction of roots taken for
Luiseno Too/5 Twigs made into a seed fan and used to beat the seeds kidney ailments. (97:37) hoquois Antidote Compound infusion of
off plants. (155:231) Navajo Ceremonial ItemsTwigs used to make a branches taken as remedy for poison. (87:345) Antiemetic Compound
light frame for the bag carried by the Hunchback in the Night Chant. infusion of roots and bark taken for vomiting. (87:346) Dermatologi-
Branch, with eagle down attached, carried by the dancers on the last az/A/d Poultice of bark used for swellings. (87:345) Kidney Aid Com
night of the Mountain Chant. Pollen used in some ceremonies. Wood pound infusion of roots and bark taken for kidney trouble. Orthope
tied with yucca and used to make circle prayer sticks. Containers dic Aid Compound infusion of roots and bark taken for back pains.
Used to make water bottles. Used to make "bugaboos" to subdue in Other Compound decoction of bark taken for fortune-telling or div
subordinate children. DecorationsTwigs painted white and used to ination. Decoction of leaves taken by women hurting inside from
decorate masks for the Fringe Mouths in the Night Chant. Hunting & lifting. (87:346) MeskwakiAnthelminticRoot bark used to expel in
Fishing Item Small, sharpened stick driven into the reed shaft of an testinal worms, (as R.floridum 152:246) Ojibwa Unspecified Root
arrow and fastened with sinew. Wood used to make bows. Sacred and bark used for medicinal purposes, (as R.floridum 135:236)
Items Used to make sacred baskets to hold sacred meal for rites. (55: Omaha Kidney Aid Strong decoction of root taken for kidney trouble.
60) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Items Used to make small hoops on Winnebago Gynecological Aid Root used by women for "uterine
cactus prayer stick of Chiricahua Windway. Containers Split stems trouble." (70:84)
used to make baskets, water bottles, and basket sacks. Hunting & • Food—Chippewa Dried Food Dried fruit used for food. Fruit Fresh
Fishing Item Large stems used to make bows. Weapon Six-foot stems fruit used for food, (as R.floridum 71:131) Iroquois Bread & Cake
made into spear shafts used for thrusting in warfare, not thrown or Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for future use. Dried
used in hunting. (191:35) Santa Clara Hunting & Fishing Item Wood Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.
used to make bows, (as Schmaltzia bakeri 138:49) Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit
cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with
Rhus trilobatavar. pilosissima Engelm., Pubescent Squawbush corn bread, (as R.floridum 196:128) Lakota Fruit Fruits eaten fresh.
476 Ribes americanum (Grossulariaceae)

(106:35) Fruits eaten for food. (139:58) Starvation Food Berries dried if too many were eaten. Preserves Berries made excellent jam. (185:
and eaten during famines. (106:35) Meskwaki Frw/f Currants used 68) Kitasoo Fruit Fruit used for food. (43:338) Kwakiutl, Southern
for food, (as R. floridum 152:264) Montana Indian Fruit Fruit highly Fruit Fruits eaten raw with large quantities of oil. Winter Use Food
esteemed as an article of diet, (as R. floridum 19:21) Ojibwa Dried Fruits boiled, mixed with powdered skunk cabbage leaves, dried, and
Food Fruit dried for future use. (as R. floridum 135:236) Berries dried eaten with oil in winter, (183:286) Makah Fruit Fruit used for food.
for winter use. (153:410) Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, (as R. floridum 135: (67:257) Berries eaten fresh. (79:32) Nitinaht Dessert Berries boiled,
236) Berries eaten fresh. In the winter, a favorite dish was wild cur mixed in molasses, and eaten as dessert. (186:113) Oweekeno Fruit
rants cooked with sweet corn. Preserves Berries used to make jams Berries mixed with salal berries, oolichan (candlefish) grease, and
and preserves. (153:410) sugar, and eaten. (43:103) Paiute Forage Berries eaten only by bears.
(111:78) Salish, Coast Bread & Cake Berries boiled, dried into rectan
Ribes aureum Pursh, Golden Currant
gular cakes, and used as a winter food. (182:84)
• Drug—Paiute Dermatological Aid Dried, pulverized inner bark
• Other—Quileute Containers Large leaves used to line and cover
sprinkled on sores. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for
hemlock bark containers. Tools Pithless stems used as tubes to in
leg swellings. Shoshoni Orthopedic Aid Decoction of inner bark tak
flate seal paunches made into oil containers. (79:32)
en for leg swellings. (180:129) Unspecified Poultice of second bark
applied medicinally. (118:43) Ribes californkum Hook. & Arn., Hillside Gooseberry
• Food—Blackfoot Fruit Berries used for food. (86:119) Cheyenne • Food—Kawaiisu Dried Food Berries dried in the shade for about a
Winter Use Food Pounded, dried berries formed into cakes for winter week and stored. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Preserves Fresh berries
use. (76:175) Gosiute Dried Food Berries dried and stored for winter boiled into a jelly. (206:59) Mendocino Indian Fruit Fruits eaten di
use. Fruit Berries used for food. (39:379) Klamath Fruit Berries used rectly from the bushes by children. (41:353) Porno, Kashaya Fruit
for food. (45:97) Montana Indian Fruit Fruit highly esteemed as an Singed berries eaten whole. (72:51)
article of diet. (19:21) Okanagan-Colville Bread & Cake Dried berries
Ribes cereum Dougl., Wax Currant
mixed with other berries and made into cakes. Dried Food Berries
• Drug—Hopi GastrointestinalAidUsed for stomach pains. (190:163)
dried and stored for future use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (188:106)
Okanagan-Colville Eye Medicine Infusion of inner bark used to wash
Paiute Dried Food Berries dried for later use. (111:78) Fruit sun dried,
sore eyes. (188:107) Shoshoni Emetic Fruit used as an emetic. (121:
stored in buckskin bags, and hung up for winter use. (167:245) Fruit
48) Thompson Antidiarrheal Berries eaten for diarrhea. PediatricAid
Ripe, crushed berries eaten with sugar. (111:78) Fruit eaten fresh.
and Strengthener Decoction of branches with many other branches
(167:245) Paiute, Northern Dried Food Berries eaten dried. Fruit Ber
used to wash babies to make them strong.66 (187:226)
ries eaten fresh. Porridge Berries dried, ground, mixed with seed
• Food—Hopi Fruit Berries used for food. (56:16) Keres, Western Fruit
flour, and used to make mush. (59:50) Ute Fruit Berries used for food.
Berries used for food. (171:66) Klamath Fruit Berries used for food.
(38:36) Yavapai FruitRew berries used for food. (65:258)
(45:97) Montana Indian Fruit Fruit highly esteemed as an article of
Ribes aureumvar. villosum DC, Golden Currant diet. (19:21) Okanagan-Colville Forage Berries eaten by grouse and
• Drug—Kiowa Snakebite Remedy Poultice of plant parts applied to pheasant. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (188:107) Okanagon Fruit Insip
snakebites, (as R. odoratum 192:29) id, bright orange-red fruits used for food. (125:38) Staple Berries used
• Food—Comanche Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as R. odoratum 29: as a principal food. (178:239) Paiute Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. (104:
524) Kiowa Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Preserves Fruit made into jelly, (as 100) Sanpoil & Nespelem Fruit Berries eaten raw. Only currants from
Chrysobotrya odorata 192:29) Lakota Fruit Fruits eaten fresh, (as R. the bushes growing along the Columbia River were eaten. Berries
odoratum 106:36) Fruits eaten for food, (as R. odoratum 139:58) Star from bushes growing in the hills were not eaten because it was
vation Food Fruits dried and eaten during famines, (as R. odoratum thought that they caused headaches, nosebleeds, and sore eyes.
106:36) (131:102) Thompson Fruit Insipid, bright orange-red fruits used for
• Other—Lakota Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used to make arrows, food. (125:38) Insipid, rubbery berries used for food. (187:226)
(as R. odoratum 139:58) • Other—Havasupai Hunting & Fishing Item Stems made into arrow
shafts and used in hunting large game. Weapon Stems made into ar
Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook., Stink Currant
row shafts and used in war. (197:221) Okanagan-Colville Season In
• Drug—Bella Coola Unspecified Berries and "cane" used for medicine.
dicator First plant to sprout green leaves in spring. (188:107)
(184:206) Venereal Aid Compound decoction of berry taken for gon
orrhea. Compound decoction taken for gonorrhea. (150:57) Haisla Ribes cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats., Whisky Currant
Dermatological 4/d Plant used for impetigo. Reproductive Aid Roots • Drug—-Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as an Evil-
used as a birthing aid. Hanaksiala UnspecifiedRoots used for un way, Nightway, and Mountain-top-way emetic. Dermatological Aid
specified type of medicine. (43:253) Nitinaht Laxative Berries eaten Poultice of plant applied to sores. Emetic Plant used as an Evilway
in quantity as a laxative. (186:113) Sanpoil Cold Remedy and Pediat Nightway, and Mountain-top-way emetic. Pediatric Aid Plant used to
ricAid Infusion of stems given to children for colds. (131:218) purify a child who has seen a forbidden sand painting, (as R. inebri-
• Food—Bella Coola Fruit Berries used for food. (184:206) Hanaksiala ans 205:26)
Winter Use Food Fruit cooked and stored underground in barrels • Food—Acoma Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Preserves Fruits preserved
with elderberries and cooked western dock for winter use. (43:253) and eaten, (as R. inebrians 32:49) Apache, White Mountain Fruit
Hesquiat Fruit Berries eaten with oil and could cause stomachache, Fruit eaten raw and cooked, (as R. inebrians 136:160) Cheyenne
 Catalog of Plants 477

Dried Food Pounded berries formed into cakes, dried, and stewed per Throat Aid Roots boiled for sore throats. (179:38) Swinomish
with buffalo hide chips, (as R. inebrians 76:175) Hopi Fruit Berries Throat Aid Infusion of roots taken for sore throats. Tuberculosis Rem
eaten with fresh piki bread, (as R. inebrians 120:18) Isleta Fruit Fruit edyInfusion of roots taken for tuberculosis. Venereal Aid Infusion of
eaten fresh. Preserves Fruit eaten preserved, (as R. inebrians 100:42) roots taken for venereal disease. (79:32)
Laguna Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Preserves Fruits preserved and eaten. • Food—Bella Coola Fruit Ripe, black berries used for food. Sauce &
(as R. inebrians 32:49) Navajo Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as R. ine Relish Green berries boiled into a thick sauce and used for food.
brians 55:52) Navajo, Ramah Fruit Berries eaten raw. (as R. inebrians (184:206) Clallam Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (57:200) Cowlitz Dried
191:30) Tewa Fruit Fruits eaten for food, (as R. inebrians 138:48) Zuni Food Green berries dried and stored for winter use. Fruit Green ber
Fruit Highly relished berries used for food, (as R. inebrians 166:70) ries eaten fresh. (79:32) Gosiute Dried Food Berries dried and stored
Unspecified Leaves eaten with uncooked mutton fat or deer fat. (as for winter use. Fruit Berries used for food. (39:379) Haisla & Hanak-
R. inebrians32:49) Fresh leaves eaten with uncooked mutton fat or siala Fruit Fruit used for food. (43:254) Hesquiat Fruit Raw, fresh
with deer fat. (as R. inebrians 166:70) berries eaten with oil. (185:69) Karok Fruit Berries eaten raw. (148:
• Other—Havasupai Hunting & Fishing Item Stems made into arrow 384) Makah Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (67:258) Mendocino Indian Fruit
shafts and used in hunting large game. Weapon Stems made into ar Black, juicy berries used for food. (41:353) Nitinaht Fruit Fruit used
row shafts and used in war. (as R. inebrians 197:221) Hopi Hunting & for food. (67:258) Berries formerly eaten fresh. (186:114) Oweekeno
Fishing /tem Wood used for arrows, (as R. inebrians 200:78) Navajo Fruit Berries used for food. (43:104) Quinault Preservative Berries
Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make arrow shafts. Tools Wood mixed with elderberries and buried with them for preservation. (79:
used to make the distaff used in spinning, (as R. inebrians 55:52) 32) Salish, Coast Bread & Cake Berries boiled, dried into rectangular
Navajo, Ramah Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used to make arrow cakes, and used as a winter food. (182:84) Skagit, Upper Fruit Berries
shafts. Season Indicator Green plant indicated time for plowing and eaten fresh and never stored. (179:38) Swinomish Fruit Berries eaten
leafy plant indicated time to plant maize, (as R. inebrians 191:30) fresh. (79:32) Thompson Beverage Berries made into juice. Fruit Ber
Tewa Hunting & Fishing /tem Wood used to make bows, (as R. inebri- ries eaten fresh or cooked. Pie & PuddingBerries made into pies.
ans 138:48) (187:227)
• Fiber—Cowichan Cordage Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose
Ribes cruentum Greene, Shinyleaf Currant
roots, pounded, and woven into rope. Saanich Cordage Roots boiled
• Food—Karok Fruit Fresh fruits used for food. (6:50)
with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded, and woven into rope.
Ribes cruentum Greene var. cruentum, Shinyleaf Currant (182:84)
• Food—Karok Berries eaten raw. (as R. roezlii var. cruentum 148:384) • Other—Bella Coola Smoking Tools "Canes" hollowed out and used
for pipestems. (184:206) Cowichan Hunting & Fishing Item Roots
Ribes cynosbatiU Eastern Prickly Gooseberry
used to make reef nets. Saanich Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used
• Drug—Meskwaki Gynecological Aid Root used for uterine trouble
to make reef nets. Salish, Coast Tools Stiff, sharp thorns used as
caused by having too many children. (152:246) Potawatomi Eye
probes for boils, for removing splinters, and for tattooing. (182:84)
Medicine Infusion of root used for sore eyes. Gynecological Aid Root
bark used by the Prairie Potawatomi as a uterine remedy. (154:82) Ribes glandulosum Grauer, Skunk Currant
• Food—Algonquin, Quebec Fruit Fruit used fresh. Preserves Fruit pre • Drug—-Chippewa Analgesic Compound decoction of root taken for
served. (18:87) Cherokee Winter Use Food Berries canned for future back pain. Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of root taken for
use. (126:54) Chippewa Fruit Berries used for food. (71:131) Menom- "female weakness." (53:356) Cree, Woodlands Gynecological Aid De
inee Fruit Berries used in favorite aboriginal Menomini dish. Pre coction of stem used alone or with wild red raspberry to prevent
serves Berries preserved. Winter Use Food Berries stored for winter blood clotting after birth. (109:54)

use. (151:71) Meskwaki Dessert Berries cooked with sugar as a des • Food—Algonquin, Quebec Fruit Fruit used for food. (18:88) Cree,
sert. (152:264) Ojibwa Fruit Berries relished when ripe. Preserves Ber Woodlands Beverage Stem used to make a bitter tea. Fruit Fresh ber
ries made into preserves for winter use. (153:410) Potawatomi Fruit ries eaten in considerable quantity. (109:54)
Berries used for food. Preserves Berries made into jams and jellies. Ribes hirtellum Michx., Hairystem Gooseberry
(154:109) • Food—Klamath Dried Food Dried berries used for food. Fruit Fresh

Ribes divaricatum Dougl, Spreading Gooseberry berries used for food, (as R. oxyacanthoides saxosum 45:97)

• Drug—Bella Coola Cold Remedy Inner bark chewed and juice swal Ribes hudsonianum Richards., Northern Black Currant
lowed for colds. (184:206) Eye Medicine Simple or compound decoc • Drug—Cree, Woodlands Gynecological Aid Decoction of stem sec
tion of bark or root used as an eyewash for soreness. (150:58) Throat tions alone or with wild gooseberry stems used for sickness after
Aid Inner bark chewed and juice swallowed for sore throats. (184: childbirth. (109:55) Ojibwa Unspecified Root and bark used for medi
206) Cowlitz DermatologicalAidBurned stems rubbed on neck sores. cinal purposes. (135:236) Tanana, Upper ColdRemedyRaw currants
Klallam Eye Medicine Infusion of bark used as an eyewash. Makah eaten for colds. Panacea Decoction of leaves and berries taken for
Eye Medicine Infusion of bark used as an eyewash. (79:32) Saanich sickness in general. (102:11) Thompson Cold Remedy Decoction of
Psychological Aid Roots used with wild cherry roots to wash newborn stems and leaves taken for colds. (164:471) Infusion of branches pos
children for intelligence and obedience. Salish, Coast Other Infusion sibly taken for colds. (187:227) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of
of roots rubbed on the skin for a charley horse. (182:84) Skagit, Up stems and leaves taken for stomach troubles. (164:471) Panacea
478 Ribes hudsonianum (Grossulariaceae)

Roots used for any kind of sickness. (187:227) Pediatric Aid and Sed Tonic Decoction of wood taken as a tonic for the stomach. (164:469)
ative Sprigs placed in baby's carrier to quiet child. (164:509) Throat • Food—Bella Coola Fruit Berries used for food. (184:206) Cheyenne
Aid Decoction of stems and leaves taken for sore throats. (164:471) Dried Food Berries dried for future use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (76:
Tuberculosis RemedyRoots used for tuberculosis. (187:227) 175) Gosiute Dried Food Berries dried and stored for winter use. Fruit
• Food—Cree, Woodlands Preserves Berries used to make jam and eat Berries used for food. (39:379) Haisla & Hanaksiala Fruit Berries used
en with fish, meat, or bannock. (109:55) Ojibwa Dried Food Fruit for food. (43:254) Montana Indian Fruit Fruit highly esteemed as an
dried for future use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (135:236) Salish, Coast article of diet. (19:21) Okanagon Staple Berries used as a principal
Bread & Cake Berries boiled, dried into rectangular cakes, and used food. (178:239) Paiute Sauce & Relish Fruit eaten raw or boiled into a
as a winter food. (182:84) Shuswap Fruit Berries used for food. (123: sauce. (111:77) Salish, Coast Bread & Cake Berries boiled, dried into
63) Tanana, Upper Fruit Currants mixed with moose grease and rectangular cakes, and used as a winter food. (182:84) Shuswap Fruit
dried whitefish eggs and eaten. Preserves Currants used to make jam. Berries used for food. (123:63) Skagit, Upper Fruit Berries eaten fresh.
(102:11) Thompson Forage Berries eaten by bears. (164:514) Fruit (179:38) Thompson Dried Food Berries dried or sometimes buried
Berries eaten, sparingly by some. (164:489) Fresh berries used for fresh in the ground for future use. Frozen Food Berries stored in the
food. (187:227) freezer for future use. Preserves Berries used to make jam. (187:229)
• Other—Thompson Hunting & Fishing Item Plant growth around a • Fiber—Cowichan Cordage Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose
lake indicated the presence offish. If there were no black currant roots, pounded, and woven into rope. Saanich Cordage Roots boiled
plants around the lake, then there would be no fish. (187:228) with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded, and woven into rope.
(182:84)
Ribes hudsonianumvar. petiolare (Dougl.) Jancz., Western
• Other—Bella Coola Protection Used as a deterrent against snakes.
Black Currant
(184:206) Cowichan Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to make reef
• Food—Montana Indian Fruit Fruit highly esteemed as an article of
nets. Saanich Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to make reef nets.
diet, (as R. petiolare 19:21)
Salish, Coast Tools Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for re
Ribes indecorum Eastw., Whiteflower Currant moving splinters, and for tattooing. (182:84)
• Drwg^Luiseno Toothache RemedyRoots used for toothaches.
Ribes laxiflorum Pursh, Trailing Black Currant
(155:232)
• Drug—Bella Coola Eye Medicine Simple or compound decoction of
Ribes inerme Rydb., Whitestem Gooseberry root used each day as an eyewash to remove matter. (150:57) Infu
• Food—Apache Fruit Berries used for food. (32:49) Keres, Western sion of roots and branches used as an eyewash. (184:206) Lummi
Fruit Berries used for food, (as R. inverme 171:66) Navajo Fruit Ber Tonic Decoction of leaves and twigs taken as a general tonic. Skagit
ries eaten during the winter. (90:155) Pueblo Fruit Berries used for Cold Remedy Decoction of bark taken as a cold medicine. (79:32)
food. (32:49) Thompson Beverage Berries used to make juice. Fruit Skagit, Upper Cold Remedy Bark boiled and used as a cold medicine.
Berries eaten fresh or cooked. Pie & PuddingBen'ies used to make (179:38) Skokomish Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark and
pies. (187:227) roots taken for tuberculosis. (79:32)
• Food—Bella Coola Fruit Berries used for food. (184:206) Haisla &
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir., Prickly Currant
Hanaksiala Fruit Berries used for food. (43:255) Hesquiat Fruit Raw
• Drug—Bella Coola DermatologicalAidLeaves or bark chewed and
or cooked berries eaten with oil or sugar. (185:69) Kwakiutl, South
cud tied on sores caused by the prickers of plant. Laxative Decoction
ern Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (183:286) Lummi Fruit Berries eaten
of root taken many times a day for constipation. Gitksan Unspecified
fresh. (79:32) Makah Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (67:260) Berries eaten
Decoction of bark used for "some unspecified malady." (150:58) Lum-
fresh. (79:32) Preserves Fruit used to make jelly. (67:260) Oweekeno
mi Analgesic Decoction of twigs taken for general body aches. (79:32)
Fruit Berries used for food. (43:105) Skagit Fruit Berries eaten fresh.
Okanagan-CoMUe Antidiarrheal Decoction of dried branches taken
(79:32) Skagit, Upper Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (179:38) Tanana, Up
for diarrhea. Cold Remedy Decoction of dried branches taken for
per Fruit Fruit used for food. (77:28)
colds. (188:107) Oweekeno Poison Plant considered poisonous. (43:
• Other—Hesquiat Smoking Tools Stems used to make pipestems.
104) Saanich Psychological Aid Roots used with wild cherry roots to
(185:69)
wash newborn children for intelligence and obedience. Salish, Coast
Other Infusion of roots rubbed on the skin for a charley horse. (182:
Ribes leptanthum Gray, Trumpet Gooseberry
84) Shuswap Panacea Berries used for health and strength. (123:63)
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & Cake Fruit made
Skagit Eye Medicine Decoction of bark used as a wash for sore eyes.
into cakes for use during winter. Fruit Raw fruit eaten fresh. (33:44)
Gynecological Aid Decoction of bark taken during childbirth. (79:32)
Isleta Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Jemez Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (32:
Skagit, Upper Gynecological Aid Decoction of bark taken by women
49) Berries eaten fresh, (as Grossularia leptantha 44:23) Spanish
during childbirth. (179:38) Swinomish Poison Thorns considered
American Beverage Fruits used to make wine. Preserves Fruits used
poisonous. (79:32) Thompson Eye Medicine Infusion of cambium
to make jelly. (32:49)
layer used as a wash for sore eyes. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of
wood taken as a tonic for the stomach. (164:469) Gynecological Aid Ribes lobbii Gray, Gummy Gooseberry
Berries considered good medicine for women. (187:229) Other De • Drug—Kwakiutl Antidiarrheal Roots used for diarrhea. Dermatolo-
coction of roots and scraped stems taken for "general indisposition." gicalAid Poultice of roots and salt water applied to sores, blisters,
 Catalog of Plants 479

and carbuncles. Root ash and oil used as salve on boils. Oral Aid Ribes oxyacanthoides L, Canadian Gooseberry
Poultice of roots and salt water applied to mouth sores. (183:286) • Drug—Cree, Woodlands Gynecological Aid Decoction of stems and
Saanich Psychological Aid Roots used with wild cherry roots to wash wild black currant stems used for sickness after childbirth. (109:55)
newborn children for intelligence and obedience. Salish, Coast Oth Ojibwa Unspecified Root and bark used for medicinal purposes.
er Infusion of roots rubbed on the skin for a charley horse. (182:84) (135:236)
• Food—Klallam Fruit Berries used for food. (78:197) Kwakiutl, South • Food—Blackfoot Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Soup Berries added to
ern Fruit Green berries occasionally eaten raw. Special Food Berries soups. (86:104) Cree, Woodlands Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (109:55)
boiled, cooled, and eaten with oulachen (candlefish) oil at feasts. Gosiute Dried Food Berries dried and stored for winter use. Fruit
(183:286) Salish, Coast Bread & Cake Berries boiled, dried into rec Berries used for food. (39:379) Ojibwa Dried Food Fruit dried for fu
tangular cakes, and used as a winter food. (182:84) Tolowa Fruit ture use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (135:236) Berries gathered for fresh
Fresh fruits used for food. (6:50) food. Berries often cooked with sweet corn. Preserves Berries used to
• Fiber—Cowichan Cordage Roots boiled with cedar and wild rose make preserves for winter use. (153:410)
roots, pounded, and woven into rope. Saanich Cordage Roots boiled • Other—Blackfoot Toys & Games Berries used by children to play a
with cedar and wild rose roots, pounded, and woven into rope. game. The children sat in a circle and began counting to 10, each
(182:84) child counting one number around the circle. The tenth child would
• Other—Cowichan Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to make reef take five berries and eat them at once, trying his best not to show a
nets. Saanich Hunting & Fishing Item Roots used to make reef nets. bitter face. If he was successful, the child next to him would do the
Salish, Coast Tools Stiff, sharp thorns used as probes for boils, for same and this would continue until one grimaced at the sour taste.
removing splinters, and for tattooing. (182:84) He was then struck on the thigh with a knuckle punch, thus giving
the name "punctured berry" to the plant. The child who never grim
Ribes malvaceum Sm., Chaparral Currant
aced won all the others' berry supplies. (86:122)
• Drug—Luiseno Toothache Remedy Roots used for toothaches.
(155:232) Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum (Dougl.) Sinnott, Idaho
Gooseberry
Ribes malvaceumvar. viridifoliumAbrams, Chaparral Currant
• Drug—Thompson Gastrointestinal Aid and Tonic Decoction of root
• Food—Cahuilla Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (15:133)
taken as a tonic for the stomach, (as Grossularia irrigua 164:472)
Ribes mescalerium Coville, Mescalero Currant • Food—Okanagan-Colville Bread & Cake Berries, alone or mixed with
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero FrwfYRaw fruit eaten with other berries, used to make cakes. Forage Berries eaten by bears.
out preparation. (33:44) Fruit Berries eaten green. Winter Use Food Berries canned for future
use. (as R. irriguum 188:107) Sanpoil & Nespelem Fruit Berries eaten
Ribes missouriense Nutt., Missouri Gooseberry
fresh, (as R. irriguum 131:102) Thompson Beverage Berries used to
• Food—Chippewa Fruit Berries used for food, (as R. gracile71:131)
make juice, (as R. irriguum 187:227) Fruit Berries mainly eaten fresh,
Dakota Fruit Berries used for food in season, (as Grossularia mis-
(as Grossularia irrigua 164:489) Berries eaten fresh or cooked. Pie &
souriensis 70:84) Lakota Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Starvation Food
PuddingBenies used to make pies, (as R. irriguum 187:227)
Fruits dried and eaten during famines. (106:35) Ojibwa Dried Food
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Cash Crop Berries dried, mixed with
Fruit dried for future use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, (as R. gracile 135:
bitterroot, and sold to the Thompson, (as R. irriguum 188:107)
236) Omaha Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten
fresh. (68:326) Berries used for food in season. Ponca Fruit Berries Ribes oxyacanthoides L. ssp. oxyacanthoides, Canadian
used for food in season. Winnebago Fruit Berries used for food in Gooseberry
season, (as Grossularia missouriensis 70:84) • Drug—Chippewa Analgesic and Gynecological Aid Compound de
• Other—Omaha Toys & Games Unripe, acidulous berries used in chil coction of berry taken for back pain and "female weakness." (as
dren's games. The children were divided into two teams and each Grossularia oxyacanthoides 53:356)
child was given a portion of the unripe berries which were to be eat
Ribes oxyacanthoides ssp. setosum (Lindl.) Sinnott, Inland
en without making a grimace. The team less successful in complet
Gooseberry
ing the task had to forfeit to the winners and execute some perfor
• Food—Cheyenne Fruit Fruit eaten raw or cooked. Winter Use Food
mances for their amusement such as hopping backwards on one
Dried fruit formed into little cakes and used for winter food, (as
foot, (as Grossularia missouriensis70:M)
Grossularia setosa 76:175) Montana Indian Fruit Fruit highly es
Ribes montigenum McClatchie, Gooseberry Currant teemed as an article of diet, (as R. setosum 19:21)
• Food—Cahuilla Frw/f Berries eaten fresh. (15:133)
Ribes pinetorum Greene, Orange Gooseberry
• Other—Keres, Western Unspecified Plant known and named but no
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial MedicineLeaves used as emetics
use was specified. (171:66)
in various ceremonies. Emetic Leaves used as a ceremonial emetic.
Ribes nevadense Kellogg, Sierran Currant (191:30)
• Food—Miwok Fruit Raw berries used for food. (12:162) Tolowa Spice • Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & Cake Fruit ground
Leaves placed between seaweed patties to keep them from sticking and compressed into cakes for winter use. (33:44) Navajo, Ramah
and flavors the patties. (6:50) Fruit Berries used for food. (191:30)
480 Ribes pinetorum (Grossulariaceae)

• Other—Navajo, Ramah Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used to make inner bark taken for paralysis. Stimulant Compound decoction of in
arrow shafts. Thorns used to make arrow points. (191:30) ner bark taken for constitutional weakness. (150:58) Chippewa Diu
retic Compound decoction of leaves and stalk taken as a diuretic. (53:
Ribes quercetorum Greene, Rock Gooseberry
348) Kwdkiutl Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of berries taken
• Food—Kawaiisu Dried Food Berries dried in the shade for about a
for diarrhea. (183:264) Dermatological AidJuice used as wash for
week and stored. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Preserves Fresh berries
open wounds. Poultice of rubbed root applied to open, running
boiled into a jelly. (206:59) Tubatulabal Fruit Berries used extensively
sores. Root "rubbed on sores or around the mouths of children."
for food. (193:15)
Ground roots and salt water used as a wash for opened blisters. Roots
Ribes mezliiRegel, Sierran Gooseberry rubbed on sandstone and placed on open, running sores. Oral Aid
• Food—Atsugewi Fruit Fresh berries used for food. (61:139) Karok and Pediatric AidRoots scraped on sandstone and "rubbed on sores
Fruit Fresh berries used for food. (6:50) Kawaiisu Dried Food Berries or around the mouths of children." (20:382)
dried in the shade for about a week and stored. Fruit Berries eaten • Food—Anticosti Preserves Berries used to make jam. (143:67) Carrier
fresh. Preserves Fresh berries boiled into a jelly. (206:59) Miwok Fruit Preserves Berries used to make jelly. (31:73) Coeur d'Alene Fruit Ber
Pulverized, raw berries used for food. (12:162) Yurok Fruit Fresh ber ries eaten fresh. (178:90) Costanoan Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (21:
ries used for food. (6:50) 250) Okanagon Staple Berries used as a principal food. (178:239)
Paiute Fruit Berries eaten raw. (111:79) Sanpoil & Nespelem Fruit
Ribes rotundifolium Michx., Appalachian Gooseberry
Fresh or dried berries sweetened with serviceberries in water and
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken "to check
whipped to a froth. Berries eaten raw. Only currants found south of
bowels." Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion taken for measles. Sedative
the Columbia River were eaten raw without ill results. Those found
Infusion of leaf taken for nerves. (80:36) Iroquois Other Compound
on the north side were eaten only if mixed with other foods. Other
decoction of bark taken for fortune-telling or divination. (87:345)
wise illness resulted. (131:103) Spokan Fruit Berries used for food.
• Food—Cherokee Winter Use Food Berries canned for future use.
(178:343) Wintoon Fruit Berries used for food. (117:264)
(126:54)
• Other—Cheyenne Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make arrow
Ribes rubrum L, Cultivated Currant shafts. (83:46)
• Drwg^-Ojibwa Unspecified Root and bark used for medicinal pur
Ribes triste Pallas, Red Currant
poses. (135:236)
• Drug—Chippewa Abortifacient Compound decoction of stalk taken
• Food—Chippewa Fruit Fresh or dried fruit used for food. (71:131)
for "stoppage of periods." (53:358) LJrmaryA/dDecoctionofrootand

Ribes rubrumvar. subglandulosum Maxim., Cultivated Currant stalk taken for "gravel." (53:348) Ojibwa Gynecological Aidleaves

• Food—Ojibwa Dried Food Fruit dried for future use. Fruit Fruit eaten used as some sort of female remedy. (153:389) Tanana, Upper Eye

fresh. (135:236) Medicine Decoction of stems, without the bark, used as a wash for
sore eyes. Unspecified Decoction of stems, without the bark, taken as
Ribes sanguineum Pursh, Redflower Currant a medicine. (102:11)
• Food—Chehalis Fruit Berries eaten by children. (79:32) Hoh Fruit
• Food—Alaska Native Fruit Berries used raw. Preserves Berries made
Fruits eaten raw. Fruits stewed and used for food. Winter Use Food
into jams and jellies. (85:87) Chippewa Bread & Cake Berries cooked,
Fruits canned and saved for future food use. (137:62) Klallam Fruit
spread on birch bark into little cakes, dried, and stored for winter
Berries used for food. Fruits eaten fresh. (78:197) Paiute Fruit Berries
use. Fruit Berries eaten raw. (53:321) Eskimo, Alaska Unspecified
used for food. (Ill :78) Quileute Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Fruits stewed
Species used for food. (4:715) Eskimo, Inupiat Dessert Berries mixed
and used for food. Winter Use Food Fruits canned and saved for fu
with other berries and used to make traditional dessert. Fruit Berries
ture food use. (137:62) Salish, Coast Bread & Cake Berries boiled,
eaten raw or cooked. Sauce & Relish Berries mixed with rose hips
dried into rectangular cakes, and used as a winter food. (182:84)
and high-bush cranberries and boiled into a catsup or syrup. (98:
Skagit, Upper Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (179:38) Squaxin Fruit Berries
105) Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes,
eaten by children. (79:32) Thompson Dried Food Berries sometimes
and dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire
dried and used in soups as flavoring. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Spice
dried and stored for future use. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting
Berries sometimes dried and used in soups as flavoring. (187:229)
food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and
Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band) Fruit Grayish black berries eaten.
cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. (196:128) Ojibwa Dried
(164:487)
Food Berries dried for winter use. Fruit In the winter, a favorite dish

Ribes sanguineumvar.glutinosum (Benth.) Loud., Blood was wild currants cooked with sweet corn. Berries eaten fresh. Pre-

Currant serves Berries used to make jams and preserves. (153:410) Tanana,

• Food—Mahuna Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst, (as Upper Fruit Berries used for food. (102:11)

R. glutinosum 140:70) Ribes uva-crispavai. sativum DC, European Gooseberry

• Drwg^-Micmac Cathartic Bark and roots used as a physic, (as R.
Ribes sp.} Gooseberry
grossularia 40:61)
• Drug—Blackfoot Laxative Berries eaten as a mild laxative. (86:68)
Carrier, Northern Dermatological Aid Compound decoction of inner Ribes velutinum Greene, Desert Gooseberry
bark taken for body sores. Orthopedic Aid Compound decoction of • Food—Gosiute Dried Food Berries dried and stored for winter use.
 Catalog of Plants 481

Fruit Berries used for food, (as R. leptanthum var. brachyanthum pods used for food. (136:160) Jemez Unspecified Large clusters of
39:379) flowers eaten without preparation. (32:49) Flowers eaten as food.
(44:27)
Ribes velutinum Greene var. velutinum, Desert Gooseberry
• Fiber—Hualapai Furniture Branches used to make cradleboards.
• Food—Kawaiisu Dried Food Berries dried in the shade for about a
(195:34)
week and stored. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Preserves Fresh berries
• Other—Apache, Mescalero Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to
boiled into a jelly. (206:59)
make high-quality bows. (14:47) Hualapai Hunting & Fishing Item
Ribes viscosissimum Pursh, Sticky Currant Wood, cured for a year, used to make hunting bows. (195:34) Jemez
• Food—Montana Indian Fruit Fruit highly esteemed as an article of Hunting & Fishing ItemTough, elastic branches used to make bows.
diet. (19:21) (44:27) Keres, Western Hunting & Fishing Item Branches used in
making arrow shafts. (171:67) Tewa Hunting & Fishing Item Wood
Ribes wolfii Rothrock, Wolf's Currant
used to make bows. (138:48)
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & Cake Fruit ground,
dried, and pressed into cakes for storage. Fruit Raw fruit eaten with Robinia pseudoacacia L, Black Locust
out preparation. Preserves Fruit used to make jelly. (33:44) • Drwg^-Cherokee Emetic Root bark chewed as an emetic. Toothache
Remedy Beaten root held on tooth for toothache. Veterinary Aid Infu
Ricinus, Euphorbiaceae sion given to cows as a "tonic." (80:43) Menominee Adjuvant Trunk
Ricinus communis L, Castor Bean bark used as a seasoner to give flavor to medicines. (151:40)
• Drug—Cahuilla Dermatological Aid Seeds crushed into a greasy • Food—Cherokee Beverage Bavk steeped into tea. (126:46) Mendoci-
substance and used for sores. Poison Seeds and leaves considered no Indian Forage Leaves eaten by horses as forage. Wailaki Forage
poisonous. (15:133) Cherokee Cathartic Infusion of beans used as a Seeds eaten by chickens as forage. (41:359)
purgative. Dermatological Aid Poultice of beans used for boils. (80: • Fiber—Cherokee BuildingMaterialWood used to make fence posts
24) Diegueno DermatologicalAidBean nuts mashed to make an and sills for houses. (80:43)
ointment, similar to cold cream, and used for acne and pimples. (84: • Other—Cherokee Fasteners^Nood used to make pegs for log cabins.
37) Hawaiian Analgesic Leaves used for severe headaches. Febrifuge Hunting & Fishing /tern Wood used to make bows and blowgun darts.
Poultice of leaves applied to the head and body for strong fevers. Pe- (80:43)
diatricAidPoultice of leaves applied to children's heads and bodies
Robinia sp., Black Locust
for strong fevers. (2:55) Navajo Contraceptive Plant used by women
• Drug—Chickasaw Analgesic Roots used for headaches. (177:33)
to become sterile. (55:60) Pima Analgesic Beans eaten for headaches.
Cathartic Beans eaten as a purge. Dermatological AidBeans dried, Romneya, Papaveraceae
ground, and sprinkled on sores. Laxative Beans eaten for constipa
Romneya COUlteri Harvey, Coulter's Matilija Poppy
tion. Poison Plant considered poisonous. (47:100) Seminole Cathar
• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Watery substance in the stalk used as a
tic Beans used as a cathartic. (169:167) Infusion of seeds taken as a
beverage. (15:133)
cathartic for constipation. (169:275)
• Other—Navajo Protection Plant used in an unknown manner as a Rorippa, Brassicaceae
protection from the spirit of the bear. (55:60) Rorippa alpina (S. Wats.) Rydb., Alpine Yellowcress
• Drug—Navajo Gynecological Aid Infusion of plants taken as a tonic
Robinia, Fabaceae
after deliverance, (as Radicula alpina 55:49)
Robinia hispida L, Bristly Locust
• Dni^-Cherokee EmeticRoot bark chewed as an emetic. Toothache
Rorippa curvisiliqua (Hook.) Bess, ex Britt. var. curvisiliqua,
Curvepod Yellowcress
Remedy Beaten root held on tooth for toothache. Veterinary AidInfu
• Food—Paiute Unspecified Species used for food, (as Radicula curvi
sion given to cows as a "tonic." (80:43)
siliqua 167:242)
• Fiber—Cherokee BuildingMaterialWood used to make fence posts
and sills for houses. (80:43) Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas, Northern Marsh Yellowcress
• Other—Cherokee FastenersWfood used to make pegs for log cabins. • Food—Eskimo, Inuktitut Spice Used as a condiment in fish soup.
Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows and blowgun (202:185)
darts. (80:43)
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L) Hayek, Water Cress
Robinia neomexicana Gray, New Mexico Locust • Drug—Costanoan Febrifuge Cold infusion of plants taken for fevers.
• Drug—Hopi EmeticUsed as an emetic to purify the stomach. Kidney Aid Decoction of plant used as a kidney remedy. Liver Aid
(200:83) Decoction of plant used as a liver remedy, (as Nasturtium officinale
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Vegetable Raw pods eaten 21:10) Mahuna Liver Aid Plant used for torpid liver, cirrhosis of the
as food. Winter Use Food Pods cooked and stored. (33:42) Apache, liver, and gallstones. (140:65) Okanagan-Colville Analgesic Poultice
Mescalero Dried Food Flowers boiled, dried, and stored for winter of fresh, whole plants applied to the forehead for headaches. Vertigo
food use. UnspecifiedVresh flowers cooked with meat or bones and MedicinePoultice of fresh, whole plants applied to the forehead for
used for food. (14:47) Apache, White Mountain Vegetable Beans and dizziness. (188:92)
482 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Brassicaceae)

• Food—Algonquin, Quebec Vegetable Used as a salad plant, (as Nas as body and hair wash by sweat bathers. DermatologicalAid Poultice
turtium offlcinale 18:86) Cahuilla Vegetable Eaten fresh in the spring, of chewed leaves applied to bee stings. (188:131) Tanana, Upper
cooked like spinach, or mixed with less flavorful greens into a salad. Blood Medicine Decoction of stems and branches taken for weak
(as Nasturtium officinale 15:90) Cherokee Vegetable Leaves eaten blood. Cold Remedy Decoction of stems and branches taken for
cooked or raw as greens, (as Nasturtium officinale 80:61) Leaves colds. Emetic Infusion of bark strained and taken to induce vomit
boiled and eaten with bacon grease as potherbs. Leaves used in sal ing. Febrifuge Decoction of stems and branches taken for fevers. Gas
ads, (as Nasturtium officinale 126:37) Diegueno Vegetableleaves trointestinal AidDecoction of stems and branches taken for stomach
boiled and eaten as greens. (84:37) Gosiute Unspecified Species used troubles. (102:12) Thompson Antidiarrheal Decoction of branches,
for food, (as Nasturtium palustre39:375) Havasupai Unspecified chokecherry, and red willow taken for diarrhea. Antiemetic Decoc
Species used for food. (197:220) Iroquois Vegetable Eaten raw, some tion of branches, chokecherry, and red willow taken for vomiting.
times with salt, (as Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum 196:118) Karok DermatologicalAidLeaves placed in moccasins for athlete's foot and
UnspecifiedYoxxng plants boiled and eaten. (6:51) Kawaiisu Unspeci possibly for protection. Gynecological Aid Hips chewed by women in
fied Leaves eaten raw, usually with salt, or boiled and fried in grease labor, to hasten the delivery. Decoction of roots taken by women af
and salt. (206:60) Luiseno Vegetable Plant used for greens, (as Nastur ter childbirth. Decoction of branches, chokecherry, and red willow
tium officinale 155:232) Mendocino Indian Sauce & Relish Leaves taken for women's illnesses. Venereal Aid Decoction of roots taken
eaten as a relish, (as Roripa nasturtium 41:352) Okanagan-Colville for syphilis. (187:267)
Starvation Food Leaves used as a good emergency food. Vegetable ► Food—Alaska Native BeverageRose hips cooked, juice extracted,
Leaves eaten raw as salad greens. (188:92) Saanich Unspecified pasteurized, and mixed with other fruit juices. Leaves used to make
Young leaves eaten raw. (182:82) Tubatulabal Vegetable Leaves and tea. Dietary Aid Rose hips used as one of the richest known food
stems boiled as greens, (as Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum 193:16) sources of vitamin C. PreservesRose hip juice used to make jellies.
Rose hip pulp, with seeds and skins removed, used to make jams and
Rorippa palustris ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell, Hispid Yellowcress
marmalades. Sauce & Relish Rose hip juice used to make syrups. Rose
• Drug—-Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Eye Medicine Plant
hip pulp, with seeds and skins removed, used to make ketchups. (85:
used in ceremonial eyewash, (as R. hispida 191:29)
89) Cree, Woodlands Snack Food Ripe hips eaten as a nibble. (109:55)
Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) A. S. Hitchc, Spreading Yellowcress Eskimo, Inupiat Beverage Used to make juice. Frozen Food Frozen
• Drug—Zuni Eye Medicine Infusion of plant used as a wash and and stored for future use. Ice Cream Used with oil and water to make
smoke from blossoms used for inflamed eyes, (as Radicula sinuata ice cream. Preserves Used to make jam or jelly.67 Sauce & Relish Used
166:59) to make syrup. UnspecifiedEaten fresh or cooked. (98:101) Koyukon
• Other—Navajo, Ramah Fertilizer Cold infusion used to soak water Fruit Berries used for food. (119:55) Montana Indian Fruit Fruit and
melon seeds to increase productivity. (191:29) hips used for food. (19:21) Okanagan-Colville Forage Hips eaten by

Rorippa sylvestlis (L) Bess., Creeping Yellowcress coyotes. Spice Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking

• Drug—Iroquois Febrifuge and Pediatric Aid Decoction of plant tak to add flavor and prevent burning. Unspecified Orange, outer rind of

en by mother for fever in baby. (87:342) the hips used for food. (188:131) Tanana, Upper Beverage Leaves
boiled into tea. (102:12) Fruit Rose hips used for food, (as R. acidu-
Rorippa teres (Michx.) R. Stuckey, Southern Marsh Yellowcress
laris 77:28) Rose hips eaten raw or cooked with grease and sugar.
• Food—Navajo, Ramah Fodder Used for sheep feed, (as R. obtusa
Preserves Rose hips used to make jelly. Unspecified Raw petals used
191:29)
for food. Winter Use Food Leaves dried and saved for later use. (102:
Rosaceae, see Adenostoma, Agrimonia, Amelanchier, Argentina, 12) Thompson Beverage Shoots or hips67 or leaves and young twigs
Aronia, Aruncus, Cerasus, Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, Chamaeba- used to make a tea-like beverage. Forage Hips eaten by bears before
tiaria, Coleogyne, Comarum, Cowania, Crataegus, Dalibarda, Fallu- hibernation. Preserves Hips used to make jelly. Sauce & Relish Hips
gia, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Heteromeles, Holodiscus, Horkelia, used to make syrup.67 UnspecifiedHips used only sparingly for food
Ivesia, Luetkea, Malus, Oemleria, Osteomeles, Pentaphylloides, Petro- because of the seeds and the insipid taste.68 Young, tender shoots
phyton, Physocarpus, Porteranthus, Potentilla, Prunus} Purshia, peeled and eaten in the spring. (187:267)
Pyrus} Rosa, Rubus, Sorbus, Spiraea, Waldsteinia 1 Fiber—Thompson Furniture Heavy, split wood used to make cradle
hoops. (187:267)
Rosa, Rosaceae 1 Other—Cree, Woodlands Jewelry Firm hips strung on a string to
Rosa acicularis Lindl., Prickly Rose make a necklace. Toys & Games Halved, fresh hip hollowed out to
• Drug—Cree, Woodlands Cough Medicine Decoction of roots taken make a bowl for a toy pipe. (109:55) Okanagan-Colville Ceremonial
as a cough remedy. Eye Medicine Infusion of roots used for sore eyes. Items Branches used by an Indian doctor to sweep out the grave be
(109:55) Iroquois Eye Medicine Compound infusion of rose leaves fore the corpse was lowered into it.69 Containers Leaves placed under
and bark used as drops for blindness. (87:358) Gynecological Aid and over food while pit cooking to add flavor and prevent burning.
Cold, compound infusion of twig bark taken for difficult birth. (87: Good Luck Charm Branches boiled in water and used to soak fishing
359) Witchcraft Medicine Compound decoction of plants and doll lines and nets to obtain good luck. Hunting & Fishing Item Branches
used for black magic. (87:358) Okanagan-Colville Ceremonial Medi used in a wash by hunters to get rid of the human scent. Protection
cine Decoction of leaves, branches, and other boughs taken and used Branches made into tea and taken as protection from bad spirits and
 Catalog of Plants 483

ghosts. Branches made into tea and used as washing water for one burn. Rose hip skin used for stomach trouble and indigestion. (153:-
who was being jinxed by some bad person. Branches placed around 385) Ojibwa, South Eye Medicine Infusion of root used as a wash for
the house and yard of the deceased to keep his or her spirit from inflamed eyes. (91:200) Potawatomi Analgesic Infusion of root taken
returning. (188:131) Thompson Good Luck Charm Plant asked "for for headache or lumbago. Orthopedic Aid Infusion of root taken for
good luck." Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to wipe dip net hoops, lumbago. Unspecified Rose hip skin used as medicine by the Prairie
to improve the chances of a good catch. Paint Petals mixed with pine Potawatomi. (154:78)
pitch, grease, and red ocher paint to make a cosmetic. Protection
Rosa californica Cham. & Schlecht., California Wild Rose
Leaves placed in moccasins for athlete's foot and possibly for protec
• Drwg^-Cahuilla^mz/ges/cand Pediatric Aid Infusion of blossoms
tion. Branches placed around the body and house of a dead person
used for infant pain. (15:133) Costanoan Antirheumatic (Internal)
to protect other people from its spirit.70 (187:267)
Decoction of fruit "hips" used for rheumatism. Cold Remedy Decoc
Rosa OCicularis ssp. sayi (Schwein.) W. H. Lewis, Prickly Rose tion of fruit "hips" used for colds. Dermatological Aid Decoction of
• Drug—B\ac\doot Antidiarrheal and Pediatric Aid Root used to make fruit "hips" used as a wash for scabs and sores. Febrifuge Decoction
a drink given to children for diarrhea, (as R. sayi 114:275) of fruit "hips" used for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of fruit
• Food—Blackfoot Fruit Berries eaten raw. (as R. sayi 114:275) Monta "hips" used for indigestion. Kidney Aid Decoction of fruit "hips" used
na Indian Fruit Fruit used for food, (as R. sayi 19:21) Ojibwa Unspec- for kidney ailments. Throat Aid Decoction of fruit "hips" used for
ifiedBuds used for food, (as R. sayi 135:236) sore throats. (21:18) Diegueno Febrifuge and Pediatric Aid Infusion
of petals given to babies with fever. (84:39) Mahuna Analgesic Infu
Rosa arkansana Porter, Prairie Rose
sion of seeds taken for painful congestion. Febrifuge Infusion of
• Drug—Chippewa Anticonvulsive Compound infusion or decoction
seeds taken for stomach fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of seeds
of root taken for "fits." (51:63,64) Compound decoction of root taken
taken for stomach fevers and painful congestion. (140:8) Miwok
for convulsions. (53:336) Hemostat Compound infusion or decoction
Analgesic Infusion of leaves and berries taken for pains. Gastroin
of root used on bleeding wounds. (51:63,64) Compound decoction
testinal Aidlnfusion of leaves and berries taken for colic. (12:172)
of root used on bleeding wounds. (53:336) Stimulant Compound in
• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Blossoms soaked in water to make a bever
fusion or decoction of root taken or used externally as stimulant.
age. Unspecified Buds eaten fresh. (15:133) Gosiute Frw/f Berries
(51:63,64) Compound decoction of root taken as a stimulant. Tonic
used for food. (39:379) Kawaiisu Fruit Fruit, a "fleshy hip," eaten
Compound decoction of root taken as a tonic. (53:364) Omaha Eye
ripe. (206:60) Porno, Kashaya Fruit Fresh fruit used for food. (72:99)
Medicine Roots used for eye troubles. (68:336)
• Fiber—Kawaiisu Basketry Unsplit stems used as rims in twined bas
• Food—Lakota Beverage Petals used to make tea. Roots used to make
ketry. (206:60)
a strong tea. Dried Food Hips dried and used for food. Preserves Petals
used to make jam. Soup Hips dried, added to soups or stews, and Rosa Carolina L, Carolina Rose
used for food. Starvation Food Hips eaten during famines. (106:39) • Drug—Menominee Gastrointestinal Aid Fruit skin eaten for stom

• Other—Omaha Incense & Fragrance Petals used as a perfume for ach troubles, (as R. humilis 151:50)

hair oil. (68:323) Rosa eglanteria L, Sweetbriar Rose

• Drw^-Iroquois Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used as an intestinal as
Rosa arkansanavar. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell, Prairie Rose
• Drug—Omaha Eye MedicineInfusion of fruit used as a wash for in tringent by forest runners. (141:47) Urinary Aid Compound decoc
tion of plants taken for difficult urination, (as R. rubiginosa 87:358)
flamed eyes. Pawnee Burn Dressing Poultice of charred, crushed hy-
pertrophied stem growths applied to burns, (as R. pratincola 70:85) Rosa gallica L, French Rose
• Food—Dakota Starvation Food Fruit sometimes eaten in times of • Drug—-Mahuna Febrifuge Plant used for high fevers and chills.
food scarcity. Omaha Starvation Food Fruit sometimes eaten in times (140:26)
of food scarcity. Pawnee Starvation Food Fruit sometimes eaten in
Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt., Dwarf Rose
times of food scarcity. Ponca Starvation Food Fruit sometimes eaten
• Drug—Okanagan-CoMMe Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of leaves,
in times of food scarcity, (as R. pratincola 70:85)
branches, and other boughs taken and used as body and hair wash
• Other—Dakota Smoke PlantInner bark, alone or mixed with tobac
by sweat bathers. Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves ap
co, used for smoking. Omaha Smoke Plant Inner bark, alone or mixed
plied to bee stings. (188:131) Thompson Eye Medicine Decoction of
with tobacco, used for smoking. Pawnee Smoke Plant Inner bark,
bark used as a wash for sore eyes. (164:466) Hunting Medicine De
alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. Ponca Smoke Plant
coction of plant poured onto hunting equipment that had "lost its
Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking, (as R.
luck." (164:507) Poison Spines considered poisonous as they caused
pratincola 70:85)
swelling and irritation if touched. Hips considered poisonous and
Rosa blanda Ait., Smooth Rose would give one an itchy bottom if eaten. (187:266) Tonic Decoction
• Drug—Meskwaki Dermatological Aid Decoction of fruit used for of stems taken for "general indisposition" and as a tonic. (164:466)
itching piles or any other itch. Gastrointestinal Aid Rose hip skin used • Food—Okanagan-Colville Forage Hips eaten by coyotes. Spice
for stomach troubles and decoction of fruit used for piles. Hemor- Leaves placed under and over food while pit cooking to add flavor
rhoid Remedy Decoction of fruit used for itching piles. (152:242,243) and prevent burning. Unspecified Orange, outer rind of the hips used
Ojibwa Gastrointestinal Aid Dried, powdered flowers used for heart for food. (188:131) Porno, Kashaya Fruit Fresh fruit used for food.
492 Rubus parviflorus (Rosaceae)

in spring. (186:124) Okanagan-Colville Fruit Berries eaten fresh. groundhogs. Fruit Berries eaten in small quantities. (43:278) Kitasoo
(188:132) Paiute Fruit Berries eaten ripe and fresh. (111:83) Porno Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (43:346) Thompson Fruit Small fruits rarely
Fruit Raw berries used for food. (66:13) Porno, Kashaya Fruit Berries eaten. (187:272)
eaten fresh. (72:113) Quileute Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (79:34) Fruits
Rubus procumbens, Wild Blackberry
eaten raw. Fruits stewed and used for food. Winter Use Food Fruits
• Drug—Mahunsi Antidiarrheal Infusion of roots taken for diarrhea,
canned and saved for future food use. (137:63) Quinault Fruit Ber
(as R. villosus 140:7)
ries eaten fresh. (79:34) Salish, Coast Bread & Cake Berries dried into
• Food—Mahuna Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst, (as
cakes and used for food. Fruit Berries eaten fresh or boiled. Unspeci
R. villosus 140:70)
fiedYoung, tender shoots eaten in spring. (182:87) Samish Fruit Ber
ries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts eaten in early spring with half- RubllS pubescens Raf., Dwarf Red Blackberry
dried salmon eggs. (79:34) Sanpoil & Nespelem Fruit Berries eaten • Drug—Okanagon Antiemetic and Antihemorrhagic Decoction of
fresh. (131:102) Shuswap Fruit Berries used for food. (123:67) Skagit leaves taken for vomiting of blood and blood-spitting. Gastrointesti
Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts eaten in early spring. nal Aid Decoction of leaves taken as a stomach tonic. Tonic Decoc
(79:34) Skagit, Upper Fruit Berries eaten fresh. UnspecifiedTender tion of leaves taken as a stomach tonic. Thompson Antiemetic De
shoots peeled and eaten in spring and early summer. (179:38) Sno- coction of leaves taken for vomiting of blood and blood-spitting. An
homish Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Squaxin Dried Food Berries dried, tihemorrhagic Decoction of leaves taken for vomiting of blood and
stored in soft or hard baskets, and used for food. Fruit Berries mixed blood-spitting. (125:41) Decoction of leaves taken for spitting or
with blackberries and eaten fresh. Swinomish Fruit Berries eaten vomiting blood. (164:466) Gastroin testinal Aid Decoction of leaves
fresh. Unspecified Sprouts eaten in early spring with half-dried salm taken as a stomach tonic. (125:41) Decoction of root taken as a tonic
on eggs. (79:34) Thompson Fruit Berries eaten fresh, often with fish. for the stomach. (164:466) Tonic Decoction of leaves taken as a
Sweetener Roots used for sugar. UnspecifiedToasted shoots eaten stomach tonic. (125:41) Decoction of root taken as a tonic for the
alone or with meat and fish. (187:270) Tsimshian Fruit Berries used stomach. (164:466)
for food. (43:346) Wintoon Fruit Berries used for food. (117:264) • Food—Cree, Woodlands Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (109:57) Iroquois
Yurok Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (6:51) Fruit Fruit used for food. (142:92)
• Dye—Blackfoot UnspecifiedBerries used to dye tanned robes.
Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pubescens, Dwarf Red Blackberry
(86:122)
• Drug—Malecite Abortifacient Infusion of plant and wild strawberry
• Other—Blackfoot Protection Berries applied to quivers to strengthen
used for irregular menstruation, (as R. triflorus 116:258) Micmac
them. (86:122) Carrier Cooking Tools Leaves used to dry berries on.
Abortifacient Parts of plant used for irregular menstruation, (as R.
(31:74) Cowlitz Soap Bark boiled and used for soap. (79:34) Kwakiutl,
triflorus 40:61)
Southern Cooking Tools Leaves placed above and below seaweed in
• Food—Chippewa Fruit Delicate, delicious fruit used for food, (as
steaming pits. (183:264) Okanagan-Colville Containersleaves used
R. triflorus 71:133) Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into
to line steam cooking pits, berry baskets, and placed between layers
small cakes, and dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit
of fresh berries. (188:132) Porno Cooking Tools Leaves used to wrap
sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a
meat for baking. (66:13) Porno, Kashaya Cooking Tools Leaves used
hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water
to wrap food for baking. (72:113) Quileute Containers Leaves used
and cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread, (as R. triflorus
to wrap cooked elderberries for storage. Quinault Containersleaves
196:127)
used with skunk cabbage leaves to line baskets in preserving elder
berries. (79:34) Shuswap Containers Leaves used to cover huckle Rubus sp.} Raspberry
berries, to prevent them from spilling over when they fall. (123:67) • Drug—Algonquin, Tete-de-Bou\e Respiratory Aid Infusion of shred
Tsimshian Cleaning Agentleaves used to wipe slime from salmon. ded branches taken for bronchial troubles. (132:130) Carrier Aborti
(43:346) facient Decoction of stems taken by women with sickness in their
womb. (31:79) Carrier, Northern Dermatological Aid Compound
Rubus parviflorusNutt. ssp. parviflorus, Thimbleberry
decoction of inner bark taken for body sores. Orthopedic Aid Com
• Food—Haisla Bread & Cake Berries used to make dried berry cakes
pound decoction of inner bark taken for paralysis. Stimulant Com
for winter use. (43:276) Oweekeno Beverage Fall, brown leaves used
pound decoction of inner bark taken for constitutional weakness.
to make tea. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Preserves Fruit used to make jelly.
(150:58) Cherokee Cough MedicineRoot chewed for coughs. (203:74)
Unspecified Sprouts used for food. (43:112)
Choctaw Antidiarrheal Infusion of roots taken for dysentery. Tonic
• Other—Hanaksiala Cooking Tools Leaves used to whip soapberries.
Decoction of roots taken as a tonic to improve circulation. (177:29)
(43:276)
Eskimo, Western Antidiarrheal Berries eaten for diarrhea. (108:15)
Rubus parviflorusvar. velutinus (Hook. &Arn.) Greene, West
Iroquois Blood MedicineTender, new shoots used as a blood remedy.
ern Thimbleberry
(124:95) Infusion of roots and other roots taken by young mothers
• Food—Mendocino Indian Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (41:354)
for thick blood. (141:48) Dermatological Aid Roots used as an effec
Rubus pedatus Sm., Strawberryleaf Raspberry tual astringent. (124:95) Klallam Cold Remedy Roots used for colds.
• Food—Alaska Native Preserves Fruit used to make an excellent jelly. (79:36) Malecite Antidiarrheal md Pediatric AidInfusion of 1-foot
(85:99) Haisla & Hanaksiala Forage Berries eaten by porcupines and section of tree used by children with diarrhea. (116:255) Rappahan-
 Catalog of Plants 493

nock Anesthetic and Antidiarrheal Root or berry infusion taken for fresh or steamed with oolichan (candlefish) grease, salmon, or
diarrhea, an overdose would cause numbness. Gastrointestinal Aid salmon roe. (43:347) Kwakiutl, Southern Dried Food Fruits boiled,
Infusion of dried, brown runners taken for dyspepsia. (161:29) mashed, dried, and used as a winter food. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh.
• Food—Abnaki Preserves Fruits used to make jelly. (144:169) Algon UnspecifiedYoung shoots eaten in spring. (183:291) Lummi Fruit
quin, Quebec Preserves Fruit used to make preserves. (18:94) Carrier Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts cooked in a pit and eaten
Preserves Berries used to make jelly. (31:79) Cherokee Cooking Agent with dried salmon. (79:35) Makah Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (67:275)
Berries mixed with apples to color the jelly red. (126:58) Pie & Pud- Berries eaten fresh. (79:35) Special Food Sprouts available in large
ding Berries used to make pies and cobblers. (126:57) Fruit used to amounts often the occasion for sprout parties. Makah women would
make pies. (126:58) Preserves Berries used to make jelly and jam. (126: collect canoe loads of sprouts and pit steam them on the beach. Peo
57) Fruit used to make jelly. (126:58) UnspecifiedTips of new, young ple would sing and dance while waiting for the steaming sprouts to
shoots boiled thoroughly, fried, and eaten. (204:253) Vegetable Shoots finish cooking. Unspecified Sprouts peeled and eaten raw, boiled, or
used in salads and as potherbs. Winter Use Food Berries canned for steamed on hot rocks. (67:275) Sprouts cooked in a pit and eaten
future use. (126:57) Coeur d'Alene Dried Food Berries dried and used with dried salmon. (79:35) Winter Use Food Fruit canned for winter
for food. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Berries mashed and eaten. Soup use. Sprouts eaten with fermented salmon eggs collected during the
Berries dried, boiled with roots, and eaten as soup. (178:89) Iroquois previous autumn. (67:275) Nitinaht Dessert Sprouts eaten raw or
Fruit Fruits eaten raw. Sauce & Relish Fruits dried, soaked in sugared steam cooked like a dessert. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (186:124) Oka
water, cooked, and eaten as a sauce. Special Food Dried berries nagon Fruit Yellow fruits used for food. UnspecifiedYoung, sweet
soaked in honey and water and used as a ceremonial food by the shoots used for food. (125:38) Oweekeno Fruit Berries eaten fresh.
Bear Society. (124:95) Okanagon Staple Berries used as a principal Preserves Berries used to make jam. Unspecified Sprouts used for
food. (178:238) Paiute Fru/r Berries used for food. (111:83) Sanpoil& food. Winter Use Food Berries preserved for winter use. (43:113)
Nespelem Dried Food Berries eaten dried. Fruit Berries eaten raw or Paiute Fruit Berries eaten ripe and fresh. (111:82) Pomo Fruit Raw
dried. (131:102) Spokan Fruit Berries used for food. (178:343) berries used for food. (66:13) Pomo, Kashaya Fruit Berries eaten
fresh. (72:102) Quileute Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (79:35) Fruits
RubliS spectabilis Pursh, Salmon Berry stewed and used for food. Fruits eaten raw. (137:63) Unspecified
• Drag—Bella Coola Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of root bark taken Sprouts cooked in a pit and eaten with dried salmon. (79:35) Winter
for stomach troubles. (150:58) Kwakiutl Burn Dressmg Powdered Use Food Fruits canned and saved for future food use. (137:63) Qui
bark applied to burns. Dermatological Aid Powdered bark applied to nault Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts cooked in a pit
sores. PediatricAid Chewed sprouts applied to the head of a child to and eaten with dried salmon. (79:35) Salish, Coast Fruit Berries eat
make him grow. (183:291) Makah Analgesic and Dermatological Aid en fresh in summer. Unspecified Sprouts peeled and eaten raw in
Poultice of bark applied to wounds for the pain. Toothache Remedy early spring. (182:88) Skagit, Upper Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Un
Poultice of bark applied to aching tooth. Quileute Burn Dressing specified Green sprouts peeled and eaten or cooked in an earth oven.
Poultice of chewed leaves or bark applied to burns. Quinault Anal (179:38) Squaxin Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts
gesic Decoction of bark taken to lessen labor pains. Burn Dressing, cooked in a pit and eaten with dried salmon. Swinomish Fruit Ber
Dermatological Aid, and Disinfectant Decoction of bark used to ries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts cooked in a pit and eaten with
clean infected wounds, especially burns. Gynecological AidDecoc dried salmon. (79:35) Thompson Dried Food Fruit eaten dried. (187:
tion of bark taken to lessen labor pains. (79:35) 272) Fruit Yellow fruits used for food. (125:38) Fruits eaten for food.
• Food—Alaska Native Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Preserves Fruit made into (164:486) Fruit eaten fresh. (187:272) UnspecifiedYoung, sweet
jams and jellies. (85:101) Bella Coola Bread & Cake Berries cooked, shoots used for food. (125:38) Young shoots eaten. (164:482) Tolowa
dried in cakes, and used for food: Fruit Berries eaten raw. Unspeci Fruit Berries eaten fresh. UnspecifiedYoung sprouts eaten with sea
fied Sprouts peeled and eaten in spring. (184:209) Carrier Fruit Ber weed and dried eels. Yurok Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (6:51)
ries used for food. (31:77) Chehalis Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspec • Other—Haisla & Hanaksiala Ceremonial Items Flower used in
ified Sprouts cooked in a pit and eaten with dried salmon. Chinook, "flower dance" costume and in shamanistic performances. Cooking
Lower Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts cooked in a pit Tools Leaves used to whip soapberries. Season IndicatorPlant used
and eaten with dried salmon. (79:35) Clallam Fruit Berries eaten as an indicator for picking edible seaweed. (43:279) Hesquiat Cook
fresh. (57:203) Cowlitz Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts ing Tools Sticks used to make salmon spreaders and for stringing
cooked in a pit and eaten with dried salmon. Green River Group clams for cooking and smoking. Leaves spread at bottom of wooden
Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts cooked in a pit and cooking containers to prevent the hot rocks from burning the wood.
eaten with dried salmon. (79:35) Haisla & Hanaksiala Beverage Ber Smoking Tools Roots used to make pipe bowls. (185:74) Hoh Ceremo
ries used to make homemade wine. Dried Food Berries dried for win nial Items Sprouts formerly used in courting ceremonies. (137:63)
ter use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Special Food Young sprouts peeled Kwakiutl, Southern Cooking Tools Leaves placed above and below
and served as a featured item at salmonberry sprout feasts. (43:279) seaweed in steaming pits. (183:264) Nitinaht Toys & Games Stems
Hesquiat UnspecifiedYoung, fresh shoots eaten with oil. (185:74) used to make children's practice bows. (186:124) Nuxalkmc Ceremo
Hoh Fruit Fruits stewed and used for food. Fruits eaten raw. Winter nial Items Plant, wild parsnip, gooseberry, and rose used in the
Use Food Fruits canned and saved for future food use. (137:63) Kita- dance of Winwina. Oweekeno Ceremonial Items Plant, wild parsnip,
soo Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Unspecified Sprouts peeled and eaten gooseberry, rose, and mask represented a child in a ceremonial
494 Rubus spectabilis (Rosaceae)

dance. Containers Leaves used as a mat under any kind of berries food. Fruits eaten raw. Winter Use Food Fruits canned and saved for
and hemlock cambium when drying. (43:113) Quileute Ceremonial future food use. (as R. macropetalus 137:63) Nitinaht Fruit Berries
Items Sprouts formerly used in courting ceremonies. (137:63) Hunt used for food. (186:125) Okanagon Unspecified Used commonly for
ing & Fishing Item Wood made into a plug stopper for seal hair floats food. Used commonly for food, (as R. macropetalus 125:38) Quileute
used for whaling. (79:35) Beverage Fresh or dried vines and leaves used to make a beverage
tea. Dried Food Berries dried and eaten. Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as
Rubus trivialis Michx., Southern Dewberry R. macropetalus 79:35) Fruits stewed and used for food. Fruits eaten
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of root or leaf used for diar
raw. Winter Use Food Fruits canned and saved for future food use. (as
rhea. Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion given for rheumatism. (80:
R. macropetalus 137:63) Skagit Dried Food Berries dried and eaten.
26) DermatologicalAid Compound, astringent, and tonic infusion
Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as R. macropetalus 79:35) Skagit, Upper
of root used as a wash for piles. (80:25,26) Hemorrhoid Remedy^Com
Dried Food Berries pulped and dried for winter use. Fruit Berries eat
pound infusion of root used for piles. Oral Aid Washed root chewed
en fresh, (as R. macropetalus 179:38) Thompson Fruit Berries eaten,
for coated tongue. StimulantUsed as a stimulant. Throat Aid Used
(as R. macropetalus 164:487) Unspecified Used commonly for food.
with honey as a wash for sore throat. Tonic Used as a tonic. Urinary
(as R. macropetalus 125:38)
Aid Compound decoction taken to regulate urination. Venereal Aid
Used for venereal disease. (80:26) Seminole Gastrointestinal Aidln- Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht., Pacific Dewberry
fusion of herbage used for stomach troubles. (169:276) • Drug—Costanoan Antidiarrheal Decoction of roots used for dysen

• Food—Cherokee Beverage Fruit used to make juice. Fruit Fruit used tery and diarrhea. DermatologicalAid and Disinfectant Roots used

for food. (80:26) for infected sores. (21:19) Mendocino Indian Antidiarrheal Infusion
of roots taken for diarrhea. (41:355)
Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht., California Blackberry • Food—Cahuilla Beverage Berries soaked in water to make a bever
• Drug—Diegueno Antidiarrheal Decoction of roots taken or fresh age. Dried Food Berries dried for later use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh.
fruit eaten for diarrhea. (84:39) Hesquiat Gastrointestinal A/d Decoc (15:134) Costanoan Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (21:250) Karok Fruit
tion of the entire vine taken for stomach troubles. Other Decoction Fruit eaten fresh. (6:52) Berries used for food. (148:384) Klamath Un
of the entire vine taken for a general sick feeling. (185:75) Kwakiutl specified Species used for food. (45:99) Luiseno Fruit Fruit used for
Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of vines taken for diarrhea. (183: food. (155:232) Mendocino Indian Dried Food Black, juicy berries
264) Antiemetic Decoction of vines and roots taken for vomiting. An- dried for winter use. Fruit Black, juicy berries eaten fresh. (41:355)
tihemorrhagicDecoction of vines and roots taken for blood-spitting. Wintoon Fruit Berries used for food. (117:264) Yurok Beverage Young
(183:291) Pomo, Kashaya Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for shoots boiled with other vine shoots into a tea. Fruit Berries eaten
diarrhea. Gynecological Aid Berries not to be eaten by pregnant fresh. (6:52)
women or fathers to be; if berries eaten, the baby would be dark. • Dye—Luiseno Unspecified Berry juice used to stain wood. (155:232)
(72:22)
• Food—Clallam Fruit Berries used for food. (57:203) Diegueno Dried Rudbeckia, Asteraceae
Food Fruit dried and cooked. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (84:39) Hes Rudbeckiafillgida Ait., Orange Coneflower
quiat Fruit Berries eaten and well liked. (185:75) Makah Fruit Fruit • Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Used as wash for "swelling caused
eaten fresh. Pie & PuddingVruits used to make pies. Preserves Fruits by worms." Dermatological AidVJarm infusion of root used to bathe
used to make jam. (67:278) Pomo, Kashaya Fruit Fresh berries eaten sores. Ear Medicine Root ooze used for earache. Gynecological Aid
whole or mashed with bread. Pie & PuddingBenies cooked as pie Taken for "flux and some private diseases." Kidney Aid Infusion tak
filling. Sauce & Relish Fresh berries mashed as topping for ice cream. en for dropsy. Snakebite Remedy Used as wash for snakebites. Vene
Berries cooked as sauce for dumplings. (72:22) Saanich Beverage real AidTaken for "flux and some private diseases."
Old, dry leaves used to make tea. Salish, Coast Bread & Cake Berries
Rudbeckia hirta L, Black Eyed Susan
mashed, dried in cakes, placed in hot water, and used for food. Fruit
• Drug—Cherokee AnthelminticUsed as wash for "swelling caused
Berries eaten fresh. (182:88) Thompson Dried Food Berries sun dried
by worms." Dermatological AidWarm infusion of root used to bathe
on mats. (187:272)
sores. Ear Medicine Root ooze used for earache. Gynecological Aid
• Other—Saanich Ceremonial Items Stems used in purification rituals
Taken for "flux and some private diseases." Kidney Aid Infusion tak
before dancing. (182:88)
en for dropsy. Snakebite Remedy Used as wash for snakebites. Vene
Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & real AidTaken for "flux and some private diseases." (80:30) Chippe-
MacBryde, California Blackberry wa PediatricAid Poultice of blossoms and another plant used for ba
• Drag^-Skagit Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves taken for stom bies. (71:143) Iroquois Anthelmintic Infusion of roots given to chil
ach trouble, (as R. macropetalus79:35) Skagit, Upper Gastrointesti dren with worms. Heart Medicine Decoction of plants taken for the
nal Aid Infusion of leaves taken for stomach trouble, (as R. macro- heart. Pediatric Aid Infusion of roots given to children with worms.
petalus 179:38) (87:469) Potawatomi Cold Remedy Infusion of root taken for colds.
• Food—Cowlitz Dried Food Berries dried and eaten. Fruit Berries eat (154:52,53) Shuswap Eye Medicine Plant used for sore eyes. (123:59)
en fresh, (as R. macropetalus 79:35) Haisla & Hanaksiala Fruit Ber • Dye—Potawatomi Yellow Disk florets boiled with rushes to dye them
ries used for food. (43:282) Hoh Fruit Fruits stewed and used for yellow. Rushes used to make woven mats. (154:117)
 Catalog of Plants 495

Rudbeckia hirtavar. angustifolia (TV. Moore) Perdue, Black rhagicUsed for hemorrhages. Gastrointestinal Aid Used for stomach
Eyed Susan cramps. (139:55) Ojibwa Unspecified Plant used for medicinal pur
• Drug—Seminole Analgesic Cold infusion of cone flowers used for poses. (135:240)

headaches. Febrifuge Cold infusion of cone flowers used for fevers,

Rumexaquaticusvar.fenestratus (Greene) Dorn, Western Dock
(as R.divergens 169:283)
• Drug—Bella Coola Analgesic Leaves used in a sweat bath for pains
Rudbeckia laciniataU Cutleaf Coneflower similar to rheumatism all over body. Antirheumatic (External) Leaves
• Drug—Cherokee Dietary Aid Cooked spring salad eaten to "keep used in sweat bath for pains similar to rheumatism. Dermatological
well." (80:30) Chippewa Burn Dressing Compound poultice of blos Aid Poultice of leaves and mashed, roasted roots applied to boils and
soms applied to burns. (53:352) Gastrointestinal Aid Compound in wounds, (as R. occidentalis 150:56) Poultice of long, yellow roots, and
fusion of root taken for indigestion. (53:342) Veterinary Aid Com "klondike soap" applied to boils, cuts, and scrapes, (as R. occidentalis
pound infusion of root applied to chest and legs of horse as a stimu 184:207) Herbal Steam Leaves used in a sweat bath for pains similar
lant. (53:366) to rheumatism all over body, (as R. occidentalis 150:56) Haisla Laxa-
• Food—Cherokee Dried Food Leaves and stems tied together and tive Plant used as a laxative. Hanaksiala Antirheumatic (External)
hung up to dry or sun dried and stored for future use. Frozen Food Poultice of pounded leaves and stems applied to sores and other
Tender leaves and stems frozen in early spring. (126:34) Unspecified painful areas. Dermatological Aid Roots cooked and inserted into
Young shoots and leaves boiled, fried with fat, and eaten. (204:251) wounds. Poultice of root paste applied to cuts and boils. Poultice of
Vegetable Leaves used as cooked spring salad to keep well. (80:30) pounded leaves and stems applied to sores and other painful areas,
Leaves and stems parboiled, rinsed, and boiled in hot grease until (as R. occidentalis var. procerus 43:260) Kwakiutl Dermatological Aid
soft. Leaves and stems cooked alone or with poke, eggs, dock, corn Root extract used to wash sores and swellings. Gastrointestinal Aid
field creasy (probably Barbarea verna), or any other greens. Winter Boiled roots eaten and applied as poultice for stomachaches, (as R.
Use Food Leaves and stems preserved by blanching, then boiling in a occidentalis 183:287)
can, with or without salt. (126:34) San Felipe Vegetable Young stems • Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Unspecified Leaves eaten
eaten like celery. (32:50) without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal
bones, (as R. occidentalis 33:46) Bella Coola Vegetable Young leaves
y Polygonaceae mashed, cooked, mixed with grease, and eaten like spinach, (as R.
Rumex acetosa L, Garden Sorrel occidentalis 184:207) Haisla & Hanaksiala Vegetable Leaves and
• Drug—Apalachee Unspecified Plant water used for medicinal pur stems eaten with oolichan (candlefish) grease and sugar. Hanaksiala
poses. (81:98) Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut^to/d/arr/zea/ Decoction of Beverage Plant formerly used to make a type of home-brew or wine.
leaves and stems taken for diarrhea. (122:24) Winter Use Food Plant cooked and stored underground in barrels
• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves used for food. (126:53) with stink currants and red elderberries for winter use. (as R. occi

Rumex acetosella L, Common Sheep Sorrel dentalis war. procerus 43:260) Heiltzuk Unspecified Stems, leaves,

• Drug—Aleut Dermatological Aid Poultice of steamed leaves applied sprouts, and shoots eaten with sugar and grease, (as R. occidentalis

to warts and bruises. (8:427) Cherokee Dermatological Aid Poultice var. procerus 43:107) Kitasoo Vegetableleaves cooked and eaten, (as

of bruised leaves and blossoms applied to old sores. (80:56) Mohe- R. occidentalis 43:340) Klallam Unspecified Plants used for food, (as

gan Gastrointestinal A/d Fresh leaves chewed as a stomach aid. (176: R. occidentalis 78:197) Montana Indian Unspecified Seeds used for

75,132) Squaxin Tuberculosis Remedy Raw leaves eaten for tubercu food. Vegetable Spring leaves used for "greens." (as R. occidentalis 19:

losis. (79:29)
22) Oweekeno Unspecified Stems, leaves, sprouts, and shoots used

• Food—Anticosti Unspecified Leaves eaten fresh by children. (143:65) for food, (as i?. occidentalis var. procerus 43:107) Tanana, Upper Fro

Bella Coola Unspecified Leaves eaten raw. (184:207) Chehalis Un- zen Food Leaves and stems frozen for future use. Vegetable Leaves

specified Leaves eaten raw or boiled. (79:29) Cherokee Unspecified and stems eaten raw or boiled with sugar, (as R. fenestratus 102:15)

Species used for food. (80:56) Vegetable Leaves used for food. (126: Rumex arcticus Trautv., Arctic Dock
53) Delaware UnspecifiedPlant used as filling for pies. (176:59) • Drug—Eskimo, Inuktitut An tidiarrheal Leaves and stems used for
Hanaksiala Unspecifiedleaves eaten by children. (43:260) Hesquiat
diarrhea. (202:186)
Sour Tart, tangy leaves chewed by children. (185:71) Iroquois Spice • Food—Alaska Native Dietary Afd Fresh, green leaves used as a
Used with salt in a brine for cucumbers. (196:113) VegetableEaten source for vitamins A and C. Vegetable Leaves used as salad greens
raw, sometimes with salt. (196:118) Miwok Vegetable Moistened, pul and cooked as vegetables. Winter Use Food Leaves cooked, chopped,
verized leaves eaten with salt, tasted sour like vinegar. (12:160) Oka- mixed with other greens, and stored in kegs or barrels for winter use.
nagan-Colville Vegetable Leaves eaten raw. (188:113) Saanich Vege (85:55) Eskimo, Alaska UnspecifiedYoung, tender leaves boiled and
table Acid-tasting leaves eaten like lettuce. (182:85) Thompson Un eaten either hot or cold with seal oil and sometimes with sugar. The
specified Leaves chewed by children for the tangy, sour taste. cooked leaves were sometimes served with a sauce-like coating of
(187:239) imported milk. (1:35) Leaves eaten fresh, soured, boiled or in oil.
Rumex altissimusWood, Pale Dock Root also utilized. (4:715) Winter Use Food Boiled leaves mixed with
• Drug—Dakota Dermatological Aid Poultice of green leaves applied seal oil and preserved for months. (1:35) Eskimo, Arctic Vegetable
to boils. (69:361) Lakota Antidiarrheal Used for diarrhea. Antihemor- Leaves from young stems eaten raw as a salad or cooked like spinach.
496 Rumex arcticus (Polygonaceae)

(128:26) Eskimo, Inuktitut Ice Cream Leaves and stems boiled, medicine. (87:312) Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of roots taken
cooled, and added to "Eskimo ice cream." UnspecifiedLewes used and poultice applied for yellow fever. (87:311) Orthopedic Aid Used
for food. (202:186) Eskimo, Inupiat Dessert Leaves eaten cold with for strained muscles. Panacea "Good for all illnesses." (87:312) Re
seal oil and sugar, like a rhubarb dessert. Vegetable Leaves eaten raw productive Aid Compound decoction of roots taken to induce preg
in a salad or boiled and eaten hot with seal oil, blubber, or butter. nancy. Strengthener Decoction taken to makes muscles strong for
Winter Use Food Leaves chopped, cooked with blubber, and stored running or playing lacrosse. (87:311) Tonic Compound decoction of
in a 10- to 30-gallon wooden barrel for winter use. (98:35) Koyukon roots taken by women as a tonic. Venereal Aid Compound used for
UnspecifiedPlant cooked and eaten. (119:56) Tanana, Upper Frozen gonorrhea. (87:312) Isleta Gastrointestinal Aidleaves eaten as greens
Food Leaves and stems frozen for future use. Vegetable Leaves and for the beneficial effect upon the stomach. (100:42) Micmac Cathar
stems eaten raw or boiled with sugar. (102:15) tic Roots used as a purgative. (40:61) Infusion of roots used as a pur
gative. (116:259) Urinary Aid Roots used "cold in bladder." (40:61) In
RumexconglomeratusMun., Clustered Dock
fusion of roots, hemlock, parsley, and prince's pine used for colds in
• Drug—Karok Herbal Steam Decoction of plant used as a steam bath
the bladder. (116:259) Mohegan Blood Medicine Cooked leaves said
medicine. (148:383) Mlwok Dermatological Aid Decoction of root
to "purify the blood." Tonic Root used to make a tonic. (176:75,132)
taken for boils. Poultice of boiled root applied to boils. (12:172)
Navajo Stimulant Plant used for fainting. (90:155) Navajo, Ramah
• Food-—Miwok Vegetable Cooked leaves eaten as greens. (12:160)
CeremonialMedicineWhole plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Der
Rumex crispus L, Curly Dock matological AidDned, powdered leaves dusted on sores. Emetic
• Drug—Blackfoot >lrctirheumatic (External) Mashed root pulp used Whole plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Oral Aid Cold infusion of
for swellings. Dermatological Aid Mashed root pulp used for sores. leaf used on mouth sores. Panacea Root used as a "life medicine."
(118:43) Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion taken for dysentery. Blood (191:24) Nevada Indian Veterinary Aid Poultice of root applied to
Medicine Infusion of root taken "for blood." Dermatological Aid Juice saddle sores. (118:49) 0)ibvm Antidiarrheal Boiled seeds used for
and infusion of root used as poultice and salve for various skin prob diarrhea. (5:2289) Seeds boiled and used for diarrhea. (5:2318) Der
lems. Kidney Aid Infusion of root taken "to correct fluids." Laxative matological Aid Root used to close and heal cuts. (153:381) Hunting
Infusion of root used for constipation. Throat A/d Leaves rubbed in MedicineDried seeds smoked as a favorable lure to game when
mouth for sore throat. Veterinary Aid Beaten roots fed to horses for mixed with kinnikinnick. (153:431) Ojibwa, South Dermatological
"sick stomach." (80:32) Cheyenne Antihemorrhagic Infusion of dried Aid Poultice of bruised or crushed root applied to sores and abra
roots taken for lung hemorrhages. Dermatological AidWet poultice sions. (91:200) Paiute Analgesic Poultice of pulped root applied to
of pounded, dried root applied to wounds or sores. Pulmonary Aid rheumatic pains. AntidiarrhealBoiled seeds eaten alone or in a com
Infusion of dried, pulverized root taken for lung hemorrhage. (76:172) pound for diarrhea. (180:131,132) Antirheumatic (External) Poultice
Infusion of pulverized roots used for lung hemorrhages. (83:32) Chip- of chewed roots used for pain and swelling of sprained or swollen ar
pewa Dermatological Aid Poultice of moistened, dried, powdered eas. (111:67) Poultice of pulped root applied to rheumatic swellings.
root applied to cuts or itches. (53:350) Poultice of dried, pounded Blood Medicine Decoction of root taken as a blood purifier. Burn
root applied to ulcers and swellings. (53:354,366) Costanoan Urinary Dressing Poultice of pulped root applied to burns. (180:131,132) Der
Aid Decoction of plant used for urinary problems. (21:11) Dakota matological Aid Roots used for the astringent properties. (167:317)
Dermatological Aid Poultice of crushed, green leaves applied to boils Poultice of pulped root applied to bruises and swellings. (180:131,
to draw out pus. (70:77) Delaware Blood Medicine Root used as a 132) Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots taken, or raw, peeled
blood purifier. Liver Aid Root used for jaundice. (176:33) Delaware, roots eaten for stomach disorders. Tonic Roots used for the tonic
Oklahoma Blood Medicine Root used as a blood purifier. Liver Aid properties. (167:317) Decoction of root taken as a general tonic.
Root used for jaundice. (175:28,78) Iroquois Antidiarrheal Com Venereal Aid Decoction of root taken for venereal disease. (180:131,
pound decoction of roots taken for diarrhea with blood. (87:311) 132) Paiute, Northern Dermatological Aid Roots ground into a pow
Antirheumatic (External) Stalks cooked as greens and used for rheu der and used on sores and cuts. (59:128) Rappahannock Blood Medi
matism. (124:93) Blood Medicine Compound decoction taken as cine An ingredient of a blood medicine. (161:31) Shoshoni Analgesic
blood medicine when "blood is bad from scrofula." Cathartic Decoc Poultice of pulped root applied to rheumatic pains. Antirheumatic
tion taken as a physic for general bowel trouble and intestinal colds. (External) Poultice of pulped root applied to rheumatic swellings.
Dermatological Aid Infusion taken and poultice used for swellings Blood Medicine Decoction of root taken as a blood purifier. Burn
caused by blood catching cold. (87:312) Dietary Aid Decoction of Dressing Poultice of pulped root applied to burns. Cathartic Decoc
roots taken "when one can't eat." Emetic Decoction of plants taken tion of root taken as a physic. Dermatological Aid Poultice of pulped
as an emetic before running or playing lacrosse. Gastrointestinal Aid root applied to bruises and swellings. Liver Aid Decoction of root
Decoction of roots taken for intestinal colds, cramps, or abdominal taken for liver complaints. Tonic Decoction of root taken as a general
pains. Decoction of roots taken for upset stomach. Poultice used for tonic. Venereal Aid Decoction of root taken for venereal disease. (180:
swollen body from yellow fever, abdominal cramps, and pains. (87: 131,132) Thompson Cough Medicine Plant used as a cough medi
311) Hemorrhoid Remedy Compound decoction of plant taken and cine. (187:239) Yavapai Cough Medicine Decoction of tubers taken
used as a wash for piles. Hemostat Used for bleeding. (87:312) Kidney for coughs. Dermatological AidDned, pulverized tubers used for
Aid Decoction of plants taken for kidney trouble. (87:311) Love Medi sores. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of tubers taken for stomach
cine Decoction used as a wash for face, hands, and clothes as love ache. PediatricAidDned, pulverized tubers used for babies with
 Catalog of Plants 497

chafed skin. Throat Aid Decoction of tubers gargled for sore throat. 357) Mahuna Cough Medicine Infusion of roots used as a gargle for
Toothache Remedy Fresh or boiled tuber placed against gum or tooth coughs. Throat Aid Infusion of roots used as a gargle for sore throats.
or decoction held in mouth for toothaches. Venereal Aid Decoction (140:17) Navajo Unspecified Plant used for medicine. (110:30) Nava
of tuber used as wash and powder applied for gonorrhea. (65:261) jo, Kayenta Panacea Plant used as a life medicine. (205:20) Navajo,
Yuki Antidiarrheal Infusion of seeds taken by adults and babies for Ramah Ceremonial Medicine Cold infusion of root used as a ceremo
dysentery. Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves and seeds applied nial medicine. Gynecological Aid Cold infusion of root used as a lact-
to sores. PediatricAid Infusion of seeds taken by adults and babies agogue on breasts. Veterinary Aid Cold infusion of root used as a
for dysentery. (49:46) Zuni Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered galactagogue on breasts of goats. (191:24) Paiute Burn Dressing
root applied to sores, rashes, and skin infections. Infusion of root Dried, powdered root used on burns. Dermatological Aid Dried, pow
used for athlete's foot infection. (27:378) dered root used on sores. (118:44) Papago Dermatological Aid Poul
• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves and stems mixed with other tice of pulverized, dried root applied to sores. (34:64,65) Poultice of
greens, parboiled, rinsed, and cooked in hot grease as a potherb. dried and ground roots applied to sores. (34:65) Throat Aid Pow
(126:53) Young leaves cooked with sochan (Rudbeckia laciniata), dered root eaten or piece of root held in mouth for sore throat. (34:64,
creaseys (probably Lepidium virginicum), and other greens and eat 65) Dried and pounded root taken for sore throats. (34:64) Pawnee
en. (204:253) Cheyenne Unspecified Stems peeled and inner portions Antidiarrheal Root used for diarrhea. (70:77) Pima Cold Remedy Root
eaten raw. (83:32) Cocopa Unspecified Seeds gathered and eaten. (37: chewed for colds. Cough Medicine Root chewed for coughs. Derma
188) Costanoan Staple Seeds used for pinole. Vegetable Leaves used tological Aid Poultice of roots applied or decoction of roots used as
for greens. (21:249) Havasupai Vegetable Leaves boiled and eaten. wash for skin sores. (47:51) Poultice of dried, powdered root applied
(197:217) Young, fresh, tender leaves boiled, drained, balled into in to sores. (146:80) OralAidRoot held in the mouth for sore gums.
dividual portions, and served. (197:66) Iroquois Vegetable Stalks eat Throat AidRoot chewed or decoction of roots used as a gargle for
en as greens in spring. (124:93) Young leaves, before the stem ap sore throats. (47:51) Unspecified Roots used for medicine. (95:264)
peared, cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper, or butter. (196:117) ► Food—Cahuilla Vegetable Crisp, juicy stalks eaten as greens. (15:134)
Isleta Vegetable Leaves eaten as greens. (100:42) Kawaiisu Porridge Hualapai Beverage Stems, before the buds bloom, boiled into a drink.
Seeds parched with hot coals, pounded, and cooked to the consis (195:53) Kawaiisu Porridge Seeds parched with hot coals, pounded,
tency of "thick gravy." Unspecified Stems boiled with sugar or roast and cooked to the consistency of "thick gravy." Unspecified Stems
ed, inner pulp pushed out of the burned skin, and eaten hot or cold. boiled with sugar, or roasted, inner pulp pushed out of the burned
(206:60) Mendocino Indian Porridge Seeds used to make mush. Veg skin and eaten hot or cold. (206:60) Navajo Porridge Seeds used to
etableleaves used as greens in food. (41:345) Mohave Vegetable make mush. UnspecifiedLeaves roasted in ashes or boiled and served
Leaves boiled and eaten as greens. (37:201) Mohegan Vegetable Com with butter or chopped and fried with mutton grease. (110:30) Veg
bined with pigweed, mustard, plantain, and nettle and used as mixed etable Stems baked and eaten. (55:43) Papago Vegetable Leaves eaten
greens. (176:83) Montana Indian Unspecified Seeds used for food. as greens in spring. (34:14) Roasted in ashes and eaten as greens. (34:
Vegetable Spring leaves used for "greens." (19:22) Omaha Unspecified 46) Greens used for food. (36:61) Pima Bread & CakeSeeds formerly
Boiled leaves used for food. (70:77) Paiute, Northern Bread & Cake roasted, ground, added to water to form flat cakes, baked, and eaten.
Seeds soaked in water, ground into a doughy flour, and baked in the (47:51) Candy Roots used for chewing gum by school girls. (95:265)
sand. Starvation Food Roots pit baked in the winter when food was Pie & Pudding Stems boiled, strained, flour added, combined with
scarce. (59:48) Pima Vegetable Leaves eaten as greens. (47:51) Pima, sugar, filled into pie crusts, baked, and eaten. (47:51) Unspecified
Gila River UnspecifiedLeaves boiled and eaten. (133:7) Yavapai Star Stalks formerly cooked or roasted, peeled, and insides eaten. (95:
vation Food Upper stalk roasted during food shortage. (65:258) 264) Stems roasted or stewed and used for food. Roots eaten raw by
• Dye—Cheyenne Unspecified Used to make a dye. (83:46) Yellow children in early spring. (146:77) Vegetable Young, succulent leaves
Leaves and stems boiled and used as a yellow dye. (76:172) Choctaw boiled or roasted and eaten as greens in spring. (47:51)
Yellow Pounded, dry roots boiled and used as a yellow dye. (25:14) • Dye—Hopi Unspecified Root used for dye. (42:357) Root used as an
Pima Yellow Roots pounded, boiled and used to make a yellow dye. important source of dye. (200:73) Hualapai Unspecified Roots used
(47:51) as a dye. (195:53) Navajo Brown Roots boiled and used to make a
medium brown dye for yarn. (47:51) Dried, ground roots used as a
Rumex giganteus Ait., Pa-wale
brown dye.71 Green Dried, ground roots used as a green dye.71 Orange
• Drug—Hawaiian Blood MedicinePlant used for purifying the blood.
Dried, ground roots used as an orange dye.71 Red Dried, ground roots
Heart Medicine Plant used for heart disease. Misc. Disease Remedy
used as a red dye.71 Yellow Fresh, crushed roots mixed with alum,
Plant used for leprosy. Reproductive Aid Plant used to condition the
made into soft paste, and rubbed into wool as a gold dye. Dried,
mother for pregnancy. Strengthener Plant used for general body
ground roots used as a yellow dye.71 (55:43) Navajo, Ramah Yellow-
weakness. Tuberculosis Remedy Plant used for consumption, (as
Brown Root used as a yellow-brown dye for wool. (191:24) Pima
Punex gigauteus 2:73)
Brown Dry roots crushed, placed in water, and used as a brown dye
Rumex hymenosepalusTon., Canaigre Dock for basket making. Red-Brown Dry roots crushed, placed in water,
• Drwg^-Arapaho Dermatological Aid Stems and leaves used in a wash and used as a brownish red dye for tanning hides. Yellow Dry roots
for sores. (118:44) Hopi Cold Remedy Plant used for colds. (200:34,73) crushed, placed in water, and used as a yellow dye for basket mak
Dermatological Aid Plant used for ant bites and infected cuts. (42: ing. (47:51)
498 Rumex hymenosepalus (Polygonaceae)

• Other—Cahuilla Hide Preparation Roots used in tanning hides. (15: • Food—-Kawaiisu Porridge Seeds parched with hot coals, pounded,
134) Hualapai Hide Preparation Roots used in tanning hides. (195: and cooked to the consistency of "thick gravy." Unspecified Stems
53) Navajo, Kayenta Ceremonial /terns Pollen sprinkled on ceremo boiled with sugar, or roasted, inner pulp pushed out of the burned
nial equipment. (205:20) skin and eaten hot or cold. (206:60) Klamath Unspecified Seeds used
for food. (45:95) Montana Indian Unspecified Seeds used for food.
Rumex maritimus L, Golden Dock
Vegetable Spring leaves used for "greens." (19:22)
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant taken
for bloat, (as Kfueginus 205:20)
Rumex salicifoliusxar. mexicanus (Meisn.) c. L. Hitchc, Mexi
• Food—Navajo, Kayenta Porridge Seeds made into a mush and used
can Dock
for food, (as R. fueginus 205:20)
• Drug—Apache, White Mountain Gynecological Aid Infusion of
Rumex obtusifolius L, Bitter Dock leaves taken by childless women to become pregnant. Throat Aid
• Drug—Chippewa Dermatological Aid and Pediatric Aid Infusion of Infusion of leaves used for sore throats, (as R. mexicanus 136:160)
root applied, especially to children, for skin eruptions. (53:350) Dela Blackfoot Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of plant used for swel
ware Blood Medicine Root used as a blood purifier. Liver Aid Root lings. Panacea Decoction of plant used for many complaints, (as R.
used for jaundice. (176:33) Delaware, Oklahoma Blood Medicine mexicanus 97:34) Cree, Woodlands Antirheumatic (External) Decoc
Root used as a blood purifier. Liver Aid Root used for jaundice. (175: tion of whole plant applied externally to painful joints, (as R. mexi
28,78) Iroquois Blood Medicine Compound decoction of roots taken canus 109:58) Houma Abortifacient Decoction of white root used to
for blood disorders and as a blood purifier. (87:313) Contraceptive regulate menstruation. Febrifuge Decoction of red root taken for
Used as a contraceptive. (87:312) Gynecological Aid Used to stop fever. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for intestinal dis
menses. (87:313) Pediatric Aid and Pulmonary Aid Decoction of root orders. Liver Aid Decoction of plant taken for liver trouble. Infusion
given to children for whooping cough. (87:312) Tonic Compound de of yellow root in gin taken for jaundice, (as R. mexicana 158:56,57)
coction taken as a blood medicine and tonic. (87:313) Keres, Western Burn Dressmg Poultice of crushed roots or paste of
• Food—Saanich UnspecifiedYoung stems cooked and used for food. burned, ground roots and water used for burns, (as R. mexicanus
(182:85) 171:67) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine and Emetic Whole plant
used as a ceremonial emetic. Panacea Root used as a "life medicine."
Rumex orbiculatus Gray, Greater Water Dock
(as R. mexicanus 191:24) Zuni Reproductive Aid Strong infusion of
• Drwg—Cree, Woodlands Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of
root made and given to women by their husbands to help them to
whole plant applied externally to painful joints. (109:58) Meskwaki
become pregnant. A strong infusion of root was made by the hus
Antidote Decoction of root taken as an antidote for poison, (as R. bri-
band of a childless wife and given to her morning, noon, sunset, and
tanica 152:237) Potawatomi Blood Medicine Root used as a blood
bedtime for a month to help her to become pregnant. If the medicine
purifier, (as R. britannica 154:73)
did not work, it was because the wife's heart was not good, (as R.
Rumex patientia L, Patience Dock mexicanus 166:85) Throat Aid Ground root or infusion taken for sore
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion taken for dysentery. Blood throat, especially by sword-swallower. (as R. mexicanus 166:59)
Medicine Infusion of root taken "for blood." Dermatological Aid Juice • Food—Cochiti Vegetableleaves used as greens, (as R. mexicanus
and infusion of root used as poultice and salve for various skin prob 32:50)
lems. Kidney Aid Infusion of root taken "to correct fluids." Laxative • Dye—Houma Unspecified Roots used to make a dye for cane and
Infusion of root used for constipation. Throat Aidleaves rubbed in palmetto splints in baskets, (as R. mexicana 158:56)
mouth for sore throat. Veterinary Aid Beaten roots fed to horses for • Other—Keres, Western Fuel Crushed, dried roots used as tinder, (as
"sick stomach." (80:32) R. mexicanus 171:67)

Rumex paucifoliusNutt, Fewleaved Dock

Rumex s\>., Dock
• Food—Klamath Unspecified Leaves and stems eaten fresh. Ripe
• Drug—Cowlitz Dermatological Aid Decoction of stalks used as an
seeds used for food, (as R. geyeri 45:95) Montana Indian Vegetable
antiseptic wash for leg sores. Disinfectant Decoction of stalks used
Herbage eaten raw. (as R. geyeri 19:22)
as an antiseptic wash for leg sores. (79:29) Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut
Rumex salicifolius Weinm., Willow Dock Dermatological AidPlant "widely recognized as an effective astrin
• Drug-—Blackfoot Dermatological Aid Boiled root used for many gent." (122:31) Iroquois Antidiarrheal Infusion of grains with other
complaints, generally for swellings. (114:274) Gosiute Blood Medicine plant segments used for diarrhea. (141:41) Antihemorrhagic Infusion
Roots used as a blood medicine. Cathartic Decoction of roots used of mature grains used for hemorrhages. (142:85) Luiseno Unspecified
for severe constipation. (39:380) Kawaiisu Analgesic Mashed roots Decoction of roots used for medicinal purposes. (155:233)
used as a salve on sore limbs. DermatologicalAidDried, pounded • Food—Algonquin, Quebec Substitution Food Used as substitute for
roots used as powder on sores and plant salve used on cuts. Gastro rhubarb in pies or added to water and the solution used as a salt
intestinal Aid Infusion of roots taken for stomachaches. Misc. Disease substitute. (18:84) Chehalis Unspecified Green stalks of large plants
Remedy Mashed roots used as a salve for chickenpox. Orthopedic Aid cooked over maple and cedar limbs on hot rocks and used for food.
Mashed roots used as a salve on sore limbs. Unspecified Stems, seeds, (79:29) Pima, Gila River Vegetable Leaves boiled or boiled, strained,
and roots used as medicine. (206:60) refried, and eaten as greens.11 (133:5)
 Catalog of Plants 499

Rumex venosus Pursh, Veiny Dock Ruta chalepensis L, Fringed Rue

• Drug-Arapaho Dermatological Aid Stems and leaves used as a • Drug—Costanoan Cough Medicine Decoction of plant used for
wash for sores. (121:47) Lakota Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots coughs. Ear Medicine Heated leaves placed inside the ear for ear
given to women to expel the afterbirth. (139:55) Paiute Analgesic De aches. Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used for stomach pain. Orthopedic
coction of roots taken for stomachaches. Antidiarrheal Decoction of Aid Plant used for paralysis. (21:22) Diegueno Ear Medicine Mashed
root taken for diarrhea. Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of root leaves wrapped in a piece of cotton and placed in the ear for ear
taken for rheumatism. Blood Medicine Decoction of roots taken as a aches. (84:39)
blood purifier or tonic. (180:132,133) Burn DressingPowdered roots
Ruta graveolens L, Common Rue
dusted on burns. (121:47) Poultice of dried or raw roots applied and
• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Decoction of top or leaves boiled
decoction used as a wash for burns. Cold Remedy Decoction of root
into a syrup and taken for worms. Orthopedic Aid Added to whisky
taken for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken for coughs.
and taken for palsy. PoulticeUsed as poultice for gangrenous parts.
(180:132,133) Dermatological Aid Powdered roots dusted on impeti
Sedative Added to whisky' and taken for hysterics. (80:53) Diegueno
go. (121:47) Poultice of root applied or decoction used as a wash for
Ear Medicine Sprig put in the ear for an earache. Gastrointestinal Aid
wounds, sores, and swellings. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root
Infusion of leaves taken for stomachaches. (88:218)
taken for stomachaches, stomach trouble, and gallbladder trouble.
Kidney Aid Decoction of root taken for kidney disorders. Misc. Dis
ease Remedy Decoction of roots taken for influenza. Pulmonary Aid
Decoction of root taken for pneumonia. Tonic Decoction of root tak Sabal Arecaceae
en as a blood purifier or tonic. Venereal Aid Simple or compound de Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers., Dwarf Palmetto
coction of root taken for venereal disease. Shoshoni Blood Medicine • Drug—Houma Eye Medicine Crushed, small root
Decoction of roots taken as a blood purifier or tonic. Burn Dressing juice rubbed into sore eyes as a counterirritant.
Poultice of dried or raw roots applied and decoction used as a wash Hypotensive Decoction of dried root taken for
for burns. (180:132,133) Caf/iarf/c Decoction of whole plant taken as high blood pressure. Kidney Aid Decoction of
a physic. (118:42) Dermatological Aid Poultice of root applied or de root taken for kidney trouble, (as S. adansonii
coction used as a wash for wounds, sores, and swellings. Tonic De 158:55,56) Stimulant Decoction of dried root taken for "swimming
coction of root taken as a blood purifier or tonic. Venereal Aid De in head." (as S. adansonii 158:55)
coction of root taken for venereal disease. (180:132,133) • Food—Houma Bread & Cake Fresh root slices baked and eaten as
• Food—San Felipe UnspeciftedYoung stems eaten like rhubarb. bread, (as S. adansonii 158:55)
(32:50)
Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J. A. & J. H. Schultes, Cabbage
• Dye—Cheyenne Red Roots and dried leaves boiled and used as a red
Palmetto
dye. (76:172) Unspecified Used to make a dye. (83:46) Yellow Roots
• Drug—Seminole Analgesic, Dietary Aid, and Febrifuge Berries or
and dried leaves boiled and used as a yellow dye. (76:172) Great Basin
seeds used for grass sickness: low fever, headache, and weight loss.
Indian Orange Peeled root used to make a burnt orange dye. The pro
(169:242)
cedure involved was described by children at the Wind River Com
• Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:506)
munity Day School as follows: "We break the roots into inch pieces.
• Fiber—-Seminole Building Material Plant used to make houses.
We then spread them out very thin on papers. We place them in the
(169:506)
sun. We let it get very dry. After it is very dry we put it into water. We
• Other—Seminole Cooking Tools Plant used to make food paddles.
let it soak for a few days. We then boil it in the water it has soaked in.
Plant used to make skin drying frames and potato drying mats.
After it has boiled a long time we put some alum in it. This sets the
Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make arrows, hunting dance
color." (121:47)
staffs, fish drags, and fish poison. Toys & Games Plant used to make
Rumex verticillatus L, Swamp Dock ball sticks. (169:506)
• Drug—€hoctaw Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of leaves used in
bath to prevent smallpox. (25:23) Infusion of leaves used as a bath to Sabatia, Gentianaceae
prevent smallpox. (177:21) Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh, Rose Pink
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic and Gynecological Aid Infusion taken for
Rumex violascens Rech. f., Violet Dock
periodic pains. (80:53)
• Food—Pima, Gila River Unspecified Leaves boiled and eaten. (133:7)
Sabatia campanulata (L) Torr., Slender Rosegentian
Ruppia, Potamogetonaceae • Drug—Seminole Analgesic, Antidiarrheal, Eye Medicine, and Febri-
Ruppia sp., Sea Grass fuge Infusion of roots taken for sun sickness: eye disease, headache,
• Food—Seri Staple Seeds made into a meal. (50:134) high fever, and diarrhea. (169:206)

Rutaceae, see Citrus, Cneoridium, Fortunella, Melicope, Pelea, Saccharum, Poaceae

Ptelea, Rutat Thamnosma, Zanthoxylum
Saccharum officinarum L, Sugarcane
Ruta, Rutaceae • Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:471)
500 Sadleria cyatheoides (Blechnaceae)

Sadleria, Blechnaceae, fern and eaten as medicine. (139:26) Meskwaki Forage Muskrats gatherec
Sadleria cyatheoides Kaulfuss, Amaumau Fern these corms for winter store of food and found to save the trouble of
• Drug—Hawaiian Dermatological AidPlant and other ingredients digging. Winter Use Food Boiled, sliced potatoes strung on a piece of
pounded, squeezed, and the resulting juice applied to boils and basswood string and hung for winter supply. (152:254) Omaha Un-
pimples. Pulmonary Aid Shoots and other ingredients used for lung specifiedTubers cooked as a farinaceous food. (68:325) Roasted or
troubles. Respiratory Aid Infusion of powdered inner bark and other boiled tubers used for food. Pawnee Unspecified Roasted or boiled
ingredients taken for asthma and kindred troubles. (2:16) tubers used for food. (70:65) Porno Unspecified Potato-like tubers
• Food—Hawaiian Beverage Plant powdered and used to make a bev eaten. (11:89) Potawatomi UnspecifiedPlant, growing along the
erage similar to coffee or tea. (2:16) streams and lakes, used as food by many tribes. Several days were
required to cook the potatoes properly. The potatoes were cooked in
Sagittaria, Alismataceae a hole 6 feet deep. Thus, an article, unfit to eat raw, was made very
Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, Arumleaf Arrowhead nutritious and very palatable. (154:94) Vegetable Potatoes, deer meat,
• Drug—Cheyenne UnspecifiedLeaves used as an ingredient in a and maple sugar made a very tasty dish. Winter Use Food Boiled,
medicinal mixture. Veterinary Aid Dried leaves given to horses for sliced potatoes strung on a string and hung for storage and winter
urinary troubles or put into sore mouth. (83:6) Chippewa Unspeci use. (154:95) Thompson Dried Food Cooked root, dried, soaked, and
fied Plant characterized as having some medicinal uses, (as S. arifo- used with fish for food. Unspecified Cooked roots used for food. (187:
lia 71:124) Navajo Analgesic Plant used for headaches, (as S. arifolia 112) Winnebago Unspecified Roasted or boiled tubers used for food.
55:24) Ojibwa Gastrointestinal Aid Corms eaten for indigestion, (as (70:65)

S. arifolia 153:353) UnspecifiedUsed as a medicine for humans. Vet • Other—Cocopa Toys & Games Tubers used in gambling games. (37:
erinary AidUsed as a medicine for horses, (as S. arifolia 153:396) 207) Iroquois Fertilizer Decoction of root used as a corn medicine,
• Food—Klamath UnspecifiedRootstocks used for food, (as S. arifolia when starting to plant corn. (87:273) Potawatomi Hunting & Fishing
45:90) Menominee Winter Use Food Boiled, sliced potatoes strung Item Favorite food with ducks and geese and planted by hunting
on a string for winter use. (as S. arifolia 151:61) Montana Indian Un- clubs to attract these birds. (154:94)
specifiedTubers eaten raw or boiled, (as S. arifolia 19:22) Ojibwa For
Sagittaria latifoliawmd.vai. latifolia, Broadleaf Arrowhead
age Recognized as a favorite food of ducks and geese. Staple Corms,
• Food—Omaha Vegetable Bulbs boiled and eaten as vegetables, (as
a most valued food, boiled fresh, dried, or candied with maple sugar.
S.variabilis 58:341)
Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches, which the Indians
learned to recognize and appropriate, (as S. arifolia 153:396) Paiute, Sagittaria sp., Arrowhead
Northern Unspecified Roots used for food. (59:44) • Drag^-Algonquin, Quebec Tuberculosis Remedy Root used for tuber
culosis. (18:133)
Sagittaria lancifolia L, Bulltongue Arrowhead
• Food—Algonquin, Quebec Unspecified Species used for food. (18:73)
• Dnig^-Seminole Dermatological AidPlant used for alligator bites.
Cheyenne Unspecified Stalk, below the blossom, peeled and eaten
(169:298)
raw. (76:170) Dakota Unspecified Boiled tubers peeled and used for
Sagittaria latifoliaWM., Broadleaf Arrowhead food. (69:358) Great Basin Indian UnspecifiedTwbexs ground and
• Drug—Cherokee Febrifuge and Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves giv eaten. (121:46)
en, one sip, and used to bathe feverish baby. (80:23) Chippewa Gas
Salicaceae, see Populus, Salix
trointestinal AidMusion ofroot taken for indigestion. (53:342) Un-
specifiedPtent characterized as having some medicinal uses. (71:124)
Salicorniciy Chenopodiaceae
Iroquois Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of plant taken for rheu
Salicornia maritima Wolff & Jefferies, Slender Glasswort
matism. Dermatological Aid Compound decoction taken for "boils
• Food—Gosiute Bread & Cake Seeds ground into a meal and used to
around the abdomen of children." Compound decoction used as a
make a "sweet bread." (as S. herbacea 39:380)
wash on parts affected by "Italian itch." Laxative Compound decoc
tion taken for constipation, Pediatric Aid Compound decoction tak Salicornia virginica L, Virginia Glasswort
en for "boils around the abdomen of children." (87:273) Infusion of • Drug—Heiltzuk Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Plant used
whole plant and rhizomes from another plant given to children who for arthritic pain, rheumatism, aches, pain, and swelling. (43:91)
scream during the night. (141:65) Lakota Unspecified Roots used for • Food—Salish, Coast Unspecified Fleshy stems used for food. (182:80)
food and eaten as medicine. (139:26) Potawatomi Dermatological
Aid Poultice of pounded corms applied to wounds and sores. (154: Salix, Salicaceae
37) Thompson Love Medicine Plant used as a love charm and for Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville, FeltleafWillow
"witchcraft." (187:112) • Food—Alaska Native Dietary Aid Young, tender leaves and shoots
• Food—Chippewa Dried Food "Potatoes" at the end of the roots dried, used as sources for vitamin C. Snack Food Inner bark eaten raw with
boiled, and used for food. (53:319) Cocopa Unspecified Tubers baked, seal oil and sugar as a winter tidbit. Unspecified Leaves used for food.
peeled, and eaten whole or mashed. (37:207) Dakota Unspecified Young, new shoots eaten raw or dipped in seal oil. (85:59) Eskimo,
Roasted or boiled tubers used for food. (70:65) Klamath Unspecified Alaska Unspecified Leaf tips eaten raw with seal oil in early spring.
Species used for food. (45:90) Lakota Unspecified Roots used for food (1:34) Eskimo, Inupiat Sweetener Flowers sucked by children for the
 Catalog of Plants 501

sweet nectar. Unspecified Leaf buds used for food. Tender, new shoots inner bark applied to a deep cut. (109:58) Menominee Unspecified
peeled and eaten. Juice sucked from the stem. Juicy cambium, tasted Plant used medicinally, (as S. rostrata 151:52) Okanagan-Colville
like watermelon or cucumber, used for food. Tiny, green leaves used DermatologicalAid Poultice of inner cambium and powdered tree
for food. (98:7) fungus applied to serious cuts. Gynecological Aid Shredded inner
• Other—Eskimo, Alaska Smoke Plant Plant gathered in late summer, bark used for sanitary napkins to "heal a woman's insides." Decoc
burned to ashes, and added to chewing tobacco. SnujfPfant gathered tion of branches taken by women for several months after childbirth
in late summer, burned to ashes, and added to snuff. (1:34) to increase the blood flow. Hemostat Poultice of bark and sap applied
as a wad to bleeding wounds. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of damp inner
SallX alba L, White Willow
bark applied to the skin over a broken bone. Pediatric Aid Decoction
• Drwg^-Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken to check bow
of branches taken by women after childbirth and helped the baby
els. DermatologicalAid Decoction or infusion of bark used as a wash
through the breast milk. (188:136)
to make the hair grow. Bark used as a poultice. Febrifuge Infusion
• Fiber—Cree, Woodlands Basketry Stems used to rim birch bark bas
taken for fever. Respiratory Aid Root chewed by ballplayers "for
kets. (109:58) Okanagan-Colville Clothing Bark twisted into cord and
wind." Throat Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for lost voice and root
used to make bags and dresses. Cordage Branches or bark twisted
chewed for hoarseness. (80:61) Decoction of inner bark taken for
into strong rope. Sewing Material Bark used for sewing birch bark
hoarseness. (177:12) Tonic Bark used as a tonic. (80:61)
onto basket frames. (188:136)
Saltx amygdaloides Anderss., PeachleafWillow • Other—Cree, Woodlands Containers Stems used to make a stopper
• Drwg-Cheyenne Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark shavings used for for a sturgeon skin jar. Cooking Tools Stems used to make a fish
diarrhea. (82:67) Infusion of bark taken for diarrhea. Ceremonial roasting stick. Fasteners Bark used to tie or fasten many things.72
Medicine Plant used in the Sun Dance ceremony. DermatologicalAid Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used to make bows and arrows. Bark
Poultice of bark applied to bleeding cuts. (83:37) Gastrointestinal Aid made into netting and used to catch fish. Tools Stems used to make
Infusion of bark shavings used for stomach ailments. (82:67) Hemo- a bead weaving loom. Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in
stat Poultice of bark applied to bleeding cuts. Panacea Infusion of sealing birchbark canoes. Toys & Games Branches used to make
bark taken for diarrhea and other ailments. (83:37) Okanagan-Col- whistles. (109:58) Okanagan-Colville Containers Bark twisted into
ville Orthopedic Aid Decoction of branch tips used for soaking the cord and used to make bags and dresses. Fasteners Bark twisted into
feet and legs for cramps. (188:135) cord and used to tie things together. (188:136)
• Fiber—Cheyenne Building Material Branches used to build sweat
lodges. Furniture Young twigs made into cages and used to carry Salix bonplandiana Kunth, Red Willow
children on travois. Slender shoots bound with sinew and used as • Drwg^-Costanoan Febrifuge Bark used for fevers, (as S. laevigata

backrests. Mats, Rugs & BeddingWood made into mattresses and 21:21) Kawaiisu Antidiarrheal Infusion of roots taken for diarrhea,

used to keep beds above the ground. (83:37) Gosiute Basketry Wood (as S. laevigata 206:61)

used to make baskets, fish weirs, and water jugs. (39:380) Ute Bas • Food—-Kawaiisu Candy Sticky, sweet substance relished like candy

ketry Used in basketry. (38:36) and honey, (as S. laevigata 206:61)

• Other—Cheyenne Cooking Tools Branches used to make meat dry • Fiber—Havasupai Basketry Young shoots used for basketry. Building

ing racks. Musical InstrumentWood used to make drums. Paint MaterialWood used for fence posts and as fuel for fires. (197:214)

Charcoal used as a black paint for Sun Dancers. Tools Sticks bent and Karok Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Twigs used as warp

used to remove hair from hides. (83:37) Gosiute ContainersWfood sticks, (as S. laevigata 148:381) Kawaiisu Basketry Young, green stems

used to make baskets and water jugs. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make baskets. Building Materialised in house construction.

used to make fish weirs. (39:380) Used as the poles for the winter house and sweat house construc
tion. Furniture Used to make the oval and Y-shaped cradles, (as S.
Salix arbusculoides Anderss., Littletree Willow
laevigata 206:61)
• Drug—Eskimo, Inuktitut DermatologicalAid Poultice of shredded,
• Other—Havasupai Fuel Wood used for fence posts and as fuel for
inner bark applied to skin sores. (202:186) Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut
fires. (197:214) Karok Protection Used as a protective charm by those
DermatologicalAid Poultice of inner bark applied to sores. EyeMedi-
ferrying turbulent waters, (as S. laevigata 148:381) Kawaiisu Con-
cme Leaves placed in the corners of watery eyes. Oral Aid Leaves
tainersTwigs with leaves used as "wrappers" to hold buckeye nuts
chewed for sore mouth. (122:30)
and fish. Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make the bows and arrows
Salix babylonica L, Weeping Willow for hunting small game and birds. Smoking ToolsTwigs with leaves
• Dm^-Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken to check bow used as "wrappers" to hold tobacco. Tools Used to make long needles
els. Dermatological Aid Decoction or infusion of bark used as a wash for sewing tule into mats. Toys & Games Split stems used to make
to make the hair grow. Bark used as a poultice. Febrifuge Infusion clappers and whistles, (as S. laevigata 206:61)
taken for fever. Respiratory Aid Root chewed by ballplayers "for
Salix Candida Fluegge ex Willd., SageleafWillow
wind." Throat Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for lost voice and root
• Drwg^-Meskwaki Unspecified Compound used as a medicine. (152:
chewed for hoarseness. Tonic Bark used as a tonic. (80:61)
245) Ojibwa Gastrointestinal AidPlant used for stomach troubles.
Salix bebbiana Sarg., Bebb Willow Sedative Plant used for trembling. Stimulant Plant used for fainting.
• Drag—Cree, Woodlands Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed root UnspecifiedBaxk used for medicinal purposes. (135:243) Ojibwa,
502 Salix Candida (Salicaceae)

South Cough Medicine Decoction of inner bark taken for coughs. bark used as a bath for hot feet, (as S. amphibia 169:288) Other^ De
(91:200) coction of bark taken for menstruation sickness: yellow eyes and
skin, weakness, and shaking head.13 (as S. amphibia 169:247) Plant
Salix caroliniana Michx., Coastal Plain Willow used for lightning sickness, (as S. amphibia 169:305) Preventive Med
• Drug—Houma Blood Medicine Decoction of roots and bark taken icine Plant made into medicine and used to prevent the new moth
for "feebleness" due to thin blood. Febrifuge Decoction of roots and er's condition from contaminating the camp, (as S. amphibia 169:
bark taken for fever, (as S. longipes 158:60) Seminole Analgesic Infu 325) Respiratory Aid Plant used for lion sickness: panting, staring,
sion of bark taken as an emetic for rainbow sickness: fever, stiff neck, and tongue hanging out. Stimulant Plant used for lion sickness:
and backache, (as S. amphibia 169:210) Infusion of bark taken as an panting, staring, and tongue hanging out. (as S. amphibia 169:232)
emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache, and diar Infusion of bark taken and used as a bath for menstruation sickness:
rhea, (as S. amphibia 169:213) Infusion of plant taken by men for lassitude, laziness, and weakness.73 Strengthener Infusion of bark
menstruation sickness: stomachache, headache, and body soreness, taken and used as a bath for menstruation sickness: lassitude, lazi
(as S. amphibia 169:248) Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken as an ness, and weakness.73 (as S. amphibia 169:244) Decoction of bark
emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache, and diar taken for menstruation sickness: yellow eyes and skin, weakness,
rhea, (as S. amphibia 169:213) Antirheumatic (External) Plant used and shaking head.13 (as S. amphibia 169:247) Unspecified Plant used
for fire sickness: fever and body aches, (as S. amphibia 169:203) Cold for medicinal purposes, (as S, amphibia 169:161) Plant used medici
infusion of plant used as a bath for body aches, (as S. amphibia 169: nally, (as 5. amphibia 169:164) Vertigo Medicine Infusion of bark tak
215) Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of plant taken by men for en as an emetic for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache, and
menstruation sickness: stomachache, headache, and body soreness, diarrhea, (as S. amphibia 169:213)
(as S. amphibia 169:248) Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken for • Other—Seminole Toys & Games Plant used to make ball sticks, (as S.
menstruation sickness: yellow eyes and skin, weakness, and shaking amphibia 169:492)
head.13 (as S. amphibia 169:247) Ceremonial MedicinePlant used as
Salix cordata Michx., HeartleafWillow
a ceremonial emetic, (as S. amphibia 169:163) Bark used as an emet
• Drug—Malecite Dermatological Aid Bark placed in hot water and
ic in purification after funerals, at doctor's school, and after death of
used for blisters. (116:251) Dietary Aid Infusion of bark used for stim
patient, (as S. amphibia 169:167) Roots taken by students in medical
ulating the appetite. (116:253) Micmac Cold Remedy Bark used for
training, (as S. amphibia 169:95) DermatologicalAidPlant used for
colds and to stimulate the appetite. Dermatological Aid Bark used
gunshot wounds, (as S. amphibia 169:302) Emetic Decoction of plant
for blisters. DietaryAidBark used to stimulate the appetite. (40:61)
and other plants taken as an emetic by doctors to strengthen his in
Thompson Dermatological Aid Poultice of fresh bark applied to
ternal medicine, (as S. amphibia 169:145) Bark used as an emetic to
bruises and skin eruptions. (164:471)
"clean the insides." (as S. amphibia 169:167) Infusion of bark taken
as an emetic for rainbow sickness: fever, stiff neck, and backache, (as Salix discolorMuhl, Pussywillow
S. amphibia 169:210) Infusion of bark taken as an emetic for thunder • Drug—Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Gynecological Aid Infusion of
sickness: fever, dizziness, headache, and diarrhea, (as S. amphibia young branches used to start lactation. Throat Aid Inner bark pow
169:213) Bark used as an emetic, (as S. amphibia 169:288) Infusion of dered, made into a paste, and applied to "sick" throats. (132:130)
plant taken as an emetic to vomit the object the witch "shot" into the Blackfoot Analgesic Decoction of new twigs taken as a painkiller.
body, (as S. amphibia 169:398) Infusion of roots taken as an emetic Febrifuge Decoction of new twigs taken for fevers. (97:28) Cree,
during religious ceremonies, (as S. amphibia 169:408) Eye Medicine Woodlands Antidiarrheal Infusion of inner bark taken for diarrhea.
Infusion of inner bark taken and used as a bath for mist sickness: eye (109:58) Iroquois Emetic Compound decoction taken to vomit dur
disease, fever, and chills, (as S. amphibia 169:209) Febrifuge Plant ing initial stages of consumption, and to reduce loneliness. Hemor-
used for fire sickness: fever and body aches, (as S. amphibia 169:203) rhoid Remedy Infusion of bark used for bleeding piles. Psychological
Plant used for dance fire sickness: fever, (as S. amphibia 169:206) In Aid Compound decoction taken to vomit to reduce loneliness. Tuber
fusion of inner bark taken and used as a bath for mist sickness: eye culosis Remedy Compound decoction taken to vomit during initial
disease, fever, and chills, (as S. amphibia 169:209) Infusion of bark stages of consumption. (87:294) Ojibwa Gastrointestinal Aid Plant
taken as an emetic for rainbow sickness: fever, stiff neck, and back used for stomach troubles. Sedative Plant used for trembling. Stimu
ache, (as S. amphibia 169:210) Infusion of bark taken as an emetic lant Plant used for fainting. Unspecified Bark used for medicinal pur
for thunder sickness: fever, dizziness, headache, and diarrhea, (as poses. (135:243) Potawatomi/feraostar Decoction of root bark used
S. amphibia 169:213) Plant used as a fever medicine, (as 5. amphibia for hemorrhages. (154:81,82) Panacea Bark used as a universal rem
169:283) Bark used for fevers, (as 5. amphibia 169:288) Gastrointesti edy. (154:81)
nal Aid Infusion of plant taken by men for menstruation sickness: • Fiber—Cree, Woodlands Basketry Stems used to rim birch bark bas
stomachache, headache, and body soreness, (as S. amphibia 169: kets. Cordage Bark used to make rope. (109:58)
248) Hunting Medicine Infusion of roots used as a hunting medicine • Dye—Blackfoot Red Spring buds used to make a red dye. (97:32)
to increase hunting luck, (as S. amphibia 169:371) Love Medicine • Other—Cree, Woodlands Containers Stems used to make a stopper
Bark used as a medicine to prevent adultery, (as S. amphibia 169:249) for a sturgeon skin jar. Cooking Tools Stems used to make a fish roast
Oral Aid Plant used for lion sickness: panting, staring, and tongue ing stick. Fasteners Bark used to tie or fasten many things.72 Hunting
hanging out. (as S. amphibia 169:232) Orthopedic Aid Infusion of & Fishing Item Stems used to make bows and arrows. Bark made into
 Catalog of Plants 503

netting and used to catch fish. Tools Stems used to make a bead weav Salix gooddingii Ball, Goodding's Willow
ing loom. Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in sealing birch- • Drug—Pima Febrifuge Decoction of leaves and bark taken as a febri
bark canoes. Toys & Games Branches used to make whistles. (109:58) fuge. (47:108)
• Food—Cocopa & Yuma Unspecified Honeydew obtained from cut
Salix eriocephala Michx., Missouri River Willow
branches. (37:218) Mohave Beverage Young shoots used to make tea.
• Fiber—Ute Basketry Used in basketry, (as S. cordata38'36)
(37:201) Pima Unspecified Catkins eaten raw. (47:108) Yuma Bever
• Other—Lakota Walking Sticks Wood used to make canes and staffs,
age Leaves and twig bark steeped to make tea. Unspecified Bark eat
(as S. missouriensis 106:34)
en raw or cooked in hot ashes. (37:201)
Salix exigua Nutt., Sandbar Willow • Fiber—Cahuilla FurnitureWood used to make cradleboards. (15:
• Drug—Montana Indian Adjuvant Poles used for framework of 135) Pima BasketryUsed as foundations for outdoor storage baskets.
"sweat tepee" for colds and rheumatism. Antirheumatic (External) Mats, Rugs & BeddingBark used as padding in baby cradles. (47:108)
Poles used for framework of "sweat tepee" for rheumatism. Cold Sewing Material Small, green branches split in two, peeled, twisted,
Remedy Poles used for framework of "sweat tepee" for colds. Febri- dried, and used for sewing coiled baskets. (47:116)
fugeBark used for certain fevers. (19:22) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial • Other—Pima Containers Used to make bird cages. Hunting & Fish
Medicine and Emetic Decoction of leaves used as ceremonial emetic. ing Item Used to make bows. (47:108)
(191:22) Paiute, Northern Venereal Aid Decoction of dried roots tak
Salix hindsiana Benth., Hinds's Willow
en for venereal diseases. (59:128) Zuni Cough Medicine Infusion of
• Drug—Pomo, Kashaya Throat Aid Decoction of bark or leaves used
bark taken for coughs. Throat Aid Infusion of bark taken for sore
for sore throats. Infusion of leaves used for laryngitis. (72:118)
throat. (27:378)
• Food—Kawaiisu Candy Sticky, sweet substance relished like candy
• Food—Navajo Beverage Leaves used to make a drink "like orange
and honey. (206:61)
juice." Fodder and Forage Leaves and bark used as food for both wild
• Fiber—Costanoan Basketry Shoots used in basketry. (21:249) Karok
and domesticated animals. (90:155)
Basketry Stems used for the main ribs in baskets as an alternate for
• Fiber—Blackfoot Building Material Used to make the framework of
Corylus stems. (6:53) Twigs used to make the warp sticks for twined
the sweat lodges. (97:30) Flathead Basketry Willow made into bas
baskets. Roots scraped, dried, and used on the inside of the overlaid
kets cemented with gum and used to cook fish. (19:22) Havasupai
twined baskets, (as S. sessilifoliavax. hindsiana 148:381) Kawaiisu
Basketry Young shoots used for basketry. (197:215) Jemez Building
BuildingMaterialUsed in house construction. Used as the poles for
Material Straight branches used for the inside roofs. (44:27) Keres,
the winter house and sweat house construction. (206:61) Pomo,
Western Basketry Young branches used to make baskets. Mats, Rugs
Kashaya Basketry Root used in twined baskets. Switches used for
& BeddingYoung branches used to make mats. (171:67) Lakota Build
twined baskets and foundations in coiled baskets. Building Material
ing Material Branches used for building sweat lodges. (106:33) Man-
Large branches used as the framework for thatched summer homes,
dan Mats, Rugs & BeddingLeaves woven into mats and used in the
sudatories, and other construction. (72:118) Tolowa Basketry Roots
sweat tepees. Montana Indian Cordage Used extensively for cordage.
used in basketry. (6:53) Ukiah Basketry Roots used to make baskets,
(19:22) Okanagan-Colville Clothing Bark twisted into cord and used
(as S. argyrophylla 41:331)
to make bags and dresses. Cordage Bark used to make excellent cord.
• Other—Costanoan Fuel Twigs used for kindling. (21:249) Kawaiisu
Sewing Material Bark used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames.
Containers Twigs with leaves used as "wrappers" to hold buckeye
(188:136) Paiute, Northern BasketryUsed to make baskets. (60:75)
nuts and fish. Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make bows and arrows
Pomo BasketryUsed for basket body material, (as S. argophylla
for hunting small game and birds. Smoking Tools Twigs with leaves
117:296) Tewa BasketryUsed for basketry, (as S. argophylla 138:49)
used as "wrappers" to hold tobacco. Tools Used to make long needles
• Other—Havasupai Tools Used to make tongs for removing cactus
for sewing tule into mats. Toys & Games Split stems used to make
fruit. (197:215) Lakota Fasteners Peeled bark used for tying together
clappers and whistles. (206:61) Tubatulabal Cooking ToolsUsed to
sweat lodge poles. (106:33) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Items Stem
wrap up fish before roasting. (193:11) Ukiah Hunting & Fishing Item
used to make Lightningway hoop. (191:22) Okanagan-Colville Con
Straight wands made into arrows. Large limbs used to make weirs for
tainers Branches used under fish to keep them clean. Bark twisted
catching fish, (as S. argyrophylla 41:331)
into cord and used to make bags and dresses. Fasteners Bark twisted
into cord and used to tie things together. (188:136) Tubatulabal Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook., Dune Willow
Cooking Tools Used to wrap up fish before roasting. (193:11) • Drag^—Makah Antidote Leaves used as an antidote for shellfish poi
soning. Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots used as a hair wash.
Salixfragilis L, Crack WiUow
(79:27) Quileute Sports Medicine Roots rubbed on bodies of athletes
• Drug—Ojibwa Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark applied to sores
in training, (as S. p/peri 79:26)
as a styptic and healing aid. HemostatBaxk used as a styptic and
• Food—Quileute Spice Leaves put in cooking baskets and used as a
poultice for sores. (153:388)
food flavoring, (as S. piperi79:26)
Salixfuscescens Anderss., Alaska Bog Willow • Fiber—Makah Basketry Used to make baskets. Nitinaht Mats, Rugs &
• Drug—Eskimo, Western Eye Medicine Cotton used by old men in Bedding Soft roots used as a towel to rub down after bathing, (as S.
inner corner of eye for watery sore eye. (108:60) Oral Aid Leaves piped 67:242) Quileute Basketry Bark used extensively for basketry,
chewed for mouth sores. (108:17,60) (as S. piped 79:26)
504 Salix hookeriana (Salicaceae)

• Other—Quileute Hunting & Fishing Item Young trees used for fish made into netting and used to catch fish. Tools Stems used to make
weir poles, (as S. piped79:26) a bead weaving loom. Bark made into netting to clean pitch used in
sealing birchbark canoes. Toys & Games Branches used to make
Salix humilis Marsh., Prairie Willow
whistles. (109:58) Gosiute Containers Wood used to make baskets
• Drug^-Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken to check bow
and water jugs. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make fish
els. DermatologicalAid Decoction or infusion of bark used as a wash
weirs, (as S. longifolia 39:380) Thompson Fasteners Slender and
to make the hair grow. Bark used as a poultice. Febrifuge Infusion
tough stems used as withes. Stable Gear Bark used to weave saddle
taken for fever. Respiratory Aid Root chewed by ballplayers "for
blankets, (as S. longifolia 164:498)
wind." Throat Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for lost voice and root
chewed for hoarseness. Tonic Bark used as a tonic. (80:61) Delaware Salix irrorata Anderss., Sandbar Willow
Venereal Aid Infusion of roots and other plants used for scrofula and • Fiber—Apache, White Mountain Basketry Withes used to make bas
venereal disease. (176:34) Delaware, Oklahoma Tuberculosis Remedy kets and water jugs. Withes used to make baskets to be sold. (136:
Compound infusion of plant used for scrofula. Venereal Aid^ Com 150) Split withes used to make baskets. Building Material Split with
pound infusion of plant used for venereal disease. (175:29,78) Meno- es used as tepee and wickiup thatching. (136:160) Tewa Basketry
minee Antidiarrheal Root taken from shrub bearing insect galls and Used for basketry. (138:49) Zuni Basketry Slender switches used to
used for dysentery and diarrhea. Gastrointestinal Aid Root taken make baskets. Building Material Stems formerly used for filling be
only from shrub bearing insect galls and used for spasmodic colic. tween the house rafters. (166:81)
(151:52) Tonic Decoction of stalk taken as a general tonic. (54:133) • Other—Apache, White Mountain Containers Withes used to make
Meskwaki Antidiarrheal Infusion of root used for flux and enemas. baskets and water jugs. (136:150) Cooking Tools Withes tied together
Hemostatleaves used for stopping a hemorrhage. Laxative Infusion and used to stir mush and other foods. Toys & Games Wood used to
of root used for flux and giving enemas. (152:245) make the poles and hoops for the pole game. Split withes used to

Salix humilis V3T. tristis (Ait.) Griggs, Prairie Willow make the three dice and throwing sticks for the setdilth game. (136:

• Drag^-Catawba Gynecological Aid Plant used for sore nipples. Oral 160) Keres, Western Ceremonial Items Branches made into prayer

Aid and PediatricAid Infusion of roots used as a wash for children sticks. (171:68) Zuni Cooking Tools Eight or 12 willows trimmed at

with sore mouths, (as S. tristis 177:13) Delaware Reproductive Aidln- the ends, tied together, and used for stirring fire toasted foods. The

fusion of roots used by women for displacement of the womb. Vene willows were used for stirring corn, popcorn, and any other food

real Aid Infusion of plant and roots of other plants used for scrofula toasted over a fire. (166:70)

and venereal disease, (as S. tristis 176:34) Seminole Analgesic, Anti

Salix lasiolepis Benth., Arroyo Willow
diarrheal and Eye Medicine Infusion of plant taken for sun sickness:
• Drug—Costanoan Cold Remedy Infusion of bark or young leaves or
eye disease, headache, high fever, and diarrhea, (as S. tristis 169:208)
decoction of flowers used for colds. (21:21) Mendocino Indian Anti
Febrifuge Infusion of plant taken and rubbed on the body for high
diarrheal Infusion of leaves taken for diarrhea. DermatologicalAid
fevers, (as S. tristis 169:202) Infusion of plant taken for sun sickness:
Decoction of bark used as a wash for the itch. Diaphoretic Infusion
eye disease, headache, high fever, and diarrhea, (as S. tristis 169:208)
of bark taken to cause sweating for any disease. Febrifuge Infusion
Hunting Medicine Infusion of plant used as a hunting medicine to
of bark taken for chills and fever. Panacea Infusion of bark taken to
increase hunting luck, (as S. tristis 169:371) Other Plant used to make
cause sweating for any disease. (41:331) Mewuk Febrifuge Decoction
a medicine and given to students in medical training, (as S. tristis
of bark used for fevers. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark used
169:103)
for measles, (as S. dasiolipis 117:366)
Salix interior Rowlee, Sandbar Willow • Fiber—California Indian Cordage Inner bark used in spring to make
• Drug—Iroquois Analgesic Infusion of stems and other plant parts rope. (118:60) Costanoan Basketry Shoots used in basketry. (21:248)
used for side pains. (141:39) Thompson Unspecified Roots used Kawaiisu Basketry Stems split for coiled baskets and as weft in
medicinally for unspecified purpose. (164:465) twined baskets; unsplit as warps in twined baskets. (206:61) Mendo
• Fiber—Chippewa Basketry Cut, peeled willows dipped in hot water cino Indian Cordage Tough, inner fiber formerly used to make rope
to make them tough and pliable and made into baskets. The best and garments. Round Valley Indian Building Material Branches used
time for weaving willow baskets of various forms and sizes was dur as thatching to provide shade around houses. (41:331) Shoshoni
ing the springtime, (as S. longifolia 71:126) Cree, Woodlands Basketry Basketry Strands used to make baskets. (117:445)
Stems used to rim birch bark baskets. (109:58) Gosiute Basketry • Other—Mendocino Indian Smoke Plant Inner bark portions dried,
Wood used to make baskets, fish weirs, and water jugs, (as S. longifo powdered, and used as substitutes for chewing tobacco. Round Val
lia 39:380) Omaha Basketry Peeled stems used in basketry. (70:73) ley Indian Fuel Wood used for fuel. Protection Trees planted in cir
Ute Basketry Used in basketry, (as S. longifolia 38:36) cles and used to protect the dancers from the sun and wind. (41:331)
• Dye—Potawatomi Red Willow and some other species of willow
Salix lasiolepis Benth. var. lasiolepis, Tracy Willow
used for a scarlet dye. (as S. longifolia 154:123)
• Fiber—Diegueno Basketry Branches used to make acorn storage
• Other—Cree, Woodlands Containers Stems used to make a stopper
baskets. (84:39)
for a sturgeon skin jar. Cooking Tools Stems used to make a fish
roasting stick. Fasteners Bark used to tie or fasten many things.72 Salix lucida Muhl., Shining Willow
Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used to make bows and arrows. Bark • Drug—Micmac Hemostat Bark used for bleeding. Respiratory Aid
 Catalog of Plants 505

Bark used for asthma. (40:61) Montagnais Analgesic Infusion of Salix myricoides Muhl. var. myricoides, Bayberry Willow
leaves taken and poultice of bark applied for headache. (156:315) • Drug—Iroquois Venereal Aid Compound used for syphilis with
Ojibwa DermatologicalAid Poultice of bark used for sores and ap chancres, (as S. glaucophylloides 87:294)

plied to bleeding cuts. Hemostat Bark used on bleeding cuts. (153:

Salix nigra Marsh., Black Willow
388) Penobscot Respiratory Aid Bark smoked for asthma. (156:309)
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken to check bow
• Other—Montagnais Smoke Plant Dried bark smoked as a substitute
els. DermatologicalAid Decoction or infusion of bark used as a wash
for tobacco. (156:315) Ojibwa Smoke Plant Peeled, toasted, and
to make the hair grow. Bark used as a poultice. Febrifuge Infusion
flaked bark used for "kinnikinnick" or smoking mixture. (153:422)
taken for fever. Respiratory Aid Root chewed by ballplayers "for
Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr., Pacific Willow wind." Throat Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for lost voice and root
• Drug—Bella Coola Antidiarrheal Cold infusion of charred, pulver chewed for hoarseness. Tonic Bark used as a tonic. (80:61) Houma
ized sticks taken for diarrhea. DermatologicalAid Folded inner bark Blood Medicine Decoction of roots and bark taken for "feebleness"
inserted in knife cuts and used for incisions, (as S. lasiandra 150:53) due to thin blood. Febrifuge Decoction of roots and bark taken for
Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of leaves used as fever. (158:60) Iroquois Carminative Compound decoction taken
ceremonial emetic. Disinfectant Painted internode of stem held by for stomach gas. Cough Medicine Compound decoction taken for
baby for "lightning infection." Emetic Decoction of leaves used as coughs. ThroatAidUsed for mouth and throat abscesses. (87:294)
ceremonial emetic. PediatricAid Painted internode of stem held by Koasati Analgesic Infusion of roots taken for headaches. Febrifuge
baby for "lightning infection." (as S. lasiandra 191:22) Okanagan- Cold infusion of roots taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoc
Colville Orthopedic Aid Decoction of branch tips used for soaking tion of roots taken for dyspepsia. (177:13) Micmac Dermatological
the feet and legs for cramps, (as S. lasiandra 188:135) Porno, Kashaya Aid Poultice of bruised leaves used on sprains and bruises. Poultice
Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves used for colds. Throat Aid Decoc of scraped root and spirits applied to bruises and sprains. Orthope
tion of leaves used for sore throats, (as S. lasiandra 72:118) dic Aid Poultice of bruised leaves applied to sprains and bruises.
• Fiber—Chehalis Cordage Inner bark twisted and made into two-ply Poultice of scraped root and spirits applied to sprains and broken
strings, (as S. lasiandra 79:26) Gosiute Basketry Wood used to make bones, (as S. vulgare 156:317)
baskets, fish weirs, and water jugs, (as S. lasiandra 39:380) Navajo, • Fiber—Papago BasketryTwigs split in half lengthwise, sun dried,
Ramah Building Material Used for hogan construction, (as S. lasian and used as the foundation of coiled basketry. (34:56) Used for sew
dra 191:22) Panamint Basketry Used as the primary basket material. ing coiled basketry. (34:58) Other Twigs used for curved structures in
Twigs used to make the withes for the three-rod foundation coils of wrapped weaving. (34:53)
baskets, (as S. lasiandra 105:77) Porno, Kashaya Basketry Branches
used as the warp for twined baskets and foundation in coiled bas Salix pedicellarisPursh, Bog Willow
kets, (as S. lasiandra 72:118) Shoshoni Basketry Used for foundation • Drug—Ojibwa Gastrointestinal Aid Bark used for stomach troubles.

in baskets. Bark used as thread in baskets, (as S. lasiandra 118:7) Ute (153:388,389)

Basketry Used in basketry, (as S. lasiandra 38:36)

Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus, TealeafWillow
• Other—Cowlitz Tools Wood used to make drills for fire drills, (as S.
• Drw^-Eskimo, Alaska Anesthetic Bark and leaves chewed to numb
lasiandra 79:26) Gosiute ContainersWood used to make baskets and
the mouth and throat. Eye Medicine "Cotton" used to dry "moist
water jugs. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make fish weirs, (as
eyes." OralAidBark and leaves chewed for mouth sores. (1:34) Eski
S. lasiandra 39:380) Haisla & Hanaksiala Cooking Tools Branches
mo, Inupiat Oral Aid Leaves made the mouth smell good, (as S. pul
used to hang drying oolichans (candlefish). Tools Wood used to
chra 98:10) Eskimo, Nunivak Analgesic Infusion of leaves and bark
make mallet heads, (as S. lasiandra 43:287) Navajo, Ramah Ceremo
used as an analgesic. Oral Aid Plant chewed for sore mouth, (as S.
nial Items Stem used to make Lightningway hoop. Tools Stem used
pulchra 149:325) Eskimo, Western Oral Aid Leaves chewed for mouth
to make loom frames. Toys & Games Branches used to make hobby
sores, (as S. pulchra 108:17)
horses for children, (as S. lasiandra 191:22) Nitinaht Cooking Tools
• Food—Alaska Native Dietary Aid Shoots probably the first spring
Wood used to make single-pronged barbecue sticks for roasting
source of vitamin C. Leaves used as one of the richest sources of vita
salmon, (as S. lasiandra 186:127) Salish, Coast Hunting & Fishing
min C. Unspecified Shoots peeled and eaten raw. Young, tender leaves
Item Wood used to make bows, (as S. lasiandra 182:88)
mixed with seal oil and eaten raw. Winter Use Food Leaves mixed
Salix melanopsis Nutt, Dusky Willow with seal oil and stored in barrels, kegs, or seal pokes for winter use.
• Drug—-Montana Indian Adjuvant and Antirheumatic (External) (as S. pulchra 85:61) Eskimo, Alaska UnspecifledYoung leaves gath
Poles used for framework of "sweat tepee" for rheumatism. Cold ered in the spring and eaten raw with seal oil. (1:34) Cambium layer
Remedy Poles used for framework of "sweat tepee" for colds. Febri scraped off and eaten. Vegetable Young shoots and catkins used fresh
fuge Bark used for certain fevers, (as S. fluviatilis 19:22) or in seal oil. (as S. pulchra 4:715) Winter Use Food Leaves soaked in
• Fiber—Dakota Basketry Peeled stems used in basketry, (as S.fluvi- seal oil and saved for future use. (1:34) Young shoots and catkins
atilis 69:361) Flathead BasketryWillow made into baskets cemented stored in oil for winter use. (as S. pulchra 4:715) Eskimo, Arctic Un
with gum and used to cook fish. Mandan Mats, Rugs & Bedding specified Leaves used for food, (as S. pulchra 128:29) Eskimo, Inupiat
Leaves woven into mats and used in the sweat tepees. Montana In Beverage Dried leaves used to make tea. Soup Dried leaves used in
dian Cordage Used extensively for cordage, (as S. fluviatilis 19:22) soups. Vegetable Leaves used as greens in fresh salads. Winter Use
506 Salix planifolia (Salicaceae)

Food Leaves preserved in seal or fish oil or canned for winter use and Okanagan-Colville Containers Bark twisted into cord and used to
eaten with meat or fish, (as S. pulchra 98:10) make bags and dresses. Fasteners Bark twisted into cord and used to
tie things together. (188:136) Shuswap Ceremonial Items Inner bark
Salix pwlixa Anderss., Mackenzie's Willow
headbands used by pubescent girls and young men, in ritual isola
• Fiber—Montana Indian Sporting EquipmentYounger stems used
tion and training. Fasteners Tough, bark strips poked through the
extensively for making walking sticks, (as S. mackenziana 19:23)
roots of dog tooth violet, to hang them for drying. (123:68) Wet'su
• Other—Blackfoot Ceremonial ItemsWood used to make ceremonial
wet'en Cooking Tools Bark strips used for hanging fish. Hunting &
sticks, (as S. mackenzieana 97:32)
Fishing Item Bark strips used for twining into nets or fish line. (73:154)
Salix pyrifolia Anderss., Balsam Willow
Salix sericea Marsh., Silky Willow
• Drug—Ojibwa Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used for stomach troubles.
• Drug—Iroquois OralAidUsed for mouth and throat abscesses.
Sedative Plant used for trembling. Stimulant Plant used for fainting.
(87:294)
UnspecifiedBark used for medicinal purposes, (as 5. balsamifera
135:243) Salix sessilifolia Nutt., Northwest Sandbar Willow
• Fiber—Porno BasketryUsed in basketry as foundation rods. (118:6)
Salix rotundifoliaTmutv., Least Willow
• Drug—Eskimo, Nunivak Analgesic Infusion of leaves and bark used Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong., Sitka Willow
as an analgesic. Oral Aid Plant chewed for sore mouth. (149:325) • Drug—Eskimo, Alaska Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded bark
applied to wounds. (149:331) Karok Ceremonial Medicine Roots and
Salix SCOUletiana Barratt ex Hook., Scouler's Willow branches used in the World Renewal ceremony fire. (148:381) Klal-
• Drug—Bella Coola DermatologicalAidFolded inner bark inserted lam Tonic Decoction of peeled bark taken as a tonic. (79:26) Okana
in knife cuts and used for incisions. (150:54) Okanagan-Colville Der
gan-Colville Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of stalks taken for stom
matological AidPoultice of inner cambium and powdered tree fun
ach ailments. (188:136) Skagit Tonic Decoction of peeled bark taken
gus applied to serious cuts. Gynecological Aid Shredded inner bark as a tonic. (79:26)
used for sanitary napkins to "heal a woman's insides." Decoction of • Fiber—Clallam Cordage Bark made into string. (57:203) Hoh Bas
branches taken by women for several months after childbirth to in ketry Limbs split, pared, scraped, and used to make baskets. (137:60)
crease the blood flow. Hemostat Poultice of bark and sap applied as Klallam Cordage Bark peeled, twisted, and used to make string. (79:
a wad to bleeding wounds. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of damp inner
26) Quileute Basketry Limbs split, pared, scraped, and used to make
bark applied to the skin over a broken bone. PediatricAid Decoction baskets. (137:60) Quinault Cordage Bark used to make lines for tump-
of branches taken by women after childbirth and helped the baby lines and slings. Snohomish Cordage Bark used to make a two-ply
through the breast milk. (188:136) Sanpoil Antidiarrheal Decoction string. (79:26) Tolowa Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Yurok
of roots taken to counteract diarrhea. (131:220) Basketry Roots used to make baskets. (6:53)
• Food—Shuswap PreservativeWfood used to smoke salmon. (123:68) • Other—Haisla Toys & GamesWhips used to lash opponents in the
• Fiber—Gosiute Basketry Wood used to make baskets, fish weirs, and "hoop and pole game." Haisla & Hanaksiala CleaningAgentleaves
water jugs, (as S.flavescens 39:380) Okanagan-Colville Clothing Bark used to wipe slime from fish. Containers Sticks used to string dis
twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses. Cordage
coidal basaltic seaweed cooking stones when not being used. Cook
Branches and bark twisted into strong rope. Sewing MaterialBark ing Tools Leaves layered with salmon and western hemlock boughs
used for sewing birch bark onto basket frames. (188:136) Tolowa to allow the fish to drain. Branches used as barbecue racks for salm
Basketry Roots used to make baskets. (6:53) Wet'suwet'en Cordage
on. Hunting & Fishing Item Withes used as fish stringers to transport
Bark strips used for cord or rope. (73:154) Yurok Basketry Roots used fish downstream. Walking Sticks Wood used to make walking sticks
to make baskets. (6:53)
or canes. (43:288) Quinault Hunting & Fishing Item Bark used to
• Other—Gosiute ContainersWood used to make baskets and water make the harpoon lines in sea lion hunting gear. (79:26)
jugs. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make fish weirs, (as S.
flavescens 39:380) Haisla Toys & Games Whips used to lash oppo
Salix sitchensisvar. coulterijepson, Sitka Willow
• Fiber—Karok Basketry Roots used to make baskets. (148:381)
nents in the Haisla "hoop and pole game." Players attempted to
• Other—Karok Containers Roots used as a fire hearth. Cooking Tools
spear a rolling hoop. If a player succeeded in spearing the hoop, he
Twigs used by fishermen to string salmon steaks while drying. Pro
was lashed by his opponent with a willow whip. If, however, the spear
tection Branch tied to the bow of a boat as a charm against danger
man retrieved his spear, the hoop, and the whip, his team would get
when crossing the river in high water. Tools Roots used as a fire drill.
the next throw of the hoop. Haisla & Hanaksiala Cleaning Agent
Whole plant beaten with a stick to make the wind blow on hot days.
Leaves used to wipe slime from fish. Containers Sticks used to string
(148:381) Porno FuelUsed for firewood. (66:12)
discoidal basaltic seaweed cooking stones when not being used.
Cooking Tools Leaves layered with salmon and western hemlock Salix sp., Willow
boughs to allow the fish to drain. Branches used as barbecue racks • Drug—Abnaki Eye Medicine Used for sore eyes. (144:155) Decoction
for salmon. Hunting & Fishing /tem Withes used as fish stringers to of bark and bark from two other plants used for eye pain. (144:170)
transport fish downstream. Walking Sticks Wood used to make walk Alabama Febrifuge Cold infusion of roots taken or used as a bath for
ing sticks or canes. (43:288) Karok Containers Roots used to make fevers. (177:12) Blackfoot Antidiarrheal Infusion of plant used to
the fire hearth. Tools Roots used to make the fire drill. (148:381) counteract the laxative effect of the chokecherry infusion. Antihem-
 Catalog of Plants 507

orrhagic Infusion of fresh, crushed roots used for internal hemor aches. (192:19) Klallam Throat Aid Decoction of bark taken for sore
rhage. (86:68) Dermatological Aid Dried, crushed roots soaked in wa throats. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for tuberculo
ter and grease used as a tonic for dandruff and straightening the hair. sis. (79:26) Makah UnspecifiedUsed for medicine. (67:242) Nez Perce
(86:124) Infusion of roots mixed with kidney fat and applied to head Emetic Formerly used as an emetic. Gastrointestinal AidTwigs used
sores. (86:78) Eye Medicine Infusion of roots used for bloodshot or to "clean out" the insides. (82:67) Ojibwa Respiratory Aid Heated
troublesome eyes. (86:82) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of fresh, poultice of inner bark applied to the throat for diphtheria. (5:2302)
crushed roots used for "waist troubles." (86:68) Throat Aid Infusion Okanagan-Colville Dermatological Aid Poultice of inner cambium
of roots swallowed for throat constrictions. (86:74) Veterinary Aid and powdered tree fungus applied to serious cuts. Gynecological Aid
Chewed roots spat into the horse's eye for cloudiness and bloodshot. Shredded inner bark used for sanitary napkins to "heal a woman's
(86:90) Cheyenne Dermatological AidBark peeled and used for cuts. insides." Decoction of branches taken by women for several months
(82:67) Chickasaw Analgesic Roots used for headache or poultice of after childbirth to increase the blood flow. Hemostat Poultice of bark
branches applied for severe headache. Antidiarrheal Decoction of and sap applied as a wad to bleeding wounds. Orthopedic Aid^ Poul
roots taken for dysentery. Hemostat Roots used for nosebleed. (177: tice of damp inner bark applied to the skin over a broken bone. Pedi-
12) Chippewa Antidiarrheal Root taken alone or in compounds for atricAid Decoction of branches taken by women after childbirth and
dysentery. Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of inner bark helped the baby through the breast milk. (188:136) Omaha Ceremo
taken for indigestion. (53:342) Comanche Eye Medicine Stem ashes nial Medicine Plant used for the ritual of mourning. (68:322) Stems
used for sore eyes. (29:524) Costanoan Dermatological Aid Infusion thrust in gashes on forearms of grieving young men at funeral cere
of leaves used as a hair rinse. Leaves used as a paste rubbed into the mony. (70:73,74) Paiute Antidiarrheal Burned root taken as pills or
scalp for falling hair. (21:21) Cree Venereal Aid Decoction of bark infusion of burned stems taken for diarrhea. Blood Medicine Decoc
used as a wash for syphilitic sores. (16:495) Creek An tiemetic Com tion of root taken as a blood purifier. Cathartic Decoction of woody
pound infusion of root taken for fever with nausea and vomiting. stems taken as a physic. Dermatological Aid Powder from dried, pul
Antirheumatic (External) Compound infusion of root used as a wash verized roots applied to syphilitic or purulent sores. Powder of dried
for rheumatism. (172:655) Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for stem bark applied to infant's navel. Diuretic Infusion of burned stems
rheumatism. (177:12) Dermatological Aid Compound infusion of taken by adults and children for "failure to urinate." Laxative Infu
root used as a wash for swellings. (172:655) Emetic Plant used as an sion of young twigs with salt taken as a laxative. Misc. Disease Reme
emetic. (177:12) Febrifuge Compound infusion of root taken for fever dyInfusion of burned stems taken by adults and children for intesti
with nausea and vomiting. (172:655) Roots used for fevers. (177:12) nal influenza. Orthopedic Aid Compound decoction of roots taken
Gastrointestinal Aid Compound infusion of root taken for bilious for lumbago. PediatricAid Infusion of burned stems given to chil
ness. (172:655) Roots used for biliousness. (177:12) Kidney Aid Com dren for diarrhea, taken by adults and children for "failure to uri
pound infusion of root taken for dropsy. (172:655) Decoction of roots nate," and taken by adults and children for intestinal influenza. Pow
taken or used as a bath for dropsy. (177:12) Misc. Disease Remedy der of dried, stem bark applied to infant's navel. Tonic Decoction of
Compound infusion of root taken for malaria. (172:655) Roots used root bark taken as a spring tonic. Venereal Aid Several species used
for malaria. (177:12) Other Compound infusion of root taken for in various ways for venereal disease. (180:133-136) Penobscot Cold
dropsy and "deer sickness." Venereal Aid Compound infusion of root Remedy Infusion of bark taken in large quantities for colds. (156:309)
taken for "the clap." (172:655) Crow Analgesic Bark chewed for head Shoshoni Analgesic Decoction of root taken for stomachaches. Der
ache. Emetic Stem tips formerly chewed as an emetic. Oral Aid Bark matological AidDecoction of leaves and twigs rubbed into the scalp
chewed for tooth hygiene. (82:67) Eskimo, Inuktitut Dermatological for dandruff. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of root taken for stom
Aid Poultice of wetted leaves applied to bee stings. (202:192) Eskimo, achaches. Toothache Remedy Poultice of mashed roots applied to the
Western Antihemorrhagic Decoction of leaves or bark taken for lung gums for toothaches. Venereal Aid Several species used in various
hemorrhage. (108:24) Oral Aid Decoction of inner bark used as a ways for venereal disease. (180:133-136) Sikani Dermatological Aid
wash for mouth sores. (108:5,6) Preventive MedicineLeaves eaten in Young willow chewed and saliva applied to sores. (150:54) Tanana,
early summer to protect against disease. (108:43) Pulmonary AidDe- Upper OralAidFresh leaves chewed for mouth sores. (102:7) Thomp
coction of leaves or bark taken for lung hemorrhage. (108:24) Strong son Analgesic Decoction of plant used as a wash for pain and swel
decoction of leaves or bark taken regularly for lung hemorrhage. ling, especially of feet. Dermatological AidDecoction of plant used
(108:5,6) Throat Aid Decoction of inner and outer bark gargled for as a wash for pain and swelling, especially of feet. (164:471) Leaves
sore throat. (108:23) Decoction of bark gargled for sore throat. (108:5, used in shoes or moccasins as padding for tired or sore feet. Decoc
6) Flathead Dermatological Aid Bark chewed and used for cuts. Eye tion of bark used as a wash for sores. (187:279) Orthopedic Aid De
Medicineleaves and young stem tips used to make an eyewash. (82: coction of plant used as a wash for pain and swelling, especially of
67) Iroquois Emetic Compound decoction taken to vomit during ini feet. (164:471) Branches used as splints for broken limbs and rubbed
tial stages of consumption. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoc on compound fractures. Decoction of bark used for bathing broken
tion taken to vomit during initial stages of consumption. (87:294) bones. Poultice of boiled bark used for a period of time for broken
Isleta Dermatological AidDecoction of leaves used as a skin bath. bones. Toothache Remedy Bark chewed for toothache. (187:279)
(100:42) Kiowa Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of leaves used as a • Food—Blackfoot Unspecified Scraped cambium eaten especially by
wash for rheumatic aches. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of leaves used as children. Peeled galls used for food. (86:105) Eskimo, Inuktitut Soup
a wash for pneumonia. Toothache Remedy Bark chewed for tooth Leaves added to stews and soups. Unspecified Leaves eaten raw in
508 Salix sp. (Salicaceae)

spring. (202:189) Early leaves used for food. (202:192) Tanana, Upper lashings. Snow Gear Stems and spruce bark used to make a tempo
Unspecified Sap and leaves eaten raw. Young sprouts and sap used rary sled for transporting meat across ice. (102:7) Thompson Bas
for food. (102:7) Thompson Forage Plant enjoyed by moose. (187:279) ketrySplit withes used for weaving baskets. Building Material
► Fiber—Abnaki BasketryXJsed to make baskets and whistles. (144: Branches with the bark and leaves twisted and used for tying and
166) Blackfoot Building Material Boughs used to make sweat lodge binding in construction.?4 Split withes heated and twisted to make
frames. (86:122) Wands, sharpened at both ends, used to construct cabling for suspension bridges in "the old days." Canoe Material Dry
the dome shape of the sweat lodge. Branches used to construct the logs lashed together to make rafts. Branches used in making fish
many different sweat lodges. The Horn Society sweat lodge was con traps, weirs, and rafts. (187:279) Clothing Bark of dead trees used to
structed of 14 willows. The Holy Woman's sweat lodge in the Sun make capes and aprons. (164:499) Cordage Long shoots made into
Dance was made of 100 willows, which had been gathered by mem rope and used in lashing together fish drying racks and fish weir
bers of the Pigeon Society. The Motokiks Society (a woman's society) stakes. Softened stems twisted to make rope and used to lash togeth
constructed its lodge with 12 willows. Medicine Pipes had 14. The er fish drying racks. Split withes used to make string and rope. Furni-
used frame of a sweat lodge was left on the prairie. (86:17) Sticks used ture Branches used to make cradle hoops. (187:279) Mats, Rugs &
as lodgepoles for small hunting tepees. Canoe MaterialWfood used BeddingBzxk of dead trees used to make mats and fiber blankets.
to make the circular frames for bull boats. (97:32) Furniture Boughs (164:499) Winnebago Building Material Poles used to sustain the
used to make backrest slats. (86:122) Sticks used to make backrests, thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath lodges.
part of the furniture of the tepee. (97:32) Costanoan Building Materi- (70:73) Yuki Basketry Used as basket material. (103:423)
al Wood made into poles used as basic element of house construc • Dye—Micmac Black Roots used to make a black dye. Montagnais
tion. Cordage Bark braided into rope. (21:249) Dakota Building Black Roots used to make a black dye. (156:317)
Material Poles used to sustain the thatch of the earth lodges and to • Other—Abnaki Containers Used to make containers. (144:156) Toys
form the frame of the bath lodges. (70:73) Hopi Building Material & Games Used to make baskets and whistles. (144:166) Blackfoot
Used in roof construction. (200:72) Hualapai BasketryUsed as the ContainersWood used to make the top and bottom hoop of buckets,
frame in coiled basketry. BuildingMaterialised to make shelters. basins, and other containers. Fasteners Wood used to make tepee
(195:29) Isleta Basketry Twigs used to make baskets. Building Materi pegs and pins. (97:32) Incense & Fragrance Gall pitch used for incense
al Branches and leaves used for thatching houses. (100:42) Kiowa during the annual ceremonies of the Motokiks and Kaispa Societies.
Building Mater/a/Branches used in construction of summer shelters. (86:17) Toys & Games Branch with loosened bark used as a buzzing
(192:19) Klamath Snow Gear Wood used to make frames for snow- whistle. (86:122) Chippewa Smoke Plant Used for smoking and gen
shoes. (45:94) Maidu Basketry Stalks used to make the coiled founda eral utility. (53:378) Eskimo, Inuktitut Cooking Tools Small branches
tions and coarse twine in the manufacture of baskets. (173:71) Mon used to string fish for drying. FuelVJood used for firewood. (202:189)
tana Indian Basketry Wood used to make baskets. Cordage Wood Smoke Plant Dried leaves added to tobacco in place of shelf fungus.
used to make ropes. FurnitureWIood used to make backrests for te (202:182) SnujfGround galls used for snuff. (202:192) Hopi Ceremo
pees and cradleboards. Mats, Rugs & BeddingWood used to make nial Items Used to make prayer sticks. Occasionally used in ceremo
mattresses for tepees. Snow Gear Wood used to make snowshoes. nies. (200:72) Hualapai FuelUsed for firewood. (195:29) Keresan Cer
(82:67) Navajo Basketry Branches used to make permanent carrying emonial Items Used extensively in making prayer sticks. (198:564)
baskets. Cordage Branches used to make a braided strap worn across Kiowa Protection Leafy stems used to make wreaths worn by the
the forehead to support a water bottle. Furniture Branches used to women and children as sunshades during long walks. (192:19) Kwa-
make cradle canopies. (55:38) Okanagan-Colville C/of/zmgBark kiutl, Southern Hunting & Fishing Item Bark used to make fishing
twisted into cord and used to make bags and dresses. (188:136) line and reef nets. (183:292) Luiseno Hunting & Fishing Item Plant
Omaha BuildingMaterialYoung poles used for the framework of the used to make bows. (155:233) Micmac Smoke Plantleaves used as
vapor bath lodges. (68:324) Paiute Basketry Strong, flexible willows tobacco. (159:258) Montana Indian Cooking Tools Wood used to
used to make baskets. Building MaterialWiHow used to construct make meat racks. Fasteners Wood used to make pins and pegs for te
house and sweat house frames. Willow used to make sheds for wind pees. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make fish and fox traps.
drying fish. Cordage Woven willow bark made into string and used to Musical InstrumentWood used to make drums. Stable Gear Wood
make salmon traps. Furniture Willow used to make baby baskets and used to make stirrups and hoops for catching horses. Tools Wood
cradleboards. (111:61) Pawnee Building Material Poles used to sus used to make scrapers for removing hair from hides. Toys & Games
tain the thatch of the earth lodges and to form the frame of the bath Wood used to make gambling wheels. Walking Sticks Wood used to
lodges. (70:73) Porno Basketry Stem used as foundation material in make walking sticks. (82:67) Navajo Ceremonial Items Sticks used for
basketry. (9:138) Tanana, Upper Basketry Stems used to make bas the Night Chant and Mountain Chant. For the first day's ceremony of
kets for storing dried fish and meat. Stems used to make rims for the Mountain Chant, willow sticks were gathered to make the em
birch bark baskets. Stems used to make basket rims. Building Mater blem of the concentration of the four winds. A square was made with
ial Stems used to make the semispherical frame of the traditional these sticks, leaving the ends projecting at the corners. The square
style sweat house. Stems and branches used as the siding on a was then placed over the invalid's head. For the rite of charcoal paint
smokehouse. Stems used in the construction of various shelters. ing in the Night chant, a quantity of willow sticks, together with sev
Cordage Split, outer bark twisted into twine. Stems used to make eral pieces of pine bark, were burned to charcoal. The ashes of two
line. Bark used to make line. Stems used to make fish hangers and different kinds of weeds, together with the ashes of two small feath-
 Catalog of Plants 509

ers, were then added to the fat of a goat, mountain sheep, or other ashes taken and used externally for smallpox and influenza, (as S.
animal, made into balls, and daubed on the usual parts of the body. pestifer 191:25)
Branches used to make prayer sticks, prayer stick foundations, and • Food—Havasupai Forage Young plants eaten by horses, (as S. kali
plumed wands. Peeled sticks made into the talisman used in the 197:218) Navajo Unspecified Roasted seeds used for food, (as S. kali
Night Chant. Containers Branches used to make or sew water bot var. tenuifolia 90:155) Sprouts boiled and eaten with butter or small
tles. Hunting & Fishing Item Branches hardened by pounding with a pieces of mutton fat. Vegetable Very young, raw sprouts chopped
stone and used to make lances. Branches used to make arrow shafts. into salads, (as S. kali 110:27) Navajo, Ramah Fodder Young plants
Tools Branches made into hoops and used inside the buckskin sack used for sheep and horse feed, (as S. pestifer 191:25)
of a bellows. Branches made into heddle sticks and used in weaving. • Other—Keres, Western Unspecified Plant known and named but no
(55:38) Nitinaht Ceremonial Items Soft roots used by young boys and use was specified, (as S. pestifer 171:68)
girls as pre-scrubbers in the first stage of adulthood training. (186:
127) Okanagan-Colville Containers Bark twisted into cord and used Salvia, Lamiaceae
to make bags and dresses. (188:136) Omaha Ceremonial Items Stems Salvia apiana Jepson, White Sage
used in funeral customs. The burial ceremony occurred 4 days after • Drug—Cahuilla Cold RemedyLeaves eaten, smoked, and used in the
the death. The young men and friends of the family of the deceased sweat house for colds. Dermatological Aid Crushed leaves and water
accompanied the funeral party to the grave where they made paral used as a hair shampoo, dye, and hair straightener. Poultice of fresh,
lel gashes in the skin of the forearm and thrust the willow stems into crushed leaves applied before retiring to the armpits for body odors.
the gashes. The stems were bathed with the young men's blood who Eye Medicine Seeds used as eye cleansers. Hunting Medicine Leaves
attested their sympathy to the living and sang the tribal Song to the used to prevent bad luck if a menstruating woman accidentally
Spirit. The song was one of cheer to the departing spirit and one of touched hunting equipment. (15:136) Diegueno Blood Medicine In
sympathy to the bereaved. (70:73) Paiute Con tainers Willow covered fusion of leaves taken as a tonic for the blood. (88:219) Cold Remedy
with pine pitch used to make water jugs. Cooking Tools Willows used Decoction of leaves taken for colds. (84:39) Cough Medicine Infusion
to make drinking vessels and cooking vessels. Willow woven into a of leaves taken as a cough medicine. (88:219) Misc. Disease Remedy
tray and used for winnowing seeds. Hunting & Fishing Item Willow Leaves burned in hot coals to fumigate the house after a case of sick
used to build fish weirs. Musical Instrument Sticks wrapped formerly ness such as measles. Other Decoction of leaves taken for a serious
with buckskin but now with cloth and used for drum sticks. (111:61) case of poison oak that "has entered the blood." (84:39) Mahuna
Tanana, Upper Containers Stems used to make fish hangers, basket Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots taken to heal internally and re
rims, lashing, and in the construction of various shelters. Fasteners move particles of afterbirth, (as Ramona polystachya 140:14)
Stems used to fasten spruce poles into a fence for capturing caribou. • Food—Cahuilla Spice Leaves used as flavoring for mush. Staple
FuelYJood used for firewood and smoking fish. Hunting & Fishing Parched seeds ground into a flour and used to make mush. (15:136)
Item Split, outer bark twisted into twine and used to make a dip net. Diegueno Porridge Seeds mixed with wheat or wild oats, toasted,
Protection Leafless stems or branches waved in the air to scare ground fine, and eaten as a dry cereal. UnspecifiedYoung stalks eat
wolves away. Wolves were said to dislike the noise this made and en raw. (84:39) Luiseno Unspecified Ripe stem tops peeled and eaten
would leave the area. (102:7) Tewa CeremonialItemsTwigs, one for uncooked. Seeds eaten for food, (as Ramona polystachya 155:229)
every household in the village, used in December ceremonies. (138: • Other—Cahuilla Hunting & Fishing Item Fresh, crushed leaves ap
48) Thompson Containers Bark of dead trees used to make capes plied to armpits by hunters to eliminate body odors and detection
and aprons. (164:499) Peeled, cleaned bark braided and woven to from game. (15:136)
gether with Indian hemp fiber to make storage bags. Fasteners Soft
Salvia carduacea Benth., Thistle Sage
ened stems twisted to make rope and used to lash together fish dry
• Food—Cahuilla Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour, mixed
ing racks. Long shoots made into ropes and used for lashing together
with other seeds, and used to make mush. (15:136) Diegueno Spice
fish drying racks and fish weir stakes. Branches with the bark and
Seeds added to wheat to improve the flavor. (84:41) Luiseno Unspec-
leaves twisted and used for tying and binding in construction.74
ifiedSeeds used for food. (155:229) Tubatulabal Unspecified Seeds
Hunting & Fishing Item Branches used in making fish traps, weirs,
used extensively for food. (193:15)
and rafts. (187:279)
Salvia columbariae Benth., Chia
Salix washingtonia, American Willow • Drug—Cahuilla Disinfectant Poultice of seed mush applied to infec
• Drug—Mahuna Blood Medicine Infusion of pounded leaves taken as tions. Eye Medicine Seeds used to cleanse the eyes or remove foreign
a blood tonic. (140:32) matter from the eyes. (15:136) Costanoan Eye Medicine Gelatinous
seeds placed in the eye to remove foreign objects. Febrifuge Infusion
Salsola, Chenopodiaceae of seeds taken for fevers. (21:16) Diegueno Strengthener Seeds kept
Salsola UUStralis R. Br., Prickly Russian Thistle in the mouth and chewed during long journeys on foot, to give
• Drug-—Navajo Dermatological AidPoultlce of chewed plants applied strength. (84:41) Kawaiisu Eye Medicine Seeds placed in the eye for
to ant, bee, and wasp stings, (as S. kali war. tragus 55:44) Navajo, irritation and inflammation. (206:62) Mahuna Eye Medicine Seeds
Ramah Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant ashes used internally placed under the eyelids while sleeping to remove sand particles.
and externally for smallpox. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of plant (140:54)
510 Salvia columbariae (Lamiaceae)

• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Seeds used to make a beverage. Dietary for headaches. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of leaf and some
Aid Seeds used to render water palatable by removing the alkalies. times stem taken for fevers and influenza. Poultice Poultice of boiled
Staple Parched seeds ground into flour and used to make cakes or plant tops applied to swollen leg veins. Pulmonary Aid Compound
mush. (15:136) Costanoan Staple Seeds used for pinole. (21:253) poultice of crushed leaves applied for chest congestion from colds.
Diegueno Spice Seeds added to wheat to improve the flavor. (84:41) Decoction of leaves and sometimes stems taken for pneumonia.
Kawaiisu Beverage Seeds parched, pounded, mixed with water, and Venereal Aid Decoction of leaf and sometimes stem taken for vene
used as a beverage. (206:62) Luiseno Unspecified Seeds used for real disease. Shoshoni Analgesic Decoction of leaf and sometimes
food. (155:229) Mahuna Porridge Seeds winnowed, ground into a stem taken for stomachaches. Cold Remedy Infusion or decoction
fine meal, and made into porridge. (140:54) Mohave Beverage Seeds of leaves, and sometimes stems, taken for colds. Gastrointestinal Aid
ground and mixed with water. Staple Seeds used to make pinole. (37: Decoction of leaf and sometimes stem taken for stomachaches or in
187) Paiute Porridge Seeds used to make mush. (167:243) Papago digestion. Other Decoction of plant tops used as a wash for swollen
Beverage Seeds steeped and used as tea-like drinks for refreshment. leg veins. PediatricAid and Throat Aid Decoction of leaf or stem giv
(34:27) Pima Beverage Seeds made into a popular, mucilaginous bev en and used as a wash for children's sore throat. Washo Cold Remedy
erage. (146:77) Pima, Gila River Beverage Seeds used to make a mu Infusion or decoction of leaves, and sometimes stems, taken for
cilaginous drink. Porridge Seeds used to make a mucilaginous mass colds. Respiratory Aid Dried leaves smoked in a pipe to clear con
and eaten. (133:5) Unspecified Seeds eaten raw and parched. (133:7) gested nasal passages, (as S. carnosa 180:136,137)
Pomo Staple Seeds used to make pinoles. (11:87) Ground seeds used
Salvia lyrata L, Lyreleaf Sage
for pinole. (118:28) Tubatulabal Unspecified Seeds used extensively
• Dmg^-Catawba Dermatological Aid Roots used as a salve for sores.
for food. (193:15) Yavapai Unspecified Species used for food. (65:258)
(157:191) Root salve applied to sores. (177:55) Cherokee Antidiar-
• Fiber—Mahuna Building Material Formerly used to cover dwellings.
rheal Infusion taken to check bowels. Cold Remedy Infusion taken for
(140:54)
colds. Cough Medicine Infusion taken for coughs. Diaphoretic Used
Salvia donii (Kellogg) Abrams, Grayball Sage as a mild diaphoretic. Gynecological Aid Taken by weakly females.
• Drug—Kawaiisu Analgesic Decoction of leaves used as a wash for Laxative Infusion taken as a laxative. Respiratory Aid Syrup of leaves
headaches. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves taken for stomach and honey taken for asthma. Sedative Infusion taken for nervous
aches. Witchcraft Medicine Plant thrown into the fire to keep away debility. Stimulant Taken by persons of phlegmatic habits. (80:53)
the ghosts. (206:62) Paiute PediatricAid Infusion of leaves taken by
Salvia mellifera Greene, Black Sage
children for colds and sore throat, (as Ramona incana 118:38) Paiute,
• Drug—Costanoan Analgesic Green leaves chewed for gas pains.
Northern Analgesic Decoction of leaves taken and used as a wash for
Poultice of heated leaves applied to the ear for earache pain. Carmin
headaches. Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves taken for colds. (59:129)
ative Green leaves chewed for gas pains. Cough Medicine Decoction
Venereal Aid Decoction of leaves taken for gonorrhea. (59:125)
of plant taken for coughs. Ear Medicine Poultice of heated leaves ap
• Other—Kawaiisu Protection Plant thrown on the fire at night to keep
plied to the ear for earache pain. Heart Medicine Infusion of green
away the spirits and ghosts. (206:62)
leaves taken for heart disorders. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of plant
Salvia dorriissp. dorriivBi. incana (Benth.) Strachan, Purple used as a bath for paralysis. Throat Aid Poultice of heated leaves ap
Sage plied to the neck for sore throats. (21:16) Mahuna Cough Medicine
• Drug—Hopi Anticonvulsive Smoke blown in face or plant taken in a Infusion of plant taken for chronic bronchial coughs. Respiratory Aid
drink for epilepsy or faintness. (as S. carnosa200:33,91) Other Plant Infusion of plant taken for chronic bronchial coughs, (as Audibertias
used as a "deer medicine." Stimulant Plant used as a medicine for an stachyoides 140:19)
epileptic or faint person, (as S. carnosa 200:91) Okanagan-Colville • Food—Cahuilla Spice Leaves and stalks used as a food flavoring. Sta
Cold Remedy Decoction or infusion of leaves used for colds. Panacea pleParched seeds ground into a meal. (15:136) Luiseno Unspecified
Decoction or infusion of leaves used for any illness of a general na Seeds used for food, (as Ramona stachyoides 155:229)
ture. (188:110) Paiute Analgesic Decoction of leaf or stem taken, used
Salvia offtcinalis L, Kitchen Sage
as a wash, and fumes inhaled for headaches. Decoction of leaf and
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion taken to check bowels. Cold
sometimes stem taken for stomachaches. Cold Remedy Compound
Remedy Infusion taken for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion taken for
of dried plant smoked for colds. Compound poultice of crushed
coughs. Diaphoretic Used as a mild diaphoretic. Gynecological Aid
leaves applied for chest congestion from colds. Decoction of leaf or
Taken by weakly females. Laxative Infusion taken as a laxative. Respi
stem taken and poultice applied for colds. Infusion or simple or com
ratory Aid Syrup of leaves and honey taken for asthma. Sedative In
pound decoction of leaf and sometimes stem used for colds. Cough
fusion taken for nervous debility. StimulantTaken by persons of
Medicine Decoction of leaf or stem taken and poultice applied for
phlegmatic habits. (80:53) Mohegan Anthelmintic"Sage tea" taken
coughs. Ear Medicine Decoction of leaf used as drops and poultice
as a vermifuge. Panacea Fresh leaves chewed to benefit the entire
of leaf and stem used for earaches. Eye Medicine Decoction of leaves
body. (176:75,132) Tonic Green or dried leaves used to make a tonic.
used as an eyewash. Febrifuge Decoction of leaf or stem taken and
(176:132)
poultice applied for fever. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of leaf and
sometimes stem taken for stomachaches or indigestion. Herbal Salvia sp., Sage
Steam Decoction of leaf and sometimes stem used as herbal steam • Drug—Jemez Kidney Aid Decoction of plant taken or raw plant eat-
514 Sambucus racemosa (Caprifoliaceae)

purgative. (150:64) £men'cBark used as an emetic. (73:152) Infusion bark cones and submerged in cold creeks for storage. Nitinaht Fruit
of root bark taken as an emetic. (150:64) Witchcraft Medicine Bark, Fruit used for food. (67:318) Ojibwa Unspecified Species used for
juniper roots, and cow parsnip roots used for evil witchcraft victims. food. (135:237) Okanagon Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (125:39) Quile-
(74:24) Hesquiat Analgesic Roots rubbed on the skin for aching, tired ute Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Winter Use Food Fruit canned for winter
muscles. Antirheumatic (External) Roots rubbed on the skin for use. (67:318) Thompson Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (125:39) Berries
aching, tired muscles. EmeticRaw roots chewed as an emetic. Gas stewed or eaten fresh with salmon egg "cheese."76 Soup Mashed ber
trointestinal Aid Raw roots chewed to clean out the stomach. Laxa ries dried in cakes, broken off, and added to salmon head soup and
tive Raw roots chewed as a laxative. Poison Berries should always be other dishes.76 Spice Berry juice used to marinate salmon.75 (187:199)
eaten cooked, as they are potentially poisonous when raw. (185:63) • Other—Bella Coola Smoking Tools Stems hollowed out and used as
Kwakiutl Emetic Root extract taken to induce vomiting. Gynecologi pipe bowls. (184:203) Kwakiutl, Southern Toys & GamesStems hol
cal Aid and Herbal Steam Infusion of bark used as steam bath to re lowed and used as blowguns by children. (183:261) Makah Water
lax body of woman after childbirth. Orthopedic Aid Compound infu proofing Agent ¥mit or flower glue used to waterproof cedar bark
sion of bark used as a foot bath for aching legs and feet. (183:280) rain hats. (67:318) Salish, Coast Toys & Games Stems hollowed out
Malecite Emetic Infusion of plant strips used with round wood as an and used as blowguns by children. (182:80)
emetic. (116:254) Menominee Antidote Decoction of scraped inner
Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens (Michx.) House, Red Elder
bark used as a quick emetic in cases of poisoning. (54:131) Cathartic
berry
Decoction of peeled twigs, a drastic purgative, taken for severe con
• Food—Paiute, Northern Dried Food Berries dried for future use.
stipation. (151:27,28) Emetic Decoction of scraped inner bark used
Fruit Berries used for food. Soup Berries dried and boiled into a
as a quick emetic in cases of poisoning. (54:131) Decoction of inner
soup. (59:50)
bark and rind taken as a powerful emetic. (151:27,28) Micmac Emet
ic Herbs used as an "emetic (with round wood)." (40:61) Nitinaht Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens var. arborescens (Torr. &
Emetic Bark soaked in water and taken as an emetic and purge. Lax Gray) Gray, Pacific Red Elder
ative Bark used as a very strong laxative. Strengthener Bark used by • Drug—Cowlitz Orthopedic Aid Poultice of leaves or bark applied to
athletes to "draw out all the slime in the system," for better wind and sore joints for the swelling, (as S. callicarpa 79:47) Haisla & Hanak-
endurance. (67:318) Ojibwa Cathartic Decoction of inner bark, con siala Abortifacient Leaves boiled and used to shorten pregnancy.
sidered dangerous, taken as a cathartic. Emetic Decoction of inner Gastrointestinal Aid Berries cooked and eaten for stomach prob
bark, considered dangerous, taken as an emetic. (153:360,361) Un lems. Reproductive Aid Leaves boiled and used in aiding childbirth.
specified Infusion of roots used as a medicine. (135:237) Okanagon HanaksialaAfltf/ges/c Poultice of cooked shoots applied for pain.
Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for rheumatism. Dermatological Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for pain. Anti
Aid Plant used for erysipelas. Toothache Remedy Bark placed in the rheumatic (External) Poultice of cooked shoots applied to sore, ar
hollow of a tooth for toothaches. (125:42) Porno Dermatological Aid thritic areas. Cooked shoots put in bath water and used as a soak for
Decoction of roots used as a lotion on open sores and cuts. (66:15) sore, arthritic areas. Dermatological Aid Root slivers inserted into
Potawatomi Cathartic Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic and boil eruptions. (43:229) Hoh Cold Remedy Infusion of roots or bark
emetic. Emetic Infusion of stem bark taken as a strong emetic. (154: used for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or bark used for
46) Sikani Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a purgative. (150:64) coughs. Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots or bark used by women
Thompson Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for rheumatism. during confinement, (as S. calliocarpa 137:69) Makah Dermatologi
Dermatological AidPtent used for erysipelas. (125:42) Liver Aid Infu cal Aid Poultice of pounded leaves applied to an abscess or boil, (as
sion of white roots and cascara bark taken for liver diseases. (187: S. callicarpa 79:47) Nitinaht Cathartic Infusion of bark and roots tak
199) Toothache Remedy Bark placed in the hollow of a tooth for en by boys and girls as a purgative to cleanse the system. Psychologi
toothaches. (125:42) Wet'suwet'en Unspecified Bark used for medi cal Aid Bark used with black twinberry bark for nervous breakdowns.
cine. (73:152) (186:100) Quileute Cold Remedy Infusion of roots or bark used for
> Food—-Apache, White Mountain Fruit Berries used for food. (136: colds. Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or bark used for coughs. Gy
160) Bella Coola Beverage Berries used to make wine. Dried Food necological Aid Infusion of roots or bark used by women during con
Berries formerly boiled into a thick sauce, dried, and used for food. finement, (as S, calliocarpa 137:69) Quinault Gynecological Aid De
Preserves Berries used to make jelly. (184:203) Gosiute Fruit Fruit coction of bark applied to breast after childbirth to start milk flow.
used in season for food. (39:380) Hesquiat Fruit Fruit cooked with Squaxin Blood Medicine and Disinfectant Infusion of leaves used as
sugar and eaten. Berries should always be eaten cooked, as they are a wash on area infected with blood poisoning, (as S. callicarpa 79:47)
potentially poisonous when raw. Preserves Cooked fruit made excel • Food—Chehalis Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled,
lent jelly and jam. (185:63) Kitasoo Bread & Cake Fruit cooked, dried and eaten in the winter. Cowlitz Winter Use Food Berries steamed on
into cakes, stored, reconstituted, and eaten. (43:329) Kwakiutl, rocks, cooled, and eaten in the winter. Green River Group Winter
Southern Bread & Cake Berries pit steamed, dried over fire into Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled, and eaten in the winter,
cakes, and eaten at noon. (183:280) Makah Dried Food Fruit steamed, (as S. callicarpa 79:47) Haisla Fruit Berries used extensively, espe
sun dried, and placed in bentwood cedar boxes for storage. Fruit cially to mix with and extend other berries. Haisla & Hanaksiala Bev
Fruit eaten fresh. Fruit mixed with sugar, steamed, and eaten. Winter erage Berries used to make wine. Dried Food Berries dried for future
Use Food Fruit canned for winter use. Berry clusters placed in alder use. Winter Use Food Berries formerly an important winter food.
 Catalog of Plants 515

Hanaksiala Fruit Berries mixed with blueberries, Pacific crabapples, coction of blossoms taken for colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of
and oolichan (candleflsh) grease and eaten. (43:229) Hoh Fruit Ber blossoms taken for coughs. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of blos
ries pit baked and used for food. Sauce & Relish Fruits used to make soms taken for tuberculosis, (as S. melanocarpa 180:137,138)
a sauce. Winter Use Food Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage
Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubensvar. microbotrys (Rydb.)
leaves, and preserved for winter use. (as S. calliocarpa 137:69) Klal-
Kearney & Peebles, European Red Elderberry
lam Fruit Berries used for food, (as S. callicarpa 78:197) Winter Use
• Food—Apache Fruit Fruits eaten fresh or cooked, (as S. microbotrys
Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled, and eaten in the winter.
32:50) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Preserves Fruit cooked with
Makah Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled, and eaten
a sweet substance, strained, and eaten as jelly (as S. microbotrys
in the winter, (as S. callicarpa 79:47) Nitinaht Fruit Berries formerly
33:46)
used for food. Preserves Berries pounded, dried, soaked in water un
til jam-like, mixed with sugar, and used for food. (186:100) Oweekeno Sambucus sp., Elderberry
• Drug—Iroquois Dermatological Aid Poultice of crushed leaves and
Dried Food Berries dried for storage. Preserves Berries used to make
jam. (43:90) Quileute Fruit Berries pit baked and used for food. Sauce other leaves applied to blue swellings. (141:61)
• Food—Coeur d'Alene Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (178:89) Kiowa Fruit
& Relish Fruits used to make a sauce, (as S. calliocarpa 137:69) Win
ter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled, and eaten in the win Berries used for food. (192:52) Okanagon Staple Berries used as a

ter, (as S. callicarpa 79:47) Berries cooked, wrapped in skunk cabbage principal food. (178:238) Poliklah Fruit Berries used for food. (117:

leaves, and preserved for winter use. (as S. calliocarpa 137:69) Qui- 173) Spokan Fruit Berries used for food. (178:343)

nault Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled, and eaten
• Other—Iroquois Tools Stems made into the shuttle used for weav

in the winter. Skagit Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, ing. (142:99)

cooled, and eaten in the winter, (as S. callicarpa 79:47) Skagit, Upper Sambucus tridentata DC., Antelope Brush
Dried Food Berries steamed, pulped, and dried for winter use. (as S. • Drug—VdXxxie Emetic Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic. Laxative
callicarpa 179:38) Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, (as S. callicarpa 179:37) Infusion of leaves taken as a laxative. (167:317)
Skokomish Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled, and
eaten in the winter. Snohomish Winter Use Food Berries steamed on
Sangiiinaria, Papaveraceae
rocks, cooled, and eaten in the winter. Squaxin Winter Use Food Ber Sanguinaria canadensisL., Blood Root
ries steamed on rocks, cooled, and eaten in the winter. Swinomish • Drug—Abnaki AbortifacientUsed as an abortifacient. (144:154) Vet-
Winter Use Food Berries steamed on rocks, cooled, and eaten in the erinary Aid Used as an abortifacient for horses. (144:167) Algonquin
winter, (as S. callicarpa 79:47) Yurok Fruit Fresh berries used for Love Medicine Used as a love charm and red dye for skin, clothing,
food, (as S. callicarpa 6:53) and weapons. (22:142) Algonquin, Quebec Heart Medicine Root
• Other—Haisla & Hanaksiala Cooking Tools Leaves used to whip chewed for heart trouble. Tonic Rhizomes used to make a medicinal
soapberries. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make points for tonic. (18:171) Cherokee Cough Medicine Decoction of root in small
oolichan (candleflsh) and squirrel spears. (43:229) Nitinaht Sacred doses and infusion with broomsedge used for coughs. Dermatologi
Items Pithy branches hollowed out and used to make ceremonial and cal Aid Used as wash for ulcers and sores and infusion with vinegar
sacred wolf whistles. Toys & Games Used to make children's whistles used for tetterworm. Nose Medicine Used as "snuff for polypus." Pul
and "pea shooters." (186:100) Yurok Containers Leaves used to pack monary Aid Decoction of root taken in small doses for lung inflam
sturgeon eggs while cooking, (as S. callicarpa 6:53) mations and croup. Respiratory Aid Pulverized root sniffed for ca
tarrh. (80:26) Chippewa Analgesic Compound decoction of root tak
Sambucus racemosa ssp, pubensvar. leucocarpa (Torr. &
en for cramps. Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of root
Gray) Cronq., European Red Elderberry
taken for stomach cramps. (53:344) Unspecified Plant used medici
• Drug—Mahuna Misc. Disease Remedy Blossoms used for measles.
nally. (71:131) Delaware Gastrointestinal Aid Combined with other
(as S.pubens 140:10)
roots and used as a stomach remedy. Strengthener Pea-sized piece of
• Food—Mahuna Fruit Berries eaten mainly to quench the thirst, (as
roots taken every morning for 30 days for general debility. (176:38)
S. pubens 140:70)
Delaware, Oklahoma Gastrointestinal Aid Compound containing
Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubensvar. melanocarpa (Gray) root used as a "stomach remedy." Panacea Piece of root eaten daily
McMinn, Black Elderberry "for general debility." (175:32, 80) Tome Root used in a tonic. (175:80)
• Drug—Paiute Antidiarrheal Dried ripe berries eaten or decoction of Delaware, Ontario Antiemetic Infusion of powdered root taken for
root taken for diarrhea. Cold Remedy Decoction of flowers taken for vomiting. Blood Medicine Compound containing root taken as a
colds. Cough Medicine Decoction of flowers taken for coughs. Der- blood purifier. (175:68,82) Iroquois Analgesic Infusion of roots taken
matological Aid Poultice of boiled, mashed root applied to cuts and for inside pain. (87:335) Anthelmintic Compound infusion of roots
wounds. Poultice of leaves applied to bruises. Gynecological Aid and whisky taken as blood remedy and for tapeworms. (87:338) Anti
Poultice of boiled, mashed root applied to caked breasts. Hemostat diarrheal Compound infusion of plants taken for diarrhea. Antiemet-
Poultice of bruised leaves applied to bleeding wounds. PediatricAid ic Compound infusion of plants taken for vomiting. (87:336) Antihe-
and Tonic Decoction of flowers given to children as a spring tonic. morrhagic Infusion of roots taken for stomach and lump hemor
Shoshoni Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for dysentery. Blood rhages. (87:335) Blood Medicine Compound infusion of roots taken
Medicine Decoction of root taken as a blood tonic. Cold Remedy De to purify the blood and loosen the bowels. Infusion of branches tak-
516 Sanguinaria canadensis (Papaveraceae)

en as a blood tonic, "don't vomit." (87:336) Compound infusion of cines to strengthen their effect. (151:44) Dermatological Aid Fresh
roots taken as a blood purifier. (87:337) Carminative Compound de root used to paint the face of a warrior. (151:78) Meskwaki Adjuvant
coction of roots taken for stomach gas. (87:336) Cold Remedy Dried Added to other medicines to strengthen their effect. Analgesic Root
plant used as a snuff for head colds. (87:335) Decoction or infusion chewed and spittle applied to burn pains. Burn Dressing Infusion of
of roots taken for colds. (87:337) Plant chewed for colds. (87:338) root used as a wash for burns and chewed root spittle applied to
Cough Medicine Compound infusion of roots and liquor taken as burn pain. (152:234) Micmac Abortifacient Used as an abortifacient.
consumption cough medicine. (87:336) Decoction of powdered roots Cold Remedy Infusion of roots used for colds. (145:56) Dermatologi
or infusion of roots taken for coughs. (87:337) Dermatological Aid In cal Aid Roots used for infected cuts. Hemostat Roots used for hemor
fusion of mashed roots taken or poultice applied to cuts or poison rhages and to prevent bleeding. (40:61) Love Medicine Used as an
ivy. Plant juice taken as a wound medicine. Poultice of plants applied aphrodisiac. Throat Aid Infusion of roots used for sore throats. (145:
for drawing thorns and slivers or on leg sores. (87:336) Infusion of 56) Tuberculosis Remedy Roots used for consumption with hemor
split root used as a wash for cuts and boils. Poultice of cooked roots rhage. (40:61) Mohegan Blood Medicine Infusion of plant used as a
applied to cuts and wounds. (87:337) Decoction of roots taken for blood medicine. (174:264) Infusion of inner bark of dried root taken
swellings above the waist, wounds, and sores. Plant chewed for sores as a blood purifier. (176:75,132) Emetic Infusion of plant used as an
and cuts. (87:338) Ear Medicine Infusion of dried root fragments used emetic. (174:264) Tonic Leaves used to make a tonic. (176:132) Ojib-
as ear drops for earaches. (141:44) Emetic Decoction of branches wa Analgesic Plant used for stomach pain, fainting, and trembling
or infusion of roots taken as a spring emetic. (87:336) Eye Medicine in fits. Anticonvulsive Plant used for trembling in fits or infusion of
Decoction of powdered root used as a wash for sore eyes. Febrifuge leaves taken for fits. Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of pounded
Infusion of plants or decoction of roots or powdered roots taken for plants used as wash for general illnesses and rheumatism. Blood
fevers. (87:337) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of roots taken for stom Medicine Leaf infusion taken as blood medicine and bark decoction
ach hemorrhages. (87:335) Compound infusion of plants taken for used for blood disease. (135:231) Ceremonial Medicine)uice used as
upset stomach. Decoction of smashed roots taken for stomach face paint for the medicine lodge ceremony or when on warpath.
cramps. (87:336) Compound decoction of bark taken to clean the (153:377) Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied or root infu
stomach and for ulcers. Compound taken for intestinal trouble. De sion taken and used as a wash for sores and cuts. Gastrointestinal
coction of dried roots taken for ulcers or by women who are ugly. (87: Aid Decoction or infusion of plants taken for stomach or bowel trou
338) Decoction of rhizomes taken for stomachaches after a big meal. bles. Hemostat Infusion of roots taken and used as a wash for bleed
(141:44) Gynecological Aid Infusion of plant taken for menses. (87: ing foot cuts. Laxative Decoction of plants taken for sick stomach,
335) Heart Medicine Compound decoction of roots taken to regulate bowels, or for constipation. Panacea Infusion of pounded plants
the heart and make blood redder. Hemorrhoid Remedy Decoction of used as a wash for general illnesses. Stimulant Infusion of leaves tak
roots used to push piles back into intestines. (87:337) Hemostat De en for fainting, fits, and as a blood medicine. (135:231) Throat Aid
coction of roots applied to bleeding ax cuts on the foot. (87:336) Kid Root juice on maple sugar used for sore throat. (153:377,378) Venere
ney Aid Compound decoction of roots taken for fevers or the kidneys. al Aid Infusion of root bark taken for gonorrhea. (135:231) Penobscot
(87:337) Laxative Compound infusion or decoction of roots taken to Preventive Medicine Bits of dried root worn as a necklace to prevent
loosen the bowels. (87:336) Liver Aid Compound infusion of roots bleeding. (156:311) Ponca Love Medicine Root rubbed on palm of
taken as a gall medicine. (87:337) Other Cold infusion of roots taken bachelor as a love charm. (70:83) Potawatomi Misc. Disease Remedy
for sickness caught from a menstruating girl. (87:335) Decoction of Infusion of root used for diphtheria, considered a throat disease.
smashed roots taken for hiccups. (87:336) Panacea Compound de Throat Aid Root juice squeezed on maple sugar as throat lozenge
coction of roots taken as a panacea. Pediatric Aid Compound infu for mild sore throat. (154:68)
sion of roots taken for prenatal strength or as blood purifier. (87:337) ► Dye—Cherokee /ted Used to make a red dye. (80:26) Roots used as a
Pulmonary Aid Infusion of plant taken for bleeding lungs. Respirato red dye in basket making. (203:74) Chippewa Red Roots boiled with
ry AidDried plant used as a snuff for catarrh. (87:335) Decoction of the inner barks of other trees and used to make a red dye. (53:371)
roots taken for asthma. Throat Aid Plant chewed or poultice applied Roots dug in the fall and used to make a red dye. (71:131) Yellow
for sore throats. (87:338) Tuberculosis Remedy Compound infusion of Green or dried roots pounded and steeped to make a dark yellow
roots and liquor taken as consumption cough medicine. Infusion or dye. (53:373) Double handful of shredded roots boiled with wild
decoction of mashed roots taken for tuberculosis. (87:336) Venereal plum roots to make a dark yellow dye. (53:374) Iroquois Orange-
Aid Cold infusion or decoction of smashed roots taken for gonorrhea Yellow Rhizomes used as an orange or yellow dye for sheets. (141:44)
and syphilis. (87:335) Witchcraft Medicine Smoke from plant used as Menominee Orange-Red Boiled root used to dye mats orange-red.
a wash for a person who has seen a dead person. (87:336) Malecite Red Boiled root used to dye mats red. (151:78) Meskwaki RedRoot
Antihemorrhagic Infusion of plant used for hemorrhages in patients cooked to make a red face paint and to dye baskets and mats red.
suffering from consumption. (116:252) Dermatological Aid Decoc (152:271) Ojibwa Orange Fresh or dried roots used as an orange dye
tion of plant used for black, infected cuts. (116:246) Roots used for to paint faces with clan marks.77 (153:426) Red Roots boiled to obtain
infected cuts. Hemorrhoid Remedy Roots boiled and used for bleed a red dye. (96:114) Yellow Fresh or dried roots used as a dark yellow
ing piles. Tuberculosis Remedy Roots used for consumption. (116: dye to paint faces with clan marks.77 (153:426) Omaha Red Root
250) Menominee Abortifacient Compound decoction of root used boiled with objects as a red dye. Unspecified Root used as a decora
for irregular periods. (54:133) AdjuvantRoot often added to medi tive skin stain. Ponca Red Root boiled with objects as a red dye. Un-
 Catalog of Plants 517

specified Root used as a decorative skin stain. (70:83) Potawatomi menstruation. Analgesic Roots used for menstrual pain. Antirheu-
Unspecified Root used as facial paint to put on clan and identifica matic (Internal) Roots used for rheumatism. Gynecological Aid Roots
tion marks. (154:121) Winnebago RedRoot boiled with objects as a used for menstrual pain and slow parturition. Kidney Aid Roots used
red dye. Unspecified Root used as a decorative skin stain. (70:83) for kidney trouble. Snakebite Remedy Roots used as a snakebite rem
• Other—-Delaware Ceremonial Items Roots used to make the face edy and for rheumatism. (40:61) Ojibwa Febrifuge Infusion of root
paint for the Big House Ceremony. (176:38) Delaware, Oklahoma used for various fevers. Snakebite Remedy Poultice of pounded root
Ceremonial Items Root used as a ceremonial face paint. (175:32,80) applied to rattlesnake bite or any snakebite. (153:391)
Omaha Paint Plant used as a red skin stain. (68:324)
Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K. M. Pryer & L. R. Phillippe, Clustered
Blacksnakeroot
Sanicula, Apiaceae
• Drug—Malecite Analgesic Infusion of plant and spikenard used by
Sanicula bipinnata Hook. & Arn., Poison Sanicle
women with back and side pain. Kidney Aid Infusion of plant and
• Drug—Miwok Snakebite Remedy Poultice of boiled plant applied to
spikenard used for kidney trouble, (as S. gregaria 116:257) Menomi
snakebites. (12:172)
nee Witchcraft Medicine Root thought to be used by sorcerers for evil
• Food—Karok Vegetableleaves eaten as greens. (148:386)
purpose, (as S. gregaria 151:56) Meskwaki Dermatological AidPlant
• Other—Karok Water Indicator Plant grew near good luck water.
used as an astringent and for nosebleeds. Hemostat Steam of burn
This plant grew naturally in swamps. It was believed that even if you
ing plant on hot stones inhaled for nosebleed, (as S. gregaria 152:250)
found it in a dry place, if you searched you would find water nearby.
The water bubbled up in a little hole and disappeared again soon. SaniculasmalliiBickn., Small's Blacksnakeroot
This was good luck water. When a woman was making baskets, she • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic and Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion with
went to it, if she knew where it was, and washed her hands. Then she pink lady's slipper taken for stomach cramps and colic. Orthopedic
would have good luck in making her baskets and perhaps would sell Aid Used as a liniment and infusion taken for colic. (80:55)
them at a high price. When people were gambling, they would go
Sanicula sp., Sanicle
and wash their hands in a "lucky water." If you found a lucky water,
• Drug—Porno, Kashaya Unspecified Plant used medicinally. (72:102)
you would not tell anyone, but would keep it secret, so that no un
• Food—Neeshenam Unspecified Roots used for food. Vegetable
clean person would go near it. (148:386)
Leaves eaten as greens. (129:377)
Sanicula bipinnatifida Dougl. ex Hook., Purple Sanicle
Sanicula tuberosaTou., Turkey Pea
• Drug—Miwok Panacea Decoction of root taken as a cure-all. Snake
• Food—Mendocino Indian Unspecified Bulbs eaten raw. (41:374)
bite Remedylnfusion of leaves applied to snakebites. (12:172)
Neeshenam UnspecifiedEaten raw, roasted, or boiled, (as S. luberosa
Sanicula canadensis L, Canadian Blacksnakeroot 129:377) Porno Unspecified Tuberous roots eaten raw. (11:89)
• Drug—Chippewa Abortifacient Decoction of powdered root taken
Santalaceae, see Comandra, Geocaulon, Pyrularia
for "stoppage of periods." (53:358) Gynecological Aid Compound de
coction of root taken during confinement. (53:360) Houma Heart Sanvitalia, Asteraceae
Medicine Hot decoction of root taken for heart trouble. (158:64) Sanvitalia abertii Gray, Albert's Creeping Zinnia
• Drug—Navajo Diaphoretic Plant used to increase perspiration. Oral
Sanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC, Pacific Blacksnakeroot
Aid Plant chewed for mouth sores. (55:88) Navajo, Ramah Analgesic
• Drug—Miwok Dermatological A/d Poultice of leaves used for rattle
Cold infusion of leaves taken and used as lotion for headache. Com
snake bites and other wounds. Snakebite Remedy Poultice of leaves
pound decoction used for menstrual pain. Cold Remedy Chewed
used for rattlesnake bites and other wounds, (as S. menziesii 12:173)
leaves swallowed for cold. Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed
• Other—Mendocino Indian Good Luck Charm Roots chewed, rubbed,
leaves or infusion of leaves applied to skin sores. Febrifuge Cold infu
on the body, and used for good luck in gambling, (as S. menziesii
sion of leaves taken and used as lotion for fever. Gynecological Aid
41:373)
Compound decoction of plant used for menstrual pain. Oral Aid
Sanicula marilandica L, Maryland Sanicle Warm infusion used as mouthwash and leaves chewed for canker
• Drug—Iroquois Antidote Compound decoction of plants taken to sores. Panacea Plant used as "life medicine." Snakebite Remedy Com
vomit to counteract a poison. (87:397) Dermatological Aid Decoction pound decoction of plant used for snakebite. Throat Aid Chewed
of roots used as a wash and given to children with sore navels. (87: leaves swallowed for sore throat. Toothache RemedyLeaves chewed
396) Emetic Compound decoction of plants taken to vomit to coun for toothache. (191:53)
teract a poison. (87:397) Kidney Aid Decoction of plants taken for
dropsy. Laxative Compound decoction of roots taken to loosen the Sapindaceae, see Dodonaea, Sapindus
bowels. PediatricAid Decoction of roots used as a wash and given to Sapindus, Sapindaceae
children with sore navels. Venereal Aid Compound decoction of roots
Sapindus saponaria L, Wingleaf Soapberry
taken for venereal disease. (87:396) Malecite Abortifacient Infusion
• Other—Seminole Jewelry Plant used to make beads. (169:468)
of bulb roots used for irregular menstruation. (116:258) Menominee
Witchcraft Medicine Root thought to be used by sorcerers for evil Sapindus saponariavar. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) L Ben
purposes. (151:55) Micmac Abortifacient Roots used for irregular son, Western Soapberry
518 Sapindus saponaria (Sapindaceae)

• Drug—Kiowa Dermatological Aid Poultice of sap applied to wounds, ring rods. (42:358) Strong wood used to make stirring rods. (200:74)
(as S. drummondii 192:41) Fuel Wood used for fuel. (42:358) Shrub used as one of the four pre
• Other—Comanche Toys & Games Stems used to make arrows for scribed fuels for the kivas. (56:18) Strong wood used as the chief kiva
aratsi game, (as S. drummondii 29:524) Papago Hunting & Fishing fuel. (200:74) Hunting & Fishing ItemWood used for rabbit sticks and
Item and Weapon Wood used to make stone-tipped hunting arrows, arrows. (42:358) Strong wood used to make arrows. (200:74) Musical
(as S. drummondii 34:71) InstrumentWood used for musical rasps. (42:358) Strong wood used
to make musical rasps. (200:74) Tools Wood used for planting and
Sapium, Euphorbiaceae lease rods. (42:358) Used to make planting sticks and poorer boo
Sapium biloculare (S.Wats.) Pax, Mexican Jumpingbean merangs. Used to make planting sticks and poorer boomerangs. (190:
• Drug—Seri Poison Juice used for arrow poison. (50:138) 162) Strong wood used for rabbit sticks, planting sticks, lease rods,
• Other—Seri Hunting & Fishing Item Straight stems used to make and clothes hooks. (200:74) Jemez Toys & Games Plant part kicked to
arrow shafts. (50:138) see who kicked it the farthest, in racing games. (44:27) Navajo Cere
monial Items Roots carved into an image of a snake for the Lightning
Saponaria, Caryophyllaceae Chant, Beauty Chant, and Mountain Chant. Fuel Used as firewood.

Saponaria officinalis L, Bouncing Bet Tools Wood used to make planting sticks, knitting needles, heddle

• Drug—Cherokee Dermatological AidUsed as a poultice for boils. sticks, and distaff handles used in weaving. Toys & Games Wood used
(80:26) Mahuna Analgesic Poultice of leaves applied to spleen pain. to make dice. Weapon Wood used to make war bows. (55:44) Navajo,

Dermatological Aid Root juice used as a hair tonic. (140:40) Ramah Cooking Tools Stems tied together with buckskin and used

• Other—Cherokee Soap Used for soap. (80:26) Mahuna Soap Juice for mush stirring sticks. (191:25) Paiute Tools Twigs used as needles

used as a hair shampoo. (140:40) in the manufacture of tule and cattail mats. (Ill:69)

Sapotaceae, see Chrysophyllum, Sideroxylon Sarcocornia, Chenopodiaceae

Sarcocornia pacifica (Standl.) A. J. Scott, Pacific Swampfire
SarcobatuSy Chenopodiaceae
• Food—Alaska Native Vegetable Young plants used in salads or for
Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr., Greasewood pickles, (as Salicornia pacifica 85:57)
• Drug—Cheyenne Blood Medicine Sharpened stick used to draw out
bad blood. Ceremonial Medicine Sharpened stick used in acupunc Sarcostemma, Asclepiadaceae
ture ceremony. Veterinary Aid Stick used to make holes in horse's
Sarcostemma cynanchoides ssp. hartwegii (Vail) R. Holm,
shoulder for sprained or bruised legs. (83:17) Hopi Ceremonial Medi
Hartweg's Twinevine
cine Plant used for kiva fuel. (56:18) Keres, Western Dermatological
• Food—Luiseno Unspecified Plant eaten raw with salt, (as Philibertia
Aid Crushed leaves used for insect bites. Emetic Infusion of leaves
heterophylla 155:230) Papago Candy Gum-like secretions heated
used as an emetic for lightning shock. (171:68) Navajo Dermatologi
over coals and chewed by children, (as Philibertella heterophylla 34:
cal AidPlant used for insect bites. (55:97) Navajo, Ramah Gastroin
28) Pima Candy Milk extracted from main stem, baked or boiled, and
testinal AidMSfarm infusion of leaves taken to kill a swallowed red ant.
used as chewing gum. (as Funastrum heterophyllum 47:82) Pima,
(191:25) Paiute Antidiarrheal Infusion of burned plant taken for
Gila River Baby Food Sap roasted on coals and eaten primarily by
diarrhea. Antihemorrhagic Infusion of burned plant taken for rectal children. (133:7)
bleeding. (180:138,139) Paiute, Northern Toothache Remedy'Wood
or roots heated until burned or blackened and used on aching and Sarraceniaceae, see Darlingtonia, Sarracenia
decayed teeth. (59:129)
• Food—Keres, Western Forage Shrub used as winter pasture for sheep. Sarracenia> Sarraceniaceae
(171:68) Montana Indian Vegetable Young twigs used for greens. (19: Sarracenia purpurea L, Purple Pitcherplant
23) Navajo Forage Used as forage by sheep and eaten for the salt. (55: • Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves tak
44) Fruit "Seeds" (actually fruits) used for food. (90:155) Navajo, en to make childbirth easier. Urinary Aid Decoction of root tops tak
Ramah Fodder Used for sheep and horse feed in the spring. (191:25) en for urinary difficulties. (18:173) Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Diuret-
Pima Forage Succulent, young leaves and branches eaten by cattle ic Roots used as a diuretic. Urinary Aid Roots mixed with beaver kid
and sheep. Starvation Food Seeds roasted and eaten during "hard neys and used for urinary tract diseases. (132:131) Cree, Woodlands
times." (47:71) Abortifacient Decoction or infusion of leaves taken for sickness asso
• Fiber—Hopi Building MaterialV\food used for construction. (42:358) ciated with absence of menstrual period. Gynecological Aid Decoc
Strong wood used in general construction. (200:74) FurnitureVJood tion of root given to women to prevent sickness after childbirth. De
used for clothes hooks in houses. (42:358) coction of root and other herbs taken to expel the afterbirth. Ortho
• Other—Cheyenne Ceremonial Items Sticks used to make man de pedic Aid Decoction taken for lower back pain. Venereal Aid Decoc
signs upon which Sun Dancers stood. (83:17) Hunting & Fishing Item tion of roots taken for venereal disease. (109:59) Iroquois Basket
Used to make arrow shafts. (83:46) Wood used for arrow shafts. Smok Medicine Used as a "basket medicine." Dietary Aid Plant used as a
ing Tools Small sticks wrapped with buffalo hair and used as a tam medicine for thirst. Febrifuge Compound decoction of leaves taken
per for tobacco pipes. (83:17) Hopi Cooking Tools Wood used for stir for recurring chills followed by fever. Infusion of dried leaves taken
 Catalog of Plants 527

vation Food Roasted, ground seeds, cornmeal, and goat's milk made Senna marilandica (L.) Link, Maryland Wild Sensitive Plant
into flat cakes or mush in times of famine. (191:53) • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Infusion taken for cramps. Cathartic
Infusion given to children and adults as a purgative. Dermatological
Senecio multilobatUSTon. & Gray ex Gray, Lobeleaf Groundsel
Aid Poultice of root used for sores. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fever
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Decoction of plant used for men
and infusion of root given to children for fever. Heart MedicineInfu
strual pain. Ceremonial MedicinePlant rubbed on body as ceremo
sion of root taken for heart trouble. Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion
nial medicine. Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken for men
taken for "blacks" (hands and eye sockets turn black). PediatricAid
strual pain. (191:53) Yavapai Cold Remedy Decoction of leaf stem in
Infusion given to children as a purgative and for fever. Pulmonary
haled for colds. Dermatological AidBoiled or dried and powdered
Aid Compound taken for pneumonia. Stimulant Compound infu
leaves used for sores. Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of root taken
sion given for fainting spells, (as Cassia marilandica 80:54) Iroquois
for stomachache. Nose Medicine Decoction of leaf steam inhaled for
Anthelmintic Compound infusion taken for tapeworms. Blood Medi
sore nose. Venereal Aid Decoction of root used as a wash for gonor-
cine Compound infusion taken as a blood remedy, (as Cassia mari-
rheal sores. (65:261)
landica 87:362) Meskwaki Throat Aid Seeds soaked until mucilagi
Senecio neomexicanus Gray New Mexico Groundsel nous, then eaten for sore throat, (as Cassia marilandica 152:228)
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Antidote Plant used as an antidote for nar
Senna occidentalis (L) Link, Septicweed
cotics. Burn DressingPowdeved plant, poultice of plant applied and
• Drug—Hawaiian Dermatological Aid Plant and other ingredients
plant used as lotion for burns. DisinfectantPlant used for bear infec
pounded, mixed, squeezed, and resulting juice used as wash for skin
tions. (205:49) Navajo, Ramah Hunting Medicine Cold infusion used
diseases, (as Cassis occidentalis 2:4)
as lotion for good luck in hunting. (191:53)
• Food—Kiowa Beverage Ground seeds boiled to make a coffee-like
Senecio pseudoarnica Less., Seaside Ragwort beverage, (as Ditremexa occidentalis 192:31)
• Drug—Aleut Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to drain • Other—Kiowa R/e/Wood used for fuel. Wood used for fuel, (as
cuts and boils. (8:427) Ditremexa occidentalis 192:31)
• Food—Eskimo, Alaska Unspecified Fleshy stems and boiled leaves
Senna tora (L.) Roxb., Senna
used for food. The leaves were edible only when boiled. The plant
• Drug—Houma Misc. Disease Remedy Compound decoction of root
was eaten only when young and tender. (1:38)
taken for typhoid, (as Cassia tora 158:65)
Senecio sp,, Groundsel
• Drug—Ute Unspecified Used as medicine. (38:36) Sequoia, Taxodiaceae, conifer
• Food—Aleut Unspecified Species used for food. (7:29) Gosiute Candy Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb, ex D. Don) EndL, Redwood
Latex used as a chewing gum. (39:381) • Drug—Houma Blood Medicine Scraped "knees" or inner bark mixed
with whisky and taken as a blood purifier. Liver Aid Infusion of inner
Senecio spartioidesTovr. & Gray Broom Groundsel
bark in whisky taken for jaundice and to purify the blood, (as Taxodi-
• Drug—Hopi Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of flowers and leaves
um sempervirens 158:61) Porno Ear Medicine Poultice of heated leaves
used for sore muscles. Dermatological A/d Poultice of ground leaf
applied for earaches. Stimulant Gummy sap taken for rundown con
used for pimples and skin diseases. (42:360) Keres, Western Gyneco
ditions. Tonic Infusion of gummy sap taken as a tonic. (66:11) Porno,
logical Aid Infusion of leaves used as a tonic after childbirth. (171:68)
Kashaya Ear Medicine Poultice of warmed, new foliage used for ear
Senecio triangularis Hook., Arrowleaf Groundsel aches. Stimulant Gummy sap and water taken as medicine for run
• Drug—Cheyenne Analgesic Infusion of pulverized leaves or roots down condition. (72:97) Tlingit Venereal Aid Compound poultice of
taken for chest pains. Sedative Infusion of pulverized leaves or roots bark applied for syphilis, (as Taxodium sempervirens 107:283)
taken as a sedative. (76:190) • Fiber—Costanoan Basketry Sprouts from burls used in basketry. (21:
248) Mendocino Indian Building Material Lumber used to construct
Senna, Fabaceae houses. Canoe Material Fallen logs formerly hollowed out by fire and
Senna hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby, American Wild Sensitive used as canoes. (41:309) Porno, Kashaya Building Material Bark
Plant leaned together, in a circle, to make a house. (72:97) Tolowa Building
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Infusion taken for cramps. Cathartic MaterialWood used for building materials. Canoe MaterialWood
Infusion given to children and adults as a purgative. Dermatological used to make canoes. Yurok BuildingMaterial\Nood used for build
Aid Poultice of root used for sores. Febrifuge Infusion taken for fever ing materials. Canoe MaterialVJood used to make canoes. (6:55)
and infusion of root given to children for fever. Heart Medicine Infu • Other—Porno, Kashaya Toys & Games Pieces of bark used by young
sion of root taken for heart trouble. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion girls to play dolls. (72:97) Yurok Cash Crop Wood used to make ca
taken for "blacks" (hands and eye sockets turn black). PediatricAid noes and traded to the Karok. (6:55)
Infusion given to children as a purgative and for fever. Pulmonary
Aid Compound taken for pneumonia. Stimulant Compound infu Serenoa, Arecaceae
sion given for fainting spells, (as Cassia hebecarpa 80:54) Iroquois Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small, Saw Palmetto
Anthelmintic Plant used as a worm remedy. Laxative Compound de • Food—Seminole Fruit Fruit and trunk used for food. (169:504)
coction of flowers taken as a laxative, (as Cassia hebecarpa 87:362) • Fiber—Choctaw Basketry Stems used in basketry, (as Serrenoa serru-
528 Serenoa repens (Arecaceae)

lata 25:13) Seminole Basketry Leaf stems used to make medicine • Dye—Blackfoot Red Berries used to make a red dye. (97:48)
baskets. (169:160) Plant used to make baskets. Brushes & Brooms
Plant used to make brushes. Cordage Plant used to make rope. Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt., Russet Buffalo Berry
(169:504) • Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Orthopedic Aid Poultice of hot-water-
• Other—-Seminole Cash Crop Plant used to make tourist goods. Cere softened bark and pin cherry bark used to make broken bone plaster
monial Items Plant used to make dance fans and rattles. Fuel Plant or bandage. Unspecified Infusion of bark used for a medicinal tea.
used to make flint and steel punk. Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used (18:203) Carrier Dermatological Aid Berries, froth, or jelly eaten to
to make fish drags. Tools Plant used to make fire fans. Toys & Games reduce injury from mosquito bites. The berries were ripe in June and
Plant used to make dolls. (169:504) were eaten at this time to reduce injury from mosquito bites: they
seem apparently to feel that the occurrence of berries and mosqui
Sesamum, Pedaliaceae toes simultaneously was a divine indication that one was an antidote
Sesamum orientaleu Sesame for the other. Decoction of branches used as a hair tonic for dyeing
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Decoction of leaves and seeds given and curling the hair. The branches were taken in July, broken up, and
for dysentery. Cathartic Oil of seed used as a cathartic. Gynecological boiled for 2 to 3 hours in water, until the liquid looked like brown
Aid Decoction of leaves and seeds given for flux. Misc. Disease Reme coffee. The liquid was decanted off and bottled without further treat
dy and PediatricAid Decoction of leaves and seeds given for cholera ment but did not deteriorate over a long period of time. To use, the
infantum. (as Sesamum indicum 80:25) decoction was rubbed into the hair, which was simultaneously curled
and dyed a brownish color. Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots used
Shepherdia, Elaeagnaceae in childbirth. (89:12) Laxative Decoction of stems taken for constipa
Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt, Silver Buffalo Berry tion. (31:76) Tuberculosis Remedy Roots used for tuberculosis. (89:12)
• Drug—Blackfoot Gastrointestinal Aid Benies eaten for stomach Carrier, Northern Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a purgative.
troubles. Laxative Berries eaten as a mild laxative. (86:68) Cheyenne (150:60) Cree, Woodlands Antihemorrhagic Infusion of roots taken
UnspecifiedDried, smashed berries used as an ingredient in medici for coughing up blood. Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of plant
nal mixtures. (83:24) Dakota Ceremonial Medicine Fruit used occa applied externally for aching limbs and arthritis. Dermatological Aid
sionally in ceremonial feasts at female puberty rites, (as Lepargyrea Decoction of plant applied externally to head and face sores. Laxa-
argentea70:\06) Navajo Febrifuge Berries taken forfevers. (90:156) tive Infusion of inner bark, scraped from the stem with a downward
• Food—Arapaho Preserves Berries used to make jelly. Winter Use Food motion, used as a laxative. Venereal Aid Decoction of stems taken for
Berries dried for winter use. (121:49) Blackfoot Forage Berries eaten venereal disease. (109:60) Eskimo, Inupiat Poison Berries poisonous
by buffalo. (97:48) Cheyenne Pie & PuddingBenies boiled, flour and in great quantities. (98: 111) Flathead Eye Medicine Bark solution
sugar added, and eaten as a pudding. (83:24) Dakota Dried Food used for sore eyes. (82:53) Tuberculosis Remedy'Roots used for tuber
Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh in season, (as Lep culosis. UnspecifiedWfood used for drug purposes. (89:12) Gitksan
argyrea argentea 70:106) Gosiute Fruit Berries used for food. (39:381) Antirheumatic (Internal) Compound decoction of root taken three
Lakota Dried Food Berries dried and used for food. Fruit Berries eat times a day for rheumatism. Cough Medicine Decoction of bark,
en fresh. (106:43) Fruits eaten for food. (139:44) Montana Indian branches, and leaves taken for chronic cough. Venereal Aid Decoc
Dried Food Fruits dried and stored for winter use. (82:57) Fruit Fruit tion of roots, stem, and branches used as a wash for gonorrhea. (150:
eaten fresh. (19:23) Fruits eaten fresh. (82:57) Preserves Fruit used to 60) Haisla & Hanaksiala Reproductive Aid Berries given to women in
make jelly. (19:23) Sauce & Relish Fruits used to make a meat flavor labor to ease the birth. (43:236) Kutenai Eye Medicine Bark solution
ing sauce. (82:57) Winter Use Food Fruit dried for winter use. (19:23) used for sore eyes. (82:53) Okanagan-Colville Dermatological Aid
Navajo Dried Food Dried fruit used for food. Fruit Fresh fruit used Decoction of branches used as a shampoo. Hunting MedicineLeaves
for food. (90:156) Omaha Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. (as chewed and spit out by hunter to stop a wounded deer from running.
Lepargyraea argentea 68:326) Fruit dried for winter use. (as Lepargy (188:99) Salish Cathartic Decoction of twigs taken as a mild physic.
rea argentea 70:106) Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, (as Lepargyraea argentea Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of twigs taken as a tonic for the stom
68:326) Fruit eaten fresh in season, (as Lepargyrea argentea 70:106) ach. Tonic Decoction of twigs taken as a tonic for the stomach. (178:
Paiute Dried Food Berries cooked, dried, boiled, drained, crushed, 294) Shuswap Cathartic Decoction of plants taken by young men in
and used for food. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Pie & Pudding Berries, training to purge themselves. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of ber
flour, and sugar mixed and eaten as a pudding. (104:100) Paiute, ries taken for stomach. (123:61) Tuberculosis Remedy Roots used for
Northern Dried Food Berries dried for winter use. Porridge Berries tuberculosis. UnspecifiedWood used for drug purposes. (89:12)
dried, mashed, and eaten like a mush. (59:50) Pawnee Dried Food Sioux Antidiarrheal Bark used for diarrhea. Cathartic Root used as a
Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh in season. Ponca cathartic. Poison Fruit very acrid and considered poisonous. (19:24)
Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten fresh in season, Tanana, Upper Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of stems and
(as Lepargyrea argentea 70:106) Thompson Fruit Scarlet, sour fruits leaves used as a wash for swellings. Dermatological Aid Decoction of
eaten fresh. Winter Use Food Scarlet, sour fruits preserved for winter stems and leaves used as a wash for cuts. Decoction of whole plant
use. (as Lepargyrea argentea 164:489) Ute Fruit Berries formerly used above the ground used as a wash for sores. Panacea Decoction of
for food. (38:36) Winnebago Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. berries taken for sickness. Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of stems
Fruit Fruit eaten fresh in season, (as Lepargyrea argentea 70:106) and leaves taken for tuberculosis. (102:13) Thompson Cancer Treat-
 Catalog of Plants 529

ment Decoction of branches and leaves taken in a 1-cupful dose for chased berries dried or canned for storage. (67:288) Montana Indian
stomach cancer. (187:209) Cathartic Decoction of root or decoction Dried Food Berries sun dried and stored for future use. Fruit Berries
of dried stem and leaves taken as a physic, (as Lepargyrea canadensis eaten fresh. Ice Cream Berries used to make a frothy or foamy "Indi
164:472) Dermatological Aid Berry juice used for acne and boils. (187: an Ice Cream." (82:53) Nanaimo Dessert Berries crushed in water,
209) Disinfectant Decoction of stem and leaf taken by hunters and beaten to make a froth, and eaten as a favorite dessert. (182:82) Niti-
warriors in sweat house to purify. (164:505) Gastrointestinal Aid De naht Ice Cream Berries whipped in small amounts of water and eat
coction of bark taken as a tonic for the stomach, (as Lepargyrea can en as "Indian ice cream" at large feasts. (186:103) Northwest Indian
adensis 164:472) Berry juice and whip taken in a 1-teaspoon dose for Beverage Berries made into a foaming drink, (as Lepargyrea cana
indigestion. Berry juice used for digestive problems. Infusion of fruits densis 118:17) Okanagan-Colville Ice Cream Berries used to make
and leaves used for ulcers. Berries eaten for stomach cancer. Heart "Indian ice cream." (188:99) Okanagon Beverage Fruits fermented to
Medicine Berry juice and whip taken in a 1-teaspoon dose for heart make an alcoholic drink. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh by children. (125:
attacks. Hypotensive Decoction of branches and leaves taken in a 39) Staple Berries used as a principal food. (178:239) Oregon Indian
1-cupful dose for high blood pressure. Berries eaten for high blood Beverage Berries used to make a foaming drink, (as Lepargyrea cana
pressure. Laxative Decoction of twigs and sticks used as a laxative. densis 118:20) Oweekeno Fruit Berries whipped, mixed with sugar,
Liver Aid Berry juice used for gallstones. Sedative Infusion of fruits and eaten. Winter Use Food Benies canned for future use. (43:93)
and leaves considered a good sedative. Berry whip said to make one Salish, Coast Dessert Berries crushed in water, beaten to make a
sleepy. (187:209) Tonic Decoction of bark taken as a tonic for the froth, and eaten as a favorite dessert. (182:82) Sanpoil Ice Cream Ber
stomach, (as Lepargyrea canadensis 164:472) Berry jam taken as a ries used to make a froth similar to ice cream. (89:12) Shuswap Bev
tonic. (187:209) Tuberculosis Remedy Roots used for tuberculosis. erage Canned berry juice used as a beverage during haying time.
Umatilla Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots used in childbirth. Dessert Berries canned with sugar, mixed with equal amount of wa
(89:12) ter, and whipped into a foam; whipped cream. Fruit Berries mixed
Food—Alaska Native Dessert Berries mixed with sugar and water, with timber grass, dried, water added, and beaten to a foam. (123:61)
beaten with hands into foam, and used on desserts like whipped Ice Cream Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream. (89:12)
cream. (85:146) Bella Coola Ice Cream Berries mixed with water, Spokan Fruit Berries used for food. (178:343) Tanana, Upper Fruit
whipped, and eaten as "Indian ice-cream." (184:204) Blackfoot Star Raw berries whipped with sugar until frothy. Berries mixed with sug
vation Food Bitter berries eaten in lean times. (86:105) Carrier Dried ar, fried, and eaten. (102:13) Thompson Beverage Fruits fermented to
Food Berries dried for future use. (31:76) Fruit Berries used for food. make an alcoholic drink. (125:39) Berries squeezed through a rice
(89:12) Ice Cream Berries beaten by hand in a birch basket into bag or some other straining cloth and made into juice. Bread & Cake
Indian ice cream. (31:76) Berries used to make a froth similar to ice Soapberries dried on mats and formed into cakes. The berries were
cream. The berries were macerated. In this process, it was most es gathered in the summer, but were not hand picked because they
sential that all grease be kept away and the utensils be kept perfectly were too soft. A clean mat was placed underneath the bush, then a
clean. A smooth froth, almost like ice cream of light consistency, was branch laden with fruit was held and hit with a stick until the fruit
formed, which was edible and to those accustomed to it of good fell off. The ripe berries were then placed in a basket, heated with
taste. Sugar was added to sweeten. This froth appeared to be formed hot rocks, and spread out on mats or on a layer of "timbergrass" set
from the saponins which were admixed with the other components on a scaffolding and allowed to dry. A small fire was lit beneath so
of the fruit. (89:12) Preserves Berries used to make jam. (31:76) Ber that the smoke would drive away the flies. The dried soapberry cakes
ries used to make jelly. (89:12) Cheyenne Preserves Fruit used to make were then broken off, placed in a birch bark basket with water, and
excellent preserves, (as Lepargyraea canadensis 76:181) Clallam Ice "swished" with a whisk of maple bark tied to a stick. The mixture was
Cream Berries whipped until foamy and eaten as "Indian ice cream." originally sweetened with the "white" variety of saskatoon berries
(57:199) Coeur d'Alene Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (178:90) Ice Cream that were dried and soaked in water to reconstitute them. More re
Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream. (89:12) Eskimo, cently, sugar was added to the whip to sweeten it. The sweetened
Inupiat Dessert Berries, water, and sugar whipped into a foamy des froth was served in small containers, first to the men and then to the
sert. (98:111) Flathead Beverage Berries, water, sugar, and lemon or women, as a sort of dessert or confection. It was said that the soap
vanilla used to make a drink. (19:24) Ice Cream Berries used to make berries must never come into contact with grease or oil or the ber
a froth similar to ice cream. (89:12) Haisla & Hanaksiala Dried Food ries would not whip. One informant said that special containers were
Berries dried for future use. Ice Cream Berries whipped into a froth used for the preparation of soapberries, not for cooking or any other
and eaten as "Indian ice cream." Special Food Berries served at large purpose, so that the berries could be kept free of grease. It was said
gatherings, special occasions, and feasts. (43:236) Kitasoo Ice Cream that pregnant women should never eat the soapberry whip. Candy
Berries whipped into "Indian ice cream." Winter Use Food Benies Berries made into juice and used to make a frothy confection. Forage
canned for future use. (43:331) Kwakiutl, Southern Fruit Berries Berries eaten by bears. (187:209) Fruit Fruits eaten fresh by children.
whipped until white and frothy and used for food. (183:282) Lillooet (125:39) Preserves Berries made into jam. (187:209) Thompson,
Ice Cream Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream. (89:12) Lower Ice Cream Berries used to make a froth similar to ice cream.
Makah Dessert Berries used to make a frothy dessert. (67:288) Berries (89:12)
whipped into a froth and used as dessert at feasts. (79:41) Dried Food » Other—Gitksan Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and used for trade.
Purchased berries dried or canned for storage. Winter Use Food Pur (43:236) Berries used for trade. Nisga Cash Crop Berries used for
530 Shepherdia canadensis (Elaeagnaceae)

trade. (43:331) Nuxalkmc Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and used Sidalcea, Malvaceae
for trade. (43:236) Okanagan-Colville Good Luck Charm Infusion of Sidalcea malviflora (DC.) Gray ex Benth., Dwarf Checkermallow
branches taken to bring good luck. (188:99) Shuswap Ceremonial • Food—Luiseno Vegetable Plant used as greens. (155:231) Yana Spice
Items Decoction or infusion of berries taken during purification rites. Dried, mashed leaves used to flavor black manzanita berries.
(89:12) Thompson Cash Crop Berries used as an important trade (147:251)
item. Good Luck Charm Decoction of leafless branches taken by
hunters to clean out their insides for good luck. The decoction was Sidalcea neomexicana Gray, New Mexico Checkermallow
said to clean the hunters' insides. The hunters also used the decoc • Drug—Navajo, Ramah Internal Medicine'Cold infusion of plant tak

tion to wash themselves and their gear. Hunting & Fishing Item De en for internal injury. (191:36)

coction of leafless branches used as a wash for hunting gear. (187:

Sideroxylon, Sapotaceae
209) Tsimshian Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and traded. (43:331)
Sideroxylonfoetidissimumfccq., False Mastic
Tsimshian, Coast Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and used for trade.
• Drwg^-Seminole Love Medicine Decoction of wood ashes placed on
(43:236)
the tongue to cleanse the body and strengthen the marriage.
Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry, Roundleaf Buffalo Berry (169:250)
• Drug—Havasupai Poison Dust from the underside of the leaves • Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:494)
said to make the eyes sore and to cause blindness. (197:234) Navajo, • Fiber—Seminole Caulking MaterialPlant used to make mortar.
Kayenta Analgesic Ash used as lotion for headaches. Ceremonial (169:494)
Medicine Plant used as a Plumeway emetic. Dermatological Aid Ash • Other—Seminole Cooking Tools Plant used to make food paddles.
used as lotion to heal navels. Emetic Plant used as a Plumeway emet Tools Plant used to make pestles. (169:494)
ic. Pediatric Aid Ash used as lotion to heal navels. Throat Aid Ash
Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx., Gum Bully
used as lotion for sore throat. Toothache Remedy Ash used as lotion
• Food—-Kiowa Candy Outer bark yields a mucilaginous substance
for toothaches. (205:32)
used as chewing gum. (192:46)
Shepherdia sp., Soap Berry
Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. ssp. lanuginosum, Gum
• Food—Thompson Preserves Berries collected in large quantities and
Bumelia
cured. (178:237)
• Food—Kiowa Candy Outer bark yields a mucilaginous substance

Sherardia, Rubiaceae used as chewing gum. (as Bumelia lanuginosa 192:46)

Sherardia arvensis L, Blue Fieldmadder Sideroxylon salicifolium (L) Lam., White Bully
• Dye—Cherokee /ted Used to make a red or rose dye. (as Sheradia • Other—Seminole Cooking Tools Plant used to make food paddles.
arvensis 80:44) Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make arrows and bows, (as
Dipholis salicifolia 169:467)
Shinnersoseris, Asteraceae
Sideroxylon sp., A-laa
Shinnersoseris rostrata (Gray) S. Tomb, Beaked Skeletonweed
• Drwg^-Hawaiian Adjuvant Bark, leaves, and wood mixed with other
• Drwg^-Navajo Sedative Plant smoked as a sedative, (as Lygodesmia
herbs to produce strong remedies. Febrifuge Bark, leaves, other in
rostrata 55:88)
gredients, and water used as a wash and taken for strong fevers.
• Other—Navajo Ceremonial Items Plant offered to the antelope at the
StrengthenerBark, leaves, other ingredients, and water used as a
Corral Chant, (as Lygodesmia rostrata 55:88)
wash and taken for general debility. (2:12)

Sicyos, Cucurbitaceae
Silene, Caryophyllaceae
Sicyos angulatUS L, Oneseed Burr Cucumber
Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq., Moss Campion
• Drwg^-Iroquois Venereal AidDecoction of vine taken for venereal
• Drwg^-Gosiute Gastrointestinal Aid and Pediatric >4/d Plant used for
disease. Veterinary Aid Compound plants mixed with cow's feed for
children with colic. (39:381)
difficult birth of a calf. (87:451)
Silene acaulis var. exscapa (All.) DC, Moss Campion
Sida, Malvaceae • Food—Eskimo, Inuktitut Unspecified Raw root skins used for food.
Sidasp., Ilima (202:182)
• Drug—Hawaiian Gynecological Aid Flowers and other plants
Silene campanulata S. Wats., Red Mountain Catchfly
chewed, squeezed, and resulting liquid placed in the vagina for
• Drug—Kaiok Pediatric Aid and Unspecified Plant used as medicine
womb troubles. Laxative and Pediatric Aid Chewed flowers given to
for babies. (148:383)
infants and children as a laxative. Respiratory Aid Flowers, shoots,
root bark, and other plants pounded, squeezed, and resulting liquid Silene douglosii Hook. var. douglosii, Douglas's Campion
taken for asthma. Strengthener Bark and other plants pounded, • Drug—Gosiute Analgesic, Emetic, and Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion
squeezed, and resulting liquid taken for general debility. (2:26) of roots taken as an emetic for stomach trouble pain, (as S. multi-
• Other—Hawaiian Decorations Plant used to make wreaths. (2:26) caulis 39:350) Warm infusion of pounded plant used as an emetic for
 Catalog of Plants 531

stomach pain. Veterinary Aid Plant used as a horse medicine, (as S. vermifuge for horses. Witchcraft Medicine Dried root burned during
multicaulis 39:381) Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid and Veteri storms to act as a charm against lightning. (70:132) Meskwaki Emetic
nary Aid Cold infusion of plant used as a lotion for coyote bite on Decoction of smaller roots taken as an emetic. (152:216,217) Omaha
humans, sheep, or horses, (as S. pringlei 191:27) Veterinary Aid Roots given to horses as a tonic. (68:335) Decoction of
root given to horses as a tonic. Witchcraft Medicine Dried root
Silene drummondii Hook. var. drummondii Drummond's
burned during storms to act as a charm against lightning. Pawnee
Campion
Tonic Decoction of root taken for general debility. Witchcraft Medi-
1 Drug—Navajo, Ramah Panacea Root used as a "life medicine." (as
cine Dried root burned during storms to act as a charm against light
Lychnis drummondii 191:27)
ning. Ponca Veterinary Aid Decoction of root given to horses as a
Silene laciniata Cav., Mexican Campion tonic. Witchcraft Medicine Dried root burned during storms to act as
• Drug—Keres, Western Dermatological Aid Crushed plant rubbed on a charm against lightning. Winnebago Witchcraft Medicine Dried
ant bites. Other Infusion of plant used as a reducing medicine. root burned during storms to act as a charm against lightning.
(171:69) (70:132)
• Food—Dakota Candy Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing
Silene laciniata ssp. greggii (Gray) C. L. Hitchc. & Maguire,
gum by children. Omaha Candy Gum from upper part of stem used
Gregg's Campion
as chewing gum by children. Pawnee Candy Gum from upper part of
► Drug—Navajo, Ramah Burn Dressing Poultice of leaves applied to
stem used as chewing gum by children. Ponca Candy Gum from up
burns. Dermatological Aid Decoction of root taken for mad dog or
per part of stem used as chewing gum by children. Winnebago Candy
mad coyote bite. (191:27)
Gum from upper part of stem used as chewing gum by children.
Silene latifolia ssp. alba (R Mill.) Greuter & Burdet, Bladder (70:132)
Campion
• Drug—Ojibwa Cathartic Infusion of root used as a physic, (as Lych Silphium perfoliatum L, Cup Plant
nis alba 153:361) • Drug—Chippewa Abortifacient Simple or compound decoction of
root taken for "stoppage of periods." (53:358) Analgesic Decoction of
Silene menziesii Hook., Menzies's Campion
root taken for back and chest pain. Antihemorrhagic Decoction of
• Drug—Okanagan-Colville Eye Medicine Infusion of pounded roots
root taken for lung hemorrhage. (53:340) Hemostat Poultice of mois
used as eye drops for cataracts. (188:95)
tened, dried root applied to wounds as a styptic. (53:356) Orthopedic
• Other—Gosiute Smoke Plant Dried leaves powdered and formerly
Aid Decoction of root taken for back pain. Pulmonary Aid Decoction
used to smoke as a tobacco. (39:381)
of root taken for chest pain. (53:340) Iroquois Emetic Decoction of
Silene noctiflora L, Nightflowering Silene roots taken as an emetic. Orthopedic Aid Decoction of roots used as
• Drug—Menominee Unspecified Plant used as a medicine. (151:28) face wash for paralysis. Pediatric Aid Burned root soot placed on
Navajo, Ramah Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to child's cheek to prevent them from seeing ghosts. Witchcraft Medi
prairie dog bite. (191:27) cine Burned root soot placed on cheek to prevent sickness caused by
the dead. (87:468) Meskwaki Antiemetic Root used to "alleviate the
Silene SCOuleriHook., Scouler's Campion
vomiting of pregnancy." Gynecological Aid Infusion of root taken by
• Drug—Gosiute Analgesic, Emetic, and Gastrointestinal AidVJarm in
women to prevent premature birth. Root used to reduce profuse
fusion of pounded plant used as an emetic for stomach pain. Veteri
menstruation and as an antiemetic during pregnancy. (152:217)
nary Aid Plant used as a horse medicine. (39:381)
Ojibwa Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of root taken for lumbago
Silene stellata (L) Ait. f., Widowsfrill and other rheumatic back pains. Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used for
• Drug—Meskwaki Dermatological Aid Poultice of root applied to dry stomach trouble. Hemostat Plant used for hemorrhage. (153:365)
up swellings that discharge pus. (152:208) Omaha Analgesic Smoke from burning plant inhaled for pain. (68:
334) Root used in smoke treatment for neuralgia. Antirheumatic (In
Silphium, Asteraceae ternal) Root used in smoke treatment for rheumatism. (70:132) Cold
Silphium compositum Michx., Kidneyleaf Rosinweed Remedy Smoke from burning plant inhaled for head colds. (68:334)
• Drug—Cherokee Gynecological Aid and Stimulant Used as a strong Root used in smoke treatment for head cold. Herbal Steam Rootstock
stimulant for whites and taken by weakly females. (80:53) used in the vapor bath. Ponca Analgesic Root used in smoke treat
ment for neuralgia. Antirheumatic (Internal) Root used in smoke
Silphium integrifolium Michx., Wholeleaf Rosinweed
treatment for rheumatism. Cold Remedy Root used in smoke treat
• Drug—-Meskwaki Analgesic and Herbal Steam Root steam directed
ment for head cold. Herbal Steam Rootstock used in the vapor bath.
to crippled area and used for pain. Kidney Aid Root used for "one
Winnebago Analgesic Root used in smoke treatment for neuralgia.
with kidney trouble or who was crippled." Orthopedic Aid Root steam
Antirheumatic (Internal) Root used in smoke treatment for rheuma
directed to crippled area and used for pain. Urinary Aid Infusion of
tism. Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of root used as a ceremonial
leaves used for bladder troubles. (152:216)
emetic. Cold Remedy'Root used in smoke treatment for head cold.
Silphium laciniatum L, Compass Plant Emetic Decoction of root used as a ceremonial emetic. Herbal Steam
• Drug—Dakota Veterinary Aid Decoction of pounded root used as a Rootstock used in the vapor bath. (70:132)
532 Simaroubaceae

Simaroubaceae, see Castela parched, and used to make pinole. (133:5) Unspecified Seeds mixed
with water and eaten. (133:7)
Simmondsiaceae, see Simmondsia
Sisymbrium officinale (L) Scop., Hedge Mustard
Simmondsia, Simmondsiaceae • Drwg^-Cherokee Pulmonary Aid Used as a poultice for croup. (80:
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid., Jojoba 46) Iroquois Veterinary Aid Compound decoction of plants mixed
• Drug—Papago DermatologicalAidPoultice of dried and pulverized with feed for horses with cramps. (87:341)
nuts applied to sores. Poultice of parched, pulverized nuts applied to • Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves cooked and eaten as salad greens.
sores, (as S. californica 34:65) Yavapai Cathartic Plant yielded oily (80:46) Navajo Forage Plant used by horses for forage. (55:50) Por
food with cathartic qualities. Dermatological Aid Parched, charred ridge Seeds ground and eaten as a mush or gruel. (165:223) Soup
berry charcoal rubbed on sores, (as S. californica 63:211) Seeds parched, ground into meal, and made into soup or stew. (32:
• Food—Cahuilla Beverage Seeds eaten fresh or ground into powder 22) Parched, ground seeds used to make soup or stew. (55:50) Tubat-
and used to make a coffee-like beverage. (15:139) Coahuilla Beverage ulabal Unspecified Leaves fried in grease and eaten. (193:16)
Ground nut meal boiled into a "coffee." (as S. californica 13:74) Co-
copa Bread & Cake Kernels molded into oily cake, boiled, and eaten. Sisyrinchium, Iridaceae
UnspecifiedNuts cleaned, winnowed, shelled, and eaten. (37:188) Sisyrinchium albidum Raf., White Blueeyed Grass
Papago UnspecifiedNuts eaten fresh from the shell, (as S. californica • Drug—Menominee Antidote Root used for poisonous bite inflicted
34:19) Yavapai Preserves Berries parched and ground to consistency by horse which has eaten root. Veterinary Aid Roots mixed with
of peanut butter, (as S. californica 65:258) horse feed to make horse sleek, vicious, and bite poisonous. Witch
craft Medicine Plant kept in house or pocket as a charm to ward off
iSy Brassicaceae snakes. (151:38)
Sinapis alba L, White Mustard
• Drwg^-Cherokee Dietary Aid Taken to increase appetite. Febrifuge Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill., Narrowleaf Blueeyed Grass
Taken for fever and "nervous fever." Kidney Aid Taken for "dropsy." • Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of root given to children for

Misc. Disease RemedyTaken for "ague." Orthopedic AidTaken for pal diarrhea. Gastrointestinal Aid Eaten as cooked greens for "regular

sy. Pulmonary Aid Given for "phthisic" or asthma. Respiratory Aid bowels." Pediatric Aid Infusion of root given to children for diarrhea.

Used as a poultice for croup. StimulantTaken as a stimulant. Tonic (as S. augustifolium 80:26) Iroquois Laxative Decoction of roots and

Taken as a tonic, (as Brassica hirta 80:46) Hoh Unspecified Plants stalks taken before morning meals for constipation. Other Com

used for medicine, (as Brassica alba 137:62) Micmac Tuberculosis pound with plant used for "summer complaint." (as S. graminoides

Remedy Parts of plant used for tuberculosis of lungs. (40:62) Quileute 87:288) Mahuna Anthelmintic Infusion of plant taken for stomach

Unspecified Plants used for medicine, (as Brassica alba 137:62) worms. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant taken for stomach
troubles and stomach worms. (140:6)
• Food—Hoh SpiceUsed for flavoring. Vegetable Plants eaten as
greens. Quileute SpiceUsed for flavoring. Vegetable Plants eaten as • Food—Cherokee Vegetable Mixed into other greens and eaten, (as S.
augustifolium 204:252)
greens, (as Brassica alba 137:62)

Sinapis arvensis L, Charlock Mustard Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bickn., Eastern Blueeyed Grass
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Medicine, Disinfectant, and • DragHMenominee Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of plant
Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic for "deer infection." (as taken to help expel afterbirth. (54:133)

Brassica kaber 191:28)

Sisyrinchium bellumS.Wats., Western Blueeyed Grass
• Drug—Costanoan Febrifuge Decoction of plant taken for chills. Gas
Sisymbrium, Brassicaceae
trointestinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachaches. (21:29)
Sisymbrium altissimum L, Tall Tumblemustard
Luiseno Cathartic Roots used as a purgative. (155:233) Pomo,
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Plant probably used in emetics. (191:29)
Kashaya Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of washed roots taken for up
• Food—Navajo Porridge Seeds used, with goat's milk, to make a
set stomach, heartburn, and ulcers. Respiratory Aid Infusion of
mush. (55:50)
washed roots taken for asthma. (72:24)

Sisymbrium irio L, London Rocket

Sisyrinchium campestreBickn., Prairie Blueeyed Grass
• Drug—Pima Eye Medicine Dried seeds placed under the lids of sore
• Drwg^-Meskwaki Analgesic Plant used for cramps and decoction
eyes to cause weeping. (47:84)
used for hay fever. Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of plant
• Food—Cahuilla Vegetable Immature leaves boiled or fried and used
base taken by women for injured womb. Respiratory Aid Decoction
for greens. (15:140) Mohave Starvation FoodYoung shoots roasted
of whole plant used for hay fever. (152:224)
and eaten as a famine food. (37:201) Pima Porridge Seeds formerly
parched, ground, water added, and eaten as a gruel. Winter Use Food Sisyrinchium montanum Greene, Mountain Blueeyed Grass
Seeds stored and used as a winter food. (47:84) Pima, Gila River Bev • Drug—Iroquois Cathartic Used as a physic for old people. Misc. Dis
erage Seeds mixed with water to make a drink. Porridge Seeds used ease Remedy Decoction taken for fevers such as malaria and scarlet
to make a mucilaginous mass and eaten. Staple Seeds ground, fever but not typhoid. Poison "Feared it was poison." (87:288)
 Catalog of Plants 533

tisyrinchium mucronatum Michx., Needletip Blueeyed Grass back pain. Antiemetic Compound infusion of stalks and roots taken
Drug^-Navajo Nose Medicine Plant used for nose troubles. Throat for vomiting, (as Polymnia uvedalia 87r:467) Disinfectant Dried roots
Aid Plant used for throat troubles. (55:37) used as fumigant for ghosts, (as Polymnia uvedalia 87:468) Febrifuge
Infusion of roots taken for fevers. Kidney Aid Compound infusion of
iisyrinchium nashiiBickn., Nash's Blueeyed Grass
stalks and roots taken for kidney troubles. Orthopedic Aid Com
Drwg^-Seminole Analgesic Roots used with a song or spell as an
pound infusion of stalks and roots taken for back pain. Sedative
analgesic, (as S.fibrosum 169:167) Infusion of roots used for moving
Dried root smoke used as rub to sleep without being disturbed by
sickness: moving pain in the waist region, (as S.fibrosum 169:285)
ghosts, (as Polymnia uvedalia 87:467)
Wtanion, Poaceae
Smilacaceae, see Smilax
iitanionsp., Wild Rye
Drug—-Miwok Witchcraft Medicine Used dry or green to strike pa Smilacina, Liliaceae
tient with, before and after the shaman sucks the cause of the illness Smilacina S\)., False Solomon's Seal
out of the patient. (12:173) • Drug—Yana Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded roots applied
to swellings or boils. (147:253)
Sium, Apiaceae
Sium suave Walt., Hemlock Waterparsnip Smilax, Smilacaceae
( Drug—Iwquols Analgesic Infusion of smashed roots applied as Smilax auriculata Walt., Earleaf Greenbrier
poultice for pain from broken limb. Anticonvulsive Compound de • Drug—Seminole Other Complex infusion of buds, or buds and
coction of roots taken by women for epilepsy. Orthopedic Aid Infu leaves, taken for chronic conditions. (169:272)
sion of smashed roots applied as poultice for pain from broken limb.
Smilax bona-nox L, Saw Greenbrier
Poultice of fried turnips applied to sprained muscles or out of joint
• Drug—Choctaw Tonic Decoction of stems taken as a general tonic.
limbs. (87:399) Lakota Gastrointestinal Aid Roots used for the stom
(177:8) Creek Other Plant moistened and rubbed on face to make
ach. (139:33) Ojibwa Hunting Medicine Seeds smoked over a fire to
one young. (172:667) Houma Urinary Aid Decoction of root taken
drive away and blind evil spirit that steals away one's hunting luck,
for urinary disturbances. (158:58,59)
(as S. cicutaefolium 153:432) Shuswap Poison White flowers consid
• Food—Choctaw Bread & Cake Tuberous roots dried, ground into
ered poisonous. (123:57)
flour, and used to make bread. Houma Bread & Cake Tuberous roots
» Food—Algonquin, Quebec Unspecified Root used for food. (18:101)
dried, ground into flour, and used to make bread. (158:58)
BellaCoola UnspecifiedTubers eaten. Carrier UnspecifiedTubers
• Other—Comanche Smoking Tools Leaves used as cigarette wrappers.
eaten. (184:200) Cree, Woodlands Unspecified Roots collected in ear
(29:524)
ly spring or late fall, roasted, fried, or eaten raw. (109:61) Klamath
Sauce & Relish Herbage eaten as a relish, (as S. cicutaefolium 45:102) Smilax califarnica (A. DC.) Gray, California Greenbrier
Montana Indian Sauce & Relish Herbage has an aromatic flavor and • Fiber—Round Valley Indian Basketry Long, trailing limbs used to
eaten as a relish, (as S. cicutaefolium 19:24) Okanagan-Colville Un make baskets. Ukiah Basketry Long, trailing limbs used to make bas
specified Roots eaten raw in the early spring. (188:71) Okanagon Sta- kets. (41:329)
ple Roots used as a principal food, (as S. lineare 178:238) Shuswap
Smilax glaucaWah., Cat Greenbrier
Unspecified Crispy, delicious roots eaten raw or steamed. (123:57)
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Rubbed in brier scratches for local pains.
Thompson Dried Food Roots dug in the spring and fall, washed, pit
Antirheumatic (Internal) Used for rheumatism. Burn Dressing
cooked, and dried for later use. (187:159) Forage Rootstocks or rhi
Parched and powdered leaves used for "scalds." Dermatological Aid
zomes eaten by cattle. Unspecified Rootstocks or rhizomes eaten, (as
Powdered and beaten leaves put on "galled places" and wilted leaves
S. laeve 164:482) Roots sometimes eaten raw. (187:159)
put on boils. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion taken for stomach trou
» Other—Lakota Toys & Games Stems used by children for whistles.
ble. Gynecological Aid Compound decoction used to aid in expelling
(139:33)
afterbirth. (80:37) Decoction of roots taken to cause discharge of the

Smallanthus, Asteraceae afterbirth. (177:8) Orthopedic Aid Rubbed in brier scratches for mus
cular cramps and twitching. Other Compound infusion of bark taken
Smallanthus uvedalia (L.) Mackenzie ex Small, Hairy Leafcup
for "bad disease." (80:37)
► Drug—Cherokee Burn Dressing Bruised root used on burns. Derma-
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Roots used for food. (80:37)
tologicalAid Bruised root used as a salve for cuts. Poultice of root
used for "inflammations," and bruised root in hog's lard used for Smilax herbacea L, Smooth Carrionflower
itch, (as Polymnia uvedalia 80:42) Emetic Decoction of roots taken to • Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Rubbed in brier scratches for local pains.
vomit to expel the afterbirth, (as Polymnia uvedalia 177:63) Gyneco Antirheumatic (Internal) Used for rheumatism. Burn Dressing
logical Aid Compound decoction used "for expelling afterbirth." (as Parched and powdered leaves used for "scalds." Dermatological Aid
Polymnia uvedalia 80:42) Decoction of roots taken to vomit to expel Powdered and beaten leaves put on "galled places" and wilted leaves
the afterbirth, (as Polymnia uvedalia 177:63) Other Plant used for put on boils. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion taken for stomach trou
rheumatism and "white swelling." (as Polymnia uvedalia 80:42) Iro- ble. Gynecological Aid Compound decoction used to aid in expelling
quois Analgesic Compound infusion of stalks and roots taken for afterbirth. Orthopedic Aid Rubbed in brier scratches for muscular
534 Smilax herbacea (Smilacaceae)

cramps and twitching. Other Compound infusion of bark taken for because of its sharp thorns and its scandent nature. Toys & Games
"bad disease." (80:37) Chippewa Analgesic Decoction of root taken Plant used in an old hide and seek game. (192:18)
for back pain. Cathartic Compound decoction of root taken as a
Smilax sp.t Catbriar
physic. Kidney Aid and Orthopedic Aid Decoction of root taken for
• Drug—Cree Venereal Aid Rhizomes, rootlets, and false indigo used
kidney trouble. (53:346) Iroquois Antirheumatic (External) Com
for syphilis. (16:495) Creek Dermatological Aid Decoction of pound
pound decoction used as a wash and steam bath for rheumatism.
ed root poured on ulcers, especially on the legs. (172:661) Decoction
Dermatological AidVowdeted root used as a "deodorant." (87:287)
of pounded roots used as a wash for leg ulcers. (177:7) Rappahan-
Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of roots taken by the elderly for stom
nock Unspecified "An ingredient of a medicine made after diagnosis.1
ach troubles. Psychological Aid Compound decoction of plant taken
(161:31)
for "loss of senses during menses." (87:286) Ojibwa Pulmonary Aid
Root used for lung troubles. (153:374) Omaha Throat Aid Fruits used Smilax tamnoidesL, Bristly Greenbrier
for hoarseness. (70:71) • Drug—Choctaw Tonic Decoction of stems taken as a general tonic.
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Roots used for food. (80:37) Meskwaki (25:23) Iroquois Eye Medicine Poultice of bark applied to eyes to
Fruit Fruit of the carrion flower used as food. (152:262) Omaha Fruit "draw out foreign substances." Witchcraft Medicine Plant used to
Fruits eaten for their pleasant taste. (70:71) make doll to be used "to kill a woman who is using you badly." (as
S.hispida 87:287)
Smilax laurifolia L, Laurel Greenbrier • Ofher—Chippewa Malicious MagicVine boiled with pisabik, a type
• Drug—Cherokee Burn Dressing Compound of root bark used as a
of powdered stone, and used as malicious magic. The mischief mak
wash for burns. Dermatological Aid Astringent and slightly tonic root
er sprinkled the mixture upon the bed of a couple, thereby causing
bark used as a wash for burns and sores. Compound of root bark
them to quarrel and separate. It was thought that the prickly charac
used for pox and as a wash for sores. Tonic Root bark astringent and
ter of the stem was transferred to the bed and irritated the couple,
slightly tonic. (80:24) Houma Urinary Aid Decoction of root taken
causing them to become ill-disposed toward each other, (as S. hispi-
for urinary disturbances. (158:58,59)
da 71:126)
• Food—Choctaw Bread & Cake Pounded roots made into cakes and
fried in grease. (25:8) Tuberous roots dried, ground into flour, and Solanaceae, see Capsicum, Chamaesaracha, Datura, Lycium,
used to make bread. Houma Bread & Cake Tuberous roots dried, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Physalis, Quincula, Solanum

ground into flour, and used to make bread. (158:58)

Solarium, Solanaceae
• Dye—Seminole UnspecifiedPtent used to make buckskin dye.
(169:488) Solanum carolinenseh., Carolina Horsenettle
• Drug—Cherokee Anthelmintic Infusion of leaf used for worms. Der
Smilax pseudochinaL, Bamboovine matological AidUsed "for ulcers and proud flesh" and wilted plant
• Drwg^-Cherokee Analgesic Rubbed in brier scratches for local pains. used on poison ivy. Oral Aid and Pediatric Aid Roots strung around
Antirheumatic (Internal) Used for rheumatism. Burn Dressing baby's neck for teething. Throat Aid Infusion of seed gargled for sore
Parched and powdered leaves used for "scalds." Dermatological Aid throat and taken for goiter. Veterinary Aid Cut berries fried in grease
Powdered and beaten leaves put on "galled places" and wilted leaves and grease used for dogs with mange. (80:46)
put on boils. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion taken for stomach trouble. • Other—Cherokee Insecticide Crushed leaves in sweet milk used to
Gynecological Aid Compound decoction used to aid in expelling af kill flies. (80:46)
terbirth. Orthopedic Aid Rubbed in brier scratches for muscular
Solanum donianumWalp., Mullein Nightshade
cramps and twitching. Other Compound infusion of bark taken for
• Drug—Seminole Analgesic Decoction of root bark poured onto the
"bad disease." (as S. tamnifoliaQ0'37)
head for headaches, (as S. verbascifolium 169:278)
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Roots used for food, (as S. tamnifolia
• Other—Seminole Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make arrows.
80:37)
(as S.blodgettii 169:470)
Smilax rotundifolia L, Roundleaf Greenbrier
Solanum douglasiiDurml, Greenspot Nightshade
• Drug—Cherokee Analgesic Rubbed in brier scratches for local pains.
• Dnig^-Cahuilla Eye Medicine Berry juice used for sore or infected
Antirheumatic (Internal) Used for rheumatism. Burn Dressing
eyes, pink eye, and eye strain, and to improve vision in older people.
Parched and powdered leaves used for "scalds." Dermatological Aid
Poison Whole plant considered poisonous. (15:140) Luiseno Eye
Powdered and beaten leaves put on "galled places" and wilted leaves
Medicine Berry juice used for inflamed eyes. (155:229)
put on boils. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion taken for stomach trou
• Food—Luiseno Vegetable Leaves used for greens. (155:229)
ble. Gynecological Aid Compound decoction used to aid in expelling
• Dye—Cahuilla Unspecified Dark berries used as a dye. (15:140)
afterbirth. Orthopedic Aid Rubbed in brier scratches for muscular
• Other—Luiseno Decorations Berry juice used for tattooing. (155:229)
cramps and twitching. Other Compound infusion of bark taken for
"bad disease." (80:37) Koasati Analgesic Plant splints used to scratch Solanum dulcamara L, Climbing Nightshade
the back for headaches. (177:8) • Drug—Delaware, Oklahoma Dermatological Aid Plant used to make
• Food—Cherokee Unspecified Roots used for food. (80:37) a salve for unspecified use. Febrifuge Compound containing root
• Other—Kiowa Protection Plant used to block the path of pursuers used for fever. (175:80) Iroquois Gastrointestinal Aid Compound de-
 Catalog of Plants 535

coction of plants taken for biliousness. (87:431) Malecite An tiemetic Use Food Potato dug with a stick, halved, sun dried, and stored in a
Infusion of roots used for nausea. (116:253) Micmac Antiemetic pit for winter. (191:43) Sia Vegetable Potatoes eaten raw or cooked
Roots used for nausea. (40:62) Nootka Gastrointestinal Aid Plant with clay to counteract the astringency. (199:107) Tewa Vegetable
used for "derangement" of stomach and bowels. (170:81) Tubers eaten. (138:73)

Solarium elaeagnifolium Cav., Silverleaf Nightshade Solarium nigrum L, Black Nightshade

• Drug—Apache, White Mountain Unspecified Plant used for medici • Drwg^-Cherokee Emetic Taken as an emetic and to relieve loneliness
nal purposes, (136:160) Isleta LaxativeRaw seedpods eaten or boiled because of death in family. Psychological Aid Infusion of leaves and
into a syrup and taken as a laxative. (100:43) Keresan Gynecological stem taken "if lonesome because of death in family." (80:51) Costa-
Aid Infusion of plant taken by nursing mothers to sustain milk flow. noan Dermatological Aid Poultice of heated leaves applied to boils.
(198:562) Navajo Eye Medicine Plant used for sore eyes. (55:75) Nose Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of plant used for scarlet fever. Tooth
Medicine Plant used for nose troubles. Throat Aid Plant used for ache Remedy Plant smoke inhaled for toothaches. (21:14) Delaware,
throat troubles. (55:97) Pima Cold Remedy Crushed, dried berries Oklahoma Venereal Aid Compound containing root used for venere
used for colds. (47:88) Zuni Snakebite RemedyFresh or dried root al disease. (175:29,80) Houma Anthelmintic Decoction of root given
chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice to babies for worms. Dermatological Aid Poultice of crushed, green
applied to wound. Toothache Remedy Fruit chewed over sore tooth. leaves, and grease applied to sores. Pediatric Aid Decoction of root
(27:378) Chewed root placed in cavity of aching tooth. (166:60) given to babies for worms. (158:65) Iroquois Other Plant used for in
• Food—Cochiti Substitution Food Fruits used as a substitute for ren jured person who had relapse. (87:431) Karok Poison Plant consid
net in curdling milk. (32:51) Navajo Cooking Agent Dried or fresh ered poisonous. (148:389) Mendocino Indian Poison Berries consid
berries added to goat's milk to make it curdle for cheese. (165:222) ered poisonous. (41:387) Miwok Eye Medicine Decoction used as
Pima Fruit Berries powdered, placed in milk, a piece of rabbit or cow wash for sore eyes. (12:173) Ojibwa Ceremonial MedicinePlant used
stomach added, and liquid eaten as cheese. (47:88) Substitution Food for medicinal purposes or medicine ceremonies. (135:239) Rappa-
Berries used as a substitute for rennet. (146:78) Spanish American hannock Poison and SedativeWJeek infusion of dried leaves, poison
Substitution Food Fruits used as a substitute for rennet in curdling ous, taken for sleeplessness. (161:34)
milk. (32:51) Zuni Beverage Berries mixed with curdled goat milk and • Food—Cherokee Vegetable Young leaves used as a potherb. (80:51)
considered a delicious beverage. (166:70) Used as the most relished potherb. (203:74) Mendocino Indian Fruit
• Other—Hopi Jewelry Yellow fruits made into necklaces for clowns. Fully ripe berries used for food. (41:387) Tubatulabal Fruit Berries
(200:90) Keresan Jewelry Fruit made into a necklace worn by women. used for food. (193:15)
(198:562)
Solarium physalifolium Rusby, Hoe Nightshade
Solariumfendleri Gray ex Torn, Fendler's Horsenettle • Drug—Paiute Antidiarrheal Ripe fruit eaten or decoction of dried
• Drug—Navajo Carminative and Gastrointestinal Aid Raw tubers tak fruit taken for diarrhea, (as S. villosum 180:140)
en for gastric distress from hyperacidity. (90:163) • Other—Navajo, Ramah Fertilizer Leaves and berries soaked in water
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & Cake Plant dried, used on watermelon seed to insure a good crop, (as S. villosum
stored, ground into flour, and used to make bread. (33:42) Keresan 191:43)
Starvation Food Raw potatoes mixed with clay or boiled with clay
Solarium rostratum Dunal, Buffalobur Nightshade
and eaten only in times of extreme scarcity. (198:562) Pueblo Unspec-
• Drug—Zuni Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of powdered root, not an
ifiedlubers eaten. (32:51) Sia Vegetable Potatoes eaten raw or cooked
emetic, taken for "sick stomach." (166:60)
with clay to counteract the astringency. (199:107) Zuni Unspecified
• Other—Keres, Western UnspecifiedVX&nt known and named but no
Raw tubers used for food. After every mouthful of potato, a bite of
use was specified. (171:70)
white clay was taken to counteract the unpleasant astringent effect
of the potato in the mouth. (166:71) Solanumsp.y Nightshade
• Fiber—Apache, White Mountain Building Material Used for thatch • Drwg^-Comanche Tonic Decoction of root taken as a general tonic.
ing. (136:160) Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of root taken for tuberculosis. (29:
524) Isleta Heart Medicine Infusion of leaves taken for heart trouble.
Solarium jamesiiTon.tWM Potato
(100:43)
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Vegetable Unpeeled pota
• Dye—Costanoan Blue Fruits used to prepare a permanent blue dye
toes boiled and eaten. (33:42) Hopi Cooking Agent Small potatoes
for tattooing. (21:253)
used to make yeast. (190:166) Unspecified Plant boiled and eaten.
(56:19) Tubers boiled and eaten with magnesia clay. (120:20) Isleta Solarium triflorum Nutt., Cutleaf Nightshade
Vegetable Small tubers cooked as potatoes. (100:43) Keres, Western • Drug—Elackfoot Antidiarrheal and Pediatric Aid Decoction of ber
Vegetable Small tubers used for food. (171:70) Keresan Starvation ries given to children for diarrhea. (97:53) Decoction of berries given
Food Raw potatoes mixed with clay or boiled with clay and eaten to children for diarrhea. (114:275) Lakota Gastrointestinal Aid Ber
only in times of extreme scarcity. (198:562) Navajo Vegetable Tubers ries used for stomachaches. (139:60) Navajo, Ramah Veterinary Aid
eaten raw, boiled, or baked. (55:75) Potatoes mixed with white clay Cold infusion used as lotion on horses' sores. (191:43)
to remove the astringent effect on the mouth and eaten like mush. • Food—Acoma Starvation Food Berries eaten in times of food short
(165:221) Navajo, Ramah Vegetable Potato boiled with clay. Winter ages. (32:52) Keres, Western Starvation Food Berries eaten in times of
536 Solarium triflorum (Solanaceae)

famine. (171:70) Laguna Starvation Food Berries eaten in times of Solidago canadensis L, Canada Goldenrod
food shortages. (32:52) Zuni Sauce & Relish Ripe fruit boiled, ground, • Drug—Iroquois Analgesic Infusion of roots and flowers used for side
• mixed with ground chile and salt, and eaten as a condiment with pains. (141:65) Emetic Compound infusion of roots taken as an emet
mush or bread. (166:71) ic. Infusion of flowers taken as an emetic for too much gall. Gastroin
• Other—Keres, Western Fertilizer Planted with watermelons to make testinal Aid and Liver Aid Infusion of flowers taken as an emetic for
them more prolific and ripen early. Infusion of plant sprinkled on too much gall. Love Medicine Compound infusion of roots taken to
watermelons to make them more prolific and ripen early. (171:70) kill a love medicine. Other Plant used as a "gambling medicine." Pe-
Navajo, Raman Fertilizer Dried berries soaked in water and planted diatric Aid and Sedative Compound infusion of tubers given to ba
with watermelon seed to increase productivity. (191:43) bies that start suddenly during sleep. (87:461) Meskwaki Psychologi
cal Aid Compound decoction used as wash for child who does not
Solanum tuberosum L, Potato
talk or laugh. (152:217) Okanagan-Colville Antidiarrheal Infusion of
• Drug—Cherokee Emetic Taken as an emetic and to relieve loneliness
flower heads taken for diarrhea. Febrifuge Infusion of shoots given to
because of death in family. Psychological Aid Infusion of leaves and
children with fevers. Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of flower heads
stem taken "if lonesome because of death in family." (80:51) Iroquois
taken for the flu. Pediatric Aid Infusion of shoots given to children
Eye Medicine Poultice of scraped potato applied to eye for inflamma
with fevers. (188:84) Potawatomi Febrifuge Infusion of blossoms
tion. (87:431) Rappdh&nnock Dermatological Aid Bruised tuber
used for special kinds of fevers. (154:53) Shuswap Gynecological Aid
rubbed on warts. (161:27)
Infusion of plant used as a bath for the mother at childbirth. (123:59)
• Food—Abnaki Vegetable Tubers eaten. (144:171) Cherokee Vegetable
Thompson Antidiarrheal Decoction of plant used as a bath for ba
Roots used for food. (80:51) Haisla & Hanaksiala Vegetable Tubers
bies with diarrhea. Decoction of plant tops taken for diarrhea. Ortho
eaten. (43:293) Iroquois UnspecifiedTubers eaten. (196:120) Kitasoo
pedic AidPtent used to make a steam bath for crippled, paralyzed
Vegetable Tubers eaten. (43:350) Makah Vegetable Potatoes dipped in
people. Pediatric Aid Decoction of plant used as a bath for babies
oil and eaten with smoked fish. (67:314) Menominee VegetableDeep
with diarrhea, sleeplessness, or excessive crying. Sedative Decoction
purple potatoes used for food. (151:72) Meskwaki Vegetable Potatoes
of plant used as a bath for babies with sleeplessness or excessive cry
used for food. (152:264) Navajo, Ramah Pie & Pudding Cut, dried
ing. Veterinary Aid Decoction of plant and wild tarragon used as a
potatoes boiled into a pudding, in the winter months. Winter Use
wash for horses with cuts and sores. (187:184) Zuni Analgesic Crushed
Food Potatoes cultivated, harvested, and stored in a root cellar for
blossoms chewed for sore throat. Infusion of crushed blossoms tak
winter use. (191:43) Ojibwa Soup Potato cultivated and prized for
en for body pain. (166:60)
use in soups, Vegetable Potato cultivated and always firm and crisp
• Food—Gosiute Unspecified Seeds used for food. (39:382) Navajo,
when cooked. (153:410) Oweekeno Vegetable Tubers eaten. (43:119)
Kayenta Unspecified Roots steeped or eaten. (205:50)
Seminole Vegetable Tubers eaten. (169:466) Sia Vegetable Cultivated
• Other—Navajo, Kayenta Good Luck Charm Used as a charm for suc
potatoes used for food. (199:106)
cess in gambling. Smoke Plant Roots smoked with other tobaccos.
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Cash Crop Potatoes attained a high de
(205:50) Okanagan-Colville Toys & Games Clustered flower heads
gree of importance in the economy. (188:140)
used by children as play whips. (188:84)
Solanum umbelliferum Eschsch., Bluewitch Nightshade
• Food—Costanoan Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (21:253) SolidagO canadensisvar. scabralon, & Gray, Canada Goldenrod
• Drag^-Chippewa Burn Dressing Compound poultice of flowers ap
Solanum xantii Gray, Purple Nightshade
plied to burns, (as S. altissima 53:352) DermatologicalAid Poultice of
• DrMg^-Kawaiisu DermatologicalAid Poultice of heated plant applied
moistened, pulverized root applied to boils, (as S. altissima 53:348)
to sores. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of heated plant applied to swollen
Poultice of moistened, dry flowers applied to ulcers, (as S. altissima
leg and shoulder. (206:64)
53:354)
• Food—Miwok Fruit Raw berries used for food. (12:162)
SolidagO conflnis Gray, Southern California Goldenrod
Solidago, Asteraceae • Drug—Kawaiisu DermatologicalAid Infusion of leaves and flowers
SolidagO californica Nutt, California Goldenrod used as wash for boils and "holes" in neck and limbs, and for open
• Drwg^-Cahuilla DermatologicalAid Used in making a hair rinse. sores and skin irritations. (206:64)
Gynecological Aid Used as a medicine for feminine hygiene. (15:140)
SolidagOflexicaulis L, Zigzag Goldenrod
Costanoan Burn DressingDecoction of leaves used as a wash for
• Drug—Chippewa Throat Aid Root chewed for sore throat. (53:342)
burns. DermatologicalAid Decoction of leaves used as a wash for
Iroquois Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of plants taken
sores. Toasted, crumbled leaves applied to wounds. (21:27) Diegueno
for biliousness. (87:459) Menominee ;4tttf/ges/c Snuff of dried, pow
DermatologicalAid Decoction of leaves and stems used to wash the
dered leaves used for headache. (54:129) Hemostat Compound of
hair to prevent falling hair. (84:43) Kawaiisu DermatologicalAid Infu
powdered, dried leaves inserted in nostrils to check nosebleed. (54:
sion of leaves and flowers used as wash for boils and "holes" in neck
132) Potawatomi Febrifuge Infusion of whole plant used for certain
and limbs, and for open sores and skin irritations. (206:64) Miwok
fevers, (as S. latifolia 154:53)
Antirheumatic (External) Leaf powder dusted on sores. (12:170) Der-
matological AidLeafpowder applied to open sores. Toothache Reme- Solidagogigantea Ait., Giant Goldenrod
dy Decoction held in mouth for toothaches. (12:173) • Dmg^-Keres, Western Cathartic Infusion of leaves used as a strong
 Catalog of Plants 537

physic, (as Salidago pitched 171:67) Menominee Unspecified Plant Solidago simplex ssp. simplex var. nana (Gray) Kartesz &
used in medicine, (as Solidago serotina 151:31) Potawatomi Febri Gandhi, Dwarf Goldenrod
fuge Infusion of blossoms used for various fevers, (as S. serotina • Drug—Thompson Dietary Aid and Tonic Decoction of plant taken as
154:53) a tonic to restore appetite, (as S. decumbens 164:468) Venereal Aid
• Fiber—Keres} Western Basketry Stems made into rough baskets, (as Decoction of whole plant taken for syphilis, (as S. decumbens
Salidago pitched 171:67) 164:472)

Solidago juncea Ait., Early Goldenrod Solidago sp., Goldenrod

• Drwg^-Chippewa Anticonvulsive Decoction of root taken for convul • Drug—Alabama Cold Remedy Infusion of root taken for bad colds.
sions. (53:336) Delaware Antidiarrheal Infusion of green leaves used (172:664) Infusion of roots taken for colds. (177:63) Toothache Reme
or green leaves chewed for diarrhea. Febrifuge Infusion of green dy Root placed in cavity of tooth for toothaches. (172:664) Roots
leaves used or green leaves chewed for fever. (176:33) Delaware, placed in cavity for toothaches. (177:63) Algonquin, Quebec Heart
Oklahoma Antidiarrheal Leaves chewed or infusion taken for diar Medicine Infusion of plant used for heart disease. (18:239) Blackfoot
rhea. Febrifuge Leaves chewed or infusion taken for fever. (175:28, Nose Medicine Infusion of plant taken for nasal congestion. Root
80) Iroquois Antiemetic Infusion of plants taken for nausea. Emetic chewed for sore throats, throat constrictions, or nasal congestion.
Decoction of flowers taken as an emetic. Febrifuge Decoction of Panacea Infusion of plant used by the diviner with his supernatural
roots taken for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction or infusion of powers for illnesses. Throat Aid Infusion of plant taken for sore
flowers taken for biliousness and upset stomach. Liver Aid Infusion throats and throat constrictions. (86:74) Cherokee Febrifuge Infusion
of plants taken for jaundice. (87:460) used for fevers. (203:74) Chippewa Analgesic Decoction of root ap
plied externally for cramps. (53:344) Febrifuge Decoction of dried
Solidago multiradiata Ait., Mountain Goldenrod
leaves taken for fever. (53:354) Gastrointestinal Aid Hot decoction of
• Drug—Cree, Hudson Bay Tonic Plant used as a tonic, (as S. virgaurea
root applied externally for stomach cramps. (53:344) Iroquois Anti-
92:303)
hemorrhagic Compound decoction of twigs and roots taken for in
Solidago nemoralis Ait., Dyersweed Goldenrod ternal hemorrhage. (87:459)
• Drug—Houma Liver Aid Decoction of root taken for "yellow jaun • Other—Omaha Season Indicator Blooms used as an indicator of
dice." (158:66) Iroquois Kidney Aid Decoction of roots taken for the corn ripening. The goldenrod served the Omaha as a mark or sign in
kidneys. (87:460) Mahuna Burn Dressing Decoction of leaves used as their floral calendar. When they were on the summer buffalo hunt,
a wash or poultice of leaves applied to burns. Dermatological Aid the sight of the goldenrod indicated to them that their corn was be
Decoction of leaves used as a wash or poultice of leaves applied to ginning to ripen at home. (70:133)
skin ulcers. Decoction of plant used as a bath for the 7-year itch. Dis
Solidago spathulataDC, Coast Goldenrod
infectant Decoction of leaves used as a disinfecting wash for burns
• Drug—Thompson Misc. Disease Remedy Poultice of toasted, pow
or skin ulcers. (140:12)
dered leaves mixed with grease and used for mumps. (187:184)
• Food—Gosiute Unspecified Seeds used for food. (39:382)
• Other—Navajo Incense & Fragrance Plant used as an incense. (55:88) Solidago speciosa Nutt., Showy Goldenrod
• Drug—Meskwaki Burn Dressing Infusion of root used for burns or
Solidago odora Ait., Anisescented Goldenrod
steam scalds. (152:218)
• Drug—Cherokee Abortifacient Used for "female obstructions." Anti
diarrheal Infusion taken for bloody discharge from bowels. Cold Solidago speciosavar. rigidiusculaTon. & Gray, Showy Golden
Remedy Infusion taken for cold. Cough MedicineInfusion taken for rod
coughs. Diaphoretic Infusion taken as a diaphoretic. Febrifuge Infu • Drug—Chippewa Antihemorrhagic Decoction of root taken for hem-
sion taken for fever. Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion taken for nerves orrhaging from the mouth after being wounded, (as S. rigidiuscula
and measles. Oral Aid Root chewed for sore mouth. Sedative Infu 53:352) Dermatological Aid Root or stalk combined with bear grease
sion taken for "nerves" and infusion of root held in mouth for neu used as an ointment for the hair, (as S. rigidiuscula 53:350) Gyneco
ralgia. Stimulant Used as a stimulant. TonicUsed as a tonic. Tubercu logical AidInfusion of root taken to ease difficult labor, (as S. rigid
losis Remedy Infusion of leaf taken for tuberculosis. (80:36) iuscula 53:358) Orthopedic A/d Warm poultice of boiled stalk or root
applied to sprains or strained muscles, (as S. rigidiuscula 53:362)
Solidago rigida L, Stiff Goldenrod
Pulmonary Aid Cold decoction of root taken for lung hemorrhages.
• Dni^-Chippewa Cathartic Decoction of root used as an enema.
Compound decoction of root taken for lung trouble. StimulantDe-
(53:364) Diuretic Infusion of root taken for "stoppage of urine." (53:
coction of root and stalk taken as a stimulant, (as S. rigidiuscula 53:
348) Meskwaki Dermatological Aid Flowers made into a lotion and
340) Tonic Decoction of root and stalk taken as a tonic, (as S. rigid
used on bee stings and for swollen faces. (152:217,218)
iuscula 53:364)
• Other—Lakota Containers Leaves used under meat. (139:39)
Solidago spectabilis (D. C. Eat.) Gray, Nevada Goldenrod
Solidago rugosa R Mill., Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
• Food—Gosiute Unspecified Seeds used for food. (39:382)
• Drug—Iroquois Liver Aid Whole plant used for biliousness and as
liver medicine. Other Decoction of flowers and leaves taken for dizzi Solidago squarrosa Nutt., Downy Ragged Goldenrod
ness, weakness, or sunstroke. (87:461) • Drug—Iroquois Burn Dressing Compound infusion of dried leaves
538 Solidago squarrosa (Asteraceae)

and roots used as wash for scalds and burns. Emetic Compound in • Food—Acoma Special Food Sweet roots chewed as a delicacy, (as S.
fusion of dried leaves and roots taken as an emetic. Gastrointestinal serecia32:33) Keres, Western Sweetener Roots chewed for the sweet
Aid Compound infusion of dried leaves and roots used as wash for taste, (as S. sericea 171:71) Laguna Special Food Sweet roots chewed
bad stomach. Venereal Aid Compound infusion of dried leaves and as a delicacy, (as S. serecia 32:33) Navajo Forage Plant used by sheep
roots used as wash for venereal disease. (87:459) for forage, (as S. sericea 55:58) San Felipe Special Food Sweet roots
chewed as a delicacy, (as S. serecia 32:33)
Solidago uliginosa Nutt, Bog Goldenrod
• Drug—Potawatomi Dermatological Aid Poultice of root used to Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC, Mescal Bean
bring a boil to a head. (154:53,54) • Drug—Comanche Ear Medicine Decoction of ground beans used for

Solidago ulmifoliaMuhl. exWilld., Elmleaf Goldenrod earaches and ear sores, (as S. seundiflora 99:3)

• Drug—Meskwaki Stimulant Smoke of smudged plant directed up • Other—Comanche Decorations Beans used as ornaments, possibly
nostrils to revive unconscious patient. (152:218) for ceremonial purposes. (29:524) Protection Seeds carried by medi
cine men as protection against contamination from menstrual
Solidago velutinaDC, Threenerve Goldenrod blood, (as S. seundiflora 99:3)
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Pediatric Aid and Psychological Aid Plant
used as a lotion to bathe an infant hermaphrodite to become sensi Sorbus, Rosaceae
ble, (as S. sparsiflora205:50) Navajo, Ramah Witchcraft Medicine
Sorbus americana Marsh., American Mountainash
Cold infusion taken and used as lotion in witchcraft, (as S. sparsiflora
• Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Cold Remedy Infusion of inner bark taken
191:53)
for colds. Infusion of terminal buds and inner bark taken for colds.
Tonic Infusion of inner bark and sweet flag used as a tonic, (as Pyrus
Sonchus, Asteraceae
americana 18:177) Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Psychological Aid Buds
Sonchus arvensisL, Field Sowthistle
and inner bark fibers boiled and used for moral depression. Strength-
• Drug—Cherokee Sedative Infusion taken to calm nerves. (80:59)
ener Buds and inner bark fibers boiled and used for general weakness.
Potawatomi Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves used for caked
(132:131) Iroquois Gastrointestinal A/d Fruit used to facilitate diges
breast. (154:54)
tion. (142:91) Malecite Analgesic Infusion of bark used for pain after
• Other—Potawatomi Hunting & Fishing Item Hunters sucked the
childbirth, (as Pyrus americana 116:258) Dermatological AidPouhice
milk from branches to imitate the sound of a fawn nursing, to draw
of burned bark used for boils, (as Pyrus americana 116:247) Micmac
the doe near. (154:117)
Analgesic Bark used for "mother pains." Dermatological Aid Bark used
Sonchus asper (L) Hill, Spiny Sowthistle for boils. Emetic Parts of plant used as an emetic, (as Pyrus americana
• Drag^-Iroquois Pediatric Aid and Sedative Compound infusion giv 40:60) Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root taken for colic. (156:317)
en to babies "who cry until they hold their breath." (87:478) Navajo, Gynecological AidBark used for "mother pains." (as Pyrus americana
Kayenta Heart Medicine Plant smoked or taken for palpitations. Poi 40:60) Unspecified Infusion of bark taken for unspecified purpose.
son Plant considered poisonous. (205:50) (156:317) Montagnais Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken to
• Food—Luiseno Vegetable Plant used for greens. (155:228) Mohave purify the blood and to stimulate the appetite. Dietary Aid Decoc
Starvation Food Young shoots roasted and eaten as a famine food. tion of bark taken to stimulate the appetite and to purify the blood.
(37:201) Pima Unspecifledlender leaves rubbed between the palms (156:313) Ojibwa UnspecifiedRoot bark used for medicinal purposes,
and eaten raw. Stalks peeled and eaten raw like celery. VegetableTen- (as Pyrus americana 135:236) Venereal Aid Infusion of root bark tak
der leaves cooked as greens. (47:106) Pima, Gila River Unspecified en for gonorrhea, (as Pyrus americana 135:231) Penobscot Emetic
Leaves eaten raw. (133:7) Plant used as an emetic. (156:309) Potawatomi Unspecified Inner
bark used as a medicine, (as Pyrus americana 154:78) Tlingit Pulmo
Sonchus oleraceusl., Common Sowthistle
nary Aid Plant used for pleurisy, (as Pyrus sambucifolius 107:283)
• Drug—Houma Abortifacient Infusion of plant taken to "make tardy
• Food—Algonquin, Quebec Fruit Fruit used for food, (as Pyrus ameri
menstruation come." Antidiarrheal Infusion of whole plant taken to
cana 18:90) Montagnais Forage Berries eaten by bears. Fruit Berries
"correct looseness of bowels." Pediatric Aid and Toothache Remedy
used for food. (156:313) Ojibwa Fruit Fruit used for food, (as Pyrus
Infusion of plant given to children for teething. (158:64) Pima Ca
sambucifolia 135:236)
thartic Gum used as a cathartic. Other Gum used as a cure for the
• Fiber—Ojibwa Canoe MaterialWood used to make ribs for canoes.
opium habit. (47:106)
Snow Gear Wood used to make snowshoe frames. Sporting Equip-
• Food—Houma Fodder Plants used for hog feed. (158:64) Kamia Veg-
mentVJood used to lacrosse clubs, (as Pyrus americana 135:236)
etable Boiled leaves used for food as greens. (62:24) Pima Unspecified
Leaves and stems rubbed between the palms of the hands and eaten Sorbus aucuparia L, European Mountainash
raw. (47:106) Pima, Gila River Unspecified Leaves eaten raw and • Drug—Potawatomi Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves taken as a cold
boiled. (133:7) Yaqui VegetableTender, young leaves boiled in salted medicine. Emetic Infusion of leaves taken as an emetic for pneumo
water with chile and eaten as greens. (47:106) nia, diphtheria, and croup. Misc. Disease RemedyInfusion of leaves
taken as an emetic for diphtheria. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of leaves
Sophora, Fabaceae taken as an emetic for pneumonia and croup, (as Pyrus aucuparia
Sophora nuttalliana B. L. Turner, Silky Sophora 154:78)
556 Thelesperma megapotamicum (Asteraceae)

formerly used for children with tuberculosis, (as Theleosperma Stanleyella wrightii 32:25) Tewa Unspecified Species used for food.
gracile 171:72) Navajo Stimulant Infusion of leaves and stems taken (as Stanleyella wrightii 138:61)
as a "nervous stimulant." Toothache Remedy Infusion of leaves and • Other—Tewa Paint Used to make paint for pottery, (as Stanleyella
stems taken for the teeth, (as Thelesperma gracile 55:89) wrightii 138:61)
• Food—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Beverage Leaves and young
Thelypteridaceae, see Phegopteris, Thelypteris
stems boiled to make a nonintoxicating beverage. Fresh or stored
portions boiled in water and liquid consumed with or without sugar. Thelypteris, Thelypteridaceae, fern
(as T. gracile 33:53) Hopi Beverage Flowers used to make a beverage,
Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Morton, Kunth's Maiden Fern
(as T. gracile 56:15) Used to make coffee, (as T gracile 190:168) Flow
• Drug—Seminole Orthopedic Aid and Psychological AidLeaves used
ers and tips of young leaves dried, boiled, and used to make tea. (as
for old paint woman sickness: insanity and weakness of the limbs
T. gracile 200:98) Keres, Western Beverage Infusion of plant used as a
and neck, (as Dryopteris normalis 169:267)
beverage, (as Theleosperma gracile 171:72) Keresan Beverage Leaves
and roots boiled to make tea. (as Thelesperma gracile 198:563) Nava Thelypteris palustris Schott, Eastern Marsh Fern
jo Substitution Food Leaves and stems used as a substitute for tea. • Drug—Iroquois Gynecological AidRoots used for woman's troubles.
(as T. gracile 55:89) Navajo, Ramah Beverage Decoction of leaves and (87:256)

flowers, with lots of sugar, used as a tea. (191:53) Tewa Beverage

Theobroma, Sterculiaceae
Leaves steeped and the tea drunk as a beverage, (as T. gracile 138:61)
• Dye—Hopi Red-Brown Flowers used as a reddish brown dye for bas Theobroma cacao L, Cacao
ket making yucca fibers, (as T gracile 56:15) Used to make a fine red • Food—Haisla & Hanaksiala Beverage Used to make a beverage.

dish brown basketry and textile dye. (as T. gracile 200:98) Navajo, (43:294)

Ramah Orange-Yellow Boiled roots used as an orange-yellow dye for Theophrastaceae, seejacquinia
wool. (191:53)
Thermopsis, Fabaceae
Thelesperma subnudum Gray Sand Fringedpod
Thermopsis macrophyllaHook. & Arn., California Goldenbanner
• Food—-Hopi Beverage Flowers and tips of young leaves dried, boiled,
• Drwg^-Pomo Eye Medicine Cold decoction of leaves used as a wash
and used to make tea. (200:98)
for sore eyes. (66:13) Pomo, Kashaya Eye Medicine Cooled decoction
• Dye—Hopi Red-Brown Used to make a fine reddish brown basketry
of leaves used as an eyewash for sore eyes and vision difficulties. Gy
and textile dye. (200:98) Navajo Orange Leaves, stems, and blossoms
necological A/d Infusion of leaves or root and bark used to slow down
used as an orange dye for wool. (55:89)
menstrual flow. (72:66)

Thelypodiopsis, Brassicaceae Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards.,

Thelypodiopsis elegans (M. E. Jones) Rydb., Westwater Tumble- Prairie Thermopsis

mustard • Drug—Cheyenne Analgesic Dried leaves burned and smoke inhaled

• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Veterinary Aid Plant used as a charm to for headaches. Cold Remedy Dried leaves burned and smoke inhaled
make a horse run fast, (as Sisymbrium elegans 205:24) for colds. (83:30)
• Dye—Blackfoot Yellow Yellow petals rubbed on arrow shafts for col
Thelypodium, Brassicaceae oring. (86:123)

Thelypodium integrifolium (Nutt.) Endl. exWalp. ssp. integri- • Other—Blackfoot Season IndicatorFlowering signaled the time to

folium, EntireleavedThelypody collect buffalo tongues in preparation for the Sun Dance. (86:123)

• Food—Mohave Starvation Food Young shoots roasted and eaten as a Flowers indicated the prime buffalo hunting season. Flathead Season

famine food, (as T. lilacinum 37:201) IndicatorFlowers indicated the prime buffalo hunting season. (97:41)

Thermopsis rhombifoliavar. montana (Nutt.) Isely, Mountain

Thelypodium wrightii Gray, Wright's Thelypody
Thermopsis
• Drug—Navajo Dermatological Aid Plant used for swellings. (55:97)
• Drwg^-Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Compound containing plant used
• Other—Zuni Fertilizer Seeds crushed by women and planted with
as fumigant for headache. Cough Medicine Decoction of plant taken
beans to ensure a proliferative crop. (166:85)
as cough medicine. Eye Medicine Compound containing plant used
Thelypodium wrightii Gray ssp. wrightiit Wright's Thelypody as fumigant for sore eyes. Hunting MedicineCompound containing
• DrwgHVavajo, Kayenta Eye Medicine Ashes rubbed on lids for eye plant used as fumigant for sickness caused by hunting. Witchcraft
disease. Pediatric Aid and Sedative Plant tied to cradle bow to make Medicine Plant used as a lotion for protection from witches, (as T.
baby sleep, (as Stanleyella wrightii205:25) pinetorum 191:34)
• Food—Pueblo Dried Food Young plants boiled, pressed, rolled into
balls, dried, and stored for winter use. Soup Plant made into a stew Thlaspi, Brassicaceae
with wild onions, wild celery, tallow, or bits of meat. Unspecified Thlaspi arvense L, Field Pennycress
Young plants boiled, pressed, rolled into balls, and eaten. Vegetable • Drwg^-Iroquois Throat Aid Infusion of plant taken for sore throats.
Young plants boiled with a pinch of salt and eaten as greens, (as (87:341)
 Catalog of Plants 557

• Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves used for food. (126:37) Havasupai by hunters. (141:35) Orthopedic Aid Decoction used as a wash for
Unspecified Seeds used in a variety of ways. (197:221) weakness in the hips due to untreated broken coccyx. Decoction of
plant used as a wash or poultice of leaves applied to sprains. Fer
Thlaspi montanum L, Alpine Pennycress
mented compound decoction taken for soreness. (87:270) Poultice
• Food—Havasupai Unspecified Seeds used in a variety of ways.
of bough and milk decoction mixed with grease and applied for
(197:221)
paralysis. (141:35) Stimulant Fermented compound decoction taken
Thlaspi montanumvar.fendleri (Gray) P. Holmgren, Fendler's when a "person is tired." (87:270) Malecite Burn DressingDvied un
Pennycress der bark pounded, mixed with grease, and used for burns, (as Thuya
• Drug—Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial MedicinePlant used in ceremo occidentalis 116:247) Cough Medicine Infusion of boughs used for
nial chant lotion. Dermatological Aid Cold infusion used internally coughs. (116:249) Toothache Remedy Gum used to fill cavities and for
and externally for itch. Preventive Medicine Cold infusion taken and tooth pain, (as Thuya occidentalis 116:248) Tuberculosis RemedyIn
used as lotion to prevent injury from deer. Witchcraft Medicine Cold fusion of bark used for consumption. (116:251) Menominee Aborti-
infusion taken and used as lotion to protect from witches, (as T. facient Infusion of dried inner bark taken during a cold to treat sup
fendleri 191:29) pressed menses. Adjuvant Inner bark used as a seasoner for enhanc
ing medicines. (151:46) Dermatological Aid Compound poultice of
Thuja, Cupressaceae, conifer
dried, powdered leaves applied to swellings. (54:134) Diaphoretic
Thuja excelsa, Cedar
Plant used in the sudatory. Stimulant Smudge of leaves used to re
• Drug—Tlingit Venereal Aid Compound infusion of sprouts and bark
vive "lost consciousness." (151:46) Micmac Analgesic Stems used for
taken for syphilis. (107:283)
headaches. Bum Dressinglnner bark, bark, and stems used for burns.
Thuja occidentalis L, Eastern Arborvitae Cough Medicinelnnei bark, bark, and stems used for cough. Ortho
• Drug—Nondki Antirheumatic (External) Used for swellings. (144:155) pedic Aid Leaves used for swollen feet and hands and stems used for
Poultice of powdered leaves applied to swellings. (144:163) Panacea headaches. Toothache Remedy Gum used for toothache. Tuberculosis
Leaves made into pillows and used as a panacea. (144:155) Algon Remedy Inner bark, bark, and stems used for consumption. (40:62)
quin, Quebec Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of branches taken Montagnais Diaphoretic Infusion of bruised twigs taken to cause
for rheumatism. Cold Remedy Branches used in the steam bath for sweating, (as Arborvitae 156:315) Ojibwa Analgesic Infusion of leaves
colds. Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered, rotten wood used used for headache. Blood Medicine Decoction of leaves taken as a
for rashes and skin irritations. Febrifuge Branches used in the steam blood purifier. Ceremonial Medicine Smoke used to purify sacred ob
bath for fevers. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of cones used for babies jects, hands, and bodies of participants. Cough Medicine Decoction
with colic. Gynecological Aid Branches used in the steam bath for of leaves taken for coughs. Diaphoretic Compound containing leaves
women after childbirth. Infusion of plant taken for menstrual disor used in the sweat bath. (153:380) Penobscot Analgesic Compound
ders. PediatricAid Infusion of cones used for babies with colic. Tooth poultice of bark used on cuts made in painful area to treat pain, (as
ache Remedy Decoction of crushed branches used as a steam for Arbor vitae 156:311) Dermatological Aid Poultice of leaves applied to
toothache. (18:130) Chippewa Analgesic Compound containing swollen hands or feet, (as Arbor vitae 156:309) Panacea Compound
charcoal pricked into temples with needles for headache. (53:338) poultice of bark applied "for all kinds of trouble." (as Arbor vitae 156:
Ceremonial MedicineTwigs burned for incense in religious ceremo 311) Potawatomi Adjuvant Plant used as a seasoner for medicines.
nies. (71:123) Cough Medicine Compound containing leaves taken as Unspecified Poultice of leaves used for unspecified ailments. Witch
a cough syrup. (53:340) Dermatological AidPlant used as a deodor craft Medicine Leaves burned on coals to purify patient and exorcise
ant. Disinfectant and Misc. Disease Remedy Twigs burned as a disin evil spirits. (154:70,71)
fectant to fumigate a house for smallpox. Unspecified Leaves com • Food—Chippewa Beverage Leaves used to make a hot, tea-like bev
bined with ground hemlock for medicinal purposes. (71:123) Cree, erage. (71:123) Ojibwa Beverage Leaves steeped for tea. (as Thuga
Woodlands Panacea Powdered branches and many herbs used for canadensis 5:2234)
various ailments. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of branches taken for • Fiber—Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Canoe Material Plant used to
pneumonia. Urinary Aid Decoction of needle covered branches or make canoe skeletons. (132:132) Chippewa CanoeMaterial\Nood
juice taken for urine retention or sore bladder. (109:62) Iroquois used to make canoe ribs. Snow Gear Wood used to make toboggans.
Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of plant tips used as a foot bath (71:123) Iroquois Caulking Material Bark pieces packed into joints
for rheumatism. Steam from compound decoction used as a bath for during construction. (142:83) Malecite Basketry Used to make basket
rheumatism. Blood Medicine Fermented compound decoction taken splints. Canoe MaterialWood used for canoe slats. (160:6) Menomi
when "blood gets bad and cold." Cold RemedySteam from decoction nee Basketry Bark used to weave bags. (151:76) Micmac Canoe Mate
of leaves inhaled for colds. Dermatological Aid Decoction used as a rialised to make canoe slats. (159:258) Ojibwa Basketry Tough,
wash or poultice applied to cuts, bruises, and sores. Febrifuge Fer stringy bark used in making fiber bags. Canoe Material Light, strong,
mented compound decoction taken for fever. Gynecological Aid Infu straight-grained wood used for canoe frames and ribs. (153:422)
sion used by "women during confinement." Steam from compound • Other—Chippewa Hunting & Fishing Item\Mood used to make stur
decoction used as a bath for parturition. (87:270) Infusion of leaves geon spears. Incense & Fragrance Leaves used as perfume for cloth
taken by women as a tonic and diaphoretic to increase the milk flow. ing. (71:123) Iroquois Insecticide Branches used in closets to prevent
Hunting Medicine Branches, without fruit, used in the vapor baths moths. (142:83) Malecite Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning
558 Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae)

hides. Hunting & Fishing /tern Wood used to make arrows. (160:6) ened and used for children with colds or coughs. (82:54) Okanagan-
Menominee Protection Leaves used as mothballs and clothes stored Colville Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of boughs used to soak
away with layers of leaf sprays to keep out the moths. (151:81) Mic- painful joints from arthritis and rheumatism. Weak infusion of
mac Fuel Wood used for kindling and fuel. Hunting & Fishing Item boughs taken for painful joints from arthritis and rheumatism. Der-
Used to make arrow shafts. (159:258) Ojibwa Incense & Fragrance matological AidDecoction of boughs and three plants used for wash
Pungent fragrance of leaves and wood always used as an acceptable ing the skin and hair during sweat bathing.78 Infusion of boughs
incense to Winabojo. Sacred Items This tree and the white cedar were used as a hair wash for dandruff and scalp "germs." Poison Infusion
worshipped as the two most useful trees in the forest. (153:421) Pota- of boughs considered toxic in large doses. Tonic Decoction of boughs
watomi Ceremonial Items Preserved or fresh leaves used as a smudge and three plants taken as a sweat house tonic.78 Weak infusion of
to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects. Lighting Rolled bark boughs taken as a sweat house tonic. (188:20) Oweekeno Ceremonial
used for night hunting torches. Protection Preserved or fresh leaves MedicineWood made into shamanistic soul catchers to use in ritual
used as a smudge to exorcise evil spirits and purify sacred objects. healing. (43:66) Quileute Unspecified Infusion of green bark juice
(154:122) used for medicine. (137:57) Quinault Dermatological Aid Infusion of
twigs used as a wash for venereal disease sores. Febrifuge Infusion of
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don, Western Red Cedar seeds and twigs taken for fevers. Kidney Aid Infusion of bark and
• Drug—Bella Coola Analgesic Decoction of powdered leaves used twigs taken for kidney trouble. Venereal Aid Infusion of twigs used as
externally for various internal pains. Antirheumatic (External) Infu a wash for venereal disease sores. Skagit Cough Medicine Decoction
sion of leaves used externally for rheumatism. (150:49) Poultice of of leaves taken for coughs. Skokomish Oral Aid Decoction of buds
pounded bough tips and eulachon (candlefish) grease applied to the used as a gargle. (79:19) Thompson Gynecological Aid Compound
back and chest for rheumatism. Poultice of pounded bough tips and decoction of twigs taken after childbirth. (164:461) Misc. Disease
eulachon grease applied to the back and chest for a swollen neck. RemedyDecoction of old or green cones taken for leprosy. Psycho
(184:197) Cough Medicine Infusion of leaves used externally for logical AidTree or spruce tree said to cause vivid dreams for those
coughs. DermatologicalAidVery soft bark used to bind wounds and who slept under them. (187:94)
cover poultices. Gastrointestinal Aid Simple decoction, compound ► Food—Hesquiat Starvation Food Branches used to make fish traps
decoction or infusion of leaf taken and used externally for stomach became "fish flavored" and the sticks were boiled for broth. (185:35)
pain. (150:49) Poultice of pounded bough tips and eulachon (candle- Kwakiutl, Southern Candy Pitch used as chewing gum. (183:293)
fish) grease applied to the back and chest for stomach pains. (184: Montana Indian Dried Food Spring cambium pressed into cakes and
197) Heart Medicine Infusion of leaves used externally for heart trou dried for storage. Unspecified Spring cambium eaten fresh. (19:25)
ble. (150:49) Poultice of pounded bough tips and eulachon (candle- Salish, Coast Dried Food Cambium dried and eaten in spring. Un
fish) grease applied to the back and chest for heart trouble. (184:197) specified Cambium eaten fresh in spring. (182:71)
Other Infusion of leaves used externally for swollen neck. (150:49) ► Fiber—-Bella Coola Basketry Inner bark used to make baskets. Cloth-
Respiratory Aid Poultice of pounded bough tips and eulachon (can ing Inner bark used to make capes and shaman collars. Mats, Rugs &
dlefish) grease applied to the back and chest for bronchitis. (184:197) Beddinglnner bark used to make mats. Scouring Material Inner bark
Chehalis Abortifacient Chewed bark or decoction of bark taken to in used for sponges. (184:197) Chehalis Clothing Bark coarsely shred
duce menstruation. (79:19) Clallam Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction ded and plaited into skirts, capes, and dresses for women. Mats, Rugs
of small limbs used for tuberculosis. (57:195) Cowlitz Cold Remedy & BeddingBark finely shredded and used as padding for infants' cra
Decoction of plant tips and roots taken as a cold medicine. Tooth dles, sanitary pads, and towels. (79:19) Clallam Basketry Bark used
ache RemedyBuds chewed for toothaches. (79:19) Haisla Dermato- for basketry. Roots used for coiled and imbricated baskets. Building
logicalAid Moxa of inner bark used as a counter irritant for the skin. MaterialWood used for house planks, posts, and roof boards. Canoe
Eanaksiala Antidiarrheal Infusion of pounded, bough tip leaves in MaterialWood used for canoes. Clothing Bark used for clothing, san
cold water taken for diarrhea. (43:162) Hoh Unspecified Infusion of itary napkins, and towels. Cordage Limbs used to make rope. Mats,
green bark juice used for medicine. (137:57) Klallam Tuberculosis Rugs & BeddingBark used to pad cradles. (57:195) Flathead Basketry
RemedyDecoction of branches taken as a tuberculosis medicine. Bark strips used to make baskets. (82:54) Gitksan Basketry Inner bark
(79:19) Kwakiutl Dermatological AidPoulu'ce of inner bark applied strips used for basketry. (73:152) Building Material Bark sheets used
to carbuncles. Shredded bark used to cauterize sores and swellings. for roofing. (73:153) Cordage Inner bark strips used for cordage. (73:
Eye Medicine Sticks broken in front of the eye for sties. Hemostat 152) Mats, Rugs & BeddingBark sheets used for tarpaulins. (73:153)
Shredded bark used to cauterize sores and swellings. Orthopedic Aid Inner bark strips used for mat making. Haisla Basketry Inner bark
Compound poultice of leaves applied to sore backs. (183:266) Lummi strips used for basketry. Cordage Inner bark strips used for cordage.
AntiemeticTips chewed by men to avoid nausea while burying a Mats, Rugs & Beddinglnner bark strips used for mat making. (73:
corpse. Pulmonary Aid Chewed buds taken for sore lungs. (79:19) 152) Haisla & Hanaksiala Basketry Bark used for basketry. Branches
Makah Cough Medicine Infusion of boughs taken for coughs. Derma- used in basketry. Roots used as the main structural elements in bas
tologicalAidB&rk pounded until soft as cotton and used to rub the kets. Building Material Bark used to partition longhouses and make
face. (67:228) Nez Perce Antidiarrheal Leaves used for diarrhea. Cold temporary shelters. Bark used for roofing. Wood used to make danc
Remedy Infusion of boughs used for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion ing platforms. Wood used for house posts and planks in traditional
of boughs used for coughs. PediatricAid Infusion of boughs sweet house construction. Canoe Material Bark used to cover canoes to
 Catalog of Plants 559

keep the rain out. Wood used to carve canoes. Clothing Bark used to (183:296) Fibrous bark used to make hats. Shredded bark used for
make hats of various types. Inner bark used to make rain capes. Bark diapers. Roots washed, scorched over a fire, skinned, split in two,
woven into hip length leggings to wear through deep snow. Cordage scraped, and used to make hats. Cordage Fibrous bark used to make
Branches twisted together to make a type of rope used to tie covers twine and ropes. (183:266) Mats, Rugs & Beddinglnner bark used to
to storage boxes. FurnitureBark used to make baby cradles. Mats, make mats and blankets. (183:296) Fibrous bark used to make mats.
Rugs & BeddingBaxk used to make mats to sit on. Inner bark used Other Shredded bark used for napkins, towels, and bandages. Sewing
to make blankets. (43:162) Hesquiat BasketryVery long, straight Materialhong, straight branches used for "sewing wood." (183:266)
branches or withes used to make baskets. Cedar withes were also Makah Basketry Inner bark used for basketry. Canoe MaterialVJood
split and used to make a wide variety of strong openwork baskets for used to make canoes. ClothingBark pounded until soft and made
berry picking and other purposes. These were strengthened at the into clothes. (67:228) Used to make the lining and headbands of rain
corners with twisted cedar ropes. The withes were divided with two hats. (79:19) Mats, Rugs & BeddingBaik used to line baby cradles.
vertical cuts. The two outer rounds were often used for finer con (67:228) Bark cut into narrow strips and woven into mats. (79:19)
struction and possibly the active weft; the inner piece, flattened on Montana Indian Basketry Bark used to make frame work of baskets.
two sides, was usually used for the "framework" (warp and passive Inner bark used to make sacks. Roots used for making baskets. Build
weft) of the baskets. Cleaned, finely split inner bark used to weave ing MaterialVJood used for shingles, lumber, fence posts, and for
baskets. BuildingMaterialWfood prized as a material for house con paving. Canoe Material Bark used to make canoes. Clothing Inner
struction: shakes, shingles, and poles. CanoeMaterialWood prized bark woven into cloth. Cordage Inner bark used to make cords for
as a material for carving, especially canoes. C/of/zmgCleaned, finely fish nets. (19:25) Nez Perce Basketry Roots used to make baskets.
split inner bark used to weave capes, skirts, and aprons. Shredded Building Material Bark formerly used to make lean-to shelters while
inner bark used for diapers. CordageVery long, straight branches or camping. Bark used to cover the roofs of semisubterranean houses.
withes used to make ropes. For large ropes, such as those used in Canoe MaterialVJood hollowed out with fire, smoothed, trimmed,
whaling, the entire branch would be used. For smaller ropes, the and used to make canoes. FurnitureWood used to make cradle-
withes were split off into three parts; the heartwood would be re boards. (82:54) Nitinaht Basketry Young limbs twisted and used to
moved and the outer part twisted into rope. Branches used for such make basket frames and ribs. Bark used to make baskets. Inner bark
ropes would be 5 to 8 cm in diameter. Hesquiat cedar ropes were strips used to make storage baskets and for basket bottoms, rims,
quite famous and were often traded to other tribes. The large ropes and ribs. BuildingMaterialWood used for house posts and wall and
were used long ago as whale hunting lines, anchor lines, and binding roofing house boards. Canoe MaterialWood used to make dugout
lines for tying on house planks or tying together one's effects when canoes. Clothing Bark used to make waterproof hats, capes, and oth
moving. Mats, Rugs & BeddingCleaned, finely split inner bark used er articles of clothing. (186:67) Cordage Used to make ropes. (67:228)
to weave mats. Scouring Material Finely beaten bark used as a Young limbs twisted and used for rope material. Bark used to make
sponge. Young boys, when they were starting to walk, were rubbed rope. Inner bark split into thin strips, spun, and used for rope and
with this bark dipped in cold octopus broth to make them tough. twine. Mats, Rugs & BeddingBark used to make mats. Inner bark wo
Girls were told to rub the same liquid on their hands to make them ven with dog hair and cottonwood bast fiber to make blankets. (186:
strong. (185:35) Hoh Basketry Roots split and used to make baskets. 67) Okanagan-Colville Basketry Bark used for weaving rough bas
Building Materialised for house construction. Bark used to make kets. Split roots used to make a high-quality, coiled, watertight, and
wigwams, summer houses, and hunting lodges. Canoe Material strong basket. Brushes & Brooms Boughs used to scrub the skin in
Used to make dugout canoes. ClothingBark inner fibers formerly the sweat house. Building Materiallogs used to make A-frame shel
used to make clothing. Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts. ters and to cover the rafters of an underground house. The logs were
Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather. Cord burned into 6-meter lengths and boards split off with horn wedges.
age Twigs and roots twisted and used as ropes. Mats, Rugs & Bedding Bark used to make a covering for sweat house frames and insulation
Bark used to line cradles. Other Twigs used for drying the body after for tule tepees. Bark used to make a raised storage cache. Canoe Ma-
a bath. (137:57) Kutenai Basketry Roots split, peeled, and used to terialWood used to make canoes, frames for birchbark canoes, and
make watertight baskets. Canoe MaterialWood used to make canoe paddles. Mats, Rugs & BeddingBark used, when tule not available,
frames. (82:54) Kwakiutl BuildingMaterialWood used for building for weaving mats. (188:20) Okanagon Clothing Inner bark and stems
homes. Canoe MaterialWood used for making canoes. Clothing Bark used to make clothing. Cordage Inner bark and stems used to make
used to make clothing. Cordage Bark used to make ropes, (as T. gi- rope and twine. Mats, Rugs & Beddinglnner bark and stems used to
gantea 20:8) Kwakiutl, Southern Basketry Roots and bark used to make mats and blankets. Sewing Material Inner bark and stems used
make baskets. (183:296) Fibrous bark used to make baskets. Long, to make thread. (125:39) Oweekeno Basketry Fibrous tissue used to
straight branches used for weaving baskets. Roots washed, scorched make baskets. Inner bark used to make baskets. (43:63) Inner bark
over a fire, skinned, split in two, scraped, and used to make baskets. and roots used to make baskets. (43:66) BuildingMaterialWood used
Brushes & Brooms Shredded bark used for paintbrushes. Building for construction. Canoe Material^Nood used to make dugout canoes.
Material Long, straight branches used to make nets for tying wall Fibrous tissue used to make canoe bailers. Inner bark used to make
boards onto house frames. CanoeMaterialWood steamed for flexi canoe bailers. Inner bark used to make sails for canoes. ClothingYi-
bility and malleability and used to make canoes. (183:266) Clothing brous tissue used to make napkins and clothing. Inner bark used to
Inner bark used to make clothing. Roots and bark used to make hats. make women's aprons, conical rain capes, and napkins. (43:63) Inner
560 Thuja plicata (Cupressaceae)

bark used to make dance costumes. Wood used to make hoops worn bark used to make mats. (43:315) Bark sheets used for tarpaulins.
by dancers as part of their costumes. (43:66) Cordage Inner bark (73:153) Wet'suwet'en Basketry Inner bark strips used for basketry.
made into cordage and used as lanyards or lines and to secure boxes. (73:152) BuildingMaterialBaik sheets used for roofing. (73:153)
Mats, Rugs & BeddingVibrous tissue used for weaving mats and Cordage Inner bark strips used for cordage. (73:152) Mats, Rugs &
screens. (43:63) Quileute Basketry Roots split and used to make bas BeddingBaik sheets used for tarpaulins. (73:153) Inner bark strips
kets. Building Material Used for house construction. Bark used to used for mat making. (73:152)
make wigwams, summer houses, and hunting lodges. Canoe Materi • Dye—Thompson Green Leaves and twigs used as a green dye.
al Used to make dugout canoes. (137:57) ClothingUsed to make the (164:501)
lining and headbands of rain hats. (79:19) Bark inner fibers formerly • Other—-Bella Coola Decorations Inner bark used for mask decora
used to make clothing. Inner bark shredded and used to make skirts. tion. Fuel Inner bark used for tinder. (184:197) Cowlitz Cooking Tools
Bark used to make an overcoat for fishing in stormy weather. Cord- Bark used to line cooking pits or cut in broad strips, plaited, and
ageTmgs and roots twisted and used as ropes. Mats, Rugs & Bedding used for dishes. (79:19) Flathead Containers Whole bark sheets used
Bark used to line cradles. Other Twigs used for drying the body after to make storage containers. (82:54) Haisla Hunting & Fishing Item
a bath. (137:57) Quinault Basketry Limbs used for openwork baskets. Boughs used to camouflage canoes, especially during duck hunting.
Clothing Used to make the lining and headbands of rain hats. Sewing Lighting Branches covered with Sitka spruce pitch used for night
Material Roots used to sew the corners of wooden boxes. (79:19) fishing. Protection Inner bark dyed and tied to pets to protect them
Salish, Coast Basketry Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and from the dog eater. Haisla & Hanaksiala CeremonialItemsWood
used to make baskets. Brushes & Brooms Wood used to make combs. used to make ceremonial whistles. Inner bark rings worn around the
BuildingMaterialWood used to make houses. CanoeMaterialWood neck and on the legs by shamans. Bark used for many ceremonial
used to make canoes, paddles, and canoe bailers. Clothing Inner purposes. Wood used to make a special type of "rattle" for ceremoni
bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make hats, diapers, al activities. Wood used to make coffins. Cleaning AgentWood used
work aprons, and clothing. Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers as toilet sticks prior to the introduction of toilet paper. Containers
and used for covering drummers' hands in winter dances. Cordage Wood used to make boxes to store many types of food. Cooking Tools
Young, slender branches used to make ropes. FurnitureWood used Inner bark used to whip soapberries. Wood boards used to separate
to make cradles. Mats, Rugs & Beddinglnner bark soaked, beaten to oval-leaved blueberries from the leaves. Wood made into tongs and
separate the fibers, and used to make mats and bedding. (182:71) used to transfer boiling stones from the fire to cooking vessels. De-
Shuswap Basketry Root shaves woven into baskets. (123:50) Snu- signsWood used to make totem poles and other carvings. Fasteners
qualmie Building Material Limbs used to tie the poles of summer Withes used with pitch to fasten arrowheads to the shafts. Fuel Bark
houses together. Squaxin Basketry Limbs used for openwork baskets. and branches used as kindling to start fires. Hunting & Fishing Item
Roots used to make coiled and imbricated basketry. (79:19) Thomp Inner bark used to make fishing line. Wood made into small sticks to
son Basketry Shredded roots used in making basketry. (164:496) Split prop open conical nets used to catch oolichans (candlefish). Wood
roots made into coiled, watertight baskets and used for boiling food. used to make the shafts of oolichan spears and arrows. Wood used to
The outer strips of the roots were used to make the bottom of the make the hook used to lift oolichan nets to empty their contents into
basket, the center core was used in the coils, and the bark of the roots a canoe. Wood made into noisemakers and used to round up animals
was used for making the edges because of its toughness. The roots to be hunted. Hanaksiala Ceremonial Items Bark used in the fire
could not be harvested in the winter because it was too difficult to dancer's headdress to produce sparks and fire. A baking powder can
scrape the bark off of the stiff, brown roots. In the spring and early with a copper tube in front and a flexible hose in the back was filled
fall, the bark was more easily removed and the roots were white. Split with burning red cedar outer bark. An aide to the Fire Dancer blew
roots made into watertight baskets and used for boiling food. Wood on the hose in the back to produce sparks and smoke at the front of
splints sometimes used for the inner foundation of baskets rather the headdress, which concealed the can and embers. (43:162) Hes-
than root bundles. (187:94) Canoe Material Used to make dugout ca quiat Cooking Tools Wood used to make serving dippers. Fuel Shred
noes. (164:496) Clothinglnnex bark and stems used to make cloth ded inner bark twisted tightly, tied with cedar bark strips, and used
ing. (125:39) Inner root softened, split into strips, and used to make as tinder to start a fire. A story involving cedar—called "nuhtume"
rain cloaks, aprons, and capes. (164:496) Cordage Inner bark and by Hesquiat—tells of the time Deer stole fire. This version has Deer
stems used to make rope and twine. (125:39) Furniture Outer bark taking fire from the Wolves; another says that Deer stole it from Chief
used to kneel and sit on in canoes. (164:496) Mats, Rugs & Bedding Red-winged Blackbird. In both versions Deer attached the soft,
Inner bark and stems used to make mats and blankets. (125:39) In shredded cedar bark to his elbows, knees, and horns. He allowed this
ner root softened, split into strips, and used to make mats. Bark piled dry cedar bark to catch fire when he visited the fire's owner. Deer es
up and used as a bed. (164:496) Scouring Material Inner bark, maple caped by jumping out through the roof. Since, however, he had to
or cottonwood inner bark used to make scouring pads. (187:94) Sew jump into water while fleeing, the only fire that continued to burn
ing Material Inner bark and stems used to make thread. (125:39) was that in the cedar bark on his horns. Thus, Deer did bring back
Tsimshian BuildingMaterialYJood used for construction. (43:315) fire but suffered burnt knees and elbows. Hunting & Fishing Item
Bark sheets used for roofing and tarpaulins. (73:153) Canoe Material Inner bark used to make a scabbard for a sword or spear. Young
Wood used to make canoes. Clothing Inner bark used to make dia branches used to make fish traps. Tools Long, dried kindling tied
pers for infants and rainproof capes. Mats, Rugs & Beddinglnner with cedar bark and used as torch to burn out excess wood in mak-
 Catalog of Plants 561

ing a canoe. There is a story about Deer and the Chickadees in which for storage of string dried clams and smelts. (79:19) Cooking Tools
Deer was using such a bundle of cedar pieces while making a canoe. Wood used to make dishes, ladles, and spoons. (137:57) Hunting &
He became so absorbed in watching the dancing of the Chickadees Fishing Item Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the water.
that he burned right through the bottom of the canoe. Turner's infor (79:19) Lightinglnner bark used as lampwicks in oil lamps. (137:57)
mant Alice Paul pointed out that a deer is still like that—when he sees Musical InstrumentSmall limbs strung with pecten shells and used
anything moving, he stares at it. (185:35) Hoh Cooking Tools Wood as dance rattles. Tools Used to make the spindle for spinning moun
used to make dishes, ladles, and spoons. Lightinglnnev bark used as tain goat wool. Quinault Hunting & Fishing Item Limbs used for tow
lampwicks in oil lamps. (137:57) Kutenai Containers Bark used to ing dead whales out of the water. Limbs used for weaving with vine
make a storage trunk. Cooking ToolsWood used to make bowls. (82: maple sticks to make fish weirs. (79:19) Saanich Ceremonial Items
54) Kwakiutl Cooking Tools Wood used for making utensils. Tools Boughs used to vigorously scrub the body for purity while bathing.
Wood used for making implements, (as T. gigantea 20:8) Kwakiutl, Hunting & Fishing Item Roots woven with gooseberry and wild rose
Southern ContainersWood steamed for flexibility and malleability roots to make reef nets. Salish, Coast Ceremonial Items Wood used to
and used to make boxes. Cooking Tools Boughs used in drying sea make totems, masks, and ceremonial drums. ContainersWood used
weed for eating. FuelWood used for fuel and making friction fires. to make coffins and boxes. Wood used for the hearth to make friction
Hunting & Fishing Item Fibrous bark used to make fish nets. Boughs fires. Cooking Tools Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used
weighted, placed underwater at estuaries, and used for catching her for threading clams. Fuel Outer bark used for fuel. Inner bark beaten
ring spawn. Long, straight branches used to make fishing line. (183: to separate the fibers and used for tinder. Wood used as fuel and also
266) Lummi Ceremonial Items Singed limbs used as brooms to sweep as the drill or hearth in making friction fires. Hunting & Fishing Item
off the walls of a house after removal of a corpse. (79:19) Makah Cer Inner bark beaten to separate the fibers and used to make fishing
emonial Items Wood used to make totem poles. ContainersWood line. Young, slender branches used to make nets. Wood used to make
used to make boxes. Cooking Tools Wood used to make fish barbecu herring rakes. Tools Wood used for the drill to make friction fires.
ing sticks and cross pieces. (67:228) Hunting & Fishing Item Used to Salish, Cowichan Hunting & Fishing Item Roots woven with goose
make arrow shafts. Limbs used for towing dead whales out of the berry and wild rose roots to make reef nets. (182:71) Shuswap Cash
water. (79:19) Montana Indian Hunting & Fishing Item Wood made Crop Root sold at annual tribal gathering. Ceremonial Items Bark
into floats for fish nets. (19:25) Nitmaht Ceremonial Items Wood used made into a headband and worn by pubescent girls and young men
to make masks. Boughs used by boys in training for manhood. Con in ritual isolation. Jewelry Bark used to make necklaces and belts
tainers Wood used to make storage boxes. Bark sheets used to make worn by dancers at tribal gatherings. (123:50) Skagit Ceremonial
cases for storing whale harpoon heads. Cooking Tools Wood used to Items Limbs burned at night and waved through the houses after a
make bowls, cooking boxes, and spreading sticks to prevent dried death to scare off the ghosts. Squaxin Hunting & Fishing Item Used
fish from curling up. Decorations Bark used for mask adornments. to make herring rakes. Limbs used for weaving with vine maple sticks
Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used for the slats or poles offish weirs, to make fish weirs. (79:19) Thompson Cash Crop Roots made into
gaff sticks, and to make arrow shafts. Young limbs twisted and used coiled baskets and considered an important trading item. Widows
as basket traps for fish. Green boughs used to catch herring spawn. and women who did not have ready access to meat or fish used to
(186:67) Okanagan-Colville Ceremonial Items Infusion of cedar, fir, make baskets and trade for food. (187:94) Containers Inner bark and
and rose branches of equal size used as bathing water for sweat house stems used to make bags. (125:39) Inner root softened, split into
ritual. Boughs used in church on Palm Sunday. Hunting & Fishing strips, and used to make bags. (164:496) Good Luck Charm Root "doll
Item Wood used to make bows and arrows and dip net frames. Musi formation" considered to bring good luck to anyone who found it.
cal InstrumentWood used to make drum hoops. (188:20) Okanagon (187:94) Tsimshian Ceremonial ItemsWood made into horns used
Containers Inner bark and stems used to make bags. (125:39) Owee- for ritual purposes. CleaningAgentWood made into toilet sticks.
keno Ceremonial Items Fibrous tissue used to make ceremonial ContainersWood used to make storage boxes and chests. Inner bark
head, neck, ankle, and wrist rings. (43:63) Wood and inner bark used used to make containers for collecting, storing, and cooking foods.
for shamanistic or other ceremonial activities. Inner bark used to DecorationsWood used to carve totem poles. Fuel Inner bark used to
make head rings worn by dancers. Bark used to make neck, wrist, and start fires. Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make hunting and
ankle rings worn by dancers. Inner bark woven into dance screens. fishing tools. Tools Wood used to make woodworking tools. (43:315)
(43:66) ContainersWood used to make containers. Inner bark used
Thymelaeaceae, see Daphne, Dirca, Wikstroemia
to make boxes. Cooking Tools Wood used to make sticks to dry ooli-
chans (candlefish) and made into barbecue racks for salmon and
Thymophylla, Asteraceae
other fish. DecorationsWood used for carving. Inner bark used to
Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother, Pricklyleaf Dogweed
make masks. FuelWood used as kindling. Hunting & Fishing Item
• Drug—Isleta Febrifuge Decoction of leaves used as a body bath for
Boughs used to gather herring roe. Wood used to make arrows. (43:
fevers, (as Aciphyllaea acerosa 100:20)
63) Branches used to gather herring roe. Musical InstrumentWood
• Other—Keres, Western Smoke PlantLeaves mixed with tobacco for
made into whistles or trumpets and used to announce the dances in
the flavor, (as Aciphyllea acerosa 171:24)
the tsaika and glualaxa series. (43:66) Tools Wood used to make im
plements. (43:63) Paiute Musical InstrumentWood used for drum Thymophylla pentachaetavar. belenidium (DC.) Strother,
frames. (111:46) Quileute Containers Bark cut into strips and used Fiveneedle Pricklyleaf
562 Thymophylla pentachaeta (Asteraceae)

• Drug—Paiute Cathartic Decoction of root taken as a physic, (as Dys- boils. Gastrointestinal Aid Inside bark and twigs used during preg
sodia thurberi 180:67) nancy for heartburn, weak stomach, and bowels. Used "when stom

Thymophylla pentachaeta (DC.) Small var. pentachaeta, ach has been overheated by too free use of spirituous liquors." Snake

Fiveneedle Pricklyleaf
bite Remedy Bark from tree struck by lightning chewed and spit on

• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Psychological Aid Plant used for dreaming of

snakebite. Tuberculosis Remedy ]e\\y used for consumption. (80:24)
Iroquois Antihemorrhagic Compound decoction of roots and bark
being pursued by a deer, (as Dyssodia pentachaeta 205:46)
• Other—Navajo, Kayenta Hunting & Fishing Item Plant eaten or used
taken for internal hemorrhage. Burn Dressing Compound decoction

as lotion by hunters so deer cannot smell them, (as Dyssodia penta-

of leaves applied as poultice to burns or scalds. Diuretic Infusion of

chaeta205:46)
bark taken to increase urination. Emetic Compound decoction taken
to vomit during initial stages of consumption. (87:384) Gynecological
Thymus, Lamiaceae Aid Infusion of branches and bark and buds from another plant tak

Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus (Dur.) Jalas, Creeping Thyme en before giving birth. (141:51) Orthopedic Aid Decoction of branch
• Drug—Delaware, Ontario Febrifuge Compound infusion of plant es used as wash for babies that do not walk but should. (87:383)

taken for chills and fever, (as T. serpyllum 175:56,84) Compound poultice of leaves applied to broken bones and swollen
areas. Other Infusion of plant used for severe injuries. Panacea Com
Thysanocarpus, Brassicaceae pound infusion of twigs and roots taken as a panacea. (87:384) Pedi
Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook., Sand Fringepod atric Aid Decoction of branches used as wash for babies that do not
• Drug—Mendodno Indian Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of whole walk but should. (87:383) Stimulant Infusion of shoots taken when
plant taken for stomachaches, (as T. elegans 41:352) feeling worn out. Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoction taken
• Food—Mendocino Indian Staple Seeds used in pinole mixtures, (as to vomit during initial stages of consumption. (87:384) Malecite
T elegans 41:352) Anthelmintic Infusion of roots or bark used for worms. (116:255)
Meskwaki Dermatological Aid Poultice of boiled inner bark applied
Tiarella, Saxifragaceae to cause boils to open. Pulmonary Aid Decoction of twigs taken for
Tiarella cordifolia L, Heartleaf Foamflower lung trouble. (152:248) Micmac Anthelmintic Roots used for worms.
• Drug—Cherokee Oral Aid Infusion held in mouth to "remove white Dermatological AidBark used for suppurating wounds. (40:62)
coat from tongue." (80:34) Iroquois Dermatological Aid Poultice of • Food—Chippewa VegetableYoung twigs and buds cooked as greens
smashed roots applied to wounds. Dietary Aid Infusion of roots and or eaten raw. (71:136)

leaves given to fatten little children. (87:344) Eye Medicine Infusion • Fiber—Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Basketry Used to make baskets
of dried leaves used as drops for sore eyes. (87:345) Hunting Medi- stronger. (132:132) Cherokee BuildingMaterialWood used for lum
cine Decoction of whole plant used as a wash for the rifle, a "hunting ber. Cordage Boiled bark twisted into rope. Furniture Used to make
medicine." Oral Aid Infusion of smashed roots given to babies with chair bottoms. (80:24) Chippewa Canoe MaterialWfood used to make
sore mouths. Orthopedic Aid Compound poultice of smashed plants dugout canoes. (71:136) Cordage Used for twine and general utility.
applied to sore backs of babies. (87:344) Other Compound decoction (53:378) Bast made into cordage of all sorts. The bast was boiled and
of dried roots given to children with "summer complaint." (87:345) rubbed on a stick to separate the fibers which were spun into thread
Pediatric Aid Compound poultice of smashed plants applied to sore for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags, and made into cordage of all
backs of babies. Infusion of roots and leaves given to fatten little sorts. Sewing MaterialBast made into thread for sewing and fine yarn
children. (87:344) Compound decoction of dried roots given to chil for weaving bags. (71:136) Lakota Cordage Inner bark fibers used to
dren with "summer complaint." (87:345) Tome Infusion of roots and make cordage. (139:60) Malecite Clothing Fiber used to make belts.
leaves taken as a tonic. (87:344) Malecite Antidiarrheal and Pediatric Cordage Fiber used to make ropes. Sewing MaterialTiber used for
Aid Infusion of roots used by children for diarrhea. (116:255) Micmac sewing birch bark. (160:6) Menominee Basketry Basswood fiber used
Antidiarrheal Roots used for diarrhea. (40:62) for baskets and fish nets. Cordage Bast and bark fiber used for cord
age. Mats, Rugs & BeddingBasswood fiber used for matting. Snow
Tiarella trifoliataU Threeleaf Foamflower
Gear Basswood fiber used for nets for snowshoes. (151:76) Meskwaki
• Drug—Quileute Cough Medicine Raw leaves chewed as a cough
Basketry Inner bark two-ply cord used to make baskets and fish nets.
medicine. (79:31)
Clothinglnner bark two-ply cord used to make shoes. Cordage Inner
Tiliaceae, see Tilia bark boiled in lye water, dried, seasoned, and twisted into two-ply
cord. Mats, Rugs & Beddinglnner bark two-ply cord used to make
Tilia, Tiliaceae mats. (152:269) Ojibwa Cordage Inner bark of young sprouts used to
Tilia americana L, American Basswood make twine and rope. (135:232) Tough, fibrous bark of young trees
• Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Eye Medicine Infusion of leaves used as furnished ready cordage and string. The women stripped the bark
an eyewash. Unspecified Poultice of leaves used for medicinal pur and peeled the outer edge from the inner fiber with their teeth. The
poses. (18:200) Cherokee Antidiarrheal Compound of inner bark rolls were then kept in coils or were boiled and kept as coils until
used for dysentery. (80:24) Infusion of inner bark taken for dysentery. needed, being soaked again when used, to make them pliable. While
(177:42) Cough Medicine]e\\y used for coughs. DermatologicalAid there were countless uses for this cordage, perhaps the most impor
Decoction of bark mixed with commeal and used as poultice for tant was in tying the poles together for the framework of the wigwam
 Catalog of Plants 563

or medicine lodge. When these crossings of poles were lashed to • Drug—Houma Febrifuge Decoction of moss taken for chills and
gether with wet bark fiber, it was easy to get a tight knot which shrank fever. (158:59)
when dry and made an even tighter joint. The bark of an elm or a bal • Fiber—Houma Cordage Dried fibers twisted and used for cordage.
sam, cut into broad strips, was then sewed into place on the frame Mats, Rugs & BeddingDried fibers twisted and used to make floor
work with basswood string. An oak wood awl was used to punch mats. (158:59)
holes in the bark, but Smith notes that, when they made his wigwam, • Other—Seminole Cooking Tools Used to remove scum in cooking.
they used an old file end for an awl. He reports that he lived in this Hide Preparation Used for tanning, (as Dendropogon usneoides
new wigwam all the time he was among the Pillager Ojibwe and 169:472)
scarcely a night passed without a group of them visiting him and sit
ting around the campfire, telling old-time stories. (153:422) Sewing Tiquilia, Boraginaceae
Material Inner bark of young sprouts used to make thread. (135:232) Tiquilia latior{\. M. Johnston) A. Richards., Matted Crinklemat
Omaha Basketry Inner bark used to make baskets. Cordage Inner • DrwgHVavajo, Kayenta Gastrointestinal AidPlant used for gastroin
bark used to make ropes and cordage. (68:324) Inner bark fiber used testinal disease, (as Coldenia hispidissimavar. to/or205:39)
to make cordage and rope. Pawnee Mats, Rugs & Beddinglnner bark
fiber used for spinning cordage and weaving matting. Ponca Cordage Tolmiea, Saxifragaceae
Inner bark fiber used to make cordage and rope. (70:102) Potawatomi Tolmiea menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & Gray, Youth on Age
Basketry Bark string used for fashioning bags. Cordage Bark string • Drug—Cowlitz Dermatological Aid Poultice of fresh leaves applied
used for making cordage. Sewing Material Bark string used for sew to boils. (79:31)
ing the edges of mats. (154:114) • Food—Makah Unspecified Sprouts eaten raw in early spring. (79:31)
• Other—Cherokee DecomtionsWood used to carve. PaperWood used
for pulpwood. (80:24) Chippewa Containers Bast made into thread Torreya, Taxaceae, conifer
for sewing, fine yarn for weaving bags, and into other cordage of all Torreya californicaTorr., California Nutmeg
sorts. Fasteners Bast strips used for tying the poles of the framework • Dm^-Costanoan Analgesic Smashed nuts and fat rubbed on tem
of houses. Tools Wood used to make spiles for drawing out maple sap ples for headaches. Diaphoretic Smashed nuts and fat rubbed on
from trees into buckets during sugar making time. (71:136) Menomi- body to cause sweating. Febrifuge Smashed nuts and fat rubbed on
nee Hunting & Fishing Item Basswood fiber used for matting, baskets, body for chills. Gastrointestinal Aid Nuts chewed for indigestion, (as
fish nets, and nets for snowshoes. (151:76) Meskwaki Hunting & Tumion californica2\:6) Pomo Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of
Fishing Item Inner bark two-ply cord used to make mats, baskets, nuts taken for tuberculosis. (66:11) Pomo, Kashaya Tuberculosis
fish nets, and shoes. (152:269) Remedy Decoction of cracked, soaked nut taken for tuberculosis.
(72:78)
Tilia americana L var. americana, American Basswood
• Food—Mendocino Indian UnspecifiedWlho\e nuts roasted and used
• Fiber—Abnaki Basketry Inner bark used to make baskets, (as T.
for food, (as Tumion californicum 41:305)
glabra 144:156)
• Fiber—Pomo Basketry Roots used to make baskets, (as Tumion cali
Tilia americanavar. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud., American fornicum 41:305) Roots used as splints in basketry, (as Tumion cali-
Basswood
fornica 118:6)
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Compound of inner bark used for • Other—Pomo Tools Rigid, sharp-pointed leaves formerly used as
dysentery. Cough Medicine Jelly used for coughs. Dermatological Aid needles to prick pitch soot into the skin in tattooing, (as Tumion cal
Decoction of bark mixed with cornmeal and used as poultice for ifornicum 41:305)
boils. Gastrointestinal Aid Inside bark and twigs used during preg
nancy for heartburn, weak stomach, and bowels. Used "when stom Touchardia, Urticaceae
ach has been overheated by too free use of spirituous liquors." Snake Touchardia latifolia Gaud., Olona
bite Remedy Bark from tree struck by lightning chewed and spit on • Drag^-Hawaiian Laxative Slimy substance, water, plant milk, and
snakebite. Tuberculosis Remedy ]e\\y used for consumption, (as T. watermelon juice mixed, strained, and taken as a laxative. Pediatric
heterophyllaS0:24)
Aid Shoots chewed and given to infants for bodily ailments or weak
• Fiber—Cherokee BuildingMaterialWlood used for lumber. Cordage
nesses. Strengthener Shoots chewed and given to infants for bodily
Boiled bark twisted into rope. Furniture Used to make chair bottoms. ailments or weaknesses. Shoots chewed for bodily ailments or weak
(as T. heterophylla 80:24)
nesses. (2:71)
• Other—Cherokee DecorationsWood used to carve. Paper Wood used
• Fiber—Hawaiian Cordage Plant fiber used to make fishing lines or
for pulpwood. (as T. heterophylla 80:24)
ropes. (2:71)

Tillandsiay Bromeliaceae
Townsendia, Asteraceae
Tillandsia sp,, Airplant
Townsendia exscapa (Richards.) Porter, Stemless Townsendia
• Other—Seminole Cooking Tools Plant used as a water supply for
• Drug—Blackfoot Veterinary Aid Decoction of roots given to tired
cooking during the dry season. (169:472)
horses to relieve them, (as T. sericea97:6l) Navajo Ceremonial Medi
Tillandsia usneoides (L) L, Spanish Moss cine Chewed and spit upon ceremonial knots to unravel them, "un-
578 Ulmus rubra (Ulmaceae)

earth lodge. Cordage Inner bark fiber used to make ropes and cords. trees. Tools Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grind
Ponca Building MaterialForked trees used for the posts in building ing medicines and perfumes. (70:75)
the earth lodge. Cordage Inner bark fiber used to make cords and
ropes, (as U.fulva 70:76) Potawatomi Basketry Bark used to make
Ulvaceae, see Enteromorpha, Ulva
boxes and baskets, (as U.fulva 154:115) Bark used to make baskets,
(as U.fulva 154:124) Building MaterialBark used to make wigwam
Ulva, Ulvaceae, alga
sides, (as U.fulva 154:115) Wmnebago Building Material Forked Ulva lactuca L, Sea Lettuce
trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge. Cordage Inner • Food—Porno, Kashaya Spice Peppery seaweed used as flavoring
bark fiber used to make cords and ropes, (as U.fulva 70:76) with other seaweeds. (72:127)
• Other—Dakota Cooking Tools Log sections used to make corn mor
tars and pestles. Fuel Weathered bark used to catch the spark in fire Umbellularia, Lauraceae
making. Wood used for fuel. Tools Wood used to make small mortars Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt., California Laurel
and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes, (as U. fulva 70:76) • Drug—CahuiMa Analgesic Leaves used for headaches. (15:143) Karok
Toys & Games Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads, (as U. fulva Analgesic Infusion of plant taken by women for the pains of after
70:116) Kiowa Stable Gear Forked branches used for the saddle birth. Cold Remedy Plant used as steam bath or burning boughs used
frames, (as U.fulva 192:23) Menominee Hunting & Fishing Hem to fumigate house for colds. (148:383) Dermatological Aid Poultice of
Boiled bark used to make matting, baskets, fish nets, and nets for ground seeds applied to sores. (6:59) Disinfectant Boughs used in fire
snowshoes. (as U. fulva 151:77) Omaha Cooking Tools Log sections to fumigate the house for colds and other sicknesses. Gynecological
used to make corn mortars and pestles. Fuel Weathered bark used to Aid Infusion of plant taken by women for the pains of afterbirth.
catch the spark in fire making. Wood used for fuel. Tools Wood used Panacea Plant used as steam bath or burning bough to fumigate
to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and per house for any sickness. (148:383) Mendocino Indian Analgesic De
fumes, (as U.fulva 70:76) Toys & Games Fibrous inner bark used for coction taken, used as wash, or poultice of leaves applied for head
popgun wads, (as U.fulva 70:116) Pawnee Cooking Tools Log sec aches. Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of leaves used as a bath for
tions used to make corn mortars and pestles. Fuel Weathered bark rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves used as wash
used to catch the spark in fire making. Wood used for fuel. Tools for vermin on the head. Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of plant tak
Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medi en for stomachaches and headaches. Poultice of leaves applied as
cines and perfumes, (as Ufulva70:76) Toys & Games Fibrous inner counterirritant for chronic stomach complaints. Panacea Burning
bark used for popgun wads, (as U.fulva 70:116) Ponca Cooking Tools leaf vapor used for many diseases. StimulantNuts eaten as a stimu
Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles. Fuel Weathered lant. (41:349) Miwok Analgesic Poultice of leaves and twigs bound to
bark used to catch the spark in fire making. Wood used for fuel. Tools forehead for headaches. (12:174) Porno Analgesic Poultice of heated
Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for grinding medi leaves applied for rheumatic and neuralgic pains. Antirheumatic
cines and perfumes, (as U.fulva 70:76) Toys & Games Fibrous inner (External) Poultice of heated leaves applied for rheumatic pains. (66:
bark used for popgun wads, (as U. fulva 70:116) Winnebago Cooking 13) Pomo, Kashaya Analgesic Poultice of leaves used for rheumatic
Tools Log sections used to make corn mortars and pestles. Fuel and neuralgic pains. Indian doctor would sing and hit you with little
Weathered bark used to catch the spark in fire making. Wood used branches for pain or headache. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of
for fuel. Too/5 Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for leaves used for rheumatic pains. Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves
grinding medicines and perfumes, (as U.fulva70:76) Toys & Games taken for colds. Indian doctor would sing and hit you with little
Fibrous inner bark used for popgun wads, (as U.fulva 70:116) branches for a cold. Dermatological Aid Decoction of leaves used to
wash sores. Peppernut charcoal rubbed into a man's mustache to
Ulmus sp.f Elm
groom it. Gynecological Aid Decoction of leaves taken for menstrual
• Drug—Creek Toothache Remedy Unknown plant part, possibly
cramps and clotting. Respiratory Aid Decoction of leaves taken to
branches, used for toothache. (172:660)
clear up "slime" in the chest. Throat Aid Decoction of leaves taken
Ulmus thomasii Sarg., Rock Elm for sore throats. (72:90) Yuki Analgesic Crushed leaves inhaled for
• Fiber—Dakota BuildingMaterialForked trees used for the posts in headaches. (49:47) Poultice of crushed leaves applied as compress
building the earth lodge. Omaha Building Material Forked trees for headaches. Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of leaves used as
used for the posts in building the earth lodge. Ponca Building Mater wash for rheumatism. (118:43) Respiratory Aid Crushed leaves in
ial Forked trees used for the posts in building the earth lodge. (70:75) haled to open the nasal passages. (49:47) Yurok Unspecified Plant
• Other—Dakota Cooking Tools Log sections used to make corn mor used for medicinal purposes. (6:59)
tars and pestles. Fuel Wood used as fuel. Stable GearWfood used for • Food—Concow Beverage Root bark used to make a drink. (41:349)
saddle trees. Tools Wood used to make small mortars and pestles for Costanoan Bread & Cake Kernels roasted or ground into flour for
grinding medicines and perfumes. Omaha Fuel Wood used as fuel. cakes. Fruit Fruits eaten raw or boiled. (21:249) Karok Unspecified
Stable Gear Wood used for saddle trees. Tools Wood used to make Seeds shelled, roasted, and eaten. (6:59) Nuts hulled, stored, parched
small mortars and pestles for grinding medicines and perfumes. in ashes, cracked open, and eaten. Winter Use Food Nuts hulled and
Ponca Cooking Tools Log sections used to make corn mortars and stored in big baskets for winter use. (148:383) Mendocino Indian
pestles. Fuel Wood used as fuel. Stable Gear Wood used for saddle Bread & Cake Nuts roasted, shelled, pounded into a small mass, and
 Catalog of Plants 579

molded into "bread." Sauce & Relish Nuts eaten as a relish. Nuts used Lakota Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of roots taken for stomach
as a condiment. Unspecified Nuts roasted and eaten. (41:349) Porno, pains. (139:61) Makah Hunting Medicine Used to rub the whale
Kashaya Dried Food Fruit sun dried. Fruit Fleshy end of the husk hunters' bodies in order to be strong. Leaves rubbed on fishing line
eaten raw and the kernel roasted and eaten whole. Unspecified to give it a green color or used as medicine for good fishing.81 Oral
Roasted kernels or kernel meal cakes eaten with greens, buckeye Aid Stems put under splints to hasten the healing process. Reproduc
meal, acorn meal, mush, or seaweed. Winter Use Food Pounded ker tive Aid Infusion of roots given to expectant mothers. Stimulant Used
nel meal used to make sun dried, flat cakes and stored for winter use. to rub down after the morning bath. (67:246) Nitinaht Antirheumatic
(72:90) Tolowa Fruit Fruit shelled, roasted, and eaten. (6:59) Yuki (External) Plants whipped over body for arthritis and rheumatism.
Unspecified Species used for food. (48:47) Nuts roasted in hot ashes, Tonic Young shoots chewed and swallowed as a tonic to prevent sick
cracked, and eaten. (49:87) Yurok Fruit Fruit used for food. Unspeci ness. Unspecified Plants whipped over body by married persons for
fied Seeds baked in the sand under a fire and used for food. (6:59) affection and faithfulness of spouses. (186:128) Okanagan-Colville
► Other—Costanoan Hunting & Fishing Item Burning leaf smoke used Antirheumatic (External) Fresh plants used to beat the skin after
to drive ground squirrels from burrows. Incense & Fragrance Leaves "sweathousing" and for rheumatic and arthritic pain. (188:140)
hung in bunches to freshen air. (21:249) Insecticide Burning leaf Paiute, Northern Antirheumatic (External) Leaves and stalks used
smoke used to rid one of fleas. (21:7,249) Karok Ceremonial Items to whip aching arms and legs for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid
Foliage placed on fire during the Brush Dance to drive evil spirits Decoction ofroots taken for hives and itches. (59:126) Shuswap Anal
away. (6:59) Toys & Games Leaves thrown into the fire by children to gesic and Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of stems and roots
hear them crack like firecrackers. (148:383) Mendocino Indian Insec- used as a sweat bath for rheumatism pain. Dermatological Aid Used
ticideLeaves used for fleas. (41:349) Pomo, Kashaya Hunting & Fish for bathing and drinking. Herbal Steam Decoction of stems and roots
ing Item Leaves rubbed on a man's body before he went hunting to used as a sweat bath for rheumatism pain. (123:70) Thompson Anti
take the body smell away. Protection Small, leafy branches hung in rheumatic (External) Nettles used for arthritis. One informant said
homes for protection against any harm that might come into the that a neighboring woman who had arthritis hit her skin all over with
homes. Sacred Items Plant very sacred to the Kashaya Pomo because nettles and within 2 months, she was getting strong and healthy
of its ceremonial uses. (72:90) Yuki Insecticide Leafy branches used again. Dermatological Aid Decoction ofroots used as a hair tonic for
for fleas. (49:91) Yurok Good Luck Charm Leaves burned to take bad growing long, silky hair. Plant tops used for skin disease. Hemorrhoid
luck away, in the house, or the smoke waved over people as they itemedy Decoction ofroots used as a soaking solution for bleeding
leave. Insecticide Plant put under the bed to rid it of fleas. (6:59) hemorrhoids. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of leaves and stalks used for
paralyzed limbs. Unspecified Infusion of leaves and tops used as
Umbellularia sp., Pepperwood
medicine. (187:289)
• Food—Midoo Unspecified Nuts buried in mud for a long time to re
• Food—Iroquois Vegetable Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper, or
move the bitterness and used for food. (117:314) Pomo Unspecified
butter. (196:118) Makah UnspecifiedPlant tops used for food. (67:246)
Nuts roasted in ashes and eaten with fresh clover. (117:284)
Mohegan Vegetable Combined with pigweed, mustard, plantain, and
• Fiber—Mewuk BuildingMaterialBmnches used to make arbors or
dock and used as mixed greens. (176:83) Okanagan-Colville Vegeta-
shades. (117:349) Yokut Building MaterialPlant used to make shel
bleNew growths dipped in boiling water and eaten as greens. (188:
ters and canopies. (117:420)
140) Shuswap BeverageUsed for bathing and drinking. (123:70)
Urticaceae, see Laportea, Pilea, Pipturus, Touchardia, Urtica Thompson Vegetable Greens cooked as green vegetables. (187:288)
Plant tops eaten as a potherb after the arrival of the Chinese. (187:289)
Urtica, Urticaceae • Fiber—Hesquiat Cordage Dried, peeled stems used to make twine,
Urtica dioica L, Stinging Nettle ropes, and herring nets. (185:76) Lakota Cordage Stem fibers used to
• Drug—Cherokee GastrointestinalAidTaken for upset stomach. make cordage. (139:61) Makah Basketry Fibers used in weaving bas
Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion taken for "ague." (80:46) Cree, Wood kets. Cordage Fibers used to make string. Nitinaht Cordage Fibers,
lands Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant taken to keep blood yellow cedar bark, or cottonwood fibers and dog hair used to make
flowing after childbirth. (109:63) Hesquiat Analgesic Nettles rubbed stronger ropes. (67:246) Stems dried, pounded, and spun to make
on body for aches, pains, and backaches. Antirheumatic (External) twine for binding and sewing purposes. (186:128) Thompson Cord
Poultice of steamed leaves and roots used on swollen, sore, arthritic age Plant tops used to make twine and fine thread. The plant tops
legs, ankles, and joints. GastrointestinalAidNettles rubbed on stom were made into twine in the same manner as Indian hemp. (187:289)
ach when sore. (185:76) Iroquois Witchcraft Medicine Compound of • Dye—Makah Green Leaves rubbed on fishing line to give it a green
plant and dried snake's blood used as a "witching medicine." (87:307) color or used as medicine for good fishing.81 (67:246)
Kwakiutl Analgesic Plant rubbed on the skin for chest pains. Derma- • Other—Cherokee Hunting & Fishing Item Stems twisted for bow
tologicalAid Plant juice rubbed into the scalp to prevent hair from strings. (80:46) Hesquiat Hunting & Fishing Item Dried, peeled stems
falling out. Gynecological Aid Plant juice taken by overdue, pregnant used to make twine, ropes, and herring nets. (185:76) Makah Cere
women. Other Moxa of plant fiber used to cauterize the skin for vari monial Items Used in rituals for whaling and fishing. Protection Used
ous ailments. Venereal Aid Plant used for locomotor ataxia. (183:292) to rub seal hunters bodies to protect themselves from the weather.
Kwakiutl, Southern Analgesic Fiber used to cauterize headaches. Nitinaht Hunting & Fishing Item Fibers used to make fish and duck
Antirheumatic (External) Fiber used to cauterize swellings. (183:297) nets. (67:246) Plants rubbed on fishing lines to eliminate human
580 Urtica dioica (Urticaceae)

odor. (186:112) Used as the leader for fishing. (186:53) Stems dried, Infusion of leaves used medicinally for unspecified purposes, (as U.
pounded, and spun to make fishing lines and duck nets. Plants lyallii 154:87) Quileute Antirheumatic (External) Whole stalk used as
rubbed in hands to eliminate human odor before touching fishing a whip on a person with rheumatism. Antirheumatic (Internal) Infu
gear. (186:128) Okanagan-Colville Ceremonial Items Plant used to sion of pounded roots taken for rheumatism. Quinault Analgesic De
make a tea taken during "sweathousing" and used to "wash" the skin coction of peeled bark taken for headaches. Gynecological Aid Plant
and hair. Protection Boiled plant used as a bath to combat witchcraft tips chewed by women during labor. Hemostat Decoction of peeled
and a jinx by an evil person. (188:140) Thompson Hunting & Fishing bark taken for nosebleeds. OrthopedicAidWhole stalk used as a whip
Item Plant tops made into twine and fine thread and used for mak on a person with paralysis. Samish Tonic Decoction of plant taken as
ing scoop nets. (187:289) a general tonic, (as U lyallii79:28) Shoshoni Antirheumatic (Exter
nal) Hot poultice of mashed leaves applied for rheumatism. Blood
Urtica dioica ssp. gracilis (Ait.) Seland., California Nettle Medicine Compound decoction of roots taken as a blood tonic and
• Drug—Abnaki HemostatUsed for bloody noses, (as U. procera 144: for general debility. Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves taken for colds.
154) Powdered leaves used as a snuff for nosebleeds, (as U. procera Tonic Compound decoction of root taken as a blood tonic and for
144:166) Bella Coola Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Used in general debility, (as U. gracilis 180:146) Sioux DiureticRoot used for
a sweat bath for pains similar to rheumatism all over the body, (as U. urine retention, (as If. gracilis 19:25) Skagit CoId Remedy Decoction
lyallii 150:55) Hemostat Burning stem fibers used to cauterize sores of plant taken for colds. Skokomish Dermatological AidDecoction
and swellings. (184:211) Herbal Steam Used in a sweat bath for pains of roots used as a hair wash. Snohomish Cold Remedy Infusion of
similar to rheumatism all over the body. OrthopedicAidWsed to sting nettles taken or nettles rubbed on the body for colds. Squaxin Gyne
paralyzed limbs daily to cause sores and revive sensation, (as U. lyal- cological AidInfusion of crushed leaves taken by women having dif
Hi 150:55) Carrier Analgesic Used as whip for pain. Dermatological ficulties in childbirth. Swinomish Tonic Decoction of plant taken as
Aid Rubbed on the skin for rashes, (as U. gracilis 31:83) Chehalis a general tonic, (as U. Iyallii79:28) Tanaina Antirheumatic (Internal)
Antirheumatic (External) Whole stalk used as a whip on a person Plant used for diseases from rheumatism to tuberculosis. Misc. Dis
with rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots used as a ease Remedy Plant used for diseases from rheumatism to tuberculo
hair wash, (as U. lyallii79:28) Chippewz Antidiarrheal Infusion of sis. Tuberculosis Remedy Plant used for diseases from rheumatism to
root taken for dysentery, (as U gracilis 53:344) Diuretic Compound tuberculosis, (as U lyallii 149:329) Thompson Orthopedic Aid Plant
decoction of root taken for "stoppage of urine." (as U. gracilis 53:348) dipped in water and rubbed on stiff, sore joints and muscles, (as U.
Cowlitz Gynecological Aid Infusion of nettles taken by women about lyallii 164:471,472) Tolowa Dermatological Aid Poultice of fresh,
to deliver a child. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of sprouts applied or per pounded leaves applied to skin inflammations, (as U. lyallii 6:60)
son whipped with stalk for paralysis, (as U. fyfl//« 79:28) GitksanArc- ► Food—Alaska Native Dietary Aid Fresh, green leaves used as a good
tihemorrhagic Decoction of plant taken for hemorrhage and many source of provitamin A, vitamin C, and some of the minerals. Substi
illnesses. Unspecified Decoction of entire plant taken for many ill tution Food Leaves used as a good substitute for spinach. Unspeci-
nesses. Urinary Aid Decoction of plant taken for bladder trouble and fiedLeaves boiled and eaten, (as U. lyalli85:73) Cowichan Vegetable
many illnesses, (as U. lyallii 150:55) Haisla& Hanaksiala yUzrir/iew- Young stems and leaves boiled and eaten like spinach. (182:90) Hais-
matic (External) Poultice of roots applied to aches and swollen joints. la & Hanaksiala Preserves Plant boiled with sugar to make jam. Un-
(43:294) KMlam Analgesic Infusion of stalks rubbed on the body for specifiedYoung shoots steamed and eaten with bear meat. (43:294)
soreness or stiffness. Orthopedic Aid Infusion of stalks rubbed on the Hoh Vegetable Plant tops eaten as greens, (as U lyallii 137:61) Mon
body for soreness or stiffness. Panacea Infusion of nettles taken for tana Indian Vegetable Young shoots used as a potherb, (as U. gracilis
many ailments. Lummi Gynecological Aid Infusion of nettles taken 19:25) Oweekeno Unspecified Plant fried and eaten, (as U. diocassp.
by women to relax the muscles during childbirth, (as U. lyallii 79:28) gracilis war. lyallii 43:119) Quileute Vegetable Plant tops eaten as
Miwok Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of root used as a bath for greens, (as U. lyallii 137:61) Saanich Vegetable Young stems and
rheumatism. Leaf powder rubbed on affected rheumatic body parts, leaves boiled and eaten like spinach. (182:90) Skagit, Upper Unspeci-
(as U gracilis 12:174) Navajo, Ramah Poison Plant considered poi fiedTendex shoots cooked and eaten, (as U. lyallii 179:42)
sonous, (as U gracilis 191:23) Ojibwa Dermatological Aid Poultice of * Fiber—Bella Coola Cordage Stem fibers sun dried and used to make
soaked leaves applied to heat rash, (as U. lyallii 153:392) Pwute Anti- twine. (184:211) Dakota Clothing Dried stalk fiber used to make
rheumatic (External) Decoction of root used as a wash for rheuma cloth. Cordage Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage, (as
tism. Cold Remedy Decoction of leaves taken for colds. Diaphoretic, U. gracilis 70:77) Eskimo, Inuktitut Cordage Dried stem fibers used
Herbal Steam, and Misc. Disease Remedy Plant used as an inhalant in for twine, (as U. lyalli 202:186) Haisla & Hanaksiala Cordage Fiber
the sweat bath for grippe or pneumonia. Pulmonary Aid Plant fumes used to make cordage, bindings, and nets. (43:294) Hoh Cordage
inhaled in the sweat bath for pneumonia or grippe. Unspecified Roots formerly twisted and made into ropes, (as U. lyallii 137:61)
Plant used as switch on body as a counterirritant for unspecified Kwakiutl, Southern Cordage Plants split, dried, pounded, and used
purposes, (as U. gracilis 180:146) Porno, Kashaya Analgesic Nettle to make twine and rope. (183:292) Menominee Basketry Plant made
used to strike the skin as a counterirritant for rheumatism and other into hemp twine and used to make fiber bags, (as U. gracilis 151:77)
such pains. Antirheumatic (External) Nettle used to strike the skin as Montana Indian Cordage Bark used for cordage, (as U. gracilis 19:25)
a counterirritant for rheumatism, (as U. Iyalliil2\ll) Potawatomi Ojibwa Sewing Material Bark or rind used as a fine, stout sewing
Febrifuge Infusion of root used for intermittent fevers. Unspecified fiber, (as U. lyalli 153:423) Omaha Cordage Dried stalk fiber used to
 Catalog of Plants 581

make twine and cordage. The fiber was separated from the nettle by Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne, Stinging Nettle
either crumpling the dried stalks in the hands or gently pounding it • Drw^-Cahuilla Analgesic Used for headaches and sore backs. Anti-
with stones. Sewing Material Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth, (as rheumatic (External) Used for rheumatism and muscular stiffness,
U. gracilis 70:77) Oweekeno Cordage Fiber used to make bow strings, (as U. holosericea 15:143) Diegueno Antirheumatic (External) Nettles
fishing line for jigging, ropes, and oolichan (candlefish) traps, (as U. used to whip rheumatic or arthritic joints, (as U. holosericea 84:43)
dioca ssp. gracilis var. lyallii 43:119) Pawnee Clothing Dried stalk Kawaiisu Analgesic Poultice of leaves applied for headaches. Poul
fiber used to make cloth. Cordage Dried stalk fiber used to make tice of mashed plant applied to the neck for pain. Stems and leaves
twine and cordage. Ponca Clothing Dried stalk fiber used to make used as a counterirritant for sore limbs and back. Dermatological Aid
cloth. Cordage Dried stalk fiber used to make twine and cordage, (as "Children walk through nettles to toughen their skin." Poultice of
U. gracilis 70:77) Potawatomi Cordage Outer rind twisted into a two- leaves applied for sores. Orthopedic Aid Stems and leaves used as a
strand cord and used for sewing cattail mats and baskets, (as U. lyal- counterirritant for sore limbs and back. Pediatric Aid "Children walk
lii 154:115) Quileute Cordage Roots formerly twisted and made into through nettles to prepare them for practice of witchcraft." "Children
ropes, (as U. lyallii 137:61) Skagit, Upper Cordage Mature shoot walk through nettles to toughen their skin." "Younger people walk
fibers used to make cordage, (as U. lyallii 179:42) Winnebago Cloth- through nettles to procure dreams." Psychological Aid "Younger peo
ing Dried stalk fiber used to make cloth. Cordage Dried stalk fiber ple walk through nettles to procure dreams." Witchcraft Medicine
used to make twine and cordage, (as U. gracilis 70:77) "Children walk through nettles to prepare them for practice of witch
» Other—Bella Coola Hunting & Fishing Item Stem fibers sun dried craft." (as U. holosericea206:68) Mahuna Antirheumatic (External)
and used to make fish nets. (184:211) Dakota Ceremonial Items Dried Leaves rubbed on parts ailing from inflammatory rheumatism, (as
stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent U. holosericea 140:59) Miwok Analgesic Branch used to strike affected
ofWar. Stable Gear Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to parts for certain pains, (as U. gracilis var. holosericea 12:174) Pomo
hobble horses. Toys & Games Plant fiber used by little boys as wad Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Nettle used to strike skin as
ding for popguns, (as U. gracilis 70:77) Haisla & Hanaksiala Cash a counterirritant for rheumatic pains, (as U. gracilis var. holosericea
Crop Plant used for trade. Fasteners Fiber used to make cordage, 66:13)
bindings, and nets. Hunting & Fishing Item Fiber used to make nets • Food—Cahuilla Vegetable Leaves eaten raw or boiled as greens, (as
and bow strings. (43:294) Kwakiutl, Southern Hunting & Fishing Item U. holosericea 15:143)
Plants split, dried, pounded, and used to make fishing nets. (183:292) • Fiber—Cahuilla Basketry Fibers used in basket making. Cordage
Lummi Hunting & Fishing Item Bark peeled, dried, made into a two- Fibers used to make bowstrings and cordage, (as U. holosericea 15:
ply string, and used for duck nets. Makah Ceremonial Items Rubbed 143) Kawaiisu Cordage Outer stem layers separated into long strands
on the body to purify it after handling a corpse, (as U. lyallii 79:28) and two or three twisted into a cord, (as U. holosericea 206:68) Kla-
Omaha Ceremonial Items Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used math Cordage Stems used in the manufacture of cords and nets, (as
in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War. Stable Gear Dried stalk fiber U. breweri 45:95) Snow Gear Stems used for mesh on snowshoes. (as
made into ropes and used to hobble horses. Toys & Games Plant fiber U. breweri 45:94) Luiseno Clothing Plant fiber made into twine and
used by little boys as wadding for popguns, (as U. gracilis 70:77) used to make front aprons worn by women. Unspecified Plant some
Oweekeno Hunting & Fishing Item Fiber used to make bow strings, times used for fiber, (as U. holosericea 155:202)
fishing line for jigging, ropes, and oolichan (candlefish) traps. Fiber • Other—Diegueno Ceremonial Items Nettles used to whip young
used to make fishing nets, (as U. dioca ssp. gracilis var. lyallii 43:119) men going through the ceremony to become dancers, (as U. holo-
Pawnee Ceremonial Items Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used sericea 84:43) Kawaiisu Containers Outer stem layers made into cord
in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of War. Stable Gear Dried stalk fiber and used to make carrying nets. Hunting & Fishing Item Outer stem
made into ropes and used to hobble horses. Toys & Games Plant fiber layers made into cord and used to make rabbit nets, (as U. holoseri
used by little boys as wadding for popguns. Ponca Ceremonial Items cea 206:68) Klamath Hunting & Fishing Item Stems used in the man
Dried stalk fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of ufacture of cords and nets, (as U. breweri 45:95) Luiseno Containers
the Tent of War. Stable Gear Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and Plant fibers made into twine and used to make large-meshed nets
used to hobble horses. Toys & Games Plant fiber used by little boys as for carrying bulky or heavy articles. Plant made into twine and used
wadding for popguns, (as U. gracilis 70:77) Quileute Hunting & Fish to make network sacks for carrying acorns and other small seeds.
ing Item Rubbed on the bodies of sealers to keep them awake during Hunting & Fishing Item Plant fiber made into twine and sometimes
the night. Skokomish Hunting & Fishing Item Bark peeled, dried, used to make bowstrings. Plant fiber made into twine, occasionally
made into a two-ply string, and used for duck nets. Snohomish used to make long nets and draw nets for catching rabbits. Plant
Hunting & Fishing Item Bark peeled, dried, made into a two-ply fiber made into twine and used to make fishing nets.14 Plant fiber
string, and used for duck nets, (as U. Iyallii79:28) Tsimshian Hunt made into twine and used to make slings, (as U. holosericea 155:202)
ing & Fishing Item Fiber used to make fishing nets. Fiber used to
make fishing nets. (43:351) Winnebago Ceremonial Items Dried stalk Urticasp., Nettle
fiber made into cloth and used in the Sacred Bundle of the Tent of • Drug—Costanoan Analgesic Leaves used to strike aching joints "to
War. Stable Gear Dried stalk fiber made into ropes and used to hob reduce the pain." Dermatological Aid Decoction of plant used for
ble horses. Toys & Games Plant fiber used by little boys as wadding hives. Disinfectant Decoction of plant used for infected sores. Ortho
for popguns, (as U. gracilis 70:77) pedic Aid Leaves used to strike aching joints "to reduce the pain."
582 Urtica sp. (Urticaceae)

(21:21) Sanpoil Antirheumatic (External) Sprig brushed against the for sore muscles. (154:56,57) Orthopedic Aid Infusion of root mixed
affected part for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Sprig brushed with lard and used as salve to massage sore muscles and tendons.
against the affected part for swelling. (131:219) Thompson Disinfec Infusion of root used for backaches. (154:64)
tant Plant used to make a wash poured on the body as a purifier af
Uvularia perfoliata L, Perfoliate Bellwort
ter sweat bath. (164:505)
• Drug—Iroquois Cough Medicine Infusion of roots given to children
Urtica urens L, Dwarf Nettle as cough medicine. Eye Medicine Infusion of smashed roots used as
• Drug—Shuswap Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Decoction a wash for sore eyes of any degree. Orthopedic Aid Plant used several
of stems and roots used as a sweat bath for rheumatism pain. Der ways, internally and externally, for broken bones. PediatricAid Infu
matological Aid Used for bathing and drinking. Herbal Steam Decoc sion of roots given to children as cough medicine. (87:280)
tion of stems and roots used as a sweat bath for rheumatism pain. • Food—Cherokee Unspecified Plants boiled, fried, and eaten with fat.
(123:70) (204:252)
• Food—Shuswap BeverageUsed for bathing and drinking. (123:70)
Uvularia sessilifolia L, Sessileleaf Bellwort
Usneaceae, see Evernia, Letharia, Ramalina, Usnea • Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of root taken for diarrhea.
Dermatological AidUsed as poultice for boils. (80:25) Iroquois Blood
Usnea, Usneaceae, lichen Medicine Infusion of roots taken as a blood purifier. Orthopedic Aid
Usnea longissima Infusion of roots taken and roots used as a poultice for broken bones.
• Drug—Nitinaht Dermatological Aid Used for wound dressing mater (87:281) Ojibwa Hunting Medicine Root used as a part of the hunting
ial and as bandages, (maidenhair moss 186:55) medicine to bring a buck deer near the hunter, (as Oakesia sessilifo
• Fiber—Hanaksiala Mats, Rugs & BeddingPlant used as mattresses at lia 153:430)
seasonal camps, (old man's beard lichen 43:144) Nitinaht Clothing • Food—Cherokee Vegetable Leaves eaten as cooked greens. (80:25)
Used for baby diapers and female sanitary napkins, (maidenhair
moss 186:55)
• Other—Nitinaht Cooking Tools Used for wiping salmon, (maiden
hair moss 186:55) Oweekeno Cleaning Agent Whole plant used by Vaccinium} Ericaceae
women to wipe slime when cleaning salmon, (old man's beard
Vaccinium alpinum Bigel., Blueberry
lichen 43:50)
• Food—Eskimo, Alaska Fruit Fruit used for
Usnea sp., Tree Lichen food. (4:715)
• Drug—Makah Dermatological Aid Used for boils. Nitinaht Dermato
Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., Lowbush
logical Aid Used to bandage wounds. (67:211)
Blueberry
• Food—Hesquiat Forage Plant browsed by deer. (185:17)
• Drug—Algonquin, Quebec Gastrointestinal
• Fiber—Hanaksiala Mats, Rugs & BeddingPlant used as mattresses at
Aid Infusion of leaves given to infants for colic. Gynecological Aid In
seasonal camps. (43:144) Makah Mats, Rugs & BeddingUsed in bags
fusion of leaves used by women after a miscarriage. Infusion of roots
as pillows when feathers unavailable. Nitinaht ClothingUsed to dia
used by women to induce labor. Pediatric Aid Infusion of leaves given
per babies and for women's sanitary napkins. (67:211)
to infants for colic. (18:217) Chippewa Psychological Aid Dried flow
• Dye—Makah Yellow Used as a source of yellow dye. (67:211)
ers placed on hot stones as inhalant for "craziness." (53:338) Iroquois
• Other—Bella Coola Decorations Formerly used to decorate dance
Ceremonial Medicine Berries used ceremonially by those desiring
masks. (184:195)
health and prosperity for the coming season, (as V. pennsylvanicum
Ustilaginaceae, see Ustilago 196:142) Ojibwa Blood Medicine Infusion of leaves taken as a blood
purifier, (as V. pennsylvanicum 153:369)
Ustilago, Ustilaginaceae, fungus * Food—Abnaki Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (144:171) Fruit used for
Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Ung., Corn Smut food, (as V. augustifolium 144:152) Algonquin, Quebec Fruit Berries
• Food—Apache, White Mountain Unspecified Smut boiled and eaten. used fresh. Berries canned or used to make fruit pemmican and pate.
(136:161) Hopi Unspecified Used with sweet corn as food. (200:100) Pie & PuddingBerries used to make pies, cobblers, and upside-down
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial Items Black powder used as a ceremonial cakes. Preserves Berries made into preserves and butter. (18:104)
body paint. (200:100) Chippewa Fruit Berries boiled, seasoned, combined with moose fat
and deer tallow, and used for food. (53:321) Iroquois Bread & Cake
Uvularia, Liliaceae Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for future use. Dried
UvulariagrandifloraSm., Largeflower Bellwort Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use.
• Drug—Menominee Dermatological AidPlant used for swellings. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food, (as V. pennsylvanicum 196:
(151:41) Ojibwa Analgesic and Gastrointestinal Aid Root used for 128) Preserves Flowers used to make preserves. (142:96) Sauce & Rel
stomach pain, perhaps pleurisy. Pulmonary Aid Root used for "pain ish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or
in the solar plexus, which may mean pleurisy." (153:374) Potawatomi mixed with corn bread, (as V. pennsylvanicum 196:128) Unspecified
Analgesic Infusion of root used for backache or with lard as a salve Flowers eaten fresh. (142:96) Menominee Winter Use Food Sun dried
 Catalog of Plants 583

berries and dried sweet corn sweetened with maple sugar and stored Vaccinium deliciosum Piper, Blueleaved Huckleberry
for winter use. (as V. pennsylvanicum 151:66) Ojibwa Dried Food Ber • Food—Hoh Fruit Berries eaten raw. Sauce & Relish Berries stewed
ries sun dried for winter use. (as V. pennsylvanicum 135:238) Berries and made into a sauce. Winter Use Food Berries canned and used as
dried like currants and cooked in winter with corn, rice, and venison. a winter food. Quileute Fruit Berries eaten raw. Sauce & Relish Ber
(as V. pennsylvanicum 153:401) Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Winter Use ries stewed and made into a sauce. Winter Use Food Berries canned
Food Berries canned for future use. (as V. pennsylvanicum 135:238) and used as a winter food. (137:67) Thompson Dried Food Berries
• Other—Algonquin, Quebec Cash Crop Berries gathered and sold. dried loose like raisins. Pie & PuddingBernes used in pies. Preserves
(18:104) Ojibwa Cash Crop Berries gathered and sold to the nearby Berries used in jams. Winter Use Food Berries canned and used for
stores, (as V. pennsylvanicum 135:238) food. (187:217)

Vaccinium cespitosum Michx., Dwarf Blueberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., Cranberry

• Food—Alaska Native Bread & Cake Berries cooked in muffins. Ber • DrwgHVIontagnais Pulmonary Aid Infusion of branches used as a
ries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings, and muffins. Dietary Aid medicine for pleurisy, (as Oxycoccus macrocarpus 156:316)
Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C. Frozen Food Berries frozen • Food-^Algonquin, Quebec Fruit Berries used for food. (18:105)
or canned for winter use. Fruit Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (132:134) Anti-
puddings, and muffins. Pie & PuddingBernes eaten raw or cooked costi Winter Use Food Fruits stored for winter use. (143:68) Chippewa
in pies, puddings, and muffins. Winter Use Food Berries frozen or Fruit Berries cooked and used for food, (as Oxycoccus macrocarpus
canned for winter use. (as V. paludicola 85:107) Bella Coola Fruit 53:321) Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes,
Berries formerly used for food. (184:205) Okanagan-Colville Dried and dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire
Food Berries dried for future use. Forage Berries eaten by domestic dried and stored for future use. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting
sheep. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Winter Use Food Berries canned for food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and
future use. (188:102) Paiute Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Winter Use cooked as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. (196:128) Ojibwa Fruit
Food Berries sometimes canned. (111:102) Shuswap Fru/f Berries Fruit used for food. (135:238)
used for food. (123:63) Thompson Dried Food Berries dried loose like • Other—Ojibwa Cash Crop Fruit sold by the bushels. (135:238)
raisins or canned and used for food. Pie & PuddingBernes used in
Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. exTorr., Blue Huckleberry
pies. Preserves Berries used in jams. Winter Use Food Berries dried
• Drug—Flathead Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion of roots and
loose like raisins or canned and used for food in winter. (187:217)
stems taken for rheumatism and arthritis. Heart Medicine Infusion
• Other—Gosiute Smoke Plantleaves formerly dried and used as a
of roots and stems taken for heart trouble, (as V. globulare 82:63)
tobacco. (39:384)
• Food-^Alaska Native Bread & Cake Berries cooked in muffins. Dietary
Vaccinium cespitosum Michx. var. cespitosum, Tall Bilberry Aid Berries used as a fair source of vitamin C. Frozen Food Berries
• Food—Hanaksiala Bread & Cake Berries dried in the form of cakes frozen for winter use. Fruit Berries eaten raw. Pie & Pudding Berries
and reconstituted during the winter. (43:244) Kitasoo Bread & Cake cooked in pies and puddings. Winter Use Food Berries frozen or
Berries dried into cakes and eaten. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (43:335) canned for winter use. (85:107) Bella Coola Fruit Berries used for
Oweekeno Fruit Berries used for food. (43:98) Special Food Berries food. (184:205) Coeur d'Alene Dried Food Berries dried and used for
picked for feasts. (43:99) food. Fruit Berries eaten fresh, boiled and eaten, or mashed and eat
en. Soup Berries dried, boiled with roots, and eaten as soup. (178:90)
Vaccinium cespitosumvar. paludicola (Camp) Hulten, Dwarf
Hanaksiala Bread & Cake Berries dried in the form of cakes and re
Blueberry
constituted during the winter. (43:244) Kitasoo Dried Food Berries
• Food—Hanaksiala Bread & Cake Berries dried in the form of cakes
dried for future use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (43:335) Klamath Win
and reconstituted during the winter. (43:244) Kitasoo Bread & Cake
ter Use Food Dried berries stored for winter use. (45:103) Montana
Berries dried into cakes and eaten. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (43:335)
Indian Bread & Cake Berries used to make pancakes and muffins.
Oweekeno Fruit Berries used for food. (43:98) Special Food Berries
Dried Food Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use. (as V. globulare
picked for feasts. (43:99)
82:63) Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. (19:25) Berries eaten fresh, (as V. glob
Vaccinium corymbosum L, Highbush Blueberry ulare 82:63) Pie & Pudding¥ruit used for making pies. Preserves Fruit
• Food—Algonquin, Quebec Fruit Berries canned or used to make used for making jelly. (19:25) Berries used to make jams and jellies,
fruit pemmican and pate. Berries used fresh. Pie & Pudding Berries (as V. globulare 82:63) Winter Use Food Fruit dried for winter. (19:25)
used to make pies, cobblers, and upside-down cakes. Preserves Ber Okanagan-Colville Dried Food Berries dried, boiled, and eaten. Fruit
ries made into preserves and butter. (18:104) Iroquois Bread & Cake Berries eaten fresh. Winter Use Food Berries canned for future use.
Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and dried for future use. Dried (188:103) Okanagon Staple Berries used as a principal food. (178:239)
Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Oweekeno Special Food Berries picked for feasts. (43:99) Paiute Dried
Fruit Dried fruit taken as hunting food. Sauce & Relish Dried fruit Food Berries eaten dried. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Preserves Berries
cakes soaked in warm water and cooked as a sauce or mixed with canned or refrigerated for future use. (111:102) Shuswap Fruit Ber
corn bread. (196:128) ries used for food. (123:63) Skagit, Upper Dried Food Berries pulped,
• Other—Algonquin, Quebec Cash Crop Berries gathered and sold. dried, and stored for winter use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (179:38)
(18:104) Spokan Fruit Berries used for food. (178:343) Thompson Dried Food
584 Vaccinium membranaceum (Ericaceae)

Berries dried or canned for future use. Frozen Food Berries frozen for Vaccinium myrtillus L, Whortleberry
future use. (187:218) FruitSweet berries eaten as a favorite food. (164: • Food—Okanagon Staple Berries used as a principal food. (178:239)
490) Berries eaten fresh. Preserves Berries made into jam. (187:218)
Vaccinium myrtillusvar. oreophilum (Rydb.) Dorn, Whortle
Vaccinium myrsinites Lam., Shiny Blueberry berry
• Drug—Seminole Analgesic and Antidiarrheal Infusion of leaves tak • Food—Thompson Fruit Small, black berries eaten, (as V. oreophilum
en for sun sickness: eye disease, headache, high fever and diarrhea. 164:486)
(169:208) Ceremonial MedicineInfusion of plant added to food after
Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm., Ovalleaf Blueberry
a recent death. (169:342) Cold Remedy Infusion of plant taken for
• Drug—Makah Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves and sugar given
colds. (169:283) Emetic Plant used as an emetic during religious cere
to mothers after childbirth. (67:305)
monies. (169:409) Eye Medicine and Febrifuge Infusion of leaves tak
• Food—Alaska Native Bread & Cake Berries eaten raw or cooked in
en for sun sickness: eye disease, headache, high fever, and diarrhea.
pies, puddings, and muffins. Dietary Aid Berries used as a fair source
(169:208) Infusion of plant taken for fevers. (169:283) PediatricAid
of vitamin C. Frozen Food Berries frozen or canned for winter use.
Plant used for chronically ill babies. (169:328) Stimulant Decoction
Fruit Berries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings, and muffins. Pie
of roots used as a bath for hog sickness: unconsciousness. (169:229)
& PuddingBerries eaten raw or cooked in pies, puddings, and muf
UnspecifiedPlant used for medicinal purposes. (169:162)
fins. Winter Use Food Berries frozen or canned for winter use. (85:
• Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:494)
107) Bella Coola Bread & Cake Berries formerly dried in cakes and
Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx., Velvetleaf Huckleberry used for food. Fruit Berries used for food, (as V. alaskense 184:205)
• Drug—Cree, Woodlands Abortifacient Decoction of leafy stems, or of Chinook, Lower Dried Food Berries dried and eaten. Fruit Berries
plant, used to bring menstruation. Contraceptive Decoction of stems eaten fresh. (79:44) Clallam Dried Food Berries eaten dried. Fruit
used to prevent pregnancy. Diaphoretic Decoction of leafy stem, or Berries eaten fresh. (57:200) Haisla & Hanaksiala Fruit Berries used
of plant, used to make a person sweat. Gynecological Aid Decoction for food. (43:245) Hanaksiala Dried Food Berries dried for winter
of leafy stems, or of plant, used as a "woman's medicine," used to use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh, (as V. alaskaense 43:243) Hesquiat
bring blood after childbirth, and used to slow excessive menstrual Fruit Berries eaten with oil of whale, dogfish, hair seal, or sea lion,
bleeding. Reproductive Aid Decoction of leafy stems taken to prevent (as V. alaskaense 185:65) Berries eaten with oil. Preserves Berries pre
miscarriage. Decoction of plant taken to prevent miscarriage. (109: served or made into jam. (185:67) Hoh Fruit Berries eaten raw. Sauce
63) Potawatomi Unspecified Root bark used for unspecified ailment, & Relish Berries stewed and made into a sauce. Winter Use Food Ber
(as V. canadense 154:57) ries canned and used as a winter food. (137:68) Kitasoo Bread &
• Food—Abnaki Fruit Fruit used for food. (Vaccinium canadense 144: Cake Berries dried into cakes and eaten, (as V. alaskaense 43:334)
152) Fruits eaten for food, (as V. canadense 144:171) Algonquin, Que Berries dried into cakes and eaten. (43:335) Fruit Berries eaten fresh,
bec Fruit Fruit gathered to eat and sell.82 (18:103) Algonquin, Tete- (as V. alaskaense43:334) Berries eaten fresh. (43:335) Klallam Dried
de-Boule Unspecified Flowers eaten as food, (as V. canadense 132: Food Berries dried and eaten. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (79:44) Kwa-
133) Cree, Woodlands Fruit Berries eaten raw. Sun dried berries kiutl, Southern Fruit Berries used for food, (as V. alaskaense 183:283)
boiled or pounded into pemmican and eaten. Preserves Berries made Berries used for food. (183:284) Makah Bread & Cake Fruit formed
into jam and eaten with fish and bannock. (109:63) Hesquiat Pie & into cakes, dried, and stored for future use. (as V. alaskaense 67:304)
PuddingBerries ordered and used to make pies. Preserves Berries or Fruit dried into cakes and stored for future use. (67:305) Dried Food
dered and used to make preserves. (185:67) Hoh Fruit Berries eaten Berries dried and eaten. (79:44) Fruit Fruit eaten fresh, (as V. alas
raw. Sauce & Relish Berries stewed and made into a sauce. Winter kaense 67:304) Fruit eaten fresh. (67:305) Berries eaten fresh. (79:44)
Use Food Berries canned and used as a winter food, (as V. macrophyl- Winter UseFood¥ruit canned for future use. (as V. alaskaense67:
lum 137:67) Iroquois Preserves Flowers used to make preserves. Un 304) Fruit canned for winter use. (67:305) Nitinaht Dried Food Fruits
specified Flowers eaten fresh, (as V. canadense 142:96) Ojibwa Dried mashed, poured into rectangular frames to dry, soaked, boiled, and
Food Berries sun dried for winter use. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Win eaten in winter, (as V. alaskaense 186:107) Fruits formerly mashed,
ter Use Food Berries canned for future use. (as V. canadense 135:238) poured into rectangular frames to dry, soaked, boiled, and eaten in
Potawatomi Dried Food Berries and low sweet blueberry were im winter. (186:108) Fruit Fruits eaten fresh, (as V. alaskaense 186:107)
portant items of food and used dried. Fruit Berries and low sweet Fruits eaten fresh. (186:108) Special Food Fruits eaten at impromptu
blueberry were important items of food and used fresh or canned, village feasts. Fruits eaten at impromptu village feasts. (186:107)
(as V. canadense 154:99) Quileute Fruit Berries eaten raw. Sauce & Oweekeno Fruit Berries used for food. Winter Use Food Berries pre
Relish Berries stewed and made into a sauce. Winter Use Food Ber served for future use. (as V. alaskaense 43:97) Berries preserved for
ries canned and used as a winter food, (as V. macrophyllum 137:67) winter use. (43:99) Paiute Dried Food Berries eaten dried. Fruit Ber
Thompson Pie & PuddingBerries made into pies. (187:218) ries eaten fresh. Preserves Berries canned or refrigerated for future
• Dye—Cree, Woodlands UnspecifiedBerries used to dye porcupine use. (111:102) Quileute Dried Food Berries dried and eaten. Fruit
quills. (109:63) Berries eaten fresh. (79:44) Berries eaten raw. Sauce & Relish Berries
• Other—Algonquin, Quebec Cash Crop Fruit gathered to eat and stewed and made into a sauce. Winter Use Food Berries canned and
sell.82 (18:103) Ojibwa Cash Crop Berries gathered and sold to the used as a winter food. (137:68) Quinault Dried Food Berries dried
nearby stores, (as V. canadense 135:238) and eaten. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (79:44) Salish, Coast Dried Food
 Catalog of Plants 585

Berries dried and used for food. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (182:83) smoked fish. Winter Use Food Bevvies picked in the fall and stored
Shuswap Fruit Berries used for food. (123:63) Tanana, Upper Fruit outside in birch bark containers for winter use. (as Oxycoccus quad-
Berries used for food. (115:36) Thompson Bread & Cake Berries scat ripetalus 109:47) Eskimo, Alaska Fruit Berries eaten occasionally, but
tered thinly on a mat and dried over a fire or mashed up and dried not considered an important food source, (as Oxycoccus microcarpus
into a thin cake. (187:220) Dried Food Berries soaked, mashed, and 1:37) Eskimo, Inupiat Dessert Berries whipped with frozen fish eggs
dried for winter use. The berries were soaked, mashed, and then and eaten as a frozen dessert. Raw berries mashed with canned milk
placed on drying racks with a small fire lit beneath them to keep away and seal oil into a dessert. Fruit Berries cooked with fish eggs, fish
the flies, (as V. alaskaense 187:217) Fruit Sweet berries eaten as a fa (whitefish, sheefish, or pike), blubber, and eaten. Pie & PuddingBex-
vorite food. (164:490) Berries eaten fresh, (as V. alaskaense 187:217) ries boiled with sugar, water, and flour into a pudding. Sauce & Rel
• Dye—Hesquiat Purple Berries and devil's club inner bark boiled to ish Berries boiled with dried fruit and eaten with meat or used as
make a purple stain, (as V. alaskaense 185:65) topping for ice cream, yogurt, or cake. Whole or mashed berries
• Other—Okanagon Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant used cooked or raw, whipped with fat, and made into a sauce. Ber
leaves and smoked. Thompson Smoke Plantleaves mixed with oth ries boiled with sugar, water, and flour into a topping for hot cakes
er plant leaves and smoked. (125:39) Leaves smoked as a "kinnikin- or bread. Berries boiled with sugar, water, and flour and eaten with
nick." (164:495) meats. Winter Use Food Berries boiled, cooled, blackberries or blue
berries added, and stored for winter use. (98:104) Haisla & Hanak-
Vaccinium ovatum Pursh, Evergreen Huckleberry
siala Winter Use Food Berries boiled and stored in barrels of oolichan
• Drug—Makah Gynecological Aid Infusion of leaves and sugar given
(candlefish) grease for winter use. (43:247) Hesquiat Forage Berries
to mothers after childbirth to gain their strength. (67:306) Porno,
eaten by geese. Fruit Raw berries, without sugar, eaten with oil. Pre
Kashaya Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of leaves taken for diabetes.
serves Berries stored with water in jars. Berries made into jam. (185:
(72:60)
67) Iroquois Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes, and
• Food—Costanoan Fruit Raw fruit used for food. (21:252) Hesquiat
dried for future use. Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried
Fruit Berries eaten with oil. Preserves Berries cooked and made into
and stored for future use. Fruit Dried fruit taken as a hunting food.
jam or jelly. Berries stored with water in jars. (185:67) Hoh Fruit Ber
Sauce & Relish Dried fruit cakes soaked in warm water and cooked
ries eaten raw. Sauce & Relish Berries stewed and made into a sauce.
as a sauce or mixed with corn bread. (196:128) Kitasoo Fruit Berries
Winter Use Food Berries canned and used as a winter food. (137:67)
used for food. (43:336) Klallam Fruit Berries stored in boxes or bas
Karok Fruit Fresh berries used for food. (6:60) Winter Use Food Ber
kets until soft and brown and used for food. (79:45) Makah Fruit Fruit
ries stored in baskets for future use. (148:388) Makah Bread & Cake
eaten fresh. (67:307) Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and
Fruit dried into cakes and stored for future use. Fruit Fruit used for
brown and used for food. (79:45) Pie & PuddingFruit used to make
food. (67:306) Nitinaht Fruit Ripe berries used for food. Pie & Pud-
pies. Preserves Fruit used to make jam and jellies. Winter Use Food
ding Berries used in pies. (186:108) Poliklah Fruit Berries used exten
Fruit canned for future use. (67:307) Menominee Fruit Berries sweet
sively for food. (117:173) Porno Dried Food Dried berries stored in
ened with maple sugar and eaten. (151:65) Nitinaht Fruit Berries for
large coiled baskets, boiled, and eaten. (66:15) Fruit Berries eaten
merly eaten in fall. (186:109) Ojibwa Fruit Fruit used for food. (135:
fresh. (41:377) Raw or stone boiled berries used for food. (66:15) Pie
238) This was an important wild food. (153:401) Oweekeno Fruit
& Pudding Berries made into pies and eaten. (41:377) Porno, Kashaya
Berries used for food. (43:100) Potawatomi Fruit Berries sweetened
Dried Food Berries eaten dried. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Pie & Pud-
with maple sugar and always used as an article of food. (154:99)
dingBemes used for dumplings, pies, puddings, and toppings. (72:
Quinault Fruit Berries stored in boxes or baskets until soft and brown
60) Quileute Fruit Berries eaten raw. Sauce & Relish Berries stewed
and used for food. (79:45) Salish, Coast Dried Food Fruits dried and
and made into a sauce. Winter Use Food Berries canned and used as
used for food. Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (182:83) Tanana, Upper Fro
a winter food. (137:67) Quinault Fruit Berries eaten fresh. (79:44)
zen Food Berries frozen for future use. Berries eaten raw, plain, or
Salish Fruit Berries used for food. (182:83) Thompson Fruit Fruit
mixed raw with sugar, grease, or the combination of the two. Berries
used for food. (187:220) Tolowa Dried Food Berries dried and stored.
fried in grease with sugar or dried fish eggs. Berries boiled with sugar
Fruit Fresh berries used for food. (6:60)
and flour to thicken. Pie & PuddingBenies used to make pies. Pre
• Other—Karok Containers Leaves used to cover soap plant bulbs in
serves Berries used to make jam and jelly. Winter Use Food Berries
the earth oven. (148:388)
preserved alone or in grease and stored in a birch bark basket in an
Vaccinium oxycoccos L, Small Cranberry underground cache, (as Oxycoccus microcarpus 102:10) Thompson
• Drug—Mohegan Unspecified Plant used medicinally for unspecified Fruit Fresh fruit used for food. This fruit was not dried because it
purpose, (as Oxycoccus microcarpus 176:130) Ojibwa Antiemetic In remained fresh for a long time and could be picked any time
fusion of plant taken by person with slight nausea. (153:369)
• Food—Alaska Native Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Fruit cooked and used for
food. (85:103) Algonquin, Quebec Fruit Berries used for food. (18:
105) Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (132:134)
Anticosti Winter Use Food Fruits stored for winter use. (143:68) Clal-
lam Beverage Leaves used to make tea. (57:200) Cree, Woodlands
Fruit Fresh berries used for food. Berries stewed and eaten with
602 Wyethia scabra (Asteraceae)

emetic. (200:34,99) Poison Plant sometimes used as an emetic, but if

dren with urinary disorders, (as X commune 138:49) Zuni Ceremoni
not vomited it would kill the person. (200:99) Navajo, Kayenta Emet
al Medicine Chewed seeds rubbed on body prior to cactus ceremony
ic and Gastrointestinal AidPlant used as an emetic for stomach
to protect from spines. Dermatological Aid Compound poultice of
aches. (205:51)
seeds applied to wounds or used to remove splinters, (as X com
Wyethia sp., Narrow LeafWyethia mune 166:62,63)

• Food—Pomo Staple Seeds used to make pinole. (117:284) • Food—Apache, White Mountain Bread & Cake Seeds ground and
used to make bread, (as X commune 136:161) Costanoan Staple
Seeds eaten in pinole. (21:255) Zuni Bread & Cake Seeds ground,
mixed with cornmeal, made into pats, and steamed, (as X commune

Xanthium, Asteraceae 32:54) Seeds ground with cornmeal, made into cakes or balls,
steamed, and used for food, (as X commune 166:71)
Xanthium sp.} Cockleburr
• Other—Keres, Western Paint Ground, seed powder used as a blue
• Drug—Jemez Urinary Aid Decoction of
paint for the mask dancers, (as X commune 171:74) Navajo, Ramah
plant taken for urinary disorders. (44:28)
Ceremonial ItemsLeaf ash used as ceremonial blackening, (as X
• Food—Yavapai Staple Parched, ground
italicum 191:54) Pima Cooking Tools Leaves used in roasting pits as
seeds made into a meal and eaten dry or
containers for beans, (as X commune 32:45)
moistened and whole seeds stored. (65:258)
Xanthium strumariumvar. glabratum (DC.) Cronq., Rough
Xanthium spinosum L, Spiny Cockleburr
Cockleburr
• Drug—Cherokee Emetic Infusion of root given to induce vomiting.
• Drug—Iroquois Witchcraft Medicine Plant used in a witching medi
Gastrointestinal AidTaken for cramps. Pulmonary Aid Infusion given
cine. (asX orientale 87:469)
for croup. Snakebite Remedy Roots chewed for rattlesnake bite.
ThroatAid Infusion of bur used "to unstick object in throat." (80:29, Xanthorhiza, Ranunculaceae
30) Mahuna Kidney Aid Plant used for the kidneys. (140:69)
Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh., Yellow Root
Xanthium strumarium L, Rough Cockleburr • Drug—Catawba Cold Remedy Decoction of roots taken for colds.
• Drug—Costanoan Urinary Aid Decoction of seeds used for bladder Gastrointestinal AidDecoction of roots taken for ulcerated stom
ailments.* (21:28) Lakota Ceremonial Medicine Used as a medicine in achs, (as Xanthorrhizaapiifolia 157:188) Decoction of plant taken

ceremonies. (139:40) Paiute, Northern OralAidBurs rubbed on sore for ulcerated stomach, (as Zanthorhiza apiifolia 177:22) Liver Aid
gums to take the pain, poison, and blood out. (as Zanthium stru- Decoction of roots taken for jaundice, (as Xanthorrhiza apiifolia

marium 59:130) 157:188) Decoction of plant taken for jaundice, (as Zanthorhiza api-
ifolia 177:22) Cherokee Analgesic Infusion of root taken for cramps.
Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (P. Mill.) Torr. & Gray, Blood Medicine Compound decoction taken as a blood tonic. Cancer
Canada Cockleburr
Treatment Ashes "burnt from greenswitch" used for cancer. Derma
• Drug—\pache, White Mountain Blood Medicine Roots and leaves
tological Aid Astringent and tonic infusion of root used for piles. Eye
used as a blood medicine, (as X commune 136:161) Houma Febri-
Medicine Poultice used for sore eyes. Hemorrhoid Remedy Infusion
fuge Decoction of root taken for high fever, (as X. commune 158:60)
of root used for piles. OralAidStem chewed for sore mouth. Sedative
Keres, Western Dermatological Aid Poultice of ground seed powder
Infusion taken for nerves. Throat Aid Stem chewed for sore throat.
used on open sores or saddle galls, (as X commune 171:74) Koasati
Tonic Taken as atonic. (80:62)
Gynecological Aid Decoction of roots taken to remove the afterbirth.
• Dye—Cherokee Yellow Entire plant crushed and used to make a yel
(as X commune 177:64) Mahuna Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant
low dye. (80:62)
used for rheumatism. Kidney Aid Plant used for diseased kidneys.
Orthopedic Aid Plant used for total paralysis. Tuberculosis Remedy Xanthoria, Teloschistaceae, lichen
Plant used for tuberculosis. Venereal Aid Plant used for gonorrhea. Xanthoria elegcvis (Link) Th. Fr.
(as X canadense 140:69) Navajo Dermatological AidPtent used as a • Other—Haisla & Hanaksiala Paint Plant used as pigment for face
liniment for the armpit to remove excessive perspiration, (as X cana paint. (43:144) Kitasoo PaintUsed as a yellow pigment for paint.
dense 55:90) Plant used to decrease perspiration, (as X canadenseSQ: (43:311)
164) Vima Antidiarrheal Decoction of burs taken for diarrhea. Eye
Medicine Pulp used for sore eyes, (as X saccharatum 47:97) Pulp Xanthosoma, Araceae
mixed with soot and used for sore eyes, (as X canadense 146:80) Lax Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & Bouche, Yautia Amarilla
ative Decoction of burs taken for constipation. Veterinary Aid Poul • Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:465)
tice of leaves applied to screwworm sores in livestock, (as X saccha
ratum 47:97) Rappahannock Dermatological Aid Decoction of seeds Xerophyllurriy Liliaceae
used as salve for sores, (as X canadense 161:31) Panacea Compound Xerophyllum sp., Beargrass
decoction used for complaint, (as X canadense 161:30) Tevta Anti- • Fiber—Hahwunkwut Basketry Plant used to make cooking bowls,
diarrheal Plant used for diarrhea. Antiemetic Plant used for vomit mush baskets, and other small baskets. (117:183) Karok Basketry
ing. Pediatric Aid and Urinary Aid Plant used as fumigant for chil Used to make baskets. ClothingUsed to make basket hats for men
 Catalog of Plants 603

and women. (117:211) Konomeho BasketryPlant used to make the clothes and used as perfume by men and women to counteract body
design on baskets. (117:234) Poliklah Basketry Used to make baskets. odors. (197:250)
(117:170) Wintoon Basketry Plant purchased and used extensively in
Xyridaceae, see Xyris
basket overlay and designs. (117:264)
• Other—Hahwunkwut Cooking Tools Plant used to make cooking Xyris, Xyridaceae
bowls, mush baskets, and other small baskets. (117:183) Poliklah
Xyris ambigua Bey ex Kunth, Coastalplain Yelloweyed Grass
Jewelry Blades braided to make necklaces. (117:170)
• Drug—Seminole Cold Remedy Infusion of herbage rubbed on the

Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt., Common Beargrass chest for colds. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of herbage rubbed on the

• Drug—Blackfoot Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed roots ap chest for pulmonary disorders. (169:281)

plied to wounds. Hemostat Grated roots used for bleeding. Orthope

Xyris carolinianaWali, Carolina Yelloweyed Grass
dic Aid Decoction of grated roots used for breaks and sprains. (97:25)
• Drug—Cherokee Antidiarrheal Infusion of root taken for diarrhea.
Pomo, Kashaya Dermatological Aid Roots washed, rubbed to make a
Pediatric Aid Infusion of root taken for diarrhea and "good for chil
lather and used to wash sores. (72:52)
dren." (80:62)
• Fiber—Chehalis Basketry Plant used to decorate baskets. Cowlitz
Basketry Plant used to decorate baskets. (79:23) Hesquiat Basketry Xyris sp., Yelloweyed Grass
Purchased grass shaved and dyed to make baskets and edging for • Drug—Seminole Cold Remedy Infusion of herbage rubbed on the

mats and baskets. (185:56) Hoh Basketry Grass used to make baskets. chest for colds. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of herbage rubbed on the

(137:60) Hupa Basketry Grass used as a border pattern in baskets. chest for pulmonary disorders. (169:281) Witchcraft Medicine^ Flow

(118:2) Leaves used to make baskets. (148:380) Karok Basketry New ering stems twisted into a witchcraft medicine. (169:395)

sprouts used to make baskets, especially for designs. (6:63) Leaves

used to make baskets. (148:380) Klallam Basketry Plant used to dec
orate baskets. (79:23) Maidu Basketry Blades used as overlay twine in
Yucca, Agavaceae
the manufacture of baskets. (173:71) Makah Basketry Leaves used for
basketry. (67:343) Montana Indian Basketry Leaves woven into Yucca aloifolia L, Aloe Yucca
watertight baskets used for cooking, (as X. douglasii 19:27) Nitinaht • Drug—Choctaw Dermatological Aid Boiled

Basketry Grass used as twining material for wrapped and twined mashed root with grease or tallow used as

baskets. (186:87) Okanagan-Colville Basketry Used to decorate bas salve for various purposes. (25:24) Unspeci

kets. (188:50) Quileute Basketry Grass used to make baskets. (137:60) fied Decoction of roots used as a salve for various purposes. (177:9)

Quinault Basketry Plant used to decorate baskets. (79:23) Yana Cloth-

Yucca angUStissima Engelm. exTrel., Narrowleaf Yucca
mgGrass wrapped around the ties of the women's belts. (147:253)
• Drwg^-Apache Snakebite Remedy Emulsion used in cases of snake or
Yurok Clothing Small leaves used to make dresses. Plants were
insect bites. (17:51) Hopi Ceremonial Medicine Crushed root used in
burned every year. Leaves were harvested in the spring when they
purification ceremony. Dermatological Aid Crushed root used as
first began to grow out from their charred rhizome. Prior to use, the
shampoo for baldness. Disinfectant Crushed root used in purifica
leaves were soaked in water to make them pliable, but if left too long
tion ceremony. (200:71) Laxative Root used as a strong laxative.
they turned green. (6:63)
(200:34, 71)
• Other—Hupa Decorations Plant used as dress ornaments. Karok
• Food—Hopi Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food. (17:64) Fruits pit
Decorations Plant used as dress ornaments. (148:380) Makah Cash
baked with lamb's-quarter leaves and eaten with corn dumplings in
Crop Leaves sold to the Nootkan and Hesquiat tribes. Nitinaht Tools
salted water. (120:18) Southwest Indians Starvation Food Used when
Leaves used for trimming the edges of mats. (186:87)
agricultural reserves dwindled. (17:10)
• Fiber—Apache Cordage Leaves split and used as string. (17:40) Hopi
Ximenia, Olacaceae
Basketry Leaves used in many types of basketry. (200:71) Brushes &
Ximenia americana L, Tallow Wood Brooms Leaf splints used as brushes to apply color to pottery. (17:50)
• Drug—Seminole Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of inner bark Sewing Material Narrow, split leaf strips used as sewing material for
or "beans" used as a body rub and steam for deer sickness: numb, coiled plaques. (17:33) Southwest Indians Cordage Leaves used to
painful limbs and joints. (169:192) Decoction of inner bark used as a make strings. (17:37)
body rub and steam for joint swellings. (169:193) Oral Aid Decoction • Other—Apache Soap Roots pounded and placed in water to form
of roots used as a mouthwash for sore mouth and gums. Orthopedic suds used in bathing and shampooing. (17:57) Havasupai Fasteners
Aid Infusion of roots used as a steam and rubbed on the legs for Leaves used to tie or repair holes in sacking. Toys & Games Leaves
soreness. (169:307) Unspecified Plant used medicinally. (169:164) used as tally sticks to keep track of scores in the hidden-ball game.
• Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for food. (169:488) (197:213) Hopi Ceremonial Items Roots crushed to make soap, used
ceremonially as a purification rite, and suds associated with clouds.
Xylorhiza, Asteraceae Used as a whip during ceremonies. (200:71) Decorations Shredded
Xylorhiza tortifolia (Torr. & Gray) Greene, Mojave Aster leaves used to make the packing for the spirals of a plaque. (17:34)
• Other—Havasupai Incense & Fragrance Ground leaves carried in the Paint Juice used as a varnish on certain kachinas. Soap Roots crushed
604 Yucca angustissima (Agavaceae)

with stones and used as soap. (200:71) Southwest Indians Ceremoni 45) UnspeciftedUsed as a source of food. (32:14) Winter Use Food
al Items Roots made into suds and used during marriage ceremonies. Sun dried fruit used for winter storage. (100:45) Jemez Unspecified
As part of the marriage ceremony, the groom's head was washed by Used as a source of food. (32:14) Keres, Western Fruit Fruit eaten
his future mother-in-law, while that of the bride was washed by the when thoroughly ripe. Sauce & Relish Soaked, cooked fruit made into
bridegroom's mother. (17:55) a syrup and used as hot chocolate. Winter Use Food Cooked, dried
fruit stored for winter use. (171:74) Keresan Fruit Fruit used for food.
Yucca baccataTon., Banana Yucca (198:564) Laguna Beverage Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a
• Drug—Keresan Dermatological Aid Used for washing hair. (198:564) drink. Bread & Cake Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves,
Navajo Antiemetic Infusion of pulverized leaves taken for vomiting. and stored for winter use. (32:54) Dried Food Fruits sun dried and
Gastrointestinal A/d Plant used for heartburn. (55:32) Navajo, Ramah stored for winter use. Fruit Fruits eaten raw, boiled, or baked. (32:55)
Ceremonial Medicine Suds made from root used for ceremonial pu Preserves Dried fruits eaten as a paste. Sauce & Relish Dried fruits
rification baths. Gynecological Aid Juice used to lubricate midwife's dissolved in water and used as a dip. (32:54) Starvation Food Tender
hand while removing retained placenta. (191:21) Pima Cathartic crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages. (32:55) Navajo
Fruits eaten raw as a cathartic. (146:72) Tewa Ceremonial Medicine Bread & Cake Pulp made into cakes, dried, and stored for winter use.
Infusion of root used as a wash in adoption and name-giving cere (17:20) Ripe fruits dried, ground, kneaded into small cakes, and
monies. Emetic Unspecified plant part chewed as ritual emetic. Gy slightly roasted. (32:54) Baked or dried fruits ground, made into
necological v4/d Fruit eaten to promote easy childbirth. (138:49,50) small cakes, and roasted again. (55:32) Dessert Fruit boiled in water
• Food—Acoma Beverage Dried fruits dissolved in water to make a with or without sugar and eaten as a dessert. (165:221) Dried Food
drink. Bread & Cake Fruits baked, boiled, dried, rolled into loaves, Fruits dried and stored for winter use. (32:54) Fruit dried and carried,
and stored for winter use. (32:54) Dried Food Fruits sun dried and when at war, with grass seeds and jerked venison. (55:32) Fruit dried
stored for winter use. Fruit Fruits eaten raw, boiled, or baked. (32:55) for winter use. (110:31) Ripe fruit, with seeds removed, boiled down
Preserves Dried fruits eaten as a paste. Sauce & Relish Dried fruits like jam, made into rolls, and dried for winter use. (165:221) Fruit
dissolved in water and used as a dip. (32:54) Starvation Food Tender Fruits eaten ripe or cooked. (17:20) Fruit eaten raw or cooked. (32:54)
crowns roasted and eaten in times of food shortages. (32:55) Apache Fruit eaten when picked or cooked. (55:32) Fruit eaten raw or baked
Beverage Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained, and juice drunk. in hot coals. (110:31) Dried fruit rolls soaked in hot water and eaten
Bread & Cake Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes, and stored. Sauce with corn mush. (165:221) Porridge Ripe fruits dried, ground, knead
& Relish Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained, and juice poured ed into small cakes, and boiled with commeal into a mush. (32:54)
over cakes. (17:18) Soup Young leaves cooked in soups or with meat. Baked or dried fruits ground, made into cakes, roasted again, mixed
Unspecified Flowers eaten as food only if obtained at the proper time. with cornmeal, and made into gruel. (55:32) Dried fruit cakes boiled
(32:56) Vegetable Flowers eaten as a vegetable only if obtained before with cornmeal into a gruel. (110:31) Preserves Fruit used to make jel
the summer rains. (17:19) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Bread & ly. (55:32) Sauce & Relish Fruit pulp made into cakes and mixed with
Cake Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed, and pulp ground into large water to make a syrup eaten with meat or bread. (17:20) Dried fruit
cakes. Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes, and stored indefi cakes mixed with water to make a syrup and eaten with meat and
nitely. Soup Leaves cooked in soups. Unspecified Leaves boiled with bread. (110:31) Special Food Dried fruit eaten by warriors at war. (17:
meat. Vegetable Flowers eaten if obtained before the summer rain, 20) Winter Use Food Fruit cut in half, dried, and stored for winter
otherwise they taste bitter. (33:39) Apache, Mescalero Beverage Fruits use. Baked or dried fruits ground, made into small cakes, roasted
used to make a drink. Dried Food Ripe fruits cooked, split, cleaned of again, and stored for winter use. (55:32) Navajo, Ramah Bread &
seeds, dried, and used for food. Sauce & Relish Fruits made into a Cake Fruit molded into foot-long rolls. Preserves Fruit used to make
syrup and placed on fruits before drying. (14:33) Apache, Western preserves. (191:21) Papago Dried Food Seeds dried and used for
Dried Food Fruit roasted, dried, wrapped, and stored indefinitely. food. Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Porridge Fresh fruits made into a gruel
(26:181) Sauce & Relish Fruit pounded together to make gravy. (26: and used for food. Staple Fruits used as an important staple crop.
182) Apache, White Mountain Dried Food Pods dried for future use. UnspecifiedPulp ground, cooked, and used for food. (34:23) Species
UnspecifiedPods roasted and used for food. (136:147) Cochiti Un- used for food. (36:61) Pima Beverage Dried fruit made into cakes,
specifiedUsed as a source of food. (32:14) Havasupai BeveragePhnt cooked in water, and liquid drunk. Bread & Cake Dried fruit made
used to make a drink. (197:66) Dried Food Sheet of fruit flesh dried into cakes. (17:16) Dried Food Fruits boiled, dried, ground, boiled
and the bits eaten dry when needed. (17:17) Fruits split, sun dried, with flour, and used for food. (146:72) Porridge Dried fruit made into
and prepared for storage in the shape of a mat. (197:212) Hopi Fruit cakes, ground, and cooked with cornmeal to make gruel. (17:16)
Baked fruits used for food. (42:371) Fruit used for food. (56:17) Fruits Pima, Gila River Candy Plant dried and used as sweets. (133:6) Fruit
eaten for food. (138:51) Large fruits oven baked. (200:71) Preserves Fruits eaten raw and pit roasted. (133:7) Pueblo Dried Food Fruits
Fruits sun dried, boiled into jam, and eaten with corn dumplings or sun dried and stored for winter use. Fruit Fruits eaten raw, boiled, or
boiled bread. (120:18) Hualapai Beverage Fruit used to make a fer baked. (32:55) San Felipe Dried Food Partly matured fruits cooked to
mented beverage. Dried Food Fruit baked, prepared, and dried for form a semiliquid substance, dried, and stored for winter use. Fruit
winter use. Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Staple Fruit cooked and ground into Ripe fruits eaten without preparation. (32:54) Unspecified Used as a
ameal. (195:39) Isleta Forage Fruit often eaten by deer which left few source of food. (32:14) Sia Fruit Fruit used for food. (199:107) South
for the Isletans. Fruit Fruit baked, seasoned, and used for food. (100: west Indians Beverage Dried fruit pulp boiled in water and drunk.
 Catalog of Plants 605

Bread & Cake Pulp mixed with chokecherries and made into cake. paintbrushes. Cordage Leaf fiber made into string or rope and used
(17:11) Pulp patted into cakes and dried thoroughly. (17:15) Dessert for temporary or emergency purposes. Snow Gear Fiber used to tie
Preserved fruit soaked in water, cooked to a thick syrup, and eaten as snowshoes to the feet. Sporting Equipmentleaves made into a ball
a sauce-like dessert. (17:12) Dried Food Pulp cooked to a paste, dried, thrown into the air for archery target practice. Roots made into ball
and stored for winter use. (17:10) Rind dried and eaten without for shinny game, played at night. (191:21) Papago Basketry Used as
cooking. Partially ripened fruits gathered, cooked, the pulp dried the foundation in coiled basketry. (17:34) Leaves used as foundation
and stored for winter use. Pulp cooked to a paste and dried for win in coiled basketry. (34:57) Building Materialleaves split and used for
ter use. (17:11) Fruits dried between beds of grass, split into halves, the weft of wrapped weaving in house frames. (34:53) Cordage Leaves
dried further in the sun, and stored. (17:15) Fruit Fruit eaten raw. (17: split and used as tying material. (17:40) Pima Basketry Used in bas
10) Fruits eaten for food. (17:9) Preserves Fruit pared, pulp chewed, ketry. (17:34) Brushes & Brooms Fiber used to make hairbrushes. (17:
cooked, dried, and eaten as a conserve. (17:12) Staple Seeds dried, 50) Cordage Leaf fiber used to make cords or ropes. (17:40) Mats,
stored in baskets and ground into meal when needed. (17:15) Sweet Rugs & BeddingLeaves woven into mats. (17:34) Split leaves used in
ener Fruit pared, pulp chewed, cooked, dried, and conserve dis weaving mats. (17:37) Southwest Indians Cordage Split leaves or
solved in water to sweeten beverages. (17:12) Unspecified Greatly fibers used as tying material. (17:39) Tewa Cordage Fleshy leaves
sought after and utilized as food. (17:10) Green pods gathered and boiled, chewed, and the fibers twisted into cord and rope. (138:50)
allowed to mature in sun or dwellings. (17:9) Tewa Fruit Fruits for Yavapai Cordage Leaf fiber used to tie grass stems of mescal to make
merly eaten. (138:50) Walapai Beverage Fruits mixed with water and a brush. (65:259) Zuni Basketry Split leaves used to make winnowing
liquid drunk. Dried Food Fruit dried, folded, and stored for winter baskets, baskets for serving food and for transporting materials.
use. (17:17) Yavapai Beverage Dried fruit soaked in water until pulp (166:78) Interlaced leaves used to make baskets. (166:81) Clothing
dissolved and liquid drunk. (17:16) Sun dried fruit boiled and used Leaves boiled, chewed, and fiber woven into skirts and kilts. (17:45)
as a beverage. Dried Food Sun dried fruit boiled and used for food. Leaf fibers used in weaving fabrics. The leaves were folded about 4
Fruit Fruit cooked in coals and used for food. (65:258) Unspecified inches in length and tied with a fragment of the leaf. These folds
Flower stalks gathered before blossoming, roasted in fire, and pre were boiled with a small quantity of cedar ashes. When sufficiently
pared for use. (17:16) Zuni Fruit Fruits pared and eaten raw or boiled cooked, the leaves were placed in a bowl or basket and cooled. When
and skinned. (32:54) Fruit eaten fresh or boiled, cooled, and the skin the leaves were cooled, youths and young women peeled off the epi
peeled off with a knife. (166:72) Preserves Flesh cooked, made into dermis and chewed the leaves, starting at one end and progressing
pats, sun dried, and eaten as a conserve. (32:54) Fruit made into con to the other. After chewing the leaves, the fibers were separated,
serves and used for food. (166:72) Sauce & Relish Flesh cooked, made straightened out, tied with fiber strings, and hung in an inner room
into pats, sun dried, and mixed with water to form a syrup. (32:54) to dry. When required for weaving, the fibers were soaked in water to
Sweetener Fruit made into conserves and used as a sweetener before soften them. (166:78) Cordage Leaves boiled, chewed, and made into
the introduction of coffee and sugar. (166:72) a double-stranded cord. (17:40) Leaf fibers made into cords used to
► Fiber—Apache Basketry Leaves used for the main portion of the bas tie prayer plume offerings together and for other ceremonial uses.
kets. (17:35) Cordage Leaves split and used as string. (17:40) Apache, Split leaves used in place of cords or rope. (166:78) Mats, Rugs & Bed-
Mescalero Basketry Small roots used for basket work. Cordage Leaves ding Leaves split and plaited into mats to cover various vessels. (17:
used to make twine or rope. (14:33) Apache, Western Cordage Leaves 36) Dried leaves split, plaited, and made into water-carrying head
split and sections tied together by square knots to make cordage. (26: pads. (17:47) Split leaves plaited into mats for covering hatchways,
182) Apache, White Mountain Clothingleaves reduced to fiber and grain vases, and other vessels. The leaves are also used for making
made into cloth. Cordage Leaves used to make string. (136:147) pads for supporting water vases upon the head. (166:78)
Havasupai Cordage Leaf fiber braided into ropes. The leaves con ► Dye-—Navajo, Ramah Unspecified Leaf juice used as a medium for
tained a good fiber. The terminal spine and a section of the back of pigments of pottery paints and slips. (191:21)
the leaf were removed and pounded to free this fiber from the fleshy ► Other—Apache Containers Thick portion of stalk used as hearth
portion of the leaf. The fiber was often braided into rope, three- to when making fire. (17:51) Designs Roots used to produce a red pat
six-ply, from 12 to 30 feet long that was used for many purposes, in tern in baskets. (17:35) Soap Roots pounded and placed in water to
cluding handling horses. (197:212) Hopi Basketry Leaves used in form suds used in bathing and shampooing. (17:57) Tools Stalk used
basketry. (42:371) Used for basketry. (56:17) Leaves occasionally used to make fire drills. (17:51) Apache, Mescalero Soap Large roots used
in basketry. (200:71) Hualapai ClothingStems used to make shoes. to make soap. (14:33) Apache, Western Soap Roots used as soap. (26:
Cordage Stems used to make rope. (195:39) Isleta Basketry Fibers 182) Apache, White Mountain Soap Roots used for soap. (136:148)
used to make baskets. Brushes & Brooms Fibers used to make small Havasupai Soap Roots used as a soap for washing the hair. Tools Ter
brushes for pottery decoration. Cordage Fibers used to make cords minal spines used as needles. Toys & Games Ring of leaves wrapped
and ropes. (100:45) Jemez Basketry Leaves used to make baskets. (17: in buckskin used in the hoop and pole game. Waterproofing Agent
34) Keres, Western Cordage Leaf fibers used to make ropes. Leaves Dried leaves boiled with gum, hardened, powdered, mixed with wa
were pounded between stones to separate the fibers which were ter, and used to waterproof baskets. (197:212) Hopi Soap Roots used
used for ropes. (171:74) Navajo, Ramah Basketry Leaves used to for soap. (42:371) Root used for soap. (56:17) Roots used as soap.
make ceremonial and utilitarian baskets. Brushes & Brooms Leaves (200:71) Hualapai Soap Roots used for soap. (195:39) Isleta Decora
made into brushes used for cleaning baskets. Leaf slivers made into tions Fibers used to make plaques. (100:45) Keres, Western Ceremo-
606 Yucca baccata (Agavaceae)

nial Items Leaves used as whips during the initiations. Switches used used to make baskets, (as Y. arborescens 117:445) Southwest Indians
as whips by the masked personage. Soap Crushed leaves mixed with ClothingMade into cords and used as base for fur robe garments.
water for soap. (171:74) Navajo Ceremonial Hems Roots used cere (17:43)
monially. (110:31) Musical Instrument Stout leaves used as drum • Dye—Shoshoni Black Roots used as black dye in basketry. Red Roots
sticks. (17:36) Soap Roots used to wash hair and garments. (110:31) used as red dye in basketry. (118:8)
Navajo, Raman Ceremonial Items Leaves used to make ceremonial • Other—Panamint Designs Red-brown inner roots used for basket
drumstick. Leaves stuck into snowballs, mixed with red clay, and designs. (105:78) Southwest Indians Designs Roots used to make
used to stop the snow and rain. Fasteners Leaf juice mixed with pot brown designs. (17:35)
tery paste. Soap Root made into soap used for washing wool or
Yucca elata (Engelm.) Engelm., Soaptree Yucca
clothing, shampooing the hair, and bathing the body. The root,
• Drug—Apache, Western Ceremonial Medicine Peeled stalk shaped
pounded with rocks to remove the bark and to soften it, was stirred
like a short snake, heated, eaten by a practitioner and spit at the sick.
vigorously in warm water to whip up suds. (191:21) Papago Soap
(26:182)
Plant macerated, placed in water to form suds, and used for washing
• Food—Apache Unspecified Species used for food. (17:64) Vegetable
hair. Pima Soap Plant macerated, placed in water to form suds, and
Flowers boiled and eaten as a vegetable. (17:19) Apache, Chiricahua
used for washing hair. (17:56) Stems reduced to pulp and used as
& Mescalero Dried Food Stems baked overnight, dried, broken into
soap. (146:72) Pima, Desert Cash Crop Used for trade. (133:6) South
pieces, softened, and eaten. (33:38) Vegetable Flowers boiled and
west Indians Ceremonial Items Plant suspended from a ring carried
eaten as a vegetable. (33:39) Apache, Mescalero Dried Food Trunks
on the back of a god impersonator. (17:53) Soap Leaves pounded
pit cooked, dried, and stored for future food use. Flowers boiled,
and used in washing. (17:55) Tewa Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves
dried, and stored for future food use. Soup Flowers used as fresh veg
baked in warm pit, chewed, and fiber woven into fishing nets. (17:45)
etables in soups. Staple Trunks pit cooked, pounded, and made into
Soap Roots bruised, placed in water, and used to wash woolens, cot
flour. UnspecifiedYoung stalks cooked, peeled, and eaten hot. (14:40)
ton fabrics, feathers, and hair. (138:49) Yavapai Soap Root, stem, and
Apache, Western Dried Food Boiled blossoms dried and stored in a
leaves pounded and worked in water to form lather for washing hair
dry place. Unspecified Blossoms boiled with seeds, fat, or bones.
and body. (17:56) Zuni Ceremonial Items Plant used ceremonially for
Stalk charred and eaten like sugar cane. (26:182) Blossoms used for
a great variety of purposes. Narrow leaf bands worn around the head
food. (26:193) Papago Unspecified Species used for food. (17:64)
by personators of anthropic gods. The personators of anthropic gods
Southwest Indians Dried Food Stems baked, dried, softened in wa
adorned their wrists and ankles with yucca ribbons, and the novitiate
ter, and eaten. (17:19)
into the medicine order of a secret fraternity had his or her wrists
• Fiber—Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Basketry Leaves woven
adorned with them also. (166:99) Soap Roots pounded, made into
into shallow or tray baskets to carry prepared mescal home. (33:37)
suds in cold water, and used for washing. (17:55) Tools Leaves used
Apache, Western Cordage Leaves used to make cordage. Furniture
to make cincture pads for supporting water vases upon the head.
Leaves used for the head shade of cradleboards. (26:182) Papago
(166:78)
Basketry Leaf used as the binding element in coarse coiled ware. (17:
Yucca baileyivar, navajoa (J. M.Webber) J. M.Webber, Navajo 34) Building Materialised for the weft of wrapped weaving in house
Yucca frames. (34:54) Sewing Material Species used to sew coils into tight
• Drug—Hopi Laxative Plant used as a laxative, (as Y. navaja 42:370) baskets. (17:62) Pima Mats, Rugs & BeddingLeaves twilled into mats.
• Fiber—Hop\ Basketry Leaves used in basketry. Brushes & Brooms (17:60)
Twigs used to make snow brooms. Plant used for paintbrushes, (as Y. • Other—Apache, Western Decorations Red roots used in basket deco
navaja 42:370) rations. Soap Roots used for soap. (26:183) Navajo Ceremonial Items
• Other—Hopi Ceremonial /terns Twigs used to make the masks for the Leaves made into scourges and used in the Night Chant. A leaf was
kachinas. Plant used as whips in ceremonies. Hunting & Fishing Item taken from the east side of the plant and one from the west. The
Plant used as an anchor for bird traps. Paint Juice used as a varnish leaves were then split in two and the interchanged halves bound to
for sacred kachinas. Soap Crushed roots used for soap, (as Y. navaja gether to form the scourge. These scourges were carried by the dif
42:370) ferent personators in the Night Chant. Soap Roots used for soap.
Toys & Games Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the moccasin
Yucca brevifolia Engelm., Joshua Tree
game. (55:33) Pima Containers Fibers made into carrying nets. (17:
• Food—Cahuilla Unspecified Blossoms used for food. (15:150) Kawai-
35) Cactus ribs bound together to form the frame for containers used
isu Dried Food Fruit pit roasted, mashed, dried, and stored for future
to carry crops. (17:46) Soap Used as soap. (146:72) Southwest Indians
use.84 Fruit Fruit pit roasted and eaten.84 (206:69) Southwest Indians
Fasteners Leaves tied to make a fastening loop for sandals. (17:28)
Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (17:63) Tubatulabal Unspecifiedlmma-
ture pods used for food. (193:16) Yuccafllamentosa L, Adam's Needle
• Fiber—Cahuilla Clothing Fibers used to make sandals. Cordage • Drwg^-Catawba Dermatological AidRoot rubbed on the body for
Fibers used to make nets. (15:150) Kawaiisu Basketry Dark red root- skin disease. (157:188) Roots rubbed on body or decoction of roots
stock core used as pattern material in coiled basketry. The core was taken for skin disease. (177:9) Cherokee Ceremonial Medicine Used
split into strands, soaked, and worked in with the coiling so that the as an ingredient with broom sedge and amaranth in green corn
color was always on the outside. (206:69) Shoshoni Basketry Roots medicine. DermatologicalAidBeaten root used as salve for sores.
 Catalog of Plants 607

Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion taken for diabetes. (80:25) Sedative stored for winter use. (100:45) Jemez UnspecifiedUsed as a source of
Used as a soporific. (203:75) Nanticoke Orthopedic Aid Poultice of food. (32:14) Keres, Western Beverage Dried, fruit cakes used to make
roots applied to sprains. (175:56) a beverage. Bread & Cake Boiled, dried fruit made into cakes. (171:
• Other—Cherokee Hunting & Fishing Item Used to intoxicate fish. 76) Fruit Fruit eaten when thoroughly ripe. Sauce & Relish Soaked,
(80:25) Pounded roots strewed on water to "intoxicate fishes." (203: cooked fruit make into a syrup and used as hot chocolate. (171:74)
75) Soap Roots pounded, boiled, and used instead of soap to wash Dried, fruit cakes made into a syrup. Starvation Food Roasted hearts
blankets. (80:25) used for food in times of famine. Unspeciftedlender heart shoots
eaten for food. (171:76) Winter Use Food Cooked, dried fruit stored
Yucca glauca Nutt., Small Soapweed for winter use. (171:74) Laguna Dried Food Fruits sun dried and
• Drug—Blackfoot Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of grated roots stored for winter use. Fruit Fruits eaten raw, boiled, or baked. (32:55)
used for sprains. (86:80) Dermatological Aid Decoction of root used Lakota Unspecified Flowers and buds eaten fresh or cooked. (106:51)
as a tonic for falling hair. Poultice of roots applied to inflamed and Navajo Fruit Fruit eaten raw or baked in ashes. Winter Use Food Fruit
bleeding cuts. (114:274) Hemostat Poultice of grated roots applied sliced and dried for winter use. (55:33) Navajo, Ramah Fruit Fruit
to bleeding cuts. (97:25) Poultice of roots applied to inflamed and roasted in ashes and eaten. Unspecified Flower buds roasted in ashes
bleeding cuts. Herbal Steam Decoction of grated roots used as herbal and leaves boiled with salt and used for food. (191:21) Pueblo Dried
steam for breaks and sprains. (114:274) Orthopedic Aid Decoction of Food Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use. Fruit Fruits eaten
grated roots used for breaks. (86:80) Decoction of grated roots used as raw, boiled, or baked. (32:55) San Felipe Unspecified Used as a source
herbal steam for breaks and sprains. (114:274) Veterinary Aid Decoc of food. (32:14) Southwest Indians Sauce & Relish Pods boiled in wa
tion of roots applied to saddle sores. (97:25) Cheyenne Dermatologi ter and made into pickles. Starvation Food Crowns roasted and used
cal Aid Decoction of dried root used as hair wash for dandruff and to in times of food shortage. (17:14) Used when agricultural reserves
prevent baldness. Smashed root applied as powder or used as a wash dwindled. (17:9) UnspecifiedJender stalks boiled or baked. Seeds
for sores, scabs, and skin outbreaks. (83:12) Dakota Dermatological eaten with the pods. (17:14) Tewa Fruit Fruits eaten for food. (138:52)
Aid Root used to wash the scalp to make the hair grow. (69:358) Isleta Zuni Unspecified Seedpods boiled and used for food. (166:73)
Dermatological Aid Root mixed with ground stolons from vine mes- • Fiber—Apache, Mescalero Basketry Leaves split and used to make
quite grass and used as a hair wash to make the hair grow. (100:45) baskets. (14:40) Apache, White Mountain Cordage Leaves used to
Keres, Western Herbal Steam Tender heart shoots used in the sweat make "moccasin strings" and cords. (136:147) Dakota Cordage
bath. Strengthener Infusion of tender heart shoots used for weakness. Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points
(171:76) Kiowa Dermatological AidPlant used for dandruff, baldness, attached, twined into thread. Sewing Material Sharp points of leaves
and skin irritations. (192:18) Lakota Abortifacient Roots and prickly used as needles. (70:71) Hopi Brushes & Brooms Leaf splints used as
pear cactus roots used as "medicine for not give birth." Dermatologi brushes to apply color to pottery. (17:50) Isleta Basketry Fibers used
cal Aid Infusion of roots used to soak the hair as a vermin killer and to make baskets. Brushes & Brooms Fibers used to make brushes for
to make the hair grow. Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of pulverized pottery decoration. Cordage Fibers used to make cords and ropes.
roots taken for stomachaches. Gynecological Aid Roots and prickly (100:45) Keres, Western Basketry Leaves used to make baskets.
pear cactus roots used by mothers when they cannot give birth. Vet Brushes & Brooms Chewed leaves used to make brushes for pottery
erinary A/d Burning root fumes used to allow a horse to be caught paint. Cordage Crushed leaf fibers twisted and used for ropes. (171:
and haltered easily. (139:28) Navajo Dermatological Aid Roots used 76) Navajo, Ramah Cordage Fiber made into string to tie hoops,
to wash hair. (55:33) LaxativePlant used as a laxative. Stimulant Plant prayer sticks, chant arrows, and other ceremonial equipment. (191:
used as a delirifacient, a drug that causes delirium. (90:164) Navajo, 21) Omaha Cordage Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with
Ramah Contraceptive Rotten root used to make suds taken to induce the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread. Sewing Material
menopause. Gynecological Aid Cold infusion of root used to expedite Sharp leaf points used as needles. (70:71) Papago Basketry Leaves
delivery of baby or placenta. Poison Compound containing leaf juice used as foundation in coiled basketry. (34:57) Inner leaves dried,
used to poison arrows. (191:21) Omaha Unspecified Root used in split, and used for sewing nonwatertight trade baskets. (34:58) Build
smoke treatment for unspecified illnesses. Pawnee Herbal Steam ing Material Leaves split into strands, made into cords, and used for
Root used in smoke treatment for unspecified illnesses. (70:71) lashing house frames together and thatching. (34:61) Strips of fiber
• Food—Acoma Dried Food Fruits sun dried and stored for winter use. used to tie mesquite pole tips to other poles in forming house skele
Fruit Fruits eaten raw, boiled, or baked. (32:55) Apache Unspecified tons. (34:66) Cordage Leaves split into strands, made into cords, and
Stalks roasted, boiled, or eaten raw. (17:19) Flowers eaten as food. used for tying up bundles of material. (34:61) Pawnee Cordage
(32:56) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Unspecified Stalks roasted, Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and with the sharp leaf points
boiled, or eaten raw. Vegetable Stalks boiled, dried, and stored to be attached, twined into thread. Sewing Material Sharp leaf points used
used as vegetables. (33:38) Apache, White Mountain Dried Food as needles. Ponca Cordage Leaves macerated to clear the fibers and
Pods dried for future use. Unspecified Pods roasted and used for with the sharp leaf points attached, twined into thread. Sewing Ma
food. (136:147) Cochiti Unspecified Used as a source of food. (32:14) terial Sharp leaf points used as needles. (70:71) Southwest Indians
Isleta Forage Fruit often eaten by deer, which left few for the Isletans. Basketry Leaves used in the manufacture of baskets. (17:34) Brushes
Fruit Fruit baked, seasoned, and used for food. (100:45) Unspecified & Brooms Leaves used as brushes to place designs upon pottery. (17:
Used as a source of food. (32:14) Winter Use Food Sun dried fruit 49) Cordage Split leaves or fibers used as tying material. (17:39) Tewa
608 Yucca glauca (Agavaceae)

Basketry Used to make sifting baskets. Brushes & Brooms Narrow nies. (138:52) Zuni Soap Peeled roots pounded, made into suds, and
slips used as paintbrushes in decorating pottery. ClothingUsed to used for washing the head, wool garments, and blankets. (166:83)
make bandoleers and neckties for clowns and dancers. Cordage
Yucca glauca Nutt. var. glauca, Soapweed Yucca
Fibrous leaves split into narrow strips and used for tying material.
• Drwg-^VIontana Indian Dermatological Aid Root used as a substi
(138:52) Zuni Brushes & Brooms Leaves made into brushes and used
tute for soap and as a wash for the hair, (as Y. angustifolia 19:27)
for decorating pottery, ceremonial masks, alters, and other objects.
• Fiber—Hopi Basketry Used for basketry, (as Y. angustifolia 56:17)
(166:82) Cordage Leaves soaked in water to soften them and made
• Other—Hopi Soap Root used for soap, (as Y. angustifolia 56:17)
into rope by knotting them together. The fibers of the leaves were
separated and lengthened for making a coarse cord. (166:79) Mats, Yucca harrimaniaeTvel, Spanish Bayonet
Rugs & BeddingDvied leaves split, plaited, and made into water-car • Food—Southwest Indians Starvation Food Used when agricultural
rying head pads. (17:47) Leaves used for making mats, cincture pads, reserves dwindled. (17:9)
and other articles. (166:79)
Yucca louisianensisTrel, Gulf Coast Yucca
• Dye—Navajo, Ramah Black Juice mixed with yellow soil for a black
• Other—Comanche Soap Roots used as soap. (29:524)
dye. Red Juice boiled alone for a red dye. (191:21)
» Other—Apache Soap Roots used for soap. (136:148) Apache, White Yucca SChidigera Roezl ex Ortgies, Mojave Yucca
Mountain Toys & Games Leaves used as counters in various games. • Food—Cahuilla UnspecifiedFruit pods eaten raw or roasted. (15:
(136:147) Blackfoot Soap Roots used as a soap substitute and hair 150) Hualapai Dried Food Fruits baked, prepared, and dried for win
wash. (97:25) Dakota Containers Dried stems peeled and used to ter use. Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Staple Fruits cooked and ground into
make a hearth. (69:358) Dried, peeled stems used to make a hearth, a meal, (as Y. mohavensis 195:40) Luiseno Unspecified Blossoms
to contain the fire. (70:71) Fuel Leaves bound in a slender bundle and cooked in water and used for food, (as Y. mohavensis 155:195) Pods
used as a substitute for wood. The slender bundle of leaves formed roasted on coals and used for food, (as Y. mohavensis 155:196)
the fire drill, which was placed in a hearth and twirled by the hands Mohave Fruit Fruit peeled and eaten without preparation. (37:204)
until it smoldered, upon which time it was blown upon to ignite the Southwest Indians Beverage Fruit cooked and made into a drink.
flame. Hide Preparation Boiled root used in tanning hides. The yucca Dried Food Dried fruit used for food, (as Y. mohavensis 17:18) Fruit
roots were boiled and then cooled and sprinkled over the hides after Fruit used for food. (17:22) Fruits eaten for food. (17:63)
they had been treated with the brain-liver-marrow dressing. Soap • Fiber—Cahuilla Basketry Fiber used as starting material for baskets.
Root used like soap to wash the scalp. (69:358) Root used like soap, Brushes & Brooms Fiber used to make brushes for body painting.
especially for washing the hair. Tools Hard, sharp-pointed blades Cordage Fiber used to make bowstrings, netting, and strings for shell
bound with sinew and used in place of wood to make the fire drill. money. (15:150) Dieguefio Clothing Fibers used to make sandals.
(70:71) \s\eta Decorations Fibers used to make plaques. Soap Roots (84:45) Hualapai Clothing Strong fibers used to make shoes and san
pounded until soft, soaked in water, and used as a soap for bathing, dals, (as Y mohavensis 195:40) Southwest Indians Clothing Made
washing hair and blankets. (100:45) Keres, Western Fasteners Leaves into cords and used as base for fur robe garments. (17:43)
used as strings to tie chili peppers. Soap Crushed roots rubbed on • Other—Cahuilla Soap Scraped, mashed roots and water used as
hair or clothes for soap or crushed, roasted roots soaked in water for soap. (15:150) Luiseno Hunting & Fishing Item Plant fiber used to
soap. This soap caused more itching than that from wild leafed yuc make fishing lines, (as Y. mohavensis 155:200) Leaf fiber formerly
ca, but was considered better to keep the natural color of the hair. used to make fishing lines, (as Y. mohavensis 155:203)
Tools Flower stalks used as spindles to start fire by friction. (171:76)
Yucca schottii Engelm., Schott's Yucca
Kiowa Soap Root used to wash clothes and hair. (192:18) Lakota
• Food—Apache, San Carlos Dried Food Fruits dried and used for
Soap Roots boiled and used as shampoo or as a substitute for soap.
food. Fruit Fruits cooked, skins peeled off, and pulp used for food.
(106:51) Roots used to make soap. (139:28) Navajo Ceremonial Items
(95:258) Papago Fruit Fruits cooked and eaten with white flour.
Plant used to stir the water for the ceremonial baths. Soap Roots used
Fruits eaten raw. Pima Fruit Fruits cooked and eaten with white
for soap. Toys & Games Used to make the 102 counting sticks for the
flour. Fruits eaten raw. (95:262)
moccasin game. (55:33) Navajo, Ramah Soap Root used for soap.
• Other—Papago Cash Crop Dried fruits sold to the Pimas. (95:262)
(191:21) Omaha Soap Root used like soap, especially for washing the
hair. (70:71) Papago Fasteners Used to bind women's hair over their Yucca sp,, Soap Root
foreheads while racing. Fiber used to tie saguaro needles together. • Dni^^—Navajo Poison Plant considered poisonous. Throat Aid Poul
Soap Roots dried, pulverized, mixed with water, and the suds used tice of plants applied to the head for sore throats. (55:34)
for washing the hair. (34:51) Pawnee Soap Root used like soap, espe • Food—Navajo Forage Buds eaten by sheep. (55:34) Papago Staple
cially for washing the hair. Ponca Soap Root used like soap, especial Fruits dried and used as a staple food. (34:45) Yavapai Fruit Boiled
ly for washing the hair. (70:71) Southwest Indians Soap Roots roast fruit used for food. Unspecified Flower stalk picked before blooming,
ed, soaked in water, removed, and soapy liquid used to wash hair roasted in fire, and used for food. (65:258)
and cloth. (17:54) Leaves pounded and used in washing. (17:55) • Fifcer—Navajo Basketry Fiber used to secure the butts of the first
Tools Stalk used as a spindle in making fire by friction. (17:52) Tewa twigs around a small stick at the bottom of the basket. Leaf pith braid
Soap Roots used to make lather. Tewa of Hano Ceremonial Items woven into a basket. Building Material Pith twisted with mountain
Used to make whips to beat novices during some initiation ceremo grass and used for roofing. Clothing Fiber used to make knitted leg-
 Catalog of Plants 609

gings. Yucca fiber and grass fiber used to make the earliest costume. juice poured over cakes. (17:18) Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Pith twisted with mountain grass and used to make leggings and Bread & Cake Fruit roasted, split, seeds removed, and pulp ground
shoes. Used to make moccasin uppers and dresses. Cordage Strands into large cakes. Fruit pulp ground, made into large cakes, and stored
used to tie rolled skins into a rabbit skin blanket. Fiber used to tie indefinitely, (as Y. macrocarpa 33:39) Southwest Indians Fruit Fruits
butt and tip of corn husks filled with dough. Mats, Rugs & Bedding eaten occasionally. (17:63)
Pith twisted with mountain grass and used to make mats for bedding • Fiber—Apache Basketry Leaves used for the main portion of the bas
and blankets. Fiber and grass used to make sleeping mats. (55:34) kets. (17:35)
» Other—Great Basin Indian Soap Root suds used to wash wool. (121: • Other—Apache Designs Roots used to produce a red pattern in bas
47) Jemez Soap Roots boiled, fibrous part removed, water rubbed kets. (17:35)
into lather, and used to wash hair and woolen blankets. (44:28)
Yucca whippleiTon., Chaparral Yucca
Navajo Ceremonial Items Leaves used for ceremonial purposes. On
• Food—Cahuilla Bread & Cake Roasted stalks dried, ground, and
the sixth day of the Mountain Chant Ceremony, before the couriers
mixed with water to make cakes. Dried Food Flowers and stalks sun
were sent on their way, a basin of water containing soap root was
dried and preserved. Unspecified Less mature flowers parboiled and
brought in, and after the medicine man had daubed the couriers
very mature flowers boiled three times with salt and eaten. Vegetable
with a little of the suds, they washed themselves from head to foot
Sliced stalks parboiled and cooked like squash. (15:150) Luiseno Un
and cleaned their hair as well. The Lashing God in the Night Chant
specified Roasted stalks used for food. Plant head roasted in an earth
carried a ring of yucca leaves on his back and suspended from this
oven and formerly used for food. Blossoms cooked in water and used
by its roots was a complete plant of soapweed. He held in his hand
for food. (155:195) Mahuna Sauce & Relish Stalks pit roasted and
yucca scourges which were made from the leaves taken from the
used to make a syrup. Unspecified Flowers eaten as food. (140:58)
east and west sides of the plant. For the yucca that hangs at his back,
Tubatulabal Unspecified Stalks used for food in late winter and early
a specimen was selected whose roots stuck well out of the ground
spring. (193:11) Stalks used extensively for food. (193:15)
and was kicked out with the foot. Masks made of the leaves were also
• Fiber—Mahuna Basketry Pods used for basketry. (140:58)
used in the Night Chant. In one of the dances of the last night of the
• Dye—Mahuna White Pods used for bleaching buckskin fiber a pure
Mountain Chant, yucca was made to grow from the root, through
white. (140:58)
buds and flowers to the ripe fruit. (55:32) Roots, pollen, and leaves
used during many different ceremonies. Pitch used to cover bull- Yucca whippleivar. caespitosa M. E. Jones, Chaparral Yucca
roarers for some of the ceremonies. Fiber used to string cakes baked • Food—Kawaiisu Dried Food Apical meristems pit roasted, mashed,
for Fire God and attached to his right arm on ninth day of Night dried, and stored for future use.84 Unspecified Apical meristems pit
Chant. Leaf strips intertwined with sprigs of fir and used to make roasted and eaten.84 Stalks roasted, peeled, and eaten. (206:69)
necklaces and wristbands for ceremonies. ContainersWood tied to • Fiber—Kawaiisu Basketry Split rootstock cores used as pattern ma
stalk with shallow holes and used at the hearth to hold a fireset. Jew terial in coiled basketry. Building Material Green leaves made into
elry Leaves used to make bracelets worn by scouts. Musical Instru strong cord used to bind the vertical and horizontal poles of the win
ment Folded leaves used as drumsticks to beat basket drums. Protec ter house. (206:69)
tion Leaf juice mixed with powders and applied to shields. Yucca • Other—Kawaiisu Containers Small stalk section used as a stopper
leaves were heated over a fire and the juice wrung out of them into for the basketry water bottle. (206:69)
an earthen vessel. The juice was then mixed with powders and ap
Yucca whippleiTon. ssp. whipplei, Chaparral Yucca
plied to the shield with a pointed stick to make it live in the power of
• Food—Diegueno UnspecifiedYoung stalk peeled, roasted, and eaten
the sun, the serpent, the bear, the lightning, and the rainbow. (55:34)
in the spring. Blossoms picked before opening in the spring, boiled
Soap Used for cleansing purposes. (55:32) Roots used to wash wool
twice, and eaten. (84:45)
and hides. Suds and ashes used to wash newborn babies. Tools Used
• Fiber—Diegueno Basketry Leaf fibers used as the foundation for the
to make a brush to apply colored clays to pottery. Toys & Games
beginning of a coiled basket. (84:17) FwrmfwreLeaffibersusedto
Leaves made into a ball and used to play "shooting the yucca/' a
make lattice work cradle on a frame of scrub oak. (84:45)
Navajo game played with a ball made of bark and wound with yucca
leaves which had been previously placed in hot ashes to make them
flexible. A stick of scrub oak was attached to this by a yucca cord, to
give momentum to the light ball. The ball was thrown into the air
and the archers discharged their arrows at it as soon as it was drawn Zamiaceae, see Zamia
downward by the weight of the stick. Fiber used to make a ring for a
game similar to "ring toss." Waterproofing Agent Leaf pitch used for Zamia, Zamiaceae, conifer
waterproofing baskets. (55:34) Zamia pumila L, Coontie
• Food—Seminole Unspecified Plant used for
Yucca torreyi Shafer, Torrey's Yucca food, (as Z.floridana 169:489)
• Food—Apache Beverage Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained, and
juice drunk. Bread & Cake Fruit roasted, pulp made into cakes, and Zanthoxylum, Rutaceae
stored. Sauce & Relish Baked fruit pounded to a pulp, drained and Zanthoxylum americanum P Mill., Common Prickly Ash
610 Zanthoxylum americanum (Rutaceae)

» Drug—Alabama Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used as a hemorrhages. Kidney Aid Compound infusion of root used for kid
wash for itching. (172:663) Infusion of inner bark rubbed on itchy ney trouble. Strengthener Compound decoction of inner bark given
area, {as Xanthoxylum americanum 177:35) Toothache Remedy to strengthen convalescent patient. Toothache RemedyPowdered
Pounded inner bark used for toothache. (172:663) Inner bark put inner bark used for toothache. Tuberculosis Remedy Bark and berries
into cavity and packed around the tooth for toothaches, (as Xan- used for hemorrhages and tuberculosis. (152:244,245) Mohegan
thoxylum americanum 177:35) Cherokee Antirheumatic (External) Heart Medicine Infusion of bark taken for heart, 3 days on, 3 days off,
Infusion used as a wash for swollen joints. (80:51) Chippewa Cold before resuming, (as Xanthoxylum americanum 174:269) Infusion of
Remedy Infusion of bark taken for colds. Cough Medicine Infusion of inner bark taken in small doses for heart trouble, (as Xanthoxylum
bark taken for coughs, (as Xanthoxylum americanum 71:134) Ortho americanum 176:77,132) Ojibwa Respiratory Aid Infusion of berries
pedic Aid Decoction of root used as a wash for paralysis and to sprayed on chest for congestion from bronchitis. Throat Aid Bark or
strengthen child's legs and feet. PediatricAid Decoction of root used berries used for sore throat and tonsillitis. (153:387) Pawnee Veteri
as a wash to strengthen legs and feet of weak children. (53:364) Pul nary Aid Fruits used as diuretic for horses. (70:98) Potawatomi Vene
monary Aid Infusion of bark taken for all pulmonary troubles, (as real AidRoot bark used for gonorrhea, an historic reference (1796)
Xanthoxylum americanum 71:134) Throat Aid Decoction of root (154:80)
gargled or taken for sore throat. (53:342) Comanche Burn Dressing • Other—Omaha Incense & Fragrance Fruits used by young men as
Roots pulverized and powder used for burns. (99:6) Febrifuge Infu perfume, (as Xanthoxylum americanum 68:323) Fruits used by
sion of bark taken for fever. (29:524) Infusion of pulverized roots young men as perfume. (70:98)
used for fever. (99:6) ThroatAid Inner bark placed in throat for sore
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L, Hercules's Club
throat. Toothache Remedy Root bark held against tooth for tooth
• Drug—Houma Orthopedic AidSalve of grated root mixed with whisky
ache. (29:524) Roots pulverized and used for toothache. (99:6) Creek
rubbed on swollen limbs. Toothache RemedyPoultice of grated root
Veterinary Aid Infusion of bark used to rub on dog's nose to improve
and bark applied to aching teeth, (as Xanthoxylum clava-hercules
his scent. (172:663) Delaware Heart Medicine Infusion of inner bark
158:61)
used for heart trouble, (as Xanthoxylum americanum 176:35) Dela
ware, Oklahoma Heart Medicine Infusion of inner bark taken spar Zanthoxylumfagara (L.) Sarg., Lime Pricklyash
ingly for heart trouble, (as Xanthoxylum americanum 175:30,80) • Other—Seminole Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make bows
Tonic Bark used alone and in compound as a tonic, (as Xanthoxylum and arrows. (169:475)
americanum 175:80) Iroquois Abortifacient Decoction of bark taken
to promote miscarriage. (87:368) Analgesic Bark smoked for tooth Zea, Poaceae
aches or neuralgia. (87:367) Compound infusion taken for back pain. Zea mays L, Corn
Infusion of bark taken for pain after confinement. Anthelmintic • Drug—Cherokee Dermatological Aid "Smut" from plant used as
Decoction of bark taken for worms. Antiemetic Compound infusion salve. Kidney Aid Infusion taken for "gravel." Pulmonary Aid Parched
taken for vomiting. Diuretic Infusion of roots taken when water grains eaten for "long wind." (80:30) Keres, Western Panacea Pollen
stops because of gonorrhea. Emetic Compound decoction taken eaten for almost any kind of medicine. (171:77) Mohegan Dermato
to vomit during initial stages of consumption. Gastrointestinal Aid logical AidDecoction of dried cobs used as a wash for poison ivy
Decoction of bark taken for cramps. Gynecological Aid Infusion of rash. (176:77) Navajo Ceremonial Medicine Poultice of plant applied
bark taken for pain after confinement. Kidney Aid Compound infu as ceremonial medicine for sore throats. Leaves used in mixture for
sion taken for kidney trouble. Orthopedic Aid Compound infusion the Night Chant medicine. One part of the Night Chant medicine
taken for back pain. Toothache Remedy Bark smoked, chewed, or consists of a mixture of "blue pollen," wild plants, and tobacco to
placed into the tooth for toothaches. Tuberculosis Remedy Com which was added the leaves from corn plants gathered in the east,
pound decoction taken to vomit during initial stages of consump south, west, and north corners of the field, squash from the south
tion. Venereal Aid Infusion of roots taken when water stops because east side, bean leaves from the southwest, watermelon leaves from
of gonorrhea. (87:368) Menominee Adjuvant Infusion of berries the northwest, and muskmelon leaves from the northeast. Throat
used as a seasoner in medicines. (151:51) Analgesic Poultice of Aid Poultice of plant applied as ceremonial medicine for sore throats.
pounded inner bark used for rheumatism and sharp pains. Anti- (55:27) Tewa v4ra*/ges/cBlue cornmeal and water used for "palpita
rheumatic (External) Poultice of pounded inner bark applied for tions or pains." Dermatological AidWaim ear of corn rubbed with
rheumatism and sharp pains. (54:133) Cold Remedy Decoction of foot for child's glandular swelling in neck. Gynecological Aid Black
inner bark used for cold settled in the chest. (54:130) Dermatological corn with red streaks good for menstruating woman. Heart Medicine
Aid Infusion of berries sprayed from mouth onto sores. Poultice of Blue cornmeal and water used for "heart-sickness," "palpitations or
root bark applied to swellings in special rite. Other Infusion of ber pains." Pediatric AidVJarm ear of corn rubbed with foot for child's
ries taken for minor maladies. Pulmonary Aid Infusion of berries glandular swelling in neck. (138:97)
sprayed on the chest or throat for bronchial diseases. (151:51,52) • Food—Abnaki Soup Seeds used to make soup. (144:175) Cahuilla
Sedative Compound infusion taken and rubbed on body to quiet Porridge Ground into a meal, boiled, and eaten. (15:153) Cherokee
person near convulsions. (54:128) Meskwaki Cough MedicineBark Vegetable Corn used for food. (80:30) Chippewa Porridge Used to
and berries used to make cough syrup. Expectorant Bark and berries make a "hominy." Soup Kernels pounded into a meal and used to
used as an expectorant. HemostatBark and berry medicine used for make "parched corn soup." Vegetable Fresh ears roasted in the husks
 Catalog of Plants 611

and used for food. (53:319) Choctaw Vegetable Seeds parched and Evaporated liquid from crushed, soaked stalks used to make sugar.
mixed with water or boiled with or without meat. (25:8-9) Dakota Unspecified Corn husks used to wrap tamales. Winter Use Food
Staple Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food. Ripe Cornmeal used to make mush, dried, and stored for winter use. (100:
corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy. Sweetener 46) Kamia Unspecified Species used for food. (62:21) Keres, Western
Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Winter Staple Cornmeal used as one of the main foods. (171:76) Vegetable
Use Food Sun dried corn silks stored for future use. (70:67) Delaware Roasted corn ears eaten warm for food. Winter Use Food Roasted
Bread & (Me Dry, unparched corn made into flour and used to make corn ears dried and stored for winter use. (171:77) Kiowa Fodder
bread. Dried Food Ears boiled, cooled, the grains dried and used for Valued as a fodder for livestock. UnspeciftedValued as a food. (192:
food. Porridge Ears sun dried, grains pounded into hominy grits and 17) Menominee Beverage Scorched or parched corn often used as a
used for food. Soup Dried corn boiled in alkaline liquid and hulls substitute for coffee. Special Food Parched, ground corn mixed with
combined with fresh or dried meat for stew. Staple Used as the staple bear oil and used as trail ration. Staple Roasted popcorn pounded
vegetable food to provide nourishment for the soul and the body. into a meal added to dried venison, maple sugar, or wild rice or all
Unspecified Ears roasted and used for food. Dried corn boiled in al three. Substitution Food Scorched or parched corn often used as a
kaline liquid and hulls eaten with milk and sugar or fried with pota substitute for coffee. Vegetable Ears roasted and made into hominy.
toes. (176:55) Havasupai Bread & Cake Seeds used to make wafer Winter Use Food Ears parboiled and the kernels sun dried for winter
bread, (as Z arnylacea 162:103) Seeds used to make bread. Seeds use. (151:66) Meskwaki Unspecified Boiled or parched corn eaten or
parched, ground fine, mixed with salt water into thin gruel, and made into corn hominy grits. Winter Use Food Boiled or parched
cooked in thin layer into piki. Seeds ground, added to boiling water, corn stored for winter use. (152:257) Navajo Beverage Cornmeal and
kneaded, rolled in corn husks, boiled, and eaten as tamales. Seeds juniper ash water used to make a beverage. Bread & Cake Corn and
parched, ground fine, boiled, thickened, made into balls, and eaten juniper ash used to make bread and dumplings. Porridge Corn and
as dumplings. Seeds ground, kneaded into a thick paste, rolled into meat boiled all night into hominy. Cornmeal and juniper ash water
little balls, boiled, and eaten as marbles. (197:66) Porridge Seeds used to make mush. Special Food Cornmeal porridge, served in wed
parched, ground, and used to make mush. Soup Seeds parched, ding baskets, used as a nuptial dish. Staple Green corn roasted,
ground, and used to make soup. Staple Seeds ground and eaten as a shelled, ground, dried, and wrapped in corn husks, like tamales, for
ground or parched meal. (197:67) Vegetable Seeds eaten fresh, baked journeys. Unspecified Immature corn pounded, mixed with pump
on the cob, roasted, or boiled. Winter Use Food Seeds pit baked and kin, wrapped in a corn husk, and baked in ashes. Vegetable Leaves
stored for winter use. (197:66) Hopi Bread & Cake Seeds ground into eaten like lettuce. (55:27) Navajo, Ramah Fodder Used as horse feed.
meal and used to make wafer bread. (200:67) Dried Food Pit baked, Special Food Cornmeal used to make ceremonial cakes. Vegetable
husked, strung, and sun dried. (asZ mays saccharata 200:69) Por Young corn and cob eaten. Winter Use Food Roasted, dried corn on
ridge Grains soaked in water with juniper ash, boiled, and washed the cob stored for winter use. (191:18) Ojibwa Dried Food Kernels
to make hominy. Made into hominy and other dishes, plant consti dried for winter use. Vegetable Several sorts of corn were grown,
tuted the main food supply. Staple Ground into meal, (as Z mays modern and ancient. Ears were roasted and made into hominy. (153:
amylacea 200:67) Sweetener Ears pit baked, husked, strung, sun 402) Omaha Staple Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used
dried, and used as a sweetener in the winter. Unspecified Pit baked for food. Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make
and eaten immediately, (as Z mays saccharata 200:69) Iroquois Baby hominy. (70:67) Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched
Food Seeds boiled into a liquor and used in the preparation of food corn for sweetness. Winter Use Food Sun dried corn silks stored for
for infants. Seeds used to make a meal gruel for babies. (196:71) Bev future use. (70:68) Papago Dried Food Grains parched, dried on mats
erage Stalks cut between the joints and chewed to quench the thirst. on the roofs, and used for food. Special Food Cornmeal used cere
(196:119) Dried, roasted seeds boiled in water to make coffee. (196: monially. Staple Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains re
145) Seeds boiled into a liquor and used as a beverage or made into moved, winnowed, and ground into meal. UnspecifiedWhole ears
soup. Bread & Cake Seeds ground into a meal or flour and used to roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed, and cooked
make boiled bread. Seeds ground, mixed with hot water, molded, whole with meat. (34:34) Pawnee Staple Ripe, parched corn ground
dropped into boiling water, and eaten as dumplings. Pie & Pudding into a meal and used for food. Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes
Seeds, pumpkin mush, and maple sugar used to make pudding. Por and used to make hominy. Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground
ridge Seeds used to make hominy. Sauce & Relish Seeds used to make with parched corn for sweetness. Winter Use Food Sun dried corn
succotash. Snack Food Seeds used to make popcorn. Soup Seeds silks stored for future use. (70:67) Pima Bread & Cake Ground, baked
used with beans, squash, and meats to make soups and broths. Spe in large cakes, and used for food. Porridge Boiled with ashes, dried,
cial Food Seeds used to make wedding bread or bread placed in the hulls washed off, dried, parched with coals, and made into gruel.
coffin with the corpse. Seeds used for ceremonial occasions, such as (146:72) Ponca StapleRipe, parched corn ground into a meal and
False-Face Society functions. Vegetable Seeds eaten raw or cooked used for food. Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to
while traveling or hunting. Corn on the cob roasted and eaten. (196: make hominy. Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched
71) Isleta Beverage Ground corn used to make a slightly intoxicating corn for sweetness. Winter Use Food Sun dried corn silks stored for
beverage. Bread & Cake Cornmeal used to make various breads. future use. (70:67) Potawatomi Winter UseFoodElm bark bags, filled
Candy Parched corn eaten as a confection. Porridge Cornmeal used with corn or beans and peas, buried in the ground to keep for the
to make a mush. Staple Parched corn eaten as a staple. Sweetener winter. (154:101) Pueblo Special Food Cornmeal used ceremonially.
612 Zea mays (Poaceae)

(34:34) Seminole Unspecified Seeds used for food. (169:473) Sia Sta falo hides. Ceremonial Items Husks twisted and used to make the
ple Corn and wheat, the most important foods, used for food. (199: framework and mounts for feathers in ceremonial ornaments. Fuel
106) Tewa Beverage Corn ground and sifted into boiling water to Cobs used as fuel in emergencies and as fire lighters. Smoke Plant
make a gruel formerly drunk in the morning. Cornmeal mixed with Husks made into cigarettes. Tools Cobs used to make handles and
cold water and drunk as a nourishing drink. Bread & Cake Corn holders. Toys & Games Cobs used to make feathered darts and to
ground on a metate, formed into cakes, rolled, and baked. Forage stuff kickballs. (138:78) Zuni Ceremonial ItemsTopped corn ground,
Husks, stalks, and leaves used for stock winter forage. StapleUsed as made into a beverage, and used ceremonially.85 (166:73) Corn ears
a staple food. (138:78) Zuni Beverage Popped corn ground as fine as carried or secretly worn in dances by personators of anthropic gods.
possible, mixed with cold water, strained, and used as a beverage.85 Ribboned corn husks used as hair decorations in ceremonies. Corn
Bread & Cake Toasted or untoasted corn ground into a flour and used meal wrapped in husks given to theurgists visiting the sick. The
to make bread. Porridge Corn used to make gruel. Snack Food Corn packages were always presented with a prayer and the recipient
used to make popcorn. Staple Toasted or untoasted corn ground into prayed. White cornmeal made into a mush and used ceremonially
a flour and used to make bread eaten as a staple on journeys. (166:73) during the death of a rain priest. Balls of husks covered with woven
* Fiber—Navajo Building Material Stalks sometimes used for thatch cotton used ceremonially to insure bountiful crops. The balls of corn
ing. (55:27) husks covered with woven cotton were used with long fringes of
► Other—Cahuilla Ceremonial Items Sprinkled on images of the dead white cotton ceremonial sashes symbolizing corn and a desire for
during mourning ceremonies. (15:153) Cherokee Toys & Games bountiful crops. Decorations Ribboned corn husks used as hair dec
Shucks used to make dolls. (80:30) Chippewa Fasteners Husks turned orations in ceremonies. Toys & Games Ribboned husks made into
back and used to suspend corn ears from the ceiling. (53:319) Dela small, square pads and used by young people in games. Small
ware Ceremonial Items Used in the ceremonial diet of the partici plumes were attached to the small, square pads upright, in the cen
pants of the Big House Ceremony. (176:55) Hopi Ceremonial Items ter, forming the shuttlecocks for use in the game of battledore and
Used in almost all ceremonies either as cornmeal, as an actual ear of shuttlecock. (166:99)
corn, or as a painting. Ceremonially associated with the northeast
Zea mays L van rugosa Bonaf., Corn
direction, (as Z. mays amylacea 200:67) Whole ears boiled and given
• Food—Navajo Bread & Cake Sweet cornmeal and herb roots made
as presents during the winter ceremonies. Ceremonially associated
into cakes and baked in a pit. (55:30)
with the nadir, (as Z. mays saccharata 200:69) Iroquois Containers
• Other—Navajo Ceremonial Items Cornmeal mush used to make im
Dried husks woven into small bottles or receptacles for salt. (196:
ages for ceremonies. In the Bead Chant, an image of a wildcat was
154) Cooking Tools Husks used as wrappers for boiling the double
made of sweet corn; in the Mountain Chant, an image of the bear
wedding corn bread package. Planting Seeds Seeds selected for qual
was made of sweet corn; and in the Coyote Chant, effigies of a coyote
ities such as size, flavor, color, and early maturity and used for plant
and a kit fox were made in sweet corn; other images such as the dog,
ing. (196:71) Isleta Ceremonial Items Corn husks used as cigarette
chicken, cat, and pig were also reproduced in sweet corn. To make
papers for the ceremonial cigarettes. Corn silks and pollen used in
these animals, a stiff mush was made of corn, which was kneaded to
the "Corn Dances." Cornmeal smeared on the body in the burial cer
the desired shape, omitting the extremities such as tail, ears, and
emony. (100:46) Keres, Western Ceremonial Items Corn pollen and
feet. White shell, turquoise, and cannel coal was used for the eyes.
cornmeal used for many ceremonial purposes. Cornmeal sprinkled
(55:30)
by everyone before eating and prayer repeated. (171:77) Kiowa
Smoke Plant Shucks used for cigarette wrappings and used in the ZephyrantheSy Liliaceae
peyote ceremony. (192:17) Navajo Containers Husks used as casings Zephyranthessp., Zephyr Lily
for blood sausage. Fuel Cob pith used as punk (tinder). Sacred Items • Drug—Seminole Toothache Remedy Infusion of bulbs used for
Sacred pollen used in innumerable ceremonies. Cornmeal, consid toothaches. (169:304)
ered less sacred than corn pollen, used in innumerable ceremonies.
Smoke Plant Husks used for cigarette papers. Tools Cobs used to beat Zeuxine, Orchidaceae
leather while dyeing. (55:27) Navajo, Ramah Ceremonial Items Pollen Zeuxine Strateumatica (L) Schlechter, Soldier's Orchid
used in all ceremonials and also for personal ceremonies. Containers • Drug—Seminole Gynecological Aid Decoction of whole plant taken
Cobs used to close up pottery jars. Smoke Plant Dry husks of young and used as a wash for barrenness. Reproductive Aid Decoction of
corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available. Tools Cobs whole plant used as a wash for impotency. (169:318)
used by pottery makers to smooth the pottery. (191:18) Omaha Pro
tection Chewed seeds scattered around the corn fields to protect the Zigadenus, Liliaceae
harvest from blackbirds. When the corn was approaching maturity, Zigadenus elegans Pursh, Mountain Deathcamas
blackbirds attacked the fields for food. To prevent further damage, • Drug—Alaska Native Poison Plant considered poisonous. (85:163)
men chewed some grains and scattered them around the corn fields Eskimo, Inupiat Poison Whole plant considered poisonous. (98:139)
to deter the birds from the fields. (70:68) Seminole Ceremonial Items Keres, Western Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of 11 plants used
Plant used for religious scarification and at busk ceremonies. Hunt as an athletic rubdown. Diaphoretic Eleven plants used in sweat
ing & Fishing Item Plant used to make arrowheads. (169:473) Tewa bath. An infusion of 11 plants was sprinkled on hot rocks to form
Cash Crop Formerly bartered with the Comanche for prepared buf dense steam. Men stayed in the sweat bath for 3 to 5 minutes for sev-
 Catalog of Plants 613

eral successive evenings before the deer hunt or race. Poison Plant calAid Poultice of mashed bulbs applied for boils and painful bruises.
considered poisonous. Strengthener Root rubbed on muscles as a Orthopedic Aid Poultice of mashed bulbs applied to painful bruises
strengthener. Infusion of 11 plants used as an emetic before break and sprains. Poison Root considered poisonous. (41:321) Montana
fast prior to athletic events or deer hunts. Infusion of 11 plants used Indian Analgesic Poultice of cooked, mashed bulbs applied to strain
during athletic training every morning prior to breakfast until the and bruise pains. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of mashed bulbs
brew had been depleted, to give long endurance, a keen eye, and so applied for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Poultice of cooked,
that the deer could not smell you. (171:78) Navajo, Ramah Dermato- mashed bulbs applied to boils. (19:27) Okanagan-CoMlle Poison
logical Aid Cold infusion of plant used as a lotion for mad coyote Bulbs considered extremely poisonous. (188:50) Okanagon Anti
bite. (191:21) Thompson Analgesic Pulverized, baked root used as rheumatic (External) Bulbs mashed and used for rheumatism. (125:
salve on painful areas, especially back and feet. (164:463) Poison 37) Paiute Analgesic Poultice of bulb used for rheumatic pains. Anti
Bulb caused "human poisoning" and leaves usually fatal to cattle. rheumatic (External) Poultice of bulb used for rheumatic pains. Burn
Veterinary Aid Leaves usually fatal to cattle. (164:512) Dressing Poultice of bulb used for burns. Dermatological Aid Poultice
• Other—Thompson Ceremonial ItemsThe father of a girl reaching of bulb used for swellings. (180:149,150) Poison Seeds and roots
puberty had to snare a grouse, cut off its head, remove its eyes, and considered a deadly poison if eaten by humans or horses. (111:54)
in their places put two small roots of this plant and another in the Snakebite Remedy Poultice of bulb used for rattlesnake bites. (180:
mouth. Otherwise, the father was not able to snare any more grouse. 149,150) Paiute, Northern Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of
(164:508) roasted, mashed bulbs applied to swollen parts or used for rheuma
tism. (59:128) Pomo, Kashaya Poison Plant considered poisonous.
Zigadenus nuttallii (Gray) S.Wats., Nuttall's Deathcamas
(72:30) Shuswap Orthopedic Aid Poultice of plant applied to sore
• Drug—Gosiute Emetic Plant used as an emetic. Venereal Aid Plant
legs. Poison Plant considered poisonous. (123:55) Squaxin Emetic
used for venereal affections. (39:384) Ute Poison Bulbs considered
Plant sometimes used as a violent emetic. (79:23) Thompson Anti
poisonous. (38:37)
rheumatic (External) Bulbs mashed and used for rheumatism. (125:
37) Orthopedic Aid Mashed bulbs rubbed on broken bones to help
Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S.Wats., Foothill Deathcamas
them heal more quickly. (187:133) Yuki Poison Bulbs considered poi
• Drug—Navajo, Kayenta Veterinary Aid Infusion of plant given to
sonous. (49:94)
sheep with bloat. (205:17) Paiute Analgesic Poultice of bulb used for
• Food—JCarok Unspecified Bulbs used for food. (6:64)
neuralgia. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of root, sometimes
• Other—Okanagan-Colville Hunting & Fishing Item Mashed bulbs
mixed with tobacco, applied for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid
used as an arrow poison. (188:50)
Poultice of bulb used for swellings. Emetic Decoction of root taken
as an emetic, in spite of poisonous nature of plant. Orthopedic Aid Zingiberaceae, see Curcuma, Zingiber
Poultice of bulb used for sprains and lameness. Toothache Remedy
Poultice of bulb used for toothache. (180:149) Paiute, Northern Anti- Zingiber, Zingiberaceae
rheumatic (External) Poultice of roasted, mashed bulbs applied to Zingiber zerumbet {L.) Sm., Bitter Ginger
swollen parts or used for rheumatism. (59:128) Shoshoni Analgesic • Drug—Hawaiian Analgesic Roots or bulbs pounded with salt and
Poultice of bulb used for neuralgia. Antirheumatic (External) Poul the resulting juice used as a head wash for headaches. Dermatologi
tice of crushed raw or roasted root applied for rheumatism. Derma- cal Aidjuice used for hair dressing. Leaf ashes, other ashes, and nut
tologicalAidPouhice of bulb used for swellings. Emetic Decoction of juice used for cuts and skin sores. Roots and other roots pounded
root taken as an emetic, in spite of poisonous nature of plant. Ortho with salt, mixed with urine, and used for ringworm and white skin
pedic Aid Poultice of bulb used for sprains and lameness. Toothache blotches. Roots and other roots pounded with salt and used for itch
Remedy Poultice of bulb used for toothache. \Nasho Analgesic Poul and kindred afflictions of the skin. Flowers and roots and other
tice of bulb used for neuralgia. Antirheumatic (External) Poultice of plants pounded, mixed with water, and rubbed on the body during
crushed, raw root applied for rheumatism. Dermatological Aid Poul massages. Roots with other plant parts mixed with water and used as
tice of bulb used for swellings. Orthopedic Aid Poultice of bulb used a bath for bruises. Orthopedic AidRoots with other plant parts mixed
for sprains and lameness. Toothache Remedy Poultice of bulb used with water and used as a bath for slight sprains. Toothache Remedy
for toothache. (180:149) Roots cooked and used in the tooth hollow for toothaches. (2:19)
• Food—Navajo, Kayenta Unspecified Bulbs cooked with meat and
corn and used for food. Vegetable Plants used as greens. (205:17) Zinnia, Asteraceae
Zinnia acewsa (DC.) Gray, Desert Zinnia
Zigadenus venenosus S. Wats., Meadow Deathcamas
• Drug—Keres, Western Antirheumatic (External) Crushed plant paste
• Drug—Chehalis Emetic Plant sometimes used as a violent emetic.
mixed with salt and used on swellings or aches. Psychological Aid
(79:23) Haisla & Hanaksiala Poison Roots considered highly toxic.
Plant given to children to quickly learn to talk, (as Crassina pulmila
(43:203) Klamath Emetic Roots mixed with rootstocks of blue flag
171:39)
and used for vomiting. (45:93) Lakota Poison Plant poisonous to
humans. (139:28) Mendocino Indian Analgesic Poultice of mashed Zinnia grandiflora Nutt., Rocky Mountain Zinnia
bulbs applied to painful bruises and sprains. Antirheumatic (Exter • Drug—Keres, Western Kidney Aid Hot infusion of plant drunk for
nal) Poultice of mashed bulbs applied to rheumatism. Dermatologi- kidney trouble. Other Infusion of plant used as a bath for excessive
614 Zinnia grandiflora (Asteraceae)

sweating, (as Crassina grandiflora 171:38) Navajo Nose Medicine wash for sore eyes, (as Zizyphus lycioides 146:79)
Plant used for nose troubles. Throat Aid Plant used for throat trou • Food—Papago Beverage Fruits formerly fermented and used for a
bles. (55:97) Navajo, Ramah Analgesic Decoction of plant taken for beverage, (as Zizyphus lycioides 34:26) Sauce & Relish Fruits boiled to
stomachache, heartburn, and as a cathartic. Cathartic Decoction of a syrup and used for food, (as Zizyphus lycioides 34:19) Pima Fruit
plant taken as a cathartic. Ceremonial MedicinePlant used as a cere Black berries beaten with sticks and eaten raw. (as Zizyphus lycioides
monial emetic. Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Gastroin 146:76) Yavapai Beverage Mashed berries added to water and use as
testinal Aid Decoction of plant taken for stomachache or heartburn. a drink, (as Zizyphus cycioides 65:258)
(191:54) Zuni Dermatological AidPoultice of powdered plant applied
Ziziphus obtusifoliavar. canescens (Gray) M. C. Johnston, Lote
to bruises. Diaphoretic Plant used in a sweat bath for fever. Eye Medi
Bush
cine Cold infusion of blossoms used as an eyewash. Febrifuge Smoke
• Drug—-Pima Analgesic and Antirheumatic (External) Thorns used to
from powdered plant inhaled in sweat bath for fever, (as Crassina
prick the skin over rheumatic pains. Dermatological Aid Infusion of
grandiflora 166:45)
roots used as a shampoo. Eye Medicine Decoction of roots used as a
• Dye—Keres, Western Yellow Flowers, ground with white clay or
wash for sore eyes, (as Condalia lycioides war. canescens 47:50)
mixed with warm water, used as yellow dye for wool. Flowers rubbed
• Food—Maricopa Dried Food Berries dried and stored, to be soaked
into buckskin as a yellow dye. (as Crassina grandiflora 171:38)
in hot water and used later. Fruit Fruits mashed into a concoction
• Other—Keres, Western Paint Flowers ground into a paste and used
and eaten. Mohave Dried Food Berries dried and stored, to be
as a dark red body paint, (as Crassina grandiflora 171:38)
soaked in hot water and used later. Maricopa & Mohave Fruit Fruits
Zizania, Poaceae mashed into a concoction and eaten, (as Condalia lycioides var.
canescens 37:204) Pima Fodder Seeds squeezed out from boiled ber
Zizania aquatica L, Annual Wildrice
• Food—Dakota Staple Grain used as an important and prized food
ries and fed to chickens. Fruit Ripe, black berries eaten raw. Sauce &
Relish Berries boiled and used to make a syrup, (as Condalia ly
item. (69:360) Rice considered an important dietary element. (70:67)
cioides var. canescens 47:50) Pima, Gila River Fruit Fruits eaten raw
Menominee StapleRice cooked with deer broth, pork, or butter and
and boiled. (133:7)
seasoned with maple sugar. (151:67) Meskwaki UnspeciftedRice used
• Other—Apache Soap Root used for washing the hair, (as Condalia ly
for food. (152:259) Ojibwa Bread & Cake Seeds used to make gem
cioides var. canescens 47:50) Havasupai Tools Branch used to make a
cakes, duck stuffing, and fowl stuffing. Breakfast Food Seeds steamed
planting stick, (as Condalia lycioides var. canescens 162:102)
into puffed rice and eaten for breakfast with sugar and cream. Spe
cial Food Seeds boiled with rabbit excrements, eaten and esteemed Ziziphus parryi Ton., Parry's Jujube
as a luxury. (135:246) Omaha Staple Grains used as a staple food. (68: • Food—Cahuilla Fruit Drupes eaten fresh. Porridge Drupes dried and
328) Rice considered an important dietary element. Ponca Staple ground into flour for mush. Staple Leached nutlet of the drupe
Rice considered an important dietary element. (70:67) Thompson ground into a flour, (as Condalia parryi 15:56)
UnspecifledRice cooked with meat. (187:144) Winnebago StapleRice
considered an important dietary element. (70:67) Zosteraceae, see Phyllospadix, Zostera
• Other—Ojibwa Cash Crop Seeds scorched, winnowed, and sold as
breakfast food. (135:246) Thompson Cash Crop Rice used for trad
Zostera, Zosteraceae
ing. (187:144) Zostera marina L, Seawrack
• Food—Bellabella Unspecified Plants eaten raw with eulachon (can-
Zizania palustris L, Northern Wildrice
dlefish) grease. (184:200) Cowichan Spice Fleshy roots and leaf bases
• Food—Chippewa Unspecified Cooked alone or with meat and used
used to flavor seal, porpoise, and deer meat. (182:77) Hesquiat For
as the principal cereal food. (53:318) Ojibwa Staple Formed an impor
age Brownish "roots" (actually rhizomes) eaten by black brants,
tant staple in the diet, cooked with deer broth and maple sugar and
Canada geese, mallard ducks, and cattle. Unspecified Brownish
eaten. (153:403) Potawatomi Dried Food Rice gathered and dried for
"roots" (actually rhizomes) cleaned, washed, and eaten raw. Green
a winter supply of food. Pie & PuddingVMM rice sweetened with
ish "root" eaten raw. (185:59) Kwakiutl, Southern Special Food Stems
maple sugar and used to make pudding. StapleRice valuable for
and roots dipped in oil and eaten during feasts. (183:274) Unspeci
cooking with wild fowl or game and maple sugar used to season the
fied Plants eaten raw with eulachon (candlefish) grease. (184:200)
mixture. (154:101)
Nitinaht Unspecified Fleshy, whitish rhizomes formerly eaten raw.
Zizia, Apiaceae (186:89) Oweekeno Unspecified Leaves picked with attached herring
spawn and eaten. (43:82) Saanich Spice Fleshy roots and leaf bases
Zizia aurea (L) W. D. J. Koch, Golden Zizia
used to flavor seal, porpoise, and deer meat. (182:77)
• Drug—Meskwaki Analgesic Compound containing flower stalks
• Other—Hesquiat Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves used to collect her
used as snuff for sick headache. FebrifiigeRoot used for fevers and
ring spawn. (185:59) Nitinaht Hunting & Fishing Item Leaves former
compound containing flower stalks used for headache. (152:250)
ly used to trap herring spawn. (186:89)
ZiziphuSy Rhamnaceae
Zygnemataceae, see Spirogyra
Ziziphus obtusifolia (Hook. exTorr. & Gray) Gray, Lote Bush
• Drug—Pima Eye Medicine Decoction of pounded root used as a Zygophyllaceae, see Guajacum, Kallstroemia, Larrea, Tribulus
 Notes

1. The Thompson Indians said that if too much balsam pitch were taken as 9. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by
medicine, it could make one stout (187:97). Abies amabilis, A. grandis. them to the populace between the dances (166:87). Navajo, Amaranthus
2. The Thompson Indians mixed the boiled boughs of three types of fir with emeritus.

decoctions of leaves from a broad-leaved plant from the Okanagan River, 10. Blackfoot Indian ceremonial events often included the transfer of a tepee
sweet grass from the Thompson River, and deer grease, and then used it to design or the opening of a medicine pipe bundle or a beaver bundle. Wom
perfume the hair (187:97). Abies amabilis, A grandis, A lasiocarpa. en prepared soup from berries, assorted roots, fat, and water. At an appoint
3. The wood was always taken early in the morning from the sunrise side of ed time during the ceremony this soup was served to all participants. The
the tree (187:145). Thompson Indians, Acer circinatum. soup was blessed, and an offering of one of the berries was put back into the
4. The twigs and bark of new growth were boiled with water. A clay that con ground before eating began. A few mouthfuls were taken; then the remain
tained iron was mixed with grease and then roasted; then it was mixed with der of the soup was given to one or another of the women, who would take
the boiled twig and bark water. Tanned hides were soaked in this solution it home to her children (86:26). Amelanchier alnifolia, Primus virginiana.
for 2 or 3 days to get the right color; treatment for a shorter period of time 11. Star mallow, wild heliotrope, fiddlenecks, and wild sorrel were dropped
resulted in a brownish color, and for a longer period in black (70:100). entirely from the Pima diet in more recent times. Amadeo Rea, the author
Omaha and Winnebago, Acer saccharinum. of the work cited on the Pima, suspects they were spring starvation season
5. The Hesquiat used dried kelp stipes to play a beach game, something like foods (133:5). Amsinckiasp., Eremalcheexilis, Phaceliasp., Rumexsp.
hockey. This game was played in winter on the beach in front of the village 12. Ankara and Mandan boys used thorn apple thorns for arrow points on
when large quantities of several kinds of kelp drifted ashore (185:24). their grass arrows, and practiced their archery skills by hunting frogs
Costaria costata, Lessoniopsis littoralis, Postelsia palmaeformis. (70:68). Andropogon gerardii.
6. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones. 13. For the Seminole, if a man had sexual intercourse with a woman during her
Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, menstrual period, the results were more serious than other menstruation
and then the plants are gathered by the Hesquiat and dipped briefly in hot sicknesses. A doctor would never do this, as it would damage the "medi
water or dried for later use. The spawn were taken off the longer types and cine" that he had in his body. Other men were, sometimes, willing to take
the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga was the risk. Several plants were used as medicine to treat the resulting illness if
eaten along with the eggs. If the kelps with spawn were dried first, they it occurred (169:248). Angadenia berteroi, Cephalanthus occidentalism Salix
were simply soaked in water before being eaten (185:24). Alaria marginata, caroliniana, Stillingia sylvatica.
Costaria costata, Lessoniopsis littoralis, Postelsia palmaeformis. 14. Luiseno made fine-meshed fishing nets for stream fishing and large-
7. Thompson Indians cleaned onion bulbs and twined them together in mats meshed nets for sea fishing from twine made from several fibrous plant spe
before they were cooked. They were tied together by their leaves in big cies (155:202). Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias eriocarpa, Urtica dioica.
bunches, about 15 cm across. They were dipped in water, but not soaked, 15. The plant could also be boiled and the steam used for colds. The Thomp
then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beard tongue and son Indian patient would lie in the steam while he was covered with a blan
alder leaves. The bulbs were steam cooked overnight, and after being ket (187:169). Artemisia dracunculus.
cooked they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy. The 16. Havasupai placed leafy stems of sagebrush on the fire and the resulting
cooked bulbs were eaten after meat was eaten. It was very important as a fumes were inhaled for a cold or runny nose. The fresh leaves were chewed
refreshment. Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen for a cough. More often, the leaves were pounded a bit, boiled in water for
(187:117). Allium cernuum. 10 to 15 or 20 minutes and then cooled and drunk. The usual dose, a cupful,
8. A dull reddish dye was made by the Navajo from the alder and several other was taken before breakfast and again after supper. This treatment was con
plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce, tinued until the cold was gone, usually in 2 or 3 days. Another method was
then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the to take 2 tablespoonfuls every half hour for 1 day. This method was good for
bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color-bearing a cold, cough, sore throat, or stomachache (197:246). Artemisia tridentata.
material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a 17. The Yurok took a large snail's body from the shell, smashed it, and put it
ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be inside a wild ginger leaf. The preparation was steamed and then held over
right, then it was strained, and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. the umbilical cord with twine. The umbilical cord would fall off and the
This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buck hole would heal (6:19). Asarum caudatum.
skin (55:39). Alnus incana. 18. Cahuilla pounded the stem of several kinds of milkweed to loosen the fiber,
616 Notes

which then was extracted by rubbing the stem between the palms of the was chewed as a diuretic (109:38). Empetrum nigrum.
hands. The fiber was rolled on the thigh to produce cordage; its many uses 31. Thompson Indians used a decoction or infusion of horsetail immediately
testified to its natural strength and durability (15:43). Asclepias sp. after childbirth to expel the afterbirth more quickly. The stems were usually
19. After the Zuni decorated sticks with milkweed cords, they were used as gathered ahead of time, being pulled up, the roots cut off, and the stems
offerings and were planted in their fields and in sacred springs. An excava cut into short segments and dried. Then, just before childbirth, a small
tion was made in the bed of the spring in which the offerings were deposit handful of the cut stems was steeped in boiling water for 5 or 10 minutes.
ed after stones had been attached to them (166:88). Asclepias subverticillata. The woman could drink this tea for several days (187:86). Equisetum
20. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn but were discarded before arvense, E. hyemale, E. laeuigatum.
planting. Omaha and Ponca informants could not give a reason for this 32. Thompson Indians used the stem liquid of horsetail, which was collected
process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom (70:91). in the springtime and could be stored in the refrigerator and used whenev
Astragalus crassicarpus. er needed. The stem decoction was used as an eyewash for sore or itchy
21. Thompson Indians reconstituted the dried roots by soaking in water eyes or for impending blindness such as that caused by cataracts (187:86).
overnight. After they were cooked, the roots tasted sweet and were eaten as Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum.
a "sort of dessert" after a meal of dried fish or some other food as a main 33. The stems were used by Thompson Indians to do the final polishing of
course (187:175). Balsamorhiza sagittata. wooden spoons and to polish the soft rock used for pipe bowls (187:86).
22. Birch bark was particularly important in the storage of food. It could be Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum.
stripped off in the fall when it was quite papery and could be split into thin 34. The stem segments of horsetail were pulled apart and the stem liquid was
sheets. These were weighted down with rocks to flatten them and then extracted by the Thompson Indians; the liquid was splashed over weeds as
used to line the bottoms of berry baskets to keep the baskets from getting an herbicide (187:86). Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum.
stained. The bark was also placed between layers of dried salmon in stor 35. Okanagan-Colville children played a game with the stems of several kinds
age and used in the storage of cooked roots such as lily corms (187:189). of buckwheat. They broke off the main stem, leaving one side branch
Thompson Indians, Betula papyrifera. attached to make a "hook." Each child took one of these. They hooked
23. Thistle roots were pit cooked after which they usually turned dark brown. them together and pulled. The first one to break his or her stick lost the
One or two bags of dried roots were stored each year by a family and were game (188:112). Eriogonum compositum, E. heracleoides, E. niveum.
said to be "full of vitamins." One informant said that the roots caused "gas" 36. The symptoms of the Seminole disease "dead people's sickness" are numb
if too many were eaten (187:178). Thompson Indians, Cirsium edule, C. and painful legs, neck, shoulders, and perhaps the backbone. The sufferer
hookerianum, C. undulatum, C. vulgare. is sleepy during the day, has "short breath," and loses appetite. Fever and
24. The stem was stripped of its outer layers, leaving only the terminal leaf or headaches also accompany this illness (169:257). Eryngiumyuccifolium,
inflorescence hanging loosely on a flexible strand. Opponents held firmly Persea borbonia.
to the base of the strand and attempted to hook the opponent's leaf or 37. This emetic was taken by the Seminole doctor after one of his patients had
inflorescence. After engaging, the opponents pulled and the opponent who died. It prevented the next patient from getting worse instead of improving
retained his leaf or inflorescence won (6:25). Karok and Yurok, Claytonia under the doctor's care (169:184). Eryngiumyuccifolium, Persea borbonia.
parviflora, C. perfoliata. 38. The wild strawberries could be eaten only after the strawberries were
25. Beeplant was so important economically to the Hopi and Tewa that it was danced over and blessed; they were eaten on picnic day by Kasha Porno at
listed in songs along with corn, pumpkins, and cotton, the three main cul the Strawberry Festival (72:110). Fragaria chiloensis, F. vesca.
tivated plants (32:24). Cleomeserrulata. 39. Western Keres used juniper twigs in basketry. The twigs were bent into
26. The Zuni boiled beeplant for a long time after which the concoction was shape by allowing them to remain in the sun or, for quicker bending, were
allowed to evaporate. The precipitated paste was then used with black min pushed into the hot ashes under a fire (171:48). Juniperus monosperma.
eral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods (166:96). 40. Juniper berries were gathered by Western Keres, mixed with chopped meat,
Cleome serrulata. put into a clean deer stomach, and roasted as a spicy sausage (171:48).
27. A decoction of red osier dogwood was used by the Thompson Indians to Juniperus monosperma.
bathe 4- to 6-month-old babies four to six times over a period of several 41. Juniper was chewed or an infusion of leaves was taken by Hopi and Tewa
weeks. It was said to make the baby strong, bright, and good-natured women immediately after giving birth. During the lying-in period, all of the
(187:204). Cornus sericea. mother's food was prepared with a decoction of leaves. Her head was
28. Yokut placed the salt grass, when dry, on a dry hide or a large piece of can washed with yucca suds and her body bathed with a hot infusion of leaves
vas or cloth and then beat it for a long time until the tiny black, salty specks while her clothes were washed in water in which leaves of juniper had been
on the stem and narrow blades fell off and collected on the cloth. This placed (42:330). Juniperus monosperma.
material was kept in bottles or jars (formerly in baskets). When needed for 42. If upon growing up, the Hopi or Tewa child misbehaves, he is taken at the
medicine, it was put in hot water and boiled until it formed a dark reddish request of the mother and held by some other woman in a blanket over a
brown gum. The informant remarked that it should be "cooked like gravy smoldering fire of juniper. He soon escapes, half-suffocated, supposedly a
until the gum comes" (117:423). Distichlisspicata. better and (probably) wiser youngster (42:330). Juniperus monosperma.
29. Thompson Indians peeled silverberry bark off in strips as long as possible 43. A handle was attached to the bottle gourd and its contents were removed
in the spring or fall when it was "kind of dry" and split it with a knife (origi and replaced with small gravel or seeds from another plant. The rattle was
nally of stone). The grayish outer bark was removed and the inner bark used in rituals by the Dakota, Omaha, and Ponca (70:117). Lagenaria sicer-
scraped, cleaned, and cut into desired widths. At this stage, it could be dried aria.
for future use. The long, even strands of fresh or dried inner bark, after it 44. The Karok would camp in tan oak groves when harvesting the acorns. Cer
had been soaked, could be spun on the bare leg into a strong two-ply twine tain villages had certain fruit crops. Fruits were gathered after they had fallen
used for many different purposes (187:207). Elaeagnus commutata. from the trees but before insects invaded them. While younger men hunt
30. Woodland Cree ground the leafy branches of black crowberry and mixed ed, the remainder of the people played games centered around removing
them with grease, which was then applied externally for fevers; or, a branch the shells from the seed. When the seeds were ground, a basket with a hole
 Notes 617

in the bottom large enough to include the stone mortar was placed over 52. Omaha and Ponca knew that horses were very fond of the roots of sweet-
the mortar to keep the acorn flour in place. It was then leached in sand root and would come running if people whistled for them while holding
with cold water. The finished flour was mixed with water to make a paste, the roots in their hands; then the horses could easily be caught (70:107).
which could be cooked in several ways. A gruel was most often made by Osmorhiza longistylis.
cooking the paste in cooking baskets. Hot rocks were placed into the paste 53. The blossoms of fetid marigold were chewed by Zuni of both sexes—but
to bring it to boiling. The rocks were kept from burning the basket with especially by women—then spit into the hands and rubbed on the neck,
"acorn paddles." The rocks were placed in and out of the gruel with twigs limbs, and clothing as perfume (166:83). Pectis papposa.
bent into a U shape. Males ate gruel with wooden spoons; the females used 54. A rabbit stick treated with Torrey's penstemon in this manner was sure to
mussel shells. The cake of acorn meal that formed around the hot rocks kill any rabbit at which it was aimed, provided the Zuni thrower had a good
was given to children as sort of a treat. Gruel was flavored with venison, heart (166:95). Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi.
herbs, etc. The paste was occasionally baked as patties in hot coals. Flour 55. When a Zuni infant boy showed signs of timidity, his father carried a small
was stored in large storage baskets (6:35). Lithocarpus densiflorus. quantity of cornmeal wrapped in a bit of corn husk to the warrior of his
45. Kashaya Porno Indians dried acorns in the sun before storing them. The choice, presented it, and asked that the warrior apply a medicine made of
acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and slimleaf bean on his child's body so that he might have a brave heart and
rubbed to remove the chaff. They were then put into a mortar basket and never be afraid of the enemy. The warrior then chewed the crushed leaves
pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour. This flour was sifted with and blossoms and the powdered root, spit the mass into his hands, and
a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand, and water was poured over it rubbed it all over the child's body (166:85). Phaseolus angustissimus.
many times to remove the bitter flavor. The water was poured over a bun 56. Thompson Indians said that this treatment should be used three times over
dle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not a period of days (187:230). Philadelphus lewisii.
splash sand into the food. The ground and leached meal was then cooked 57. Upper Tanana Indians dug spruce roots by hand or with an ax, preferably
into mush or thinned with water to make soup. If pancakes or bread were from a tree that was not crowded by other trees. The roots of a tree growing
to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the in an open place were less likely to be entangled with the roots of other trees
water. For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in and were therefore easier to dig. Spruce roots in moist ground where moss
large leaves and baked in the coals. Red earth could be added to the dough grows were also easier to gather than those found in dry soil. Before using
to make a dark sweet bread. Another method produced moldy acorns that spruce roots, the Upper Tanana peeled the bark off by hand or with a knife.
were made into mush. The acorns were not dried in the sun but were left in After peeling them, they sometimes dyed them by boiling berries and soak
the house until they turned greenish with mold. The mold was rubbed off. ing the roots in the juice. Spruce roots could be dried for future use but had
These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made to be soaked in water to make them pliable before being used. They could
into mush. Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for 4 or 5 be dug anytime during the year when the ground was not frozen (102:2).
months. They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pul Picea glauca.
verizing. They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole (72:83). 58. Karok placed pine cones in a trench and covered them with dirt. A fire was
Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus agrifolia, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii. built on top. After roasting, the cones were broken open to release the
46. The woody stems of hollyleaved barberry or Cascade Oregongrape were seeds. Some were stored over winter (6:44). Pinus lambertiana.
broken, the bark scraped off, and boiling water was poured over it to make 59. The game, pile pile, was played frequently in Neah Bay by the Makah earli
an infusion that the Thompson Indians used to make an eyewash er in the twentieth century and went as follows: One would take a deep
(187:187). Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa. breath and pluck the pinnae one by one from a swordfern, saying "pile" for
47. Before a Cahuilla ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual each, all in one breath. The winner was the one who reached the top (apex)
leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions: of the frond, pulled the most pinnae off, before running out of breath. In
north, east, west, south, and up or center. This helped to clear the area of Neah Bay anyone could play this game, but among the Nitinaht, where
any malevolent force that might interfere with the ritual. Throughout cere adults also played pile pile, the game was a family privilege exercised at big
monies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged potlatches (67:221). Polystichum munitum.
to smoke tobacco, as they are even in more recent times. At funerals, smok 60. Dried chokecherry cakes were used in winter with dried corn or cooked
ing served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous alone with sugar by the Omaha Indians. (68:326). Prunus virginiana.
journey to the other world (15:90). Nicotiana clevelandii, N. glauca, N. 61. Pemmican was made by the Sioux and other tribes by mixing certain ber
trigonophylla. ries, such as buffalo berry, choke cherry, and serviceberry, with the fat of
48. The infusion of devil's club sticks was taken by Thompson Indians in doses the buffalo, pounding up the whole, which was then packed away in skins.
of about '/z cup before meals, to replace milk and other beverages (187:164). Sometimes jerked buffalo was put into an oven to render it brittle, beaten
Oplopanax horridus. up on a skin with these berries, some marrow fat being added to give con
49. The stems of pricklypear were used for food during times of famine by the sistency, and finally packed in skin bags. This was a regular article of com
Thompson Indians because they could be harvested even during the win merce and highly prized by the old trappers and hunters for its portability
ter and early spring when few other foods were available (187:194). Opun- as a condensed food and for its keeping qualities. Later the flesh and tallow
tiafragilis, O. polyacantha. of the ox was substituted for that of the buffalo and was still used to some
50. Thompson Indians baked pricklypear stems in hot coals until the spines extent until the turn of the twentieth century (19:19). Primus virginiana.
were singed off and then squeezed them until the fleshy centers popped 62. The blossoms of the woolly paperflower were used by the Zuni for painting
out. The inside part was eaten and considered quite tasty. In more recent the masks and for coloring their limbs and bodies yellow when they imper
years, some people mixed cactus stems with fruit cakes, but traditionally, sonated anthropic gods. The flowers were ground into a meal and mixed
cactus stems were eaten with northern black currants or other types of ber with yellow ocher and urine (166:97). Psilostrophe tagetina.
ries (187:194). Opuntiafragilis, 0. polyacantha. 63. The leaves of the pallid hoptree, which had a strong odor, were pounded up
51. Freshly peeled stems of pricklypear were rubbed over painted objects to fix together with jimson weed, scorpions, and other noxious items by the
the color by Dakota and Pawnee Indians (70:104). Opuntia humifusa. Havasupai for arrow poison. It was said that even a slight scratch from an
618 Notes

arrow so treated would insure death (197:229). Ptelea trifoliata. by the Okanagan-Colville Indians (188:20). Thuja plicata.
64. Luiseno Indians used several methods to remove the bitterness from acorn 79. The fresh green spikes of cattail eaten by the Paiute later formed the brown
meal. The meal was either leached with hot water, placed in a rush basket pollen and seed-bearing heads (60:69). Typha domingensis, T. latifolia.
and warm water poured over it, or placed in a sand hole and warm water 80. Brown seed heads of cattail were cut from the stalks by the Paiute and
poured over it to soak away the bitterness (155:194). Quercus agrifolia, Q. taken to an area where the earth had been dampened and packed into a
chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. engelmannii, Q. kelloggii, Q. wislizeni. hard, crusted surface. After warming the spikes in the sun, the cattail fluff
65. Kawaiisu Indians stored acorns in several different ways. The granaries, ele was removed from the spikes and placed on the ground in a layer about 2
vated about a foot above the ground to keep out rodents, were made of inches deep. This was set on fire and the mixture stirred until all the fluff
hardwood poles, usually oak, with sides, top, and bottom covered with bark was burned. Remaining on the hard, packed earth were thousands of tiny
and lined with gray California buckwheat leaves. Stone-lined pits were cov black cattail seeds. These were gathered into a finely woven basketry tray
ered with brush, and acorns were piled on a large flat stone and covered and the seed was winnowed by gently tossing it in the air during a slight
with bark (206:56). Quercus chrysolepis, Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. gar- breeze (60:69). Typha domingensis, T. latifolia.
ryana, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata, Q. wislizeni. 81. A Makah informant said, "As a child I saw my father when he'd take this hal
66. A decoction of the branches of wax currant along with squaw currant, red ibut line, fish line, and he'd tighten it from one end of the yard to the other,
osier dogwood branches, and the boughs of Douglas fir or tamarack was while it was being stretched like that, otherwise they coil and tangle you
used by Thompson Indians to bathe babies four to six times over a period know. He'd take a handful of those [stinging nettle] leaves and he'd rub it
of several weeks to make them strong, independent, and good-natured along the line and it gave it kind of a green color. I don't know if that was
(187:226). Ribes cereum. just for the color or if he thought there was some medicine in it or some
67. Thompson Indians stored and dried rose hips to make tea (187:267). Rosa thing, for good fishing or something. Might have been just to tint the line"
acicularis, R. woodsii. (67:246). Urtica dioica.
68. Rose hips were eaten by Thompson Indians with a kind of whitish berry or 82. Blueberries were probably the most highly regarded wild plant food of the
mixed with wild mushrooms (187:267). Rosa acicularis, R. woodsii. various Algonquin groups in the study area in Quebec. They were locally
69. Okanagan-Colville doctors swept out new graves with rose branches to abundant and individuals and families from bands not in the vicinity of
prevent someone else's spirit from being buried with the dead person good blueberry fields traveled considerable distances in order to pick ber
(188:131). Rosa acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii. ries for themselves and to sell. During the course of field studies, members
70. Among the Thompson Indians, after a death, an orphan, widower, or of the River Desert band traveled northwest of their area 90 miles and more.
widow placed rose branches under the mattress to protect against sickness Members of the Weymontaching Cree band were met near Clova in the
and to "keep ghosts away." Widows and widowers could fish only if rose Obedjiwan band area. They had traveled to this location by train in order to
branches were first swept around their gill nets (187:267). Rosa acicularis, pick blueberries and meet with relatives (18:103). Vaccinium myrtilloides.
R. nutkana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii. 83. One Thompson Indian informant cautioned that, while American false
71. Navajo sometimes dried dock roots and stored them indefinitely. When hellebore had a number of uses as an external medicine, it should not be
ready for use in dyes, the dried roots were ground. By this aging process taken internally because of its extreme toxicity (187:131). Veratrum viride.
various shades were obtained, from a grayed yellow to a dull red. Several 84. Yucca was a valued food supply for the Kawaiisu. In the early spring the
handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yielded a lemon yellow, and apical meristem, the "heart" or "cabbage," was removed with the aid of an
when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange- oak or a juniper shaft having a shovel-like cutting edge at one end. The
brown was obtained. If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reac "cabbage" was roasted in a pit about 3 feet deep and perhaps 5 feet in
tion formed a red-brown or mahogany dye. When mixed with indigo, a diameter. A large stone was placed in the center of the pit, with smaller
green dye was produced (55:43). Rumex hymenosepalus. stones radiating out from the center. Firewood, preferably Douglas oak,
72. Woodland Cree used willow bark to tie fish roasting sticks, rockfish net was thrown in and the hot fire burned for a half day. From time to time
weights, birch bark moose calls, and snowshoe frames, which were tied more stones, and probably wood, were added. As the fire died down, it was
together before they were bent. They also used the bark to tie bundles to be covered with sand or dirt to about ground level, leaving a small aperture in
carried by hand (109:58). Salix bebbiana, S. discolor, S. interior. the center. The sand was tapped down, causing flames to shoot out of the
73. According to the Seminole, if a woman does not eat by herself during her hole. Then a layer of dry pine needles was put on and the "cabbages," hav
menstrual period, the other inhabitants of her camp will get sick. Both ing been skinned, were placed on top. Two or three families shared the
sexes are thus affected, but men are particularly vulnerable (169:244). Salix same oven. The direction in which "cabbages" were laid identified the
caroliniana. owner. Another layer of dry pine needles apparently mixed with silky Cali
74. The Thompson Indians used the branches of willows for tying and binding, fornia broom covered the "cabbages." More sand or dirt, patted down and
especially in constructing their underground winter pit houses and in mak smoothed with a basketry tray, completed the mound, which would now
ing fish traps, weirs, and rafts (187:279). Salixsp. reach a height of 5 feet but which settled in the roasting process. The roast
75. Thompson Indians mashed elderberries in birch bark baskets, and when a ing continued for two nights, during which no sexual intercourse was per
fish had been split open along the backbone in preparation for barbecuing, mitted. Otherwise it was said that "it won't cook." When the "cabbages"
it was soaked for a while in elderberry juice to flavor it. Then the fish was were pulled out, they were so hot they burned the hands. They were cooled
taken out, the berry seeds scraped off, and the fish barbecued and eaten before they were eaten. To be stored, they were pulled apart, mashed a lit
(187:199). Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa. tle, and dried. They could not be dried or stored uncooked. After storage
76. The Thompson Indians said elderberries tasted like sulfur but nonetheless they were soaked and eaten (206:69). Yucca brevifolia.
ate them in a variety of ways (187:199). Sambucus racemosa. 85. Although this corn beverage could be consumed by Zuni at any time, it was
77. The roots of bloodroot were used by the Ojibwa in four or five combina used especially by the rain priests and personators of anthropic gods dur
tions in dyeing various materials (153:426). Sanguinaria canadensis. ing ceremonies. Another native beverage was also made by the Zuni. Water
78. Western red cedar was used along with Douglas fir boughs, rose branches, was poured over sprouted corn, allowed to stand for some days, and then
and often a small quantity of stinging nettle in several medical compounds used as a beverage (166:73). Zea mays.
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152. Smith, Huron H. 1928. Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of Algonkian Indians. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical Commission
the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326. Anthropological Papers, Number 3.
153. Smith, Huron H. 1932. Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the 177. Taylor, Linda Averill. 1940. Plants Used as Curatives by Certain Southeast
Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525. ern Tribes. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Botanical Museum of Harvard Uni
154. Smith, Huron H. 1933. Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians. versity.
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230. 178.Teit, James A. 1928. The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus. Smithson
155. Sparkman, Philip S. 1908. The Culture of the Luiseno Indians. University of ian Institution—Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Annual Report, Number 45.
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303-321. Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart
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by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick. Journal of the Washington the Coast Salish Indians ofVancouver Island, I and II. Economic Botany
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160. Speck, Frank G., and R. W. Dexter. 1952. Utilization of Animals and Plants 183. Turner, Nancy Chapman, and Marcus A. M. Bell. 1973. The Ethnobotany of
by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick. Journal of the Washington the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Economic Botany 27:
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161. Speck, Frank G., R. B. Hassrick, and E. S. Carpenter. 1942. Rappahannock 184. Turner, Nancy J. 1973. The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of
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33(3): 233-250. 190. Vestal, Paul A. 1940. Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian
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 Index of Tribes

Plant usages are listed under the names of Native American groups, which are arranged alphabetically. Usages are categorized
under the five main categories—Drug, Food, Fiber, Dye, Other—and then particular usages are listed alphabetically. Plants are
identified below to the level of species. If subspecies or varieties appear in the Catalog of Plants, check under those names, too,
for all usages given below. For example, one may find Comanche below and under Drug, Cold Remedy, see that Rhus trilobata
was used. The specific ethnobotanical information and the sources from which the information was obtained may be found by
turning to Rhus trilobata, R. trilobatavar. pilosissima, and R. trilobatavar. trilobata in the Catalog of Plants.

Abnaki
Drug Poison: Caltha palustris, Iris versicolor
Abortifacient: Fraxinus americana, Sanguinaria canadensis Psychological Aid: Nuphar sp., Nymphaea sp.
Analgesic: Arctium minus, Carum carvi, Cornus canadensis, Plantago major, Respiratory Aid: Acer pensylvanicum
Ranunculus acris Sedative: Mentha canadensis
Anthelmintic: Cirsium arvense, Populus tremuloides Toothache Remedy: Verbascum thapsus
Antihemorrhagic: Maianthemum racemosum, Polygonatum pubescens Unspecified: Abies balsamea, Botrychium virginianum
Antirheumatic (External): Arctium minus, Mitchella repens, Plantago major, Urinary Aid: Picea glauca
Symplocarpusfoetidus, Taxus canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis Veterinary Aid: Sanguinaria canadensis
Antirheumatic (Internal): Arctium minus, Taxus canadensis, Tsuga canadensis Food
Blood Medicine: Aralia nudicaulis Beverage: Gaultheria procumbens, Spiraea alba
Carminative: Acorus calamus Forage: Cladonia rangiferina
Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Asarum canadense, Chimaphila umbellata, Fruit: Amelanchier sp., Aronia melanocarpa, Cornus canadensis, Crataegus sp.,
Coptis trifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum Fragaria virginiana, Primus virginiana, Rubus idaeus, Vaccinium angustifoli
Cough Medicine: Asarum canadense, Coptis trifolia, Epilobium angustifolium, um, V myrtilloides, Viburnum nudum
E. sp., Larix laricina, Pinus strobus Preserves: Rubus sp.
Dermatological Aid: Abies balsamea, Alnus incana, Tsuga canadensis Sauce & Relish: Cardamine diphylla
Disinfectant: Abies balsamea Snack Food: Osmunda cinnamomea
Eye Medicine: Cornus sericea, Corylus cornuta, Salix sp. Soup: Zea mays
Febrifuge: Achillea millefolium, Arctium minus Sweetener: Acer rubrum
Gastrointestinal Aid: Polypodium virginianum Unspecified: Acorus calamus, Aronia melanocarpa, Caltha palustris, Cardamine
Hemostat: Urtica dioica diphylla, Osmunda cinnamomea, Viburnum nudum
Love Medicine: Nuphar sp. Vegetable: Caltha palustris, Phaseolus vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum
Misc. Disease Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Arctium minus Fiber
Nose Medicine: Chimaphila umbellata, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum groenlan Basketry: Anthoxanthum odoratum, Apocynum sp., Betula papyrifera, Fraxinus
dicum nigra, Laportea canadensis, Salix sp., Tilia americana
Orthopedic Aid: Eupatorium perfoliatum Canoe Material: Betula papyrifera
Other: Botrychium virginianum, Gymnocarpium disjunctum Snow Gear: Fraxinus americana
Panacea: Abies balsamea, Mentha canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Trillium erec- Other
tum Containers: Anthoxanthum odoratum, Betula papyrifera, Salix sp.
Pediatric Aid: Achillea millefolium, Botrychium virginianum, Cirsium arvense, Smoke Plant: Cornus sericea
Mentha canadensis, Trillium erectum, Verbascum thapsus Toys & Games: Salix sp.
626 Acoma

Acoma Vaccinium cespitosum, V membranaceum, V ovalifolium, V uliginosum

Food Cooking Agent: Malusfusca
Appetizer: Rhus trilobata Dessert: Shepherdia canadensis
Beverage: Yucca baccata Dietary Aid: Chenopodium album, C. capitatum, Claytonia sibirica, C. tuberosa
Bread & Cake: Yucca baccata Epilobium angustifolium, Fragaria chiloensis, Honckenya peploides, Ligusti-
Candy: Asclepias speciosa, Populus deltoides cum scothicum, Oxyria digyna, Polygonum bistorta, Rosa acicularis, Rubus
Dried Food: Amaranthus blitoides, A. hybridus,A. retroflexus, Opuntia imbrica- chamaemorus, Rumex arcticus, Salix alaxensis, S. planifolia, Saxifraga nelso-
ta, Prunus virginiana, Yucca baccata, Y. glauca niana, S. spicata, Taraxacum sp., Urtica dioica, Vaccinium cespitosum, V.
Fruit: Atriplex argentea, Ceanothus fendleri, Celtis laevigata, Juniperus mono- membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, V uliginosum
sperma, Opuntia engelmannii, Prunus virginiana, Ribes cereum, Yucca bacca Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Menyanthes tri
ta, Y glauca foliata, Porphyra laciniata, Rhodymenia palmata
Porridge: Cleome serrulata, Opuntia engelmannii, Prosopis glandulosa Frozen Food: Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium cespitosum, V membranaceum,
Preserves: Ribes cereum, Yucca baccata V ovalifolium, V uliginosum
Sauce & Relish: Lycium pallidum, Yucca baccata Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos alpina, Elaeagnus commutata, Fra
Soup: Juniperus osteosperma garia chiloensis, Gaultheria shallon, Geocaulon lividum, Ribes triste, Rubus
Special Food: Sophora nuttalliana chamaemorus, R. idaeus, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, Streptopus amplexi-
Spice: Agastache pallidiflora, Berlandiera lyrata, Juniperus monosperma, folius, Vaccinium cespitosum, V membranaceum, V ovalifolium, V. oxycoccos,
Monardaflstulosa, M. pectinata, Pectis angustifolia, Rhus trilobata V uliginosum
Staple: Amaranthus blitoides, Dalea Candida, Quercus gambelii Ice Cream: Honckenya peploides
Starvation Food: Juniperus monosperma, Opuntia clavata, Phoradendron juni- Pie & Pudding: Amelanchier alnifolia, Empetrum nigrum, Polygonum alpinum,
perinum, Solanum triflorum, Yucca baccata Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium cespitosum, V membranaceum, V ovalifoli
Unspecified: Abroniafragrans,Allium cernuum, Astragalus lentiginosus, Cyper- um, V uliginosum
us squarrosus, Lathyrus polymorphus, Opuntia imbricata, Plantago major, Preserves: Empetrum nigrum, Fragaria chiloensis, Ribes triste, Rosa acicularis,
Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus gambelii, Ranunculus inamoenus, Tradescantia Rubus arcticus, R. idaeus, R. pedatus, R. spectabilis, Vaccinium parvifolium,
occidentalis, Typha latifolia, Vicia americana V. vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
Vegetable: Amaranthus blitoides, A. hybridus,A. retroflexus, Cymopterus bulbo- Sauce & Relish: Rosa acicularis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea
sus, Lactuca sativa, Portulaca oleracea Snack Food: Porphyra laciniata, Salix alaxensis
Soup: Claytonia tuberosa, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Hippuris vulgaris, Parrya
Alabama
nudicaulis, Polygonum bistorta, Porphyra laciniata, Rhodymenia palmata
Drug
Staple: Fritillaria camschatcensis
Antidiarrheal: Cornus sp., Hypericum hypericoides, H. multicaule, Pinussp.
Starvation Food: Menyanthes trifoliata
Antirheumatic (External): Callicarpa americana
Substitution Food: Chenopodium album, Ligusticum scothicum, Pteridium
Ceremonial Medicine: Ilex vomitoria
aquilinum, Urtica dioica
Cold Remedy: Desmodium sp., Solidago sp.
Unspecified: Allium schoenoprasum, Anemone narcissiflora, Angelica lucida,
Dermatological Aid: Quercus rubra, Q. sp., Zanthoxylum americanum
Caltha palustris, Carex aquatilis, Claytonia acutifolia, Dryopteris carthusi-
Diaphoretic: Callicarpa americana
ana, Epilobium angustifolium, Eriophorum angustifolium, Hedysarum alpin
Emetic: Desmodium sp., Eryngium aquaticum, Ilex vomitoria, Quercus sp.
um, Heracleum maximum, Honckenya peploides, Ligusticum scothicum, Lupi
Eye Medicine: Hypericum hypericoides, H. multicaule, Ilex opaca, I. sp.
nus nootkatensis, Oxyria digyna, Oxytropis nigrescens, Parrya nudicaulis,
Febrifuge: Callicarpa americana, Cercis canadensis, Salix sp.
Pedicularis lanata, Plantago maritima, Polygonum bistorta, Ranunculus pal-
Gastrointestinal Aid: Erythrina herbacea
lasii, Rhodymenia palmata, Salix alaxensis, S. planifolia, Saxifraga nelsoni-
Gynecological Aid: Ulmus rubra
ana, Sedum rosea, Typha latifolia, Urtica dioica
Herbal Steam: Callicarpa americana
Vegetable: Angelica lucida, Arabis lyrata, Argentina egedii, Barbarea orthoceras,
Laxative: Sebastianiafruticosa
Chenopodium album, C. capitatum, Claytonia sibirica, C. tuberosa, Cochle-
Orthopedic Aid: Ceanothus americanus, Hypericum hypericoides, Quercus rubra
aria officinalis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Epilobium angustifolium, E. latifoli-
Panacea: Vaccinium sp.
um, Honckenya peploides, Ligusticum scothicum, Nuphar lutea, Petasites
Pediatric Aid: Hypericum hypericoides, Quercus rubra
frigidus, Plantago macrocarpa, Polygonum alpinum, P. bistorta, Rumex arcti
Pulmonary Aid: Cercis canadensis, Desmodium sp., Quercus rubra, Q. sp.
cus, Sarcocornia pacifica, Saxifraga spicata, Sedum rosea, Streptopus amplexi-
Respiratory Aid: Cercis canadensis
folius, Taraxacum sp.
Sedative: Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Winter Use Food: Hippuris vulgaris, Ligusticum scothicum, Parrya nudicaulis,
Throat Aid: Quercus rubra, Q. sp.
Plantago maritima, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus chamaemorus, Rumex arcti
Toothache Remedy: Solidago sp., Zanthoxylum americanum
cus, Salix planifolia, Vaccinium cespitosum, V membranaceum, V ovalifolium,
Urinary Aid: Morus rubra
V uliginosum, V vitis-idaea
Alaska Native Other
Drug Containers: Petasites frigidus
Poison: Actaea rubra, Astragalus sp., Caltha palustris, Cicuta douglasii, C. mac- Hunting & Fishing Item: Nereocystis luetkeana
ulata, C. virosa, Hedysarum boreale, Lupinus nootkatensis, Oxytropis sp.,
Pteridium aquilinum, Veratrum viride, Zigadenus elegans Aleut
Food Drug
Beverage: Ledum groenlandicum, Rosa acicularis Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Angelica lucida, Lycopodium clavatum, Matri-
Bread & Cake: Amelanchier alnifolia, Menyanthes trifoliata, Tsuga heterophylla, caria discoidea, Menyanthes trifoliata
 Index of Tribes 627

\ntihemorrhagic: Anemone narcissiflora Emetic: Alnus incana, Sambucus canadensis

\ntirheumatic (External): Artemisia vulgaris Eye Medicine: Coptis trifolia, Tilia americana
Vntirheumatic (Internal): Menyanthes trifoliata Febrifuge: Asarum canadense, Cardamine diphylla, Prunella vulgaris, Thuja
Carminative: Matricaria discoidea, Menyanthes trifoliata occidentalis
Hold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Angelica lucida, Conioselinum gmelinii, Gastrointestinal Aid: Corylus cornuta, Gaultheria hispidula, Lilium canadense,
Geum calthifolium, Heracleum maximum L. philadelphicum, Thuja occidentalis, Vaccinium angustifolium
Dermatological Aid: Artemisia vulgaris, Geum calthifolium, Heracleum maxi Gynecological Aid: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Cypripedium acaule,
mum, Rumex acetosella, Senecio pseudoarnica, Taraxacum offlcinale Eupatorium maculatum, Linnaea borealis, Lonicera dioica, Lycopodium sp.,
Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium, Matricaria discoidea, Taraxacum Picea glauca, Sarracenia purpurea, Taxus canadensis, Thuja occidentalis,
officinale Tsuga canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium
Gynecological Aid: Lycopodium clavatum Heart Medicine: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Aralia hispida, Cardamine
Hemostat: Achillea millefolium diphylla, Coptis trifolia, Corylus cornuta, Polypodium virginianum, Sangui
Laxative: Iris setosa, Matricaria discoidea, Menyanthes trifoliata naria canadensis, Solidago sp.
Misc. Disease Remedy: Leptarrhena pyrolifolia Hemorrhoid Remedy: Cornus sericea
Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia vulgaris, Heracleum maximum Hemostat: Polygonum sp.
Panacea: Matricaria discoidea Internal Medicine: Picea glauca, P. mariana
Poison: Aconitum maximum, A. sp., Equisetum sp., Ranunculus occidentalis Kidney Aid: Aralia nudicaulis, Epigaea repens, Lonicera dioica
Throat Aid: Achillea millefolium, Angelica lucida, Conioselinum gmelinii, Gera Laxative: Abies balsamea, Alnus incana, Dirca palustris, Picea glauca, Sambu
nium erianthum, Geum calthifolium, Heracleum maximum, Taraxacum offi cus canadensis
cinale Misc. Disease Remedy: Aralia racemosa, Euphorbia sp.
Tonic: Angelica lucida, Artemisia vulgaris, Geum calthifolium, Matricaria dis Orthopedic Aid: Shepherdia canadensis
coidea, Menyanthes trifoliata, Plantago macrocarpa, Polygonum bistorta Pediatric Aid: Aralia nudicaulis, Asarum canadense, Betula papyrifera, Carda
Tuberculosis Remedy: Achillea millefolium mine diphylla, Lycopodium sp., Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis, Vaccini
Unspecified: Caltha sp., Matricaria sp., Menyanthes sp. um angustifolium
Food Poison: Kalmia angustifolia
Unspecified: Achillea sp.t Angelica sp., Claytonia sp., Cochlearia sp., Conioseli Poultice: Abies balsamea, Achillea millefolium, Plantago major, Taraxacum offi
num sp., Heracleum sp., Senecio sp. cinale, Taxus canadensis
Fiber Preventive Medicine: Acorus calamus
Canoe Material: Taxus cuspidata Pulmonary Aid: Prunus pensylvanica, Trifolium pratense
Other: Elymus sp., Lathyrus sp. Respiratory Aid: Achillea millefolium
Tonic: Ledum groenlandicum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sorbus americana
Algonquin
Toothache Remedy: Alnus incana, Coptis trifolia, Thuja occidentalis
Drug
Tuberculosis Remedy: Aralia racemosa, Sagittaria sp.
Analgesic: Actaea rubra
Unspecified: Abies balsamea, Acer pensylvanicum, Aralia hispida, Betula lenta,
Love Medicine: Sanguinaria canadensis
Chelone glabra, Cornus sp., Gaultheria procumbens, Larix laricina, Ledum
Other: Juniperus communis
groenlandicum, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Prunus nigra, Rhus hirta, Rubus
Algonquin, Quebec idaeus, Shepherdia canadensis, Spiraea alba, S. tomentosa, Taxus canadensis,
Drug Tilia americana, Tsuga canadensis
Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Comptonia peregrina, Gaultheria procumbens, Urinary Aid: Lycopodium sp., Sarracenia purpurea
Ledum groenlandicum Venereal Aid: Cypripedium acaule, Eupatorium maculatum
Anticonvulsive: Asarum canadense Veterinary Aid: Acer pensylvanicum
Antidiarrheal: Coptis trifolia, Rubus idaeus Food
Antirheumatic (External): Tsuga canadensis Beverage: Aralia nudicaulis, Gaultheria procumbens, Ledum groenlandicum,
Antirheumatic (Internal): Maianthemum racemosum, Rhus hirta, Taxus cana Prunus virginiana, Rhus hirta
densis, Thuja occidentalis Bread & Cake: Humulus lupulus
Blood Medicine: Primus pensylvanica, Taraxacum officinale Candy: Picea glauca
Cathartic: Cornus canadensis, Lonicera dioica Fruit: Amelanchier sp., Crataegus sp., Fragaria virginiana, Gaultheria hispidula,
Ceremonial Medicine: Ledum groenlandicum Prunus nigra, P. pensylvanica, P. virginiana, Ribes cynosbati, R. glandulosiim,
Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Acorus calamus, Cornus sericea, Gaultheria Rubus idaeus, R. odoratus, Sorbus americana, Vaccinium angustifolium, V
procumbens, Kalmia angustifolia, Sorbus americana, Thuja occidentalis, corymbosum, V macrocarpon, V myrtilloides, V. oxycoccos, Viburnum nudum,
Tsuga canadensis V opulus
Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus, Lark laricina, Picea glauca, Prunus nigra, P Pie & Pudding: Vaccinium angustifolium, V corymbosum
pensylvanica, P. virginiana Preserves: Fragaria virginiana, Prunus nigra, P pensylvanica, P. virginiana, Ribes
Dermatological Aid: Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Clintonia borealis, cynosbati, Rubus idaeus, R. sp., Vaccinium angustifolium, V corymbosum,
Nuphar lutea, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Populus balsamifera, Thuja occiden Viburnum opulus
talis, Toxicodendron radicans, Tsuga canadensis, Typha latifolia Sauce & Relish: Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula papyrifera, Cardamine di
Dietary Aid: Rhus hirta phylla
Disinfectant: Clintonia borealis, Larix laricina, Nuphar lutea, Populus balsam Snack Food: Cornus canadensis, Gaultheria procumbens
ifera, Prunus pensylvanica, Tsuga canadensis, Typha latifolia Substitution Food: Betula alleghaniensis, Rumex sp.
Ear Medicine: Fraxinus sp. Sweetener: Acer rubrum, A. saccharum
628 Algonquin, Quebec

Unspecified: Corylus cornuta, Fagus grandifolia, Juglans cinerea, Sagittaria sp., Unspecified: Ledum groenlandicum
Sium suave Food
Vegetable: Aster macrophyllus, Claytonia virginica, Rorippa nasturtium-aqua- Beverage: Anaphalis margaritacea, Beta vulgarisjuniperus communis, Larix
ticum, Taraxacum sp. laricina, Ledum groenlandicum, Picea mariana, Trifolium sp.
Other Forage: Heracleum maximum
Cash Crop: Vaccinium angustifolium,V. corymbosum, V. myrtilloides Preserves: Ribes sp., Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Soup: Allium schoenoprasum
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
Spice: Ligusticum scothicum
Drug
Unspecified: Rumex acetosella
Abortifacient: Taxus canadensis
Winter Use Food: Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium macrocarpon, V. oxycoccos
Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Kalmia angustifolia, Viburnum lantanoides
Fiber
Antihemorrhagic: Geum rivale
Snow Gear: Betula papyrifera
Antirheumatic (External): Populus tremuloides
Other
Burn Dressing: Anaphalis margaritacea, Iris versicolor, Plantago major
Ceremonial Items: Anaphalis margaritacea
Cold Remedy: Abies balsamea, Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Gaultheria
procumbens, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus Apache
Dermatological Aid: Acer spicatum, Clintonia borealis, Epilobium angustifoli- Drug
um, Iris versicolor, Plantago major Snakebite Remedy: Yucca angustissima
Diuretic: Diervilla lonicera, Sarracenia purpurea Unspecified: Frasera speciosa
Ear Medicine: Aralia nudicaulis Food
Febrifuge: Mentha canadensis Beverage: Yucca baccata, Y. torreyi
Gastrointestinal Aid: Cypripedium acaule, Gaultheria procumbens Bread & Cake: Prosopis glandulosa, Prunus virginiana, Yucca baccata, Y. torreyi
Gynecological Aid: Cornus canadensis, Salix discolor, Trillium undulatum Dried Food: Agave americana, A. parryi
Heart Medicine: Corylus cornuta Fruit: Juniperus deppeana, Mahonia haematocarpa, Oenothera albicaulis, Rhus
Hemostat: Prunus pensylvanica microphylla, R. trilobata, Ribes inerme, Sambucus racemosa
Kidney Aid: Cypripedium acaule Preserves: Prosopis glandulosa
Laxative: Larix laricina Sauce & Relish: Yucca baccata, Y. torreyi
Misc. Disease Remedy: Gaultheria procumbens Soup: Yucca baccata
Pediatric Aid: Cypripedium acaule, Prunus pensylvanica Special Food: Fragaria vesca
Poison: Kalmia angustifolia Staple: Agastache pallidiflora, Agave americana, A parryi, Rhus trilobata
Psychological Aid: Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Sorbus americana Unspecified: Agave parryi, Allium geyeri, Frasera speciosa, Hoffmannseggia
Respiratory Aid: Coptis trifolia, Rubus sp. glauca, Typha latifolia, Yucca baccata, Y elata, Y glauca
Stimulant: Fraxinus pennsylvanica Vegetable: Chenopodium album, C. leptophyllum, Yucca baccata, Y. elata
Strengthener: Sorbus americana Fiber
Throat Aid: Salix discolor Basketry: Yucca baccata, Y. torreyi
Urinary Aid: Cypripedium acaule, Rubus idaeus, Sarracenia purpurea Cordage: Yucca angustissima, Y baccata
Food Other
Beverage: Nuphar lutea Containers: Yucca baccata
Fruit: Fragaria virginiana, Rubus idaeus, Vaccinium macrocarpon,V oxycoccos Designs: Yucca baccata, Y. torreyi
Spice: Allium sativum Hunting & Fishing Item: Frasera speciosa
Unspecified: Nuphar lutea, Vaccinium myrtilloides Soap: Yucca angustissima, Y. baccata, Y. glauca, Ziziphus obtusifolia
Fiber Tools: Yucca baccata
Basketry: Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Tilia americana
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Building Material: Betula papyrifera
Drug
Canoe Material: Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Thuja occidentalis
Narcotic: Broussonetia papyrifera, Opuntia leptocaulis
Caulking Material: Pinus banksiana
Food
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Abies balsamea, Typha latifolia
Beverage: Artemisia dracunculus, Cheilanthes fendleri, Dasylirion wheeled,
Snow Gear: Picea glauca, P. mariana
Hedeoma nana, Monarda ftstulosa, Parthenium incanum, Prosopis glandu
Dye
losa, P. pubescens, Thelesperma megapotamicum
Yellow: Alnus incana
Bread & Cake: Amaranthus albus, A. retroflexus, Camelina microcarpa, Capsella
Other
bursa-pastoris, Celtis laevigata, Cirsium pallidum, Crataegus erythropoda,
Containers: Betula papyrifera
Dasylirion wheeled, Descurainia incana, Dyssodia papposa, Helianthus an-
Designs: Betula papyrifera
nuus, Morus microphylla, Muhlenbergia sp., Panicum bulbosum, Pinus pon-
Insecticide: Clintonia borealis
derosa, Populus tremuloides, Prosopis glandulosa, P. pubescens, Ribes leptan-
Anticosti thum, R. pinetorum, R. wolfli, Rubus arizonensis, Solanum fendleri, Sporobo-

Drug lus cryptandrus, Yucca baccata, Y torreyi

Dermatological Aid: Populus balsamifera Candy: Asclepias speciosa, Populus deltoides
Kidney Aid: Abies balsamea, Larix laricina Dried Food: Acer negundo, Lathyrus lanszwertii, Mammillaria grahamii, Proso
Sedative: Gaultheria hispidula pis pubescens, Rhus trilobata, Vicia melilotoides, Vitis arizonica, Yucca elata
Throat Aid: Abies balsamea Fodder: Cyperus fendlerianus
 Index of Tribes 629

Fruit: Carnegia gigantea, Celtis laevigata, Crataegus erythropoda, Echinocereus Unspecified: Typha latifolia
coccineus, E. engelmannii, E.fendleri, E. polyacanthus, E. rigidissimus, Fores- Urinary Aid: Prosopis glandulosa
tiera pubescens, Fragaria vesca, Juniperus deppeanaj. scopulorum, Mammil- Food
laria grahamii, M. mainiae, Morus microphylla, Prunus virginiana, Quercus Beverage: Dasylirion wheeled, Prosopis glandulosa, Yucca baccata
gambelii, Q. grisea, Ribes leptanthum, R. mescalerium, R. wolfli, Rosa woodsii, Bread & Cake: Agave parryi, Dasylirion wheeled, Prunus sp.
Rubus arizonensis, Stenocereus thurberi, Vitis arizonica Dried Food: Dasylirion wheeled, Opuntiasp., Pinus edulis, Prunus americana,
Pie & Pudding: Pinus edulis, Prosopis glandulosa Robinia neomexicana, Yucca baccata, Y. elata
Porridge: Sporobolus cryptandrus Fruit: Echinocereussp., Juniperus sp., Mahonia haematocarpa, Morus micro
Preserves: Celtis laevigata, Juniperus deppeana, Mahonia haematocarpa, Pru phylla, Opuntia sp., Prunus sp., Vitis arizonica
nus virginiana, Rhus microphylla, R. trilobata, Ribes wolfli, Rosa woodsii, Sauce & Relish: Morus microphylla, Yucca baccata
Sambucus racemosa Soup: Dasylirion wheeled, Yucca elata
Sauce & Relish: Helianthus annuus, Juniperus monosperma, Oenothera albi- Special Food: Pinus edulis
caulis, Panicum bulbosum, P. obtusum Spice: Populus tremuloides
Soup: Oenothera albicaulis, Yucca baccata Staple: Prosopis glandulosa, Yucca elata
Special Food: Oenothera albicaulis, Physalis subulata, Pinus edulis, Prosopis Unspecified: Dasylirion wheeled, Juglans major, Quercus sp., Robinia neomexi
pubescens, Rhusglabra cana, Typha latifolia, Yucca elata
Spice: Allium cernuum, A. geyeri, Artemisia ludoviciana, Cymopterus acaulis, Fiber
Dracocephalum parviflorum, Hedeoma nana, Humulus lupulus, Mentha ca- Basketry: Yucca baccata, Y glauca
nadensis, Monardaflstulosa, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus grisea, Taraxacum Building Material: Juglans major, Juniperus sp., Quercus sp.
officinale Cordage: Yucca baccata
Starvation Food: Pinus ponderosa Furniture: Dasylirion wheeled, Pinus edulis, Quercus sp.
Substitution Food: Carnegia gigantea, Prosopis glandulosa Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Nolina microcarpa, Typha latifolia
Sweetener: Acer glabrum, A. negundo Dye
Unspecified: Agave parryi, Amaranthus albus, A. retroflexus, Calylophus lavan- Yellow: Mahonia haematocarpa
dulifolius, Camelina microcarpa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium al Other
bum, Cirsium pallidum, Cymopterus acaulis, Cyperusfendlerianus,Dasylirion Ceremonial Items: Dasylirion wheeled, Pinus edulis, Typha latifolia
wheeled, Descurainia incana, Dyssodia papposa, Epixiphium wislizeni, Hoff- Cooking Tools: Nolina microcarpa, Quercus sp.
mannseggia glauca, Jamesia americana, Juglans major, Lathyrus lanszwertii, Fuel: Juniperus sp.
Ligusticum ported, Matelea producta, Nolina microcarpa, Oxalis violacea, Hunting & Fishing Item: Juniperus sp., Prosopis glandulosa, Prunus sp.,
Pinus edulis, Rflexilis, P. ponderosa, Populus tremuloides, Portulaca oleracea, Robinia neomexicana
Proboscidea louisianica, Prosopis glandulosa, Rumex aquaticus, Typha lati- Paint: Juglans major
folia, Vicia melilotoides, Yucca baccata, Y. glauca Smoking Tools: Dasylirion wheeled
Vegetable: Agave parryi, Allium cernuum, A. geyeri, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Soap: Yucca baccata
Dasylirion wheeled, Dyssodia papposa, Nolina microcarpa, Robinia neomexi- Stable Gear: Quercus sp.
cana, Solanum jamesii, Yucca baccata, Y. elata, Y glauca Tools: Dasylirion wheeled, Juniperus sp., Quercus sp.
Winter Use Food: Crataegus erythropoda, Juglans major, Morus microphylla, Toys & Games: Quercus sp.
Prunus virginiana, Quercus gambelii, Q. grisea, Robinia neomexicana, Rubus Waterproofing Agent: Pinus edulis
arizonensis Weapon: Morus microphylla
Fiber
Apache, San Carlos
Basketry: Yucca elata
Food
Brushes & Brooms: Sporobolus wrightii
Beverage: Ferocactus wislizeni
Other
Bread & Cake: Carnegia gigantea
Ceremonial Items: Artemisia sp., Bouteloua sp., Broussonetia papyrifera,
Dried Food: Yucca schottii
Gutierrezia sp., Typha latifolia
Fruit: Canotia holacantha, Carnegia gigantea, Mammillaria grahamii, Yucca
Containers: Alopecurus aequalis, Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua curtipendula,
schottii
Muhlenbergia pauciflora, M. wrightii, Nolina microcarpa, Schedonnardus
Porridge: Ferocactus wislizeni, Opuntia sp.
paniculatus, Sporobolus airoides
Staple: Opuntia sp.
Fuel: Juniperus sp., Quercus sp.
Unspecified: Agave sp., Dichelostemma pulchellum, Peniocereus greggii
Tools: Quercus sp.
Apache, Western
Apache, Mescalero Drug
Drug Antidiarrheal: Opuntia sp.
Antidiarrheal: Prunus sp. Burn Dressing: Opuntia sp.
Burn Dressing: Prunus sp. Ceremonial Medicine: Yucca elata
Cold Remedy: Pinus edulis Dermatological Aid: Juglans sp., Pinus edulis, P monophylla
Dermatological Aid: Opuntia sp. Ear Medicine: Prosopis pubescens
Disinfectant: Opuntia sp. Laxative: Opuntia sp.
Ear Medicine: Prosopis pubescens Pediatric Aid: Opuntia sp.
Eye Medicine: Mahonia haematocarpa, Opuntia sp., Prosopis glandulosa Pulmonary Aid: Juniperus sp.
Pediatric Aid: Prosopis glandulosa Veterinary Aid: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Juglans sp.
630 Apache, Western

Food Disinfectant: Datura wrightii

Beverage: Agave palmeri, A. parryi, Carnegia gigantea, Juniperus sp., Martynia Eye Medicine: Linum puberulum
sp., Prosopis glandulosa, Rhus trilobata, Vitis arizonica Gastrointestinal Aid: Croton texensis, Phragmites australis
Bread & Cake: Carnegia gigantea, Helianthus sp., Prosopis glandulosa Gynecological Aid: Juniperus californica, J. monosperma, J. occidentalis, Rumex
Candy: Agave palmeri, A parryi, Helianthus sp., Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, salicifolius
Prosopis glandulosa Laxative: Mentzelia pumila
Dried Food: Agave palmeri, A parryi, Carnegia gigantea, Juniperus sp., Prosopis Narcotic: Datura wrightii
glandulosa, Vitis arizonica, Yucca baccata, Y. elata Oral Aid: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia, Eriogonum jamesii
Fruit: Canotia holacantha, Carnegia gigantea, Prunus virginiana, Rhus triloba Snakebite Remedy: Helianthus annuus, Stephanomeria tenuifolia
ta, Vitis arizonica Throat Aid: Dimorphocarpa wislizeni, Rumex salicifolius
Pie & Pudding: Carnegia gigantea Unspecified: Berula erecta, Eriogonum jamesii, Polygonum lapathifolium, Pur-
Porridge: Bouteloua gracilis, Carnegia gigantea, Helianthus sp., Muhlenbergia shia mexicana, Solanum elaeagnifolium
rigens, Opuntia sp., Oryzopsis hymenoides, Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Venereal Aid: Ephedra nevadensis, Pinus edulis
Prosopis glandulosa, Sporobolus contractus Witchcraft Medicine: Penstemon barbatus
Sauce & Relish: Juglans sp., Juniperus sp., Yucca baccata Food
Soup: Opuntia sp. Beverage: Agave americana, A decipiens, Artemisia tridentata, Chamaesyce ser
Special Food: Helianthus sp. pyllifolia, Datura wrightii, Ephedra nevadensis, Quercus xpauciloba
Spice: Juniperus sp. Bread & Cake: Bouteloua gracilis, Cucurbita pepo, Muhlenbergia rigens, Ory
Staple: Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Prosopis glandulosa zopsis hymenoides, Quercus xpauciloba, Sporobolus contractus, Triticum aes-
Substitution Food: Agave palmeri, A. parryi, Prosopis glandulosa tivum, Xanthium strumarium
Unspecified: Agave palmeri, A. parryi, Chenopodium incanum, C. leptophyllum, Candy: Lactuca tatarica, Populus angustifolia, P. deltoides, Pseudotsuga men
Juglans sp., Nolina microcarpa, Pinus sp., Quercus emoryi, Q. gambelii, Q. ziesii
xpauciloba, Yucca elata Cooking Agent: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia
Vegetable: Cleome serrulata Dried Food: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia, Opuntia imbricata, 0. whipplei, Yucca
Winter Use Food: Martynia sp., Pinus edulis, P. monophylla baccata, Y.glauca
Fiber Fodder: Elytrigia repens, Muhlenbergia rigens, Oryzopsis hymenoides
Basketry: Rhus trilobata Fruit: Astragalus lentiginosus, Carnegia gigantea, Cereus sp., Juniperus mono-
Brushes & Brooms: Bouteloua gracilis spermaj. occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Opuntia imbricata, 0. whipplei, Physa-
Building Material: Nolina microcarpa lis hederifolia, Rhus trilobata, Ribes cereum, Sambucus racemosa
Cordage: Yucca baccata, Y. elata Porridge: Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia rigens, Oryzopsis hymenoides,
Furniture: Yucca elata Sporobolus contractus
Sewing Material: Agave palmeri, A parryi Preserves: Carnegia gigantea, Cereus sp.
Other Spice: Artemisia tridentata
Ceremonial Items: Carnegia gigantea Staple: Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Helianthus annuus
Containers: Carnegia gigantea Unspecified: Agave americana, A. decipiens, Allium bisceptrum, Amaranthus
Cooking Tools: Carnegia gigantea, Nolina microcarpa albus, A. blitoides, Artemisia carruthii, Asclepias subverticillata, Berula erecta,
Decorations: Agave palmeri, A. parryi, Yucca elata Chenopodium incanum, C leptophyllum, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cucur
Fasteners: Prosopis glandulosa bita pepo, Elytrigia repens, Mammillaria sp., Muhlenbergia rigens, Oryzopsis
Fuel: Prosopis glandulosa hymenoides, Pinus edulis, Populus angustifolia, R deltoides, Quercus gambelii,
Lighting: Juniperus sp. Q. xpauciloba, Ustilago zeae, Yucca baccata, Y. glauca
Paint: Agave palmeri, A parryi Vegetable: Phaseolus vulgaris, Robinia neomexicana
Protection: Nolina microcarpa Winter Use Food: Agave americana
Soap: Nolina microcarpa, N. sp., Yucca baccata, Y elata Fiber
Tools: Agave palmeri, A. parryi Basketry: Rhus trilobata, Salix irrorata
Waterproofing Agent: Pinus edulis, P monophylla Brushes & Brooms: Bouteloua gracilis
Weapon: Agave palmeri, A. parryi Building Material: Salix irrorata, Solanum fendleri, Typha latifolia
Clothing: Yucca baccata
Apache, White Mountain Cordage: Yucca baccata, Y.glauca
Drug Dye
Anticonvulsive: Juniperus californica, J. monosperma, J. occidentalis Red: Coreopsis tinctoria
Antidiarrheal: Phragmites australis Red-Brown: Alnus incana
Blood Medicine: Malacothrix glabrata, Xanthium strumarium Unspecified: Castilleja integra, C miniata, C. minor, C. parviflora
Burn Dressing: Cercocarpus montanus Yellow: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Psilostrophe tagetina
Cathartic: Croton texensis Other
Ceremonial Medicine: Cornus sericea, Datura wrightii, Dimorphocarpa wis- Cash Crop: Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia rigens, Oryzopsis hymenoides,
lizeni, Eriogonum jamesii, Mahoniafremontii, Nicotiana attenuata Sporobolus contractus
Cold Remedy: Juniperus californica, J. monosperma, J. occidentalis Ceremonial Items: Cucurbita foetidissima, Typha latifolia
Cough Medicine: Juniperus californica, J. monosperma, J. occidentalis, Pseudo- Containers: Salix irrorata
tsuga menziesii Cooking Tools: Salix irrorata
Dermatological Aid: Dimorphocarpa wislizeni Hide Preparation: Quercus gambelii, Q. xpauciloba
 Index of Tribes 631

lunting & Fishing Item: Cercocarpus montanus, Phragmites australis Diaphoretic: Verbascum thapsus
'aint: Amaranthus cruentus Gastrointestinal Aid: Ligusticum grayi
Imoke Plant: Phragmites australis Herbal Steam: Eriodictyon californicum
imoking Tools: Phragmites australis Panacea: Ligusticum grayi
ioap: Yucca baccata Pediatric Aid: Ligusticum grayi
joys & Games: Salix irrorata, Yucca glauca Pulmonary Aid: Eriodictyon californicum
Waterproofing Agent: Pinus edulis Unspecified: Verbascum thapsus
Food
Vpalachee Beverage: Arctostaphylos patula, Rhus trilobata
Drug Bread & Cake: Amsinckia lycopsoides, Arctostaphylos patula, Balsamorhiza del-
Jnspecified: Adiantum sp., Cuminum cyminum, Rumex acetosa, Trifolium sp. toidea, B. hookeri, B. sagittata, Chenopodium carinatum, Descurainia pinnata,
Food Perideridia bolanderi, Prunus subcordata, Sambucus cerulea
"ruit: Citrullus lanatus Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Juniperus occidentalis, Perideridia bolan
Other deri, Rhus trilobata
^ash Crop: Nicotiana rustica Fruit: Frangula rubra, Juniperus occidentalis, Ribes roezlii
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana rustica Porridge: Amelanchier alnifolia, Prunus virginiana
Preserves: Rhus trilobata
\rapaho Soup: Perideridia bolanderi
Drug Substitution Food: Ligusticum grayi
\nalgesic: Psoralidium lanceolatum Unspecified: Brodiaea coronaria, Cirsium drummondii, Dichelostemma multi-
\ntirheumatic (External): Rosa woodsii florum, Lilium pardalinum, Lomatium nudicaule, L triternatum, L. utricula-
Cough Medicine: Artemisia frigida tum, Perideridia bolanderi, Pteridium aquilinum, Triteleia hyacinthina
Dermatological Aid: Psoralidium lanceolatum, Rumex hymenosepalus, R. Vegetable: Ligusticum grayi
venosus Winter Use Food: Arctostaphylos patula, Ligusticum grayi
Disinfectant: Juniperus communis Other
Gastrointestinal Aid: Juniperus communis Hunting & Fishing Item: Ligusticum grayi
Misc. Disease Remedy: Juniperus communis
rhroat Aid: Psoralidium lanceolatum Bannock
Ionic: Ivesia gordonii Drug
Unspecified: Heuchera cylindrica Cold Remedy: Monarda sp.
Food Throat Aid: Glycyrrhiza lepidota
Beverage: Rosa woodsii Food
Preserves: Shepherdia argentea Appetizer: Monarda sp.
Starvation Food: Ipomoea leptophylla
Sweetener: Frasera speciosa Bellabella
Winter Use Food: Shepherdia argentea Food
Dye Unspecified: Zostera marina
Blue: Comandra umbellata Other
Orange: Rosa woodsii Hunting & Fishing Item: Tsuga heterophylla
Other
Ceremonial Items: Artemisia frigida Bella Coola
Incense & Fragrance: Juniperus communis Drug
lewelry: Elaeagnus commutata Adjuvant: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
Analgesic: Alnus incana, Antennaria howellii, Aralia nudicaulis, Aruncus dioi-
Ankara cus, Asarum caudatum, Geum macrophyllum, Heracleum maximum, Juni
Other perus communis, Lactuca biennis, Ledum groenlandicum, Mentha canadensis,
Hunting & Fishing Item: Andropogon gerardii Nuphar lutea, Physocarpus opulifolius, Picea sitchensis, Polypodium virgini-
anum, Populus balsamifera, Prenanthes alata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa
Atsugewi sp., Rumex aquaticus, Sambucus racemosa, Taraxacum offlcinale, Thuja pli-
Drug cata, Urtica dioica, Veratrum viride
Analgesic: Ligusticum grayi Antidiarrheal: Aruncus dioicus, Lactuca biennis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Salix
\ntirheumatic (External): Eriodictyon californicum lucida
\ntirheumatic (Internal): Verbascum thapsus Antidote: Dryopteris carthusiana, D.filix-mas
Blood Medicine: Quercus sp. Antiemetic: Lactuca biennis
Burn Dressing: Arctostaphylos patula Antihemorrhagic: Arceuthobium americanum, Lactuca biennis
Cold Remedy: Eriodictyon californicum, Ligusticum grayi, Quercus sp., Verbas Antirheumatic (External): Alnus incana, Asarum caudatum, Heracleum maxi
cum thapsus mum, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Plagiomnium insigne, Populus balsa
Cough Medicine: Ligusticum grayi mifera, Rhizomnium glabrescens, Rumex aquaticus, Thuja plicata, Tsuga
Dermatological Aid: Arctostaphylos patula, Prunus virginiana, Verbascum heterophylla, Urtica dioica, Veratrum viride
thapsus Antirheumatic (Internal): Nuphar lutea, Oplopanax horridus, Pseudotsuga
632 Bella Coola

[Antirheumatic (Internal)] Nuphar lutea, Physocarpus opulifolius, Pinus contorta, Populus balsamifera,
menziesii, Sorbus sitchensis Prunus emarginata
Blood Medicine: Nuphar lutea, Plagiomnium insigne, Rhizomnium glabrescens Unspecified: Alnus incana, A. viridis, Artemisia ludoviciana, Ligusticum scoth-
Breast Treatment: Achillea millefoliwn, Plagiomnium insigne, Rhizomnium icum, Paxistima myrsinites, Ribes bracteosum
glabrescens Urinary Aid: Saxifragaferruginea
Burn Dressing: Achillea millefolium, Picea sitchensis, Prenanthes alata, Tsuga Venereal Aid: Amelanchier alnifolia, Aruncus dioicus, Lonicera involucrata,
heterophylla, T. mertensiana Myrica gale, Nuphar lutea, Physocarpus opulifolius, Picea sitchensis, Populus
Cathartic: Alnus rubra, Angelica genuflexa, Cicuta douglasii, Empetrum nigrum, tremuloides, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ribes bracteosum, Symphoricarpos albus,
Oplopanax horridus, Osmorhiza berteroi, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa sp., Veratrum viride
Sambucus racemosa Food
Ceremonial Medicine: Picea sitchensis Beverage: Aralia nudicaulis, Ledum groenlandicum, Sambucus racemosa
Cold Remedy: Prenanthes alata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ribes divaricatum, Bread & Cake: Gaultheria shallon, Rubus leucodermis, R. spectabilis, Vaccinium
Viburnum edule ovalifolium, V. parvifolium
Cough Medicine: Juniperus communis, Lonicera involucrata, Thuja plicata, Dietary Aid: Dryopterisfllix-mas
Veratrum viride Dried Food: Egregia menziesii, Populus balsamifera, Porphyra sp., Sambucus
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Clintonia uniflora, Epilobium angus- racemosa, Tsuga heterophylla
tifolium, Gaultheria shallon, Geum macrophyllum, Heracleum maximum, Forage: Clintonia uniflora, Lonicera involucrata
Lonicera involucrata, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Plagiomnium insigne, Frozen Food: Vaccinium parvifolium
Populus balsamifera, Ranunculus acris, Rhizomnium glabrescens, Ribes lacus- Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus unalaschkensis, Crataegus douglasii, Fra-
tre, Rumex aquaticus, Salix lucida, S. scouleriana, Thuja plicata, Trautvetteria garia vesca, E virginiana, Maianthemum dilatatum, M. stellatum, Malusfus
caroliniensis, Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertensiana, Veratrum viride ca, Ribes bracteosum, R. divaricatum, R. lacustre, R. laxiflorum, Rosa nutkana,
Diaphoretic: Populus balsamifera, Rosa nutkana Rubus idaeus, R. leucodermis, R. spectabilis, Vaccinium cespitosum, V mem-
Disinfectant: Picea sitchensis branaceum,V ovalifolium, V parvifolium
Diuretic: Aruncus dioicus, Myrica gale, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis
Symphoricarpos albus Preserves: Rubus idaeus, R. leucodermis, R. parviflorus, Sambucus racemosa
Emetic: Cicuta douglasii, Oplopanax horridus, Osmorhiza berteroi, 0. sp., Sauce & Relish: Ribes divaricatum
Physocarpus capitatus, P. opulifolius, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sambucus race Special Food: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
mosa, Veratrum viride Unspecified: Allium cernuum, Angelica lucida, Argentina egedii, Dryopterisfllix-
Eye Medicine: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Athyriumfilix-femina, Clintonia uni mas, Egregia menziesii, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Heracleum maximum,
flora, Cornus sericea, Malusfusca, Ribes divaricatum, R. laxiflorum, Rosa nut Populus balsamifera, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus parviflorus, R. spectabilis,
kana, Sorbus sitchensis Rumex acetosella, Sium suave, Trifolium wormskioldii
Gastrointestinal Aid: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Aralia nudicaulis, Aruncus Vegetable: Epilobium angustifolium, Rumex aquaticus
dioicus, Asarum caudatum, Geum macrophyllum, Juniperus communis, Winter Use Food: Viburnum edule
Ledum groenlandicum, Lysichiton americanus, Mentha canadensis, Picea Fiber
sitchensis, Polypodium virginianum, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa sp., Rubus Basketry: Betula papyrifera, Picea sitchensis, Prunus emarginata, Thuja plicata
spectabilis, Sambucus racemosa, Sorbus sitchensis, Taraxacum officinale, Canoe Material: Betula papyrifera
Thuja plicata, Veratrum viride Clothing: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata
Gynecological Aid: Sedum spathulifolium Cordage: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Urtica dioica
Heart Medicine: Lactuca biennis, Nuphar lutea, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Hylocomium splendens,
Prunella vulgaris, Prunus emarginata, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Ver Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Sphagnum sp., Thuja plicata
atrum viride Scouring Material: Equisetum hyemale, Thuja plicata
Hemostat: Urticadioica Dye
Herbal Steam: Rumex aquaticus, Urtica dioica Brown: Tsuga heterophylla
Internal Medicine: Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertensiana Red: Alnus rubra
Laxative: Frangula purshiana, Physocarpus opulifolius, Picea sitchensis, Pseudo Other
tsuga menziesii, Ribes lacustre, Veratrum viride Cleaning Agent: Tsuga heterophylla
Misc. Disease Remedy: Aruncus dioicus Containers: Lysichiton americanus, Nereocystis luetkeana, Prunus emarginata
Oral Aid: Polypodium glycyrrhiza Cooking Tools: Acerglabrum, Angelica genuflexa, Cornus sericea, Lysichiton
Orthopedic Aid: Heracleum maximum, Populus balsamifera, Urtica dioica, americanus, Spiraea douglasii
Veratrum viride Decorations: Alectoria sarmentosa, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Lycopodium
Other: Thuja plicata clavatum, Thuja plicata, Usnea sp.
Pediatric Aid: Achillea millefolium, Prenanthes alata Fuel: Alnus rubra, Fucussp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata
Poison: Veratrum viride Good Luck Charm: Veratrum viride
Pulmonary Aid: Alnus incana, Arceuthobium americanum, Heracleum maxi Hunting & Fishing Item: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Egregia menziesii,
mum, Juniperus communis, Osmorhiza sp., Populus balsamifera, Taxus brevi- Taxus brevifolia, Urtica dioica
folia, Viburnum edule Insecticide: Sorbus sitchensis
Respiratory Aid: Achillea millefolium, Thuja plicata Protection: Oplopanax horridus, Ribes lacustre, Veratrum viride
Throat Aid: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, P. virginianum, Smoking Tools: Ribes divaricatum, Sambucus racemosa
Populus balsamifera, Ribes divaricatum Tools: Acerglabrum, Angelica genuflexa, Taxus brevifolia
Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Anaphalis margaritacea, Toys & Games: Castilleja miniata, C. unalaschcensis
 Index of Tribes 633

Blackfoot pias viridiflora, Disporum trachycarpum, Dodecatheon pulchellum, Escobaria

Drug vivipara, Gaillardia aristata, Geranium viscosissimum, Geum triflorum, Heu
^bortifacient: Anemone multifida, Artemisia campestris, Betula occidentalis, chera cylindrica, H parvifolia, Hierochloe odorata, Monardafistulosa, Osmo
Draba incerta, Physaria didymocarpa rhiza occidentalis, Pediomelum esculentum, Physaria didymocarpa, Prunella
Analgesic: Abies lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Acorus calamus, Allium sp., vulgaris, Pyrola sp., Salix sp.
Anemone multifida, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Liatris punctata, Mentha canaden- Febrifuge: Abies lasiocarpa, Aconitum sp., Artemisia frigida, Salix discolor
sis, Penstemon acuminatus, Physaria didymocarpa, Salix discolor, Veratrum Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Angelica dawsonii,
californicum, V viride Artemisia campestris, A. frigida, Evernia vulpina, Gaillardia aristata, Heu
Antidiarrheal: Argentina anserina, Conyza canadensis, Delphinium bicolor, chera flabellifolia, Liatris punctata, Lonicera involucrata, Lupinus sp., Lygo
Erigeron philadelphicus, Escobaria vivipara, Fragaria sp., E virginiana, Hera- desmia juncea, Mahonia aquifolium, M. repens, Pediomelum esculentum,
cleum maximum, Heuchera cylindrica, H. richardsonii, Matricaria discoidea, Penstemon acuminatus, Physaria didymocarpa, Populus tremuloides, Rosa
Perideridia gairdneri, Polyporus sp., Prunus virginiana, Rosa acicularis, R. sp., sp., Salix sp., Shepherdia argentea, Valeriana dioica, Veratrum viride
Sa//jcsp., Solatium triflorum Gynecological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia frigida, Camassia quamash,
Antiemetic: Allium sp., Juniperus scopulorum, Penstemon acuminatus, Peride Lygodesmia juncea, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Populus tremuloides, Pulsatilla
ridia gairdneri patens, Pyrola sp., Ribes americanum, Selaginella densa
Antihemorrhagic: Angelica dawsonii, Astragalus canadensis, Castilleja sp., Heart Medicine: Mentha canadensis
Conyza canadensis, Erigeron philadelphicus, Lycoperdon sp., Mahonia Hemostat: Artemisia frigida, Heuchera parvifolia, Lycoperdon sp., Lycopodium
aquifolium, M. repens, Salix sp., Selaginella densa complanatum, Xerophyllum tenax, Yucca glauca
Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Allium sp., Angelica dawsonii, Herbal Steam: Gutierrezia sarothrae, Yucca glauca
Artemisia campestris, Asclepias viridiflora, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Heuchera Kidney Aid: Juniperus horizontal, Lygodesmia juncea, Mahonia repens,
parvifolia, Juniperus scopulorum, J. sp., Pediomelum esculentum, Physaria Monardaflstulosa, Ribes americanum
didymocarpa, Populus sp., Pulsatilla sp., Rumex crispus, R. salicifolius, Viola Laxative: Amelanchier alnifolia, Apocynum cannabinum, Aster sp., Crataegus
adunca, Yucca glauca chrysocarpa, Epilobium angustifolium, Perideridia gairdneri, Phlox hoodii,
Antirheumatic (Internal): Balsamorhiza sagittata Pyrola sp., Ribes sp., Shepherdia argentea, Spiraea splendens
Blood Medicine: Geum triflorum Liver Aid: Achillea millefolium, Cornus sericea, Grindelia squarrosa, Populus sp.
Breast Treatment: Gaillardia aristata, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Perideridia Misc. Disease Remedy: Allium sp., Angelica dawsonii, Artemisia frigida, Lupi-
gairdneri nussp.} Rhus trilobata
Cathartic: Acerglabrum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Lonicera involucrata, Prunus Narcotic: Selaginella densa
virginiana Nose Medicine: Draba incerta, Gaillardia aristata, Osmorhiza occidentalis,
Ceremonial Medicine: Abies lasiocarpa, Angelica dawsonii, Hierochloe odorata, Solidago sp., Veratrum viride
Lithospermum incisum, Lomatium dissectum Oral Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia campestris, Ascle
Cold Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Actaea pachypoda, A. rubra, Allium sp., pias viridiflora, Delphinium bicolor, Dodecatheon pulchellum, Geum triflo
Artemisia frigida, Cornus sericea, Geranium viscosissimum, Hierochloe odora rum, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Heuchera parvifolia, Veratrum viride
ta, Lycopus sp., Osmorhiza berteroi Orthopedic Aid: Equisetum arvense, Gaillardia aristata, Juniperus sp., Lygodes
Cough Medicine: Actaea pachypoda, A. rubra, Allium sp., Artemisia campestris, mia juncea, Pediomelum esculentum, Physaria didymocarpa, Xerophyllum
A. frigida, Geum triflorum, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Hierochloe odorata, Lygodes- tenax, Yucca glauca
miajuncea, Monardaflstulosa, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Perideridia gairdneri, Other: Angelica dawsonii, Geranium viscosissimum
Pyrola sp. Panacea: Achillea millefolium, Lomatium triternatum, Perideridia gairdneri,
Dermatological Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Allium sp., Angelica Populus tremuloides, Rumex salicifolius, Solidago sp.
dawsonii, Apocynum cannabinum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Argentina anseri Pediatric Aid: Allium sp., Amelanchier alnifolia, Angelica dawsonii, Arctosta
na, Artemisia campestris, A. frigida, A. ludoviciana, Asclepias viridiflora, Astra phylos uva-ursi, Artemisia campestris, A. ludoviciana, Asclepias viridiflora,
galus canadensis, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Delphinium bicolor, Elaeagnus Aster sp., Astragalus canadensis, Delphinium bicolor, Dodecatheon pulchel
commutata, Epilobium angustifolium, Equisetum arvense, Evernia vulpina, lum, Elaeagnus commutata, Epilobium angustifolium, Heuchera parvifolia,
Gaillardia aristata, Geum triflorum, Heracleum maximum, Heuchera cylin Lycopus sp., Lygodesmia juncea, Pediomelum esculentum, Phlox hoodii, Phy
drica, H. parviflora, H parvifolia, Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus sp., Liatris saria didymocarpa, Prunus virginiana, Pyrola sp., Rosa acicularis, Solanum
punctata, Lycopodium complanatum, Lygodesmia juncea, Mahonia repens, triflorum, Viola adunca
Monardaflstulosa, Oenothera cespitosa, Orobanche fasciculata, 0. ludovici Poison: Aconitum sp., Cornus sericea, Delphinium sp., Oxytropis sp., Triglochin
ana, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Oxytropis lagopus, 0. sericea, Perideridia gaird maritimum, Valeriana edulis, Veratrum californicum, V. viride
neri, Physaria didymocarpa, Prunella vulgaris, Pulsatilla patens, Pyrola sp., Pulmonary Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Acorus calamus, Artemisia ludoviciana, Astra
Rumex crispus, R. salicifolius, Salix sp., Thalictrum occidentale, Xerophyllum galus canadensis, Juniperus communis, Lomatium triternatum, Lonicera
tenax, Yucca glauca involucrata, Lycopodium complanatum, Pediomelum esculentum, Phlox
Dietary Aid: Angelica dawsonii, Lomatium dissectum, Physaria didymocarpa hoodii, Rubus parviflorus, Thalictrum occidentale
Disinfectant: Mahonia repens Respiratory Aid: Aconitum sp., Allium sp., Artemisia ludoviciana, Geum triflo
Diuretic: Achillea millefolium, Castilleja sp., Equisetum arvense, Lygodesmia rum, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Lupinus sp., Perideridia gairdneri, Polygala sene
juncea, Perideridia gairdneri, Pyrola sp. ga, Viola adunca
Ear Medicine: Allium sp., Amelanchier alnifolia, Oxytropis sericea, Pediomelum Snakebite Remedy: Heuchera cylindrica
esculentum, Physaria didymocarpa, Pyrola sp. Stimulant: Abies lasiocarpa, Artemisia frigida, Delphinium bicolor, Lomatium
Emetic: Abies lasiocarpa, Allium sp., Argentina anserina, Lonicera involucrata, dissectum
Monardaflstulosa, Phragmites australis Strengthener: Hierochloe odorata, Lomatium macrocarpum, L. triternatum,
Eye Medicine: Allium sp., Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemisia campestris, Ascle Perideridia gairdneri
634 Blackfoot

Throat Aid: Achillea millefolium,Aconitum sp., Acorus calamus, Artemisia ludo gonum flavum, Erythronium grandiflorum, Fritillaria pudica, Heracleum
viciana, Asclepias viridiflora, Geum triflorum, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Hiero- maximum, Lewisia rediviva, Liatris punctata, Lilium philadelphicum, Litho
chloe odorata, Lewisia rediviva, Monardafistulosa, Osmorhiza berteroi, Oxy- spermum incisum, Lomatium simplex, L triternatum, Musineon divaricatum,
tropis lagopus, 0. sp., Pediomelum esculentum, Perideridia gairdneri, Phy- Pediomelum esculentum, Perideridia gairdneri, Pinus ponderosa, Populus
saria didymocarpa, Prunus virginiana, Pyrola sp., Salix sp., Solidago sp. balsamifera, P. deltoides, P tremuloides, Salix sp., Typha latifolia
Tonic: Geum triflorum, Juniperus sp., Lomatium dissectum, Lygodesmia juncea Vegetable: Allium cernuum, A. sp., Claytonia lanceolata, Heracleum maximum,
Toothache Remedy: Acorus calamus, Echinacea angustifolia, Pediomelum escu Perideridia gairdneri
lentum, Physaria didymocarpa Winter Use Food: Allium sp., Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,
Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Alnus incana, Pinus contorta Camassia quamash
Unspecified: Angelica dawsonii, Delphinium sp., Pediomelum esculentum, Fiber
Prunus virginiana Brushes & Brooms: Spiraea splendens
Venereal Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus communis, Lyco- Building Material: Betula occidentalis, Pinus contorta, Populus sp., Salix exigua,
podium complanatum, Spiraea splendens S.sp.
Veterinary Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Actaea rubra, Allium sp., Canoe Material: Salix sp.
Angelica dawsonii, Artemisia campestris, Afrigida, A. ludoviciana, A. sp., Aster Clothing: Carex sp., Typha latifolia
sp., Clematis occidentalis, Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, Gaillardia aristata, Cordage: Argentina anserina, Elaeagnus commutata
Geum triflorum, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Heuchera cylindrica, H. parvifolia, H. Furniture: Pinus contorta, Prunus virginiana, Salix sp.
sp., Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus horizontalis, Lomatium dissectum, L mac- Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Artemisia ludoviciana, Juniperus horizontalis, Leymus
rocarpum, Lupinus sp., Lycoperdon sp., Lygodesmia juncea, Mahonia repens, cinereus, Pentaphylloides floribunda
Monarda sp., Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Osmorhiza berteroi, Perideridia Dye
gairdneri, Physaria didymocarpa, Prunella vulgaris, Salix sp., Selaginella den- Blue: Delphinium bicolor, Viola adunca
sa, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Thalictrum sparsiflorum, Townsendia exsca- Mordant: Heuchera cylindrica, Lycopodium complanatum
pa, Valeriana dioica, Yucca glauca Orange: Alnus incana
Food Red: Equisetum arvense, Orthocarpus luteus, Salix discolor, Shepherdia argentea
Beverage: Achillea millefolium, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Equisetum hyemale, Red-Brown: Alnus incana, Orthocarpus luteus
Eriogonum umbellatum, Fragaria virginiana, Lithospermum incisum, Men- Unspecified: Aster sp., Castilleja sp., Osmorhiza occidentalis, Rubus parviflorus
tha arvensis, M. canadensis, Prunus virginiana Yellow: Castilleja sp., Evernia vulpina, Mahonia repens, Phlox hoodii, Thermop-
Bread & Cake: Camassia quamash sis rhombifolia
Candy: Abies lasiocarpa, Antennaria rosea, Artemisia ludoviciana, Elaeagnus Other
commutata, Escobaria vivipara, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Pinus contorta Cash Crop: Acorus calamus, Amelanchier alnifolia
Dessert: Amelanchier alnifolia Ceremonial Items: Abies lasiocarpa, Amelanchier alnifolia, Angelica dawsonii,
Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, A. arborea, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Lewisia Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia frigida, A. ludoviciana, Carex nebrascensis,
pygmaea, Pediomelum esculentum, Prunus virginiana Clematis occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Heracleum maximum, Hierochloe odor
Fodder: Populus sp., P. tremuloides ata, Juniperus horizontalis, J. scopulorum, Lithospermum incisum, Lopho-
Forage: Artemisia cana, Buchloe dactyloides, Carex nebrascensis, Chrys- phora williamsii, Lupinussp., Lycoperdon sp., Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Poly-
othamnus nauseosus, Leymus cinereus, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Shepher- porus sp., Populus sp., Salix prolixa
dia argentea Containers: Acerglabrum, Prunus virginiana, Salix sp.
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea, Crataegus Cooking Tools: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Betula occidentalis, B. papyrifera, Gail
chrysocarpa, Disporum trachycarpum, Elaeagnus commutata, Escobaria vivi lardia aristata, Heracleum maximum, Monardafistulosa, Pinus contorta,
para, Fragaria virginiana, Mahonia repens, Prunus virginiana, Ribes aureum, Prunus virginiana
R. oxyacanthoides, Rosa acicularis, R. nutkana, R. sp., Rubus parviflorus Decorations: Gentiana afflnis, Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus horizontalis, Pedi
Preserves: Amelanchier alnifolia, Rosa nutkana omelum esculentum, Populus sp.
Snack Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Perideridia gairdneri, Popu- Designs: Lycoperdon sp.
lus tremuloides Fasteners: Pinus contorta, Salix sp.
Soup: Amelanchier alnifolia, A. arborea, Asclepias viridiflora, Elaeagnus commu Fuel: Pentaphylloides floribunda, Populus sp., Symphoricarpos occidentalis
tata, Erythronium grandiflorum, Fritillaria pudica, Gaillardia aristata, Hera- Good Luck Charm: Angelica dawsonii, Artemisia ludoviciana, Lomatium triter
cleum maximum, Lilium philadelphicum, Perideridia gairdneri, Polygonum natum

bistortoides, Prunus virginiana, Ribes oxyacanthoides, Veratrum viride Hide Preparation: Artemisia campestris, A. frigida, Juniperus sp., Lomatium dis
Special Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Camassia quamash, Populus tremuloides, sectum, L. triternatum
Prunus virginiana Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Mentha canadensis, Pseudotsu-
Spice: Acerglabrum, Allium cernuum, A. sp., Artemisia frigida, Asclepias viridi ga menziesii
flora, Geranium viscosissimum, Mentha arvensis, M. canadensis, Pentaphyl- Incense & Fragrance: Abies lasiocarpa, Allium sp., Artemisia frigida, A. ludovi
loides floribunda, Perideridia gairdneri, Prunus virginiana, Selaginella densa, ciana, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Geum triflorum, Hierochloe odorata, Lupinus
Thalictrum occidentale sp., Lycoperdon sp., Matricaria discoidea, Monardafistulosa, Osmorhiza occi
Staple: Amelanchier alnifolia, Astragalus canadensis, Perideridia gairdneri, dentalis, Polyporus sp., Populus sp., Salix sp., Thalictrum occidentale, Tsp.
Prunus virginiana Insecticide: Artemisia frigida, A ludoviciana, Matricaria discoidea, Thalictrum
Starvation Food: Rosa sp., Selaginella densa, Shepherdia canadensis, Symphori occidentale
carpos occidentalis Jewelry: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aster sp., Elaeagnus commutata, Juniperus
Unspecified: Amelanchier arborea, Asclepias viridiflora, Astragalus canadensis, sp., Oxytropis sericea, Rosa sp.
Camassia quamash, C. scilloides, Cirsium sp., Epilobium angustifolium, Erio Malicious Charm: Angelica dawsonii, Artemisia ludoviciana
 Index of Tribes 635

Musical Instrument: Heracleum maximum, Pinus contorta Gastrointestinal Aid: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Anemopsis californica, Arbutus
Paint: Abies lasiocarpa, Symphoricarpos albus, Thalictrum occidentale menziesii, Chenopodium californicum, Descurainia pinnata, Eriogonum sp.,
Paper: Artemisia frigida, A. ludoviciana Larrea tridentata, Matricaria discoidea, Monardella villosa, Sambucus
Preservative: Populus sp. cerulea, Trichostema lanatum
Protection: Abies lasiocarpa, Artemisia ludoviciana, Clematis occidentalis, Pop- Gynecological Aid: Artemisia californica, Baccharis salicifolia, Eriogonum sp.,
ulus balsamifera, P. deltoides, Rubus parviflorus Larrea tridentata, Solidago californica
Season Indicator: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Stipa comata, Thermopsis rhombi- Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii
folia Hunting Medicine: Datura wrightii, Nicotiana clevelandii, N glauca, N
Smoke Plant: Antennaria rosea, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Chimaphila umbella- trigonophylla, Salvia apiana
ta, Cornus sericea, Nicotiana attenuata, N. quadrivalvis, Valeriana sitchensis Kidney Aid: Marrubium vulgare
Smoking Tools: Cornus sericea Laxative: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Frangula californica, Opuntia ficus-indica,
Snuff: Veratrum californicum Sambucus cerulea
Soap: Allium sp., Artemisia campestris, A. frigida, Elaeagnus commutata, Equi- Misc. Disease Remedy: Euphorbia sp., Sambucus cerulea
setum arvense, Hierochloe odorata, Yucca glauca Nose Medicine: Atriplex lentiformis
Stable Gear: Alnus incana Oral Aid: Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Euphorbia sp.
Tools: Artemisia frigida, Monarda fistulosa, Pinus ponderosa, Prunus virginiana Orthopedic Aid: Arundo donax, Phragmites australis
Toys & Games: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Elaeagnus commutata, Other: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Datura wrightii, Ephedra nevadensis
Escobaria vivipara, Heracleum maximum, Lithospermum ruderale, Pinus con Panacea: Bursera microphylla
torta, Populus tremuloides, Pulsatilla patens, Ribes oxyacanthoides, Salixsp. Pediatric Aid: Artemisia californica, Croton californicus, Eschscholzia sp., Rosa
Waterproofing Agent: Castillejasp., Epilobium angustifolium, Gaillardia aris- californica, Sambucus cerulea
tata, Lygodesmia juncea, Perideridia gairdneri, Pinus contorta Poison: Astragalus sp., Croton californicus, Datura wrightii, Ricinus communis,
Weapon: Glycyrrhiza lepidota Solanum douglasii
Pulmonary Aid: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Anemopsis californica, Larrea tri
Cahuilla dentata
Drug Respiratory Aid: Anemopsis californica, Artemisia tridentata, Croton californi
Analgesic: Asclepiassp., Datura wrightii, Populus fremontii, Rosa californica, cus, Datura wrightii, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Larrea tridentata
Umbellularia californica, Urtica dioica Sedative: Eschscholzia sp.
Antidiarrheal: Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A. pungens, Conyza cana- Snakebite Remedy: Datura wrightii
densis, Matricaria discoidea Sports Medicine: Datura wrightii
Antidote: Datura wrightii Throat Aid: Ericameria palmed, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Isocoma acradenia
Antihemorrhagic: Hyptis emoryi Tonic: Frangula californica, Larrea tridentata
Antirheumatic (External): Adenostomafasciculatum,A. sparsifolium, Datura Toothache Remedy: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Datura wrightii, Enceliafari-
wrightii, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Larrea tridentata, Populus fremontii, Urtica nosa, Gutierrezia microcephala, Sambucus cerulea
dioica Tuberculosis Remedy: Eriodictyon trichocalyx
Antirheumatic (Internal): Eriodictyon trichocalyx Unspecified: Apocynum cannabinum, Artemisia californica, Datura wrightii,
Blood Medicine: Ephedra nevadensis, Eriodictyon trichocalyx Phoradendron sp., Prosopis pubescens
Burn Dressing: Opuntia acanthocarpa Veterinary Aid: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Anemopsis californica, Cucurbitafoe
Cancer Treatment: Larrea tridentata tidissima, Datura wrightii, Populus fremontii
Cathartic: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Eriogonum sp., Opuntiaficus-indica Food
Cold Remedy: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Anemopsis californica, Artemisia cali Baby Food: Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia
fornica, Atriplex lentiformis, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Eucalyptus sp., Larrea Beverage: Allenrolfea occidentalis, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A. pun
tridentata, Rhus ovata, Salvia apiana, Sambucus cerulea, Satureja douglasii gens, Ephedra nevadensis, Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Ferocactus cylindraceus,
Cough Medicine: Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Rhus ovata Fouquieria splendens, Nicotiana clevelandii, N. glauca, N. trigonophylla,
Dermatological Aid: Anemopsis californica, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glau Phoradendron sp., Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Prosopis glandulosa, P.
ca, A. pungens, Baccharis salicifolia, Bursera microphylla, Chamaesyce mela- pubescens, Rhus integrifolia, R. trilobata, Romneya coulteri, Rosa californica,
nadenia, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Ericameria Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. vitifolius, Salvia columbariae, Sim-
palmed, Isocoma acradenia, Larrea tridentata, Lepidium nitidum, Nicotiana mondsia chinensis, Vitis girdiana, Washingtoniafilifera
clevelandii, N. glauca, N. trigonophylla, Opuntia acanthocarpa, 0. ficus-indica, Bread & Cake: Allenrolfea occidentalis, Prosopis glandulosa, Ppubescens, Quercus
Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Populusfremontii, Prosopis glandulosa, Rici- agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii, Scirpus sp., Yucca whipplei
nus communis, Salvia apiana, Solidago californica, Suaeda sp., Typha latifolia Candy: Chenopodium californicum
Disinfectant: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Artemisia tridentata, Larrea tridentata, Dietary Aid: Salvia columbariae
Phoradendron sp., Salvia columbariae Dried Food: Agave deserti, Amelanchier pallida, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A.
Ear Medicine: Chamaesyce melanadenia, Croton californicus, Nicotiana cleve- glauca, A. pungens, Cucurbita moschata, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Juniperus
landii, N. glauca, N. trigonophylla californica, Lasthenia glabrata, Lycium andersonii, L. fremontii, Opuntia
Emetic: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Larrea tridentata, acanthocarpa, O. basilaris, O. bigelovii, O. ficus-indica, 0. ramosissima, Pinus
Nicotiana clevelandii, N. glauca, N. trigonophylla monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Prosopis pubescens, Prunus virginiana, Quercus
Eye Medicine: Eriogonum sp., Phoradendron sp., Prosopis glandulosa, Salvia agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii, Rhus ovata, Rubus leucoder
apiana, S. columbariae, Solanum douglasii mis, R. parviflorus, R. vitifolius, Sambucus cerulea, Vitis girdiana, Washingto
Febrifuge: Eriodictyon trichocalyx, Euphorbia sp., Sambucus cerulea, Satureja niafilifera, Yucca whipplei
douglasii Fruit: Amelanchier pallida, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. pungens, Atriplex
636 Cahuilla

[Fruit] earis, Ericameria palmed, Fouquieria splendens, Isocoma acradenia, Leymus

semibaccata, Citrullus lanatus, Fragaria vesca, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Juni- condensatus, Lotus scoparius, Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Platanus
perus californica, Lycium andersonii, Lfremontii, Opuntia acanthocarpa, 0. racemosa, Pluchea sericea, Prosopis glandulosa, P. pubescens, Scirpus sp.,
engelmannii, O.flcus-indica, 0. xoccidentalis, 0. ramosissima, Phoradendron Washingtonia fllifera
sp., Prunus andersonii, P. emarginata, Pfasciculata, Pfremontii, P. ilicifolia, P. Clothing: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Agave deserti, Chilopsis linearis, Prosopis
virginiana, Rhamnus crocea, Rhus ovata, R. trilobata, Ribes malvaceum, R. glandulosa, Yucca brevifolia
montigenum, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. vitifolius, Sambucus ceru Cordage: Agave deserti, Asclepias sp., Chilopsis linearis, Prosopis glandulosa,
lea, Vitis girdiana, Washingtoniafilifera, Ziziphus parryi Urtica dioica, Yucca brevifolia, Y schidigera
Porridge: Acacia greggii, Allenrolfea occidental, Amaranthus flmbriatus, Arcto- Furniture: Salix gooddingii
staphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A. pungens, Atriplex lentiformis, Avenafatua, Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Scirpus sp., Typha latifolia
Chaenactis glabriuscula, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Fouquieria splendens, Scouring Material: Agave deserti, Cuscuta californica, Distichlis spicata, Equise-
Hirschfeldia incana, Juniperus californica, Lasthenia californica, L glabrata, tum sp.

Layia glandulosa, L platyglossa, Medicago polymorpha, Mentzelia albicaulis, Unspecified: Apocynum cannabinum
M. involucrata, M. puberula, Opuntia basilaris, Panicum urvilleanum, Parkin- Dye
soniaflorida, Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus Black: Phoradendron sp., Sambucus cerulea, Suaeda sp.
agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii, Rhus ovata, Salvia carduacea, Orange: Sambucus cerulea
Trifolium sp., Triticum aestivum, Typha latifolia, Vitis girdiana, Washingtonia Purple: Sambucus cerulea
fllifera, Zea mays, Ziziphus parryi Unspecified: Agave deserti, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Solanum douglasii
Preserves: Prunus andersonii, Rhamnus sp., Sambucus cerulea, Washingtonia Yellow: Hoita macrostachya, Palafoxia arida, Sambucus cerulea
fllifera Other
Sauce & Relish: Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A. pungens, Sambucus Cash Crop: Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis,
cerulea Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii, Triticum aestivum
Soup: Opuntia ramosissima, Rhus trilobata Ceremonial Items: Agave deserti, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Datura wrightii, Ley
Special Food: Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii mus condensatus, Nicotiana clevelandii, N. glauca, N. trigonophylla, Scirpus
Spice: Allium validum, Astragalus sp., Descurainia pinnata, Distichlis spicata, sp., Typha latifolia, Washingtoniafilifera, Zea mays
Salvia apiana, S. mellifera Cooking Tools: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Populusfre-
Staple: Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A. pungens, Arthrocnemum subter- montii, Prosopis glandulosa, Washingtoniafilifera
minale, Asclepias sp., Chenopodium californicum, Echinocactus polycepha- Decorations: Eschscholzia sp., Penstemon centranthifolius, Pentachaeta aurea
lus, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Helianthus annuus, Fasteners: Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Prosopis glandulosa
Olneya tesota, Opuntia acanthocarpa, 0. bigelovii, 0. engelmannii, O.flcus- Fuel: Acacia greggii, Acer macrophyllum, Adenostoma fasciculatum, A. sparsifo
indica, 0. parryi, 0. ramosissima, Prosopis glandulosa, P. pubescens, Prunus lium, Agave deserti, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A. pungens, Ceano-
virginiana, Salvia apiana, S. columbariae, S. mellifera, Scirpus sp., Suaeda sp., thussp., Fouquieria splendens, Olneya tesota, Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifo
Typha latifolia, Ziziphus parryi lia, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kel
Starvation Food: Bromus tectorum, Hemizoniafasciculata loggii
Sweetener: Castillejafoliolosa, Rhus ovata Good Luck Charm: Bursera microphylla, Datura wrightii
Unspecified: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Agave deserti, Apiastrum angustifolium, Hide Preparation: Rumex hymenosepalus
Avena barbata, Bloomeria crocea, Calochortus catalinae, C concolor, C.flexu- Hunting & Fishing Item: Adenostoma fasciculatum, A sparsifolium, Agave de
osus, C. palmed, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chilopsis linearis, Cirsium drum- serti, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A pungens, Asclepias sp., Chilopsis
mondii, Cucurbita moschata, Dichelostemma pulchellum, Dudleya sp., Erio- linearis, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Leymus condensatus, Pluchea sericea,
gonum sp., Ferocactus cylindraceus, Fouquieria splendens, Hesperocallis un- Prosopis glandulosa, P. pubescens, Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa,
dulata, Hordeum murinum, H. vulgare, Malva sp., Nolina bigelovii, Opuntia Q. kelloggii, Salvia apiana, Scirpus sp., Washingtoniafilifera
basilaris, 0. bigelovii, 0. engelmannii, O.flcus-indica, 0. xoccidentalis, Oro- Incense & Fragrance: Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia
banche cooped, Pluchea sericea, Proboscidea althaeifolia, Prosopis glandu Jewelry: Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii
losa, Rosa californica, Yucca brevifolia, Y. schidigera, Y. whipplei Lighting: Adenostoma fasciculatum
Vegetable: Acacia greggii, Allium validum, Amaranthusflmbriatus, Apium Musical Instrument: Arundo donax, Phragmites australis, Quercus agrifolia,
graveolens, Asclepias sp., Camissonia claviformis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii
Chenopodium californicum, C.fremontii, C. humile, C. murale, Chlorogalum Paper: Prosopis glandulosa
pomeridianum, Claytonia perfoliata, C. spathulata, Descurainia pinnata, Protection: Chilopsis linearis, Nicotiana clevelandii, N. glauca, N. trigonophylla,
Erodium sp., Hirschfeldia incana, Hydrocotyle sp., Opuntia basilaris, Rorippa Parkinsoniaflorida, Prosopis glandulosa
nasturtium-aquaticum, Rumex hymenosepalus, Sisymbrium irio, Suaeda sp., Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A glauca, A pungens, Artemisia cali
Taraxacum californicum, Trifolium sp., Urtica dioica, Yucca whipplei fornica, Datura wrightii, Nicotiana clevelandii, N. glauca, N. trigonophylla
Winter Use Food: Citrullus lanatus, Hirschfeldia incana Smoking Tools: Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A pungens
Fiber Soap: Atriplex lentiformis, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cucurbitafoetidissima,
Basketry: Agave deserti, Juncus acutus, J. effusus, J. lesueurii,}. textilis, Muhlen- Suaeda sp., Yucca schidigera
bergia rigens, Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Rhus trilobata, Urtica dioica, Stable Gear: Agave deserti
Yucca schidigera Tools: Agave deserti, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A glauca, A pungens, Chilopsis
Brushes & Brooms: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Yucca schidigera linearis, Olneya tesota, Proboscidea althaeifolia, Prosopis glandulosa, P pubes
Building Material: Acacia greggii, Acer macrophyllum, Adenostoma fascicula- cens, Washingtoniafilifera
tum, A. sparsifolium, Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. glauca, A. pungens, Arte Toys & Games: Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. kelloggii, Sam
misia tridentata, Baccharis salicifolia, Calocedrus decurrens, Chilopsis lin bucus cerulea, Washingtoniafilifera
 Index of Tribes 637

California Indian Unspecified: Heracleum maximum, Linnaea borealis, Sium suave, Typha lati-
Drug folia
\ntirheumatic (Internal): Heraclewn maximum Vegetable: Taraxacum sp.
Dermatological Aid: Thalictrum sp. Fiber
Kidney Aid: Echinocystis sp., Mentha arvensis Basketry: Betula papyrifera
Snakebite Remedy: Asclepias fascicularis Building Material: Abies sp.
Toothache Remedy: Eschscholzia californica Canoe Material: Betula papyrifera, Populus balsamifera
Food Clothing: Populus sp., Sphagnum sp.
Vegetable: Heracleum maximum Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Picea sp.
Fiber Sewing Material: Betula papyrifera
Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum, Hoita macrostachya, Salix lasiolepis Snow Gear: Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana
Sewing Material: Hoita macrostachya Dye
Other Black: Alnus sp.
Containers: Hoita macrostachya Other
Hunting & Fishing Item: Philadelphus lewisii Cooking Tools: Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, Rubus parviflorus
Paint: Plagiobothrysfulvus Hide Preparation: Abies sp.
Smoking Tools: Cercocarpus montanus Hunting & Fishing Item: Alnus sp.
Soap: Ceanothus sp. Paint: Chenopodium capitatum
Tools: Cercocarpus montanus Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Weapon: Cercocarpus montanus
Carrier, Northern
Canadian Indian Drug
Food Analgesic: Artemisia ludoviciana, Oplopanax horridus
Unspecified: Astragalus australis Antidiarrheal: Viburnum edule
Burn Dressing: Abies sp.
Carrier
Cathartic: Abies sp., Juniperus communis, Oplopanax horridus, Sambucus race-
Drug
mosa, Shepherdia canadensis, Viburnum edule
Abortifacient: Rubus sp.
Cough Medicine: Juniperus communis
Analgesic: Cornus sericea, Oplopanax horridus, Urtica dioica
Dermatological Aid: Abies sp., Cornus sericea, Heracleum maximum, Lonicera
Anthelmintic: Populus sp.
involucrata, Pinus contorta, Populus balsamifera, Ribes sp., Rosa sp., Rubus
Antihemorrhagic: Alnus sp., Fragaria sp.
sp., Valeriana dioica
Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Heracleum maximum
Eye Medicine: Pinus contorta, Populus balsamifera
Blood Medicine: Chenopodium album
Gastrointestinal Aid: Alnus rubra, Oplopanax horridus
Cold Remedy: Picea sp.
Orthopedic Aid: Cornus sericea, Lonicera involucrata, Pinus contorta, Ribes sp.,
Cough Medicine: Plantago major, Viburnum edule
Rosa sp., Rubus sp.
Dermatological Aid: Abies sp., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Lonicera involucrata,
Stimulant: Cornus sericea, Lonicera involucrata, Pinus contorta, Ribes sp., Rosa
Populus sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Sphagnum sp., Urtica dioica
sp., Rubus sp.
Eye Medicine: Abies sp., Lonicera involucrata, Rosa nutkana
Unspecified: Cornus canadensis
Gastrointestinal Aid: Plantago major
Gynecological Aid: Shepherdia canadensis Carrier, Southern
Heart Medicine: Alnus sp. Drug
Kidney Aid: Equisetum hyemale Analgesic: Juniperus communis, Lycopodium clavatum, Picea sitchensis, Pinus
Laxative: Plantago major, Shepherdia canadensis contorta, Populus tremuloides, Viola adunca
Pediatric Aid: Populus sp., Sphagnum sp. Antihemorrhagic: Arceuthobium americanum
Pulmonary Aid: Cornus sericea Antirheumatic (External): Mnium affine
Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium Cathartic: Oplopanax horridus, Physocarpus opulifolius, Sambucus racemosa
Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies sp., Juniperus communis, Picea sp., Shepherdia Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Anemone multifida, Mentha canadensis,
canadensis Sorbus sitchensis
Unspecified: Sorbus sitchensis Cough Medicine: Populus balsamifera
Urinary Aid: Equisetum hyemale Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Alnus rubra, Artemisia ludoviciana,
Food Geum macrophyllum
Beverage: Sphagnum sp. Dietary Aid: Arceuthobium americanum
Candy: Picea mariana Emetic: Physocarpus opulifolius, Veratrum viride
Dried Food: Amelanchier sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium sp. Eye Medicine: Cornus canadensis, Lonicera involucrata, Orthilia secunda, Picea
Forage: Lathyrus sp. sitchensis, Pyrola asarifolia, Symphoricarpos albus
Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Fragaria sp., Rubus spectabilis, Shepherdia cana Gastrointestinal Aid: Mentha canadensis, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Pop
densis ulus tremuloides, Viola adunca
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis Gynecological Aid: Oplopanax horridus
Preserves: Ribes sp., Rosa nutkana, Rubus sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccini Orthopedic Aid: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia ludoviciana
um vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule Panacea: Anemone multifida, Geum macrophyllum
Soup: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Poison: Veratrum viride
638 Carrier, Southern

Pulmonary Aid: Mentha canadensis, Populus balsamifera Unspecified: Corylus cornuta, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus garryana, Rubus
Tuberculosis Remedy: Arceuthobium americanum spectabilis, Rumex acetosella, R. sp., Typha latifolia
Unspecified: Abies grandis Winter Use Food: Corylus cornuta, Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa
Other Fiber
Insecticide: Heracleum maximum, Populus balsamifera Basketry: Typha latifolia, Xerophyllum tenax
Clothing: Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia
Catawba Cordage: Corylus cornuta, Salix lucida
Drug Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia
Analgesic: Andropogon glomeratus, Aplectrum hyemale, Arnica acaulis, Dye
Chimaphila umbellata, Glyceria obtusa, Hexastylis arifolia, Pedicularis cana Unspecified: Tsuga heterophylla
densis, Tephrosia virginiana, Verbascum thapsus Yellow: Mahonia aquifolium
Antidiarrheal: Aletris farinosa Other
Antirheumatic (External): Tephrosia virginiana Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum, Holodiscus discolor, Polystichum munitum
Antirheumatic (Internal): Tephrosia virginiana Decorations: Typha latifolia
Burn Dressing: Parthenium integrifolium Fuel: Abies grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla
Cold Remedy: Hedeoma pulegioides, Xanthorhiza simplicissima Good Luck Charm: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Dermatological Aid: Aplectrum hyemale, Ilex opaca, Lechea sp., Orbexilum pe- Hunting & Fishing Item: Acer circinatum, Holodiscus discolor, Pseudotsuga
dunculatum, Salvia lyrata, Verbascum thapsus, Yucca fllamentosa menziesii, Taxus brevifolia
Febrifuge: Tephrosia virginiana Toys & Games: Pomes sp.
Gastrointestinal Aid: Aletris farinosa, Hexastylis arifolia, Pedicularis canadensis,
Xanthorhiza simplicissima Cherokee
Gynecological Aid: Oxydendrum arboreum, Salix humilis Drug
Heart Medicine: Erigeron strigosus, Hexastylis arifolia Abortifacient: Angelica atropurpurea, Apocynum cannabinum, Aristolochia ser-
Kidney Aid: Manfreda virginica pentaria,Armoracia rusticana, Asarum canadense, Asplenium trichomanes,
Liver Aid: Xanthorhiza simplicissima Carya alba, C. laciniosa, C. pallida, Chamaemelum nobile, Cimicifuga race
Misc. Disease Remedy: Ilex opaca, Marshallia obovata, Prunella vulgaris mosa, Echinocystis lobata, Erigeron philadelphicus, E. pulchellus, Hedeoma
Oral Aid: Salix humilis pulegioides, Hydrangea arborescens, Hypericum gentianoides, H. hypericoides,
Orthopedic Aid: Andropogon glomeratus, Arnica acaulis, Chimaphila umbella H. perforatum, Hyssopus officinalis, Juniperus virginiana, Lindera benzoin,
ta, Glyceria obtusa, Hexastylis arifolia, Orbexilum pedunculatum, Verbascum Monarda didyma, M.fistulosa, Nepeta cataria, Orbexilum pedunculatum,
thapsus Petroselinum crispum, Platanus occidentalis, Polygala senega, Scutellaria
Pediatric Aid: Salix humilis, Verbascum thapsus elliptica, S. incana, S. lateriflora, Solidago odora, Stylosanthes biflora, Verbena
Pulmonary Aid: Verbascum thapsus hastata
Snakebite Remedy: Manfreda virginica Adjuvant: Eupatorium maculatum, E. purpureum, Gleditsia triacanthos, Men
Tuberculosis Remedy: Senecio anonymus, Ulmus rubra tha xpiperita, M. spicata, Prunella vulgaris
Veterinary Aid: Lachnanthes caroliana, Parthenium integrifolium Analgesic: Acer rubrum, A. saccharinum, Acorus calamus, Alnus serrulata,
Anaphalis margaritacea, Anthemis cotula, Arisaema triphyllum, Aristolochia
Chehalis serpentaria, Artemisia biennis, Asarum canadense, Asclepias perennis, A.
Drug quadrifolia, A. syriaca, A. tuberosa, Aster linariifolius, A. novae-angliae, Ble-
Abortifacient: Thuja plicata philia ciliata, Cardamine diphylla, Carya alba, C. laciniosa, C. pallida, Casta-
Analgesic: Rosa nutkana neapumila, Celastrus scandens, Chenopodium botrys, Chimaphila maculata,
Antidiarrheal: Achillea millefolium Cimicifuga racemosa, Cirsium altissimum, C. vulgare, Clematis virginiana,
Antirheumatic (External): Urticadioica Cornus altemifolia, Cflorida, Cunila marina, Cypripedium acaule, C. parvi-
Cold Remedy: Abies grandis, Mentha sp. florum, Daphne mezereum, Desmodium nudiflorum, D. perplexum, Epigaea
Contraceptive: Geum macrophyllum, Lonicera ciliosa repens, Erigeron philadelphicus, E. pulchellus, Euonymus americana, Gna-
Dermatological Aid: Delphinium menziesii, Lonicera ciliosa, Marah oreganus, phalium obtusifolium, Hamamelis virginiana, Hedeoma pulegioides, Hepati-
Symphoricarpos albus, Urtica dioica ca nobilis, Humulus lupulus, Kalmia latifolia, Lactuca canadensis, Leucothoe
Diaphoretic: Taxus brevifolia axillaris, Liatris spicata, Lobelia cardinalis, L inflata, L siphilitica, Magnolia
Emetic: Zigadenus venenosus acuminata, M. macrophylla, Mentha xpiperita, M. spicata, Mitchella repens,
Gynecological Aid: Rosa nutkana Monarda didyma, M.fistulosa, Nicotiana rustica, N. tabacum, Panax quin-
Love Medicine: Eriophyllum lanatum quefolius, P. trifolius, Papaver somniferum, Pastinaca sativa, Phoradendron
Misc. Disease Remedy: Holodiscus discolor leucarpum, Plantago aristata, P. lanceolata, P. major, Platanthera ciliaris, Poly-
Panacea: Taxus brevifolia gonum aviculare, P. hydropiper, P. persicaria, Prenanthes serpentaria, P. trifoli-
Poison: Delphinium menziesii olata, Pycnanthemum flexuosum, P. incanum, Rhododendron maximum,
Tuberculosis Remedy: Marah oreganus, Tsuga heterophylla Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis, R. odoratus, Sabatia angularis, Sanicula smallii,
Venereal Aid: Symphoricarpos albus, Tsuga heterophylla Satureja hortensis, Senna hebecarpa, S. marilandica, Smilax glauca, S. herba-
Food cea, S. pseudochina, S. rotundifolia, Tanacetum vulgare, Tradescantia virgini
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria xananassa, Ribes sanguineum, Rubus ana, Veratrum viride, Verbascum thapsus, Verbena hastata, Vernonia glauca, V
parviflorus, R. spectabilis noveboracensis, Veronicastrum virginicum, Vicia caroliniana, Viola bicolor, V.
Soup: Camassia quamash cucullata, V pedata, V pubescens, V. rotundifolia, V sororia, Xanthorhiza sim
Spice: Amelanchier alnifolia plicissima
 Index of Tribes 639

\nthelmintic: Acorus calamus, Amelanchier arborea, A. canadensis, Artemisia pentaria, Armoracia rusticana, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Chimaphila mac-
biennis,Asarum canadense, Bidens bipinnata, Cerastium fontanum, Chelone ulata, Cimicifuga racemosa, Dryopteris marginalis, Echinocystis lobata, Eupa-
glabra, Chenopodium botrys, Comptonia peregrina, Cornus alternifolia, C. torium maculatum, E. purpureum, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Humulus
florida, Cucurbita pepo, Cypripedium acaule, C. parviflorum, C. pubescens, lupulus, Juniperus virginiana, Leucothoe axillaris, Lilium canadense, Lirio
Dryopterisfllix-mas, Fagus grandifolia, Gleditsia triacanthos, Juniperus vir- dendron tulipifera, Lobelia cardinalis, L siphilitica, Panax trifolius, Phytolac-
giniana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Lobelia cardinalis, L siphilitica, Manfreda ca americana, Pinus glabra, P. virginiana, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygala
virginica, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, M. rubra, Nepeta cataria, Nicotiana senega, Polystichum acrostichoides, Populus balsamifera, P. nigra, Rhododen
rustica, N. tabacum, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxalis corniculata, 0. violacea, Pinus dron maximum, Rubus allegheniensis, R. argutus, R.flagellaris, R. trivialis,
glabra, P. virginiana, Podophyllum peltatum, Portulaca oleracea, Prunus per- Sambucus canadensis, S. nigra, Sassafras albidum, Smilax glauca, S. herba-
sica, Rosa palustris, R. virginiana, Rudbeckiafulgida, R. hirta, Rutagrave- cea, S. pseudochina, S. rotundifolia, Vicia caroliniana
olens, Sassafras albidum, Solanum carolinense, Spigelia marilandica, Tanace- Blood Medicine: Agrimonia gryposepala, A. parviflora, Alnus serrulata, Aralia
tum vulgare, Tephrosia virginiana nudicaulis, Arctium lappa, Asarum canadense, Barbarea vulgaris, Bignonia
Anticonvulsive: Acorus calamus, Anthemis cotula, Caulophyllum thalictroides, capreolata, Cornus alternifolia, C.florida, Goodyera pubescens, G. repens, Lin-
Cypripedium acaule, C. parviflorum, Erigeron philadelphicus, E. pulchellus, dera benzoin, Ostrya virginiana, Oxalis corniculata, 0. violacea, Phytolacca
Monotropa uniflora, Nepeta cataria, Nicotiana rustica, N. tabacum, Panax americana, Prunus cerasus, P pensylvanica, P. serotina, P. virginiana, Pyrrho-
quinquefolius, Papaver somniferum, Phoradendron leucarpum, Viburnum pappus carolinianus, Rumex crispus, R. patientia, Sassafras albidum, Tarax
acerifolium, V nudum,V. prunifolium acum offtcinale, Vernonia glauca, V. noveboracensis, Viola bicolor, V cucullata,
Antidiarrheal: Acer rubrum, A. saccharinum, Acorus calamus, Ageratina altissi- V pedata, V. pubescens, V rotundifolia, V sororia, Vitis aestivalis, V labrusca, V.
ma, Agrimonia gryposepala, A. parviflora, Amelanchier arborea, Amphicar- vulpina, Xanthorhiza simplicissima
paea bracteata, Andropogon virginicus, Asarum canadense, Asclepias tube- Breast Treatment: Asarum canadense, Asplenium rhizophyllum, A. tricho-
rosa, Aster linariifolius, A. novae-angliae, Aureolariaflava, A. laevigata, A. manes, Collinsonia canadensis, Eupatorium pilosum, Hepatica nobilis, Hu
pedicularia, A. virginica, Berberis canadensis, Betula lenta, B. nigra, Campan mulus lupulus, Marrubium vulgare, Panax trifolius, Polygonatum biflorum,
ula divaricata, Carexsp., Carpinus caroliniana, Coreopsis tinctoria, Cornus Scutellaria elliptica, S. incana, S. lateriflora, Verbena hastata
alternifolia, C. florida, Diospyros virginiana, Epigaea repens, Fragaria virgini Burn Dressing: Aralia racemosa, Goodyera pubescens, G. repens, Hydrangea ar
ana, Frasera caroliniensis, Gaultheria procumbens, Gaylussacia baccata, borescens, Plantago aristata, P. lanceolata, P. major, Prunella vulgaris, Rhus co
Hedeoma pulegioides, Heuchera americana, Hypericum gentianoides, H. hy- pallinum, R. glabra, R. hirta, Sambucus canadensis, S. nigra, Smallanthus
pericoides, H. perforatum, Juglans cinerea, Lilium canadense, Liquidambar uvedalia, Smilax glauca, S. herbacea, S. laurifolia, S. pseudochina, S. rotundi
styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia acuminata, M. macrophylla, folia, Ulmus rubra
Manfreda virginica, Menispermum canadense, Mitchella repens, Morus alba, Cancer Treatment: Aesculus pavia, Arnoglossum atriplicifolium, Chamaesyce
M. rubra, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Pedicularis canadensis, Pi maculata, Chimaphila maculata, Cynoglossum virginianum, Euphorbia
nus glabra, P. virginiana, Plantago aristata, P. lanceolata, P. major, Platanthera corollata, Hackelia virginiana, Hydrangea arborescens, Hydrastis canadensis,
ciliaris, Platanus occidentalis, Polygonatum biflorum, Polygonum aviculare, P Lachnanthes caroliana, Oxalis corniculata, O. violacea, Tradescantia virgini
hydropiper, Potentilla simplex, Pycnanthemum flexuosum, P. incanum, Quer- ana, Trillium erectum, Xanthorhiza simplicissima
cusalba, Q.falcata, Q. imbricaria, Q. rubra, Q. stellata, Q. velutina, Rheum Carminative: Acorus calamus, Aletris farinosa, Allium canadense, A. sativum, A.
rhaponticum, Ribes rotundifolium, Rosa palustris, R. sp., Rubus alleghenien- vineale, Angelica atropurpurea, Aralia spinosa, Arisaema triphyllum, Foenicu-
sis, R. argutus, R.flagellaris, R. trivialis, Rumex crispus, R. patientia, Salix alba, lum vulgare, Liatris spicata, Mentha xpiperita, M. spicata, Monarda didyma,
S. babylonica, S. humilis, S. nigra, Salvia lyrata, S. offlcinalis, Sassafras albi M.flstulosa
dum, Scutellaria elliptica, S. incana, S. lateriflora, Sesamum orientale, Sisy- Cathartic: Allium canadense, A. sativum, A. vineale, Alnus incana, A. serrulata,
rinchium angustifolium, Solidago odora, Symphytum offtcinale, Thalictrum Baptisia australis, B. tinctoria, Chamaesyce maculata, Eupatorium perfolia-
dioicum, T. thalictroides, Tilia americana, Tsuga canadensis, T. caroliniana, tum, Euphorbia corollata, Gentianella quinquefolia, Hydrangea arborescens,
Ulmus rubra, Uvularia sessilifolia, Verbena hastata, Viola bicolor, V cucullata, H. cinerea, Juglans cinerea, Morus alba, M. rubra, Nicotiana rustica, N. taba
V. pedata, V. pubescens, V. rotundifolia, V sororia, Vitis aestivalis, V. labrusca, V cum, Platanus occidentalis, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygala senega, Prunus
vulpina, Xyris caroliniana persica, Rhamnus cathartica, Rheum rhaponticum, Ricinus communis, Rubus
Antidote: Cornus alternifolia, C.florida, Plantago aristata, P. lanceolata, P. major idaeus, R. occidentalis, R. odoratus, Sambucus canadensis, S. nigra, Senna
Antiemetic: Baptisia australis, B. tinctoria, Chamaemelum nobile, Clethra acu hebecarpa, S. marilandica, Sesamum orientale, Veronicastrum virginicum
minata, Frasera caroliniensis, Hydrangea arborescens, H. cinerea, Lupinus Ceremonial Medicine: Amaranthus hybridus, A. retroflexus, A. spinosus, Am
perennis, Menthaxpiperita, M. spicata, Oxalis corniculata, 0. violacea, Pru brosia artemisiifolia, A. triflda, Andropogon virginicus, Cicuta maculata,
nus persica, Pteridium aquilinum, Rhus copallinum, R. glabra, R. hirta, Thalic Clematis virginiana, Cucurbita pepo, Cynoglossum virginianum, Impatiens
trum dioicum, T thalictroides capensis, I. pallida, Lactuca canadensis, Lycopus virginicus, Nicotiana rustica,
Antihemorrhagic: Achillea millefolium, Allium tricoccum, Erigeron philadelphi N. tabacum, Pinus virginiana, Rhododendron maximum, Yucca fllamentosa
cus, E. pulchellus, Euonymus americana, Hosta lancifolia, Lachnanthes caro- Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Allium cernuum, A. tricoccum, Anaphalis mar-
liana, Lupinus perennis, Tradescantia virginiana garitacea, Angelica atropurpurea, Arisaema triphyllum, Aristolochia serpen-
Antirheumatic (External): Adiantum pedatum, Aesculus pavia, Celastrus scan- taria, Armoracia rusticana, Asarum canadense, Betula lenta, B. nigra, Capsi
dens, Coronilla varia, Ipomoea pandurata, Kalmia latifolia, Leucothoe axilla- cum annuum, Cardamine diphylla, Carya alba, C. laciniosa, C. pallida,
ris, Osmunda cinnamomea, Phacelia purshii, Pinus glabra, P. virginiana, Chenopodium botrys, Chimaphila maculata, Cimicifuga racemosa, Cunila
Polystichum acrostichoides, Porteranthus stipulatus, P. trifoliatus, Rhododen marina, Cypripedium acaule, C. parviflorum, Erigeron philadelphicus, E. pul
dron calendulaceum, Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis, R. odoratus, Veratrum chellus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, E. pilosum, Foeniculum vulgare, Gaultheria
viride, Zanthoxylum americanum procumbens, Glechoma hederacea, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Goodyera pu
Antirheumatic (Internal): Adiantum pedatum, Aletris farinosa, Anthemis cotu bescens, G. repens, Hamamelis virginiana, Hedeoma pulegioides, Hyssopus
la, Apocynum cannabinum, Aralia spinosa, Arctium lappa, Aristolochia ser- ofpcinalis, Juniperus virginiana, Lindera benzoin, Linum usitatissimum,
648 Chippewa

[Gynecological Aid] senega, Pyrola elliptica, Sagittaria cuneata, S. latifolia, Sanguinaria canaden
anthemum racemosum, Osmorhiza longistylis, Populus balsamifera, P tremu- sis, Thuja occidentalis
loides, Prenanthes alba, Prunus sp., Ribes glandulosum, R. oxyacanthoides, Urinary Aid: Equisetum arvense, Lonicera dioica, Ribes triste, Viburnum lentago
Rubus allegheniensis, R. occidentalism Sanicula canadensis, Solidago speciosa, Venereal Aid: Chimaphila umbellata
Taraxacum officinale, Viburnum opulus Vertigo Medicine: Apocynum androsaemifolium
Heart Medicine: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Artemisia dracunculus, Dalea Veterinary Aid: Achillea millefolium, Aralia nudicaulis, Geum triflorum, Liatris
purpurea, Polygala senega, Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Quercus scariosa, Osmorhiza longistylis, Pediomelum argophyllum, Rudbeckia
macrocarpa, Q. rubra laciniata
Hemostat: Anemone canadensis, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Aralia nudi- Witchcraft Medicine: Lilium philadelphicum
caulis, Artemisia frigida, Astragalus crassicarpus, Lathyrus venosus, Polygala Food
senega, Quercus sp., Rosa arkansana, Silphium perfoliatum, Tsuga canaden Appetizer: Asclepias syriaca
sis, Verbena hastata Beverage: Comptonia peregrina, Gaultheria hispidula, G. procumbens, Ledum
Herbal Steam: Abies balsamea, Achillea millefolium, Anaphalis margaritacea, groenlandicum, Lindera benzoin, Mentha canadensis, Picea rubens, Prunus
Artemisia dracunculus, Carya ovata, Juniperus virginiana, Polygonatum biflo- serotina, P virginiana, Rubus idaeus, Sassafras albidum, Thuja occidentalis,
rum, Taxus canadensis Tsuga canadensis
Hunting Medicine: Acorus calamus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aster novae- Bread & Cake: Crataegus sp., Prunus americana, P. serotina, Ribes triste, Rubus
angliae,A. puniceus, Cornus alternifolia, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Hepatica frondosus, R. idaeus
nobilis Dried Food: Amelanchier canadensis, Lycopus asper, Prunus virginiana, Ribes
Kidney Aid: Ostrya virginiana, Smilax herbacea americanum, Rubus allegheniensis, R. idaeus, R. occidentalis, R. odoratus,
Laxative: Ceanothus americanus, Diervilla lonicera Sagittaria latifolia, Sambucus canadensis, Vaccinium sp.
Liver Aid: Hepatica nobilis Fruit: Amelanchier canadensis, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Cornus canadensis,
Misc. Disease Remedy: Fragaria virginiana, Polygonatum biflorum, Prunus Fragaria vesca, F virginiana, Podophyllum peltatum, Prunus americana, P.
serotina, Rubus idaeus, Thuja occidentalis, Vitis vulpina serotina, Ribes americanum, R. cynosbati, R. missouriense, R. rubrum, R. triste,
Oral Aid: Geranium maculatum, Heuchera sp., Nymphaea odorata, Rhusglabra Rubus allegheniensis, R. canadensis, R. frondosus, R. idaeus, R. occidentalis, R.
Orthopedic Aid: Anaphalis margaritacea, Aralia racemosa, Artemisia absinthi odoratus, R. pubescens, Sambucus canadensis, Vaccinium angustifolium, V
um, Asarum canadense, Castilleja coccinea, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Populus macrocarpon, Ksp., Vitis vulpina
balsamifera, Silphium perfoliatum, Smilax herbacea, Solidago speciosa, Zan- Porridge: Zea mays
thoxylum americanum Preserves: Asclepias syriaca
Other: Apocynum sp., Taxus canadensis Sauce & Relish: Viburnum opulus
Pediatric Aid: Acorus calamus, Actaea pachypoda, Allium stellatum, Apocynum Soup: Zea mays
androsaemifolium, Artemisia dracunculus, Asclepias incarnata, Celastrus Spice: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Asarum canadense, Gaultheria procumbens,
scandens, Eupatorium maculatum, Fragaria virginiana, Geranium macula Lindera benzoin, Mentha canadensis, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Sassafras
tum, Hepatica nobilis, Heuchera sp., Prunus serotina, Rhusglabra, Rudbeckia albidum
hirta, Rumex obtusifolius, Thaspium barbinode, Zanthoxylum americanum Sweetener: Acer saccharinum
Poison: Toxicodendron vernix Unspecified: Amphicarpaea bracteata, Aster sp., Corylus americana, Fagus
Psychological Aid: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Vaccinium angustifolium grandifolia, Helianthus tuberosus, Lathyrus palustris, Parthenocissus quinque-
Pulmonary Aid: Betula lenta, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Ceanothus ameri folia, Quercus macrocarpa, Q. sp., Scirpus tabernaemontani, Zizania palustris
canus, Corylus sp., Dirca palustris, Euthamia graminifolia, Fagus grandifolia, Vegetable: Apios americana, Asclepias syriaca, Caltha palustris, Quercus macro
Lonicera sp., Ostrya virginiana, Prunus virginiana, Pulsatilla patens, Quercus carpa, Tilia americana, Zea mays
macrocarpa, Rubus frondosus, Silphium perfoliatum, Solidago speciosa, Vitis Winter Use Food: Corylus americana
sp., Zanthoxylum americanum Fiber
Respiratory Aid: Acorus calamus, Ceanothus americanus, Juniperus communis, Basketry: Fraxinus nigra, Salix interior, Typha latifolia
Rhusglabra Building Material: Betula papyrifera, Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus nigra,
Sedative: Eupatorium maculatum, Polygonatum biflorum Ostrya virginiana, Tsuga canadensis, Typha latifolia, Ulmus americana
Snakebite Remedy: Botrychium virginianum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Lilium Canoe Material: Betula pubescens, Picea rubens, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia amer
canadense, Plantago major icana
Stimulant: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia frigida, Astragalus crassicarpus, Caulking Material: Picea rubens
Fraxinus sp., Geum triflorum, Heliopsis helianthoides, Lathyrus venosus, Poly Clothing: Arctium minus
gala senega, Rosa arkansana, Solidago speciosa Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias incarnata, Laportea canadensis,
Strengthener: Artemisia dracunculus, Asclepias incarnata Tilia americana
Throat Aid: Acorus calamus, Heracleum maximum, Osmorhiza claytonii, Phry- Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Juncus effusus, Juniperus virginiana, Scirpus tabernae
ma leptostachya, Potentilla norvegica, Prunus virginiana, Solidago flexicaulis, montani, Typha latifolia
Tanacetum vulgare, Ulmus rubra, Zanthoxylum americanum Other: Dicranum bonjeanii, Sphagnum sp.
Tonic: Artemisia frigida, Astragalus crassicarpus, Fraxinus sp., Gaultheria Scouring Material: Equisetum hyemale
procumbens, Lathyrus venosus, Polygala senega, Rosa arkansana, Solidago Sewing Material: Tilia americana
speciosa Snow Gear: Fraxinus sp., Thuja occidentalis
Toothache Remedy: Acorus calamus, Cypripedium pubescens Dye
Tuberculosis Remedy: Caltha palustris, Crataegus sp., Iris versicolor, Prunus Black: Alnus incana, Cornus sericea, Corylus americana, Juglans cinerea, J. nigra,
serotina, P. virginiana, Veronicastrum virginicum Quercus macrocarpa, Q. sp.
Unspecified: Comptonia peregrina, Lindera benzoin, Mitchella repens, Polygala Blue: Fraxinus nigra
 Index of Tribes 649

Brown: Juglans cinerea, J. nigra Disinfectant: Chionanthus virginicus

Mordant: Acorus calamus, Prunus americana Diuretic: Eryngium aquaticum, Galium asprellum, G. boreale, G. uniflorum,
Red: Alnus incana, Betula papyrifera, Cornus sericea, Lithospermum carolin- Prenanthes aspera
iense, Prunus americana, Quercus sp., Rhusglabra, Sanguinaria canadensis Expectorant: Aralia racemosa, Eryngium aquaticum
Red-Brown: Juniperus virginiana, Tsuga canadensis Eye Medicine: Aralia racemosa, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Hypericum crux-
Yellow: Alnus incana, Coptis trifolia, Cornus sericea, Prunus americana, Rhus andreae, H. hypericoides, Ilex opaca
glabra, Sanguinaria canadensis Febrifuge: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Myrica cerifera, Plucheafoetida, Symplo-
Other cos tinctoria, Verbesina virginica, Vitis aestivalis
Cash Crop: Acer saccharum, Panax quinquefolius Gastrointestinal Aid: Aralia racemosa, Aristolochia serpentaria, Callicarpa
Ceremonial Items: Hierochloe odorata americana, Echinacea purpurea, Hypericum hypericoides, Malvella leprosa,
Cleaning Agent: Acer saccharinum, Quercus bicolor, Tsuga canadensis Quercus stellata, Sambucus cerulea
Containers: Juncus effusus, Larix laricina, Tilia americana Gynecological Aid: Polygonum aviculare, Quercus marilandica, Ulmus ameri
Cooking Tools: Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera, Phragmites australis cana, Vitis aestivalis
Designs: Betula papyrifera Herbal Steam: Populus deltoides
Fasteners: Dirca palustris, Tilia americana, Zea mays Kidney Aid: Bignonia capreolata, Magnolia grandiflora
Fuel: Fraxinus nigra Liver Aid: Sambucus canadensis
Good Luck Charm: Onosmodium molle, Panax quinquefolius Misc. Disease Remedy: Galium asprellum, Rumex verticillatus, Sassafras albi
Hunting & Fishing Item: Asclepias syriaca, Carya ovata, Fraxinus americana, dum
Thuja occidentalis, Viburnum opulus Oral Aid: Pityopsis graminifolia
Incense & Fragrance: Asarum canadense, Comptonia peregrina, Polygonatum Other: Callicarpa americana, Prenanthes aspera
biflorum, Thuja occidentalis Panacea: Pycnanthemum incanum
Malicious Charm: Equisetum arvense Pediatric Aid: Aralia racemosa, Monardaflstulosa
Malicious Magic: Smilax tamnoides Poultice: Aralia spinosa
Musical Instrument: Corylus americana Pulmonary Aid: Ceanothus sp., Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Paint: Bovista pila, Lithospermum caroliniense Snakebite Remedy: Asclepias verticillata, Eryngium aquaticum, Populus del
Protection: Acorus calamus, Agastache foeniculum, Apocynum androsaemi- toides
folium, Aralia racemosa, Artemisia frigida, Lathyrus venosus, Plantago major Stimulant: Ageratina altissima, Aralia racemosa, Asclepias verticillata, Eryn
Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cicuta maculata, Cornus rugosa, Rhus gium aquaticum, Prenanthes aspera
glabra, Salix sp. Throat Aid: Myrica cerifera
Tools: Comptonia peregrina, Crataegus sp., Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus sp., Tilia Tonic: Ageratina altissima, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Erythrina herbacea, Heu
americana chera americana, Rubus sp., Smilax bona-nox, S. tamnoides, Vitis aestivalis
Toys & Games: Allium stellatum, Clintonia borealis, Pinus resinosa, Sarracenia Toothache Remedy: Ageratina altissima, Cephalanthus occidentalis
purpurea, Scirpus tabernaemontani Unspecified: Yucca aloifolia
Weapon: Cornus alternifolia Urinary Aid: Sambucus cerulea
Venereal Aid: Eryngium aquaticum, Geranium maculatum
Choctaw Food
Drug Bread & Cake: Smilax bona-nox, S. laurifolia
Abortifacient: Galium boreale Soup: Carya alba
Analgesic: Aralia racemosa, Aristolochia serpentaria, Arundinaria gigantea, Spice: Sassafras albidum
Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Hypericum crux-andreae, Monardaflstulosa, Staple: Quercus nigra
Prenanthes aspera, Pycnanthemum incanum, Quercus marilandica, Ulmus Unspecified: Strophostyles helvula
americana Vegetable: Zea mays
Anthelmintic: Pinus echinata, P. virginiana Fiber
Antidiarrheal: Callicarpa americana, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Malvella lep- Basketry: Arundinaria gigantea, Serenoa repens
rosa, Rubus sp. Cordage: Taxodium distichum
Antidote: Eryngium aquaticum Dye
Antihemorrhagic: Ceanothus sp. Red: Nyssa aquatica, Quercus texana
Blood Medicine: Arisaema triphyllum, Berchemia scandens, Sassafras albidum Yellow: Rumex crispus
Burn Dressing: Malvella leprosa Other
Cathartic: Monardaflstulosa Hunting & Fishing Item: Arundinaria gigantea
Cold Remedy: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Pycnanthemum albescens Insecticide: Carya alba
Contraceptive: Galium boreale Paint: Quercus laurifolia, Q. texana, Q. virginiana
Cough Medicine: Echinacea purpurea, Tephrosia hispidula
Chumash
Dermatological Aid: Aralia spinosa, Baptisia alba, Chionanthus virginicus, Gal
Drug
ium uniflorum, Geranium maculatum, Heuchera americana, Liquidambar
Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii
styraciflua, Magnolia grandiflora, Obolaria virginica, Polygala lutea, Populus
Unspecified: Datura wrightii
deltoides, Sambucus cerulea, Saururus cernuus, Tephrosia florida, Yucca
aloifolia Clallam
Diaphoretic: Asclepias verticillata, Galium asprellum, G. boreale, G. uniflorum, Drug
Pycnanthemum albescens Antidiarrheal: Sambucus cerulea
650 Clallam

Antihemorrhagic: Tsuga heterophylla Food

Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium Beverage: Ephedra nevadensis, Simmondsia chinensis
Dermatological Aid: Alnus rubra, Frangula purshiana, Geum macrophyllum, Candy: Asclepias erosa
Lysichiton americanus Unspecified: Adenostoma sparsifolium
Gastrointestinal Aid: Alnus rubra Fiber
Gynecological Aid: Achillea millefolium Building Material: Adenostoma sparsifolium
Other: Sdrpus acutus Other
Pulmonary Aid: Alnus rubra Fuel: Adenostoma sparsifolium
Tuberculosis Remedy: Thuja plicata Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuata
Food
Beverage: Epilobium angustifolium, Vaccinium oxycoccos Cochiti
Bread & Cake: Gaultheria shallon Food
Dried Food: Acer circinatum, A. macrophyllum, Populus balsamifera, Vaccinium Dried Food: Prunus virginiana
ovalifolium Fruit: Juniperus monosperma, Prunus virginiana
Fruit: Fragaria chiloensis, F. vesca, F. virginiana, Mahonia nervosa, Malusfusca, Special Food: Fragaria vesca
Ribes divaricatum, Rubus paruiflorus, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Vaccinium Staple: Quercus gambelii
ovalifolium, Vparvifolium Substitution Food: Solanum elaeagnifolium
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis Unspecified: Echinocereus fendleri, E. triglochidiatus, Lathyrus polymorphus,
Staple: Pteridium aquilinum Quercus gambelii, Yucca baccata, Y. glauca
Sweetener: Alnus rubra Vegetable: Amaranthus albus, A. retroflexus, Atriplex powellii, Cymopterus bul-
Unspecified: Abronia latifolia, Acer circinatum, A. macrophyllum, Allium cer- bosus, Rumex salicifolius
nuum, Camassia quamash, Daucus pusillus, Dryopteris expansa, Equisetum
telmateia, Lilium columbianum, Populus balsamifera, Typha latifolia Cocopa
Fiber Drug
Basketry: Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia Dermatological Aid: Ephedra trifurca
Building Material: Thuja plicata Food
Canoe Material: Acer macrophyllum, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata Beverage: Washingtoniafilifera
Clothing: Epilobium angustifolium, Thuja plicata Bread & Cake: Cucumis sp., Panicum hirticaule, Psonorum, Simmondsia chi
Cordage: Salix sitchensis, Thuja plicata nensis
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia Dried Food: Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis sp., Cucurbita pepo, Pholisma sonorae,
Dye Polygonum argyrocoleon
Red-Brown: Tsuga heterophylla Fruit: Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis sp., Opuntia echinocarpa, 0. engelmannii
Other Porridge: Chasmanthium latifolium, Echinochloa colona, Eragrostis mexicana,
Cooking Tools: Alnus rubra, Pteridium aquilinum, Taxus brevifolia Eriochloa aristata, Olneya tesota, Parkinsoniaflorida, P. microphylla
Fuel: Alnus rubra, Pseudotsuga menziesii Sauce & Relish: Panicum hirticaule
Hunting & Fishing Item: Oplopanax horridus, Prunus emarginata, Pseudotsuga Staple: Descurainia pinnata, Echinochloa colona, Eragrostis mexicana, Erio
menziesii, Taxus brevifolia, Tsuga heterophylla chloa aristata, Phaseolus acutifolius
Incense & Fragrance: Achillea millefolium Unspecified: Agave deserti, Amaranthus caudatus, A. palmeri, Chasmanthium
Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Taxus brevifolia latifolium, Cucumis sp., Cucurbita pepo, Cyperus odoratus, Echinochloa crus-
Tools: Taxus brevifolia galli, Hoffmannseggia glauca, Pholisma sonorae, Pinus monophylla, Prosopis
Toys & Games: Polystichum munitum glandulosa, P. velutina, Rumex crispus, Sagittaria latifolia, Simmondsia chi
nensis, Vigna unguiculata
Coahuilla Vegetable: Amaranthus caudatus, A. palmeri, Chenopodium fremontii, Cucur
Drug bita pepo, Descurainia obtusa
Analgesic: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Ericameria Winter Use Food: Amaranthus caudatus, A. palmeri, Chasmanthium latifolium,
palmed, Eriodictyon californicum, Eriogonumfasciculatum, Rhusovata Citrullus lanatus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum hirticaule, Psonorum,
Cathartic: Acourtia microcephala, Adenostoma sparsifolium Phaseolus acutifolius, Prosopis glandulosa, P. velutina
Cough Medicine: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Rhus ovata Other
Dermatological Aid: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Eriodictyon californicum Cash Crop: Agave deserti, Quercus turbinella
Emetic: Adenostoma sparsifolium Hide Preparation: Cucurbita moschata
Eye Medicine: Baccharissalicifolia, Eriogonumfasciculatum Musical Instrument: Glaucothea armata, Lagenaria siceraria, Washingtonia
Gastrointestinal Aid: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Artemisia tridentata, Eriogon filifera
umfasciculatum, Larrea tridentata Protection: Cucurbita pepo
Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii Smoking Tools: Phragmites australis
Orthopedic Aid: Ericameria palmeri, Eriodictyon californicum Toys & Games: Sagittaria latifolia
Poison: Datura wrightii
Tuberculosis Remedy: Larrea tridentata Cocopa &Yuma
Unspecified: Ephedra nevadensis Food
Veterinary Aid: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Datura Unspecified: Salix gooddingii
wrightii, Eriodictyon californicum, Larrea tridentata
 Index of Tribes 651

Cocopa, Maricopa, Mohave & Yuma Fruit: Celtis laevigata, Crataegus sp., Diospyros texana, D. virginiana, Juniperus
Food virginiana, Morus rubra, Opuntia sp., Prunus angustifolia, Rhusglabra, Ribes
Porridge: Vigna unguiculata aureum, Vitis sp.
Staple: Agastache pallidiflora, Agave americana, A. parryi, Prosopis glandulosa
Coeurd'Alene Starvation Food: Quercus marilandica
Food Unspecified: Allium sp., Caesalpinia jamesii, Camassia scilloides, Carya illinoi
Bread & Cake: Crataegus sp. nensis, Cirsium undulatum, Cymopterus acaulis, Juglans nigra, Nelumbo
Dried Food: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Prunus virginiana, Rubus sp., Vaccinium lutea, Nuphar lutea, Pediomelum hypogaeum, Quercus sp.
membranaceum Winter Use Food: Carya illinoinensis, Juglans nigra, Prunus angustifolia
Fruit: Amelanchier sp., Arctostaphylos iwa-ursi, Crataegus sp., Fragaria uesca, Fiber
Mahonia sp., Primus emarginata,P sp., P. virginiana, Ribessp., Rosa sp., Brushes & Brooms: Gutierrezia sarothrae
Rubus leucodermis, R. sp., Sambucus sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium Building Material: Quercus sp.
membranaceum Other
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis Ceremonial Items: Schizachyrium scoparium
Soup: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Prunus virginiana, Rubus sp., Vaccinium mem Decorations: Sophora secundiflora
branaceum Hide Preparation: Croton monanthogynus
Unspecified: Alectoriajubata, Balsamorhiza sp., Heracleum maximum, Hunting & Fishing Item: Cornus asperifolia, Madura pomifera
Peucedanum sp., Pinus albicaulis, P contorta, P ponderosa, Populus sp. Protection: Sophora secundiflora
Vegetable: Allium sp., Camassia scilloides, Claytonia sp., Lewisia rediviva Smoke Plant: Rhusglabra
Other Smoking Tools: Quercus marilandica, Smilax bona-nox
Tools: Amelanchier sp., Crataegus sp., Philadelphia lewisii Soap: Yucca louisianensis
Toys & Games: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Sapindus saponaria
Comanche Weapon: Coryphantha sp.
Drug
Adjuvant: Poliomintha incana Concow
Analgesic: Juniperus pinchotii Drug
Burn Dressing: Zanthoxylum americanum Analgesic: Croton setigerus, Pogogyne douglasii, Trichostema lanceolatum
Ceremonial Medicine: Juniperus pinchotii, Lophophora williamsii, Matelea Burn Dressing: Cynoglossum grande
biflora, M. cynanchoides Dermatological Aid: Arctostaphylos manzanita, Petasites frigidus
Cold Remedy: Rhus trilobata Emetic: Arbutus menziesii
Dermatological Aid: Amphiachyris dracunculoides, Artemisia ludoviciana, Febrifuge: Croton setigerus, Trichostema lanceolatum
Carya illinoinensis, Juglans nigra, Matelea biflora, M. cynanchoides, Sphaeral- Gastrointestinal Aid: Pogogyne douglasii
cea coccinea Misc. Disease Remedy: Croton setigerus, Petasites frigidus, Trichostema lanceo
Disinfectant: Juniperus virginiana latum
Ear Medicine: Sophora secundiflora Poison: Trillium sessile
Eye Medicine: Argemone polyanthemos, Elymus sp., Madura pomifera, Salix sp. Tuberculosis Remedy: Petasites frigidus
Febrifuge: Helenium autumnale, Zanthoxylum americanum Veterinary Aid: Arctostaphylos manzanita
Gastrointestinal Aid: Eriogonum longifolium, Matelea biflora, M. cynanchoides, Food
Prosopis glandulosa Beverage: Umbellularia californica
Gynecological Aid: Artemisia filifolia, Helenium microcephalum, Juniperus Bread & Cake: Quercus sp.
pinchotii, Matelea biflora, M. cynanchoides Porridge: Quercus sp.
Heart Medicine: Helenium microcephalum Staple: Ceanothus integerrimus, Verbena hastata
Hypotensive: Helenium microcephalum Substitution Food: Pogogyne douglasii
Misc. Disease Remedy: Matelea biflora, M. cynanchoides Unspecified: Petasites frigidus
Narcotic: Lophophora williamsii Fiber
Orthopedic Aid: Matelea biflora, M. cynanchoides Basketry: Acer macrophyHum, Ceanothus integerrimus
Other: Juniperus pinchotii Clothing: Acer macrophyllum
Pediatric Aid: Matelea biflora, M. cynanchoides Cordage: Asclepias eriocarpa
Pulmonary Aid: Gutierrezia sarothrae Sewing Material: Hoita macrostachya
Respiratory Aid: Helenium microcephalum Dye
Throat Aid: Echinacea sp., Zanthoxylum americanum Black: Quercus lobata
Tonic: Solatium sp. Other
Toothache Remedy: Echinacea sp., Zanthoxylum americanum Hunting & Fishing Item: Trichostema lanceolatum
Tuberculosis Remedy: Solanum sp.
Urinary Aid: Liatris punctata Costanoan
Venereal Aid: Cirsium undulatum, Schizachyrium scoparium Drug
Food Abortifacient: Equisetum laevigatum, E. sp.
Beverage: Ilex sp., Lespedeza capitata Analgesic: Adiantum Jordanii, Anemopsis californica, Angelica sp., Artemisia
Candy: Crataegus sp., Dalea purpurea californica, A. douglasiana, Cirsium sp., Clematis ligusticifolia, Datura
Dried Food: Prunus sp., Vitis sp. wrightii, Eriodictyon californicum, Gnaphalium californicum, Juniperus
652 Costanoan

[Analgesicl Rosa californica, Ruta chalepensis, Sisyrinchium bellum, Stachys bullata, Tor
californica, Malva nicaeensis, Matricaria discoidea, Salvia mellifera, Torreya reya californica, Trichostema lanceolatum, Verbena lasiostachys
californica, Trichostema lanceolatum, Trillium chloropetalum, Urtica sp. Gynecological Aid: Adiantum jordanii, Anemopsis californica, Senecio flaccidus
Anthelmintic: Satureja douglasii Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii
Anticonvulsive: Matricaria discoidea Heart Medicine: Salvia mellifera
Antidiarrheal: Artemisia dracunculus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Croton setigerus, Hemorrhoid Remedy: Aesculus californica
Galium sp., Quercus sp., Rubus vitifolius Kidney Aid: Baccharis douglasii, Diplacus aurantiacus, Disporum hookeri,
Antihemorrhagic: Pellaea mucronata Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Rosa californica, Senecio flaccidus
Antirheumatic (External): Artemisia californica, A. douglasiana, Eriodictyon Laxative: Frangula californica, Paeonia brownii, Plantago major, Vicia nigricans
californicum, Galium sp., Opuntia sp. Liver Aid: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
Antirheumatic (Internal): Cupressus macrocarpa, Pinus sabiniana, Rosa califor Love Medicine: Datura wrightii
nica Misc. Disease Remedy: Erodium cicutarium, Solanum nigrum, Verbena lasio
Blood Medicine: Adiantum jordanii, A. pedatum, Chamaesyce maculata, Dau- stachys
cus pusillus, Eriodictyon californicum, Hoita orbicularis, Juglans californica, Orthopedic Aid: Ambrosia psilostachya, Angelica sp., Chenopodium californi
Limonium californicum, Monardella villosa, Pellaea mucronata cum, Lonicera sp., Populus sp., Ruta chalepensis, Salvia mellifera, Urtica sp.
Burn Dressing: Navarretia atractyloides, Solidago californica Other: Asclepias eriocarpa, Malva nicaeensis, Senecio flaccidus
Carminative: Salvia mellifera Panacea: Baccharis pilularis, Epilobium canum, Lathyrus vestitus, Platanus
Cathartic: Datura wrightii, Frangula californica, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Sam- racemosa

bucus cerulea, Trifolium sp. Pediatric Aid: Artemisia dracunculus, Epilobium canum, Eschscholzia californi
Ceremonial Medicine: Nicotiana quadrivalvis ca, Malva nicaeensis, Matricaria discoidea, Melissa officinalis
Cold Remedy: Artemisia californica, Asclepias eriocarpa, Daucus pusillus, Erio Poison: Aesculus californica, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Eschscholzia califor
dictyon californicum, Eriogonum latifolium, Gnaphalium californicum, Hele- nica
nium puberulum, Rosa californica, Salix lasiolepis, Sambucus cerulea, Tricho Pulmonary Aid: Marrubium vulgare, Monardella villosa, Paeonia brownii,
stema lanceolatum Wyethia angustifolia
Contraceptive: Equisetum laevigatum, E. sp., Maianthemum racemosum Respiratory Aid: Artemisia californica, A. douglasiana, Asclepias eriocarpa, Cir-
Cough Medicine: Artemisia californica, Eriogonum latifolium, Lonicera sp., sium sp., Datura wrightii, Eriodictyon californicum, Limonium californicum,
Lotus scoparius, Marrubium vulgare, Orthocarpus sp., Rutachalepensis, Sal Monardella villosa
via mellifera Sedative: Eschscholzia californica
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Anemopsis californica, Angelica sp., Snakebite Remedy: Daucus pusillus, Fraxinus latifolia
Artemisia californica, A. douglasiana, Asclepias eriocarpa, Baccharis douglasii, Throat Aid: Datisca glomerata, Rosa californica, Salvia mellifera, Sedum sp.,
B. salicifolia, Castilleja afflnis, Ceanothus sp., Chamaesyce maculata, Chloro- Stachys bullata
galum pomeridianum, Cirsium sp., Datura wrightii, Daucus pusillus, Dryop- Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Aesculus californica, Artemisia califor
teris arguta, Epilobium canum, Equisetum laevigatum, Eriodictyon californi nica, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus sp., Satureja douglasii, Solanum nigrum
cum, Frangula californica, Galium sp., Grindelia camporum, Helenium Tuberculosis Remedy: Eriodictyon californicum
puberulum, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Lonicera sp., Malva nicaeensis, Marah Unspecified: Amsinckia douglasiana
macrocarpus, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria discoidea, Pellaea mucronata, Urinary Aid: Arctostaphylos sp., Artemisia douglasiana, A. dracunculus, Dipla
Penstemon centranthifolius, Pteridium aquilinum, Ranunculus sp., Rosa cali cus aurantiacus, Epilobium canum, Equisetum laevigatum, E. sp., Eriogonum
fornica, Rubus vitifolius, Salix sp., Scrophularia californica, Sedum sp., Sene- fasciculatum, Hordeum murinum, Limonium californicum, Rumex crispus,
cio flaccidus, Solanum nigrum, Solidago californica, Stachys bullata, Tricho Xanthium strumarium
stema lanceolatum, Urtica sp., Viola sp., Wyethia angustifolia Venereal Aid: Limonium californicum
Diaphoretic: Juniperus californica, Torreya californica Food
Disinfectant: Anemopsis californica, Baccharis douglasii, Castilleja affinis, Beverage: Arctostaphylos sp.
Cirsium sp., Epilobium canum, Eriodictyon californicum, Lonicera sp., Matri Bread & Cake: Umbellularia californica
caria discoidea, Penstemon centranthifolius, Rubus vitifolius, Scrophularia Dried Food: Arctostaphylos sp., Heteromeles arbutifolia
californica, Senecio flaccidus, Stachys bullata, Trichostema lanceolatum, Fruit: Aesculus californica, Amelanchier pallida, Arbutus menziesii, Arctosta
Urtica sp. phylos sp., Fragaria sp., Frangula californica, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Junipe
Ear Medicine: Artemisia douglasiana, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, rus californica, Maianthemum racemosum, Opuntia sp., Prunus ilicifolia, P.
Ruta chalepensis, Salvia mellifera, Stachys bullata virginiana, Ribes sp., Rubus leucodermis, R. vitifolius, Sambucus cerulea,
Emetic: Lathyrus vestitus, Malva nicaeensis, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Pellaea Solanum umbelliferum, Umbellularia californica, Vaccinium ovatum, Vitis
mucronata californica
Eye Medicine: Chamaesyce maculata, Datura wrightii, Eriodictyon californi Staple: Calandrinia ciliata, Elymus glaucus, Festuca sp., Hemizonia corymbosa,
cum, Salvia columbariae, Scrophularia californica Hordeum murinum, Layia platyglossa, Lupinus sp., Rumex crispus, Salvia
Febrifuge: Cornus sericea, Daucus pusillus, Epilobium canum, Fraxinus latifolia, columbariae, Wyethia angustifolia, Xanthium strumarium
Hoita orbicularis, Malva nicaeensis, Matricaria discoidea, Pellaea mucronata, Unspecified: Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, Brodiaea sp., Calandrinia
Phacelia californica, Plantago major, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Rosa ciliata, Camissonia ovata, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cirsium sp., Clayto-
californica, Salix bonplandiana, Salvia columbariae, Sedum sp., Sisyrinchium nia perfoliata, Corylus cornuta, Cyperus esculentus, Dryopteris arguta, Erodi
bellum, Torreya californica, Verbena lasiostachys um cicutarium, Helianthus annuus, Heracleum maximum, Juglans californi
Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium, Adiantum jordanii, A. pedatum, ca, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Lobularia maritima, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Pinus
Angelica sp., Artemisia dracunculus, Cirsium sp., Gnaphalium californicum, sabiniana, Platanus racemosa, Polystichum munitum, Populus sp., Prunus
Malva nicaeensis, Matricaria discoidea, Melissa officinalis, Paeonia brownii, ilicifolia, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus agrifolia, Q. sp., Raphanus sativus,
 Index of Tribes 653

Scirpus sp., Sedum sp., Trifolium sp., Typha latifolia, Wyethia angustifolia Food
Vegetable: Rumex crispus Fruit: Rosa nutkana
Winter Use Food: Allium sp., Asyneuma prenanthoides Special Food: Camassia leichtlinii, C. quamash
Fiber Spice: Acer macrophyllum, Zostera marina
Basketry: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Carex sp., Cornus sericea, Corylus cornuta, Unspecified: Cirsium brevistylum, Daucus pusillus
Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, Juncus sp., Pteridium aquilinum, Salix hind- Vegetable: Urtica dioica
siana, S. lasiolepis, Scirpus sp., Sequoia sempervirens, Toxicodendron diver- Fiber
silobum Cordage: Ribes divaricatum, R. lacustre, R. lobbii
Brushes & Brooms: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Symphoricarpos albus Other
Building Material: Lotus scoparius, Salix sp., Scirpus sp. Ceremonial Items: Lomatium nudicaule
Canoe Material: Scirpus sp. Cleaning Agent: Galium sp.
Clothing: Eriodictyon californicum, Juncus sp. Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum
Cordage: Asclepias fascicularis, Juncus spM Salix sp. Fuel: Galium sp.
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Juncus sp. Hunting & Fishing Item: Ribes divaricatum, R. lacustre, R. lobbii, Rosa nutkana
Dye Preservative: Arbutus menziesii
Blue: Solanum sp.
Red: Datisca glomerata Cowlitz
Unspecified: Alnus rhombifolia, Cornus sericea, Lithocarpus densiflorus Drug
Yellow: Datisca glomerata Analgesic: Alnus rubra, Athyrium filix-femina, Veratrum viride
Other Anthelmintic: Fraxinus latifolia
Containers: Pteridium aquilinum, Toxicodendron diversilobum Antihemorrhagic: Tsuga heterophylla
Cooking Tools: Bouteloua sp., Platanus racemosa, Polystichum munitum, Quer- Antirheumatic (External): Lysichiton americanus, Oplopanax horridus
cus sp. Burn Dressing: Rubus parviflorus
Fuel: Quercus sp., Salix hindsiana, Sambucus cerulea Cold Remedy: Mentha sp., Oplopanax horridus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja
Hunting & Fishing Item: Adenostoma fasciculatum, Chlorogalum pomeridia plicata
num, Corylus cornuta, Croton setigerus, Hemizonia corymbosa, Primus ilicifo- Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Adenocaulon bicolor, Claytonia sibir-
lia, Sambucus cerulea, Taxus brevifolia, Umbellularia californica, Vicia nigri- ica, Clintonia uniflora, Mahonia sp., Polystichum munitum, Pseudotsuga
cans menziesii, Ribes divaricatum, Rumex sp., Taxus brevifolia, Tolmiea menziesii,
Incense & Fragrance: Umbellularia californica Tsuga heterophylla
Insecticide: Eschscholzia californica, Umbellularia californica Disinfectant: Rumex sp.
Lighting: Artemisia douglasiana, A. dracunculus Eye Medicine: Clintonia uniflora, Oxalis oregana, Trientalis borealis, Tsuga
Musical Instrument: Sambucus cerulea heterophylla
Protection: Fraxinus latifolia, Pteridium aquilinum Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium
Smoking Tools: Sambucus cerulea, Scirpus sp. Gynecological Aid: Urtica dioica
Snuff: Helenium puberulum Laxative: Frangula purshiana
Soap: Ceanothus sp., Chenopodium californicum, Chlorogalum pomeridia Love Medicine: Galium aparine
num, Marah macrocarpus Misc. Disease Remedy: Polypodium virginianum
Tools: Artemisia douglasiana Oral Aid: Mahonia sp.
Orthopedic Aid: Alnus rubra, Sambucus racemosa, Urtica dioica
Costanoan (Olhonean)
Pediatric Aid: Rosa nutkana
Drug
Poison: Galium aparine, Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum viride
Abortifacient: Heteromeles arbutifolia
Pulmonary Aid: Arctium minus
Antihemorrhagic: Arctostaphylos tomentosa
Strengthened Rosa nutkana
Cathartic: Rhamnus sp.
Tonic: Goodyera oblongifolia
Dermatological Aid: Rhamnus sp.
Toothache Remedy: Thuja plicata
Food
Tuberculosis Remedy: Achlys triphylla, Anemone sp., Quercus garryana
Beverage: Arctostaphylos pumila
Food
Fiber
Beverage: Fragaria vesca
Building Material: Scirpus sp.
Candy: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Cowichan Dried Food: Equisetum hyemale, Fragaria vesca, Oemleria cerasiformis, Ribes
Drug divaricatum, Rubus leucodermis, R. ursinus
Burn Dressing: Arbutus menziesii, Symphoricarpos albus Fruit: Fragaria vesca, Mahonia sp., Malusfusca, Oemleria cerasiformis, Ribes
Cold Remedy: Lomatium nudicaule, Polypodium virginianum, Prunusemar- divaricatum, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus
ginata Spice: Tsuga heterophylla
Dermatological Aid: Arbutus menziesii, Moneses uniflora, Symphoricarpos albus Unspecified: Dryopteris expansa, Equisetum telmateia, Hydrophyllum tenuipes,
Gastrointestinal Aid: Polypodium virginianum Lysichiton americanus, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Oxalis oregana, Pteridium
Misc. Disease Remedy: Arbutus menziesii aquilinum, Quercus garryana, Rubus spectabilis
Panacea: Malusfusca, Prunus emarginata Winter Use Food: Corylus cornuta, Sambucus racemosa
Throat Aid: Lomatium nudicaule, Polypodium virginianum Fiber
Unspecified: Lonicera ciliosa Basketry: Equisetum telmateia, Typha latifolia, Xerophyllum tenax
654 Cowlitz

Brushes & Brooms: Philadelphia lewisii, Quercus garryana, Taxus brevifolia Antirheumatic (External): Ledum groenlandicum
Canoe Material: Fraxinus latifolia Cathartic: Actaea rubra, Apocynum cannabinum, Geocaulon lividum, Iris versi-
Clothing: Typha latifolia color, Populus sp.
Cordage: Acer macrophyllum Cold Remedy: Cornus sericea
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Polystichum munitum, Typha latifolia Cough Medicine: Cornus sericea, Populus sp.
Scouring Material: Equisetum hyemale Dermatological Aid: Alnus viridis, Apocynum cannabinum, Betula pubescens,
Unspecified: Forties sp. Geocaulon lividum, Juniperus communis, Ledum groenlandicum, Populus
Dye sp., Pyrus sp.
Unspecified: Mahonia sp. Disinfectant: Juniperus communis
Other Diuretic: Galium boreale, Juniperus virginiana
Cooking Tools: Athyrium filix-femina, Polystichum munitum, Thuja plicata Emetic: Apocynum cannabinum, Cornus sericea, Geocaulon lividum, Lobelia
Fuel: Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana kalmii
Good Luck Charm: Pseudotsuga menziesii Febrifuge: Cornus sericea
Hunting & Fishing Item: Pseudotsuga menziesii Gastrointestinal Aid: Kalmia angustifolia, Mentha canadensis
Insecticide: Equisetum hyemale Kidney Aid: Alnus viridis
Musical Instrument: Taxus brevifolia Liver Aid: Iris versicolor
Soap: Rubus parviflorus Misc. Disease Remedy: Pyrus sp.
Tools: Fraxinus latifolia, Quercus garryana, Salix lucida, Taxus brevifolia Orthopedic Aid: Ledum groenlandicum
Poison: Aconitum heterophyllum, Kalmia latifolia
Cree Pulmonary Aid: Pyrus sp.
Drug Throat Aid: Prunella vulgaris
Abortifacient: Equisetum hyemale, Grindelia squarrosa, Populus grandidentata Tonic: Kalmia angustifolia, Solidago multiradiata
Burn Dressing: Ledum groenlandicum, Plantago sp. Unspecified: Apocynum cannabinum, Geocaulon lividum
Ceremonial Medicine: Agastachefoeniculum
Cree, Plains
Dermatological Aid: Cirsium discolor, Heracleum maximum
Food
Diuretic: Ledum groenlandicum
Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia
Emetic: Ledum groenlandicum
Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus Cree, Woodlands
Gynecological Aid: Grindelia squarrosa, Populus grandidentata Drug
Heart Medicine: Ligusticum canbyi Abortifacient: Abies balsamea, Alnus viridis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aster
Kidney Aid: Anthemis sp., Grindelia squarrosa puniceus, Sarracenia purpurea, Vaccinium myrtilloides
Poison: Heracleum maximum Adjuvant: Acorus calamus
Throat Aid: Acorus calamus, Picea sp. Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, A. sp., Acorus calamus, Artemisia frigida, Hera
Toothache Remedy: Heracleum maximum cleum maximum, Mentha canadensis, Nuphar lutea, Valeriana dioica
Venereal Aid: Baptisia sp., Grindelia squarrosa, Heracleum maximum, Picea Anticonvulsive: Valeriana dioica
sp., Salix sp., Smilaxsp. Antidiarrheal: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Heuchera richardsonii, Juniperus com
Food munis, Picea mariana, Prunus virginiana, Salix discolor
Beverage: Elaeagnus commutata, Ledum groenlandicum Antiemetic: Larix laricina
Fruit: Elaeagnus commutata Antihemorrhagic: Achillea millefolium, Acorus calamus, Agastachefoeniculum,
Starvation Food: Taraxacum sp. Chimaphila umbellata, Mentha canadensis, Pyrola asarifolia, Shepherdia
Sweetener: Acer negundo canadensis
Vegetable: Allium cernuum Antirheumatic (External): Acorus calamus, Chenopodium album, Cicuta macu-
Fiber lata, Heracleum maximum, Nuphar lutea, Rumex orbiculatus, R. salicifolius,
Cordage: Elaeagnus commutata Shepherdia canadensis, Sorbus decora
Dye Antirheumatic (Internal): Chenopodium album, Picea glauca
Red: Galium boreale Blood Medicine: Picea glauca, Polygala senega
Other Breast Treatment: Ledum groenlandicum
Jewelry: Elaeagnus commutata Burn Dressing: Achillea sp., Betula papyrifera, Ledum groenlandicum, Picea
Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea mariana
Cold Remedy: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Mentha
Cree, Alberta canadensis, Valeriana dioica
Drug Contraceptive: Vaccinium myrtilloides
Hallucinogen: Acorus calamus Cough Medicine: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Juni
Stimulant: Acorus calamus perus communis, Rosa acicularis
Unspecified: Acorus calamus Dermatological Aid: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Aralia nudicaulis, Betula
papyrifera, Epilobium angustifolium, Heracleum maximum, Larix laricina,
Cree, Hudson Bay Ledum groenlandicum, Nuphar lutea, Petasites sagittatus, Picea glauca, P.
Drug mariana, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides, Salix bebbiana, Shepherdia
Analgesic: Ledum groenlandicum canadensis, Symphoricarpos albus, Viburnum edule
Antidiarrheal: Conyza canadensis, Kalmia latifolia, Primus virginiana Diaphoretic: Amelanchier alnifolia, Aster puniceus, Betula papyrifera, Geum
 Index of Tribes 655

aleppicum, Vaccinium myrtilloides Food

Disinfectant: Populus balsamifera Beverage: Agastache foeniculum, Ledum groenlandicum, Mentha canadensis,
Diuretic: Empetrum nigrum, Ledum groenlandicum, Lonicera dioica Ribes glandulosum
Ear Medicine: Acorus calamus, Mitella nuda, Valeriana dioica Candy: Picea glauca, P. mariana
Eye Medicine: Alnus incana, Apocynum androsaemifoliwn, Cornus sericea, Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Nuphar lutea, Typha latifolia
Diervilla lonicera, Heuchera richardsonii, Prunus pensylvanica, Pyrola asari- Frozen Food: Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
folia, Rosa acicularis, Symphoricarpos albus Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Empetrum nigrum, Pru
Febrifuge: Achillea millefolium, Acorus calamus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemi nus virginiana, Ribes glandulosum, R. oxyacanthoides, Rubus arcticus, R.
sia frigida, Aster puniceus, Juniperus communis, Mentha canadensis, Sym chamaemorus, R. idaeus, R. pubescens, Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. oxycoccos,
phoricarpos albus V vitis-idaea
Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Astragalus Preservative: Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides
americanus Preserves: Prunus pensylvanica, Ribes hudsonianum, Vaccinium myrtilloides,
Gynecological Aid: Actaea rubra, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Aralia nudi- Viburnum edule
caulis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aster puniceus, Betula papyrifera, Diervilla Sauce & Relish: Betula papyrifera, Prunus virginiana
lonicera, Juniperus communis, Lonicera dioica, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Snack Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus canadensis, Fragaria virginiana, Lil-
Ribes glandulosum, R. hudsonianum, R. oxyacanthoides, Rubus chamaemo- ium philadelphicum, Rosa acicularis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
rus, R. idaeus, Sarracenia purpurea, Urtica dioica, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Soup: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Valeriana dioica Spice: Allium schoenoprasum, Carum carvi, Mentha canadensis
Heart Medicine: Alisma plantago-aquatica, Campanula rotundifolia, Staple: Carum carvi
Chimaphila umbellata, Rubus idaeus Substitution Food: Betula papyrifera
Hemostat: Acorus calamus, Mentha canadensis, Populus balsamifera, P. tremu- Unspecified: Allium schoenoprasum, Betula papyrifera, Corylus cornuta, Hera-
loides, Scirpus acutus, S. tabernaemontani cleum maximum, Lilium philadelphicum, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremu
Kidney Aid: Juniperus communis loides, Rubus idaeus, Scirpus acutus, S. tabernaemontani, Sium suave, Typha
Laxative: Alisma plantago-aquatica, Alnus incana, Shepherdia canadensis latifolia
Love Medicine: Valeriana dioica Winter Use Food: Corylus cornuta, Vaccinium oxycoccos
Misc. Disease Remedy: Alisma plantago-aquatica, Amelanchier alnifolia, Fiber
Astragalus americanus, Lonicera dioica Basketry: Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula papyrifera, Cornus sericea, Picea glauca,
Oral Aid: Achillea sibirica, Aralia nudicaulis, Mentha canadensis, Picea mari- Salix bebbiana, S. discolor, S. interior
ana, Polygala senega, Polygonum amphibium Building Material: Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, P. mariana,
Orthopedic Aid: Acorus calamus, Aster puniceus, Betula papyrifera, Calla palus- Populus tremuloides
tris, Chimaphila umbellata, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Sarracenia purpurea, Canoe Material: Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, P. mariana
Sorbus decora Caulking Material: Alnus incana, Picea glauca, P. mariana
Panacea: Acorus calamus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Aralia nudicaulis, Geum Cordage: Picea mariana, Salix discolor
aleppicum, Nuphar lutea, Polygala senega, Polygonum amphibium, Thuja Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Calamagrostis canadensis, Picea glauca, P. mariana
occidentalis, Valeriana dioica Sewing Material: Epilobium angustifolium, Picea glauca, P. mariana
Pediatric Aid: Achillea millefolium, A. sibirica, Acorus calamus, Amelanchier Snow Gear: Alnus incana, Betula papyrifera, Larix laricina
alnifolia, Aralia nudicaulis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aster puniceus, Betula Dye
papyrifera, Carum carvi, Empetrum nigrum, Geum aleppicum, G. macrophyl- Brown: Alnus incana, Cornus sericea
lum, Juniperus communis, Ledum groenlandicum, Picea glauca, Rubus idaeus, Orange-Red: Alnus incana
Symphoricarpos albus, Valeriana dioica, Viburnum edule Red-Brown: Alnus incana
Poison: Calla palustris Unspecified: Alnus incana, Vaccinium myrtilloides, V vitis-idaea
Pulmonary Aid: Acorus calamus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Aralia nudicaulis, Yellow: Alnus incana
Chimaphila umbellata, Juniperus communis, Ledum groenlandicum, Thuja Yellow-Brown: Picea glauca
occidentalis, Valeriana dioica Other
Reproductive Aid: Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium myrtilloides Containers: Betula papyrifera, Calamagrostis canadensis, Salix bebbiana, S. dis
Respiratory Aid: Juniperus communis color, S. interior
Sedative: Carum carvi Cooking Tools: Betula papyrifera, Lonicera dioica, Lycopodium annotinum, L
Stimulant: Alisma plantago-aquatica obscurum, Picea glauca, Salix bebbiana, S. discolor, S. interior, Sarracenia pur
Throat Aid: Acorus calamus, Geum aleppicum, Picea mariana, Polygala senega, purea

Viburnum edule Designs: Picea mariana

Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium, A. sibirica, A. sp., Acorus calamus, Fasteners: Picea glauca, Salix bebbiana, S. discolor, S. interior
Amelanchier alnifolia, Aralia nudicaulis, Aster puniceus, Betula papyrifera, Fuel: Betula papyrifera
Geum aleppicum, G. macrophyllum, Juniperus communis, Mentha canaden Hide Preparation: Betula papyrifera, Larix laricina, Picea glauca, P. mariana,
sis, Monotropa uniflora, Picea mariana, Polygala senega, Rubus idaeus, Vibur Pinus banksiana
num edule Hunting & Fishing Item: Achillea millefolium, A. sp., Artemisia frigida, Betula
Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies balsamea, Polypodium virginianum papyrifera, Myrica gale, Picea glauca, Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides,
Urinary Aid: Thuja occidentalis Salix bebbiana, S. discolor, S. interior
Venereal Aid: Acorus calamus, Betula papyrifera, Lonicera dioica, Picea mari Jewelry: Rosa acicularis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea
ana, Populus tremuloides, Sarracenia purpurea, Shepherdia canadensis, Sym Season Indicator: Epilobium angustifolium
phoricarpos albus Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea
 656 Cree, Woodlands

Smoking Tools: Lonicera dioica Stimulant: Baptisia sp., Morus rubra

Tools: Picea glauca, Salix bebbiana, S. discolor, S. interior Tonic: Chenopodium ambrosioides, Heuchera americana, Juniperus sp.
Toys & Games: Picea mariana, Populus tremuloides, Rosa acicularis, Salix beb- Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Ulmus sp.
■* biana, S. discolor, S. interior Tuberculosis Remedy: Aesculus sp., Betula sp., Collinsia violacea, Nyssa sp.,
N. sylvatica, Penstemon sp., Phoradendron leucarpum, Platanus occidental^,
Creek Tephrosia virginiana
Drug Unspecified: Bignonia capreolata, Camassia scilloides, Lomatium nuttallii, Sas
Abortifacient: Stillingia sp., Tephrosia virginiana safras albidum, Triosteum perfoliatum
Adjuvant: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Panax sp. Urinary Aid: Celastrus scandens, Morus rubra, Tephrosia virginiana
Alterative: Persea palustris Venereal Aid: Eryngium yuccifolium, Parthenocissus sp., Salixsp.
Analgesic: Angelica sp., Celastrus scandens, Eryngium yuccifolium, Erythrina Veterinary Aid: Zanthoxylum americanum
herbacea, Juniperus sp.f Lindera benzoin Witchcraft Medicine: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Monarda sp., Ulmus rubra
Anthelmintic: Angelica sp., Spigelia anthelmia, S. marilandica
Antidiarrheal: Prunus sp., Quercus stellata, Rhus copallinum, R. glabra Crow
Antiemetic: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Salix sp. Drug
Antihemorrhagic: Aralia sp. Analgesic: Equisetum hyemale, Oplopanax horridus, Salixsp.
Antirheumatic (External): Juniperus sp., Liatris sp., Monardasp., Salix sp. Antidiarrheal: Juniperus scopulorum, Prunus virginiana, Rosa sp.
Antirheumatic (Internal): Eryngium yuccifolium, Liatris sp., Lindera benzoin, Antihemorrhagic: Juniperus scopulorum
Monarda sp., Salix sp. Antirheumatic (External): Lomatium macrocarpum, Rosa sp.
Blood Medicine: Eryngium yuccifolium, Juniperus sp., Lindera benzoin Burn Dressing: Achillea millefolium, Prunus virginiana
Breast Treatment: Sambucus canadensis Ceremonial Medicine: Abies lasiocarpa, Catabrosa aquatica, Glyceriafluitans,
Carminative: Angelica sp. Juniperus chinense, Lobelia inflata, Madia glomerata
Cathartic: Eryngium yuccifolium, Euphorbia sp., Ilex vomitoria, Iris verna, I. Cold Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Echinacea pallida, Grindelia squarrosa, Ligus
versicolor, Stillingia sp. ticum canbyi, Lomatium macrocarpum
Ceremonial Medicine: Panax sp. Cough Medicine: Abies lasiocarpa, Grindelia squarrosa, Ligusticum canbyi
Cold Remedy: Gnaphalium obtusifolium Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia ludoviciana, Prunus vir
Cough Medicine: Verbascum thapsus giniana
Dermatological Aid: Heuchera americana, Monarda sp., Panax quinquefolius, Dietary Aid: Juniperus scopulorum
Salix sp., Smilax sp. Diuretic: Equisetum hyemale
Diaphoretic: Lindera benzoin, Monarda sp., Panax quinquefolius, P.sp., Persea Ear Medicine: Ligusticum canbyi
palustris Emetic: Salixsp.
Diuretic: Ipomoea pandurata Eye Medicine: Artemisia dracunculus
Ear Medicine: Monarda sp. Gastrointestinal Aid: Echinacea pallida, Juniperus scopulorum, Rosa sp.
Emetic: Ilex vomitoria, Lindera benzoin, Morus rubra, Myrica sp., Salix sp. Gynecological Aid: Juniperus scopulorum
Febrifuge: Chenopodium ambrosioides, Panax quinquefolius, Psp., Persea Laxative: Abies lasiocarpa
palustris, Salix sp. Nose Medicine: Rosa sp.
Gastrointestinal Aid: Angelica sp., Eryngium yuccifolium, Ligusticum Oral Aid: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Rosa sp., Salix sp.
canadense, Salix sp. Pulmonary Aid: Grindelia squarrosa
Gynecological Aid: Celastrus scandens, Porteranthus sp., Sambucus canadensis, Respiratory Aid: Grindelia squarrosa, Ligusticum canbyi, Monarda fistulosa
Stillingia sp. Throat Aid: Lomatium macrocarpum, Rosa sp.
Hemostat: Panax quinquefolius, Psp. Toothache Remedy: Echinacea pallida
Herbal Steam: Lindera benzoin, Malus sp. Veterinary Aid: Symphoricarpos albus
Kidney Aid: Eryngium yuccifolium, Impatiens sp., Ipomoea pandurata, Monar Food
da sp., Persea palustris, Populus sp., Salix sp. Dried Food: Vitis vulpina
Liver Aid: Frangula caroliniana Fruit: Escobaria missouriensis, Prunus americana, Vitis vulpina
Misc. Disease Remedy: Gleditsia triacanthos, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Malus Sauce & Relish: Asclepias speciosa
sp., Panicum sp., Salixsp. Unspecified: Asclepias speciosa, Catabrosa aquatica, Glyceriafluitans, Leuco-
Orthopedic Aid: Angelica sp., Celastrus scandens, Populus sp., Quercus sp. crinum montanum, Madia glomerata, Musineon divaricatum
Other: Rhus glabra, Salix sp., Smilax bona-nox Winter Use Food: Prunus americana
Panacea: Chenopodium ambrosioides, Eryngium yuccifolium, Gleditsia tria Fiber
canthos Building Material: Populus tremuloides
Pediatric Aid: Angelica sp., Baptisia sp., Gleditsia triacanthos, Panax sp., Quer Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Matricaria discoidea
cus sp., Spigelia anthelmia Dye
Poison: Lomatium nuttallii Mordant: Opuntia polyacantha
Psychological Aid: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Monarda sp. Other
Pulmonary Aid: Panax quinquefolius, Psp., Phoradendron leucarpum Ceremonial Items: Artemisia ludoviciana, Lomatium macrocarpum
Reproductive Aid: Stillingia sp., Tephrosia virginiana Fasteners: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Pinus ponderosa, Prunus vir
Sedative: Angelica sp., Eryngium yuccifolium, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, giniana
Monarda sp. Incense & Fragrance: Ligusticum canbyi, Lomatium macrocarpum, Monarda
Snakebite Remedy: Eryngium yuccifolium, Manfreda virginica fistulosa
 Index of Tribes 657

viusical Instrument: Cornus sericea Dried Food: Opuntia humifusa, Pediomelum esculentum, Physalis heterophylla,
Daint: Asclepias speciosa Prunus americana, P. pumila, P. virginiana, Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis,
Smoke Plant: Ligusticum canbyi Shepherdia argentea, Vitis cinerea, V vulpina
Soap: Morchella sp. Fodder: Linum lewisii, Populus sp.
Tools: Cornus sericea Forage: Dyssodia papposa, Populus deltoides
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria vesca, E virginiana, Opuntia humifusa,
Dakota Prunus americana, P. pumila, P. virginiana, Ribes missouriense, Rubus idaeus,
Drug R. occidentalis, Sambucus canadensis, Shepherdia argentea, Viburnum lenta-
Abortifacient: Artemisia frigida go, Vitis cinerea, V vulpina
Analgesic: Callirhoe involucrata, Echinacea angustifolia, Helianthus annuus, Sauce & Relish: Allium canadense, Physalis heterophylla, Prunus americana,
Humulus lupulus, Monardafistulosa, Penstemon grandiflorus, Ratibida P pumila
columnifera, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Verbena hastata Soup: Carya ovata, Chenopodium album, Corylus americana, Juglans nigra,
Anthelmintic: Echinacea pallida, Mirabilis nyctaginea Nelumbo lutea
Antidiarrheal: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Dalea aurea Spice: Allium canadense, Celtis occidentalis, Mentha canadensis
Antidote: Echinacea angustifolia Staple: Zea mays, Zizania aquatica
Antiemetic: Ambrosia artemisiifolia Starvation Food: Opuntia humifusa, Rosa arkansana
Burn Dressing: Echinacea angustifolia, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Typha latifolia Sweetener: Acer negundo, A. saccharinum, A. saccharum, Agastachefoeniculum,
Carminative: Acorus calamus, Mentha canadensis Carya ovata, Populus sp., Zea mays
Ceremonial Medicine: Acorus calamus, Artemisia sp., Hierochloe odorata, Pru- Unspecified: Acorus calamus, Allium canadense, Amphicarpaea bracteata,
nus virginiana, Shepherdia argentea Apios americana, Asclepias syriaca, Astragalus crassicarpus, Carya ovata,
Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Callirhoe involucrata, Hedeoma hispida, H. sp., Chenopodium album, Corylus americana, Helianthus tuberosus, Juglans ni
Juniperus virginiana gra, Linum lewisii, Mentha canadensis, Nelumbo lutea, Pediomelum esculen
Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus, Juniperus virginiana tum, Physalis lanceolata, Populus deltoides, Quercus macrocarpa, Q. rubra,
Dermatological Aid: Echinacea pallida, Humulus lupulus, Lilium philadelphi- Sagittaria latifolia, S. sp., Scirpus acutus, S. tabernaemontani
cum, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Opuntia humifusa, Ratibida columnifera, Rumex Winter Use Food: Physalis heterophylla, Prunus virginiana, Zea mays
altissimus, R. crispus, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Typha latifolia, Yucca glauca Fiber
Dietary Aid: Hedeoma hispida, H. sp. Basketry: Salix melanopsis
Disinfectant: Artemisia sp. Brushes & Brooms: Prunus americana
Ear Medicine: Glycyrrhiza lepidota Building Material: Pinus contorta, Salix sp., Ulmus americana, U. rubra, U.
Eye Medicine: Echinacea pallida, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, S. orbiculatus thomasii
Febrifuge: Acorus calamus, Astragalus canadensis, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Humu Clothing: Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Urtica dioica
lus lupulus, Mentzelia nuda, Mirabilis nyctaginea Cordage: Ulmus rubra, Urtica dioica, Yucca glauca
Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Artemisia sp., Dalea aurea, Grindelia Mats: Rugs & Bedding, Artemisia dracunculus, A. frigida, A. ludoviciana, Scirpus
squarrosa, Humulus lupulus, Monardafistulosa, Quercus sp., Verbena hastata, acutus, S. tabernaemontani, Typha latifolia
Vstricta Sewing Material: Yucca glauca
Laxative: Gymnocladus dioicus, Ulmusrubra Dye
Love Medicine: Lomatium foeniculaceum Black: Gymnocladus dioicus, Juglans nigra
Misc. Disease Remedy: Echinacea angustifolia, Juniperus virginiana Mordant: Opuntia humifusa, Rhus trilobata
Other: Echinacea angustifolia Red: Rhus trilobata
Panacea: Acorus calamus, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Ratibida columnifera Yellow: Populus deltoides
Pediatric Aid: Astragalus canadensis, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Grindelia squarrosa, Other
Quercus sp., Typha latifolia Ceremonial Items: Acer negundo, Hierochloe odorata, Lagenaria siceraria,
Poison: Dalea enneandra Nelumbo lutea, Populus sp., Prunus americana, Urtica dioica
Psychological Aid: Acorus calamus Containers: Betula papyrifera, Yucca glauca
Pulmonary Aid: Helianthus annuus Cooking Tools: Betula papyrifera, Ulmus americana, U. rubra, U. thomasii
Snakebite Remedy: Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida Decorations: Acer negundo, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus
Stimulant: Gymnocladus dioicus Fuel: Ceanothus americanus, Populus sp., Ulmus americana, U. rubra, U.
Tonic: Gentiana saponaria, Hedeoma sp. thomasii, Yucca glauca
Toothache Remedy: Acorus calamus, Echinacea angustifolia, Glycyrrhiza Hide Preparation: Prunus americana, Yucca glauca
lepidota Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Tuberculosis Remedy: Psoralidium tenuiflorum Incense & Fragrance: Melilotus officinalis, Monardafistulosa, Thalictrum dasy-
Veterinary Aid: Clematis ligusticifolia, Dyssodia papposa, Echinacea angustifo carpum

lia, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Juniperus virginiana, Silphium Lighting: Betula papyrifera
laciniatum Musical Instrument: Populus deltoides
Witchcraft Medicine: Artemisia sp., Silphium laciniatum Protection: Juniperus virginiana, Psoralidium tenuiflorum
Food Season Indicator: Prunus virginiana
Beverage: Agastache foeniculum, Ceanothus americanus, Mentha canadensis, Smoke Plant: Cornus amomum, C. sericea, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Rhusglabra,
Ratibida columnifera, Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis, Sambucus canadensis Rosa arkansana
Bread & Cake: Prunus virginiana Smoking Tools: Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Candy: Populus deltoides, Psp., Silphium laciniatum Soap: Yucca glauca
658 Dakota

Stable Gear: Ulmus americana, U. thomasii, Urtica dioica Respiratory Aid: Petasites frigidus, Verbascum thapsus
Tools: Ulmus americana, U. rubra, U. thomasii, Yucca glauca Sedative: Chrysopsis mariana, Humulus lupulus
Toys & Games: Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemisia sp., Betula papyrifera, Opuntia Stimulant: Arctium minus, Humulus lupulus, Phytolacca americana
humifusa, Physalis lanceolata, Populus deltoides, Prunus americana, Quercus Strengthener: Populus deltoides, Sanguinaria canadensis, Vitis rupestris
macrocarpa, Sambucus canadensis, Scirpus acutus, Thalictrum dasycarpum, Throat Aid: Helianthemum canadense, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus alba, Q.
Ulmus americana, U. rubra, Urtica dioica, Viburnum opulus rubra, Q. velutina
Tonic: Aristolochia serpentaria, Chrysopsis mariana, Cimicifuga racemosa, Cor
Delaware nusflorida, Gaultheria procumbens, Inula helenium, Panax quinquefolius,
Drug Podophyllum peltatum, Prunus serotina
Abortifacient: Acorus calamus, Mitchella repens Toothache Remedy: Humulus lupulus
Analgesic: Cornus canadensis, Symplocarpus foetidus Tuberculosis Remedy: Lophophora williamsii
Anthelmintic: Eryngium aquaticum, Juglans nigra, Prunus persica Unspecified: Panax quinquefolius, Plantago major, Toxicodendron pubescens
Antidiarrheal: Prunus serotina, Rubus allegheniensis, Solidagojuncea Urinary Aid: Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia peregrina
Antiemetic: Cercis canadensis, Prunus persica Venereal Aid: Cardamine diphylla, Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia peregri
Antirheumatic (External): Aesculus glabra, Asclepias tuberosa, Cirsium vulgare, na, Crotalaria sagittalis, Echinacea purpurea, Iris versicolor, Rhus copallinum,
Gaultheria procumbens, Goodyera pubescens, Iris versicolor, Mitchella repens, R. hirta, Salix humilis, Stachys palustris
Phytolacca americana, Tsuga canadensis, Verbascum thapsus Food
Antirheumatic (Internal): Arctium minus Bread & Cake: Apios americana, Zea mays
Blood Medicine: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Arctium minus, Chimaphila umbel- Dried Food: Zea mays
lata, Comptonia peregrina, Gelsemium sempervirens, Gentianopsis crinita, Porridge: Zea mays
Gleditsia triacanthos, Myrica sp., Phytolacca americana, Rumex crispus, R. Soup: Zea mays
obtusifolius, Sambucus canadensis, Sassafras albidum Staple: Zea mays
Cathartic: Maianthemum stellatum, Pimpinella anisum Unspecified: Agaricus campestris, Apios americana, Rumex acetosella, Zea mays
Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus velutina, Ulmus Winter Use Food: Apios americana
americana Other
Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus, Gleditsia triacanthos, Petasitesfrigidus, Pru Ceremonial Items: Sanguinaria canadensis, Zea mays
nus serotina, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Ulmus americana, Verbascum thapsus Insecticide: Juglans nigra
Dermatological Aid: Baptisia tinctoria, Celastrus scandens, Chimaphila umbel-
lata, Comptonia peregrina, Datura stramonium, Juglans nigra, Monarda Delaware, Oklahoma
punctata, Phytolacca americana, Rhus copallinum, Sambucus canadensis Drug
Disinfectant: Quercus alba Abortifacient: Acorus calamus, Mitchella repens
Ear Medicine: Aesculus glabra, Humulus lupulus Analgesic: Acorus calamus, Cornus canadensis, Hedeoma pulegioides, Helian
Febrifuge: Cercis canadensis, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Monarda punctata, themum canadense, Quercus palustris, Symplocarpus foetidus, Verbascum
Prunella vulgaris, Solidagojuncea thapsus
Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Angelica atropurpurea, Cardamine di- Anthelmintic: Eryngium aquaticum
phylla, Gentianopsis crinita, Hedeoma pulegioides, Inula helenium, Juglans Anticonvulsive: Asclepias sp., Symplocarpus foetidus
nigra, Maianthemum stellatum, Pimpinella anisum, Quercus palustris, San- Antidiarrheal: Prunus serotina, Rubus allegheniensis, R. canadensis, Solidago
guinaria canadensis, Scutellaria galericulata juncea
Gland Medicine: Phytolacca americana Antiemetic: Cercis canadensis
Gynecological Aid: Asclepias tuberosa, Baptisia tinctoria, Goodyera pubescens, Antirheumatic (External): Cirsium vulgare, Juniperus virginiana, Mitchella
Leonurus cardiaca, Maianthemum stellatum, Plantago major, Quercus alba repens, Phytolacca americana, Tsuga canadensis, Verbascum thapsus
Heart Medicine: Zanthoxylum americanum Antirheumatic (Internal): Arctium minus, Asclepias tuberosa, Gaultheria
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Datura stramonium procumbens, Goodyera pubescens, Iris versicolor, Phytolacca americana
Kidney Aid: Achillea millefolium, Gaultheria procumbens, Hydrangea arbore- Blood Medicine: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Arctium minus, Chimaphila umbel
scens, Iris versicolor, Myrica sp., Typha latifolia lata, Comptonia peregrina, Gelsemium sempervirens, Gentianopsis crinita,
Laxative: Podophyllum peltatum, Scutellaria galericulata, Taraxacum offlcinale Gleditsia triacanthos, Myrica sp., Phytolacca americana, Rumex crispus, R.
Liver Aid: Achillea millefolium, Celastrus scandens, Iris versicolor, Rumex cris obtusifolius, Sambucus canadensis, Sassafras albidum
pus, R. obtusifolius, Sambucus canadensis Cathartic: Betula alleghaniensis, Frangula caroliniana, Fraxinus americana,
Misc. Disease Remedy: Asclepias sp., Daucus carota, Lobelia cardinalis, Sym Juglans nigra, Maianthemum stellatum, Morus nigra, Pimpinella anisum
plocarpus foetidus Ceremonial Medicine: Artemisia frigida, Rhus copallinum
Narcotic: Crotalaria sagittalis Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus velutina, Ulmus
Oral Aid: Rhus copallinum americana, Verbascum thapsus
Panacea: Lophophora williamsii Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus, Gleditsia triacanthos, Petasites frigidus, Pru
Pediatric Aid: Chrysopsis mariana, Nepeta cataria, Prunus persica, Sambucus nus serotina, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Symplocarpus foetidus, Ulmus ameri
canadensis cana, Verbascum thapsus
Poison: Aesculus glabra Dermatological Aid: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Baptisia tinctoria, Chimaphila
Pulmonary Aid: Asclepias tuberosa, Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia peregri umbellata, Comptonia peregrina, Datura stramonium, Gelsemium sempervi
na, Goodyera pubescens, Petasitesfrigidus, Symplocarpusfoetidus, Verbascum rens, Juglans nigra, Menispermum canadense, Quercus alba, Rhus copallinum,
thapsus Sambucus canadensis, Solanum dulcamara, Toxicodendron pubescens, Vitis
Reproductive Aid: Salix humilis, Viburnum prunifolium, Vitis rupestris vulpina
 Index of Tribes 659

Disinfectant: Quercus alba Delaware, Ontario

Ear Medicine: Aesculus glabra, Humulus lupulus Drug
Emetic: Betula alleghaniensis, Frangula caroliniana, Fraxinus americana, Analgesic: Arctium minus, Armoracia rusticana, Pinus strobus, Verbascum
Juglans nigra, Moms nigra thapsus
Expectorant: Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia peregrina Antidiarrheal: Rhus hirta
Febrifuge: Cercis canadensis, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Monarda punctata, Antiemetic: Quercus muehlenbergii, Sanguinaria canadensis
Prunella vulgaris, Solarium dulcamara, Solidago juncea, Verbena hastata Blood Medicine: Arctium minus, Sanguinaria canadensis
Gastrointestinal Aid: Angelica atropurpurea, Betula alleghaniensis, Cardamine Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Inula helenium, Populus tremuloides
diphylla, Frangula caroliniana, Fraxinus americana, Gentianopsis crinita, Dermatological Aid: Pinus strobus, Plantago major, Sedum telephioides, Verbas
Hedeoma pulegioides, Inula helenium, Juglans nigra, Maianthemum stella cum thapsus
tum, Moms nigra, Pimpinella anisum, Quercus palustris, Sambucus canaden Disinfectant: Sedum telephioides
sis, Sanguinaria canadensis Febrifuge: Thymus praecox
Gynecological Aid: Asclepias tuberosa, Baptisia tinctoria, Goodyera pubescens, Gastrointestinal Aid: Eupatorium perfoliatum, Tanacetum vulgare
Leonurus cardiaca, Maianthemum stellatum, Mitchella repens, Myrica sp., Gynecological Aid: Carpinus caroliniana, Carya alba, C. ovata, Juniperus com-
Plantago major, Populus deltoides, Quercus alba, Viburnum pmnifolium, Vitis munis, Ostrya virginiana, Prunus serotina, Quercus alba
vulpina Kidney Aid: Pinus strobus
Heart Medicine: Zanthoxylum americanum Misc. Disease Remedy: Viburnum lentago
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Datura stramonium Pediatric Aid: Nepeta cataria, Pinus strobus
Herbal Steam: Cirsium vulgare, Juniperus virginiana, Mitchella repens, Phyto- Pulmonary Aid: Pinus strobus
lacca americana, Tsuga canadensis Sedative: Nepeta cataria
Kidney Aid: Achillea millefolium, Iris versicolor, Myrica sp., Typha latifolia Tonic: Carpinus caroliniana, Carya alba, C. ovata, Juniperus communis, Ostrya
Laxative: Inula helenium, Podophyllum peltatum, Scutellaria galericulata, virginiana, Prunus serotina, Quercus alba
Taraxacum officinale Tuberculosis Remedy: Celastrus scandens
Liver Aid: Achillea millefolium, Betula alleghaniensis, Frangula caroliniana, Unspecified: Pinus strobus
Fraxinus americana, Hydrangea arborescens, Iris versicolor, Juglans nigra,
Moms nigra, Rumex crispus, R. obtusifolius, Sambucus canadensis Diegueno
Love Medicine: Podophyllum peltatum Drug
Misc. Disease Remedy: Daucus carota, Lobelia cardinalis Analgesic: Juniperus californica, Lamarckia aurea
Narcotic: Crotalaria sagittalis Antidiarrheal: Eriogonum fasciculatum, Fragaria vesca, Gutierrezia sarothrae,
Oral Aid: Rhus copallinum Rubus ursinus
Panacea: Panax quinquefolius, Quercus alba, Sanguinaria canadensis Antidote: Cuscuta californica
Pediatric Aid: Nepeta cataria, Sambucus canadensis Antihemorrhagic: Pellaea mucronata
Poison: Aesculus glabra Antirheumatic (External): Hazardia squarrosa, Larrea tridentata, Urtica dioica
Pulmonary Aid: Asclepias tuberosa, Goodyera pubescens, Petasites frigidus, Ver- Blood Medicine: Ephedra californica, Grindelia hallii, Platanus racemosa, Sal-
bascum thapsiis via apiana
Reproductive Aid: Vitis rupestris Cathartic: Frangula californica
Respiratory Aid: Petasites frigidus, Verbascum thapsus Cold Remedy: Artemisia tridentata, Eriodictyon lanatum, Marrubium vulgare,
Sedative: Chrysopsis mariana, Humulus lupulus Salvia apiana
Stimulant: Arctium minus, Humulus lupulus, Maianthemum stellatum, Phyto- Cough Medicine: Artemisia tridentata, Baccharis sarothroides, Croton californi-
lacca americana cus, Eriodictyon lanatum, Prunus ilicifolia, Salvia apiana
Throat Aid: Platanus occidentalis, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Q. velutina Dermatological Aid: Ambrosia psilostachya, Baccharis salicifolia, Ceanothus
Tonic: Anaphalis margaritacea, Aralia nudicaulis, Aristolochia serpentaria, leucodermis, Chamaesyce albomarginata, Dudleya pulverulenta, Ericameria
Chrysopsis mariana, Cimicifuga racemosa, Cornus florida, Gaultheria pro- brachylepis, Frangula californica, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Malva parviflora,
cumbens, Gleditsia triacanthos, Helianthemum canadense, Humulus lupulus, Phoradendron macrophyllum, Populus fremo?itii, Quercus agrifolia, Ricinus
Inula helenium, Maianthemum racemosum, Menthaxpiperita, Nepeta cata communis, Solidago californica, Vitis girdiana
ria, Panax quinquefolius, Pimpinella anisum, Podophyllum peltatum, Prunus Dietary Aid: Ephedra californica
serotina, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sassafras albidum, Taraxacum officinale, Ear Medicine: Ruta chalepensis, R. graveolens
Vitis rupestris, Zanthoxylum americanum Emetic: Eriogonum fasciculatum
Toothache Remedy: Humulus lupulus Eye Medicine: Physalis philadelphica, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus dumosa,
Tuberculosis Remedy: Cardamine diphylla, Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia Rhus trilobata, Toxicodendron diversilobum
peregrina, Iris versicolor, Maianthemum stellatum, Salix humilis Febrifuge: Brickellia californica, Malva parviflora, Matricaria discoidea, Proso
Unspecified: Goodyera pubescens, Plantago major pis glandulosa, Rosa californica, Sambucus cerulea, Scrophularia californica
Urinary Aid: Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia peregrina Gastrointestinal Aid: Adenostoma sparsifolium, Ambrosia psilostachya, Baccha
Venereal Aid: Cardamine diphylla, Crotalaria sagittalis, Echinacea purpurea, ris sarothroides, Ephedra californica, Lepidium nitidum, Paeonia californica,
Eryngium aquaticum, Maianthemum stellatum, Rhus copallinum, R. hirta, Ruta graveolens
Salix humilis, Solanum nigrum, Stachys palustris Gynecological Aid: Matricaria discoidea, Rhus ovata
Other Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii
Ceremonial Items: Rhus copallinum, Sanguinaria canadensis Heart Medicine: Eriogonum fasciculatum
Insecticide: Juglans nigra Hypotensive: Equisetum laevigatum, Juniperus californica
Smoke Plant: Angelica atropurpurea Kidney Aid: Arctostaphylos sp., Ephedra californica
660 Dieguefio

Laxative: Sambucus cerulea Tools: Prosopis glandulosa

Misc. Disease Remedy: Ericameria brachylepis, Salvia apiana Toys & Games: Sambucus cerulea
Orthopedic Aid: Larrea tridentata, Populusfremontii
Eskimo
Other: Salvia apiana
Drug
Pediatric Aid: Eriogonumfasciculatum, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria dis-
Cancer Treatment: Artemisia tilesii
coidea, Rhus trilobata, Rosa californica, Sambucus cerulea
Disinfectant: Artemisia tilesii
Poison: Datura wrightii
Febrifuge: Artemisia tilesii
Pulmonary Aid: Marrubium vulgare
Gastrointestinal Aid: Valeriana capitata
Respiratory Aid: Artemisia tridentata, Dudleya pulverulenta, Platanus racemosa
Panacea: Angelica lucida
Strengthener: Salvia columbariae
Preventive Medicine: Angelica lucida
Toothache Remedy: Adenostoma sparsifolium
Psychological Aid: Angelica lucida
Unspecified: Anemopsis californica, Datura wrightii, Monardella lanceolata
Unspecified: Potentilla nana
Veterinary Aid: Croton setigerus, Lonicera subspicata
Food
Food
Fruit: Rubus chamaemorus
Beverage: Monardella lanceolata, Pellaea mucronata, Rhus integrifolia, Satureja
douglasii Eskimo, Alaska
Bread & Cake: Prosopis glandulosa, Prunus ilicifolia Drug
Candy: Eriodictyon lanatum, Marrubium vulgare, Quercus engelmannii Anesthetic: Salix planifolia
Dried Food: Eriodictyon lanatum, Opuntia basilaris, Rubus ursinus, Vitisgir- Antihemorrhagic: Equisetum sylvaticum, Ledum palustre, Matricaria discoidea
diana Antirheumatic (External): Artemisia sp., A. tilesii
Fodder: Acacia greggii, Lotus scoparius Cold Remedy: Artemisia sp., Moneses uniflora, Pinus contorta
Fruit: Arctostaphylos glauca, Fragaria vesca, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Juniperus Cough Medicine: Moneses uniflora, Pinus contorta
californica, Mammillaria dioica, Opuntia engelmannii, Prunus ilicifolia, Dermatological Aid: Alnus viridis, Artemisia sp., Picea glauca, Salix sitchensis
Quercus dunnii, Rubus ursinus, Sambucus cerulea, Vitis girdiana Eye Medicine: Salix planifolia
Porridge: Avenafatua, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. Gastrointestinal Aid: Ledum palustre
dumosa, Q. engelmannii, Q. kelloggii, Q. wislizeni, Salvia apiana Hemostat: Artemisia tilesii
Preserves: Arctostaphylos sp. Laxative: Artemisia tilesii, Epilobium angustifolium
Spice: Salvia carduacea, S. columbariae Oral Aid: Salix planifolia, Sedum integrifolium
Staple: Quercus peninsularis Respiratory Aid: Artemisia tilesii
Starvation Food: Juniperus californica Tonic: Artemisia tilesii
Sweetener: Justicia californica Unspecified: Achillea millefolium, Ledum palustre, Picea glauca, Pinus
Unspecified: Agave deserti, Cleome isomeris, Dudleya pulverulenta, Penstemon contorta

centranthifolius, Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia, Salvia apiana, Yucca Food

whipplei Beverage: Comarum palustre, Irissetosa, Lathyrus japonicus, Ledum palustre,
Vegetable: Brassica nigra, Chenopodium album, Claytonia perfoliata, Erodium Pentaphylloidesfloribunda, Sedum integrifolium
cicutarium, Lepidium nitidum, Opuntia engelmannii, Paeonia californica, Candy: Matricaria discoidea, Picea glauca
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Trifolium sp., Viola pedunculata Fruit: Arctostaphylos alpina, Cornus canadensis, C. suecica, Empetrum nigrum,
Winter Use Food: Sambucus cerulea Rubus arcticus, Vaccinium alpinum, V oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea
Fiber Ice Cream: Anemone narcissiflora, Empetrum nigrum
Basketry: Juncus textilis, Muhlenbergia rigens, Pinus coulteri, Pjeffieyi, P. pon- Soup: Claytonia sp., Dryopteris expansa, Hippuris vulgaris
derosa, Quercus dumosa, Rhus trilobata, Salix lasiolepis, Yucca whipplei Sour: Pedicularis sp.
Brushes & Brooms: Arctostaphylos glauca Spice: Ledum palustre
Building Material: Pinus jeffreyi, P ponderosa Unspecified: Anemone narcissiflora, Angelica lucida, Artemisia tilesii, Astragalus
Clothing: Yucca schidigera polaris, Caltha palustris, Claytonia acutifolia, C. sp., Dryopteris expansa, Epi
Furniture: Quercus dumosa, Yucca whipplei lobium angustifolium, Equisetum arvense, Fucus sp., Honckenya peploides,
Dye Mertensia maritima, Oxyria digyna, Pedicularis lanata, Psp., Ranunculus pal-
Black: Quercus chrysolepis lasii, Ribes triste, Rumex arcticus, Salix alaxensis, S. planifolia, Saxifraga nel-
Red: Plagiobothrys arizonicus soniana, S. spicata, Sedum integrifolium, Senecio pseudoarnica, Taraxacum sp.
Other Vegetable: Angelica lucida, Hedysarum sp., Hippuris tetraphylla, Ligusticum
Cash Crop: Opuntia basilaris, Phaseolus vulgaris scothicum, Petasites frigidus, Salix planifolia
Ceremonial Items: Datura wrightii, Urtica dioica Winter Use Food: Empetrum nigrum, Ligusticum scothicum, Rubus chamae
Cooking Tools: Prosopis glandulosa morus, Rumex arcticus, Salix planifolia, Saxifraga nelsoniana
Fuel: Adenostoma fasciculatum, A. sparsifolium, Arctostaphylos glauca, Populus Fiber
fremontii, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus agrifolia Basketry: Leymus mollis
Good Luck Charm: Pellaea mucronata Building Material: Cassiope tetragona, Picea sp.
Incense & Fragrance: Eriodictyon lanatum Canoe Material: Picea sp.
Lubricant: Opuntia engelmannii Clothing: Poa sp.
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana glauca Cordage: Leymus mollis
Soap: Atriplex canescens, Chenopodium californicum, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Eriophorum angustifolium, Leymus mollis, Petasites
Lotus scoparius frigidus
 Index of Tribes 661

Dye Fruit: Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Viburnum

Drange: Alnus viridis edule
Unspecified: Alnus viridis, Iris setosa Ice Cream: Dryopteris campyloptera, Hippuris vulgaris, Rumex arcticus
Other Sauce & Relish: Cetraria cucullata
Cash Crop: Leymus mollis Soup: Hippuris vulgaris, Ranunculus lapponicus, Salix sp.
Ceremonial Items: Angelica lucida Spice: Allium schoenoprasum, Cetraria crispa, Rorippa islandica, Taraxacum sp.
Cleaning Agent: Artemisia tilesii Unspecified: Angelica lucida, Cicuta virosa, Epilobium angustifolium, E. lati
Containers: Petasites frigidus folium, Eriophorum angustifolium, Hippuris vulgaris, Nephroma arcticum,
Cooking Tools: Leymus mollis, Petasites frigidus, Picea sp. Oxyria digyna, Picea glauca, P mariana, Rumex arcticus, Salix sp., Saxifraga
Fuel: Alnus viridis, Betula nana, Picea sp., Spiraea stevenii tricuspidata, Silene acaulis
Smoke Plant: Alnus viridis, Petasitesfrigidus, Salix alaxensis Winter Use Food: Rubus arcticus
Smoking Tools: Angelica lucida Fiber
Snuff: Petasitesfrigidus, Salix alaxensis Building Material: Picea glauca, P. mariana
Tools: Picea sp. Canoe Material: Parmelia saxatilis, Peltigera aphthosa, Picea glauca, P. mariana,
Weapon: Picea sp. Stereocaulon paschale
Caulking Material: Sphagnum sp.
Eskimo, Arctic Clothing: Eriophorum angustifolium, E. scheuchzeri, Poa sp.
Drug Cordage: Picea glauca, P. mariana, Urtica dioica
Poison: Actaea rubra, Cicuta sp. Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Betula nana, Dryopteris fragrans, Eriophorum angusti
Food folium, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Poa sp.
Beverage: Ledum groenlandicum, L palustre, Pentaphylloides floribunda, Poly- Snow Gear: Betula sp.
gonum alpinum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea Dye
Forage: Arctostaphylos alpina, A. rubra, Hedysarum alpinum, H. boreale Red-Brown: Alnus viridis
Frozen Food: Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea Other
Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Empetrum nigrum Cash Crop: Fomes igniarius
Ice Cream: Rubus chamaemorus Ceremonial Items: Picea glauca, P. mariana
Pie & Pudding: Polygonum alpinum Containers: Betula sp., Picea glauca, P. mariana
Preserves: Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cooking Tools: Picea glauca, P. mariana, Populus sp., Salix sp.
Unspecified: Oxyria digyna, Pedicularis lanata, Polygonum alpinum, Salix Fuel: Alectoria nigricans, A. nitidula,A. ochroleuca, Betula nana, B. sp., Cassiope
planifolia tetragona, Cornicularia divergens, Ledum palustre, Picea glauca, P mariana,
Vegetable: Claytonia tuberosa, Epilobium latifolium, Hedysarum alpinum, H. Populus sp., Salix sp.
boreale, Honckenya peploides, Pedicularis lanata, Petasites frigidus, Rumex Hunting & Fishing Item: Betula sp., Leymus mollis, Picea glauca, P. mariana,
arcticus, Saxifraga nelsoniana, Sedum rosea, Senecio congestus, Taraxacum sp. Populus balsamifera
Other Incense & Fragrance: Artemisia tilesii, Matricaria discoidea, Viola biflora
Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Insecticide: Alnus viridis, Fomes igniarius, Populus balsamifera
Lighting: Eriophorum sp.
Eskimo, Chugach
Paper: Poa sp.
Drug
Preservative: Alnus viridis
Throat Aid: Viburnum edule
Season Indicator: Matricaria discoidea

Eskimo, Greenland Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia tilesii, Nicotiana sp., Petasites

Food frigidus, Populus balsamifera, Salix sp., Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Unspecified: Oxyria digyna Snuff: Salix sp.

Vegetable: Angelica archangelica, Epilobium latifolium

Eskimo, Inupiat
Eskimo, Inuktitut Drug
Drug Carminative: Chenopodium album
Antidiarrheal: Rumex arcticus Cold Remedy: Juniperus communis, Petasites frigidus
Antirheumatic (Internal): Alnus viridis Cough Medicine: Juniperus communis
Dermatological Aid: Artemisia tilesii, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Salix arbuscu- Dermatological Aid: Epilobium latifolium
loides, S. sp. Eye Medicine: Epilobium latifolium
Gastrointestinal Aid: Valeriana capitata Misc. Disease Remedy: Juniperus communis
Laxative: Fomes igniarius Oral Aid: Salix planifolia
Poison: Senecio congestus Poison: Aconitum delphiniifolium, Caltha palustris, Cicuta virosa, Hedysarum
Respiratory Aid: Picea glauca, P. mariana boreale, Iris setosa, Lathyrus japonicus, Ledum palustre, Lupinus arcticus, Ra
Strengthener: Nephroma arcticum nunculus pallasii, Shepherdia canadensis, Zigadenus elegans
Unspecified: Angelica lucida, Eriophorum angustifolium, Matricaria discoidea Respiratory Aid: Juniperus communis, Petasites frigidus
Veterinary Aid: Nicotianasp. Unspecified: Ledum palustre
Food Food
Fodder: Alectoria nigricans,A nitidula,A. ochroleuca, Cornicularia divergens Beverage: Ledum palustre, Polygonum alpinum, Rosa acicularis, Salix planifo
Frozen Food: Rubus chamaemorus lia, Viburnum edule
662 Eskimo, Inupiat

Cooking Agent: Vaccinium uliginosum Oral Aid: Salix planifolia, S. rotundifolia

Dessert: Empetrum nigrum, Pedicularis lanata, Polygonum alpinum, Ribes Panacea: Picea glauca
triste, Rubus arcticus, R. chamaemorus, R. idaeus, Rumex arcticus, Shepherdia Unspecified: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia sp., Ledum palustre, Sedum rosea
canadensis, Vaccinium oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
Eskimo, Western
Dried Food: Chenopodium album
Drug
Frozen Food: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Chenopodium album, Hedysarum alpi
Adjuvant: Matricaria discoidea
num, Oxytropis maydelliana, Rosa acicularis, Rubus chamaemorus, Sedum
Analgesic: Betula nana, Dryopteris campyloptera, Epilobium angustifolium,
rosea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Viburnum edule
Ledum palustre, Sedum rosea
Fruit: Arctostaphylos alpina,A. uva-ursi, Empetrum nigrum, Ribes triste, Rubus
Antidiarrheal: Rubus sp., Vaccinium sp.
arcticus, R. chamaemorus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea,
Antihemorrhagic: Salix sp.
Viburnum edule
Cold Remedy: Matricaria discoidea
Ice Cream: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Rosa acicularis, Rubus chamaemorus, Vac
Cough Medicine: Piceaglauca
cinium uliginosum, Viburnum edule
Dermatological Aid: Eriophorum russeolum, E. scheuchzeri
Pie & Pudding: Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V vitis-
Eye Medicine: Eriophorum russeolum, Salix fuscescens
idaea
Gastrointestinal Aid: Artemisia tilesii, Betula nana, Dryopteris campyloptera,
Preserves: Rosa acicularis, Viburnum, edule
Epilobium angustifolium, Ledum palustre, Matricaria discoidea, Sedum rosea
Sauce & Relish: Polygonum alpinum, Ribes triste, Rosa acicularis, Vaccinium
Laxative: Caltha palustris
oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
Oral Aid: Salixfuscescens, S. planifolia, S. sp.
Soup: Allium schoenoprasum, Salix planifolia
Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia tilesii
Spice: Ligusticum scothicum
Poison: Cicuta virosa, Ligusticum scothicum, Senecio congestus
Staple: Sedum rosea
Preventive Medicine: Sa//jtsp.
Sweetener: Epilobium angustifolium, Salix alaxensis
Pulmonary Aid: Salix sp.
Unspecified: Angelica lucida, Epilobium latifolium, Equisetum pratense, Erio-
Throat Aid: Salix sp.
phorum angustifolium, Pedicularis lanata, Polygonum alpinum, P. bistorta,
Tuberculosis Remedy: Sedum rosea
Rosa acicularis, Salix alaxensis, Sedum rosea
Other
Vegetable: Allium schoenoprasum, Chenopodium album, Epilobium angustifo
Ceremonial Items: Artemisia tilesii
lium, Hedysarum alpinum, Honckenya peploides, Ligusticum scothicum, Ox-
yria digyna, Oxytropis maydelliana, Pedicularis lanata, Polygonum alpinum, Flathead
P. bistorta, Rumex arcticus, Salix planifolia, Saxifraga nelsoniana, Sedum rosea Drug
Winter Use Food: Arctostaphylos rubra,A. uva-ursi, Empetrum nigrum, Epilobi Analgesic: Hierochloe odorata, Opuntia polyacantha, Pinus ponderosa
um angustifolium, Equisetum pratense, Eriophorum angustifolium, Hedysa Anthelmintic: Prunus virginiana
rum alpinum, Honckenya peploides, Oxytropis maydelliana, Polygonum Anticonvulsive: Ligusticum canbyi
alpinum, Rubus arcticus, R. chamaemorus, Rumex arcticus, Salix planifolia, Antidiarrheal: Heuchera cylindrica, Matricaria discoidea, Opuntia polyacantha,
Vaccinium oxycoccos, V. uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea Prunus virginiana
Other Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Artemisia dracunculus, Maho-
Containers: Petasites frigidus nia repens, Nuphar lutea, Pinus ponderosa
Antirheumatic (Internal): Vaccinium membranaceum
Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut
Breast Treatment: Lewisia rediviva
Drug
Burn Dressing: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Pinus contor-
Adjuvant: Matricaria discoidea
ta, Symphoricarpos albus
Antidiarrheal: Rumex acetosa
Cathartic: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Frangula purshiana, Rhusglabra
Cold Remedy: Artemisia sp.f Matricaria discoidea
Ceremonial Medicine: Juniperus scopulorum
Cough Medicine: Piceaglauca
Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Grin-
Dermatological Aid: Artemisia tilesii, Rumex sp., Salix arbusculoides
delia squarrosa, Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus scopulorum, Matricaria dis
Dietary Aid: Ranunculus lapponicus
coidea, Mentha arvensis, Monardaflstulosa, Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides
Disinfectant: Angelica lucida
Contraceptive: Mahonia repens
Eye Medicine: Salix arbusculoides
Cough Medicine: Grindelia squarrosa, Mahonia repens, Mentha arvensis,
Gastrointestinal Aid: Matricaria discoidea
Monardaflstulosa
Oral Aid: Salix arbusculoides
Dermatological Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia dracun
Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia tilesii
culus, A. ludoviciana, Mahonia repens, Nuphar lutea, Pinus contorta, P. pon
Panacea: Eriophorum angustifolium
derosa, Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides, Salix sp., Symphoricarpos albus
Pediatric Aid: Ledum palustre
Disinfectant: Achillea millefolium
Poison: Cicuta virosa
Diuretic: Equisetum hyemale
Unspecified: Artemisia sp.
Ear Medicine: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Veterinary Aid: Nicotiana sp.
Eye Medicine: Chimaphila umbellata, Monardaflstulosa, Prunus virginiana,
Eskimo, Nunivak Rosa sp., Salix sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Symphoricarpos albus
Drug Febrifuge: Achillea millefolium, Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus scopulorum,
Analgesic: Salix planifolia, S. rotundifolia Mentha arvensis, Monardaflstulosa
Cold Remedy: Artemisia sp. Gastrointestinal Aid: Asclepias speciosa, Heuchera cylindrica, Matricaria dis
Dermatological Aid: Artemisia sp., Picea glauca coidea
 Index of Tribes 663

Gynecological Aid: Lewisia rediviva, Mahonia repens, Monardafistulosa, Pinus Gitksan

ponderosa Drug
Heart Medicine: Lewisia rediviva, Vaccinium membmnaceum Analgesic: Alnus rubra, Angelica genuflexa, Oplopanax horridus, Thalictrum
Misc. Disease Remedy: Monardafistulosa occidentale, Viburnum edule
Nose Medicine: Veratrum viride Antihemorrhagic: Alnus viridis, Calla palustris, Castilleja miniata, Juniperus
Oral Aid: Abies lasiocarpa sp., Lysichiton americanus, Nuphar lutea, Oplopanax horridus, Urtica
Other: Populus tremuloides dioica
Pediatric Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Matricaria discoidea Antirheumatic (External): Abies grandis, Heracleum maximum, Lysichiton
Poison: Frangula purshiana americanus, Oplopanax horridus
Pulmonary Aid: Artemisia tridentata, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Grindelia squar- Antirheumatic (Internal): Anemone multifida, Lysichiton americanus, Maian-
rosa, Juniperus scopulorum, Lewisia rediviva, Monardafistulosa themum racemosum, Malusfiisca, Picea sitchensis, Shepherdia canadensis
Respiratory Aid: Grindelia squarrosa, Hierochloe odorata Blood Medicine: Pinus contorta, Thalictrum occidentale
Tonic: Mentha arvensis Cancer Treatment: Oplopanax horridus
Toothache Remedy: Mentha arvensis, Monardafistulosa Cathartic: Abies sp., Alnus rubra, A. viridis, Castilleja miniata, Juniperus sp.,
Tuberculosis Remedy: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Grindelia squarrosa, Rhus Maianthemum racemosum, Oplopanax horridus, Pinus contorta, Populus
glabra, Shepherdia canadensis tremuloides, Sambucus racemosa, Sorbus sitchensis
Unspecified: Ligusticum canbyi, Shepherdia canadensis Cold Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Oplopanax horridus, Picea glauca
Urinary Aid: Balsamorhiza sagittata Cough Medicine: Abies lasiocarpa, Alnus rubra, Castilleja miniata, Oplopanax
Venereal Aid: Mahonia repens, Nuphar lutea, Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides horridus, Picea glauca, Shepherdia canadensis, Viburnum edule
Veterinary Aid: Amelanchier alnifolia, Grindelia squarrosa, Juniperus scopulo Dermatological Aid: Abies grandis, A. sp., Descurainia incana, Heracleum maxi
rum, Nuphar lutea mum, Juniperus sp., Lysichiton americanus, Maianthemum racemosum,
Food Oplopanax horridus, Populus tremuloides
Beverage: Camassia quamash, Shepherdia canadensis Diaphoretic: Anemone multifida
Bread & Cake: Perideridia gairdneri Dietary Aid: Malusfiisca
Candy: Larix occidentalis, Pinus contorta Diuretic: Abies sp., Alnus incana, Castilleja miniata, Juniperus sp., Ledum
Dessert: Mahonia repens groenlandicum, Malusfusca, Oplopanax horridus, Pinus contorta
Dried Food: Lomatium macrocarpum Emetic: Alnus rubra, Sambucus racemosa
Fruit: Cornus sericea, Mahonia repens Eye Medicine: Angelica genuflexa, Calla palustris, Castilleja miniata, Lonicera
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis involucrata, Malusfusca, Thalictrum occidentale, Viburnum edule
Pie & Pudding: Amelanchier alnifolia Gastrointestinal Aid: Oplopanax horridus, Tsuga heterophylla
Preservative: Matricaria discoidea, Monardafistulosa Gynecological Aid: Nuphar lutea
Sauce & Relish: Allium cernuum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Camassia quamash, Hunting Medicine: Veratrum viride
Larix occidentalis Kidney Aid: Castilleja miniata, Juniperus sp., Maianthemum racemosum
Soup: Camassia quamash Laxative: Abies sp., Alnus incana, Malusfusca
Staple: Allium cernuum Liver Aid: Tsuga heterophylla
Unspecified: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Camassia quamash, Cirsium scariosum, Misc. Disease Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Calla palustris, Lysichiton americanus,
Fritillaria pudica, Larix occidentalis, Lomatium macrocarpum, Pinus contor Oplopanax horridus, Picea glauca
ta, Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides Orthopedic Aid: Castilleja miniata, Maianthemum racemosum, Oplopanax
Fiber horridus, Thalictrum occidentale
Basketry: Salixexigua, S. melanopsis, Thuja plicata Other: Abies sp., Oplopanax horridus, Tsuga heterophylla, Veratrum viride
Dye Poison: Lysichiton americanus
Orange: Alnus incana Pulmonary Aid: Abies grandis, Castilleja miniata, Lysichiton americanus,
Red: Alnus incana Nuphar lutea, Oplopanax horridus, Thalictrum occidentale
Red-Brown: Alnus incana Respiratory Aid: Calla palustris, Oplopanax horridus
Other Sedative: Lysichiton americanus
Containers: Betula papyrifera, Thuja plicata Strengthener: Juniperus sp.
Decorations: Hierochloe odorata Throat Aid: Achillea millefolium
Fuel: Artemisia tridentata Tonic: Abies lasiocarpa, Alnus viridis, Calla palustris, Oplopanax horridus,
Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Taxus Picea glauca, Pinus contorta
brevifolia Tuberculosis Remedy: Abiessp., Malusfusca, Oplopanax horridus, Picea
Incense & Fragrance: Abies lasiocarpa sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Viburnum edule
Insecticide: Hierochloe odorata, Mentha arvensis, Monardafistulosa Unspecified: Alnus incana, A. rubra, Juniperus communis, Pinus contorta, Pru-
Protection: Rosa sp. nus pensylvanica, Ribes lacustre, Urtica dioica
Season Indicator: Thermopsis rhombifolia Urinary Aid: Urtica dioica
Soap: Ligusticum canbyi Venereal Aid: Abies sp., Alnus incana, A. viridis, Oplopanax horridus, Pinus con
torta, Shepherdia canadensis
Gabrielino Witchcraft Medicine: Heracleum maximum, Juniperus communis, Sambucus
Drug racemosa

Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii Food

Unspecified: Datura wrightii Staple: Tsuga heterophylla
664 Gitksan

Sweetener: Tsuga heterophylla Poison: Aconitum flscheri, Brickellia grandiflora, Delphinium bicolor, Erigeron
Unspecified: Epilobium angustifolium, Heracleum maximum, Piceaglauca, grandiflorus, Valeriana dioica
Pinus contorta, Sedum divergens Throat Aid: Lomatium graveolens
Winter Use Food: Tsuga heterophylla Unspecified: Angelica pinnata, Brickellia grandiflora, Carexsp., Clematis ligus-
Fiber ticifolia, Geum macrophyllum, Kalmia polifolia, Lomatium graveolens,
Basketry: Acerglabrum, Betula papyrifera, Thuja plicata Oenothera cespitosa, Potentilla glandulosa, Purshia mexicana
Building Material: Thuja plicata Venereal Aid: Chamaebatiaria millefolium, Eriogonum ovalifolium, Parnassia
Cordage: Thuja plicata fimbriata, Spiranthes romanzofflana, Zigadenus nuttallii
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Acerglabrum, Thuja plicata Veterinary Aid: Astragalus convallarius, Galium aparine, Lomatium dissectum,
Other Lygodesmia grandiflora, Silene douglasii, S. scouleri
Cash Crop: Shepherdia canadensis Food
Ceremonial Items: Juniperus communis, Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum Beverage: Mentha canadensis
viride Bread & Cake: Salicornia maritima
Containers: Betula papyrifera Candy: Asclepias asperula, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Pseudotsuga men-
Good Luck Charm: Veratrum viride ziesii, Senecio sp.
Lighting: Betula papyrifera Cooking Agent: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Brickellia grandiflora, Helianthus
Soap: Veratrum viride annuus

Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Calochortus nuttallii, Prunus virginiana,

Gosiute Ribes aureum, R. divaricatum, R. lacustre, R. oxyacanthoides, R. velutinum
Drug Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria vesca, Juniperus osteosperma, Primus vir
Analgesic: Achillea millefolium,Aquilegia coerulea, Chaenactis douglasii, Men- giniana, Rhusglabra, R. trilobata, Ribes aureum, R. divaricatum, R. lacustre,
tha canadensis, Silene douglasii, S. scouleri R. oxyacanthoides, R. velutinum, Rosa californica, R. woodsii, Rubus leucoder-
Anthelmintic: Pinus monophylla mis, R. parviflorus, Sambucus racemosa, Shepherdia argentea
Antidiarrheal: Geranium caespitosum Porridge: Descurainia pinnata, Prunus virginiana
Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Artemisia tridentata, Maian- Unspecified: Agastache urticifolia, Agoseris aurantiaca, Allium acuminatum,
themum stellatum, Valeriana edulis A. bisceptrum, Amaranthus sp., Amsinckia tessellata, Artemisia biennis, A.
Antirheumatic (Internal): Artemisia tridentata dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, A. tripartite Atriplex canescens, A. confertifolia,
Blood Medicine: Prunus virginiana, Rumex salicifolius A. truncata, Balsamorhiza hookeri, B. sagittata, Bromus marginatus, Calo
Burn Dressing: Cercocarpus ledifolius, Mentzelia albicaulis, Petrophyton caespi chortus nuttallii, Camassia scilloides, Carex utriculata, Catabrosa aquatica,
tosum Chenopodium capitatum, C. leptophyllum, C. rubrum, Cinna arundinacea,
Cathartic: Arenaria triflora, Heuchera sp., Mitella sp., Rumex salicifolius Cirsium drummondii, C. eatonii, C. undulatum, Claytonia caroliniana, Crepis
Cold Remedy: Artemisia tridentata, Juniperus californica, Lomatium grave- runcinata, Cymopterus longipes, C. montanus, Deschampsia cespitosa, Dra-
olens, Mentha canadensis cocephalum parviflorum, Elymus canadensis, E. sibiricus, Elytrigia repens,
Cough Medicine: Artemisia tridentata, Grindelia squarrosa, Juniperus califor Festuca brachyphylla, Fritillaria pudica, Helianthus annuus, Heliomeris mul-
nica, Mentha canadensis tiflora, Lactuca ludoviciana, Lithospermum multiflorum, L. ruderale, Loma
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Cirsium tium dissectum, Mammillaria sp., Oenothera biennis, Opuntia polyacantha,
eatonii, Collomia linearis, Geranium caespitosum, Giliasp., Heuchera rubes- Orobanchefasciculata, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Perideridia gairdneri, Pinus
cens, Linum lewisii, Lomatium dissectum, Mentzelia laevicaulis, Phlox graci- edulis, P. monophylla, Poa arida, P. secunda, Puccinellia distans, Quercus
lis, Potentilla glandulosa, Valeriana edulis, Wyethia amplexicaulis xpauciloba, Ranunculus aquatilis, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Scirpus
Disinfectant: Lomatium dissectum acutus, Solidago canadensis, S. nemoralis, S. spectabilis, Stachys palustris,
Diuretic: Lithospermum ruderale Suaeda calceoliformis, Triglochin maritimum, Trisetum spicatum, Typha lati-
Emetic: Silene douglasii, S. scouleri, Zigadenus nuttallii folia, Vulpia octoflora, Wyethia amplexicaulis
Eye Medicine: Ambrosia psilostachya, Antennaria dioica, Cleome serrulata, Winter Use Food: Camassia scilloides, Perideridia gairdneri
Eriogonum ovalifolium Fiber
Febrifuge: Artemisia tridentata, Krascheninnikovia lanata Basketry: Amelanchier alnifolia, Populus angustifolia, Salix amygdaloides,
Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium, Aquilegia coerulea, Arenaria conges- S. interior, S. lucida, S. scouleriana
ta,A. triflora, Eriogonum ovalifolium, Heuchera rubescens, H. sp., Lomatium Building Material: Juniperus osteosperma
graveolens, Mitella sp., M. triflda, Petrophyton caespitosum, Prunus virgini Furniture: Amelanchier alnifolia
ana, Silene acaulis, S. douglasii, S. scouleri Snow Gear: Cornus sericea
Heart Medicine: Aquilegia coerulea Other
Hemostat: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Prunus virginiana Containers: Artemisia tridentata, Juniperus osteosperma, Salix amygdaloides,
Kidney Aid: Lithospermum ruderale S. interior, S. lucida, S. scouleriana
Laxative: Mitella sp. Fuel: Artemisia tridentata
Narcotic: Cornus sericea Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Salix
Orthopedic Aid: Chaenactis douglasii, Lomatium dissectum, Wyethia amplexi amygdaloides, S. interior, S. lucida, S. scouleriana
caulis Paint: Sphaeralcea coccinea, S. munroana
Other: Valeriana sp. Smoke Plant: Cornus sericea, Nicotiana attenuata, Rhusglabra, Sedum debile,
Panacea: Aquilegia coerulea, Artemisia tridentata Silene menziesii, Vaccinium cespitosum
Pediatric Aid: Arenaria triflora, Heuchera rubescens, H. sp., Mitella sp., M. triflda, Toys & Games: Equisetum hyemale
Prunus virginiana, Silene acaulis
 Index of Tribes 665

jreat Basin Indian Emetic: Cornus nuttallii, Physocarpus capitatus

Jrug Laxative: Frangula purshiana
malgesic: Dugaldia hoopesii, Ipomopsis congesta Food
uitidiarrheal: Mahonia repens Fruit: Rubus leucodermis, R. spectabilis
intihemorrhagic: Artemisia frigida Unspecified: Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus spectabilis
Vntirheumatic (External): Pulsatilla patens Winter Use Food: Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa
Slood Medicine: Ipomopsis aggregata, Mahonia repens Other
2o\d Remedy: Lomatium dissectum Fuel: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Zough Medicine: Lomatium dissectum Hunting & Fishing Item: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Clematis ligusticifolia, Lomatium Toys & Games: Cornus nuttallii
dissectum, Thalictrum sparsiflorum
GrosVentre
Eye Medicine: Linum lewisii
Drug
Gastrointestinal Aid: Mentha canadensis
Analgesic: Mentha arvensis
Heart Medicine: Chaenactis douglasii
Antidiarrheal: Prunus virginiana, Rosa sp.
Laxative: Achillea millefolium
Ceremonial Medicine: Helianthus annuus
Misc. Disease Remedy: Lomatium dissectum
Febrifuge: Artemisia ludoviciana
Other: Ceanothus velutinus, Lomatium dissectum
Gastrointestinal Aid: Rosa sp.
Pediatric Aid: Chaenactis douglasii
Stimulant: Helianthus annuus
Respiratory Aid: Dugaldia hoopesii, Lomatium dissectum
Food
Throat Aid: Glycyrrhiza lepidota
Staple: Helianthus annuus
Tonic: Lomatium dissectum
Unspecified: Helianthus annuus
Toothache Remedy: Iris missouriensis
Other
Unspecified: Lithospermum incisum, Lomatium dissectum
Incense & Fragrance: Thalictrum sp.
Food
Soap: Hierochloe odorata
Beverage: Lomatium dissectum, Rhus trilobata
Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Primus virginiana Hahwunkwut
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia Food
Unspecified: Allium schoenoprasum, Perideridia gairdneri, Sagittaria sp. Bread & Cake: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Vegetable: Lomatium dissectum Porridge: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Winter Use Food: Calochortus nuttallii Staple: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Fiber Unspecified: Pteridium aquilinum
Basketry: Rhus trilobata Fiber
Cordage: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Clematis ligusticifolia, Linum lewisii, Basketry: Adiantum sp., Corylus sp., Picea sitchensis, Xerophyllum sp.
Psoralidium lanceolatum Other
Dye Cooking Tools: Adiantum sp., Picea sitchensis, Xerophyllum sp.
Black: Rhus trilobata
Blue: Delphinium sp., Lithospermum incisum Haida
Brown: Allium schoenoprasum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Food

Green: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia frigida Fruit: Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Mordant: Juniperus monosperma Other

Orange: Alnus sp., Mahonia repens, Rumex venosus Decorations: Acer macrophyllum

Purple: Purshia tridentata

Haihais
Red: Galium boreale, Prunus virginiana
Drug
Red-Brown: Castilleja sp., Prunus virginiana, Rhus trilobata
Gastrointestinal Aid: Taxus brevifolia
Yellow: Atriplex garrettii, Juniperus monosperma, Orthocarpus luteus
Internal Medicine: Taxus brevifolia
Other
Unspecified: Aruncus dioicus
Ceremonial Items: Artemisia frigida
Food
Hunting & Fishing Item: Symphoricarpos sp.
Unspecified: Conioselinum gmelinii
Smoke Plant: Antennaria rosea, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea,
Other
Lomatium dissectum
Hunting & Fishing Item: Taxus brevifolia
Soap: Yucca sp.

Haisla
Green River Group Drug
Drug Analgesic: Polypodium glycyrrhiza
Cathartic: Cornus nuttallii Antirheumatic (External): Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum viride
Cold Remedy: Abies grandis, Oplopanax horridus Cancer Treatment: Oplopanax horridus
Cough Medicine: Polypodium virginianum Cold Remedy: Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum viride
Dermatological Aid: Oplopanax horridus, Stachys mexicana, Symphoricarpos Cough Medicine: Oplopanax horridus
albus Dermatological Aid: Alnus rubra, Heracleum maximum, Oplopanax horridus,
Disinfectant: Symphoricarpos albus Ribes bracteosum, Thuja plicata
666 Haisla

Emetic: Veratrum viride C. virosa, Lycoperdon sp., Oenanthe sarmentosa, Veratrum viride, Zigadenus
Gastrointestinal Aid: Oplopanax horridus venenosus

Hemostat: Veratrum viride Reproductive Aid: Sambucus racemosa, Shepherdia canadensis

Laxative: Populus tremuloides, Rumex aquaticus, Veratrum viride Throat Aid: Moneses uniflora, Polypodium glycyrrhiza
Misc. Disease Remedy: Oplopanax horridus Tuberculosis Remedy: Fomitopsis officinalis, Ledum groenlandicum, Nuphar
Reproductive Aid: Ribes bracteosum lutea, Picea sitchensis
Respiratory Aid: Oplopanax horridus, Polypodium glycyrrhiza Unspecified: Achillea millefolium, Nuphar lutea
Sedative: Veratrum viride Urinary Aid: Lysichiton americanus
Tonic: Abies amabilis, Alnus rubra, Oplopanax horridus Food
Tuberculosis Remedy: Oplopanax horridus Beverage: Camellia sinensis, Ledum groenlandicum, Rosa nutkana, Rubus
Unspecified: Abies amabilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii idaeus, R. spectabilis, Sambucus racemosa, Theobroma cacao
Food Bread & Cake: Triticum aestivum
Bread & Cake: Rubus parviflorus Candy: Picea sitchensis
Dried Food: Tsuga heterophylla Dessert: Cornus canadensis, C. unalaschkensis
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Sambucus racemosa Dried Food: Cornus canadensis, C. unalaschkensis, Egregia menziesii, Fucus
Staple: Tsuga heterophylla gardneri, Porphyra abbottae, Rubus spectabilis, Sambucus racemosa, Shepher-
Sweetener: Tsuga heterophylla dia canadensis
Unspecified: Abies amabilis, Conioselinum gmelinii, Epilobium angustifolium, Forage: Achillea millefolium, Blechnum spicant, Cornus sericea, Dryopterissp.,
Heracleum maximum, Populus balsamifera, Sedum divergens Equisetum arvense, E. scirpoides, Lysichiton americanus, Prunus virginiana,
Vegetable: Camassia sp. Rubus pedatus, Sphagnum sp., Symphoricarpos albus
Winter Use Food: Tsuga heterophylla Fruit: Citrus limon, C sinensis, Crataegus douglasii, Fragaria chiloensis, E vesca,
Fiber E virginiana, Gaultheria shallon, Lycopersicon esculentum, Maianthemum
Basketry: Thuja plicata dilatatum, Malusfusca, M. sylvestris, Prunus virginiana, Ribes divaricatum,
Canoe Material: Taxus brevifolia R. lacustre, R. laxiflorum, Rubus discolor, R. idaeus, R. leucodermis, R. pedatus,
Clothing: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Sphagnum sp. R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Vaccinium ovalifolium, V parvifolium, V uliginosum,
Cordage: Epilobium angustifolium, Thuja plicata Viburnum edule, Vitis vinifera
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Thuja plicata Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis
Other Preservative: Alnus rubra
Ceremonial Items: Abies amabilis, Acer glabrum, Juniperus communis, Preserves: Fragaria chiloensis, E vesca, E virginiana, Urtica dioica
Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum viride Sauce & Relish: Porphyra abbottae
Cleaning Agent: Epilobium angustifolium Special Food: Rubus spectabilis, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium parvifolium
Fuel: Alnus rubra Spice: Piper nigrum
Good Luck Charm: Veratrum viride Staple: Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum
Hunting & Fishing Item: Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata Unspecified: Argentina egedii, Avena sativa, Conioselinum gmelinii, Epilobium
Lighting: Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata angustifolium, Exobasidium sp., Fritillaria camschatcensis, Heracleum maxi
Paint: Oplopanax horridus mum, Lupinus littoralis, L nootkatensis, Macrocystis integrifolia, Populus bal
Protection: Thuja plicata, Veratrum viride samifera, Rheum rhabarbarum, Rosa nutkana, Trifolium wormskioldii, Ur
Tools: Pinus contorta tica dioica
Toys & Games: Salix scouleriana, S. sitchensis Vegetable: Allium cepa, A. cernuum, Brassica oleracea, B. rapa, Daucus carota,
Rumex aquaticus, Solanum tuberosum
Haisla & Hanaksiala Winter Use Food: Malusfusca, Sambucus racemosa, Tsuga heterophylla, Vacci
Drug nium oxycoccos, Viburnum edule
Abortifacient: Sambucus racemosa Fiber
Antirheumatic (External): Nicotiana tabacum, Oplopanax horridus, Picea Basketry: Hierochloe alpina, H. hirta, Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata
sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Urtica dioica Building Material: Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
Antirheumatic (Internal): Malusfusca Canoe Material: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata
Burn Dressing: Conocephalum conicum, Lysichiton americanus, Populus bal Clothing: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata
samifera Cordage: Epilobium angustifolium, Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica
Ceremonial Medicine: Malusfusca, Veratrum viride Furniture: Thuja plicata
Cold Remedy: Ledum groenlandicum, Picea sitchensis, Polypodium glycyrrhiza Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata
Cough Medicine: Picea sitchensis, Polypodium glycyrrhiza Snow Gear: Abies amabilis, Acer glabrum
Dermatological Aid: Clintonia uniflora, Oplopanax horridus, Picea sitchensis, Other
Populus balsamifera Cash Crop: Urtica dioica
Dietary Aid: Ledum groenlandicum Ceremonial Items: Acer glabrum, Alnus rubra, Fomes sp., Fomitopsis sp., Gano-
Emetic: Oplopanax horridus derma sp., Oplopanax horridus, Polyporus sp., Rosa nutkana, Rubus spectabi
Eye Medicine: Clintonia uniflora, Oplopanax horridus lis, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
Gastrointestinal Aid: Oplopanax horridus, Sambucus racemosa Cleaning Agent: Cornus sericea, Salix scouleriana, S. sitchensis, Thuja plicata
Laxative: Frangula purshiana, Oplopanax horridus Containers: Angelica genuflexa, Dryopteris sp., Leymus mollis, Picea sitchensis,
Oral Aid: Picea sitchensis, Populus tremuloides, Prunus virginiana Salix scouleriana, S. sitchensis, Thuja plicata
Poison: Bovista pila, B. plumbea, Bovistella sp., Calvatia sp., Cicuta douglasii, Cooking Tools: Acer glabrum, Alnus rubra, A. viridis, Lysichiton americanus,
 Index of Tribes 667

Rubus spectabilis, Salix lucida, S. scouleriana, S. sitchensis, Sambucus race- Winter Use Food: Ribes bracteosum, Rumex aquaticus
mosa, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla Fiber
Decorations: Betula papyrifera, Blechnum spicant, Chamaecyparis nootkaten Basketry: Prunus emarginata
sis, Prunus emarginata Clothing: Lycopodium clavatum
Designs: Nereocystis luetkeana, Thuja plicata Cordage: Epilobium angustifolium
Fasteners: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Leymus mollis, Picea sitchensis, Pseu- Furniture: Abies lasiocarpa
dotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Urticadioica Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Alectoria sarmentosa, Populus balsamifera, Usnea
Fuel: Thuja plicata longissima, U. sp., Veratrum viride
Good Luck Charm: Oplopanax horridus, Tsuga heterophylla Other
Hunting & Fishing Item: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Epilobium angustifoli- Ceremonial Items: Acerglabrum, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Picea sitchensis,
um, Malusfusca, Picea sitchensis, Salix scouleriana, S. sitchensis, Sambucus Thuja plicata, Veratrum viride
racemosa, Stachys ciliata, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Urtica dioica Containers: Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa
Incense & Fragrance: Angelica genuflexa Cooking Tools: Antitrichia curtipendula, Malusfusca, Rubus parviflorus, Tsuga
Paint: Bryoria capillaris, B. glabra, B. trichodes, Candelaria concolor, Candelari- heterophylla
ella vitellina, Conocephalum conicum, Oplopanax horridus, Pinus contorta, Designs: Abies lasiocarpa
Pseudephebe pubescens, Trentepohlia aurea, Xanthoria elegans Fasteners: Tsuga heterophylla
Preservative: Populus balsamifera Good Luck Charm: Veratrum viride
Protection: Fomessp., Fomitopsissp., Ganodermasp., Oplopanax horridus, Hide Preparation: Tsuga heterophylla
Polyporussp., Tsuga heterophylla Hunting & Fishing Item: Cornus sericea, Scirpus americanus, Taxus brevifolia,
Season Indicator: Rubus spectabilis Tsuga heterophylla
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana tabacum Jewelry: Tsuga heterophylla
Soap: Angelica genuflexa, Oplopanax horridus Protection: Veratrum viride
Tools: Acerglabrum, Fucus gardneri, Malusfusca, Picea sitchensis, Pinus con Season Indicator: Fritillaria camschatcensis
torta, Salix lucida Tools: Taxus brevifolia, Tsuga heterophylla
Toys & Games: Fomes sp., Fomitopsis sp., Ganodermasp., Heracleum maxi Toys & Games: Angelica genuflexa
mum, Polyporus sp.
Walking Sticks: Salix scouleriana, S. sitchensis Havasupai
Weapon: Taxus brevifolia, Tsuga heterophylla Drug
Analgesic: Aloysia wrightii, Eriogonum corymbosum, Mahonia repens, Poro-
Hanaksiala phyllum gracile
Drug Antirheumatic (External): Mahonia repens, Phloxaustromontana, P. longifolia,
Analgesic: Sambucus racemosa Porophyllum gracile
Antidiarrheal: Thuja plicata Antirheumatic (Internal): Aloysia wrightii, Porophyllum gracile
Antirheumatic (External): Rumex aquaticus, Sambucus racemosa, Veratrum Cold Remedy: Artemisia tridentata, Frasera speciosa, Juniperus osteosperma,
viride Mahonia repens, Phlox austromontana, P. longifolia, Purshia mexicana
Antirheumatic (Internal): Veratrum viride Cough Medicine: Artemisia tridentata
Blood Medicine: Veratrum viride Dermatological Aid: Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescens, Datura wrightii,
Cold Remedy: Oplopanax horridus Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Porophyllum gracile
Dermatological Aid: Juniperus communis, Rumex aquaticus, Sambucus race Emetic: Ephedra viridis, Thamnosma montana
mosa Gastrointestinal Aid: Artemisia tridentata, Chaetopappa ericoides, Frasera spe
Gastrointestinal Aid: Abies amabilis, Porphyra abbottae, Pseudotsuga menziesii ciosa, Mahonia repens, Phlox austromontana, P. longifolia, Porophyllum
Gynecological Aid: Pseudotsuga menziesii gracile, Ptelea trifoliata, Thamnosma montana
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Abies amabilis Laxative: Ephedra viridis, Erioneuron pulchellum, Mahonia repens, Purshia
Hypotensive: Veratrum viride mexicana, Thamnosma montana
Laxative: Picea sitchensis Misc. Disease Remedy: Atriplex canescens
Orthopedic Aid: Porphyra abbottae Narcotic: Datura wrightii
Panacea: Porphyra abbottae Nose Medicine: Artemisia tridentata
Respiratory Aid: Veratrum viride Pediatric Aid: Chaetopappa ericoides, Mahonia repens, Phlox austromontana,
Throat Aid: Pseudotsuga menziesii P. longifolia, Ptelea trifoliata
Unspecified: Ribes bracteosum, Veratrum viride Poison: Ptelea trifoliata, Shepherdia rotundifolia, Stanleya pinnata
Urinary Aid: Taxus brevifolia Psychological Aid: Aloysia wrightii
Food Throat Aid: Artemisia tridentata, Pluchea sericea
Beverage: Kalmia microphylla, Maianthemum racemosum, Rumex aquaticus Unspecified: Artemisia campestris, A. ludoviciana, Mahonia repens, Pseudotsu
Bread & Cake: Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium cespitosum, V. membranaceum ga menziesii
Candy: Aquilegiaformosa, Gentiana douglasiana Venereal Aid: Frasera speciosa
Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Vaccinium ovalifolium Veterinary Aid: Pinus edulis, P. monophylla
Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Sambucus racemosa, Vaccinium ovalifolium Food
Special Food: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Beverage: Agave sp., A. utahensis, Aloysia wrightii, Descurainia sp., Ephedra fas-
Unspecified: Angelica genuflexa, Conioselinum gmelinii, Dryopteris sp., Rumex ciculata, E. nevadensis, E. torreyana, E. viridis, Eriogonum microthecum, Ficus
acetosella carica, Juniperus osteosperma, Lycium pallidum, Opuntia phaeacantha,
668 Havasupai

[Beverage] Containers: Artemisia tridentata, Cucurbita moschata, Echinocactus sp., Lage-

Prosopis glandulosa, Prunus persica, Rhus trilobata, Yucca baccata naria siceraria, Opuntia phaeacantha, 0. sp., Sphaeralceafendleri, S. grossu-
Bread & Cake: Acacia greggii, Amaranthus hybridus, Chenopodiumfremontii, lariifolia, S. parvifolia
C. sp., Helianthus sp., Koeleria macrantha, Lepidium lasiocarpum, Opuntia Cooking Tools: Agave utahensis, Amelanchier utahensis, Echinocactus sp., Erio
phaeacantha, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Poafendleriana, Zea mays gonum inflatum, Nolina microcarpa, Populus fremontii
Candy: Populus fremontii, Prosopis glandulosa Fasteners: Yucca angustissima
Dried Food: Cucurbita moschata, Echinocactus sp., Ficus carica, Helianthus an- Fuel: Baccharis emoryi, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gossypium
nuus, H. petiolarisjuniperus osteosperma, Lycium pallidum, Opuntia phaea sp., Juniperus osteosperma, Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Populusfremontii,
cantha, Proboscidea parviflora, Prunus persica, Rhus trilobata, Yucca baccata Prosopis glandulosa, Ptelea trifoliata, Purshia mexicana, Salix bonplandiana
Fodder: Coleogyne ramosissima, Krascheninnikovia lanata Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier utahensis, Cercis canadensis, Fendlera
Forage: Amelanchier utahensis, Koeleria macrantha, Salsola australis rupicola, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Mortonia sempervirens, Penstemon pachy-
Fruit: Citrullus lanatus, Ficus carica, Opuntia phaeacantha, Typha domingen- phyllus, Phragmites australis, Pluchea sericea, Ptelea trifoliata, Ribes cereum
sis, Vitis arizonica Incense & Fragrance: Melilotus sp., Xylorhiza tortifolia
Porridge: Amaranthus hybridus, Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita moschata, Jewelry: Echinocactus sp.
Echinocactus sp., Pectis papposa, Phaseolus sp.} Plantago patagonica, Quercus Musical Instrument: Lagenaria siceraria, Populus fremontii
gambelii, Zea mays Paint: Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Typha domingensis
Preserves: Artemisia sp., Descurainia sp., Gaillardia pinnatifida, Gilia sinuata, Planting Seeds: Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita moschata
Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, Lepidium lasiocarpum, Mentzelia albicau- Season Indicator: Populusfremontii
lis, Pinus edulis Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuata, N. trigonophylla
Sauce & Relish: Pectis angustifolia, P. papposa Smoking Tools: Phragmites australis
Soup: Amaranthus hybridus, Cucurbita moschata, Mentzelia albicaulis, Ory Soap: Yucca baccata
zopsis hymenoides, Pectis papposa, Phaseolus acutifolius, P. lunatus,P sp., Tools: Amelanchier utahensis, Baccharis emoryi, Cercis canadensis, Equisetum
P. vulgaris, Pinus edulis, Quercus gambelii, Zea mays hyemale, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gossypium sp., Opuntia phaeacantha, Pi
Spice: Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Quercus gambelii nus edulis, P. monophylla, Pluchea sericea, Quercus gambelii, Q. turbinella,
Staple: Chenopodium sp., Descurainia sp., Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, Salix exigua, Yucca baccata, Ziziphus obtusifolia
Lepidium lasiocarpum, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Poafendleriana, Zea mays Toys & Games: Apocynum xfloribundum, Baccharis emoryi, Cucurbita foetidis-
Starvation Food: Allium bisceptrum, Cirsium sp. sima, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Garrya sp., Juniperus osteosperma, Scirpus sp.,
Unspecified: Allium cepa, Amaranthus hybridus, Astragalus sp., Calochortus Typha domingensis, Vitis arizonica, Yucca angustissima, Y. baccata
nuttallii, Chenopodium sp., Cleomeserrulata, Koeleria macrantha, Lepidium Waterproofing Agent: Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Yucca baccata
lasiocarpum, L. montanum, Lotus mearnsii, Mentzelia albicaulis, Phoraden- Weapon: Ptelea trifoliata, Ribes cereum
dronjuniperinum, Pinus edulis, P monophylla, P. ponderosa, Poafendleriana,
Proboscidea parviflora, Quercus gambelii, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Hawaiian
Thlaspi arvense, T. montanum Drug
Vegetable: Amaranthus hybridus, Cucurbita moschata, Eriogonum inflatum, Abortifacient: Aleurites moluccana, Cocos nucifera
Phaseolus acutifolius, P. lunatus, P. vulgaris, Rumex crispus, Stanleya pinnata, Adjuvant: Sideroxylon sp.
Zea mays Analgesic: Alocasia macrorrhizos, Cibotium chamissoi, Eucalyptus sp., Freycine-
Winter Use Food: Ficus carica, Koeleria macrantha, Phaseolus acutifolius, P. tia arborea, Ipomoea indica, Merremia dissecta, Metrosideros polymorpha,
lunatus, P. vulgaris, Zea mays Pandanus tectorius, Piper methysticum, Ricinus communis, Zingiberzerumbet
Fiber Antidiarrheal: Psidium guajava
Basketry: Acacia greggii, Amelanchier utahensis, Baccharis emoryi, Chilopsis Antiemetic: Antidesma pulvinatum, Rubus hawaiensis, R. macraei
linearis, Fallugia paradoxa, Populus fremontii, Proboscidea parviflora, Rhus Antihemorrhagic: Digitaria setigera, Psidium guajava
trilobata, Salix bonplandiana, S. exigua Antirheumatic (External): Cibotium chamissoi, Conyza canadensis, Cyperus sp.,
Brushes & Brooms: Acacia greggii, Agave utahensis Eucalyptus sp., Plumbago zeylanica
Building Material: Apocynum xfloribundum, Artemisia tridentata, Baccharis Blood Medicine: Asplenium horridum, Bobea sp., Caesalpinia bonduc, C.
emoryi, Cercis canadensis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juniperus osteosperma, kavaiensis, Catharanthus roseus, Cibotium chamissoi, Curcuma longa, Hibis
Nolina microcarpa, Pinus edulis, P monophylla, Pluchea sericea, Populus fre cus sp., Ludwigia bonariensis, Murdannia nudiflora, Peka sp., Polygonum
montii, Salix bonplandiana, Typha domingensis densiflorum, Rumex giganteus
Caulking Material: Pinus edulis, P. monophylla Breast Treatment: Carica papaya, Chamaesyce multiformis, Clermontia ar-
Clothing: Apocynum xfloribundum, Purshia mexicana borescens
Cordage: Apocynum xfloribundum, Yucca baccata Burn Dressing: Alocasia macrorrhizos
Furniture: Amelanchier utahensis, Fallugia paradoxa, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ceremonial Medicine: Dodonaea viscosa, Pelea sp.
Pluchea sericea, Prosopis glandulosa, Symphoricarpos sp. Cold Remedy: Cyperus laevigatus, Desmodium sandwicense, Piper methysticum
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Ephedra sp., Nolina microcarpa, Phragmites australis, Dermatological Aid: Aleurites moluccana, Alyxia oliviformis, Antidesma pulvi
Purshia mexicana natum, Artocarpus altilis, Asplenium nidus, A. pseudofalcatum, Bobea sp.,
Dye Canavaliagaleata, Carica papaya, Cenchrus calyculatus, Chenopodium oahu-
Red: Cercocarpus ledifolius ense, Clermontia arborescens, Cocos nucifera, Coprosma sp., Cucurbita maxi
Yellow: Mahonia fremontii ma, Cyperus laevigatus, Diplazium meyenianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Eucalyp
Other tus sp., Ipomoea indica, Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Ludwigia bonariensis, Mer
Cash Crop: Agave sp., Pinus edulis, P. monophylla remia dissecta, Morinda citrifolia, Nicotiana glauca, N. tabacum, Osteomeles
Ceremonial Items: Agave sp., Pseudotsuga menziesii anthyllidifolia, Pelea sp., Piper methysticum, Plumbago zeylanica, Psidium
 Index of Tribes 669

guajava, Rubus hawaiensis, R. macraei, Sadleria cyatheoides, Scaevola sericea, indica, I. sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Merremia dissecta, Musa xparadisiaca,
Senna occidentals, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Styphelia tameiameiae, Syzy Ochrosia compta, Pandanus tectorius, Pelea sp., Peperomia sp., Piper methys
gium malaccense, Tephrosia purpurea, Vigna luteola, Zingiber zerumbet ticum, Pipturus sp., Portulaca oleracea, Rumex giganteus, Sida sp., Sideroxy
Diaphoretic: Acacia koa lon sp., Syzygium malaccense, Touchardia latifolia, Vigna luteola, Waltheria
Dietary Aid: Alocasia macrorrhizos, Bidenssp., Chamaesyce multiformis, Che- indica
nopodium oahuense, Cibotium chamissoi, Phegopteris sp., Waltheria indica Throat Aid: Bidenssp., Hibiscus tiliaceus, Waltheria indica
Emetic: Ipomoea sp., Syzygium malaccense Toothache Remedy: Zingiber zerumbet
Eye Medicine: Digitaria setigera, Piper methysticum Tuberculosis Remedy: Aleurites moluccana, Antidesma pulvinatum, Asplenium
Febrifuge: Artemisia australis, Cordylinefruticosa, Dioscorea sp., Eucalyptus nidus, Cenchrus calyculatus, Chamaesyce multiformis, Coprosma sp.,
sp., Pleomele aurea, Ricinus communis, Sideroxylon sp. Desmodium sandwicense, Nicotiana glauca, N. tabacum, Pittosporum sp.,
Gastrointestinal Aid: Abutilon incanum, Aleurites moluccana, Bidenssp., Piper Rumex giganteus, Styphelia tameiameiae
methysticum, Rubus hawaiensis, R. macraei, Syzygium malaccense Unspecified: Chamaesyce multiformis, Cocos nucifera, Colocasia esculenta,
Gynecological Aid: Cassythafiliformis, Cucurbita maxima, Freycinetia arborea, Coprosma sp., Dioscorea sp., Morinda citrifolia, Vitex trifolia
Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ipomoea sp., Peperomia sp., Phegopteris sp., Piper methys Urinary Aid: Piper methysticum
ticum, Sida sp., Stenotaphrum secundatum Venereal Aid: Cyperus laevigatus, Erythrina sandwicensis, Hydrocotyle poltata,
Heart Medicine: Rumex giganteus Melicope cinerea
Herbal Steam: Ochrosia compta Food
Laxative: Aleurites moluccana, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Caesalpinia bonduc, Beverage: Cordyline fruticosa, Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Sadleria cyatheoides
Chamaesyce multiformis, Colocasia esculenta, Cucurbita maxima, Digitaria Fruit: Artocarpus altilis, Carica papaya, Clermontia arborescens, Dioscorea
setigera, Hibiscus sp., H. tiliaceus, Ipomoea indica, I. sp., /. tiliacea, Merremia bulbifera
dissecta, Mucuna gigantea, Odontoglossum chinensis, Opuntia tunicata, Unspecified: Colocasia esculenta, Cordyline fruticosa, Dioscorea pentaphylla, D.
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Pandanus tectorius, Peperomia sp., Peucedanum sp., Diplazium meyenianum, Ipomoea cairica, Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Marat-
sandwicense, Sida sp., Touchardia latifolia, Waltheria indica, Wikstroemia sp. tia sp., Ochrosia compta, Phegopteris sp., Tacca leontopetaloides, Vitex trifolia
Love Medicine: Alocasia macrorrhizos Vegetable: Colocasia esculenta, Dioscorea sp., Ipomoea sp.
Misc. Disease Remedy: Dodonaea viscosa, Piper methysticum, Rumex giganteus Fiber
Nose Medicine: Cordyline fruticosa, Curcuma longa Canoe Material: Acacia koa, Bobea sp.
Oral Aid: Artocarpus altilis, Asplenium horridum, A. nidus, A. pseudofalcatum, Clothing: Pandanus tectorius
Curcuma longa, Piper methysticum, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Syzygium Cordage: Cyperus laevigatus, Touchardia latifolia
malaccense Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Cibotium chamissoi, Pandanus tectorius
Orthopedic Aid: Conyza canadensis, Eucalyptus sp., Ipomoea indica, Merremia Dye
dissecta, Morinda citrifolia, Psidium guajava, Zingiber zerumbet Red: Asplenium horridum
Other: Cocos nucifera, Peperomia sp. Other
Pediatric Aid: Acacia koa, Aleurites moluccana, Asplenium nidus, Bidens sp., Containers: Cordylinefruticosa, Murdannia nudiflora
Broussaisia arguta, Caesalpinia bonduc, Chamaesyce multiformis, Chenopo- Decorations: Artemisia australis, Sida sp.
dium oahuense, Cyrtandra sp., Digitaria setigera, Freycinetia arborea, Hibis Fuel: Aleurites moluccana, Cheirodendron gaudicchaudii
cus sp., H. tiliaceus, Ipomoea indica, I. sp., Jacquemontia ovalifolia, Ludwigia Hunting & Fishing Item: Cordyline fruticosa, Tephrosia purpurea
bonariensis, Merremia dissecta, Ochrosia compta, Pandanus tectorius, Pelea Lighting: Aleurites moluccana
sp., Peperomia sp., Peucedanum sandwicense, Piper methysticum, Pipturus Tools: Cyperus laevigatus, Pipturus sp.
sp., Psidium guajava, Ricinus communis, Sida sp., Stenotaphrum secunda
tum, Syzygium malaccense, Touchardia latifolia, Vigna luteola, Waltheria Heiltzuk
indica Drug
Poison: Tephrosia purpurea Analgesic: Salicornia virginica
Psychological Aid: Cucurbita maxima, Microlepia setosa Antirheumatic (External): Plagiomnium juniperinum, Salicornia virginica
Pulmonary Aid: Artemisia australis, Caesalpinia bonduc, Cordylinefruticosa, Dermatological Aid: Sorbus sitchensis
Hibiscus tiliaceus, Hydrocotyle poltata, Peperomia sp., Piper methysticum, Food
Pleomele aurea, Sadleria cyatheoides, Waltheria indica Forage: Sorbus sitchensis
Reproductive Aid: Artemisia australis, Broussaisia arguta, Chamaesyce multi Unspecified: Conioselinum gmelinii, Rumex aquaticus
formis, Cyrtandra sp., Ipomoea pes-caprae, Opuntia tunicata, Peucedanum Fiber
sandwicense, Rumex giganteus Cordage: Epilobium angustifolium
Respiratory Aid: Aleurites moluccana, Bidenssp., Cassythafiliformis, Cheiro- Other
dendron gaudicchaudii, Clermontia arborescens, Cordylinefruticosa, Cash Crop: Macrocystis integrifolia
Desmodium sandwicense, Ipomoea sp., Peperomia sp., Pleomele aurea, Sadle Ceremonial Items: Juniperus communis
ria cyatheoides, Sida sp., Vigna luteola, Waltheria indica, Wikstroemia sp. Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Sedative: Cibotium chamissoi, Cordylinefruticosa, Ipomoea sp., Piper methys
ticum Hesquiat
Stimulant: Asplenium horridum, Piper methysticum Drug
Strengthener: Acacia koa, Aleurites moluccana, Asplenium nidus, Bidenssp., Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Picea sitchensis, Ranunculus repens, Sambucus
Broussaisia arguta, Chamaesyce multiformis, Chenopodium oahuense, Cocos racemosa, Urtica dioica
nucifera, Cyperus laevigatus, Cyrtandra sp., Desmodium sandwicense, Digi Anthelmintic: Frangula purshiana
taria setigera, Freycinetia arborea, Hibiscus sp., Hydrocotyle poltata, Ipomoea Antidote: Physocarpus capitatus
670 Hesquiat

Antirheumatic (External): Physocarpus capitatus, Ranunculus repens, Sambu- Fiber

cus racemosa, Urticadioica Basketry: Carex aquatilis, C. obnupta, Leymus mollis, Phyllospadix torreyi, Pru-
Antirheumatic (Internal): Physocarpus capitatus, Tsuga heterophylla nus emarginata, Scirpus acutus, S. americanus, Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia,
Burn Dressing: Lysichiton americanus Xerophyllum tenax
Cancer Treatment: Athyrium fllix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris Building Material: Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata
campyloptera, Polystichum munitum, Pteridium aquilinum Canoe Material: Alnus rubra, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Taxus brevifolia,
Carminative: Polypodium glycyrrhiza Thuja plicata
Cough Medicine: Achillea millefolium, Boschniakia hookeri, Polypodium gly Clothing: Abies grandis, Carex obnupta, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Polysti
cyrrhiza chum munitum, Scirpus americanus, Thuja plicata
Dermatological Aid: Abies grandis, Blechnum spicant, Claytonia sibirica, Lysi Cordage: Juncus effusus, Nereocystis luetkeana, Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica
chiton americanus, Maianthemum dilatatum, Nicotiana tabacum, Picea Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Polystichum munitum,
sitchensis, Plantago major, Populus balsamifera, Ranunculus repens, Sym- Scirpus acutus, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Typha latifolia
phoricarpos albus, Tsuga heterophylla Scouring Material: Thuja plicata
Emetic: Physocarpus capitatus, Sambucus racemosa Sporting Equipment: Alaria marginata, Costaria costata, Lessoniopsis littoralis,
Eye Medicine: Claytonia sibirica, Tsuga heterophylla Postelsia palmaeformis, £sp.
Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium, Frangula purshiana, Geum macro- Dye
phyllum, Rubus ursinus, Sambucus racemosa, Urtica dioica Brown: Physocarpus capitatus
Gynecological Aid: Geum macrophyllum, Ranunculus repens Purple: Lonicera involucrata, Vaccinium ovalifolium
Internal Medicine: Achillea millefolium Red: Alnus rubra
Laxative: Frangula purshiana, Physocarpus capitatus, Sambucus racemosa Red-Brown: Tsuga heterophylla
Misc. Disease Remedy: Alnus rubra Unspecified: Oplopanax horridus
Oral Aid: Menziesiaferruginea, Polypodium glycyrrhiza Other
Other: Ranunculus repens, Rubus ursinus, Tsuga heterophylla Ceremonial Items: Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla
Poison: Bromus carinatus, Kalmia polifolia, Sambucus racemosa Containers: Lysichiton americanus, Nereocystis luetkeana, Polystichum
Respiratory Aid: Adiantum pedatum munitum
Strengthened Adiantum pedatum, Postelsia palmaeformis Cooking Tools: Alnus rubra, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Gaultheria shallon,
Throat Aid: Polypodium glycyrrhiza Rubus spectabilis, Stachys ciliata, Thuja plicata
Tuberculosis Remedy: Alnus rubra, Maianthemum dilatatum, Tsuga hetero Decorations: Lycopodium clavatum
phylla Fasteners: Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Prunus emarginata
Unspecified: Halosaccion glandiforme, Leathesia difformis, Lysichiton ameri Fertilizer: Egregia menziesii, Fucus gardneri
canus, Nuphar lutea Fuel: Alnus rubra, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata
Food Hunting & Fishing Item: Oplopanax horridus, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophyl
Beverage: Ledum groenlandicum, Vaccinium parvifolium la, Urtica dioica, Zostera marina
Candy: Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Polypodium scouleri, Tsuga heterophylla Incense & Fragrance: Abies grandis
Dessert: Cornus sericea Preservative: Pinus contorta
Dried Food: Alaria marginata, Costaria costata, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Nicotiana tabacum
Gaultheria shallon, Lessoniopsis littoralis, Malusfusca, Phyllospadix torreyi, Smoking Tools: Ribes laxiflorum, Rubus spectabilis
Postelsia palmaeformis, Rubus parviflorus Snuff: Nicotiana tabacum
Forage: Alectoriasp., Amelanchieralnifolia, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Entero- Tools: Carex obnupta, Frangula purshiana, Holodiscus discolor, Malusfusca,
morpha intestinalis, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Heracleum maximum, Loni- Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata
cera involucrata, Lysichiton americanus, Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogeton Toys & Games: Acer macrophyllum, Ambrosia chamissonis, Macrocystis integri-
sp., Ranunculus repens, Rosa nutkana, Scirpus acutus, Streptopus amplexi- folia, Phyllospadix torreyi, Physocarpus capitatus, Streptopus amplexifolius,
folius, Usnea sp., Vaccinium oxycoccos, Zostera marina Taraxacum offlcinale
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria chiloensis, F vesca, F virginiana, Maian Weapon: Picea sitchensis, Taxus brevifolia
themum dilatatum, Ribes bracteosum, R. divaricatum, R. laxiflorum, Rosa
Hidatsa
nutkana, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. ursinus, Sambucus racemosa,
Other
Vaccinium ovalifolium, V ovatum, V oxycoccos, V parvifolium, V vitis-idaea,
Hunting & Fishing Item: Andropogon gerardii
Viburnum edule
Pie & Pudding: Vaccinium myrtilloides Hoh
Preserves: Ribes bracteosum, Rubus parviflorus, Sambucus racemosa, Vaccinium Drug
myrtilloides, V ovalifolium, V. ovatum, V oxycoccos, V. parvifolium Blood Medicine: Mahonia nervosa, Prunus emarginata
Sour: Rumex acetosella Ceremonial Medicine: Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum
Special Food: Cornus canadensis Cold Remedy: Sambucus racemosa
Spice: Gaultheria shallon, Rubus parviflorus Cough Medicine: Pinus monticola, Sambucus racemosa
Starvation Food: Blechnum spicant, Thuja plicata Emetic: Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertensiana
Unspecified: Argentina egedii, Boschniakia hookeri, Cirsium brevistylum, C. Gynecological Aid: Sambucus racemosa
vulgare, Heracleum maximum, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Phyllospadix scouleri, Pediatric Aid: Nepeta cataria
Porphyra perforata, Rubus spectabilis, Trifolium wormskioldii, Zostera marina Tonic: Cornus canadensis, C. nuttallii, C. sericea
Vegetable: Camassia quamash, Equisetum arvense, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Unspecified: Alnus rubra, Arctium minus, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Brassica ni-
Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Pteridium aquilinum gra, Juncus ensifolius, Mentha canadensis, M. xpiperita, Moricandia arvensis,
 Index of Tribes 671

Oplopanax horridus, Populus balsamifera, Sinapis alba, Taraxacum offici- Antirheumatic (External): Hymenoxys bigelovii, Juniperus monosperma, Polio-
nale, Thuja plicata mintha incana, Senecio flaccidus, S. spartioides, Tetraneuris acaulis
Venereal Aid: Malusfusca Antirheumatic (Internal): Cycloloma atriplicifolium
Food Blood Medicine: Lithospermum incisum
Dried Food: Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum Breast Treatment: Petradoria pumila
Forage: Lysichiton americanus Burn Dressing: Krascheninnikovia lanata
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria chiloensis, Gaultheria ovatifolia, Malus Cancer Treatment: Cryptantha flava
fusca, Ribes sanguineum, Rosa pisocarpa, Rubus idaeus, R. laciniatus, R. lasio- Carminative: Gutierrezia microcephala
coccus, R. leucodermis, R. nivalis, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Cathartic: Hymenoxys bigelovii
Sambucus racemosa, Vaccinium deliciosum, V. myrtilloides, V ovalifolium, Ceremonial Medicine: Astragalus sp., Atriplex canescens, Calochortus aureus,
V.ovatum, V parvifolium Chrysothamnus parryi, Delphinium geraniifolium, D. scaposum, Equisetum
Preserves: Gaultheria ovatifolia, Mahonia nervosa, Prunus emarginata laevigatum, Hymenopappusfllifolius, Lesquerella intermedia, Lycium pal-
Sauce & Relish: Gaultheria ovatifolia, Sambucus racemosa, Vaccinium delicio lidum, Nicotiana attenuata, Oenothera albicaulis, Physaria newberryi, Poa
sum, V. myrtilloides, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum, V. parvifolium fendleriana, Rhus trilobata, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Suaeda moquinii, Yucca
Special Food: Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum angustissima
Spice: Brassica nigra, Lysichiton americanus, Moricandia arvensis, Sinapis alba Cold Remedy: Rumex hymenosepalus
Unspecified: Allium acuminatum, A cernuum, Camassia quamash, Equisetum Contraceptive: Castilleja linariifolia
hyemale, Lepidium virginicum Cough Medicine: Machaeranthera grindelioides
Vegetable: Brassica nigra, Cirsium edule, Heracleum maximum, Lepidium vir Dermatological Aid: Artemisia fllifolia, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Cirsium
ginicum, Moricandia arvensis, Sinapis alba, Urtica dioica calcareum, Cryptantha crassisepala, Dimorphocarpa wislizeni, Helianthus
Winter Use Food: Ribes sanguineum, Rosa pisocarpa, Rubus idaeus, R. lacinia annuus, H. anomalus, H. petiolaris, Juniperus sp., Mirabilis coccineus, Pinus
tus, R. lasiococcus, R. leucodermis, R. nivalis, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, R. edulis, P. monophylla, Purshia stansburiana, Rhus trilobata, Rumex hymeno
ursinus, Sambucus racemosa, Vaccinium deliciosum, V myrtilloides, V ovali sepalus, Senecio flaccidus, S. spartioides, Sphaeralcea parvifolia, Verbesina
folium, V ovatum, V parvifolium encelioides, Yucca angustissima
Fiber Dietary Aid: Chamaesycefendleri
Basketry: Picea sp., Salix sitchensis, Thuja plicata, Xerophyllum tenax Disinfectant: Juniperus sp., Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Yucca angustissima
Building Material: Picea engelmannii, P. sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Diuretic: Gaillardia pinnatifida, Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia, S. parvifolia,
Thuja plicata Stephanomeria exigua
Canoe Material: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata Ear Medicine: Lupinus pusillus, Poliomintha incana
Clothing: Thuja plicata Emetic: Arenaria eastwoodiae, Astragalus sp., Croton texensis, Dalea Candida,
Cordage: Picea engelmannii, P. sitchensis, Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica Delphinium scaposum, Hymenopappusfllifolius, Lesquerella intermedia,
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Thuja plicata Purshia stansburiana, Robi?iia neomexicana, Wyethia scabra
Other: Thuja plicata Eye Medicine: Croton texensis, Lupinus kingii, L. pusillus, Oenothera cespitosa
Other Febrifuge: Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Verbesina
Ceremonial Items: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus canadensis, C. nuttallii, C. encelioides
sericea, Digitalis purpurea, Juniperus scopulorum, Rubus spectabilis, Sym- Gastrointestinal Aid: Artemisia filifolia, A. tridentata, Gutierrezia sp., Ipomopsis
phoricarpos albus, Taxus brevifolia longiflora, Juniperus monosperma, J. sp., Linum australe, Phoradendron juni-
Containers: Lysichiton americanus perinum, Ribes cereum, Sphaeralcea sp.
Cooking Tools: Lysichiton americanus, Thuja plicata Gynecological Aid: Asclepias subverticillata, A verticillata, Castilleja linariifolia,
Hide Preparation: Tsuga heterophylla, T mertensiana Delphinium geraniifolium, D. scaposum, Eriogonum sp., Hymenoxys bigelovii,
Hunting & Fishing Item: Taxus brevifolia Ipomopsis aggregata, Juniperus monosperma, J. osteospermaj. sp., Lesquerel
Lighting: Thuja plicata la intermedia, Linum australe, Lygodesmia grandiflora, Machaeranthera
Smoke Plant: Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos tomentosa, A uva-ursi, Cornus canescens, M. tanacetifolia, Mirabilis multiflora, Petradoria pumila, Revercho-
canadensis, C. nuttallii, C. sericea nia arenaria, Stephanomeria pauciflora, Tetradymia canescens, Tetraneuris
Toys & Games: Picea engelmannii, P. sitchensis, Taxus brevifolia acaulis
Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii, Mirabilis multiflora
Hopi Laxative: Cirsium calcareum, Juniperus monosperma, Yucca angustissima,
Drug Y. baileyi
Adjuvant: Psilostrophe sparsiflora Narcotic: Datura wrightii
Analgesic: Conyza canadensis, Cryptantha cinerea, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Nose Medicine: Chaetopappa ericoides
Epilobium ciliatum, Eriogonum sp., Gaillardia pinnatifida, Heterotheca vil- Oral Aid: Chamaesycefendleri, Mahonia fremontii
losa, Ipomopsis longiflora, Petradoria pumila, Suaeda moquinii, Tetraneuris Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia tridentata, Eriogonum sp., Juniperus sp.,
acaulis Krascheninnikovia lanata, Senecio flaccidus, Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia,
Anthelmintic: Cirsium calcareum S. parvifolia, S. sp., Tetraneuris acaulis
Anticonvulsive: Atriplex confertifolia, A. obovata, Macromeria viridiflora, Salvia Other: Datura wrightii, Helianthus petiolaris, Juniperus osteosperma, Salvia
dorrii, Verbascum thapsus dorrii
Antidiarrheal: Opuntia whipplei, Sphaeralcea incana, S. sp. Panacea: Chaetopappa ericoides
Antidote: Physaria newberryi Pediatric Aid: Abronia elliptica, Chaetopappa ericoides, Chamaesyce fendleri,
Antihemorrhagic: Eriogonum sp., Lithospermum incisum, Sphaeralcea grossu- Juniperus monosperma, J. sp., Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia, S. parvifolia, S. sp.,
lariifolia, S. parvifolia Tripterocalyx carnea
690 Kutenai

Misc. Disease Remedy: Juniperus scopulorum Cathartic: Cicuta douglasii, Physocarpus capitatus
Nose Medicine: Veratrum viride Ceremonial Medicine: Abies grandis, Tsuga mertensiana
Pulmonary Aid: Juniperus scopulorum Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Lomatium nudicaule, Picea sitchensis,
Respiratory Aid: Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides Veratrum viride
Throat Aid: Rhusglabra Cough Medicine: Abies grandis, Aralia nudicaulis, Aruncus dioicus, Lomatium
Tonic: Mentha arvensis nudicaule, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. monticola
Tuberculosis Remedy: Heuchera cylindrica, Larix occidentalis, Pinus contorta, Dermatological Aid: Abies grandis, Acer macrophyllum, Achillea millefolium,
Populus deltoides Allium cernuum, Alnus rubra, Anaphalis margaritacea, Argentina anserina,
Unspecified: Ligusticum canbyi A. egedii, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Cicuta douglasii, Crataegus douglasii,
Veterinary Aid: Apocynum cannabinum Drosera rotundifolia, Epilobium angustifolium, Equisetum arvense, E. telma-
Food teia, Heracleum maximum, Kalmia polifolia, Lomatium nudicaule, Lonicera
Appetizer: Mahonia repens involucrata, Lysichiton americanus, Malusfusca, Menziesiaferruginea, Mone
Cooking Agent: Lewisia rediviva ses uniflora, Nicotiana sp., Oemleria cerasiformis, Oplopanax horridus, Picea
Dessert: Lewisia rediviva, Mahonia repens sitchensis, Pinus monticola, Plantago major, Populus balsamifera, Prunus
Dried Food: Lewisia rediviva emarginata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ribes lobbii, R. sp., Rubus parviflorus, R.
Fruit: Cornus sericea spectabilis, Rumex aquaticus, Scirpus americanus, Thuja plicata, Tsuga hete
Sauce & Relish: Allium cernuum, Larix occidentalis rophylla, T. mertensiana, Urtica dioica, Veratrum viride
Staple: Allium cernuum Dietary Aid: Menyanthes trifoliata, Prunus emarginata
Unspecified: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Camassia quamash, Cirsium scariosum, Disinfectant: Picea sitchensis
Lewisia rediviva, Matricaria discoidea, Pinus contorta, Populus balsamifera, Emetic: Cicuta douglasii, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Osmorhiza berteroi, Physocar
P. deltoides pus capitatus, Sambucus racemosa, Veratrum viride
Fiber Eye Medicine: Argentina egedii, Symphoricarpos albus, Thuja plicata, Tsuga
Basketry: Thuja plicata heterophylla
Canoe Material: Thuja plicata Gastrointestinal Aid: Frangula purshiana, Lomatium nudicaule, Menyanthes
Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum trifoliata, Menziesiaferruginea, Oplopanax horridus, Pinus contorta, P mon
Sewing Material: Apocynum cannabinum ticola, Rumex aquaticus
Dye Gynecological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Heracleum maximum, Lomatium
Orange: Alnus incana nudicaule, Lonicera involucrata, Polystichum munitum, Prunus emarginata,
Red-Brown: Alnus incana Rubus parviflorus, Sambucus racemosa, Tsuga heterophylla, Urtica dioica
Other Heart Medicine: Menziesiaferruginea, Prunus emarginata
Cash Crop: Camassia quamash Hemostat: Prunus emarginata, Thuja plicata
Ceremonial Items: Artemisia frigida, Larix occidentalis Herbal Steam: Achillea millefolium, Angelica lucida, Chamaecyparis
Containers: Thuja plicata nootkatensis, Conioselinum gmelinii, Lomatium nudicaule, Lonicera involu
Cooking Tools: Thuja plicata crata, Lysichiton americanus, Nicotianasp., Oplopanax horridus, Sambucus
Hide Preparation: Larix occidentalis racemosa

Incense & Fragrance: Achillea millefolium, Matricaria discoidea, Monarda Hunting Medicine: Angelica lucida, Lomatium nudicaule, Tsuga heterophylla,
flstulosa Veratrum viride
Insecticide: Artemisia frigida, Mentha arvensis Internal Medicine: Anaphalis margaritacea, Rubus parviflorus
Jewelry: Matricaria discoidea Kidney Aid: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Picea sitchensis
Tools: Cornus sericea Laxative: Abies grandis, Frangula purshiana, Lomatium nudicaule, Oplopanax
horridus, Physocarpus capitatus, Veratrum viride
Kwakiutl Love Medicine: Aruncus dioicus, Drosera rotundifolia, Monotropa hypopithys,
Drug Platanthera stricta
Abortifacient: Veratrum viride Misc. Disease Remedy: Cicuta douglasii, Menyanthes trifoliata
Analgesic: Alnus rubra, Angelica lucida, Argentina anserina, Galium triflorum, Narcotic: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Ledum groenlandicum
Lomatium nudicaule, Lonicera involucrata, Menziesiaferruginea, Moneses Oral Aid: Abies grandis, Cirsium remotifolium, C sp., Prunus emarginata, Ribes
uniflora, Nuphar lutea, Oemleria cerasiformis, Oplopanax horridus, Picea lobbii, R. sp.
sitchensis, Symphoricarpos albus, Urtica dioica, Veratrum viride Orthopedic Aid: Lomatium nudicaule, Lonicera involucrata, Nuphar lutea,
Antidiarrheal: Blechnum spicant, Cicuta douglasii, Juniperus communis, Picea Sambucus racemosa, Thuja plicata, Veratrum viride
sitchensis, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ribes lobbii, R. sp., Other: Lysichiton americanus, Picea sitchensis, Urtica dioica
Rubus ursinus, Tsuga heterophylla Panacea: Achillea millefolium, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Lomatium nudi
Antiemetic: Menyanthes trifoliata, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Rubus parviflorus, caule, Veratrum viride
R. ursinus Pediatric Aid: Cirsium remotifolium, Heracleum maximum, Lupinus littoralis,
Antihemorrhagic: Alnus rubra, Aralia nudicaulis, Kalmia polifolia, Malusfusca, Lysichiton americanus, Phyllospadix torreyi, Prunus emarginata, Ribes sp.,
Menyanthes trifoliata, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus Rubus spectabilis, Scirpus americanus, Tsuga mertensiana, Veratrum viride
Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Poison: Cicuta douglasii, Oplopanax horridus, Osmorhiza berteroi, Veratrum
Conioselinum gmelinii, Lomatium nudicaule, Lonicera involucrata viride
Blood Medicine: Juniperus communis Preventive Medicine: Prunus emarginata
Burn Dressing: Rubus spectabilis, Tsuga heterophylla Reproductive Aid: Pinus monticola
Cancer Treatment: Epilobium angustifolium, Prunus emarginata Respiratory Aid: Alnus rubra, Juniperus communis, Nuphar lutea
 Index of Tribes 691

^dative: Glaux maritima, Lupinus littomlis Vegetable: Trifolium wormskioldii

imulant: Angelica lucida, Conioselinum gmelinii, Lysichiton americanus Winter Use Food: Ribes bracteosum, Viburnum edule
:rengthener: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Phyllospadix torreyi Fiber
hroat Aid: Lomatium nudicaule Basketry: Leymus mollis, Picea sitchensis, Scirpus americanus, Thuja plicata
Dnic: Abies grandis Brushes & Brooms: Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata
uberculosis Remedy: Abies grandis, Alnw rubra, Oplopanax horridus, Prunus Building Material: Thuja plicata
emarginata Canoe Material: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata
hspecified: Angelica lucida, Pseudotsuga menziesii Clothing: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Leymus mollis, Picea sitchensis, Scirpus
enereal Aid: Physocarpus capitatus, Urtica dioica americanus, Thuja plicata
/itchcraft Medicine: Oplopanax horridus Cordage: Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica
ood Furniture: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
►ried Food: Erythronium oregonum Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Picea sitchensis, Thuja pli
fnspecified: Erythronium oregonum, Lupinus polyphyllus cata, Typha latifolia
'iber Other: Thuja plicata
uilding Material: Thuja plicata Scouring Material: Equisetum arvense, E. telmateia
ianoe Material: Thuja plicata Sewing Material: Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata
Nothing: Thuja plicata Dye
lordage: Thuja plicata Black: Alnus rubra
)ther Brown: Alnus rubra
teremonial Items: Polystichum munitum, Veratrum viride Orange: Alnus rubra
looking Tools: Thuja plicata Red: Alnus rubra
rotection: Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum viride Other
bols: Thuja plicata Cash Crop: Malusfusca
Ceremonial Items: Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Nereocystis luetkeana,
twakiutl, Southern Tsuga heterophylla
)rug Containers: Adiantum pedatum, Athyriumfilix-femina, Lysichiton americanus,
jialgesic: Alnus rubra, Fucus gardneri, Lonicera involucrata, Nicotiana sp., Nereocystis luetkeana, Polystichum munitum, Thuja plicata
Urtica dioica Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum, Adiantum pedatum, Alnus rubra, Chamae
jitirheumatic (External): Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Fucus gardneri, Urtica cyparis nootkatensis, Leymus mollis, Lysichiton americanus, Nereocystis luet
dioica keana, Pinus contorta, Polystichum munitum, Rubus parviflorus, R. spectabi
lurn Dressing: Nereocystis luetkeana lis, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
)ermatological Aid: Nereocystis luetkeana Fasteners: Picea sitchensis, Vaccinium parvifolium
)rthopedic Aid: Nereocystis luetkeana Fuel: Alnus rubra, Dryopteris campyloptera, Thuja plicata
'ediatric Aid: Nereocystis luetkeana Hunting & Fishing Item: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Holodiscus discolor, Mac-
trengthener: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Fucus gardneri rocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis luetkeana, Picea sitchensis, Salix sp., Thuja
fenereal Aid: Fucus gardneri plicata, Urtica dioica
Musical Instrument: Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Tsuga heterophylla
leverage: Ledum groenlandicum Sacred Items: Picea sitchensis
Iread & Cake: Porphyra sp., Sambucus racemosa Tools: Holodiscus discolor, Pinus contorta, Symphoricarpos albus, Taxus brevi
]andy: Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata folia
)essert: Porphyra sp. Toys & Games: Sambucus racemosa
MetaryAid: Polypodium glycyrrhiza
)ried Food: Argentina egedii, Erythronium revolutum, Fritillaria camschatcen- Kwakwaka'wakw
sis, Gaultheria shallon, Porphyra sp., Rubus parviflorus, R. spectabilis Drug
'ruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus canadensis, Antiemetic: Kalmia microphylla
Crataegus douglasii, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Maianthemum dilata- Antihemorrhagic: Kalmia microphylla
tum, Oemleria cerasiformis, Ribes bracteosum, R. laxiflorum, R. lobbii, Rubus Ceremonial Medicine: Tsuga heterophylla
parviflorus, R. spectabilis, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium ovalifolium, V. Dermatological Aid: Moneses uniflora
uliginosum, Vicia nigricans Emetic: Oenanthe sarmentosa
'reserves: Viburnum edule Unspecified: Pinus contorta
nack Food: Porphyra sp. Food
pecial Food: Argentina egedii, Gaultheria shallon, Malusfusca, Oemleria cerasi Unspecified: Conioselinum gmelinii
formis, Ribes lobbii, Vaccinium parvifolium, Viburnum edule, Zostera marina Fiber
tarvation Food: Polypodium glycyrrhiza Building Material: Tsuga heterophylla
Inspecified: Allium cernuum, Aralia nudicaulis, Camassia leichtlinii, C. qua- Other
mash, Castilleja miniata, Dryopteris campyloptera, Erythronium revolutum, Fuel: Pinus contorta
Glaux maritima, Heracleum maximum, Lupinus littoralis, Polypodium gly Hunting & Fishing Item: Pinus contorta
cyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum, Populus balsamifera, Porphyra sp., Pteridi- Protection: Tsuga heterophylla
um aquilinum, Rubus spectabilis, Zostera marina Tools: Pinus contorta
692 Laguna

Laguna Misc. Disease Remedy: Acorus calamus, Glycyrrhiza lepidota

Food Oral Aid: Echinacea angustifolia, Eriogonum annuum
Appetizer: Rhus trilobata Orthopedic Aid: Acorus calamus
Beverage: Yucca baccata Other: Echinacea angustifolia
Bread & Cake: Yucca baccata Pediatric Aid: Asclepias pumila, A. viridiflora, Eriogonum annuum, Lygodesmic
Candy: Asclepias speciosa, Populus deltoides juncea
Dried Food: Amaranthus blitoides, A. hybridus,A. retroflexus, Opuntia imbrica- Poison: Astragalus racemosus, Cicuta maculata, Conium maculatum, Delphini
ta, Prunus virginiana, Yucca baccata, Y.glauca um carolinianum, Dichanthelium oligosanthes, Oxytropis lambertii, Toxico-
Fruit: Atriplex argentea, Ceanothusfendleri, Celtis laevigata, Juniperus mono- dendron rydbergii, Zigadenus venenosus
sperma, Opuntia engelmannii, Prunus virginiana, Ribes cereum, Yucca bacca Preventive Medicine: Chamaesyce geyeri
ta, Y.glauca Pulmonary Aid: Astragalus canadensis, Lithospermum caroliniense, Monarda
Porridge: Cleome serrulata, Opuntia engelmannii, Prosopis glandulosa flstulosa
Preserves: Ribes cereum, Yucca baccata Reproductive Aid: Dyssodia papposa
Sauce & Relish: Lycium pallidum, Yucca baccata Sedative: Artemisia campestris
Special Food: Sophora nuttalliana Snakebite Remedy: Opuntia humifusa
Spice: Agastache pallidiflora, Berlandiera lyrata, Juniperus monosperma, Stimulant: Monardaflstulosa
Monardaflstulosa, M. pectinata, Pectis angustifolia, Rhus trilobata Throat Aid: Acorus calamus, Artemisia ludoviciana, Dalea villosa, Echinacea
Staple: Amaranthus blitoides, Dalea Candida, Quercus gambelii angustifolia
Starvation Food: Juniperus monosperma, Opuntia clavata, Phoradendronjuni- Toothache Remedy: Acorus calamus, Echinacea angustifolia, Glycyrrhiza lepi
perinum, Solanum triflorum, Yucca baccata dota
Unspecified: Abroniafragrans, Allium cernuum, Astragalus lentiginosus, Cyper- Unspecified: Ambrosia trifida, Artemisia cana, A tridentata, Asclepias speciosa,
us squarrosus, Lathyrus polymorphus, Opuntia imbricata, Plantago major, Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Pediomelum argophyllum, P. cuspidatum, Sagittaria
Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus gambelii, Ranunculus inamoenus, Tradescantia latifolia
occidentalis, Typha latifolia, Vicia americana Vertigo Medicine: Gutierrezia sarothrae
Vegetable: Amaranthus blitoides, A. hybridus,A. retroflexus, Cymopterus bulbo- Veterinary Aid: Astragalus crassicarpus, Hymenopappus tenuifolius, Onosmodi
sus, Lactuca sativa, Portulaca oleracea um molle, Pediomelum argophyllum, Ratibida columnifera, Thalictrum dasy
carpum, Yucca glauca
Lakota Food
Drug Beverage: Agastachefoeniculum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Ceanothus herbaceus,
Abortifacient: Opuntiasp., Yuccaglauca Coreopsis tinctoria, Juniperus virginiana, Mentha arvensis, Opuntia humi
Analgesic: Astragalus canadensis, Clematis ligusticifolia, Dyssodia papposa, fusa, Prunus virginiana, Rosa arkansana
Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Ratibida columnifera Candy: Dalea purpurea
Antidiarrheal: Artemisia ludoviciana, Asclepias pumila, A. viridiflora, Heuchera Cooking Agent: Asclepias speciosa, Humulus lupulus
richardsonii, Lygodesmia juncea, Rumex altissimus Dietary Aid: Liatris punctata
Antihemorrhagic: Astragalus canadensis, Dyssodia papposa, Glycyrrhiza lepi- Dried Food: Opuntia humifusa, Pediomelum esculentum, Rosa arkansana,
dota, Grindelia squarrosa, Rumex altissimus Shepherdia argentea
Antirheumatic (External): Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Fodder: Astragalus canadensis, Equisetum hyemale, Populus xacuminata
Antennaria parvifolia, Echinacea angustifolia, Euphorbia marginata, Onos- Forage: Artemisia cana, Clematis ligusticifolia, Oxytropis lambertii, Pascopy-
modium molle rum smithii, Populus deltoides
Cancer Treatment: Fritillaria atropurpurea Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Astragalus crassicarpus, Crataegus chrysocarpa,
Cathartic: Dalea villosa Fragaria vesca, Morus sp., Opuntia humifusa, Prunus americana, P. pumila,
Ceremonial Medicine: Xanthium strumarium P. virginiana, Ribes americanum, R. aureum, R. missouriense, Rosa woodsii,
Cold Remedy: Artemisia ludoviciana, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Juniperus virginiana Rubus occidentalis, Shepherdia argentea, Vitis vulpina
Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus, Astragalus canadensis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Pie & Pudding: Prunus virginiana
Monardajistulosa, Pycnanthemum virginianum Preserves: Asclepias speciosa, Rosa arkansana
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Echinacea angustifolia, Heuchera Soup: Allium textile, Hedeoma drummondii, Pediomelum esculentum, Quercus
richardsonii, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Thalictrum dasycarpum, Yucca glauca macrocarpa, Rosa arkansana
Dietary Aid: Asclepias stenophylla, Physalis heterophylla Special Food: Monardaflstulosa, Prunus virginiana, Vitis vulpina
Diuretic: Artemisia campestris, Eriogonum annuum, Mirabilis linearis, Spice: Juniperus virginiana
Opuntia sp. Staple: Quercus velutina, Typha latifolia
Eye Medicine: Monardaflstulosa Starvation Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Helianthus tuberosus, Prunus ameri
Gastrointestinal Aid: Artemisia campestris, Croton texensis, Echinacea angusti cana, Ribes americanum, R. aureum, R. missouriense, Rosa arkansana
folia, Ipomoea leptophylla, Ratibida columnifera, Rumex altissimus, Sium Unspecified: Acorus calamus, Allium drummondii, A. textile, Asclepias speciosa
suave, Solanum triflorum, Urtica dioica, Yucca glauca Garya ovata, Cypripedium sp., Helianthus tuberosus, Juglans nigra, Lomati-
Gynecological Aid: Artemisia campestris, Asclepias verticillata, A. viridiflora, um orientale, Lygodesmia juncea, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea sp., Pediomelum
Astragalus gracilis, Euphorbia marginata, Opuntia sp., Rumex venosus, Yucca esculentum, Polygonum amphibium, Quercus macrocarpa, Sagittaria latifo
glauca lia, Scirpus tabernaemontani, Yucca glauca
Hemostat: Monardafistulosa Vegetable: Brassica oleracea, Chenopodium album
Hypotensive: Acorus calamus Fiber
Kidney Aid: Lepidium densiflorum Basketry: Pediomelum argophyllum
 Index of Tribes 693

Juilding Material: Populus xacufninata, Salix exigua, Ulmus americana Tauschia arguta, Turricula parryi
Clothing: Schizachyrium scoparium, Typha latifolia Food
]ordage: Tilia americana, Urtica dioica Beverage: Monardella lanceolata, Pellaea mucronata, Satureja douglasii
:urniture: Typha latifolia Candy: Asclepias eriocarpa, Eschscholzia californica
vlats, Rugs & Bedding: Scirpus tabernaemontani, Typha latifolia Dried Food: Heteromeles arbutifolia, Opuntia sp., Sambucus cerulea
Dye Fruit: Arctostaphylos parryana, Carpobrotus aequilateralus, Opuntia sp., Pru
Aftiite: Eriogonum annuum nus ilicifolia, P. virginiana, Rubus parviflorus, R. vitifolius, Sambucus cerulea,
fellow: Argemone polyanthemos Vitis girdiana
Other Porridge: Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. en-
Ceremonial Items: Artemisia ludoviciana, Hierochloe odorata, Prunus gelmannii, Q. kelloggii, Q. wislizeni, Rhus trilobata
virginiana Staple: Avenafatua, Opuntia sp., Prosopis glandulosa, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus
Containers: Solidago rigida agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. engelmannii, Q. kelloggii, Q. wislizeni
Cooking Tools: Ratibida columnifera Substitution Food: Quercus chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. engelmannii, Q. wislizeni
Decorations: Calamovilfa longifolia Unspecified: Artemisia dracunculus, Bloomeria crocea, Boschniakia hookeri,
Fasteners: Salix exigua Bromus diandrus, Calandrinia ciliata, Carduus sp., Chenopodium califor-
Fuel: Ipomoea leptophylla, Populus xacuminata, Ulmus americana nicum, Chlorogalum parviflorum, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Dichelostemma
Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Amorphafruticosa, Fraxinus pulchellum, Ericameria parishii, Gilia capitata, Helianthus annuus, Layia
pennsylvanica, Ostrya virginiana, Prunus virginiana, Ribes aureum glandulosa, Lepidium nitidum, Lupinus sp., Malacothrix californica, Prunus
Incense & Fragrance: Artemisia campestris,A. ludoviciana, Hierochloe odorata, ilicifolia, Salvia apiana, S. carduacea, S. columbariae, S. mellifera, Sarcostem-
Juniperus virginiana, Oenothera biennis macynanchoides, Scirpus sp., Trifolium ciliolatum,T gracilentum, T micro-
Insecticide: Psoralidium tenuiflorum cephalum, T obtusiflorum, T. willdenowii, Yucca schidigera, Y. whipplei
Paint: Celastrus scandens, Ostrya virginiana, Penstemon angustifolius, Prunus Vegetable: Apium graveolens, Brassica nigra, Calandrinia ciliata, Carduus sp.,
pumila, Tradescantia bracteata Chenopodium album, Claytonia perfoliata, Eschscholzia californica, Hoita
Paper: Ambrosia artemisiifolia orbicularis, Lepidium nitidum, Lotus strigosus, Lupinus sp., Phacelia ramosis-
Protection: Artemisia ludoviciana, Penstemon gracilis, Sphaeralcea coccinea sima, Portulaca oleracea, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Sidalcea malviflo-
Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea, Rhus aromatica, R. glabra ra, Solanum douglasii, Sonchus asper, Viola pedunculata
Smoking Tools: Calamovilfa longifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Winter Use Food: Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. dumosa, Q. engelmannii,
Soap: Yucca glauca Q. kelloggii, Q. wislizeni
Stable Gear: Gaura coccinea Fiber
Toys & Games: Amelanchier alnifolia, Bouteloua gracilis, Sium suave, Stipa Basketry: Juncus mertensianus, Muhlenbergia rigens, Rhus trilobata
spartea, Symphoricarpos occidentalis Brushes & Brooms: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Walking Sticks: Salix eriocephala Building Material: Pluchea sericea
Clothing: Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias eriocarpa, Muhlenbergia rigens,
Lillooet
Urtica dioica
Food
Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias eriocarpa
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis
Unspecified: Urtica dioica
Dye
Lolahnkok
Unspecified: Rubus vitifolius
Drug
Yellow: Hoita macrostachya
Emetic: Asarum sp.
Love Medicine: Angelica sp.
Other
Ceremonial Items: Artemisia californica, Datura wrightii
Luiseno Containers: Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias eriocarpa, Juncus mertensianus,
Drug Muhlenbergia rigens, Urtica dioica
Abortifacient: Croton californicus Cooking Tools: Juncus mertensianus, Muhlenbergia rigens
Analgesic: Woodwardia radicans Decorations: Solanum douglasii
Cathartic: Marah macrocarpus, Mirabilis californica, Sisyrinchium bellum Fasteners: Adenostomafasciculatum
Ceremonial Medicine: Datura wrightii Hunting & Fishing Item: Adenostomafasciculatum, Apocynum cannabinum,
Cold Remedy: Satureja douglasii Artemisia furcata, Asclepias eriocarpa, Heterotheca grandiflora, Leymus con
Dermatological Aid: Baccharis douglasii, Hoita macrostachya, Quercus dumosa densate, Pluchea sericea, Salix sp., Sambucus cerulea, Urtica dioica, Yucca
Emetic: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cordylanthus sp., Sphaeralcea sp. schidigera
Eye Medicine: Solanum douglasii Paint: Marah macrocarpus
Febrifuge: Centaurium venustum, Satureja douglasii Smoke Plant: Nicotiana sp.
Gynecological Aid: Sambucus cerulea Soap: Chenopodium californicum, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cucurbita
Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii foetidissima
Narcotic: Datura wrightii Tools: Baccharis douglasii, Rhus trilobata
Snakebite Remedy: Chamaesyce polycarpa
Toothache Remedy: Ribes indecorum, R. malvaceum Lummi
Unspecified: Artemisia dracunculus, A.furcata, Cneoridium dumosum, Datura Drug
wrightii, Ericameria parishii, Eriodictyon crassifolium, E. tomentosum, Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Ribes lacustre
Monardella lanceolata, Pellaea mucronata, Rumexsp., Satureja douglasii, Antidiarrheal: Holodiscus discolor, Spiraea douglasii
694 Lummi

Antiemetic: Thuja plicata folia, P. serotina, Rumex hymenosepalus, Salvia mellifera, Spiraea salicifolia
Dermatological Aid: Achlys triphylla, Adiantum aleuticum, Aruncus dioicus Dermatological Aid: Allium canadense, A. vineale, Ambrosia artemisiifolia,
Diaphoretic: Achillea millefolium Anaphalis margaritacea, Anemopsis californica, Brodiaea sp., Clematis ligus-
Emetic: Achlys triphylla, Petasitesfrigidus ticifolia, Datura wrightii, Euphorbia sp., Frasera sp., Grindelia humilis, G.
Eye Medicine: Holodiscus discolor, Trillium ovatum squarrosa, Kalmia latifolia, Keckiella cordifolia, Larrea tridentata, Marah
Gynecological Aid: Cirsium sp., Oplopanax horridus, Opuntiasp., Polystichum macrocarpus, Opuntia sp., Phytolacca americana, Piperia sp., Plantago ma
munitum, Prunus emarginata, Urtica dioica jor, Saponaria officinalis, Solidago nemoralis
Laxative: Cornus nuttallii, Frangula purshiana Dietary Aid: Allium bisceptrum, Claytonia perfoliata, Lepidium densiflorum,
Misc. Disease Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Aruncus dioicus Panicum capillare, Rhus trilobata
Oral Aid: Holodiscus discolor Disinfectant: Anemopsis californica, Grindelia squarrosa, Larrea tridentata,
Orthopedic Aid: Holodiscus discolor Solidago nemoralis
Pulmonary Aid: Thuja plicata Eye Medicine: Piperia sp., Salvia columbariae
Tonic: Ribes laxiflorum Febrifuge: Centaurium muehlenbergii, Juniperus californica, Mirabilis califor
Tuberculosis Remedy: Lonicera ciliosa, Pinus monticola nica, Paeonia brownii, Rosa californica, R. gallica, Verbena hastata
Food Gastrointestinal Aid: Centaurium muehlenbergii, Chamaemelum nobile,
Beverage: Rosa nutkana Ephedra sp., Eriogonum umbellatum, Larrea tridentata, Malva neglecta,
Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Rosa nutkana Monardella villosa, Platanus occidentalis, Rhus trilobata, Rosa californica,
Fruit: Mahonia sp., Oemleria cerasiformis, Ribes laxiflorum, Rubus spectabilis, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Verbena hastata
Vaccinium parvifolium Gynecological Aid: Artemisia californica, Salvia apiana, Tephrosia virginiana
Unspecified: Corylus cornuta, Lilium columbianum, Pteridium aquilinum, Hemostat: Quercus agrifolia, Typha latifolia
Rubus spectabilis Hypotensive: Eriogonum elongatum
Winter Use Food: Sambucus cerulea Kidney Aid: Apium sp., Centaurea melitensis, Croton pottsii, Ephedra sp., Malva
Fiber sp., Pellaea atropurpurea, Xanthium spinosum, X. strumarium
Brushes & Brooms: Philadelphus lewisii Laxative: Centaurium muehlenbergii, Eupatorium purpureum
Furniture: Acer macrophyllum Liver Aid: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
Dye Misc. Disease Remedy: Juniperus californica, Sambucus racemosa
Red-Brown: Alnus rubra Narcotic: Datura wrightii
Other Oral Aid: Echinocactussp., Eriogonum sp., Persea planifolia, Sempervivum sp.
Ceremonial Items: Thuja plicata Orthopedic Aid: Ulmus rubra, Xanthium strumarium
Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum, Holodiscus discolor, Spiraea douglasii Panacea: Trichostema lanatum
Fuel: Pseudotsuga menziesii Pediatric Aid: Chamaemelum nobile, Quercus agrifolia, Typha latifolia
Hunting & Fishing Item: Acer circinatum, Holodiscus discolor, Pseudotsuga Poison: Astragalus mollissimus, Datura wrightii, Eschscholzia californica,
menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Urtica dioica Kalmia latifolia, Phytolacca americana
Paint: Oplopanax horridus Preventive Medicine: Pellaea atropurpurea, Toxicodendron diversilobum
Tools: Philadelphus lewisii Pulmonary Aid: Eriodictyon californicum, Paeonia brownii
Respiratory Aid: Andromeda polifolia, Eriodictyon californicum, Helenium
Lummi, Washington autumnale, Platanus occidentalis, Salvia mellifera
Other Sedative: Mentha canadensis, M. spicata, Satureja douglasii
Paint: Oplopanax horridus Snakebite Remedy: Allium canadense, A. vineale, Datura wrightii, Piperia sp.
Throat Aid: Marrubium vulgare, Nicotiana glauca, Rumex hymenosepalus
Mahuna Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Persea planifolia, Quercus rubra
Drug Tuberculosis Remedy: Nicotiana glauca, Xanthium strumarium
Abortifacient: Chenopodium ambrosioides, Iva axillaris Unspecified: Quercus virginiana
Analgesic: Ephedra sp., Malva neglecta, Phytolacca americana, Rosa californica, Urinary Aid: Equisetum hyemale
Saponaria ojficlnalis Venereal Aid: Anagallissp., Cercocarpus montanus, Ephedra sp., Xanthium
Anthelmintic: Sisyrinchium angustifolium strumarium
Antidiarrheal: Capsella bursa-pastoris, Diplacus aurantiacus, Hedeoma pule- Food
gioides, Rubus procumbens Bread & Cake: Prosopis glandulosa
Antihemorrhagic: Dennstaedtia punctilobula Dessert: Quercus virginiana
Antirheumatic (External): Nicotiana glauca, Urtica dioica Dried Food: Prosopis glandulosa
Antirheumatic (Internal): Adiantum capillus-veneris, Eriodictyon californicum, Forage: Kalmia latifolia
Phlox subulata, Phyla lanceolata, Pinus monticola, Tanacetum parthenium, Fruit: Arctostaphylos sp., Heteromeles arbutifolia, Prunus ilicifolia, P. serotina,
Xanthium strumarium Rhus integrifolia, R. trilobata, Ribes amarum, R. sanguineum, Rubus procum
Blood Medicine: Ephedra sp., Eriogonum elongatum, Fouquieria splendens, bens, Sambucus racemosa, Vitis vulpina
Lotus scoparius, Pellaea atropurpurea, Salix washingtonia Porridge: Prosopis glandulosa, Salvia columbariae
Burn Dressing: Solidago nemoralis Sauce & Relish: Yucca whipplei
Cathartic: Eriogonum elatum, Frangula californica Unspecified: Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus virginiana, Yucca whipplei
Cold Remedy: Spiraea salicifolia Fiber
Contraceptive: Iva axillaris Basketry: Rhus trilobata, Yucca whipplei
Cough Medicine: Eriodictyon californicum, Marrubium vulgare, Prunus ilici- Building Material: Salvia columbariae
 Index of Tribes 695

dats, Rugs & Bedding: Quercus virginiana Oral Aid: Gaultheria shallon, Urtica dioica
Dye Orthopedic Aid: Malusfusca
Black: Quercus virginiana Other: Achillea millefolium, Ambrosia chamissonis, Oxalis oregana
Brown: Quercus virginiana Panacea: Malusfusca
jray: Quercus virginiana Pediatric Aid: Picea sitchensis
ted: Quercus virginiana Poison: Lonicera involucrata
Jnspecified: Phytolacca americana Pulmonary Aid: Allium cernuum, Blechnum spicant, Lysichiton americanus,
Miite: Quercus virginiana, Yucca whipplei Malusfusca
fellow: Quercus virginiana Reproductive Aid: Maianthemum dilatatum, Urtica dioica
Other Stimulant: Urtica dioica
Fasteners: Asclepias syriaca Strengthener: Ambrosia chamissonis, Picea sitchensis
Hunting & Fishing Item: Croton setigerus, Echinocactus sp. Throat Aid: Achillea millefolium
Protection: Ceanothus oliganthus, Pinus sabiniana Tonic: Heracleum maximum, Holodiscus discolor, Malusfusca, Prunus emar
Soap: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Saponaria offlci- ginata
nalis Toothache Remedy: Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus spectabilis
Tuberculosis Remedy: Malusfusca, Oemleria cerasiformis
Maidu
Unspecified: Aruncus dioicus, Heracleum maximum, Holodiscus discolor,
Fiber
Ledum groenlandicum, Leymus mollis, Lysichiton americanus, Malusfusca,
Basketry: Acer macrophyllum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Calocedrus decurrens,
Oemleria cerasiformis, Oplopanax horridus, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Salix
Carex barbarae, Ceanothus integerrimus, Cercis canadensis, Pinus ponderosa,
sp., Senecio jacobaea, Trifolium wormskioldii
Prunus virginiana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus kelloggii, Salix sp., Scir-
Urinary Aid: Sedum sp.
pus acutus, Xerophyllum tenax
Venereal Aid: Aruncus dioicus
Brushes & Brooms: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Witchcraft Medicine: Symphoricarpos albus
Sewing Material: Acer macrophyllum
Food
Other
Beverage: Gaultheria shallon, Ledum groenlandicum, Rosa nutkana
Decorations: Adiantum pedatum, Cercis canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum
Bread & Cake: Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium ovalifolium,V ovatum, Wsp.
Makah Candy: Picea sitchensis
Drug Dessert: Shepherdia canadensis
Abortifacient: Lysichiton americanus Dietary Aid: Polypodium glycyrrhiza
Adjuvant: Frangula purshiana Dried Food: Gaultheria shallon, Sambucus racemosa, Shepherdia canadensis,
Analgesic: Allium cernuum, Lysichiton americanus, Rubus spectabilis Vaccinium ovalifolium
Antidiarrheal: Equisetum hyemale, Malusfusca Frozen Food: Vaccinium parvifolium
Antidote: Salix hookeriana Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus canadensis, Fragaria chiloensis, Frangula
Antihemorrhagic: Adiantum aleuticum purshiana, Gaultheria shallon, Malusfusca, Ribes bracteosum, R. divarica
Antirheumatic (External): Aruncus dioicus, Lysichiton americanus, Mnium tum, R. laxiflorum, Rubus discolor, R. laciniatus, R. leucodermis, R. parvi
punctatum, Oplopanax horridus florus, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Sambucus racemosa, Vaccinium ovalifolium,
Blood Medicine: Achillea millefolium, Ledum groenlandicum, Lysichiton amer V ovatum, V oxycoccos, V parvifolium
icanus, Malusfusca, Picea sitchensis, Prunus emarginata, Rubus parviflorus Pie & Pudding: Gaultheria shallon, Rubus laciniatus, R. leucodermis, R. ursinus,
Cathartic: Achillea millefolium Vaccinium oxycoccos
Cough Medicine: Polypodium virginianum, Thuja plicata Preservative: Rubus parviflorus
Dermatological Aid: Adiantum aleuticum, Aruncus dioicus, Galium triflorum, Preserves: Fragaria chiloensis, Gaultheria shallon, Mahonia aquifolium, M.
Lonicera involucrata, Malusfusca, Myosotis laxa, Picea sitchensis, Rubus spec nervosa, Malusfusca, Ribes laxiflorum, Rubus laciniatus, R. leucodermis, R.
tabilis, Salix hookeriana, Sambucus racemosa, Thuja plicata, Tsuga hetero- ursinus, Vaccinium oxycoccos
phylla, Usnea sp., Vicia nigricans Special Food: Rubus spectabilis
Diaphoretic: Achillea millefolium Spice: Blechnum spicant, Gaultheria shallon, Polystichum munitum
Emetic: Lonicera involucrata Substitution Food: Sedum sp.
Eye Medicine: Heracleum maximum, Ribes divaricatum Unspecified: Abronia latifolia, Allium cernuum, Angelica lucida, Argentina
Gastrointestinal Aid: Adiantum aleuticum, A. pedatum, Blechnum spicant, Lysi egedii, Camassia quamash, Equisetum telmateia, Heracleum maximum, Oxa
chiton americanus, Malusfusca, Picea sitchensis lis oregana, Phyllospadix scouleri, P. serrulatus, P. sp., P. torreyi, Picea sitchen
Gynecological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Athyrium filix-femina, Ledum groen sis, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, P. scouleri, Polystichum munitum, Pteridium
landicum, Lonicera involucrata, Streptopus amplexifolius, Vaccinium ovali- aquilinum, Ranunculus reptans, Rosa nutkana, Rubus parviflorus, R. specta
folium, V. ovatum, V uliginosum, Viola adunca bilis, Sedum sp., Tolmiea menziesii, Trifolium wormskioldii, Urtica dioica
Heart Medicine: Malusfusca Vegetable: Lathyrus japonicus, Solanum tuberosum
Hemostat: Camellia sinensis, Tsuga heterophylla Winter Use Food: Rubus spectabilis, Sambucus racemosa, Shepherdia canaden
Hunting Medicine: Urtica dioica sis, Vaccinium ovalifolium, V oxycoccos, V parvifolium, V. sp.
Internal Medicine: Aruncus dioicus, Malusfusca, Tsuga heterophylla Fiber
Kidney Aid: Aruncus dioicus, Ledum groenlandicum, Vaccinium sp. Basketry: Acer circinatum, A. macrophyllum, Adiantum aleuticum, A. pedatum,
Laxative: Frangula purshiana, Malusfusca, Oemleria cerasiformis, Oenanthe Carex aquatilis, C. obnupta, Heracleum maximum, Phyllospadix torreyi, Salix
sarmentosa, Prunus emarginata hookeriana, Scirpus americanus, S. microcarpus, Thuja plicata, Typha latifo
Love Medicine: Disporum hooked, D. smithii, Trillium ovatum, Vicia nigricans lia, Urtica dioica, Xerophyllum tenax
696 Makah

Building Material: Tsuga heterophylla Dietary Aid: Populus grandidentata, Salix cordata
Canoe Material: Thuja plicata Emetic: Sambucus racemosa
Clothing: Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia Eye Medicine: Acer spicatum, Cornus sericea
Cordage: Nereocystis luetkeana, Urtica dioica Febrifuge: Lilium philadelphicum, Nemopanthus mucronatus, Rhus hirta
Furniture: Alnus rubra Gastrointestinal Aid: Asarum canadense, Mentha canadensis
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Scirpus acutus, Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia, Usnea sp. Heart Medicine: Inula helenium
Dye Hemorrhoid Remedy: Sanguinaria canadensis
Green: Urtica dioica Kidney Aid: Aralia racemosa, Ledum groenlandicum, Nemopanthus mucrona
Red-Brown: Tsuga heterophylla tus, Polygonum hydropiper, Sanicula odorata, Tanacetum vulgare, Tsuga
Unspecified: Aruncus dioicus, Lonicera involucrata, Mahonia sp. canadensis, Typha angustifolia
Yellow: Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Usnea sp. Laxative: Abies balsamea
Other Liver Aid: Impatiens capensis
Cash Crop: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Xerophyllum tenax Misc. Disease Remedy: Heracleum maximum
Ceremonial Items: Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica Oral Aid: Alnus incana, Coptis trifolia
Containers: Alnus rubra, Lysichiton americanus, Nereocystis luetkeana, Taxus Orthopedic Aid: Achillea millefolium, Kalmia angustifolia
brevifolia, Thuja plicata Pediatric Aid: Asarum canadense, Cardamine diphylla, Coptis trifolia, Geum
Cooking Tools: Alnus rubra, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Lysichiton aleppicum, G. rivale, Mentha canadensis, Prunus pensylvanica, Rubus sp.,
americanus, Polystichum munitum, Pteridium aquilinum, Stachys mexicana, Tiarella cordifolia, Tsuga canadensis
Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata Preventive Medicine: Acorus calamus
Decorations: Boykinia occidentalis Pulmonary Aid: Geum aleppicum, Mentha canadensis, Polypodium virgini-
Fasteners: Oemleria cerasiformis, Picea sitchensis anum

Hunting & Fishing Item: Holodiscus discolor, Nereocystis luetkeana, Oplopanax Respiratory Aid: Comptonia peregrina, Cornus sericea, Verbascum thapsus
horridus, Picea sitchensis, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla Sedative: Mentha canadensis
Incense & Fragrance: Galium triflorum Strengthener: Aralia racemosa, Larix laricina
Insecticide: Tsuga heterophylla Throat Aid: Cardamine diphylla, Cornus sericea, Iris versicolor, Polystichum
Jewelry: Rosa nutkana acrostichoides, Scirpus microcarpus
Preservative: Alnus rubra Tonic: Cardamine diphylla, Juniperus communis
Protection: Urtica dioica Toothache Remedy: Thuja occidentalis
Smoke Plant: Alnus rubra, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Gaultheria shallon Tuberculosis Remedy: Aralia racemosa, Chimaphila umbellata, Juniperus com
Toys & Games: Nereocystis luetkeana, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Polystichum munis, Larix laricina, Lilium philadelphicum, Nemopanthus mucronatus,
munitum Prunus serotina, Rhus hirta, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sarracenia purpurea,
Waterproofing Agent: Sambucus racemosa Thuja occidentalis
Unspecified: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Alnus sp., Betula sp., Coptis trifo
Malecite lia, Larix laricina, Picea glauca, P mariana, Populus xjackii, Prunus sp., Quer
Drug cus sp., Symplocarpusfoetidus, Taxus canadensis, Tsuga canadensis
Abortifacient: Fragaria virginiana, Lilium canadense, Rubus pubescens, Sanicu- Venereal Aid: Abies balsamea, Aralia racemosa, Arctium lappa, Larix laricina
la marilandica, Viburnum lentago Veterinary Aid: Tanacetum vulgare
Adjuvant: Lilium philadelphicum Food
Analgesic: Aralia racemosa, Cornus sericea, Inula helenium, Sanicula odorata, Beverage: Betula sp., Ledum groenlandicum, Pyrola sp.
Sorbus americana Fruit: Prunus sp.
Anthelmintic: Tilia americana Sauce & Relish: Acer saccharum
Anticonvulsive: Cornus canadensis Spice: Mentha canadensis
Antidiarrheal: Geum rivale, Quercus rubra, Rubus sp., Tiarella cordifolia, Tsuga Sweetener: Acer saccharum
canadensis Unspecified: Allium sp., Brassica sp., Chenopodium sp., Helianthus tuberosus,
Antiemetic: Solanum dulcamara Phytolacca americana, Quercus sp., Taraxacum officinale
Antihemorrhagic: Sanguinaria canadensis Fiber
Blood Medicine: Chimaphila umbellata, Rhus hirta Basketry: Acer rubrum, Fraxinus nigra, Hierochloe odorata, Thuja occidentalis
Burn Dressing: Thuja occidentalis Brushes & Brooms: Betula sp.
Cathartic: Juglans cinerea Building Material: Picea glauca
Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Aralia racemosa, Inula helenium, Larix laricina, Canoe Material: Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera, Fraxinus americana, Picea
Polygala senega, Prunus serotina, Tsuga canadensis glauca, Thuja occidentalis
Contraceptive: Chelone glabra, Pontederia cordata, Tanacetum vulgare Clothing: Tilia americana
Cough Medicine: Geum aleppicum, Lilium philadelphicum, Nemopanthus Cordage: Tilia americana
mucronatus, Prunus serotina, Rhus hirta, Thuja occidentalis Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, P. mariana
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Arctium lappa, Arisaema triphyllum, Sewing Material: Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Tilia americana
Betula populifolia, Comptonia peregrina, Fagus grandifolia, Juniperus corn- Snow Gear: Betula sp., Fraxinus americana
munis, Kalmia angustifolia, Lilium philadelphicum, Maianthemum racemo- Dye
sum, Populus balsamifera, Prunus pensylvanica, Salix cordata, Sanguinaria Unspecified: Tsuga canadensis
canadensis, Scirpus microcarpus, Sedum telephium, Sorbus americana, Tsuga Other
canadensis, Typha latifolia, Verbascum thapsus Containers: Betula papyrifera
 Index of Tribes 697

Hide Preparation: Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis nica, Wyethia longicaulis, Zigadenus venenosus
Hunting & Fishing Item: Larix laricina, Ostrya virginiana, Populusxjackii, Diaphoretic: Alnus rhombifolia, Salix lasiolepis
Thuja occidentalis Dietary Aid: Quercus sp.
Lighting: Acersaccharum Emetic: Alnus rhombifolia, Eschscholzia californica, Wyethia longicaulis
Smoking Tools: Prunus sp. Eye Medicine: Achillea millefolium, Angelica sp., Anthemis cotula, Artemisia
Tools: Ostrya virginiana furcata, Clarkia purpurea, Lonicera interrupta, Polypodium californicum,
Waterproofing Agent: Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, P. mariana Wyethia longicaulis
Febrifuge: Angelica sp., Aralia californica, Artemisia furcata, Cercis canadensis,
Mandan
Salix lasiolepis, Sambucus cerulea, Scutellaria californica
Drug
Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium, Alnus rhombifolia, Angelica sp.,
Ceremonial Medicine: Helianthus annuus
Aralia californica, Arceuthobium occidentale, Artemisia furcata, Calocedrus
Stimulant: Helianthus annuus
decurrens, Chenopodium album, Eschscholzia californica, Grindelia sp.,
Food
Heteromeles arbutifolia, Lithophragma affine, Mahonia repens, Mentzelia
Staple: Helianthus annuus
laevicaulis, Monardella villosa, Satureja douglasii, Thysanocarpus curvipes,
Unspecified: Helianthus annuus
Umbellularia californica, Wyethia longicaulis
Fiber
Gynecological Aid: Alnus rhombifolia, Artemisia furcata, Eschscholzia
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Salix exigua, S. melanopsis
californica
Other
Herbal Steam: Artemisia furcata
Hunting & Fishing Item: Andropogon gerardii
Kidney Aid: Frangula californica
Maricopa Laxative: Grindelia sp.
Drug Misc. Disease Remedy: Frangula californica
Antirheumatic (External): Atriplex polycarpa Narcotic: Delphinium nudicaule, Eschscholzia californica
Food Orthopedic Aid: Achillea millefolium, Lathyrus jepsonii, Sambucus cerulea,
Beverage: Carnegia gigantea, Prosopis glandulosa Zigadenus venenosus
Dried Food: Cucurbita moschata, Ziziphus obtusifolia Panacea: Salix lasiolepis, Thalictrum polycarpum, Umbellularia californica
Fruit: Condalia hooked, Cucurbita moschata, Lyciumfremontii, Opuntia Poison: Aesculus californica, Allium unifolium, Arctostaphylos manzanita, As
echinocarpa, 0. engelmannii, 0. sp., Ziziphus obtusifolia clepias fascicularis, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cicuta sp., Crataegus rivu-
Porridge: Phoradendron californicum laris, Delphinium hesperium, Marah oreganus, Phoradendron leucarpum,
Staple: Allenrolfea occidentalis Quercus chrysolepis, Solanum nigrum, Taxus brevifolia, Thalictrum polycar
Unspecified: Opuntia acanthocarpa, Prosopis velutina pum, Zigadenus venenosus
Vegetable: Cucurbita moschata Psychological Aid: Angelica sp., Frangula californica
Other Pulmonary Aid: Aralia californica
Smoking Tools: Phragmites australis Respiratory Aid: Angelica sp., Artemisia furcata, Eriodictyon californicum
Sedative: Prunus virginiana
Maricopa & Mohave
Snakebite Remedy: Angelica sp.
Food
Stimulant: Umbellularia californica
Fruit: Ziziphus obtusifolia
Throat Aid: Clematis ligusticifolia
Mendocino Indian Tonic: Prunus virginiana
Drug Toothache Remedy: Aesculus californica, Eschscholzia californica, Phoraden
Abortifacient: Phoradendron leucarpum dron leucarpum
Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Angelica sp., Artemisia furcata, Eschscholzia Tuberculosis Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Alnus rhombifolia, Aralia californi
californica, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Umbellularia californica, Wyethia longi- ca, Eschscholzia californica
caulis, Zigadenus venenosus Urinary Aid: Marah oreganus
Antidiarrheal: Alnus rhombifolia, Artemisia furcata, Prunus virginiana, Rubus Venereal Aid: Helenium puberulum, Marah oreganus
vitifolius, Salix lasiolepis Veterinary Aid: Aesculus californica, Populus fremontii, Pteridium aquilinum,
Antidote: Artemisia furcata Sambucus cerulea
Antihemorrhagic: Alnus rhombifolia Food
Antirheumatic (External): Anthemis cotula, Artemisia furcata, Marah oreganus, Beverage: Arctostaphylos manzanita, A. tomentosa
Umbellularia californica, Wyethia longicaulis, Zigadenus venenosus Bread & Cake: Boisduvalia densiflora, Quercus douglasii, Q. garryana, Q. kellog-
Blood Medicine: Alnus rhombifolia, Grindelia sp., Mahonia repens, Monardella gii, Q. lobata, Umbellularia californica
villosa, Satureja douglasii Cooking Agent: Madia sativa
Burn Dressing: Alnus rhombifolia, Pinus sabiniana, Wyethia longicaulis Dried Food: Juniperus californica, Prunus subcordata, Rubus leucodermis, R.
Cathartic: Frangula californica, Pinus lambertiana vitifolius, Sambucus cerulea
Cold Remedy: Angelica sp., Anthemis cotula, Aralia californica, Artemisia furca Fodder: Hordeum marinum, Lathyrus jepsonii, Leymus triticoides, Plantago
ta, Clematis ligusticifolia, Eriodictyon californicum, Grindelia sp., lanceolata, Vicia americana
Lithophragma affine Forage: Aesculus californica, Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos manzanita, As
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Asclepias eriocarpa, Chlorogalum clepias eriocarpa, Brodiaea coronaria, Carex vicaria, Ceanothus cuneatus, Cro-
pomeridianum, Eschscholzia californica, Marah oreganus, Mentzelia laevi- ton setigerus, Equisetum variegatum, Juncus effusus, Lupinus luteolus, Medi-
caulis, Pinus sabiniana, Polygonum aviculare, Populus fremontii, Salix lasi cago polymorpha, Nuphar lutea, Orthocarpus lithospermoides, Pedicularis
olepis, Sambucus cerulea, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Umbellularia califor densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Trifolium sp.
698 Mendocino Indian

Fruit: Aesculus californica, Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos manzanita, macrostachya, Iris douglasiana, Marah oreganus, Taxus brevifolia
Fragaria vesca, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Prunus subcordata, Ribes califor- Insecticide: Pogogyne douglasii, Umbellularia californica
nicum, R. divaricatum, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. vitifolius, Sam- Musical Instrument: Pinus sabiniana, Sambucus cerulea
bucus cerulea, Solarium nigrum, Taxus brevifolia Paint: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Pie & Pudding: Sambucus cerulea Smoke Plant: Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Salix lasiolepis
Porridge: Rumex crispus Stable Gear: Arbutus menziesii
Preserves: Prunus uirginiana, Sambucus cerulea, Vitis californica Tools: Aesculus californica, Arbutus menziesii, Cercocarpus montanus, Fraxinus
Sauce & Relish: Armoracia rusticana, Umbellularia californica latifolia
Soup: Quercus douglasii, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii Toys & Games: Sambucus cerulea
Spice: Perideridia kelloggii Walking Sticks: Fraxinus latifolia
Staple: Amaranthus retroflexus,Avenafatua, Boisduvalia densiflora, Bromus Weapon: Cercocarpus montanus
marginatus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Clarkia purpurea, Hemizonia luzulifo-
lia, Hordeum murinum, Layia platyglossa, Leymus triticoides, Madia gracilis, Menominee
Perideridia kelloggii, Plagiobothrys fulvus, Ranunculus occidentalis, Thysano- Drug
carpus curvipes, Trifolium bifldum, T. dichotomum, Wyethia longicaulis Abortifacient: Acorus calamus, Artemisia campestris, Quercus ellipsoidalis, Q.
Starvation Food: Pinus sabiniana macrocarpa, Sanguinaria canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Trillium grandiflo-
Substitution Food: Grindeliasp., Microseris laciniata, Mimulus guttatus, rum

Monardella villosa, Satureja douglasii Adjuvant: Abies balsamea, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Chimaphila umbellata,
Unspecified: Allium bolanderi,A. unifolium, Amsinckia lycopsoides, Angelica Comptonia peregrina, Corylus americana, Fraxinus nigra, Ptelea trifoliata,
sp., Arctostaphylos manzanita, Brodiaea coronaria, Calochortus pulchellus, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rubus idaeus, Sanguinaria canadensis, Symplocarpus
C. tolmiei, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Claytonia foetidus, Taenidia integerrima, Thuja occidentalis, Zanthoxylum americanum
perfoliata, Dichelostemma pulchellum, Eriogonum latifolium, Helenium pu- Alterative: Alnus incana, Helenium autumnale
berulum, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Lomatium utriculatum, Lonicera interrup- Analgesic: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Angelica atropurpurea, Aralia race-
ta, Microseris laciniata, Nuphar lutea, Pedicularis densiflora, Perideridia kel mosa, Echinocystis lobata, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Helenium autumnale,
loggii, Pinus lambertiana, Plagiobothrysfulvus, Sanicula tuberosa, Torreya Heuchera americana, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Pinus strobus, Polygona-
californica, Trifolium bifldum, T. cyathiferum, T. dichotomum, T.fucatum, tum biflorum, Solidago flexicaulis, Symplocarpus foetidus, Trillium grandiflo-
T. obtusiflorum, T. sp., T. wormskioldii, Triteleia hyacinthina, T peduncularis, rum, Tsuga canadensis, Valeriana edulis, V uliginosa, Viburnum acerifolium,
Typha latifolia, Umbellularia californica, Wyethia longicaulis Zanthoxylum americanum
Vegetable: Brassica rapa, Chenopodium album, Claytonia perfoliata, Eschschol- Anthelmintic: Apocynum cannabinum, Valeriana edulis
zia californica, Heracleum maximum, Lupinus affinis, L luteolus, Platyste- Antlconvulsive: Symplocarpusfoetidus
mon californicus, Rumex crispus, Trifolium variegatum, Vicia americana Antidiarrheal: Adiantum pedatum, Betula papyrifera, Cornus alternifolia, C.
Winter Use Food: Arctostaphylos manzanita, Rubus leucodermis amomum, Geranium maculatum, Hepatica nobilis, Heuchera americana, Hy
Fiber drophyllum virginianum, Prunella vulgaris, Prunus virginiana, Rubus cana
Basketry: Calycanthus occidentalis, Carexsp., Cercis canadensis, Juncus effusus, densis, Salix humilis
lonicera interrupta, Pteridium aquilinum, Toxicodendron diversilobum Antidote: Clintonia borealis, Sambucus racemosa, Sisyrinchium albidum
Brushes & Brooms: Perideridia kelloggii Antihemorrhagic: Polygonum pensylvanicum
Building Material: Arbutus menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Sequoia sempervirens Antirheumatic (External): Taxus canadensis, Zanthoxylum americanum
Canoe Material: Sequoia sempervirens Antirheumatic (Internal): Gaultheria procumbens
Clothing: Apocynum cannabinum Blood Medicine: Aralia racemosa, Chimaphila umbellata, Diervilla lonicera
Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum, Carexsp., Cercis canadensis, Hoita macro- Burn Dressing: Plantago rugelii
stachya, Juncus ejfusus, Salix lasiolepis Cancer Treatment: Cornus alternifolia
Furniture: Philadelphus lewisii Cathartic: Acorus calamus, Juglans cinerea, Sambucus racemosa, Ulmus rubra,
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Typha latifolia Valeriana uliginosa, Veronkastrum virginicum
Scouring Material: Equisetum variegatum Ceremonial Medicine: Cornus amomum, Hamamelis virginiana, Veronkas
Sewing Material: Apocynum cannabinum trum virginicum
Dye Cold Remedy: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Alnus incana, Helenium au
Red: Plagiobothrys fulvus tumnale, Populus balsamifera, Tsuga canadensis, Zanthoxylum americanum
Unspecified: Alnus rhombifolia Cough Medicine: Ceanothus americanus, Rhus hirta
Other Dermatological Aid: Abies balsamea, Achillea millefolium, Alnus incana, Anem
Cooking Tools: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Toxicodendron diversilobum one virginiana, Angelica atropurpurea, Aralia nudicaulis, A. racemosa, Arcti-
Decorations: Arbutus menziesii, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Dodecatheon um lappa, Asclepias tuberosa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Castilleja sessiliflora,
hendersonii, Pinus sabiniana, Toxicodendron diversilobum Epilobium angustifolium, Hierochloe odorata, Lactuca canadensis, Larix lar-
Fasteners: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Pinus ponderosa icina, Lepidium virginicum, Lilium philadelphicum, Nuphar lutea, Petasites
Fuel: Alnus rhombifolia, Arctostaphylos manzanita, Crataegus rivularis, Pinus frigidus, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus, Plantago rugelii, Populus balsamifera,
ponderosa, Populusfremontii, Sambucus cerulea Prunus virginiana, Rhus hirta, Sanguinaria canadensis, Symplocarpusfoeti
Good Luck Charm: Angelica sp., Daucus pusillus, Sanicula crassicaulis, Vicia dus, Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis, Ulmus rubra, Uvularia grandiflo-
americana ra, Valeriana edulis, V uliginosa, Zanthoxylum americanum
Hunting & Fishing Item: Alnus rhombifolia, Amelanchier alnifolia, Apocynum Diaphoretic: Nepeta cataria, Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis
cannabinum, Baccharis pilularis, Ceanothus cuneatus, Cercocarpus monta- Dietary Aid: Osmorhiza claytonii
nus, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Croton setigerus, Datisca glomerata, Hoita Disinfectant: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Trillium grandiflorum
 Index of Tribes 699

Diuretic: Cucurbita pepo, Diervilla lonicera, Dirca palustris, Trillium grandi- Venereal Aid: Lonicera canadensis
florum Veterinary Aid: Alnus incana, Larix laricina, Lupinus perennis, Pedicularis
Emetic: Sambucus mcemosa, Veronicastrum virginicum canadensis, Prunus virginiana, Sisyrinchium albidum
Eye Medicine: Arisaema triphyllum, Osmorhiza claytonii, Quercus velutina, Witchcraft Medicine: Arisaema triphyllum, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Hera
Rubus allegheniensis, Trillium grandiflorum, Vitis vulpina cleum maximum, Lupinus perennis, Sanicula marilandica, S. odorata, Sar-
Febrifuge: Achillea millefolium, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Leucanthemum vul- racenia purpurea, Sisyrinchium albidum, Symplocarpus foetidus
gare, Mentha canadensis, Sambucus canadensis Food
Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Aralia racemosa, Asarum canadense, Car- Beverage: Ceanothus americanus, Prunus virginiana, Quercus ellipsoidalis,
damine maxima, Ceanothus americanus, Heuchera americana, Rhus hirta, Rhus hirta, Zea mays
Rosa Carolina, Salix humilis, Tsuga canadensis, Viburnum acerifolium Dried Food: Vitis vulpina
Gynecological Aid: Adiantum pedatum, Arisaema dracontium, Caulophyllum Fruit: Fragaria virginiana, Podophyllum peltatum, Prunus pumila, P. serotina,
thalictroides, Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia peregrina, Cypripedium pu- P. virginiana, Ribes cynosbati, Rubus allegheniensis, R. idaeus, R. occidentalis,
bescens, Equisetum hyemale, Eupatorium purpureum, Hepatica nobilis, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Viburnum lentago,V.opulus, Vitis vulpina
Mitchella repens, Osmunda cinnamomea, Physocarpus opulifolius, Polygonum Pie & Pudding: Quercus alba, Rubus allegheniensis
pensylvanicum, Pteridium aquilinum, Rhus hirta, Sisyrinchium atlanticum Porridge: Quercus alba
Hallucinogen: Cypripedium pubescens Preserves: Podophyllum peltatum, Prunus pumila, Ribes cynosbati, Vitis vulpina
Heart Medicine: Liatris spicata, Symplocarpus foetidus Soup: Asclepias incarnata, Osmunda cinnamomea
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Cornus alternifolia, Rhus hirta Special Foods: Zea mays
Hemostat: Equisetum sylvaticum, Solidago flexicaulis, Symplocarpus foetidus, Staple: Phaseolus vulgaris, Quercus alba, Zea mays, Zizania aquatica
Valeriana edulis Starvation Food: Celastrus scandens
Herbal Steam: Maianthemum racemosum, Taxus canadensis, Tsuga canadensis Substitution Food: Ceanothus americanus, Zea mays
Hunting Medicine: Heracleum maximum, Panax quinquefolius, Valeriana ulig- Sweetener: Acer saccharum
inosa Unspecified: Allium canadense, Aralia racemosa, Asclepias incarnata, Corylus
Internal Medicine: Picea glauca americana, Jugla?is cinerea
Kidney Aid: Dirca palustris, Equisetum hyemale, E. sylvaticum, Galium triflo- Vegetable: Apios americana, Caltha palustris, Cardamine maxima, Hydrophyl-
rum, Hypericum ascyron lum virginianum, Nupharlutea, Solanum tuberosum, Taraxacum officinale,
Laxative: Veronicastrum virginicum Zea mays
Love Medicine: Castilleja coccinea, Dicentra cucullaria, Echinocystis lobata, Winter Use Food: Allium tricoccum, Amelanchier canadensis, A. laevis, A. san-
Pedicularis canadensis guinea, Apios americana, Asclepias incarnata, Corylus americana, Cucurbita
Oral Aid: Coptis trifolia pepo, Fagus grandifolia, Rhus hirta, Ribes cynosbati, Rubus allegheniensis,
Orthopedic Aid: Asclepias tuberosa, Hamamelis virginiana Sagittaria cuneata, Vaccinium angustifolium, Zea mays
Other: Hamamelis virginiana, Larix laricina, Zanthoxylum americanum Fiber
Panacea: Echinocystis lobata, Ligusticum fllicinum, Ptelea trifoliata Basketry: Hierochloe odorata, Laportea canadensis, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia
Pediatric Aid: Achillea millefolium, Coptis trifolia, Monardaflstulosa, Prunella americana, Ulmus rubra, Urtica dioica
vulgaris, Prunus virginiana, Symplocarpus foetidus Building Material: Scirpus tabernaemontani
Poison: Comptonia peregrina Caulking Material: Typha latifolia
Psychological Aid: Diervilla lonicera, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Panax quin Cordage: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Asclepias syriaca, Dirca palustris, Tilia
quefolius, Valeriana uliginosa americana
Pulmonary Aid: Abies balsamea, Aralia nudicaulis, Asclepias syriaca, Hyperi Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Scirpus tabernaemontani, Tilia americana, Typha latifo
cum ascyron, Mentha arvensis, M. xpiperita, Nepeta cataria, Prunus virgini- lia, Ulmus rubra
ana, Rhus hirta, Taenidia integerrima, Valeriana uliginosa, Verbascum thap- Scouring Material: Equisetum hyemale
sus, Zanthoxylum americanum Sewing Material: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Asclepias syriaca, Hierochloe
Respiratory Aid: Maianthemum racemosum, Monardaflstulosa, Taenidia inte odorata, Pinus banksiana
gerrima Snow Gear: Tilia americana, Ulmus rubra
Sedative: Lithospermum canescens, Mitchella repens, Nepeta cataria, Valeriana Dye
uliginosa, Zanthoxylum americanum Black: Juglans cinerea
Snakebite Remedy: Carex plantaginea Brown: Juglans cinerea
Stimulant: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Polygonatum biflorum, Thuja occidentalis Orange-Red: Sanguinaria canadensis
Throat Aid: Coptis trifolia, Valeriana uliginosa Orange-Yellow: Impatiens capensis
Tonic: Asclepias tuberosa, Betula papyrifera, Comptonia peregrina, Echinocystis Red: Ranunculus recurvatus, Sanguinaria canadensis, Tsuga canadensis
lobata, Panax quinquefolius, Salix humilis Red-Brown: Alnus incana
Toothache Remedy: Coptis trifolia Yellow: Oxalis corniculata, 0. montana, O. stricta, Rhus hirta
Tuberculosis Remedy: Arctium lappa, Hypericum ascyron, Rhus hirta, Rubus Other
occidentalis Designs: Acer spicatum
Unspecified: Abies balsamea, Fagus grandifolia, Menyanthes trifoliata, Myrio- Good Luck Charm: Valeriana uliginosa
phyllum spicatum, Osmunda regalis, Pinus banksiana, Quercus alba, Rubus Hunting & Fishing Item: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Asclepias syriaca, Fraxi-
allegheniensis, Salix bebbiana, Saxifraga pensylvanica, Silene noctiflora, Soli nus nigra, Krigia biflora, Osmunda cinnamomea, Panax quinquefolius, Tilia
dago gigantea americana, Ulmus rubra
Urinary Aid: Cypripedium acaule, Eupatorium purpureum, Lonicera canaden Insecticide: Podophyllum peltatum
sis, Verbena hastata Protection: Heracleum maximum, Panax quinquefolius, Thuja occidentalis
700 Menominee

Sacred Items: Arisaema dracontium, Hierochloe odorata, Lithospermum Diaphoretic: Ageratina altissima, Conyza canadensis
canescens, Mitella diphylla Dietary Aid: Osmorhiza longistylis, Platanus occidentalis, Rhusglabra
Smoke Plant: Cornus alternifolia, C. amomum, Verbascum thapsus Diuretic: Agastache scrophulariifolia, Asclepias incarnata, Carya cordiformis,
Toys & Games: Sambucus canadensis Laportea canadensis, Plantago major, Polemonium reptans, Sambucus cana
densis, Tradescantia occidentalis
Meskwaki Ear Medicine: Asarum canadense
Drug Emetic: Acer negundo, Asclepias incarnata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Galium
Adjuvant: Aralia racemosa, Asarum canadense, Cirsium vulgare, Desmodium aparine, Podophyllum peltatum, Silphium laciniatum, Stachys tenuifolia, Tri-
illinoense, Juniperus virginiana, Panax quinquefolius, Ptelea trifoliata, Rubus odanis perfoliata
idaeus, Sanguinaria canadensis, Taenidia integerrima Expectorant: Zanthoxylum americanum
Alterative: Pycnanthemum virginianum Eye Medicine: Anemone canadensis, A. cylindrica, Euonymus atropurpurea,
Analgesic: Acorus calamus, Actaea pachypoda, Anemone cylindrica, Arctium Hepatica nobilis, Osmorhiza longistylis, Rubus allegheniensis, Ulmus ameri
minus, Asarum canadense, Athyriumfllix-femina, Celastrus scandens, Cirsi cana

um discolor, Comandra umbellata, Coreopsis tripteris, Cornus racemosa, Febrifuge: Achillea millefolium, Gleditsia triacanthos, Pycnanthemum virgini
Crataegus calpodendron, Dioscorea villosa, Echinacea angustifolia, Echino- anum, Zizia aurea
cystis lobata, Erigeron philadelphicus, Geranium maculatum, Heracleum Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Aquilegia canadensis, Asarum canadense,
maximum, Lycopus americanus, Monarda punctata, Platanus occidentalis, Ceanothus americanus, Cirsium discolor, Echinacea angustifolia, Helenium
Sanguinaria canadensis, Silphium integrifolium, Sisyrinchium campestre, autumnale, Heracleum maximum, Lycopus americanus, Monarda punctata,
Triosteum perfoliatum, Viburnum opulus, Vitis vulpina, Zizia aurea Plantago major, Prunus virginiana, Rosa blanda, Rubus allegheniensis
Anthelmintic: Amorpha canescens, Asclepias incarnata, Eupatorium perfolia Gynecological Aid: Actaea pachypoda, Antennaria plantaginifolia, Apocynum
tum, Euphorbia corollata, Lonicera dioica, Quercus macrocarpa, Rhus hirta, androsaemifolium, Aralia racemosa, Arctium minus, Athyriumfilix-femina,
Ribes americanum Caulophyllum thalictroides, Celastrus scandens, Cucurbita pepo, Dioscorea
Anticonvulsive: Echinacea angustifolia, Maianthemum racemosum, Veronicas- villosa, Gentiana andrewsii, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Lactuca sativa, Napaea dioica,
trum virginicum Polygonum amphibium, Polytaenia nuttallii, Ribes cynosbati, Sambucus
Antidiarrheal: Agalinis tenuifolia, Aquilegia canadensis, Ceanothus america canadensis, Silphium perfoliatum, Sisyrinchium campestre, Symphoricarpos
nus, Cornus racemosa, Dalea purpurea, Geranium maculatum, Parthenocis- occidentalis, Ulmus rubra, Verbena urticifolia, Veronicastrum virginicum
sus quinquefolia, Polygonum amphibium, P pensylvanicum, Polytaenia nut- Heart Medicine: Filipendula rubra, Polygala senega
tallii, Quercus alba, Salix humilis, Scutellaria parvula, Spiraea salicifolia Hemorrhoid Remedy: Baptisia alba, Geranium maculatum, Napaea dioica,
Antidote: Asarum canadense, Eryngium yuccifolium, Lespedeza capitata, Rubus Polygonum pensylvanicum, Prunus virginiana, Rosa blanda
allegheniensis, Rumex orbiculatus, Vitis vulpina Hemostat: Agrimonia gryposepala, Gentianella quinquefolia, Platanus occiden
Antiemetic: Prunus nigra, Silphium perfoliatum talis, Ranunculus abortivus, Salix humilis, Sanicula odorata, Valeriana edulis,
Antihemorrhagic: Alnus incana, Coreopsis tripteris Zanthoxylum americanum
Antirheumatic (Internal): Euphorbia corollata, Podophyllum peltatum Herbal Steam: Aster ericoides, A. laevis,A. lateriflorus, Silphium integrifolium
Blood Medicine: Phlox pilosa, Platanus occidentalis Hunting Medicine: Asarum canadense, Napaea dioica
Burn Dressing: Acorus calamus, Anemone cylindrica, Aralia nudicaulis, Arte Internal Medicine: Pedicularis canadensis
misia campestris, Geranium maculatum, Helianthus grosseserratus, Iris versi- Kidney Aid: Apocynum androsaemifolium, A. cannabinum, Baptisia alba, Gali
color, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Plantago major, Sanguinaria canadensis, Solidago um concinnum, Liatris scariosa, Silphium integrifolium, Veronicastrum virgi
speciosa nicum, Zanthoxylum americanum
Cancer Treatment: Crepis runcinata, Pedicularis canadensis Laxative: Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus nigra, Maianthemum racemosum, Pedi-
Carminative: Asclepias incarnata omelum argophyllum, Rhamnus alnifolia, Salix humilis, Veronicastrum vir
Cathartic: Acorus calamus, Asclepias incarnata, Euphorbia corollata, Juglans ginicum
cinema, J. nigra, Podophyllum peltatum, Polemonium reptans, Sambucus ca Love Medicine: Aquilegia canadensis, Cypripedium acaule, Eupatorium purpu-
nadensis, Triosteum perfoliatum reum, Filipendula rubra, lodanthus pinnatifldus, Lobelia cardinalis, L siphi-
Ceremonial Medicine: Aquilegia canadensis, Arisaema triphyllum, Eryngium litica, Panax quinquefolius, Pedicularis canadensis, Phlox pilosa, Thalictrum
yuccifolium, Maianthemum racemosum, Staphylea trifolia dasycarpum
Cold Remedy: Brassica nigra, Comandra umbellata, Erigeron philadelphicus, Misc. Disease Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Apocynum cannabinum, Dalea
Gleditsia triacanthos, Helenium autumnale, Iris versicolor, Monarda fistulosa, purpurea, Galium concinnum, Gleditsia triacanthos, Heracleum maximum,
M. punctata, Physostegia parviflora, Platanus occidentalis, Populus tremuloi- Maianthemum racemosum, Malus ioensis, Platanus occidentalis, Pycnanthe
des, Ranunculus flabellaris, Stachys tenuifolia mum virginianum, Veronicastrum virginicum
Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus, Campanulastrum americanum, Penthorum Oral Aid: Cornus racemosa, Geranium maculatum, Polygonum amphibium,
sedoides, Populus tremuloides, Zanthoxylum americanum Prunus americana
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Amorpha canescens, Aralia nudicau Orthopedic Aid: Coreopsis palmata, Silphium integrifolium
lis, Artemisia ludoviciana, Baptisia alba, Ceanothus americanus, Chenopodi- Other: Hepatica nobilis, Juniperus virginiana
um album, Crepis runcinata, Euonymus atropurpurea, Fraxinus americana, Panacea: Apocynum cannabinum, Carya cordiformis, Clematis viorna, Echino-
Helianthus decapetalus, Heracleum maximum, Heuchera americana, Impa- cystis lobata, Fraxinus nigra, Heuchera americana, Morus rubra, Osmorhiza
tiens capensis, Iris versicolor, Liatris punctata, Napaea dioica, Pedicularis ca longistylis, Panax quinquefolius
nadensis, Phlox pilosa, Plantago major, Platanus occidentalis, Prunus virgini Pediatric Aid: Adiantum pedatum, Alnus incana, Cornus racemosa, Maianthe
ana, Rhusglabra, Rosa blanda, Sanicula odorata, Silene stellata, Solidago rigi- mum racemosum, Panax quinquefolius, Polygonum amphibium, Populus
da, Symplocarpusfoetidus, Tilia americana, Toxicodendron pubescens, Trios tremuloides, Triosteum perfoliatum
teum perfoliatum, Typha latifolia, Ulmus rubra Poison: Arisaema triphyllum, Helenium autumnale
 Index of Tribes 701

Poultice: Iodanthus pinnatifldus Gymnocladus dioicus, Juglans nigra, Nelumbo lutea, Zea mays, Zizania
Psychological Aid: Ambrosia trifida, Anemone cylindrica, Aster lateriflorus, aquatica
Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Gymnocladus dioicus, Maianthemum racemo- Vegetable: Apios americana, Asclepias syriaca, Heracleum maximum, Lilium
sum, Solidago canadensis, Tradescantia occidentalis, Vitis vulpina philadelphicum, Solanum tuberosum, Taraxacum offlcinale
Pulmonary Aid: Asarum canadense, Comandra umbellata, Helianthus strumo- Winter Use Food: Allium canadense, Apios americana, Asclepias syriaca, Carya
sus, Heliopsis helianthoides, Iris versicolor, Platanus occidentalis, Ptelea trifo- ovata, Corylus americana, Cucurbita pepo, Juglans cinerea, Malus ioensis, Ne
liata, Quercus alba, Q. velutina, Sambuciis canadensis, Taraxacum offlcinale, lumbo lutea, Rubus allegheniensis, R. occidentalis, Sagittaria latifolia, Zea mays
Tilia americana Fiber
Respiratory Aid: Anemone virginiana, Baptisia alba, Comandra umbellata, Basketry: Corylus americana, Fraxinus americana, F. nigra, Tilia americana
Erigeron philadelphicus, Helenium autumnale, Monarda punctata, Ranuncu Brushes & Brooms: Corylus americana
lusflabellaris, Sisyrinchium campestre Building Material: Betula papyrifera, Typha latifolia, Ulmus rubra
Sedative: Arisaema triphyllum, Humulus lupulus, Maianthemum racemosum, Canoe Material: Betula papyrifera
Prunus virginiana Caulking Material: Typha latifolia
Snakebite Remedy: Arisaema triphyllum, Baptisia alba, Ceanothus americanus, Clothing: Tilia americana
Eryngium yuccifolium, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Fraxinus americana, Genti- Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias syriaca, Laportea canadensis, Tilia
ana andrewsii, Hypericum ascyron, Juglans nigra, Triosteum perfoliatum americana
Stimulant: Actaea pachypoda, Ageratina altissima, Anemone cylindrica, A. virgi Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Scirpus tabernaemontani, Tilia americana, Typha
niana, Aralia nudicaulis, Aster ericoides, A. laevis, A. novae-angliae, A. praeal- latifolia
tus, Cornus racemosa, Crataegus calpodendron, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Scouring Material: Equisetum hyemale
Juniperus virginiana, Maianthemum racemosum, Monarda punctata, Physa- Sewing Material: Apocynum androsaemifolium, A. cannabinum
lis virginiana, Polygonatum biflorum, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Solidago Dye
ulmifolia, Verbena urticifolia, Veronicastrum virginicum Black: Juglans nigra
Strengthener: Zanthoxylum americanum Orange: Oxalis stricta
Throat Aid: Artemisia ludoviciana, Asarum canadense, Senna marilandica Red: Sanguinaria canadensis
Tonic: Gleditsia triacanthos Yellow: Rhus glabra
Toothache Remedy: Geranium maculatum, Symplocarpus foetidus, Zanthoxy Other
lum americanum Ceremonial Items: Lobelia cardinalis
Tuberculosis Remedy: Acorus calamus, Artemisia ludoviciana, Campanulas- Designs: Acer saccharum
trum americanum, Cornus racemosa, Hypericum ascyron, Zanthoxylum Hunting & Fishing Item: Fraxinus nigra, Lathyrus palustris, Pycnanthemum
americanum virginianum, Tilia americana
Unspecified: Agastache scrophulariifolia, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Hypericum Incense & Fragrance: Aquilegia canadensis
punctatum, Physalis heterophylla, Salix Candida, Scrophularia marilandica, Insecticide: Artemisia ludoviciana, Sambucus canadensis
Symplocarpus foetidus Sacred Items: Staphylea trifolia
Urinary Aid: Actaea pachypoda, Aquilegia canadensis, Caulophyllum thalictro- Smoke Plant: Cornus racemosa, Triodanis perfoliata
ides, Crataegus calpodendron, Diervilla lonicera, Eryngium yuccifolium, Gali- Toys & Games: Sambucus canadensis
um concinnum, Laportea canadensis, Liatris punctata, L scariosa, Mirabilis
nyctaginea, Silphium integrifolium Mewuk
Venereal Aid: Diervilla lonicera, Equisetum hyemale, Liatris punctata Drug
Veterinary Aid: Artemisia ludoviciana, Celtis occidentalis, Liatris punctata, Antidote: Angelica tomentosa
Maianthemum racemosum, Osmorhiza longistylis Antiemetic: Dryopteris arguta
Food Antihemorrhagic: Dryopteris arguta
Beverage: Ceanothus americanus, Gymnocladus dioicus, Prunus virginiana, Antirheumatic (External): Heracleum maximum
Quercus alba, Rhus glabra, Rubus occidentalis Blood Medicine: Grindelia camporum
Dessert: Ribes cynosbati, Vitis vulpina Cathartic: Artemisia ludoviciana, Frangula californica
Fodder: Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale Dermatological Aid: Achillea sp., Artemisia ludoviciana
Forage: Sagittaria latifolia Disinfectant: Artemisia ludoviciana
Fruit: Crataegus calpodendron, Physalis heterophylla, P. virginiana, Podophyl- Febrifuge: Salix lasiolepis
lum peltatum, Prunus americana, P. nigra, P. virginiana, Ribes americanum, Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea sp., Artemisia ludoviciana
Rubus allegheniensis, R. occidentalis, Sambucus canadensis, Smilax herbacea, Misc. Disease Remedy: Heracleum maximum, Salix lasiolepis
Viburnum prunifolium Other: Artemisia ludoviciana
Pie & Pudding: Rubus allegheniensis Panacea: Artemisia ludoviciana
Porridge: Celtis occidentalis, Quercus alba Poison: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Preserves: Fragaria virginiana, Malus ioensis, Podophyllum peltatum, Prunus Pulmonary Aid: Achillea sp.
americana, P. nigra, Rubus allegheniensis, Sambucus canadensis, Viburnum Unspecified: Artemisia ludoviciana, Sambucus cerulea
prunifolium Veterinary Aid: Artemisia ludoviciana
Soup: Asclepias syriaca Food
Sour: Oxalis stricta Beverage: Arctostaphylos viscida
Spice: Allium canadense, Asarum canadense Bread & Cake: Quercus kelloggii
Sweetener: Acer saccharum Fruit: Arctostaphylos viscida
Unspecified: Amphicarpaea bracteata, Citrullus lanatus, Corylus americana, Porridge: Quercus kelloggii
702 Mewuk

Staple: Madia elegans Diaphoretic: Achillea millefolium

Unspecified: Angelica tomentosa, Heracleum maximum, Pinus sabiniana, Dietary Aid: Populus tremuloides, Quercus alba, Rhus hirta, Salix cordata
Quercus kelloggii Diuretic: Larix americana, Ledum groenlandicum, Polypodium virginianum
Fiber Ear Medicine: Nicotiana tabacum, Rhus glabra
Basketry: Ceanothus cuneatus, C. integerrimus, Cercis canadensis, Cladium Emetic: Betula populifolia, Euphorbia corollata, Sambucus canadensis, S. race
mariscus, Philadelphus lewisii, Pinus sabiniana, Pteridium aquilinum, Quer mosa, Sorbus americana
cus kelloggii, Rhus trilobata Eye Medicine: Acer spicatum, Aralia racemosa, Cornus sericea
Building Material: Abies concolor, Epilobium sp., Libocedrus sp., Pinus pondero- Febrifuge: Alnus sp., Ilex aquifolium, Lilium philadelphicum, Lycopodium sp.,
sa, Umbellularia sp. Rubus chamaemorus, R. hispidus, Taxus canadensis
Caulking Material: Chlorogalum pomeridianum Gastrointestinal Aid: Abies balsamea, Aletris farinosa, Asarum canadense, Chi
Other maphila umbellata, Picea glauca, Sorbus americana, Taxus canadensis, Tsuga
Cooking Tools: Ceanothus sp., Libocedrus sp. canadensis
Decorations: Artemisia ludoviciana Gland Medicine: Nymphaea odorata
Fasteners: Chlorogalum sp. Gynecological Aid: Aralia racemosa, Fraxinus americana, Heracleum spho-
Fuel: Ceanothus cuneatus ndylium, Leonurus cardiaca, Sanicula marilandica, Sorbus americana, Taxus
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuate N. quadrivalvis canadensis, Viburnum prunifolium
Tools: Aesculus sp., Ceanothus cuneatus, C. integerrimus, Quercus kelloggii Heart Medicine: Inula helenium
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Quercus alba
Micmac Hemostat: Alnus sp., Nicotiana tabacum, Phytolacca americana, Pinus strobus,
Drug Salix lucida, Sanguinaria canadensis
Abortifacient: Aletris farinosa, Fragaria virginiana, Lilium canadense, Rubus Kidney Aid: Acer pensylvanicum, Aralia racemosa, Baptisia tinctoria, Chima
pubescens, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sanicula marilandica, Viburnum lentago phila umbellata, Cimicifuga racemosa, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Galium
Analgesic: Alnus sp., Aralia racemosa, Asarum canadense, Comptonia peregrina, aparine, Ledum groenlandicum, Pinus strobus, Pyrola asarifolia, Sanicula
Cornus sericea, Inula helenium, Kalmia angustifolia, Myrica cerifera, Ranun marilandica, Sarracenia purpurea, Streptopus amplexifolius, Tanacetum vul
culus acris, Sanicula marilandica, Sorbus americana, Symplocarpus foetidus, gare, Tsuga canadensis
Taxus canadensis, Thuja occidentalis Laxative: Abies balsamea
Anthelmintic: Apocynum cannabinum, Tilia americana Liver Aid: Impatiens capensis
Anticonvulsive: Aristolochia serpentaria, Cornus canadensis Love Medicine: Sanguinaria canadensis
Antidiarrheal: Abies balsamea, Geum rivale, Prunus virginiana, Quercus rubra, Misc. Disease Remedy: Acer pensylvanicum, Acorus calamus, Alnus sp., Brassica
Rubus fruticosus, Tiarella cordifolia, Tsuga canadensis napus, Chimaphila umbellata, Heracleum maximum, Iris versicolor, Ledum
Antiemetic: Alnus sp., Mentha canadensis, Solanum dulcamara groenlandicum, Nymphaea odorata, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus, Prunus pen
Antihemorrhagic: Acer pensylvanicum, Aralia racemosa, Baptisia tinctoria, Gal- sylvanica, P. serotina, Sarracenia purpurea, Taxus canadensis, Tsuga canaden
him aparine, Pyrola asarifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, Streptopus amplexifolius sis, Viburnum opulus
Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Myrica cerifera Oral Aid: Alnus incana, Berberis vulgaris, Coptis trifolia
Antirheumatic (Internal): Alnus sp., Chimaphila umbellata, Juniperus commu- Orthopedic Aid: Abies balsamea, Acer pensylvanicum, Achillea millefolium,
nis, Sanicula marilandica Alnus sp., Arisaema triphyllum, Comptonia peregrina, Juniperus communis,
Blood Medicine: Chimaphila umbellata, Panax quinquefolius, Taxus canadensis Kalmia angustifolia, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea odorata, Salix nigra, Thuja
Burn Dressing: Abies balsamea, Thuja occidentalis occidentalis
Cathartic: Alnus sp., Daucus carota, Juglans cinerea, Ribes uva-crispa, Rumex Other: Adiantum pedatum, Betula alleghaniensis
crispus, Sambucus canadensis Panacea: Acorus calamus, Iris versicolor, Kalmia angustifolia
Cold Remedy: Abies balsamea, Acer pensylvanicum, Achillea millefolium, Aco- Pediatric Aid: Geum rivale, Mentha canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus
rus calamus, Angelica sylvestris, Aralia racemosa, Brassica napus, Geum rivale, fruticosus
Inula helenium, Larix laricina, Ledum groenlandicum, Nymphaea odorata, Poison: Actaea sp., Kalmia angustifolia
Pinus strobus, Polygala senega, Populus tremuloides, Prunus serotina, Salix Pulmonary Aid: Acorus calamus, Alnus sp., Geum aleppicum, Mentha canaden
cordata, Sanguinaria canadensis, Tsuga canadensis sis, Polypodium virginianum, Sarracenia purpurea, Ulmus rubra
Contraceptive: Chelone glabra, Pontederia cordata, Tanacetum vulgare Respiratory Aid: Comptonia peregrina, Cornus sericea, Ledum groenlandicum,
Cough Medicine: Acer alba, A. pensylvanicum, Acorus calamus, Angelica sylves Salix lucida, Verbascum thapsus
tris, Aralia nudicaulis,A. racemosa, Brassica napus, Geum aleppicum, G. rivale, Sedative: Cardamine diphylla, Cypripedium acaule, Sambucus canadensis
Ilex aquifolium, Lilium philadelphicum, Nymphaea odorata, Picea glauca, Snakebite Remedy: Sanicula marilandica
Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina, Rubus chamaemorus, R. hispidus, Thuja occi Stimulant: Aralia racemosa, Comptonia peregrina, Larix laricina, Myrica ceri
dentalis, Tsuga canadensis fera, Pteridium aquilinum
Dermatological Aid: Abies balsamea, Achillea millefolium, Alnus sp., Aralia Throat Aid: Angelica sylvestris, Aralia racemosa, Berberis vulgaris, Cardamine
racemosa, Arctium lappa, A. minus, Arisaema triphyllum, Betula populifolia, diphylla, Cornus sericea, Iris versicolor, Polystichum acrostichoides, Rhexia
Chimaphila umbellata, Comptonia peregrina, Hydrastis canadensis, Iris versi- virginica, Rhus hirta, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sarracenia purpurea, Scirpus
color, Juniperus communis, Kalmia angustifolia, Larix americana, L laricina, microcarpus
Lilium philadelphicum, Maianthemum racemosum, Myrica cerifera, Nuphar Tonic: Aletris farinosa, Asarum canadense, Cardamine diphylla, Juniperus com
lutea, Nymphaea odorata, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus, Populus balsamifera, munis, Ledum groenlandicum, Prunus serotina
Prunus pensylvanica, Salix cordata, S. nigra, Sanguinaria canadensis, Scirpus Toothache Remedy: Thuja occidentalis
microcarpus, Sedum telephium, Sorbus americana, Tilia americana, Tsuga Tuberculosis Remedy: Aralia racemosa, Chimaphila umbellata, Ilex aquifolium,
canadensis, Typha latifolia, Ulmus rubra, Verbascum thapsus Juniperus communis, Larix laricina, Lilium philadelphicum, Limonium caro-
 Index of Tribes 703

linianum, L vulgare, Prunus serotina, Rubus chamaemorus, R. hispidus, San- Monardella lanceolata, Polygala cornuta, Rosa californica, Trichostema lance-
guinaria canadensis, Sarracenia purpurea, Sinapis alba, Thuja occidentalis olatum, Umbellularia californica, Urtica dioica
Jnspecified: Acorus calamus, Coptis trifolia, Gaultheria hispidula, Heracleum Antidiarrheal: Mentha spicata, Mimulus sp.
sphondylium, Menyanthes trifoliata, Sorbus americana Antihemorrhagic: Epilobium canum, Pellaea mucronata
Urinary Aid: Chimaphila umbellata, Clintonia uniflora, Conioselinum chinense, Antirheumatic (External): Chenopodium ambrosioides, Datiscaglomerata, Eri-
Heracleum sphondylium, Ilex aquifolium, Petroselinum crispum, Platanthera cameria arborescens, Eriodictyon californicum, Eriophyllum lanatum, Gera
dilatata, Rumex crispus, Tsuga canadensis, Typha angustifolia nium oreganum, Gnaphalium viscosum, Malva parviflora, Navarretia cotuli-
Venereal Aid: Abies balsamea, Acer pensylvanicum, Aralia racemosa, Arctium folia, Solidago californica, Urtica dioica
lappa, Baptisia tinctoria, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Fagus grandifolia, Galium Antirheumatic (Internal): Agastache urticifolia, Artemisia douglasiana, A. vul
aparine, Larix laricina, Populus balsamifera, Pyrola asarifolia, Streptopus garis, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Chamaebatiafoliolosa, Cupressussp., Eriodic
amplexifolius tyon californicum, Mahonia pinnata
Food Blood Medicine: Chamaesyce ocellata, Pellaea mucronata
Beverage: Abies balsamea, Acer pensylvanicum, A. sacchamm, Acorus calamus, Burn Dressing: Clematis lasiantha, Pinus sabiniana
Aralia nudicaulis, Ledum groenlandicum, Mitchella repens, Picea glauca, P. Cathartic: Epilobium canum, Frangula rubra
mariana, Pinus strobus, Prunus sp., Tsuga canadensis Ceremonial Medicine: Artemisia douglasiana, A. vulgaris
Sauce & Relish: Acer sacchamm Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Angelica breweri, Aristolochia californica,
Unspecified: Helianthus tuberosus Chamaebatiafoliolosa, Cupressussp., Ericameria cuneata, Eriodictyon cali
Vegetable: Taraxacum offtcinale fornicum, Gnaphalium viscosum, Keckiella breviflora, Monardella lanceolata,
Fiber M. odoratissima, Polygala cornuta, Pycnanthemum californicum, Scutellaria
Basketry: Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Fraxinus nigra, Hierochloe odorata sp., Symphoricarpos albus, Trichostema lanceolatum
Building Material: Betula papyrifera Cough Medicine: Chamaebatiafoliolosa, Eriodictyon californicum, Polygala
Canoe Material: Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis cornuta, Quercus lobata, Q. wislizeni, Scutellaria sp.
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Abies balsamea, Hierochloe odorata, Picea glauca, P. Dermatological Aid: Asclepias speciosa, Chamaesyce serpyllifolia, Chenopodi
mariana um ambrosioides, Clematis lasiantha, Datisca glomerata, Ericameria arbores
Sewing Material: Picea mariana cens, Erigeronfoliosus, Eriodictyon californicum, Grindelia robusta, Hyperi-
Snow Gear: Fagus grandifolia cum concinnum, Mahonia pinnata, Malva parviflora, Phacelia heterophylla,
Dye Pinus sabiniana, Polygonum bistortoides, Quercus lobata, Q. wislizeni, Rumex
Black: Salix sp. conglomerate, Sanicula crassicaulis, Solidago californica, Trichostema lance
Green: Taxus canadensis olatum
Red: Galium tinctorium Diaphoretic: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Wyethia angustifolia
Unspecified: Alnus sp., Tsuga canadensis Dietary Aid: Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos manzanita, A. tomentosa, A.
Other viscida
Containers: Betula papyrifera Emetic: Polygala cornuta
Cooking Tools: Betula papyrifera Eye Medicine: Pinus lambertiana, Scutellaria angustifolia, Solanum nigrum
Fuel: Abies balsamea, Juniperus sp., Larix laricina, Picea glauca, P. mariana, Febrifuge: Centaurium venustum, Erigeronfoliosus, Holocarpha virgata, Lepe
Pinus strobus, Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis chinia calycina, Monardella odoratissima, Wyethia angustifolia
Hunting & Fishing Item: Acer sacchamm, Betula sp., Thuja occidentalis Gastrointestinal Aid: Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos manzanita, A. tomen
Lighting: Betula sp. tosa, A. viscida, Centaurium exaltatum, Ericameria arborescens, Eriodictyon
Smoke Plant: Cornus foemina, Salix sp. californicum, Gnaphalium viscosum, Mahonia pinnata, Mentha spicata, Rosa
Tools: Fraxinus americana californica, Symphoricarpos albus
Gynecological Aid: Epilobium canum, Ericameria arborescens, Trichostema
Midoo
lanceolatum
Drug
Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii
Throat Aid: Quercus douglasii
Kidney Aid: Epilobium canum, Galium triflorum
Food
Misc. Disease Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Agastache urticifolia, Centaurium
Fruit: Arctostaphylos patula, A. viscida, Rhus aromatica
venustum, Chamaebatiafoliolosa, Erigeronfoliosus, Holocarpha virgata,
Unspecified: Umbellularia sp.
Lepechinia calycina, Mahonia pinnata, Sambucus cerujea, Trichostema
Other
lanceolatum
Hunting & Fishing Item: Philadelphus sp.
Orthopedic Aid: Ericameria arborescens, Eriodictyon californicum
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuata, N. quadrivalvis
Other: Pellaea mucronata
Panacea: Sanicula bipinnatiflda
Missouri River Indian
Pediatric Aid: Quercus lobata, Q. wislizeni
Fiber
Poultice: Mentzelia sp.
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Equisetum hyemale
Pulmonary Aid: Centaurium venustum
Dye
Snakebite Remedy: Chamaesyce ocellata, C serpyllifolia, Daucus pusillus,
Yellow: Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides
Osmorhiza sp., Sanicula bipinnata, S. bipinnatiflda, S. crassicaulis
Miwok Stimulant: Trichostema lanceolatum
Drug Toothache Remedy: Centaurium exaltatum, Chenopodium ambrosioides,
Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Angelica breweri, Artemisia douglasiana, A Erigeronfoliosus, Pentagrama triangularis, Solidago californica, Trichostema
vulgaris, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Centaurium exaltatum, Lepechinia calycina, lanceolatum
704 Miwok

Tuberculosis Remedy: Centaurium exaltatum, Epilobium canum, Mahonia Dermatological Aid: Asarum sp.
pinnata Febrifuge: Ceanothus velutinus
Unspecified: Asclepias cordifolia, Equisetum sp. Kidney Aid: Croton setigerus
Urinary Aid: Epilobium canum, Trichostema lanceolatum Poison: Evernia sp.
Venereal Aid: Asclepias speciosa, Chamaebatiafoliolosa, Chenopodium ambro- Urinary Aid: Equisetum sp.
sioides, Epilobium canum Food
Witchcraft Medicine: Artemisia douglasiana, A. vulgaris, Sitanion sp. Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Prunus subcordata, P. virginiana
Food Preserves: Mahonia sp.
Beverage: Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos manzanita, A. tomentosa, A. visci- Staple: Quercus kelloggii
da, Castilleja applegatei, C. parviflora, Mentha spicata, Monardella odoratissi- Starvation Food: Aesculus californica
ma, Trifolium wormskioldii Fiber
Bread & Cake: Quercus douglasii, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata, Q. sp., Q. wislizeni Basketry: Cercis canadensis, Cornus glabrata
Cooking Agent: Asclepias fascicularis, Darmera peltata, Lotus unifoliolatus Cordage: Asclepias sp.
Dried Food: Chenopodium album, Heuchera micrantha, Hypericum scouleri, Scouring Material: Equisetum sp.
Pinus ponderosa, Trifolium ciliolatum, T. sp. Snow Gear: Acer circinatum
Fruit: Physocarpus capitatus, Ribes nevadense, R. roezlii, Solanum xantii Other
Porridge: Avena barbata, Quercus douglasii, Q. kelloggii, Q. wislizeni Hunting & Fishing Item: Cercocarpus montanus, Philadelphus sp.
Sauce & Relish: Lupinus latifolius Tools: Ceanothus cuneatus, Cercocarpus montanus, Rhus trilobata
Soup: Aesculus californica, Avena barbata, Quercus douglasii, Q. kelloggii,
Q. lobata, Q. sp., Q. wislizeni
Modoc
Food
Staple: Hypericum scouleri, Madia elegans, M. gracilis, Quercus lobata
Unspecified: Lomatium canbyi
Substitution Food: Perideridia bolanderi
Fiber
Sweetener: Pinus lambertiana
Unspecified: Apocynum cannabinum
Unspecified: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Boisduvalia densiflora, B. stricta, Brodiaea
coronaria, B. sp., Bromus diandrus, Calandrinia ciliata, Calochortus luteus, C.
Mohave
venustus, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Clarkia amoena, C. biloba, C. purpu-
Food
rea, C. unguiculata, Claytoniaperfoliata, Corylus cornuta, Dichelostemmapul-
Beverage: Lycium andersonii, Prosopis pubescens, Salix gooddingii, Salvia
chellum, Hemizoniafltchiijuniperus occidentalis, Lathyrus vestitus, Lupinus
columbariae
densiflorus, Madia sativa, Mentzelia sp., Navarretia sp., Oenanthesp., Ortho-
Bread & Cake: Olneya tesota, Prosopis glandulosa
carpus attenuatus, Perideridia bolanderi, Pgairdneri, P. kelloggii, Pinus lam-
Dried Food: Lycium andersonii, Olneya tesota, Prosopis glandulosa, Vigna un
bertiana, P. sabiniana, Ranunculus californicus, Trifolium ciliolatum, T. sp.,
guiculata, Ziziphus obtusifolia
T. willdenowii, T. wormskioldii, Triteleia hyacinthina, T ixioides, Veratrum
Fruit: Opuntia echinocarpa, 0. engelmannii, Physalis hederifolia, P. pubescens,
californicum
Yucca schidigera
Vegetable: Aquilegiaformosa, Asclepias fascicularis, Chenopodium album,
Porridge: Quercus turbinella
Clarkia purpurea, Conyza canadensis, Delphinium hesperium, D. sp., Eriogo-
Staple: Agastache pallidiflora, Agave americana, A, parryi, Allenrolfea occiden
num nudum, Heuchera micrantha, Lathyrus vestitus, Mimulus guttatus, M.
talis, Helianthus annuus, Salvia columbariae
moschatus, Osmorhiza berteroi, Rumex acetosella, R. conglomerate
Starvation Food: Baccharis salicifolia, Chloracantha spinosa, Parkinsoniaflori-
Winter Use Food: Aesculus californica, Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos man
da, P. microphylla, Sisymbrium irio, Sonchus asper, Thelypodium integrifolium
zanita, A. tomentosa, A. viscida, Castilleja sp., Chlorogalum pomeridianum,
Unspecified: Amaranthus caudatus, A. palmeri, Ammannia coccinea, Camisso-
Lupinus latifolius, Quercus douglasii, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata, Q. wislizeni, Tri
nia brevipes, Cyperus odoratus, Vigna unguiculata
folium willdenowii
Vegetable: Amaranthus caudatus, A. palmeri, Chenopodium fremontii, C. mu-
Fiber rale, Prosopis glandulosa, P. pubescens, Rumex crispus
Basketry: Pinus sabiniana
Winter Use Food: Amaranthus caudatus, A. palmeri, Helianthus annuus
Brushes & Brooms: Eriogonum nudum
Other
Building Material: Pinus sabiniana
Musical Instrument: Lagenaria siceraria
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Pinus sabiniana
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana trigonophylla
Other
Cash Crop: Quercus douglasii Mohegan
Containers: Lupinus latifolius Drug
Cooking Tools: Arctostaphylos sp., Quercus kelloggii, Q.sp., Vitis californica, Abortifacient: Acorus calamus, Pedicularis canadensis
Wyethia helenioides Analgesic: Acorus calamus, Alnus incana, A sp., Arctium minus, Arisaema tri-
Protection: Angelica brewed phyllum, Brassica nigra, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Humulus lupulus, Iris versi-
color, Monotropa uniflora, Picea abies, Pinus strobus, Quercus alba, Vitis la-
Modesse brusca,V.sp.
Drug Anthelmintic: Artemisia absinthium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lindera sp., Men
Antidote: Rhododendron occidentale tha xpiperita, M. spicata, Rubus hispidus, Salvia officinalis
Antirheumatic (External): Frangula californica Anticonvulsive: Symplocarpus foetidus
Blood Medicine: Mahonia sp. Antidiarrheal: Prunus serotina, Rubus hispidus, Spiraea tomentosa
Cathartic: Frangula californica Antirheumatic (External): Aesculusglabra, A. hippocastanum, Arctium minus,
Cough Medicine: Ceanothus velutinus, Equisetum sp. Arisaema triphyllum, Quercus alba
 Index of Tribes 713

Kidney Aid: Draba helleriana, Juniperus scopulorum albicaulis, O.flava, 0. pallida, Penstemon jamesii, Psilostrophe tagetina, San
Laxative: Mahonia repens vitalia abertii, Tragopogon pratensis
Misc. Disease Remedy: Artemisia carruthii, Asclepias tuberosa, Brickellia gran- Toothache Remedy: Artemisia frigida, Astragalus bisulcatus, Atriplex canescens,
diflom, Erigeron eximius, Galiumfendleri, Hedeoma drummondii, Holodiscus Chaetopappa ericoides, Chamaesycefendleri, C serpyllifolia, Cryptantha ful
discolor, Humulus lupulus, Iva xanthifolia, Lycium pallidum, L torreyi, Mar- vocanescens, Descurainia pinnata, D. sophia, Erysimum capitatum, Hetero
rubium vulgare, Mentha arvensis, Monarda pectinata, Pericome caudata, Pe- theca villosa, Lesquerella rectipes, Lycium pallidum, L. torreyi, Mentzelia albi
teria scoparia, Piniis edulis, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Salsola australis, Valeri caulis, Pennellia micrantha, Pericome caudata, Sanvitalia abertii
ana acutiloba Tuberculosis Remedy: Valeriana acutiloba
Narcotic: Datura wrightii Urinary Aid: Gutierrezia sarothrae
Nose Medicine: Atriplex canescens, Chaetopappa ericoides, Heterotheca villosa, Venereal Aid: Androsace septentrionalis, Arenaria lanuginosa, Baccharis
Polygonum douglasii wrightii, Coreopsis tinctoria, Draba helleriana, Heterotheca villosa, Heuchera
Oral Aid: Abroniafragrans, Eriogonum alatum, Phlox gracilis, Rumex crispus, parvifolia, Potentilla norvegica, Psoralidium lanceolatum, Ratibida tagetes
Sanvitalia abertii, Schkuhria multiflora, Schoenocrambe linearifolia Veterinary Aid: Artemisia carruthii, A. tridentata, Asclepias asperula, Atriplex
Orthopedic Aid: Agoseris aurantiaca, Clematis columbiana, C. ligusticifolia, canescens, Bouteloua gracilis, Cerastium beeringianum, Chamaesyce fendleri,
Corydalis aurea, Hackeliafloribunda, Heuchera novomexicana, Menodora C. serpyllifolia, Cirsium neomexicanum, C. undulatum, Commelina dianthi-
scabra, Mirabilis oxybaphoides, Oenothera albicaulis, Tetradymia canescens folia, Dalea Candida, Datura wrightii, Echeandiaflavescens, Elymus trachy-
Other: Atriplex argentea, Brickellia eupatorioides, Corydalis aurea, Eriogonum caulus, Erigeron flagellaris, Eriogonum abertianum, Frasera speciosa, Grinde
annuum, Helianthus annuus, Malva neglecta, Pinus edulis, Tetraneuris lia nuda, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Ipomopsis longiflora, Juniperus monosperma,
argentea, Tripterocalyx cornea Lathyrus eucosmus, Mirabilis linearis, Nicotiana attenuata, Penstemon bar
Panacea: Acerglabrum, Agoseris aurantiaca, Amelanchier utahensis, Androsace batus, Peteria scoparia, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Ratibida columnifera,
septentrionalis, Arabis fendleri, Arenariafendleri, Argythamnia cyanophylla, Rumex hymenosepalus, Silene douglasii, Solanum triflorum, Sporobolus cryp-
Artemisia carruthii, Afrigida, A. ludoviciana, Astragalus humistratus, A. ken- tandrus, Talinum parviflorum, Tradescantia occidentalis, T. pinetorum, Tra
trophyta, Besseya plantaginea, Bouteloua gracilis, Calliandra humilis, Calo- gopogon porrifolius, T pratensis, Verbascum thapsus
chortus aureus, C. gunnisonii, Calylophus hartwegii, Cercocarpus montanus, Witchcraft Medicine: Agastache pallidiflora, Agoseris aurantiaca, Androsace
Cheilanthes wootonii, Cirsium neomexicanum, C. undulatum, Coreopsis tinc- septentrionalis, Antennaria parvifolia, A. rosulata, Aster oblongifolius, Besseya
toria, Cryptantha cinerea, Cymopterus bulbosus, Dalea Candida, Draba helle plantaginea, Campanula rotundifolia, Castilleja miniata, Clematis hirsutissi
riana, Erigeron divergens, Eriogonum alatum, E. annuum, E.jamesii, E. lepto- ma, C. ligusticifolia, Datura wrightii, Draba helleriana, Erigeron eximius, Eri
phyllum, Fragaria vesca, Gaura coccinea, Geranium atropurpureum, G. ogonum annuum, Heliomeris multiflora, Humulus lupulus, Iva xanthifolia,
lentum, G. richardsonii, Glandularia wrightii, Gnaphalium stramineum, Juniperus scopulorum, Limosella aquatica, Myosurus aristatus, Pericome cau
Gutierrezia sarothrae, Helianthella parryi, Helianthus petiolaris, Heliomeris data, Peteria scoparia, Psoralidium lanceolatum, Solidago velutina, Tetrady
longifolia, Heterotheca villosa, Heuchera novomexicana, H. parvifolia, Hous- mia canescens, Tetraneuris argentea, Thermopsis rhombifolia, Thlaspi mon
tonia wrightii, Hymenopappus fllifolius, Ipomopsis longiflora, Kraschenitmi- tanum, Tripterocalyx carnea, Valeriana acutiloba
kovia lanata, Linanthus nuttallii, Linum puberulum, Lithospermum incisum, Food
L multiflorum, Lotus wrightii, Lupinus kingii, Lycium pallidum, L torreyi, Beverage: Mirabilis multiflora, M. oxybaphoides, Thelesperma megapotamicum
Menodora scabra, Myosurus aristatus, Oenothera albicaulis, 0. cespitosa, 0. Bread & Cake: Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, C. incanum, Des
coronopifolia, 0. elata, O.flava, Orobanchefasciculata, Penstemon barbatus, curainia pinnata, D. sophia, Prunus virginiana, Yucca baccata
P. virgatus, Physalis pubescens, Picradeniopsis oppositifolia, Plantago major, Candy: Lygodesmia juncea, Pinus edulis, Senecio multicapitatus, Stephanome
Polygonum ramosissimum, Potentilla crinita, P. hippiana, P. pensylvanica, ria pauciflora
Prunus virginiana, Quercus gambelii, Ratibida tagetes, Rumex crispus, R. sali- Dried Food: Allium cernuum, Cleome serrulata, Cymopterus bulbosus, Lycium
cifolius, Sanvitalia abertii, Senecio fendleri, Silene drummondii, Sphaeralcea pallidum, L. torreyi, Machaeranthera gracilis, Opuntia macrorhiza, Rhus
coccinea, S. digitata, Stephanomeria pauciflora, Tetraneuris argentea, Tragia trilobata
nepetifolia, Vicia americana Fodder: Aristida purpurea, Atriplex canescens, A. rosea, Avena sativa, Beckman-
Pediatric Aid: Androsace occidentalis, Antennaria rosulata, Besseya plantaginea, nia syzigachne, Bromus anomalus, B. tectorum, Chamaebatiaria millefolium,
Brickellia brachyphylla, Capsicum annuum, Cryptantha cinerea, Eriogonum Cleome serrulata, Corydalis aurea, Cryptantha cinerea, C. fendleri, Descurai
alatum, Gaura coccinea, Grindelia nuda, Hilariajamesii, Juniperus mono- nia pinnata, D. sophia, Echinochloa crus-pavonis, Elymus elymoides, E. tra-
sperma, Orobanchefasciculata, Ratibida tagetes, Salix lucida, Senecio fendleri chycaulus, Erodium cicutarium, Helianthus annuus, Heliomeris longifolia, H.
Poison: Hackeliafloribunda, Hordeumjubatum, Hymenoxys richardsonii, Toxi- multiflora, Heterotheca villosa, Lappula occidentalis, Lepidium montanum,
codendron radicans, Urtica dioica, Yucca glauca Marrubium vulgare, Medicago sativa, Monolepis nuttalliana, Muhlenbergia
Preventive Medicine: Thlaspi montanum filiformis, M. mexicana, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Panicum capillare, P obtusum,
Psychological Aid: Frasera speciosa, Verbascum thapsus Phaseolus vulgaris, Poafendleriana, Rorippa teres, Salsola australis, Sarcoba-
Respiratory Aid: Arenariafendleri, A. lanuginosa, Clematis hirsutissima, Erysi- tus vermiculatus, Stipa robusta, Tridens muticus, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
mum capitatum, Gaillardia pinnatifida, Lesquerella rectipes, Machaeranthera Forage: Astragalus mollissimus, Bouteloua gracilis, B. simplex, Carex mi-
gracilis, M. tanacetifolia croptera, Hilariajamesii, Panicum obtusum
Snakebite Remedy: Artemisia filifolia, Aster falcatus, A. praealtus, Chaetopappa Fruit: Amelanchier utahensis, Echinocereus coccineus, Juniperus deppeana, Ly
ericoides, Conyza canadensis, Cryptantha fulvocanescens, Erigeron divergens, cium pallidum, L. torreyi, Opuntia macrorhiza, Parthenocissus vitacea, Phy
E.flagellaris, Eriogonum leptophyllum, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Mentzelia albi salis pubescens, Prunus persica, P. virginiana, Rhus trilobata, Ribes cereum, R.
caulis, Oenothera pallida, Sanvitalia abertii pinetorum, Rosa woodsii, Yucca glauca
Stimulant: Juniperus monosperma, Mentha arvensis Pie & Pudding: Solanum tuberosum
Strengthener: Frasera speciosa, Verbascum thapsus Porridge: Atriplex rosea, Eriogonum alatum, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Sporobolus
Throat Aid: Bouteloua simplex, Cleome serrulata, Corydalis aurea, Oenothera cryptandrus, S. wrightii
714 Navajo, Ramah

Preserves: Pinus edulis, Yucca baccata Cooking Tools: Populus tremuloides, Sarcobatus vermiculatus
Special Food: Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, C. incanum, Zea Fasteners: Yucca baccata
mays Fertilizer: Corydalis aurea, Rorippasinuata, Solanum physalifolium, S. triflorum
Spice: Atriplex canescens, Capsicum annuum, Cucurbita maxima, C pepo, Por- Fuel: Juniperus monosperma, Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa
tulaca oleracea Good Luck Charm: Arctostaphylos pungens, A uva-ursi, Euphorbia lurida,
Staple: Amaranthus albus,A. emeritus, Mentzelia multiflora, Quercus gambelii Hackeliafloribunda, Juniperus communis, Toxicodendron radicans, Typha
Starvation Food: Pinus edulis, Populus tremuloides, Senecio multicapitatus latifolia
Unspecified: Allium cepa, A cernuum, A. drummondii, Calochortus aureus, C. Hunting & Fishing Item: Delphinium scopulorum, Fraxinus cuspidata, Junipe
gunnisonii, Ceanothus fendleri, Chenopodium leptophyllum, C watsonii, Cit- rus monosperma, Rhus trilobata, Ribes cereum, R. pinetorum
rullus lanatus, Cleome serrulata, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo, Incense & Fragrance: Croton texensis
Cymopterus bulbosus, Eriogonum alatum, Fragaria vesca, Helianthus annuus, Insecticide: Grindelia nuda, Heterotheca villosa, Verbesina encelioides
Juniperus monosperma, Mammillaria wrightii, Orobanchefasciculata, Phase- Lighting: Juniperus monosperma
olus lunatus, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudocymopterus montanus, Quercus grisea, Protection: Chenopodium graveolens, Quercus grisea, Q. xpauciloba,
Q. xpauciloba, Rhus trilobata, Triticum aestivum, Typha latifolia, Yucca glauca Tetradymia canescens, Typha latifolia, Verbesina encelioides
Vegetable: Amaranthus retroflexus, Pisum sativum, Portulaca oleracea, Season Indicator: Ribes cereum
Solanum jamesii, Zea mays Smoke Plant: Juniperus communis, Nicotiana attenuata, Zea mays
Winter Use Food: Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, C. incanum, Soap: Yucca baccata, Y glauca
Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo, Cymopterus bulbosus, Junipe Stable Gear: Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa
rus deppeana, Opuntia macrorhiza, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pinus edulis, Prunus Tools: Cercocarpus montanus, Fraxinus cuspidata, Lagenaria siceraria, Pinus
virginiana, Solanum jamesii, S. tuberosum, Zea mays edulis, Populus xacuminata, Quercus gambelii, Salix lucida, Zea mays
Fiber Toys & Games: Pinus edulis, Salix lucida, Stipa comata
Basketry: Parryellafilifolia, Pinus edulis, Rhus trilobata, Typha latifolia, Yucca Weapon: Rhus trilobata
baccata
Neeshenam
Brushes & Brooms: Aristida purpurea, Artemisia tridentata, Muhlenbergia an-
Drug
dina, M. mexicana, Phleum pratense, Yucca baccata
Antirheumatic (External): Galiumsp.
Building Material: Juniperus monosperma, Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa, Populus
Antirheumatic (Internal): Quercus sp.
xacuminata, Quercus gambelii, Salix lucida
Burn Dressing: Quercus sp.
Clothing: Juniperus monosperma, Purshia stansburiana, Rhus trilobata
Cold Remedy: Quercus sp.
Cordage: Asclepias subverticillata, Yucca baccata, Y. glauca
Cough Medicine: Quercus sp.
Furniture: Juniperus monosperma, Pinus ponderosa, Quercus gambelii
Dermatological Aid: Quercus sp.
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Purshia stansburiana, P. tri
Misc. Disease Remedy: Croton setigerus
dentata, Typha latifolia
Psychological Aid: Quercus sp.
Scouring Material: Festuca idahoensis, Koeleria macrantha, Sporobolus
Toothache Remedy: Frangula californica
cryptandrus
Food
Snow Gear: Pinus ponderosa, Yucca baccata
Bread & Cake: Blennosperma nanum, Bromus carinatus, Madia elegans, Quer
Sporting Equipment: Yucca baccata
cus gambelii, Ranunculus californicus
Dye
Fruit: Heteromeles arbutifolia
Black: Atriplex rosea, Pinus edulis, Quercus xpauciloba, Rhus trilobata, Thalic-
Porridge: Blennosperma nanum, Bromus carinatus, Madia elegans, Quercus
trum fendleri, Yucca glauca
gambelii, Ranunculus californicus
Brown: Cercocarpus montanus
Staple: Blennosperma nanum, Bromus carinatus, Madia elegans, Ranunculus
Orange-Yellow: Thelesperma megapotamicum
californicus
Red: Atriplex canescens, Cercocarpus montanus, Yucca glauca
Unspecified: Allium cepa, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Dichelostemma pul-
Red-Brown: Alnus incana
chellum, D. volubile, Quercus kelloggii, Q. wislizeni, Sanicula sp., S. tuberosa,
Unspecified: Juniperus monosperma, Quercus gambelii, Yucca baccata
Triteleia hyacinthina, T ixioides
Yellow: Atriplex canescens, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Tetradymia canescens
Vegetable: Angelica sp., Claytonia perfoliata, Dudleya lanceolata, Eschscholzia
Yellow-Brown: Rumex hymenosepalus
californica, Mimulus tilingii, Sanicula sp.
Other
Fiber
Cash Crop: Phaseolus vulgaris, Pinus edulis
Basketry: Cercis canadensis
Ceremonial Items: Ambrosia acanthicarpa, Amelanchier utahensis, Artemisia
Clothing: Juncus sp.
biennis.A. campestris, A. carruthii,A.frigida,A. ludoviciana, Cercocarpus
Cordage: Asclepias sp.
montanus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Delphinium nuttallianum, D. scapo-
Other
sum, D. tenuisectum, Forestiera pubescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Helianthus
Hunting & Fishing Item: Asclepias sp.
annuus, Lagenaria siceraria, Lesquerella fendleri, Lycium pallidum, L torreyi,
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
Mentzelia multiflora, Opuntia whipplei, Pedicularis procera, Pinus edulis,
Plantago patagonica, Populus xacuminata, P. tremuloides, Prunus virginiana, Nevada Indian
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Purshia tridentata, Quercus gambelii, Rhus trilobata, Drug
Rosa woodsii, Salix exigua, S. lucida, Tetradymia canescens, Townsendia ex- Cold Remedy: Corallorrhiza maculata, Eriogonum umbellatum
scapa, Verbesina encelioides, Xanthium strumarium, Yucca baccata, Zea mays Dermatological Aid: Clematis ligusticifolia
Containers: Juniperus monosperma, Lagenaria siceraria, Pinus edulis, P. pon Heart Medicine: Chaenactis stevioides, Peniocereus greggii
derosa, Rhus trilobata, Typha latifolia, Zea mays Kidney Aid: Iris missouriensis
 Index of Tribes 715

Love Medicine: Castilleja sp. Other

Pediatric Aid: Chaenactis stevioides Cash Crop: Shepherdia canadensis
Urinary Aid: Iris missouriensis
Veterinary Aid: Lomatium dissectum, Rumex crispus Nisqually
Food Food
Pie & Pudding: Perideridia gairdneri Dried Food: Camassia quamash
Unspecified: Perideridia gairdneri Fruit: Fragaria sp., Rubus leucodermis
Winter Use Food: Perideridia gairdneri Unspecified: Quercus garryana
Fiber
Nez Perce Building Material: Acer macrophyllum
Drug
Antidiarrheal: Thuja plicata Nitinaht
Antirheumatic (External): Populus balsamifera, P. deltoides Drug
Blood Medicine: Lewisia rediviva Anticonvulsive: Postelsia palmaeformis
Cold Remedy: Juniperus scopulorum, Larix occidentalis, Thuja plicata Antirheumatic (External): Urticadioica
Cough Medicine: Larix occidentalis, Thuja plicata Antirheumatic (Internal): Oplopanax horridus
Dermatological Aid: Lomatium dissectum, Rhusglabra Burn Dressing: Lysichiton americanus, Maianthemum dilatatum
Dietary Aid: Lomatium dissectum Cathartic: Huperzia selago, Sambucus racemosa
Emetic: Sa/asp. Ceremonial Medicine: Adiantum pedatum, Lomatium nudicaule
Eye Medicine: Lomatium dissectum Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Lomatium nudicaule
Febrifuge: Juniperus scopulorum, Symphoricarpos albus Cough Medicine: Malusfusca, Polypodium glycyrrhiza
Gastrointestinal Aid: Salix sp. Dermatological Aid: Alectoriasarmentosa, Alnus rubra, Galium aparine, Maian
Gynecological Aid: Lewisia rediviva themum dilatatum, Nereocystis luetkeana, Pinus contorta, P monticola, Plan-
Pediatric Aid: Symphoricarpos albus, Thuja plicata tago major, Populus balsamifera, Tsuga heterophylla, Usnea longissima, U. sp.
Pulmonary Aid: Juniperus scopulorum Dietary Aid: Ledum groenlandicum, Malusfusca
Respiratory Aid: Lomatium dissectum Disinfectant: Frangula purshiana, Plantago major, Sphagnum sp.
Throat Aid: Larix occidentalis Diuretic: Symphoricarpos albus
Tuberculosis Remedy: Lomatium dissectum Emetic: Huperzia selago, Sambucus racemosa
Veterinary Aid: Clematis ligusticifolia, Populus balsamifera, P deltoides Eye Medicine: Conocephalum conicum
Food Febrifuge: Aruncus dioicus
Starvation Food: Rosa sp. Gastrointestinal Aid: Frangula purshiana, Gaultheria shallon, Huperzia selago,
Unspecified: Balsamorhiza incana, B. sagittata, Cirsium scariosum, Lomatium Plantago major
dissectum Gynecological Aid: Oenanthe sarmentosa, Polytrichum commune
Fiber Internal Medicine: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Alnus rubra, Tsuga heterophylla
Basketry: Thuja plicata Kidney Aid: Conocephalum conicum
Building Material: Thuja plicata Laxative: Frangula purshiana, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Ribes bracteo-
Canoe Material: Thuja plicata sum, Sambucus racemosa
Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum Misc. Disease Remedy: Aruncus dioicus
Furniture: Thuja plicata Orthopedic Aid: Alnus rubra, Oplopanax horridus, Tsuga heterophylla
Dye Other: Anaphalis margaritacea, Nuphar lutea
Orange: Alnus incana Panacea: Achillea millefolium, Malusfusca, Prunus emarginata
Red-Brown: Alnus incana Preventive Medicine: Abies amabilis
Other Psychological Aid: Conocephalum conicum, Lonicera involucrata, Postelsia pal
Cash Crop: Camassia quamash maeformis, Sambucus racemosa, Tellima grandiflora
Ceremonial Items: Abies lasiocarpa Pulmonary Aid: Alnus rubra
Containers: Apocynum cannabinum Reproductive Aid: Gaultheria shallon, Halosaccion glandiforme
Fasteners: Pinus ponderosa Respiratory Aid: Polypodium glycyrrhiza
Hunting & Fishing Item: Larix occidentalis Strengthener: Ledum groenlandicum, Lessoniopsis littoralis, Leymus mollis,
Incense & Fragrance: Abies lasiocarpa Postelsia palmaeformis, Sambucus racemosa
Lighting: Pinus ponderosa Throat Aid: Achillea millefolium
Protection: Rosa sp., Symphoricarpos albus Tonic: Malusfusca, Urtica dioica
Tuberculosis Remedy: Alnus rubra, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Peltigera
Nimpkish aphthosa
Fiber Unspecified: Abies grandis, Alnus rubra, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa,
Clothing: Typha latifolia Malusfusca, Nuphar lutea, Oplopanax horridus, Rosa nutkana, Tellima gran
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Typha latifolia diflora, Urtica dioica
Urinary Aid: Peltigera aphthosa, P. canina
Nisga Witchcraft Medicine: Menziesia ferruginea
Fiber Food
Canoe Material: Populus balsamifera Beverage: Equisetum telmateia, Ledum groenlandicum
716 Nitinaht

Candy: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, Castilleja hispida, C. miniata, Lonicera Fuel: Alnus rubra, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga
ciliosa heterophylla
Dessert: Argentina egedii, Ribes bracteosum, Rubus spectabilis Good Luck Charm: Fucus gardneri
Dried Food: Argentina egedii, Camassia leichtlinii, C. quamash, Gaultheria Hunting & Fishing Item: Abies amabilis, A grandis, Acer circinatum, Castilleja
shallon, Trifolium wormskioldii, Vaccinium ovalifolium,V parvifolium hispida, C. miniata, Hedophyllum sessile, Holodiscus discolor, Laminaria
Forage: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Disporum hooked, Malusflisca, Petasites groenlandica, Lomatium nudicaule, Malusfusca, Nereocystis luetkeana, Oplo
frigidus, Streptopus amplexifolius panax horridus, Phyllospadix torreyi, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. mon
Frozen Food: Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium parvifolium ticola, Populus bahamifera, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja
Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus canadensis, C. sericea, Fragaria chiloen- plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Urtica dioica, Vicia nigricans, Zostera marina
sis, F. vesca, F. virginiana, Gaultheria shallon, Malusfusca, Oemleria cerasifor- Incense & Fragrance: Abies amabilis, A grandis, Artemisia suksdorfii, Lomatium
mis, Ribes divaricatum, Rosa nutkana, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. nudicaule, Populus bahamifera
spectabilis, R. ursinus, Sambucus racemosa, Vaccinium ovalifolium,V ovatum, Paint: Gaultheria shallon, Oplopanax horridus, Picea sitchensis, Populus balsa-
Voxycoccos, V. parvifolium mifera
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis Preservative: Alnus rubra
Pie & Pudding: Vaccinium ovatum Protection: Cirsium brevistylum, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma applanatum,
Preserves: Gaultheria shallon, Sambucus racemosa Symphoricarpos albus
Special Food: Vaccinium ovalifolium,V. parvifolium Sacred Items: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Sambucus racemosa
Spice: Gaultheria shallon Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Starvation Food: Blechnum spicant, Gaultheria shallon, Tsuga heterophylla Soap: Galium aparine, G. triflorum
Substitution Food: Equisetum telmateia Tools: Frangula purshiana, Holodiscus discolor, Malusfusca, Nereocystis
Unspecified: Allium cernuum, Argentina egedii, Camassiasp., Equisetum telma- luetkeana, Taxus brevifolia, Xerophyllum tenax
teia, Hedophyllum sessile, Heracleum maximum, Laminaria groenlandica, Toys & Games: Angelica genuflexa, Heracleum maximum, Holodiscus discolor,
Lilium columbianum, Polystichum munitum, Porphyra sp., Pteridium aquil- Lessoniopsis littoralis, Menziesiaferruginea, Polystichum munitum, Postelsia
inum, Rosa nutkana, Rubus parviflorus, Trifolium wormskioldii, Tsuga hetero palmaeformis, Rubus spectabilis, Sambucus racemosa, Symphoricarpos albus
phylla, Zostera marina Water Indicator: Alnus rubra
Vegetable: Camassia leichtlinii, C. quamash, Pteridium aquilinum, Trifolium Waterproofing Agent: Picea sitchensis
wormskioldii
Fiber Nootka
Basketry: Carex obnupta, Phyllospadix torreyi, Picea sitchensis, Prunus emargi- Drug

nata, Scirpus americanus, Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia, Xerophyllum tenax Alterative: Polypodium glycyrrhiza

Building Material: Thuja plicata Cancer Treatment: Pyrola elliptica

Canoe Material: Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Gastrointestinal Aid: Pyrola sp., Solanum dulcamara

Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata Strengthened Postelsia palmaeformis

Caulking Material: Picea sitchensis Unspecified: Ledum groenlandicum

Clothing: Alectoria sarmentosa, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Cirsium brevisty- Venereal Aid: Polypodium glycyrrhiza

lum, Sphagnum sp., Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia, Usnea longissima, U. sp. Fiber
Cordage: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Nereocystis luetkeana, Populus balsami- Basketry: Carex obnupta

fera, Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica Other

Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Polystichum munitum, Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Pteridium aquilinum, Salix hookeriana, Scirpus acutus, Thuja plicata Tools: Holodiscus discolor

Sewing Material: Holodiscus discolor, Leymus mollis, Taxus brevifolia

Nootka, Manhousat
Dye
Drug
Black: Tsuga heterophylla
Love Medicine: Lonicera involucrata
Brown: Alnus rubra, Tsuga heterophylla
Red: Alnus rubra
Northwest Indian
Yellow: Gaultheria shallon, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, M. sp.
Food
Other
Beverage: Shepherdia canadensis
Cash Crop: Porphyra perforata
Unspecified: Glycyrrhiza lepidota
Ceremonial Items: Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Fucus gardneri, Oplopanax
horridus, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. monticola, Prunus emarginata, Numlaki
Salix sp., Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla Food
Containers: Acer circinatum, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Lysichiton ameri Bread & Cake: Arctostaphylos manzanita
canus, Nereocystis luetkeana, Thuja plicata Porridge: Arctostaphylos manzanita
Cooking Tools: Acer circinatum, A. macrophyllum, Alectoria sarmentosa, Alnus Staple: Arctostaphylos manzanita, Calandrinia ciliata, Pogogyne douglasii
rubra, Athyriumfllix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Dryopteris campyloptera, Other
Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Lysichiton americanus, Nereocystis Hunting & Fishing Item: Trichostema lanceolatum
luetkeana, Polystichum munitum, Salix lucida, Thuja plicata, Usnea
longissima Nuxalkmc
Decorations: Thuja plicata Drug
Fasteners: Leymus mollis, Picea sitchensis, Prunus emarginata Cough Medicine: Lonicera involucrata
 Index of Tribes 717

Dermatological Aid: Lonicera involucrata pallida, Nupliar lutea, Oenothera biennis, Plantago major, Populus balsam
Emetic: Oenanthe sarmentosa ifera, P. tremuloides, Quercus macrocarpa, Rhus glabra, Rosa virginiana,
Venereal Aid: Lonicera involucrata Rumex crispus, Salixfragilis, S. lucida, Sanguinaria canadensis, Tsuga cana
Food densis, Typha latifolia, Ulmus rubra, Urtica dioica
Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Diaphoretic: Abies balsamea, Mentha canadensis, Thuja occidentalis
Unspecified: Conioselinum gmelinii, Trifolium wormskioldii Dietary Aid: Asarum canadense
Other Disinfectant: Larix laricina, Picea glauca
Cash Crop: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Shepherdia canadensis Diuretic: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Cucurbita maxima, Dirca palustris,
Ceremonial Items: Rubus spectabilis Galium aparine, Humulus lupulus, Laportea canadensis, Lycopodium obscu-
rum, Malaxis unifolia, Prenanthes alba, Rubus allegheniensis, Viburnum
Oglala lentago
Drug Emetic: Acer negundo, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Cornus alternifolia, Iris ver
Poison: Celastrus scandens sicolor, Sambucus racemosa
Food Eye Medicine: Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, A. spicatum, Arisaema triphyllum,
Beverage: Amorpha canescens, Dalea purpurea, Ratibida columnifera Melampyrum lineare, Rhus glabra, Rubus idaeus
Other Febrifuge: Achillea millefolium, Erigeron philadelphicus, Hedeoma pulegioides,
Jewelry: Echinocystis lobata Mentha canadensis, Monardaflstulosa, Sanicula marilandica, Tanacetum
Smoke Plant: Amorpha canescens vulgare, Thalictrum dasycarpum
Toys & Games: Croton texensis Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Actaea rubra, Alnus incana, Aquilegia ca
nadensis, Arctium minus, Asarum canadense, Betula papyrifera, Cardamine
Ojibwa maxima, Celastrus scandens, Chimaphila umbellata, Cirsium arvense, C. vul
Drug gare, Comarum palustre, Comptonia peregrina, Cornus canadensis, Dry-
Adjuvant: Betula papyrifera, Rubus idaeus, Tsuga canadensis opteris cristata, Echinocystis lobata, Equisetum palustre, Fragaria virginiana,
Analgesic: Acorus calamus, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Arctium minus, Aster Hedeoma pulegioides, Lathyrus ochroleucus, Mentha canadensis, Monarda
macrophyllus, Betula papyrifera, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Cirsium vul- punctata, Pedicularis canadensis, Picea mariana, Polygonum amphibium,
gare, Comarum palustre, Comptonia peregrina, Cynoglossum virginianum, Rosa blanda, Sagittaria cuneata, Salix Candida, S. discolor, S. pedicellaris, S.
Erigeron strigosus, Euthamia graminifolia, Fragaria virginiana, Impatiens pyrifolia, Sanguinaria canadensis, Saururus cernuus, Silphium perfoliatum,
capensis, Maianthemum canadense, M. racemosum, Picea mariana, Polygon- Taraxacum offtcinale, Ulmus rubra, Uvularia grandiflora, Viburnum opulus,
um amphibium, Pteridium aquilinum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Thuja occi- Vitis vulpina
dentalis, Uvularia grandiflora, Viburnum opulus Gynecological Aid: Actaea rubra, Amelanchier laevis, Antennaria howellii,
Anthelmintic: Corylus cornuta Apocynum androsaemifolium, Asclepias syriaca, Athyrium filix-femina, Betu
Anticonvulsive: Aralia nudicaulis, Monardaflstulosa, Picea mariana, Pinus la pumila, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Clintonia borealis, Crataegus sp.,
banksiana, Sanguinaria canadensis Cypripedium pubescens, Geum macrophyllum, Glyceria canadensis, Lactuca
Antidiarrheal: Comptonia peregrina, Cornus racemosa, Geranium maculatum, biennis, Maianthemum canadense, M. racemosum, Onoclea sensibilis, Os-
Hydrophyllum virginianum, Ilex verticillata, Rubus allegheniensis, Rumex morhiza claytonii, 0. longistylis, Pastinaca sativa, Prenanthes alba, Prunella
crispus vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum, Ribes triste, Sarracenia purpurea, Spiraea to
Antidote: Clintonia borealis mentosa, Symphoricarpos albus, Vitis vulpina
Antiemetic: Spiraea tomentosa, Vaccinium oxycoccos Heart Medicine: Acorus calamus, Quercus rubra, Scutellaria galericulata, Ver-
Antirheumatic (External): Arctostaphylos alpina, A. uva-ursi, Populus alba, P. bascum thapsus, Viola conspersa
balsamifera, Sanguinaria canadensis, Saururus cernuus Hemorrhoid Remedy: Cornus racemosa
Antirheumatic (Internal): Gaultheria procumbens, Silphium perfoliatum Hemostat: Eriophorum callitrix, Populus grandidentata, Rhus glabra, R. hirta,
Blood Medicine: Aralia nudicaulis, Arctium lappa, Arctostaphylos alpina, A. Rosa virginiana, Salixfragilis, S. lucida, Sanguinaria canadensis, Silphium
uva-ursi, Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera, Mentha canadensis, Nepeta perfoliatum, Tsuga canadensis, Ulmus rubra
cataria, Populus alba, P. balsamifera, Quercus rubra, Sanguinaria canadensis, Herbal Steam: Linaria vulgaris
Taraxacum offlcinale, Thuja occidentalis, Vaccinium angustifolium Hunting Medicine: Acorus calamus, Aralia nudicaulis, Aster cordifolius, A.
Burn Dressing: Plantago major macrophyllus, Cicuta maculata, Conyza canadensis, Euthamia graminifolia,
Cathartic: Acorus calamus, Euphorbia corollata, Iris versicolor, Polygonatum bi- Heracleum maximum, Hieracium canadense, Polygonum amphibium,
florum, Potentilla norvegica, Sambucus racemosa, Silene latifolia, Streptopus Prunella vulgaris, Pyrola americana, Ranunculus pensylvanicus, Rumex cris
roseus, Viburnum opulus pus, Sium suave, Spiraea salicifolia, Spiranthes lacera, Taenidia integerrima,
Ceremonial Medicine: Abies balsamea,Achillea millefolium, Anemone cana Uvularia sessilifolia
densis, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Arctostaphylos alpina, A. uva-ursi, Cor Kidney Aid: Equisetum arvense, E. sylvaticum, Galium aparine, Maianthemum
nus sericea, Mitchella repens, Rhus aromatica, R. copallinum, R. glabra, San canadense, M. racemosum
guinaria canadensis, Solanum nigrum, Thuja occidentalis Laxative: Equisetum palustre, Monarda punctata, Sanguinaria canadensis
Cold Remedy: Abies balsamea, Acorus calamus, Erigeron philadelphicus, Popu Love Medicine: Coeloglossum viride, Pedicularis canadensis
lus balsamifera, Prunus serotina Narcotic: Arctostaphylos alpina, A. uva-ursi
Cough Medicine: Abies balsamea, Nymphaea odorata, Polygonatum biflorum, Oral Aid: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Coptis trifolia, Geranium maculatum,
Prunus pensylvanica, P. serotina, Streptopus roseus, Thuja occidentalis Rhus hirta
Dermatological Aid: Abies balsamea, Achillea millefolium, Aralia nudicaulis, Orthopedic Aid: Mirabilis nyctaginea, Plantago major, Populus tremuloides,
Athyrium filix-femina, Clintonia borealis, Corylus americana, C. cornuta, Epi- Quercus macrocarpa
lobium angustifolium, Galium trifldum, Heracleum maximum, Impatiens Other: Nepeta cataria, Typha latifolia
718 Ojibwa

Panacea: Arctostaphylos alpina, A uva-ursi, Populus alba, P. balsamifera, San- americana, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. macrocarpon, V myrtilloides, V oxy-
guinaria canadensis, Saururus cernuus coccos, Viburnum lentago, V opulus
Pediatric Aid: Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Eupatorium purpureum, Fra- Preservative: Betula papyrifera, Comptonia peregrina
garia virginiana, Hydrophyllum uirginianum, Monardafistulosa Preserves: Fragaria virginiana, Prunus nigra, Ribes americanum, R. cynosbati,
Poison: Clintonia borealis, Pastinaca sativa R. oxyacanthoides, R. triste, Rubus allegheniensis, R. idaeus, Viburnum lenta
Pulmonary Aid: Anemone cylindrica, Botrychium virginianum, Campanula ro- go, Vitis vulpina
tundifolia, Galium tinctorium, Prunus virginiana, Smilax herbacea, Uvularia Sauce & Relish: Cardamine diphylla
grandiflora Soup: Aster macrophyllus, Celastrus scandens, Prunus americana, P. pensylvani
Respiratory Aid: Betula pumila, Linaria vulgaris, Monardafistulosa, Populus ca, P. serotina, P. virginiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus alba, Solanum
balsamifera, Quercus rubra, Salix sp., Zanthoxylum americanum tuberosum
Sedative: Salix Candida, S. discolor, S. pyrifolia Sour: Acer saccharum
Snakebite Remedy: Plantago major, Sanicula marilandica Special Food: Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Zizania aquatica
Stimulant: Abies balsamea, Anaphalis margaritacea, Aralia nudicaulis, Cory- Spice: Asarum canadense
dalis aurea, Lycopodium complanatum, Maianthemum racemosum, Picea Staple: Quercus rubra, Sagittaria cuneata, Typha latifolia, Zizania palustris
mariana, Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa, P. strobus, Salix Candida, S. discolor, Sweetener: Acer nigrum, A. saccharinum, A. saccharum
S. pyrifolia, Sanguinaria canadensis Unspecified: Amphicarpaea bracteata, Asclepias syriaca, Aster macrophyllus,
Throat Aid: Acorus calamus, Anemone canadensis, Apocynum androsaemifoli- Caltha palustris, Carya ovata, Corylus americana, C. cornuta, Fagus grandifo-
um, Maianthemum canadense, M. racemosum, Osmorhiza claytonii, 0. longi- lia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Gaylussacia baccata, Juglans cinerea, Nelumbo
stylis, Pedicularis canadensis, Rhus hirta, Sanguinaria canadensis, Ulmus lutea, Nymphaea odorata, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Pinus strobus, Popu
rubra, Zanthoxylum americanum lus deltoides, P. grandidentata, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus macrocarpa, Q.
Tonic: Arctium minus, Echinocystis lobata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica velutina, Rosa acicularis, R. virginiana, Sambucus racemosa, Sticta glomulif-
Tuberculosis Remedy: Anemone cylindrica, Botrychium virginianum, Galium era, Typha latifolia
trifidum, Nymphaea odorata Vegetable: Allium cernuum, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Asclepias syriaca, Carda
Unspecified: Aralia racemosa, Arctostaphylos alpina, A. uva-ursi, Arisaema tri- mine maxima, Chenopodium album, Cucumis sativus, Heracleum maximum,
phyllum, Aster macrophyllus, Baptisia tinctoria, Brassica rapa, Celastrus scan- Lagenaria siceraria, Lathyrus ochroleucus, L palustris, Maianthemum race
dens, Cicuta maculata, Cornus sericea, Equisetum hyemale, Fraxinus america- mosum, Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, Taraxacum offici-
na, Impatiens capensis, Larix laricina, Maianthemum canadense, Monarda nale, Zea mays
punctata, Nemopanthus mucronatus, Picea mariana, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, Winter Use Food: Asclepias syriaca, Fragaria virginiana, Rhus hirta, Rubus
Plantago major, Polygala senega, Populus alba, Quercus rubra, Rhus aromati- canadensis, R. occidentalis, Vaccinium angustifolium, V myrtilloides
ca, R. copallinum, R. glabra, Ribes americanum, R. hudsonianum, R. oxyacan- Fiber
thoides, R. rubrum, Rosa virginiana, Rumex altissimus, Sagittaria cuneata, Basketry: Anthoxanthum odoratum, Betula papyrifera, B. pumila, Corylus
Salix Candida, S. discolor, S. pyrifolia, Sambucus racemosa, Sorbus americana americana, Fraxinus nigra, F pennsylvanica, Larix laricina, Scirpus cyperinus,
Urinary Aid: Agrimonia gryposepala, Diervilla lonicera, Dirca palustris, Galium Thuja occidentalis
aparine, Laportea canadensis Brushes & Brooms: Corylus americana
Venereal Aid: Acer saccharinum, Quercus rubra, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sor Building Material: Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, Cornus alterni-
bus americana, Ulmus americana, U. rubra folia, Juniperus chinense, J, communisj. virginiana, Pinus resinosa, Quercus
Veterinary Aid: Artemisia ludoviciana, Lathyrus ochroleucus, L palustris, Sagit alba, Ulmus rubra
taria cuneata Canoe Material: Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera,
Food Fraxinus americana, Larix laricina, Picea mariana, Sorbus americana, Thuja
Beverage: Acer negundo,A. saccharum, Andromeda polifolia, Betula alleghani- occidentalis
ensis, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Gaultheria procumbens, Juniperus horizon- Caulking Material: Picea mariana, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus
talis, Ledum groenlandicum, Mentha canadensis, Nepeta cataria, Prunus Cordage: Tilia americana
serotina, Rhus glabra, R. hirta, Thuja occidental, Tsuga canadensis Furniture: Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juniperus chinense, J. communis, J.
Bread & Cake: Zizania aquatica virginiana
Breakfast Food: Zizania aquatica Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Juncus dudleyi, /. stygius, Juniperus chinense, J. commu
Cooking Agent: Humulus lupulus nisj. virginiana, Pinus banksiana, P. strobus, Scirpus cyperinus, S. tabernae-
Dietary Aid: Asarum canadense montani, Sphagnum dusenii, Typha latifolia
Dried Food: Allium tricoccum, Amelanchier laevis, Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo, Scouring Material: Equisetum hyemale
Prunus americana, P. pensylvanica, P. pumila, P. serotina, P. virginiana, Ribes Sewing Material: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Laportea canadensis, Larix lar
americanum, R. hudsonianum, R. missouriense, R. oxyacanthoides, R. rub- icina, Pinus banksiana, Tilia americana, Urtica dioica
rum, R. triste, Rubus idaeus, Typha latifolia, Vaccinium angustifolium, V. myr- Snow Gear: Fraxinus americana, F pennsylvanica, Sorbus americana

tilloides, Zea mays Sporting Equipment: Sorbus americana

Fodder: Equisetum arvense, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Lathyrus ochroleucus, Dye
L palustris, Maianthemum racemosum Brown: Juglans cinerea, Myrica gale
Forage: Erigeron philadelphicus, Sagittaria cuneata Mordant: Corylus americana, Prunus nigra, Quercus macrocarpa, Q. velutina,
Fruit: Amelanchier canadensis, Crataegus chrysocarpa, C. sp., Empetrum ni- Tsuga canadensis
grum, Fragaria virginiana, Gaultheria procumbens, Malus coronaria, Prunus Orange: Rhus glabra, R. hirta, Sanguinaria canadensis
americana, P. nigra, P. pensylvanica, P. pumila, P. serotina, P. virginiana, Ribes Red: Betula papyrifera, Ranunculus pensylvanicus, Sanguinaria canadensis
americanum, R. cynosbati, R. hudsonianum, R. missouriense, R. oxyacantho Red-Brown: Tsuga canadensis
ides, R. rubrum, R. triste, Rubus canadensis, R. idaeus, R. occidentalis, Sorbus Red-Yellow: Quercus velutina
 Index of Tribes 719

Unspecified: Baptisia tinctoria, Quercus rubra Herbal Steam: Larix laricina, Pinus strobus
Yellow: Alnus incana, Coptis trifolia, Impatiens capensis, Myrica gale, Sangui- Liver Aid: Sporobolus heterolepis
naria canadensis Orthopedic Aid: Anemone canadensis
Other Pulmonary Aid: Geum aleppicum, Prunus serotina
Cash Crop: Juniperus chinensej. communisj. virgifiiana, Vaccinium angusti- Throat Aid: Polygala senega, Viola pubescens
folium, V. macrocarpon, V. myrtilloides, V. oxycoccos, Zizania aquatica Unspecified: Picea mariana
Ceremonial Items: Achillea millefolium, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Betula al- Venereal Aid: Abies balsamea
leghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, Juniperus chinensej. communisj. vir-
giniana, Lagenaria siceraria Okanagan-Colville
Containers: Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera Drug
Cooking Tools: Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, B. lenta, B. papyrifera, Abortifacient: Pinus ponderosa •
Lagenaria siceraria Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia dracunculus, Erigeron philadelphi
Designs: Acer rubrum, A. spicatum cus, Gaillardia aristata, Mentha arvensis, Penstemonfruticosus, Potentilla
Fasteners: Dirca palustris gracilis, Ranunculus glaberrimus, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Spiraea
Fuel: Betula papyrifera, Tsuga canadensis betulifolia
Hide Preparation: Quercus rubra Antidiarrheal: Achillea millefolium, Arabis sparsiflora, Crataegus douglasii, Epi-
Hunting & Fishing Item: Acer nigrum, A. pensylvanicum, A. saccharinum, A. spi lobium minutum, Lactuca tatarica, Lesquerella douglasii, Potentilla gracilis,
catum, Asclepias syriaca, Carya ovata, Cornus alternifolia, Crataegus sp., Eri- Prunus virginiana, Ribes lacustre, Rubus idaeus, Solidago canadensis
geron philadelphicus, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Heracleum maximum, Lactuca Antihemorrhagic: Arctostaphylos uva-ursiJuniperus scopulorum, Leymus
biennis, Tanacetum vulgare, Trientalis borealis cinereus, Lithospermum ruderale, Pinus ponderosa
Incense & Fragrance: Thuja occidentalis Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Artemisia dracunculus, Ascle
Lighting: Betula papyrifera pias speciosa, Crataegus douglasii, Juniperus scopulorum, Larix occidentalis,
Musical Instrument: Corylus americana Pseudoroegneria spicata, Ranunculus glaberrimus, Sambucus cerulea, Thuja
Paper: Betula papyrifera, Populus alba, P. balsamifera, P. deltoides, Pgrandiden- plicata, Urtica dioica, Veratrum viride, Wyethia amplexicaulis
tata, P. tremuloides Antirheumatic (Internal): Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum, Fran-
Preservative: Betula papyrifera gula purshiana, Larix occidentalis, Lomatium dissectum, Mentha arvensis,
Protection: Betula papyrifera, Iris versicolor, Plantago major Potentilla gracilis
Sacred Items: Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis Blood Medicine: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Chimaphila umbellata, Cornus seri-
Smoke Plant: Achillea millefolium, Cornus alternifolia, C. racemosa, Erigeron cea, Frangula purshiana, Heuchera cylindrica, Larix occidentalis, Lomatium
philadelphicus, Salix lucida, Viburnum dentatum dissectum, Lonicera utahensis, Mahonia aquifolium, Phlox longifolia, Poten
Tools: Crataegussp., Quercus alba tilla gracilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii
Toys & Games: Acer nigrum, A. pensylvanicum, A. saccharinum, A. spicatum Burn Dressing: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Ceanothus sanguineus, Holodiscus dis
Waterproofing Agent: Pinus resinosa, P.strobus color, Taxus brevifolia
Weapon: Typha latifolia Cancer Treatment: Larix occidentalis
Carminative: Artemisia ludoviciana
Ojibwa, South Cathartic: Achillea millefolium, Philadelphus lewisii, Rubus idaeus, Symphori
Drug carpos albus
Analgesic: Actaea rubra, Amorpha canescens, Anemone canadensis, A. spM Cha- Ceremonial Medicine: Antennaria rosea, Ceanothus velutinus, Ligusticum can-
maecyparis thyoides, Geum aleppicumJuniperus virginiana, Lappula squar- byi, Rosa acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Vicia americana
rosa, Larix laricina, Maianthemum racemosum, Monardafistulosa, Pinus Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Agastache urticifolia, Amelanchier alnifo-
resinosa, P.strobus, Prunus pensylvanica, P. serotina, Rubus idaeus, R. occiden lia, Artemisia absinthium, A. frigida, A. tridentata, A. tripartita, Asarum cau-
talis, Viola canadensis datum, Chimaphila umbellata, Cornus sericea, Equisetum laevigatum, Erio-
Antidiarrheal: Acer nigrum, A. saccharinum, Crataegus chrysocarpa, Picea glau- gonum compositum, E. heracleoides, E. niveum, Erythronium grandiflorum,
ca, Prunus americana, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Rhus aromatica Geum triflorumJuniperus communis, Ligusticum canbyi, Lomatium ambi-
Antirheumatic (Internal): Phryma leptostachya guum, L macrocarpum, L triternatum, Maianthemum racemosum, Mentha
Cathartic: Veronicastrum virginicum arvertsis, Monardella odoratissima, Nepeta cataria, Paxistima myrsinites, Pen
Cold Remedy: Abies balsamea, Polygala senega stemonfruticosus, Polygonum amphibium, Prunus virginiana, Ribes lacustre,
Cough Medicine: Geum aleppicum, Polygala senega, Salix Candida Salvia dorrii, Spiraea betulifolia, Veratrum viride
Dermatological Aid: Abies balsamea, Botrychium virginianum, Helianthus oc Contraceptive: Amelanchier alnifolia, Apocynum cannabinum, Arabis sparsi
cidentalis, Populus deltoides, Prunus serotina, Rumex crispus, Sporobolus het- flora, Clematis ligusticifolia, Cornus sericea
erolepis, Typha latifolia Cough Medicine: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Oplopanax horridus, Prunus vir
Diaphoretic: Abies balsamea giniana
Diuretic: Acer saccharinum, Betula alleghaniensis Dermatological Aid: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Agoseris
Emetic: Acer pensylvanicum, Sporobolus heterolepis glauca, Artemisia dracunculus, Asclepias speciosa, Aster conspicuus, Calochor-
Eye Medicine: Fraxinus nigra, Rosa blanda, R. virginiana, Symphoricarpos or- tus macrocarpus, Castilleja hispida, C. thompsonii, Cea?iothus velutinus, Cle
biculatus matis columbiana, C. ligusticifolia, Cornus sericea, Disporum trachycarpum,
Gastrointestinal Aid: Actaea rubra, Amorpha canescens, Monardafistulosa, Epilobium brachycarpum, Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum, Eri-
Polygala senega, Prunus pensylvanica, Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis ogonum compositum, E. heracleoides, E. niveum, Erysimum asperum, Fraga-
Gynecological Aid: Maianthemum racemosum, Prunus virginiana ria vesca, F. virginiana, Goodyera oblongifolia, Heracleum maximum, Heu
Hemostat: Maianthemum racemosum, Panax trifolius chera cylindrica, Juniperus scopulorum, Larix occidentalis, Lewisia rediviva,
720 Okanagan-Colville

[Dermatological Aid] culus, Ceanothus velutinus, Cornus sericea, Crataegus douglasii, Epilobium
Leymus cinereus, Lomatium dissectum, Lonicera utahensis, Opuntiafragilis, minutum, Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum, Fragaria vesca, E virginiana,
0. polyacantha, Penstemonfruticosus, Pinus ponderosa, Plantago major, P. Heuchera cylindrica, Lactuca tatarica, Ligusticum canbyi, Lomatium macro
patagonica, Populus tremuloides, Potentilla gracilis, P. recta, Prunus virgini carpum, Mentha arvensis, Monardella odoratissima, Phlox longifolia, Salix
ana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pteryxia terebinthina, Rhusglabra, Rosa acicu- bebbiana, S. scouleriana, S. sp., Solidago canadensis, Sorbus scopulina, S.
laris, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Rubus parviflorus, Salix bebbi- sitchensis, Symphoricarpos albus
ana, S. scouleriana, S. sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Symphoricarpos albus, Poison: Aconitum columbianum, Cicuta douglasii, juniperus scopulorum, Lo
Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia matium dissectum, Lonicera involucrata, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea odorata,
Diaphoretic: Artemisia tridentata, A. tripartita, Balsamorhiza sagittata Pteridium aquilinum, Ranunculus glaberrimus, Symphoricarpos albus, Thuja
Dietary Aid: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Alnus incana,A. viridis, Chimaphila plicata, Triteleia grandiflora, Veratrum viride, Zigadenus venenosus
umbellata, Geum triftorum, Lomatium dissectum, Maianthemum race- Reproductive Aid: Antennaria rosea, Cypripedium montanum, Goodyera ob-
mosum longifolia
Disinfectant: Fragaria vesca, E virginiana Respiratory Aid: Lomatium macrocarpum, Picea engelmannii, P. glauca
Diuretic: Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum, Opuntiafragilis, 0. Stimulant: Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum
polyacantha Strengthener: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Artemisia ludoviciana
Emetic: Pseudotsuga menziesii Throat Aid: Artemisia tridentata, A. tripartita, Heuchera cylindrica, Lomatium
Eye Medicine: Arabis sparsiflora, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Chaenactis douglasii, ambiguum, L. triternatum, Pinus contorta
Dodecatheon pulchellum, Equisetum hyemale, Erigeron pumilus, Lupinus Tonic: Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemisia dracunculus, Hieracium cynoglossoides,
sericeus, L sulphureus, L wyethii, Mahonia aquifolium, Pinus ponderosa, H. scouleri, juniperus communis, Prunus virginiana, Pteryxia terebinthina,
Populus tremuloides, Ribes cereum, Silene menziesii, Symphoricarpos albus Thuja plicata
Febrifuge: Agastache urticifolia, Collomia grandiflora, Geum triflorum, Ipo- Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Alnus incana, A. viridis, Aster con
mopsis aggregata, Mentha arvensis, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Pinus ponderosa, spicuus, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea odorata, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Penste
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Solidago canadensis monfruticosus
Gastrointestinal Aid: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Ana- Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Artemisia absinthium,
phalis margaritacea, Arabis sparsiflora, Artemisia absinthium, Cornus sericea, Chimaphila umbellata, Erigeron linearis, Frasera montana, juniperus com
Lesquerella douglasii, Mentha arvensis, Penstemonfruticosus, Pinus contorta, munis, Lomatium dissectum, Oplopanax horridus, Paxistima myrsinites,
P. ponderosa, Prunus emarginata, P. virginiana, Rubus idaeus, R. parviflorus, Picea engelmannii, P. glauca
Salix sitchensis, Spiraea betulifolia Unspecified: Aster conspicuus, Cornus sericea, Disporum trachycarpum, Gera
Gland Medicine: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa nium viscosissimum
Gynecological Aid: Alnus incana, A. viridis, Artemisia absinthium, A. dracuncu- Urinary Aid: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Sorbus scopulina, S. sitchensis
lus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cornus sericea, Geum macrophyllum, G. tri Venereal Aid: Artemisia absinthium, Aster conspicuus, Equisetum arvense, £
florum, Lonicera involucrata, Potentilla arguta, Rhusglabra, Salix bebbiana, hyemale, E. laevigatum, Gaillardia aristata, Leymus cinereus, Populus bal-
S. scouleriana, S. sp., Sedum lanceolatum, Spiraea betulifolia samifera, Potentilla gracilis, Pterospora andromedea, Rhusglabra, Sedum
Heart Medicine: Cornus sericea, Rhusglabra stenopetalum
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Aster conspicuus Vertigo Medicine: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
Hemostat: Disporum trachycarpum, Salix bebbiana, S. scouleriana, S. sp. Veterinary Aid: Aster conspicuus, Afoliaceus, Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E.
Hunting Medicine: Acerglabrum, Physocarpus malvaceus, Shepherdia cana laevigatum, Lomatium dissectum, Matricaria discoidea, Penstemonfruticosus
densis, Veratrum viride Witchcraft Medicine: Aconitum columbianum, Juncus mertensianus, Lewisia
Internal Medicine: Ligusticum canbyi, Potentilla recta rediviva, Lilium columbianum, Machaeranthera canescens, Matricaria dis
Kidney Aid: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Chimaphila umbellata, Gaillardia aristata, coidea, Pinus ponderosa, Veratrum viride
Ledum groenlandicum, Mahonia aquifolium, Paxistima myrsinites, Spiraea Food
betulifolia Appetizer: Trillium petiolatum
Laxative: Achillea millefolium, Agoseris glauca, Asarum caudatum, Collomia Beverage: juniperus scopulorum, Ledum groenlandicum, Mentha arvensis,
grandiflora, Frangula purshiana, Ipomopsis aggregata, Lonicera utahensis, Monardella odoratissima, Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, Rhododendron albi-
Rubus idaeus, Sedum lanceolatum florum, Rhusglabra
Love Medicine: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Arnica cordifolia, A. latifolia, Bread & Cake: Crataegus columbiana, C. douglasii, Lilium columbianum, Pru
Geum triflorum, Matricaria discoidea nus virginiana, Ribes aureum, R. oxyacanthoides
Misc. Disease Remedy: Artemisia absinthium, A. frigida, Geum triflorum, Juni- Candy: Agoseris glauca, Larix occidentalis, Pinus ponderosa
perus scopulorum, Lewisia rediviva, Lomatium macrocarpum, Penstemon Dessert: Rubus leucodermis
fruticosus, P. richardsonii, Solidago canadensis Dried Food: Allium cernuum, A. douglasii, A. geyeri, Amelanchier alnifolia, Bal
Oral Aid: Artemisia tridentata, A. tripartita, Crataegus douglasii, Fragaria vesca, samorhiza sagittata, Camassia quamash, Erythronium grandiflorum, Fritil-
E virginiana, Lomatium macrocarpum laria pudica, Lewisia rediviva, Lomatium ambiguum, L canbyi, L cous, L
Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia absinthium, Ceanothus velutinus, Crepis atribarba, triternatum, Perideridia gairdneri, Ribes aureum, Rubus idaeus, R. leucoder
Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum, Gaillardia aristata, Heracleum mis, Vaccinium cespitosum, V. membranaceum
maximum, Lomatium dissectum, Salix amygdaloides, S. bebbiana, S. lucida, Fodder: Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum, Juncus effusus, Koeleria
S. scouleriana, S. sp., Veratrum viride macrantha, Leymus cinereus, Sparganium eurycarpum
Other: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Cornus sericea, Juniperus scopulorum, Forage: Ceanothus sanguineus, C. velutinus, Cornus sericea, Crataegus dou
Ligusticum canbyi, Lomatium dissectum, Rhusglabra, Spiraea betulifolia glasii, Epilobium angustifolium, Larix occidentalis, Lonicera ciliosa, L. involu
Panacea: Cornus sericea, Salvia dorrii crata, Lupinus sericeus, L sulphureus, L wyethii, Lysichiton americanus,
Pediatric Aid: Agastache urticifolia, Alnus incana, A. viridis, Artemisia dracun- Nepeta cataria, Paxistima myrsinites, Pinus contorta, Pseudoroegneria spicata,
 Index of Tribes 721

Purshia tridentata, Ribes cereum, R. oxyacanthoides, Rosa acicularis, R. gym- Dye

nocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Symphoricarpos albus, Tragopogon praten- Blue: Delphinium nuttallianum, Penstemon confertus, P. pruinosus
sis, Vaccinium cespitoswn Brown: Betula occidentalis, B. papyrifera
frozen Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Pinus ponderosa, Rubus idaeus, Sambucus Red: Dodecatheon pulchellum
cerulea Red-Brown: Alnus incana, A. viridis
rruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea, Crataegus Yellow: Mahonia aquifolium
columbiana, Elaeagnus commutata, Fragaria vesca, F virginiana, Lonicera Other
utahensis, Mahonia aquifolium, Prunus virginiana, Ribes aureum, R. cereum, Cash Crop: Corylus cornuta, Lewisia rediviva, Ribes oxyacanthoides, Solanum
R. oxyacanthoides, Rubus idaeus, R. leucodermis, R. parviflorus, Sambucus tuberosum
cerulea, Typha latifolia, Vaccinium cespitosum, V membranaceum, V. scopari- Ceremonial Items: juniperus communis, Phalaris arundinacea, Pinus contorta,
um, Viburnum edule P. ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nut
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis kana, R. woodsii, Scirpus acutus, Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica
Pie & Pudding: Amelanchier alnifolia, Perideridia gairdneri Containers: Calamagrostis rubescens, Carex concinnoides, Elaeagnus commu
Sauce & Relish: Camassia quamash, Lomatium dissectum tata, Elytrigia repens, Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum, Leymus
Soup: Opuntiafragilis, 0. polyacantha cinereus, Lysichiton americanus, Phleum pratense, Pinus contorta, Populus
Spice: Lilium columbianum, Lomatium ambiguum, L triternatum, Medicago balsamifera, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa acicularis,
sativa, Rosa acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Rubus parviflorus, Salix bebbiana,
Starvation Food: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum S. exigua, S. scouleriana, S. sp., Scirpus acutus, S. microcarpus, Sparganium
Substitution Food: Lomatium ambiguum, L triternatum eurycarpum, Typha latifolia
Sweetener: Amelanchier alnifolia, Comandra umbellata Cooking Tools: Acerglabrum, Artemisia dracunculus, Calamagrostis rubescens,
Unspecified: Astragalus miser, Balsamorhiza hooked, B. sagittata, Calochortus Cornus sericea, Elaeagnus commutata, Phalaris arundinacea, Scirpus acutus
macrocarpus, Camassia quamash, Citrullus lanatus, Claytonia lanceolata, Decorations: Prunus emarginata, Scirpus microcarpus
Cucumis melo, Cucurbita pepo, Equisetum laevigatum, Erythronium grandi- Fasteners: Acerglabrum, Holodiscus discolor, Pinus ponderosa, Populus balsa
florum, Fritillaria pudica, Lewisia rediviva, Lilium columbianum, Lomatium mifera, Salix bebbiana, S. exigua, S. scouleriana
canbyi, L cous, Lfarinosum, L geyeri, L macrocarpum, Maianthemum race- Fuel: Acerglabrum, Artemisia tridentata, A. tripartita, Betula occidentalis,
mosum, Matricaria discoidea, Opuntiafragilis, 0. polyacantha, Perideridia Ceanothus sanguineus, Purshia tridentata
gairdneri, Phaseolus sp., Physocarpus malvaceus, Pinus albicaulis, P. contorta, Good Luck Charm: Aquilegia formosa, Lithospermum ruderale, Rosa acicularis,
P. ponderosa, Pisum sativum, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa acicularis, R. gym R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Shepherdia canadensis
nocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Sium suave, Triteleia grandiflora, Triticum Hide Preparation: Artemisia tridentata, A. tripartita, Pinus ponderosa
aestivum, Typha latifolia Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Holodiscus dis
Vegetable: Allium cernuum,A. douglasii,A. geyeri, Brassica oleracea, B. rapa, color, Juniperus scopulorum, Leymus cinereus, Lomatium dissectum, Monar-
Heracleum maximum, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Rumex acetosella, della odoratissima, Opuntiafragilis, 0. polyacantha, Osmorhiza occidentalis,
Taraxacum offtcinale, Urtica dioica Phalaris arundinacea, Philadelphus lewisii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa aci
Winter Use Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Claytonia lanceolata, Fragaria vesca, F. cularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata,
virginiana, Perideridia gairdneri, Pinus albicaulis, P ponderosa, Prunus virgi Zigadenus venenosus
niana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ribes oxyacanthoides, Rubus idaeus, Vaccini Incense & Fragrance: Anaphalis margaritacea, Hierochloe odorata
um cespitosum, V membranaceum, Valeriana edulis Insecticide: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium, A. dracunculus
Fiber Malicious Charm: Physocarpus malvaceus
Basketry: Betula occidentalis, B. papyrifera, Scirpus microcarpus, Thuja plicata, Musical Instrument: Acerglabrum, Holodiscus discolor, Sambucus cerulea,
Xerophyllum tenax Thuja plicata
Brushes & Brooms: Symphoricarpos albus, Thuja plicata Paint: Larix occidentalis
Building Material: Acerglabrum, Cornus sericea, Crataegus douglasii, Pinus Preservative: Ceanothus sanguineus, Cornus sericea
ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Scirpus acutus, Thuja plicata, Typha lati Protection: Juniperus communis,]. scopulorum, Philadelphus lewisii, Rosa
folia acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. woodsii, Typha latifolia, Urtica
Canoe Material: Betula occidentalis, B. papyrifera, Pinus monticola, P. pondero dioica
sa, Populus balsamifera, Thuja plicata Season Indicator: Astragalus miser, Crataegus douglasii, Fritillaria pudica, Lar
Caulking Material: Calamagrostis rubescens ix occidentalis, Lupinus sericeus, L sulphureus, L wyethii, Opuntiafragilis, 0.
Clothing: Calamagrostis rubescens, Elaeagnus commutata, Penstemon frutico- polyacantha, Philadelphus lewisii, Pinus contorta, Populus balsamifera, Pru
sus, Salix bebbiana, S. exigua, S. scouleriana, S. sp., Typha latifolia nus virginiana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhusglabra, Ribes cereum
Cordage: Amelanchier alnifolia, Apocynum androsaemifolium, A. cannabinum, Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Clematis ligusticifolia, Cornus sericea,
Asclepias speciosa, Convolvulus arvensis, Cornus sericea, Elaeagnus commu Ligusticum canbyi, Nicotiana attenuata
tata, Salix bebbiana, S. exigua, S. scouleriana Smoking Tools: Philadelphus lewisii
Furniture: Betula occidentalis, B. papyrifera, Holodiscus discolor, Philadelphus Soap: Philadelphus lewisii, Pseudotsuga menziesii
lewisii Stable Gear: Juniperus scopulorum
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Artemisia dracunculus, Tools: Acerglabrum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Astragalus miser, Balsamorhiza
Beckmannia syzigachne, Elaeagnus commutata, Eleocharis palustris, Leymus sagittata, Holodiscus discolor, Philadelphus lewisii, Populus balsamifera, P.
cinereus, Lupinus sericeus, L. sulphureus, L wyethii, Thuja plicata tremuloides
Scouring Material: Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. laevigatum Toys & Games: Acerglabrum, Eriogonum compositum, E. heracleoides, E.
Sewing Material: Salix bebbiana, S. exigua, S. scouleriana niveum, Holodiscus discolor, Juniperus scopulorum, Leymus cinereus, Solida-
Snow Gear: Acerglabrum, Philadelphus lewisii go canadensis, Stipa comata
722 Okanagan-Colville

Water Indicator: Athyriumfilix-femina, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Lithosper cereum, Rubus spectabilis, Sambucus racemosa, Shepherdia canadensis, Sor-
mum ruderale, Pteridium aquilinum, Woodsia scopulina bus sitchensis, Streptopus amplexifolius, Viburnum opulus
Weapon: Cicuta douglasii, Juniperus scopulorum Soup: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Staple: Allium cernuum, Amelanchier alnifolia, A. sp., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,
Okanagon Argentina anserina, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Calochortus macrocarpus, Ca-
Drug massia scilloides, Cirsium undulatum, Claytonia lanceolata, Comandra um
Analgesic: Arabis drummondii, Artemisia dracunculus, Asclepias speciosa, Cea- bellata, Cornus sericea, Crataegus rivularis, Elaeagnus commutata, Erythroni-
nothus velutinus, Luetkea pectinata, Mentha canadensis, Valeriana sitchensis um grandiflorum, Ferula dissoluta, Fragaria vesca, Fritillaria lanceolata, F
Antidiarrheal: Artemisia campestris pudica, Heracleum maximum, Hydrophyllum occidentale, Lewisia rediviva,
Antiemetic: Rubus pubescens Lilium columbianum, Lomatium macrocarpum, Lycopus uniflorus, Mahonia
Antihemorrhagic: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Rubus pubescens sp., Opuntia sp., Peucedanum sp., Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, Prunus vir-
Antirheumatic (External): Artemisia dracunculus, Populus tremuloides, Pseudo- giniana, Ribes cereum, R. lacustre, R. sp., Rosa sp., Rubus leucodermis, R. sp.,
tsuga menziesii, Zigadenus venenosus Sambucus sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Sium suave, Vaccinium membrana-
Antirheumatic (Internal): Actaea rubra, Populus tremuloides, Sambucus race- ceum, V myrtillus
mosa Unspecified: Allium cernuum, Argentina anserina, Balsamorhiza sagittata,
Blood Medicine: Aralia nudicaulis, Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum viride Calochortus macrocarpus, Camassia quamash, C. scilloides, Cirsium edule,
Burn Dressing: Equisetum laevigatum C. hookerianum, Claytonia lanceolata, Corylus cornuta, Epilobium angusti-
Cathartic: Abies grandis, Heracleum maximum folium, Erythronium grandiflorum, Fritillaria lanceolata, F pudica, Hera
Cold Remedy: Mentha canadensis, Pinus contorta, Valeriana sitchensis cleum maximum, Hydrophyllumfendleri, Lewisia rediviva, Lilium columbia
Cough Medicine: Pinus contorta num, Lithospermum incisum, Lomatium macrocarpum, Opuntia polyacan-
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Aralia nudicaulis, Caltha leptosepa- tha, Osmorhiza berteroi, Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, Pteridium aquilinum,
la, Chaenactis douglasii, Chimaphila umbellata, Crataegus douglasii, Linum Rubus leucodermis, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Tragopogon porrifolius, Triteleia
lewisii, Luetkea pectinata, Mentha canadensis, Oplopanax horridus, Rhodo grandiflora
dendron albiflorum, Sambucus racemosa, Valeriana sitchensis Vegetable: Lomatium nudkaule
Diaphoretic: Artemisia dracunculus Winter Use Food: Lewisia columbiana, L rediviva
Dietary Aid: Actaea rubra, Asterfoliaceus Fiber
Eye Medicine: Abies grandis, Achillea millefolium, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Basketry: Phragmites australis, Prunus emarginata
Juniperus communis, Penstemonfruticosus, Pinus ponderosa Clothing: Apocynum cannabinum, Thuja plicata
Gastrointestinal Aid: Asarum caudatum, Asterfoliaceus, Crataegus douglasii, Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum, Thuja plicata
Luetkea pectinata, Mentha canadensis, Oplopanax horridus, Populus tremu Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Asarum caudatum, Phragmites australis, Prunus emar
loides, Pulsatilla occidentalis, Rhododendron albiflorum, Rubus pubescens ginata, Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia
Gynecological Aid: Artemisia campestris, A. dracunculus, Chimaphila umbella Scouring Material: Equisetum laevigatum
ta, Cornus sericea, Goodyera oblongifolia, Luetkea pectinata Sewing Material: Apocynum cannabinum, Thuja plicata
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Sedum divergens, S. spathulifolium Other
Hemostat: Anemone multiflda Cash Crop: Amelanchier alnifolia, Apocynum cannabinum, Corylus cornuta,
Kidney Aid: Arabis drummondii, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis, Lewisia columbiana, L rediviva
Penstemonfruticosus, Pseudotsuga menziesii Containers: Artemisia tridentata, Prunus emarginata, Thuja plicata, Typha lati
Laxative: Sedum divergens folia
Oral Aid: Rhus glabra Decorations: Phragmites australis
Orthopedic Aid: Arabis drummondii, Artemisia dracunculus, Penstemonfruti Fasteners: Apocynum androsaemifolium
cosus, Pinus contorta Hide Preparation: Artemisia tridentata
Pediatric Aid: Linum lewisii, Mentha canadensis, Sedum divergens, S. spathuli Hunting & Fishing Item: Apocynum cannabinum
folium Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea, Nicotiana attenuata,
Sedative: Sedum spathulifolium Rosa gymnocarpa, Vaccinium ovalifolium, Valeriana sitchensis
Snakebite Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Chaenactis douglasii Stable Gear: Artemisia tridentata
Stimulant: Potentilla glandulosa Tools: Amelanchier alnifolia
Throat Aid: Pinus contorta Toys & Games: Lithospermum incisum, Rosa gymnocarpa
Tonic: Achillea millefolium, Aralia nudicaulis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Clema
tis ligusticifolia, Heracleum maximum, Juniperus communis, Oplopanax hor Omaha
ridus, Potentilla glandulosa, Rubus pubescens, Streptopus roseus Drug
Toothache Remedy: Sambucus racemosa Abortifacient: Artemisia dracunculus, Afrigida
Urinary Aid: Arabis drummondii, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus scopulo Analgesic: Amorpha canescens, Aquilegia canadensis, Cucurbitafoetidissima,
rum, Pseudotsuga menziesii Dyssodia papposa, Echinacea angustifolia, Heracleum maximum, Lespedeza
Food capitata, Physalis lanceolata, Pulsatilla patens, Rhus glabra, Silphium perfo-
Beverage: Shepherdia canadensis liatum
Bread & Cake: Amelanchier alnifolia, Gaultheria shallon Anesthetic: Echinacea angustifolia
Dried Food: Lomatium dissectum Antidiarrheal: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia
Forage: Hydrophyllumfendleri Antidote: Echinacea angustifolia, Rhus glabra
Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Crataegus columbiana, C. douglasii, Gaultheria Antirheumatic (External): Amorpha canescens, Lespedeza capitata, Pulsatilla
shallon, Lonicera involucrata, Maianthemum racemosum, M. stellatum, Ribes patens
 Index of Tribes 723

Antirheumatic (Internal): Silphium perfoliatum Dried Food: Fragaria virginiana, Morus rubra, Pediomelum esculentum, Physa
Blood Medicine: Echinacea angustifolia lis heterophylla, Prunus americana, P. pumila, P. virginiana, Ribes missouri-
Burn Dressing: Echinacea angustifolia, Typha latifolia, T. sp. ense, Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis, Shepherdia argentea, Vitis cinerea, V. ripa-
Carminative: Acorus calamus, Mentha canadensis ria, V. vulpina
Cathartic: Heracleum maximum Fodder: Osmorhiza longistylis, Oxalis stricta, 0. violacea
Ceremonial Medicine: Acorus calamus, Artemisia ludoviciana, A sp., Asclepias Fruit: Ameknchier alnifolia, Celtis occidentalis, Crataegus chrysocarpa, C. mol
tuberosa, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus virginiana, lis, Fragaria vesca, F virginiana, Helianthus tuberosus, Malus ioensis, Morus
Lophophora williamsii, Populus deltoides, Prunus virginiana, Salix sp., Typha rubra, Prunus americana, P. pumila, P. virginiana, Ribes missouriense, Rubus
latifolia idaeus, R. occidentalis, Sambucus canadensis, Shepherdia argentea, Smilax
Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Juniperus virginiana, Silphium perfoliatum herbacea, Viburnum lentago, Vitis cinerea, V. riparia, V vulpina
Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus, Juniperus virginiana Preservative: Ulmus rubra
Dermatological Aid: Amorpha canescens, Asclepias tuberosa, Echinacea angus Sauce & Relish: Allium canadense, Physalis heterophylla, Prunus americana,
tifolia, Eriogonumfasciculatum, Humulus lupulus, Impatiens capensis, I. pal- P pumila
lida, Iris versicolor, Liatris scariosa, Osmorhiza longistylis, Oxalis stricta, Snack Food: Ulmus rubra
Physalis lanceolata, P. viscosa, Prunus americana, Rhus glabra, Typha latifolia Soup: Carya ovata, Chenopodium album, Corylus americana, Juglans nigra,
Diaphoretic: Juniperus virginiana Nelumbo lutea, Pediomelum esculentum
Dietary Aid: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Gymnocladus dioicus, Liatris scariosa Spice: Allium canadense, Ulmus rubra
Disinfectant: Artemisia sp. Staple: Zea mays, Zizania aquatica
Diuretic: Rhus glabra Starvation Food: Crataegus chrysocarpa, C. mollis, Rosa arkansana
Ear Medicine: Iris versicolor Sweetener: Acer negundo, A. saccharinum, Agastachefoeniculum, Carya ovata,
Eye Medicine: Echinacea angustifolia, Iris versicolor, Lygodesmia juncea, Rosa Zea mays
arkansana, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, S. orbiculatus Unspecified: Allium canadense, A. sp., Amphicarpaea bracteata, Apios ameri
Febrifuge: Acorus calamus, Andropogon gerardii, Aquilegia canadensis, cana, Carya ovata, Corylus americana, Helianthus tuberosus, Juglans nigra,
Artemisia ludoviciana, Caulophyllum thalictroides Lathyrus brachycalyx, Linum lewisii, Nelumbo lutea, Oxalis stricta, 0. viola
Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Artemisia sp., Asclepias exaltata, Cha- cea, Pediomelum esculentum, Quercus macrocarpa, Q. rubra, Rumex crispus,
maesyce serpyllifolia, Heracleum maximum, Liatris scariosa, Physalis lanceo Sagittaria latifolia, Ulmus rubra
lata, Quercus sp., Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis Vegetable: Apios americana, Asclepias syriaca, Nelumbo lutea, Sagittaria latifolia
Gynecological Aid: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Gymnocladus dioicus, Lygodesmia Winter Use Food: Amphicarpaea bracteata, Zea mays
juncea, Rhus glabra Fiber
Hemostat: Artemisia ludoviciana, Gymnocladus dioicus, Rhus glabra Basketry: Salix interior, Tilia americana, Ulmus rubra
Herbal Steam: Juniperus virginiana, Silphium perfoliatum Brushes & Brooms: Prunus americana, Stipa spartea
Kidney Aid: Gymnocladus dioicus, Ribes americanum Building Material: Andropogon gerardii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Populus del
Laxative: Gymnocladus dioicus, Ulmus rubra toides, Salix sp., Spartina pectinata, Ulmus americana, U. rubra, U thomasii
Love Medicine: Aquilegia canadensis, Artemisia dracunculus, Lomatium Cordage: Tilia americana, Ulmus rubra, Urtica dioica, Yucca glauca
foeniculaceum Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Artemisia dracunculus, A. frigida, A. ludoviciana, Scir-
Misc. Disease Remedy: Echinacea angustifolia pus tabernaemontani
Other: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinocactus williamsii Scouring Material: Equisetum sp.
Panacea: Acorus calamus, Anemone canadensis, Cucurbitafoetidissima Sewing Material: Urtica dioica, Yucca glauca
Pediatric Aid: Quercus sp., Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis, Typha latifolia Snow Gear: Carya cordiformis, C. glabra, C. laciniosa, C. ovata
Poison: Toxicodendron pubescens Dye
Pulmonary Aid: Asclepias tuberosa Black: Acer saccharinum, Juglans nigra, Quercus rubra
Respiratory Aid: Asclepias tuberosa Red: Sanguinaria canadensis
Snakebite Remedy: Echinacea angustifolia Unspecified: Sanguinaria canadensis
Stimulant: Andropogon gerardii, Gymnocladus dioicus Yellow: Populus deltoides, Rhus glabra
Throat Aid: Smilax herbacea Other
Tonic: Acorus calamus, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Gymnocladus dioicus, Liatris Ceremonial Items: Acer negundo, Astragalus crassicarpus, Fraxinus pennsylva
scariosa nica, Heracleum maximum, Hierochloe odorata, Lagenaria siceraria, Nelum
Toothache Remedy: Acorus calamus, Echinacea angustifolia bo lutea, Populus deltoides, Salix sp., Stipa spartea, Typha latifolia, Urtica
Unspecified: Artemisia dracunculus, Physalis lanceolata, Yucca glauca dioica
Urinary Aid: Rhus glabra Cooking Tools: Astragalus canadensis, Ulmus americana, U. rubra
Veterinary Aid: Acorus calamus, Echinacea angustifolia, Juniperus virginiana, Decorations: Acer negundo
Liatris scariosa, Silphium laciniatum Fuel: Ceanothus americanus, Populus deltoides, Ulmus americana, U. rubra,
Witchcraft Medicine: Artemisiasp., Silphium laciniatum U thomasii
Food Good Luck Charm: Melia azedarach
Beverage: Agastachefoeniculum, Ceanothus americanus, Crataegus chryso- Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus asperifolia, Fraxinus
carpa, C. mollis, Mentha canadensis, Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis, Sambucus pennsylvanica, Madura pomifera
canadensis, Verbena hastata, V. stricta Incense & Fragrance: Acorus calamus, Aquilegia canadensis, Galium triflorum,
Bread & Cake: Prunus virginiana Hierochloe odorata, Juniperus virginiana, Monardaflstulosa, Rosa arkansana,
Candy: Populus deltoides, Silphium laciniatum Zanthoxylum americanum
Cooking Agent: Lithospermum canescens Jewelry: Melia azedarach
724 Omaha

Musical Instrument: Populus deltoides Food

Paint: Sanguinaria canadensis Beverage: Camellia sinensis, Ledum groenlandicum, Rubus parviflorus
Protection: Juniperus virginiana, Zea mays Bread & Cake: Porphyra abbottae
Sacred Items: Populus deltoides Candy: Picea sitchensis
Season Indicator: Prunus americana, P. virginiana, Solidago sp. Dried Food: Egregia menziesii, Macrocystis integrifolia, Porphyra abbottae,
Smoke Plant: Cornus amomum, C. sericea, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Rhusglabra, Sambucus racemosa, Tsuga heterophylla
Rosa arkansana Forage: Cornus unalaschkensis, Lysichiton americanus, Maianthemum dilata
Smoking Tools: Fraxinus pennsylvanica tum, Streptopus amplexifolius
Soap: Yucca glauca Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus unalaschkensis,
Stable Gear: Ulmus americana, U. thomasii, Urtica dioica Fragaria chiloensis, F. vesca, F. virginiana, Gaultheria shallon, Lonicera in-
Tools: Ulmus americana, U. rubra, U. thomasii volucrata, Malusfusca, M. sylvestris, Prunus sp., Ribes bracteosum, R. divari-
Toys & Games: Amelanchier alnifolia, Andropogon gerardii, Artemisia sp., catum, R. laxiflorum, Rubus idaeus, R. leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. specta-
Asclepias syriaca, Astragalus canadensis, Betula papyrifera, Desmanthus illi- bilis, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium cespitosum, V ovalifolium,V. oxyco-
noensis, Populus deltoides, Quercus macrocarpa, Ribes missouriense, Sambu- ccos, V. vitis-idaea
cus canadensis, Thalictrum dasycarpum, Ulmus americana, U. rubra, Urtica Preserves: Fragaria chiloensis, E vesca, F. virginiana, Gaultheria shallon, Rubus
dioica, Viburnum opulus, Viola sp. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, Sambucus racemosa, Viburnum edule
Special Food: Vaccinium cespitosum, V. membranaceum
Oregon Indian
Unspecified: Allium cepa, A. cernuum, Argentina egedii, Brassica rapa, Coniose-
Drug
linum gmelinii, Daucus carota, Dryopteris sp., Egregia menziesii, Epilobium
Antidiarrheal: Prunus virginiana
angustifolium, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Heracleum maximum, Macrocystis
Dermatological Aid: Clematis ligusticifolia
integrifolia, Nereocystis luetkeana, Oplopanax horridus, Oryza sativa, Populus
Febrifuge: Clematis ligusticifolia, Cleome serrulata
balsamifera, Porphyra abbottae, Rubus parviflorus, R. spectabilis, Rumex
Love Medicine: Lomatium sp.
aquaticus, Trifolium wormskioldii, Tsuga heterophylla, Urtica dioica, Zostera
Veterinary Aid: Lomatium dissectum
marina
Food
Vegetable: Solanum tuberosum
Beverage: Shepherdia canadensis
Winter Use Food: Egregia menziesii, Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis luet
Fruit: Crataegus columbiana
keana, Rubus spectabilis, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium ovalifolium, V
Soup: Lomatium cous
parvifolium, V uliginosum
Other
Fiber
Hide Preparation: Lomatium dissectum
Basketry: Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata
Oregon Indian, Warm Springs Brushes & Brooms: Taxus brevifolia
Drug Building Material: Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
Unspecified: Ceanothus velutinus Canoe Material: Alnus rubra, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Taxus brevifolia,
Food Thuja plicata
Unspecified: Lewisia rediviva Clothing: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Polystichum munitum, Thuja plicata
Cordage: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Epilobium angustifolium, Thuja plicata,
Oto
Urtica dioica
Drug
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Polystichum munitum,
Antiemetic: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Thuja plicata
Laxative: Gymnocladus dioicus
Dye
Pulmonary Aid: Arctium minus
Red: Alnus rubra
Oweekeno Yellow: Letharia vulpina
Drug Other
Analgesic: Oplopanax horridus Cash Crop: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Antirheumatic (External): Oplopanax horridus, Picea sitchensis, Plagiomnium Ceremonial Items: Alnus rubra, Dryopteris sp., Juniperus communis, Rosa nut-
insigne, Veratrum viride kana, Rubus spectabilis, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Veratrum viride
Ceremonial Medicine: Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla Cleaning Agent: Usnea longissima
Cold Remedy: Abies amabilis, Ledum groenlandicum, Oplopanax horridus Containers: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Lysichiton americanus, Polystichum
Cough Medicine: Polypodium glycyrrhiza munitum, Rubus spectabilis, Thuja plicata
Dermatological Aid: Maianthemum dilatatum, Oplopanax horridus, Peltigera Cooking Tools: Acerglabrum, Gaultheria shallon, Lysichiton americanus, Malus
sp., Picea sitchensis, Plagiomnium insigne, Populus balsamifera fusca, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
Gastrointestinal Aid: Picea sitchensis Decorations: Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Thuja plicata
Internal Medicine: Plagiomnium insigne Fasteners: Populus balsamifera
Oral Aid: Malusfusca Fuel: Alnus rubra, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pteridium aquilinum, Thuja plicata
Panacea: Oplopanax horridus Good Luck Charm: Pinguicula vulgaris
Poison: Oplopanax horridus, Ribes lacustre, Veratrum viride Hunting & Fishing Item: Cornus sericea, Nereocystis luetkeana, Taxus brevifolia,
Throat Aid: Ledum groenlandicum, Polypodium glycyrrhiza Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Urtica dioica
Tonic: Oplopanax horridus Jewelry: Lycopodium clavatum
Unspecified: Picea sitchensis Musical Instrument: Alnus rubra, Thuja plicata
Veterinary Aid: Peltigera sp. Paint: Fomes sp.
732 Pima

[Unspecified] Candy: Agave deserti, Carnegia gigantea, Yucca baccata

Opuntia engelmannii, 0. phaeacantha, 0. sp., Orobanche ludoviciana, Dried Food: Agave deserti, Amaranthus palmeri, Carnegia gigantea, Opuntia
Parkinsoniaflorida, P. microphylla, Pisum sativum, Populus deltoides, Pro- acanthocarpa, O. arbuscula
boscidea parviflora, Prosopis velutina, Rwnex hymenosepalus, Salix good- Fruit: Capsicum annuum, Lycium sp., Opuntia engelmannii, 0. leptocaulis,
dingii, Sonchus asper, S. oleraceus, Triticum durum, T. polonicum, Typha Phoradendron californicum, Sambucus cerulea, Yucca baccata, Ziziphus ob~
angustifolia, Vigna unguiculata tusifolia
Vegetable: Amaranthus palmeri, Atriplex wrightii, Chenopodium sp., Hoff- Porridge: Carnegia gigantea, Descurainia pinnata, Plantago sp., Salvia colum
mannseggia glauca, Monolepis nuttalliana, Rumex crispus, R. hymenosepa bariae, Sisymbrium irio
lus, Sonchus asper, Trianthema portulacastrum Preserves: Carnegia gigantea
Winter Use Food: Sisymbrium irio Sauce & Relish: Carnegia gigantea
Fiber Snack Food: Cucurbita digitata, Cyperus sp., Dichelostemma pulchellum, Echi-
Basketry: Nolina microcarpa, Populusfremontii, Proboscidea althaeifolia, nocereus engelmannii, Mammillaria grahamii, Phoradendron californicum,
P parviflora, Salix gooddingii, Typha angustifolia, Yucca baccata Physalis acutifolia, Populus fremontii, Proboscidea sp., Prosopis pubescens, P.
Brushes & Brooms: Agave lechuguilla, Baccharis sarothroides, Yucca baccata velutina, Quercus turbinella, Sambucus cerulea, Scirpussp., Washingtonia
Building Material: Acacia greggii, Fouquieria splendens, Populus fremontii, fllifera
Prosopis pubescens, P. velutina, Typha angustifolia Special Food: Ferocactus sp.
Cordage: Agave deserti, Yucca baccata Staple: Agave deserti, Capsicum annuum, Carnegia gigantea, Descurainia pin
Furniture: Acacia greggii, Prosopis velutina nata, Opuntia acanthocarpa, Prosopis pubescens, P. velutina, Sisymbrium irio
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Dasylirion wheeled, Phragmites australis, Salix good Starvation Food: Acacia greggii, Allenrolfea occidentalis, Atriplex lentiformis
dingii, Typha angustifolia, Yucca baccata, Y. elata Unspecified: Allenrolfea occidentalis, Amaranthus palmeri, Amoreuxia palmat-
Sewing Material: Salix gooddingii iflda, Atriplex elegans, A. lentiformis, A. wrightii, Chenopodium album, C pra-
Dye tericola, Cyperus sp., Descurainia pinnata, Eremalche exilis, Ferocactus sp.,
Black: Prosopis velutina Gossypium hirsutum, Hoffmannseggia glauca, Olneya tesota, Opuntia acan
Brown: Krameria grayi, Rumex hymenosepalus thocarpa, 0. arbuscula, O. xkelvinensis, 0. sp., Orobanche cooperi, Parkinso-
Red-Brown: Rumex hymenosepalus nia microphylla, Phaceliasp., Phalaris caroliniana, P. minor, Plantago ovata,
Unspecified: Madura pomifera P. patagonica, Portulaca oleracea, Proboscidea sp., Rumex crispus, R. violas-
Yellow: Rumex crispus, R. hymenosepalus cens, Salvia columbariae, Scirpus maritimus, Sisymbrium irio, Sonchus asper,
Other S. oleraceus, Suaeda moquinii, Typha domingensis
Cash Crop: Agastache pallidiflora, Agave americana, A. parryi, Opuntia acan- Vegetable: Amaranthus palmeri, Amsinckia sp., Eremalche exilis, Monolepis
thocarpa nuttalliana, Phacelia sp., Portulaca sp., Rumex sp.
Ceremonial Items: Lagenaria siceraria Winter Use Food: Prosopis velutina
Containers: Populus deltoides, Salix gooddingii, Suaeda arborescens, Yucca elata Other
Cooking Tools: Parkinsoniaflorida, Prosopis velutina, Suaeda arborescens, S. Cash Crop: Prosopis velutina
suffrutescens, Xanthium strumarium Season Indicator: Prosopis pubescens, P. velutina
Decorations: Fouquieria splendens, Typha angustifolia
Pima,Lehi
Designs: Proboscidea parviflora
Food
Fuel: Acacia greggii, Atriplex sp., Enceliafarinosa, Isocoma pluriflora, Olneya
Beverage: Ephedrafasciculata
tesota, Populus fremontii, Prosopis pubescens, P. velutina, Tamarix aphylla
Hunting & Fishing Item: Acacia greggii, Ferocactus wislizeni, Madura pomifera, Pit River
Salix gooddingii Other
Lighting: Helianthus annuus Cash Crop: Taxus brevifolia
Musical Instrument: Phragmites australis Protection: Amelanchiersp.
Paint: Enceliafarinosa, Prosopis velutina
Plains Indian
Season Indicator: Carnegia gigantea
Drug
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuata, N. rustica, N. tabacum, N. trigonophylla
Dermatological Aid: Typha latifolia
Soap: Atriplex lentiformis, Yucca baccata, Y. elata
Pediatric Aid: Typha latifolia
Tools: Olneya tesota
Veterinary Aid: Hierochloe odorata
Toys & Games: Melilotus indicus, Prosopis velutina
Dye
Pima, Desert Black: Rhus glabra
Other Gray: Rhus glabra
Cash Crop: Amoreuxia palmatifida, Capsicum annuum, Quercus sp., Yucca Yellow: Rhus glabra
baccata Other
Smoke Plant: Rhus glabra
Pima, Gila River
Food Poliklah
Baby Food: Dichelostemma pulchellum, Mammillaria grahamii, Physalis acuti- Drug
folia, Sarcostemma cynanchoides, Washingtoniafllifera Cold Remedy: Garrya sp.
Beverage: Carnegia gigantea, Descurainia pinnata, Plantago sp.t Prosopis velu- Eye Medicine: Artemisia ludoviciana
tina, Salvia columbariae, Sambucus cerulea, Sisymbrium irio Pediatric Aid: Ceanothus thyrsiflorus
Bread & Cake: Prosopis velutina Poison: Lonicera involucrata
 Index of Tribes 733

Food Staple: Avenafatua, Boisduvalia densiflora, Hemizonia clevelandii, H. luzulifo-

3read & Cake: Lithocarpus densiflorus lia, Lolium temulentum, Madia capitata, M. elegans, M. gracilis, M. sativa,
Fruit: Sambucus sp., Vaccinium ovatum,V parvifolium Perideridia gairdneri, P. kelloggii, Ranunculus occidentalis, Salvia columba-
Porridge: Lithocarpus densiflorus riae, Wyethia angustifolia, W. longicaulis, W. sp.
Staple: Lithocarpus densiflorus Unspecified: Allium unifolium, Avenafatua, A. sativa, Brodiaea coronaria,
Fiber Calochortus pulchellus, C. sp., C. vestae, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Dichelo-
Basketry: Adiantum sp., Corylus sp., Picea sitchensis, Woodwardia sp., Xero- stemma pulchellum, D. volubile, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Macrocystis luetke-
phyllum sp. ana, Melica bulbosa, Pinus lambertiana, P. sabiniana, Postelsia palmaeformis,
Brushes & Brooms: Vaccinium parvifolium Quercus agrifolia, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii, Sagittaria latifolia, Sanicula tube-
Other rosa, Scirpus acutus, Triteleia hyacinthina, T. laxa, T. peduncularis, Umbellu
Containers: Lysichiton sp. laria sp.
Hunting & Fishing Item: Holodiscus discolor, Philadelphus lewisii Vegetable: Perideridia gairdneri, Scirpus acutus, S. robustus, Triteleia grandiflo-
Jewelry: Xerophyllum sp. ra, Typha latifolia
Sacred Items: Lomatium californicum Winter Use Food: Avenafatua, Madia sativa, Porphyra perforata, Rubus leuco
dermis
Porno Fiber
Drug Basketry: Carex barbarae, C. mendocinensis, C. sp., Cercis canadensis, Cladium
Abortifacient: Phoradendron villosum sp., Corylus cornuta, Juncus balticus, Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus muricata,
Analgesic: Umbellularia californica, Urtica dioica P. sabiniana, Pteridium aquilinum, Rhus trilobata, Salix exigua, S. sessilifolia,
Antidiarrheal: Arctostaphylos columbiana, Croton setigerus S. sp., Scirpus acutus, S. maritimus, S. robustus, S. sp., Taxus brevifolia, Torreya
Antiemetic: Perideridia kelloggii, Trifolium sp. californica, Vitis californica
Antihemorrhagic: Ligusticum apiifolium Building Material: Artemisia ludoviciana, Scirpus robustus
Antirheumatic (External): Heracleum maximum, Oxalis oregana, Umbellularia Canoe Material: Scirpus acutus
californica, Urtica dioica Clothing: Scirpus acutus, S. robustus, Typha latifolia
Blood Medicine: Satureja douglasii Cordage: Carex sp., Lupinus arboreus, Vitis californica
Cold Remedy: Calycanthus occidentalis Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Scirpus robustus
Dermatological Aid: Alnus rhombifolia, Aralia californica, Arbutus menziesii, Sewing Material: Scirpus robustus, Taxus brevifolia, Vitis californica
Artemisia vulgaris,Asarum caudatum, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Gnapha- Sporting Equipment: Juncus effusus
Hum sp., G. stramineum, Heracleum maximum, Marah fabaceus, Sambucus Dye
racemosa, Scrophularia californica Black: Toxicodendron diversilobum
Dietary Aid: Satureja douglasii Other
Ear Medicine: Sequoia sempervirens Cooking Tools: Chlorogalum sp., Corylus cornuta, Polystichum munitum,
Expectorant: Eriodictyon californicum Rubus parviflorus, Taxus brevifolia, Woodwardia radicans
Eye Medicine: Thermopsis macrophylla Decorations: Rhododendron macrophyllum, R. occidentale
Gastrointestinal Aid: Satureja douglasii Fasteners: Pinus sabiniana, Vitis californica
Gynecological Aid: Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemisia vulgaris, Convolvulus Fuel: Pinus muricata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus kelloggii, Salix sitchensis
arvensis, Iris macrosiphon, I. tenuissima Hunting & Fishing Item: Carex sp., Corylus cornuta, Holodiscus discolor, Iris
Laxative: Frangula californica macrosiphon, I. tenuissima, Marah fabaceus, Pinus sabiniana, Quercus garry
Panacea: Aralia californica ana, Taxus brevifolia
Pediatric Aid: Alnus rhombifolia, Artemisia vulgaris, Gnaphalium sp. Lighting: Carex sp.
Poison: Aesculus californica, Clintonia andrewsiana, Croton setigerus, Frangula Smoking Tools: Lonicera hispidula
californica Soap: Arctostaphylos manzanita
Pulmonary Aid: Ligusticum apiifolium Tools: Adiantum pedatum, Ceanothus oliganthus, Juncus balticus, Torreya cali
Stimulant: Sequoia sempervirens fornica
Tonic: Sequoia sempervirens Toys & Games: Acer macrophyllum
Tuberculosis Remedy: Torreya californica
Unspecified: Arctostaphylos glandulosa, Pinus lambertiana Porno, Calpella
Food Drug
Bread & Cake: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Porphyra perforata, Quercus chrysolepis, Blood Medicine: Linanthus ciliatus
Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata Cold Remedy: Arctostaphylos manzanita, Linanthus ciliatus
Dried Food: Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Porphyra per Cough Medicine: Linanthus ciliatus
forata, Vaccinium ovatum Pediatric Aid: Linanthus ciliatus
Fruit: Arbutus menziesii, Carpobrotus aequilateralus, Fragaria vesca, Gaulthe-
ria shallon, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. Porno, Kashaya
spectabilis, Vaccinium ovatum, Vitis californica Drug
Pie & Pudding: Vaccinium ovatum Abortifacient: Garrya elliptica, Phoradendron villosum
Porridge: Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Madia sativa, Mel- Analgesic: Artemisia douglasiana, Umbellularia californica, Urtica dioica
ica bulbosa, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata Antidiarrheal: Arctostaphylos columbiana, A. glandulosa, Croton setigerus,
Soup: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus kelloggii, Q. lobata Rubus leucodermis, R. ursinus
Spice: Allium unifolium Antiemetic: Perideridia kelloggii
734 Porno, Kashaya

Antirheumatic (External): Heracleum maximum, Oxalis oregana, Umbellularia Wyethia angustifolia

californica, Urtica dioica Sweetener: Pinus lambertiana
Blood Medicine: Eriodictyon californicum, Horkelia californica, Ligusticum Unspecified: Aesculus californica, Angelica tomentosa, Brassica sp., CastanopsL
apiifolium, Satureja douglasii chrysophylla, Heracleum maximum, Hordeum sp., Juglans hindsii, Lomatiurr
Cold Remedy: Angelica tomentosa, Calycanthus occidental, Salix lucida, Satu macrocarpum, Nereocystis luetkeana, Perideridia kelloggii, Pinus lamberti
reja douglasii, Umbellularia californica ana, P. muricata, P. sabiniana, Porphyra lanceolata, P. perforata, Postelsia pal
Cough Medicine: Eriodictyon californicum, Lithocarpus densiflorus maeformis, Trifolium albopurpureum, T.fucatum, T. variegatum, T wormski-
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Alnus rhombifolia, A. rubra, Angelica oldii, Typha sp., Umbellularia californica, Wyethia glabra
tomentosa, Aralia californica, Arbutus menziesii, Artemisia douglasiana, Asa- Vegetable: Agaricus campestris, A. silvicola, Allium dichlamydeum, Boletus
rum caudatum, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Equisetum arvense, Eriodicty edulis, Brodiaea coronaria, Calochortus amabilis, C. luteus, C. tolmiei, C. ves-
on californicum, Marahfabaceus, Phacelia californica, Pteridium aquilinum, tae, Cantharellus cibarius, Cyperus esculentus, Dentinum repandum, Diche-
Scrophularia californica, Stachys bullata, Umbellularia californica, Xerophyl- lostemma pulchellum, Hericium coralloides, Peziza aurantia, Piperia elegans,
lum tenax P. unalascensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Triteleia laxa
Ear Medicine: Sequoia sempervirens Winter Use Food: Arbutus menziesii, Castanopsis chrysophylla, Nereocystis
Expectorant: Calycanthus occidentalis, Nereocystis luetkeana luetkeana, Pinus lambertiana, P muricata, P. sabiniana, Rubus leucodermis,
Eye Medicine: Diplacus aurantiacus, Foeniculum vulgare, Thermopsis macro- Umbellularia californica, Wyethia angustifolia
phylla Fiber
Febrifuge: Eriodictyon californicum, Sambucus cerulea Basketry: Adiantum jordanii, Cercis canadensis, Corylus cornuta, Pteridium
Gastrointestinal Aid: Angelica tomentosa, Artemisia douglasiana, Calycanthus aquilinum, Salix hindsiana, S. lucida, Scirpus acutus, S. americanus, S.fluvi-
occidentalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Rubus leucodermis, Satureja douglasii, Sisy- atilis, S. robustus, Taxus brevifolia
rinchium bellum Brushes & Brooms: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Perideridia kelloggii
Gynecological Aid: Amelanchier pallida, Angelica tomentosa, Artemisia dou Building Material: Amelanchier pallida, Salix hindsiana, Sequoia sempervirens
glasiana, Convolvulus arvensis, Equisetum telmateia, Eschscholzia californi Clothing: Asclepias eriocarpa, A. speciosa, Ramalina menziesii
ca, Rubus ursinus, Thermopsis macrophylla, Umbellularia californica Cordage: Asclepias eriocarpa, A. speciosa, Carex barbarae, Lupinus arboreus,
Kidney Aid: Equisetum laevigatum Nereocystis luetkeana, Vitis californica
Laxative: Frangula californica, Melilotus indicus Furniture: Cornus nuttallii, Holodiscus discolor, Vitis californica
Love Medicine: Arbutus menziesii Sewing Material: Carex barbarae
Misc. Disease Remedy: Vaccinium ovatum Dye
Oral Aid: Angelica tomentosa Black: juglans hindsii, Quercus kelloggii
Other: Angelica tomentosa, Rubus leucodermis Yellow: Oenothera elata
Poison: Amanita muscaria, Clintonia andrewsiana, Lycoperdon sp., Trillium Other
sp., Zigadenus venenosus Ceremonial Items: Aquilegia eximia, Ceanothus griseus, C. thyrsiflorus, Fragaria
Pulmonary Aid: Ligusticum apiifolium chiloensis, F vesca, Iris douglasiana, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Lupinus afflnis,
Respiratory Aid: Sisyrinchium bellum, Umbellularia californica L albifrons, L arboreus, L densiflorus, L luteolus, L nanus, L polyphyllus, L
Sedative: Dodecatheon hendersonii, Satureja douglasii succulentus, L versicolor, Orthocarpus densiflorus, O.faucibarbatus, 0. pur-
Stimulant: Sequoia sempervirens purascens, Rhododendron macrophyllum, R. occidental, Triteleia laxa
Throat Aid: Angelica tomentosa, Arbutus menziesii, Calycanthus occidentalis, Containers: Heracleum maximum
Nereocystis luetkeana, Salix hindsiana, S. lucida, Umbellularia californica Cooking Tools: Polystichum munitum, Rubus parviflorus, Taxus brevifolia,
Toothache Remedy: Asarum caudatum Woodwardia fimbriata
Tuberculosis Remedy: Ligusticum apiifolium, Torreya californica Designs: Lonicera hispidula, Toxicodendron diversilobum
Unspecified: Sanicula sp. Fasteners: Equisetum telmateia, Grindelia integrifolia, Pinus muricata, Pseudo-
Food tsuga menziesii
Beverage: Ledum xcolumbianum, Satureja douglasii Fuel: Arbutus menziesii, Pseudotsuga menziesii
Candy: Pinus lambertiana Hunting & Fishing Item: Aesculus californica, Chlorogalum pomeridianum,
Dried Food: Arctostaphylos glandulosa, Juglans hindsii, Lithocarpus densiflo Corylus cornuta, Gnaphalium stramineum, Holodiscus discolor, Marahfaba
rus, Porphyra lanceolata, P. perforata, Postelsia palmaeformis, Quercus agrifo- ceus, Nereocystis luetkeana, Pinus muricata, Taxus brevifolia, Umbellularia
lia, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii, Umbellularia californica, Vaccinium ovatum californica
Forage: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus dumosa Jewelry: Adiantum aleuticum, A. jordanii, Juncus balticus
Fruit: Arbutus menziesii, Carpobrotus aequilateralus, Fragaria chiloensis, E Lighting: Arctostaphylos columbiana
vesca, Gaultheria shallon, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Ribes californicum, Rosa Musical Instrument: Lithocarpus densiflorus
californica, R. gymnocarpa, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, Protection: Angelica tomentosa, Umbellularia californica
R. ursinus, Sambucus cerulea, Umbellularia californica, Vaccinium ovatum, Sacred Items: Umbellularia californica
V parvifolium, Vitis californica Smoke Plant: Artemisia douglasiana, Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Pie & Pudding: Gaultheria shallon, Rubus ursinus, Vaccinium ovatum Smoking Tools: Lonicera hispidula
Porridge: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus agrifolia, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii, Soap: Ceanothus griseus, C. thyrsiflorus, Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Q. lobata, Triticum aestivum Tools: Aesculus californica, Arctostaphylos columbiana, A. glandulosa, Equise
Sauce & Relish: Rubus ursinus tum telmateia, Taxus brevifolia
Sour: Oxalis oregana Toys & Games: Acer macrophyllum, Arbutus menziesii, Heracleum maximum,
Spice: Lomatium macrocarpum, Ulva lactuca Juncus balticus, Oxalis oregana, Pinus lambertiana, Ranunculus californicus,
Staple: Avena sp., Elymus sp., Madia elegans, M. sativa, Pinus sabiniana, Sambucus cerulea, Sequoia sempervirens
 Index of Tribes 743

Octoblephorum albidum, Persea borbonia, Piloblephis rigida, Pityopsis gra- Strengthener: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Habenaria odontopetala, Salix caro
minifolia, Pterocaulon virgatum, Rudbeckia hirta, Sabal palmetto, Sabatia liniana, Stillingia sylvatica
campanulata, Salix caroliniana, S. humilis, Sassafras albidum, Saururus cer- Throat Aid: Andropogon floridanus, Crotalaria rotundifolia, Dichanthelium
nuus, Vaccinium myrsinites, Verbesina virginica, Vitis aestivalis laxiflorum, D. strigosum, Panicum sp., Sassafras albidum
Gastrointestinal Aid: Andropogon floridanus, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Tonic: Panax quinquefolius
Chenopodiumambrosioides, Desmodium incanum, Eryngium yuccifolium, Toothache Remedy: Zephyranthes sp.
Lechea minor, Liatris laxa, Licania michauxii, Myrica cerifera, Persea borbo Unspecified: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Eleocharis geniculata, Eryngium yuc
nia, Pinguicula lutea, P. pumila, Pterocaulon virgatum, Rubus trivialis, Salix cifolium, Galactia volubilis, Juniperus virginiana, Licania michauxii, Osmun
caroliniana, Sambucus canadensis, Sassafras albidum, Verbesina virginica, da regalis, Panax quinquefolius, Pediomelum canescens, Persea borbonia,
Vitis aestivalis Phlebodium aureum, Pterocaulon virgatum, Salix caroliniana, Sassafras al
3ynecological Aid: Pterocaulon virgatum, Zeuxine strateumatica bidum, Saururus cernuus, Vaccinium myrsinites, Verbesina virginica, Vittaria
rteart Medicine: Eryngium yuccifolium, Polygala lutea, P. rugelii lineata, Ximenia americana
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Acer rubrum,Pinuselliottii, Quercus phellos, Q. virginiana Urinary Aid: Andropogon floridanus, Callicarpa americana, Cephalanthus occi
Hemostat: Tephrosia purpurea dentalis, Chaptalia tomentosa, Eleocharis geniculata, Erythrina herbacea,
Hunting Medicine: Salix caroliniana, S. humilis Hypericum fasciculatum, Licania michauxii, Persea borbonia, Rhus copalli-
Kidney Aid: Annona reticulata, Mitchella repens num, Sassafras albidum, Verbesina virginica
Laxative: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Erythrina herbacea, Persea borbonia, Sas Venereal Aid: Rhus copallinum
safras albidum, Verbesina virginica Vertigo Medicine: Eleocharis geniculata, Juniperus virginiana, Persea borbonia,
Love Medicine: Chrysobalanus icaco, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Conyza cana Salix caroliniana
densis, Myrica cerifera, Panax quinquefolius, Persea borbonia, Quercus phel Witchcraft Medicine: Juniperus virginiana, Panax quinquefolius, Xyris sp.
los, Q. virginiana, Salix caroliniana, Sideroxylonfoetidissimum Food
Oral Aid: Persea borbonia, Salix caroliniana, Sassafras albidum, Verbesina vir Candy: Ficus aurea
ginica, Ximenia americana Fodder: Quercus virginiana
Orthopedic Aid: Acer rubrum, Eryngium yuccifolium, Juniperus virginiana, Forage: Licania michauxii
Persea borbonia, Pinus elliottii, Pteridium caudatum, Pterocaulon virgatum, Fruit: Serenoa repens
Quercus phellos, Q. virginiana, Salix caroliniana, Thelypteris kunthii, Xime Spice: Piloblephis rigida
nia americana Starvation Food: Sambucus canadensis
Other: Angadenia berteroi, Astersimmondsii, Bacopa caroliniana, Berchemia Unspecified: Allium cepa, Ananas comosus, Annona glabra, A. reticulata, Apios
scandens, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Clematis baldwinii, Commelina erecta, americana, Arachis hypogaea, Ardisia escallonoides, Brassica oleracea, Carica
Coreopsis leavenworthii, Juniperus virginiana, Licania michauxii, Nympho- papaya, Caryasp., Celtis laevigata, Chrysobalanus icaco, Chrysophyllum
ides cordata, Osmunda regalis, Persea borbonia, Phlebodium aureum, Poly oliviforme, Citrullus lanatus, Citrus aurantifolia, C. aurantium, C. limon,
gala lutea, Polypodium incanum, Pterocaulon virgatum, Rubus cuneifolius, C. xparadisi, C reticulata, C. sinensis, Coccoloba diversifolia, Cocos nucifera,
Salix caroliniana, S. humilis, Sassafras albidum, Saururus cernuus, Smilax Colocasia esculenta, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita moschata, C. sp.,
auriculata, Stillingia sylvatica, Vittaria lineata Diospyros virginiana, Ficus aurea, Fortunella sp., Lycopersicon esculentum,
Panacea: Eryngium yuccifolium, Persea borbonia Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Morus rubra, Musa sp., Oryza sativa,
Pediatric Aid: Galactia volubilis, Juniperus virginiana, Lechea minor, Liatris Peltandra virginica, Prunus persica, Psidium guajava, Pyrus communis, Quer
laxa, Osmunda regalis, Panax quinquefolius, Persea borbonia, Phlebodium cus phellos, Q. pumila, Sabal palmetto, Saccharum offlcinarum, Sideroxylon
aureum, Phoradendron leucarpum, Piloblephis rigida, Sassafras albidum, Ste- foetidissimum, Thalia geniculata, Vaccinium myrsinites, Vitis aestivalis, V
nandrium duke, Stillingia sylvatica, Vaccinium myrsinites, Vitis aestivalis, V munsoniana, Xanthosoma atrovirens, Ximenia americana, Zamia pumila,
munsoniana, Vittaria lineata Zea mays
Preventive Medicine: Salix caroliniana Vegetable: Ipomoea batatas, Solanum tuberosum
Psychological Aid: Hyptis pectinata, Ilex vomitoria, Juniperus virginiana, Lage- Fiber
naria siceraria, Licania michauxii, Osmunda regalis, Persea borbonia, Phle Basketry: Pinus elliottii, Serenoa repens
bodium aureum, Polypodium incanum, Thelypteris kunthii, Vittaria lineata Brushes & Brooms: Serenoa repens
Pulmonary Aid: Andropogon floridanus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Dichan- Building Material: Pinus elliottii, Sabal palmetto, Taxodium ascendens, Vitis
thelium laxiflorum, D. strigosum, Panicum sp., Persea borbonia, Pterocaulon aestivalis
virgatum, Xyris ambigua, X. sp. Canoe Material: Taxodium ascendens
Reproductive Aid: Galactia volubilis, Justicia crassifolia, Licania michauxii, Caulking Material: Quercus virginiana, Sideroxylonfoetidissimum
Persea borbonia, Trema micranthum, Zeuxine strateumatica Cordage: Serenoa repens, Vitis aestivalis
Respiratory Aid: Bacopa caroliniana, Conyza canadensis, Eryngium yuccifoli Furniture: Pinus elliottii
um, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Nymphaea sp., Nymphoides cordata, Panax quin Dye
quefolius, Persea borbonia, Polygala lutea, P. rugelii, Salix caroliniana Unspecified: Conocarpus erectus, Rhizophora mangle, Smilax laurifolia
Sedative: Bacopa caroliniana, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Hydrocotyle umbel Other
lata, Juniperus virginiana, Nymphaea sp., Nymphoides cordata, Panax quin Cash Crop: Acrostichum danaeifolium, Serenoa repens
quefolius, Persea borbonia, Stenandrium dulce Ceremonial Items: Cissus verticillata, Cocos nucifera, Persea borbonia, Pinus
Snakebite Remedy: Eryngium yuccifolium, Manfreda virginica, Platanthera cil- elliottii, Serenoa repens, Taxodium ascendens, Zea mays
iaris, Polygala rugelii, Vitis munsoniana Cleaning Agent: Annona glabra, Myrica cerifera, Quercus phellos, Q. virginiana
Stimulant: Chenopodium ambrosioides, Eryngium yuccifolium, Galactia volu Containers: Bursera simaruba, Taxodium ascendens
bilis, Juniperus virginiana, Persea borbonia, Piloblephis rigida, Salix carolini Cooking Tools: Acer rubrum, Annona glabra, Ardisia escallonoides, Catopsis sp.,
ana, Stenandrium dulce, Vaccinium myrsinites Cocos nucifera, Ficus aurea, Guzmania sp., Lagenaria siceraria, Myrcianthes
744 Seminole

[Cooking Tools] Cold Remedy: Clematis lasiantha

fragrans, Persea borbonia, Sabal palmetto, Sideroxylonfoetidissimum, S. sali- Dermatological Aid: Helianthus cusickii
cifolium, Taxodium ascendens, Tillandsia sp., T. usneoides Disinfectant: Helianthus cusickii
Fasteners: Ficusaurea, Pinus elliottii Febrifuge: Helianthus cusickii
Fuel: Conocarpus erectus, Quercus virginiana, Serenoa repens Herbal Steam: Clematis lasiantha, Helianthus cusickii
Hide Preparation: Pinus elliottii, Quercus virginiana, Taxodium ascendens, Preventive Medicine: Helianthus cusickii
Tillandsia usneoides Food
Hunting & Fishing Item: Acer rubrum, Ardisia escallonoides, Arundinaria gigan- Bread & Cake: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Pinus lambertiana, P. ponderosa, P.
tea, Carya sp., Chrysobalanus icaco, Cirsium horridulum, Cissus verticillata, sabiniana, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii
Citrus aurantium, C. limon, Eugenia axillaris, Ficus aurea, Forestiera segrega- Dried Food: Pinus lambertiana, P. ponderosa, P. sabiniana
ta, Ilex vomitoria, Madura pomifera, Moms rubra, Myrcianthes fragrans, Fruit: Oemleria cerasiformis
Ocotea coriacea, Psidium guajava, Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens, Sideroxy- Porridge: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii
lon salicifolium, Solarium donianum, Taxodium ascendens, Tephwsia virgini Soup: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii
ana, Vitis shuttleworthii, Zanthoxylumfagara, Zea mays Staple: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii
Jewelry: Eleocharis equisetoides, Sapindus saponaria Unspecified: Fritillaria recurva, Pinus lambertiana, P ponderosa, P. sabiniana
Lighting: Pinus elliottii Other
Musical Instrument: Arundinariagigantea, Cannaflaccida, Taxodium ascendens Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier sp., Taxus brevifolia
Protection: Juniperus virginiana Season Indicator: Ranunculus occidentalis
Smoke Plant: Myrica cerifera
Shinnecock
Smoking Tools: Lyoniafruticosa
Drug
Soap: Ilex cassine
Analgesic: Brassica nigra, Hedeoma pulegioides, Quercus alba, Tanacetum vul-
Stable Gear: Acer rubrum, Taxodium ascendens
gare, Vitis sp.
Tools: Arundinaria gigantea, Celtis laevigata, Chamaecristafasciculata, Cladi-
Antidiarrheal: Rubus hispidus
um mariscus, Myrcianthes fragrans, Phragmites australis, Quercus virginiana,
Antirheumatic (External): Aesculus hippocastanum
Sambucus canadensis, Serenoa repens, Sideroxylonfoetidissimum, Taxodium
Antirheumatic (Internal): Nepeta cataria
ascendens
Blood Medicine: Acorus calamus
Toys & Games: Pinus elliottii, Quercus phellos, Sabal palmetto, Salix carolini-
Cancer Treatment: Trifoliwn pratense
ana, Sambucus canadensis, Serenoa repens, Taxodium ascendens
Cold Remedy: Allium cepa, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Prunus serotina, Verbas-
Weapon: Arundinaria gigantea
cum thapsus
Seri Cough Medicine: Barbarea vulgaris, Pinus strobus
Drug Dermatological Aid: Alcea rosea, Comptonia peregrina, Impatiens capensis,
Poison: Sapium biloculare Pinus rigida, Plantago major
Unspecified: Guajacum coulteri Diaphoretic: Eupatorium perfoliatum
Food Disinfectant: Allium cepa
Beverage: Ferocactus coulteri, F wislizeni Ear Medicine: Allium cepa, Nicotiana tabacum
Fruit: Carnegia gigantea, Pachycereus pringlei, Stenocereus thurberi Emetic: Brassica nigra
Porridge: Acacia greggii, Carnegia gigantea, Olneya tesota, Pachycereus pringlei, Eye Medicine: Plantago major
Prosopis glandulosa, Stenocereus thurberi Febrifuge: Allium cepa, Eupatorium perfoliatum
Staple: Ruppia sp. Gastrointestinal Aid: Prunus serotina
Unspecified: Hymenoclea monogyra, Jacquinia pungens Gynecological Aid: Leonurus cardiaca
Fiber Kidney Aid: Gaultheria procumbens
Basketry: Acacia willardiana, Bursera laxiflora, B. microphylla, Caesalpinia gra- Liver Aid: Berberis vulgaris
cilis, Jatropha cardiophylla, J. spatulata Misc. Disease Remedy: Allium cepa
Building Material: Fouquieria splendens Oral Aid: Acorus calamus
Canoe Material: Phragmites australis Orthopedic Aid: Quercus alba
Caulking Material: Carnegia gigantea, Pachycereus pringlei, Stenocereus Pulmonary Aid: Humulus lupulus
thurberi Sedative: Humulus lupulus
Cordage: Prosopis glandulosa Tonic: Leucanthemum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Prosopis glandulosa Toothache Remedy: Brassica nigra, Nicotiana tabacum
Sewing Material: Prosopis glandulosa Urinary Aid: Hibiscus moscheutos
Other
Shoshoni
Ceremonial Items: Jacquinia pungens
Drug
Hunting & Fishing Item: Acacia willardiana, Prosopis glandulosa, Sapium
Abortifacient: Porophyllum gracile
biloculare
Adjuvant: Angelica breweri
Tools: Carnegia gigantea, Pachycereus pringlei, Stenocereus thurberi
Analgesic: Achillea millefolium, Angelica breweri, Aquilegiaformosa, Artemisia
Shasta ludoviciana,A. tridentata, Chamaebatiaria millefolium, Claytonia perfoliata,
Drug Clematis ligusticifolia, Crepis acuminata, Eriastrumfllifolium, Ericameria
Analgesic: Helianthus cusickii nana, Erigeron aphanactis, Eriodictyon angustifolium, Grindelia nana, G.
Carminative: Helianthus cusickii squarrosa, Helianthella uniflora, Hypericum scouleri, Ipomopsis aggregata,
 Index of Tribes 745

Iris missouriensis, Iva axillaris, Machaeranthera canescens, Mahonia repens, Eriodictyon angustifolium, Eriogonum microthecum, Grindelia nana, G.
Monardella odoratissima, Opuntia basilaris, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Penste squarrosa, Heracleum maximum, Juniperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma,
mon deustus, P. eatonii, Pinus monophylla, Populus balsamifem, Psathyrotes Lomatium dissectum, Mahonia repens, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Paeonia
ramosissima, Psorothamnus polydenhis, Rumex crispus, Salix sp., Salvia brownii, Pinus monophylla, Psathyrotes ramosissima, Psorothamnus poly
dorrii, Stanleya pinnata, Zigadenus paniculatus denius, Sambucus racemosa, Tetradymia comosa
Anesthetic: Achillea millefolium Dermatological Aid: Abies concolor, Abronia turbinata, Achillea millefolium,
Anthelmintic: Juniperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Nicotiana attenuata Anemopsis californ ica, Aquilegia formosa, Arenaria congesta, Argemone
Anticonvulsive: Anemopsis califomica polyanthemos, Artemisia dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, A. spinescens, A. triden
Antidiarrheal: Achillea millefolium, Aquilegiaformosa, Artemisia ludoviciana, tata, Asclepias speciosa, Astragalus sp., Balsamorhiza sagittata, Cercocarpus
Asclepias speciosa, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Ence- ledifolius, Chaenactis douglasii, Clematis ligusticifolia, Ephedra nevadensis,
liopsis nudicaulis, Ephedra viridis, Eriogonum sphaerocephalum, Heuchera E. viridis, Grindelia nana, G. squarrosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hypericum
rubescens, Ipomopsis congesta, Iva axillaris, Lithospermum ruderale, Maho scouleri, Ipomopsis aggregata, I. congesta, Iris missouriensis, Juniperus mono
nia repens, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Paeonia brownii, Phlox longifolia, Psathy sperma, J. occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Krameria grayi, Krascheninnikovia
rotes ramosissima, Psorothamnus polydenius, Rosa woodsii, Sambucus race- lanata, Leucocrinum montanum, Linum lewisii, Lomatium dissectum,
mosa, Tanacetum vulgare, Tetradymia comosa Mimulus guttatus, Nicotiana attenuata, Opuntia basilaris, Osmorhiza occi
Antidote: Artemisia tridentata dentalis, Paeonia brownii, Penstemon deustus, Phlox longifolia, Pinus arista-
Antiemetic: Achillea millefolium, Pinus monophylla, Prunus virginiana, ta, P. monophylla, Plantago major, Psathyrotes ramosissima, Purshia mexi
Sphaeralcea ambigua, Stephanomeria spinosa cana, P. tridentata, Rosa woodsii, Rubus leucodermis, Rumex crispus, R. veno
Antihemorrhagic: Purshia tridentata sus, Salix sp., Sphaeralcea ambigua, Tanacetum vulgare, Tetradymia comosa,
Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Angelica brewed, Arabis pu- Veratrum califomicum, Wyethia amplexicaulis, Zigadenus paniculatus
berula, Arenaria congesta, Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Diaphoretic: Artemisia tridentata
Claytonia perfoliata, Clematis ligusticifolia, Eriastrumfllifolium, Eriodictyon Disinfectant: Anemopsis califomica, Artemisia ludoviciana, A. tridentata,
angustifolium, Eriogonum microthecum, E. umbellatum, Helianthella uniflo- Grindelia nana, G. squarrosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Holodiscus dumosus, Ipo
ra, Ipomopsis aggregata, Iris missouriensis, Lomatium dissectum, Lonicera in- mopsis aggregata, I. congesta, Juniperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Loma
terrupta, Nicotiana attenuata, Plantago major, Rumex crispus, Sphaeralcea tium dissectum, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Penstemon deustus, Pinus mono
ambigua, Stanleya pinnata, Urtica dioica, Veratrum califomicum, Zigadenus phylla, Plantago major, Psorothamnus polydenius, Purshia mexicana, Tanace
paniculatus tum vulgare, Veratrum califomicum
Antirheumatic (Internal): Mahonia repens, Penstemon deustus Diuretic: Ephedra nevadensis, Heliotropium curassavicum, Juniperus occiden
Blood Medicine: Arenaria congesta, Castilleja linariifolia, Caulanthus crassi- talis, J. osteosperma, Larrea tridentata, Lupinus sp., Rosa woodsii
caulis, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Corallorrhiza maculata, Ephedra viridis, Ipo Ear Medicine: Iris missouriensis, Penstemon deustus, Stanleya pinnata
mopsis aggregata, Juniperus communis, Machaeranthera canescens, Mahonia Emetic: Aquilegiaformosa, Argemone polyanthemos, Artemisia tridentata,
repens, Monardella odoratissima, Populus balsamifera, Rosa woodsii, Rumex Castilleja linariifolia, Chaenactis douglasii, Cucurbita foetidissima, Eriastrum
crispus, R. venosus, Sambucus racemosa, Urtica dioica filifolium, Grindelia nana, G. squarrosa, Heliotropium curassavicum, Holodis
Burn Dressing: Abronia villosa, Argemone polyanthemos, Brassica sp., Cercocar cus dumosus, Ipomopsis aggregata, I. congesta, Nicotiana attenuata, Psathy
pus ledifolius, Clematis ligusticifolia, Ephedra viridis, Iris missouriensis, Ju rotes ramosissima, Purshia tridentata, Ribes cereum, Sphaeralcea ambigua,
niperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Paeonia brownii, Penstemon eatonii, Wyethia amplexicaulis, Zigadenus paniculatus
Rosa woodsii, Rumex crispus, R. venosus Expectorant: Eriodictyon angustifolium, Grindelia nana, G. squarrosa
Carminative: Achillea millefolium, Mentha canadensis Eye Medicine: Amelanchier sp., Arenaria aculeata, Argemone polyanthemos,
Cathartic: Agastache urticifolia, Argemone hispida, A. polyanthemos, Artemisia Artemisia dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Astragalus sp., Bal
dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, Atriplex canescens, Castilleja linariifolia, Cucur- samorhiza sagittata, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Chamaesyce polycarpa, Cicuta
bita foetidissima, Ephedra viridis, Eriastrum filifolium, Hedeoma nana, Ipo maculata, Crepis acuminata, C. modocensis, Ericameria nana, Erigeron
mopsis aggregata, I. congesta, Machaeranthera canescens, Monardella odor aphanactis, Frasera albomarginata, Ipomopsis congesta, Krascheninnikovia
atissima, Nicotiana attenuata, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Psathyrotes ramosissi- lanata, Leptodactylon pungens, Leymus condensatus, Linum lewisii, Loma
ma, Purshia mexicana, P. tridentata, Rumex crispus, R. venosus, Sphaeralcea tium dissectum, Machaeranthera canescens, Maianthemum stellatum, Os
ambigua, Tetradymia canescens, Wyethia mollis morhiza occidentalis, Paeonia brownii, Penstemon deustus, Phlox longifolia,
Cold Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Anemopsis califomica, Physaria chambersii, Prunus virginiana, Sphaeralcea ambigua, Stephanome
Angelica brewed, Artemisia dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, A. nova, A. tridenta ria spinosa
ta, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Ephedra viridis, Eri- Febrifuge: Artemisia ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Heuchera rubescens, Mentha ca
cameria nana, Eriodictyon angustifolium, Eriogonum ovalifolium, E. umbel nadensis, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Pinus monophylla
latum, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Heracleum maximum, Ipomopsis congesta, Iva Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium, Anemopsis califomica, Aquilegiafor
axillaris, Juniperus monosperma, J. occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Larrea triden mosa, Artemisia ludoviciana, A tridentata, Brickellia oblongifolia, Chaenactis
tata, Lomatium dissectum, Mentha canadensis, Monardella odoratissima, Os douglasii, Chamaebatiaria millefolium, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Clematis
morhiza occidentalis, Penstemon deustus, Pinus monophylla, Psorothamnus ligusticifolia, Ephedra viridis, Ericameria nana, Erigeron aphanactis, Eriodic
polydenius, Rosa woodsii, Salvia dorrii, Sambucus racemosa, Sphaeralcea am tyon angustifolium, Grindelia nana, G. squarrosa, Hedeoma nana, Holodiscus
bigua, Tetradymia comosa, Thamnosma montana, Urtica dioica, Veratrum dumosus, Ipomopsis congesta, Iris missouriensis, Iva axillaris, Maianthemum
califomicum stellatum, Mentha canadensis, Monardella odoratissima, Osmorhiza occiden
Contraceptive: Juniperus sp., Lithospermum ruderale, Sphaeralcea ambigua, talis, Pedicularis centranthera, Penstemon deustus, Phlox longifolia, Pinus
Veratrum califomicum monophylla, Plantago major, Prunus virginiana, Psathyrotes annua, P. ramo
Cough Medicine: Artemisia ludoviciana, A. nova, A. tridentata, Cercocarpus led sissima, Psorothamnus fremontii, P. polydenius, Salix sp., Salvia dorrii,
ifolius, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Enceliopsis nudicaulis, Ericameria nana, Tetradymia comosa
746 Shoshoni

Gland Medicine: Veratrum californicum gustifolium, Eriogonum microthecum, Glossopetalon spinescens, Heracleum
Gynecological Aid: Artemisia ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Crepis acuminata, C. maximum, Lomatium dissectum, Nicotiana attenuata, Paeonia brownii, Pop
modocensis, Maianthemum stellatum, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Veratrum cali ulus balsamifera, Psathyrotes ramosissima, Psorothamnus polydenius, Sam-
fornicum bucus racemosa
Hallucinogen: Datura wrightii Unspecified: Cercocarpus ledifolius, Holodiscus dumosus, Ribes aureum,
Heart Medicine: Cercocarpus ledifolius, Heuchera rubescens, Juniperus occiden Sphaeralcea ambigua
talis,]. osteosperma Urinary Aid: Ephedra viridis, Grindelia nana, G. squarrosa, Psathyrotes annua,
Hemostat: Artemisia spinescens Psorothamnus polydenius, Suaeda moquinii
Herbal Steam: Artemisia dracunculus, Lomatium dissectum, Prunus virginiana Venereal Aid: Anemopsis californica, Angelica brewed, Aquilegiaformosa, Arc-
Kidney Aid: Chaenactis douglasii, Clematis ligusticifolia, Ephedra viridis, Equi- tostaphylos patula, Arenaria congesta, Artemisia dracunculus, Asclepias spe
setum sp., Grindelia squarrosa, Ipomopsis congesta, Juniperus occidentalis,J. ciosa, Astragalus calycosus, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Castilleja linariifolia, Cer
osteosperma, Mahonia repens, Paeonia brownii, Pinus monophylla, Plantago cocarpus ledifolius, Clematis ligusticifolia, Cordylanthus ramosus, Cucurbita
major, Psorothamnus polydenius, Purshia mexicana, Suaeda moquinii foetidissima, Enceliopsis nudicaulis, Ephedra nevadensis, E. viridis, Eriastrum
Laxative: Psathyrotes ramosissima filifolium, Erigeron concinnus, Eriodictyon angustifolium, Grindelia nana, G.
Liver Aid: Heuchera rubescens, Ipomopsis congesta, Linum lewisii, Psathyrotes squarrosa, Heliotropium curassavicum, Heuchera rubescens, Holodiscus du
ramosissima, Pyrola asarifolia, Rumex crispus mosus, Hypericum scouleri, Ipomopsis aggregata, I. congesta, Iris missourien
Misc. Disease Remedy: Artemisia ludoviciana, A. spinescens, Cercocarpus ledi sis, Juniperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma, J. scopulorum, Larrea tridentata,
folius, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Grindelia nana, G. squarrosa, Gutierrezia Lomatium dissectum, Mahonia repens, Maianthemum stellatum, Osmorhiza
sarothrae, Heliotropium curassavicum, Ipomopsis congesta, Juniperus mono- occidentalis, Paeonia brownii, Penstemon deustus, Pinus monophylla, Popu
spermaj. occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Lomatium dissectum, Osmorhiza occi lus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Psathyrotes ramosissima, Psorothamnus poly
dentalis, Pinus monophylla, Psorothamnus polydenius, Purshia mexicana, P. denius, Purshia mexicana, P. tridentata, Rumex crispus, R. venosus, Salix sp.f
tridentata, Wyethia amplexicaulis Sphaeralcea ambigua, Stephanomeria tenuifolia, Tetradymia canescens, Tha-
Narcotic: Datura wrightii lictrumfendleri, Wyethia amplexicaulis
Oral Aid: Juniperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma Veterinary Aid: Angelica brewed, Asclepias cryptoceras, Cucurbita foetidissima,
Orthopedic Aid: Achillea millefolium, Artemisia tridentata, Cicuta maculata, Heuchera rubescens, Ipomopsis congesta, Lomatium dissectum, Pinus mono
Clematis ligusticifolia, Eriogonum microthecum, E. umbellatum, Grindelia phylla, Sphaeralcea ambigua, Veratrum sp.
nana, G. squarrosa, Hypericum scouleri, Lomatium dissectum, Penstemon Food
deustus, Pinus monophylla, Ribes aureum, Zigadenus paniculatus Beverage: Ephedra sp., Lithospermum incisum, Rhus trilobata
Other: Purshia tridentata, Salviadorrii Candy: Asclepias speciosa
Panacea: Frasera speciosa, Lomatium dissectum Spice: Allium falcifolium, Apium sp., Artemisia dracunculus, Astragalus sp.,
Pediatric Aid: Angelica brewed, Artemisia ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Cercocar Osmorhiza occidentalis
pus ledifolius, Ephedra viridis, Gilia sp., Iva axillaris, Mentha canadensis, Starvation Food: Leymus condensatus
Pedicularis centranthera, Penstemon deustus, Phlox longifolia, Psathyrotes Unspecified: Madia elegans, Pinus monophylla
annua, Salvia dorrii Winter Use Food: Rhus trilobata
Poison: Cicuta maculata Fiber
Poultice: Pinus monophylla Basketry: Epicampes sp., Martyniasp., Salix lasiolepis, S. lucida, Yucca brevifolia
Pulmonary Aid: Abies concolor, Angelica brewed, Artemisia spinescens, A. triden Cordage: Apocynum sp., Fremontodendron sp.
tata, Corallorrhiza maculata, Eriodictyon angustifolium, Lomatium dissec Sewing Material: Muhlenbergia rigens
tum, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Pinus monophylla, Psorothamnus polydenius Dye
Respiratory Aid: Lomatium dissectum Black: Carex exsiccata, Proboscidea louisianica, Yucca brevifolia
Snakebite Remedy: Chamaesyce albomarginata, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Green: Juncus mexicanus
Psathyrotes ramosissima, Veratrum californicum, Vfsp. Red: Yucca brevifolia
Stimulant: Aquilegiaformosa, Catabrosaaquatica Other
Throat Aid: Artemisia dracunculus, A tridentata, Heliotropium curassavicum, Cash Crop: Camassia quamash, Nicotiana attenuata
Heracleum maximum, Juniperus occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Lomatium dis Containers: Clematis ligusticifolia, Sphaeralcea ambigua
sectum, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Paeonia brownii, Salvia dorrii, Veratrum cal Fasteners: Fremontodendron californicum
ifornicum Hunting & Fishing Item: Cercocarpus ledifolius, Clematis ligusticifolia, Sym-
Tonic: Anemopsis californica, Angelica brewed, Artemisia tridentata, Catabrosa phoricarpos albus
aquatica, Chamaesyce albomarginata, C. polycarpa, Chrysothamnus nauseo- Musical Instrument: Equisetum arvense
sus, Ephedra viridis, Frasera speciosa, Heuchera rubescens, Ipomopsis aggrega- Smoke Plant: Arenaria sp.
ta, Juniperus communisj. occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Machaeranthera
canescens, Monardella odoratissima, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Populus balsa- Shuswap
mifera, Purshia tridentata, Rosa woodsii, Rumex crispus, R. venosus, Drug
Stephanomeria spinosa, Thamnosma montana, Urtica dioica Analgesic: Aster sp., Betula papyrifera, Lysichiton americanus, Nuphar lutea,
Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Argemone polyanthemos, Artemisia Urtica dioica, U. wrens
tridentata, Astragalus sp., Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Heracleum maxi Antidiarrheal: Heuchera cylindrica, Rubus arcticus, Spiraea betulifolia
mum, Hypericum scouleri, Iris missouriensis, Juniperus occidentalism, osteo Antirheumatic (External): Nuphar lutea, Urtica dioica, U. wrens
sperma, Nicotiana attenuata, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Salix sp., Stanleya pin- Blood Medicine: Achillea millefolium, Mahonia repens, Maianthemum race-
nata, Zigadenus paniculatus mosum

Tuberculosis Remedy: Angelica brewed, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Eriodictyon an Cathartic: Shepherdia canadensis
 Index of Tribes 747

Cold Remedy: Artemisia campestris, A. tridentata, Matricaria discoidea, torta, P. monticola, Sium suave
Phacelia linearis Vegetable: Angelica arguta, Chenopodium album
Cough Medicine: Artemisia campestris, Pinus contorta Winter Use Food: Erythronium grandiflorum, Prunus virginiana
Dermatological Aid: Abies grandis, Achillea millefolium, Alnus incana, Artemi Fiber
sia campestris, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Heracleum maximum, Heuchera Basketry: Betula papyrifera, Prunus emarginata, Thuja plicata
cylindrica, Ledum groenlandicum, Lesquerella douglasii, Lithospermum Building Material: Aulacomnium sp., Dicranum sp., Lycopodium annotinum,
ruderale, Lomatium dissectum, Lysichiton americanus, Nuphar lutea, Opun- Scirpus acutus
tiafragilis, Picea glauca, Pinus ponderosa, Plantago major, Populus balsami- Canoe Material: Populus balsamifera
fera, Urtica dioica, U. urens, Veratrum viride Cordage: Apocynum cannabinum
Diaphoretic: Alnus incana, Juniperus communisj. scopulorum, Lesquerella Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Abies lasiocarpa, Pteridium aquilinum, Typha latifolia
douglasii, Plantago major Snow Gear: Acer circinatum, Philadelphus lewisii
Disinfectant: Artemisia tridentata, Lithospermum ruderale Dye
Eye Medicine: Arnica cordifolia, Castilleja angustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum, Unspecified: Alnus incana
Rudbeckia hirta, Symphoricarpos mollis Other
Gastrointestinal Aid: Cirsium undulatum, Shepherdia canadensis, Spiraea Cash Crop: Abies lasiocarpa, Thuja plicata
betulifolia Ceremonial Items: Delphinium nuttallianum, Salix scouleriana, Shepherdia
Gynecological Aid: Artemisia dracunculus, Solidago canadensis canadensis, Thuja plicata
Heart Medicine: Matricaria discoidea Containers: Heracleum maximum, Rubus parviflorus
Herbal Steam: Urtica dioica, U. urens Cooking Tools: Cornus sericea, Typha latifolia
Internal Medicine: Heracleum maximum Decorations: Epilobium angustifolium, Fritillaria pudica
Kidney Aid: Cornus sericea Fasteners: Salix scouleriana
Laxative: Frangula purshiana Fertilizer: Aulacomnium sp., Dicranum sp., Lycopodium annotinum
Misc. Disease Remedy: Ceanothus velutinus, Juniperus scopulorum Fuel: Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus ponderosa
Orthopedic Aid: Lysichiton americanus, Nuphar lutea, Zigadenus venenosus Hide Preparation: Pinus ponderosa, Populus balsamifera
Panacea: Abies grandis, Artemisia campestris, Juniperus communis, J. scopulo- Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Juniperus scopulorum,
rum, Lysichiton americanus, Picea glauca, Pinus ponderosa, Ribes lacustre Philadelphus lewisii
Pediatric Aid: Cornus sericea, Pinus ponderosa Insecticide: Artemisia dracunculus, A. frigida, Ceanothus velutinus, Juniperus
Poison: Cicuta douglasii, Galium boreale, Platanthera dilatata, Sium suave, scopulorum
Veratrum viride, Zigadenus venenosus Jewelry: Thuja plicata
Stimulant: Artemisia dracunculus, Pinus ponderosa Paint: Prunus virginiana
Throat Aid: Opuntiafragilis Protection: Athyrium filix-femina, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa nutkana
Toothache Remedy: Abies grandis, Picea glauca Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea, Nicotiana attenuata
Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies grandis, Artemisia campestris, Picea glauca, Pinus Smoking Tools: Symphoricarpos mollis
contorta, P monticola, Shepherdia canadensis, Tsuga heterophylla Soap: Philadelphus lewisii
Unspecified: Alnus incana, Shepherdia canadensis Stable Gear: Apocynum cannabinum
Urinary Aid: Cornus sericea, Heracleum maximum, Nicotiana attenuata, Pen- Tools: Equisetum arvense
stemon fruticosus Toys & Games: Populus tremuloides
Witchcraft Medicine: Artemisia dracunculus, A. tridentata
Food Sia
Beverage: Abies grandis, Ledum groenlandicum, Mentha arvensis, Prunus vir- Drug
Febrifuge: Mentha canadensis
giniana, Rosa nutkana, Shepherdia canadensis, Urtica dioica, U. urens
Veterinary Aid: Ipomoea leptophylla
Candy: Abies grandis
Dessert: Shepherdia canadensis
Food
Fruit: Yucca baccata
Dried Food: Fragaria virginiana
Staple: Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
Fodder: Medicago sativa, Phleum pratense, Trifolium pratense
Unspecified: Amaranthus cruentus, Capsicum annuum, Citrullus lanatus,
Forage: Allium cernuum, Calochortus macrocarpus
Cleome serrulata, Cucumis melo, Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, Opuntia
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Disporum trachycarpum, Mahonia
repens, Prunus emarginata, Ribes hudsonianum, R. lacustre, Rubus idaeus, R. engelmannii, Pinus edulis
Vegetable: Amaranthus cruentus, Cleome serrulata, Phaseolus acutifolius, P.
leucodermis, R. parviflorus, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium cespitosum, V.
vulgaris, Solanum fendleri, S.jamesii, S. tuberosum, Viciafaba
membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, Viburnum opulus
Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis
Sierra
Preservative: Cornus sericea, Salix scouleriana
Food
Preserves: Crataegus douglasii, Viburnum opulus
Staple: Pteridium aquilinum
Spice: Allium cernuum, Angelica arguta, Cornus sericea, Lomatium macro-
carpum Sikani
Sweetener: Pseudotsuga menziesii Drug
Unspecified: Abies lasiocarpa, Argentina anserina, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Analgesic: Heracleum maximum
Calochortus macrocarpus, Cirsium undulatum, Corylus cornuta, Fritillaria Anthelmintic: Populus tremuloides
lanceolata, Fpudica, Heracleum maximum, Lewisia rediviva, Lilium colum- Antirheumatic (External): Heracleum maximum
bianum, Lomatium dissectum, L macrocarpum, Opuntiafragilis, Pinus con Cathartic: Sambucus racemosa
748 Sikani

Cough Medicine: Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta Sioux, Teton

Dermatological Aid: Abies sp., Heracleum maximum, Populus tremuloides, Drug
Salixsp. Analgesic: Echinacea angustifolia, Erysimum asperum
Eye Medicine: Rosa sp. Antidiarrheal: Heuchera americana
Cold Remedy: Monardafistulosa
Similkameen Dermatological Aid: Mirabilis nyctaginea
Food Febrifuge: Monardafistulosa
Unspecified: Fritillaria sp. Gastrointestinal Aid: Echinacea angustifolia, Erysimum asperum
Orthopedic Aid: Mirabilis nyctaginea
Sioux Pulmonary Aid: Lithospermum incisum
Drug Throat Aid: Echinacea angustifolia
Abortifacient: Artemisia frigida Toothache Remedy: Echinacea angustifolia
Adjuvant: Prunus virginiana
Analgesic: Echinacea pallida Skagit
Antidiarrheal: Prunus virginiana, Shepherdia canadensis Drug
Antidote: Echinacea pallida Anthelmintic: Dicentraformosa
Antihemorrhagic: Rhusglabra Antidiarrheal: Achillea millefolium, Frangula purshiana
Burn Dressing: Echinacea pallida, Typhalatifolia Antidote: Symphoricarpos albus
Cathartic: Shepherdia canadensis Antirheumatic (External): Petasitesfrigidus, Pinus monticola
Ceremonial Medicine: Prunus virginiana Cold Remedy: Aruncus dioicus, Prunus emarginata, Ribes laxiflorum, Urtica
Cold Remedy: Juniperus scopulorum dioica, Vaccinium parvifolium
Dermatological Aid: Opuntia polyacantha, Rhus glabra, Typhalatifolia Cough Medicine: Thuja plicata
Diuretic: Symphoricarpos albus, Urticadioica Dermatological Aid: Achlys triphylla, Aruncus dioicus, Dicentraformosa, Erio-
Ear Medicine: Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Polygala alba phyllum lanatum, Frangula purshiana, Heuchera micrantha, Pinus montico
Eye Medicine: Lygodesmiajuncea, Symphoricarpos albus la, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rubus parviflorus, Tsuga heterophylla
Febrifuge: Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Juniperus scopulorum Dietary Aid: Asarum caudatum, Tellima grandiflora
Gastrointestinal Aid: Grindelia squarrosa, Monardaflstulosa Disinfectant: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Gynecological Aid: Lygodesmiajuncea, Monardafistulosa Eye Medicine: Ribes lacustre, Rosa nutkana, Trillium ovatum, Tsuga heterophylla
Hemostat: Nuphar lutea, Prunus virginiana Gastrointestinal Aid: Rubus ursinus
Kidney Aid: Grindelia squarrosa Gynecological Aid: Oplopanax horridus, Prunus emarginata, Ribes lacustre
Misc. Disease Remedy: Juniperus scopulorum, Typha latifolia Laxative: Frangula purshiana
Pediatric Aid: Glycyrrhiza lepidota Oral Aid: Symphoricarpos albus
Poison: Shepherdia canadensis Panacea: Tellima grandiflora
Pulmonary Aid: Juniperus scopulorum Pediatric Aid: Symphoricarpos albus
Toothache Remedy: Echinacea pallida, Glycyrrhiza lepidota Poison: Trillium ovatum
Urinary Aid: Rhusglabra Throat Aid: Aruncus dioicus, Claytonia sibirica, Rosa nutkana, Tsuga hetero
Veterinary Aid: Echinacea pallida, Glycyrrhiza lepidota phylla
Food Tonic: Asarum caudatum, Claytonia sibirica, Gaultheria shallon, Lonicera cili-
Dried Food: Vitis vulpina osa, Salix sitchensis
Fruit: Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Vitis vulpina Toothache Remedy: Dicentraformosa
Sauce & Relish: Polygonum amphibium Tuberculosis Remedy: Achlys triphylla, Asarum caudatum, Oplopanax horri-
Soup: Pediomelum esculentum dus, Petasites frigidus, Pinus monticola, Symphoricarpos albus
Staple: Acer negundo Venereal Aid: Mahonia nervosa
Unspecified: Helianthus maximiliani, lygodesmiajuncea, Scirpus acutus, Food
Typha latifolia Beverage: Rosa nutkana
Winter Use Food: Pediomelum esculentum Bread & Cake: Gaultheria shallon
Dye Dried Food: Rubus ursinus
Mordant: Opuntia polyacantha Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Mahonia nervosa, Oemleria cerasiformis, Ribes
Other laxiflorum, Rubus parviflorus, R. ursinus, Vaccinium parvifolium
Ceremonial Items: Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Hierochloe odorata Preserves: Mahonia nervosa
Hunting & Fishing Item: Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Mentha arvensis Unspecified: Corylus cornuta, Lilium columbianum, Pteridium aquilinum,
Protection: Echinacea pallida Rosa nutkana, Rubus parviflorus
Smoke Plant: Artemisia ludoviciana Winter Use Food: Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa
Soap: Artemisia frigida Fiber
Toys & Games: Equisetum hyemale Canoe Material: Acer macrophyllum, Pinus monticola, Tsuga heterophylla
Furniture: Acer circinatum
Sioux, Fort Peck Dye
Drug Green: Frangula purshiana
Abortifacient: Acorus calamus Unspecified: Mahonia nervosa
Panacea: Acorus calamus Yellow: Mahonia aquifolium
 Index of Tribes 749

Other tosa, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa nutkana

Ceremonial Items: Thuja plicata Winter Use Food: Ranunculus sp., Sambucus racemosa
Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum, Holodiscus discolor Fiber
Fuel: Pseudotsuga menziesii Cordage: Corylus cornuta
Hunting & Fishing Item: Cornus nuttallii, Holodiscus discolor, Philadelphus Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Epilobium angustifolium
lewisii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla Scouring Material: Equisetum telmateia
Tools: Acer circinatum Other
Toys & Games: Cornus nuttallii Hunting & Fishing Item: Urtica dioica

Skagit, Upper Snake

Drug Drug
Cold Remedy: Ribes laxiflorum, Vaccinium parvifolium Poison: Valeriana edulis
DermatologicalAid: Polypodium virginianum
Snohomish
Expectorant: Polypodium virginianum
Drug
Gastrointestinal Aid: Rubus ursinus
Analgesic: Vicia sativa
Gynecological Aid: Ribes lacustre
Antidiarrheal: Achillea millefolium
Laxative: Frangula purshiana, Polypodium virginianum
Cold Remedy: Linnaea borealis, Urtica dioica
Other: Gaultheria shallon
DermatologicalAid: Claytonia sibirica, Dryopteris expansa, Geum macrophyl
Throat Aid: Claytonia sibirica, Ribes divaricatum, Rosa nutkana
lum, Philadelphus lewisii
Food
Eye Medicine: Cornus sericea
Beverage: Rosa nutkana
Poison: Conium maculatum
Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria sp., Gaultheria shallon, Mahonia
Throat Aid: Epilobium angustifolium, Rosa pisocarpa
aquifolium, M. nervosa, Rubus leucodermis, R. ursinus, Sambucus cerulea,
Food
S. racemosa, Vaccinium membranaceum
Bread & Cake: Gaultheria shallon
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria sp., Gaultheria shallon, Mahonia aquifo
Fruit: Mahonia aquifolium, Oemleria cerasiformis, Rubus parviflorus, Vaccini
lium, M. nervosa, Maianthemum racemosum, Malusfusca, Oemleria cerasi-
um parvifolium
formis, Ribes divaricatum, R. lacustre, R. laxiflorum, R. sanguineum, Rubus
Unspecified: Corylus cornuta, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa nutkana
leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Sambucus cerulea, S.
Winter Use Food: Sambucus racemosa
racemosa, Vaccinium membranaceum, V. parvifolium
Fiber
Spice: Rosa nutkana
Basketry: Prunus emarginata, Tsuga heterophylla, Typha latifolia
Unspecified: Alnus rubra, Camassia quamash, Corylus cornuta, Equisetum sp.,
Canoe Material: Acer macrophyllum, Tsuga heterophylla
Lilium columbianum, Perideridia gairdneri, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus
Clothing: Typha latifolia
parviflorus, R. spectabilis, Urtica dioica
Cordage: Salix sitchensis
Winter Use Food: Corylus cornuta
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Scirpus acutus, Typha latifolia
Fiber
Sewing Material: Typha latifolia
Cordage: Urtica dioica
Dye
Other
Red-Brown: Alnus rubra
Containers: Acer macrophyllum
Unspecified: Mahonia nervosa
Cooking Tools: Alnus rubra
Yellow: Mahonia aquifolium
Fuel: Alnus rubra
Other
Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum, Cornus nuttallii, Holodiscus discolor
Skokomish Hunting & Fishing Item: Holodiscus discolor, Taxus brevifolia, Urtica dioica
Drug Toys & Games: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fomes sp.
Analgesic: Lysichiton americanus
Snuqualmie
Antidiarrheal: Fragaria sp.
Food
Cathartic: Lysichiton americanus
Unspecified: Juncus effusus, Oenanthe sarmentosa
Cold Remedy: Arbutus menziesii, Prunus emarginata, Rhododendron albiflorum
Fiber
Dermatological Aid: Adiantum aleuticum, Claytonia sibirica, Lysichiton ameri
Building Material: Thuja plicata
canus, Rhododendron albiflorum, Urtica dioica
Cordage: Juncus effusus
Febrifuge: Lysichiton americanus
Gastrointestinal Aid: Arbutus menziesii, Rhododendron albiflorum Songish
Gynecological Aid: Prunus emarginata Drug
Oral Aid: Thuja plicata Abortifacient: Carexsp.
Throat Aid: Arbutus menziesii, Rhododendron albiflorum Cold Remedy: Lomatium nudicaule
Tuberculosis Remedy: Epilobium angustifolium, Ribes laxiflorum Gynecological Aid: Sedum spathulifolium
Food Love Medicine: Osmorhiza purpurea
Bread & Cake: Gaultheria shallon Throat Aid: Lomatium nudicaule
Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Fragaria sp., Sambucus cerulea, Vaccinium par Other
vifolium Ceremonial Items: Lomatium nudicaule
Unspecified: Lilium columbianum, Lysichiton americanus, Oenanthe sarmen- Hunting & Fishing Item: Apocynum cannabinum
750 Southwest Indians

Southwest Indians Laxative: Frangula purshiana

Food Orthopedic Aid: Marah oreganus
Beverage: Yucca baccata, Y schidigera Poison: Marah oreganus
Bread & Cake: Dasylirion texanum, D. wheeled, Yucca baccata Throat Aid: Mahonia aquifolium, Populus balsamifera
Dessert: Yucca baccata Tuberculosis Remedy: Adenocaulon bicolor, Rumex acetosella
Dried Food: Yucca baccata, Y. elata, Y. schidigera Food
Fruit: Carnegia gigantea, Yucca baccata, Y. brevifolia, Y. schidigera, Y torreyi Dried Food: Rubus parviflorus, Symphoricarpos albus
Preserves: Yucca baccata Fruit: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Fragaria xananassa, Mahonia aquifolium, Oem-
Sauce & Relish: Yucca glauca leria cerasiformis, Ribes sanguineum, Rubus parviflorus, R. spectabilis
Staple: Yucca baccata Unspecified: Corylus cornuta, Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus garryana, Rosa
Starvation Food: Yucca angustissima,Y. glauca, Y harrimaniae pisocarpa, Rubus spectabilis
Sweetener: Yucca baccata Winter Use Food: Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa
Unspecified: Opuntiasp., Prosopis glandulosa, Yucca baccata, Y glauca Fiber
Fiber Basketry: Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia
Basketry: Nolina microcarpa, N. sp., Rhus trilobata, Yucca glauca Building Material: Populus balsamifera
Brushes & Brooms: Yucca glauca Canoe Material: Holodiscus discolor
Clothing: Cowania sp., Yucca brevifolia, Y schidigera Clothing: Typha latifolia
Cordage: Nolina microcarpa, Yucca angustissima, Y baccata, Y glauca Cordage: Populus balsamifera
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Nolina microcarpa, N. sp. Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Pteridium aquilinum, Typha latifolia
Other Other
Ceremonial Items: Yucca angustissima, Y baccata Containers: Acer macrophyllum, Polystichum munitum
Containers: Carnegia gigantea Cooking Tools: Holodiscus discolor, Pteridium aquilinum
Designs: Yucca brevifolia Hunting & Fishing Item: Holodiscus discolor, Thuja plicata
Fasteners: Yucca elata
Stony Indian
Soap: Yucca baccata, Y. glauca
Drug
Tools: Yucca glauca
Antihemorrhagic: Juniperus scopulorum

Spanish American Swinomish

Food
Drug
Beverage: Ribes leptanthum
Analgesic: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Candy: Hymenoxys richardsonii
Antirheumatic (External): Juniperus scopulorum
Dried Food: Monardaflstulosa
Cold Remedy: Alnus rubra, lonicera ciliosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii
Preserves: Mahonia haematocarpa, Prunus virginiana, Ribes leptanthum
Cough Medicine: Gaultheria shallon
Spice: Monardaflstulosa
Dermatological Aid: Alnus rubra, Malusfusca
Substitution Food: Solanum elaeagnifolium
Disinfectant: juniperus scopulorum
Vegetable: Amaranthus blitoides,A. retroflexus, Chenopodium album, C. lepto-
Gastrointestinal Aid: Alnus rubra, Malusfusca
phyllum
Gynecological Aid: Lonicera ciliosa
Other
Laxative: Frangula purshiana
Cash Crop: Pinusedulis
Love Medicine: Osmorhiza berteroi
Oral Aid: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Spokan
Other: Achillea millefolium, Epilobium angustifolium, Lysichiton americanus
Food
Panacea: Juniperus scopulorum
Fruit: Amelanchier sp., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea, Crataegus sp.t
Poison: Epilobium angustifolium, Ribes lacustre
Fragaria vesca, Mahonia sp., Prunus virginiana, Ribes sp., Rosa sp., Rubus
Strengthener: Taxus brevifolia
leucodermis, R. sp., Sambucus sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium mem-
Throat Aid: Lonicera ciliosa, Polystichum munitum, Pseudotsuga menziesii,
branaceum
Ribes divaricatum
Unspecified: Alectoria jubata, Allium sp., Balsamorhiza sp., Camassia scillo-
Tonic: Juniperus scopulorum, Mahonia aquifolium, Pseudotsuga menziesii,
ides, Cirsium undulatum, Claytonia sp., Fritillaria pudica, Heracleum maxi
Urtica dioica
mum, Lewisia rediviva, Opuntia sp., Pinus albicaulis, P. contorta, Pponderosa
Tuberculosis Remedy: Alnus rubra, Gaultheria shallon, Ribes divaricatum
Squaxin Venereal Aid: Ribes divaricatum
Drug Food
Analgesic: Marah oreganus, Vicia americana Bread & Cake: Gaultheria shallon
Blood Medicine: Holodiscus discolor, Mahonia aquifolium, Sambucus racemosa Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia
Cold Remedy: Pseudotsuga menziesii Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria vesca, Mahonia aquifolium, Malusfusca,
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Adenocaulon bicolor, Frangula pur- Oemleria cerasiformis, Ribes divaricatum, Rubus parviflorus, R. spectabilis,
shiana, Populus balsamifera Vaccinium parvifolium
Disinfectant: Populus balsamifera, Sambucus racemosa Unspecified: Alnus rubra, Corylus cornuta, Equisetum telmateia, Juncus ensi-
Emetic: Zigadenus venenosus folius, Lilium columbianum, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa nutkana, Rubus
Gastrointestinal Aid: Achillea millefolium parviflorus, R. spectabilis
Gynecological Aid: Lonicera ciliosa, Rosa pisocarpa, Urtica dioica Winter Use Food: Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa
 Index of Tribes 751

Fiber Pulmonary Aid: Picea glauca

Basketry: Equisetum telmateia Respiratory Aid: Ledum palustre, Picea glauca
Furniture: Acer macrophyllum Stimulant: Alnus viridis
Scouring Material: Equisetum telmateia Throat Aid: Juniperus communis, Ledum palustre, Picea glauca, Vaccinium vi
Dye tis-idaea, Viburnum edule
Brown: Pseudotsuga menziesii Tuberculosis Remedy: Juniperus communis, Picea glauca, Shepherdia
Other canadensis
Containers: Alnus rubra, Lysichiton americanus Unspecified: Ribes triste
Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum, Holodiscus discolor, Pteridium aquilinum Vertigo Medicine: Ledum palustre
Fuel: Pseudotsuga menziesii Food
Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Holodiscus discolor, Pseudotsu Beverage: Andromeda polifolia, Hedysarum alpinum, Ledum palustre, Rosa
ga menziesii, Taxus brevifolia acicularis, Spiraea stevenii
Smoke Plant: Taxus brevifolia Candy: Picea glauca
Tools: Taxus brevifolia Fodder: Boschniakia rossica, Epilobium angustifolium, Picea glauca
Weapon: Taxus brevifolia Frozen Food: Allium schoenoprasum, Empetrum nigrum, Myriophyllum spica-
tum, Polygonum alpinum, Rubus arcticus, R. chamaemorus, R. idaeus, Rumex
Tanaina aquaticus, R. arcticus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, V. vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
Drug Fruit: Arctostaphylos rubra, A. uva-ursi, Elaeagnus commutata, Empetrum ni
Antirheumatic (Internal): Artemisia tilesii, Petasitesfrigidus, Urtica dioica grum, Ribes hudsonianum, R. laxiflorum, R. triste, Rosa acicularis, Rubus
Misc. Disease Remedy: Artemisia tilesii, Petasites frigidus, Urtica dioica arcticus, R. chamaemorus, R. idaeus, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium ovali-
Tuberculosis Remedy: Artemisia tilesii, Petasitesfrigidus, Urtica dioica folium, V oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
Unspecified: Heracleum maximum Pie & Pudding: Empetrum nigrum, Rubus arcticus, R. chamaemorus, R. idaeus,
Vaccinium oxycoccos, V. vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
Tanana, Upper Preservative: Alnus viridis, Epilobium angustifolium, Populus tremuloides
Drug Preserves: Empetrum nigrum, Ribes hudsonianum, Rosa acicularis, Rubus arc
Analgesic: Huperzia selago, Linnaea borealis, Nuphar lutea ticus, R. chamaemorus, R. idaeus, Vaccinium oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V. vitis-
Antidiarrheal: Empetrum nigrum idaea, Viburnum edule
Antirheumatic (External): Artemisia tilesii, Juniperus communis, Ledum palus- Soup: Elaeagnus commutata
tre, Shepherdia canadensis Spice: Ledum palustre
Antirheumatic (Internal): Ledum palustre, Piceaglauca Starvation Food: Picea glauca
Blood Medicine: Artemisia tilesii, ledum palustre, Rosa acicularis Unspecified: Allium schoenoprasum, Betula papyrifera, Epilobium
Cancer Treatment: Artemisia alaskana, A. arctica, Afrigida angustifolium, Equisetum arvense, Hedysarum boreale, Myriophyllum spica-
Carminative: Alnus viridis tum, Picea glauca, Populus balsamifera, P tremuloides, Rosa acicularis, Salix
Cold Remedy: Artemisia alaskana, A. arctica, Afrigida, Cyperus sp., Empetrum sp., Typha latifolia
nigrum, Gentianella propinqua, Juniperus communis, Ledum palustre, Picea Vegetable: Hedysarum alpinum, Polygonum alpinum, Rumex aquaticus, R.
glauca, Polygonum alpinum, Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Ribes hud- arcticus
sonianum, Rosa acicularis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule Winter Use Food: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Empetrum nigrum, Hedysarum alpi
Cough Medicine: Artemisia alaskana, A. arctica, Afrigida, A. tilesii, Gentianella num, H. boreale, Rosa acicularis, Rubus arcticus, R. chamaemorus, R. idaeus,
propinqua, Juniperus communis, Ledum palustre, Picea glauca, Polygonum Vaccinium oxycoccos, V uliginosum, V vitis-idaea, Viburnum edule
alpinum, Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Vaccinium vitis-idaea Fiber
Dermatological Aid: Artemisia tilesii, Ledum palustre, Picea glauca, Populus Basketry: Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Salix sp., Viburnum edule
balsamifera, Shepherdia canadensis Brushes & Brooms: Picea glauca
Disinfectant: Artemisia tilesii, Ledum palustre, Picea glauca Building Material: Artemisia tilesii, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Salix sp.
Emetic: Rosa acicularis Canoe Material: Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca
Eye Medicine: Artemisia alaskana, A. arctica, Afrigida, A. tilesii, Empetrum ni Clothing: Betula papyrifera, Poaceae sp.
grum, Ribes triste Cordage: Picea glauca, Salix sp.
Febrifuge: Alnus viridis, Rosa acicularis Furniture: Betula papyrifera
Gastrointestinal Aid: Ledum palustre, Rosa acicularis, Viburnum edule Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Alnus viridis, Picea glauca, Poaceae sp.
Gynecological Aid: Pentaphylloides floribunda Snow Gear: Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Salix sp.
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Picea glauca Dye
Kidney Aid: Empetrum nigrum, Juniperus communis Unspecified: Alnus viridis
Laxative: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Other
Misc. Disease Remedy: Artemisia alaskana, A. arctica, Afrigida, Ledum palustre Containers: Artemisia tilesii, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Salix sp.
Oral Aid: Artemisia tilesii, Picea glauca, Salix sp. Cooking Tools: Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Populus balsamifera
Orthopedic Aid: Betula papyrifera Fasteners: Picea glauca, Salix sp.
Panacea: Juniperus communis, Ledum palustre, Populus balsamifera, Ribes Fuel: Alnus viridis, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Populus balsamifera, P.
hudsonianum, Shepherdia canadensis tremuloides, Salix sp.
Pediatric Aid: Linnaea borealis Hide Preparation: Picea glauca
Poison: Hedysarum boreale Hunting & Fishing Item: Alnus viridis, Betula papyrifera, Eriophorum sp., Picea
Psychological Aid: Linnaea borealis glauca, Poaceae sp., Salix sp.
752 Tanana, Upper

Incense & Fragrance: Juniperus communis, Valeriana capitata, V. sitchensis, Juniperus monosperma, Xanthium strumarium, Zea mays
Viola epipsila Reproductive Aid: Juniperus monosperma
Insecticide: Epilobium angustifolium, Picea glauca Snakebite Remedy: Sphaeralcea angustifolia
jewelry: Elaeagnus commutata Throat Aid: Monardafistulosa
Musical Instrument: Betula papyrifera Tonic: Ephedra viridis
Paint: Chenopodium capitatum Toothache Remedy: Juniperus monosperma, Nicotiana attenuata, Parryella fili
Preservative: Populus balsamifera folia
Protection: Betula papyrifera, Poaceae sp., Salix sp. Urinary Aid: Populus tremuloides, Xanthium strumarium
Season Indicator: Arctostaphylos rubra Venereal Aid: Ephedra viridis
Smoke Plant: Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides Food
Tools: Artemisia tilesii, Betula papyrifera, Epilobium angustifolium, Ledum Beverage: Thelesperma filifolium, T. megapotamicum, Zea mays
palustre, Picea glauca, Poaceae sp. Bread & Cake: Zea mays
Toys & Games: Populus balsamifera Candy: Hymenoxys richardsonii
Dried Food: Poliomintha incana
Tarahumara
Forage: Equisetum arvense, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Zea mays
Drug
Fruit: Aster dumosus, Celtis laevigata, Juniperus monosperma, J. scopulorum,
Ceremonial Medicine: Dasylirion durangensis
Maianthemum racemosum, Opuntia phaeacantha, Physalis subulata, Prunus
Tewa virginiana, Rhus trilobata, Ribes cereum, Yucca baccata, Y glauca
Drug Spice: Poliomintha incana
Analgesic: Angelica sp., Gutierrezia sarothrae, Ipomopsis longiflora, Juniperus Staple: Phaseolus vulgaris, Zea mays
monosperma, Malva spM Monardaflstulosa, Zea mays Unspecified: Allium cernuum, Amaranthus blitoides, A. retroflexus, Asclepias
Antidiarrheal: Angelica sp., Ephedra antisyphilitica, Kallstroemia californica, sp., Cleome serrulata, Liatris punctata, Mammillaria sp., Pinus edulis, Polio
Xanthium strumarium mintha incana, Portulaca oleracea, Quercus gambelii, Thelypodium wrightii
Antiemetic: Angelica sp., Artemisia campestris, Xanthium strumarium Vegetable: Cleome serrulata, Solanum jamesii, Stanleya pinnata, Taraxacum of
Antirheumatic (External): Juniperus monosperma, Poliomintha incana ficinale
Burn Dressing: Krascheninnikovia lanata Fiber
Carminative: Artemisia filifolia, A. frigida, A. tridentata, Gutierrezia micro- Basketry: Parryella filifolia, Rhus trilobata, Salix exigua, S. irrorata, Yucca glauca
cephala Brushes & Brooms: Bouteloua curtipendula, Fallugia paradoxa, Hilaria jamesii,
Ceremonial Medicine: Nicotiana attenuata, Yucca baccata Panicum capillare, Yucca glauca
Contraceptive: Castilleja linariifolia Building Material: Juniperus monosperma
Cough Medicine: Artemisia tridentata, Nicotiana attenuata Clothing: Yucca glauca
Dermatological Aid: Abies concolor, Argyrochosmafendleri, Artemisia filifolia, Cordage: Asclepias sp., Yucca baccata, Y glauca
Fallugia paradoxa, Gossypium sp., Jpomopsis longiflora, Juniperus mono Dye
sperma, Kallstroemia californica, Penstemon barbatus, Pinus edulis, Sphaer- Mordant: Atriplex canescens
alcea angustifolia, Taraxacum officinale, Zea mays Red: Alnus incana
Disinfectant: Gutierrezia sarothrae, Juniperus monosperma, Sphaeralcea an Unspecified: Pinus edulis
gustifolia Yellow: Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Diuretic: Juniperus monosperma Other
Ear Medicine: Gutierrezia sarothrae, Poliomintha incana, Prosopis pubescens Cash Crop: Zea mays
Emetic: Yucca baccata Ceremonial Items: Artemisia filifolia, Atriplex canescens, Castilleja linariifolia,
Expectorant: Artemisia tridentata Cercocarpus intricatus, Juniperus monosperma, Krascheninnikovia lanata,
Eye Medicine: Monardafistulosa Parryella filifolia, Penstemon ambiguus, Pinus edulis, Pseudotsuga menziesii,
Febrifuge: Artemisia campestris, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Monardafistulosa Salix sp., Zea mays
Gastrointestinal Aid: Angelica sp., Artemisia filifolia, A. frigida, A tridentata, Cleaning Agent: Juniperus monosperma
Cleome serrulata, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Juniperus monosperma, Phoraden- Cooking Tools: Gutierrezia microcephala, Juniperus monosperma
dron juniperin um Decorations: Gutierrezia microcephala, Hilaria jamesii, Juniperus monosperma,
Gynecological Aid: Angelica sp., Asclepias sp., Castilleja linariifolia, Gutierrezia Populus deltoides
sarothrae, Juniperus monosperma, Nicotiana attenuata, Yucca baccata, Zea Fasteners: Pinus edulis
mays Fuel: Artemisia tridentata, Juniperus monosperma, Pinus edulis, Zea mays
Heart Medicine: Zea mays Hunting & Fishing Item: Fallugia paradoxa, Juniperus monosperma, Maclura
Herbal Steam: Juniperus monosperma pomifera, Phragmites australis, Prunus virginiana, Ribes cereum, Robinia
Internal Medicine: Juniperus monosperma neomexicana, Yucca baccata
Kidney Aid: Mirabilis multiflora Incense & Fragrance: Rosa sp.
Laxative: Cercocarpus montanus, Cucurbitafoetidissima, Juniperus mono Lighting: Juniperus monosperma
sperma Malicious Charm: Juniperus monosperma
Misc. Disease Remedy: Gutierrezia sarothrae Paint: Castilleja linariifolia, Cleome serrulata, Sphaeralcea angustifolia, Thely
Nose Medicine: Nicotiana attenuata podium wrightii
Oral Aid: Chrysothamnus nauseosus Protection: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Pinus edulis
Orthopedic Aid: Juniperus monosperma, Taraxacum officinale Season Indicator: Penstemon ambiguus
Pediatric Aid: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Gossypium sp., Gutierrezia sarothrae, Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuata, Rhusglabra, Zea mays
 Index of Tribes 753

.moking Tools: Abies concolor, Acer negundo, Helianthus annuus Blood Medicine: Aralia nudicaulis, Cornus nuttallii, Mahonia aquifolium, M.
ioap: Yucca baccata, Y.glauca nervosa, Oplopanax horridus, Veratrum californicum, V viride
itable Gear: Parryellafilifolia Breast Treatment: Philadelphus lewisii
bols: Celtis laevigata, Cercocarpus montanus, Juniperus monosperma, Quercus Burn Dressing: Equisetum laevigatum, E. sp., Larix occidentalis, Lomatium dis-
gambelii, Zea mays sectum

joys & Games: Juniperus monosperma, Phragmites australis, Zea mays Cancer Treatment: Ceanothus velutinus, Gaillardia aristata, Larix occidentalis,
Waterproofing Agent: Pinus edulis Maianthemum racemosum, Picea engelmannii, Shepherdia canadensis, Tri-
Veapon: Quercus gambelii folium pratense
Cathartic: Abiesgrandis, Frangula purshiana, Heracleum maximum, Juniperus
rewaofHano communis, Penstemon confertus, Shepherdia canadensis
Food Ceremonial Medicine: Eriogonum heracleoides, Heracleum maximum, Populus
Hooking Agent: Atriplex canescens balsamifera, Valeriana dioica, V sitchensis
Fruit: Opuntia imbricata Cold Remedy: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium,
Special Food: Juniperus monosperma Antennaria sp., Artemisia dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Aruncus
Jnspecified: Descurainia sp., Monardaflstulosa dioicus, Betula papyrifera, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cornus sericea, Juni
Fiber perus communis,]. scopulorum, Lomatium dissectum, L. nudicaule, Maian
Building Material: Juniperus monosperma themum stellatum, Mentha arvensis, M. canadensis, Osmorhiza occidentalis,
Sewing Material: Quercus gambelii Pinus contorta, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, P. hesperium, Prunus virginiana,
Other Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pteridium aquilinum, Ribes hudsonianum, Spiraea
Ceremonial Items: Gossypiumsp., Gutierreziasarothrae,Martyniasp.t Pinus betulifolia, Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertensiana, Valeriana dioica, V sitchensis,
ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Yucca glauca Verbascum thapsus
Decorations: Castilleja linariifolia Contraceptive: Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula papyrifera
Fuel: Juniperus monosperma Cough Medicine: Abies lasiocarpa, Antennaria sp., Betula papyrifera, Larix oc
Paint: Descurainia sp. cidentalis, Picea engelmannii, Pinus contorta, Prunus virginiana, Rosa wood
Tools: Quercus gambelii sii, Rumex crispus, Verbascum thapsus
Waterproofing Agent: Pinus edulis Dermatological Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Agoseris glauca, Al-
nus rubra, Aquilegiaformosa, Arabis drummondii, Aralia nudicaulis, Arnica
Thompson cordifolia, Artemisia dracunculus, A. sp., Aruncus dioicus, Asarum caudatum,
Drug Asclepias speciosa, Astragalus purshii, A. sp., Caltha leptosepala, Chaenactis
Adjuvant: Triteleia grandiflora, Valeriana dioica, V sitchensis douglasii, Chimaphila umbellata, Clematis columbiana, C. ligusticifolia, Co-
Analgesic: Arabis drummondii, Artemisia dracunculus, Asclepias speciosa, mandra umbellata, Cornus canadensis, Crataegus douglasii, Epilobium an-
Ceanothus velutinus, Cicuta douglasii, Disporum sp., Erigeron sp., Eriogonum gustifolium, Equisetum arvense, Erigeron compositus, E. filifolius, E. sp., Erio
androsaceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Frangula purshiana, Gaillardia aristata, gonum androsaceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Fragaria virginiana, Helianthus
Geum sp., G. triflorum, Luetkea pectinata, Maianthemum racemosum, M. annuus, H. petiolaris, Heuchera cylindrica, H. micrantha, Hierochloe odorata,
stellatum, Mains fusca, Mentha canadensis, Nuphar lutea, Oxytropis sp., Pax- Juniperus scopulorum, Larix occidentalis, Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, Linum lew
istima myrsinites, Pinus contorta, Platanthera leucostachys, Salix sp., Strepto- isii, Lomatium dissectum, Lonicera involucrata, Luetkea pectinata, Lysichiton
pus amplexifolius, Valeriana dioica, V sitchensis, Zigadenus elegans americanus, Mentha canadensis, Monotropa uniflora, Nicotiana attenuata, N.
Anthelmintic: Cornus sericea tabacum, Nuphar lutea, Oplopanax horridus, Oxytropis monticola, 0. sp.,
Anticonvulsive: Calypso bulbosa, Lonicera ciliosa Paxistima myrsinites, Penstemon confertus, Philadelphus lewisii, Picea engel
Antidiarrheal: Acer circinatum, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia campestris, Bal- mannii, Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, Plantago major, Polemonium elegans, P.
samorhiza sagittata, Ceanothus velutinus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cornus pulcherrimum, Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Potentilla gracilis, Pseu
sericea, Crataegus douglasii, Fragaria vesca, F virginiana, Picea sitchensis, dotsuga menziesii, Pteridium aquilinum, Ranunculus glaberrimus, Rho
Polygonum aviculare, Prunus virginiana, Ribes cereum, Rosa acicularis, R. dodendron albiflorum, Rosa acicularis, R. nutkana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii,
nutkana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii, Solidago canadensis, Symphoricarpos albus, Rubus parviflorus, Salix cordata, S. sp., Sambucus racemosa, Shepherdia ca
Valeriana dioica, V sitchensis nadensis, Symphoricarpos albus, Thalictrum occidentale, Urtica dioica, Vale
Antiemetic: Acerglabrum, Cornus sericea, Rosa acicularis, R. nutkana, R. piso riana dioica, V sitchensis, Verbascum thapsus
carpa, R. woodsii, Rubus pubescens Diaphoretic: Artemisia dracunculus, Lomatium nudicaule, Oxytropis sp.
Antihemorrhagic: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,AthyriumflliX'femina, Pteridium Dietary Aid: Actaea rubra, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Asclepias speciosa, Asterfoli-
aquilinum, Rubus idaeus, R. pubescens aceus, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Ceanothus velutinus, Larix occidentalis, Loni
Antirheumatic (External): Achillea millefolium, Arnica cordifolia, Artemisia cera involucrata, Oplopanax horridus, Pteridium aquilinum, Solidago sim
dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Ceanothus velutinus, Eriogonum plex, Streptopus amplexifolius
androsaceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Geum sp., G. triflorum, Juniperus scopu- Disinfectant: Artemisia ludoviciana, Astragalus purshii, Eriogonum heracleo-
lorum, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Mentha canadensis, Nuphar lutea, ides, Geum triflorum, Heracleum maximum, Juniperus scopulorum, Oxytropis
Oxytropis sp., Penstemon fruticosus, Philadelphus lewisii, Pinus contorta, P. campestris, Pinus contorta, Platanthera leucostachys, Populus tremuloides,
ponderosa, Platanthera leucostachys, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga men Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ranunculus uncinatus, Shepherdia canadensis, Tsuga
ziesii, Pteridium aquilinum, Pulsatilla occidentalis, Ranunculus uncinatus, heterophylla, T. mertensiana, Urtica sp.
Urtica dioica, Veratrum viride, Zigadenus venenosus Diuretic: Arabis drummondii, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus scopulorum,
Antirheumatic (Internal): Actaea rubra, Ceanothus velutinus, Juniperus com- Pseudotsuga menziesii
munis, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Maianthemum racemosum, M. stel Ear Medicine: Pinus ponderosa, Sorbus sitchensis
latum, Populus tremuloides, Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa Eye Medicine: Abies grandis, Achillea millefolium, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,
754 Thompson

[Eye Medicine] Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia dracunculus, A. ludoviciana, Aruncus dioi

Calochortus macrocarpus, Campanula rotundifolia, Claytonia perfoliata, Co- cus, Ceanothus velutinus, Chimaphila umbellata, Cicuta douglasii, Erigeron
mandra umbellata, Cryptogramma sitchensis, Equisetum hyemale, E. laeviga- compositus, Eriogonum androsaceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Geum sp., G. tri
tum, E. sp., Eriogonum heracleoides, Juniperus communis, Mahonia aquifoli florum, Larix occidentalis, Lomatium dissectum, Lonicera involucrata, Oxy
um, M. nervosa, Penstemonfruticosus, Psp., Picea sitchensis, Pinus pondero- tropis sp., Paxistima myrsinites, Penstemonfruticosus, Psp., Pinus contorta,
sa, Pulsatilla occidentalis, Ribes lacustre, Rosa gymnocarpa, Symphoricarpos Platanthera leucostachys, Populus balsamifera, Prunus emarginata, Pseudo
albus, Trillium ovatum tsuga menziesii, Pteridium aquilinum, Ranunculus uncinatus, Salixsp., Sol
Febrifuge: Lomatium nudicaule idago canadensis, Urtica dioica, Veratrum viride, Zigadenus venenosus
Gastrointestinal Aid: Abies sp., Achillea millefolium,Amelanchieralnifolia, Other: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Clematis ligusticifolia, Eriogonum andro
Artemisia ludoviciana, Aruncus dioicus, Asarum caudatum, Asterfoliaceus, saceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Juniperus scopulorum, Ribes lacustre
Chaenactis douglasii, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cornus nuttallii, Crataegus Panacea: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Arte
douglasii, Erigeron sp., Eriogonum androsaceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Fran- misia tridentata, Ceanothus velutinus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Cicuta
gula purshiana, Juniperus communis, J. scopulorum, Larix occidentalis, Lue- douglasii, Cornus sericea, Crataegus douglasii, Larix occidentalis, Oplopanax
tkea pectinata, Maianthemum racemosum, Mentha canadensis, Nuphar horridus, Picea sitchensis, Pinus monticola, Ribes hudsonianum, Taxus
lutea, Oplopanax horridus, Penstemon confertus, Pfruticosus, Populus tremu- brevifolia
loides, Pulsatilla occidentalis, Rhododendron albiflorum, Rhusglabra, Ribes Pediatric Aid: Abies grandis, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia dracunculus,
hudsonianum, R. lacustre, R. oxyacanthoides, Rubus idaeus, R. pubescens, Asarum caudatum, Clematis ligusticifolia, Cornus sericea, Fragaria vesca, F.
Shepherdia canadensis, Spiraea betulifolia, Streptopus amplexifolius, Sym virginiana, Larix occidentalis, Linum lewisii, Lomatium macrocarpum, Men
phoricarpos albus, Valeriana dioica, V sitchensis tha canadensis, Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, Polygonum aviculare, Populus
Gland Medicine: Erigeron sp. tremuloides, Ribes cereum, R. hudsonianum, Rosa woodsii, Rubus parviflorus,
Gynecological Aid: Acerglabrum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemisia campestris, Scirpus acutus, Sedum divergens, S. spathulifolium, Solidago canadensis,
A dracunculus, Calamagrostis rubescens, Chimaphila umbellata, Cornus Symphoricarpos albus, Veratrum viride
sericea, Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum, E. sp., Erigeron sp., Geranium vis- Poison: Actaea rubra, Anemone multiflda, Artemisia dracunculus, Asclepias
cosissimum, Goodyera oblongifolia, Juniperus scopulorum, Larix occidentalis, speciosa, Cicuta douglasii, Cornus sericea, Lonicera involucrata, Lupinus poly
Luetkea pectinata, Maianthemum racemosum, Phacelia hastata, Populus bal- phyllus, L sericeus, L sp., Ranunculus glaberrimus, R. repens, R. sceleratus, R.
samifera, Prunus virginiana, Pyrola sp., Ribes lacustre, Rosa acicularis, R. nut- sp., R. uncinatus, Rhusglabra, Rosa gymnocarpa, Symphoricarpos albus, Toxi
kana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii, Symphoricarpos albus, Thuja plicata codendron radicans, Veratrum californicum, Zigadenus elegans
Heart Medicine: Juniperus communis, J. scopulorum, Maianthemum racemo Psychological Aid: Cornus nuttallii, Lewisia pygmaea, Lysichiton americanus,
sum, Shepherdia canadensis Mahonia nervosa, Picea engelmannii, Populus tremuloides, Thuja plicata
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Philadelphus lewisii, Plantago major, Sedum divergens, Pulmonary Aid: Actaea rubra, Cornus nuttallii, Eriogonum heracleoides,
S. sp., S. spathulifolium, Urtica dioica Philadelphus lewisii, Pinus contorta
Hemostat: Anemone multiflda, Scirpus acutus Reproductive Aid: Lomatium macrocarpum, Lonicera ciliosa
Herbal Steam: Eriogonum androsaceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Geum sp., G. tri- Respiratory Aid: Larix occidentalis, Veratrum californicum
florum, Mentha canadensis, Oxytropis sp., Platanthera leucostachys, Ranun Sedative: Asarum caudatum, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Lomatium macrocar
culus uncinatus pum, Lonicera ciliosa, Pinus ponderosa, Ribes hudsonianum, Sedum spa
Hunting Medicine: Astragalus purshii, Platanthera leucostachys, Polystichum thulifolium, Shepherdia canadensis, Solidago canadensis
munitum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Valeriana dioica, V sitchensis Snakebite Remedy: Acerglabrum, Achillea millefolium, Chaenactis douglasii,
Hypotensive: Juniperus communis, Shepherdia canadensis Chamaesyce glyptosperma
Internal Medicine: Paxistima myrsinites, Rhusglabra Stimulant: Aralia nudicaulis, Artemisia tridentata, Chaenactis douglasii, Poten-
Kidney Aid: Arabis drummondii, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis, tilla glandulosa
J. scopulorum, Penstemonfruticosus, P.sp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sorbus Strengthener: Aquilegiaformosa, A. sp., Cornus sericea, Larix occidentalis, Ribet
sitchensis cereum

Laxative: Frangula purshiana, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Oplopanax Throat Aid: Artemisia tridentata, Corylus cornuta, Erigeron sp., Heuchera cylin
horridus, Prunus virginiana, Sedum divergens, S. spathulifolium, Shepherdia drica, H. micrantha, Lonicera involucrata, Maianthemum racemosum, Pinus
canadensis, Symphoricarpos albus contorta, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, P. hesperium, Ribes hudsonianum, Rosa
Liver Aid: Cryptogramma sitchensis, Frangula purshiana, Heuchera cylindrica, woodsii, Veratrum viride
H. micrantha, Sambucus racemosa, Shepherdia canadensis Tonic: Abies sp., Acer macrophyllum, Achillea millefolium, Amelanchier alnifo
Love Medicine: Aquilegiaformosa, Delphinium menziesii, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, lia, Aralia nudicaulis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Asarum caudatum, Asclepias
Geranium viscosissimum, Geum sp., Platanthera leucostachys, Sagittaria lati- speciosa, Chaenactis douglasii, Chimaphila umbellata, Clematis ligusticifolia,
folia Geum triflorum, Heracleum maximum, Juniperus communis, Lonicera cili
Misc. Disease Remedy: Acer circinatum, Achillea millefolium, Anaphalis mar- osa, Mahonia aquifolium, Oplopanax horridus, Potentilla glandulosa, Pru
garitacea, Artemisia ludoviciana, Aruncus dioicus, Gaillardia aristata, Geum nella vulgaris, Prunus virginiana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ribes lacustre, R.
sp., Juniperus scopulorum, Mentha arvensis, Oplopanax horridus, Pinus con- oxyacanthoides, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus idaeus, R. pubescens, Shepherdia
torta, Prunus virginiana, Rubus leucodermis, Solidago spathulata, Thuja pli canadensis, Solidago simplex, Spiraea xpyramidata, Streptopus roseus
cata, Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertensiana, Valeriana dioica, V. sitchensis, Vera- Toothache Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Alnus rubra, A. viridis, Arabis hol-
trum viride boellii, Clematis ligusticifolia, Salixsp., Sambucus canadensis, S. cerulea, S.
Oral Aid: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Heuchera cylindrica, H. micrantha, Hieraci- racemosa

um sp., Polypodium glycyrrhiza, P. hesperium, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhus Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Arnica cordifo-
glabra, Sedum spathulifolium lia, Artemisia tridentata, Cassiope mertensiana, C. sp., Chrysothamnus nau
Orthopedic Aid: Abies lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, Arabis drummondii, seosus, Eriogonum heracleoides, Gaillardia aristata, Juniperus communis,
 Index of Tribes 755

/. scopulorum, Larix occidentalis, Paxistima myrsinites, Phyllodoce empetri- Castilleja miniata, Elymus trachycaulus, Epilobium angustifolium, Lupinus
formis, Psp., Ranunculus sp., Ribes hudsonianum, Shepherdia canadensis, sp., Trifolium pratense, Vicia americana
Valeriana dioica, V. sitchensis Forage: Aquilegiaformosa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Astragalus purshii, Bromus
Unspecified: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Achillea millefolium, sp., Carex atherodes, C. obnupta, C. rostrata, C. sp., Ceanothus velutinus,
Anemone sp., Apocynum cannabinum, Arnica latifolia, Artemisia campestris, Hackelia diffusa, Heracleum maximum, Hydrophyllum fendleri, H occiden-
Afrigida, A. sp., Asarum caudatum, Calypso bulbosa, Castilleja miniata, C. tale, Lathyrus nevadensis, Lonicera ciliosa, L involucrata, Maianthemum
sp., Ceanothus velutinus, Chaenactis douglasii, Dicentraformosa, Epilobium racemosum, Oxytropis campestris, Paxistima myrsinites, Penstemonfrutico
sp., Erigeronfllifolius, Eriogonum heracleoides, Geranium richardsonii, G. vis- sus, Phragmites australis, Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides, Ribes hudsoni
cosissimum, Geum sp., Hackelia hispida, Heracleum maximum, Heuchera anum, Rosa acicularis, R. woodsii, Salix sp., Shepherdia canadensis, Sium
cylindrica, H. micrantha, Hieracium sp., Kalmia polifolia, Ligusticum canbyi, suave, Spiraea douglasii, Valeriana dioica, V. sitchensis, Vicia sp.
Linnaea borealis, Lupinus polyphyllus, L rivularis, Mentha canadensis, Frozen Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Heracleum maximum, Lomatium nudi
Mentzelia laevicaulis, Pedicularis bracteosa, P. racemosa, Phacelia linearis, caule, Ribes lacustre, Rubus idaeus, Vaccinium membranaceum
Picea sitchensis, Pinus monticola, Populus balsamifera, Prunus emarginata, P. Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Citrus Union, C. medica,
virginiana, Pulsatilla occidentalis, Salix interior, Stenanthium occidental, C. sinensis, Cornus sericea, Crataegus columbiana, C. douglasii, Cucumis
Stephanomeria tenuifolia, Streptopus roseus, Triteleia grandiflora, Urtica melo, Disporum hookeri, Fragaria vesca, E virginiana, Gaultheria shallon,
dioica Lomatium nudicaule, Lonicera involucrata, Mahonia aquifolium, Maianthe
Urinary Aid: Achillea millefolium, Arabis drummondii, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, mum racemosum, M. stellatum, Malusfusca, Oemleria cerasiformis, Prunus
Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Clematis Hgusticifolia, Equisetum arvense, E. hye- emarginata, P virginiana, Ribes cereum, R. divaricatum, R. hudsonianum, R.
male, E. laevigatum, E. sp., E. telmateia, Juniperus scopulorum, Lonicera in- inerme, R. oxyacanthoides, R. sanguineum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus idaeus,
volucrata, Pseudotsuga menziesii R. leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. pedatus, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Sambucus
Venereal Aid: Abies grandis, Achillea millefolium, Actaea rubra, Apocynum cerulea, S. racemosa, Shepherdia argentea, S. canadensis, Sorbus sitchensis,
cannabinum, Arabis drummondii, Artemisia frigida, Asterfoliaceus, Ceanoth Streptopus amplexifolius, Vaccinium membranaceum, V. myrtillus, V ovalifoli
us velutinus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Elaeagnus commutata, Eriogonum um, V ovatum, V oxycoccos, V parvifolium, V. sp., Viburnum edule, V. opulus
androsaceum, E. heracleoides, E. sp., Heracleum maximum, Mahonia aqui- Pie & Pudding: Amelanchier alnifolia, Erythronium grandiflorum, Gaultheria
folium, M. nervosa, Populus tremuloides, Rhusglabra, Rosa acicularis, R. nut- shallon, Lewisia rediviva, Lomatium macrocarpum, Ribes divaricatum, R. in
kana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii, Sambucus cerulea, Solidago simplex, Spiraea erme, R. oxyacanthoides, Vaccinium cespitosum, V. deliciosum, V myrtilloides,
betulifolia, Veratrum californicum V.scoparium
Veterinary Aid: Achlys triphylla, Aquilegiaformosa, A. sp., Artemisia dracuncu- Porridge: Pinus albicaulis, P. ponderosa
lus, Cicuta douglasii, Juniperus scopulorum, Leymus cinereus, Lomatium dis- Preservative: Rhododendron albiflorum
sectum, Lupinus polyphyllus, L sericeus, L. sp., Penstemonfruticosus, Pinus Preserves: Amelanchier alnifolia, A. sp., Crataegus douglasii, Gaultheria shal
ponderosa, Solidago canadensis, Valeriana dioica, V. sitchensis, Viola sp., Ziga- lon, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Prunus sp., Ribes lacustre, Rosa acicu
denus elegans laris, R. woodsii, Rubus idaeus, Sambucus cerulea, Shepherdia canadensis, S.
Witchcraft Medicine: Abies grandis, Geranium viscosissimum, Lithospermum sp., Vaccinium cespitosum, V deliciosum, V membranaceum, V. parvifolium,
ruderale V scoparium, V.sp., Viburnum edule
Food Sauce & Relish: Acer macrophyllum, Prunus virginiana, Rosa acicularis, R.
Beverage: Abies grandis, Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Chima- woodsii, Viburnum edule
phila umbellata, Geum triflorum, Juniperus communis, Ledum groenlandi- Snack Food: Corylus cornuta
cum, Lomatium nudicaule, Penstemon confertus, Pinus contorta, Prunella Soup: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cirsium edule, Erythronium grandiflorum, Lili
vulgaris, Prunus virginiana, Ribes divaricatum, R. inerme, R. oxyacanthoides, um columbianum, Sambucus racemosa, Sorbus sitchensis, Viburnum edule
Rosa acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii, Shepher Special Food: Allium cernuum, Lewisia rediviva
dia canadensis, Spiraea betulifolia, S. xpyramidata Spice: Amelanchier alnifolia, Fragaria vesca, Fritillaria lanceolata, Lilium
Bread & Cake: Amelanchier alnifolia, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Claytonia lanceo- columbianum, Lomatium macrocarpum, L. nudicaule, Maianthemum race
lata, Gaultheria shallon, Lewisia rediviva, Oemleria cerasiformis, Rubus mosum, Penstemonfruticosus, Ribes sanguineum, Sambucus cerulea, S. race
idaeus, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium ovalifolium, V. parvifolium mosa, Sorbus sitchensis
Candy: Agoseris glauca, Erythronium grandiflorum, Larix occidentalis, Lonicera Staple: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Pteridium aquilinum
ciliosa, Pinus contorta, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, P. hesperium, Shepherdia ca Starvation Food: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Opuntia fragilis, 0. polyacantha
nadensis, Tragopogon sp. Sweetener: Amelanchier alnifolia, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rubus parviflorus
Dessert: Balsamorhiza sagittata, Cornus sericea, Lycopus uniflorus, Opuntia Unspecified: Abies lasiocarpa, A. sp., Acer macrophyllum, Alectoria jubata,
fragilis, 0. polyacantha, Prunus emarginata Allium acuminatum, A. cernuum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Argentina anserina,
Dried Food: Agaricus sp., Allium cernuum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Balsamo Astragalus miser, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Calochortus macrocarpus, Camas-
rhiza sagittata, Cirsium edule, C. hookerianum, C. undulatum, C. vulgare, sia quamash, C. scilloides, Carex rostrata, Cirsium edule, C. hookerianum, C.
Cornus sericea, Crataegus douglasii, Erythronium grandiflorum, Fragaria undulatum, C. vulgare, Claytonia lanceolata, Cornus sericea, Corylus cornuta,
vesca, E virginiana, Fritillaria lanceolata, Heracleum maximum, Lewisia redi Crataegus columbiana, C. douglasii, Cucumis sp., Dryopteris arguta, D. expan-
viva, Lilium columbianum, Lomatium dissectum, L. macrocarpum, L. nudi sa, D. sp., Epilobium angustifolium, Erythronium grandiflorum, Fritillaria
caule, Mahonia aquifolium, Nuphar lutea, Pinus albicaulis, P. contorta, Pru lanceolata, F pudica, Helianthus sp., Heracleum maximum, Hieracium sp.,
nus virginiana, Ribes lacustre, R. sanguineum, Rubus idaeus, R. leucodermis, Hydrophyllum fendleri, H. occidentale, Larix occidentalis, Lewisia columbi
R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, Sagittaria latifolia, Sambucus cerulea, Sium suave, ana, L pygmaea, L rediviva, Lilium columbianum, Lithospermum incisum,
Sorbus sitchensis, Vaccinium cespitosum, V. deliciosum, V membranaceum, V. Lomatium dissectum, L macrocarpum, L nudicaule, Lycopus uniflorus, Mai
ovalifolium, V.scoparium, Viburnum edule anthemum racemosum, Mentha arvensis, Opuntia fragilis, O. polyacantha,
Fodder: Astragalus giganteus, A. miser, Carex atherodes, C. obnupta, C. rostrata, Osmorhiza berteroi, Peucedanum sp., Picea engelmannii, Pinus albicaulis,
756 Thompson

[Unspecified] lia, Verbascum thapsus, Zigadenus elegans

P contorta, P. monticola, P. ponderosa, Polystichum munitum, Prunus virgini Containers: Acer macrophyllum, Apocynum cannabinum, Artemisia tridentata,
ana, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa acicularis, R. nutkana, R. pisocarpa, R. wood Betula papyrifera, Elaeagnus commutata, Epilobium angustifolium, Mentha
sii, Rubus leucodermis, R. occidentals, R. parviflorus, R. spectabilis, R. ursinus, arvensis, Pinus ponderosa, Polystichum munitum, Prunus emarginata, Salix
Rumexacetosella, Sagittaria latifolia, Scirpus sp., Sium suave, Tragopogon sp., Scirpus acutus, S. sp., Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia
porrifolius, Triteleia grandiflora, Typha latifolia, Viburnum edule, Zizania Cooking Tools: Acer macrophyllum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula papyrifera,
aquatica Calamagrostis rubescens, Corylus cornuta, Elaeagnus commutata, Leymus
Vegetable: Acer macrophyllum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, cinereus, Phragmites australis, Picea engelmannii, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudo
Heracleum maximum, Lomatium nudicaule, Maianthemum racemosum, Ur- tsuga menziesii, Typha latifolia
tica dioica Decorations: Betula papyrifera, Castilleja miniata, C. sp., Elaeagnus commuta-
Winter Use Food: Amelanchier alnifolia, Claytonia lanceolata, Heracleum max ta, Lithospermum ruderale, Lycopodium clavatum, Ornithogalum umbella-
imum, Lewisia columbiana, L rediviva, Lomatium nudicaule, Opuntiafrag- tum, Penstemonfruticosus, Phragmites australis, Prunus emarginata, Scirpus
ilis, 0. polyacantha, Pinus albicaulis, Prunus virginiana, Shepherdia argentea, acutus, Typha latifolia
Sorbus sitchensis, Vaccinium cespitosum,V. deliciosum, V.scoparium Designs: Dodecatheon pulchellum, Pedicularis bracteosa, Phragmites australis,
Fiber Prunus virginiana
Basketry: Acer macrophyllum, Betula papyrifera, Erigeron peregrinus, Leymus Fasteners: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Asclepias speciosa, Opuntiafragilis,
cinereus, L triticoides, Philadelphus lewisii, Phragmites australis, Picea engel- O. polyacantha, Prunus emarginata, Salix interior, S. sp.
mannii, Prunus emarginata, Rhus glabra, Salix sp., Thuja plicata Fertilizer: Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum, E. sp.
Brushes & Brooms: Carex sp., Philadelphus lewisii, Spiraea douglasii, Tsuga Fuel: Alnus rubra, Artemisia ludoviciana, Juniperus virginiana, Populus balsa
mertensiana mifera, Pseudotsuga menziesii
Building Material: Abies grandis, Betula papyrifera, Lonicera ciliosa, Picea en- Good Luck Charm: Aquilegiaformosa, Dodecatheon Jeffreyi, Epilobium sp.,
gelmannii, Pinus contorta, P ponderosa, Prunus emarginata, Pseudotsuga Juniperus scopulorum, Lewisia pygmaea, Picea engelmannii, Platanthera leu-
menziesii, Salix sp., Scirpus acutus, Typha latifolia costachys, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa acicularis, R. nutkana, R. pisocarpa,
Canoe Material: Abies grandis, Betula papyrifera, Picea engelmannii, Populus R. woodsii, Shepherdia canadensis, Thuja plicata
balsamifera, Salix sp., Thuja plicata Hide Preparation: Artemisia tridentata
Caulking Material: Pseudotsuga menziesii Hunting & Fishing Item: Acer circinatum, A. glabrum, Alnus incana, Amelan
Clothing: Apocynum cannabinum, Artemisia tridentata, Asclepias speciosa, chier alnifolia, Apocynum cannabinum, Cornus nuttallii, C. sericea, Corylus
Calamagrostis rubescens, Carex atherodes, C obnupta, Clematis ligusticifolia, cornuta, Crataegus columbiana, C. douglasii, Epilobium angustifolium, Holo-
Elaeagnus commutata, Salix sp., Scirpus acutus, Thuja plicata, Typha latifolia discus discolor, Juniperus scopulorum, Pinus contorta, Polygonum amphibi-
Cordage: Acerglabrum, Apocynum androsaemifolium, A. cannabinum, Ascle um, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ribes hudsonianum, Rosa
pias speciosa, Elaeagnus commutata, Lonicera ciliosa, Prunus emarginata, acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii, Salix sp.,
Salix sp., Thuja plicata, Urtica dioica Shepherdia canadensis, Spirogyra sp., Taxus brevifolia, Urtica dioica
Furniture: Acer circinatum, A. glabrum, Betula papyrifera, Cornus sericea, Incense & Fragrance: Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A lasiocarpa, Alnus rhombifo-
Philadelphus lewisii, Rosa acicularis, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. piso lia, Chenopodium botrys, Fragaria vesca, Hierochloe odorata, Lomatium
carpa, R. woodsii, Salix sp., Thuja plicata nudicaule, Mentha arvensis, M. canadensis, Pinus ponderosa, Rhododendron
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Abies grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Artemisia tridentata, albiflorum, Streptopus amplexifolius, Tsuga heterophylla, T. mertensiana
Asarum caudatum, Elaeagnus commutata, Lomatium macrocarpum, Phrag Insecticide: Achlys triphylla, Anemone multifida, Artemisia ludoviciana, Juni
mites australis, Populus balsamifera, Prunus emarginata, Pseudotsuga men perus scopulorum, Mentha arvensis
ziesii, Rosa gymnocarpa, Salix sp., Scirpus acutus, S. sp., Thuja plicata, Trago Jewelry: Elaeagnus commutata, Opuntia polyacantha, Phragmites australis,
pogon sp., Tsuga mertensiana, Typha latifolia Rosa gymnocarpa
Scouring Material: Acer macrophyllum, Equisetum hyemale, E. laevigatum, E. Musical Instrument: Juniperus scopulorum
sp., Pinus contorta, Populus balsamifera, Thuja plicata Paint: Chenopodium capitatum, Delphinium menziesii, Evernia vulpina, Larix
Sewing Material: Apocynum cannabinum, Lonicera ciliosa, Thuja plicata occidentalis, Lithospermum incisum, Rosa acicularis, R. nutkana, R. pisocar
Snow Gear: Acer circinatum, A. glabrum, Alnus incana, Pseudotsuga menziesii, pa, R. woodsii
Taxus brevifolia Paper: Betula papyrifera
Dye Plant Indicator: Lewisia rediviva, Monotropa uniflora
Black: Cornus nuttallii, Lonicera ciliosa Protection: Abies grandis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia ludoviciana, Holo-
Blue: Corylus cornuta, Delphinium menziesii discus discolor, Juniperus scopulorum, Lithospermum ruderale, Lysichiton
Brown: Alnus rubra, Cornus nuttallii americanus, Picea sitchensis, Populus tremuloides, Rosa acicularis, R. nut
Green: Thuja plicata kana, R. pisocarpa, R. woodsii
Red: Alnus rubra, Chenopodium capitatum Smoke Plant: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus sericea, Nicotiana attenuata,
Unspecified: Clintonia uniflora, Penstemonfruticosus, Rhus glabra, Rubus leu Rosa gymnocarpa, Vaccinium ovalifolium,V parvifolium, Ksp., Valeriana
codermis sitchensis, Verbascum thapsus
Yellow: Evernia vulpina, Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa Smoking Tools: Pinus ponderosa
Other Soap: Abies lasiocarpa, Ceanothus velutinus, Juniperus communis, Linum lew
Cash Crop: Amelanchier alnifolia, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Corylus cornuta, isii, Mentha arvensis, Picea engelmannii, Populus balsamifera, Symphoricar-
Erythronium grandiflorum, Lewisia columbiana, L rediviva, Shepherdia ca- pos albus
nadensis, Thuja plicata, Zizania aquatica Stable Gear: Artemisia sp., A tridentata, Populus balsamifera, Salix interior
Ceremonial Items: Elaeagnus commutata, Equisetum sp., Leymus cinereus, Tools: Acer circinatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus nuttallii, Crataegus
Nicotiana tabacum, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rosa gymnocarpa, Taxus brevifo columbiana, C. douglasii, Equisetum sp., Philadelphus lewisii, Populus bal-
 Index of Tribes 757

samifera, Prunus virginiana, Rosa gymnocarpa, Scirpus microcarpus, Taxus Antidote: Toxicodendron diversilobum
brevifolia, Tsuga heterophylla Antirheumatic (External): Artemisia douglasiana, Lysichiton americanus, Oxalis
Toys & Games: Erythronium gmndiflorum, Hierochloe odorata, Lithospermum oregana, Petasites frigidus
incisum, Rosa gymnocarpa Blood Medicine: Mahonia pumila
A/ater Indicator: Alnus viridis Cough Medicine: Mahonia pumila
Waterproofing Agent: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Pinus ponderosa Dermatological Aid: Oxalis oregana, Plantago australis, Urtica dioica
Weapon: Holodiscus discolor Disinfectant: Asarum caudatum, Oxalis oregana
Eye Medicine: Viola adunca
Thompson, Lower Laxative: Frangula purshiana
Food Oral Aid: Equisetum telmateia
ce Cream: Shepherdia canadensis Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia douglasiana
Other: Lysichiton americanus
Thompson, Upper (Fraser Band) Pediatric Aid: Artemisia douglasiana, Equisetum telmateia
Fiber
Poison: Lonicera involucrata, Toxicodendron diversilobum
Canoe Material: Pinus ponderosa, Populus tremuloides
Unspecified: Vancouveria chrysantha
Other
Food
Fuel: Pinus ponderosa
Beverage: Ledum glandulosum, Satureja douglasii
Bread & Cake: Arctostaphylos $cinerea, A. nevadensis, A. uva-ursi
Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band)
Dried Food: Corylus cornuta, Vaccinium ovatum,V. parvifolium
Food
Fruit: Fragaria chiloensis, Gaultheria shallon, Oemleria cerasiformis, Quercus
Fruit: Ribes sanguineum
kelloggii, Ribes lobbii, Rubus spectabilis, Umbellularia californica, Vaccinium
Unspecified: Triteleia grandiflora
ovatum,V parvifolium
Fiber
Spice: Ribes nevadense
Canoe Material: Pinus ponderosa
Staple: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Other
Unspecified: Castanopsis chrysophylla, Corylus cornuta, Heracleum maximum,
Cash Crop: Lewisia rediviva, Lomatium macrocarpum
Ligusticum californicum, Lysichiton americanus, Nuphar lutea, Oxalis ore-
Fuel: Pinus ponderosa
gana, Porphyra lanceolata, Rubus spectabilis
Fiber
Thompson, Upper (Nicola Band)
Basketry: Adiantum aleuticum, Alnus rubra, Corylus cornuta, Juncus effusus,
Food
Salix hindsiana, S. scouleriana, S. sitchensis
Unspecified: Lewisia columbiana, Peucedanum sp., Tragopogon porrifolius,
Brushes & Brooms: Vaccinium parvifolium
T.sp.
Building Material: Sequoia sempervirens
Other
Canoe Material: Sequoia sempervirens
Fuel: Artemisia frigida, Juniperus virginiana
Clothing: Acer macrophyllum, Arbutus menziesii, Typha latifolia

Thompson, Upper (Spences Bridge) Cordage: Iris innominata, I. tenax

Food Snow Gear: Arbutus menziesii

Unspecified: Opuntia sp., Tragopogon porrifolius, Triteleia grandiflora Unspecified: Woodwardiaflmbriata

Dye
Tlingit Unspecified: Alnus rubra, Lithocarpus densiflorus
Drug Other
\ntidiarrheal: Picea glauca Containers: Lysichiton americanus
Blood Medicine: Aruncus dioicus Cooking Tools: Lysichiton americanus
Cough Medicine: Osmorhiza claytonii Decorations: Juniperus communis
Dermatological Aid: Boschniakia glabra, Kalmia polifolia, Oplopanax horridus, Hunting & Fishing Item: Pinus contorta
Petasitesfrigidus Jewelry: Arbutus menziesii, Juniperus communis
Gastrointestinal Aid: Oxytropissp. Smoke Plant: Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Herbal Steam: Artemisia vulgaris Smoking Tools: Taxus brevifolia
Pulmonary Aid: Artemisia vulgaris, Asplenium sp., Coptis macrosepala, Sorbus Toys & Games: Physocarpus capitatus
americana
Ibothache Remedy: Picea sitchensis, Tsuga mertensiana Tsimshian
Unspecified: Menyanthes trifoliata Drug
Venereal Aid: Claytonia sibirica, Heuchera glabra, Ledum palustre, Picea sitchen Antirheumatic (External): Veratrum viride
sis, Pinus contorta, Sequoia sempervirens, Thuja excelsa, Tsuga mertensiana Cancer Treatment: Taxus brevifolia
Other Ceremonial Medicine: Oenanthe sarmentosa
Decorations: Acer macrophyllum Dermatological Aid: Veratrum viride
Hunting Medicine: Picea sitchensis
Iblowa Internal Medicine: Taxus brevifolia
Drug Psychological Aid: Veratrum viride
Vnthelmintic: Artemisia douglasiana Respiratory Aid: Veratrum viride
Vnticonvulsive: Pteridium aquilinum Unspecified: Argentina egedii
758 Tsimshian

Food Other
Fruit: Empetrum nigrum, Rubus parviflorus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cooking Tools: Artemisia cana, A. tridentata, Eriogonum elongatum, Salix
Fiber exigua, S. hindsiana
Building Material: Pinus contorta, Thuja plicata Fuel: Artemisia cana, A. tridentata
Canoe Material: Thuja plicata Tools: Ceanothus cuneatus
Clothing: Thuja plicata
Ukiah
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Thuja plicata
Fiber
Other
Basketry: Pteridium aquilinum, Salix hindsiana, Smilax californica
Cash Crop: Porphyra abbottae, Shepherdia canadensis
Other
Ceremonial Items: Oplopanax horridus, Picea sitchensis, Thuja plicata
Hunting & Fishing Item: Salix hindsiana
Cleaning Agent: Rubus parviflorus, Thuja plicata
Containers: Lysichiton americanus, Thuja plicata Umatilla
Cooking Tools: Lysichiton americanus Drug
Decorations: Acer macrophyllum, Thuja plicata Gynecological Aid: Shepherdia canadensis
Fuel: Thuja plicata Food
Hunting & Fishing Item: Heracleum maximum, Nereocystis luetkeana, Thuja Unspecified: Perideridia gairdneri
plicata, Urtica dioica
Ute
Protection: Pinus contorta
Drug
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana quadrivalvis, N. tabacum
Analgesic: Comandra umbellata
Tools: Thuja plicata
Cold Remedy: Grindelia squarrosa
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Collinsia parviflora, Lomatium dis-
Tsimshian, Coast
sectum, Phlox gracilis
Other
Diuretic: Lithospermum ruderale
Cash Crop: Shepherdia canadensis
Gastrointestinal Aid: Abroniafragrans, Castilleja parviflora, Cryptantha sericea
Narcotic: Datura wrightii
Tubatulabal
Panacea: Achillea millefolium
Drug
Poison: Fritillaria atropurpurea, Zigadenus nuttallii
Analgesic: Trichostema lanceolatum
Unspecified: Artemisia tridentata, Descurainia pinnata, Eriogonum ovalifoli-
Antidiarrheal: Eriogonumfasciculatum, Heliotropium curassavicum
um, Fritillaria atropurpurea, Hedysarum boreale, Iva axillaris, Matricaria dis-
Antirheumatic (External): Encelia virginensis, Ericameria cooperi, E. linearifolia
coidea, Senecio sp., Viola cucullata
Antirheumatic (Internal): Datura wrightii
Veterinary Aid: Lomatium dissectum
Blood Medicine: Ephedra viridis
Food
Cold Remedy: Anemopsis californica, Loeseliastrum matthewsii
Dried Food: Amelanchier alnifolia
Dermatological Aid: Argemone polyanthemos, Chorizanthe staticoides, Datura
Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Rhus trilobata, Ribes aureum, Rosa woodsii, Shep
wrightii, Echinocystis brandegei, Eriogonum baileyi, E. gracillimum, E. rose-
herdia argentea
um, Marah horridus
Staple: Agastache pallidiflora, Agave americana, A. parryi
Gastrointestinal Aid: Datura wrightii, Diplacus aurantiacus, D. longiflorus, Eri
Starvation Food: Calochortus nuttallii
ogonumfasciculatum
Unspecified: Agoserissp., Allium acuminatum, A. bisceptrum, Balsamorhiza
Hemorrhoid Remedy: Argemone polyanthemos
sagittata, Calochortus nuttallii, Claytonia caroliniana, Cymopterus longipes,
Hemostat: Trichostema lanceolatum
Elymus canadensis, Fritillaria pudica, Perideridia gairdneri, Scirpus tabernae-
Laxative: Datura wrightii
montani, Taraxacum officinale
Pediatric Aid: Echinocystis brandegei, Eriogonumfasciculatum, Marah horridus
Fiber
Sedative: Datura wrightii
Basketry: Salix amygdaloides, S. eriocephala, S. interior, S. lucida
Venereal Aid: Ephedra viridis
Other
Food
Fasteners: Ipomopsis aggregata
Beverage: Monardella candicans
Toys & Games: Equisetum laevigatum
Candy: Asclepias erosa
Fruit: Arctostaphylos sp., Juniperus osteosperma, Lycium torreyi, Ribes querceto- Wailaki
rum, Sambucus cerulea, Solanum nigrum, Vitis californica Drug
Unspecified: Aesculus californica, Allium hyalinum, A. lacunosum, A. peninsu- Analgesic: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Thalictrum polycarpum
lare, Calochortus palmed, C. venustus, Cirsium occidental, Coreopsis bige- Antirheumatic (External): Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Polypodium califor-
lovii, Distichlis spicata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Ephedra viridis, Eriogonum nicum
sp., Heliotropium curassavicum, Lotus scoparius, Mentzelia albicaulis, M. Antirheumatic (Internal): Pinus sabiniana
gracilenta, Monardella candicans, Nolina bigelovii, Opuntia basilaris, 0. Carminative: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
caseyi, Pellaea mucronata, Pholistoma membranaceum, Pinus monophylla, Dermatological Aid: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Erythronium oregonum,
Psabiniana, Polypogon monspeliensis, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. douglasii, Q. Evernia vulpina, Polypodium californicum, Trillium sessile
dumosa, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata, Q. wislizeni, Salvia carduacea, S. columbariae, Disinfectant: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Scirpus acutus, Sedum laxum, Sisymbrium officinale, Trifolium wormskioldii, Diuretic: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Typha latifolia, Yucca brevifolia, Y whipplei Gastrointestinal Aid: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Vegetable: Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Laxative: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
 Index of Tribes 759

)ther: Trillium sessile Eye Medicine: Phlox longifolia

'anacea: Trillium sessile Febrifuge: Mentha canadensis
Jnakebite Remedy: Toxicodendron diversilobum Gastrointestinal Aid: Ipomopsis congesta, Mentha canadensis, Monardella
odoratissima, Osmorhiza occidentalis
Zandy: Pinus sabiniana Gynecological Aid: Balsamorhiza hooked, Ephedra viridis
<orage: Robinia pseudoacacia, Trifolium ciliolatum Hemostat: Maianthemum stellatum
<ruit: Arbutus menziesii Herbal Steam: Lomatium dissectum
Jnspecified: Trifolium ciliolatum Kidney Aid: Ipomopsis congesta
Fiber Misc. Disease Remedy: Angelica breweri, Lomatium dissectum, Osmorhiza occi
basketry: Carex sp. dentalis
Nothing: Carex sp. Orthopedic Aid: Zigadenus paniculatus
Dye Panacea: Lomatium dissectum
\ed: Alnus rhombifolia Pediatric Aid: Lomatium dissectum, Mentha canadensis
Other Pulmonary Aid: Lomatium dissectum, Osmorhiza occidentalis
hunting & Fishing Item: Acer macrophyllum, Philadelphus lewisii Respiratory Aid: Angelica breweri, Lomatium dissectum, Salvia dorrii
Throat Aid: Angelica breweri, Lomatium dissectum
Walapai Tonic: Artemisia tridentata, Maianthemum stellatum, Pedicularis attollens
Drug Toothache Remedy: Heracleum maximum, Zigadenus paniculatus
Venereal Aid: Aloysia wrightii Tuberculosis Remedy: Abies concolor, Lomatium dissectum, Paeonia brownii
Food Venereal Aid: Pinus monophylla
Beverage: Yucca baccata Food
Dried Food: Yucca baccata Beverage: Rosa sp.
Fiber Candy: Lygodesmia sp.
Furniture: Acacia sp. Dried Food: Pinus monophylla
Dye Fruit: Rosa nutkana
Yellow: Mahoniafremontii Porridge: Pinus monophylla
Other Fiber
Toys & Games: Cowania sp. Basketry: Cornus sericea
Other
Warihio Ceremonial Items: Artemisia tridentata
Food Designs: Cornus sericea
Beverage: Panicum sonorum Hunting & Fishing Item: Calocedrus decurrens, Clematis ligusticifolia, Philadel
Staple: Panicum sonorum phus sp.

Washo West Coast Indian

Drug Drug
Adjuvant: Angelica breweri Cathartic: Frangula purshiana
/Analgesic: Artemisia douglasiana, A. ludoviciana, Juniperus occidentalis, J. Panacea: Frangula purshiana
osteosperma, Monardella odoratissima, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Paeonia Poison: Frangula purshiana
brownii, Zigadenus paniculatus Venereal Aid: Frangula purshiana
Antidiarrheal: Heracleum maximum, Ipomopsis congesta, Mentha canadensis,
Typha latifolia Wet'suwet'en
Antirheumatic (External): Arenaria congesta, Artemisia douglasiana, Veratrum Drug
californicum, Zigadenus paniculatus Antirheumatic (External): Oplopanax horridus
Blood Medicine: Maianthemum stellatum Burn Dressing: Lonicera involucrata
Burn Dressing: Argemone polyanthemos Cancer Treatment: Oplopanax horridus
Cathartic: Ipomopsis congesta, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Purshia tridentata, Cold Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Oplopanax horridus, Picea glauca
Wyethia mollis Cough Medicine: Abies lasiocarpa, Oplopanax horridus, Picea glauca, Prunus
Cold Remedy: Artemisia ludoviciana, A. tridentata, Ipomopsis congesta, Junipe pensylvanica
rus occidentalis, J. osteosperma, Lomatium dissectum, Mentha canadensis, Dermatological Aid: Cornus sericea, Lonicera involucrata, Oplopanax horridus
Monardella odoratissima, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Pinus monophylla, Rosa Disinfectant: Lonicera involucrata
woodsii, Salvia dorrii, Thalictrum fendleri, T.sp. Eye Medicine: Symphoricarpos albus
Contraceptive: Veratrum californicum Febrifuge: Cornus sericea, Sorbus scopulina
Cough Medicine: Angelica breweri, Artemisia ludoviciana, Lomatium dissectum Gastrointestinal Aid: Oplopanax horridus
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Argemone polyanthemos, Lomatium Hemorrhoid Remedy: Cornus sericea
dissectum, Maianthemum stellatum, Pedicularis attollens, Veratrum califor Misc. Disease Remedy: Abies lasiocarpa, Oplopanax horridus, Picea glauca
nicum, Zigadenus paniculatus Respiratory Aid: Oplopanax horridus
Disinfectant: Artemisia tridentata, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Juniperus occiden Tonic: Abies lasiocarpa, Oplopanax horridus, Picea glauca, Sorbus scopulina
talis, J. osteosperma Tuberculosis Remedy: Oplopanax horridus
Emetic: Ipomopsis congesta, Veratrum californicum, Wyethia mollis Unspecified: Sambucus racemosa, Sorbus scopulina
760 Wet'suwet'en

Food giniana, Mentha canadensis

Dried Food: Pinus contorta Candy: Silphium laciniatum
Sweetener: Tsuga heterophylla Dried Food: Pediomelum esculentum, Prunus americana, Shepherdiaargentea,
Unspecified: Epilobium angustifolium, Heraclewn maximum, Piceaglauca, Vitis cinerea, V vulpina
Pinus contorta, Sedum divergens, Tsuga heterophylla Fruit: Amelanchier alnifolia, Crataegus chrysocarpa, Fragaria vesca, E virgini
Winter Use Food: Tsuga heterophylla ana, Prunus americana, Ribes missouriense, Shepherdia argentea, Viburnum
Fiber lentago, Vitis cinerea, V. vulpina
Basketry: Thuja plicata Sauce & Relish: Allium canadense, Prunus americana
Building Material: Thuja plicata Soup: Carya ovata, Corylus americana, Juglans nigra, Nelumbo lutea
Cordage: Salix scouleriana, Thuja plicata Spice: Allium canadense
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Thuja plicata Staple: Zizania aquatica
Other Starvation Food: Crataegus chrysocarpa
Ceremonial Items: Oplopanax horridus Sweetener: Acer negundo, A. saccharinum, Agastachefoeniculum, Carya
Containers: Betula papyrifera ovata

Cooking Tools: Salix scouleriana Unspecified: Allium canadense, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Apios americana,
Hunting & Fishing Item: Salix scouleriana Carya ovata, Corylus americana, Erythronium mesochoreum, Gymnocladus
Lighting: Betula papyrifera dioicus, Helianthus tuberosus, Juglans nigra, Linum lewisii, Nelumbo lutea,
Pediomelum esculentum, Quercus macrocarpa, Sagittaria latifolia
Weyot
Vegetable: Asclepias syriaca
Drug
Fiber
Antidiarrheal: Lathyrus sp.
Brushes & Brooms: Prunus americana
Unspecified: Gnaphalium sp.
Building Material: Salix sp., Ulmus rubra
Winnebago Clothing: Urtica dioica
Drug Cordage: Ulmus rubra, Urtica dioica
Analgesic: Echinacea angustifolia, Physalis lanceolata, Silphium perfoliatum Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Artemisia dracunculus, A. frigida, A ludoviciana
Anticonvulsive: Heracleum maximum Dye
Antidiarrheal: Rhus sp. Black: Acer saccharinum, Juglans nigra
Antidote: Echinacea angustifolia Red: Sanguinaria canadensis
Antirheumatic (Internal): Silphium perfoliatum Unspecified: Sanguinaria canadensis
Burn Dressing: Echinacea angustifolia, Typha latifolia Yellow: Rhus glabra
Carminative: Acorus calamus, Mentha canadensis Other
Ceremonial Medicine: Acorus calamus, Artemisia sp., Hierochloe odorata, Ceremonial Items: Nelumbo lutea, Urtica dioica
Lophophora williamsii, Prunus virginiana, Silphium perfoliatum Cooking Tools: Ulmus rubra
Cold Remedy: Acorus calamus, Silphium perfoliatum Fuel: Ceanothus americanus, Ulmus rubra
Cough Medicine: Acorus calamus Hunting & Fishing Item: Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus asperifolia, Fraxinus
Dermatological Aid: Achillea millefolium, Monardafistulosa, Osmorhiza pennsylvanica, Mentha canadensis
longistylis, Physalis lanceolata, Typha latifolia Incense & Fragrance: Mentha canadensis
Disinfectant: Artemisia sp. Smoke Plant: Cornus amomum, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Rhus glabra
Ear Medicine: Achillea millefolium Smoking Tools: Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Emetic: Silphium perfoliatum Stable Gear: Urtica dioica
Febrifuge: Acorus calamus, Artemisia dracunculus Tools: Ulmus rubra
Gastrointestinal Aid: Acorus calamus, Artemisia sp., Physalis lanceolata, Toys & Games: Amelanchier alnifolia, Artemisia sp., Asclepias syriaca, Betula
Quercus sp. papyrifera, Equisetum sp., Gymnocladus dioicus, Quercus macrocarpa, Ulmus
Gynecological Aid: Euonymus atropurpurea, Ribes americanum americana, U rubra, Urtica dioica, Viburnum opulus
Herbal Steam: Silphium perfoliatum
Laxative: Gymnocladus dioicus, Ulmus rubra Wintoon
Love Medicine: Artemisia dracunculus, Lomatiumfoeniculaceum Drug
Misc. Disease Remedy: Echinacea angustifolia Unspecified: Garrya sp.
Other: Echinacea angustifolia Food
Panacea: Acorus calamus, Cucurbitafoetidissima Dried Food: Quercus chrysolepis
Pediatric Aid: Quercus sp., Typha latifolia Fruit: Amelanchier sp., Arctostaphylos patula, A. viscida, Prunus subcordata, P.
Snakebite Remedy: Echinacea angustifolia virginiana, Rhus trilobata, Ribes sp., Rubus parviflorus, R. vitifolius, Sambu-
Stimulant: Gymnocladus dioicus, Heracleum maximum cus cerulea, Vitis californica
Tonic: Acorus calamus, Gentiana saponaria Staple: Hemizonia sp., Madia sp.
Toothache Remedy: Acorus calamus, Echinacea angustifolia Unspecified: Quercus chrysolepis, Q. lobata
Unspecified: Artemisia dracunculus, Physalis lanceolata Fiber
Veterinary Aid: Echinacea angustifolia Basketry: Adiantum sp., Cercis sp., Cornus glabrata, Corylus cornuta, Pinus
Witchcraft Medicine: Artemisia sp., Silphium laciniatum ponderosa, Rhus trilobata, Xerophyllum sp.
Food Building Material: Pinus sabiniana
Beverage: Agastachefoeniculum, Ceanothus americanus, Fragaria vesca, E vir Cordage: Apocynum sp., Asclepias sp., Iris sp.
 Index of Tribes 761

Dye Dried Food: Agave sp., Carnegia gigantea, Opuntia sp., Yucca baccata
Red: Alnus rubra Fruit: Arctostaphylos pungens, Carnegia gigantea, Echinocereus engelmannii,
Yellow: Datisca glomerata, Mahonia sp. Mahonia fremontii, Morus microphylla, Opuntia chlorotica, O. echinocarpa,
Other 0. erinacea, 0. sp., Rhus ovata, Ribes aureum, Yucca baccata, Y. sp.
Hunting & Fishing Item: Physocarpus capitatus, Taxus sp. Preserves: Simmondsia chinensis
Lighting: Rhamnus crocea Snack Food: Fouquieria splendens
Musical Instrument: Sambucus cerulea Staple: Juniperus deppeana, J. osteosperma, Olneya tesota, Prosopis glandulosa,
Tools: Aristolochia sp., Cercocarpus montanus Xanthium sp.
Starvation Food: Rumex crispus
Yana Unspecified: Agave sp., Celtis laevigata, Chenopodium sp., Cirsium neo-
Drug mexicanum, Cordylanthus sp., Echinocereus engelmannii, Frasera sp., Juglans
Analgesic: Angelica tomentosa
major, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus gambelii, Rhus trilobata, Salvia colum-
Antidiarrheal: Angelica tomentosa
bariae, Yucca baccata, Y. sp.
Burn Dressing: Pteridium aquilinum
Vegetable: Amaranthus sp., Chenopodium sp., Lupinus sp., Scrophularia sp.
Cold Remedy: Angelica tomentosa
Winter Use Food: Juglans major, Quercus emoryi
Cough Medicine: Iris sp.
Fiber
Dermatological Aid: Smilacina sp.
Brushes & Brooms: Agave sp., Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Eriogonum sp.
Febrifuge: Calycadeniafremontii
Building Material: Nolina microcarpa
Panacea: Angelica tomentosa
Cordage: Yucca baccata
Food
Other
Bread & Cake: Quercus douglasii
Containers: Sphaeralcea ambigua
Dried Food: Quercus douglasii
Fuel: Ceanothus greggii, Juniperus deppeana, J. osteosperma
Porridge: Berberis sp., Quercus douglasii
Lighting: Juniperus osteosperma
Spice: Sidalcea malviflora
Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuata
Staple: Aesculus californica, Quercus douglasii
Smoking Tools: Eriogonum inflatum
Unspecified: Angelica tomentosa, Apiaceae sp., Brodiaea minor, Clarkia rhom-
Soap: Yucca baccata
boidea, Fritillaria sp., Helianthella californica, Lilium pardalinum, Perideri-
dia gairdneri, P. pringlei, Triteleia grandiflora Yokia
Fiber Drug

Clothing: Xerophyllum tenax Analgesic: Pinus sabiniana

Antidiarrheal: Matricaria discoidea
Yaqui Antirheumatic (External): Pinus sabiniana
Food Dermatological Aid: Fraxinus latifolia, Pinus sabiniana, Rhus trilobata
Vegetable: Chenopodium sp., Sonchus oleraceus Diaphoretic: Pinus sabiniana
Disinfectant: Sambucus cerulea
Yavapai
Emetic: Sambucus cerulea
Drug
Gastrointestinal Aid: Sambucus cerulea
Antirheumatic (External): Baccharis pteronioides, Larrea tridentata
Misc. Disease Remedy: Frangula californica, Rhus trilobata
Cathartic: Arenaria sp., Iris missouriensis, Simmondsia chinensis
Oral Aid: Iris douglasiana
Cold Remedy: Cyperus sp., Senecio multilobatus
Pediatric Aid: Iris douglasiana
Cough Medicine: Rumex crispus
Tuberculosis Remedy: Pinus sabiniana
Dermatological Aid: Castela emoryi, Cyperus sp., Euphorbia sp., Larrea triden
Food
tata, Pellaea mucronata, Perezia sp., Rumex crispus, Senecio multilobatus,
Unspecified: Asclepias fascicularis, Trifolium ciliolatum
Simmondsia chinensis
Vegetable: Lathyrus jepsonii
Gastrointestinal Aid: Arenaria sp., Clematis ligusticifolia, Cyperus sp., Mimulus
Fiber
guttatus, Rumex crispus, Senecio multilobatus
Brushes & Brooms: Symphoricarpos albus
Gynecological Aid: Calliandra eriophylla, Pellaea mucronata
Sewing Material: Hoita macrostachya
Hunting Medicine: Datura wrightii
Other
Nose Medicine: Senecio multilobatus
Containers: Arctostaphylos manzanita
Pediatric Aid: Perezia sp., Rumex crispus
Hunting & Fishing Item: Calycanthus occidentalis, Symphoricarpos albus
Throat Aid: Larrea tridentata, Rumex crispus
Toothache Remedy: Rumex crispus Yokut
Venereal Aid: Baccharis pteronioides, Euphorbia sp., Larrea tridentata, Mirabi- Drug
lis coccineus, Rumex crispus, Senecio multilobatus Burn Dressing: Sambucus cerulea
Food Cathartic: Atriplex sp., Sambucus cerulea
Beverage: Agave sp., Arctostaphylos pungens, Carnegia gigantea, Juglans major, Ceremonial Medicine: Datura wrightii
Juniperus deppeana, J. osteosperma, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Rhus trilobata, Cold Remedy: Distichlis spicata, Lobelia sp.
Yucca baccata, Ziziphus obtusifolia Diaphoretic: Eriodictyon californicum
Bread & Cake: Carnegia gigantea, Juniperus deppeana, J. osteosperma, Olneya Dietary Aid: Distichlis spicata
tesota, Opuntia sp. Emetic: Lobelia sp., Sambucus cerulea
Cooking Agent: Quercus emoryi, Q. gambelii Gastrointestinal Aid: Datura wrightii
762 Yokut

Other: Datura wrightii mum, Lomatium californicum, Perideridia kelloggii, Trifolium sp., Triteleia
Unspecified: Artemisia ludoviciana laxa, Typhasp., Umbellularia californica
Food Vegetable: Lupinus sp., Plagiobothrys nothofulvus
Dried Food: Sambucus cerulea Fiber
Fruit: Rhus trilobata Basketry: Carexsp., Cercis canadensis, Cornus glabrata, C. sp., Corylus cornuta,
Unspecified: Quercus douglasii, Q. kelloggii, Q. lobata Salix sp.
Winter Use Food: Sambucus cerulea Brushes & Brooms: Perideridia kelloggii
Fiber Building Material: Pseudotsuga menziesii
Basketry: Cladium sp., Pteridium sp. Cordage: Vicia americana
Building Material: Umbellularia sp. Scouring Material: Equisetum telmateia
Cordage: Fremontodendron californicum Sewing Material: Cercis canadensis
Other Other
Musical Instrument: Sambucus cerulea Fasteners: Pinus sabiniana
Toys & Games: Sambucus cerulea Fuel: Fraxinus latifolia
Good Luck Charm: Lomatium californicum
Yuki Hunting & Fishing Item: Apocynum cannabinum, Cercocarpus montanus,
Drug Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Lomatium californicum, Philadelphus lewisii
Analgesic: Artemisia douglasiana, Lomatium californicum, Umbellularia cali- Incense & Fragrance: Mentha spicata
fornica Insecticide: Umbellularia californica
Antidiarrheal: Artemisia douglasiana, Quercus lobata, Rumex crispus Musical Instrument: Sambucus cerulea
Antirheumatic (External): Artemisia douglasiana, Lomatium californicum, Protection: Ligusticum porteri, Lomatium californicum
Umbellularia californica Smoke Plant: Nicotiana sp.
Cold Remedy: Achillea millefolium, Lomatium californicum, Populusfremontii Smoking Tools: Fraxinus latifolia
Cough Medicine: Eriodictyon californicum, Marrubium vulgare Soap: Chlorogalum pomeridianum
Dermatological Aid: Arbutus menziesii, Artemisia douglasiana, Eriodictyon cal Walking Sticks: Cercocarpus montanus
ifornicum, Evernia vulpina, Lonicera interrupta, Populusfremontii, Rumex
crispus, Symphoricarpos albus, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Trillium sessile Yuma
Diuretic: Equisetum telmateia Drug
Emetic: Arbutus menziesii, Wyethia angustifolia Narcotic: Datura wrightii
Eye Medicine: Equisetum variegatum Food
Febrifuge: Sambucus cerulea Beverage: Lycium exsertum, L. fremontii, Prosopis glandulosa, Salix gooddingii
Gastrointestinal Aid: Arbutus menziesii Bread & Cake: Olneya tesota, Prosopis glandulosa, Typha latifolia
Gynecological Aid: Artemisia douglasiana Dried Food: Cucurbita moschata, Lycium exsertum, L fremontii, Olneya tesota,
Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia douglasiana, Thalictrum polycarpum Prosopis glandulosa, Typha latifolia
Other: Lomatium californicum, Trillium sessile Fruit: Physalis hederifolia, P. pubescens
Panacea: Trillium sessile Porridge: Atriplex lentiformis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Lycium exsertum, L fre
Pediatric Aid: Rumex crispus montii, Typha latifolia
Poison: Anthemis cotula, Zigadenus venenosus Spice: Typha latifolia
Respiratory Aid: Achillea millefolium, Umbellularia californica Staple: Agastache pallidiflora, Agave americana, A. parryi, Allenrolfea occiden
Throat Aid: Populus fremontii talis, Amaranthus palmeri, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum hirticaule,
Unspecified: Boykinia occidentalis, Rhamnus crocea Prosopis glandulosa
Veterinary Aid: Arbutus menziesii, Artemisia douglasiana Starvation Food: Baccharis salicifolia, Parkinsoniaflorida, P. microphylla
Food Unspecified: Amaranthus palmeri, Ammannia coccinea, Atriplex lentiformis,
Beverage: Arctostaphylos manzanita, Mentha spicata A. polycarpa, Echinochloa crus-galli, Hesperocallis undulata, Phragmites aus-
Bread & Cake: Hordeum vulgare, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus kelloggii, tralis, Prosopis glandulosa, Salix gooddingii, Typha latifolia
Q. lobata Vegetable: Amaranthus palmeri
Candy: Pinus lambertiana Winter Use Food: Amaranthus palmeri
Dried Food: Rubus leucodermis, Sambucus cerulea Other
Forage: Chlorogalum pomeridianum Containers: Lagenaria siceraria
Fruit: Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylos manzanita, Prunus virginiana, Rubus Hunting & Fishing Item: Ferocactus wislizeni
leucodermis, Sambucus cerulea Musical Instrument: Lagenaria siceraria
Porridge: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus kelloggii, Q. lobata Smoke Plant: Nicotiana trigonophylla
Soup: Lithocarpus densiflorus, Sambucus cerulea Smoking Tools: Phragmites australis
Spice: Wyethia angustifolia
Staple: Arctostaphylos manzanita, Avena sp., Lolium temulentum, Pogogyne Yurok
douglasii Drug
Substitution Food: Hordeum vulgare, Linanthus ciliatus, Pseudotsuga menziesii Anthelmintic: Artemisia douglasiana
Unspecified: Aesculus californica, Allium unifolium, Calochortus tolmiei, Antirheumatic (External): Artemisia douglasiana, Chimaphila umbellata, Lysi-
Camassia leichtlinii, C. quamash, Corylus cornuta, Cynoglossum grande, chiton americanus
Dichelostemma pulchellum, Dodecatheon hendersonii, Heracleum maxi Blood Medicine: Satureja douglasii, Taxus brevifolia
 Index of Tribes 763

Burn Dressing: Trillium chloropetalum Yurok, South Coast (Nererner)

Cold Remedy: Eriodictyon californicum Drug
Cough Medicine: Eriodictyon californicum, Vancouveria hexandra Cathartic: Frangula purshiana
Dermatological Aid: Asarum caudatum, Plantago australis, P. major Dermatological Aid: Artemisia ludoviciana
Disinfectant: Polypodium californicum Eye Medicine: Artemisia ludoviciana
Eye Medicine: Achillea millefolium Food
Kidney Aid: Chimaphila umbellata Dried Food: Fucus sp.
Laxative: Frangula purshiana Staple: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Misc. Disease Remedy: Lysichiton americanus Other
Orthopedic Aid: Artemisia douglasiana Tools: Garrya elliptica
Pediatric Aid: Artemisia douglasiana, Asarum caudatum
Poison: Toxicodendron diversilobum Zuni
Strengthener: Lithocarpus densiflorus Drug
Unspecified: Populus balsamifera, Rosa pisocarpa, Umbellularia californica Abortifacient: Ambrosia acanthicarpa
Food Analgesic: Artemisia carruthii, Bahia dissecta, Chaetopappa ericoides,
Beverage: Ledum glandulosum, Marah oreganus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rubus Chenopodium graveolens, Erysimum sp., Gilia sp., Ipomopsis multiflora,
vitifolius Senecio multicapitatus, Solidago canadensis, Verbesina encelioides
Bread & Cake: Lithocarpus densiflorus Anesthetic: Datura wrightii
Candy: Asclepias cordifolia, Pseudotsuga menziesii Antidiarrheal: Plantago patagonica
Cooking Agent: Dryopteris arguta Antiemetic: Croton texensis
Fruit: Arbutus menziesii, Arctostaphylosxcinerea, A. uva-ursi, Fragaria chiloen- Antirheumatic (External): Ageratina occidentalis, Artemisia tridentata, Bahia
sis, F vesca, Gaultheria shallon, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Prunus virginiana, dissecta, Berula erecta, Chaetopappa ericoides, Cucurbitafoetidissima, C. pepo,
Quercus kelloggii, Ribes roezlii, Rubus leucodermis, R. parviflorus, R. spectabi- Erysimum capitatum, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Juniperus monosperma, Ligus-
lis, R. vitifolius, Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa, Umbellularia californica, Vac- ticum ported, Lobelia cardinalis, Oenothera coronopifolia, 0. elata, 0. triloba
cinium parvifolium, V.scoparium, Vitis californica Burn Dressing: Achillea millefolium, Krascheninnikovia lanata
Soup: Lithocarpus densiflorus Carminative: Pectis papposa
Staple: Lithocarpus densiflorus Cathartic: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia, Croton texensis, Polygonum lapathifolium
Unspecified: Aquilegiaformosa,Armillaria ponderosa, Boschniakia strobilacea, Ceremonial Medicine: Ligusticum ported, Lithospermum incisum, Senecio
Castanopsis chrysophylla, Claytonia sibirica, Corylus cornuta, Equisetum tel- multicapitatus, Xanthium strumarium
mateia, Heracleum maximum, Lysichiton americanus, Oxalis oregana, Por- Cold Remedy: Artemisia frigida, A tridentata, Chaetopappa ericoides
phyra lanceolata, Umbellularia californica Contraceptive: Cirsium ochrocentrum, Juniperus monosperma
Vegetable: Brodiaea elegans Cough Medicine: Salix exigua
Fiber Dermatological Aid: Ageratina occidentalis, Artemisia tridentata, Asterfalcatus,
Basketry: Adiantum aleuticum, Alnus rubra, Corylus cornuta, Juncus effusus, A. lanceolatus, Atriplex argentea, A. canescens, Berula erecta, Calliandra hu-
Picea sitchensis, Salix scouleriana, S. sitchensis milis, Campanula parryi, Chaetopappa ericoides, Cryptantha cinerea, Cucur-
Brushes & Brooms: Vaccinium parvifolium, V.scoparium bita pepo, Dalea compacta, Datura wrightii, Dimorphocarpa wislizeni, Erio-
Building Material: Sequoia sempervirens gonum fasciculatum, Erodium cicutarium, Erysimum sp., Hymenopappus fil-
Canoe Material: Sequoia sempervirens ifolius, Hymenoxys richardsonii, Ipomopsis longiflora, I. multiflora, Lithosper
Clothing: Typha latifolia, Xerophyllum tenax mum incisum, Lobelia cardinalis, Oenothera triloba, Phacelia neomexicana,
Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Blechnum spicant, Polystichum munitum, Typha latifolia Picradeniopsis woodhousei, Pinus edulis, Rumex crispus, Stanleya pinnata,
Snow Gear: Arbutus menziesii Verbascum thapsus, Xanthium strumarium, Zinnia grandiflora
Unspecified: Woodwardiaflmbriata Diaphoretic: Cirsium ochrocentrum, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Pinus edulis, Tripte-
Dye rocalyx carnea, Zinnia grandiflora
Unspecified: Alnus rubra, Letharia vulpina Dietary Aid: Mirabilis multiflora
Yellow: Mahonia aquifolium Disinfectant: Pinus edulis, Psoralidium tenuiflorum
Other Diuretic: Cirsium ochrocentrum, Croton texensis, Gilia sp., Gutierrezia saroth
Cash Crop: Sequoia sempervirens rae, Mirabilis linearis, Pinus edulis
Ceremonial Items: Lomatium californicum Emetic: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia, Cirsium ochrocentrum, Dimorphocarpa
Containers: Dryopteris arguta, Lysichiton americanus, Pteridium aquilinum, wislizeni, Eriogonum alatum, Erysimum capitatum, Gilia sp., Hymenopappus
Sambucus cerulea, S. racemosa filifolius, Machaeranthera canescens, Mirabilis linearis, Phoradendron juni-
Cooking Tools: Lysichiton americanus, Pteridium aquilinum perinum, Picradeniopsis woodhousei, Polygonum lapathifolium, Ratibida
Decorations: Juniperus communis columnifera, Verbesina encelioides
Designs: Dryopteris arguta, Pentagrama triangularis Eye Medicine: Eriogonum jamesii, Linum puberulum, Pectis papposa, Rorippa
Good Luck Charm: Umbellularia californica sinuata, Senecio multicapitatus, Tetraneuris scaposa, Zinnia grandiflora
Hunting & Fishing Item: Taxus brevifolia Febrifuge: Gilia sp., Zinnia grandiflora
Insecticide: Darlingtonia californica, Umbellularia californica Gastrointestinal Aid: Abroniafragrans, Atriplex argentea, Croton texensis, Dalea
Season Indicator: Cardamine californica compacta, Eriogonum jamesii, Erodium cicutarium, Hymenoxys richardsonii,
Tools: Populus balsamifera Lithospermum incisum, Mirabilis linearis, M. multiflora, Picradeniopsis wood
Toys & Games: Acerglabrum, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Claytonia perfoliata, housei, Psoralidium lanceolatum, Solanum rostratum, Verbesina encelioides
Marah oreganus Gynecological Aid: Chaetopappa ericoides, Chamaesyce albomarginata,
764 Zuni

[Gynecological Aid] Porridge: Atriplex powellii, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Opuntia whipplei, Zea
C. polycarpa, C. serpyllifolia, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Juniperus mono- mays

sperma, Phoradendron juniperinum Preserves: Yucca baccata

Hemorrhoid Remedy: Orobanchefasciculata Sauce & Relish: Coriandrum sativum, Physalis hederifolia, Solanum triflorum,
Hemostat: Aster lanceolatus, Juniperus monosperma, Phoradendron juniperi Yucca baccata
num Snack Food: Zea mays
Herbal Steam: Chenopodium graveolens Special Food: Cucurbita pepo
Hunting Medicine: Atriplex canescens, Penstemon barbatus Spice: Dalea lasiathera
Kidney Aid: Lithospermum incisum Staple: Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Zea mays
Laxative: Gilia sp., Mentzelia pumila Sweetener: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia, Yucca baccata
Misc. Disease Remedy: Cirsium ochrocentrum Unspecified: Artemisia carruthii, Asclepias subverticillata, Astragalus lentigi
Narcotic: Datura wrightii nosus, Chenopodium leptophyllum, Cleome serrulata, Cucurbita pepo, Oeno-
Oral Aid: Eriogonum jamesii, Glycyrrhiza lepidota thera triloba, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Populus angustifolia, P. deltoides, Ribes
Orthopedic Aid: Senecio multicapitatus cereum, Solanum fendleri, Yucca glauca
Other: Eriogonum alatum Vegetable: Chenopodium album, C. leptophyllum, Coriandrum sativum, Phase
Pediatric Aid: Asterfalcatus, Ipomopsis longiflora, Iris missouriensis, Mentzelia olus vulgaris
pumila, Mirabilis multiflora, Phaseolus angustissimus Winter Use Food: Pinus edulis
Poultice: Grindelia nuda Fiber
Psychological Aid: Dimorphocarpa wislizeni Basketry: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Parryellafllifolia, Rhus trilobata, Salix
Pulmonary Aid: Ipomopsis multiflora irrorata, Yucca baccata
Reproductive Aid: Coreopsis tinctoria, Rumex salicifolius Brushes & Brooms: Bouteloua gracilis, Yucca glauca
Respiratory Aid: Conyza canadensis Building Material: Salix irrorata, Sporobolus contractus
Snakebite Remedy: Amsonia tomentosa, Astragalus amphioxys, Croton texensis, Clothing: Asclepias subverticillata, Gossypium hirsutum, Yucca baccata
Gaura parviflora, Grindelia nuda, Helianthus annuus, Nicotiana attenuata, Cordage: Asclepias subverticillata, Gossypium hirsutum, Yucca baccata, Y. glauca
Psilostrophe tagetina, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Stephanomeria tenuifolia, Mats, Rugs & Bedding: Sporobolus contractus, Yucca baccata, Y. glauca
Tripterocalyx cornea, Verbesina encelioides Dye
Stimulant: Cryptantha crassisepala Black: Castilleja integra
Strengthener: Asterfalcatus, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Iris missouriensis, Mentzelia Red: Coreopsis tinctoria
pumila, Phaseolus angustissimus Red-Brown: Alnus incana
Throat Aid: Eriogonum fasciculatum, Gilia sp., Ligusticum porteri, Lithosper- Yellow: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Psilostrophe tagetina
mum incisum, Rumex salicifolius, Salix exigua, Tripterocalyx cornea Other
Toothache Remedy: Ambrosia acanthicarpa, Solanum elaeagnifolium Ceremonial Items: Amaranthus cruentus, Asclepias subverticillata, Atriplex
Unspecified: Asclepias involucrata, Machaeranthera tanacetifolia canescens, Cleome serrulata, Cucurbita pepo, Datura wrightii, Eriogonum
Urinary Aid: Gutierrezia sarothrae jamesii, Erysimum sp., Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuus, Mahonia
Venereal Aid: Cirsium ochrocentrum, Croton texensis, Ephedra nevadensis, fremontii, Muhlenbergia rigens, Nicotiana attenuata, Oenothera albicaulis,
Pinus edulis, Stanleya pinnata Opuntia imbricata, Pectis papposa, Penstemon barbatus, Polanisia dodecan-
Veterinary Aid: Caesalpinia jamesii dra, Psilostrophe tagetina, Yucca baccata, Zea mays
Witchcraft Medicine: Lotus wrightii, Tripterocalyx cornea Containers: Cucurbita pepo
Food Cooking Tools: Bouteloua gracilis, Cucurbita pepo, Salix irrorata
Beverage: Coreopsis tinctoria, Ephedra nevadensis, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Decorations: Artemisia frigida, Cleome serrulata, Zea mays
Triticum aestivum, Zea mays Fertilizer: Artemisia frigida, Thelypodium wrightii
Bread & Cake: Amaranthus blitoides, Artemisia carruthii, Chenopodium lepto- Fuel: Juniperus monosperma
phyllum, Triticum aestivum, Xanthium strumarium, Zea mays Incense & Fragrance: Pectis papposa
Candy: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia, Dalea lasiathera, Hymenopappusfilifolius, Paint: Amaranthus cruentus, Cleome serrulata, Mahonia fremontii, Psilostrophe
Lactuca tatarica, Populus angustifolia, P. deltoides tagetina
Cooking Agent: Amaranthus cruentus Protection: Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Lycium pallidum
Dried Food: Astragalus lentiginosus, Cleome serrulata, Cucurbita pepo, Opuntia Smoke Plant: Nicotiana attenuata
whipplei Soap: Yucca baccata, Y. glauca
Forage: Asclepias involucrata Tools: Juniperus monosperma, Yucca baccata
Fruit: Lycium pallidum, Opuntia whipplei, Physalis longifolia, Ribes cereum, Toys & Games: Zea mays
Yucca baccata Weapon: Lithospermum incisum
 Index of Usages

Plants are listed under the categories of usage, which are arranged first by the five main categories—Drug, Food, Fiber, Dye,
Other—and then alphabetically by the particular usage. Plants are identified below to the level of genus. For all usages given
below, check all entries under that genus in the Catalog of Plants. For example, one may find Drug, Cold Remedy, below and
see that Rhus was used by the Cahuilla, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Comanche, and Iroquois. The specific ethnobotanical informa
tion and the sources from which the information was obtained may be found by turning to Rhus in the Catalog of Plants and
examining Drug, Cold Remedy, under the entries for that genus.

Drug Draba: Blackfoot Physaria: Blackfoot

Abortifacient Echinocystis: Cherokee Pinus: Okanagan-Colville
Abies: Cree, Woodlands Equisetum: Costanoan; Cree; Quinault Platanus: Cherokee
Achillea: Sanpoil Erigeron: Cherokee Polygala: Cherokee
Acorus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Menomi- Euonymus: Iroquois Populus: Cree
nee; Mohegan; Sioux, Fort Peck Eupatorium: Chippewa Porophyllum:Paiute; Shoshoni
Aletris: Micmac Fagus: Iroquois Pterocaulon: Seminole
Aleurites: Hawaiian Fragaria: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Pycnanthemum: Chippewa
Alnus: Cree, Woodlands; Kutenai Frajc/fli/s:Abnaki Quercus: Menominee
Ambrosia: Zun\ Galium: Choctaw Rhus: Iroquois
Anemone: Blackfoot Garrya: Porno, Kashaya Ribes: Chippewa
Angelica: Cherokee Grindelia: Cree Rubus: Carrier; Chippewa; Malecite; Micmac
Apocynum: Cherokee Hedeoma: Cherokee Rumex: Houma
Aralia: Chippewa; Iroquois Hepatica: Chippewa Sambucus: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Arctostaphylos: Cree, Woodlands Heteromeles: Costanpan (Olhonean) Sanguinaria: Abnaki; Menominee; Micmac
Aristolochia: Cherokee Hydrangea: Cherokee Sanicula: Chippewa; Malecite; Micmac
Armoracia: Cherokee Hypericum: Cherokee; Iroquois Sarracenia: Cree, Woodlands
Artemisia: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Dakota; Kawaiisu; Hyssopus: Cherokee Scutellaria: Cherokee
Menominee; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Sioux Iva: Mahuna Silphium: Chippewa
Asarum: Cherokee Juniperus: Cherokee Solidago: Cherokee
Asplenium: Cherokee Lilium: Malecite; Micmac Sonchus: Houma
Aster: Cree, Woodlands Lindera: Cherokee; Rappahannock Stillingia: Creek
Betula: Blackfoot . Lysichiton: Makah Stylosanthes: Cherokee
tarer Songish Malus: Iroquois Symphoricarpos: Kutenai
Carya: Cherokee Mitchella: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Tanacetum: Chippewa
Gisf///e/a:Quileute Monarda: Cherokee Taxus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Iroquois
Ceanothus: Iroquois Nepeta: Cherokee Tephrosia: Creek
Celastrus: Iroquois Opuntia: Lakota Tetradymia: Navajo
Celtis: Iroquois Orbexilum: Cherokee Thuja: Chehalis; Menominee
Chamaemelum: Cherokee Pedicularis: Mohegan Trillium: Menominee
Chenopodium: Mahuna Persea: Seminole Triosteum: Iroquois
Cimicifuga: Cherokee Petroselinum: Cherokee Vaccinium: Cree, Woodlands
Cocos: Hawaiian Phoradendron: Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian; Veratrum: Kwakiutl
Croton: Luiseno Porno; Porno, Kashaya Verbena: Cherokee
766 Drug, Abortifacient

Verbesina: Chickasaw Persea: Creek Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Mendocino Indian;

Viburnum:Malecite; Micmac Polypodium: Nootka Miwok; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-
Vicia: Iroquois Pycnanthemum: Meskwaki Colville; Okanagon; Paiute; Paiute, Northern;
Yucca: Lakota Rhus: Iroquois Porno, Kashaya; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Thompson;
Zanthoxylum: Iroquois Rubus: Montana Indian Washo; Yuki.Zuni
Adjuvant Analgesic Aruncus: Bella Coola
Abies: Cheyenne; Menominee Abies: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Menominee Arundinaria: Choctaw
Acorus: Cree, Woodlands Acamptopappus: Kawaiisu Asarum: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Iroquois; Mes
Angelica: Shoshoni; Washo Acer: Cherokee kwaki; Micmac
4ra//a: Meskwaki Achillea: Aleut; Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Asclepias: Cahu\&a; Cherokee; Okanagon; Paiute;
Arctostaphylos: Menominee Tete-de-Boule; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Thompson
Asarum: Chippewa; Iroquois; Meskwaki Cree, Woodlands; Gosiute; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Aster: Cherokee; Kawaiisu; Ojibwa; Potawatomi;
Betula: O\ibwam, Potawatomi Lummi; Mendocino Indian; Miwok; Navajo, Shuswap
Chamaecyparis: Bella Coola Kayenta; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni Astragalus: Kawaiisu; Lakota
Chimaphila: Iroquois; Menominee Acorus: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Cree, Athyrium: Cowlitz; Meskwaki
Cirsium: Meskwaki; Potawatomi Woodlands; Delaware, Oklahoma; Menominee; Atriplex: Navajo, Ramah
Comptonia: Menominee Meskwaki; Mohegan; Ojibwa Baccharis: Keres, Western
Corylus: Menominee Actaea: Algonquin; Meskwaki; Ojibwa, South Bahia: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni
Desmodium: Meskwaki Adenostoma: Coahuilla Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne; Miwok; Paiute; Sanpoil
Ephedra: Paiute Adiantum: Costanoan; Iroquois Betula: Chippewa; Eskimo, Western; Ojibwa;
Equisetum: Sanpoil Aesculus: Iroquois Shuswap
Eupatorium: Cherokee Agastache: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Paiute Bidens: Seminole
Frangula: Makah Ageratina: Navajo, Ramah Bignonia: Koasati
Fraxinus: Menominee Allium: Blackfoot; Makah; Quinault Blephilia: Cherokee
Gleditsia: Cherokee Alnus: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Cowlitz; Gitksan; Brassica: Mohegan; Rappahannock; Shinnecock
Gnaphalium: Creek Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Southern; Micmac; Brickellia: Navajo, Ramah
Juniperus: Meskwaki Mohegan; Penobscot Callirhoe: Dakota
Lilium: Malecite Alocasia: Hawaiian Campanula: Navajo, Ramah
Lobelia: Iroquois Aloysia: Havasupai Capsella: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Mohegan
Matricaria: Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Ambrosia: Cheyenne; Pima Cardamine: Cherokee; Iroquois
Western Amorpha: Ojibwa, South; Omaha Carum: Abnaki
Men tha: Cherokee Anaphalis: Cherokee Carya: Cherokee; Chippewa
Oenothera:Navajo, Ramah Andropogon: Catawba; Chippewa; Seminole Castanea: Cherokee
Osmorhiza: Cheyenne Androsace: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Castilleja: Navajo, Ramah
Panax: Creek; Meskwaki; Potawatomi Anemone: Blackfoot; Meskwaki; Ojibwa, South Caulophyllum: Chippewa; Ojibwa
Poliomintha: Comanche Anemopsis: Costanoan Ceanothus: Okanagon; Thompson
Prunella: Cherokee Angelica: Aleut; Costanoan; Creek; Gitksan; Iro Celastrus: Cherokee; Creek; Meskwaki
Prunus: Potawatomi; Sioux quois; Kwakiutl; Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Centaurium: Miwok
Psilostrophe:Hopi Miwok; Shoshoni; Tewa; Yana Cephalanthus: Seminole
Ptelea: Menominee; Meskwaki Antennaria: Bella Coola Cercocarpus: Paiute
Robinia: Menominee Anthemis: Cherokee Chaenactis: Gosiute; Kawaiisu; Paiute
Rubus: Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa Aplectrum: Catawba Chaetopappa: Zuni
Salix: Montana Indian Apocynum: Chippewa; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Chamaebatiaria: Shoshoni
Sanguinaria: Menominee; Meskwaki Aquilegia: Gosiute; Navajo, Kayenta; Omaha; Chamaecyparis: Ojibwa, South
Sideroxylon: Hawaiian Paiute; Pawnee; Ponca; Shoshoni Chamaesyce: Navajo, Ramah
Sphaeralcea: Cheyenne Arabis: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagon; Thompson Chenopodium: Cherokee; Houma; Zuni
Symplocarpus: Menominee Aralia: Bella Coola; Choctaw; Malecite; Menomi Chimaphila: Catawba; Cherokee; Iroquois
Taenidia: Menominee; Meskwaki nee; Micmac Chlorogalum: Wailaki
Taxus: Iroquois Arctium: Abnaki; Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Chrysothamnus: Coahuilla; Navajo, Ramah
Thuja: Menominee; Potawatomi Meskwaki; Mohegan; Ojibwa Cibotium: Hawaiian
Triteleia: Thompson Arctostaphylos: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Porno, Little Cicuta: Kawaiisu; Montana Indian; Paiute;
Tsuga: Ojibwa Lakes Thompson
Valeriana: Thompson Arenaria: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah Cimicifuga: Cherokee
Zanthoxylum: Menominee Argentina: Kwakiutl Cirsium: Cherokee; Chippewa; Costanoan;
Alterative Arisaema: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mohegan; Pawnee Meskwaki; Ojibwa
Alnus: Menominee Aristolochia: Cherokee; Choctaw Claytonia: Shoshoni
Aralia: Potawatomi Armoracia: Delaware, Ontario Clematis: Cherokee; Costanoan; Lakota; Montana
Gentiana: Potawatomi Arnica: Catawba Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni
Helenium: Menominee Artemisia: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Collinsonia: Iroquois
Oxalis: Iroquois Costanoan; Cree, Woodlands; Hualapai; Karok; Comandra: Meskwaki; Ute
 Index of Usages 767

Comarum: Ojibwa Eucalyptus: Hawaiian Krameria: Pima

Comptonia: Algonquin, Quebec; Micmac; Ojibwa Euonymus: Cherokee Lactuca: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Iroquois
Conyza: Chippewa; Hopi Eupatorium: Iroquois Lagenaria: Houma; Seminole
Coptis: Potawatomi Euphorbia: Navajo, Kayenta Lamarckia: Diegueno
Cordylanthus: Navajo, Ramah Euthamia: Chippewa; Ojibwa Lappula: Ojibwa, South
Coreopsis: Meskwaki Fragaria: Ojibwa Larix: Iroquois; Ojibwa, South
Cornus: Abnaki; Carrier; Cherokee; Delaware; Dela Frangula: Thompson Larrea: Kawaiisu; Paiute; Papago; Pima
ware, Oklahoma; Iroquois; Malecite; Meskwaki; Lechea: Seminole
Micmac Fraxinus: Iroquois Ledum: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Cree,
Corydalis: Navajo, Ramah Freycinetia: Hawaiian Hudson Bay; Eskimo, Western
Corylus: Chippewa Fucus: Kwakiutl, Southern Lepechinia: Miwok
Crataegus: Chippewa; Meskwaki Gaillardia: Hopi; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Lepidium: Isleta
Crepis: Shoshoni Galactia: Seminole Lespedeza: Omaha; Ponca
Croton: Concow; Jemez; Kawaiisu Galium: Kwakiutl; Navajo, Ramah Lessingia: Kawaiisu
Cryptantha: Hopi; Navajo Gaultheria: Algonquin, Quebec; Potawatomi Leucothoe: Cherokee
Cucurbita: Omaha Gentiana: Iroquois; Navajo Liatris: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Seminole
Cunila: Cherokee Geranium: Meskwaki Licania: Seminole
Cupressus: Kawaiisu Geum: Bella Coola; Ojibwa, South; Thompson Ligusticum: Atsugewi
Cycloloma: Hopi Gilia: Zuni Lindera: Creek
Cymopterus: Navajo, Kayenta Glyceria: Catawba Linnaea:Tanax\a, Upper
Cynoglossum: Ojibwa Glycyrrhiza: Blackfoot Linum: Navajo, Kayenta
Cypripedium: Cherokee; Iroquois Gnaphalium: Cherokee; Choctaw; Costanoan; Liriodendron: Rappahannock
Dalea: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Kawaiisu; Menominee Lithospermum: Cheyenne
Daphne: Cherokee Grindelia: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni Lobelia: Cherokee; Iroquois
Datura: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Navajo; Gutierrezia: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa lomatium: Cheyenne; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl; Paiute,
Navajo, Ramah; Pima Gymnocladus: Pawnee Northern; Salish, Coast; Yuki
Desmodium: Cherokee; Houma; Seminole Hamamelis: Cherokee Lonicera: Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Southern
Dicentra: Kawaiisu Hedeoma: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iro Lophophora: Kiowa
Dichanthelium: Seminole quois; Navajo; Shinnecock Lotus: Navajo, Ramah
Diervilla: Chippewa Helenium: Menominee Luetkea: Okanagon; Thompson
Dioscorea: Meskwaki Helianthella: Shoshoni Lycopodium: Aleut; Carrier, Southern
Dirca: Iroquois Helianthemum: Delaware, Oklahoma Lycopus: Meskwaki
Disporum: Thompson Helianthus: Dakota; Shasta Lysichiton: Makah; Quileute; Shuswap; Skokomish
Dracocephalum:Nava]o, Ramah Hepatica: Cherokee; Iroquois Machaeranthera: Navajo; Shoshoni
Dryopteris: Eskimo, Western Heracleum: Bella Coola; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Magnolia: Cherokee
Dugaldia: Great Basin Indian Meskwaki; Omaha; Quinault; Sanpoil; Sikani Mahonia: Havasupai; Shoshoni
Dyssodia: Lakota; Omaha Heteromeles: Mendocino Indian Maianthemum: Chippewa; Montagnais; Ojibwa;
Echinacea: Cheyenne; Dakota; Meskwaki; Omaha; Heterotheca: Hopi Ojibwa, South; Thompson
Pawnee; Ponca; Sioux; Sioux, Teton; Winnebago Heuchera: Chippewa; Menominee; Navajo, Ramah Malus: Quinault; Thompson
Echinocystis: Menominee; Meskwaki Hexastylis: Catawba Malva: Costanoan; Mahuna; Tewa
Eleocharis: Seminole Hierochloe: Flathead Marah: Squaxin
Encelia: Kawaiisu; Pima Humulus: Cherokee; Dakota; Mohegan Marrubium: Navajo, Ramah; Paiute
Ephedra: Mahuna. Huperzia:Tanana, Upper Matricaria: Aleut; Costanoan
Epigaea: Cherokee; Iroquois Hydrophyllum: Menominee Menodora: Navajo, Ramah
Epilobiwn: Eskimo, Western; Hopi; Iroquois Hypericum: Choctaw; Houma; Paiute; Shoshoni Mentha: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cree,
Equisetum: Crow; Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta; Impatiens: Ojibwa; Potawatomi Woodlands; Gosiute; GrosVentre; Iroquois;
Potawatomi Inula: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Okanagan-Colville;
Eriastrum: Shoshoni Ipomoea: Hawaiian; Iroquois; Pawnee Okanagon; Paiute; Thompson
Ericameria: Coahuilla; Shoshoni Ipomopsis: Great Basin Indian; Hopi; Navajo, Menyanthes: Aleut
Erigeron: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Kawaiisu; Mes Ramah; Shoshoni; Tewa; Zuni Menziesia: Kwakiutl
kwaki; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa; Iris: Mohegan; Montagnais; Paiute; Shoshoni Merremia: Hawaiian
Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Isocoma: Pima Metrosideros: Hawaiian
Eriodictyon: Coahuilla; Costanoan; Shoshoni Iva: Shoshoni Mimulus: Kawaiisu
Eriogonum: Coahuilla; Havasupai; Hopi; Navajo; Juglans: Iroquois Mirabilis: Paiute
Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Round Juniperus: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern; Co- Mitchella: Cherokee; Iroquois
Valley Indian; Thompson manche; Costanoan; Creek; Diegueno; Navajo; Monarda: Cherokee; Chippewa; Choctaw; Dakota;
Eryngium: Creek; Seminole Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa, South; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah;
Erysimum: Navajo, Ramah; Sioux, Teton; Zuni Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Seminole; Tewa; Washo Ojibwa, South; Tewa
Erythrina: Creek Kalmia: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Mic Monardella: Miwok; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Eschscholzia: Mendocino Indian mac; Montagnais; Penobscot Moneses: Kwakiutl
768 Drug, Analgesic

Monotropa: Mohegan Porophyllum: Havasupai Senecio: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah; Zuni

Myrica: Micmac; Seminole Portulaca: Navajo Senna: Cherokee
Nepeta: Iroquois; Rappahannock Potentilla: Chippewa; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan- Shepherdia: Navajo, Kayenta
Nicotiana: Cherokee; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl, South Colville Silene: Gosiute
ern; Navajo, Ramah Prenanthes: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Choctaw Silphium: Chippewa; Meskwaki; Omaha; Ponca;
Nuphar: Bella Coola; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Proboscidea: Pima Winnebago
Kwakiutl; Quinault; Shuswap; Tanana, Upper; Prosopis: Pima Sisyrinchium: Meskwaki; Seminole
Thompson Prunella: Iroquois Sium: Iroquois
Oemleria: Kwakiutl Prunus: Chippewa; Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah; Smallanthus: Iroquois
Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah Ojibwa, South; Paiute; Potawatomi Smilax: Cherokee; Chippewa; Koasati
Oplopanax: Carrier; Carrier, Northern; Cheyenne; Psathyrotes: Paiute; Shoshoni Solan um: Seminole
Crow; Gitksan; Kwakiutl; Oweekeno; Salish, Coast Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Navajo, Kayenta; Solidago: Chippewa; Iroquois; Menominee; Zuni
Opuntia: Flathead; Shoshoni Swinomish Sorbus: Malecite; Micmac
Osmorhiza: Iroquois; Karok; Paiute; Paiute, North Psilostrophe: Navajo, Ramah Sphaeralcea: Dakota
ern; Shoshoni; Washo Psoralidium: Arapaho; Lakota; Navajo, Ramah Spiraea: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville
Osmunda: Iroquois Psorothamnus: Paiute; Shoshoni Stanleya: Paiute; Shoshoni
Oxalis: Navajo, Ramah Pteridium: Koasati; Ojibwa Streptopus: Thompson
Oxytropis: Thompson Pulsatilla: Chippewa; Omaha Suaeda: Hopi
Paeonia: Washo Purshia: Kawaiisu; Paiute Symphoricarpos: Kwakiutl; Paiute
Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois Pycnanthemum: Cherokee; Choctaw; Koasati Symplocarpus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma;
Pandanus: Hawaiian Quercus: Chippewa; Choctaw; Delaware, Okla Menominee; Micmac
Papaver: Cherokee homa; Mohegan; Navajo, Ramah; Seminole; Tanacetum: Cherokee; Iroquois; Shinnecock
Pastinaca: Cherokee Shinnecock Taraxacum: Bella Coola; Iroquois; Papago
Paxistima: Thompson Ranunculus: Abnaki; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Micmac; Tauschia: Kawaiisu
Pedicularis: Catawba Montagnais; Okanagan-Colville 7axws:Klallam; Micmac
Pediomelum: Seminole Ratibida: Cheyenne; Dakota; Lakota; Navajo, Tephrosia: Catawba
Penstemon: Blackfoot; Dakota; Navajo, Ramah; Ramah Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah
Okanagan-Colville; Shoshoni Rhamnus: Kawaiisu Tetraneuris: Hopi
Pentagrama: Karok Rhododendron: Cherokee Thalictrum: Gitksan; Wailaki
Pericome: Navajo, Ramah Rhus: Chippewa; Coahuilla; Iroquois; Navajo, Thamnosma: Kawaiisu
Persea: Seminole Ramah; Omaha Thermopsis: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah
Petradoria: Hop\ Ribes: Chippewa; Lummi Thuja: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Micmac; Ojibwa;
Phoradendron: Cherokee; Papago Ricinus: Hawaiian; Pima Penobscot
Phragmites: Paiute Robinia: Chickasaw Torreya: Costanoan
Physalis: Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago Rorippa: Okanagan-Colville Tradescantia: Cherokee
Physaria: Blackfoot Rosa: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Chehalis; Mahuna; Trichostema: Concow; Costanoan; Miwok;
Physocarpus: Bella Coola Miwok; Potawatomi Tubatulabal
Phytolacca: Mahuna; Seminole Rubus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Makah; Trillium: Costanoan; Iroquois; Menominee
Picea: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern; Hesquiat; Ojibwa, South; Quinault Triosteum: Iroquois; Meskwaki
Kwakiutl; Mohegan; Ojibwa Rudbeckia: Seminole Tsuga: Menominee
Pinguicula: Seminole Rumex: Bella Coola; Kawaiisu; Paiute; Shoshoni Ulmus: Choctaw; Potawatomi
Pinus: Carrier, Southern; Delaware, Ontario; Flat- Sabal: Seminole Umbellularia: Cahuilla; Karok; Mendocino Indian;
head; Menominee; Mohegan; Nanticoke; Navajo, Sabatia: Cherokee; Seminole Miwok; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Yuki
Ramah; Ojibwa, South; Paiute; Seminole; Sho Sagittaria: Navajo Urtica: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Carrier; Costanoan;
shoni; Thompson; Yokia Salicornia: HeWtzuk Hesquiat; Kawaiisu; Klallam; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl,
Piper: Hawaiian Salix: Blackfoot; Chickasaw; Crow; Eskimo, Nuni- Southern; Miwok; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Qui
Plantago: Abnaki; Cherokee; Iroquois; Keres, West vak; Iroquois; Koasati; Montagnais; Seminole; nault; Shuswap
ern Shoshoni; Thompson Uvularia: Oj ibwa; Potawatomi
Platanthera: Cherokee; Iroquois; Thompson Salvia: Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Paiute; Paiute, North Vaccinium: Seminole
Platanus: Meskwaki ern; Shoshoni Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands; Menominee; Okana-
Pleopeltis: Houma Sambucus: Bella Coola; Chickasaw; Hanaksiala; gon; Thompson
Pogogyne: Concow Hesquiat; Houma; Iroquois; Kawaiisu Veratrum: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Cherokee;
Polygala: Mlwok Sanguinaria: Chippewa; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Cowlitz; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Salish, Coast
Polygonatum: Chippewa; Menominee Ojibwa Verbascum: Catawba; Cherokee; Delaware,
Polygonum: Cherokee; Chippewa; Houma; Iro Sanicula: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac Oklahoma; Delaware, Ontario
quois; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Sanvitalia: Navajo, Ramah Verbena: Cherokee; Dakota
Polypodiwn: Bella Coola; Haisla Saponaria: Mahuna Verbesina: Seminole; Zuni
Polystichum: Iroquois Sassafras: Seminole Vernonia: Cherokee
Populus: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Carrier, Southern; Satureja: Cherokee Veronicastrum: Cherokee
Chippewa; Shoshoni Sedum: Eskimo, Western Viburnum: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Chippewa;
 Index of Usages 769

Gitksan; Iroquois; Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa Euphorbia: Meskwaki Acorus: Cherokee

icia: Cherokee; Snohomish; Squaxin Fagus: Cherokee Actaea: Chippewa

iola: Carrier, Southern; Cherokee; Klallam; Ojib Frangula: Hesquiat Anemopsis: Shoshoni

wa, South Frajc/m/s:Cowlitz Anthemis: Cherokee

itis: Meskwaki; Mohegan; Seminole; Shinnecock Gaultheria: Iroquois Apocynum: Chippewa

loodwardia: Luiseno Gentianella: Iroquois Arabis: Navajo, Kayenta

/yer/m-Mendocino Indian Gleditsia: Cherokee Aralia: Ojibwa
anthorhiza: Cherokee Helianthus: Iroquois; Pima Aristolochia: Micmac; Penobscot

dnthoxylum: Iroquois; Menominee Juglans: Delaware; Iroquois; Kiowa Artemisia: Chippewa

Juniperus: Cherokee; Shoshoni Asarum: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois
igadenus: Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian; Lindera: Mohegan Asclepias: Delaware, Oklahoma
Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson; Washo Liriodendron: Cherokee Astragalus: Chippewa
'ingiber: Hawaiian Lobelia: Cherokee Atriplex: Hopi
'innia: Navajo, Ramah Lonicera: Meskwaki Calypso: Thompson
'.izia: Meskwaki Magnolia: Iroquois Caulophyllum: Cherokee
'iziphus: Pima Maianthemum: Iroquois Claytonia: Iroquois
jiesthetic Manfreda: Cherokee Conyza: Iroquois

ichillea: Shoshoni Melia: Cherokee Co rnus: Malecite; Micmac

)atura: Zun\ Mentha: Mohegan Cypripedium: Cherokee
xhinacea: Omaha Mirabilis: Dakota Echinacea: Meskwaki
lubus: Rappahannock Monarda: Chippewa Erigeron: Cherokee
'alix: Eskimo, Alaska Moms: Cherokee Geum: Iroquois
inthelmintic Myrica: Houma Hepatica: Chippewa
[chillea: Iroquois Nepeta: Cherokee Heracleum: Winnebago
[corns: Cherokee; Iroquois Nicotiana: Cherokee; Paiute; Shoshoni Juniperus: Apache, White Mountain
[Ilium: Iroquois Nyssa: Cherokee; Houma Lathyrus: Chippewa
[melanchier: Cherokee Oxalis: Cherokee Ligusticum: Flathead
[morpha: Meskwaki Panax: Iroquois Lobelia: Iroquois
[nemone: Iroquois Pinus: Cherokee; Choctaw; Gosiute Lonicera: Thompson
[ngelica: Creek Podophyllum: Cherokee Lycopodium: Iroquois
[pocynum: Iroquois; Menominee; Micmac; Populus: Abnaki; Carrier; Iroquois; Montagnais; Macromeria: Hopi
Penobscot Sikani Maianthemum: Meskwaki
\ralia: Iroquois Portulaca: Cherokee Matricaria: Costanoan
\ristolochia: Nanticoke Primus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Delaware; Flathead Medeola: Iroquois
\rtemisia: Cherokee; Kiowa; Mohegan; Tolowa; Purshia: Paiute, Northern Mimulus: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta
Yurok Quercus: Meskwaki Mitchella: Iroquois
\sarum: Cherokee Rhus: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Potawatomi Monarda: Ojibwa
[sclepias: Meskwaki Ribes: Meskwaki Monotropa: Cherokee
Mdens: Cherokee Rosa: Cherokee Nepeta: Cherokee
Zapsella: Mohegan Rubus: Mohegan Nicotiana: Cherokee
Zarya: Iroquois Rudbeckia: Cherokee; Iroquois Nuphar: Iroquois
Zerastium: Cherokee Ruta: Cherokee Osm unda: Iroquois
Zhelone: Cherokee Salvia: Mohegan Panax: Cherokee
Zhenopodium: Cherokee; Houma; Koasati; Sanguinaria: Iroquois Papaver: Cherokee
Natchez; Rappahannock Sassafras: Cherokee; Iroquois Phoradendron: Cherokee
Zhimaphila: Iroquois Satureja: Costanoan Picea: Ojibwa
Zirsium: Abnaki; Hopi Senna: Iroquois Pinus: Ojibwa
Zomptonia: Cherokee Sisyrinchium: Mahuna Polygala: Chippewa
Zoptis: Iroquois Solanum: Cherokee; Houma Polygonum: Chippewa
Zornus: Cherokee; Thompson Spigelia: Cherokee; Creek Polystichum: Iroquois
Zorylus: Ojibwa Symplocarpus: Iroquois Postelsia: Nitinaht
Zucurbita: Cherokee Tanacetum: Cherokee Pteridium: Tolowa
Zypripedium: Cherokee Tephrosia: Cherokee Pyrola: Iroquois
licentra: Skaglt Tilia: Malecite; Micmac Ranunculus: Iroquois
^ryopteris: Cherokee Valeriana: Menominee Rhus: Iroquois
xhinacea: Dakota Verbena: Iroquois Rosa: Chippewa
Uytrigia: Iroquois Viburnum: Iroquois Salvia: Hopi
iryngium: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Zanthoxylum: Iroquois Sanguinaria: Ojibwa
:uonymus: Iroquois Anticonvulsive Sium: Iroquois
:upatorium: Meskwaki Achillea: Iroquois Solidago: Chippewa
770 Drug, Anticonvulsive

Symplocarpus: Delaware, Oklahoma; Menominee; Chrysothamnus: Shoshoni; Thompson Shoshoni; Shuswap; Sioux, Teton
Mohegan Cicuta: Kwakiutl Hieracium: Iroquois; Rappahannock
Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands Collinsonia: Iroquois Holodiscus: Lummi; Paiute
Verbascum: Hopi; Iroquois Comarum: Chippewa Hydrastis: Iroquois
Veronicastrum: Meskwaki Comptonia: Ojibwa Hydrophyllum: Menominee; Ojibwa
Viburnum: Cherokee Conyza: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Cree, Hudson Bay Hypericum: Alabama; Cherokee
Antidiarrheal Copy's: Algonquin, Quebec Ilex: Ojibwa
Ab/es:Micmac Coreopsis: Cherokee Ipomopsis: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Acer: Cherokee; Ojibwa, South; Thompson Corn us: Alabama; Cherokee; Chippewa; Menomi /wr Shoshoni
v4c/7/7/efl:Chehalis; Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; nee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Potawatomi; Rappahan- Jeffersonia: Iroquois
Shoshoni; Skagit; Snohomish; Thompson nock; Thompson Juglans: Cherokee; Rappahannock
Acorus: Cherokee Corydalis: Navajo, Kayenta Juniperus: Cree, Woodlands; Crow; Keres, Western;
Adiantum: Menominee Corylus: Iroquois Kwakiutl; Seminole
Agalinis: Meskwaki Crataegus: Ojibwa, South; Okanagan-Colville; Kallstroemia: Tewa
Ageratina: Cherokee Thompson Kalmia: Cree, Hudson Bay
Agrimonia: Cherokee; Iroquois Croton: Costanoan; Porno; Porno, Kashaya Lactuca: Bella Coola; Navajo; Okanagan-Colville
Aletris: Catawba Dalea: Dakota; Meskwaki Larrea: Pima
,4//2ws:Klallam; Mendocino Indian; Potawatomi; Delphinium: Blackfoot Lathyrus:\Neyot
Quileute Diospyros: Cherokee Lechea: Seminole
Ambrosia: Cheyenne; Dakota; Iroquois Diplacus: Mahuna Lesquerella: Okanagan-Colville
Amelanchier: Cherokee; Chippewa Dracocephalum: Navajo, Kayenta Liatris: Pawnee; Seminole
Amphicarpaea: Cherokee Eleocharis: Seminole Licania: Seminole
Anaphalis: Iroquois Empetrum: Tanana, Upper Lilium: Cherokee
Andropogon: Cherokee; Seminole Enceliopsis: Shoshoni Unarm: Iroquois
Anemone: Iroquois Ephedra: Paiute; Shoshoni; Tewa Liquidambar: Cherokee; Rappahannock
Angelica: Tewa; Yana Epifagus: Iroquois Liriodendron: Cherokee
Anthemis: Iroquois Epigaea: Cherokee Lithospermum: Shoshoni
Apocynum: Iroquois Epilobium: Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi Lomatium: Cheyenne
Aquilegia: Meskwaki; Shoshoni Equisetum: Makah Lonicera: Iroquois
Arabis: Okanagan-Colville Eriastrum: Paiute Lygodesmia: Lakota; Ponca
Aralia: Iroquois Ericameria: Paiute Magnolia: Cherokee
Arctostaphylos: CahuiYLa-, Cree, Woodlands; Karok; Erigeron: Blackfoot; Paiute Mahonia: Great Basin Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni
Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Porno, Little Lakes Eriodictyon: Paiute Malus: Makah
Argentina: Blackfoot; Iroquois Eriogonum: Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Navajo; Navajo, Malvella: Choctaw
Arisaema: Iroquois Ramah; Paiute; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Tubatulabal Manfreda: Cherokee
Artemisia: Chippewa; Costanoan; Klamath; Lakota; Eryngium: Natchez; Paiute; Seminole Marrubium: Round Valley Indian
Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian; Okanagon; Escobaria: Blackfoot Matricaria: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Flathead; Montana
Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni; Thompson; Eupatorium: Iroquois Indian; Yokia
Yuki Fragaria: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Diegueno; Iroquois; Menispermum: Cherokee
Aruncus: Bella Coola Skokomish; Thompson Mentha: Miwok; Washo
Asarum: Cherokee Frangula: Skagit Mimulus: Miwok
Asclepias: Cherokee; Lakota; Navajo, Kayenta; Frasera: Cherokee; Cheyenne Mitchella: Cherokee
Shoshoni Galactia: Seminole Moms: Cherokee
Aster: Cherokee Galium: Costanoan Nepeta: Iroquois
Aureolaria: Cherokee Gaultheria: Cherokee; Quinault Nyssa: Cherokee
Balsamorhiza: Thompson Gaylussacia: Cherokee Opuntia: Apache, Western; Flathead; Hopi
Berberis: Cherokee Gentianella: Iroquois Osmorhiza: Iroquois; Shoshoni
Betula: Cherokee; Chippewa; Menominee Geranium: Chippewa; Gosiute; Iroquois; Menomi Ostrya: Potawatomi
Bidens: Seminole nee; Meskwaki; Montana Indian; Ojibwa Oxydendrum: Cherokee
Blechnum: Kwakiutl Geum: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Paeonia: Shoshoni
Callicarpa: Choctaw Glycyrrhiza: Cheyenne Parthenium: Koasati

Campanula: Cherokee Gutierrezia: Diegueno; Navajo, Kayenta Parthenocissus: Meskwaki

Capsella: Chippewa; Costanoan; Mahuna Hamamelis: Iroquois Pedicularis: Cherokee
Carex: Cherokee Haplopappus: Paiute Pediomelum: Cheyenne
Carpinus: Cherokee; Iroquois Hedeoma: Cherokee; Mahuna Perideridia: Blackfoot
Ceanothus: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Thompson Heliotropium: Paiute; Tubatulabal Persea: Seminole
Cephalanthus: Choctaw; Seminole Hepatica: Menominee Phlox: Shoshoni
Cercocarpus: Paiute; Shoshoni Heracleum: Blackfoot; Washo Phoradendron: Keres, Western
Chamaesyce: Navajo, Raman; Omaha Heuchera: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Cree, Phragmites: Apache, White Mountain
Chenopodium: Iroquois Woodlands; Flathead; Lakota; Menominee; Phytolacca: Rappahannock
 Index of Usages 771

Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Kwakiutl; Ojibwa, South; Salix: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Dryopteris: Bella Coola; Kitasoo

Thompson; Tlingit Chickasaw; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Kawai- Echinacea: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Sioux;

Pin us: Alabama; Cherokee; Paiute isu; Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Meskwaki; Winnebago
Plantago: Cherokee; Iroquois; Keres, Western; Paiute; Sanpoil; Seminole Eryngium: Choctaw; Meskwaki
Pima; Zuni Saluia: Cherokee Eupatorium: Navajo

Platanthera: Cherokee Sambucus: C\a\\am; Klallam; Paiute; Shoshoni Frangula: Kawaiisu

Platanus: Cherokee Sanguinaria: Iroquois Gutierrezia: Navajo, Ramah
Pluchea: Paiute; Pima Sarcobatus: Paiute Hydrophyllum: Iroquois
Polygonatum: Cherokee Sassafras: Cherokee; Seminole Krascheninnikovia: Navajo, Ramah
Polygonum: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Scutellaria: Cherokee; Meskwaki Laportea: Iroquois

Thompson Sesamum: Cherokee Lespedeza: Meskwaki

Polypodium: Kwakiutl Shepherdia: Sioux Lonicera: Quileute
Polyporus: Blackfoot Sisyrinchium: Cherokee Maianthemum: Iroquois

Polystichum: Iroquois Solatium: Blackfoot; Paiute Mentha: Iroquois

Polytaenia: Meskwaki Solidago: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Okla Mertensia: Iroquois

Populus: Chickasaw homa; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Mimulus: Iroquois
Porteranthus: Iroquois Sonchus: Houma Nicotiana: Iroquois
Portulaca: Keres, Western Sphaeralcea: Hopi; Pima Parthenocissus: I roquois
Potentilla: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Okana- Spiraea: Iroquois; Lummi; Meskwaki; Mohegan; Physaria: Hopi
gan-Colville Shuswap Physocarpus: Hesquiat
Prosopis: Pima Stephanomeria: Paiute Plantago: Cherokee
Prunella: Iroquois; Menominee Stillingia: Seminole Portulaca: Iroquois
Prunus: Apache, Mescalero; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Symphoricarpos: Thompson Quercus: Iroquois
Cree, Hudson Bay; Cree, Woodlands; Creek; Symphytum: Cherokee Ranunculus: Iroquois
Crow; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Flathead; Tanacetum: Shoshoni Rhamnus: Iroquois
GrosVentre; Iroquois; Kutenai; Mendocino Tetradymia: Shoshoni Rhododendron: Modesse
Indian; Menominee; Micmac; Mohegan; Ojibwa, Thalictrum: Cherokee Rhus: Omaha
South; Okanagan-Colville; Oregon Indian; Paiute; Thuja: Hanaksiala; Nez Perce Ribes: Iroquois
Penobscot; Ponca; Sanpoil; Sioux; Thompson Tiarella: Malecite; Micmac Rubus: Meskwaki
Psathyrotes: Paiute; Shoshoni Tilia: Cherokee Rumex: Meskwaki
Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Kwakiutl Tsuga: Cherokee; Chippewa; Kwakiutl; Malecite; Sfl//jt:Makah
Psidium: Hawaiian Micmac; Potawatomi Sambucus: Menominee
Psilostrophe: Nava]o, Kayenta Typha:\Nasho Sanicula: Iroquois
Psorothamnus: Paiute; Shoshoni Ulmus: Cherokee; Houma; Iroquois; Potawatomi Senecio: Navajo, Kayenta
Pteridium: Iroquois Urtica: Chippewa Sisyrinchium: Menominee
Pterocaulon: Seminole Uvularia: Cherokee Symphoricarpos: Skagit
Pycnanthemum: Cherokee Vaccinium: Eskimo, Western; Seminole Toxicodendron: Tolowa
Pyrola: Navajo, Kayenta Valeriana: Thompson Vitis: Meskwaki
Quercus: Cherokee; Costanoan; Creek; Houma; Iro Verbascum: Iroquois Antiemetic
quois; Malecite; Meskwaki; Micmac; Ojibwa, Verbena: Cherokee Acer: Thompson
South; Potawatomi; Yuki Vernonia: Natchez Achillea: Cheyenne; Iroquois; Shoshoni
Ranunculus: Iroquois Veronicastrum: Iroquois Agrimonia: Iroquois
Rheum: Cherokee Viburnum: Carrier, Northern Allium: Blackfoot
Rhus: Chippewa; Creek; Delaware, Ontario; Ojibwa, Viola: Cherokee Aln us: Micmac; Penobscot
South; Pawnee; Winnebago Vitis: Cherokee Ambrosia: Dakota; Oto
Ribes: Cherokee; Kwakiutl; Okanagan-Colville; Xanthium: Pima; Tewa Andropogon: Seminole
Thompson Xyris: Cherokee Angelica: Tewa
Rosa: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Crow; Gros Antidote Anthemis: Iroquois
Ventre; Kutenai; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Amaranthus: Navajo, Ramah Antidesma: Hawaiian
Rubus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Chippewa; Angelica: Mewuk Artemisia: Tewa
Choctaw; Costanoan; Delaware; Delaware, Okla Arctostaphylos: Karok Asarum: Iroquois; Potawatomi
homa; Diegueno; Eskimo, Western; Iroquois; Artemisia: Chippewa; Mendocino Indian; Shoshoni Baptisia: Cherokee
Kwakiutl; Mahuna; Malecite; Mendocino Indian; Asarum: Meskwaki Cephalanthus: Seminole
Menominee; Micmac; Mohegan; Ojibwa; Okana Bouteloua: Navajo, Ramah Cercis: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
gan-Colville; Porno, Kashaya; Rappahannock; Cardamine: Iroquois Chamaecrista: Seminole
Saanich; Shinnecock; Shuswap Chenopodium: Navajo, Ramah Chamaemelum: Cherokee
Rumex: Cherokee; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Eskimo, Clintonia: Menominee; Ojibwa Clethra: Cherokee
Kuskokwagmiut; Iroquois; Lakota; Ojibwa; Cornus: Cherokee Coptis: Iroquois
Paiute; Pawnee; Yuki Cuscuta: Diegueno Cornus: Thompson
Sabatia: Seminole Datura: CahuiWa Corylus: Iroquois
772 Drug, Antiemetic

Croton: Zuni Vaccin ium: Cheyenne; Ojibwa Lactuca: Bella Coola

Cymopterus: Navajo, Kayenta Xanthium: Tewa Ledum: Eskimo, Alaska
Dryopteris: Mewuk Yucca: Navajo Leymus: Okanagan-Colville
Dugaldia: Navajo Zanthoxylum: Iroquois Ligusticum: Porno
Eriodictyon: Paiute Antihemorrhagic Lithospermum: Hopi; Okanagan-Colville
Erythrina: Seminole Acer: Iroquois; Micmac; Penobscot Lupinus: Cherokee
Frasera: Cherokee Achillea: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands Lycoperdon: Blackfoot
Gaillardia: Navajo, Ramah Acorus: Cree, Woodlands; Potawatomi Lysichiton: Gitksan
Galactia: Seminole Actaea: Iroquois Mahonia: Blackfoot
Gaum: Navajo, Ramah Adiantum: Makah Maianthemum: Abnaki
Gnaphaliwn: Creek Agastache: Cree, Woodlands Malus: Kwakiutl
Gonolobus: Houma Allium: Cherokee Matricaria: Eskimo, Alaska
Hamamelis: Iroquois Alniis: Carrier; Gitksan; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Mendo- Mentha: Cree, Woodlands
Hydrangea: Cherokee cino Indian; Meskwaki Menyanthes: Kwakiutl
Junipenis: Blackfoot Ambrosia: Cheyenne; Pima Nuphar: Gitksan
Kalmia: Kwakwaka'wakw Anemone: Aleut Oplopanax: Gitksan
Lactuca: Bella Coola; Navajo Angelica: Blackfoot; Paiute, Northern Ostrya: Chippewa; Potawatomi
Larix: Cree, Woodlands Aralia: Creek; Kwakiutl; Micmac; Penobscot Pellaea: Costanoan; Dieguefio; Miwok
Lechea: Seminole Arceuthobium: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern Pinus: Okanagan-Colville
Liatris: Seminole y4rcfosta/?/z)'/os;Costanoan (Olhonean); Okanagan- Polygonatum: Abnaki
Licania: Seminole Colville; Okanagon; Thompson Polygonum: Menominee
Lupimis: Cherokee Artemisia: Great Basin Indian Polypodium: Kwakiutl
Mahonia: Sanpoil Astragalus: Blackfoot; Lakota Prunus: Chippewa; Iroquois
Malacothrix: Navajo, Kayenta Athyrium: Thompson Psidium: Hawaiian
Mentha: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Micmac Baptisia: Micmac; Penobscot Psorothamnus: Paiute
Menyanthes: Kwakiutl Boykinia: Cheyenne Pteridium: Thompson
Mirabilis: Paiute Calla: Gitksan Pterocaulon: Seminole
Mitchella: Iroquois Castilleja: Blackfoot; Gitksan Pterospora: Cheyenne
Nepeta: Iroquois Caulophyllum: Chippewa Purshia: Sanpoil; Shoshoni
Oxalis: Cherokee Ceanothus: Choctaw Pyrola: Cree, Woodlands; Micmac; Penobscot
Panax: Houma; Iroquois Cephalanthus: Kiowa Ranunculus: Iroquois
Penstemon: Blackfoot Cercocarpus: Paiute, Northern Rhus: Sioux
Perideridia: Blackfoot; Porno; Porno, Kashaya Chimaphila: Cree, Woodlands Rubus: Kwakiutl; Okanagon; Thompson
Persea: Seminole Conyza: Blackfoot Rumex: Cheyenne; Iroquois; Lakota
Pinus: Paiute; Shoshoni Coreopsis: Meskwaki Salix: Blackfoot; Eskimo, Western
Plantago: Iroquois Corylus: Chippewa; Iroquois Sambucus: Porno, Little Lakes
Polypodium: Kwakiutl Cynoglossum: Iroquois Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Malecite
Prunella: Iroquois Dennstaedtia: Mahuna Sarcobatus: Paiute
Primus: Cherokee; Delaware; Meskwaki; Shoshoni Digitaria: Hawaiian Sarracenia: Micmac; Penobscot
Pteridium: Cherokee Dryopteris: Mewuk Scrophularia: Iroquois
Quercus: Delaware, Ontario Dyssodia: Lakota Selaginella: Blackfoot
Rhus: Cherokee Epilobium: Cheyenne; Miwok Shepherdia: Cree, Woodlands
Ribes: Iroquois Equisetum: Eskimo, Alaska Silphium: Chippewa
Rosa: Thompson Erigeron: Blackfoot; Cherokee Solidago: Chippewa; Iroquois
Rubus: Hawaiian; Kwakiutl; Okanagon; Thompson Eriogonum: Hopi Sphaeralcea: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah
Salix: Creek Eryngium: Seminole Streptopus: Micmac; Penobscot
Sanguinaria: Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois Euonymus: Cherokee Tilia: Iroquois
Sassafras: Seminole Eupatorium: Penobscot Tradescantia: Cherokee
Silphium: Meskwaki Fragaria: Carrier Tsuga: Clallam; Cowlitz; Klallam
Smallanthus: Iroquois Galium: Micmac; Penobscot Ulmus: Iroquois; Penobscot
Solatium: Ma\ec\te] Micmac Geum: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Urtica: Gitksan
Solidago: Iroquois Glycyrrhiza: Lakota Viburnum: Iroquois
Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni Grindelia: Lakota Antirheumatic (External)
Spiraea: Iroquois; Ojibwa Hosta: Cherokee Abies: Chippewa; Gitksan; Iroquois; Keres, Western
Stephanomeria: Shoshoni Hyptis: Cahuilla Achillea: Blackfoot; Carrier; Flathead; Gosiute;
Stillingia: Seminole Juniperus:Crowt Gitksan; Okanagan-Colville; Kwakiutl; Micmac; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute;
Thalictrum: Cherokee Paiute; Stony Indian Quileute; Shoshoni; Thompson
Thuja: Lummi Kalmia: Kwakiutl; Kwakwaka'wakw Acorus: Cree, Woodlands
7h[/b/n/m.\Pomo Krascheninnikovia: Navajo Actaea: Iroquois
Ulmus: Iroquois Lachnanthes: Cherokee Adenostoma: Cahuilla
 Index of Usages 773

\dianturn: Cherokee; Iroquois Collinsonia: Iroquois Pima; Yavapai

Aesculus: Cherokee; Delaware; Mohegan; Conioselinum: Kwakiutl Lathyrus: Iroquois
Shinnecock Conyza: Hawaiian Ledum: Cree, Hudson Bay; Tanana, Upper
\geratina: Zuni Coronilla: Cherokee Lemna: Iroquois
Mlium: Blackfoot Corylus: Iroquois Lespedeza: Omaha; Ponca
Mnus: Bella Coola Crataegus: Okanagan-Colville Lesquerella: Keres, Western
Ambrosia: Lakota Cucurbita: Zuni Leucothoe: Cherokee
Amorpha: Omaha Cyperus: Hawaiian Liatris: Creek; Seminole
Amphicarpaea: Lakota Datisca: Miwok Ligusticum: Zuni
Anaphalis: Chippewa Datura: Cahu'iWa; Kawaiisu Lithospermum: Cheyenne
Angelica: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Shoshoni Dichanthelium: Seminole Lobelia: Zuni
Antennaria: Lakota Echinacea: Lakota Lomatium: Cheyenne; Crow; Kwakiutl; Paiute;
Anthemis: Mendocino Indian Echinocereiis: Isleta Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni; Yuki
Aquilegia: Paiute Eleocharis: Seminole Lonicera: Kwakiutl; Shoshoni
Arabis: Shoshoni Encelia: Kawaiisu; Tubatulabal Lophophora: Kiowa
Aralia: Karok Epixiphium: Keres, Western Lycopodium: Chippewa
y4rcr/wm:Abnaki; Iroquois; Mohegan Eriastrum: Shoshoni Lygodesm ia: Keres, Western
Arctostaphylos: Ojibwa Ericameria: Kawaiisu; Miwok; Tubatulabal Lysichiton: Cowlitz; Gitksan; Makah; Tolowa;
Arenaria: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni; Washo Eriodictyon: Atsugewi; Cahuilla; Costanoan; Miwok; Yurok
Arisaema: Mohegan; Pawnee Shoshoni Mahonia: Flathead; Havasupai; Thompson
Arnica: Thompson Eriogonum: Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Maianthemum: Gosiute; Iroquois
Artemisia: Aleut; Blackfoot; Costanoan; Eskimo, Eriophyllum: Miwok Malva: Miwok
Alaska; Flathead; Gosiute; Karok; Kawaiisu; Keres, Eryngium: Seminole Marah: Mendocino Indian
Western; Klamath; Mendocino Indian; Okanagan- Erysimum: Keres, Western; Zuni Marrubium: Isleta
Colville; Okanagon; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Erythrina: Seminole Mentha: Kutenai; Thompson
Pawnee; Shoshoni; Tanana, Upper; Thompson; Eucalyptus: Hawaiian Mitchella: Abnakv, Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Tolowa; Washo; Yuki; Yurok; Zuni Eupatorium: Chippewa; Iroquois Mnium: Carrier, Southern; Makah
Aruncus: Makah Euphorbia: Lakota Monarda: Creek
Asarum: Bella Coola Frangula: Modesse Myrica: Micmac
Asclepias: Blackfoot; Delaware; Iroquois; Fraxinus: Iroquois Nauarretia: Miwok
Okanagan-Colville; Paiute Fucus: Kwakiutl, Southern Nicotiana: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Mahuna; Paiute;
Asparagus: Iroquois Galium: Costanoan; Neeshenam Shoshoni
Atriplex: Hualapai; Maricopa; Paiute, Northern; Gaultheha: Delaware Nuphar: Cree, Woodlands; Flathead; Quinault;
Pima Geranium: Miwok Shuswap; Thompson
Baccharis: Hualapai; Keres, Western; Yavapai Geum: Thompson Octoblephorum: Seminole
Bahia:Zun\ Gilia: Keres, Western Oenothera: Keres, Western; Zuni
Barbula: Seminole Glycyrrhiza: Blackfoot Onosmodium: Cheyenne; Lakota
Berula: Zuni Gnaphalium: Miwok Oplopanax: Cowlitz; Gitksan; Haisla; Haisla &
Bidens: Seminole Goodyera: Delaware; Saanich Hanaksiala; Makah; Oweekeno; Salish, Coast;
Brachyactis: Paiute Gutierrezia: Keres, Western; Paiute; Zuni Wet'suwet'en
Brickellia: Keres, Western Hazardia: Diegueno Opuntia: Costanoan
Bryum: Seminole Helianthella: Shoshoni Osmorhiza: Paiute, Northern
Callicarpa: Alabama Helianthus: Paiute Osmunda: Cherokee; Iroquois
Carya: Iroquois Heracleum: Bella Coola; Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Ostrya: Chippewa
Caulophyllum: Iroquois Gitksan; Iroquois; Mewuk; Paiute; Paiute, North Oxalis: Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Tolowa
Ceanothus: Thompson ern; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Sikani Oxytropis: Thompson
Celastrus: Cherokee Heuchera: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Kutenai Panax: Seminole
Chaetopappa: Keres, Western; Zuni Hymenoxys: Hopi Panicum: Seminole
Chamaecyparis: Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Southern Inula: Iroquois Pediomelum: Blackfoot; Seminole
Chaptalia: Seminole Ipomoea: Cherokee Penstemon: Thompson
Chenopodium: Cree, Woodlands; Miwok Ipomopsis: Shoshoni Persea: Seminole
Chimaphila: Saanich; Yurok Iris: Delaware; Shoshoni Petasites: Skagit; Tolowa
Chlorogalum: Wailaki Juniperus: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Creek; Delaware, Phacelia: Cherokee; Keres, Western
Chrysothamnus: Shoshoni Oklahoma; Hopi; Isleta; Montana Indian; Philadelphus: Thompson
Cibotium: Hawaiian Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Phlox: Havasupai
Cicuta: Cree, Woodlands; Paiute Seminole; Swinomish; Tanana, Upper; Tewa; Phoradendron: Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Seminole
Cimicifuga: Iroquois Thompson; Zuni Physaria: Blackfoot
Cirsium: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Kalmia: Cherokee Physocarpus: Hesquiat
Claytonia: Shoshoni Larix: Okanagan-Colville Phytolacca: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma;
Clematis: Shoshoni Larrea: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Isleta; Paiute; Papago; Iroquois
774 Drug, Antirheumatic (External)

Picea: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Turricula: Kawaiisu Chimaphila: Cherokee; Iroquois; Micmac
Iroquois; Oweekeno Umbellularia: Mendocmo Indian; Porno; Porno, Cimicifuga: Cherokee
Pinus: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Flathead; Haisla & Kashaya; Yuki Collinsonia: Iroquois
Hanaksiala; Keres, Western; Seminole; Skagit; Urtica: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Chehalis; Diegueno; Corydalis: Navajo
Thompson; Yokia Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, South Croton: Jemez
Plagiomnium: Bella Coola; Heiltzuk; Oweekeno ern; Mahuna; Miwok; Nitinaht; Okanagan- Cucurbita: Cheyenne
Plan tago: Abnaki; Chippewa; Iroquois; Shoshoni Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Porno; Pomo, Cupressus: Costanoan; Miwok
Platanthera: Thompson Kashaya; Quileute; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Cycloloma: Hopi
Platanus: Iroquois Thompson Datura: Tubatulabal
Plumbago: Hawaiian Valeriana: Gos'mte Dryopteris: Cherokee
Poliomintha: Hopi; Tevva Veratrum: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Haisla; Hanak Echinacea: Cheyenne
Polygala: Seminole siala; Kitasoo; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Echinocystis: Cherokee
Polygonum: Iroquois Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Salish, Coast; Shoshoni; Ephedra: Paiute
Polypodium: Wailaki Thompson; Tsimshian; Washo Epigaea: Iroquois
Polystichum: Cherokee; Iroquois Verbascum: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Equisetum: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville
Populus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Bella Coola; Verbesina: Seminole Eriodictyon: Cahuilla; Mahuna; Miwok; Round
Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Nez Perce; Ojibwa; Okana- Viola: Blackfoot Valley Indian
gon; Thompson Wyethia: Klamath; Mendocino Indian; Okanagan- Eryngium: Creek; Seminole
Porophyllum: Havasupai Colville Eupatorium: Cherokee
Porteran th us: Cherokee Ximenia: Seminole Euphorbia: Meskwaki
Proboscidea: Pima Yucca: Blackfoot Frangula: Okanagan-Colville
Pseudoroegneria: Okanagan-Colville Zanthoxylum: Cherokee; Menominee Gaultheria: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois;
Pseudotsuga: Isleta; Montana Indian; Okanagon; Zigadenus: Keres, Western; Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Porno, Little Lakes; Thompson Montana Indian; Okanagon; Paiute; Paiute, Gnaphalium: Cherokee
Psorothamnus: Paiute Northern; Shoshoni; Thompson; Washo Goodyera: Delaware, Oklahoma
Pteridium: Thompson Zinnia: Keres, Western Hamamelis: Iroquois
Pulsatilla: Blackfoot; Great Basin Indian; Omaha; Ziziphus: Pima Heracleum: California Indian
Thompson Antirheumatic (Internal) Heuchera: Cheyenne
Q/iera/s:Houma; Mohegan; Seminole Abies: Iroquois; Keres, Western Humulus: Cherokee
Ranunculus: Hesquiat; Okanagan-Colville; Achillea: Iroquois Hypericum: Koasati
Thompson Acorus: Mohegan Ipomopsis: Navajo, Ramah
Rhizomnium: Bella Coola Actaea: Okanagon; Thompson Iris: Delaware, Oklahoma
Rhododendron: Cherokee Adiantum: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mahuna Juniperus:Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Micmac;
/?os«: Arapaho; Crow Agastache: Miwok Thompson
Rubus: Cherokee Aletris: Cherokee Larix: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville
Rumex: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Alnus: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Micmac Larrea:?\ma
Hanaksiala; Iroquois; Paiute; Shoshoni Aloysia: Havasupai Ledwm: Quinault; Tanana, Upper
Salicornia: Heiltzuk Anaphalis: Quileute Leucothoe: Cherokee
Salix: Creek; Kiowa; Montana Indian; Seminole Anemone: Ghksan Liatris: Creek; Koasati
Sambucus: Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Montana Indian; Anthemis: Cherokee Lilium: Cherokee
Okanagan-Colville; Paiute Apocynum: Cherokee Lindera: Creek
Sanguinaria: Ojibwa Arnlia: Cherokee; Iroquois Liriodendron: Cherokee
Saururus: Ojibwa; Seminole Arctium: Abnaki; Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Lobelia: Cherokee
Senecio: Hopi Oklahoma Lomatium: Okanagan-Colville
Shepherdia: Cree, Woodlands; Tanana, Upper Aristolochia: Cherokee Lysichiton: Gitksan
Smilax: Iroquois Armoracia: Cherokee Mahonia: Miwok; Navajo; Shoshoni; Thompson
Solidago: Miwok v4rtem/s/fl.*Gosiute; Miwok; Tanaina Maianthemum: Algonquin, Quebec; Gitksan; Iro
Sorbus: Cree, Woodlands Asclepias: Delaware, Oklahoma quois; Thompson
Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni Bahia: Navajo, Ramah Malus: Gitksan; Haisla & Hanaksiala
Stanleya: Shoshoni Balsamorhiza: Blackfoot; Miwok Mentha: Okanagan-Colville
Stellaria: Iroquois Baptisia: Iroquois; Koasati Mentzelia: Cheyenne
Symplocarpus:Abnaki; Iroquois Bignonia: Koasati Menyanthes: Aleut
Taxus: Abnaki; Chippewa; Iroquois; Menominee Calochortus: Keres, Western Mirabilis: Navajo
Tephrosia: Catawba Carya: Iroquois Monarda: Creek
Tetraneuris: Hopi Castanea: Mohegan Afepeta:Rappahannock; Shinnecock
Thuja: Abnaki; Bella Coola; Iroquois; Okanagan- Caulophyllum: Cherokee; Iroquois Nolina: Isleta
Colville Ceanothus: Thompson Nuphar: Bella Coola
Trillium: Chippewa; Iroquois Cephalanthus: Koasati Onoclea: Iroquois
Tsuga: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Chamaebatia: Miwok Oplopanax: Bella Coola; Nitinaht
Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Chenopodium: Cree, Woodlands Panax: Cherokee; Houma
 Index of Usages 775

'enstemon: Shoshoni Epilobium: Iroquois Cleome: Navajo, Ramah

Washes:Tanaina Galium: Iroquois Cocculus: Houma
'ft/ox; Mahuna Lobelia: Iroquois Collinsonia: Iroquois
Viryraa: Ojibwa, South Sarracenia: Iroquois Comptonia: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
}hyla:Mahuna Blood Medicine Conioselinum: Navajo, Kayenta
}hysocarpus: Hesquiat Acer: Iroquois Coptis: Iroquois
%ytolacca: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Rap- Achillea: Iroquois; Makah; Paiute; Shuswap Corallorrhiza: Paiute; Shoshoni
pahannock; Seminole Acorus: Iroquois; Shinnecock Cornus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville;
Hcea: Cree, Woodlands; Gitksan; Iroquois; Tanana, Actaea: Cheyenne Rappahannock; Thompson
Upper Adiantum: Costanoan Corylus: Iroquois
Hnus: Cherokee; Costanoan; Iroquois; Mahuna; Ageratina: Iroquois Crotalaria: Mohegan
Paiute;Wailaki Agrimonia: Cherokee Curcuma: Hawaiian
^odophyllum: Cherokee; Meskwaki Alnus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Mendocino Indian; Cypripedium: Iroquois
Dolygala: Cherokee Montagnais Dalibarda: Iroquois
Dolystichum: Cherokee Ambrosia: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Datura: Paiute
Dopulus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Okanagon; Thompson Iroquois Daucus: Costanoan; Iroquois
Dorophyllum: Havasupai Amelanchier: Iroquois Diervilla: Iroquois; Menominee
Potentilla: Okanagan-Colville Anemopsis: Isleta Dirca: Iroquois
Prunus: Paiute Angelica: Iroquois Echinacea: Omaha
Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola Antennaria:Navajo, Kayenta Ephedra: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Mahuna;
Pteridium: Iroquois Anthemis: Iroquois Paiute; Shoshoni; Tubatulabal
Purshia: Hualapai Apocynum: Iroquois Equisetum: Saanich
Pyrola: Iroquois Aquilegia: Keres, Western Eriodictyon: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Porno, Kashaya;
Quercus: Kawaiisu; Neeshenam Aralia: Abnaki; Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Round Valley Indian
Rhamnus: Kawaiisu Menominee; Ojibwa; Okanagon; Thompson Eriogonum: Mahuna; Navajo, Ramah
Rhododendron: Cherokee Arctium: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Okla Eryngium: Creek
Rhus: Algonquin, Quebec homa; Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Eupatorium: Rappahannock
Rosa: Costanoan Potawatomi Fagus: Iroquois
Rubus: Cherokee Arctostaphylos: Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville Fouquieria: Mahuna
Rumex: Paiute Arenaria: Shoshoni Fragaria: Iroquois
Sagittaria: Iroquois Arisaema: Choctaw; Iroquois Frangula: Okanagan-Colville
Salix: Creek; Seminole Armoracia: Iroquois Fraxinus: Iroquois
Sambucus: Cherokee; Okanagon; Rappahannock; Artemisia: Tanana, Upper Gaultheria: Chippewa; Iroquois
Thompson Aruncus: Tlingit Gaylussacia: Iroquois
Sanicula: Micmac Asarum: Cherokee; Iroquois Gelsemium: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Sassafras: Cherokee; Iroquois Asparagus: Iroquois Gentianopsis: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma;
Shepherdia: Gitksan Asplenium: Hawaiian Rappahannock
S///?/?/um; Ojibwa; Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago Aster: Iroquois Geum: Blackfoot
Smilax: Cherokee Atriplex: Keres, Western Gleditsia: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Sorbus: Bella Coola Barbarea: Cherokee Goodyera: Cherokee
Staphylea: Iroquois Berchemia: Choctaw Grindelia: Diegueno; Mendocino Indian; Mewuk
Tanacetum: Mahuna Betula: Iroquois; Ojibwa Hamamelis: Iroquois
7ojcws: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Chippewa; Bignonia: Cherokee Hepatica: Iroquois
Iroquois Bobea: Hawaiian Heuchera: Okanagan-Colville
Tephrosia: Catawba Brachyactis: Paiute Hibiscus: Hawaiian
Thuja: Algonquin, Quebec Caesalpinia: Hawaiian Hoita: Costanoan
Tsuga: Abnaki; Hesquiat; Iroquois Castilleja: Navajo, Raman; Shoshoni Holodiscus: Squaxin
Urtica: Quileute; Tanaina Catharanthus: Hawaiian Horkelia: Porno, Kashaya
Vaccinium: Flathead Caulanthus: Shoshoni Hudsonia: Montagnais
Veratrum: Hanaksiala; Quinault Ceanothus: Iroquois Huperzia: Iroquois
Verbascum: Atsugewi Celastrus: Iroquois Hymenopappus: Navajo
Veronicastrum: Iroquois Cephalanthus: Seminole Ipomoea: Houma; Iroquois
Vicia: Cherokee Cercocarpus: Paiute; Shoshoni Ipomopsis: Great Basin Indian; Navajo, Kayenta;
Vitis: Chippewa Chamaesyce: Costanoan; Miwok Shoshoni
Xanthium: Mahuna Chenopodium: Carrier; Seminole Iris: Iroquois
Basket Medicine Chimaphila: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Juglans: Costanoan; Iroquois
Agrimonia: Iroquois Iroquois; Malecite; Menominee; Micmac; Juniperus: Creek; Kwakiutl; Paiute; Shoshoni
Clintonia: Iroquois Okanagan-Colville; Rappahannock Larix: Chippewa; Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville
Corallorrhiza: Iroquois Cibotium: Hawaiian Ledum: Makah; Montagnais; Tanana, Upper
Desmodium: Iroquois Cimicifuga: Iroquois Lewisia: NezPerce
776 Drug, Blood Medicine

Ligusticum: Porno, Kashaya Psilostrophe: Navajo, Kayenta Asplenium: Cherokee

Limonium: Costanoan Pteridium: Iroquois Cardamine: Iroquois
Linanthus: Pomo, Calpella Pyrola: Iroquois Carica: Hawaiian
Lindera: Cherokee; Creek Pyrrhopappus: Cherokee Chamaesyce: Hawaiian
Lithospermum: Hopi Quercus: Atsugewi; Ojibwa Clermontia: Hawaiian
Lobelia: Iroquois Ranunculus: Iroquois Collinsonia: Cherokee
Lomatium: Okanagan-Colville Rhamnus: Iroquois; Kawaiisu Eupatorium: Cherokee
Lonicera: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville Rhizomnium: Bella Coola Gaillardia: Blackfoot
Lotus: Mahuna Rhus: Malecite Hepatica: Cherokee
Ludwigia: Hawaiian Rosa: Shoshoni; Tanana, Upper Humulus: Cherokee
Lycopodium: Iroquois Rubus: Iroquois; Makah Ledum: Cree, Woodlands
Lysichiton: Makah Rumex: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Lewisia: Flathead
Machaeranthera: Shoshoni Gosiute; Hawaiian; Iroquois; Mohegan; Paiute; Lygodesmia: Cheyenne
Magnolia: Houma Potawatomi; Rappahannock; Shoshoni Marrubium: Cherokee
Mahonia: Great Basin Indian; Hoh; Kutenai; Men- Salix: Houma; Mahuna; Paiute; Seminole Mertensia: Cheyenne
docino Indian; Modesse; Okanagan-Colville; Salvia: Diegueno Osmorhiza: Blackfoot
Paiute; Quileute; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Squaxin; Sambucus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Kawai Panax: Cherokee
Thompson; Tolowa isu; Shoshoni; Squaxin Perideridia: Blackfoot
Maianthemum: Iroquois; Shuswap; Washo Sanguinaria: Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Mohe Petradoria: Hopi
Malacothrix: Apache, White Mountain gan; Ojibwa Philadelphus: Thompson
Malus: Makah; Quinault Sarcobatus: Cheyenne Plagiomnium: Bella Coola
Mefitha: O)ibwa Sassafras: Cherokee; Chippewa; Choctaw; Dela Polygonatum: Cherokee
Mitchella: Iroquois ware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Rhizomnium: Bella Coola
Monardella: Costanoan; Mendocino Indian; Satureja: Mendocino Indian; Pomo; Pomo, Sambucus: Creek
Shoshoni Kashaya; Saanich; Yurok Scutellaria: Cherokee
Murdannia: Hawaiian Saxifraga: Iroquois Verbena: Cherokee
Myrica: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Scrophularia: Iroquois Burn Dressing
Myriophyllum: Iroquois Senecio: Iroquois Abies: Carrier, Northern; Micmac; Penobscot
Nepeta: Ojibwa Senna: Iroquois Abronia: Shoshoni
Nuphar: Bella Coola; Iroquois Sequoia: Houma Achillea: Bella Coola; Cree, Woodlands; Crow; Zuni
Onoclea: Iroquois Sor/?ws; Montagnais Acorus: Meskwaki
Oplopanax: Okanagon; Thompson Spiranthes: Seminole Agastache: Chippewa
Osmorhiza: Iroquois Stillingia: Seminole Alnus: Mendocino Indian
Osmunda: Iroquois Taraxacum: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Iro Alocasia: Hawaiian
Ostrya: Cherokee quois; Ojibwa; Rappahannock Anaphalis: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
Oxalis: Cherokee; Iroquois Taxus: Karok; Micmac; Yurok Anemone: Meskwaki
Panax: Iroquois; Micmac Thalictrum: Gitksan Anemopsis: Keres, Western
Passiflora: Houma Thuja: Iroquois; Ojibwa Aralia: Cherokee; Meskwaki
Pedicularis: Chippewa Toxicodendron: Iroquois Arbutus: Comchan
Pelea: Hawaiian Trifolium: Iroquois; Rappahannock Arctostaphylos: Atsugewi; Flathead
Pellaea: Costanoan; Mahuna; Miwok Trillium: Iroquois Argemone: Kawaiisu; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Perilla: Rappahannock Tsuga: Iroquois Aristida: Keres, Western
Phlox: Meskwaki; Okanagan-Colville Ulmus: Iroquois Artemisia: Meskwaki; Ponca
Phytolacca: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Urtica: Shoshoni Balsamorhiza: Flathead; Okanagan-Colville
Oklahoma Uvularia: Iroquois Betula: Cree, Woodlands
Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Makah Vaccinium: Ojibwa Brassica: Shoshoni
Pinus: Gitksan; Iroquois; Quinault Veratrum: Hanaksiala; Okanagon; Thompson Castilleja: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Plagiomnium: Bella Coola Verbascum: Iroquois Ceanothus: Okanagan-Colville
Plantago: Iroquois; Keres, Western Vernonia: Cherokee Cercocarpus: Apache, White Mountain; Gosiute;
P/atam*s: Diegueno; Meskwaki Veronicastrum: Chippewa Paiute; Shoshoni
Polygala: Cree, Woodlands; Seminole Viburnum: Iroquois Chenopodium: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta
Polygonum: Hawaiian Viola: Cherokee Cirsium: Kiowa
Polystichum: Iroquois Vitis: Cherokee; Iroquois Clematis: Miwok; Shoshoni
Populus: Iroquois; Ojibwa; Shoshoni Waldsteinia: Iroquois Clintonia: Chippewa
Portulaca: Keres, Western Wyethia: Paiute Conocephalum:Haisla & Hanaksiala
Potentilla: Okanagan-Colville Xanthium:Apache, White Mountain Conyza: Keres, Western
Prunella: Iroquois Xanthorhiza: Cherokee Cosmos: Navajo
Prunus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Chippewa; Breast Treatment Cynoglossum: Concow
Gosiute; Hoh; Iroquois; Makah; Quileute Achillea: Bella Coola Echinacea: Cheyenne; Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee;
Pseudotsuga: Okanagan-Colville Asarum: Cherokee Ponca; Sioux; Winnebago
 Index of Usages 777

Ephedra: Paiute; Shoshoni i?i/bi/s:Cowlitz; Kwakiutl; Quileute; Quinault Picea: Thompson

Equisetum: Okanagon; Thompson Rudbeckia: Chippewa Polystichum: Hesquiat
Eriogonum: Klamath Rumex: Keres, Western; Paiute; Shoshoni Pninus: Kwakiutl
Eupatorium: Potawatomi Sambuais: Cherokee; Yokut Pteridium: Hesquiat
Fagus: Iroquois; Potawatomi Sanguinaria: Meskwaki Pyrola: Nootka
Fragaria: Quileute Sassafras: Rappahannock Shepherdia: Thompson
Frangula: Kawaiisu Senecio: Navajo, Kayenta
Gaultheria: Klallam Silene: Navajo, Ramah Tradescantia: Cherokee
Gaura:Nava]o Smallanthus: Cherokee Thfolium: Shinnecock; Thompson
Geranium: Meskwaki Sm ilax: Cherokee Trillium: Cherokee
Goodyera: Cherokee Solidago: Chippewa; Costanoan; Iroquois; Mahuna; Ulmus: Montana Indian
Helianthus: Meskwaki Meskwaki Xanthorhiza: Cherokee
Holodiscus: Okanagan-Colville Sphaeralcea: Dakota Carminative
Hydrangea: Cherokee Symphoricarpos: Cowichan; Flathead; Saanich Achillea: Shoshoni
Impatiens: Mohegan; Nanticoke; Penobscot Taxus: Okanagan-Colville v4con/s:Abnaki; Cherokee; Dakota; Omaha;
Iris: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Meskwaki; Thuja: Malecite; Micmac Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago
Shoshoni Tilia: Iroquois Aletris: Cherokee
Juniperus: Shoshoni 7fr7//i/m:Yurok Allium: Cherokee
Krascheninnikovia: Hopi; Tewa; Zuni Tsuga: Bella Coola; Kwakiutl Alnus: Tanana, Upper
Larix: Chippewa; Thompson Typha: Dakota; Montana Indian; Omaha; Pawnee; Angelica: Cherokee; Creek
Larrea: Paiute Ponca; Sioux; Winnebago Aralia: Cherokee
Ledum: Chippewa; Cree; Cree, Woodlands Ulmus: Cherokee Arisaema: Cherokee
Lomatium: Thompson Veratrum: Paiute Artemisia: Okanagan-Colville; Tewa
Lonicera: Wet'suwet'en Wyethia: Mendocino Indian Asclepias: Meskwaki
Lysichiton: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Nitinaht Zanthoxylum: Comanche Brickellia: Keres, Western
Maianthemum: Nitinaht Zigadenus: Paiute Cardamine: Iroquois
Malvella: Choctaw Cancer Treatment Chenopodium: Eskimo, Inupiat
Mentzelia: Gosiute; Kawaiisu Abies: Iroquois Chlorogalum: Wailaki
Mirabilis: Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute Aesculus: Cherokee Eupatorium: Iroquois
Monarda: Chippewa Aralia: Iroquois Foeniculum: Cherokee
Navarretia: Costanoan Arnoglossum: Cherokee Gutierrezia: Hopi; Tewa
Nereocystis: Kwakiutl, Southern Artemisia: Eskimo; Tanana, Upper Helianthus: Shasta
Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah Athyrium: Hesquiat Hydrastis: Iroquois
Opuntia: Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Hualapai Blechnum: Hesquiat Inula: \roquo\s
Paeonia: Shoshoni Ceanothus: Thompson Larrea: Pima
Parthenium: Catawba Celastrus: Chippewa Liatris: Cherokee
Pediomelum: Cheyenne Chamaesyce: Cherokee Linum: Paiute
Penstemon: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Chimaphila: Cherokee; Iroquois Matricaria: Aleut
Petrophyton: Gosiute Cirsium: Iroquois Men tha: Cherokee; Chippewa; Dakota; Omaha;
Phlox: Navajo Cornus: Menominee Paiute; Pawnee; Ponca; Shoshoni; Winnebago
Physalis: Iroquois Crepis: Meskwaki Menyan thes: Aleut
Picea: Bella Coola; Cree, Woodlands Cryptantha: Hopi Mitchella: Iroquois
Pinus: Flathead; Iroquois; Mendocino Indian; Cynoglossum: Cherokee; Iroquois Monarda: Cherokee
Miwok; Navajo, Ramah Dryopteris: Hesquiat Pectis: Navajo; Zuni
Plantago: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Epilobium: Kwakiutl Pinus: Kawaiisu
Cree; Houma; Iroquois; Menominee; Meskwaki; Euphorbia: Cherokee Polygonatum: Iroquois
Mohegan; Ojibwa Fritillaria: Lakota Polypodium: Hesquiat
Polystichum: Quinault Gaillardia: Thompson Rhus: Iroquois
Populus: Haisla & Hanaksiala Hackelia: Cherokee Salix: Iroquois
Portulaca: Iroquois Hydrangea: Cherokee Salvia: Costanoan
Potentilla: Navajo, Kayenta Hydrastis: Cherokee Sanguinaria: Iroquois
Prenanthes: Bella Coola Lachnanthes: Cherokee Solanum: Navajo
Prosopis: Pima Larix: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Cathartic
Prunella: Cherokee Larrea: Cahuilla Abies: Carrier, Northern; Gitksan; Okanagon;
Prunus: Apache, Mescalero; Chippewa; Crow; Maianthemum: Thompson Thompson
Iroquois Oplopanax: Gitksan; Haisla; Wet'suwet'en Abronia: Navajo, Kayenta
Pteridium:Yana Orobanche: Montana Indian Acer: Blackfoot
Quercus: Kawaiisu; Neeshenam Ostrya: Iroquois Achillea: Makah; Montana Indian; Okanagan-
Rhus: Cherokee; Cheyenne Oxalis: Cherokee Colville
Rosa: Paiute; Pawnee; Shoshoni Pedicularis: Meskwaki Acorus: Chippewa; Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa
778 Drug, Cathartic

Acourtia: Coahuilla Iroquois Polygonatum: Ojibwa

Actaea: Cree, Hudson Bay Fremontodendron: Kawaiisu Polygonum: Zuni
Adenostoma: Coahuilla Gentianella: Cherokee Populus: Cree, Hudson Bay; Gitksan
Agastache: Shoshoni Geocaulon:CTee, Hudson Bay Porteranthus: Iroquois
Ageratina: \roquo\s Glycyrrhiza: Navajo, Ramah Potentilla: Ojibwa
Aletes: Keres, Western Gutierrezia: Keres, Western Prosopis: Pima
Allium: Cherokee Hedeoma: Shoshoni Prunella: Chippewa
Alnus: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Gitksan; Iroquois; Heracleum: Okanagon; Omaha; Thompson Prunus: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Navajo
Micmac Heuchera: Gosiute Psathyrotes: Paiute; Shoshoni
Amelanchier: Blackfoot Huperzia: Nitmaht Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola
Amphicarpaea: Chippewa Hydrangea: Cherokee Psilostrophe: Navajo, Ramah
Angelica: Bella Coola Hymenoxys: Hop'i Psorothamnus:Pa\ute, Northern
Apocynum: Cree, Hudson Bay; Montana Indian Hypericum: Seminole Purshia: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Aralia: Montana Indian Ilex: Creek; Iroquois Quercus: Navajo, Ramah
Arenaria: Gosiute; Yavapai In ula: Iroquois Ratibida: Navajo, Ramah
Argemone: Shoshoni Ipomopsis: Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute; Shoshoni; Rhamnus: Cherokee; Costanoan (Olhonean); Iro
Artemisia: Mewuk; Paiute; Shoshoni Washo quois; Potawatomi
Arundinaria: Seminole Iris: Cree, Hudson Bay; Creek; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Rheum: Cherokee
Asarum: Iroquois Yavapai Rhus: Flathead; Iroquois
Asclepias: Meskwaki; Pima Juglans: Cherokee; Chippewa; Delaware, Okla Ribes: Micmac
Astragalus: Jemez homa; Iroquois; Malecite; Menominee; Mes Ricinus: Cherokee; Pima; Seminole
Atriplex: Shoshoni; Yokut kwaki; Micmac; Potawatomi Rosa: Bella Coola
Bahia: Keres, Western Juniperus: Carrier, Northern; Gitksan; Thompson Rubus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville
Balsamorhiza: Flathead Lobelia: Iroquois Rumex: Gosiute; Iroquois; Micmac; Shoshoni
Baptisia: Cherokee Lonicera: Algonquin, Quebec; Blackfoot Salix: Paiute
Betula: Chippewa; Delaware, Oklahoma Lotus: Navajo, Ramah Sambucus: Bella Coola; Carrier, Northern; Carrier,
Castilleja: Gitksan; Shoshoni Lycopodium: Montagnais Southern; Cherokee; Costanoan; Gitksan;
Celastrus: Chippewa Lysichiton: Skokomish Iroquois; Menominee; Meskwaki; Micmac;
Cephalanthus: Seminole Machaeranthera: Navajo; Shoshoni Mohegan; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Potawatomi; Sikani;
Chaenactis: Sanpoil Maianthemum: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Yokut
Chamaesyce: Cherokee; Navajo; Zuni Gitksan Sassafras: Seminole
Chrysothamnus:Navajo, Ramah Marah: Luiseno Senecio: Navajo, Ramah
Cicuta: Bella Coola; Kwakiutl; Salish, Coast Mirabilis: Luiseno; Paiute Senna: Cherokee
Corn us: Algonquin, Quebec; Green River Group; Mitchella: Iroquois Sesamum: Cherokee
Iroquois Mitella: Gosiute Shepherdia: Carrier, Northern; Salish; Shuswap;
Croton: Apache, White Mountain; Keres, Western; Monarda: Choctaw Sioux; Thompson
Zuni Monardella: Shoshoni Silene: Ojibwa
Cucurbita: CahuWte; Paiute; Shoshoni Moms: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma Simmondsia: Yavapai
Dalea: Jemez; Lakota Nicotiana: Cherokee; Costanoan; Paiute; Shoshoni Sisyrinchium: Iroquois; Luiseno
Dfltara: Costanoan Oenanthe: Kitasoo Smilax: Chippewa
Daucus: Micmac Oplopanax: Bella Coola; Carrier, Northern; Carrier, Solidago: Chippewa; Keres, Western
Dirca: Chippewa; Iroquois Southern; Gitksan Sonchus: Pima
Empetrum: Bella Coola Opuntia: Cahuilla Sorbus: Gitksan
Ephedra: Shoshoni Orthocarpus: Navajo, Ramah Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni
Epilobium: Miwok Osmorhiza: Bella Coola; Iroquois; Paiute; Shoshoni; Stephanomeria: Paiute
Eriastrum: Paiute; Shoshoni Washo Stillingia: Creek
Erigeron: Paiute Pedicularis: Potawatomi Streptopus: Ojibwa
Eriogonum: Cahuilla; Mahuna Penstemon: Thompson Symphoricarpos: Chippewa; Okanagan-Colville
Eryngium: Creek Petradoria: Navajo, Ramah Taraxacum: Mohegan
Euonymus: Iroquois; Mohegan Philadelphia: Okanagan-Co\vi\\e Tetradymia: Shoshoni
Eupatorium: Cherokee Phlox: Navajo; Paiute Thymophylla: Paiute
Euphorbia: Cherokee; Creek; Meskwaki; Navajo; Phoradendron: Pima Trifolium: Costanoan
Ojibwa Physocarpus: Carrier, Southern; Kwakiutl Triosteum: Meskwaki
Fendlera: Navajo, Kayenta Phytolacca: Iroquois Ulmus: Menominee
Frangw/tf: Costanoan; Delaware, Oklahoma; Pimpinella: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Valeriana: Menominee
Diegueno; Flathead; Karok; Kutenai; Mahuna; Pinus: Gitksan; Mendocino Indian; Nanticoke Veronicastrum: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois;
Mendocino Indian; Mewuk; Miwok; Modesse; Platanus: Cherokee Menominee; Ojibwa, South
Sanpoil; Thompson; West Coast Indian; Yurok, Podophyllum: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki Viburnum: Carrier, Northern; Ojibwa
South Coast (Nererner) Polemonium: Meskwaki Wyethia: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Fraxinus: Chippewa; Delaware, Oklahoma; Polygala: Cherokee Yucca: Pima
 Index of Usages 779

'fl: Navajo, Ramah Cyperus: Navajo, Ramah Lupinus: Nava\o, Ramah

Ceremonial Medicine Dasylirion: Tarahumara Luzu la: Navajo, Ramah
Abies: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Crow; Kwakiutl; Ojibwa Datura: Apache, White Mountain; Kawaiisu; Lycium: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah
Acer: Cheyenne Luiseno; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Yokut Lycopus: Cherokee
Achillea: Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Delphinium: Hopi Madia: Cheyenne; Crow
Acorus: Cheyenne; Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Dichanthelium: Navajo, Ramah Mahonia: Apache, White Mountain; Navajo, Ramah
Winnebago Dimorphocarpa: Apache, White Mountain Maianthemum: Meskwaki; Navajo, Kayenta;
Actaea: Cheyenne Dodonaea: Hawaiian Navajo, Ramah
Adiantum: Nitinaht Draba: Navajo, Ramah Mfl/ws:Haisla & Hanaksiala
Agastache: Cree; Navajo, Ramah Echinochloa: Navajo, Ramah Matelea: Comanche
Agoseris: Navajo, Ramah Eleocharis: Navajo, Ramah Matricaria: Cheyenne
Amaranthus: Cherokee £/ymus: Iroquois Mentha: Cheyenne; Navajo
Ambrosia: Cherokee Epipactis: Navajo, Kayenta Mentzelia: Navajo, Kayenta
Amelanchier: Navajo, Ramah Equisetum: Hoh; Hopi; Karok; Quileute Mitchella: Ojibwa
Anaphalis: Cheyenne Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah Monarda: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah
Andropogon: Cherokee Eriogonum: Apache, White Mountain; Navajo, Monolepis: Navajo, Ramah
Anemone: Ojibwa Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Thompson Nicotiana: Apache, White Mountain; Cherokee;
Angelica: Blackfoot Eryngium: Meskwaki; Seminole Costanoan; Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa
Antennaria: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville Erys//m/m: Navajo, Ramah Oenanthe: Tsimshian
Apocynum: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Fallugia: Navajo, Ramah Oenothera: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Ojibwa Fendlera: Navajo, Kayenta Oplopanax: Montana Indian
Aquilegia: Meskwaki; Navajo, Kayenta Forestiera: Navajo, Ramah Oreoxis: Navajo
Arbutus: Karok Frangula: Navajo, Kayenta Orthocarpus: Navajo, Ramah
Arceuthobium: Navajo, Ramah Fraxinus: Omaha Panax: Creek
Arctostaphylos: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Galium: Navajo, Ramah Parryella: Navajo, Ramah
Ojibwa Gaylussacia: Iroquois Parthenocissus: Navajo
Arisaema: Meskwaki Glyceria: Crow; Montana Indian Paxistima: Navajo, Ramah
Artemisia: Cheyenne; Dakota; Delaware, Okla Glycyrrhiza: Cheyenne Pectis: Navajo
homa; Miwok; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Omaha; Gnaphalium: Navajo, Ramah Pelea: Hawaiian
Paiute; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Gutierrezia: Keresan; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Penstemon: Navajo, Ramah
Asclepias: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha Navajo, Ramah Pentaphylloides: Cheyenne
Aster: Navajo, Ramah Hamamelis: Menominee Pericome: Navajo, Ramah
Astragalus: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Hedeoma: Navajo Persea: Seminole
Atriplex: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah Helianthus: Cheyenne; GrosVentre; Mandan; Peteria: Navajo, Ramah
Baccharis: Navajo, Ramah Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Ree Petradoria: Navajo, Ramah
Besseya: Navajo, Ramah Heracleum: Thompson Petrophyton: Navajo, Kayenta
Brickellia: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Heterotheca: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Phlox: Navajo
Bromus: Navajo, Kayenta Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Dakota; Omaha; Phragmites: Iroquois
Calochortus: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Physaria: Hopi
Campanula: Navajo, Ramah #owsto/2/a: Navajo, Ramah Picea: Bella Coola; Koyukon; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Carex: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah Hymenopappus: Hopi Piloblephis: Seminole
Catabrosa:Crow, Montana Indian Hymenoxys: Navajo, Ramah Pinus: Cherokee; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Ceanothus: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Ilex: Alabama Poa: Hopi
Okanagan-Colville Impatiens: Cherokee Podophyllum: Iroquois
Chamaesyce: Navajo, Ramah Ipomopsis: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Polygonum: Navajo, Ramah
Chrysothamnus: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Iris: Navajo, Ramah Populus: Omaha; Thompson
Ramah Juniperus: Cheyenne; Comanche; Crow; Flathead; Potamogeton: Navajo, Ramah
Cicuta: Cherokee Montana Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha Primus: Cheyenne; Dakota; Navajo, Ramah;
Clematis: Cherokee Kochia: Navajo Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Sioux; Winnebago
Cleome: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Koeleria: Cheyenne Psathyrotes: Navajo, Kayenta
Comptonia: Chippewa Lactuca: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah Pseudocymopterus: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Cordylanthus: Navajo, Kayenta Ledum: Algonquin, Quebec Ramah
Coreopsis: Navajo, Ramah Lesquerella: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Pseudostellaria: Navajo, Kayenta
Cornus: Apache, White Mountain; Menominee; Ligusticum: Okanagan-Colville; Zuni Pseudotsuga: Navajo, Ramah
Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Limosella: Navajo, Ramah Psilostrophe: Navajo, Ramah
Cosmos: Navajo, Ramah Lithospermum: Blackfoot; Zuni Psoralidium: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah
Cryptantha: Navajo, Ramah Lobelia: Crow Purshia: Navajo, Ramah
Cucurbita: Cherokee Lomatium: Blackfoot; Navajo; Nitinaht Pyrola: Karok
Cuscuta: Navajo, Ramah Lonicera: Navajo, Ramah Pyrrhopappus: Navajo, Ramah
Cynoglossum: Cherokee Lophophora: Comanche; Omaha; Winnebago Quercus: Navajo, Ramah
780 Drug, Ceremonial Medicine

Ranunculus:Navajo, Ramah Wet'suwet'en Calocedrus: Paiute

Ratibida: Navajo, Ramah Acer: Micmac Caltha: Chippewa
Rhododendron: Cherokee; Karok Achillea: Abnaki; Aleut; Algonquin, Quebec; Carrier, Calycanthus: Porno; Porno, Kashaya
Rhus: Delaware, Oklahoma; Hopi; Ojibwa Southern; Cheyenne; Clallam; Flathead; Klallam; Capsicum: Cherokee
Ribes: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Kwakiutl; Micmac; Miwok; Nitinaht; Okanagan- Cardamine: Cherokee; Iroquois
Rorippa: Navajo, Ramah Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Saanich; San- Carya: Cherokee
Rosa: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville poil; Shoshoni; Thompson; Yuki Castanea: Mohegan
Rumex: Navajo, Ramah Acorus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Castilleja: Chippewa
Salix: Cheyenne; Karok; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Dakota; Delaware; Ceanothus: Iroquois
Seminole Delaware, Oklahoma; Delaware, Ontario; Iro Celastrus: Iroquois
Sambucus: Iroquois; Karok; Seminole quois; Malecite; Menominee; Micmac; Mohegan; Celtis: Iroquois
Sanguinaria: Ojibwa Nanticoke; Ojibwa; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Cercocarpus: Paiute; Shoshoni
Sarcobatus: Cheyenne; Hopi Winnebago Chaenactis: Paiute
Sassafras: Seminole Actaea: Blackfoot Chaetopappa: Zuni
Saxifraga: Iroquois Adenostoma: Cahuilla Chamaebatia: Miwok
Schoenocrambe: Navajo, Ramah Agastache: Cheyenne; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute Chenopodium: Cherokee
Scirpus: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah Allium: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Mohegan; Chimaphila: Abnaki; Cherokee; Okanagan-Colville
Senecio: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Shinnecock Chrysothamnus: Cheyenne; Jemez; Navajo, Ramah;
Shepherdia: Dakota; Navajo, Kayenta Alnus: Menominee; Swinomish Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson
Silphium: Winnebago Ambrosia: Cheyenne Cimicifuga: Cherokee
Sinapis: Navajo, Ramah Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands; Okanagan-Colville Clematis: Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian;
Solatium: Ojibwa Anaphalis: Cherokee; Mohegan Shasta
Sphaeralcea: Cheyenne; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta Anemone: Carrier, Southern Collinsia: Natchez
Stachys: Navajo, Ramah Anemopsis: Cahuilla; Kawaiisu; Pima; Shoshoni; Comandra: Meskwaki
Staphylea: Meskwaki Tubatulabal Conioselinum: Aleut
Suaeda: Hopi Angelica: Aleut; Cherokee; Iroquois; Mendocino Conyza: Seminole
Symphoricarpos: Navajo, Ramah Indian; Micmac; Miwok; Paiute; Porno, Kashaya; Coptis: Abnaki; Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
Tetraclea: Navajo, Ramah Shoshoni; Yana Corallorrhiza:Nevada Indian
Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Antennaria: Natchez; Thompson Corethrogyne: Kawaiisu
Tetraneuris: Navajo, Kayenta Anthemis: Mendocino Indian Corn us: Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Tete-de-
Thalictrum: Navajo, Ramah Apocynum: Chippewa Boule; Blackfoot; Cree, Hudson Bay; Iroquois;
Thlaspi: Navajo, Ramah Aquilegia: Paiute Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Th w/fl: Chippewa; Ojibwa; Oweekeno Arabis: Cheyenne Cryptantha: Navajo
Townsendia: Navajo Aralia: Iroquois; Malecite; Mendocino Indian; Cunila: Cherokee
Tragopogon: Navajo, Ramah Micmac Cupressus: Kawaiisu; Miwok
Tribulus: Navajo Arbutus: Porno, Little Lakes; Saanich; Skokomish Cyperus: Hawaiian; Pima; Tanana, Upper; Yavapai
Trifolium: Navajo, Ramah Arctium: Mohegan Cypripedium: Cherokee
Tsuga: Kwakiutl; Kwakwaka'wakw; Oweekeno Arctostaphylos: Cheyenne; Porno, Calpella Daucus: Costanoan
Typha: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha Arisaema: Cherokee Desmodium: Alabama; Hawaiian
Vaccinium: Iroquois; Seminole Aristolochia: Cherokee; Miwok Distichlis: Yokut
Valeriana: Thompson Armoracia: Cherokee Echinacea: Cheyenne; Crow
Veratrum: Haisla & Hanaksiala Aronia: Potawatomi Empetrum: Tanana, Upper
Verbena: Navajo, Ramah Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Costanoan; Ephedra: Paiute; Shoshoni
Verbesina: Seminole Diegueno; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Kuskokwag- Equisetum: Okanagan-Colville
Veronica: Navajo, Ramah miut; Eskimo, Nunivak; Flathead; Gosiute; Hava- Ericameria: Miwok; Paiute; Shoshoni
Veronicastrum: Menominee supai; Hualapai; Karok; Kawaiisu; Lakota; Erigeron: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ojibwa
Vicia: Navajo; Okanagan-Colville Mendocino Indian; Navajo; Okanagan-Colville; Eriodictyon: Atsugewi; Cahuilla; Costanoan;
Viola: Navajo, Ramah Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Salish; Sanpoil; Sho Diegueno; Karok; Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian;
Vitis: Seminole shoni; Shuswap; Tanana, Upper; Thompson; Miwok; Paiute; Shoshoni; Yurok
Xanthium:Lakota; Zuni Washo; Zuni Eriogonum: Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Nevada Indian;
Yucca: Apache, Western; Cherokee; Hopi; Navajo, Aruncus: Skagit; Thompson Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni
Ramah; Tewa Asarum: Abnaki; Cherokee; Iroquois; Okanagan- Erythronium: Okanagan-Colville
Zea: Navajo Colville Eucalyptus: Cahuilla
Zin n ia: Navaj o, Ramah Asclepias: Costanoan Eupatorium: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois;
Cold Remedy Aster: Iroquois Mohegan; Shinnecock
Abies: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Blackfoot; Atriplex: Cahuilla; Paiute, Northern Foeniculum: Cherokee
Chehalis; Cree, Woodlands; Crow; Gitksan; Green Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne; Kawaiisu Frosera:Havasupai
River Group; Iroquois; Menominee; Micmac; Betula: Cherokee; Iroquois; Thompson Gamochaeta: Houma
Montana Indian; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South; Owee Brassica: Meskwaki; Micmac Garrya: Kawaiisu; Poliklah
keno; Paiute; Potawatomi; Shoshoni; Thompson; Callirhoe: Dakota Gaultheria: Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Tete-
 Index of Usages 781

de-Boule; Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois Melilotus: Navajo, Ramah Malecite; Micmac; Mohegan; Narraganset; Ojib
Gentianella:Tanana, Upper Melissa: Cherokee wa; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Rappahannock;
Geranium: Blackfoot Men tha: Carrier, Southern; Chehalis; Cherokee; Saanich; Shinnecock; Skagit; Skokomish;
Geum: Aleut; Micmac; Okanagan-Colville Cowlitz; Cree, Woodlands; Flathead; Gosiute; Iro Thompson
Glechoma: Cherokee quois; Kutenai; Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Cowlitz; Karok; Squaxin;
Gleditsia: Meskwaki; Rappahannock Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Swinomish; Thompson
Gnaphalium: Cherokee; Choctaw; Costanoan; Thompson; Washo Psorothamnus: Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni
Creek; Keres, Western; Miwok Monarda: Bannock; Cherokee; Chippewa; Flathead; Pteridium: Thompson
Goodyera: Cherokee Meskwaki; Nanticoke; Sioux, Teton Pterocaulon: Seminole
Grindelia: Crow; Flathead; Mendocino Indian; Ute Monardella: Miwok; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Purshia: Havasupai; Paiute
Gutierrezia: Lakota; Shoshoni Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Washo Pycnanthemum: Cherokee; Choctaw; Miwok
Hamamelis: Cherokee; Iroquois Moneses: Eskimo, Alaska Quercus: Atsugewi; Delaware; Delaware, Okla
Hedeoma: Catawba; Cherokee; Dakota Monotropa: Mohegan homa; Mohegan; Neeshenam
Helenium: Costanoan; Menominee; Meskwaki Nepeta: Cherokee; Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville Ranunculus: Meskwaki
Heracleum: Aleut; Paiute; Shoshoni Nicotiana: Paiute Rhamnus: Kawaiisu
Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Flathead Nymphaea: Micmac Rhododendron: Skokomish
Holodiscus: Paiute Obolaria: Cherokee Rhus: Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Comanche;
Huperzia: Iroquois Oenothera: Navajo, Kayenta Iroquois
Hyssopus: Cherokee Oplopanax: Cowlitz; Gitksan; Green River Group; Ribes: Bella Coola; Okanagan-Colville; Sanpoil;
Inula: Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Malecite; Haisla; Hanaksiala; Oweekeno; Sanpoil; Wet'- Skagit; Skagit, Upper; Tanana, Upper; Thompson
Micmac suwet'en Rosa: Costanoan; Paiute; Shoshoni; Tanana, Upper;
Ipomopsis: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Orobanche: Paiute Washo
Iris: Meskwaki Osmorhiza: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Kawaiisu; Paiute; Rubus: Iroquois; Klallam
Iva: Shoshoni Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni; Thompson; Washo Rudbeckia: Potawatomi
Juniperus: Apache, White Mountain; Cherokee; Osmunda: Iroquois Rumex: Hopi; Paiute; Pima
Cheyenne; Dakota; Eskimo, Inupiat; Flathead; Paxistima: Okanagan-Colville Salix: Costanoan; Micmac; Montana Indian;
Gosiute; Havasupai; Iroquois; Kutenai; Lakota; Pediomelum: Seminole Penobscot; Porno, Kashaya
Navajo, Ramah; Nez Perce; Okanagan-Colville; Penstemon: Natchez; Okanagan-Colville; Shoshoni Salvia: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Diegueno; Okanagan-
Omaha; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Pawnee; Ponca; Petasites: Eskimo, Inupiat Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni;
Seminole; Shoshoni; Sioux; Tanana, Upper; Phacelia: Kawaiisu; Shuswap Washo
Thompson; Washo Ph lox: Havasupai Sambucus: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Hoh; Kawaiisu;
Kalmia: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Montagnais Physostegia: Meskwaki Paiute; Pima; Quileute; Shoshoni
Keckiella: Miwok Phytolacca: Iroquois Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Micmac
Larix: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac; Nez Perce Picea: Carrier; Cherokee; Gitksan; Haisla & Sanvitalia: Nava\o, Ramah
Larrea: Cahuilla; Hualapai; Paiute; Pima; Shoshoni Hanaksiala; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Tanana, Upper; Sassafras: Cherokee; Iroquois; Seminole
Ledum: Abnaki; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kitasoo; Wet'suwet'en Satureja: Cahuilla; Luiseno; Porno, Kashaya
Micmac; Oweekeno; Tanana, Upper Piloblephis: Seminole Scrophularia: Iroquois
Ligusticum: Atsugewi; Crow; Okanagan-Colville Pinus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Apache, Scutellaria: Miwok
Linanthus: Porno, Calpella Mescalero; Cherokee; Eskimo, Alaska; Iroquois; Senecio: Yavapai
Lindera: Cherokee; Iroquois Keres, Western; Micmac; Mohegan; Montagnais; Silphium: Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago
Linnaea: Snohomish Navajo, Ramah; Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Solanum: Pima
Linum: Cherokee Thompson; Washo Solidago: Alabama; Cherokee
Lithophragma: Mendocino Indian Piper: Hawaiian Sorbus: Algonquin, Quebec; Carrier, Southern;
Lithospermum: Navajo Pityopsis: Seminole Potawatomi
Lobelia: Cherokee; Yokut Plantago: Paiute Sphaeralcea: Navajo; Shoshoni
Loeseliastrum: Tubatulabal Pla tan us: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Spiraea: Mahuna; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Lomatium: Cowichan; Crow; Gosiute; Great Basin Meskwaki Stachys: Meskwaki
Indian; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl; Nitinaht; Okanagan- Polygala: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac; Miwok; Stephanomeria: Cheyenne
Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Saanich; Sho Ojibwa, South Symphoricarpos: Klallam; Miwok
shoni; Songish; Thompson; Washo; Yuki Polygonum: Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi; Symplocarpus: Nanticoke
Lonicera: Swinomish Tanana, Upper Tagetes: Navajo
Lophophora: Kiowa Polypodium: Cowichan; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Tanacetum: Iroquois
Lycopus: Blackfoot Saanich; Thompson Tauschia: Kawaiisu
Magnolia: Houma Populus: Delaware, Ontario; Flathead; Iroquois; Taxus: Iroquois; Penobscot
Mahonia: Havasupai Menominee; Meskwaki; Micmac; Ojibwa; Penob- Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni
Maianthemum: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson scot; Tanana, Upper; Yuki Thalictrum: Keres, Western; Washo
Marrubium: Cherokee; Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Porteranthus:Cherokee; Iroquois Thamnosma: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni
Rappahannock; Round Valley Indian Prenanthes: Bella Coola Thermopsis: Cheyenne
Matricaria: Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Prunella: Iroquois Thuja:Algonquin, Quebec; Cowlitz; Iroquois; Nez
Western; Flathead; Shuswap Primus: Cherokee; Cowichan; Iroquois; Karok; Perce
782 Drug, Cold Remedy

Trichostema: Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Miwok Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni Castilleja: Gitksan

Trifolium: Mohegan Tanacetum: Malecite; Micmac Ceanothus: Chippewa; Menominee; Modesse
Trillium: Iroquois Toxicodendron: Karok Celastrus: Cherokee
Triosteum: Iroquois Vaccinium: Cree, Woodlands Cercocarpus: Kawaiisu; Paiute; Shoshoni
Tsuga: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Malecite; Veratrum: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Chaenactis: Paiute
Menominee; Micmac; Potawatomi; Quinault; Viburnum: Iroquois Chamaebatia: Miwok
Thompson Yucca: Navajo, Ramah Ch rysotham n us: Cheyenne; Coahuilla; Navajo,
Ulmus: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Cough Medicine Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni
Mohegan Abies: Cree, Woodlands; Crow; Gitksan; Iroquois; Cimicifuga: Cherokee
Umbellularia: Karok; Porno, Kashaya Kwakiutl; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Collinsia: Natchez
Urtica: Paiute; Shoshoni; Skagit; Snohomish Thompson; Wet'suwet'en Conyza: Seminole
Vaccinium: Seminole; Skagit; Skagit, Upper; Acer: Micmac; Mohegan; Potawatomi Coptis: Abnaki
Tanana, Upper Achillea: Cheyenne; Hesquiat; Paiute; Paiute, Cornus: Chippewa; Cree, Hudson Bay; Iroquois
Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands; Okanagon; Thompson Northern Croton: Diegueno
Veratrum: Haisla; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Okanagan- Acorus: Algonquin, Quebec; Chippewa; Cree, Wood Cryptantha: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Colville; Paiute, Northern; Salish; Shoshoni lands; Dakota; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Cupressus: Kawaiisu
Verbascum: Atsugewi; Delaware, Oklahoma; Mohe Lakota; Meskwaki; Micmac; Omaha; Pawnee; Cyperus: Pima
gan; Shinnecock; Thompson Ponca; Winnebago Dichanthelium: Seminole
Verbena: Cherokee; Iroquois Actaea: Blackfoot Draba: Navajo, Ramah
Viburnum: Bella Coola; Iroquois; Tanana, Upper Agastache: Chippewa; Navajo, Ramah Echinacea: Choctaw; Kiowa
Viola: Cherokee Aletris: Cherokee Enceliopsis: Shoshoni
Wyeth ia: Paiute Allium: Blackfoot Ephedra: Keres, Western; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Xanthorhiza: Catawba Alnus: Cherokee; Gitksan Epilobium: Abnaki
Xyr/s; Seminole Ambrosia: Pima Equisetum: Modesse
Zanthoxylum: Chippewv, Menominee Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands Ericameria: Paiute; Shoshoni
Contraceptive Anaphalis: Cherokee; Montagnais Erigeron: Cherokee; Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
Amelanchier: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Andropogon: Seminole Eriod/ctyo/z: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Mahuna; Miwok;
Apocynum: Okanagan-Colville Anemopsis: Kawaiisu; Pima Paiute; Porno, Kashaya; Shoshoni; Yuki; Yurok
Arabis: Okanagan-Colville Angelica: Micmac; Paiute; Washo Eriogonum: Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah;
Arisaema: Iroquois Antennaria: Natchez; Thompson Shoshoni
Asclepias: Iroquois Apocynum: Cherokee Galium: Cherokee
Bahia: Navajo, Ramah Aquilegia: Paiute Gaultheria: Samish; Swinomish
Betula: Thompson Aralia: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Gentianella:Tanana, Upper
Castilleja: Hopi; Tewa Micmac; Penobscot Geum: Blackfoot; Malecite; Micmac; Ojibwa, South
Chelone: Malecite; Micmac Arctium: Chippewa Gleditsia: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Rappa-
Cicuta: Cherokee Arctostaphylos: Cheyenne hannock
Cirsium: Zuni Arisaema: Cherokee Glycyrrhiza: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Keres, Western
Claytonia: Iroquois Aristolochia: Cherokee Gnaphalium: Cherokee; Montagnais
Clematis: Okanagan-Colville Artemisia: Arapaho; Blackfoot; Costanoan; Grindelia: Crow; Flathead; Gosiute; Paiute;
Cornus: Okanagan-Colville Diegueno; Gosiute; Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Navajo, Shoshoni
Cuscuta: Paiute Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Tanana, Gutierrezia: Lakota
Equisetum: Costanoan Upper; Tewa; Washo Hamamelis: Iroquois
Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah Aruncus: Kwakiutl Hedeoma: Cherokee
Eriogonum: Navajo, Ramah Asarum: Abnaki', Cherokee; Iroquois Heracleum: Shoshoni
Erythronium: Iroquois Asclepias: Paiute Hierochloe: Blackfoot
Galium: Choctaw Asplenium: Cherokee Hosta: Cherokee
Geum: Chehalis Astragalus: Lakota Humulus: Navajo, Ramah
Hepatica: Iroquois Atriplex: Navajo, Ramah Hydrocotyle: Seminole
Iva:Mahuna Baccharis: Diegueno Hymenopappus: Navajo, Ramah
Juniperus: Shoshoni; Zuni Bacopa: Seminole Hypericum: Montagnais
Lithospermum: Navajo; Shoshoni Balsamorhiza: Kawaiisu Hyssopus: Cherokee
Lonicera: Chehalis Barbarea: Mohegan; Shinnecock Ilex: Micmac
Mahonia: Flathead Berchemia: Koasati Inula: Cherokee; Iroquois
Maianthemum: Costanoan Betula: Thompson Ipomoea: Cherokee; Iroquois
Ph lox: Navajo, Ramah Boschniakia: Hesquiat Iris: Yana

Pinus: Kawaiisu Botrychium: Iroquois Isocoma: Pima

Pontederia: Malecite; Micmac Brassica: Micmac Iva: Navajo, Ramah
Rhus: Navajo, Ramah Brickellia: Navajo, Ramah Juniperus: Apache, White Mountain; Bella Coola;
Ricinus: Navajo Campanulastrum: Meskwaki Carrier, Northern; Cheyenne; Cree, Woodlands;
Rumex: Iroquois Castanea: Cherokee Dakota; Eskimo, Inupiat; Gosiute; Iroquois;
 Index of Usages 783

Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Paiute; Pawnee; Ponca; shoni; Shuswap; Sikani; Thompson Uvularia: Iroquois
Seminole; Shoshoni; Tanana, Upper Plantago: Carrier Vaccinium: Tanana, Upper

Krameria: Pi ma Platanus: Cherokee Valeriana: Navajo, Ramah

L#rijc: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Nez Polygala: Miwok; Montagnais; Ojibwa, South Vancouveria: Yurok
Perce; Thompson Polygonatum: Ojibwa Veratrum: Bella Coola
Ledum: Tanana, Upper Polygonum: Tanana, Upper Verbascum: Cherokee; Creek; Delaware; Delaware,
Ligusticum: Atsugewi; Crow; Paiute Polypodium: Green River Group; Haisla & Hanak- Oklahoma; Mohegan; Navajo, Ramah; Thompson

Lilium: Malecite; Micmac siala; Hesquiat; Kitasoo; Klallam; Makah; Niti- Verbena: Cherokee
Linanthus: Porno, Calpella naht; Oweekeno; Quinault Veronica: Cherokee
Lindera: Cherokee Populus: Carrier, Southern; Cree, Hudson Bay; Veronicastrum: Iroquois
Linum: Cherokee Meskwaki; Paiute; Tanana, Upper Viburnum: Carrier; Gitksan
Liriodendron: Cherokee Prunella: Iroquois Viola: Cherokee
Lithocarpus: Porno, Kashaya Prunus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Delaware; Zanthoxylum: Chippewa; Meskwaki
Lithospermum: Navajo Delaware, Oklahoma; Diegueno; Iroquois; Keres, Dermatological Aid
Lobelia: Iroquois Western; Mahuna; Malecite; Micmac; Ojibwa; Abies: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Blackfoot;
Lomatium: Great Basin Indian; Kwakiutl; Paiute; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Penobscot; Potawato- Carrier; Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Chippewa;
Shoshoni; Washo mi; Rappahannock; Thompson; Wet'suwet'en Cree, Woodlands; Flathead; Gitksan; Hesquiat;
Lonicera: Bella Coola; Costanoan; Nuxalkmc Psathyrotes: Shoshoni Iroquois; Kutenai; Kwakiutl; Menominee;
Lotus: Costanoan Pseudotsuga: Apache, White Mountain Micmac; Montana Indian; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South;
Lygodesmia: Blackfoot Psorothamnus: Paiute; Shoshoni Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Penobscot; Potawato
Machaeranthera: Hopi Purshia: Klamath; Navajo, Ramah mi; Saanich; Salish, Coast; Shoshoni; Shuswap;
Mahonia: Flathead; Paiute; Quinault; Shoshoni; Pycnanthemum: Lakota Sikani; Tewa; Thompson
Tolowa Pyrola: Blackfoot Abronia: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah;
Maianthemum: Mohegan; Paiute Quercus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Miwok; Shoshoni
Mfl/ws:Nitinaht Neeshenam Acer: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Chip
Marrubium: Cherokee; Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Ratibida: Navajo, Ramah pewa; Iroquois; Koasati; Kwakiutl; Penobscot;
Mahuna; Rappahannock; Yuki Rhamnus: Kawaiisu Seminole
Mentha: Flathead; Gosiute; Kutenai /?/zus:Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Iroquois; Malecite; Achillea: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Carrier, Southern;
Mirabilis: Navajo, Ramah Menominee Cherokee; Chippewa; Costanoan; Cowlitz; Crow;
Monarda: Blackfoot; Flathead; Lakota; Navajo, Rosa: Cree, Woodlands; Thompson Flathead; Gosiute; Great Basin Indian; Karok;
Ramah Rubus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Micmac Klallam; Kutenai; Kwakiutl; Lakota; Malecite;
Moneses: Eskimo, Alaska Rumex: Mahuna; Paiute; Pima; Thompson; Yavapai Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Meskwaki;
Nemopanthus: Malecite Ruta: Costanoan Mewuk; Micmac; Navajo; Ojibwa; Okanagan-
Nepeta: Cherokee; Iroquois Salix: Iroquois; Ojibwa, South; Zuni Colville; Okanagon; Paiute; Paiute, Northern;
Nicotiana: Navajo, Ramah; Tewa Salvia: Cherokee; Costanoan; Diegueno; Mahuna; Porno, Kashaya; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Squaxin;
Nymphaea: Micmac; Ojibwa; Seminole Paiute Thompson; Ute; Washo; Winnebago
Nymphoides: Seminole Sambucus: Hoh; Paiute; Quileute; Shoshoni Achlys: Lummi; Skagit
Obolaria: Cherokee Sanguinaria: Cherokee; Iroquois Acorus: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois
Oplopanax: Gitksan; Haisla; Okanagan-Colville; Sassafras: Seminole Acourtia: Hualapai
Wet'suwet'en Scutellaria: Miwok Actaea: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Quileute; Quinault
Orthocarpus: Costanoan Shepherdia: Gitksan Adenocaulon: Cowlitz; Squaxin
Osmorhiza: Blackfoot; Kawaiisu; Shoshoni; Tlingit Solidago: Cherokee Adenostoma: Coahuilla
Ostrya: Chippewa; Iroquois Sphaeralcea: Navajo Adiantum: Lummi; Makah; Navajo, Kayenta;
Paeonia: Paiute; Shoshoni Spiraea: Mahuna Skokomish
Panicum: Seminole Streptopus: Ojibwa; Potawatomi Aesculus: Cherokee
Pedicularis: Cherokee; Cheyenne Symplocarpus: Chippewa; Delaware, Oklahoma Agastache: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute
Pediomelum: Seminole Taxus: Iroquois Agave: Hualapai
Penstemon: Natchez; Navajo, Ramah Tephrosia: Choctaw; Natchez Ageratina: Zuni
Penthorum: Meskwaki Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni Agoseris: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville;
Pericome: Navajo, Ramah Thermopsis: Navajo, Ramah Thompson
Perideridia: Blackfoot Thuja: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Makah; Malecite; Agrimonia: Cherokee
Petasites: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Quileute Micmac; Nez Perce; Ojibwa; Skagit Alcea: Shinnecock
Phacelia: Kawaiisu Tiarella: Quileute Alectoria: Nitinaht
Picea: Algonquin, Quebec; Eskimo, Kuskokwag- Tilia: Cherokee Aleurites: Hawaiian
miut; Eskimo, Western; Gitksan; Haisla & Hanak- Trifolium: Mohegan Alisma: Cherokee
siala; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Micmac; Montagnais; Trillium: Cherokee Allionia: Navajo, Ramah
Sikani; Tanana, Upper; Thompson; Wet'suwet'en Tsuga: Iroquois; Micmac Allium: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Isleta;
Pinus: Abnaki; Cherokee; Eskimo, Alaska; Hoh; Tussilago: Iroquois Kwakiutl; Mahuna
Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Micmac; Mohegan; Navajo, Ulmus: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Alnus: Abnaki; Carrier, Southern; Cherokee; Clal-
Ramah; Okanagon; Quileute; Shinnecock; Sho Mohegan lam; Cree, Hudson Bay; Eskimo, Alaska; Haisla;
784 Drug, Dermatological Aid

[Alnus] Pomo; Pomo, Kashaya; Thompson; Yurok Thompson

Keres, Western; Kwakiutl; Menominee; Micmac; Asclepias: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Costanoan; Iro Chaetopappa: Zuni
Nitinaht; Pomo; Porno, Kashaya; Potawatomi; quois; Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Chamaecyparis: Kwakiutl
Sanpoil; Shuswap; Swinomish; Thompson Miwok; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Om Chamaedaphne: Potawatomi
Alyxia: Hawaiian aha; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Rappahannock; Chamaemelum: Cherokee
Amaranthus: Cherokee Shoshoni; Thompson Chamaesaracha: Navajo, Kayenta
Ambrosia: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Asplenium: Hawaiian Chamaesyce: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Costanoan;
Diegueno; Kiowa; Mahuna Aster: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Seminole; Zuni Diegueno; Houma; Miwok; Navajo, Kayenta;
Amianthium: Cherokee Astragalus: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Pima
Amorpha: Meskwaki; Omaha Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni; Thompson Cheilanthes:Navajo, Ramah
Amphiachyris: Comanche Athyrium: Ojibwa Chelone: Cherokee
Anaphalis: Kwakiutl; Mahuna Atriplex: Havasupai; Jemez; Navajo; Navajo, Chenopodium: Hawaiian; Kawaiisu; Meskwaki;
Andropogon: Cherokee; Rappahannock Ramah; Pima; Zuni Miwok; Navajo, Kayenta
Anemone: Chippewa; Menominee Baccharis: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Diegueno; Luiseno Chimaphila: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Okla
Anemopsis: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Isleta; Kawaiisu; Baileya: Keres, Western homa; Iroquois; Micmac; Mohegan; Okanagon;
Keres, Western; Mahuna; Pima; Shoshoni Balsamorhiza: Blackfoot; Gosiute; Kutenai; Paiute; Penobscot; Thompson
Angadenia: Seminole Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Shuswap Chionanthus: Choctaw; Koasati
Angelica: Blackfoot; Costanoan; Menominee; Baptisia: Choctaw; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Chlorogalum: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Mendocino
Paiute; Pomo, Kashaya Meskwaki; Mohegan Indian; Pomo; Pomo, Kashaya; Wailaki
Antennaria: Paiute Berula: Zunl Chorizanthe: Tubatulabal
An themis: Cherokee Besseya: Navajo, Ramah Chrysothamnus: Cheyenne; Hopi; Klamath; Navajo
Antidesma: Hawaiian Betula: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Hudson Bay; Cichorium: Iroquois
Aplectrum: Catawba Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Cicuta: Iroquois; Kutenai; Kwakiutl; Paiute
Apocynum:Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cree, Hudson Bay; Blechnum: Hesquiat Cimicifuga: Cherokee
Iroquois Bobea: Hawaiian Circaea: Iroquois
Aquilegia: Iroquois; Paiute; Quileute; Shoshoni; Boschniakia: Tlingit Cirsium: Costanoan; Cree; Gosiute; Hopi; Houma;
Thompson Botrychium: Ojibwa, South Iroquois; Kiowa
Arabis: Thompson Bouteloua: Navajo, Ramah Claytonia: CowMtz; Hesquiat; Quileute; Skokomish;
Aralia: Cherokee; Chippewa; Choctaw; Cree, Wood Brassica: Cherokee; Iroquois Snohomish
lands; Iroquois; Menominee; Meskwaki; Micmac; Brickellia: Navajo, Kayenta Clematis: Great Basin Indian; Iroquois; Mahuna;
Ojibwa; Okanagon; Pomo; Pomo, Kashaya; Pota Brodiaea: Mahuna Miwok; Navajo, Kayenta; Nevada Indian;
watomi; Rappahannock; Thompson Buchloe: Keres, Western Okanagan-Colville; Oregon Indian; Sanpoil;
Arbutus: Cowichan; Pomo; Pomo, Kashaya; Yuki Bursera: Cahuilla Shoshoni; Thompson
Arctium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Malecite; Menomi Calla: Potawatomi Cleome: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
nee; Micmac; Nanticoke; Penobscot Calliandra: Zum Clermontia: Hawaiian
Arctostaphylos: Atsugewi; Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Callicarpa: Seminole Clintonia: Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Tete-de-
Carrier; Concow; Sanpoil Calochortus: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville Boule; Bella Coola; Chippewa; Cowlitz; Haisla &
Arenaria: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Caltha: Chippewa; Okanagon; Thompson Hanaksiala; Ojibwa
Argemone: Paiute; Shoshoni; Tubatulabal; Washo Calycanthus: Cherokee Cocos: Hawaiian
Argentina: Blackfoot; Kwakiutl Camissonia: Navajo Collinsia: Ute
Argyrochosma: Tewa Campanula: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Collinsonia: Cherokee; Iroquois
Arisaema: Cherokee; Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac; Canavalia: Hawaiian Collomia: Gosiute
Rappahannock Capsella: Menominee Comandra: Cherokee; Navajo; Thompson
Aristolochia: Cherokee; Rappahannock Cardamine: Iroquois Comptonia: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Male-
Arnica: Thompson Carica: Hawaiian cite; Micmac; Mohegan; Penobscot; Potawatomi;
Arnoglossum: Cherokee Carpinus: Cherokee; Iroquois Shinnecock
Artemisia: Aleut; Blackfoot; Carrier, Southern; Carya: Cherokee; Comanche; Iroquois Con volvulus: Navajo, Ramah
Cherokee; Chippewa; Comanche; Costanoan; Castanea: Cherokee; Iroquois Conyza: Keres, Western; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Crow; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Eskimo, Castela: Yavapai Ramah
Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Nunivak; Flathead; Castilleja: Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Menominee; Coprosma: Hawaiian
Havasupai; Hopi; Kawaiisu; Kiowa; Kutenai; Mes Navajo, Kayenta; Okanagan-Colville Corallorrhiza: Navajo, Kayenta
kwaki; Mewuk; Montana Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Caulophyllum: Cherokee Corn us: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Chippewa;
Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Pomo; Pomo, Ceanothus: Costanoan; Diegueno; Iroquois; Karok; Iroquois; Montana Indian; Okanagan-Colville;
Kashaya; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Tanana, Meskwaki; Okanagan-Colville; Sanpoil Thompson; Wet'suwet'en
Upper; Tewa; Thompson; Yuki; Yurok, South Celastrus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Delaware Corydalis: Navajo, Kayenta
Coast (Nererner); Zuni Cenchrus: Hawaiian Corylus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Artocarpus: Hawaiian Centaurea: Kiowa; Rappahannock Crataegus: Kwakiutl; Okanagon; Thompson
Aruncus: Cherokee; Klallam; Lummi; Makah; Quil Cerastium: Iroquois Crepis: Meskwaki; Paiute
eute; Quinault; Skagit; Thompson Cercocarpus: Paiute; Shoshoni Croton: Keres, Western
Asarum: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Modesse; Chaenactis: Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Cryptantha: Hopv, Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
 Index of Usages 785

Ramah; Zuni Erodium: Navajo, Kayenta; Zuni Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah

^ucurbita: Cahuilh; Hawaiian; Keres, Western; Eryngium: Seminole Heuchera: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Chicka-
Paiute; Pima; Zuni Erysimum: Chippewa; Okanagan-Colville; Zuni saw; Choctaw; Creek; Gosiute; Lakota; Meskwaki;

Zuscuta: Cherokee Erythronium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Montana Indian; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-

lymopterus: Navajo, Kayenta Wailaki Colville; Shuswap; Skagit; Thompson

Zynoglossum: Cherokee; Iroquois Eschscholzia: Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian Hieracium: Iroquois

Zyperus: Hawaiian; Yavapai Eucalyptus: Hawaiian Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Kiowa; Menominee;

Zypripedium: Chippewa; Iroquois Euonymus: Cherokee; Meskwaki Thompson

Zystopteris: Navajo, Ramah Eupatorium: Iroquois; Navajo Hoita: Luiseno

Dalea: Keres, Western; Montana Indian; Navajo, Euphorbia: Cherokee; Mahuna; Navajo; Yavapai Holodiscus: Sanpoil
Kayenta; Zuni Evernia: Blackfoot; Wailaki; Yuki Hosta: Cherokee

Datisca: Miwok Fagus: Iroquois; Malecite; Potawatomi; Rappa- Houstonia: Navajo, Ramah
Datura: Cherokee; Costanoan; Delaware; Dela hannock Humulus: Dakota; Omaha; Round Valley Indian
ware, Oklahoma; Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Keres, Fallugia:Tewa Huperzia: Iroquois
Western; Mahuna; Mohegan; Pima; Rappahan- Ficus: Seminole Hydrangea: Cherokee
nock; Tubatulabal; Zuni Fragaria: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Hydrastis: Cherokee; Micmac

Daucus: Cherokee; Costanoan; Iroquois Frangula: C\a\\am; Costanoan; Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Hymenopappus: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah;
Delphinium: Blackfoot; Chehalis Skagit; Squaxin Zuni
Descurainia: Gitksan; Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute; Pima Frasem: Mahuna; Navajo, Kayenta Hymenoxys: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni
Desmanthus: Pawnee Fraxinus: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Yokia Hypericum: Cherokee; Miwok; Paiute; Shoshoni
Dicentra: Skagit Gaillardia: Blackfoot Hyptis: Seminole
Dimorphocarpa: Apache, White Mountain; Hopi; Galium: Chippewa; Choctaw; Costanoan; Iroquois; //ex:Catawba; Koasati
Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Klallam; Makah; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Quinault lmpatiens: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Mes
Diospyros: Cherokee Gaultheria:Bella Coola; Quileute kwaki; Mohegan; Nanticoke; Ojibwa; Omaha;
Diplazium: Hawaiian Gaura: Isleta; Navajo Penobscot; Potawatomi; Shinnecock
Dipsacus: Iroquois Gayophytum: Navajo, Kayenta Inula: Iroquois
Dirca: Chippewa; Iroquois Geastrum: Isleta Ipomoea: Hawaiian; Houma
Disporum: Okanagan-Colville Gelsemium: Delaware, Oklahoma Ipomopsis: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Salish;
Distichlis: Kawaiisu Geocaulon: Cree, Hudson Bay Shoshoni; Tewa; Zuni
Dodonaea: Hawaiian Geranium: Cherokee; Choctaw; Gosiute; Iroquois; Iris: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Chip
Draba: Navajo, Ramah Keres, Western; Montana Indian; Navajo, Ramah; pewa; Meskwaki; Micmac; Omaha; Paiute; Ponca;
Drosera: Kwakiutl; Seminole Sanpoil Potawatomi; Seminole; Shoshoni
Drymaria: Navajo, Ramah Geum: Aleut; Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Carrier, South Isocoma: Cahuilla; Navajo, Kayenta
Dryopteris: Costanoan; Klallam; Snohomish ern; Clallam; Quileute; Quinault; Snohomish Iva: Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute
Dudleya: Diegueno Gilia: Gosiute; Navajo, Kayenta Jacquemontia: Hawaiian
Dyssodia: Navajo, Ramah Glechoma: Cherokee Jeffersonia: Cherokee
Echinacea: Cheyenne; Dakota; Lakota; Omaha Glycyrrhiza: Isleta Juglans: Apache, Western; Cherokee; Comanche;
Echinocystis: Tubatulabal Gnaphalium: Keres, Western; Porno Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Houma;
Elaeagnus: Blackfoot Goodyera: Okanagan-Colville Iroquois
Encelia: Navajo, Kayenta Gossypium: Tewa Juncus: Iroquois
Ephedra: Cocopa; Isleta; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Grindelia: Cheyenne; Costanoan; Jemez; Mahuna; Junipenis: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cree, Hudson Bay;
Pima; Shoshoni Miwok; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Gitksan; Hanaksiala; Hopi; Hualapai; Keres, West
Epilobium: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Bella Coola; Gutierrezia: Isleta; Jemez; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; ern; Malecite; Micmac; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah;
Blackfoot; Chippewa; Costanoan; Cree, Wood Shoshoni Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Sanpoil; Shoshoni;
lands; Eskimo, Inupiat; Kwakiutl; Menominee; Hackelia: Cherokee Tewa; Thompson
Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Hamamelis: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Kallstroem ia: Tewa
Equisetum: Blackfoot; Costanoan; Kwakiutl; Mohegan Kalm ia: Cherokee; Kwakiutl; Mahuna; Malecite;
Okanagan-Colville; Porno, Kashaya; Thompson Helenium: Costanoan; Koasati Micmac; Tlingit
Eriastrum: Kawaiisu Helianthella: Navajo, Ramah; Paiute Keckiella: Mahuna; Paiute
Ericameria: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Helianthus: Hopi; Jemez; Meskwaki; Navajo, Kochia: Navajo
Miwok Ramah; Ojibwa, South; Shasta; Thompson Koeleria: Cheyenne
Erigeron: Cherokee; Iroquois; Miwok; Navajo, Heliotropium: Pima Krameria: Paiute; Pima; Shoshoni
Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Thompson Hepatica: Chippewa Krascheninnikovia: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute;
Eriodictyon: Coahuilla; Costanoan; Hualapai; Heracleum: Aleut; Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Carrier, Shoshoni
Miwok; Porno, Kashaya; Yuki Northern; Chippewa; Cree; Cree, Woodlands; Lachnanthes: Cherokee
Eriogonum: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Gitksan; Haisla; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Meskwaki; Lactuca: Chippewa; Menominee
Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Thompson; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Pawnee; Lagenaria: Cherokee
Tubatulabal; Zuni Porno; Salish, Coast; Sanpoil; Shuswap; Sikani Lappula: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Eriophorum: Eskimo, Western Heteranthera: Cherokee Larix: Cree, Woodlands; Kutenai; Menominee; Mic
Eriophyllum: Skagit Heteromeles: Diegueno mac; Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi; Thompson
786 Drug, Dermatological Aid

Larrea: Cahuilla; Isleta; Mahuna; Paiute; Papago; Marrubium: Costanoan Osmorhiza: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Kawaiisu; Oma
Pima; Yavapai Matelea: Comanche ha; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Sanpoil; Shoshoni;
Lechea: Catawba Matricaria: Cheyenne; Costanoan Winnebago
Ledum: Chippewa; Cree, Hudson Bay; Cree, Wood Melia: Cherokee Osteomeles: Hawaiian
lands; Shuswap; Tanana, Upper Melilotus: Iroquois Ostrya: Iroquois
Lepidium: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Menominee Menispermwn: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma Oxalis: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha;
Leptarrhena: Thompson Mentha: Cheyenne; Kawaiisu; Navajo, Kayenta; Quileute; Tolowa
Leptodactylon:Navajo, Kayenta Okanagon; Paiute; Thompson Oxydendrum: Cherokee
Lesquerella:Navajo; Shuswap Mentzelia: Gosiute; Mendocino Indian; Montana Oxytropis: Blackfoot; Thompson
Leucanthemum: Quileute Indian; Navajo, Kayenta Paeonia: Paiute; Shoshoni
Leucocrinum: Paiute; Shoshoni Menziesia: Kwakiutl Panax: Cherokee; Creek; Iroquois; Seminole
Leucothoe: Cherokee Merremia: Hawaiian Panicum: Isleta
Lewisia: Okanagan-Colville Mertensia: Cheyenne Parthenocissus: Houma; Navajo, Ramah
Leymus: Okanagan-Colville Mikania: Seminole Paspalidium: Seminole
Liatris: Blackfoot; Meskwaki; Omaha Mimulus: Shoshoni Passiflora: Cherokee
Lilium: Chippewa; Dakota; Malecite; Menominee; Mirabilis: Cherokee; Dakota; Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Pastinaca: Iroquois; Potawatomi
Micmac Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Paiute, North Paxistima: Thompson
Limosella: Navajo, Ramah ern; Ponca; Sioux, Teton Pedicularis: Cherokee; Meskwaki; Washo
Lindera: Cherokee Mitchella: Cherokee; Iroquois Pediomelum: Montana Indian
Linum: Gosiute; Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Monarda: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Creek; Pelea: Hawaiian
Thompson Delaware; Kiowa; Navajo, Ramah; Winnebago Pellaea: Costanoan; Yavapai
Liquidambar: Cherokee; Choctaw; Houma Moneses: Cowichan; Kwakiutl; Kwakwaka'wakw; Peltigera: Oweekeno
Liriodendron: Cherokee Salish, Coast Peniocereus: Papago
Lithocarpus: Costanoan Monolepis: Navajo, Ramah Pennisetum: Navajo, Ramah
Lithospermum:Navajo; Shuswap; Zuni Monotropa: Cherokee; Thompson Penstemon: Costanoan; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Lobelia: Cherokee; Iroquois; Zuni Morinda: Hawaiian Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Paiute, North
Lomatiwn: Cheyenne; Gosiute; Great Basin Indian; Moms: Rappahannock ern; Shoshoni; Tewa; Thompson
Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl; Nez Perce; Okanagan- Myosotis: Makah Perezia: Yavapai
Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni; Myosurus: Navajo, Ramah Pericome: Navajo, Ramah
Shuswap; Thompson; Ute; Washo Myrica: Micmac Perideridia: Blackfoot
Lonicem: Bella Coola; Carrier; Carrier, Northern; Nama: Navajo, Kayenta Petasites: Concow; Cree, Woodlands; Menominee;
Chehalis; Costanoan; Iroquois; Klallam; Kwakiutl; Napaea: Meskwaki Quinault; Tlingit
Makah; Nuxalkmc; Okanagan-Colville; Quinault; Nepeta: Cherokee Peteria: Navajo, Ramah
Thompson; Wet'suwet'en; Yuki Nereocystis: Kwakiutl, Southern; Nitinaht Petradoria: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Lophophora: Kiowa Nicotiana: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Hawai Phacelia: Miwok; Porno, Kashaya; Zuni
Ludwigia: Hawaiian; Seminole ian; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl; Philadelphia: Snohomish; Thompson
Luetkea: Okanagon; Thompson Navajo; Paiute; Salish; Shoshoni; Thompson Phlox: Gosiute; Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah;
Lupinus: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Nothochelone: Paiute Shoshoni; Ute
Lycopodium: Blackfoot Nuphar: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Woodlands; Phoradendron: Diegueno; Navajo; Pima
Lygodesmia: Blackfoot; Navajo, Kayenta Flathead; Kutenai; Menominee; Micmac; Ojibwa; Phragmites: Seminole
Lyonia: Cherokee Penobscot; Potawatomi; Rappahannock; Shu Phyla: Navajo, Kayenta
Lysichiton: Clallam; Gitksan; Hesquiat; Klallam; swap; Thompson Physalis: Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago
Kwakiutl; Quileute; Shuswap; Skokomish; Nymphaea: Micmac; Penobscot Physaria: Blackfoot
Thompson Nyssa: Koasati Phytolacca: Cherokee; Delaware; Iroquois; Mahuna
Lythrum: Kawaiisu Obolaria: Choctaw Rappahannock
Machaeranthera:Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Oemleria: Kwakiutl Picea: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Cree, Wood
Magnolia: Choctaw; Koasati Oenothera: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Isleta; Navajo; lands; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Eskimo,
Mahonia: Blackfoot; Cowlitz; Flathead; Miwok; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa; Zuni Nunivak; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Iroquois
Navajo, Ramah Onoclea: Iroquois Koyukon; Kwakiutl; Makah; Menominee; Micmac;
Maianthemum: Gitksan; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Karok; Onosmodium: Cheyenne Mohegan; Oweekeno; Penobscot; Potawatomi;
Malecite; Micmac; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Paiute; Oplopanax: Gitksan; Green River Group; Haisla; Quinault; Shuswap; Tanana, Upper; Thompson
Washo Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kwakiutl; Okanagon; Picradeniopsis:Navajo, Ramah; Zuni
Malacothrix: Navajo, Ramah Oweekeno; Thompson; Tlingit; Wet'suwet'en Pilea: Cherokee
Malus: Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Makah; Samish; Opuntia: Apache, Mescalero; Cahuilla; Dakota; Piloblephis: Seminole
Swinomish Hualapai; Jemez; Keres, Western; Kiowa; Mahuna; Pinus: Apache, Western; Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Car
Malva: Cherokee; Costanoan; Diegueno; Iroquois; Nanticoke; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan- rier, Northern; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Chippewa;
Miwok; Pima Colville; Pawnee; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Sioux Cree, Woodlands; Delaware, Ontario; Flathead;
Marah: Chehalis; Costanoan; Karok; Kawaiisu; Orbexilum: Catawba Havasupai; Hopi; Iroquois; Isleta; Kawaiisu; Keres
Mahuna; Mendocino Indian; Porno; Porno, Orobanche: Blackfoot; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Western; Kwakiutl; Mendocino Indian; Menomi
Kashaya; Tubatulabal Pima nee; Micmac; Miwok; Mohegan; Navajo; Nitinaht
 Index of Usages 787

Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Potawatomi; Quinault; Pterospora: Cheyenne Sanvitalia: Navajo, Ramah

Rappahannock; Salish, Coast; Sanpoil; Seminole; Pteryxia: Okanagan-Colville Sapindus: Kiowa

Shinnecock; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Skagit; Tewa; Pw/sar///a; Blackfoot Saponaria: Cherokee; Mahuna

Thompson; Yokia; Zuni Purshia: Hopi; Hualapai; Paiute; Shoshoni Sarcobatus: Keres, Western; Navajo

Piper: Cherokee; Hawaiian Pycnanthemum: Cherokee Sassafras: Cherokee; Iroquois; Koasati; Rappahan

Piperacea: Mahuna Pyrola: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Iroquois nock; Seminole

Plagiomnium:Be\\a Coola; Oweekeno Pyrularia: Cherokee Saururus: Cherokee; Choctaw; Seminole

Plantago: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Pyrus: Cree, Hudson Bay Saxifraga: Cherokee
Chippewa; Delaware, Ontario; Hesquiat; Houma; Quercus: Alabama; Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Scaevola: Hawaiian

Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Mahuna; Menominee; Mes- Diegueno; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Luiseno; Miwok; Scirpus: Kwakiutl; Malecite; Micmac

kwaki; Mohegan; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Okanagan- Neeshenam; Ojibwa; Seminole Scrophularia: Costanoan; Iroquois; Porno; Porno,

Colville; Paiute; Ponca; Potawatomi; Shinnecock; Ranunculus: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Costanoan; Kashaya
Shoshoni; Shuswap; Thompson; Tolowa; Yurok Hesquiat; Kawaiisu; Potawatomi; Thompson Sedum:Costanoan; Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois;
Platanthera: Iroquois; Montagnais Ratibida: Cheyenne; Dakota Malecite; Micmac
Platanus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki Rhamnus: Cherokee; Costanoan (Olhonean); Iro Sempervivum: Cherokee
Pluchea: Pima quois; Kawaiisu Senecio: Aleut; Costanoan; Hopi; Keres, Western;

Plumbago: Hawaiian Rheum: Cherokee Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Yavapai
Podophyllum: Cherokee; Iroquois Rhizomnium: Bella Coola Senna: Cherokee; Hawaiian
Polemonium: Thompson Rhododendron: Okanagon; Skokomish; Thompson Shepherdia: Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Navajo,
Poliomintha: Navajo, Kayenta Rhus: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Kayenta; Okanagan-Colville; Tanana, Upper;
Polygala: Choctaw; Iroquois Hopi; Iroquois; Menominee; Meskwaki; Natchez; Thompson
Polygonatum: Cherokee; Rappahannock Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Nez Perce; Ojib Silene: Keres, Western; Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah
Polygonum: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mendocino wa; Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Paiute; Round Simmondsia: Papago; Yavapai
Indian; Miwok Valley Indian; Sanpoil; Seminole; Sioux; Yokia Smallanthus: Cherokee
Polymnia: Houma Ribes: Bella Coola; Carrier, Northern; Cowlitz; Hais Smilacina: Yana
Polypodiwn: Cherokee; Skagit, Upper; Wailaki la; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute Sm ilax: Cherokee; Creek; Iroquois
Polystichum: Cowlitz; Iroquois; Quileute; Quinault Ricinus: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Diegueno; Pima Solarium: Cherokee; Costanoan; Delaware, Okla
Populus: Algonquin, Quebec; Anticosti; Bella Coola; Rosa: Carrier, Northern; Costanoan; Meskwaki; homa; Houma; Kawaiisu; Rappahannock
Cahuilla; Carrier; Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Quileute; Solidago: Cahuilla; Chippewa; Costanoan;
Chippewa; Choctaw; Cree, Hudson Bay; Cree, Quinault; Shoshoni; Thompson Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Mahuna; Meskwaki; Miwok;
Woodlands; Diegueno; Flathead; Gitksan; Haisla Rubus: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Costanoan; Potawatomi
& Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Kutenai; Kwa Hawaiian; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Makah; Okanagan- Sorbus: Heiltzuk; Malecite; Micmac
kiutl; Malecite; Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Colville; Quinault; Rappahannock; Shoshoni; Sphaeralcea: Comanche; Dakota; Hopi; Lakota;
Micmac; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South; Skagit; Thompson Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni; Tewa
Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Pima; Potawa Rudbeckia: Cherokee Sphagnum: Carrier
tomi; Quinault; Shuswap; Sikani; Squaxin; Rumex: Aleut; Arapaho; Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Sporobolus: Ojibwa, South
Tanana, Upper; Thompson; Yuki Cherokee; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Cowlitz; Dakota; Stachys: Costanoan; Green River Group; Navajo,
Porophyllum: Havasupai Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Hanaksiala; Hopi; Ramah; Porno, Kashaya; Puyallup
Porteranthus: Cherokee Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl; Miwok; Navajo, Stanleya: Zuni
Portulaca: Iroquois; Rappahannock Ramah; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South; Paiute; Paiute, Staphylea: Iroquois
Potentilla: Cherokee; Chippewa; Gosiute; Navajo, Northern; Papago; Pima; Shoshoni; Yavapai; Yuki; Stellaria: Iroquois
Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Zuni Stenotaphrum: Hawaiian
Thompson Sadleria: Hawaiian Stephanomeria: Paiute
Prenanthes: Iroquois Sagittaria: Iroquois; Potawatomi; Seminole Strophostyles: Iroquois
Prosopis: Cahuilla; Papago; Pima Salix: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Styphelia: Hawaiian
Prunella: BlacVfoot; Cherokee; Quileute; Quinault; Costanoan; Cree, Woodlands; Creek; Eskimo, Suaeda: Cahuilla; Paiute
Salish, Coast Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Eskimo, Kuskokwagmi Symphoricarpos: Chehalis; Cowichan; Cree, Wood
Prunus: Atsugewi; Cherokee; Chippewa; Crow; ut; Flathead; Isleta; Makah; Malecite; Mendocino lands; Flathead; Green River Group; Hesquiat;
Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Malecite; Menominee; Mes Indian; Micmac; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Okanagan-Colville; Saanich; Sanpoil; Thompson;
kwaki; Micmac; Ojibwa, South; Okanagan- Paiute; Seminole; Shoshoni; Sikani; Thompson Yuki
Colville; Omaha; Paiute Salsola: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Symplocarpus: Iroquois; Menominee; Meskwaki
Psathyrotes: Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute; Shoshoni Salvia: Cahuilla; Catawba Syzygium: Hawaiian
Pseudostellaria: Navajo, Kayenta Sambucus: Cherokee; Choctaw; Delaware; Dela Tagetes: Cherokee
Pseudotsuga: Cowlitz; Kwakiutl; Okanagan-Colville; ware, Oklahoma; Hanaksiala; Houma; Iroquois; Talinum: Navajo, Ramah
Quinault; Skagit; Thompson Makah; Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian; Tanacetum: Iroquois; Shoshoni
Psidium: Hawaiian Okanagon; Paiute; Porno; Rappahannock; Taraxacum: Aleut; Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa
Psilostrophe: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Thompson Tauschia: Kawaiisu
Psoralidium: Arapaho; Navajo, Kayenta Sanguinaria: Cherokee; Iroquois; Malecite; Taxus: Cowlitz; Quinault
Psorothamnus: Keres, Western; Paiute Menominee; Micmac; Ojibwa Tephrosia: Cherokee; Choctaw; Hawaiian
Pterid/wm: Costanoan; Porno, Kashaya; Thompson Sanicula: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Miwok Tetradymia: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni
788 Drug, Dermatological Aid

Tetraneuris:Navajo, Kayenta Viola: Cherokee; Costanoan; Iroquois Erigeron: Cherokee

Thalictrum: Blackfoot; California Indian; Great Vitis: Chippewa; Delaware, Oklahoma; Diegueno Eriodictyon:Yokut
Basin Indian; Lakota; Potawatomi; Thompson Woodsia: Navajo, Ramah Eupatorium: Cherokee; Shinnecock
Thamnosma: Kawaiisu Wyethia: Costanoan; Gosiute; Klamath; Mendocino Euphorbia: Cherokee
Thelypodiwn: Navajo Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni Galium: Choctaw
Thlaspi:NdLva.]o, Ramah Xanthium: Keres, Western; Navajo; Rappahannock; Geum: Cree, Woodlands
Thuja: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Chippewa; Zuni Gutierrezia: Keres, Western; Zuni
Haisla; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Makah; Menominee; Xanthorhiza: Cherokee Hedeoma: Cherokee; Nanticoke
Okanagan-Colville; Penobscot; Quinault Xerophyllum: Blackfoot; Porno, Kashaya Heracleum: Iroquois
Tiarella: Iroquois Yucca: Blackfoot; Catawba; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Ilex: Cherokee
Tilia: Cherokee; Meskwaki; Micmac Choctaw; Dakota; Hopi; Isleta; Keresan; Kiowa; Juniperus: Cherokee; Costanoan; Keres, Western;
7b/ra*ea:Cowlitz Lakota; Montana Indian; Navajo Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Shuswap
Toxicodendron: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Zanthoxylum: Alabama; Menominee Lesquerella: Shuswap
Delaware, Oklahoma; Kiowa; Mendocino Indian; Zea: Cherokee; Mohegan;Tewa Liatris: Cherokee
Meskwaki; Potawatomi; Yuki Zigadenus: Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian; Lindera: Cherokee; Creek
Tradescantia: Cherokee Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Liquidambar: Houma
Tragia: Keres, Western Zingiber: Hawaiian Lomatium: Thompson
Tragopogon: Navajo, Ramah Zinnia: Zuni Mentha: Ojibwa
Trautvetteria: Bella Coola Ziziphus:?ima Mitchella: Cherokee
Trichostema: Costanoan; Miwok Diaphoretic Monarda: Cherokee; Creek
Trifolium: Iroquois Abies: Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South Monardella: Karok
Trillium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Karok; Quileute; Abronia: Navajo, Kayenta Nepeta: Menominee
Wailaki;Yuki Acacia: Hawaiian Nicotiana: Cherokee
Triosteum: Cherokee; Meskwaki Ach illea: Cheyenne; Lummi; Makah; Micmac; Obolaria: Cherokee
Tsuga: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Paiute, Northern Orbexilum: Cherokee
Cherokee; Cowlitz; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl; Makah; Acorus: Cherokee Oxytropis: Thompson
Malecite; Menominee; Micmac; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Agastache: Cheyenne Panax: Creek
Quileute; Skagit Ageratina: Iroquois; Meskwaki Pericome: Navajo, Ramah
Turricula: Kawaiisu Alnus: Mendocino Indian; Shuswap Persea: Creek
Typha: Algonquin, Quebec; Cahuilla; Dakota; Male- Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands Pinus: Yokia; Zuni
cite; Meskwaki; Micmac; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South; Anemone: Gitksan Plantago: Shuswap
Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Pawnee; Plains Anemopsis: Pima Polygala: Cherokee
Indian; Ponca; Potawatomi; Sioux; Winnebago Angelica: Iroquois Populus: Bella Coola; Penobscot
Ulmus: Cherokee; Koasati; Menominee; Meskwaki; Anthemis: Cherokee Porteranthus: Iroquois
Micmac; Ojibwa; Potawatomi Aralia: Cherokee Pycnanthemum: Choctaw
Umbellularia:Karok; Mendocino Indian; Porno, Arctium: Iroquois Rosa: Bella Coola
Kashaya Arisaema: Cherokee Salix: Mendocino Indian
Urtica: Carrier; Chehalis; Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Artemisia: Keres, Western; Navajo, Ramah; Salvia: Cherokee
Kwakiutl; Ojibwa; Paiute, Northern; Sanpoil; Shu- Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Paiute; Sanpoil; Sambucus: Cherokee; Kawaiisu
swap; Skokomish; Thompson; Tolowa Shoshoni; Thompson Sanvitalia: Navajo
Usnea: Makah; Nitinaht Asarum: Iroquois Senecio: Iroquois
Uvularia: Cherokee; Menominee Asclepias: Choctaw Solidago: Cherokee
Vaccinium: Iroquois Aster: Cree, Woodlands Stephanomeria: Cheyenne
Valeriana: Carrier, Northern; Gosiute; Menominee; Balsamorhiza: Miwok; Okanagan-Colville Streptopus: Montagnais
Okanagon; Thompson Betula: Cree, Woodlands Tanacetum: Chippewa; Nanticoke
Vanclevea: Navajo, Kayenta Botrychium: Chickasaw Taxus: Chehalis; Iroquois
Veratrum: Bella Coola; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Paiute; Callicarpa: Alabama Thamnosma: Kawaiisu
Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Tsimshian; Caltha: Chippewa Thuja: Menominee; Montagnais; Ojibwa
Washo Carya: Cherokee Torreya: Costanoan
Verbascum: Atsugem; Catawba; Cherokee; Chamaesyce: Pima Triosteum: Iroquois
Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac; Chimaphila: Montagnais Tripterocalyx: Zuni
Rappahannock; Thompson; Zuni Chrysothamnus: Paiute Tsuga: Iroquois; Menominee; Potawatomi
Verbena: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah Cirsium: Zuni Urtica: Paiute
Verbesina: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta Conyza: Meskwaki Vaccinium: Cree, Woodlands
Vernonia: Kiowa Corethrogyne: Kawaiisu Verafrwra:Salish, Coast
Veronica: Cherokee Cornus: Cherokee Verbascum: Atsugewi
Viburnum: Cree, Woodlands Cunila: Cherokee Verbena: Cherokee
Vicia: Keres, Western; Makah; Rappahannock; Daphne: Cherokee Veronicastrum: Cherokee
Saanich Diphylleia: Cherokee Viburnum: Cherokee
Vigna: Hawaiian Ephedra: Keres, Western Wyethia: Miwok
 Index of Usages 789

Zigadenus: Keres, Western Lepidium: Mahuna Disinfectant

Zinnia: Zuni Liatris: Omaha; Seminole Abies: Abnaki
Dietary Aid Ligusticum: Karok Achillea: Flathead; Kutenai
Abies: Montagnais; Okanagan-Colville Lilium: Cherokee Adenostoma: Cahuilla
Abronia: Keres, Western Lomatium: Blackfoot; Karok; Nez Perce; Okanagan- Agastache: Navajo, Ramah
Achillea: Mohegan Colville Agoseris: Navajo, Ramah
Actaea: Cheyenne; Okanagon; Thompson Lonicera: Thompson Allium: Shinnecock
Agrimonia: Cherokee Maianthemum: Okanagan-Colville Ambrosia: Cherokee
Allium: Mahuna Ma/ws:Gitksan; Nitinaht Amelanchier: Chippewa
Alnus: Okanagan-Colville Mentzelia: Cheyenne Anaphalis: Cheyenne
Alocasia: Hawaiian Menyanthes: Kwakiutl Anemopsis: Costanoan; Isleta; Mahuna; Shoshoni
Amelanchier: Cheyenne Mirabilis: Zuni Angelica: Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut
Angelica: Blackfoot Mitchella: Cherokee Apocynum: Navajo, Ramah
Aplectrum: Cherokee Oenothera: Cherokee Aralia: Cherokee; Potawatomi
Arbutus: MiwoV. Oplopanax: Thompson Aristolochia: Cherokee
Arceuthobium: Carrier, Southern Osmorhiza: Menominee; Meskwaki Artemisia: Cahuilla; Chippewa; Dakota; Eskimo;
Arctium: Cherokee Oxalis: Karok Mewuk; Navajo, Kayenta; Omaha; Paiute;
Arctostaphylos: Miwok; Thompson Paeonia: Paiute Pawnee; Ponca; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Tanana,
Armoracia: Cherokee Panax: Iroquois Upper; Thompson; Washo; Winnebago
Artemisia: Montana Indian Panicum: Mahuna Asarum: Iroquois; Tolowa
Asarum: Iroquois; Ojibwa; Skagit Passiflora: Cherokee Astragalus: Thompson
Asclepias: Lakota; Thompson Persea: Seminole Baccharis: Costanoan
Asparagus: Cherokee Phegopteris: Hawaiian Balsamorhiza: Paiute; Washo
Aster: Okanagon; Thompson Phlox: Cherokee Brickellia: Navajo, Ramah
Balsamorhiza: Thompson Physalis: Lakota Campanula: Navajo, Ramah
Bidens: Hawaiian Physaria: Blackfoot Carex: Navajo, Ramah
Brassica: Cherokee Pilea: Cherokee Castilleja: Costanoan
Brickellia: Keres, Western Pinus: Iroquois Chionanthus: Choctaw
Cardamine: Iroquois Plantago: Navajo, Ramah Chlorogalum: Wailaki
Ceanothus: Thompson Platanus: Meskwaki Cicuta: Iroquois
Chamaesyce: Hawaiian; Hopi Populus: Malecite; Micmac Cirsium: Costanoan
Chelone: Cherokee Prunus: Cheyenne; Kwakiutl; Rappahannock Clin ton ia: Algonquin, Quebec
Chenopodium: Cherokee; Hawaiian; Navajo Pteridium: Thompson Conyza: Navajo, Kayenta
Chimaphila: Okanagan-Colville; Rappahannock Quercus: Mendocino Indian; Micmac; Penobscot; Coreopsis: Navajo, Ramah
Cibotium: Hawaiian Rappahannock Cornus: Cherokee
Claytonia: Mahuna Ranunculus: Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut Corydalis: Navajo, Kayenta
Crataegus: Cherokee Rhus: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Mahuna; Cryptantha: Navajo, Kayenta
Cryptantha: Navajo Meskwaki; Micmac Dalea: Navajo, Ramah
Cucurbita: Omaha Rubus: Karok Datura: Apache, White Mountain
Daucus: Iroquois Rudbeckia: Cherokee Dichanthelium: Navajo, Ramah
Distichlis:Yokut Rumex: Iroquois Diphylleia: Cherokee
Echinacea: Cheyenne Sabal: Seminole Epilobium: Costanoan
Elliottia: Kitesoo Salix: Malecite; Micmac Equisetum: Chippewa; Navajo, Ramah
Ephedra: Diegueno Sarracenia: Iroquois Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah
Eryngium: Seminole Sassafras: Cherokee; Seminole Eriodictyon: Costanoan
Euonymus: Iroquois Satureja: Porno Eriogonum: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah;
Frasera: Cherokee Scirpus: Montana Indian Thompson
Galactia: Seminole Sinapis: Cherokee Erodium: Navajo, Kayenta
Geum: Okanagan-Colville Solidago: Thompson Euonymus: Cherokee
Goodyera: Cherokee Sorbus: Montagnais Eupatorium: Cherokee
Gymnocladus: Omaha Sphaeralcea: Navajo, Kayenta Forestiera: Navajo, Ramah
Hamamelis: Iroquois Stillingia: Seminole Fragaria: Okanagan-Colville
Hedeoma: Dakota Streptopus: Thompson Frangula: Kawaiisu; Nitinaht
Helianthus: Navajo Tanacetum: Mohegan Frasera: Cherokee
Hilaria: Navajo, Ramah Tellima: Skagit Gaura: Navajo, Kayenta
Hydrastis: Cherokee Tiarella: Iroquois Geum: Thompson
Juniperus: Crow Triosteum: Iroquois Gnaphalium: Menominee
Larix: Thompson Grindelia: Cheyenne, Northern; Mahuna; Shoshoni
Lechea: Seminole Vaccinium: Cheyenne Gutierrezia: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Sho
Ledum: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Nitinaht Waltheria: Hawaiian shoni; Tewa
790 Drug, Disinfectant

Helianthus: Navajo, Kayenta; Shasta Rumex: Cowlitz Chlorogalum: Wailaki

Heracleum: Thompson Salix: Navajo, Ramah Cimicifuga: Cherokee
Heterotheca: Cheyenne Salvia: Cahuilla Cirsium: Keres, Western; Zuni
Heuchera: Navajo, Ramah Sambucus: Cherokee; Navajo, Kayenta; Porno, Citrullus: Cheyenne
Holodiscus: Shoshoni Potter Valley; Squaxin; Yokia Croton: Zuni
Houstonia: Navajo, Ramah Scrophularia: Costanoan Cucurbita: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Iroquois; Menom
Hydrangea: Cherokee Sedum: Delaware, Ontario inee; Ojibwa
Ipomopsis:Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Senecio: Costanoan; Navajo, Kayenta Daucus: Iroquois
Juniperus: Arapaho; Comanche; Cree, Hudson Bay; Shepherdia: Thompson Diervilla: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Menominee;
Hopi; Paiute; Salish; Shoshoni; Swinomish; Tewa; Sinapis: Navajo, Ramah Potawatomi
Thompson; Washo Smallanthus: Iroquois Diphylleia: Cherokee
Kalmia: Cherokee Solidago: Mahuna Dirca: Menominee; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Krameria: Paiute; Pima Sphaeralcea: Navajo, Kayenta; Tewa Draba: Navajo
Larix: Algonquin, Quebec; Ojibwa Sphagnum: Nitinaht Empetrum: Cree, Woodlands
Larrea: Cahuilla; Hualapai; Isleta; Kawaiisu; Stachys: Costanoan; Navajo, Ramah Ephedra: Shoshoni
Mahuna Symphoricarpos: Green River Group Equisetum: Blackfoot; Crow; Flathead; Iroquois;
Lathyrus: Navajo, Ramah Tanacetum: Shoshoni Okanagan-Colville; Yuki
Ledum: Tanana, Upper Tetradym ia: Navajo, Ramah Erigeron: Cherokee
Lepidium: Navajo Tetraneuris: Navajo, Ramah Eriogonum: Lakota
Leptodactylon: Navajo, Ramah Thuja: Chippewa Eryngium: Choctaw
Linum: Navajo, Kayenta Tradescantia: Navajo, Ramah Eupatorium: Cherokee
Lithospermum: Shuswap Trichostema: Costanoan Gaillardia: Hopi
Lomatium: Gosiute] Paiute; Shoshoni Trillium: Menominee Galium: Choctaw; Cree, Hudson Bay; Ojibwa
Lonicera: Costanoan; Wet'suwet'en Tsuga: Algonquin, Quebec; Thompson G///<r Zuni
Lotus: Navajo, Ramah Typha: Algonquin, Quebec Gutierrezia: Zuni
Lupinus: Navajo, Kayenta Umbellularia: Karok Heliotropium: Paiute; Shoshoni
Mfl/zoma: Blackfoot Urtica: Costanoan; Thompson Hieracium: Navajo, Ramah
Marrubium: Navajo, Ramah Veratrum: Paiute; Shoshoni Humulus: Ojibwa
Matricaria: Costanoan Veronica: Navajo, Ramah Hypericum: Natchez
Mentha: Navajo, Kayenta Veronicastrum: Cherokee Impatiens: Iroquois
Mentzelia: Navajo, Kayenta Yucca: Hopi Inula: Iroquois
Nuphar: Algonquin, Quebec Diuretic Ipomoea: Cherokee; Creek
Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah Afr/es: Gitksan Juniperus: Cree, Hudson Bay; Gitksan; Iroquois;
Opuntia: Apache, Mescalero Abronia: Paiute Paiute; Shoshoni; Tewa; Thompson
Osmorhiza: Paiute; Shoshoni Achillea: Blackfoot laportea: Meskwaki; Ojibwa
Ojtfl//s:Tolowa Acorus: Cherokee; Cheyenne larix: Micmac
Oxytropis: Thompson Adiantum: Iroquois Larrea: Shoshoni
Penstemon: Costanoan; Navajo, Kayenta; Shoshoni Agastache: Meskwaki Ledum: Cvee; Cree, Woodlands; Gitksan; Micmac
Phlox: Navajo, Ramah Ageratina: Cherokee Liatris: Cherokee
Phoradendron: Cahuilla Allium: Cherokee Lithospermum: Gosiute; Iroquois; Ute
Picea: Bella Coola; Kwakiutl; Ojibwa; Potawatomi; j4/h us; Gitksan Lomatium: Paiute, Northern
Tanana, Upper Andropogon: Chippewa Lonicera: Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Montagnais;
Pinus: Hopi; Shoshoni; Thompson; Zuni Apocynum: Ojibwa; Potawatomi Potawatomi
Plantago: Navajo, Ramah; Nitinaht; Shoshoni Arabis: Thompson Lupinus: Paiute; Shoshoni
Platanthera: Thompson Arctium: Iroquois Lycopodium: Iroquois; Ojibwa
Polypodium: Yurok Arctostaphylos: Thompson Lygodesmia: Blackfoot
Populus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Woodlands; Argentina: Iroquois Malaxis: Ojibwa
Quinault; Squaxin; Thompson Aristolochia: Cherokee Malus: Gitksan
Prosopis: Pima Armoracia: Cherokee Mentzelia: Keres, Western
Prim us: Algonquin, Quebec; Chippewa Artemisia: Lakota; Paiute Mirabilis: Lakota; Zuni
Pseudotsuga: Karok; Navajo, Kayenta; Skagit; Aruncus: Bella Coola Mitchella: Cherokee
Thompson Asclepias: Iroquois; Meskwaki Monarda: Cherokee
Psoralidium: Zuni Athyrium: Chippewa Myrica: Bella Coola
Psorothamnus: Paiute; Shoshoni Besseya: Navajo, Ramah Nicotiana: Cherokee
Pteridium: Cherokee Betula: Ojibwa, South Qplopanax: Gitksan
Pterospora: Cheyenne Caltha: Chippewa Opuntia: Lakota; Okanagan-Colville
Purshia: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Carya: Meskwaki Penstemon: Navajo
Quercus: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Castilleja: Blackfoot; Gitksan Perideridia: Blackfoot
Ranunculus: Thompson Celastrus: Chippewa; Iroquois Phlox: Navajo
Rubus: Costanoan; Quinault Chimaphila: Iroquois Picea: Bella Coola
 Index of Usages 791

Pmws:Gitksan;Zuni Hydrastis: Iroquois Agrimonia: Iroquois

Plantago: Meskwaki Iris: Omaha; Paiute; Ponca; Shoshoni Aletes: Keres, Western

Polemonium: Meskwaki Juniperus: Keres, Western Allium: Blackfoot; Chippewa

Polygala: Cherokee Ligusticum: Crow Alnus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Chippewa;
Polypodium: Micmac Lobelia: Iroquois Gitksan; Iroquois; Mendocino Indian
Prenanthes: Choctaw; Ojibwa Lupinus:Hop'\; Navajo, Kayenta Ambrosia: Luiseno
Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Thompson Maianthemum: Paiute Amelanchier: Navajo; Navajo, Raman

Psorothamnus: Paiute Malus: Iroquois Anemone: Iroquois

Pyrola: Blackfoot Mammillaria: Pima Anemopsis: Papago; Pima

Rhamnus: Kawaiisu Marah: Kawaiisu Anthemis: Cherokee; Iroquois

Rhus: Cheyenne; Omaha Medicago: Costanoan Apocynum: Cree, Hudson Bay; Iroquois; Navajo,
ittte; Chippewa Mentzelia: Cheyenne Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
flosfl: Shoshoni Mitella: Cree, Woodlands Aquilegia: Shoshoni
Rubus: Iroquois; Ojibwa Monarda: Creek Aralia: Cherokee
Salix: Paiute Nicotiana: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Micmac; Arbutus: Concow; Yuki

Sambucus: Cherokee; Meskwaki Mohegan; Rappahannock; Shinnecock Arctium: Iroquois

Sarracenia: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Opuntia: Keres, Western Arctostaphylos: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Solidago: Chippewa Oxytropis: Blackfoot Arenaria: Hopi
Sphaeralcea: Hopi Panax: Iroquois; Potawatomi Argemone: Shoshoni
Stephanomeria: Hopi Passiflora: Cherokee Argentina: Blackfoot
Symphoricarpos: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Nitinaht; Pediomelum: Blackfoot Artemisia: Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni
Sanpoil; Sioux Penstemon: Shoshoni Asarum: Cherokee; Lolahnkok
7axus:Potawatomi Physaria: Blackfoot Asclepias: Meskwaki; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Tilia: Iroquois Pinus: Navajo, Raman; Thompson Ramah; Pima
Tradescantia: Meskwaki Plantago: Kawaiisu Asplenium: Cherokee
Trillium: Menominee Podophyllum: Cherokee Astragalus: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Triosteum: Iroquois Poliomintha: Hopi; Tewa Atriplex: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Urtica: Chippewa; Sioux Polygala: Sioux Aureolaria: Chickasaw
Verbesina: Chickasaw Portulaca: Cherokee Baccharis: Navajo, Ramah
Viburnum: Ojibwa Prosopis: Apache, Mescalero; Apache, Western; Bahia: Keres, Western
Zanthoxylum: Iroquois Tewa Baplisia: Cherokee
Ear Medicine Pyrola: Blackfoot Besseya: Navajo, Ramah
Achillea: Winnebago Rhus: Micmac Betula: Delaware, Oklahoma; Micmac
Acorus: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois Rudbeckia: Cherokee Botrychium: Cherokee; Chickasaw
Aesculus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Ruta: Costanoan; Diegueno Brassica: Shinnecock
Allium: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Shinnecock Salvia: Costanoan; Paiute Brickellia: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Amelanchier: Blackfoot Sanguinaria: Iroquois Caltha: Chippewa; Iroquois
Apocynum: Chippewa Sempervivum: Cherokee Calycanthus: Cherokee
Aralia: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Sequoia: Porno; Porno, Kashaya Carex: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
Arctium: Iroquois Sophora: Comanche Carya: Cherokee
Arctostaphylos: Flathead Sorbus: Thompson Castilleja: Shoshoni
Artemisia: Costanoan Stachys: Costanoan Caulophyllum: Chippewa; Iroquois; Ojibwa
Asarum: Meskwaki Stanleya: Shoshoni Ceanothus: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Aster: Cheyenne; Chippewa Tanacetum: Chippewa Cephalanthus: Meskwaki
Astragalus: Navajo, Kayenta Trillium: Chippewa Chaenactis: Shoshoni
Balsamita: Iroquois Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands Chaerophyllum: Chickasaw
Campanula: Chippewa Verbascum: Iroquois Chamaesyce: Pima; Zuni
Cercocarpus: Kawaiisu Verbena: Iroquois Chenopodium: Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Paiute
Chamaesyce: Cahuilla Veronica: Cherokee Chimaphila: Cherokee
Conyza: Navajo, Kayenta Emetic Chrysothamnus:Keresan; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta;
Coptis: Iroquois Abies: Blackfoot Navajo, Ramah
Croton: Cahuilla; Isleta Abronia: Navajo, Kayenta Cicuta: Bella Coola; Kutenai; Kwakiutl; Salish, Coast
Cucurbita: Cheyenne Acer: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South Cirsium: Navajo; Zuni
Datura: Pima Achillea: Iroquois; Navajo, Raman; Paiute Clethra: Cherokee
Fraxinus: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Achlys: Lummi Collinsonia: Cherokee
Geastrum: Keres, Western Acorus: Iroquois Coptis: Iroquois
Glycyrrhiza: Dakota; Pawnee; Sioux Adenostoma: Cahuilla; Coahuilla Cordylanthus: Luiseno; Navajo
Gutierrezia: Tewa Adian turn: Cherokee; Iroquois Cornus: Cree, Hudson Bay; Green River Group; Iro
Humulus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Aesculus: Kiowa quois; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa
Mohegan Agoseris: Navajo, Raman Coronilla: Cherokee
792 Drug, Emetic

Corylus: Cherokee; Iroquois Seminole Piloblephis: Seminole

Croton: Hopi Lactuca: Navajo, Ramah Pinus: Iroquois; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah;
Cucurbita: Cahuilla; Kiowa; Paiute; Shoshoni Laportea: Iroquois Rappahannock
Cuscuta: Navajo, Ramah Larrea: Cahuilla; Papago; Pima Platanus: Cherokee
Cyperus: Nava\o, Ramah Lathyrus: Chippewa; Costanoan Podophyllum: Meskwaki
Dalea:Hop'\; Keres, Western Ledum: Cree Po/ygfl/fl:Miwok
Delphinium: Hopi Lesquerella: Hopi; Keres, Western Polygonum: Zuni
Desmodium: Alabama Linaria: Iroquois Polystichum: Cherokee; Iroquois
Dimorphocarpa: Zuni Lindera: Creek Porteranthus: Cherokee
Dirca: Iroquois Lobelia: Cherokee; Cree, Hudson Bay; Iroquois; Potamogeton: Navajo, Ramah
Draba: Navajo, Ramah Yokut Prosopis: Pima
Dryopteris: Cherokee Lomatium: Kawaiisu Prunella: Iroquois
Echinochloa:Navajo, Ramah Lonicera: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Makah; Navajo, Prunus: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
Eleocharis: Navajo, Ramah; Seminole Ramah; Quileute Psathyrotes: Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute; Shoshoni
Elodea: Iroquois Lupinus: Navajo, Ramah Pseudocymopterus: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Ephedra: Havasupai Luzula: Navajo, Ramah Ramah
Epigaea: Cherokee Lycium: Navajo, Ramah Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Navajo, Ramah;
Eriastrum: Paiute; Shoshoni Lysimachia: Iroquois Okanagan-Colville
Erigeron: Paiute Machaeranthera: Zuni Psorothamnus: Keres, Western
Eriogonum: Diegueno; Keres, Western; Navajo; Mahonia: Navajo, Ramah Pterospora: Keres, Western
Navajo, Kayenta; Zuni Maianthemum:Navajo, Ramah Purshia:Hopv, Kawaiisu; Klamath; Montana
Eryngium: Alabama; Cherokee; Koasati; Seminole Malva: Costanoan; Iroquois Indian; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni
Erysimum: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Mentha: Iroquois Pyrrhopappus: Navajo, Ramah
Eschscholzia: Mendocino Indian Mentzelia: Navajo Pyrularia: Cherokee
Eupatorium: Cherokee; Koasati; Seminole Mirabilis: Zuni Quercus: Alabama; Cherokee; Keres, Western;
Euphorbia: Cherokee; Micmac Mitella: Iroquois Navajo, Ramah
Fallugia: Navajo, Ramah Monarda: Blackfoot; Iroquois Ranunculus: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
Forestiera: Navajo, Ramah Monolepis: Navajo, Ramah Ratibida: Zun\
Frangula: Delaware, Oklahoma; Klamath; Montana Morus: Creek; Delaware, Oklahoma Rhamnus: Iroquois
Indian; Navajo, Kayenta Myrica: Creek Rhus: Chippewa; Iroquois; Keres, Western
Fraxin us: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Myriophyllum: Iroquois Ribes: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni
Galeopsis: Iroquois Nicotiana: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Costanoan; Kawai Robinia: Cherokee; Hopi
Galium: Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah isu; Paiute; Shoshoni Rosa: Navajo, Ramah; Tanana, Upper
Geocaulon: Cree, Hudson Bay Nyssa: Cherokee Rubus: Cherokee; Iroquois
Geranium: Iroquois Oenanthe: Kitasoo; Kwakiutl; Kwakwaka'wakw; Rumex: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
Geum: Iroquois Nuxalkmc Salix: Creek; Crow; Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah; Nez
G/toZuni Oenothera: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Perce; Seminole
Gnaphalium: Navajo, Ramah Onopordum: Iroquois Sambucus: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Chero
Goodyera: Cherokee Oplopanax: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala kee; Chippewa; Gitksan; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Kwa
Grindelia: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Osmorhiza: Bella Coola; Kwakiutl kiutl; Malecite; Menominee; Micmac; Mohegan;
Gutierrezia: Keres, Western; Keresan Panicum: Keres, Western Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Paiute; Porno,
Hamamelis: Chippewa', Iroquois Parryella: Navajo, Ramah Potter Valley; Potawatomi; Quinault; Seminole;
Heliotropium: Paiute; Shoshoni Paxistima: Navajo, Ramah Yokia; Yokut
Hepatica: Cherokee Pedicularis: Iroquois Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Mohegan
Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah Pellaea: Costanoan Sanicula: Iroquois
Holodiscus: Shoshoni Penstemon: Iroquois; Keres, Western; Navajo, Sarcobatus: Keres, Western
Huperzia: N'xtmaht Kayenta Sassafras: Seminole
Hydrangea: Cherokee Pericome: Navajo, Ramah Saururus: Seminole
Hydrastis: Iroquois Persea: Seminole Scirpus: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah
Hymenopappus: Hopi; Zuni Petasites: Lummi Scutellaria: Cherokee
Hymenoxys: Navajo, Ramah Petradoria: Navajo, Ramah Shepherdia: Navajo, Kayenta
Ilex: Alabama; Cherokee; Creek; Iroquois; Natchez Phacelia: Kawaiisu Silene: Gosiute
Ipomoea: Hawaiian Phoradendron: Seminole; Zuni Silphium: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Winnebago
Ipomopsis: Keres, Western; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Phragmites: Blackfoot Sinapis: Navajo, Ramah
Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Physalis: Iroquois Sisymbrium: Navajo, Ramah
Iris: Klamath; Montana Indian; Navajo, Ramah; Physocarpus: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern; Chip Smallanthus: Cherokee
Ojibwa pewa; Green River Group; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl Solanum: Cherokee
Juglans: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Phytolacca: Iroquois Solidago: Iroquois
Juncus: Cherokee; Iroquois Picea: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah Sorbus: Micmac; Penobscot; Potawatomi
Jun iperus: Isleta; Keres, Western; Navajo, Ramah; Picradeniopsis: Zuni Sphaeralcea: Luiseno; Shoshoni
 Index of Usages 793

Spiraea: Iroquois Liatris: Cherokee Chaenactis: Okanagan-Colville

Sporobolus: Ojibwa, South Nereocystis: Porno, Kashaya Chamaesyce: Costanoan; Keres, Western; Paiute;
Stachys: Meskwaki Nicotiana: Cherokee Shoshoni
Stephanomeria: Paiute Panax: Cherokee Chenopodium: Navajo, Kayenta
Symphoricarpos: Navajo, Ramah Phragmites: Paiute Chimaphila: Chippewa; Flathead; Kutenai
Syzygium: Hawaiian Phytolacca: Iroquois Cicuta: Shoshoni
Tanacetum: Paiute Pinus: Hualapai Cirsium: Navajo, Ramah
Taraxacum: Iroquois Polygala: Cherokee Clarkia: Mendocino Indian
Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Polypodium: Skagit, Upper Claytonia: Hesquiat; Quileute; Thompson
Thamnosma: Havasupai Rhus: Iroquois Cleome: Gosiute
Tilia: Iroquois Zanthoxylum: Meskwaki Clintonia: Bella Coola; Cowlitz; Haisla & Hanaksiala
Toxicodendron: Cherokee Eye Medicine Comandra: Navajo, Kayenta; Thompson
Tragopogon: Navajo, Ramah Abies: Bella Coola; Carrier; Ojibwa; Okanagon; Conocephalum: Nitinaht
Trifolium: Navajo, Ramah Thompson Coptis: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois
Triodanis: Meskwaki Acer: Cherokee; Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac; Corm/s; Abnaki; Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern;
Triosteum: Cherokee Ojibwa; Potawatomi Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Malecite;
Tsuga: Hoh; Quileute Achillea: Mendocino Indian; Navajo, Kayenta; Micmac; Paiute; Potawatomi; Snohomish
Typha: Navajo, Ramah Okanagon; Paiute; Quinault; Salish; Thompson; Corylus: Abnaki
Ulmus: Iroquois Yurok Crepis: Shoshoni
Vacciniwn: Seminole Achlys: Paiute Croton: Hopi
Veratrum: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern; Haisla; A/Z/wm: Blackfoot Cryptantha: Navajo, Kayenta
Kwakiutl;Washo Alnus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands Cryptogramma: Thompson
Verbena: Cherokee Ambrosia: Gosiute Datura: Costanoan; Navajo; Pima
Verbesina: Seminole; Zuni Amelanchier: Blackfoot; Shoshoni Desmanthus: Paiute
Veronica: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah Anaphalis: Cherokee; Iroquois Diervilla: Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands
Veronicastrum: Iroquois; Menominee Anemone: Meskwaki Digitaria: Hawaiian
Viburnum: Chippewa; Iroquois Angelica: G'tiksan; Mendocino Indian Diplacus: Porno, Kashaya
Vicia: Cherokee Antennaria: Gosiute Dirca: Iroquois
Viola: Navajo, Ramah Anthemis: Mendocino Indian Disporum: Blackfoot
Vitis: Seminole Apocynum: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois Dodecatheon: Blackfoot; Okanagan-Colville
Wyethia: Hopi; Mendocino Indian; Navajo, Kayenta; Arabis: Okanagan-Colville Draba: Navajo, Ramah
Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo; Yuki Aralia: Choctaw; Iroquois; Koasati; Micmac Dracocephalum:Navajo, Ramah
Xanthium: Cherokee Arctostaphylos: Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Echinacea: Dakota; Omaha
Yucca: Tewa Thompson Elymus: Comanche
Zanthoxylum: Iroquois Arenaria: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Empetrum: Tanana, Upper
Zigadenus: ChehaMs; Gosiute; Klamath; Paiute; Argemone: Comanche; Shoshoni Epilobium: Eskimo, Inupiat
. Shoshoni; Squaxin Argentina: Kwakiutl Equisetum: Iroquois; Karok; Okanagan-Colville;
Zinnia: Navajo, Ramah Arisaema: Chippewa; Iroquois; Menominee; Ojibwa Quinault; Thompson; Yuki
Expectorant Arnica: Shuswap Ericameria: Paiute; Shoshoni
Acer: Potawatomi Artemisia: Blackfoot; Crow; Klamath; Mendocino Erigeron: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-
Allium: Cherokee Indian; Montana Indian; Paiute; Poliklah; Sho Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni
Aralia: Cherokee; Choctaw shoni; Tanana, Upper; Yurok, South Coast Eriodictyon: Costanoan
Arisaema: Cherokee (Neremer) Eriogonum: Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Gosiute; Round
Artemisia: Tewa Aruncus: Cherokee Valley Indian; Thompson; Zuni
Asclepias: Cherokee Asarum: Cherokee Eriophorum: Eskimo, Western
Botrychium: Chickasaw Asclepias: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Pima Escobaria: Blackfoot
Calycanthus: Porno, Kashaya Aster: Navajo, Ramah Euonymus: Meskwaki
Chimaphila:Delaware, Oklahoma Astragalus: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Foeniculum: Porno, Kashaya
Cirsium: Houma Shoshoni Fragaria: Iroquois
Compton ia: Delaware, Oklahoma Athyrium: Bella Coola Frasera: Shoshoni
Eriodictyon: Paiute; Porno; Shoshoni Baccharis: Coahuilla Fraxinus: Ojibwa, South
Eryngium: Choctaw Balsamorhiza: Shoshoni Gaillardia: Blackfoot
Euonymus: Cherokee Bidens: Seminole Galium: Iroquois
Euphorbia: Cherokee Ca//a;Gitksan Gentiana: Iroquois
Galium: Cherokee Calochortus: Thompson Geranium: Blackfoot; Sanpoil
Glycyrrhiza: Cherokee Calycanthus: Cherokee Geum: Blackfoot
Grindelia: Paiute; Shoshoni Campanula: Navajo, Ramah; Thompson Gnaphalium: Karok
Hedeoma: Cherokee Castilleja: Gitksan; Shuswap Goodyera: Cherokee
Ipomoea: Cherokee Cephalanthus: Chickasaw; Choctaw Grindelia: Cheyenne; Cheyenne, Northern
Larix: Montagnais Cercocarpus: Shoshoni Gutierrezia: Keres, Western
794 Drug, Eye Medicine

Hamamelis: Chippewa Pectis: Zuni Shepherdia: Flathead; Kutenai

Hedeoma: Chickasaw Pediomelum: Blackfoot Silene: Okanagan-Colville
Hepatica: Meskwaki Penstemon: Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Sisymbrium: Pima
Heracleum: Makah; Sanpoil Thompson Smilax: Iroquois
//eudzera: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Persea: Seminole Solanum: Cahuilla; Iroquois; Luiseno; Miwok;
Paiute Petasites: Quinault Navajo
Hierochloe: Blackfoot Phlox: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Sorbus: Bella Coola
Holodiscus: Lummi Phoradendron: Cahuilla Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni
Hordeum: Chippewa Physalis: Diegueno Stellaria: Chippewa
Houstonia: Keres, Western Physaria: Blackfoot; Paiute; Shoshoni Stephanomeria: Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Shoshoni
Hydrastis: Iroquois Picea: Carrier, Southern; Thompson Streptanthus: Navajo, Kayenta
Hypericum: Alabama; Choctaw Pinus: Carrier, Northern; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Mi- Streptopus: Chippewa
Ilex: Alabama; Choctaw wok; Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Thompson Symphoricarpos: Carrier, Southern; Cree, Wood
Impatiens: Iroquois Piper: Hawaiian lands; Dakota; Flathead; Kwakiutl; Ojibwa, South;
Ipomopsis: Navajo, Ramah; Salish; Shoshoni Piperacea: Mahuna Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Ponca; Sanpoil; Shu
Iris: Omaha; Ponca Plantago: Cherokee; Shinnecock swap; Sioux; Thompson; Wet'suwet'en
Juniperus: Okanagon; Seminole; Thompson Pluchea: Pima. Taraxacum: Iroquois
Krameria: Paiute; Pima Polygonatum: Iroquois Tauschia: Kawaiisu
Krascheninnikovia: Paiute; Shoshoni Polypodium: Mendocino Indian Tetraneuris: Zuni
Lactuca: Iroquois Populus: Carrier, Northern; Klallam; Okanagan- Thalictrum: Gitksan; Iroquois
Ledum: Shuswap Colville Thelypodium:Navajo, Kayenta
Leptodactylon: Shoshoni Prenanthes: Iroquois Thermopsis: Navajo, Ramah; Porno; Porno, Kashaya
Lesquerella: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Prosopis: Apache, Mescalero; Cahuilla; Diegueno; Thuja: Kwakiutl
Leucanthemum: Iroquois Isleta; Keres, Western; Paiute; Pima Tiarella: Iroquois
Leymus: Paiute; Shoshoni Prunella: Blackfoot Tilia: Algonquin, Quebec
Linum: Apache, White Mountain; Great Basin Prunus: Cree, Woodlands; Flathead; Paiute; Toxicodendron: Diegueno
Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni; Zuni Potawatomi; Shoshoni 7fr'e/2ta//s;Cowlitz; Paiute
Lithospermum: Navajo, Ramah Psathyrotes: Paiute Trifolium: Iroquois
Lomatium: Nez Perce; Shoshoni Psilostrophe: Navajo, Ramah Trillium: Lummi; Menominee; Paiute; Skagit;
Lonicera: Carrier; Carrier, Southern; Gitksan; Pulsatilla: Thompson Thompson
Mendocino Indian Pyrola: Blackfoot; Carrier, Southern; Cree, Wood Tsuga: Cowlitz; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl; Skagit
Lupinus: Hopi; Okanagan-Colville lands; Iroquois Ulmus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Potawatomi
Lygodesmia: Omaha; Ponca; Sioux Quercus: Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Menominee Uvularia: Iroquois
Machaeranthera:Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Ranunculus: Iroquois Vaccinium: Seminole
Madura: Comanche Rhamnus: Cherokee Verbesina: Seminole
Mahonia: Apache, Mescalero; Okanagan-Colville; Rhus: Diegueno; Iroquois; Ojibwa Viburnum: Gitksan; Montagnais
Sanpoil; Thompson Ribes: Bella Coola; Klallam; Makah; Okanagan- Vicia: Navajo, Ramah
Maianthemum: Cherokee; Paiute; Quinault; Colville; Potawatomi; Skagit; Tanana, Upper; Viola: Iroquois; Tolowa
Shoshoni Thompson Vitis: Menominee
Malacothrix: Navajo, Ramah Rorippa: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Wyethia: Mendocino Indian
Malus: Bella Coola; Gitksan; Iroquois; Klallam; Rosa: Bella Coola; Carrier; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Xanthium: Pima
Quinault Cree, Woodlands; Flathead; Iroquois; Ojibwa, Xanthorhiza: Cherokee
Marah: Paiute South; Omaha; Sikani; Skagit; Thompson Zinnia: Zuni
Melampyrum: Ojibwa Rubus: Chippewa; Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Ziziphus: Pima
Mentha: Isleta Potawatomi Febrifuge
Mentzelia: Navajo, Ramah Rudbeckia: Shuswap Abies: Blackfoot; Montana Indian
Mitella: Iroquois Sabal: Houma Achillea: Abnaki; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Cree, Wood
Monarda: Blackfoot; Flathead; Lakota; Tewa Sabatia: Seminole lands; Flathead; Iroquois; Menominee; Meskwaki;
Monardelku Paiute Salix: Abnaki; Blackfoot; Comanche; Eskimo, Alas Montagnais; Navajo, Kayenta; Ojibwa; Paiute;
Monotropa: Cherokee ka; Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Western; Quileute
Nyssa: Cherokee Flathead; Seminole Aconitum: Blackfoot
Oenothem: Hopi Salvia: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Mahuna; Acorus: Cree, Woodlands; Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee;
Oplopanax: Haisla & Hanaksiala Paiute Ponca; Winnebago
Opuntia: Apache, Mescalero Sanguinaria: Iroquois Acrostichum: Seminole
Orth ilia: Carrier, Southern Sassafras: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mohegan; Rappa- Adiantum: Cherokee
Osmorhiza: Blackfoot; Menominee; Meskwaki; hannock; Seminole Agastache: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-
Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Potawatomi; Shoshoni Schoenocrambe: Navajo, Ramah Colville
OjC0/is:Cowlitz; Quinault Scrophularia: Costanoan Ageratina: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah
Paeonia: Paiute; Shoshoni Scutellaria: Miwok Agrimonia: Cherokee
Panax: Iroquois; Potawatomi Senecio: Zuni Aletris: Cherokee
 Index of Usages 795

Allium: Cherokee; Rappahannock; Shinnecock Cordyline: Hawaiian Inula: Iroquois

Alnus: Cherokee; Micmac; Tanana, Upper Corn us: Cherokee; Costanoan; Cree, Hudson Bay; Ipomopsis: Okanagan-Colville
Ambrosia: Cherokee Houma; Iroquois; Wet'suwet'en Juglans: Rappahannock

Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands Croton: Concow Juniperus: Cheyenne; Cree, Woodlands; Flathead;
Andropogon: Omaha Cucurbita: Cheyenne Kutenai; Mahuna; Navajo, Ramah; Nez Perce;
Angelica: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mendocino Indian Cun Ha: Cherokee Paiute; Seminole; Sioux

Anthemis: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mohegan Cycloloma: Hopi Krameria: Pima

Apocynum: Montana Indian Cypripedium: Iroquois Krascheninnikovia: Gosiute; Hopi; Tewa

Aquilegia: Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca Cystopteris: Cherokee Laportea: Houma

Aralia: Mendocino Indian; Rappahannock Dalea: Navajo, Ramah Larix: Iroquois

Arctium: Abnaki; Iroquois Datura: Navajo; Rappahannock Larrea: Pima
Arenaria: Navajo, Ramah Daucus: Costanoan Lechea: Seminole
Arisaema: Iroquois Dennstaedtia: Cherokee Ledum: Montagnais
Aristolochia: Cherokee; Natchez; Rappahannock Desmodium: Seminole Lepechinia: Miwok
Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo; Dioscorea: Hawaiian Leucanthemum: Menominee
Gosiute; GrosVentre; Hawaiian; Keres, Western; Dracocephalum:Navajo, Ramah Lilium: Malecite; Micmac
Mendocino Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Echinacea: Cheyenne Lindera: Iroquois
Omaha; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni; Echinocystis: Cherokee Linnaea: Iroquois
Tewa;Winnebago Eleocharis: Seminole Linum: Cherokee
Aruncus: Nitinaht Epilobium: Costanoan Liquidambar: Houma
Asarum: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Iroquois Ericameria: Paiute Liriodendron: Cherokee
Aster: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois Erigeron: Miwok; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Lobelia: Cherokee; Iroquois
Astragalus: Dakota Eriodictyon: CahuiMa; Porno, Kashaya; Round Valley Lomatium: Thompson
Athyrium: Iroquois Indian Lonicera: Iroquois
Baccharis: Navajo, Kayenta Eriogonum: Keres, Western Lophophora: Kiowa
Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne Eryngium: Seminole Lycopodium: Micmac; Montagnais
Barbula: Seminole Erythronium: Cherokee Lysichiton: Quileute; Skokomish
Berberis: Mohegan Eucalyptus: Hawaiian Lythrum: Iroquois
Betula: Iroquois Eupatorium: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Okla Magnolia: Houma
Bidens: Seminole homa; Houma; Iroquois; Menominee; Mohegan; Mahonia: Montana Indian
Boebera: Keres, Western Nanticoke; Seminole; Shinnecock Malva: Costanoan; Diegueno; Iroquois
Brassica: Cherokee Euphorbia: Cahuilla Matricaria: Costanoan; Diegueno
Brickellia: Diegueno; Navajo, Ramah Euthamia: Potawatomi Melilotus: Iroquois
Bryum: Seminole Fraxinus: Costanoan Melissa: Cherokee
Callicarpa: Alabama Galactia: Seminole Mentha: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Cree,
Calycadenia:Tana Gaultheria: Potawatomi Woodlands; Flathead; Iroquois; Keres, Western;
Capsicum: Cherokee Gaura: Keres, Western Keresan; Kutenai; Menominee; Navajo, Ramah;
Cardamine: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Gentiana: Iroquois Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Paiute, North
Castanea: Cherokee Geum: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville ern; Potawatomi; Shoshoni; Sia; Washo
Caulophyllum: Iroquois; Omaha; Ponca Gilia: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Men tzelia: Cheyenne; Dakota
Ceanothus: Modesse Gleditsia: Meskwaki Mirabilis: Dakota; Mahuna
Celastrus: Iroquois Glycyrrhiza: Dakota; Keresan; Pawnee; Sioux Mitchella: Iroquois; Montagnais
Centaurium: Luiseno; Mahuna; Miwok Gnaphalium: Koasati; Rappahannock Monarda: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Okla
Cephalanthus: Choctaw; Seminole Gutierrezia: Isleta; Navajo, Ramah homa; Flathead; Iroquois; Koasati; Mohegan;
Cercis: Alabama; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Hamamelis: Cherokee Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa; Sioux, Teton; Tewa
Mendocino Indian Hedeoma: Cherokee; Ojibwa Monardella: Miwok
Chamaedaphne: Potawatomi Helenium: Comanche Monotropa: Mohegan
Chelone: Cherokee Helianthus: Pima; Shasta Myrica: Choctaw; Seminole
Chenopodium: Creek; Natchez Hepatica: Nanticoke Nemopanthus: Malecite
Chimaphila: Cherokee; Iroquois; Montana Indian Heuchera: Shoshoni Nepeta: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois
Chrysothamnus: Isleta; Navajo, Ramah Hexastylis: Rappahannock Nuphar: Iroquois; Rappahannock
Cicuta: Seminole Hierochloe: Flathead Octoblephorum: Seminole
Cirsium: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta Hoita: Costanoan Osmorhiza: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute;
Clematis: Oregon Indian Holocarpha: Miwok Shoshoni
Cleome: Oregon Indian Humulus: Dakota Osmunda: Cherokee
Clethra: Cherokee Hydrastis: Iroquois Oxalis: Iroquois
Clintonia: Iroquois Hypericum: Cherokee; Houma; Iroquois Paeonia: Mahuna
Collomia: Okanagan-Colville Hyssopus: Cherokee Panax: Creek; Iroquois
Comptonia: Chippewa Ilex: Micmac Panicum: Natchez
Conyza: Iroquois Impatiens: Iroquois Pediomelum: Cheyenne
796 Drug, Febrifuge

Pellaea: Costanoan Sideroxylon: Hawaiian Pawnee; Ponca; Rappahannock; Winnebago

Penstemon: Pawnee Sinapis: Cherokee Actaea: Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South
Pericome: Navajo, Raman Sisyrinchium: Costanoan Adenostoma: Cahuiila; Coahuilla; Diegueno
Persea: Creek; Seminole Smallanthus: Iroquois Adiantum: Costanoan; Makah
Phacelia: Costanoan Solanum: Delaware, Oklahoma Aesculus: Cherokee
Phytolacca: Cherokee Solidago: Cherokee; Chippewa; Delaware; Dela Agastache: Paiute
Piloblephis: Seminole ware, Oklahoma; Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Agrimonia: Cherokee
Pinus: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan- Potawatomi Aletris: Catawba; Micmac
Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni Sorbus: Wet'suwet'en Aleurites: Hawaiian
Pityopsis: Seminole Sparganium: Iroquois Alisma: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands
Plantago: Costanoan; Iroquois; Rappahannock Stephanomeria: Paiute Allium: Cherokee
Pleomele: Hawaiian Symphoricarpos: Cree, Woodlands; Nez Perce Alnus: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Clallam; Men
Pluchea: Choctaw; Houma Symplocos: Choctaw docino Indian; Ojibwa; Penobscot; Swinomish
Polygonum: Iroquois; Potawatomi Tagetes: Navajo Amaranthus: Keres, Western
Polystich um: Cherokee; Iroquois Tanacetum: Chippewa; Ojibwa Ambrosia: Cheyenne; Diegueno
Populus: Paiute Taxus: Micmac; Montagnais Amelanchier: Blackfoot; Thompson
Porteranthus: Iroquois Tephrosia: Catawba Amorpha: Ojibwa, South
Potentilla: Cherokee Tetraclea: Navajo, Ramah Amphicarpaea: Iroquois
Prosopis: Diegueno Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Anaphalis: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville
Prunella: Algonquin, Quebec; Delaware; Delaware, Thalictrum: Ojibwa Andropogon: Chippewa; Seminole
Oklahoma; Iroquois; Mohegan Thuja: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Quinault Anemopsis: Cahuiila; Pima; Shoshoni
Prunus: Cherokee; Iroquois Thymophylla: Isleta Angelica: Blackfoot; Costanoan; Creek; Delaware;
Pseudotsuga: Okanagan-Colville Thymus: Delaware, Ontario Delaware, Oklahoma; Mendocino Indian; Porno,
Pterocaulon: Seminole Tillandsia: Houma Kashaya; Tewa
Purshia: Navajo, Ramah Torreya: Costanoan Antennaria: Cherokee
Pycnanthemum: Cherokee; Chippewa; Meskwaki Toxicodendron: Cherokee Anthemis: Iroquois
Quercus: Cherokee Triadenum: Potawatomi Apocynum: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
Ratibida: Navajo, Ramah Trichostema: Concow Aquilegia: Gosiute; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Paiute;
Rhus: Iroquois; Malecite Trifolium: Cherokee Shoshoni
Ricinus: Hawaiian Triosteum: Cherokee Arabis: Keres, Western; Okanagan-Colville
Rorippa: Costanoan; Iroquois Tsuga: Iroquois Aralia: Bella Coola; Choctaw; Iroquois; Mendocino
Rosa: Costanoan; Diegueno; Mahuna; Tanana, Urtica: Potawatomi Indian; Menominee
Upper Vaccinium: Seminole Arbutus: Cahuiila; Miwok; Skokomish; Yuki
Rubus: Micmac Veratrum: Paiute Arceuthobium: Mendocino Indian
Rudbeckia: Seminole Verbascum: Iroquois; Nanticoke; Navajo, Ramah Arctium: Iroquois; Ojibwa
Rumex: Houma Verbena: Cherokee; Costanoan; Delaware, Okla Arctostaphylos: Miwok
Sabal: Seminole homa; Mahuna; Navajo, Ramah Arenaria: Gosiute; Yavapai
Sabatia: Seminole Verbesina: Choctaw; Hopi; Seminole Aristolochia: Cherokee; Choctaw
Sagittaria: Cherokee Veronica: Cherokee Armoracia: Cherokee
Salix: Alabama; Blackfoot; Cherokee; Costanoan; Veronicastrum: Cherokee; Iroquois Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa;
Creek; Houma; Koasati; Mendocino Indian; Viburnum: Cherokee; Iroquois Coahuilla; Costanoan; Dakota; Eskimo, Western;
Mewuk; Montana Indian; Pima; Seminole Vitis: Choctaw; Mohegan; Seminole Havasupai; Hopi; Hualapai; Isleta; Jemez; Kiowa;
Salvia: Costanoan; Paiute Wyethia:Mtwok; Paiute Lakota; Mendocino Indian; Mewuk; Navajo;
Sambucus: Cahuiila; Diegueno; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Xanthium: Houma Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Paiute; Pawnee;
Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Montana Zanthoxylum: Comanche Porno, Kashaya; Ponca; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Tewa;
Indian; Pima; Porno, Kashaya; Yuki Zinnia: Zuni Thompson; Winnebago
Sanguinaria: Iroquois Zizia: Meskwaki Aruncus: Bella Coola; Thompson
Sanicula: O]\bwa Gastrointestinal Aid Asarum: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Chippewa; Male-
Sanvitalia:Nzva]o, Ramah Abies: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Hanaksiala; Micmac; cite; Menominee; Meskwaki; Micmac; Ojibwa;
Sarracenia: Iroquois Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Okanagon; Thompson
Sassafras: Iroquois; Nanticoke; Rappahannock; Abronia: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Ute; Zuni Asclepias: Flathead; Iroquois; Keres, Western;
Seminole Abutilon: Hawaiian Navajo; Omaha; Pima; Ponca
Satureja: Cahuiila; Luiseno Acer: Iroquois Aster: Mohegan; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagon;
Saururus: Seminole Achillea: Aleut; Cherokee; Costanoan; Cowlitz; Go- Thompson
Scrophularia: Diegueno siute; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Mendocino Indian; Astragalus: Cree, Woodlands; Navajo, Kayenta
Scutellaria: Mendocino Indian Mewuk; Mohegan; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Atriplex: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Zuni
Sedum: Costanoan Shoshoni; Squaxin; Thompson Baccharis: Diegueno
Senecio: Iroquois Acorus: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Cree; Cree, Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne; Paiute
Senna: Cherokee Woodlands; Dakota; Delaware; Iroquois; Menom Baptisia: Iroquois; Pawnee
Shepherdia: Navajo inee; Meskwaki; Nanticoke; Ojibwa; Omaha; Bellis: Iroquois
 Index of Usages 797

Betula: Cherokee; Chippewa; Delaware, Oklahoma; Dalea: Dakota; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Gutierrezia: Hopi) Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah;
Eskimo, Western; Ojibwa Datura: Pima; Tubatulabal; Yokut Tewa
Bidens: Hawaiian Descurainia: Cahuilla Haplopappus: Paiute
Blechnum: Makah; Quinault Desmodium: Iroquois; Seminole Hedeoma: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Mohe
Brassica: Navajo, Raman Diervilla: Chippewa gan; Ojibwa; Shoshoni
Brickellia: Shoshoni Diospyros: Cherokee Helenium: Meskwaki
Callicarpa: Choctaw; Koasati Diplacus: Tubatulabal Helianthus: Navajo
Calocedrus: Mendocino Indian Dryopteris: Eskimo, Western; Ojibwa Hepatica: Cherokee
Calycanthus: Porno, Kashaya Dyssodia: Navajo, Ramah Heracleum: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Omaha
Capsella: Chippewa; Mohegan Echinacea: Choctaw; Crow; Lakota; Meskwaki; Heteromeles: Mendocino Indian
Capsicum: Cherokee Sioux, Teton Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah
Cardamine: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Echinocystis: Ojibwa Heuchera: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Flat-
Iroquois; Menominee; Ojibwa £/?foedra:Diegueno; Mahuna; Navajo; Navajo, head; Gosiute; Menominee; Navajo; Navajo,
Carex: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni Ramah
Carya: Cherokee Epigaea: Cherokee; Iroquois Hexastylis: Catawba; Cherokee
Castanea: Cherokee; Koasati Epilobium: Cheyenne; Eskimo, Western; Navajo, Hiemcium: Cherokee
Castilleja: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Ute Kayenta Holodiscus: Paiute; Shoshoni
Caulophyllum: Cherokee; Chippewa Equisetum: Ojibwa Houstonia: Keres, Western
Ceanothus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Menominee; Eriastrum: Paiute; Paiute, Northern Humulus: Dakota
Meskwaki Ericameria: Miwok; Paiute; Shoshoni Huperzia: Nitinaht
Celastrus: Cherokee; Ojibwa Erigeron: Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute; Shoshoni; Hydrangea: Cherokee
Celtis: Navajo, Kayenta Thompson Hydrastis: Cherokee; Iroquois
Centaurium: Mahuna; Miwok Eriodictyon: Hualapai; Kawaiisu; Miwok; Hymenopappus: Isleta
Cephalanthus: Seminole Shoshoni Hymenoxys: Zuni
Cercocarpus: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute Eriogonum: Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Comanche; Hypericum: Cherokee; Choctaw
Chaenactis: Shoshoni; Thompson Gosiute; Karok; Mahuna; Navajo, Kayenta; Ilex: Cherokee; Iroquois
Chaetopappa: Havasupai Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Round Valley Indian; Impatiens: Cherokee; Potawatomi
Chamaebatiaria: Shoshoni Thompson; Tubatulabal; Zuni In ula: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois
Chamaemelwn: Cherokee; Mahuna Erodium: Hualapai; Zuni Ipomoea: Iroquois; Keres, Western; Lakota
Chamaesyce: Houma; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Eryngium: Cherokee; Creek; Seminole Ipomopsis: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Omaha; Pima Erysimum: Sioux, Teton Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Chenopodium: CahuiWa; Mendocino Indian; Erythrina: Alabama Iris: Paiute; Shoshoni
Seminole Eschscholzia: Mendocino Indian Iva: Shoshoni
Chimaphila: Micmac; Ojibwa; Rappahannock Eupatorium: Cherokee; Delaware, Ontario; Juglans: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Rappa
Chlorogalum: Wailaki Iroquois; Mohegan hannock
Chrysothamnus: Keresan; Shoshoni; Thompson Euphorbia: Iroquois Juniperus: Arapaho; Bella Coola; Crow; Hopi; Jemez;
Cirsium: Cherokee; Costanoan; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Evernia: Blackfoot Keres, Western; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Tewa;
Shuswap Fendlera: Navajo Thompson
Clematis: Cherokee; Shoshoni; Yavapai Foeniculum: Cherokee; Porno, Kashaya Kalmia: Cree, Hudson Bay; Montagnais
Cleome: Tewa Fragaria: Cherokee; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Potawatomi Lachnanthes: Cherokee
Clethra: Cherokee Frangula: Delaware, Oklahoma; Hesquiat; Kwaki- Lactuca: Isleta; Navajo
Comarum: Ojibwa utl; Nitinaht; Paiute; Thompson Larix: Thompson
Comptonia: Ojibwa Frasera: Cherokee; Havasupai Larrea: Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Mahuna; Paiute; Pima
Convolvulus: Navajo, Ramah Fraxinus: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Lathyrus: Ojibwa
Conyza: Chippewa; Navajo, Kayenta Gaillardia: Blackfoot; Navajo, Ramah Lechea: Seminole
Coptis: Iroquois Galium: Cherokee Ledum: Bella Coola; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, West
Corn us: Cherokee; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Okanagan- Garrya: Kawaiisu ern; Tanana, Upper
Colville; Saanich; Thompson Gaultheria: Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Tete- Leonurus: Cherokee; Iroquois
Corydalis: Navajo, Ramah de-Boule; Cherokee; Nitinaht; Quinault Lepidium: Diegueno; Navajo, Kayenta
Corylus: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Gaura: Navajo, Ramah Lesquerella: Okanagan-Colville
Crataegus: Iroquois; Okanagon; Potawatomi; Gaylussacia: Rappahannock Liatris: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Omaha; Seminole
Thompson Gentianella: Cherokee; Iroquois Licania: Seminole
Croton: Apache, White Mountain; Lakota; Zuni Gentianopsis: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Ligusticum: Atsugewi; Cherokee; Creek
Cryptan tha: Navajo, Kayenta; Ute Geum: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Hesquiat Lilium: Algonquin, Quebec
Cucurbita: Navajo Gleditsia: Cherokee Linnaea: Iroquois
Cymopterus: Keres, Western; Navajo, Kayenta Glycyrrhiza: Cheyenne Linum: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute
Cynoglossum: Porno, Potter Valley Gnaphalium: Costanoan; Miwok Liriodendron: Cherokee
Cyperus: Yavapai Goodyera: Potawatomi Lithophragma: Mendocino Indian
Cypripedium: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Grindelia: Dakota; Keres, Western; Mendocino Lithospermum: Zuni
Chippewa; Iroquois Indian; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni; Sioux Lobelia: Cherokee; Iroquois
798 Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid

Lomatium: Cheyenne; Gosiute; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl; Opuntia:?ima Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Hanaksiala; Navajo,
Salish, Coast Orbexilum: Cherokee Kayenta
Lonicera: Blackfoot Orthocarpus: Navajo, Ramah Psilostrophe:Navajo, Ramah
Lophophora: Kiowa Osmorhiza: Cheyenne; Paiute; Potawatomi; Psoralidium: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni
Loft/s: Navajo, Ramah Shoshoni; Washo Psorothamnus: Keres, Western; Paiute; Shoshoni
Luetkea: Okanagon; Thompson Oxalis: Iroquois Ptelea: Havasupai
Lupinus: Blackfoot; Karok Oxydendrum: Cherokee Pterocaulon: Seminole
Lycopodium: Montagnais Oxytropis:Tlingit Pulsatilla: Okanagon; Thompson
Lycopus: Meskwaki Paeon ia: Costanoan; Diegueno Purshia: Paiute, Northern
Lygodesmia: Blackfoot Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois Pycnanthemum: Cherokee
Lysichiton: Bella Coola; Makah Parnassia: Cheyenne Pyrola: Iroquois; Nootka
Lysimachia: Cherokee Pectis: Keres, Western; Navajo Quercus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Choctaw; Dakota;
Machaeranthera:Navajo, Ramah Pedicularis: Catawba; Cherokee; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Omaha; Pawnee;
Magnolia: Cherokee Shoshoni Ponca; Winnebago
Mahonia: Blackfoot; Havasupai; Hualapai; Mendo- Pediomelum: Blackfoot Ranunculus: Iroquois
cino Indian; Miwok; Montana Indian; Paiute; Penstemon: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Kiowa; Navajo, Ratibida: Lakota; Navajo, Ramah
Quinault; Sanpoil Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Rhamnus: Kawaiisu
Maianthemum: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Rhododendron: Okanagon; Skokomish; Thompson
Mohegan; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Persea: Seminole Rhus: Chippewa; Iroquois; Keres, Western; Kiowa;
Malus: Cherokee; Makah; Samish; Swinomish Petrophyton: Gosiute Mahuna; Menominee; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Malva: Costanoan; Iroquois; Mahuna Phacelia: Kawaiisu Ramah; Thompson
Malvella: Choctaw Phlox: Havasupai; Paiute; Shoshoni Ribes: Hopi; Thompson
Marrubium: Navajo, Ramah Phoradendron: Hop'v, Navajo, Ramah; Papago; Rosa: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Costanoan;
Matelea: Comanche Pima; Tewa Crow; Gros Ventre; Iroquois; Kutenai; Mahuna;
Matricaria: Aleut; Cahuilla; Cherokee; Costanoan; Phragmites: Apache, White Mountain Menominee; Meskwaki; Miwok; Ojibwa; Paiute;
Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Western; Physalis: Iroquois; Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago Tanana, Upper
Flathead Physaria: Blackfoot Rubus: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Hawaiian; Hesquiat;
Melissa: Costanoan Picea: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern; Iroquois; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ojibwa, South; Okanagan-
Menispermwn: Cherokee Makah; Micmac; Ojibwa; Oweekeno Colville; Okanagon; Omaha; Porno, Kashaya;
Menodora: Navajo, Ramah Picradeniopsis:Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Rappahannock; Saanich; Seminole; Skagit; Skagit,
Mentha: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern; Cherokee; Pimpinella: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Upper; Thompson
Cree, Hudson Bay; Great Basin Indian; Iroquois; Pinguicula: Seminole Rudbeckia: Chippewa
Kiowa; Malecite; Miwok; Mohegan; Ojibwa; Pinus: Carrier, Southern; Cherokee; Iroquois; Keres, Rumex: Houma; Iroquois; Isleta; Kawaiisu; Kwaki
Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Western; Kwakiutl; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; utl; Lakota; Mohegan; Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute;
Thompson; Washo Quinault; Shoshoni Yavapai
Mentzelia: Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian; Piper: Hawaiian Ruta: Costanoan; Diegueno
Navajo, Kayenta Plantago: Carrier; Cherokee; Iroquois; Isleta; Sagittaria: Chippewa; Ojibwa
Menyanthes: Kwakiutl Meskwaki; Navajo; Nitinaht; Shoshoni Salix: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Creek;
Menziesia: Kwakiutl Platanus: Cherokee; Mahuna Koasati; Menominee; Nez Perce; Ojibwa;
Mimulus: Yavapai Pluchea: Paiute; Pima Okanagan-Colville; Seminole; Shoshoni
Mirabilis: Navajo, Kayenta; Zuni Pogogyne: Concow Salvia: Kawaiisu; Paiute; Shoshoni
Mitchella: Cherokee; Iroquois Polygala: Ojibwa, South Sambucus: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Choctaw; Dela
Mitella: Gosiute Polygonatum: Cherokee ware, Oklahoma; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat;
Monarda: Cherokee; Dakota; Meskwaki; Navajo, Polygonum: Chippewa; Iroquois; Keres, Western; Iroquois; Mohegan; Montana Indian; Paiute;
Kayenta; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South; Sioux Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Pima; Porno, Potter Valley; Seminole; Yokia
Monardella: Cahuilla; Mahuna; Mendocino Indian; Polypodium: Abnaki] Bella Coola; Cowichan; Sanguinaria: Chippewa; Delaware; Delaware,
Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Saanich Oklahoma; Iroquois; Ojibwa
Morus: Delaware, Oklahoma Polystichwn: Cherokee Sanicula: Cherokee
Myosurus: Navajo, Ramah Populus: Blackfoot; Carrier, Southern; Cherokee; Sarcobatus: Navajo, Ramah
Myrica: Koasati; Seminole Iroquois; Okanagon; Paiute; Thompson Sassafras: Seminole
Nepeta: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mohegan Porophyllum: Havasupai Satureja: Mendocino Indian; Porno; Porno, Kashaya
Nicotiana: Cherokee; Kawaiisu Porphyra: Hanaksiala Saururus: Ojibwa
Nuphar: Iroquois; Thompson Portulaca: Navajo Scutellaria: Delaware
Nyssa: Cherokee Prosopis: Comanche; Pima Sedum: Eskimo, Western
Obolaria: Cherokee Prunella: Iroquois Senecio: Keres, Western; Navajo, Ramah; Yavapai
Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah Prunus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Gosiute; Koasati; Shepherdia: Blackfoot; Salish; Shuswap; Thompson
Onoclea: Iroquois Meskwaki; Mohegan; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa, Silene: Gosiute
Oplopanax: Carrier, Northern; Gitksan; Haisla; South; Okanagan-Colville; Shinnecock; Shoshoni Silphium: Ojibwa
Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kwakiutl; Okanagon; Psathyrotes: Paiute; Shoshoni Sisyrinch ium: Cherokee; Costanoan; Mahuna;
Thompson; Wet'suwet'en Pseudocymopterus:Nava\o, Ramah Porno, Kashaya
 Index of Usages 799

Slum: Lakota Zanthoxylum: Iroquois Athyrium: Makah; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Potawatomi

Smilax: Cherokee; Iroquois Zinnia: Navajo, Ramah Baccharis: Cahuilla
Solarium: Iroquois; Lakota; Navajo; Nootka; Zuni Gland Medicine Bahia: Navajo, Ramah
Solidago: Chippewa; Iroquois Abies: Okanagan-Colville Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne; Washo
Sorbus: Bella Coola; Iroquois; Micmac Chamaesyce: Iroquois Baptisia: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Sphaeralcea: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah; Pima Erigeron: Thompson Betula: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Ojibwa
Spiraea: Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap; Thompson Nymphaea: Micmac Bouteloua: Navajo, Ramah
Stachys: Chippewa; Costanoan Phytolacca: Delaware Calamagrostis: Thompson
Stenotus: Navajo Stanleya: Navajo Calliandra: Yavapai
Streptopus: Thompson Veratrum: Paiute; Shoshoni Calochortus: Navajo, Ramah
Suaeda: Navajo, Kayenta Verbascum: Cherokee Caltha: Chippewa
Symphoricarpos: Miwok; Paiute; Thompson Gynecological Aid Camassia: Blackfoot
Symphytum: Cherokee Abies: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Iroquois Campanula: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta
Syzygium: Hawaiian Acer: Cherokee; Thompson Capsicum: Navajo, Ramah
Tagetes: Navajo Achillea: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Clallam; Klallam; Carex: Iroquois
Tanacetum: Delaware, Ontario; Mohegan Kwakiutl; Makah; Paiute Carnegia: Pima
Taraxacum: Aleut; Bella Coola; Ojibwa; Rappa- Acorus: Algonquin, Quebec Carpinus: Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois
hannock Acourtia: Navajo, Kayenta Carya: Delaware, Ontario
Taxus: Haihais; Karok; Kitasoo; Micmac Actaea: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Cassytha: Hawaiian
Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Potawatomi Castanea: Cherokee
Tetraneuris: Navajo, Ramah Adiantum: Costanoan; Iroquois; Menominee; Castilleja: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa
Thalictrum: Potawatomi Potawatomi Caulophyllum: Cherokee; Menominee; Meskwaki;
Thamnosma: Havasupai Aesculus: Cherokee Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Thaspium: Chippewa Ageratina: Iroquois Ceanothus: Karok
Thuja: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola Agrimonia: Cherokee Celastrus: Cherokee; Creek; Iroquois; Meskwaki
Thysanocarpus: Mendocino Indian Aletris: Cherokee; Rappahannock Celtis: Iroquois
Tilia: Cherokee Alisma: Iroquois Cerastium: Iroquois
Tiquilia: Navajo, Kayenta Alnus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Mendocino Indian; Cercocarpus: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah
Torreya: Costanoan Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi Chaetopappa: Zuni
Townsendia: Navajo Amaranthus: Cherokee Chamaesyce: Cherokee; Iroquois; Keres, Western;
Tradescantia: Cherokee Ambrosia: Houma; Keres, Western; Navajo; Pima Navajo, Ramah; Ponca; Zuni
7rcc/zostemfl: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Kawaiisu Amelanchier: Chippewa; Iroquois; Navajo; Ojibwa; Cheilanthes: Keres, Western
Trillium: Cherokee Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Thompson Chenopodium: Iroquois
Triodanis: Cherokee Andropogon: Houma Chimaphila: Iroquois; Karok; Menominee; Okana
Triosteum: Iroquois Androsace: Navajo, Ramah gon; Thompson
Tsuga: Gitksan; Menominee; Micmac Anemopsis: Costanoan Chrysothamnus:Nava)o, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville
Typha: Cheyenne Angelica: Iroquois; Porno, Kashaya; Tewa Cimicifuga: Iroquois
Ulmus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Koasati; Ojibwa Antennaria: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ojibwa Cirsium: Chippewa; Lummi
Umbellularia: Mendocino Indian Anthemis: Karok Claytonia: Quinault
Urtica: Cherokee; Hesquiat; Lakota Apocynum: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Keres, West Clematis: Navajo
Uvularia: Ojibwa ern; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Sanpoil Clintonia: Ojibwa
Vaccinium: Algonquin, Quebec Aquilegia: Cherokee; Navajo, Kayenta Coeloglossum: Iroquois
Valeriana: Blackfoot; Eskimo; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Aralia: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Mes Comptonia: Menominee
Thompson kwaki; Micmac Conioselinum:Navajo, Kayenta
Veratrum: Bella Coola; Blackfoot Arctium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki Con volvulus: Porno; Porno, Kashaya
Verbena: Cherokee; Costanoan; Dakota; Iroquois; Arctostaphylos: Cree, Woodlands Conyza: Chippewa; Houma
Mahuna Arisaema: Iroquois; Menominee Cordylan thus: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Verbesina: Navajo; Seminole; Zuni Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Cherokee; Chey Ramah
Vernon ia: Cherokee enne; Chippewa; Comanche; Karok; Lakota; Corn us: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Iro
Veronica: Navajo, Ramah Mahuna; Mendocino Indian; Navajo; Navajo, quois; Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Thompson
Veronicastrum: Cherokee; Iroquois Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Paiute; Corydalis: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Viburnum: Chippewa; Menominee; Ojibwa; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Corylus: Iroquois
Tanana, Upper Thompson; Yuki Crataegus: Chippewa; Iroquois; Ojibwa
Vicia: Cherokee; Rappahannock Aruncus: Cherokee Crepis: Shoshoni
Viola: Carrier, Southern; Iroquois Asarum: Cherokee Cryptantha: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta
Vitis: Cherokee; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Seminole Asclepias: Cherokee; Chippewa; Delaware; Dela Cucurbita: Hawaiian; Meskwaki; Omaha
Wyethia: Mendocino Indian; Navajo, Kayenta ware, Oklahoma; Hopi; Iroquois; Keres, Western; Cunila: Cherokee
Xanthium: Cherokee Lakota; Navajo; Ojibwa; Tewa Cupressus: Kawaiisu
Xanthorhiza: Catawba Aster: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois Cypripedium: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee;
Yucca: Lakota; Navajo Astragalus: Kawaiisu; Lakota Menominee; Ojibwa
800 Drug, Gynecological Aid

Darmera: Karok Hypericum: Houma Napaea: Meskwaki

Datura: Pima Impatiens: Cherokee; Iroquois Nicotiana: Kawaiisu; Tewa
Daucus: Iroquois Inula: Cherokee; Iroquois Nuphar: Gitksan; Kitasoo
Delphinium:Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta Ipomoea: Hawaiian Nyssa: Cherokee
Diervilla: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois Ipomopsis: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Oenanthe: Nitinaht
Dioscorea: Meskwaki Iris: Iroquois; Porno Oenothem: Navajo, Kayenta
Dirca: Iroquois Juglans: Iroquois Onoclea: Iroquois; Ojibwa
Echeandia:Navajo, Ramah Juniperus: Apache, White Mountain; Cheyenne; Oplopanax: Carrier, Southern; Lummi; Skagit
Echium: Iroquois Comanche; Cree, Woodlands; Crow; Delaware, Opuntia: Lakota; Lummi; Navajo, Ramah; Pima
Ephedra:Washo Ontario; Hopi; Isleta; Jemez; Navajo, Ramah; Orbexilum: Cherokee
Epigaea: Iroquois Paiute; Tewa; Thompson; Zuni Osmorhiza: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Ojibwa; Shoshoni
Epilobium: Miwok Lachnanthes: Cherokee Osmunda: Iroquois; Menominee
Equisetum: Menominee; Porno, Kashaya; Lactuca: Meskwaki; Ojibwa Ostrya: Delaware, Ontario
Thompson Laportea: Iroquois Oxydendrum: Catawba
Ericameria: Miwok Lappula: Navajo Oxytropis: Cheyenne
Erigeron: Houma; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Larix: Thompson Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois
Ramah; Thompson Larrea: Cahuilla; Papago Pastinaca: Ojibwa
Eriogonum: Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Hopi; Keres, West Lathyrus: Navajo, Kayenta Pellaea:Yavapa\
ern; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Round Valley Indian; Ledum: Makah Pennellia: Navajo, Ramah
Zuni Leonurus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Penstemon: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
Erodium: Jemez Micmac; Mohegan; Shinnecock Pentagrama: Karok
Erysimum: Navajo, Ramah Leptodactylon: Navajo, Ramah Pentaphylloides:Tanana, Upper
Eschscholzia: Mendocino Indian; Porno, Kashaya Lesquerella: Hopi Peperomia: Hawaiian
Euonymus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Winnebago Lew/s/a: Flathead; Nez Perce Pericome: Navajo, Ramah
Eupatorium: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Chip- Lilium: Iroquois Petradoria: Hopi
pewa; Iroquois; Menominee; Potawatomi Lindera: Rappahannock Petroselinum: Cherokee
Euphorbia: Cherokee; Keres, Western; Lakota; Linnaea: Algonquin, Quebec; Potawatomi Phacelia: Thompson
Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Linum: Hopi Phegopteris: Hawaiian
Foeniculum: Cherokee Liquidambar: Cherokee Phlox: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Fragaria: Iroquois Lobelia: Iroquois Phoenicaulis: Paiute
Fraxinus: Cherokee; Micmac; Penobscot Lomatium: Kwakiutl Phoradendron: Cherokee; Papago; Zuni
Freycinetia: Hawaiian Lonicera: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Woodlands; Physocarpus: Iroquois; Menominee
Gaillardia: Keres, Western Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Makah; Okanagan-Colville; Phytolacca: Mohegan
Gaura: Navajo, Kayenta Quinault; Squaxin; Swinomish Picea: Algonquin, Quebec
Gentiana: Meskwaki Lotus: Karok Pinus: Cherokee; Flathead; Kawaiisu; Paiute
Geranium: Thompson Luetkea: Okanagon; Thompson Piper: Hawaiian
Geum: Chippewa; Hesquiat; Klallam; Ojibwa; Lycopodium: Aleut; Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Plantago: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware,
Okanagan-Colville; Quinault Lygodesmia: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Hopi; Omaha; Oklahoma; Iroquois
Gilia: Navajo, Kayenta Ponca; Sioux Platanthera: Iroquois
Glyceria: Ojibwa Lysichiton: Quileute Platanus: Cherokee
Glycyrrhiza: Meskwaki Lysimachia: Cherokee; Iroquois Polygonatum: Cherokee
Goodyera: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Okana- Machaeranthera: Hopi Polygonum: Choctaw; Iroquois; Menominee;
gon; Potawatomi; Thompson Mahonia: Flathead Meskwaki
Gossypium: Koasati Maianthemum: Chippewa; Delaware; Delaware, Polystichum: Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Lummi
Grindelia: Cree Oklahoma; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South; Polytaenia: Meskwaki
Gutierrezia: Jemez; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Polytrichum: Nitinaht
Gymnocladus: Omaha Malus: Iroquois Populus: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Cree; Delaware,
Hamamelis: Cherokee; Iroquois Marrubium: Navajo, Ramah Oklahoma; Thompson
Hedeoma: Rappahannock Matelea: Comanche Porteranthus: Creek
Helenium: Cherokee; Comanche Matricaria: Diegueno; Montana Indian Potentilla: Navajo, Kayenta; Okanagan-Colville
Helianthus: Pawnee Matteuccia: Cree, Woodlands Prenanthes: Chippewa; Ojibwa
Hepatica: Iroquois; Menominee Menispermum: Cherokee Prosopis: Pima
Heracleum: Kwakiutl; Micmac Menodora: Navajo, Ramah Prunella: Iroquois; Ojibwa
Heuchera: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah Mertensia: Cheyenne Prunus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Delaware, Ontario;
Hibiscus: Hawaiian Mirabilis: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Pawnee Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Lummi; Ojibwa, South;
Hierochloe: Karok Mitchella: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Quinault; Skagit; Skokomish; Thompson
Houstonia: Navajo, Kayenta Iroquois; Menominee Pseudotsuga: Hanaksiala
Humulus: Cherokee Monarda: Flathead; Montana Indian; Sioux Psilostrophe: Navajo, Kayenta
Hydrangea: Cherokee Monotropa: Potawatomi Psoralidium:Navajo, Ramah
Hymenoxys: Hopi Myrica: Delaware, Oklahoma Pteridium: Iroquois; Menominee; Ojibwa
 Index of Usages 801

Pterocaulon: Seminole Streptopus: Iroquois; Makah Diegueno; Gabrielino; Hopi; Kawaiisu; Luiseno;
Pulsatilla: Blackfoot Stylosanthes: Cherokee Miwok; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Paiute, Northern;
Purshia: Kawaiisu; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Symphoricarpos: Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Thompson Shoshoni
Pyrola: Blackfoot; Navajo, Kayenta; Thompson Symphytum: Cherokee Ilex: Cherokee
Quercus: Cherokee; Choctaw; Delaware; Delaware, Symplocarpus: Iroquois Lophophora: Ponca
Oklahoma; Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Karok; Tanacetum: Cherokee Magnolia: Rappahannock
Navajo, Ramah Taraxacum: Chippewa; Kiowa; Navajo, Ramah; Mirabilis: Hopi
Ranunculus: Hesquiat Papago Nicotiana: Kawaiisu
Ratibida: Keres, Western Taxus: Algonquin, Quebec; Micmac Thamnosma: Kawaiisu
Reverchonia: Hopi Tephrosia: Mahuna Heart Medicine
Rhamnus: Kawaiisu Tetradymia: Hopi Abies: Algonquin, Quebec
Rhododendron: Cherokee Tetraneuris: Hopi Achillea: Cheyenne
Rhus: Cherokee; Diegueno; Iroquois; Keres, West Thamnosma: Paiute Acorus: Algonquin, Quebec; Ojibwa
ern; Menominee; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan- Thelypteris: Iroquois Adiantum: Cherokee
Colville; Omaha; Pawnee Thermopsis: Porno, Kashaya Agastache: Cheyenne
Ribes: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Mes- Thuja: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Thompson Alisma: Cree, Woodlands
kwaki; Ojibwa; Potawatomi; Skagit; Skagit, Upper; Tilia: Iroquois Alnus: Carrier; Cherokee
Thompson; Winnebago Townsendia: Keres, Western; Navajo; Navajo, Ambrosia: Iroquois
Rorippa: Navajo Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Apocynum: Chippewa; Potawatomi
Rosa: Chehalis; Iroquois; Squaxin; Thompson Tradescantia: Cherokee Aquilegia: Cherokee; Gosiute
Rubus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Trichostema: Miwok Aralia: Algonquin, Quebec
Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Porno, Kashaya; Quinault Trifolium: Cherokee; Iroquois Artemisia: Chippewa
Rudbeckia: Cherokee Trillium: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Asarum: Cherokee
Rumex: Apache, White Mountain; Iroquois; Lakota; Iroquois; Potawatomi Asclepias: Cherokee
Navajo, Ramah Triosteum: Iroquois Campanula: Cree, Woodlands
Sabatia: Cherokee Tsuga: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Kwakiutl Cardamine: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois
Salix: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Catawba; Typha: Iroquois Castanea: Cherokee
Okanagan-Colville Ulmus: Alabama; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Choctaw; Cercocarpus: Paiute; Shoshoni
Salvia: Cherokee; Mahuna Iroquois; Meskwaki Chaenactis: Great Basin Indian; Nevada Indian;
Sambucus: Creek; Hoh; Kwakiutl; Luiseno; Umbellularia: Karok; Porno, Kashaya Paiute
Meskwaki; Paiute; Quileute; Quinault Urtica: Cowlitz; Cree, Woodlands; Kwakiutl; Lummi; Chimaphila: Cree, Woodlands
Sanguinaria: Iroquois Quinault; Squaxin Clintonia: Iroquois
Sanicula: Chippewa; Micmac Vaccinium: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Woodlands; Collinsonia: Iroquois
Sanvitalia: Navajo, Ramah Makah Consolida: Cherokee
Sarracenia: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Woodlands; Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands Coptis: Algonquin, Quebec
Ojibwa; Potawatomi Veratrum: Paiute; Shoshoni Cornus: Okanagan-Colville
Sassafras: Iroquois Verbascum: Cherokee Corylus: Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Tete-de-
Scrophularia: Iroquois Verbena: Meskwaki Boule
Scutellaria: Cherokee Verbesina: Chickasaw Crataegus: Cherokee
Sedum: Bella Coola; Okanagan-Colville; Songish Vernonia: Cherokee Croton: Kawaiisu
Selaginella: Blackfoot Veronica: Cherokee Cucurbita: Cheyenne
Senecio: Cherokee; Costanoan; Keres, Western; Veronicastrum: Meskwaki Dalea: Chippewa
Navajo, Ramah Viburnum: Chippewa; Delaware, Oklahoma; Delphinium: Cherokee
Sesamum: Cherokee Iroquois; Micmac Dicentra: Kawaiisu
Shepherdia: Carrier; Umatilla Vicia: Iroquois Distichlis: Kawaiisu
Sida: Hawaiian Viola: Makah Echinocereus: Navajo
Silphium: Cherokee; Meskwaki Vitis: Cherokee; Choctaw; Delaware, Oklahoma; Erigeron: Catawba
Sisyrinchium: Menominee; Meskwaki Ojibwa Eriogonum: Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Keres, Western
Smallanthus: Cherokee Woodsia: Keres, Western Eryngium: Seminole
Smilax: Cherokee Xanthium: Koasati Festuca: Iroquois
Solanum: Keresan Yucca: Lakota; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa Filipendula: Meskwaki
Solidago: Cahuilla; Chippewa; Shuswap Zanthoxylum: Iroquois Fragaria: Iroquois
Sonchus: Potawatomi Zea:Tewa Geranium: Iroquois
Sorbus: Micmac Zeuxine: Seminole Hamamelis: Iroquois
Sphaeralcea: Keres, Western Hallucinogen Helenium: Comanche
Spiraea: Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville Acorus: Cree, Alberta Helianthus: Paiute
Staphylea: Iroquois Cardamine: Iroquois Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah
Stenotaphrum: Hawaiian Clematis: Iroquois Heuchera: Shoshoni
Stephanomeria: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah Cypripedium: Menominee Hexastylis: Catawba
Stillingia: Creek Datura: Cahuilla; Chumash; Coahuilla; Costanoan; Hydrastis: Iroquois
802 Drug, Heart Medicine

Hypoxis: Cherokee Hemorrhoid Remedy Aquilegia: Navajo, Kayenta

Inula: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Abies: Hanaksiala Aralia: Chippewa
Ipomoea: Houma Acer: Seminole Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Eskimo
Juniperus: Shoshoni; Thompson Achillea: Cherokee Alaska; Omaha; Shoshoni
Lactuca: Bella Coola Aesculus: Cherokee; Costanoan; Kawaiisu Aster: Zuni
Lewisia: Flathead Alnus: Cherokee; Potawatomi Astragalus: Chippewa
Liatris: Menominee Andropogon: Rappahannock Balsamorhiza: Gosiute
Ligusticwn: Cree Argemone: TYibatulabal Camellia: Makah
Maianthemum: Thompson Aster: Okanagan-Colville Chamaesyce: Navajo, Ramah
Malus: Makah Baptisia: Meskwaki Cirsium: Iroquois
Matricaria: Shuswap Betula: Iroquois Cordylanthus: Navajo
Mentha: Blackfoot; Cheyenne Cirsium: Iroquois Cornus: Iroquois
Menziesia: Kwakiutl Corn us: Algonquin, Quebec; Menominee; Ojibwa; Cuscuta: Kawaiisu
Monarda: Cherokee Wet'suwet'en Disporum: Okanagan-Colville
Nuphar: Bella Coola; Iroquois Corydalis: Iroquois Equisetum: Menominee
Paeon /«: Paiute Croton: Keres, Western Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah
Pedicularis: Iroquois Datura: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Pima Eriophorum: Ojibwa
Peniocereus: Nevada Indian Dimorphocarpa:Navajo, Kayenta Eryngium: Natchez
Picea: Bella Coola Diospyros: Cherokee Frangula: Kawaiisu
Pinus: Bella Coola Equisetum: Keres, Western Gayophytum: Navajo, Ramah
Plantago: Iroquois Eupatorium: Iroquois Gentianella: Meskwaki
Polygala: Chippewa; Meskwaki; Seminole Geranium: Meskwaki Geranium: Cherokee; Cheyenne
Polygonum: Iroquois Heuchera: Cherokee Gutierrezia: Paiute
Polypodium: Algonquin, Quebec Lachnanthes: Cherokee Gymnocladus: Omaha
Polypogon: Navajo, Kayenta Lactuca: Iroquois Helianthus: Keres, Western
Populus: Chippewa Mate Cherokee Heuchera: Blackfoot
Prunella: Bella Coola Men tha: Cherokee; Iroquois Hypericum: Cherokee
Prunus: Bella Coola; Kwakiutl Mitchella: Cherokee Juglans: Iroquois
Pycnanthemum: Cherokee Napaea: Meskwaki Juniperus: Zuni
Quercus: Chippewa; Ojibwa Oenothera: Cherokee; Iroquois Lactuca: Iroquois
Rhododendron: Cherokee Orobanche: Zuni Lappula: Navajo
Rhus: Okanagan-Colville Philadelphus: Thompson Lathyrus: Chippewa
Rubus: Cree, Woodlands Phytolacca: Rappahannock Lobelia: Cherokee
Rudbeckia: Iroquois Picea: Tanana, Upper Lupinus: Navajo, Kayenta
Rumex: Hawaiian Pin us: Cherokee; Seminole Lycoperdon: Blackfoot
Salvia: Costanoan Plantago: Thompson Lycopodium: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Potawatomi
Sambucus: Iroquois Pluchea: Houma Mahonia: Paiute
Sanguinaria: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Polygonum: Meskwaki Maianthemum: Ojibwa, South; Washo
Sanicula: Houma Prunella: Iroquois Mentha: Cree, Woodlands
Sassafras:Koasati Prunus: Meskwaki Mitchella: Iroquois
Scutellaria: Ojibwa Quercus: Micmac; Penobscot; Seminole Monarda: Cherokee; Lakota
Senecio: Cherokee Rhus: Iroquois; Menominee Nicotiana: Kawaiisu; Micmac; Navajo, Kayenta
Senna: Cherokee Rosa: Meskwaki Nuphar: Sioux
Shepherdia: Thompson Rubus: Cherokee Opuntia: Kiowa
Solanum: Isleta Rumex: Iroquois Panax: Creek; Ojibwa, South
Solidago: Algonquin, Quebec Salix: Iroquois Penstemon: Navajo, Kayenta
Sonchus: Navajo, Kayenta Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Malecite Phoradendron: Zuni
Symplocarpus: Menominee Sedum: Okanagon; Thompson Phytolacca: Micmac
Thalictrum: Iroquois Ulmus: Iroquois Pinus: Micmac
Thuja: Bella Coola Urtica: Thompson Plantago: Iroquois
Tsuga: Bella Coola Verbascum: Iroquois Platanus: Meskwaki
Vaccinium: Flathead Xanthorhiza: Cherokee Polygala: Chippewa
Veratrum: Bella Coola Hemostat Polygonum: Algonquin, Quebec
Verbascum: Ojibwa Achillea: Aleut; Cheyenne Populus: Cree, Woodlands; Ojibwa
Veronicastrum: Iroquois Acorus: Cree, Woodlands Prunus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Gosiute;
Viburnum: Iroquois Acourtia: Pima. Kwakiutl; Sioux
Viola: Ojibwa; Potawatomi Agrimonia: Meskwaki; Potawatomi Pterospora: Cheyenne
Zanthoxylum: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Alnus: Micmac Pycnanthemum: Koasati
Mohegan Anemone: Chippewa; Okanagon; Thompson Pyrola: Navajo, Kayenta
Apocynum: Chippewa Quercus: Chippewa; Mahuna
 Index of Usages 803

Ranunculus: Meskwaki Linaria: Ojibwa Fraxin us: Iroquois

Rhus: Cheyenne; Ojibwa; Omaha; Potawatomi Lindera: Creek Helianthus: Navajo, Ramah
Rosa: Chippewa; Ojibwa Lomatium: Kwakiutl; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Hepatica: Chippewa
Rumex: Iroquois Lon icera: Kwakiutl Heracleum: Iroquois; Menominee; Ojibwa
Salix: Cheyenne; Chickasaw; Meskwaki; Micmac; Lysichiton: Kwakiutl Hieracium: Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa
Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi Madia: Cheyenne Humulus:Navajo, Ramah
Sambucus: Paiute Maianthemum: Menominee Ipomopsis: Navajo, Ramah
Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Micmac; Ojibwa Malus: Creek Limosella: Navajo, Ramah
Sanicula; Meskwaki Mentha: Thompson Lomatium: Kwakiutl
Sassafras: Iroquois Mimulus: Kawaiisu Lonicera: Navajo, Ramah
Scirpus: Cree, Woodlands; Thompson Mitchella: Delaware, Oklahoma Maianthemum: Iroquois
Sedum: Kuper Island Indian Nicotiana: Kwakiutl Mirabilis: Navajo, Ramah
S//pftmm: Chippewa; Ojibwa Ochrosia: Hawaiian Monolepis: Navajo, Ramah
Solidago: Menominee Oplopanax: Kwakiutl Napaea: Meskwaki
Sphaeralcea: Navajo Oxytropis: Thompson Nicotiana: Cahuilla
Symplocarpus: Menominee Phytolacca: Delaware, Oklahoma Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah
Tephrosia: Seminole Picradeniopsis:Navajo, Ramah Osmorhiza: Iroquois
Thalictrum: Iroquois Pinus: Ojibwa, South Panax: Iroquois; Menominee
TTiu/fl: Kwakiutl Platanthera: Thompson Penstemon: Zuni
Trichostema: Tubatulabal Polygonatum: Chippewa Physocarpus: Okanagan-Colville
Trifolium: Navajo, Ramah Populus: Choctaw Picea: Koyukon; Tsimshian
Tsuga: Chippewa; Makah; Ojibwa Prunus: Paiute; Shoshoni Pinus: Navajo, Ramah
Typha: Iroquois; Mahuna Pseudotsuga: Karok; Porno, Little Lakes Platanthera: Thompson
Ulmus: Ojibwa Ranunculus: Thompson Polygonatum: Iroquois
[/rfta?:Abnaki; Bella Coola; Quinault Rumex: Bella Coola; Karok Polygonum: Ojibwa
Valeriana: Menominee; Meskwaki Salvia: Paiute Polystichum: Thompson
Veratrum: Haisla Sambucus: Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl Prenanthes: Iroquois
Verbena: Chippewa Silphium: Meskwaki; Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago Prunella: Ojibwa
Xerophyllum: Blackfoot Stephanomeria: Cheyenne Purshia: Navajo, Ramah
Yucca: Blackfoot Taxus: Chippewa; Menominee Pyrola: Ojibwa
Zanthoxylum: Meskwaki Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Ranunculus: Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa
Herbal Steam Tsuga: Delaware, Oklahoma; Menominee Ratibida: Keres, Western
Abies: Chippewa Urtica: Bella Coola; Paiute; Shuswap Rosa: Thompson
Achillea: Chippewa; Kwakiutl Yucca: Blackfoot; Keres, Western; Pawnee Rumex: Ojibwa
Agastache: Cheyenne Hunting Medicine Salix: Seminole
Anaphalis: Chippewa Acer: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville Salvia: Cahuilla
Angelica: Kwakiutl Acorus: Chippewa; Ojibwa Senecio: Navajo, Ramah
Artemisia: Chippewa; Kawaiisu; Kiowa; Mendocino Angelica: Kwakiutl Shepherdia: Okanagan-Colville
Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni; Tlingit Antennaria: Navajo, Ramah Sium: Ojibwa
Aster: Meskwaki Aralia: Ojibwa Spiraea: Ojibwa
Callicarpa: Alabama Arctostaphylos: Chippewa Spiranthes: Ojibwa
Calocedrus: Klamath Asarum: Meskwaki Taenidia: Ojibwa
Carya: Chippewa Aster: Chippewa; Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Thalictrum: Potawatomi
Chamaecyparis: Kwakiutl Astragalus: Thompson Thamnosma: Kawaiisu
Chenopodium: Zuni Atriplex:Z\m\ Thermopsis: Navajo, Ramah
Cirsium: Delaware, Oklahoma Besseya: Navajo, Ramah Thuja: Iroquois
Clematis: Shasta Campanula: Navajo, Ramah Tiarella: Iroquois
Conioselinum: Kwakiutl Cardamine: Iroquois Trillium: Iroquois
Corethrogyne: Kawaiisu Castilleja: Navajo, Ramah Tsuga: Kwakiutl
Cornus: Karok Cercocarpus: Navajo, Ramah Urtica: Makah
Eriodictyon: Atsugewi Chamaebatiaria: Navajo, Ramah Uvularia: Ojibwa
Eriogonum: Thompson Cicuta: Ojibwa Valeriana: Menominee; Navajo, Ramah; Thompson
Geum: Thompson Conyza: Ojibwa Veratrum: Gitksan-, Kwakiutl; Okanagan-Colville
Gutierrezia: Blackfoot Corallorrhiza: Iroquois Verbesina: Navajo, Ramah
Helenium: Koasati Cornus: Chippewa Veronica: Navajo, Ramah
Helianthus: Shasta Datura: CahuiMa; Navajo, Ramah; Yavapai Hypotensive
Iris: Penobscot Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah Acorus: Lakota
Juniperus: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Delaware, Erythronium: Cherokee Allium: Rappahannock
Oklahoma; Omaha; Ponca; Tewa Eupatorium: Chippewa Alnus: Cherokee
Larix: Ojibwa, South Euthamia: Ojibwa Equisetum: Diegueno
804 Drug, Hypertensive

Eriogonum: Mahuna Artemisia: Keres, Western Goodyera: Cherokee

Helenium: Comanche Aruncus: Makah Grindelia: Cree; Shoshoni; Sioux
Hydrangea: Cherokee Arundinaria: Houma Gymnocladus: Omaha
Juglans: Houma Asclepias: Cherokee; Iroquois; Natchez Hackelia: Cherokee
Juniperus: Diegueno; Thompson Aster: Iroquois Hamamelis: Iroquois
Phoradendron: Cherokee Baccharis: Costanoan Hedeoma: Nanticoke
Rubus: Iroquois Baptisia: Meskwaki; Micmac; Penobscot Helenium: Koasati
Sabal: Houma Bignonia: Choctaw Helianthemum: Cherokee
Sassafras: Iroquois Brassica: Cherokee Humulus: Cherokee
Shepherdia: Thompson Castilleja: Gitksan Hydrangea: Delaware
Veratrum: Hanaksiala Caulophyllum: Mohegan Hypericum: Menominee
Internal Medicine Celastrus: Iroquois Ilex: Cherokee
Ab/es: Nitinaht Centaurea: Mahuna Impatiens: Creek; Iroquois
Achillea: Hes<\u\al Chaenactis: Shoshoni Ipomoea: Cherokee; Creek
Alnus:Nitinaht Chaetopappa: Navajo, Kayenta Ipomopsis: Shoshoni; Washo
Anaphalis: Kwakiutl Chamaecyparis: Kwakiutl Iris: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Nevada Indian
Aruncus:Makah Chimaphila: Iroquois; Karok; Kutenai; Micmac; Jeffersonia: Cherokee
/4ster: Navajo, Ramah Okanagan-Colville; Yurok Juniperus: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Gitksan;
Cercocarpus: Kawaiisu Cimicifuga: Micmac; Penobscot Iroquois; Montana Indian; Navajo, Ramah;
Dirca: Iroquois Citrullus: Cherokee; Rappahannock Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Tanana, Upper;
Epilobium: Iroquois Clematis: Cherokee; Iroquois; Paiute; Shoshoni Thompson
Heracleum: Shuswap Collinsonia: Iroquois Lactuca: Iroquois
Juniperus: Tewa Comandra: Cherokee Lfl/tt: Anticosti
Ligusticum: Okanagan-Colville Conocephalum: Nitinaht Ledum: Makah; Malecite; Micmac; Okanagan-
Lomatium: Salish, Coast Cornus: Iroquois; Shuswap Colville
Machaeranthera:Nava\o, Ramah Croton: Mahuna; Modesse Lepidium: Lakota
Malus: Makah Cucurbita: Cherokee; Cheyenne Leptodactylon: Navajo, Kayenta
Paxistima: Thompson Cupressus: Kawaiisu Liatris: Cherokee; Meskwaki
Pedicularis: Meskwaki; Potawatomi Cynoglossum: Iroquois Linum: Navajo, Kayenta
Picea: Algonquin, Quebec; Menominee Cypripedium: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee Lithospermum: Gosiute; Zuni
Plagiomnium: Oweekeno Diplacus: Costanoan Lonicera: Algonquin, Quebec
Potentilla: Okanagan-Colville Dirca: Iroquois; Menominee Lygodesmia: Blackfoot
Rhiis: Thompson Disporum: Costanoan Lysimachia: Cherokee
Rubus: Kwakiutl Draba: Navajo, Ramah Lythrum: Cherokee
Sidalcea: Navajo, Ramah Echinocystis: California Indian; Cherokee Magnolia: Choctaw
7<m/s:Haihais; Kitasoo; Tsimshian Echium: Mohegan Mahonia: Blackfoot; Kutenai; Montana Indian;
Tradescantia: Navajo, Ramah Elymus: Iroquois Okanagan-Colville; Shoshoni
Tsuga: Bella Coola; Makah; Nitinaht Empetrum: Tanana, Upper Maian themum: Gitksan; Iroquois; Ojibwa
Kidney Aid Ephedra: Diegueno; Keres, Western; Mahuna; Malva: Mahuna
Abies: Antlcostv, Cherokee Navajo; Paiute; Shoshoni Manfreda: Catawba
Acalypha: Cherokee Epigaea: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Iroquois Marrubium: Cahuilla
Acer: Micmac; Penobscot Epilobium: Iroquois; Miwok Mentha: California Indian; Kutenai
Achillea: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Equisetum: Carrier; Cherokee; Iroquois; Menomi Mirabilis: Tewa
Mohegan; Paiute; Paiute, Northern nee; Ojibwa; Porno, Kashaya; Potawatomi; Mitchella: Iroquois; Seminole
Acorus: Cherokee Shoshoni Monarda: Blackfoot; Creek; Kutenai
Alisma: Iroquois Erigeron: Cherokee Myrica: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Mohegan
Allium: Cherokee Eriogonum: Navajo, Kayenta Nemopanthus: Malecite
Alnus: Cherokee; Cree, Hudson Bay Eryngium: Creek Nicotiana: Cherokee; Paiute
Angelica: Paiute Ewo/iyraz/s.iroquois Oenothera: Navajo, Kayenta
Eupatorium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Micmac; Osmorhiza: Cheyenne
Anthemis: Cherokee; Cree Penobscot Osmunda: Iroquois
Apium: Mahuna Fragaria: Cherokee Ostrya: Chippewa
Apocynum: Cherokee; Meskwaki; Potawatomi Frangula: Mendocino Indian Paeon ia: Paiute; Shoshoni
Aquilegia: Iroquois Gaillardia: Okanagan-Colville Panax: Cherokee
Arabis: Okanagorw Thompson Galax: Cherokee Paxistima: Okanagan-Colville
Aralia: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Malecite; Galium: Menominee; Meskwaki; Micmac; Miwok; Pellaea: Mahuna
Micmac; Penobscot Ojibwa; Penobscot Penstemon: Okanagon; Thompson
Arctium: Iroquois Gaultheria: Delaware; Iroquois; Mohegan; Persea: Creek
Arctostaphylos: Cherokee; Diegueno; Okanagan- Shinnecock Petroselinum: Cherokee
Colville; Okanagon; Thompson Gaylussacia: Cherokee Phytolacca: Cherokee
 Index of Usages 805

Picea: Koyukon; Kwakiutl Laxative Skagit; Skagit, Upper; Squaxin; Swinomish;

Pinus: Cherokee; Delaware, Ontario; Micmac; Abies: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Crow; Thompson; Tolowa; Yurok
Rappahannock; Shoshoni Gitksan; Kwakiutl; Malecite; Micmac Fraxinus: Iroquois; Meskwaki
Plantago: Shoshoni Acer: Iroquois Galium: Cherokee
Polygala: Cherokee Achillea: Great Basin Indian; Okanagan-Colville Garrya: Kawaiisu

Polygonum: Malecite Acorus: Cheyenne Gentianella: Cherokee

Populus: Creek Adenostoma: Cahuilla Geranium: Iroquois

Porteranthus: Cherokee Agoseris: Okanagan-Colville G///a;Zuni

Prunus: Cherokee; Rappahannock Aleurites: Hawaiian Grindelia: Mendocino Indian
Pseudotsuga: Okanagon; Thompson Alisma: Cree, Woodlands Gymnocladus: Dakota; Omaha; Oto; Ponca;
Psorothamnus: Paiute; Shoshoni Alnus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Woodlands; Winnebago
Purshia: Shoshoni Gitksan Hepatica: Cherokee
Pyrola: Micmac; Penobscot Alocasia: Hawaiian Hibiscus: Hawaiian
Rhamnus: Kawaiisu Ambrosia: Cheyenne In ula: Delaware, Oklahoma
Ribes: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Omaha Amelanchier: Blackfoot Ipomoea: Cherokee; Hawaiian
Rorippa: Costanoan Anemopsis: Paiute Ipomopsis: Okanagan-Colville
Rosa: Costanoan Apocynum: Blackfoot; Iroquois Iris: Aleut
Rubus: Iroquois Arctostaphylos:Tanana, Upper Juglans: Iroquois
Rudbeckia: Cherokee Artemisia: Eskimo, Alaska; Isleta; Navajo, Kayenta; Juniperus: Hopi; Keres, Western; Tewa
Rumex:Cherokee; Iroquois; Paiute Sanpoil Larix: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
Sabal: Houma Asarum: Okanagan-Colville Lomatium: Kwakiutl
Salix: Creek Asclepias: Cherokee Lonicera: Okanagan-Colville
Salvia:Jemez Aster: Blackfoot; Iroquois Lycopus: Iroquois
Sambucus: Cherokee; Iroquois Caesalpinia: Hawaiian Mahonia: Havasupai; Hualapai; Navajo, Ramah;
Sanguinaria: Iroquois Caltha: Eskimo, Western Nitinaht; Thompson
Sanicula: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Carya: Meskwaki Maianthemum: Meskwaki
Sarracenia: Micmac; Penobscot Ceanothus: Chippewa Malus: Gitksan; Makah
Satureja: Karok Centaurium: Mahuna Matricaria: Aleut
Saxifraga: Iroquois Cephalanthus: Seminole Melilotus: Porno, Kashaya
Scrophularia: Iroquois Cercocarpus: Tewa Menispermum: Cherokee
Scutellaria: Cherokee Chamaesyce: Hawaiian; Pima Mentzelia: Apache, White Mountain; Zuni
Senecio: Costanoan; Iroquois Chelone: Cherokee Menyanthes: Aleut
Silphium: Meskwaki Chimaphila: Iroquois Merremia: Hawaiian
Sinapis: Cherokee Chlorogalum: Wailaki Mitella: Gosxute
Smallanthus: Iroquois Cimicifuga: Cherokee Monarda: Iroquois; Ojibwa
Smilax: Chippewa Cirsium: Hopi Moms: Cherokee
Solidago: Iroquois Collomia: Okanagan-Colville Mucuna: Hawaiian
Sorbus: Thompson Colocasia: Hawaiian Nepeta: Iroquois
Spiraea: Okanagan-Colville Cornus: Iroquois; Lummi Odontoglossum: Hawaiian
Streptopus: Micmac; Penobscot Crataegus: Blackfoot Oemleria: Makah
Suaeda: Paiute; Shoshoni Croton: Isleta Oenanthe: Makah
Tanacetum: Malecite; Micmac Cucurbita: Cheyenne; Hawaiian; Tewa Oplopanax: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kwakiutl;
Taraxacum: Iroquois Datura: Tubatulabal Thompson
Tephrosia: Cherokee Diervilla: Chippewa Opuntia: Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Hawaiian
Thuja: Quinault Digitaria: Hawaiian Osmorhiza: Iroquois
Tradescantia: Cherokee Dirca: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Osteomeles: Hawaiian
Trifolium: Cherokee Distichlis: Kawaiisu Oxytropis: Navajo, Kayenta
Tsuga: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac Ephedra: Havasupai Paeonia: Costanoan
Typha: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Malecite Epilobium: Blackfoot; Eskimo, Alaska Pandanus: Hawaiian
Ulmus: Iroquois Equisetum: Cherokee; Ojibwa Pectis: Pima
Vaccinium: Makah Eriodictyon: Hualapai Pediomelum: Meskwaki
Verbascum: Cherokee Erioneuron: Havasupai Peperomia: Hawaiian
Verbena: Cherokee; Houma Erythrina: Seminole Perideridia: Blackfoot
Veronicastrum: Meskwaki Eupatorium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mahuna Persea: Seminole
Viburnum: Iroquois Fomes: Eskimo, Inuktitut Peucedanum: Hawaiian
Vitis: Iroquois Frangula: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Costanoan; Phlox: Blackfoot
Xanthium: Mahuna Cowlitz; Green River Group; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Physocarpus: Bella Coola; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl;
Zanthoxylum: Iroquois; Meskwaki Hesquiat; Kawaiisu; Klallam; Kwakiutl; Lummi; Saanich
Zea: Cherokee Makah; Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville; Porno; Phytolacca: Cherokee
Zinnia: Keres, Western Porno, Kashaya; Quileute; Quinault; Shuswap; Picea: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Hanaksiala
806 Drug, Laxative

Pinus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Kawaiisu Xanthium: Pima Pyrola: Shoshoni

Pkntago: Carrier; Costanoan; Navajo Yucca: Hopi; Navajo Rhamnus: Kawaiisu
Podophyllum: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Liver Aid Rhus: Iroquois
Oklahoma; Iroquois Achillea: Blackfoot; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Rorippa: Costanoan; Mahuna
Polypodium: Skagit, Upper Mohegan Rubus: Iroquois
Populus: Haisla; Iroquois Adiantum: Iroquois Rumex: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Houma;
Potentilla: Paiute Agrimonia: Iroquois Shoshoni
Prunus: Kawaiisu; Makah; Quinault; Thompson Aletris: Cherokee Sambucus: Choctaw; Delaware; Delaware,
Psathyrotes:Paiute; Shoshoni Allium: Cherokee Oklahoma; Iroquois; Thompson
Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola Apocynum: Iroquois Sanguinaria: Iroquois
Pursh ia: Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Paiute, Northern; Aralia: Iroquois Sarracenia: Iroquois
Sanpoil Asplenium: Cherokee Sedum: Iroquois
Pyrola: Blackfoot Baptisia: Iroquois Sequoia: Houma
Ranunculus: Iroquois Berberis: Shinnecock Shepherdia: Thompson
Rhamnus: Kawaiisu; Meskwaki Betula: Delaware, Oklahoma Solidago: Houma; Iroquois
Rheum: Cherokee Brickellia: Keres, Western Sporobolus: Ojibwa, South
Rhus: Iroquois Carya: Cherokee Tanacetum: Iroquois
Ribes: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Nitinaht Caulophyllum: Iroquois Thalictrum: Iroquois
Ricinus: Pima Celastrus: Delaware rswga: Gitksan
Rubus: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville Chelone: Iroquois Verbena: Houma
Rumex: Cherokee; Haisla Clethra: Cherokee Veronicastrum: Cherokee
Sagittaria: Iroquois Cornus: Blackfoot Viburnum: Iroquois
Salix: Meskwaki; Paiute Cryptogramma: Thompson Vitis: Cherokee
Salvia: Cherokee Diospyros: Cherokee Xanthorhiza: Catawba
Sambucus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cahuilla; Eupatorium: Iroquois Love Medicine
Diegueno; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Mohegan; Fagus: Iroquois Acer: Karok
Nitinaht; Paiute Fragaria: Cherokee Alocasia: Hawaiian
Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Ojibwa Frangula: Creek; Delaware, Oklahoma; Thompson Anemone: Iroquois
Sanicula: Iroquois Fraxinus: Delaware, Oklahoma Angelica: Lolahnkok
Sassafras: Seminole Gaylussacia: Iroquois Apocynum: Okanagan-Colville
Scutellaria: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Gen tiana: Iroquois Aquilegia: Meskwaki; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca;
Sebastiania: Alabama Grindelia: Blackfoot Thompson
Sedum: Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Thompson Hedeoma: Nanticoke Arbutus: Porno, Kashaya
Senecio: Kawaiisu Hepatica: Cherokee; Chippewa Arnica: Okanagan-Colville
Senna: Iroquois Heuchera: Shoshoni; Thompson Artemisia: Omaha; Winnebago
Shepherdia: Blackfoot; Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Hydrangea: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma Aruncus: Kwakiutl
Thompson Hydrastis: Iroquois Aster: Iroquois
Sida: Hawaiian Impatiens: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Caltha: Iroquois
Sisyrinchium: Iroquois Ipomoea: Iroquois Calystegia: Karok
Solanum: Isleta Ipomopsis: Shoshoni Cardamine: Iroquois
Spiraea: Blackfoot Iris: Cherokee; Cree, Hudson Bay; Delaware; Castilleja: Menominee; Nevada Indian
Symphoricarpos: Thompson Delaware, Oklahoma Chrysobalanus: Seminole
Symphytum: Cherokee Jeffersonia: Iroquois Chrysophyllum: Seminole
Taraxacum: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Juglans: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Coeloglossum: Ojibwa
Iroquois Ledum: Montagnais Conium: Klallam
Thamnosma: Havasupai Linum: Shoshoni Conyza: Seminole
Touchardia: Hawaiian Mahonia: Hualapai Corallorrhiza: Iroquois
Tradescantia: Cherokee Manfreda: Cherokee Cuscuta: Pawnee
Triosteum: Iroquois Morus: Delaware, Oklahoma Cypripedium: Meskwaki
Tsuga: Quinault Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois Datura: Costanoan
Ulmus: Cherokee; Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Parthenocissus: Cherokee Delphinium: Thompson
Winnebago Passiflora: Cherokee Dicentra: Menominee
Veratrum: Bella Coola; Haisla; Kwakiutl Phytolacca: Iroquois Dirca: Iroquois
Verbascum: Iroquois Pinus: Iroquois Disporum: Makah
Verbesina: Seminole Populus: Blackfoot Dodecatheon: Thompson
Veronicastrum: Menominee; Meskwaki Porteranthus: Cherokee Drosera: Kwakiutl
Viburnum: Iroquois Prunus: Iroquois Echinocystis: Menominee
Vicia: Costanoan Psathyrotes: Paiute; Shoshoni Eriophyllum: Chehalis
Waltheria: Hawaiian Pteridium: Iroquois Eupatorium: Iroquois; Meskwaki
Wikstroemia: Hawaiian Purshia: Paiute Filipendula: Meskwaki
 Index of Usages 807

Ga//um: Cowlitz; Iroquois; Karok; Quileute Miwok; Paiute, Northern; Thompson Erodium: Costanoan
Geranium: Iroquois; Thompson Acorus: Iroquois; Lakota; Micmac Eupatorium: Cherokee; Houma; Iroquois
Geum: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Adiantum: Cherokee Euphorbia: Algonquin, Quebec; Cahuilla
Hackelia: Cherokee Agastache: Miwok Fragaria: Cherokee; Chippewa
Iodanthus: Meskwaki Ageratina: Cherokee Fra/igw/a:Mendocino Indian; Yokia
Juniperus: Cheyenne Alisma: Cree, Woodlands Gaillardia: Navajo; Thompson
Lilium: Iroquois Allium: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Shinnecock Galium: Choctaw; Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah
Linaria: Iroquois Alnus: Hesquiat; Micmac Gamochaeta: Houma
Liriodendron: Rappahannock Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands Gaultheria: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
Lobelia: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Pawnee Anaphalis: Thompson Geum: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Lomatium: Dakota; Omaha; Oregon Indian; Anemopsis: Kawaiisu Glechoma: Cherokee
Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Angelica: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Iroquois; Washo Gleditsia: Cherokee; Creek; Meskwaki
Lonicera: Iroquois; Nootka, Manhousat Apocynum: Meskwaki Glycyrrhiza: Lakota
Madia: Cheyenne Aralia: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Gnaphalium: Cherokee; Creek
Malva: Iroquois Arbutus: Cowichan Grindelia: Shoshoni
Matricaria: Okanagan-Colville Arctium: Abnaki Gutierrezia: Shoshoni; Tewa
Mentha: Cheyenne Aristolochia: Cherokee Hamamelis: Iroquois
Menziesia: Quinault Armoracia: Iroquois Hedeoma: Navajo, Ramah
Mitchella: Iroquois Artemisia: Blackfoot; Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah; Heliotropium: Shoshoni
Monardella: Karok Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Heracleum: Iroquois; Malecite; Meskwaki; Mewuk;
Monotropa: Kwakiutl Tanaina; Tanana, Upper; Thompson Micmac
Myrica: Seminole Aruncus: Bella Coola; Lummi; Nitinaht; Holocarpha: Miwok
Nuphar: Abnaki Thompson //o/od/scus: Chehalis; Navajo, Ramah
Osmorhiza: Iroquois; Songish; Swinomish Asarum: Cherokee; Iroquois Humulus:Navajo, Ramah
Panax: Meskwaki; Pawnee; Seminole Asclepias: Delaware; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute //ex:Catawba
Pedicularis: Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa Aster: Iroquois Impatiens: Cherokee
Penstemon: Iroquois Astragalus: Cree, Woodlands; Navajo; Navajo, Inula: Iroquois
Persea: Seminole Kayenta Ipomoea: Cherokee; Iroquois
Phlox: Meskwaki Atriplex: Havasupai Ipomopsis: Shoshoni
Phoradendron: Cherokee Aureolaria: Chickasaw Iris: Micmac; Penobscot
Phytolacca: Iroquois Bignonia: Houma Iua: Navajo, Ramah
Platanthera: Kwakiutl; Potawatomi; Thompson Brassica: Cherokee; Micmac Juglans: Cherokee
Podophyllum: Delaware, Oklahoma Brickellia: Navajo, Ramah Juniperus: Aiapaho; Cherokee; Dakota; Eskimo,
Polygonum: Iroquois Calla: Gitksan Inupiat; Kutenai; Mahuna; Navajo; Okanagan-
Populus: Iroquois; Karok Carya: Cherokee Colville; Paiute; Saanich; Shoshoni; Shuswap;
Prenanthes: Iroquois Castanea: Cherokee Sioux; Thompson
Quercus: Seminole Ceanothus: Iroquois; Shuswap Krascheninnikovia: Navajo
Rumex: Iroquois Centaurium: Miwok Larrea: Paiute
Sagittaria: Thompson Cercocarpus: Shoshoni Ledum: Micmac; Tanana, Upper
Salix: Seminole Chamaebatia: Miwok Lepechinia: Miwok
Sanguinaria: Algonquin; Micmac; Ponca Chenopodium: Cherokee; Potawatomi Leptarrhena: Aleut
Sarracenia: Iroquois Chimaphila: Micmac; Nanticoke Lewisia: Okanagan-Colville
Satureja: Karok Chrysothamnus: Cheyenne; Navajo; Shoshoni Lindera: Cherokee; Iroquois
Scirpus: Potawatomi Cicuta: Kwakiutl Liriodendron: Cherokee
Sideroxylon: Seminole Cinna: Iroquois Lobelia: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Solidago: Iroquois Cirsium: Navajo, Kayenta; Zuni Lomatium: Great Basin Indian; Okanagan-Colville;
Spiraea: Iroquois Clintonia: Iroquois Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Taraxacum: Iroquois Cornus: Cherokee; Houma Lonicera: Cree, Woodlands
Thalictrum: Meskwaki; Ponca; Potawatomi Croton: Concow; Jemez; Neeshenam Lophophora: Kiowa
Tradescantia: Navajo, Kayenta Cypripedium: Cherokee Lupin us: Blackfoot
Trillium: Makah Dalea: Meskwaki Lycium: Navajo, Ramah
Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands Daucus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Mohegan Lygodesmia: Cheyenne
Viburnum: Iroquois Diphylleia: Cherokee Lysichiton: Gitksan; Yurok
Vicia: Iroquois; Makah; Quinault Dirca: Iroquois Mahonia: Karok; Miwok
Vitis: Navajo Dodonaea: Hawaiian Maianthemum: Meskwaki
Miscellaneous Disease Remedy Echinacea: Cheyenne; Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Malus: Creek; Meskwaki
Abies: Gitksan; Wet'suwet'en Ponca; Winnebago Marrubium: Navajo, Ramah
Acalypha: Cherokee Ericameria: Dieguefio; Paiute Marshallia: Catawba
Acer: Cherokee; Micmac; Thompson Erigeron: Miwok; Navajo, Ramah Matelea: Comanche
Achillea: Abnaki; Iroquois; Lummi; Meskwaki; Eriodictyon: Round Valley Indian Melissa: Cherokee
808 Drug, Miscellaneous Disease Remedy

Men tha: Cherokee; Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah; Sassafras: Cherokee; Choctaw; Houma; Nanticoke; Atriplex: Cahuilla; Navajo, Ramah
Thompson Rappahannock Chaetopappa: Hop'v, Navajo, Ramah
Mentzelia: Cheyenne Scutellaria: Iroquois Chimaphila: Abnaki
Menyanthes: Kwakiutl Senna: Cherokee; Houma Cordyline: Hawaiian
Mertensia: Cheyenne Sesamum: Cherokee Curcuma: Hawaiian
Mitchella: Iroquois Sinapis: Cherokee Dimorphocarpa: Keres, Western
Modiola: Houma Sisyrinchium: Iroquois Draba: Blackfoot
Monarda: Cherokee; Flathead; Navajo, Ramah Solanum: Costanoan Evolvulus: Navajo, Kayenta
Nicotiana: Cherokee; Paiute Solidago: Cherokee; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Gaillardia: Blackfoot
Nuphar: Iroquois Sorbus: Potawatomi Geranium: Cheyenne
Nymphaea: Micmac Sphaeralcea: Navajo Helenium: Cherokee
Oenothera: Navajo, Kayenta Stanleya: Paiute Helianthus: Cherokee
Oplopanax: Gitksan; Haisla; Thompson; Stephanomeria: Cheyenne; Navajo, Kayenta Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah
Wet'suwet'en Strophostyles: Houma Kalmia: Abnaki
Osmorhiza: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Suaeda: Paiute Ledum: Abnaki
Oxytropis: Navajo Symplocarpus: Delaware Machaeranthera: Navajo
Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois Taxus: Micmac Nicotiana:Tewa
Panicum: Creek; Natchez Tetradymia: Paiute Osmorhiza: Blackfoot
Parthenocissus: Houma Thamnosma: Paiute Polygonum: Navajo, Ramah
Peniocereus: Pima Thuja: Chippewa; Thompson Pterospora: Cheyenne
Penstemon: Okanagan-Colville Toxicodendron: Cherokee Rosa: Crow
Pericome: Navajo, Ramah Trichostema: Concow; Miwok Sanguinaria: Cherokee
Petasites: Concow; Tanaina Tsuga: Iroquois; Micmac; Thompson Senecio: Yavapai
Peteria: Navajo, Ramah Typha: Iroquois; Sioux Sisyrinchium: Navajo
Picea: Cherokee; Gitksan; Micmac; Wet'suwet'en Urtica: Cherokee; Paiute; Tanaina Solanum: Navajo
Pinus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Micmac; Navajo, Ramah; Vaccinium: Porno, Kashaya Solidago: Blackfoot
Paiute; Salish, Coast; Shoshoni; Thompson Valeriana: Navajo, Ramah; Thompson Stenotus: Navajo
Piper: Hawaiian Veratrum: Thompson Townsendia: Navajo
Platanus: Cherokee; Meskwaki Verbascum: Cherokee; Iroquois Veratrum: Blackfoot; Flathead; Kutenai
Polygonatum: Chippewa Verbena: Costanoan Zinnia: Navajo
Polypodium:Cowlitz; Iroquois Veronicastrum: Cherokee; Meskwaki Oral Aid
Populus: Iroquois Viburnum: Cherokee; Delaware, Ontario; Micmac; Abies: Blackfoot; Flathead; Kwakiutl
Porteranthus: Iroquois Penobscot Abronia: Navajo, Ramah
Portulaca: Navajo, Kayenta Vicia: Cherokee Achillea: Cree, Woodlands
Prunella: Catawba; Iroquois Vitis: Chippewa Acorus: Shinnecock
Prunus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Micmac; Wyeth ia: Shoshoni Alnus: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac
Paiute; Thompson Yucca: Cherokee Angelica: Cherokee; Porno, Kashaya
Psoralidium: Navajo, Ramah Narcotic Apocynum: Ojibwa
Psorothamnus: Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni Arctostaphybs: Kwakiutl; Ojibwa Aralia: Cree, Woodlands
Pteridium: Cherokee Broussonetia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Arctostaphybs: Blackfoot; Crow; Thompson
Purshia: Paiute; Shoshoni Comandra: Navajo, Kayenta Armoracia: Cherokee
Pycnanthemum: Meskwaki Cornus: Gosiute Artemisia: Blackfoot; Okanagan-Colville; Tanana,
Pyrus: Cree, Hudson Bay Crotalaria: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Upper
Quercus: Iroquois Datura: Apache, White Mountain; Havasupai; Hopi; Artocarpus: Hawaiian
Quincula: Kiowa Luiseno; Mahuna; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Asclepias: Blackfoot
Ranunculus: Iroquois Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni; Ute; Yuma; Zuni Asplenium: Hawaiian
flnws: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Kiowa; Montana Indian; Delphinium: Mendocino Indian Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne
Potawatomi; Round Valley Indian; Yokia Eschscholzia: Mendocino Indian Berberis: Micmac; Penobscot
Ribes: Cherokee Ledum: Kwakiutl Bothriochloa: Kiowa
Rosa: Keres, Western; Paiute Lophophora: Comanche; Kiowa Carya: Cherokee
Rubus: Chippewa; Montana Indian; Thompson Nicotiana: Navajo, Kayenta Ceanothus: Iroquois; Keres, Western
Rumex: Choctaw; Hawaiian; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Opuntia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Chamaesyce: Apache, White Mountain; Hopi
Paiute Petrophyton: Navajo, Kayenta Chrysothamnus: Jemez; Tewa
Salix: Creek; Mewuk; Paiute Selaginella: Blackfoot Cirsium: Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Mohegan
Salsola: Navajo, Ramah Stephanomeria: Navajo, Kayenta Clitoria: Cherokee
Salvia: Diegueno; Paiute; Rappahannock Nose Medicine Comandra: Navajo, Kayenta
Sambucus: CahuiWa; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Mahuna; Arisaema: Iroquois Coptis: Iroquois; Malecite; Menominee; Micmac;
Miwok Aristolochia: Cherokee Mohegan; Ojibwa; Penobscot; Potawatomi
Sanguinaria: Potawatomi Artemisia: Cheyenne; Havasupai Cornus: Iroquois; Meskwaki
Sarracenia: Micmac; Montagnais Asclepias: Navajo Crataegus: Okanagan-Colville
 Index of Usages 809

Curcuma: Hawaiian Pseudotsuga: Swinomish; Thompson v4/jge//o7:Costanoan; Creek; Iroquois

Delphinium: Blackfoot Pyrola: Mohegan Arabis: Okanagon; Thompson
Desmodium: Cherokee Quercus: Cherokee; Keres, Western Aralia: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois
Diospyros: Cherokee; Rappahannock Ranunculus: Cherokee Arctium: Iroquois
Dodecatheon: Blackfoot Rhus: Chippewa; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Arctostaphylos: Cheyenne; Thompson
Echinacea: Cheyenne; Lakota; Montana Indian Iroquois; Jemez; Keres, Western; Ojibwa; Okana- Arisaema: Cherokee; Iroquois; Micmac; Mohegan;
Echinocactus: Mahuna gon; Sanpoil; Thompson Penobscot
Equisetum:Tolowa Ribes: Kwakiutl Arnica: Catawba
Eriodictyon: Cahuilla Rosa: Crow Artemisia: Aleut; Carrier, Southern; Chippewa;
Eriogonum: Apache, White Mountain; Lakota; Rubus: Cherokee Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Western; Hopi;
Mahuna; Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Rumex: Navajo, Ramah; Pima Klamath; Montana Indian; Okanagan-Colville;
Euphorbia: Cahuilla Salix: Catawba; Crow; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inu- Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson; Tolowa;
Fragaria: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville piat; Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Nunivak; Yuki; Yurok
Gaultheria: Cherokee; Makah Eskimo, Western; Iroquois; Seminole; Tanana, Aruncus: Cherokee; Thompson
Geranium: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Mes- Upper Arundo: Cahuilla
kwaki; Ojibwa; Salish Sanvitalia: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Asarum: Chippewa
Geum: Blackfoot Sassafras: Cherokee; Seminole Asclepias: Iroquois; Menominee
Glycyrrhiza: Blackfoot; Zuni Schkuhria: Navajo, Ramah Aster: Cree, Woodlands
Gnaphalium: Cherokee Schoenocrambe: Navajo, Ramah Astragalus: Navajo, Kayenta
Goodyera: Mohegan Scirpus: Cherokee Baptisia: Iroquois; Nanticoke
Helianthus: Kiowa Sedum: Eskimo, Alaska; Thompson Betula:Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Tanana, Upper
Heuchera: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Navajo; Sempervivum: Mahuna Blechnum: Quileute
Thompson Solanum: Cherokee Brassica: Cherokee
Hieracium: Thompson Solidago: Cherokee Calla: Cree, Woodlands
Holodiscus: Lummi Sphaeralcea: Navajo, Kayenta Carnegia: Pima
Hydrophyllum: Iroquois Stenotaphrum: Hawaiian Carya: Cherokee
Iris: Yokia Stenotus: Navajo Castilleja: Chippewa; Gitksan
Juglans: Iroquois Symphoricarpos: Skagit Ceanothus: Alabama; Okanagan-Colville;
Juncus: Cherokee Syringa: Iroquois Thompson
Juniperus: Kiowa; Shoshoni Syzygium: Hawaiian Celastrus: Creek
Lachnanthes: Cherokee Thuja: Skokomish Cephalanthus: Koasati
Larrea: Pima Tiarella: Cherokee; Iroquois Chaenactis: Goslute; Kawaiisu; Paiute
Lomatium: Okanagan-Colville Toxicodendron: Iroquois Chamaebatiaria: Paiute
Lonicera: Quinault Trollius: Cherokee Chenopodium: Costanoan
Mahonia: CowWtz; Hopi Ulmus: Kiowa Chimaphila: Catawba; Cree, Woodlands; Karok;
Malus: Cherokee; Oweekeno Urtica: Makah Thompson
Mentha: Cree, Woodlands Veratrum: Blackfoot Cicuta: Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Paiute; Shoshoni;
Menziesia: Hesquiat Verbesina: Seminole Thompson
Mirabilis: Navajo; Pawnee Viburnum: Cherokee Cimicifuga: Iroquois
Nepeta: Iroquois Vitis: Cherokee Clematis: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni
Nymphaea: Chippewa Xanthium: Paiute, Northern Comptonia: Micmac
Oxalis: Cherokee; Iroquois; Kiowa Xanthorhiza: Cherokee Conyza: Hawaiian
Oxydendrum: Cherokee Ximenia: Seminole Cordylanthus: Navajo
Panax: Cherokee Orthopedic Aid Coreopsis: Meskwaki
Persea: Mahuna; Seminole Abies: Iroquois; Micmac; Thompson Corn us: Carrier, Northern; Iroquois; Montagnais
Phlox: Navajo, Ramah Acer: Iroquois; Micmac; Seminole Coronilla: Cherokee
Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Achillea: Carrier, Southern; Malecite; Mendocino Corydalis: Navajo, Ramah
Tanana, Upper Indian; Micmac; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Crepis: Okanagan-Colville
Piper: Hawaiian Acorus: Cree, Woodlands; Lakota Cupressus: Kawaiisu
Pityopsis: Choctaw Adiantum: Iroquois Cymopterus: Navajo, Kayenta
Pleopeltis: Houma Aesculus: Cherokee Cypripedium: Iroquois
Polygala: Cree, Woodlands Agoseris: Navajo, Ramah Datura: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Kayenta
Polygonum: Cree, Woodlands; Meskwaki Alisma: Iroquois Delphinium: Kawaiisu
Polypodium: Bella Coola; Hesquiat; Thompson Alnus: Cherokee; Cowlitz; Micmac; Mohegan; Dirca: Iroquois
Populus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Iroquois Nitinaht Echinacea: Cheyenne
Portulaca: Keres, Western Ambrose: Costanoan; Iroquois Elytrigia: Cherokee
Potentilla: Cherokee Anaphalis: Chippewa Ephedra: Kawaiisu
Prosopis: Pima Andropogon: Catawba Epilobium: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta
Prunus: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Anemone: Ojibwa, South Equisetum: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta;
Kwakiutl; Meskwaki Anemopsis: Paiute Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi
810 Drug, Orthopedic Aid

Ericameria: Coahuilla; Kawaiisu; Miwok Matelea: Comanche Rosa: Carrier, Northern; Potawatomi
Erigeron: Cheyenne; Thompson Matteuccia: Cree, Woodlands Rubus: Carrier, Northern
Eriodictyon: Coahuilla; Hualapai; Miwok Menodora: Navajo, Ramah Rumex: Iroquois; Kawaiisu
Eriogonum: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute; Merremia: Hawaiian Ruta: Cherokee; Costanoan
Shoshoni; Thompson Mimulus: Kawaiisu Salix: Micmac; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Semi
Eryngium: Seminole M/rafo7Js; Chippewa; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa; nole; Thompson
Eucalyptus: Hawaiian Sioux, Teton Salvia: Costanoan
Euonymus: Cherokee Mitchella: Iroquois Sambucus: Cowlitz; Kwakiutl; Mendocino Indian
Eupatorium: Abnaki; Iroquois Moneses: Montagnais Sanicula: Cherokee
Fouquieria: Hualapai Morinda: Hawaiian Sarracenia: Cree, Woodlands
Gaillardia: Blackfoot; Okanagan-Colville Nereocystis: Kwakiutl, Southern Sassafras: Iroquois
Galium: Iroquois Nuphar: Kwakiutl; Micmac; Shuswap Scirpus: Houma
Gentiana: Iroquois Nymphaea: Micmac Senecio: Hopi; Iroquois; Zuni
Geum: Thompson Oenothera: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah Shepherdia: Algonquin, Quebec
Glyceria: Catawba Onosmodium: Cheyenne Silphium: Chippewa; Iroquois; Meskwaki
Gnaphalium: Cherokee; Iroquois Oplopanax: Gitksan; Nitinaht Sinapis: Cherokee
Grindelia: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni Orbexilum: Catawba Sium: Iroquois
Gutierrezia: Kawaiisu; Paiute Osmunda: Iroquois Smallanthus: Iroquois
Hackelia: Navajo, Ramah Ostrya: Cherokee Smilax: Cherokee; Chippewa
Hamamelis: Iroquois; Menominee; Potawatomi Oxytropis: Thompson Solanum: Kawaiisu
Helianthella: Paiute Parthenocissus: Iroquois Solidago: Chippewa; Thompson
Hepatica: Iroquois Paxistima: Thompson Sorbus: Cree, Woodlands
Heracleum: Aleut; Bella Coola; Okanagan-Colville; Pedicularis: Iroquois Sphaeralcea: Hopi
Quinault Pediomelum: Blackfoot Spiraea: Iroquois
Heuchera: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah Penstemon: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Kayenta; Okanagon; Symphytum: Cherokee
Hexastylis: Catawba Shoshoni; Thompson Tanacetum: Cherokee; Iroquois
Holodiscus: Lummi Persea: Seminole Taraxacum: Iroquois; Tewa
Hydrangea: Cherokee Phoradendron: Houma Tauschia: Kawaiisu
Hypericum: Alabama; Paiute; Shoshoni Phragmites: Cahuilla Taxus: Iroquois
Ilex: Cherokee Phyla: Houma Tephrosia: Cherokee
Impatiens: Mohegan; Nanticoke; Penobscot; Physaria: Blackfoot Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah
Potawatomi Phytolacca: Iroquois Tetraneuris: Hopi
Ipomoea: Hawaiian Pinus: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Iroquois; Nan Thalictrum: Gitksan; Yuki
Iris: Iroquois ticoke; Okanagon; Paiute; Seminole; Shoshoni; Thelypteris: Seminole
Isocoma: Pima Thompson Thuja: Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Micmac
Juncus: Cherokee Plantago: Cherokee; Iroquois; Ojibwa Tiarella: Iroquois
Juniperus: Blackfoot; Hopi; Micmac; Paiute; Semi Platanthera: Thompson Tilia: Iroquois
nole; Tewa Po/ygfl/airoquois Trillium: Iroquois
Kalmia: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac Polygonatum: Rappahannock Triosteum: Cherokee
Krascheninnikovia: Hopi Polygonum: Houma; Iroquois Tsuga: Iroquois; Nitinaht
Lactuca: Iroquois Polystichum: Iroquois Typ/za: iroquois
Larix: Thompson Populus: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Costanoan; Creek; Ulmus: Iroquois; Mahuna
Larrea: Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Papago Diegueno; Isleta; Kawaiisu; Nanticoke; Ojibwa; Urtica: Bella Coola; Costanoan; Cowlitz; Kawaiisu;
Lar/zyrus: Mendocino Indian Thompson Klallam; Quinault; Thompson
Ledum: Cree, Hudson Bay Porphyra: Hanaksiala Uvularia: Iroquois; Potawatomi
Linnaea: Montagnais Porteranthus: Cherokee Veratrum: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Kwakiutl;
Liriodendron: Cherokee Prunella: Iroquois Okanagan-Colville; Paiute, Northern;
Lithospermum: Cheyenne Prunus: Koasati; Thompson Thompson
Lobelia: Cherokee Pseudotsuga: Isleta; Thompson Verbascum: Catawba; Iroquois; Rappahannock
Lomatium: Gosiute; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl; Okanagan- Psidium: Hawaiian Viburnum: Iroquois
Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Psorothamnus: Paiute Vicia: Cherokee
Lonicera: Carrier, Northern; Costanoan; Kwakiutl; Pteridium: Montagnais; Seminole; Thompson Wyethia: Gosiute; Paiute
Thompson Pterocaulon: Seminole Xanthium: Mahuna
Lophophora: Kiowa Pyrola: Iroquois Xerophyllum: Blackfoot
Lygodesmia: Blackfoot Quercus: Alabama; Creek; Houma; Iroquois; Mohe- Ximenia: Seminole
Lysichiton: Shuswap gan; Ojibwa; Seminole; Shinnecock Yucca: Blackfoot; Nanticoke
Maianthemum: Gitksan; Paiute Ranunculus: Iroquois; Thompson Zanthoxylum: Chippewa; Houma; Iroquois
Malus: Iroquois; Makah Rhamnus: Iroquois Zigadenus: Mendocino Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni;
Malva: Iroquois Rh us: Iroquois; Koasati Shuswap; Thompson; Washo
Marah: Squaxin Ribes: Carrier, Northern; Iroquois; Paiute; Shoshoni Zingiber: Hawaiian
 Index of Usages 811

Other Gaillardia: Navajo, Kayenta Pterocaulon: Seminole

Abies: Gitksan; Okanagan-Colville Gaultheria: Skagit, Upper Purshia: Shoshoni
Achillea:Makah; Swinomish Geranium: Blackfoot; Navajo, Kayenta Quercus: Iroquois
Adiantum: Cherokee; Micmac Glycyrrhiza: Paiute Ranunculus: Hesquiat
Agrimonia: Iroquois Gymnocarpium: Abnaki Rhododendron: Cherokee
Alisma: Iroquois Hamamelis: Menominee Rhus: Creek; Kiowa; Okanagan-Colville
Ambrosia: Makah Helianthus: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah Ribes: Iroquois; Salish, Coast; Thompson
Anaphalis: Nitinaht Hepatica: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Potawatomi Rubus: Hesquiat; Iroquois; Porno, Kashaya;
Anemopsis: Pima Hymenopappus: Navajo, Kayenta Seminole
Angadenia: Seminole Ilex: Iroquois Salix: Creek; Seminole
Angelica: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Porno, Kashaya Ipomoea: Iroquois Salvia: Diegueno; Hopi; Shoshoni
Anthemis: Iroquois Juniperus: Algonquin; Comanche; Hopi; Meskwaki; Sambucus: Cherokee
Apocynum: Chippewa; Navajo, Kayenta Okanagan-Colville; Rappahannock; Seminole; Sanguinaria: Iroquois
Artemisia: Kawmisw, Keres, Western; Mewuk Thompson Sassafras: Seminole
Asclepias: Costanoan; Iroquois Larix: Menominee; Potawatomi Saururus: Seminole
Aster: Pawnee; Seminole Lepidium: Navajo, Kayenta Scirpus: Clallam
Astragalus: Navajo, Kayenta Lespedeza: Iroquois Sedum: Iroquois
Atriplex: Navajo, Ramah Leucothoe: Cherokee Senecio: Costanoan
Aureolaria: Cherokee Licania: Seminole Silene: Keres, Western
Bacopa: Seminole Ligusticum: Okanagan-Colville Sisyrinchium: Iroquois
Berchemia: Seminole Liquidambar: Cherokee; Koasati Smallanthus: Cherokee
Betula: Micmac Lobelia: Cherokee; Iroquois Smilax: Cherokee; Creek; Seminole
Botrychium: Abnaki Lomatium: Great Basin Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Solan um: Iroquois
Brickellia: Navajo, Ramah Yuki Solidago: Iroquois
Callicarpa: Choctaw Luzula: Iroquois Sonch us: Pima
Camissonia: Navajo, Kayenta Lycopus: Cherokee Sphaeralcea: Navajo, Kayenta
Cardamine: Iroquois Lysichiton: Kwakiutl; Samish; Swinomish; Tolowa Spiraea: Okanagan-Colville
Carex: Iroquois Mahonia: Karok; Keres, Western Stillingia: Seminole
Carpinus: Iroquois Maianthemum: Iroquois Tagetes: Navajo
Ceanothus: Great Basin Indian; Iroquois Malva: Costanoan; Navajo, Ramah Tanacetum: Cheyenne
Celastrus: Iroquois Mentha: Iroquois; Paiute Taxus: Chippewa
Cephalanthus: Seminole Monarda: Iroquois Tetraneuris: Navajo, Ramah
Chamaesaracha: Navajo, Kayenta Myriophyllum: Iroquois Thalictrum: Iroquois
Chrysothamnus: Thompson Nepeta: Iroquois; Ojibwa Thuja: Bella Coola
Circaea: Iroquois Nicotiana: Cherokee; Kawaiisu Tiarella: Iroquois
Clematis: Seminole; Thompson Nuphar: Iroquois; Nitinaht Tilia: Iroquois
Cocos: Hawaiian Nymphoides: Seminole 7h7//um:Wailaki;Yuki
Commelina: Seminole Nyssa: Cherokee Tripterocalyx: Navajo, Ramah
Coreopsis: Seminole Oplopanax: Gitksan Tsuga: Gitksan; Hesquiat
Cornus: Okanagan-Colville Orobanche: Navajo Typha: Ojibwa
Corydalis: Navajo, Ramah Osmunda: Seminole Ulmus: Iroquois
Cucurbita: Cahuilla Oxalis: Iroquois; Makah Urtica: Kwakiutl
Dafwra: Cahuilla; Hopi; Paiute; Pima; Yokut Panax: Cherokee Vaccinium: Iroquois
Diervilla: Potawatomi Parthenocissus: Iroquois Valeriana: Gosiute
Draba: Keres, Western Pellaea: Miwok Veratrum: Gitksan
Dyssodia: Keres, Western Pentaphylloides: Cheyenne Verbena: Iroquois
Echinacea: Dakota; Lakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Peperomia: Hawaiian Vitis: Cherokee; Iroquois
Winnebago Persea: Seminole Vittaria: Seminole
Echinocactus: Omaha Phlebodium: Seminole Zanthoxylum: Menominee
Elymus: Iroquois; Karok Phragmites: Iroquois Zinnia: Keres, Western
Ephedra: Cahuilla; Pima Phytolacca: Cherokee Panacea
Epilobium: Swinomish Picea: Kwakiutl Abies: Abnaki; Shuswap; Thompson
Epipactis: Navajo, Kayenta Pinus: Cherokee; Hualapai; Iroquois; Navajo, Abronia: Navajo, Kayenta
Equisetum: Iroquois Ramah Acer: Navajo, Ramah
Erigeron: Cheyenne Platanus: Cherokee Achillea: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Nitinaht;
Eriogonum: Navajo, Ramah; Thompson; Zuni Polygala: Cherokee; Iroquois; Seminole Quileute; Thompson; Ute
Euonymus: Cherokee; Iroquois Polypodium: Seminole Acorus: Cheyenne; Cree, Woodlands; Dakota;
Eupatorium: Cherokee; Iroquois Populus: Flathead Micmac; Mohegan; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca;
Festuca: Iroquois Prenanthes: Choctaw Sioux, Fort Peck; Winnebago
Fraxinus: Iroquois Prosopis: Pima Ageratina: Iroquois
812 Drug, Panacea

Agoseris: Navajo, Ramah Forestiera: Houma Osmunda: Iroquois

Alisma: Cree, Woodlands Fragaria: Navajo, Ramah Panax: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois; Meskwaki;
Alnus: Rappahannock Frangula: Quileute; West Coast Indian Mohegan
Amelanchier: Navajo, Ramah Frasera: Navajo, Kayenta; Shoshoni Penstemon: Navajo, Ramah
Androsace: Navajo, Ramah Fraxinus: Meskwaki Perideridia: Blackfoot
Anemone: Carrier, Southern; Omaha; Ponca Gaura: Navajo, Ramah Persea: Seminole
Angelica: Eskimo; Yana Geranium: Navajo, Ramah Petasites: Karok
Anthemis: Mohegan Geum: Carrier, Southern; Cree, Woodlands; Iro Phoradendron: Houma
Apocynum: Meskwaki quois; Quinault Physalis: Navajo, Ramah
Aquilegia: Goslute; Paiute Glandular/a: Navajo, Ramah Picea: Eskimo, Nunivak; Koyukon; Shuswap;
Arabis: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah Gleditsia: Creek Thompson
Aralia: Cree, Woodlands; Porno Gnaphalium: Navajo, Ramah Picradeniopsis: Navajo, Ramah
Arctostaphylos: Ojibwa Gutierrezia: Navajo, Ramah Pinus: Iroquois; Shuswap; Thompson
Arenaria: Navajo, Ramah Hamamelis: Iroquois Plantago: Navajo, Ramah
Argythamnia: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Helianthella:Navajo, Ramah Platanthera: Iroquois
Artemisia: Goslute; Karok; Mewuk; Navajo, Ramah; Helianthus: Navajo, Ramah Platanus: Costanoan
Shuswap; Thompson Heliomeris: Navajo, Ramah Polygala: Cree, Woodlands
Asarum: Montagnais Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah Polygonum: Cree, Woodlands; Navajo, Ramah
Asclepias: Pima Heuchera: Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah Pontederia: Montagnais
Astragalus: Navajo, Ramah Ho ustonia: Navajo, Ramah Populus: Blackfoot; Ojibwa; Tanana, Upper
Baccharis: Costanoan Hymenopappus: Navajo, Ramah Porphyra: Hanaksiala
Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne Inula: Iroquois Portulaca: Navajo
Besseya: Navajo, Ramah Ipomopsis: Navajo, Ramah Potentilla: Navajo, Ramah
Blechnum: Quileute Iris: Micmac; Rappahannock Prunella: Iroquois
Bouteloua: Navajo, Ramah Juniperus: Hualapai; Shuswap; Swinomish; Tanana, Prunus: Cowichan; Navajo, Ramah; Nitinaht;
Upper Saanich
Calliandra: Navajo, Ramah Kalmia: Cherokee; Micmac; Penobscot Psilostrophe:Navajo, Kayenta
Calochortus: Navajo, Ramah Krascheninnikovia:Navajo, Ramah Ptelea: Menominee
Calylophus: Navajo, Ramah Larix: Thompson Pycnanthemum: Choctaw
Cardamine: Iroquois Larrea: Paiute; Pima Pyrola: Karok; Montagnais
Carya: Meskwaki Lathyrus: Costanoan Quercus: Delaware, Oklahoma; Navajo, Ramah
Ceanothus: Thompson Ledum: Tanana, Upper Ranunculus: Navajo, Kayenta
Cercocarpus: Navajo, Ramah Ligusticum: Atsugewi; Menominee Ratibida: Dakota; Navajo, Ramah
Chaetopappa: Hopi Linanthus: Navajo, Ramah Rhus: Rappahannock
Chamaecyparis: Kwakiutl Lindera: Iroquois Ribes: Shuswap; Tanana, Upper; Thompson
Cheilanthes:Navajo, Ramah Linum: Navajo, Ramah Rumex: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta;
Chenopodium: Creek Lithospermum:Navajo, Ramah Navajo, Ramah
Chrysothamnus: Thompson Lobelia: Iroquois Salix: Cheyenne; Mendocino Indian; Potawatomi
Cicuta: Thompson Lomatium: Blackfoot; Kwakiutl; Paiute; Paiute, Salvia: Mohegan; Okanagan-Colville
Cirsium: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Northern; Shoshoni; Washo Sambucus: Karok
Clematis: Meskwaki Lophophora: Delaware; Kiowa Sanguinaria: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois;
Collinsonia: Iroquois Lotus: Navajo, Ramah Ojibwa
Coreopsis: Navajo, Ramah Lupinus: Navajo, Ramah Sanicula: Miwok
Cornus: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Lycium: Navajo, Ramah Sanvitalia: Navajo, Ramah
Crataegus: Thompson Lysich iton: Quinauit; Shuswap Saururus: Ojibwa
Cryptantha: Navajo, Ramah Mahon ia: Karok; Navajo, Kayenta Saxifraga: Iroquois
Cucurbita: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Ma/zis.'Cowichan; Makah; Nitinaht; Saanich Senecio: Navajo, Ramah
Winnebago Matricaria: Aleut Shepherdia: Tanana, Upper
Cymopterus: Navajo, Ramah Medeola: Iroquois Silene: Navajo, Ramah
Cypripedium: Rappahannock Menodora: Navajo, Ramah Solidago: Blackfoot
Dalea: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Pawnee Mentha: Abnaki', Sanpoil Sphaeralcea: Navajo, Ramah
Draba: Navajo, Ramah Mirabilis: Navajo, Kayenta Stephanomeria: Cheyenne; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute
Dracocephalum: Navajo, Kayenta Morus: Meskwaki Streptopus: Montagnais
Echinocystis: Menominee; Meskwaki Myosurus: Navajo, Ramah Tanacetum: Iroquois
Epilobium: Costanoan; Iroquois Nemopanthus: Potawatomi Taxus: Chehalis; Thompson
Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah Nuphar: Cree, Woodlands 7e///ma:Skagit
Eriogonum: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah Tetraneuris: Navajo, Ramah
Eriophorum: Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut Oplopanax: Oweekeno; Thompson Thalictrum: Mendocino Indian
Eryngium: Creek; Seminole Orobanche: Navajo, Ramah 77*w/fl:Abnaki; Cree, Woodlands; Penobscot
Eupatorium: Mohegan Osmorhiza: Karok; Meskwaki Tilia: Iroquois
 Index of Usages 813

Tragia: Navajo, Ramah Bidens: Hawaiian Eriastrum: Paiute

Trichostema: Mahuna Botrychium: Abnaki Eriogonum: Diegueno; Lakota; Navajo, Ramah;
Trientalis: Montagnais Brickellia: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Tubatulabal
Trillium: Abnaki; Wailaki; Yuki Broussaisia: Hawaiian Eschscholzia: Cahuilla; Costanoan
Umbellularia: Karok; Mendocino Indian Caesalpinia: Hawaiian Euonymus: Iroquois
Urtica: Klallam Calycanthus: Cherokee Eupatorium: Chippewa; Ojibwa
Vaccinium: Alabama Capsicum: Navajo, Ramah Euphorbia: Cherokee; Iroquois
Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands Cardamine: Algonquin, Quebec; Malecite Fagopyrum: Iroquois
Veratrum: Cherokee; Kwakiutl; Paiute Carpin us: Iroquois Foeniculum: Cherokee
Veronicastrum: Iroquois Carum: Cree, Woodlands Fragaria: Chippewa; Iroquois; Ojibwa; Okanagan-
Writf: Navajo, Ramah Castanea: Cherokee; Iroquois Colville; Thompson
Viola: Iroquois Ceanothus: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Poliklah Freycinetia: Hawaiian
Xanthium: Rappahannock Celastrus: Chippewa; Iroquois Galactia: Seminole
Zea: Keres, Western Cerastium: Cherokee Galium: Iroquois
PediatricAid Cercocarpus: Paiute; Shoshoni Gaura: Navajo, Ramah
Abies: Flathead; Thompson Chaenactis: Great Basin Indian; Nevada Indian Geranium: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois
Abronia: Hopi Chaetopappa: Havasupal; Hopi Geum: Cree, Woodlands; Malecite; Micmac
Acacia: Hawaiian Chamaemelum: Mahuna Gilia: Shoshoni
Achillea: Abnaki; Bella Coola; Cree, Woodlands; Chamaesyce: Cherokee; Hawaiian; Hopi; Houma Glechoma: Cherokee
Iroquois; Menominee; Quileute; Thompson Chenopodium: Hawaiian; Houma; Natchez Gleditsia: Creek
Acorus: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Chimaphila: Cherokee; Iroquois Glycyrrhiza: Dakota; Pawnee; Sioux
Iroquois; Nanticoke; Rappahannock Chiysopsis: Delaware Gnaphalium: Koasati; Porno
Actaea: Chippewa Chrysothamnus: Tewa Goodyera: Mohegan
Adiantum: Iroquois; Meskwaki Cimicifuga: Cherokee; Iroquois Gossypium: Tewa
Agastache: Okanagan-Colville Cirsium: Abnaki; Kwakiutl; Mohegan Grindelia: Dakota; Navajo, Ramah
Agrimonia: Cherokee; Iroquois Citrullus: Cherokee Gutierrezia: Tewa
Aleuhtes: Hawaiian Claytonia: Iroquois Helianthus: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta
Allium: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois Clematis: Thompson Hepatica: Chippewa; Iroquois
Alnus: Cherokee; Meskwaki; Okanagan-Colville; Coix: Cherokee Heracleum: Kwakiutl
Porno Collinsonia: Iroquois Heuchera: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Gosiute;
Amelanchier: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Cree, Conyza: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta Okanagan-Colville
Woodlands Coptis: Iroquois; Malecite; Menominee; Mohegan; Hibiscus: Hawaiian
Andropogon: Houma Ojibwa; Potawatomi Hilaria: Navajo, Ramah
Androsace: Navajo, Ramah Corn us: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Hydrangea: Cherokee
Angelica: Blackfoot; Creek; Shoshoni Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap; Thompson Hydrophyllum: Ojibwa
An ten naria: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah Corylus: Iroquois Hymenopappus: Isleta
Anthemis: Iroquois Crataegus: Okanagan-Colville Hypericum: Alabama; Natchez
Aplectrum: Cherokee Croton: Cahuilla; Pawnee Impatiens: Cherokee
Apocynum: Chippewa; Iroquois Cryptantha: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Inula: Iroquois
Arabis: Cheyenne Cucurbita: Iroquois Ipomoea: Hawaiian
Aralia: Algonquin, Quebec; Choctaw; Cree, Wood Cypnped/wra: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Ipomopsis: Salish; Zuni
lands Cyrtandra: Hawaiian /ns:Yokia;Zuni
Arctostaphylos: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Sanpoil Dalea: Keres, Western Isocoma: Navajo, Kayenta
Arenaria: Gosiute Datura: Kawaiisu Iva: Shoshoni
Argentina: Iroquois Delphinium: Blackfoot Jacquemontia: Hawaiian
Arisaema: Iroquois Diervilla: Iroquois Jefferson ia: I roquois
Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Chippewa; Digitaria: Hawaiian Juncus: Cherokee
Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Dimorphocarpa: Navajo, Kayenta Juniperus: Cree, Woodlands; Hopi; Navajo, Ramah;
Paiute, Northern; Porno; Shoshoni; Thompson; Dodecatheon: Blackfoot Seminole; Tewa
Tolowa;Yurok Dracocephalum: Navajo, Kayenta Krameria: Pima
Asarum: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Malecite; Echinocystis: Tubatulabal Lactuca: Okanagan-Colville
Thompson; Yurok Elaeagnus: Blackfoot Larix: Thompson
Asclepias: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Iroquois; Lakota; Empetrum: Cree, Woodlands Larrea: Papago
Navajo, Kayenta Ephedra: Paiute; Shoshoni Lechea: Seminole
Asplenium: Hawaiian Epigaea: Cherokee Ledum: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut;
Aster: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Zuni Epilobium: Blackfoot; Costanoan; Okanagan- Montagnais
Astragalus: Blackfoot; Dakota Colville Lepidium: Navajo, Kayenta
Baptisia: Creek Epipactis: Navajo, Kayenta Liatris: Pawnee; Seminole
Besseya: Navajo, Ramah Equisetum: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Sanpoil; Ligusticum: Atsugewi; Okanagan-Colville
Betula: Algonquin, Quebec; Cree, Woodlands Tolowa lilium: Cherokee
814 Drug, Pediatric Aid

Linanthus: Porno, Calpella Pediomelum: Blackfoot Rudbeckia: Chippewa; Iroquois

Linaria: Iroquois Pelea: Hawaiian Rumex: Chippewa; Iroquois; Yavapai; Yuki
Lindera: Mohegan Peltandra: Nanticoke Sagittaria: Cherokee; Iroquois
Linnaea: Iroquois; Tanana, Upper Penstemon: Navajo, Kayenta; Paiute; Shoshoni Sfl/ijc:Catawba; Navajo, Raman; Okanagan-Colville;
Linum: Okanagon; Thompson Peperomia: Hawaiian Paiute
Liriodendron: Cherokee Perezia: Yavapai Salvia: Paiute; Shoshoni
Lithospermum: Iroquois; Navajo Persea: Seminole Sambucus: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Delaware; Dela
Lomatium: Cheyenne; Okanagan-Colville; Petasites: Karok ware, Oklahoma; Diegueno; Iroquois; Karok;
Thompson; Washo Peucedanum: Hawaiian Mohegan; Paiute
Lonicera: Iroquois Phaseolus: Zuni Sanguinaria: Iroquois
Ludwigia: Hawaiian Phlebodium: Seminole Sanicula: Iroquois
Lupinus: Kwakiutl Phlox: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Havasupai; Okanagan- Sassafras: Cherokee; Seminole
Lycopodium: Algonquin, Quebec Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni Scirpus: Houma; Kwakiutl; Thompson
Lycopus: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Iroquois Phoradendron:Keres, Western; Seminole Sedwn: Iroquois; Okanagon; Thompson
Lygodesmia: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Lakota Phragmites: Keres, Western Senecio: Iroquois; Navajo, Ramah
lysichiton: Kwakiutl Phyla: Houma Senna: Cherokee
Mahonia: Havasupai Phyllospadix: Kwakiutl Sesamum: Cherokee
Maianthemum: Karok; Meskwaki Physaria: Blackfoot Shepherdia: Na\a)o, Kayenta
Ma/wz: Costanoan; Iroquois Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Makah Sida: Hawaiian
Marah: Tubatulabal Pilea: Cherokee Silene: Gosiute; Karok
Marrubium: Cherokee; Diegueno Piloblephis: Seminole Silphium: Iroquois
Matelea: Comanche Pinus: Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Sisyrinchium: Cherokee
Matricaria: Costanoan; Diegueno; Flathead Shuswap; Thompson Solanum: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Houma
Medeola: Iroquois Piper: Hawaiian Solidago: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta; Okanagan-
Melissa: Costanoan Pipturus: Hawaiian Colville; Thompson
Mentha: Abnaki; Cherokee; Iroquois; Malecite; Plantago: Cherokee; Navajo Sonchus: Houma; Iroquois
Micmac; Mohegan; Navajo, Kayenta; Okanagan- Platanthera: Iroquois Sorbus: Okanagan-Colville
Colville; Okanagon; Paiute; Sanpoil; Shoshoni; Platanus: Cherokee Sphaerakea: Hop'i
Thompson; Washo Pleopeltis: Houma Sphagnum: Carrier
Mentzelia: Zuni Pluchea: Pima Spigelia: Creek
Merremia: Hawaiian Polygala: Iroquois Spiraea: Iroquois
Mimulus: Karok Polygonum: Cherokee; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Spiranthes: Cherokee
Mirabilis: Karok; Pawnee; Zuni Thompson Staphylea: Iroquois
Mitchella: Cherokee; Iroquois Polystichum: Iroquois Stenandrium; Seminole
M/te//a: Gosiute Populus: Carrier; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Thompson Stenotaphrum: Hawaiian
Monarda: Choctaw; Iroquois; Menominee; Ojibwa Prenanthes: Bella Coola Stillingia: Seminole
Monardella: Okanagan-Colville; Sanpoil Prosopis: Apache, Mescalero; Pima Symphoricarpos: Cree, Woodlands; Nez Perce;
Monotropa: Cherokee Prunella: Iroquois; Menominee Okanagan-Colville; Skagit; Thompson
Myrica: Koasati Prunus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Blackfoot; Symplocarpus: Iroquois; Menominee
Myriophyllum: Iroquois Cheyenne; Chippewa; Delaware; Gosiute; Iro Syringa: Iroquois
Nepeta: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; quois; Karok; Kwakiutl; Malecite; Menominee Syzygium: Hawaiian
Delaware, Ontario; Hoh; Iroquois; Mohegan; Psathyrotes: Shoshoni Tanacetum: Cherokee
Quileute; Rappahannock Psidium: Hawaiian Tephrosia: Cherokee
Nereocystis: Kwakiutl, Southern Ptelea: Havasupai Thaspium: Chippewa
Nuphar: Iroquois Pteridium: Micmac; Montagnais Thelesperma: Keres, Western
Nyssa: Cherokee Pyrola: Blackfoot; Iroquois; Karok; Navajo, Kayenta Thelypodium:Navajo, Kayenta
Ochrosia: Hawaiian Quercus: Alabama; Creek; Dakota; Keres, Western; Thuja: Algonquin, Quebec; Nez Perce
Onoclea: Iroquois Mahuna; Miwok; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Tiarella: Iroquois; Malecite
Opuntia: Apache, Western Winnebago Tilia: Iroquois
Orobanche: Navajo, Raman Ratibida: Navajo, Raman Touchardia: Hawaiian
Osmorhiza: Iroquois Rhamnus: Iroquois Toxicodendron: Iroquois
Osmunda: Iroquois; Seminole Rhus: Chippewa; Diegueno; Iroquois; Koasati Tragia: Keres, Western
Oxalis: Cherokee Ribes: Kwakiutl; Navajo, Kayenta; Sanpoil; 7h7//ura: Abnaki
Oxytropis: Cheyenne Thompson Triosteum: Iroquois; Meskwaki
Panax: Cherokee; Creek; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ricinus: Hawaiian Tripterocalyx: Hopi
Seminole Rorippa: Iroquois Tsuga: Algonquin, Quebec; Kwakiutl; Malecite;
Pandanus: Hawaiian Rosa: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Cherokee; Cowlitz; Die Quinault
Parnassia: Cheyenne gueno; Isleta; Keres, Western; Paiute; Thompson Typha: Dakota; Mahuna; Omaha; Pawnee; Plains
Passiflora: Cherokee Rubus: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Male- Indian; Ponca; Winnebago
Pedicularis: Shoshoni cite; Micmac; Omaha; Thompson Ulmus: Cheyenne
 Index of Usages 815

f/m'ca: Kawaiisu Kwakiutl; Lakota; Mendocino Indian; Montana Nicotiana: Kawaiisu

Uvularia: Iroquois Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Shoshoni; Shuswap; Nuphar: Okanagan-Colville
Vaccinium: Algonquin, Quebec; Cheyenne; Thompson Nymphaea: Okanagan-Colville
Seminole Citrullus: Kiowa Oenanthe: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands C/mfoma: Ojibwa; Porno; Porno, Kashaya Onopordum: Iroquois
Veratrum: Kwakiutl; Thompson Comptonia: Menominee Oplopanax: Cowlitz; Kwakiutl; Oweekeno
Verbascum: Abnaki; Catawba; Iroquois Con /wm.'Klallam; Lakota; Snohomish Opuntia: Navajo
Viburnum: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois Consolida: Cherokee Orobanche: Montana Indian
Vigna: Hawaiian Cornus: Blackfoot; Thompson Osmorhiza: Kwakiutl
V7o/a: Blackfoot; Iroquois Crataegus: Mendocino Indian Oxytropis: Alaska Native; Blackfoot; Hopi; Lakota
Vitis: Cherokee; Iroquois; Seminole Croton: Cahuilla; Porno Parthenocissus: Iroquois
Vittaria: Seminole Cryptantha: Keres, Western Pastinaca: Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Waltheria: Hawaiian Cuscuta: Pima Pentaphylloides: Cheyenne
Xanthium:Tewa Dalea: Dakota Phoradendron: Mendocino Indian
Xyris: Cherokee Datura: Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Diegueno; Hopi; Phytolacca: Cherokee; Mahuna; Mohegan
Zanthoxylum: Chippewa Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Mahuna; Platanthera: Shuswap
Zea:Tewa Paiute, Northern; Rappahannock Podophyllum: Cherokee; Iroquois
Poison Delphinium: Blackfoot; Chehalis; Cherokee; Polygonum: Cherokee
Aconitum: Aleut; Blackfoot; Cree, Hudson Bay; Gosiute; Lakota; Mendocino Indian Prunus: Rappahannock
Eskimo, Inupiat; Gosiute; Okanagan-Colville Dichanthelium: Lakota Ptelea: Havasupai
Actaea: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Arctic; Micmac; Dipsacus: Iroquois Pteridium: Alaska Native; Okanagan-Colville
Thompson Disporum: Klallam Pulsatilla: Cheyenne
Aesculus: Costanoan; Delaware; Delaware, Okla Echinocereus: Navajo Quercus: Mendocino Indian
homa; Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian; Porno Epilobium: Swinomish Ranunculus: Aleut; Eskimo, Inupiat; Keres, West
A///wm: Mendocino Indian Equisetum: Aleut ern; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Amanita: Porno, Kashaya Erigeron: Gosiute Rheum: Cherokee
Amianthium: Cherokee Eschscholzia: Costanoan; Mahuna Rh us: Thompson
Anemone: Thompson Eupatorium: Iroquois Ribes: Oweekeno; Swinomish
Angelica: Iroquois Euphorbia: Pawnee Ricinus: Cahuilla; Pima
Anthemis: Yuki Evernia: Modesse Rosa: Thompson
Apocynum: Montana Indian Frangula: Flathead; Porno; West Coast Indian Sambucus: Hesquiat
Aralia: Cherokee Fritillaria:\Jte Sapium: Seri
Arctostaphylos: Mendocino Indian Galium: Cowlitz; Shuswap Senecio: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Eskimo, Western
v4risaema:Meskwaki; Mohegan; Penobscot Hackelia: Isleta; Navajo, Ramah Shepherdia: Eskimo, Inupiat; Havasupai; Sioux
Artemisia: Thompson Hedysarum: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Inupiat; Sisyrinchium: Iroquois
Asclepias: Mendocino Indian; Pima; Thompson Tanana, Upper Sium: Shuswap
Astragalus: Alaska Native; Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Helenium: Meskwaki Solanum: Cahuilla; Karok; Mendocino Indian;
Lakota; Mahuna; Navajo Heracleum: Cree; Karok Rappahannock
Atriplex: \s\eta Heterotheca: Isleta Sonchus: Navajo, Kayenta
Bovista: Haisla & Hanaksiala Hordeum: Navajo, Ramah Stanleya: Havasupai
Bovistella: Haisla & Hanaksiala Hymenoxys: Keres, Western; Navajo, Ramah Symphoricarpos: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Brickellia: Gosiute Iris: Abnaki; Eskimo, Inupiat Taxus: Mendocino Indian
Bromus: Hesquiat Juglans: Cherokee Tephrosia: Hawaiian
Calla: Cree, Woodlands Juniperus: Okanagan-Colville Thalictrum: Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian
Caltha: Abnaki; Alaska Native; Eskimo, Inupiat Kalmia: Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Tete-de- Thuja: Okanagan-Colville
Calvatia: Haisla & Hanaksiala Boule; Cree, Hudson Bay; Hesquiat; Mahuna; Toxicodendron: Cherokee; Chippewa; Karok;
Calycanthus: Cherokee Micmac; Montagnais Lakota; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Paiute; Ponca;
Cardamine: Iroquois Lathyrus: Eskimo, Inupiat Potawatomi; Thompson; Tolowa; Yurok
Castilleja: Cherokee Ledum: Eskimo, Inupiat Triglochin: Blackfoot
Celastrus: Iroquois; Oglala Ligusticum: Eskimo, Western Trillium: Concow; Iroquois; Porno, Kashaya; Skagit
Chaerophyllum: Chickasaw Lomatium: Creek; Montana Indian; Okanagan- Triteleia: Okanagan-Colville
Chamaesyce: Pima Colville Urtica: Navajo, Ramah
Chenopodium: Kawaiisu Lomcera: Makah; Okanagan-Colville; Poliklah; Valeriana: Blackfoot; Gosiute; Snake
Chimaphila: Cherokee Thompson; Tolowa Veratrum: Alaska Native; Bella Coola; Blackfoot;
Chlorogalum: Costanoan; Mendocino Indian; Lupinus: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Inupiat; Thompson Carrier, Southern; Cowlitz; Haisla & Hanaksiala;
Mewuk Lycoperdon: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Porno, Kashaya Kwakiutl; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Qui-
Chrysothamnus: Isleta Lycopus: Iroquois nault; Salish; Shuswap; Thompson
Cicuta: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Arctic; Eskimo, Inu Lysichiton: Gitksan Veronicastrum: Iroquois
piat; Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Western; Mahonia: Karok Vicia: Navajo
Haisla & Hanaksiala; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Marah: Karok; Mendocino Indian; Squaxin Wyethia: Hopi
816 Drug, Poison

Yucca: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Asarum: Iroquois Penstemon: Karok

Zigcidenus: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Inupiat; Haisla & Aster: Meskwaki Persea: Seminole
Hanaksiala; Keres, Western; Lakota; Mendocino Berlandiera: Keres, Western Phlebodium: Seminole
Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Porno, Cannabis: Iroquois Picea: Thompson
Kashaya; Shuswap; Thompson; Ute;Yuki Cardamine: Iroquois Pinus: Iroquois
Poultice Chrysothamnus: Cheyenne; Keres, Western Plantago: Hopi; Iroquois
Abies: Algonquin, Quebec Conocephalum: Nitinaht Polygonum: Iroquois
Achillea: Algonquin, Quebec Cornus: Iroquois; Thompson Polypodium: Seminole
Aesculus: Cherokee Corylus: Iroquois Populus: Thompson
Aralia: Choctaw Crepis: Keres, Western Postelsia: Nitinaht
Astragalus: Navajo, Kayenta Cucurbita: Hawaiian Prunella: Iroquois
Brassica: Rappahannock Cynoglossum: Cherokee Prunus: Saanich
Capsicum: Cherokee Datura: Hopi; Keres, Western Quercus: Iroquois; Neeshenam
Cirsium: Cherokee Diervilla: Menominee Ranunculus: Iroquois
Corn us: Cherokee; Iroquois Dimorphocarpa: Zuni Ribes: Saanich
Grindelia: Zuni Eriogonum: Keres, Western; Navajo, Kayenta Salix: Iroquois
lodanthus: Meskwaki Eupatorium: Iroquois Sambucus: Nitinaht
Linwn: Paiute Fragaria: Cherokee Senecio: Keres, Western
Liriodendron: Cherokee Frangula: Mendocino Indian Smilax: Iroquois
Mentzelia: Miwok Frasera: Navajo, Ramah Solanum: Cherokee
Pmws: Shoshoni Fraxinus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Solidago: Meskwaki; Navajo, Kayenta
Plantago: Algonquin, Quebec Gaillardia: Keres, Western Sorbus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
Polygonum: Cherokee Gaylussacia: Chickasaw Tellima: Nitinaht
Populus: Kawaiisu Gayophytum: Navajo, Kayenta Tetraneuris: Navajo, Kayenta
Ruta: Cherokee Gen tiana: Iroquois Thelypteris: Seminole
Salvia: Paiute Gnaphalium: Creek; Menominee; Meskwaki Thuja: Thompson
Saururus: Cherokee Gymnocladus: Meskwaki Thymophylla: Navajo, Kayenta
Taraxacum: Algonquin, Quebec Hackelia: Cherokee Tradescantia: Meskwaki
Taxus: Algonquin, Quebec Hymenoxys: Isleta Urtica: Kawaiisu
Verbena: Iroquois Hyptis: Seminole Vaccinium: Chippewa
Preventive Medicine Ilex: Iroquois; Seminole Valeriana: Menominee
/U?/es: Nitinaht Juglans: Iroquois Veratrum: Tsimshian
Acorus: Algonquin, Quebec; Malecite Juniperus: Seminole Verbascum: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah
Angelica: Eskimo Lagenaria: Seminole Vitis: Meskwaki
Chamaesyce: Lakota Laportea: Iroquois Vittaria: Seminole
Crataegus: Cherokee Lewisia: Thompson Zinnia: Keres, Western
Fraxinus: Karok Licania: Seminole Pulmonary Aid
Helianthus: Shasta Linnaea: Tanana, Upper v4fe:Blackfoot; Cherokee; Gitksan; Menominee;
Iris: Penobscot Linum: Keres, Western Montana Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni
Mahonia: Keres, Western Lithospermum: Cheyenne Acer: Iroquois
Osmorhiza: Karok Lobelia: Iroquois Achillea: Mewak
Pellaea: Mahuna Lonicera: Iroquois; Nitinaht y4corws: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Micmac
Primus: Kwakiutl Lygodesmia: Cheyenne Actaea: Thompson
Salix: Eskimo, Western; Seminole Lysichiton: Thompson Adenostoma: Cahuilla
Sanguinaria: Penobscot Macromeria: Hopi Aesculus: Iroquois
Thkspi: Navajo, Ramah Madia: Cheyenne Agastache: Cheyenne
Toxicodendron: Mahuna Mahonia: Thompson Aletris: Cherokee
Psychological Aid Maianthemum: Meskwaki Allium: Cherokee; Makah; Quinault; Rappahannock
Abronia: Keres, Western Mentzelia: Keres, Western Alnus: Bella Coola; Clallam; Micmac; Nitinaht
Acorus: Dakota Microlepia: Hawaiian Ambrosia: Cherokee
Actaea: Iroquois Mirabilis: Paiute Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands
Adiantum: Navajo, Kayenta Mitchella: Iroquois Andropogon: Seminole
Aloysia: Havasupai Monarda: Creek Anemone: Cherokee; Ojibwa
Ambrosia: Meskwaki Nicotiana: Iroquois; Kawaiisu Anemopsis: Cahuilla; Isleta
Anemone: Meskwaki Nuphar: Abnaki Angelica: Iroquois; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni
Angelica: Eskimo; Mendocino Indian Nymphaea: Abnaki Anthemis: Iroquois
Apocynum: Chippewa Osmorhiza: Karok Apocynum: Cherokee
Arabis: Navajo, Kayenta Osmunda: Seminole Aralia: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois;
Arctostaphylos: Cheyenne Panax: Menominee Mendocino Indian; Menominee
Artemisia: Cheyenne Pectis: Keres, Western Arceuthobium: Bella Coola
 Index of Usages 817

4rct/wm:Cowlitz; Oto Gleditsia: Cherokee Peperomia: Hawaiian

Aristolochia: Cherokee Gnaphalium: Choctaw Persea: Seminole
Artemisia: Blackfoot; Flathead; Hawaiian; Hualapai; Goodyera: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Petasites: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Kiowa; Montana Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni; Tlingit Grindelia:Crow, Flathead; Paiute Philadelphus: Thompson
Asarum: Iroquois; Meskwaki Gutierrezia: Comanche Phlox: Blackfoot
Asclepias: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Okla Hamamelis: Iroquois Phoradendron: Creek
homa; Menominee; Mohegan; Omaha; Ponca Hedeoma: Cherokee Phragmites: Paiute
Asplenium: Tlingit Helianthus: Dakota; Meskwaki Picea: Montagnais; Tanana, Upper
Aster: Iroquois Heliopsis: Meskwaki Pinus: Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Paiute;
Astragalus: Blackfoot; Lakota Hepatica: Iroquois Potawatomi; Shoshoni; Thompson
Balsamorhiza: Flathead Heracleum: Bella Coola Piper: Hawaiian
ltefw/0: Chippewa Hexastylis: Rappahannock Plantago: Iroquois; Paiute
Blechnum: Makah Hibiscus: Hawaiian Platanus: Meskwaki
Botrychium: Ojibwa Humulus: Shinnecock Pleomele: Hawaiian
Boykinia: Cheyenne Hydrastis: Iroquois Polygala: Cherokee
Brassica: Cherokee Hydrocotyle: Hawaiian Polygonatum: Cherokee
Caesalpinia: Hawaiian Hypericum: Menominee Polygonum: Cherokee
Campanula: Ojibwa Hyssopus: Cherokee Polypodium: Malecite; Micmac
Campanulastrum: Iroquois Impatiens: Potawatomi Polystichum: Cherokee
Cardamine: Iroquois In ula: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mohegan Populus: Bella Coola; Carrier, Southern
Castanea: Mohegan Ipomopsis: Zuni Potentilla: Cherokee
Castilleja: Gitksan Iresine: Houma Prunella: Iroquois
Caulophyllum: Chippewa Iris: Meskwaki Primus:Algonquin, Quebec; Chippewa; Iroquois;
Ceanothus: Chippewa; Choctaw Juniperus: Apache, Western; Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Menominee; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South
Centaurium: Miwok Cheyenne; Cree, Woodlands; Flathead; Kutenai; Psorothamnus: Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni
Cercis: Alabama; Cherokee Nez Perce; Paiute; Rappahannock; Sioux Ptelea: Meskwaki
Cercocarpus: Paiute Larrea: Cahuilla Pterocaulon: Seminole
Chenopodium: Potawatomi; Seminole Ledum: Cree, Woodlands Pterospora: Cheyenne
Chimaphila: Cree, Woodlands; Delaware Lepidium: Cherokee Pulsatilla: Chippewa
Cirsium: Mohegan Lewisia: Flathead Purshia: Klamath; Montana Indian; Paiute
Collinsia: Natchez Ligusticum: Porno; Porno, Kashaya Pyrus: Cree, Hudson Bay
Comandra: Meskwaki Lindera: Cherokee Quercus: Alabama; Chippewa; Meskwaki
Comptonia: Delaware Linum: Cherokee Rhus: Iroquois; Menominee
Coptis: Tlingit Lithospermum: Lakota; Sioux, Teton Rubus: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Iroquois
Corallorrhiza: Paiute; Shoshoni Lobelia: Cherokee Rumex: Cheyenne; Iroquois; Paiute
Cordyline: Hawaiian Lomatium: Blackfoot; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Sadleria: Hawaiian
Corn us: Carrier; Iroquois; Thompson Lonicera: Blackfoot; Chippewa Salix: Eskimo, Western; Kiowa
Corylus: Chippewa Lophophora: Kiowa Salvia: Paiute
Cucurbita: Isleta Lycopodium: Blackfoot Sambucus: Meskwaki; Montana Indian
Cypripedium: Iroquois Lysichiton: Gitksan; Makah Sanguinaria: Cherokee; Iroquois
Dalea: Navajo Malus: Cherokee; Makah; Quileute Sarracenia: Iroquois; Micmac
Datura: Rappahannock Marrubium: Costanoan; Diegueno Senna: Cherokee
Desmodium: Alabama Mentha: Carrier, Southern; Malecite; Menominee; Silphium: Chippewa
Dichanthelium: Seminole Micmac; Potawatomi Sinapis: Cherokee
Dirca: Chippewa Mertensia: Cherokee Sisymbrium: Cherokee
Epigaea: Cherokee Monarda: Flathead; Lakota 5m ilax: Ojibwa
Erigeron: Iroquois Monardella: Costanoan Solidago: Chippewa
Eriodictyon: Atsugewi; Karok; Mahuna; Paiute; Nepeta: Menominee Sorbus: Potawatomi; Tlingit
Shoshoni Nolina: Isleta Symplocarpus: Delaware
Eriogonum: Thompson Nuphar: Gitksan; Iroquois Taenidia: Menominee
Eryngium: Cherokee Oplopanax: Gitksan Taraxacum: Iroquois; Meskwaki
Eupatorium: Iroquois Orobanche: Keres, Western; Paiute Taxus: Bella Coola; Quinault
Euphorbia: Cherokee Osmorhiza: Bella Coola; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Tetradymia: Paiute
Euthamia: Chippewa Ostrya: Chippewa Thalictrum: Blackfoot; Gitksan
Fagus: Chippewa Oxydendrum: Cherokee Thuja: Cree, Woodlands; Lummi
Frasera: Isleta Paeonia: Costanoan; Mahuna Tilia: Meskwaki
Galeopsis: Potawatomi Panax: Cherokee; Creek; Iroquois Trifolium: Algonquin, Quebec
Galium: Ojibwa Panicum: Seminole Triosteum: Iroquois
Gentianella: Iroquois Pediomelum: Blackfoot Typha: Houma
Geum: Malecite; Micmac; Ojibwa, South Penstemon: Natchez Ulmus: Micmac; Mohegan; Penobscot
818 Drug, Pulmonary Aid

Urtica: Paiute Urtica: Makah Erigeron: Meskwaki

Uvularia: Ojibwa Vaccinium: Cree, Woodlands Eriodictyon: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Mahuna;
Vaccinium: Montagnais Viburnum: Delaware Mendocino Indian; Round Valley Indian
Valeriana: Cree, Woodlands; Menominee Vitis: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Eryngium: Seminole
Verbascum: Catawba; Delaware; Delaware, Zeuxine: Seminole Erysimum: Navajo, Ramah
Oklahoma; Menominee Respiratory Aid Euonymus: Cherokee
Veronicastrum: Iroquois j4cer:Abnaki Eupatorium: Cherokee
Viburnum: Bella Coola; Iroquois Achillea: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Gaillardia: Navajo, Ramah
Wf/s: Chippewa Cherokee; Cheyenne; Paiute; Yuki Galium: Cherokee
Waltheria: Hawaiian Aconitum: Blackfoot Geum: Blackfoot
Wyeth ia: Costanoan Acorus: Chippewa; Iroquois; Potawatomi Glycyrrhiza: Cherokee
Xanthium: Cherokee Adiantum: Cherokee; Hesquiat Gnaphalium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Rappahannock
Xyris: Seminole Aleurites: Hawaiian Grindelia:Crow; Flathead
Zanthoxylum: Chippewa; Menominee Allium: Blackfoot; Cherokee Gutierrezia: Blackfoot
Zea: Cherokee Alnus: Kwakiutl Hamamelis: Iroquois
Reproductive Aid Amorpha: Navajo /fe/emwm:Comanche; Mahuna; Meskwaki
Antennaria: Okanagan-Colville Anaphalis: Cherokee; Iroquois Hexastylis: Rappahannock
Artemisia: Hawaiian Andromeda: Mahuna Hierochloe: Flathead
Athyrium: Iroquois Anemone: Meskwaki Hydrocotyle: Seminole
Berchemia: Houma Anemopsis: Cahuilla Hyssopus: Cherokee
Broussaisia: Hawaiian Angelica: Mendocino Indian; Washo Ilex: Iroquois
Chaetopappa: Hopi Anthemis: Cherokee In ula: Cherokee; Iroquois
Chamaesyce: Hawaiian Apocynum: Cherokee Ipomoea: Cherokee; Hawaiian
Cinchona: Cherokee Aralia: Cherokee Iris: Iroquois
Coreopsis: Zuni Arenaria: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah Juniperus: Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo,
Cypripedium: Okanagan-Colville Arisaema: Iroquois Inupiat; Kwakiutl; Rappahannock
Cyrtandra: Hawaiian Armoracia: Cherokee Larix: Thompson
Dyssodia: Lakota Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Larrea: Cahuilla; Hualapai
Fraxinus: Iroquois Costanoan; Diegueno; Eskimo, Alaska; Ledum: Kitasoo; Micmac; Tanana, Upper
Galactia: Seminole Mendocino Indian; Paiute Lesquerella: Navajo, Ramah
Gaultheria: Nitinaht Asarum: Iroquois Ligusticum: Crow
Goodyera: Okanagan-Colville Asclepias: Costanoan; Isleta; Navajo, Kayenta; Limonium: Costanoan
Halosaccion: Nitinaht Omaha; Ponca Linaria: Ojibwa
Hypericum: Iroquois Aster: Cherokee Lindera: Cherokee
Ipomoea: Hawaiian Bacopa: Seminole Lobelia: Cherokee
Juniperus: Hopi; Tewa Baptisia: Meskwaki Lomatium: Great Basin Indian; Nez Perce;
Justicia: Seminole Betula: Ojibwa Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Licania: Seminole Bidens: Hawaiian Lupinus: Blackfoot
Lomatium: Thompson Brassica: Cherokee Machaeranthera:Navajo, Ramah
Lonicera: Thompson Cfl//a:Gitksan Magnolia: Cherokee
Lupinus: Navajo Cassytha: Hawaiian Maianthemum: Menominee
Lycopodium: Iroquois Ceanothus: Chippewa Marrubium: Kawaiisu
Maianthemum: Makah Cercis: Alabama Mentha: Iroquois
Opuntia: Hawaiian Cheirodendron: Hawaiian Monarda:Cww, Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa
Pa/iajc.-Penobscot Cirsium: Costanoan Monardella: Costanoan
Persea: Seminole Clematis: Navajo, Ramah Nicotiana: Kawaiisu; Paiute
Peucedanum: Hawaiian Clermontia: Hawaiian Nuphar: Kwakiutl
Pinus: Kwakiutl Comandra: Meskwaki Nymphaea: Seminole
Quercus: Isleta Comptonia: Malecite; Micmac Nymphoides: Seminole
Rhus: Cheyenne; Iroquois Conioselinum: Navajo, Kayenta Oplopanax: Gitksan; Haisla; Wet'suwet'en
Ribes: Haisla Conyza: Seminole; Zuni Oxydendrum: Cherokee
Rubus: Cree, Woodlands Coptis: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Oxytropis: Navajo
Rumex: Hawaiian; Iroquois; Zuni Cordyline: Hawaiian Panax: Iroquois; Seminole
Salix: Delaware Cornus: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac; Saanich Peperomia: Hawaiian
Sambucus: Haisla & Hanaksiala Corylus: Iroquois Perideridia: Blackfoot
Shepherdia: Haisla & Hanaksiala Croton: Cahuilla Persea: Seminole
Stillingia: Creek Datura: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Costanoan Petasites: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Eskimo,
Tephrosia: Creek Desmodium: Hawaiian Inupiat
Townsendia: Hopi Dudleya: Diegueno Physaria: Navajo
Trema: Seminole Dugaldia: Great Basin Indian Picea: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Okanagan-Colville;
 Index of Usages 819

Tanana, Upper Caulophyllum: Cherokee Persea: Seminole

yilea: Iroquois Ceanothus: Navajo Pinus: Cherokee; Thompson
Hmpinella: Cherokee Chaetopappa: Hopi Piper: Hawaiian

Hnus: Cherokee Chamaemelum: Cherokee Pluchea: Pima

Hantago: Iroquois Chenopodium: Seminole Polygonatum: Chippewa
^latanus: Diegueno; Mahuna Chrysopsis: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Prunella: Iroquois
Heomele: Hawaiian Cibotium: Hawaiian Prunus: Mendocino Indian; Meskwaki
Wygala: Blackfoot; Seminole Cimicifuga: Cherokee Pyrola: Karok
Wypodium: Haisla; Nitinaht Cordyline: Hawaiian Quercus: Navajo, Kayenta
^opulus:Kutenai; Ojibwa Cornus: Iroquois Ranunculus: Cherokee
°orteranthus: Cherokee Cypripedium: Cherokee; Iroquois; Micmac; Ratibida: Keres, Western
°runella: Iroquois Penobscot Rhamnus: Iroquois
°runus: Iroquois; Mohegan Datura: Tubatulabal Ribes: Cherokee; Thompson
hirshia: Klamath Dodecatheon: Porno, Kashaya Ruta: Cherokee
luercus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Ojibwa Eriogonum: Keres, Western Salix: Ojibwa
Ranunculus: Meskwaki Eryngium: Creek Salvia: Cherokee
'Mzus: Chippewa Eschscholzia: Cahuilla; Costanoan Sambucus: Micmac
Rubus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Iroquois Eupatorium: Chippewa Sassafras: Rappahannock
Sadleria: Hawaiian Fragaria: Cherokee Satureja: Mahuna; Porno, Kashaya
Mix: Cherokee; Micmac; Ojibwa; Penobscot; Frasera: Navajo Scirpus: Houma
Seminole Galax: Cherokee Sedum: Okanagon; Thompson
Salvia: Cherokee; Mahuna; Washo Gaultheria: Anticosti Senecio: Cheyenne
Sanguinaria: Cherokee; Iroquois Gaura: Keres, Western Shepherdia: Thompson
Sida: Hawaiian Gaylussacia: Chickasaw Shinnersoseris: Navajo
Sinapis: Cherokee Gentianella: Cherokee Smallanthus: Iroquois
Sisyrinchium: Meskwaki; Porno, Kashaya Gilia: Navajo, Kayenta Solanum: Rappahannock
Taenidia: Menominee Glaux: Kwakiutl Solidago: Cherokee; Iroquois; Thompson
Taxus: Iroquois Gnaphalium: Alabama; Creek Sonchus: Cherokee; Iroquois
Thuja: Bella Coola Gutierrezia: Navajo Staphylea: Iroquois
Toxicodendron: Cherokee Heterotheca: Cheyenne Stenandrium: Seminole
Trifolium: Iroquois Humulus:Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Okla Taraxacum: Cherokee
Trillium: Cherokee; Iroquois homa; Meskwaki; Mohegan; Shinnecock Thelypodium: Navajo, Kayenta
Ulmus: Cherokee; Iroquois Hydrocotyle: Seminole Toxicodendron: Iroquois
Umbellularia: Porno, Kashaya; Yuki Ipomoea: Hawaiian; Pawnee Tripterocalyx: Hopi
Veratrum: Hanaksiala; Iroquois; Thompson; Ipomopsis: Navajo, Kayenta Valeriana: Menominee
Tsimshian Juniperus: Cheyenne; Pawnee; Seminole Veratrum: Haisla
Verbascum: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iro Lactuca: Cherokee Xanthorhiza: Cherokee
quois; Malecite; Micmac; Mohegan; Penobscot; Leon urus: Cherokee; Iroquois Yucca: Cherokee
Potawatomi Lepidium: Navajo, Kayenta Zanthoxylum: Menominee
Vicia: Cherokee Linaria: Iroquois Snakebite Remedy
Vigna: Hawaiian Linnaea: Iroquois Acer: Thompson
Viola: Blackfoot; Cherokee Liquidambar: Cherokee Achillea: Kawaiisu; Okanagon; Thompson
Waltheria: Hawaiian Liriodendron: Cherokee Adiantum: Iroquois
Wikstroemia: Hawaiian Lithospermum: Cheyenne; Menominee Allium: Mahuna
Zanthoxylum: Ojibwa Lomatium: Thompson Amphicarpaea: Cherokee
Sedative Lonicera: Iroquois; Thompson Amsonia: Zuni
Abronia: Hopi Lupinus: Kwakiutl Angelica: Mendocino Indian
Achillea: Cherokee Lysichiton: Gitksan Arisaema: Meskwaki
Acorus: Rappahannock Maianthemum: Meskwaki Aristolochia: Cherokee; Mohegan; Rappahannock
Allium: Iroquois Mentha:Abnaki; Cherokee; Mahuna; Malecite Artemisia: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Angelica: Cherokee; Creek Mitchella: Menominee Asclepias: California Indian; Choctaw; Paiute;
Anthemis: Cherokee; Iroquois Monarda: Cherokee; Creek Rappahannock
Arisaema: Meskwaki Nepeta: Cherokee; Delaware, Ontario; Iroquois; Aster: Navajo, Ramah
Menominee Astragalus: Zuni
Asarum: Cherokee; Thompson Nicotiana: Kawaiisu Baptisia: Meskwaki
Bacopa: Seminole Nymphaea: Seminole Botrychium: Cherokee; Chippewa
Balsamorhiza: Thompson Nymphoides: Seminole Calla: Iroquois
Berlandiera: Keres, Western Oxydendrum: Cherokee Carex: Menominee
Cardamine: Micmac Panax: Seminole Ceanothus: Meskwaki
Carum: Cree, Woodlands Papaver: Cherokee Chaenactis: Okanagon; Paiute; Thompson
820 Drug, Snakebite Remedy

Chaetopappa:Navajo, Ramah Sanicula: Micmac; Miwok; Ojibwa Atriplex: Jemez

Chamaesyce: Kawaiisu; Luiseno; Miwok; Pima; Sanuitalia: Navajo, Ramah Baptisia: Creek
Shoshoni; Thompson Scirpus: Iroquois Betula: Iroquois
Cicuta: Montana Indian; Paiute Solanum: Zuni Brassica: Cherokee
Conioselinum: Navajo, Kayenta Sphaeralcea:Tewa Cannabis: Iroquois
Conyza: Navajo, Ramah Stephanomeria: Apache, White Mountain; Zuni Capsicum: Cherokee
Croton: Zuni Tephrosia: Koasati Catabrosa: Shoshoni
Cryptantha: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Thamnosma: Kawaiisu Chaenactis: Thompson
Cunila: Cherokee Tilia: Cherokee Chaetopappa: Hopi
Cyperus: Pima Toxicodendron: Wailaki Chamaecrista: Cherokee
Datura: Cahuilla; Mahuna Tragia: Navajo, Kayenta Chenopodium: Seminole
Daucus: Costanoan; Miwok Triosteum: Meskwaki Chimaphila: Iroquois
Echinacea: Dakota; Montana Indian; Omaha; Tripterocalyx: Zuni Cimicifuga: Cherokee
Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Veratrum: Paiute; Shoshoni Collinsonia: Iroquois
Epixiphium: Keres, Western Verbesina: Zun\ Comptonia: Micmac
Eremocrinum:Navajo, Kayenta Vitis: Seminole Conioselinum: Kwakiutl
Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah Waldsteinia: Iroquois Cornus: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Meskwaki
Eriogon um: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Xanthium: Cherokee Corydalis: Ojibwa
Eryngium: Cherokee; Choctaw; Creek; Meskwaki; Yucca: Apache Crataegus: Meskwaki
Seminole Zigadenus: Paiute Cryptantha: Zuni
Eupatohum: Chippewa; Meskwaki Sports Medicine Cunila: Cherokee
Fraxinus: Costanoan; Iroquois; Meskwaki Artemisia: Navajo Cypripedium: Iroquois
Gawra: Hopi; Zuni Asclepias: Iroquois Daphne: Cherokee
Gentiana: Meskwaki Chamaecrista: Cherokee Datura: Hopi
Glandularia: Keres, Western Cornus: Iroquois Delphinium: Blackfoot
Goodyera: Potawatomi Datura: Cahuilla Desmodium: Houma
Grindelia: Zuni Dicentra: Iroquois Equisetum: Okanagan-Colville
Gutierrezia: Keres, Western; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Equisetum: Quileute Erigeron: Cheyenne
Helianthus: Apache, White Mountain; Zuni Juncus: Iroquois Eryngium: Choctaw; Seminole
Heuchera: Blackfoot Panax: Iroquois Erythronium: Cherokee
Hypericum: Cherokee; Meskwaki Salix: Quileute Eupatorium: Cherokee
Ipomoea: Houma Sarracenia: Iroquois Fraxinus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Chippewa
Juglans: Meskwaki Stimulant Galactia: Seminole
Larrea: Papago Abies: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Ojibwa Gentiana: Navajo
Lesquerella: Hopi Achillea: Chippewa; Iroquois; Navajo; Potawatomi Gentianella: Cherokee
Lilium: Chippewa Acorus: Cherokee; Cree, Alberta Geum: Chippewa
Liriodendron: Cherokee Actaea: Cherokee; Meskwaki Gnaphalium: Menominee; Meskwaki
Lycopus: Cherokee Aesculus: Cherokee Gymnocladus: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca;
Maianthemum: Iroquois Ageratina: Cherokee; Choctaw; Meskwaki Winnebago
Manfreda: Catawba-, Creek; Seminole Alisma: Cree, Woodlands Hedeoma: Cherokee
Melothria: Houma Allium: Cherokee Helianthus: GrosVentre; Mandan; Ree
Mentzelia: Navajo, Ramah A/nws;Tanana, Upper Heliopsis: Chippewa
Nicotiana: Cherokee; Paiute; Zuni Anaphalis: Ojibwa Heracleum: Winnebago
Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah Andropogon: Omaha Humulus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Opuntia: Lakota Anemone: Meskwaki Hydrangea: Cherokee
Osmorhiza: Miwok; Paiute; Shoshoni Angelica: Kwakiutl Hydrastis: Cherokee; Iroquois
Osmunda: Cherokee Aquilegia: Shoshoni Hymenoxys: Hopi
Penstemon: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta Aralia: Choctaw; Meskwaki; Micmac; Montagnais; Ipomoea: Pawnee
Piperacea: Mahuna Ojibwa; Thompson Juniperus: Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah; Seminole
Plantago: Cherokee; Chippewa; Mohegan; Ojibwa Arctium: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Koeleria: Cheyenne
Platanthera: Seminole Arisaema: Cherokee; Iroquois Lactuca: Cherokee
Polygala: Cherokee; Seminole Aristolochia: Cherokee Larix: Iroquois; Micmac
Populus: Choctaw Artem isia: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Paiute, Northern; Lathyrus: Chippewa
Prenanthes: Iroquois Potawatomi; Shuswap; Thompson Leonurus: Cherokee
Psathyrotes: Paiute; Shoshoni Arundinaria: Houma Leucothoe: Cherokee
Psilostrophe: Zuni Asarum: Cherokee; Iroquois Liatris: Cherokee
Ranunculus: Iroquois Asclepias: Choctaw Liriodendron: Cherokee; Rappahannock
Ratibida: Cheyenne Asplenium: Hawaiian Lithospermum: Cheyenne
Ribes: Kiowa Aster: Meskwaki; Potawatomi Lomatium: Blackfoot
Rudbeckia: Cherokee Astragalus: Chippewa Lonicera: Carrier, Northern
 Index of Usages 821

ycopodium: Montagnais; Ojibwa Tephrosia: Cherokee Juniperus: Gitksan

ysichiton: Kwakiutl Tetraneuris: Hopi Larix: Malecite; Thompson
Aachaeranthera: Hopi Thelesperma: Navajo Larrea: Pima
\Aaianthemum: Delaware, Oklahoma; Meskwaki; Thuja: Iroquois; Menominee Ledum: Nitinaht
Ojibwa; Potawatomi Tilia: Iroquois Lessoniopsis: Nitinaht
\/lalva: Iroquois Trichostema: Miwok Leymus: Nitinaht
Melissa: Cherokee Tsuga: Iroquois Lithocarpus: Yurok
Wenispermum: Cherokee Ulmus: Iroquois Lomatium: Blackfoot
\tentha: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Navajo, Raman Umbellularia: Mendocino Indian Mentzelia: Zuni
\4irabilis: Paiute Urtica: Makah Merremia: Hawaiian
SAonarda: Iroquois; Lakota; Meskwaki Vaccinium: Seminole Musa: Hawaiian
\4orus: Creek Veratrum: Cherokee Nephroma: Eskimo, Inuktitut
Myrica: Micmac Verbascum: Potawatomi Ochrosia: Hawaiian
Myriophyllum: Iroquois Verbena: Meskwaki Oenothera: Iroquois
Nepeta: Cherokee; Keres, Western Verbesina: Chickasaw Opuntia: Keres, Western
Nicotiana: Kawaiisu Veronicastrum: Meskwaki Pandanus: Hawaiian
Oenothera: Iroquois Yucca: Navajo Pelea: Hawaiian
Osmorhiza: Cheyenne; Pawnee Strengthener Peperomia: Hawaiian
Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois Abies: Okanagan-Colville Perideridia: Blackfoot
Papaver: Cherokee Acacia: Hawaiian Phaseolus: Zuni
Parnassia: Cheyenne Adiantum: Hesquiat Phyllospadix: Kwakiutl
Persea: Seminole Aleurites: Hawaiian Picea: Makah
Phacelia: Kawaiisu Ambrosia: Makah Piper: Hawaiian
Phlox: Cheyenne Aquilegia: Thompson Pipturus: Hawaiian
Physalis: Meskwaki Aralia: Iroquois; Malecite Plantago: Iroquois
Phytolacca: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Artemisia: Chippewa; Keres, Western; Okanagan- Podophyllum: Iroquois
Picea: Navajo; Ojibwa Colville Populus: Delaware
Piloblephis: Seminole Asclepias: Chippewa; Iroquois Portulaca: Hawaiian
Pinus: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Ojibwa; Asplenium: Hawaiian Postelsia: Hesquiat; Nitinaht; Nootka
Potawatomi; Shuswap Aster: Zuni Rheum: Cherokee
Piper: Cherokee; Hawaiian Bidens: Hawaiian Ribes: Thompson
Polygala: Chippewa Broussaisia: Hawaiian Rosa: Cowlitz
Polygonatum: Menominee; Meskwaki Cephalanthus: Seminole Rumex: Hawaiian; Iroquois
Polystichum: Iroquois Cercocarpus: Keres, Western Salix: Seminole
Populus: Cherokee Chamaecyparis: Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Southern Salvia: Diegueno
Potentilla: Okanagon; Thompson Chamaesyce: Hawaiian Sambucus: Nitinaht
Prenanthes: Choctaw; Iroquois Chenopodium: Hawaiian Sanguinaria: Delaware
Prunus: Iroquois Cocos: Hawaiian Sida: Hawaiian
Pteridium: Micmac Collinsonia: Iroquois Sideroxylon: Hawaiian
Pulsatilla: Cheyenne Corn us: Thompson Sorbus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule
Pycnanthemum: Koasati; Meskwaki Cupressus: Navajo Sphaeralcea: Navajo, Kayenta
Pyrola: Montagnais Cyperus: Hawaiian Stillingia: Seminole
Rhamnus: Kawaiisu Cyrtandra: Hawaiian Syzygium: Hawaiian
Ribes: Carrier, Northern Dalea: Keres, Western Tanacetum: Cheyenne
Rosa: Carrier, Northern; Chippewa; Paiute Desmodium: Hawaiian Tajcws.'Swinomish
Rubus: Carrier, Northern; Cherokee; Iroquois Digitaria: Hawaiian Touchardia: Hawaiian
Rumex: Navajo Dirca: Iroquois Tragia: Keres, Western
SabahUouma Frasera: Navajo, Raman Verbascum: Navajo, Ramah
Salix: Ojibwa; Seminole Freycinetia: Hawaiian Viburnum: Iroquois
Salvia: Cherokee; Hopi Fucus: Kwakiutl, Southern Vigna: Hawaiian
Sanguinaria: Ojibwa Gutierrezia: Zuni Vitis: Delaware
Sassafras: Rappahannock Habenaria: Seminole Waltheria: Hawaiian
Senecio: Jemez Hibiscus: Hawaiian Yucca: Keres, Western
Senna: Cherokee Hierochloe: Blackfoot Zanthoxylum: Meskwaki
Sequoia: Porno; Porno, Kashaya Hydrocotyle: Hawaiian Zigadenus: Keres, Western
Silphium: Cherokee Hypericum: Cherokee Throat Aid
Sinapis: Cherokee Ipomoea: Hawaiian j4b/es;Anticosti; Bella Coola
Solidago: Cherokee; Chippewa; Meskwaki Iris: Zuni Achillea: Aleut; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Gitksan;
Stenandrium: Seminole Jacquemontia: Hawaiian Makah; Nitinaht; Paiute, Northern; Saanich
Taxus: Montagnais Juncus: Cherokee; Iroquois Aconitum: Blackfoot
822 Drug, Throat Aid

Acorus: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Cree; Cree, Eupatorium: Cherokee Physaria: Blackfoot
Woodlands; Iroquois; Lakota; Ojibwa Frasera: Isleta Picea: Cree; Cree, Woodlands; Montagnais;
Actaea: Cherokee Galium: Cherokee Quinault; Tanana, Upper
Aesculus: Koasati Geranium: Aleut; Iroquois Pinus: Iroquois; Montagnais; Okanagan-Colville;
Allium: Cherokee; Isleta Geum: Aleut; Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands Okanagon; Paiute; Quinault; Thompson
Amaranthus: Mohegan Gilia: Zuni Plantago: Potawatomi
Anaphalis: Cherokee Glandularia: Keres, Western Platanus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Andropogon: Seminole Glycyrrhiza: Bannock; Blackfoot; Cherokee; Great Pluchea: Havasupai
Anemone: Ojibwa Basin Indian; Montana Indian Polygala: Cree, Woodlands; Ojibwa, South
Anemopsis: Pima Gnaphalium: Cherokee Polypodium: Bella Coola; Cowichan; Haisla &
Angelica: Aleut; Cherokee; Micmac; Paiute; Porno, Hamamelis: Cherokee Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Kitasoo; Oweekeno;
Kashaya; Washo Helianthemum: Delaware Saanich; Thompson
Apocynum: Ojibwa Heliotropium: Paiute; Shoshoni Polystichum: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac;
Aquilegia: Paiute Heracleum: Aleut; Chippewa; Shoshoni Swinomish
Aralia: Iroquois; Micmac Heuchera: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Populus: Bella Coola; Squaxin; Yuki
Arbutus: Porno, Kashaya; Salish, Cowichan; Hibiscus: Hawaiian Porteranthus: Iroquois
Skokomish Hierochloe: Blackfoot Potentilla: Chippewa
Arisaema: Cherokee; Mohegan Iris: Malecite; Micmac Prunella: Cree, Hudson Bay
Aristolochia: Cherokee Isocoma: Cahuilla Prunus: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois
Armoracia: Cherokee Juniperus: Cheyenne; Shoshoni; Tanana, Upper Pseudotsuga: Hanaksiala; Swinomish
Artemisia: Blackfoot; Havasupai; Kiowa; Lakota; Krameria: Pima Psilostrophe:Navajo, Ramah
Meskwaki; Okanagan-Colville; Shoshoni; Lachnanthes: Cherokee Psoralidium: Arapaho
Thompson Larix: NezPerce Psorothamnus: Paiute, Northern
Aruncus: Skagit Larrea: Yavapai Pyrola: Blackfoot; Mohegan
Asarum: Iroquois; Meskwaki Ledum: Oweekeno; Tanana, Upper Quercus: Alabama; Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware,
Asclepias: Blackfoot; Navajo Lewisia: Blackfoot Oklahoma; Houma; Iroquois; Midoo
Astragalus: Navajo, Kayenta Ligusticum: Zum Ranunculus: Cherokee
Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne Lithospermum: Zuni Rhexia: Micmac; Montagnais
Berberis: Micmac; Mohegan; Penobscot Lobelia: Cherokee Rhododendron: Skokomish
Bidens: Cherokee; Hawaiian Lomatium: Cowichan; Crow; Gosiute; Kawaiisu; Rhus: Iroquois; Kutenai; Micmac; Mohegan; Ojibwa;
Bouteloua: Navajo, Ramah Kwakiutl; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Potawatomi
Calycanth us: Porno, Kashaya Northern; Saanich; Shoshoni; Songish; Washo Ribes: Bella Coola; Skagit, Upper; Swinomish;
Cardamine: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac Lonicera: Swinomish; Thompson Thompson
Celtis: Houma Machaeranthera:Nava]o; Paiute Rosa: Costanoan; Crow; Skagit; Skagit, Upper;
Chrysothamnus: Jemez Mahonia: Squaxin Snohomish; Thompson
Cirsium: Hopi; Houma Maianthemum: Ojibwa; Potawatomi; Thompson Rubus: Cherokee
Clayton ia: Skagit; Skagit, Upper Malus: Cherokee Rumex: Apache, White Mountain; Cherokee;
Clematis: Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian Marrubium: Cherokee; Mahuna; Navajo Mahuna; Papago; Pima; Yavapai; Zuni
Cleome: Navajo, Ramah Mentha: Paiute Salix: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Blackfoot; Chero
Conioselinum: Aleut Modiola: Houma kee; Eskimo, Western; Iroquois; Klallam; Porno,
Coptis: Iroquois; Menominee Monarda: Blackfoot; Tewa Kashaya; Zuni
Corn us: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac Moneses: Haisla & Hanaksiala Salvia: Costanoan; Shoshoni
Corydalis: Navajo, Ramah Myrica: Choctaw Sambucus:Pima
Corylus: Thompson Nepeta: Iroquois Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Micmac; Ojibwa;
Crotalaria: Seminole Nereocystis: Porno, Kashaya Potawatomi
Dalea: Lakota Nicotiana: Mahuna Sanvitalia: Navajo, Ramah
D^m'sca: Costanoan Oenothera: Navajo, Ramah Sarracenia: Micmac
Datura: Rappahannock Opuntia: Shuswap Sassafras: Seminole
Descurain ia: Navajo, Kayenta Osmorhiza: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Ojibwa; Paiute; Scirpus: Malecite; Micmac
Dichanthelium: Seminole Shoshoni Scutellaria: Iroquois
Dimorphocarpa: Apache, White Mountain Oxalis: Cherokee Sedum: Costanoan
Diospyros: Cherokee; Rappahannock Oxytropis: Blackfoot Senna: Meskwaki
Echinacea: Cheyenne; Comanche; Kiowa; Lakota; Paeonia: Shoshoni Shepherdia: Navajo, Kayenta
Sioux, Teton Panicum: Seminole Sisyrinchium: Navajo
Epilobium: Snohomish Pedicularis: Ojibwa Smilax: Omaha
Eriastrum: Paiute Pediomelum: Blackfoot Solanum: Cherokee; Navajo
Ericameria: Cahuilla Penstemon: Navajo, Ramah Solidago: Blackfoot; Chippewa
Erigeron: Thompson Perideridia: Blackfoot Stachys: Costanoan
Eriodictyon: Cahuilla Phacelia: Keres, Western Stanleya: Paiute
Eriogonum: Navajo; Zuni Phryma: Chippewa Stenotus: Navajo
 Index of Usages 823

Symphoricarpos:Navajo, Kayenta Betula: Menominee; Mohegan Juglans: Potawatomi

Tanacetum: Chippewa Brachyactis: Paiute Juniperus: Blackfoot; Creek; Delaware, Ontario;
Taraxacum: Aleut Brassica: Cherokee Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac; Okanagan-Colville;
77z/asp/: Iroquois O*//a: Gitksan Okanagon; Paiute; Shoshoni; Swinomish;
Townsendia: Hopi; Navajo Cardam ine: Malecite; Micmac Thompson
Tragopogon: Navajo, Ramah Carpinus: Delaware, Ontario Kalmia: Cree, Hudson Bay
Triosteum: Iroquois Carya: Delaware, Ontario Larrea: Cahuilla
Tripterocalyx: Zuni Catabrosa: Shoshoni Lathyrus: Chippewa
Tsuga: Skagit Caulophyllum: Iroquois Ledum: Algonquin, Quebec; Micmac; Salish
Ulmus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Iroquois; Mohegan; Cephalanthus: Choctaw Leiophyllum: Nanticoke
Ojibwa; Potawatomi Chaenactis: Thompson Leonurus: Iroquois; Mohegan
Umbellularia: Pomo, Kashaya Chamaesyce: Shoshoni Leucanthemum: Mohegan; Shinnecock
Vaccin ium: Tanana, Upper Chenopodium: Creek; Rappahannock Liatris: Omaha
Valeriana: Menominee Chimaphila: Iroquois; Rappahannock; Thompson Lindera: Cherokee
Veratrum:Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Chrysopsis: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Lomatium: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Great Basin Indian
Verbascum: Mohegan Chrysothamnus: Shoshoni Lonicera: Skagit; Thompson
Viburnum: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Chugach; Cichorium: Cherokee Lupinus: Salish
Tanana, Upper Cimicifuga: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Lygodesmia: Blackfoot
Viola: Ojibwa, South Oklahoma Machaeranthera: Shoshoni
Waltheria: Hawaiian Cinchona: Cherokee Mahonia: Karok; Montana Indian; Samish;
Xanthium: Cherokee Claytonia: Skagit Swinomish; Thompson
Xanthorhiza: Cherokee Clematis: Navajo; Okanagon; Thompson Maianthemum: Delaware, Oklahoma; Mohegan;
Yucca: Navajo Comptonia: Menominee Washo
Zanthoxylum: Chippewa; Comanche; Ojibwa Corn us: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Malus: Makah; Nitinaht
Zea: Navajo Hoh; Quileute; Rappahannock Matricaria: Aleut
Zinnia: Navajo Cucurbita: Omaha Melissa: Cherokee
Tonic Cunila: Cherokee Mentha: Delaware, Oklahoma; Flathead; Kutenai
Abies: Gltksan-, Haisla; Karok; Kwakiutl; Thompson; Dirca: Iroquois Menyanthes: Aleut
Wet'suwet'en Echinocystis: Menominee; Ojibwa Monardella: Shoshoni
Acer: Penobscot; Thompson Ephedra: Hopi; Paiute; Shoshoni; Tewa Nemopanthus: Potawatomi
Achillea: Navajo; Okanagon; Quinault; Thompson Erythrina: Choctaw Nepeta: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Rappa
Acorus: Mohegan; Omaha; Rappahannock; Euonymus: Cherokee hannock
Winnebago Eupatorium: Cherokee; Mohegan; Penobscot; Oplopanax: Gitksan; Haisla; Okanagon; Oweekeno;
Ageratina: Cherokee; Choctaw Rappahannock Thompson; Wet'suwet'en
Aletris: Cherokee; Micmac Foeniculum: Cherokee Orbexilum: Cherokee
Allium: Iroquois Fra/2gi//a:Cahuilla; Salish, Coast Osmorhiza: Iroquois; Shoshoni
A/rms: Gitksan; Haisla; Saanich Frasera: Cherokee; Shoshoni Osmunda: Cherokee
Amelanchier: Cherokee; Okanagan-Colville; Fraxinus: Chippewa; Ojibwa Ostrya: Delaware, Ontario
Potawatomi; Thompson Galium: Penobscot Panax: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma;
Anaphalis: Delaware, Oklahoma Gaultheria: Chippewa; Delaware; Delaware, Iroquois; Menominee; Mohegan; Seminole
Anemopsis: Shoshoni Oklahoma; Skagit Pedicularis: Washo
Angelica: Aleut; Shoshoni Gentiana: Dakota; Winnebago Phoenicaulis: Paiute
Anthemis: Cherokee Gentianella: Cherokee Picea: Gitksan; Montagnais; Wet'suwet'en
Apocynum: Montana Indian Geum: Aleut; Blackfoot; Thompson Pimpinella: Delaware, Oklahoma
Aralia: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois; Gilia: Navajo, Kayenta Pinus: Gitksan; Paiute
Mohegan; Montagnais; Montana Indian; Okana Gleditsia: Delaware, Oklahoma; Meskwaki Plantago: Aleut
gon; Penobscot; Potawatomi; Thompson Glycyrrhiza: Montana Indian Podophyllum:Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
Arctium: Ojibwa; Potawatomi Goodyera: Cowlitz Polygala: Chippewa
Arctostaphylos: Okanagon; Thompson Gymnocladus: Omaha Polygonatum: Cherokee
Aristolochia: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Hedeoma: Dakota Polygonum: Aleut
Oklahoma Helianthemum: Delaware, Oklahoma Populus: Iroquois; Shoshoni
Armoracia: Cherokee Heracleum: Makah; Okanagon; Thompson Potentilla: Okanagon; Thompson
Artemisia: Aleut; Chippewa; Eskimo, Alaska; Mon Heuchera: Chickasaw, Choctaw; Creek; Shoshoni Prunella: Thompson
tana Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni; Hieracium: Okanagan-Colville Prunus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Delaware,
Washo Holodiscus: Makah [Prunus]
Aruncus: Quileute Humulus: Delaware, Oklahoma Ontario; Makah; Mendocino Indian; Micmac;
Asarum: Iroquois; Micmac; Skagit; Thompson Hydrastis: Cherokee Mohegan; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Penobscot;
Asclepias: Menominee; Thompson Inula: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Potawatomi; Rappahannock; Thompson
Astragalus: Chippewa Ipomopsis: Navajo, Kayenta; Shoshoni Pseudotsuga: Swinomish; Thompson
Baptisia: Penobscot Ivesia: Aiapaho Pteridium: Cherokee
824 Drug, Tonic

Pteryxia: Okanagan-Colville Aesculus: Costanoan; Mendocino Indian Geum: Cree, Woodlands

Purshia: Paiute; Shoshoni Ageratina: Chickasaw, Choctaw Glycyrrhiza: Dakota; Lakota; Pawnee; Sioux
Pyrola: Penobscot Alnus: Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee; Okanagan- Goodyera: Cherokee
Quercus: Cherokee; Delaware, Ontario; Houma; Colville; Thompson Gutierrezia: Cahuilla
Rappahannock Ambrosia: Zum Hamamelis: Iroquois
Rhamnus: Iroquois Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands Hedeoma: Cherokee
Ribes: Lummi; Thompson Antennaria: Iroquois Heracleum: Cree; Shoshoni; Washo
Rosa: Chippewa; Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Anthemis: Iroquois Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah
Rubus: Cherokee; Choctaw; Iroquois; Karok; Arabis: Thompson Heuchera: Navajo
Okanagon; Rappahannock; Thompson Aralia: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands Humulus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma;
Rumex: Iroquois; Mohegan; Paiute; Shoshoni Argemone: Shoshoni Mohegan
Salix: Cherokee; Klallam; Menominee; Paiute; Aristolochia: Cherokee Hymenopappus: Hopi
Skagit Armoracia: Mohegan Hypericum: Houma; Shoshoni
Salvia: Mohegan Artemisia: Costanoan; Navajo, Raman; Shoshoni Iris: Great Basin Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni
Sambucus: Houma; Paiute Asarum: Porno, Kashaya Juglans: Cherokee; Iroquois
Sanguinaria: Algonquin, Quebec; Delaware, Asclepias: Iroquois; Navajo, Kayenta Juniperus: Cree, Woodlands; Shoshoni; Tewa
Oklahoma; Mohegan Aster: Cree, Woodlands; Kawaiisu; Okanagan- Larrea: Pima
Sassafras: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois; Colville Lesquerella: Navajo, Ramah
Mohegan; Rappahannock Astragalus: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Lithocarpus: Costanoan
Sequoia: Porno Atriplex: Navajo, Ramah Lycium: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah
Shepherdia: Salish; Thompson Balsamorhiza: Cheyenne Magnolia: Cherokee; Iroquois
Silphium: Pawnee Baptisia: Cherokee Melica: Kawaiisu
Sinapis: Cherokee Betula: Cree, Woodlands Mentha: Cree, Woodlands; Flathead
Smilax: Cherokee; Choctaw Brassica: Mohegan; Shinnecock Mentzelia: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah
Solarium: Comanche Caulophyllum: Cherokee Monarda: Flathead
Solidago: Cherokee; Chippewa; Cree, Hudson Bay; Ceanothus: Cherokee Monotropa: Cree, Woodlands
Thompson Celastrus: Iroquois Nicotiana: Cherokee; Kawaiisu; Montauk; Rappa
Sorbus: Algonquin, Quebec; Wet'suwet'en Centaurium: Miwok hannock; Shinnecock; Shoshoni; Tewa
Spiraea: Thompson Cephalanthus: Choctaw Nuphar: Okanagan-Colville
Stac/iys.-Saanich Chaetopappa:Navajo, Ramah Nymphaea: Okanagan-Colville
Stanleya: Paiute Chamaesyce: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah Oenothera: Hopi
Stephanomeria: Shoshoni Chenopodium: Miwok Osmorhiza: Okanagan-Colville; Shoshoni
Streptopus: Okanagon; Penobscot; Thompson Chrysothamnus: Cahuilla; Isleta; Shoshoni Ostrya: Cherokee
Tanacetum: Cherokee Clematis: Thompson Parryella: Hopi; Tewa
Taraxacum: Delaware, Oklahoma; Mohegan; Coix: Cherokee Pediomelum: Blackfoot
Potawatomi; Shinnecock Coptis: Algonquin, Quebec; Menominee Pennellia: Navajo, Ramah
Tetradymia: Hopi Corylus: Iroquois Penstemon: Okanagan-Colville; Paiute
Thamnosma: Shoshoni Cryptantha: Navajo, Ramah Pentagrama: Miwok
Thuja: Okanagan-Colville Cypripedium: Chippewa Pericome: Navajo, Ramah
Tiarella: Iroquois Dalea: Navajo Persea: Mahuna
Toxicodendron: Houma Datura: Cahuilla; Navajo Phaseolus: Papago
(/rrica:Nitinaht; Samish; Shoshoni; Swinomish Descurainia: Navajo, Ramah Phlox: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta
Verbena: Cherokee Dicentra: Skagit Phoradendron: Mendocino Indian
Veronicastrum: Cherokee Dimorphocarpa: Navajo, Kayenta Physaria: Blackfoot
Viburnum: Cherokee Diospyros: Cherokee Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Shuswap; Tlingit
Viola: Cherokee Dryopteris: Cherokee Polygala: Cree, Woodlands
Vitis: Cherokee; Choctaw; Delaware, Oklahoma £c/zmacm# Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Comanche; Crow; Polymnia: Iroquois
Wyethia: Paiute Dakota; Lakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Sioux; Polystichum: Cherokee
Xanthorhiza: Cherokee Sioux, Teton; Winnebago Populus: Cherokee
Zanthoxylum: Delaware, Oklahoma Encelia: Cahuilla Porteranthus: Cherokee
Toothache Remedy Equisetum: Iroquois Psathyrotes: Paiute
Abies: Shuswap Erigenia: Cherokee Psorothamnus: Paiute
Achillea: Carrier; Costanoan; Cree, Woodlands; Erigeron: Kawaiisu; Miwok Pteridium: Makah
Creek; Mahuna; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Eryngium: Cherokee Quercus: Costanoan; Mahuna
Saanich; Shoshoni; Thompson Erysimum: Navajo, Ramah Ranunculus: Iroquois
v4corus; Blackfoot; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Eschscholzia: California Indian; Mendocino Indian Rhus: Cheyenne
Dakota; Iroquois; Lakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Euphorbia: Cherokee Ribes: Luiseno
Winnebago Fragaria: Cherokee; Iroquois Robinia: Cherokee
Actaea: Cherokee Frangula: Neeshenam Rorippa: Mohegan
Adenostoma: Diegueno Geranium: Meskwaki Rubus: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands; Makah
 Index of Usages 825

Rumex:Yavapm Arnica: Thompson Helianthus: Paiute

Sa//jt: Kiowa; Shoshoni; Thompson Artemisia: Meskwaki; Montana Indian; Okanagan- Heracleum: Shoshoni
Samfrwais: Cahuilla; Okanagon; Thompson Colville; Sanpoil; Shuswap; Tanaina; Thompson Heuchera: Kutenai
Sanvitalia: Navajo, Ramah Asarum: Iroquois; Skagit Hieracium: Iroquois

Sarcobatus: Paiute, Northern Asclepias: Paiute Hydrastis: Iroquois

Sature]a: Costanoan Asplenium: Hawaiian Hypericum: Menominee; Meskwaki

Shepherdia: Navajo, Kayenta Aster: Iroquois Ilex: Micmac
Solarium: Costanoan; Zuni Balsamorhiza: Flathead; Paiute Inula: Cherokee; Iroquois; Mohegan
Solidago: Alabama; Miwok Betula: Creek Ipomoea: Cherokee; Iroquois
Sonchus: Houma Botrych ium: Iroquois; Ojibwa Iris: Chippewa; Delaware, Oklahoma
Stanleya: Shoshoni BoyA;/m'a:Quileute Juglans: Iroquois
Stenotus: Navajo Caltha: Chippewa Juniperus: Carrier; Malecite; Micmac; Okanagan-
Stephanomeria: Paiute Campanulastrum: Meskwaki Colville; Sanpoil; Tanana, Upper; Thompson
Symplocarpus: Meskwaki Cardamine: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Laportea: Iroquois
Taraxacum: Cherokee; Iroquois Carpinus: Iroquois Larix: Kutenai; Malecite; Micmac; Thompson
Tauschia: Kawaiisu Carya: Kiowa Larrea: Coahuilla; Pima
Thelesperma: Navajo Cassiope: Thompson Ledum: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Thuja: Algonquin, Quebec; Cowlitz; Malecite; Celastrus: Delaware, Ontario Lepidium: Houma
Micmac Cenchrus: Hawaiian Ligusticum: Pomo, Kashaya
Trichostema: Miwok Centaurium: Miwok Lilium: Malecite; Micmac
Tsuga: Tlingit Cercocarpus: Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni Limonium: Micmac
Ulmus: Creek Chaenactis: Sanpoil Lobelia: Iroquois
Veratrum: Paiute Chamaesyce: Hawaiian Lomatium: Nez Perce; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute;
Verbascum: Abnaki; Iroquois ChimaphHa: Cherokee; Delaware, Oklahoma; Shoshoni; Washo
Vernonia: Cherokee Malecite; Micmac; Okanagan-Colville Lonicera: Iroquois; Lummi
Viburnum: Cree, Woodlands Chrysothamnus: Cheyenne; Thompson Lophophora: Delaware; Kiowa
Zanthoxylum:Alabama; Comanche; Houma; Cimicifuga: Cherokee Lysichiton: Klallam
Iroquois; Meskwaki Cirsium: Mohegan; Montagnais Mahonia: Miwok; Nitinaht; Sanpoil
Zephyranthes: Seminole Collinsia: Creek; Natchez Maianthemum: Delaware, Oklahoma; Hesquiat
Zigadenus: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo Commelina: Keres, Western Malus: Gitksan; Iroquois; Makah
Zingiber: Hawaiian Comptonia: Delaware, Oklahoma Marah: Chehalis
Tuberculosis Remedy Conopholis: Keres, Western Mentzelia: Keres, Western
Abies: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Carrier; Cree, Wood Coprosma: Hawaiian Mertensia: Cherokee
lands; Gitksan; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Okanagan- Corallorrhiza: Iroquois Nemopanthus: Malecite
Colville; Paiute; Potawatomi; Shuswap; Thomp Cornus: Iroquois; Meskwaki Nicotiana: Hawaiian; Iroquois; Mahuna; Paiute;
son; Washo Crataegus: Chippewa Shoshoni
Acer: Klallam Cucurbita: Cheyenne Nuphar: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala
Achillea: Aleut; Cheyenne; Mendocino Indian; Cynoglossum: Iroquois Nymphaea: Ojibwa
Paiute; Quinault Cypripedium: Iroquois Nyssa: Creek
Achlys: Cowlitz; Skagit Desmodium: Hawaiian Oemleria: Makah
Acorus: Meskwaki Dirca: Iroquois Onoclea: Iroquois
Adenocaulon: Squaxin Epilobium: Iroquois; Miwok; Skokomish Oplopanax: Gitksan; Haisla; Kwakiutl; Okanagan-
Aesculus: Creek Eriastrum: Paiute Colville; Skagit; Wet'suwet'en
Aletris: Cherokee Erigeron: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville Ostrya: Iroquois
Aleurites: Hawaiian Eriodictyon: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Karok; Paiute; Paeonia: Paiute; Shoshoni; Washo
Alisma: Iroquois Round Valley Indian; Shoshoni Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois
Alnus: Blackfoot; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl; Mendocino Eriogonum: Paiute; Shoshoni; Thompson Pastinaca: Paiute
Indian; Nitinaht; Swinomish Erysimum: Hopi Paxistima: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Amphicarpaea: Iroquois Eschscholzia: Mendocino Indian Pedicularis: Iroquois
Anaphalis: Bella Coola; Montagnais Eupatorium: Iroquois Peltigera: Nitinaht
Anemone: Cowlitz; Iroquois; Ojibwa Fagus: Iroquois Penstemon: Creek
Anemopsis: Pima Fomitopsis: Haisla & Hanaksiala Petasites: Concow; Skagit; Tanaina
Angelica: Shoshoni Frasera: Okanagan-Colville Phoradendron: Creek
Antidesma: Hawaiian Gaillardia: Thompson Phyllodoce: Thompson
Apium: Houma Galium: Ojibwa Physocarpus: Bella Coola
Aralia: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Malecite; Gaultheria: Samish; Swinomish Picea: Carrier; Gitksan; Haisla & Hanaksiala;
Mendocino Indian; Micmac Glossopetalon: Shoshoni Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap; Tanana,
Arceuthobium: Carrier, Southern Gnaphalium: Montagnais Upper
Arctium: Menominee Grindelia: Flathead; Ponca; Sanpoil Pinus: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Cherokee; Gitksan;
Arisaema: Cherokee; Iroquois Hamamelis: Cherokee; Iroquois Hopi; Iroquois; Kutenai; Lummi; Montagnais;
826 Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy

[Pinus] Zanthoxylum: Iroquois; Meskwaki Cephalanthus: Seminole

Paiute; Shuswap; Skagit; Yokia Unspecified Cercocarpus: Shoshoni
Pittosporum: Hawaiian Abies: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Carrier, South Chaenactis: Thompson
Platanthera: Iroquois ern; Haisla; Kitasoo; Malecite; Menominee; Niti- Chamaesyce: Hawaiian
Platanus: Creek naht; Thompson Chelone: Algonquin, Quebec
Polypodium: Cree, Woodlands Acer: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois Cicuta: Ojibwa
Polystichum: Iroquois Achillea: Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Nunivak; Haisla & Clematis: Gosiute
Populus: Bella Coola; Kutenai; Quinault; Shoshoni Hanaksiala; Thompson Clintonia: Potawatomi
Prunella: Iroquois Aconitum: Salish Cneoridium: Luiseno
Prunus: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Iroquois; Kwakiutl; Acorus: Cree, Alberta; Malecite; Micmac Cocos: Hawaiian
Malecite; Micmac; Paiute Adiantum: Apalachee Coix: Cherokee
Psathyrotes: Shoshoni Agastache: Cheyenne; Meskwaki Colocasia: Hawaiian
Psoralidium: Dakota Alnus: Bella Coola; Gitksan; Hoh; Kawaiisu; Comptonia: Chippewa
Psorothamnus: Paiute; Shoshoni Malecite; Nitinaht; Quileute; Shuswap Coprosma: Hawaiian
Pteridium: Iroquois Ambrosia: Lakota Coptis: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac
Pursh ia: Paiute Amelanchier: Cheyenne Cornus: Algonquin, Quebec; Carrier, Northern;
Quercus: Cowlitz; Iroquois Amsinckia: Costanoan Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville
Ranunculus: Thompson Anaphalis: Cheyenne Cuminum: Apalachee
Rhus: Flathead; Hopi; Iroquois; Kiowa; Malecite; Anemone: Thompson Datura: Cahuilla; Chumash; Diegueno; Gabrielino;
Menominee Anemopsis: Diegueno Luiseno
Ribes: Skokomish; Swinomish; Thompson Angelica: Blackfoot; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Gosiute; Delphinium: Blackfoot; Navajo
Rubus: Iroquois; Menominee; Micmac Kwakiutl Descurainia:\J\e
Rumex: Hawaiian; Squaxin Apocynum: CahuiWa; Cree, Hudson Bay; Salish; Dicentra: Thompson
Sagittaria: Algonquin, Quebec Thompson Dioscorea: Hawaiian
Salix: Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois; Klallam Aralia: Algonquin, Quebec; Ojibwa Disporum: Okanagan-Colville
Sambucus: Porno, Little Lakes; Shoshoni Arctium: Hoh; Quileute Eleocharis: Seminole
Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Arctostaphylos: Cheyenne; Hoh; Ojibwa; Porno; Ephedra: CoahuiWa; Hualapai
Sarracenia: Malecite; Micmac Quileute Epilobium: Potawatomi; Thompson
Scirpus: Iroquois Argentina: Tsimshian Equisetum: Miwok; Ojibwa
Sedum: Eskimo, Western Arisaema: Ojibwa Ericameria: Luiseno
Senecio: Catawba Arnica: Thompson Erigeron: Thompson
Shepherdia: Carrier; Flathead; Shuswap; Tanana, Artemisia: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Eskimo, Eriodictyon: Luiseno
Upper; Thompson Kuskokwagmiut; Eskimo, Nunivak; Havasupai; Eriogonum: Apache, White Mountain; Navajo;
Sinapis: Micmac Lakota; Luiseno; Mewuk; Montana Indian; Thompson; Ute
Solanum: Comanche Navajo; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Thompson; Ute; Eriophorum: Eskimo, Inuktitut
Solidago: Cherokee Winnebago;Yokut Eryngium: Seminole
Spiraea: Iroquois Aruncus: Haihais; Kitasoo; Makah Fagus: Menominee
Stephanomeria: Cheyenne Asarum: Karok; Thompson Fragaria: Iroquois
Styphelia: Hawaiian Asclepias: Iroquois; Lakota; Miwok; Potawatomi; Frangula: Kawaiisu; Montana Indian
Symphoricarpos: Skagit Zuni Frasera: Apache
Symplocarpus: Iroquois Aster: Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi Fraxinus: Ojibwa
Taxus: Iroquois Baptisia: Ojibwa Fritillaria: Ute
Tephrosia: Creek Berula: Apache, White Mountain Galactia: Seminole
Thelesperma: Keres, Western Betula: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Koyukon; Garrya: Wintoon
77iw/a:Clallam; Klallam; Malecite; Micmac Malecite Gaultheria: Algonquin, Quebec; Micmac
Tilia: Cherokee; Iroquois Bignonia: Creek Geocaulon: Cree, Hudson Bay
Torreya: Porno; Porno, Kashaya Botrychium: Abnaki; Potawatomi Geranium: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Trientalis: Montagnais BoykiniaYuki Geum: Gosiute; Thompson
Tsuga: Chehalis; Hesquiat; Iroquois; Klallam; Brassica: Hoh; Ojibwa; Quileute Glycyrrhiza: Lakota
Shuswap Brickellia: Gosiute Gnaphalium: Karok; Weyot
Tussilago: Iroquois Calochortus: Cheyenne Goodyera: Delaware, Oklahoma
Ulmus: Catawba; Cherokee; Iroquois Caltha: Aleut Guajacum: Seri

Urtica: Tanaina Calypso: Thompson Hackelia: Thompson

Valeriana: Navajo, Ramah; Thompson Camassia: Creek Halosaccion: Hesquiat
Veratrum: Iroquois Capsella: Meskwaki Hedysarum: Ute
Verbascum: Iroquois; Salish Carex: Gosiute Heracleum: Klamath; Makah; Micmac; Tanaina;
Veronicastrum: Chippewa Castilleja: Thompson Thompson
V&urm/m:Gitksan; Iroquois Ceanothus: Oregon Indian, Warm Springs; Heuchera: Aiapaho; Thompson
Wyethia: Paiute Thompson Hiemcium: Thompson
Xanthium: Mahuna Celastrus: Ojibwa Holodiscus: Makah; Shoshoni
 Index of Usages 827

Hordeum: Potawatomi Seminole Silene: Karok; Menominee

Hymenoxys: Hopi Pellaea: Luiseno Sinapis: Hoh; Quileute

Hypericum: Meskwaki Peltandra: Nanticoke Smilax: Rappahannock
Impatiens: Ojibwa Penstemon: Salish Solarium: Apache, White Mountain

Iva:Ute Perideridia: Cheyenne Solidago: Menominee

Juncus: Hoh; Karok; Quileute Persea: Seminole Sorbus: Carrier; Micmac; Ojibwa; Potawatomi;
Juniperus: Gitksan; Navajo; Sanpoil; Seminole Phacelia: Thompson Wet'suwet'en

Kalmia: Gosiute; Thompson Phlebodium: Seminole Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni

Lactuca: Potawatomi Phoradendron: Cahuilla; Hopi Spiraea: Algonquin, Quebec; Potawatomi
Larix: Algonquin, Quebec; Malecite; Ojibwa Physalis: Meskwaki; Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago Stenanthium: Thompson
Larrea: Kawaiisu; Pima Phytolacca: Cherokee Stephanomeria: Thompson
Leathesia: Hesquiat Picea: Algonquin, Quebec; Eskimo, Alaska; Streptopus: Thompson
Ledum: Algonquin, Quebec; Anticosti; Eskimo, Koyukon; Malecite; Ojibwa; Ojibwa, South; Symphoricarpos: Sanpoil
Alaska; Eskimo, Inupiat; Eskimo, Nunivak; Oweekeno; Thompson Symplocarpus: Malecite; Meskwaki
Makah; Nootka; Potawatomi Pinus: Delaware, Ontario; Eskimo, Alaska; Gitksan; Taraxacum: Cherokee; Hoh; Quileute
Leymus: Makah; Quileute Kwakwaka'wakw; Menominee; Ojibwa; Porno; Tauschia: Luiseno
Licania: Seminole Thompson Taxus: Algonquin, Quebec; Malecite
Ligusticum: Bella Coola; Flathead; Kutenai; Plantago: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Ojibwa Tellima: Nitinaht
Thompson Platanus: Kawaiisu Thuja: Chippewa; Hoh; Potawatomi; Quileute
Lindera: Chippewa Polygala: Chippewa; Ojibwa Tilia: Algonquin, Quebec
Linnaea: Thompson Polygonum: Apache, White Mountain; Potawatomi Townsendia: Navajo, Kayenta
Linum: Paiute Polypodium: Makah Toxicodendron: Delaware
Lithospermum: Great Basin Indian; Hopi Populus: Hoh; Malecite; Ojibwa; Quileute; Thomp Trichostema: Karok
Lomatium: Creek; Gosiute; Great Basin Indian son; Yurok Trifolium: Apalachee; Makah
Lonicera: Cowichan Potentilla: Eskimo; Gosiute; Potawatomi Triosteum: Creek
Lophophora: Paiute; Ponca Prosopis: Cahuilla Triteleia: Thompson
Lupinus: Thompson Prunus: Algonquin, Quebec; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Tsuga: Algonquin, Quebec; Malecite
Lycopodium: Penobscot Gitksan; Malecite; Navajo; Rappahannock; San Turricula: Luiseno
Lysichiton: Hesquiat; Makah poil & Nespelem; Thompson Typha: Apache, Mescalero
Lythrum: Kawaiisu Pseudotsuga: Haisla; Havasupai; Kwakiutl Umbellularia: Yurok
Machaeranthera: Zuni Pterocaulon: Seminole Urtica: Gitksan; Nitinaht; Paiute; Potawatomi;
Mahonia: Cheyenne; Havasupai; Nitinaht Pulsatilla: Cheyenne; Thompson Thompson
Maianthemum: Kitasoo; Ojibwa Purshia: Apache, White Mountain; Gosiute Vaccinium: Mohegan; Potawatomi; Seminole
Malus: Makah; Nitinaht Pyrola: Chippewa Vancouveria: Tolowa
Marrubium: Hopi Quercus: Mahuna; Malecite; Menominee; Ojibwa Veratrum: Hanaksiala
Matricaria: Aleut; Cheyenne; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Ute Ratibida: Keres, Western Verbascum: Atsugewi
Mentha: Hoh; Montana Indian; Quileute; Salish; Rhamnus: Yuki Verbesina: Seminole
Thompson Rhus: Algonquin, Quebec; Hopi; Ojibwa Viola: \Jte
Mentzelia: Cheyenne; Thompson Ribes: Bella Coola; Gitksan; Hanaksiala; Ojibwa; Vitex: Hawaiian
Menyanthes: Aleut; Menominee; Micmac; Tlingit Shoshoni; Tanana, Upper Vittaria: Seminole
Mimulus: Potawatomi Rosa: Cheyenne; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Potawatomi; Ximenia: Seminole
Mitchella: Chippewa; Penobscot Yurok Yucca: Choctaw; Omaha
Monarda: Ojibwa Rubus: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Menominee Urinary Aid
Monardella: Diegueno; Karok; Luiseno Rumex: Apalachee; Kawaiisu; Luiseno; Navajo; Abies: Cherokee; Iroquois
Moricandia: Hoh; Quileute Ojibwa; Pima Acalypha: Cherokee
Morinda: Hawaiian Sagittaria: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Lakota; Ojibwa Achillea: Cherokee; Paiute; Thompson
Myriophyllwn: Menominee Salix: Makah; Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Acorus: Cherokee
Nemopanthus: Ojibwa Seminole; Thompson Actaea: Iroquois; Meskwaki
Nicotiana: Karok Sambucus: Iroquois; Mewuk; Ojibwa; Wet'suwet'en Ageratina: Cherokee
Nuphar: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Nitinaht Sanguinaria: Chippewa Agrimonia: Ojibwa
Nymphaea: Potawatomi Sanicula: Porno, Kashaya Aletris: Cherokee
Oemleria: Makah Sassafras: Creek; Seminole Allium: Cherokee
Oenothera: Gosiute; Potawatomi Satureja: Luiseno Alnus: Cherokee; Iroquois
Oplopanax: Hoh; Makah; Nitinaht; Quileute Saururus: Seminole Ampelopsis: Cherokee
Osmorhiza: Sanpoil Saxifraga: Menominee Andropogon: Seminole
Osmunda: Menominee; Seminole Scrophularia: Meskwaki Apocynum: Potawatomi
Panax: Delaware; Seminole Sedum: Eskimo, Nunivak Aquilegia: Meskwaki
Paxistima: Bella Coola Senecio: Kawaiisu; Makah; Ute Arabis: Okanagon; Thompson
Pedicularis: Thompson Shepherdia: Algonquin, Quebec; Cheyenne; Flat- Aralia: Iroquois
Pediomelum: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Lakota; head; Shuswap Arctium: Cherokee
828 Drug, Urinary Aid

Arctostaphylos: Cherokee; Costanoan; Okanagan- Hordeum: Costanoan de-Boule

Colville; Okanagon; Thompson Houstonia: Cherokee Sassafras: Seminole
Aristolochia: Cherokee Humulus: Cherokee Saxifraga: Bella Coola
Armoracia: Cherokee Hypericum: Natchez; Seminole Sedum: Makah
Artemisia: Costanoan; Paiute Ilex: Cherokee; Micmac Silphium: Meskwaki
Aruncus: Cherokee Impatiens: Iroquois Smilax: Houma
Asarum: Iroquois Ipomoea: Cherokee Sorbus: Okanagan-Colville
Asclepias: Cherokee; Iroquois Iris: Cherokee; Nevada Indian; Paiute Spiranthes: Cherokee
Balsamorhiza: Flathead; Paiute Jeffersonia: Cherokee Suaeda: Paiute; Shoshoni
Betula: Cherokee Juglans: Iroquois Taraxacum: Iroquois
Callicarpa: Seminole Juniperus: Okanagon; Potawatomi; Thompson Taxus: Hanaksiala
Calycanthus: Cherokee Laportea: Meskwaki; Ojibwa Tephrosia: Creek
Carpinus: Cherokee Larrea: Pima Thuja: Cree, Woodlands
Caulophyllum: Meskwaki Liatris: Comanche; Meskwaki Toxicodendron: Cherokee
Ceanothus: Iroquois Licania: Seminole Trichostema: Miwok
Celastrus: Creek; Iroquois Limonium: Costanoan Triosteum: Iroquois
Cephalanthus: Seminole Linum: Cherokee Tsuga: Micmac
Chaetopappa: Navajo, Kayenta Liparis: Cherokee Typha: Micmac
Chamaesyce: Cherokee Lonicera: Chippewa; Iroquois; Menominee; Urtica: Gitksan
Chaptalia: Seminole Thompson Verbena: Menominee
Chimaphila: Cherokee; Delaware; Delaware, Lupinus: Paiute Verbesina: Seminole
Oklahoma; Iroquois; Karok; Micmac Lycopodium: Algonquin, Quebec Viburnum: Chippewa; Iroquois
Chrysothamnus: Thompson Lysichiton: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Quinault Vitis: Cherokee; Iroquois
Citrullus: Cherokee; Chickasaw; Iroquois Lysimachia: Cherokee Xanthium: Costanoan; Jemez; Tewa
C/oyfoma:Quileute Mahonia: Paiute Venereal Aid
Clematis: Iroquois; Thompson Marah: Mendocino Indian j4fe:Blackfoot; Cherokee; Gitksan; Iroquois; Male-
Clintonia: Micmac Mentha: Cherokee cite; Micmac; Ojibwa, South; Paiute; Thompson
Comptonia: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Mirabilis: Meskwaki Acer: Micmac; Ojibwa; Penobscot
Conioselinum: Micmac Mitchella: Iroquois Achillea: Iroquois; Paiute; Thompson
Cornus: hoquois; Shuswap Moms: Alabama; Creek Acorus: Cree, Woodlands
Crataegus: Meskwaki Nicotiana: Shuswap Actaea: Thompson
Cucurbita: Cherokee Nyssa: Cherokee Adiantum: Iroquois
Cynoglossum: Cherokee Parthenocissus: Iroquois Ageratina: Iroquois
Cypripedium: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Alnus: Gitksan; Iroquois
Menominee Penstemon: Shuswap y4/oys/a:Walapai
Diervilla: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ojibwa Persea: Seminole Amelanchier: Bella Coola; Iroquois
Diplacus: Costanoan Petroselinum: Cherokee; Micmac Anagallis: Mahuna
Dirca: Iroquois; Ojibwa Picea: Abnaki Androsace: Navajo, Ramah
Echium: Cherokee Pinus: Cherokee Anemopsis: Paiute; Pima; Shoshoni
Eleocharis: Seminole Piper: Hawaiian Angelica: Paiute; Shoshoni
Elytrigia: Cherokee; Iroquois Plantago: Cherokee; Iroquois Anthemis: Iroquois
Ephedra: Keres, Western; Paiute; Shoshoni Platanthera: Micmac Apocynum: Thompson
Epilobium: Costanoan; Iroquois; Miwok Platanus: Cherokee Aquilegia: Shoshoni
Equisetum: Carrier; Chippewa; Costanoan; Polygonum: Cherokee Arabis: Salish; Thompson
Iroquois; Mahuna; Modesse; Potawatomi; Populus: Iroquois; Tewa Aralia: Cherokee; Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac;
Thompson Prosopis: Apache, Mescalero Penobscot
Eriogonum: Costanoan; Paiute Prunus: Cherokee Arctium: Cherokee; Malecite; Micmac
Eryngium: Meskwaki Psathyrotes: Shoshoni Arctostaphylos: Shoshoni
Erythrina: Seminole Pseudotsuga: Okanagon; Thompson Arenaria: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni
Euonymus: Cherokee; Iroquois Psorothamnus: Shoshoni Artemisia: Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Shoshoni;
Eupatorium: Cherokee; Koasati; Menominee Pteridium: Iroquois Thompson
Euphorbia: Cherokee Quercus: Cherokee Aruncus: Bella Coola; Makah

Fragaria: Cherokee Rhus: Cherokee; Iroquois; Omaha; Seminole; Sioux Asarum: Iroquois

Fraxinus: Iroquois Ribes: Chippewa Asclepias: Cherokee; Miwok; Natchez; Shoshoni

Galium: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Ojibwa Rosa: Iroquois Aster: Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Goodyera: Potawatomi Rubus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cherokee; Astragalus: Shoshoni
Grindelia: Paiute; Shoshoni Iroquois Athyrium: Iroquois
Gutierrezia: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Rumex: Costanoan; Micmac Baccharis: Navajo, Ramah; Yavapai
Heracleum: Micmac; Shuswap Sambucus: Choctaw Balsamorhiza: Paiute; Shoshoni
Hibiscus: Shinnecock Sarracenia: Algonquin, Quebec; Algonquin, Tete- Baptisia: Cree; Micmac; Penobscot
 Index of Usages 829

Betula: Cree, Woodlands Galium: Iroquois; Micmac; Penobscot Penstemon: Shoshoni

Calystegia: Kawaiisu Garrya: Kawaiisu Phacelia: Kawaiisu
Cardamine: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Gaultheria: Iroquois Phlox: Paiute
Castilleja: Shoshoni Geramura: Choctaw; Iroquois Physalis: Iroquois
Ceanothus: Iroquois; Thompson Grindelia:Cxee; Montana Indian; Shoshoni Physocarpus: Bella Coola; Kwakiutl
Celtis: Houma Gutierrezia: Isleta Picea: Bella Coola; Cree; Cree, Woodlands; Tlingit
Cercocarpus: Kawaiisu; Mahuna; Paiute; Shoshoni Hamamelis: Iroquois Pinus: Apache, White Mountain; Cherokee; Gitksan;
Chamaebatia: Miwok He/emwm:Mendocino Indian Iroquois; Paiute; Shoshoni; Tlingit; Washo; Zuni
Chamaebatiaria: Gosiute Heliotropium: Shoshoni Polygala: Iroquois
Chamaesyce: Cherokee Heracleum: Cree; Thompson Polypodium: Nootka
Chenopodium: Miwok Heterotheca: Navajo, Ramah Polystichum: Iroquois
Chimaphila: Chippewa; Delaware; Iroquois Heuchera: Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Shoshoni; Tlingit Populus: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands;
Chrysothamnus: Isleta; Thompson Hierochloe: Blackfoot Flathead; Iroquois; Micmac; Okanagan-Colville;
Cirsium: Comanche; Zuni Holodiscus: Shoshoni Salish; Shoshoni; Thompson
Claytonia: Tlingit Hydrocotyle: Hawaiian Potentilla: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville
Clematis: Iroquois; Shoshoni Hymenoxys: Isleta Prunella: Iroquois
Coleogyne: Kawaiisu Hypericum: Cherokee; Shoshoni Prunus: Iroquois
Comptonia: Delaware Ipomopsis: Paiute; Shoshoni Psathyrotes: Paiute; Shoshoni
Coptis: Iroquois Iris: Delaware; Paiute; Shoshoni Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Montana Indian; Porno,
Cordylanthus: Navajo; Shoshoni Juglans: Iroquois Little Lakes
Coreopsis: Navajo, Ramah Juniperus: Blackfoot; Paiute; Shoshoni Psoralidium:Navajo, Ramah
Cornus: Iroquois Kochia: Navajo, Kayenta Psorothamnus: Paiute; Shoshoni
Crotalaria: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Krameria: Paiute Pteridium: Iroquois
Croton: Zuni Lachnanthes: Cherokee Pterospora: Okanagan-Colville
Cucurbita: Cheyenne; Paiute; Shoshoni Larix: Iroquois; Malecite; Micmac Purshia: Kawaiisu; Paiute; Shoshoni
Cynoglossum: Iroquois; Porno, Potter Valley Larrea: Paiute; Shoshoni; Yavapai Pyrola: Micmac; Penobscot
Cyperus: Hawaiian Ledum: Tlingit Quercus: Ojibwa
Cypripedium: Algonquin, Quebec Leymus: Okanagan-Colville Ranunculus: Iroquois; Navajo
Dalibarda: Iroquois Liatris: Meskwaki Ratibida: Navajo, Ramah
Daphne: Cherokee Limonium: Costanoan Rhamnus: Iroquois; Kawaiisu
Diervilla: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Potawatomi Lindera: Iroquois Rhus: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois;
Diospyros: Cherokee Lobelia: Cherokee; Iroquois Okanagan-Colville; Seminole; Thompson
Dirca: Iroquois Lomatium: Paiute; Shoshoni Ribes: Bella Coola; Swinomish
Distichlis: Kawaiisu Lonicera: Bella Coola; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Rosa: Quinault; Thompson
Draba: Navajo, Ramah Menominee; Nuxalkmc Rubus: Cherokee; Iroquois
Echinacea: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Lophophora: Kiowa Rudbeckia: Cherokee
Elaeagnus: Thompson Lycopodium: Blackfoot; Iroquois Rumex: Iroquois; Paiute; Shoshoni; Yavapai
Enceliopsis: Shoshoni Madia: Cheyenne Salix: Cree; Creek; Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma;
Ephedra: Apache, White Mountain; Hopi; Mahuna; Magnolia: Iroquois Iroquois; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Shoshoni
Navajo; Paiute; Pima; Shoshoni; Tewa; Tubatula- Mahonia: Flathead; Kawaiisu; Paiute; Shoshoni; Salvia: Paiute; Paiute, Northern
bal; Zuni Skagit; Thompson Sambucus: Iroquois; Thompson
Epilobium: Miwok Maianthemum: Delaware, Oklahoma; Shoshoni Sanguinaria: Iroquois; Ojibwa
Equisetum: Iroquois; Meskwaki; Okanagan-Colville Malus.Hoh; Quileute Sanicula: Iroquois
Eriastrum: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni MarafrMendocino Indian Sarracenia: Cree, Woodlands
Erigeron: Shoshoni Melicope: Hawaiian Sassafras: Cherokee
Eriodictyon: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni Menispermum: Cherokee Schizachyrium: Comanche
Eriogonum: Gosiute; Kawaiisu; Thompson Mertensia: Iroquois Sedum: Okanagan-Colville
Eryngium: Choctaw, Creek; Delaware, Oklahoma Mirabilis: Yavapai Senecio: Yavapai
Erythrina: Hawaiian Mitchella: Iroquois Sequoia: Tlingit
Eschscholzia: Kawaiisu Myrica: Bella Coola Shepherdia: Cree, Woodlands; Gitksan
Euonym us: Cherokee; Iroquois Nuphar: Bella Coola; Flathead Sicyos: Iroquois
Eupatorium: Algonquin, Quebec; Iroquois; Mic- Oenothera: Navajo, Kayenta Smilax: Cree
mac; Penobscot Onoclea: Iroquois Solanum: Delaware, Oklahoma
Euphorbia: Cherokee; Yavapai Oplopanax: Gitksan Solidago: Iroquois; Thompson
Fagus: Micmac Osmorhiza: Iroquois; Paiute; Shoshoni Sorbus: Ojibwa
Frangula: Quileute; West Coast Indian Osmunda: Iroquois Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni
Frasera: Havasupai Paeonia: Shoshoni Sphenosciadium: Paiute
Fraxinus: Iroquois Panax: Cherokee; Iroquois Spiraea: Blackfoot; Thompson
Fucus: Kwakiutl, Southern Parnassia: Gosiute Spiranthes: Gosiute
Gaillardia: Okanagan-Colville Parthenocissus: Creek Stachys: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma
830 Drug, Venereal Aid

Stanleya: Zuni Arctostaphylos: Concow Frasera: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah

Stephanomeria: Hopi; Shoshoni Arisaema: Iroquois Fraxinus: Iroquois
Stillingia: Cherokee Artemisia: Blackfoot; Keres, Western; Meskwaki; Gaillardia: Blackfoot
StreptopusMicmac; Penobscot Mewuk; Navajo, Raman; Ojibwa; Thompson; Yuki Galium: Gosiute
Symphoricarpos:Bella Coola; Chehalis; Cree, Asarum: Iroquois Geum: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Iroquois; Paiute
Woodlands Asclepias: Cherokee; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Glycyrrhiza: Blackfoot; Dakota; Sioux
Symphytum: Cherokee Ramah; Shoshoni Grindelia: Flathead; Jemez; Navajo, Ramah; Pawnee
Taxus: Potawatomi Aster: Blackfoot; Okanagan-Colville Gutierrezia: Dakota; Keres, Western; Navajo;
Tetradymia: Shoshoni Astragalus: Cheyenne; Gosiute; Keresan; Lakota Navajo, Ramah
Thalictrum: Shoshoni Atriplex: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Helianthus: Pima
Thamnosma: Pima Bouteloua: Navajo, Ramah Heuchera: Blackfoot; Shoshoni
Thuja: Quinault; Tlingit Butomus: Iroquois Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Karok; Plains Indian
Toxicodendron: Cherokee Caesalpinia: Zuni Hybanthus: Iroquois
Triosteum: Iroquois Calochortus: Cheyenne Hymenopappus: Lakota
Tsuga: Chehalis; Iroquois; Tlingit Carex: Iroquois Inula: Iroquois; Mohegan
Typha: Iroquois Carum: Iroquois Ipomoea: Keresan; Sia
Ulmus: Ojibwa Castanea: Iroquois Ipomopsis: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni
Urtica: Kwakiutl G?/tt's: Meskwaki Iva: Navajo, Kayenta
Veratrum: Bella Coola; Paiute; Thompson Cerastium: Navajo, Ramah Juglans: Apache, Western
Verbesina: Chickasaw Chamaesyce: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah Juncus: Iroquois
Viburnum: Iroquois Chelidonium: Iroquois Juniperus: Blackfoot; Dakota; Flathead; Navajo,
Wyethia: Paiute; Shoshoni Chimaphila: Cherokee; Rappahannock Ramah; Omaha; Paiute; Pawnee; Ponca;
Xanthium: Mahuna Chrysothamnus: Sanpoil Thompson
Zanthoxylum: Iroquois; Potawatomi Cicuta: Iroquois; Thompson Lachnanthes: Catawba
Zigadenus: Gosiute Cirsium: Navajo, Ramah Lactuca: Cherokee
Vertigo Medicine Citrullus: Rappahannock Larix: Menominee; Potawatomi
Apocynum: Chippewa Clematis: Blackfoot; Dakota; Montana Indian; Larrea: Coahuilla; Kawaiisu
Eleocharis: Seminole Nez Perce; Sanpoil Lathyrus: Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa
Gutierrezia: Lakota Collinsia: Navajo, Kayenta Lepidium: Cherokee
Juniperus: Seminole Collinsonia: Cherokee Leucothoe: Cherokee
Ledum: Tanana, Upper Commelina: Navajo, Ramah Leymus: Thompson
Lomatium: Paiute, Northern Conyza: Potawatomi Liatris: Chippewa; Meskwaki; Omaha
Nicotiana: Cherokee Corallorrhiza: Iroquois Liquidambar: Rappahannock
Persea: Seminole Cornus: Iroquois Lomatium: Blackfoot; Gosiute; Nevada Indian;
Pleopeltis: Houma Corydalis: Navajo, Kayenta Okanagan-Colville; Oregon Indian; Paiute;
Rorippa: Okanagan-Colville Croton: Diegueno Shoshoni; Thompson; Ute
Salix: Seminole Cryptantha: Navajo, Kayenta Lonicera: Diegueno
Tanacetum: Cheyenne Cucurbita: Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Lupinus: Blackfoot; Menominee; Thompson
Veterinary Aid Shoshoni Lycoperdon: Blackfoot
Abies: Blackfoot Cynodon: Keres, Western Lycopus: Cherokee
Acer: Algonquin, Quebec Cyperus: Pima Lygodesmia: Blackfoot; Gosiute
Achillea: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Paiute Dalea: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Macranthera: Jemez
Achlys: Thompson Datura: Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Navajo; Navajo, Mahonia: Blackfoot
Acorus: Omaha Ramah Maianthemum: Meskwaki
Actaea: Blackfoot; Iroquois Delphinium: Navajo, Kayenta Matricaria: Okanagan-Colville
Adenostoma: Cahuilla; Coahuilla Descurainia: Paiute M/raM//s:Hopi; Navajo, Ramah
Aesculus: Mendocmo Indian Dyssodia: Dakota Mitchella: Cherokee
Ageratina: Iroquois Echeandia: Navajo, Ramah Monarda: Blackfoot; Cheyenne
Allium: Blackfoot Echinacea: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Sioux; Muhlenbergia: Blackfoot; Navajo
Alnus: Menominee; Potawatomi Winnebago Myosoris: Iroquois
Ambrosia: Kiowa Elymus: Navajo, Ramah Nicotiana: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Eskimo, Kuskokwag-
Amelanchier: Flathead Encelia: Kawaiisu miut; Navajo, Ramah
Anaphalis: Cheyenne Equisetum: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Okanagan- Nuphar: Flathead; Iroquois
Anemopsis: Cahuilla; Kawaiisu Colville Oenothera: Navajo, Kayenta
Angelica: Blackfoot; Shoshoni Ericameria: Kawaiisu Onosmodium: Lakota
Apocynum: Cherokee; Iroquois; Kutenai Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah Opuntia: Keres, Western
Aquilegia: Thompson Eriodictyon: Coahuilla Osmorhiza: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Meskwaki;
Aralia: Chippewa Eriogonum: Navajo, Ramah Sanpoil
Arbutus: Yuki Eupatorium: Iroquois Osmunda: Imquois
Arctium: Iroquois Euphorbia: Navajo, Kayenta Oxalis: Pawnee
 Index of Usages 831

Paeonia: Paiute Typha: Iroquois Hepatica: Iroquois

Parthenium: Catawba Valeriana: Blackfoot; Thompson Heracleum: Gitksan; Menominee

Pedicularis: Cherokee; Menominee Veratrum: Paiute; Shoshoni Hierochloe: Cheyenne

Pediomelwn: Chippewa; Lakota Verbascum: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Rappahannock Humulus: Navajo, Ramah

Peltigera: Oweekeno Veronica: Iroquois Ipomoea: Iroquois

Penstemon: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Vicia: Navajo, Kayenta Iva: Navajo, Ramah
Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Viola: Iroquois; Thompson Juglans: Iroquois
Perideridia: Blackfoot Vitis: Iroquois Juncus: Okanagan-Colville
Peteria: Navajo, Ramah Xanthium: Pima Juniperus: Gitksan; Navajo, Ramah; Seminole
Phacelia: Hopi Yucca: Blackfoot; Lakota Laportea: Iroquois

Physaria: Blackfoot Zanthoxylum: Creek; Pawnee Lewisia: Okanagan-Colville

Pinus: Havasupai; Iroquois; Rappahannock; Zigadenus: Navajo, Kayenta; Thompson Lilium: Chippewa; Okanagan-Colville

Shoshoni; Thompson Witchcraft Medicine Limosella: Navajo, Ramah

Pluchea: Pima Abies: Cheyenne; Thompson Linaria: Iroquois
Podophyllum: Iroquois Achillea: Potawatomi Lithospermum: Thompson

Polygonum: Iroquois Aconitum: Okanagan-Colville Lobelia: Iroquois

Populus: CahuiWa; Iroquois; Mendocino Indian; Acorus: Cheyenne; Iroquois Lotus: Zuni
Nez Perce; Potawatomi Agastache: Navajo, Ramah Lupinus: Menominee

Porteranthus: Cherokee Ageratina: Iroquois Lythrum: Iroquois

Prunella: Blackfoot Agoseris: Navajo, Ramah Machaeranthera: Okanagan-Colville

Prunus: Iroquois; Menominee Alnus: Iroquois Macromeria: Hopi

Psoralidium: Navajo, Ramah Amaranthus: Iroquois Maianthemum: Iroquois

Pteridium: Iroquois; Mendocino Indian Anaphalis: Potawatomi Matricaria: Okanagan-Colville
Quercus: Iroquois; Mohegan Androsace: Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah Medeola: Iroquois
Ranunculus: Iroquois Anemone: Iroquois Mentha: Iroquois
Ratibida: Lakota; Navajo, Ramah Angelica: Iroquois Menziesia: Nitinaht
Reverchonia: Navajo, Kayenta Antennaria: Navajo, Ramah Monarda: Creek
Rhus: Cheyenne; Iroquois Aquilegia: Iroquois Myosurus: Navajo, Ramah
Robinia: Cherokee Arctium: Iroquois Nuphar: Iroquois
Rubus: Iroquois Arisaema: Menominee Onopordum: Iroquois

Rudbeckia: Chippewa Artemisia: Dakota; Miwok; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Oplopanax: Kwakiutl
Rumex: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah; Nevada Indian Shuswap; Winnebago Oxalis: Iroquois
Sagittaria: Cheyenne; Ojibwa Asarum: Iroquois Panax: Seminole
Salix: Blackfoot Asclepias: Iroquois Penstemon: Apache, White Mountain
Sambucus: Mendocino Indian; Navajo, Kayenta Aster: Navajo, Ramah; Potawatomi Pericome: Navajo, Ramah
Sanguinaria: Abnaki Besseya: Navajo, Ramah Peteria: Navajo, Ramah
Sarcobatus: Cheyenne Campanula: Navajo, Ramah Phoradendron: Hopi
Sedum.iroquois Cardamine: Iroquois Phytolacca: Iroquois
Selaginella: Blackfoot Castilleja: Navajo, Ramah Pinus:Hopi', Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville
Sicyos: Iroquois Chelone: Iroquois Potamogeton: Iroquois
Silene: Gosiute; Navajo, Ramah Clematis: Navajo, Ramah Potentilla: Natchez
Silphium: Dakota; Omaha; Ponca Corallorrhiza: Iroquois Psoralidium: Navajo, Ramah
Sisymbrium: Iroquois Cornus: Iroquois Pteridium: Iroquois
Sisyrinchium: Menominee Crataegus: Iroquois Quercus: Iroquois
Solan um: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah Datura: Navajo, Ramah Rosa: Iroquois
Solidago: Thompson Draba: Navajo, Ramah Rubus: Iroquois
Sparganium: Iroquois Epilobium: Iroquois Salvia: Kawaiisu
Sphaeralcea: Shoshoni Erigeron: Navajo, Ramah Sambucus: Gitksan
Sporobolus: Navajo, Ramah Eriogonum: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Sanguinaria: Iroquois
Symphoricarpos: Blackfoot; Crow; Sanpoil Euonymus: Iroquois Sanicula: Menominee
Talinum: Navajo, Ramah Eupatorium: Iroquois Sarracenia: Menominee
Tanacetum: Malecite Euphorbia: Navajo, Kayenta Sedum: Iroquois
Thalictrum: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Lakota; Pawnee Fagopyrum: Iroquois Silphium: Dakota; Iroquois; Omaha; Pawnee;
Thamnosma: Kawaiisu Fallugia: Navajo, Kayenta Ponca; Winnebago
Thelypodiopsis: Navajo, Kayenta Gaillardia:Navajo, Kayenta Sisyrinchium: Menominee
Townsendia: Blackfoot Galeopsis: Iroquois Sitan ion: Miwok
Tradescantia: Navajo, Ramah Gentiana: Iroquois; Navajo Smilax: Iroquois
Tragopogon: Navajo, Ramah Geranium: Thompson Solidago: Navajo, Ramah
Trifolium: Iroquois Gnaphalium: Creek; Menominee Sparganium: Iroquois
Triticum: Iroquois Heliomeris: Navajo, Ramah Sphaeralcea: Navajo
832 Drug, Witchcraft Medicine

Symphoricarpos: Makah Anthemis: Navajo Ficus: Havasupai

Symplocarpus: Iroquois; Menominee Arabis: Cheyenne Fouquieria: Cahuilla
Taraxacum: Iroquois Aralia: Algonquin, Quebec; Bella Coola; Iroquois; Fragaria: Blackfoot; Cowlitz; Salish, Coast;
Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Micmac; Montagnais Winnebago
Tetraneuris: Navajo, Ramah Arbutus: Miwok Gaultheria: Abnaki; Algonquin, Quebec; Cherokee;
Thermopsis: Navajo, Ramah Arctostaphylos: Atsugewi; Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Chippewa; Makah; Ojibwa
Thlaspi: Navajo, Ramah Costanoan; Costanoan (Olhonean); Hualapai; Geum: Thompson
Thuja: Potawatomi Karok; Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian; Mewuk; Gleditsia: Cherokee
Trillium: Iroquois Miwok; Navajo; Thompson; Yavapai; Yuki Gymnocladus: Meskwaki
Triosteum: Iroquois Artemisia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Hamamelis: Cherokee
Tripterocalyx: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Apache, White Mountain Hedeoma: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Ulmus: Creek Baccharis: Papago Hedysarum: Tanana, Upper
Urtica: Iroquois; Kawaiisu Balsamorhiza: Paiute Holodiscus: Isleta
Valeriana: Navajo, Ramah Befa: Anticosti Hydrangea: Cherokee
Veratrum: Okanagan-Colville Betula: Iroquois; Malecite; Ojibwa Hymenopappus: Hopi; Isleta; lemez
Verbascum: Hopi Bidens: Hopi Hymenoxys: Hopi
Verbena: Iroquois Camassia: Flathead Ilex: Comanche
Veronica: Iroquois Camellia: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Oweekeno Ipomopsis: Hopi
Veronicastrum: Iroquois Carex: Klamath Iris: Eskimo, Alaska
Viburnum: Iroquois Carnegia: Apache, Western; Maricopa; Papago; Jacquemontia: Hawaiian
Viola: Iroquois Pima; Pima, Gila River; Yavapai Juglans: Iroquois; Yavapai
Xanthium: Iroquois Carya: Iroquois Juncus: Paiute, Northern
Xyris: Seminole Castanea: Iroquois Juniperus: Anticosti; Apache, Western; Havasupai;
Castanopsis: Paiute Jemez; Lakota; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville;
Food CastillejcuMiv/ok Thompson; Yavapai
Appetizer Ceanothus: Dakota; Lakota; Menominee; Meskwaki; Kalmia: Hanaksiala
Asclepias: Chippewa Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Larix: Anticosti
Mahonia: Kutenai Chamaedaphne: Ojibwa Lathyrus: Eskimo, Alaska
Monarda: Bannock Chamaesyce: Apache, White Mountain Ledum: Alaska Native; Algonquin, Quebec; Anti
Rhus: Acoma; Laguna Cheilanthes: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; costi; Bella Coola; Chippewa; Cree; Cree, Wood
Trillium: Okanagan-Colville Kawaiisu lands; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Arctic; Eskimo,
Baby Food Chimaphila: Thompson Inupiat; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Kitasoo;
Calochortus: Navajo Comarum: Eskimo, Alaska Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Malecite; Micmac;
Carya: Iroquois Comptonia: Chippewa Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno;
Dichelostemma: Pima, Gila River Cordyline: Hawaiian Porno, Kashaya; Potawatomi; Saanich; Salish,
Juglans: Iroquois Coreopsis: Lakota; Zuni Coast; Shuswap; Tanana, Upper; Thompson;
Mammillaria: Pima, Gila River Corylus: Iroquois Tolowa; Yurok
Physalis: Pima, Gila River Crataegus: Omaha Lepidium: Kawaiisu
Pinus: Cahuilla Dalea: Navajo; Oglala Lespedeza: Comanche
Sarcostemma: Pima, Gila River Dasylirion: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Lindera: Cherokee; Chippewa
Washingtonia: Pima, Gila River Apache, Mescalero Liquidambar: Cherokee
Zea: Iroquois Datura: Apache, White Mountain; Papago; Pima Lithospermum: Blackfoot; Shoshoni
Beverage Descurainia: Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Paiute; Paiute, Lomatium: Great Basin Indian; Thompson
Abies: Micmac; Shuswap; Thompson Northern; Papago; Pima; Pima, Gila River Lycium: Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Mohave; Navajo;
Acer: Iroquois; Micmac; Ojibwa; Potawatomi Diospyros: Rappahannock Pima; Yuma
v4c/i///ea: Blackfoot Distichlis: Kawaiisu Mahonia: Hualapai; Montana Indian
Acorus: Micmac Echinocereus: Isleta Maianthemum: Hanaksiala
Agastache: Cheyenne; Cree, Woodlands; Dakota; Elaeagnus: Cree Marah: Yurok
Lakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Empetrum: Koyukon Martynia: Apache, Western
Agave: Apache, Western; Apache, White Mountain; Ephedra: Apache, White Mountain; Cahuilla; Men tha: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Cree,
Havasupai; Navajo; Yavapai Coahuilla; Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Navajo; Paiute; Woodlands; Dakota; Gosiute; Kawaiisu; Klamath;
Alisma: Iroquois Paiute, Northern; Papago; Pima; Pima, Lehi; Sho- Lakota; Miwok; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Oma
Allenrolfea: Cahuilla shoni; Zuni ha; Paiute; Pawnee; Ponca; Sanpoil; Sanpoil &
Aloysia: Havasupai Epilobium:C\a\\an\) Saanich Nespelem; Shuswap; Winnebago; Yuki
Amelanchier: Cheyenne; Lakota; Montana Indian; Equisetum: Blackfoot; Nitinaht Mirabilis: Navap, Ramah
Thompson Eriodictyon: Cahuilla; Karok Mitchella: Micmac
Amorpha: Og\a\a Eriogonum: Blackfoot; Havasupai; Kawaiisu Monarda: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;
Anaphalis: Anticosti Fagus: Iroquois Iroquois
Andromeda: Ojibwa; Tanana, Upper Ferocactus: Apache, San Carlos; Cahuilla; Papago; Monardella:D\egueno; Kawaiisu; Luiseno; Miwok;
Androsace: Isleta Pima; Seri Okanagan-Colville; Sanpoil & Nespelem;
 Index of Usages 833

Tubatulabal Sadleria: Hawaiian dian; Okanagon; Sanpoil & Nespelem; Thompson

Morns: Cherokee Salix: Eskimo, Inupiat; Mohave; Navajo; Yuma Amphicarpaea: Cherokee
Nepeta: Ojibwa Salvia: Cahuilla; Kawaiisu; Mohave; Papago; Pima; Amsinckia: Atsugewi

Nicotiana: Cahuilla Pima, Gila River Anemopsis: Kamia

Nuphar: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Sambucus: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Dakota; Haisla & Apios: Delaware
Opuntia: Havasupai; Hualapai; Lakota; Navajo; Hanaksiala; Montana Indian; Omaha; Pawnee; Arctostaphylos: Atsugewi; Numlaki; Tolowa
Papago Pima, Gila River; Ponca Artemisia: Navajo; Zuni
Osmorhiza: Isleta Sassafras: Cherokee; Chippewa Asimina: Iroquois
Pamcwm.-Warihio Satureja: Diegueno; Luiseno; Porno, Kashaya; Atriplex: Pima
Paronychia:Kiowa Saanich; Tolowa Balsamorhiza: Atsugewi; Thompson
Parthenium: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Sedum: Eskimo, Alaska Blennosperma: Neeshenam
Passiflora: Cherokee Senna: Kiowa Boisduvalia: Mendocmo Indian
Pellaea: Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Luiseno Shepherdia: ¥hthead; Northwest Indian; Okana- Bouteloua: Apache, White Mountain
Peniocereus: Papago gon; Oregon Indian; Shuswap; Thompson Bromus: Neeshenam
Penstemon: Navajo; Thompson Simmondsia: Cahuilla; Coahuilla Camassia: Blackfoot; Montana Indian; Sanpoil &
Pentaphylloides: Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Arctic Sisymbrium: Pima, Gila River Nespelem
Phoradendron: Cahuilla; Navajo Solanum: Zuni Camelina: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Phytolacca: Cherokee Sphaeralcea: Navajo, Kayenta Capsella: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Picea: Anticosti; Chippewa; Micmac; Okanagan- Sphagnum: Carrier Carnegia: Apache, San Carlos; Apache, Western;
Colville Spiraea: Abnaki; Tanana, Upper; Thompson Papago; Pima; Yavapai
Pinus: Cahuilla; Hualapai; Micmac; Thompson Stenocereus: Papago; Papago & Pima Carya: Iroquois
Plantago: Pima, Gila River Taraxacum: Iroquois Castanea: Cherokee; Iroquois
Platanus: Kawaiisu Taxus: Iroquois; Penobscot Celtis: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Polygonum: Eskimo, Arctic; Eskimo, Inupiat Thelesperma: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Chenopodium: Atsugewi; Havasupai; Hopi; Navajo;
Prosopis: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Apache, Hopi; Isleta; Keres, Western; Keresan; Navajo, Navajo, Ramah; Zuni
Mescalero; Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Havasupai; Ramah; Tewa Cirsium: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Maricopa; Mohave; Pima; Pima, Gila River; Yuma Theobroma: Haisla & Hanaksiala Citrullus: Iroquois
Prunella: Thompson Thuja: Chippewa; Ojibwa Claytonia: Thompson
Prunus: Algonquin, Quebec; Blackfoot; Cherokee; Tragopogon: Navajo Cleome: Isleta; Jemez; Navajo
Chippewa; Havasupai; Iroquois; Lakota; Menom- Trichostema: Kawaiisu Coix: Cherokee
inee; Meskwaki; Micmac; Montana Indian; Ojib Trifolium: Anticosti; Miwok Corylus: Iroquois
wa; Paiute; Potawatomi; Sanpoil & Nespelem; Triglochin: Klamath Crataegus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;
Shuswap; Thompson Triticum: Zuni Chippewa; Coeur d'Alene; Iroquois; Okanagan-
Pseudocymopterus: Isleta Tsuga: Chippewa; Iroquois; Micmac; Ojibwa Colville
Pseudotsuga: Karok; Yurok Ulmus: Cheyenne; Kiowa Cucumis: Cocopa; Iroquois
Psomlidium: Yavapai Umbellularia: Concow Cucurbita: Apache, White Mountain; Iroquois
Pyrola: Malecite Urtica: Shuswap Cupressus: Navajo
Quercus: Apache, White Mountain; Iroquois; Vaccinium: Clallam; Eskimo, Arctic; Hesquiat; Cymopterus: Hualapai
Kiowa; Menominee; Meskwaki Quinault Dasylirion: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;
Ratibida: Dakota; Oglala Verbena: Omaha Apache, Mescalero; Southwest Indians
Rhexia: Montagnais Viburnum: Eskimo, Inupiat Descurainia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;
/?/?ododercdro/r Okanagan-Colville Vitis: Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Cherokee; Atsugewi; Navajo, Ramah
Rhus: Algonquin, Quebec; Apache, Western; Atsug- Hualapai; Pawnee Dyssodia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
ewi; Cahuilla; Diegueno; Great Basin Indian; Washingtonia: Cahuilla; Cocopa Echinocereus: Isleta
Havasupai; Hopi; Hualapai; Iroquois; Keres, Yucca: Acoma; Apache; Apache, Mescalero; Eriogonum: Hopi
Western; Kiowa; Menominee; Meskwaki; Navajo; Havasupai; Hualapai; Keres, Western; Laguna; Fagus: Iroquois
Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Shoshoni; Yavapai Pima; Southwest Indians; Walapai; Yavapai Fragaria: Iroquois
Ribes: Cree, Woodlands; Spanish American; Zea: Iroquois; Isleta; Menominee; Navajo; Tewa; Gaultheria: Bella Coola; Clallam; Iroquois; Klallam;
Thompson Zuni Makah; Okanagon; Quileute; Quinault; Salish,
Robinia: Cherokee Ziziphus: Papago; Yavapai Coast; Samish; Skagit; Skokomish; Snohomish;
Romneya: Cahuilla Bread & Cake Swinomish; Thompson
Rosa: Alaska Native; Arapaho; Cahuilla; Eskimo, Acacia: Havasupai Gaylussacia: Cherokee; Iroquois
Inupiat; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Lakota; Lummi; Acer: Iroquois Gossypium: Papago
Makah; Shuswap; Skagit; Skagit, Upper; Tanana, Aesculus: Kawaiisu Helianthus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;
Upper; Thompson; Washo Agave: Apache, Mescalero Apache, Western; Havasupai; Montana Indian;
Rubus: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Chippewa; Dakota; Allenrolfea: Cahuilla Navajo
Haisla & Hanaksiala; Iroquois; Meskwaki; Oma Allium: Paiute, Northern Hordeum: Yuki
ha; Oweekeno; Pawnee; Ponca; Quileute; Amaranthus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Humulus: Algonquin, Quebec
Saanich; Yurok Havasupai; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Hymenopappus: Hopi
Rumex: Hanaksiala; Hualapai Amelanchier: Alaska Native; Iroquois; Montana In Juglans: Iroquois
834 Food, Bread & Cake

Juniperus: Kawaiisu; Yavapai Sabal: Houma Eriodictyon: Diegueno

Koeleria: Havasupai; Isleta Salicornia: Gosiute Erodium: Hopi
Lepidium: Havasupai Sambucus: Atsugewi; Iroquois; Kitasoo; Kwakiutl, Erythronium: Thompson
Lewisia: Thompson Southern Eschscholzia: Luiseno
Lilium: Okanagan-Colville Scirpus: Cahuilla Escobaria: Blackfoot
Lithocarpus: Hahwunkwut; Hupa; Karok; Poliklah; Shepherdia: Thompson Euphorbia: Kiowa
Pomo; Shasta; Yuki; Yurok Simmondsia: Cocopa Ferocactus: Pima
Lomatiwn: Montana Indian; Paiute Sm ilax: Choctaw; Houma Ficus: Seminole
Madia: Neeshenam Solanum: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Gentiana: Hanaksiala
Malus: Iroquois Sporobolus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Gnaphalium: Rappahannock
Menyanthes: Alaska Native Apache, White Mountain; Hopi; Navajo Helianthus: Apache, Western; Pima
Mitchella: Iroquois Stenocereus: Papago Hymenopappus: Zuni
Moms: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Cherokee; Triticum: Apache, White Mountain; Haisla & Hymenoxys: Isleta; Keres, Western; Navajo; Spanish
Iroquois Hanaksiala; Papago; Pima; Zuni American; Tewa
Muhlenbergia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Tsuga: Alaska Native; Hanaksiala; Montana Indian Juncus: Paiute
Apache, White Mountain; Hopi Typha: Hualapai; Paiute, Northern; Pima; Yuma Lactuca: Apache, White Mountain; Navajo; Zuni
Nolina: Isleta Umbellularia: Costanoan; Mendocino Indian Larix: Flathead; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute;
Nuphar: Klamath Vaccinium: Alaska Native; Bella Coola; Hanaksiala; Thompson
Oemleria: Thompson Iroquois; Kitasoo; Makah; Montana Indian; Liquidambar: Cherokee
Olneya: Mohave; Yavapai; Yuma Thompson Lonicera: Nitinaht; Saanich; Thompson
Opuntia: Havasupai; Navajo; Yavapai Viburnum: Iroquois Lygodesmia: Navajo, Raman; Washo
Oryzopsis: Apache, White Mountain; Havasupai; Vitis: Cherokee; Iroquois Marrubium: Diegueno
Hopi; Navajo Xanthium: Apache, White Mountain; Zuni Matricaria: Eskimo, Alaska
Panicum: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Yucca: Acoma; Apache; Apache, Chiricahua & Mentha: Kiowa
Cocopa; Hopi Mescalero; Cahuilla; Keres, Western; Laguna; Opuntia: Kiowa; Navajo
Pediomelum: Montana Indian Navajo; Navajo, Raman; Pima; Southwest Indians Osmorhiza: Blackfoot
Perideridia: Atsugewi; Flathead Zea: Delaware; Havasupai; Hopi; Iroquois; Isleta; Phragmites: Paiute, Northern
Phaseolus: Cherokee; Iroquois Navajo; Pima; Tewa; Zuni Picea: Algonquin, Quebec; Carrier; Cree, Wood
Physalis: Iroquois Zizania: O)i\ma lands; Eskimo, Alaska; Haisla & Hanaksiala;
Pinus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Hualapai; Breakfast Food Hesquiat; Koyukon; Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah;
Navajo; Paiute, Northern; Salish, Coast; Shasta Zizania: O\ibwa Oweekeno; Penobscot; Quinault; Tanana, Upper
Poa: Havasupai Candy Pinus: Apache, Western; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Flat
Podophyllwn: Iroquois Afr/es: Blackfoot; Nitinaht; Shuswap head; Hesquiat; Hualapai; Navajo; Navajo,
Polygonatum: Cherokee Acer: Cheyenne; Potawatomi Raman; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Paiute, North
Populus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Agave: Apache, Western; Pima; Pima, Gila River ern; Pomo, Kashaya; Thompson; Wailaki; Yuki
Porphyra: Kitasoo; Kwakiutl, Southern; Oweekeno; Agoseris: Karok; Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Polypodium: Hesquiat; Thompson
Pomo Amelanchier: Paiute Populus: Acoma; Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;
Prosopis: Apache; Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Antennaria: Blackfoot Apache, White Mountain; Dakota; Havasupai;
Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Diegueno; Isleta; Apocynum: Isleta; Kiowa Hopi; Isleta; Keres, Western; Laguna; Navajo;
Kawaiisu; Mahuna; Mohave; Pima; Pima, Gila Aquilegia: Hanaksiala Omaha; Pawnee; Pima; Ponca; Zuni
River; Yuma Artemisia: Blackfoot; Paiute, Northern Prosopis: Apache, Western; Havasupai; Isleta;
Prunus: Apache; Apache, Mescalero; Atsugewi; Asclepias: Acoma; Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Papago; Pima
Cheyenne; Chippewa; Dakota; Diegueno; Iro Cheyenne; Coahuilla; Gosiute; Karok; Kawaiisu; Prunus: Kiowa
quois; Montana Indian; Navajo, Raman; Okana Keres, Western; Laguna; Luiseno; Paiute; Sho- Pseudotsuga: Apache, White Mountain; Cowlitz;
gan-Colville; Omaha; Paiute, Northern; Pawnee; shoni; Tubatulabal; Yurok Gosiute; Klallam; Quinault; Yurok
Ponca; Sanpoil & Nespelem Astragalus: Hopi Quercus: Diegueno; Navajo; Papago
Pteridium: Salish, Coast Balsamorhiza: Paiute Rumex: Pima
Pyrus: Iroquois Calochortus: Hopi Salix: Kawaiisu
Quercus: Apache, White Mountain; Cahuilla; Con- Carnegia: Papago & Pima; Pima, Gila River Sarcostemma: Papago; Pima
cow; Hualapai; Iroquois; Kawaiisu; Mendocino Castilleja: Nitinaht Senecio: Gosiute; Navajo, Ramah
Indian; Mewuk; Miwok; Neeshenam; Pomo; Chamaesyce: Zuni Shepherdia: Thompson
Round Valley Indian; Shasta; Yana; Yuki Chenopodium: Cahuilla Sideroxylon: Kiowa
Ranunculus: Neeshenam Chloracantha: Navajo Silphium: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca;
Rhus: Navajo Chrysothamnus: Gosiute; Paiute; Paiute, Northern Winnebago
Ribes: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Chippewa; Crataegus: Comanche Stenocereus: Papago & Pima
Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville; Salish, Coast Dalea: Comanche; Hopi; Lakota; Ponca; Zuni Stephanomeria: Kawaiisu; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Rubus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Bella Dugaldia: Navajo Ramah
Coola; Chippewa; Haisla; Iroquois; Salish, Coast; Echinocereus: Isleta Thuja: Kwakiutl, Southern
Thompson Elaeagnus: Blackfoot Toxicodendron: Karok
Rumex: Paiute, Northern; Pima Encelia: Papago; Pima Tragopogon: Thompson
852 Food, Winter Use Food

Mentzelia: Kawaiisu Shepherdia:Aiapaho-t Kitasoo; Makah; Montana Wintoon; Yuki

Morus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Cherokee Indian; Oweekeno; Thompson Chamaecyparis: Kitasoo
Nelumbo: Meskwaki; Potawatomi Sisymbrium: Pima Chilopsis: Havasupai
Nereocystis: Oweekeno; Porno, Kashaya Solanum: Navajo, Ramah Chrysothamnus: Zuni
Opuntia: Cheyenne; Keres, Western; Navajo, Sorbus: Thompson Cladium: Mewuk; Porno; Yokut
Ramah; San Felipe; Thompson Streptopus: Cherokee Cornus: Costanoan; Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois;
Oryzopsis: Paiute, Northern Thelesperma: Isleta Modesse; Washo; Wintoon; Yuki
Oxytropis: Eskimo, Inupiat Trifolium: Miwok Corylus: Costanoan; Hahwunkwut; Karok; Mes
Pflmcwm: Cocopa Tsuga: Gitksan; Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala; kwaki; Ojibwa; Poliklah; Porno; Porno, Kashaya;
Parrya: Alaska Native Wet'suwet'en Round Valley Indian; Tolowa; Wintoon; Yuki;
Pediomelum: Cheyenne; Montana Indian; Sioux Ulmus: Kiowa Yurok
Perideridia: Cheyenne; Gosiute; Nevada Indian; Umbellularia:Kaiok.; Porno, Kashaya Dasylirion: Papago
Okanagan-Colville; Paiute Vaccinium: Alaska Native; Anticosti; Cree, Wood Eleocharis: Cheyenne
Phaseolus: Cocopa; Havasupai; Navajo, Ramah lands; Eskimo, Inupiat; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hoh; Epicampes: Shoshoni
Physalis: Dakota Karok; Klamath; Makah; Menominee; Montana Equisetum: Costanoan; Cowlitz; Quileute; Salish,
Pinus: Apache, Western; Isleta; Karok; Kawaiisu; Indian; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Coast; Sanpoil & Nespelem; Swinomish
Keresan; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Quileute; Tanana, Upper; Thompson Erigeron: Thompson
Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Porno, Kashaya; Valeriana: Okanagan-Colville Fallugia: Havasupai
Thompson; Zuni Viburnum: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Fraxinus: Abnaki; Chippewa; Iroquois; Karok; Male-
Plantago: Alaska Native Kitasoo; Kwakiutl, Southern; Tanana, Upper cite; Meskwaki; Micmac; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Polygonatum: Cherokee Wyethia: Paiute, Northern; Porno, Kashaya Heracleum: Makah; Quileute
Polygonum: Eskimo, Inupiat Yucca: Isleta; Keres, Western; Navajo Hierochloe: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Iroquois; Malecite;
Polyporus: Isleta Zea: Dakota; Havasupai; Isleta; Keres, Western; Menominee; Micmac
Porphyra: Porno Menominee; Meskwaki; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Hilaria:Hop\
Portulaca: Isleta Pawnee; Ponca; Potawatomi Iris: Potawatomi
Prosopis: Cocopa; Pima, Gila River Jatropha:Papago; Seri
Prunus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Fiber /wncws:Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Costanoan; Diegueno;
Cheyenne; Comanche; Crow; Dakota; Keres, Basketry Karok; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Luiseno; Mendocino
Western; Kiowa; Montana Indian; Navajo, Acacia: Havasupai; Hualapai; Papago; Seri Indian; Montana Indian; Porno; Tolowa; Yurok
Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Acer: Cherokee; Concow; Gitksan; Maidu; Makah; Juniperus: Keres, Western; Porno
Northern; Shuswap; Thompson Malecite; Micmac; Quinault; Thompson Laportea: Abnaki; Menominee
Pseudotsuga: Okanagan-Colville Adenostoma: Costanoan Larix: Ojibwa
Pteridium: Alaska Native Adiantum:Uahwunkwut; Karok; Makah; Poliklah; Leymus: Eskimo, Alaska; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, South
Quercus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Kawai Porno, Kashaya; Quinault; Tolowa; Wintoon; ern; Thompson
isu; Luiseno; Miwok; Paiute; Yavapai Yurok Linum: Klamath; Montana Indian
Ranunculus: Skokomish Agave: Cahu\Wa Lonicera: Cherokee; Mendocino Indian
Rhus: Menominee; Ojibwa; Shoshoni Alnus: Karok; Tolowa; Yurok Martynia: Shoshoni
Ribes: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Hanaksiala; Hoh; Kwa- Amelanchier: Cree, Woodlands; Gosiute; Havasupai; Morus: Hualapai; Papago
kiutl, Southern; Menominee; Okanagan-Colville; Karok; Maidu Muhlenbergia: CahuiWa; Diegueno; Kawaiisu;
Quileute Anthoxanthum: Abnaki; Ojibwa; Potawatomi Luiseno
Robinia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Apocynum: Abnaki Nolina: Hualapai; Isleta; Jemez; Keres, Western;
Rosa: Hoh', Quileute; Tanana, Upper Arundinaria: Cherokee; Choctaw Keresan; Papago; Pima; Southwest Indians
Rubus: Alaska Native; Anticosti; Apache, Chiricahua Baccharis: Havasupai Parryella: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa; Zuni
& Mescalero; Cherokee; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Betula: Abnaki; Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Bella Pediomelum: Lakota
Inuktitut; Eskimo, Inupiat; Hoh; Makah; Mendo- Coola; Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Gitksan; Philadelphus: Mewuk; Thompson
cino Indian; Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Koyukon; Micmac; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Phragmites: Klamath; Montana Indian; Okanagon;
Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Porno; Porno, Shuswap; Tanana, Upper; Thompson Thompson
Kashaya; Quileute; Tanana, Upper Bouteloua: Hopi Phyllospadix: Hesquiat; Makah; Nitinaht
Rudbeckia: Cherokee Bursera: Seri Picea: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Bella Coola;
Rumex: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Caesalpinia: Seri Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands; Hahwunkwut; Hais
Inupiat; Hanaksiala Calocedrus: Klamath; Maidu; Paiute la & Hanaksiala; Hoh; Kwakiutl, Southern; Niti
Sagittaria: Menominee; Meskwaki; Potawatomi Calycanthus: Mendocino Indian naht; Oweekeno; Poliklah; Quileute; Tanana,
Salix: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Carex: Costanoan; Hesquiat; Maidu; Makah; Men Upper; Thompson; Yurok
Inupiat docino Indian; Nitinaht; Nootka; Porno; Salish, Pmws:Cahuilla; Diegueno; Karok; Maidu; Mewuk;
Sambucus: Chehaiis; Cowlitz; Diegueno; Green Coast; Wailaki;Yuki Miwok; Montana Indian; Navajo, Ramah; Porno;
River Group; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hoh; Klallam; Carnegia: Papago Seminole; Wintoon
Lummi; Makah; Quileute; Quinault; Skagit; Sko Carya: Cherokee Populus: Gosiute; Havasupai; Hualapai; Karok;
komish; Snohomish; Squaxin; Swinomish; Yokut Ceanothus: Concow; Karok; Maidu; Mewuk Pima
Soxifraga: Eskimo, Alaska Cercis: Maidu; Mendocino Indian; Mewuk; Proboscidea: Havasupai; Hualapai; Kawaiisu;
Scirpus: Paiute, Northern Modesse; Neeshenam; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Papago; Pima
 Index of Usages 853

Prosopis: Papago Okanagan-Colville; Poliklah; Quileute; Quinault; Salish, Coast

Prunus: Bella Coola; Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Maidu; Wintoon Tsuga: Thompson
Nitinaht; Okanagon; Salish, Coast; Shuswap; Yucca: Apache; Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Vaccinium: Karok; Poliklah; Tolowa; Yurok
Snohomish; Thompson Apache, Mescalero; Cahuilla; Diegueno; Hopi; Yucca: Cahuilla; Hopi; Isleta; Keres, Western; Navajo,
Pseudotsuga: Maidu; Round Valley Indian Isleta; Jemez; Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Mahuna; Ramah; Pima; Southwest Indians; Tewa; Zuni
Pteridium: Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Mendocino Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Papago; Pima; Shoshoni; Building Material
Indian; Mewuk; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Round Southwest Indians; Tewa; Zuni Abies: Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Mewuk; Thompson
Valley Indian; Ukiah;Yokut Brushes & Brooms Acacia: Cahuilla; Pima
Quercus: Cherokee; Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Maidu; Acacia: Havasupai Acer: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Nisqually; Okanagan-
Mewuk; Navajo Agave: Havasupai; Papago; Pima; Yavapai Colville; Quinault
Rhus: Apache, Western; Apache, White Mountain; Arctostaphylos: Diegueno Adenostoma: Cahuilla; Coahuilla
Cahuilla; Diegueno; Great Basin Indian; Havasu- Aristida: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah Aesculus: Cherokee
pai; Hopi; Hualapai; Jemez; Kawaiisu; Keres, Artemisia: Navajo, Ramah; Pawnee Agave: Papago
Western; Luiseno; Mahuna; Mewuk; Navajo; Baccharis: Pima Amelanchier: Porno, Kashaya
Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo, Ramah; Panamint; Betula: Malecite Andropogon: Omaha; Ponca
Porno; Southwest Indians; Tewa; Thompson; Bouteloua: Apache, Western; Apache, White Moun Apocynum: Havasupai
Wintoon; Zuni tain; Tewa; Zuni Arbutus: Mendocino Indian
Rosa: Kawaiisu Brickellia: Keres, Western Arctostaphylos: Cahuilla
Salix: Abnaki; Apache, White Mountain; Chippewa; Bromus: Isleta; Keres, Western Artemisia: Cahuilla; Havasupai; Navajo; Paiute;
Costanoan; Cree, Woodlands; Dakota; Diegueno; Calocedrus: Karok Porno; Tanana, Upper
Flathead; Gosiute; Havasupai; Hoh; Hualapai; Carex: Thompson Arundinaria: Cherokee
Isleta; Karok; Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Maidu; Cercocarpus: Keres, Western Aulacomnium: Shuswap
Makah; Montana Indian; Navajo; Omaha; Paiute; Chamaecyparis: Karok Baccharis: Cahuilla; Havasupai; Hualapai
Paiute, Northern; Panamint; Papago; Pima; Porno; Chlorogalum: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Karok; Baileya: Jemez
Porno, Kashaya; Quileute; Shoshoni; Tanana, Kawaiisu; Luiseno; Maidu; Porno, Kashaya; Betula: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Blackfoot; Cher
Upper; Tewa; Thompson; Tolowa; Ukiah; Ute; Round Valley Indian okee; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Meskwaki;
Yuki; Yurok; Zuni Chrysothamnus: Keres, Western; Yavapai Micmac; Ojibwa; Potawatomi; Tanana, Upper;
Scirpus: Costanoan; Hesquiat; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Corylus: Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Potawatomi Thompson
Kwakiutl, Southern; Maidu; Makah; Nitinaht; Dalea: Keres, Western; Pawnee Calocedrus: Cahuilla; Karok; Paiute
Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute, Northern; Erigeron: Keres, Western Carnegia: Papago
Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Potawatomi; Salish, Coast Eriogonum: Miwok; Yavapai Carpinus: Chippewa
Sequoia: Costanoan Fallugia: Jemez; Keres, Western; Keresan; Tewa Cassiope: Eskimo, Alaska
Serenoa: Choctaw; Seminole Gutierrezia: Comanche; Hualapai Castanea: Cherokee
Smilax: Round Valley Indian; Ukiah Hilaria: Hopi; Tewa Cercis: Havasupai
Solidago: Keres, Western Hymenoclea: Hualapai Cercocarpus: Navajo
Taxus: Porno; Porno, Kashaya Koeleria: Cheyenne; Jemez Chamaecyparis: Karok; Kitasoo
77zw/a; Bella Coola; Clallam; Flathead; Gitksan; Larrea: Papago Chilopsis: Cahuilla
Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Hoh; Kute- Leymus: Paiute Chrysothamnus: Hopi; Navajo
nai; Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Malecite; Meno- Muhlenbergia: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Cladrastis: Cherokee
minee; Montana Indian; Nez Perce; Nitinaht; Nolina: Isleta Cornus: Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville
Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Quileute; Panicum: Tewa Crataegus: Okanagan-Colville
Quinault; Salish, Coast; Shuswap; Squaxin; Perideridia: Mendocino Indian; Porno, Kashaya; Dicranum: Shuswap
Thompson; Wet'suwet'en Yuki Epilobium: Mewuk
Tilia: Abnaki; Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Menomi- Philadelphus:Ccw\\\z\ Lummi; Paiute; Thompson Ericameria: Cahuilla
nee; Meskwaki; Omaha; Potawatomi Phleum: Navajo, Ramah Fagus: Cherokee
Torreya: Porno Picea: Iroquois; Tanana, Upper Fouquieria: Cahuilla; Hualapai; Papago; Pima; Seri
Toxicodendron: Costanoan; Mendocino Indian Prunus: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Fraxinus: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Havasu
Tsuga: Cherokee; Snohomish Winnebago pai; Omaha; Ponca
Typha: ChehaWs; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Clallam; Quercus: Cowlitz Fremontodendron: Kawaiisu
Cowlitz; Hesquiat; Klallam; Makah; Navajo, Scirpus: Houma Gleditsia: Cherokee
Ramah; Nitinaht; Paiute, Northern; Pima; Qui Senecio: Hopi; Navajo Gutierrezia: Kawaiisu
nault; Salish, Coast; Snohomish; Squaxin Serenoa: Seminole Halesia: Cherokee
(//mws:Menominee; Omaha; Potawatomi Spiraea: Blackfoot; Thompson Helianthus:Jemez
Urtica: Cahuilla; Makah; Menominee Sporobolus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Isocoma: Cahuilla
Viburnum: Koyukon; Tanana, Upper Stipa: Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca Juglans: Apache, Mescalero; Cherokee
Vitis: Karok; Porno Symphoricarpos: Costanoan; Montana Indian; Juncus: Isleta
Woodwardia: Hupa; Karok; Poliklah Okanagan-Colville; Yokia Juniperus: Apache, Mescalero; Cherokee; Gosiute;
Xerophyllum: Chehaiis; Cowlitz; Hahwunkwut; Taxus: Cowlitz; Kwakiutl, Southern; Oweekeno; Havasupai; Hopi; Jemez; Kawaiisu; Keres, West
Hesquiat; Hoh; Hupa; Karok; Klallam; Konome- Quinault; Salish, Coast ern; Montana Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah;
ho; Maidu; Makah; Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Thuja: Kwakiutl, Southern; Okanagan-Colville; Ojibwa; Paiute; Tewa; Tewa of Hano
854 Fiber, Building Material

Larrea: Papago Thuja: Qaltem; Gitksan; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hes Taxus: Aleut; Clallam; Haisla; Hesquiat; Hoh;
Leymus: Cahuilla quiat; Hoh; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Southern; Mon Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Quileute; Quinault; Salish,
Libocednis: Mewuk tana Indian; Nez Perce; Nitinaht; Okanagan- Coast
Liriodendron: Cherokee Colville; Oweekeno; Quileute; Salish, Coast; Thuja: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Chippewa; Clal
Lonicera: Thompson Snuqualmie; Tsimshian; Wet'suwet'en lam; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Hoh; Kute-
Lotus: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Kawaiisu Tilia: Cherokee nai; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Male-
Lycopodium: Shuswap Tsuga: Cherokee; Chippewa; Haisla & Hanaksiala; cite; Micmac; Montana Indian; Nez Perce; Niti
Magnolia: Cherokee Kwakwaka'wakw; Makah; Oweekeno; Quinault naht; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno;
Nolina: Apache, Western; Havasupai; Hualapai; Typha: Apache, White Mountain; Chippewa; Hava Quileute; Salish, Coast; Thompson; Tsimshian
Yavapai supai; Isleta; Kawaiisu; Meskwaki; Okanagan- Tilia: Chippewa
Olneya: Papago Colville; Paiute; Paiute, Northern; Pima; Potawa- Tsuga: Quinault; Skagit; Snohomish
Ostrya: Chippewa tomi; Thompson Typha: Paiute, Northern
Pachycereus: Papago & Pima Ulmus: Chippewa; Dakota; Lakota; Meskwaki; Caulking Material
Parthenocissus: Navajo Ojibwa; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Potawatomi; Alnus: Cree, Woodlands
Phragmites: Hopi Winnebago Calamagrostis: Okanagan-Colville
Picea: Cherokee; Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Alaska; Umbellularia: Mewuk; Yokut Carnegia: Sen
Eskimo, Inuktitut; Hesquiat; Hoh; Kitasoo; Vitis: Seminole Chlorogalum: Mewuk
Koyukon; Malecite; Quileute; Tanana, Upper; Washingtonia: Cahuilla Pachycereus: Seri
Thompson Yucca: Kawaiisu; Navajo; Papago Picea: Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Koyukon;
Pmws: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Zea: Navajo Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Quileute; Quinault
Dakota; Diegueno; Havasupai; Hopi; Isleta; Canoe Material Pinus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Havasupai;
Jemez; Karok; Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Mendo- Abies: Cree, Woodlands; Ojibwa; Thompson Ojibwa; Potawatomi
cino Indian; Mewuk; Miwok; Montana Indian; Acacia: Hawaiian Pseudotsuga: Salish, Coast; Thompson
Navajo; Navajo, Raman; Ojibwa; Okanagan- v4cer: Clallam; Klallam; Malecite; Nitinaht; Skagit; Quercus: Seminole
Colville; Paiute; Seminole; Thompson; Tsimshian; Snohomish Sideroxylon: Seminole
Wintoon Alnus: Hesquiat; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Quileute Sphagnum: Eskimo, Inuktitut
Platanus: Cahuilla; Cherokee Betula: Abnaki; Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Bella Stenocereus: Seri
Pluchea: Cahuilla; Havasupai; Hualapai; Luiseno Coola; Carrier; Chippewa; Cree, Woodlands; Thuja: Iroquois
Populus: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Cree, Woodlands; Koyukon; Malecite; Meskwaki; Micmac; Montana Typha: Menominee; Meskwaki
Crow; Havasupai; Hopi; Isleta; Kiowa; Lakota; Indian; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Potawatomi; Clothing
Montana Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Oma Tanana, Upper; Thompson Abies: Hesquiat
ha; Paiute; Pima; Quinault; Squaxin Bobea: Hawaiian Acer: Concow; Tolowa
Prosopis: Cahuilla; Papago; Pima Chamaecyparis: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Adenostoma: Cahuilla
Prunus: Cherokee; Thompson Hoh; Kitasoo; Kwakiutl, Southern; Nitinaht; Agave: Cahuilla; Hualapai
Pseudotsuga: Hoh; Karok; Montana Indian; Okana- Oweekeno; Quileute Alectoria: Nitinaht
gan-Colville; Quileute; Thompson; Yuki Fraxin us:Cowlitz; Malecite; Ojibwa Apocynum: Cherokee; Havasupai; Luiseno; Mendo
Purshia: Hualapai Holodiscus: Squaxin cino Indian; Okanagon; Thompson
Quercus: Apache, Mescalero; Cherokee; Comanche; Larix: Ojibwa Arbutus: Tolowa
Kawaiisu; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Liriodendron: Cherokee Arctium: Chippewa
Robinia: Cherokee Menziesia: Quileute Artemisia: Kawaiisu; Paiute; Thompson
Sabal: Seminole Parmelia: Eskimo, Inuktitut Asclepias: Cherokee; Luiseno; Porno, Kashaya;
Salix: Apache, White Mountain; Blackfoot; Chey Peltigera: Eskimo, Inuktitut Thompson; Zuni
enne; Costanoan; Dakota; Havasupai; Hopi; Phragmites: Sen Betula: Tanana, Upper
Hualapai; Isleta; Jemez; Kawaiisu; Kiowa; Lakota; Picea: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Chippewa; Cree, Calamagrostis: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Paiute; Pawnee; Porno, Woodlands; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Carex: Blackfoot; Hesquiat; Thompson; Wailaki
Kashaya; Round Valley Indian; Tanana, Upper; Koyukon; Malecite; Ojibwa; Tanana, Upper; Celtis: Papago
Thompson; Winnebago; Zuni Thompson Chamaecyparis: Bella Coola; Haisla; Haisla &
Salvia: Mahuna Pinus: Cherokee; Klamath; Montana Indian; Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Kitasoo; Kwakiuti, South
Sarcobatiis: Hopi Okanagan-Colville; Skagit; Thompson, Upper ern; Nitinaht; Oweekeno
Scirpus: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Costanoan (01- (Fraser Band); Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band) Chilopsis: Cahuilla
honean); Kawaiisu; Menominee; Okanagan- Populus: Carrier; Isleta; Nisga; Okanagan-Colville; Cirsium: Nitinaht
Colville; Paiute, Northern; Porno; Shuswap; Salish, Coast; Shuswap; Thompson; Thompson, Clematis: Thompson
Thompson Upper (Fraser Band) Cowania: Southwest Indians
Sequoia: Mendocino Indian; Porno, Kashaya; Pseudotsuga: Klamath Dasylirion: Papago
Tolowa;Yurok Salix: Blackfoot; Thompson Elaeagnus: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Solanum: Apache, White Mountain Scirpus: Costanoan; Porno Epilobium: Clallam
Spartina: Omaha; Ponca Sequoia: Mendocino Indian; Tolowa; Yurok Eriodictyon: Costanoan
Sporobolus: Zuni Sorbus: Ojibwa Eriophorum: Eskimo, Inuktitut
Tamarix: Keres, Western Stereocaulon: Eskimo, Inuktitut Evernia: Montana Indian
Taxodium: Seminole Taxodium: Seminole Gossypium: Isleta; Zuni
 Index of Usages 855

Juncus: Costanoan; Neeshenam Carex: Mendocino Indian; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Kwakiutl, Southern; Lakota;
Juniperus: Keres, Western; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Salish, Coast Makah; Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Omaha;
Paiute Cercis: Mendocino Indian Oweekeno; Pawnee; Ponca; Potawatomi; Quile
Leymus: Kwakiutl, Southern Chamaecyparis: Kitasoo; Nitinaht; Oweekeno ute; Skagit, Upper; Thompson; Winnebago
Lycopodium: Hanaksiala Chilopsis: Cahuilla Vicia: Yuki
Muhlenbergia: Luiseno Clematis: Great Basin Indian Vitis: Karok; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Seminole
Pandanus: Hawaiian Convolvulus: Okanagan-Colville Yucca: Apache; Apache, Mescalero; Apache, West
Panicum: Cherokee Cornus: Okanagan-Colville ern; Apache, White Mountain; Cahuilla; Dakota;
Penstemon: Okanagan-Colville Corylus: Chehalis; Karok; Skokomish Havasupai; Hualapai; Isleta; Keres, Western;
Picea: Kwakiutl, Southern; Quileute Cyperus: Hawaiian Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Papago; Pawnee;
Poa: Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut Dirca: Iroquois; Menominee; Potawatomi Pima; Ponca; Southwest Indians; Tewa; Yavapai;
Poaceae sp.:Tanana, Upper Elaeagnus: Blackfoot; Cree; Okanagan-Colville; Zuni
Polystichum: Hesquiat; Oweekeno Thompson Furniture
Populus: Carrier; Klamath Epilobium: Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hanaksiala; Abies: Hanaksiala
Prosopis: Cahuilla Heiltzuk; Oweekeno Acacia: Hualapai; Pima; Walapai
Psoralidium: Dakota Fremontodendron: Kawaiisu; Shoshoni; Yokut Acer: Cherokee; Lummi; Skagit; Swinomish;
Purshia: Havasupai; Hopi; Hualapai; Navajo; Geranium: ]emez Thompson
Navajo, Ramah; Paiute Gossypium: Navajo; Zuni Aesculus: Cherokee
Ramalina: Porno, Kashaya Hoita: California Indian; Mendocino Indian Alnus: Makah
Rhus: Navajo, Ramah Iris: Karok; Tolowa; Wintoon Amelanchier: Gosiute; Havasupai
Salix: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Juncus: Cherokee; Costanoan; Hesquiat; Mendo Betula: Okanagan-Colville; Tanana, Upper;
Schizachyrium: Lakota cino Indian; Snuqualmie Thompson
Scirpus: Hesquiat; Klamath; Kwakiutl, Southern; Laportea: Chippewa; Meskwaki Carya: Cherokee; Iroquois
Paiute, Northern; Porno; Thompson Leymus: Eskimo, Alaska Chamaecyparis: Karok; Kwakiutl, Southern
Sphagnum: Carrier; Chinook; Haisla; Nitinaht Linum: Great Basin Indian; Klamath; Montana Chilopsis: Hualapai
Thuja: Bella Coola; Chehalis; Clallam; Haisla & Indian Cornus: Paiute; Porno, Kashaya; Thompson
Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Hoh; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Lonicera: Thompson Dasylirion: Apache, Mescalero
Southern; Makah; Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Lupinus: Porno; Porno, Kashaya Fallugia: Havasupai; Hualapai
Okanagon; Oweekeno; Quileute; Quinault; Salish, Nereocystis: Hesquiat; Makah; Nitinaht; Porno, Fraxinus: Havasupai; Iroquois; Ojibwa
Coast; Thompson; Tsimshian Kashaya Fremontodendron: Kawaiisu
77//#:Malecite; Meskwaki Nolina: Isleta; Southwest Indians Holodiscus: Okanagan-Colville; Porno, Kashaya
Typha: Blackfoot; Chehalis; Cowlitz; Klallam; Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Hoh; Juglans: Cherokee
Lakota; Makah; Nimpkish; Nitinaht; Okanagan- Kwakiutl, Southern; Quileute; Tanana, Upper Juniperus: Cherokee; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa
Colville; Paiute, Northern; Porno; Quinault; Populus: Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Squaxin Liriodendron: Cherokee
Snohomish; Squaxin; Thompson; Tolowa; Yurok Potamogeton: Kawaiisu Magnolia: Cherokee
Urtica: Dakota; Luiseno; Pawnee; Ponca; Winne- Prosopis: Cahuilla; Seri Pachycereus: Papago & Pima
bago Prunus: Thompson Philadelphus: Mendocino Indian; Okanagan-
Usnea: Nitinaht Psoralidium: Great Basin Indian Colville; Thompson
Xerophyllum: Karok; Yana; Yurok Ribes: Comchan; Saanich Pinus: Apache, Mescalero; Blackfoot; Navajo;
Yucca: Apache, White Mountain; Cahuilla; Salix: California Indian; Chehalis; Clallam; Navajo, Ramah; Seminole
Diegueno; Hualapai; Navajo; Southwest Indians; Costanoan; Cree, Woodlands; Klallam; Mendoci Pluchea: Havasupai; Hualapai
Tewa; Zuni no Indian; Montana Indian; Navajo; Okanagan- Populus: Navajo
Cordage Colville; Paiute; Quinault; Snohomish; Tanana, Prosopis: Havasupai; Hualapai; Pima
Acer: Cowlitz; Thompson Upper; Thompson; Wet'suwet'en Prunus: Blackfoot; Cherokee
Agave: Cahuilla; Hualapai; Navajo; Papago; Pima Serenoa: Seminole Quercus: Apache, Mescalero; Cherokee; Diegueno;
Amelanchier: Okanagan-Colville Taxodium: Choctaw Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Apocynum: Bella Coola; California Indian; Chero Thuja: Clallam; Gitksan; Haisla; Haisla & Hanak Rhus:Hop\
kee; Chippewa; Great Basin Indian; Havasupai; siala; Hesquiat; Hoh; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, South Robinia: Hualapai
Kutenai; Luiseno; Mendocino Indian; Menomi- ern; Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Okanagon; Rosa: Thompson
nee; Meskwaki; Montana Indian; Nez Perce; Oweekeno; Quileute; Salish, Coast; Thompson; Salix: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Kawaiisu;
Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Paiute, Northern; Wet'suwet'en Montana Indian; Navajo; Paiute; Thompson
Shoshoni; Shuswap; Thompson; Wintoon Tilia: Cherokee; Chippewa; Lakota; Malecite; Sarcobatus: Hopi
Argentina: Blackfoot Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Omaha; Ponca; Sassafras: Cherokee
Artemisia: Paiute Potawatomi Symphoricarpos: Havasupai; Paiute
Asclepias: Cahuilla; Chippewa; Concow; Tillandsia: Houma Thuja: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Nez Perce; Salish,
Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Luiseno; Menominee; Mes Touchardia: Hawaiian Coast; Thompson
kwaki; Modesse; Navajo, Ramah; Neeshenam; Ulmus: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winne- Tilia: Cherokee
Okanagan-Colville; Porno, Kashaya; Tewa; bago Typha: Lakota
Thompson; Wintoon; Zuni Urtica: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Dakota; Eskimo, Vitis: Porno, Kashaya
Asimina: Cherokee Inuktitut; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Hoh; Yucca: Apache, Western; Diegueno
856 Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding

Mats, Rugs & Bedding Pinus: Mivjok; Ojibwa Scouring Material

Abies: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Malecite; Mic- Poa: Eskimo, Inuktitut Acer: Thompson
mac; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Potawatomi; Poaceae sp.: Tanana, Upper Agave: Cahuilla
Shuswap; Thompson Polystichum: Cowlitz; Hesquiat; Nitinaht; Cuscuta: Cahuilla
Acer: Gitksan; Karok Oweekeno; Quileute; Salish, Coast; Yurok Distichlis: Cahuilla
Agave: Hualapai; Navajo Populus: Hanaksiala; Thompson Equisetum: Bella Coola; Cahuilla; Chippewa; Cow
Alectoria: Hanaksiala Prosopis: Seri litz; Karok; Klamath; Kwakiutl, Southern; Mendo
Alnus:Tamna, Upper Prunus: Okanagon; Thompson cino Indian; Menominee; Meskwaki; Modesse;
Amorpha:Kiowa Pseudotsuga: Paiute; Thompson Montana Indian; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville;
Apocynum: Paiute, Northern Pteridium: Nitinaht; Shuswap; Squaxin Okanagon; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Quinault;
Artemisia:Blackfoot; Dakota; Kiowa; Okanagan- Purshia: Havasupai; Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Raman Skokomish; Swinomish; Thompson; Yuki
Colville; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Thompson; Quercus: Mahuna Festuca: Navajo, Ramah
Winnebago Rhytidiadelphus: Bella Coola Koeleria: Navajo, Ramah
Asarum: Okanagon; Thompson Rosa: Thompson Pinus: Thompson
Beckmannia: Okanagan-Colville Salix: Cheyenne; Keres, Western; Mandan; Mon Populus: Thompson
Betula: Eskimo, Inuktitut tana Indian; Nitinaht; Pima; Thompson Sporobolus: Navajo, Ramah
Blechnum:YuTok Scirpus: Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Dakota; Thuja: Bella Coola; Hesquiat; Thompson
Bromus: Paiute Hesquiat; Karok; Kawaiisu; Klallam; Klamath; Sewing Material
Calamagrostis: Cree, Woodlands Lakota; Makah; Menominee; Meskwaki; Montana Abies: Malecite
Carex: Klamath; Montana Indian Indian; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Omaha; Paiute; Paiute, Acer: Maldu
Chamaecyparis: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Northern; Pawnee; Porno; Ponca; Potawatomi; Agave: Apache, Western
Hesquiat; Karok; Kitasoo; Kwakiutl, Southern; Salish, Coast; Snohomish; Thompson Anthoxanthum: Potawatomi
Nitinaht; Oweekeno Sphagnum: Bella Coola; Chinook; Ojibwa; Apocynum: Kutenai; Mendocino Indian; Menomi
Chlorogalum: Mendocino Indian Potawatomi nee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Okanagon; Potawatomi;
Chrysothamnus: Navajo, Raman Sporobolus: Zuni Thompson
Cibotiwn: Hawaiian Thuja: Bella Coola; Chehalis; Clallam; Gitksan; Asclepias: Menominee; Potawatomi
Dasylirion: Papago; Pima Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Hoh; Kwa Betula: Carrier
Dryopteris: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Iroquois kiutl, Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Okanagan- Carex: Porno, Kashaya
Elaeagnus: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Colville; Okanagon; Oweekeno; Quileute; Salish, Cercis: Yuki
Eleocharis: Okanagan-Colville Coast; Thompson; Tsimshian; Wet'suwet'en Chilopsis: Hualapai
Ephedra: Havasupai Tilia: Menominee; Meskwaki; Pawnee Epilobium: Cree, Woodlands
Epilobium: Quinault; Skokomish Tillandsia: Houma Gossypium: Navajo
Equisetum: Koyukon; Missouri River Indian Tragopogon: Thompson Hierochloe: Menominee
Eriophorum: Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut Tsuga: Hesquiat; Paiute; Thompson Hoita: California Indian; Concow; Yokia
Evernia: Montana Indian Typha: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Apache, Holodiscus: Nitinaht; Salish, Cowichan
Hierochloe: Kiowa; Micmac Mescalero; Cahuilla; Chehalis; Chippewa; Laportea: Ojibwa
Hylocomiwn: Bella Coola Clallam; Cowlitz; Dakota; Hesquiat; Hopi; Larix: Ojibwa
Iris: Potawatomi Iroquois; Klallam; Klamath; Kwakiutl, Southern; Leym us: Nitinaht
Juncus: Chippewa; Costanoan; Klamath; Montana Lakota; Makah; Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Lonicera: Thompson
Indian; Ojibwa Meskwaki; Montana Indian; Navajo, Raman; Muhlenbergia: Shoshoni
Juniperus: BlackiooV, Chippewa; Navajo; Ojibwa Nimpkish; Ojibwa; Okanagon; Paiute, Northern; Opuntia: Keres, Western
Leymus: Blackfoot; Eskimo, Alaska; Okanagan- Pima; Potawatomi; Quinault; Salish, Coast; Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Kwakiutl, Southern;
Colville Shuswap; Snohomish; Squaxin; Thompson; Malecite; Micmac
Linum: Klamath; Montana Indian Yurok Pinus: Menominee; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Lomatium: Thompson Ulmus: Menominee Prosopis: Seri
Lupinus: Okanagan-Colville Usnea: Hanaksiala; Makah Quercus: Tewa of Hano
Matricaria: Crow Veratrum: Hanaksiala Rhus: Navajo
Monarda: Cheyenne Vernonia: Kiowa Salix: Okanagan-Colville; Pima
Nolina: Apache, Mescalero; Havasupai; Keres, Yucca: Navajo; Pima; Zuni Scirpus: Porno
Western; Southwest Indians Other Taxus: Karok; Nitinaht; Porno
Onoclea: Iroquois Acacia: Papago Thuja: Kwakiutl, Southern; Okanagon; Quinault;
Osmunda: Iroquois Dicranum: Chippewa Thompson
Pandanus: Hawaiian Eleocharis: Cheyenne Tilia: Chippewa; Malecite; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Pentaphylloides: Blackfoot Elymus: Aleut Typha: Snohomish
Petasites: Eskimo, Alaska Juncus: Cheyenne Urtica: Ojibwa; Omaha
Phragmites: Havasupai; Okanagon; Pima; Lathyrus: Aleut Vitis: Porno
Thompson Prosopis: Papago Yucca: Dakota; Hopi; Omaha; Papago; Pawnee;
Picea: Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Salix: Papago Ponca
Kwakiutl, Southern; Malecite; Micmac; Paiute; Sphagnum: Chippewa Snow Gear
Tanana, Upper Thuja:Hoh; Kwakiutl, Southern; Quileute Abies: Haisla & Hanaksiala
 Index of Usages 857

Acer: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Modesse; Okanagan- nee; Meskwaki; Omaha; Pawnee; Porno, Kashaya; Gray
Colville; Shuswap; Thompson Ponca; Winnebago Quercus: Mahuna
Alnus: Cree, Woodlands; Thompson Leymus: Cheyenne Rhus: Plains Indian
Arbutus: Karok; Tolowa; Yurok Lonicera: Thompson Green
Befw/a:Anticosti; Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Phoradendron: Cahuilla Achillea: Great Basin Indian
Inuktitut; Koyukon; Malecite; Tanana, Upper Pinus: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Allium: Iroquois; Navajo
Carya: Omaha Proboscidea: Shoshoni Artemisia: Great Basin Indian
Cornus: Gosiute Prosopis: Pima Chrysothamnus: Hopi; Navajo
Corylus: Karok Quercus: Chippewa; Concow; Diegueno; Mahuna; Frangula: Skagit
Fagus: Micmac Navajo, Ramah; Omaha; Porno, Kashaya Iris: Navajo
Fraxinus: Abnaki; Chippewa; Malecite; Ojibwa Rhus: Cherokee; Great Basin Indian; Navajo; Juglans: Cherokee
Larix: Cree, Woodlands Navajo, Ramah; Plains Indian Juncus: Shoshoni
Linum: Klamath; Montana Indian Salix: Micmac; Montagnais Juniperus:Keres, Western; Navajo
Oxydendrum: Cherokee Sambucus: Cahuilla Lupinus: Navajo
Philadelphus: Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap Suaeda: Cahuilla Populus: Cheyenne
Picea: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Carrier; Koyukon; Thalictrum: Navajo, Ramah Prunus: Navajo
Tanana, Upper Toxicodendron: Porno Rumex: Navajo
Pmws: Navajo, Ramah Tsuga: Nitinaht Taxus: Micmac; Montagnais
Pseudotsuga: Thompson Yucca: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Thuja: Thompson
Salix: Klamath; Montana Indian; Tanana, Upper Blue Urtica: Makah
Sorbus: Ojibwa Atriplex: Hopi Mordant
Taxus: Thompson Baptisia: Cherokee Acorus: Chippewa
Thuja: Chippewa Comandra: Arapaho Atriplex: Hopi; Tewa
Tilia: Menominee Corylus: Thompson Corylus: Ojibwa
Ulmus: Menominee Delphinium: Blackfoot; Great Basin Indian; Navajo; Heuchera: Blackfoot
Urtica: Klamath Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Juniperus: Great Basin Indian
Yucca: Navajo, Ramah Fraxinus: Chippewa Lycopodium: Blackfoot
Sporting Equipment Lithospermum: Great Basin Indian Opuntia: Crow; Dakota; Pawnee; Sioux
Alaria: Hesquiat Lupinus: Navajo Prunus: Chippewa; Ojibwa
Costaria: Hesquiat Penstemon: Okanagan-Colville Quercus: Ojibwa
Crataegus: Cherokee Pinus: Cheyenne Rhus: Dakota; Hopi; Navajo
Fraxinus: Cherokee Rhus: Navajo Tsuga: Ojibwa
Juncus: Porno Solanum: Costanoan Orange
Lessoniopsis: Hesquiat Viola: Blackfoot Alnus: Blackfoot; Eskimo, Alaska; Flathead; Great
Postelsia: Hesquiat Blue-Black Basin Indian; Klamath; Kutenai; Kwakiutl, South
Salix: Montana Indian Juglans: Kiowa ern; Montana Indian; Nez Perce; Paiute
Sorbus: Ojibwa Brown Chrysothamnus: Navajo
Ulmus: Cherokee Abies: Klamath Cuscuta: Pawnee
Yucca: Navajo, Ramah Allium: Great Basin Indian Impatiens: Potawatomi
Unspecified Alnus: Cree, Woodlands; Iroquois; Kwakiutl, Mahonia: Great Basin Indian
Apocynum: CahuiWa; Modoc Southern; Navajo; Nitinaht; Potawatomi; Oxalis: Meskwaki
Arbutus: Karok Thompson Rhus: Ojibwa
Fomes: Cowlitz Arctostaphylos: Great Basin Indian Rosa: Arapaho
Gossypium:Papago Betula: Okanagan-Colville Rumex: Great Basin Indian; Navajo
Urtica: Luiseno Castanea: Cherokee Sambucus: Cahuilla
Woodwardia: Tolowa; Yurok Cercocarpus: Navajo, Ramah Sanguinaria: Ojibwa
Cornus: Cree, Woodlands; Thompson Thelesperma: Navajo
Dye Ephedra: Navajo Orange-Red
Black Juglans: Cherokee; Chippewa; Menominee; Navajo; Alnus: Cree, Woodlands
Acer: Omaha; Winnebago Ojibwa Sanguinaria: Menominee
Alnus: Carrier; Chippewa; Kwakiutl, Southern Krameria: Pima Orange-Yellow
Atriplex: Navajo, Ramah Ledum: Iroquois; Potawatomi Dahlia: Navajo
Ctot: Shoshoni Mirabilis: Navajo Impatiens: Menominee
Castilleja: Zuni Myrica: Ojibwa Rhus: Kiowa
Cornus: Chippewa; Thompson Physocarpus: Hesquiat Sanguinaria: Iroquois
Corylus: Chippewa Pseudotsuga: Swinomish Thelesperma: Navajo, Ramah
Gaultheria: Karok; Navajo Purshia: Navajo Pink
Gymnocladus: Dakota Quercus: Cherokee; Mahuna; Navajo Parthenocissus: Kiowa
Helianthus: Hopi; Hualapai Rumex: Navajo; Pima Purple
Juglans: Cherokee; Chippewa; Dakota; Menomi Tsuga: Bella Coola; Nitinaht Cerasus: Navajo
858 Dye, Purple

Helianthus: Hopi; Hualapai Castilleja: Great Basin Indian Rubus: Blackfoot; Luiseno; Thompson
Lithospermum: Montana Indian Celtis: Navajo Rumex: Cheyenne; Hopi; Houma; Hualapai
Lonicera: Hesquiat Heuchera: Navajo Sanguinaria: Omaha; Ponca; Potawatomi;
Mirabilis: Navajo Juniperus: Chippewa Winnebago
Populus: Cheyenne Orthocarpus: Blackfoot Smilax: Seminole
Prunus: Navajo Prunus: Great Basin Indian Solanum: Cahuilla
Purshia: Great Basin Indian; Klamath; Montana Quercus: Potawatomi Tsuga: Chehalis; Malecite; Micmac
Indian Rhus: Great Basin Indian Vaccinium: Cree, Woodlands
Sambucus: Cahuilla Rumex: Pima Yucca: Navajo, Ramah
Vaccinium: Hesquiat Thelesperma: Hopi White
Vernonia: Kiowa Tsuga: Cherokee; Chippewa; Clallam; Hesquiat; Eriogon um: Lakota
Red Klallam; Makah; Ojibwa Populus: Cheyenne
Alnus: Bella Coola; Chippewa; Flathead; Hesquiat; Red-Yellow Quercus: Mahuna
Isleta; Jemez; Keres, Western; Kwakiutl, Southern; Mate Navajo Yucca: Mahuna
Navajo; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Potawatomi; Tewa; Quercus: Ojibwa Yellow
Thompson; Wailaki; Wintoon Unspecified y4///wm:Iroquois
Amaranthus: Hopi Agave: Cahuilla Alnus: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Chippewa; Cree,
Asplenium: Hawaiian Alnus: Costanoan; Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Alas Woodlands; Ojibwa
Atriplex: Navajo, Raman ka; Karok; Mendocino Indian; Micmac; Shuswap; Andropogon: Cherokee
Betula: Chippewa; Jemez; Ojibwa Tanana, Upper; Tolowa; Yurok Argemone: Lakota
Cercocarpus: Havasupai; Isleta; lemez; Keres, West Amaranthus: Hopi Artemisia: Navajo
ern; Keresan; Navajo, Ramah Argemone: Kiowa Arundo: Papago
Chenopodium: Potawatomi; Thompson Aruncus: Makah Atriplex: Great Basin Indian; Navajo; Navajo,
Coreopsis: Apache, White Mountain; Cherokee; Zuni Aster: Blackfoot; Keres, Western Ramah
Cornus: Chippewa Baptisia: Ojibwa Bazzania: Montana Indian
Cycloloma: Hopi Castilleja: Apache, White Mountain; Blackfoot Carthamus: Hopi
Datisca: Costanoan Cleome: Isleta Castilleja: Blackfoot
Dodecatheon: Okanagan-CoMlle Clintonia: Thompson Chrysothamnus: Apache, White Mountain; Hopi;
Equisetum: Blackfoot Conocarpus: Seminole Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa; Zuni
Galium: Cree; Great Basin Indian; Micmac Cornus: Costanoan Coptis: Chippewa; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Helianthus: Navajo Cucurbita: Cahuilla Cornus: Chippewa
Juniperus: Navajo Eriogonum: Kiowa Datisca: Costanoan; Karok; Wintoon
Krameria: Papago Hepatica: Potawatomi Dugaldia: Navajo
Lithospermum: Chippewa Hydrastis: Cherokee Evernia: Blackfoot; Montana Indian; Thompson
Mirabilis: Navajo Hymenopappus: Hopi Gaultheria: Nitinaht
Nyssa: Choctaw Hymenoxys: Hopi Gutierrezia: Navajo
Opuntia: Navajo Ilex: Cherokee Heracleum: Karok
Orthocarpus: Blackfoot Ipomopsis: Hopi Hoita: Cahuilla; Luiseno
Pinus: Jemez Iris: Eskimo, Alaska Hymenoxys: Navajo
PlagiobotJzrys.'Diegueno; Mendocino Indian Juglans: Hualapai Impatiens: Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Populus: Cheyenne Juniperus: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Juniperus: Great Basin Indian
Prunus: Chippewa; Great Basin Indian; Isleta; Letharia: Karok; Yurok Letharia: Cheyenne; Oweekeno
Navajo Leymus: Cheyenne Madura: Kiowa
Quercus: Chippewa; Choctaw; Houma; Mahuna Lithocarpus: Costanoan; Tolowa Mahonia: Apache, Mescalero; Blackfoot; Chehalis;
Ranunculus: Menominee; Ojibwa Lonicera: Makah Havasupai; Hualapai; Karok; Makah; Montana
Rhus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Dakota Mac/wra: Pima Indian; Navajo; Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville;
Rumex: Cheyenne; Navajo Ma/zom'a: Cowlitz; Klallam; Makah; Skagit; Salish, Coast; Skagit; Snohomish; Thompson;
Salix: Blackfoot; Potawatomi Snohomish Walapai; Wintoon; Yurok
Sanguinaria: Cherokee; Chippewa; Menominee; Nolina: Navajo Malus: Cherokee
Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Omaha; Ponca; Winnebago Oplopanax: Hesquiat Mirabilis: Navajo
Shepherdia: Blackfoot Osmorhiza: Blackfoot Myrica: Ojibwa
Sherardia: Cherokee Pectis: Hopi Oenothera: Porno, Kashaya
Tsuga: Menominee Penstemon: Thompson Orthocarpus: Great Basin Indian
Yucca: Navajo, Ramah; Shoshoni Phytolacca: Mahuna Oxalis: Menominee
Red-Brown Pinus: Cheyenne; Hopi; Tewa Palafoxia: Cahuilla
Alnus: Apache, White Mountain; Blackfoot; Cree, Populus: Cheyenne Petradoria: Navajo
Woodlands; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Flathead; Kutenai; Prosopis: Hualapai Phlox: Blackfoot
Lummi; Menominee; Navajo, Ramah; Nez Perce; Quercus: Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa Populus: Dakota; Missouri River Indian; Omaha;
Okanagan-Colville; Quileute; Quinault; Salish, Rhizophora: Seminole Pawnee; Ponca
Coast; Snohomish; Zuni Rhus: Hualapai; Rappahannock; Thompson Prunus: Chippewa; Navajo
 Index of Usages 859

Psilostrophe: Apache, White Mountain; Keres, West Paipai Bouteloua: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;

ern; Zuni Pinus: CahuiWa; Havasupai; Hualapai; Jemez; Keres, Navajo

Quercus: Mahuna Western; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute, North Brickellia: Navajo
Ranunculus: Potawatomi ern; Pueblo; Spanish American Broussonetia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
/?/ms: Chippewa; Menominee; Meskwaki; Omaha; Populus: Isleta Calamovilfa: Hopi
Plains Indian; Winnebago Porphym: Nitinaht; Tsimshian Calochortus: Hopi
Rudbeckia: Potawatomi Prosopis: Pima, Gila River Campanula: Navajo
Rumex: Cheyenne; Choctaw; Navajo; Pima Pseudotsuga: Navajo Cardamine: Iroquois
Sambucus: CahuiWa Quero^: Cahuilla; Cocopa; Miwok; Pima, Desert Carex: Blackfoot; Jemez
Sanguinaria: Chippewa; Ojibwa Ribes: Okanagan-Colville Carnegia: Apache, Western
Tagetes: Cherokee Sequoia:Yurok Castilleja: Hopi; Keres, Western; Tewa
Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Serenoa: Seminole Ceanothus: Porno, Kashaya
Thermopsis: Blackfoot Shepherdia: Gitksan; Nisga; Nuxalkmc; Thompson; Cercocarpus: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa
Usnea: Makah Tsimshian; Tsimshian, Coast Chenopodium: Navajo
Verbesina: Keres, Western Solanum: Okanagan-Colville Chrysothamnus: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Xanthorhiza: Cherokee Sporobolus: Apache, White Mountain Cissus: Seminole
Zinnia: Keres, Western Taxus: Pit River Clematis: Blackfoot
Yellow-Brown 772w/a: Shuswap; Thompson Cleome: Zuni
Picea: Cree, Woodlands Triticum: Cahuilla Cocos: Seminole
Purshia: Navajo Urtica: Haisla & Hanaksiala Cornus: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Hoh; Montana
Rumex: Navajo, Ramah Vaccinium: Algonquin, Quebec; Ojibwa Indian; Quileute
Xerophyllum: Makah Cucumis: Hopi
Other Yucca: Papago; Pima, Desert Cucurbita: Apache, White Mountain; Cahuilla;
Cash Crop Zea:Tewa Keres, Western; Zuni
Abies:Shuswap Zizania: Ojibwa; Thompson Cymopterus: Navajo, Kayenta
Acer: Chippewa Ceremonial Items Dalea: Navajo
Acorus: Blackfoot Abies: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Haisla; Nez Perce Dasylirion: Apache, Mescalero
Acrostichum: Seminole Abronia: Keres, Western Datura: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Luiseno; Zuni
Agastache: Pima Acer: Cheyenne; Dakota; Haisla; Haisla & Hanak Delphinium: Hopi; Kiowa; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah;
Agave: Cocopa; Havasupai; Papago; Pima siala; Hanaksiala; Keres, Western; Kiowa; Kwaki Shuswap
Allium: Papago utl, Southern; Nitinaht; Omaha; Sioux Digitalis: Hoh) Quileute
Amelanchier: Blackfoot; Okanagon; Thompson Achillea: Ojibwa Dimorphocarpa:Navajo, Kayenta
Amoreuxia: Pima, Desert Aesculus: Cherokee Dryopteris: Oweekeno
Apocynum: Okanagon Agave: Cahuilla; Havasupai Elaeagnus: Thompson
Arctostaphylos: Makah; Nuxalkmc; Oweekeno Alnus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kwakiutl, Southern; Equisetum: Hopi; Thompson
Arundinaria: Keres, Western Nitinaht; Oweekeno Eriogonum: Navajo; Zuni
Balsamorhiza: Thompson Amaranthus: Navajo; Zuni Erodium: Navajo, Kayenta
Bouteloua: Apache, White Mountain Ambrosia: Navajo, Ramah Erysimum: Zuni
Camassia: Kutenai; Nez Perce; Pend d'Oreille, Up Amelanchier: Blackfoot; Hopi; Kawaiisu; Navajo, Eupatorium: Iroquois
per; Salish, Halkomelem; Salish, Straits; Shoshoni Ramah Fendlera: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta
Capsicum: Pima, Desert Anaphalis: Paiiicosii; Cheyenne Fomes: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Chrysothamnus: Navajo Angelica: Blackfoot; Eskimo, Alaska; Karok Fomitopsis: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Cory/ws: Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Salish, Anthoxanthum: Ojibwa Forestiera: Hopi; Jemez; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah
Coast; Thompson Aquilegia: Porno, Kashaya Fouquieria: Papago
Erythronium: Thompson Arabis: Navajo Fragaria: Iroquois; Porno, Kashaya
Fomes: Eskimo, Inuktitut Arctostaphylos: Blackfoot; Hoh; Quileute Fraxinus: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Omaha; Ponca;
Juniperus: Ojibwa Argemone: Hopl Sioux
Lew/s/a: Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Thompson; Aristida: Hopi Fritillaria: Hanaksiala
Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band) Artemisia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Arapa- Fucus: Nitinaht
Leymus: Eskimo, Alaska ho; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Crow; Eskimo, Western; Ganoderma: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Lomatium: Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band) Great Basin Indian; Hopi; Kawaiisu; Kutenai; Geranium: Navajo, Kayenta
Macrocystis: Heiltzuk; Kitkatla Lakota; Luiseno; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Paiute; Gossypium: Santa Clara; Tewa of Hano; Zuni
Malus: Kwakiutl, Southern Tewa; Washo Gutierrezia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Hopi;
Muhlenbergia: Apache, White Mountain Arundo: Navajo Hualapai; Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Navajo,
Nicotiana: Apaiachee; Shoshoni Asclepias: Zuni Ramah; Tewa of Hano
Opuntia: Diegueno; Pima Aster: Navajo Helianthus: Hopi; Isleta; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah;
Oryzopsis: Apache, White Mountain Astragalus: Navajo; Navajo, Kayenta; Omaha; Ponca Zuni
Panax: Cherokee; Chippewa Atriplex: Hopi; Tewa; Zuni Heracleum: Blackfoot; Omaha
Paxistima: Saanich Bambusa: Navajo Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Chippewa;
Phaseolus: Diegueno; Kiliwa; Navajo, Ramah; Betula: Ojibwa Dakota; Lakota; Montana Indian; Omaha; Sioux
860 Other, Ceremonial Items

Hilaria: Hopi Polanisia: Isleta; Zuni Urtica: Dakota; Diegueno; Makah; Okanagan-
Hymenoxys: Hopi Polyporus: Blackfoot; Haisla & Hanaksiala Colville; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago
Ipomoea: Keresan Polystichum: Kwakiutl; Saanich Ustilago:Hop\
Ipomopsis: Navajo Populus: Blackfoot; Dakota; Hopi; Keres, Western; Veratrum: Gitksan; Haisla; Hanaksiala; Kwakiutl;
Iris: Porno, Kashaya Kiowa; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Omaha Oweekeno; Salish, Coast
Jacquinia: Seri Proboscidea: Hopi Verbascum: Isleta; Thompson
Juncus: Hopi Prunus: Dakota; Lakota; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Verbesina: Navajo, Ramah
Juniperus: Blackfoot; Gitksan; Haisla; Heiltzuk; Hoh; Nitinaht Vitis: Jemez
Hopi; Jemez; Keres, Western; Navajo; Ojibwa; Pseudotsuga: Havasupai; Hopi; Isleta; Jemez; Keres, Washingtonia: Cahuilla
Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Quileute; Tewa Western; Keresan; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Xanthium: Navajo, Ramah
Krascheninnikovia: Hopi; Navajo; Tewa Okanagan-Colville; Tewa; Tewa of Hano; Yucca: Hopi; Keres, Western; Navajo; Navajo,
Lagenaria: Cherokee; Dakota; Hopi; Iroquois; Nava Thompson Ramah; Southwest Indians; Tewa of Hano; Zuni
jo; Navajo, Raman; Ojibwa; Omaha; Pima; Ponca Psilostrophe: Hopi; Zuni Zea: Cahuilla; Delaware; Hopi; Isleta; Keres, West
Larix: Kutenai Psoralidium: Cheyenne ern; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Seminole; Tewa; Zuni
Lesquerella: Navajo, Raman Pterospora: Jemez Zigadenus: Thompson
Leymus: Cahuilla; Cheyenne; Thompson Purshia: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Cleaning Agent
Lithocarpus: Porno, Kashaya Pyrola: Navajo, Kayenta v4cer:Chippewa
Lithospermum: Blackfoot; Navajo Quercus: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Annona: Seminole
Lobelia: jemez; Meskwaki Rhododendron: Porno, Kashaya Artemisia: Eskimo, Alaska; Kiowa
Lomatium: Cowichan; Crow; Saanich; Songish; Rhus: Delaware, Oklahoma; Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Athyrium: Quileute
Yurok Ramah Cornus: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Lophophora: Blackfoot; Ponca Rosa: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Epilobium: Haisla
Lupinus: Blackfoot; Hopi; Navajo; Porno, Kashaya Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Thompson Galium: Cowichan
Lycium: Hopi; Navajo, Raman Rubus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hoh; Nuxalkmc; Juniperus: Hopi; Tewa
Lycoperdon: Blackfoot Oweekeno; Quileute; Saanich Myrica: Seminole
Madura: Kiowa Rumex: Navajo, Kayenta Qwercws.-Chippewa; Seminole
Mahonia: Hopi; Navajo, Kayenta; Zuni Salix: Blackfoot; Hopi; Keres, Western; Keresan; Rubus: Tsimshian
Martynia: Santa Clara; Tewa of Hano Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Nitinaht; Omaha; Salix: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Mentzelia: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Shuswap; Tewa Thuja: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Tsimshian
Muhlenbergia: Zuni Sanguinaria: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma Tsuga: Bella Coola; Chippewa
Nelumbo: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Sarcobatus: Cheyenne; Navajo Usnea: Oweekeno
Winnebago Schizachyrium: Comanche Containers
Nereocystis:Kwakiutl, Southern Scirpus: Cahuilla; Hopi; Kansa; Kawaiisu; Abies: Hanaksiala
Nicotiana: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Hopi; Iroquois; Okanagan-Colville Acer: Blackfoot; Karok; Nitinaht; Skagit, Upper;
Navajo; Thompson; Zuni Senecio: Navajo Squaxin; Thompson
A/b/m<r Isleta Serenoa: Seminole Adiantum: Kwakiutl, Southern
Oenothera: Hopi; Zuni Shepherdia: Shuswap Aesculus: Cherokee
Oplopanax: Gitksan; Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Shinnersoseris: Navajo i4ga^:Hualapai; Papago
Nitinaht; Tsimshian; Wet'suwet'en Sphaeralcea: Hopi Alnus: Makah; Quinault; Swinomish
Opuntia: Navajo, Ramah; Zuni Sporobolus: Hop\ Abpecurus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Orthocarpus: Porno, Kashaya Stenocereus: Papago Anaphalis: Paiute
Oxytropis: Navajo Stephanomeria: Navajo, Kayenta Andropogon: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Parryella: Hopi; Tewa Stipa: Hopi; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca Angelica: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Parthenocissus: Jemez Symphoricarpos: Cheyenne; Hoh; Quileute Anthoxanthum: Abnaki
Pectis: Zuni Taxodium: Seminole Apocynum: Luiseno; Nez Perce; Thompson
Pedicularis: Navajo, Ramah Taxus: Hoh; Nitinaht; Quileute; Thompson Arbutus: Karok
Penstemon: Hopi; Tewa; Zuni Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Arctostaphylos: Karok; Yokia
Pentaphylloides: Jemez Thalictrum: Navajo Artemisia: Gosiute; Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Navajo;
Persea: Seminole Thuja: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hanaksiala; Lummi; Okanagon; Tanana, Upper; Thompson
Phalaris: Okanagan-Colville Makah; Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Asclepias: Luiseno
Phaseolus: Iroquois; Keresan Potawatomi; Saanich; Salish, Coast; Shuswap; Athyrium: Kwakiutl, Southern
Phoradendron: Navajo Skagit; Tsimshian Balsamorhiza: Sanpoil
Phragm ties: Hopi; Navajo Townsendia: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Betula: Abnaki; Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Cree,
Picea: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Triteleia: Porno, Kashaya Woodlands; Dakota; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Flathead;
Koyukon; Navajo; Nitinaht; Tsimshian Tsuga: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, Gitksan; Koyukon; Malecite; Micmac; Ojibwa;
Pinus: Apache, Mescalero; Hopi; Kawaiisu; Keres, Southern; Nitinaht; Oweekeno Tanana, Upper; Thompson; Wet'suwet'en
Western; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Nitinaht; Typha: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Apache, Bouteloua: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero
Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Seminole; Tewa; Tewa Mescalero; Apache, White Mountain; Cahuilla; Bursera: Seminole
of Hano Hopi; Keres, Western; Keresan; Navajo; Omaha Calamagrostis: Cree, Woodlands; Okanagan-
Plantago: Hopi; Kiowa; Navajo, Ramah Umbellularia: Karok Colville
 Index of Usages 861

Carex: Okanagan-Colville Rubus: Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Quileute; Tanana, Upper; Thompson

Carnegia: Apache, Western; Southwest Indians Quinault; Shuswap Blechnum: Nitinaht; Quinault
Carya: Cherokee Salix: Abnaki; Apache, White Mountain; Blackfoot; Bouteloua: Costanoan; Zuni

Cercocarpus: Keres, Western Cree, Woodlands; Gosiute; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Calamagrostis: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Chamaecyparis: Kitasoo; Nitinaht; Oweekeno Karok; Kawaiisu; Navajo; Okanagan-Colville; Calocedrus: Round Valley Indian

Chenopodium: Hopi Paiute; Pima; Tanana, Upper; Thompson Carex: Paiute

C/emark'Shoshoni Sambucus: Yurok Carnegia: Apache, Western; Papago

Collomia: Paiute Schedonnardus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Carya: Cherokee

Cordyline: Hawaiian Scirpus: Okanagan-Colville; Paiute, Northern; Catopsis: Seminole
Cucurbita: Havasupai; Hopi; Zuni Thompson Ceanothus: Mewuk
Dryopteris: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Yurok Solidago: Lakota Chamaecyparis: Hesquiat; Kwakiuti, Southern

Echinocactus: Havasupai Sparganium: Okanagan-Colville C/z/orogfl/wm.'Mendocino Indian; Porno

Elaeagnus: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Sphaeralcea: Havasupai; Shoshoni; Yavapai Chrysothamnus: Hopi
Elytrigia: Okanagan-Colville Sporobolus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Cocos: Seminole
Epilobium: Thompson Suaeda: Pima Cornus: Bella Coola; Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap;
Equisetum: Okanagan-Colville Taxodium: Seminole Snohomish
Eriogonum: Kawaiisu Taxus: Karok; Makah Corylus: Porno; Thompson
Fremontodendron: Kawaiisu r/2w/a;Flathead; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kutenai; Cucurbita: Cahuilla; Zuni
Heracleum: Porno, Kashaya; Shuswap Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Okanagon; Dryopteris: Karok; Nitinaht
Hoita: California Indian Oweekeno; Quileute; Salish, Coast; Thompson; Echinocactus: Havasupai
Juncus: Chippewa; Luiseno Tsimshian Elaeagnus: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson
Juniperus: Gosiute; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Tilia: Chippewa Eleocharis: Cheyenne
Lagenaria: Havasupai; Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Toxicodendron: Costanoan; Karok Eriogonum: Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Tubatulabal
Ramah; Yuma Typha: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Okana Eupatorium: Cherokee
Larix: Chippewa gon; Quinault; Thompson Fagus: Potawatomi

Leymus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Okanagan-Colville; Urtica: Kawaiisu; Luiseno Ferocactus: Cahuilla
Quinault Vaccinium: Karok Ficus: Seminole
Lupinus: Miwok Vitis: Karok Fraxinus: Cherokee; Cheyenne; Potawatomi
Lysichiton: Bella Coola; Hesquiat; Hoh; Kwakiutl, Yucca: Apache; Dakota; Kawaiisu; Navajo; Pima Gaillardia: Blackfoot
Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville; Zea: Iroquois; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Gaultheria: Hesquiat; Makah; Nitinaht; Oweekeno
Oweekeno; Poliklah; Quileute; Samish; Cooking Tools Gutierrezia: Hopi; Tewa
Swinomish; Tolowa; Tsimshian; Yurok Acer: Bella Coola; Chehalis; Cheyenne; Chippewa; Guzmania: Seminole
Mentha: Thompson Cowichan; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Iroquois; Karok; Heracleum: Blackfoot
Muhlenbergia: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Kwakiutl, Southern; Lummi; Montana Indian; Holodiscus: Chehalis; Klallam; Lummi; Makah;
Luiseno Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Nitinaht; Saanich; Salish, Coast; Salish,
Murdannia: Hawaiian Seminole; Skagit; Snohomish; Swinomish; Cowichan; Skagit; Snohomish; Squaxin;
Nereocystis: Bella Coola; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, South Thompson Swinomish
ern; Makah; Nitinaht; Quileute; Quinault Adiantum:HahminkwuV, Kwakiutl, Southern Ilex: Cherokee
Nolina: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Aesculus: Kawaiisu Juncus: Luiseno
Opuntia: Havasupai Agave: Havasupai; Navajo Juniperus: Cheyenne; Hopi; Kawaiisu; Tewa
Petasites: Alaska Native; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Alectoria: Nitinaht Lagenaria: Cherokee; Hopi; Houma; Keres, West
Inupiat Alnus: Clallam; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; ern; Keresan; Navajo; Ojibwa; Papago; Seminole
Phleum: Okanagan-Colville Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Salish, Leymus: Eskimo, Alaska; Kwakiutl, Southern;
Picea: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Coast; Skagit, Upper Thompson
Tanana, Upper Amelanchier: Havasupai; Thompson Libocedrus: Mewuk
Pinus: Kawaiisu; Klamath; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Amorpha: Pawnee Lonicera: Cree, Woodlands
Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Angelica: Bella Coola Lycopodium: Cree, Woodlands
Polystichum: Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, Southern; Annona: Seminole Lysichiton: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hoh;
Oweekeno; Squaxin; Thompson Antitrichia: Hanaksiala Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Oweekeno;
Populus: Hopi; Navajo; Okanagan-Colville; Pima Arbutus: Salish, Coast Quileute; Salish, Coast; Tolowa; Tsimshian; Yurok
Potamogeton: Kawaiisu Arctostaphylos: Karok; Miwok Malus: Hanaksiala; Oweekeno
Prunus: Bella Coola; Blackfoot; Okanagon; Salish, Ardisia: Seminole Monarda: Blackfoot
Coast; Thompson Artemisia: Cheyenne; Okanagan-Colville; Muhlenbergia: Luiseno
Pseudotsuga: Okanagan-Colville Tubatulabal Myrcianthes: Seminole
Pteridium: Costanoan; Karok; Okanagan-Colville; Asclepias: Kiowa Nereocystis: Kwakiutl, Southern; Nitinaht
Yurok Astragalus: Omaha; Ponca Nolina: Apache, Mescalero; Apache, Western;
Quercus: Navajo Athyrium: CowWtz; Karok; Nitinaht Havasupai
Rhus: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Balsamorhiza: Blackfoot Oxydendrum: Cherokee
Ribes: Quileute Betula: Blackfoot; Carrier; Chippewa; Cree, Wood Parkinsonia: Pima
Rosa: Okanagan-Colville lands; Dakota; Micmac; Ojibwa; Potawatomi; Persea: Seminole
862 Other, Cooking Tools

Petasites: Eskimo, Alaska; Quinault Xerophyllum: Hahwunkwut Monroa: Navajo, Kayenta

Phalaris: Okanagan-Colville Ze«.iroquois Oenothera:Uop'\; Kiowa; Navajo, Kayenta
Phragmites: Chippewa; Thompson Decorations Ornithogalum: Thompson
Picea: Carrier; Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Alaska; Abies: Keres, Western Oxydendrum: Cherokee
Eskimo, Inuktitut; Hahwunkwut; Koyukon; Acer: Cherokee; Dakota; Haida; Omaha; Tlingit; Paxistima: Paiute
Tanana, Upper; Thompson Tsimshian Pediomelum: Blackfoot
Pinus: Blackfoot; Keres, Western; Kwakiutl, South Adiantum: Karok; Maidu Penstemon: Cahuilla; Hopi; Keres, Western;
ern; Thompson Aesculus: Cherokee Thompson
Platanus: Costanoan Agave: Apache, Western Pentachaeta: Cahuilla
Polystichum: Chehalis; Costanoan; Cowlitz; Kwaki Alectoria: Bella Coola Petradoria: Hopi
utl, Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Porno; Porno, Arbutus: Mendocino Indian Phragmites: Okanagon; Thompson
Kashaya; Quileute; Quinault; Salish, Coast Aristida: Hopi Pinus: Cherokee; Karok; Mendocino Indian
Popw/ws: Cahuilla; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Havasupai; Artemisia: Hawaiian; Mewuk; Paiute; Zuni Polystich um: Paiute
Navajo, Ramah; Tanana, Upper Asclepias: Kiowa Populus: Blackfoot; Tewa
Prosopis: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Papago; Pima Betula: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Thompson Proboscidea: Panamint
Prunus: Blackfoot Blechnum: Haisla & Hanaksiala Prunus: Cherokee; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Okanagan-
Pseudotsuga: Thompson Bouteloua: Kiowa Colville; Thompson
Psoralidium: Kiowa Boykinia: Makah Pseudotsuga: Karok
Pteridium: Clallam; Karok; Makah; Quileute; Calamovilfa: Hopi; Jemez; Lakota Pteridium: Maidu
Squaxin; Swinomish; Yurok Callirhoe: Kiowa Rhododendron: Cherokee; Porno
Quercus: Apache, Mescalero; Cherokee; Costanoan; Castilleja: Hopi; Tewa of Hano; Thompson Rhus: Navajo
Kawaiisu; Miwok; Paiute Orris: Maidu Scirpus: Okanagan-Colville; Panamint; Thompson
Ratibida: Lakota Chamaecyparis: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Sida: Hawaiian
Rhododendron: Cherokee Oweekeno Solanum: Luiseno
Rubus: Carrier; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hanaksiala; Chlorogalum: Mendocino Indian Sophora: Comanche
Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, Southern; Porno; Porno, Chrysothamnus: Hopi; Karok Sphaeralcea: Kiowa
Kashaya Cladrastis: Cherokee Symphohcarpos: Dakota
Sabal: Seminole Clematis: Isleta; Jemez; Keres, Western; Montana Thuja: Bella Coola; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Tsimshian
Salix: Apache, White Mountain; Cheyenne; Cree, Indian Tilia: Cherokee
Woodlands; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Haisla & Hanak Cleome: Zuni Toxicodendron: Mendocino Indian
siala; Karok; Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Paiute; Cornus: Cherokee; Quinault Typha: Chehalis; Pima; Thompson
Tubatulabal; Wet'suwet'en; Zuni Dichelostemma: Karok Usnea: Bella Coola
Sambucus: Haisla & Hanaksiala Dodecatheon: Mendocino Indian Veratrum: Karok
Sarcobatus: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah Elaeagnus: Thompson Xerophyllum: Hupa; Karok
Sarracenia: Cree, Woodlands; Potawatomi Epilobium: Shuswap Yucca: Apache, Western; Hopi; Isleta
Scirpus: Kawaiisu; Okanagan-Colville Epipactis: Karok Zea:Z\m\
Sideroxylon: Seminole Eschscholzia: Cahuilla Designs
Spiraea: Bella Coola; Lummi; Quinault Fouquieria: Pima Abies: Hanaksiala
Stachys: Hesquiat; Makah; Quinault Fritillaria: Shuswap ;4cer:Menominee; Meskwaki; Ojibwa; Potawatomi
Siiaeda: Papago; Pima Gaillardia: Kiowa Betula: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule; Chippewa
Taxodium: Seminole Gentiana: Blackfoot Cornus: Washo
Taxus: Clallam; Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Gutierrezia: Hopi; Tewa Dodecatheon: Thompson
Oweekeno; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Quinault Hetoif/zws.-Hopi; Jemez Dryopteris: Yurok
Thuja: Cowlitz; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Flathead Lonicera: Porno, Kashaya
Hoh; Kutenai; Kwakiutl; Kwakiutl, Southern; Hilaria: Hopi; Tewa Lycoperdon: Blackfoot
Makah; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Quileute; Salish, //ex: Cherokee Nereocystis: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Coast Ipomopsis: Hopi; Navajo Opuntia: Navajo
Tillandsia: Seminole /r/s: Jemez Pedicularis: Thompson
Toxicodendron: Karok; Mendocino Indian Juglans: Cherokee Pentagrama: Yurok
Tsuga: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hanaksiala; Kwakiutl, Juncus: Cheyenne; Panamint Phragmites: Thompson
Southern; Oweekeno Juniperus: Blackfoot; Cherokee; Hopi; Navajo; Picea: Cree, Woodlands
Typha: Shuswap; Thompson Tewa; Tolowa; Yurok Proboscidea: Pima
Ulmus: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Kalmia: Cherokee Prunus: Paiute; Thompson
Winnebago Lagenaria: Hopi Quercus: Potawatomi
Usnea: Nitinaht Larrea: Papago Thuja: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Vitis: Miwok Lathyrus: Keres, Western Toxicodendron: Porno, Kashaya
Washingtonia: Cahuilla Lilium: Karok Yucca: Apache; Panamint; Southwest Indians
Woodwardia: Porno; Porno, Kashaya Lithospermum: Thompson Fasteners
Wyethia: Miwok Lycopodium: Bella Coola; Hesquiat; Thompson Acer: Okanagan-Colville
Xanthium: Pima Lygodesmia: Keres, Western Adenostoma: Luiseno
 Index of Usages 863

Amaranthus: Kiowa Bromus: Iroquois Equisetum: Koyukon

Amelanchier: Crow Corydalis: Navajo, Raman Fouquieria: Cahuilla
Apocynum: Okanagon; Thompson Descurainia: Keres, Western Fraxinus: Cherokee; Chippewa; Havasupai; Yuki
Asclepias: Mahuna; Thompson Dicranum: Shuswap Fucus: Bella Coola
Berchemia: Houma Egregia: Hesquiat Galium: Cowichan
Bloomeria: Kawaiisu Elymus: Iroquois Gossypium: Havasupai
Chaenactis: Nava]o, Kayenta Equisetum: Thompson Hymenoclea: Hualapai
Chamaecyparis: Haisla & Hanaksiala Fucus: Hesquiat Ipomoea: Lakota
Chlorogalum: Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian; Lycopodium: Shuswap Isocoma: Pima
Mewuk Osmorhiza: Iroquois Juniperus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero;
Corn ws: Crow Podophyllum: Iroquois Apache, Mescalero; Havasupai; Hopi; Isleta;
Coursetia: Papago Rorippa: Navajo, Raman Keres, Western; Micmac; Navajo; Navajo, Raman;
Dichelostemma: Kawaiisu Sagittaria: Iroquois Paiute; Tewa; Tewa of Hano; Thompson; Thomp
Dirca: Chippewa; Ojibwa Sassafras: Cherokee son, Upper (Nicola Band); Yavapai; Zuni
Encelia: Papago Solarium: Keres, Western; Navajo, Raman Larix: Micmac

Equisetum: Porno, Kashaya Thelypodium: Zuni Ledum: Eskimo, Inuktitut

Fagus: Cherokee Fuel Olneya: Cahuilla; Pima
Ficus: Seminole Abies: Chehalis; Micmac; Shuswap Oxydendrum: Cherokee
Fremontodendron: Shoshoni Acacia: Cahuilla; Pima Pentaphylloides: Blackfoot
Grindelia: Porno, Kashaya Acer: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Cheyenne; Okanagan- Picea: Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Hesquiat;
Holodiscus: Okanagan-Colville Colville; Quinault; Salish, Coast Iroquois; Koyukon; Micmac; Tanana, Upper
Ipomopsis: Ute Adenostoma: Cahuilla; Coahuilla; Diegueno Pinus: Cahuilla; Havasupai; Isleta; Klamath; Kwak-
Koeleria: Isleta Agave: Cahuilla waka'wakw; Mendocino Indian; Micmac; Navajo;
Leymus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Nitinaht Alectoria: Eskimo, Inuktitut Navajo, Ramah; Porno; Shuswap; Tewa; Thomp
Oemleria: Makah Aleurites: Hawaiian son, Upper (Fraser Band); Thompson, Upper
Opuntia: Navajo; Thompson Alnus: Bella Coola; Clallam; Eskimo, Alaska; Haisla; (Lytton Band)
Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Kitasoo; Kwakiutl, Southern; Mendoci Populus: Blackfoot; Dakota; Diegueno; Eskimo,
Hesquiat; Koyukon; Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; no Indian; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Skagit, Upper; Inuktitut; Havasupai; Keres, Western; Kiowa;
Nitinaht; Tanana, Upper Tanana, Upper; Thompson Lakota; Mendocino Indian; Montana Indian;
Pinus: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Crow; Hesquiat; Hopi; Ambrosia: Kiowa Navajo; Omaha; Paiute; Pima; Tanana, Upper;
Hualapai; Karok; Mendocino Indian; Navajo; Nez Arbutus: Porno, Kashaya Thompson
Perce; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Porno; Porno, Arctostaphylos: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Mendocino Prosopis: Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Diegueno;
Kashaya; Salish, Coast; Seminole; Tewa; Yuki Indian Havasupai; Papago; Pima

Platanus: Cherokee Artemisia: Flathead; Gosiute; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Prunus: Salish, Coast
Populus: Karok; Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Tewa; Thompson; Pseudotsuga: Bella Coola; Chehalis; Clallam;
Prosopis: Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Papago Thompson, Upper (Nicola Band); Tubatulabal Cowlitz; Green River Group; Hesquiat; Kitasoo;
Primus: Crow; Hesquiat; Karok; Nitinaht; Quinault; Arundinaria: Cherokee Klallam; Lummi; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Porno;
Thompson Atriplex: Pima Porno, Kashaya; Quinault; Salish, Coast; Skagit;
Pseudotsuga: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Porno, Kashaya Baccharis: Havasupai; Hualapai Swinomish; Thompson
Quercus: Cherokee; Kawaiisu Betula: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Ptelea: Havasupai
Robinia: Cherokee Inuktitut; Koyukon; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Pteridium: Oweekeno
Salix: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Lakota; Mon Tanana, Upper Purshia: Havasupai; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute
tana Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap; Calocedrus: Klamath Quercus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Cahuil
Tanana, Upper; Thompson Carya: Cherokee la; Cherokee; Costanoan; Cowlitz; Diegueno;
Scirpus: Paiute, Northern Cassiope: Eskimo, Inuktitut Kawaiisu; Kiowa; Porno; Seminole
Sphaeralcea: Keres, Western Castanea: Cherokee Rhus: Hopi
Taxus: Salish, Coast Ceanothus: Cahuilla; Dakota; Kawaiisu; Mewuk; Rumex: Keres, Western

Thuja: Haisla & Hanaksiala Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Salix: Costanoan; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Havasupai;
Tilia: Chippewa Winnebago; Yavapai Hualapai; Porno; Round Valley Indian; Tanana,
Tsuga: Hanaksiala Celtis: Havasupai; Kiowa Upper
Typha: Paiute, Northern Cercis: Kiowa Sambucus: Costanoan; Mendocino Indian
Urtica: Haisla & Hanaksiala Chamaecyparis: Nitinaht Sarcobatus: Hopi; Navajo
Vaccinium: Kwakiutl, Southern Cheirodendron: Hawaiian Senna: Kiowa
Vitis: Porno Chrysothamnus:Hopi; Navajo Serenoa: Seminole
Yucca: Havasupai; Keres, Western; Navajo, Raman; Conocarpus: Seminole Spiraea: Eskimo, Alaska
Papago; Southwest Indians Corn icularia: Eskimo, Inuktitut Symphoricarpos: Blackfoot
Zea: Chippewa Crataegus: Mendocino Indian Tamarix: P'ima
Fertilizer Dalea: Keres, Western Thuja:Be\\a Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat;
Artemisia: Zuni Dryopteris: Kwakiutl, Southern Kwakiutl, Southern; Micmac; Oweekeno; Salish,
Aulacomnium: Shuswap Encelia: Pima Coast; Tsimshian
864 Other, Fuel

Tsuga: Chehalis; Cherokee; Micmac; Nitinaht; Hide Preparation Betula: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Inuktitut;
Ojibwa; Quinault Abies: Carrier; Klamath Koyukon; Micmac; Tanana, Upper
Ulmus: Dakota; Lakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Alnus: Kawaiisu; Montana Indian Calamovilfa:Hopi
Winnebago Artemisia: Blackfoot; Okanagan-Colville; Okana- Calocedrus: Round Valley Indian; Washo
Yucca: Dakota gon; Thompson Calycanthus:Yok\a
Zea: Navajo; Tewa Betula: Cree, Woodlands Carex: Vomo
Good Luck Charm Cercocarpus: Keres, Western Carnegia: Papago
Adiantum: Potawatomi Croton: Comanche Carya: Cherokee; Chippewa; Ojibwa; Potawatomi;
Aesculus: Cherokee Cucurbita: Cocopa Seminole
Anemone: Ponca Eriogonum: Kiowa Castilleja: Nitinaht
Angelica:Blackfoot; Mendocino Indian Juniperus: Blackfoot Ceanothus: Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian
Aquilegia: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Larix: Cree, Woodlands; Kutenai Cercis: Havasupai
Arctostaphylos: Navajo, Ramah Lomatium: Blackfoot; Oregon Indian Cercocarpus: Apache, White Mountain; Gosiute;
Artemisia: Blackfoot Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Koyukon; Tanana, Upper Keres, Western; Klamath; Mendocino Indian;
fiwrsera: Cahuilla Pinus: Cree, Woodlands; Okanagan-Colville; Semi- Modesse; Montana Indian; Shoshoni; Yuki
Conopholis: Jemez nole; Shuswap Chamaecyparis: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kitasoo;
Corn ws: Karok Populus: Shuswap Kwakiutl, Southern
Dfltara: Cahuilla; Paiute Prunus: Dakota Chilopsis: Cahuilla
Daucus: Mendocino Indian Quercus: Apache, White Mountain; Ojibwa; Chlorogalum: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Mendocino
Dodecatheon: Thompson Seminole Indian; Porno, Kashaya; Yuki
Epilobium: Thompson Rumex: Cahuilla; Hualapai Chrysobalanus: Seminole
Erigeron: Kiowa Taxodium: Seminole Chrysothamnus:Hopi; Keres, Western
Eupatorium: Potawatomi 77iw/a:Malecite Cirsium: Cherokee; Seminole
Euphorbia:Navajo, Ramah Tillandsia: Seminole Cissus: Seminole
Fucus: Nitinaht Tsuga: Hanaksiala; Hoh; Malecite; Montana Indian; Citrus: Seminole
Gaillardia: Kiowa Quileute; Salish, Coast Clematis: Shoshoni; Washo
Hackelia: Navajo, Ramah Yucca: Dakota Cordyline: Hawaiian
Juniperus: Kitasoo; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Hunting & Fishing Item Cornus: Cheyenne; Comanche; Flathead; Hanak
Thompson Abies: Nitinaht siala; Jemez; Karok; Montana Indian; Ojibwa;
Lewisia: Thompson Acacia: Papago; Pima; Seri Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Oweekeno; Pawnee;
Lithospermum: Okanagan-Colville Acer: Chehalis; Isleta; Lummi; Micmac; Montana Ponca; Salish, Coast; Skagit; Thompson;
Lomatium: Blackfoot; Yuki Indian; Nitinaht; Ojibwa; Paiute; Potawatomi; Winnebago
Lysichiton: Quileute Quileute; Seminole; Thompson; Wailaki Corylus: Costanoan; Karok; Porno; Porno, Kashaya;
Maianthemum: Potawatomi Achillea: Cree, Woodlands Round Valley Indian; Salish, Coast; Thompson
Melia: Omaha; Ponca Adenostoma: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Luiseno Crataegus: Ojibwa; Thompson
M/te//a:Iroquois Aesculus: Cherokee; Porno, Kashaya Croton: Costanoan; Mahuna; Mendocino Indian
Oenothera: Jemez Agave: Cahuilla Dalea: Kiowa
Onosmodium: Chippewa Alnus: Carrier; Mendocino Indian; Salish, Coast; Datisca: Mendocino Indian
Oplopanax: Haisla & Hanaksiala Tanana, Upper; Thompson Delphinium: Navajo, Ramah
Osmorhiza: Karok Amaranthus: Keresan Dionaea: Cherokee
Panax: Chippewa Amelanchier: Blackfoot; Dakota; Flathead; Gosiute; Echinocactus: Mahuna
Pe/tarDiegueno Havasupai; Hopi; Karok; Kawaiisu; Lakota; Men Egregia: Bella Coola
Picea: Koyukon; Thompson docino Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Pon Epilobium: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kitasoo;
Pinguicula: Oweekeno ca; Salish, Coast; Samish; Shasta; Shuswap; Thompson
Pinus: Keres, Western Swinomish; Thompson; Winnebago Ericameria: Kawaiisu
Platanthera: Thompson Amorpha: Lakota Erigeron: Ojibwa
Pseudotsuga: Chehalis; Cowlitz; Karok; Thompson Andropogon: Ankara; Hidatsa; Mandan Eriophorum: Tanana, Upper
Rosa: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Apocynum: Bella Coola; Luiseno; Mendocino Eugenia: Seminole
Sanicula: Mendocino Indian Indian; Menominee; Okanagon; Paiute, North Fallugia: Hopi; Isleta; Keres, Western; Keresan; Tewa
Shepherdia: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson ern; Songish; Thompson; Yuki Fendlera: Havasupai; Navajo
Solidago: Navajo, Kayenta Arbutus: Karok Ferocactus: Pima; Yuma
Thuja: Thompson Arctostaphylos: Cahuilla Ficus: Seminole
Toxicodendron: Navajo, Ramah Ardisia: Seminole Forestiera: Seminole
Tsuga: Haisla & Hanaksiala Artemisia: Cree, Woodlands; Luiseno Frasera: Apache
Typha: Navajo, Ramah Arundinaria: Cherokee; Choctaw; Houma; Fraxinus: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Dakota; Havasu
Umbellularia: Yurok Seminole pai; Hualapai; Lakota; Menominee; Meskwaki;
Valeriana: Menominee Asclepias: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Chippewa; Luiseno; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Ojibwa; Omaha; Pawnee;
Veratrum: Bella Coola; Gitksan; Haisla; Menominee; Neeshenam; Ojibwa Ponca; Sioux; Winnebago
Hanaksiala Atriplex: Kawaiisu Fremontodendron: Kawaiisu
Vicia: Mendocino Indian Baccharis: Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian; Papago Gnaphalium: Porno, Kashaya
 Index of Usages 865

Hedophyllum: Nitinaht Oxydendrum: Cherokee Houma; Luiseno; Quinault

Helianthus: Nava)o Pachycereus: Papago & Pima Sapindus: Papago
Hemizonia: Costanoan Panax: Menominee Sapium: Seri

Heracleum: Ojibwa; Tsimshian Penstemon: Havasupai Sarcobatus: Cheyenne; Hopi

Heterotheca: Luiseno Phalaris: Okanagan-Colville Scirpus: Cahuilla; Hanaksiala
Hoita: Mendocino Indian Philadelphus: California Indian; Karok; Klamath; Serenoa: Seminole
Holodiscus: Chehalis; Klallam; Kwakiutl, Southern; Midoo; Modesse; Montana Indian; Okanagan- Shepherdia: Thompson
Lummi; Makah; Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville; Colville; Poliklah; Saanich; Shuswap; Skagit; Sideroxylon: Seminole
Poliklah; Porno; Porno, Kashaya; Saanich; Salish; Wailaki;Washo;Yuki Solanum: Seminole
Salish, Coast; Skagit; Snohomish; Squaxin; Phragmites: Apache, White Mountain; Havasupai; Sonchus: Potawatomi

Swinomish; Thompson Hualapai; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Montana Indian; Spirogyra: Thompson

Hymenoclea: Hualapai Navajo; Paiute, Northern; Tewa Stachys: Haisla & Hanaksiala
//ex: Seminole Phyllospadix: Nitinaht Symphoricarpos: Great Basin Indian; Montana
/ris: Karok; Mendocino Indian; Pomo Physocarpus: Karok; Wintoon Indian; Paiute; Shoshoni; Yokia
Juglans: Cherokee Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Haisla & Tanacetum: Ojibwa
Juniperus: Apache, Mescalero; Cheyenne; Kawaiisu; Hanaksiala; Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Taxodium: Seminole
Keres, Western; Klamath; Montana Indian; Quileute; Quinault; Tanana, Upper Taxus: Bella Coola; Chehalis; Clallam; Costanoan;
Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Pinus: Kwakwaka'wakw; Nitinaht; Pomo; Pomo, Flathead; Haihais; Hanaksiala; Hoh; Karok;
Shuswap; Tewa; Thompson Kashaya; Thompson; Tolowa Kitasoo; Klallam; Klamath; Makah; Mendocino
Krigia: Menominee Platanthera: Cherokee Indian; Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Okanagan-
Lactuca: Ojibwa Pluchea: Cahuilla; Havasupai; Hualapai; Luiseno Colville; Oweekeno; Paiute; Pomo; Pomo,

Lagenaria: Hopi Poaceae sp.: Tanana, Upper Kashaya; Quileute; Quinault; Salish, Coast;
Laminaria: Nitinaht Polygonum: Thompson Samish; Shasta; Snohomish; Swinomish;
Larix: Malecite; Nez Perce Populus: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Thompson; Wintoon; Yurok
Lfl/raz: Papago Malecite; Nitinaht; Thompson Tephrosia: Hawaiian; Seminole
Lathyrus: Meskwaki Potamogeton: Kawaiisu 772M/tf:Chippewa; Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala;
Leymus: Cahuilla; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Luiseno; Prosopis: Apache, Mescalero; Cahuilla; Isleta; Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, Southern; Makah; Malecite;
Okanagan-Colville Navajo; Seri Micmac; Montana Indian; Nitinaht; Okanagan-
Ligusticum: Atsugewi Primus: Apache, Mescalero; Cheyenne; Clallam; Colville; Oweekeno; Quileute; Quinault; Saanich;
Linum: Klamath; Montana Indian Costanoan; Isleta; Kawaiisu; Keres, Western; Salish, Coast; Salish, Cowichan; Squaxin;
Lomatium: Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute, Lakota; Montana Indian; Paiute; Ponca; Salish, Tsimshian
Northern; Yuki Coast; Tewa Thymophylla: Nava]of Kayenta
Lycium: Papago Pseudotsuga: Blackfoot; Chehalis; Clallam; Cowlitz; Tilia: Menominee; Meskwaki
Madura: Comanche; Kiowa; Omaha; Pawnee; Green River Group; Haisla; Karok; Klallam; Lum Trichostema: Concow; Numlaki
Pima; Ponca; Seminole; Tewa mi; Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville; Quinault; Salish, Trientalis: O]ibwa.
Macrocystis: Kwakiutl, Southern Coast; Skagit; Swinomish; Thompson Tsuga: Bellabella; Clallam; Haisla & Hanaksiala;
Maianthemum: Kawaiisu Psidium: Seminole Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Kitasoo; Klallam; Lummi;
Malus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Nitinaht; Quileute; Ptelea: Havasupai Makah; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Quinault; Skagit
Salish, Coast Purshia: Hopi; Keres, Western; Navajo Typha: Paiute, Northern
Marah: Mendocino Indian; Pomo; Pomo, Kashaya Pycnanthemum: Meskwaki Ulmus: Menominee
Mentha: Blackfoot; Sioux; Winnebago Quercus: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Jemez; Navajo; Pomo Umbellularia: Costanoan; Pomo, Kashaya
Mirabilis: Hopi Rhus: Keres, Western; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Santa Urtica: Bella Coola; Cherokee; Haisla & Hanaksiala;
Monarda: Keres, Western Clara Hesquiat; Kawaiisu; Klamath; Kwakiutl, Southern;
Monardella: Okanagan-Colville Ribes: Cheyenne; Cowichan; Havasupai; Hopi; Luiseno; Lummi; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Quileute;
Mortonia: Havasupai Lakota; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Saanich; Tewa; Skokomish; Snohomish; Thompson; Tsimshian
Morus: Hualapai; Papago; Seminole Thompson Viburnum: Chippewa
Myrcianthes: Seminole Robin ia: Apache, Mescalero; Cherokee; Hualapai; Vicia: Costanoan; Nitinaht
Myrica: Cree, Woodlands Jemez; Keres, Western; Tewa Vitis: Seminole
Nereocystis: Alaska Native; Kitasoo; Kwakiutl, Rosa: Cheyenne; Cowichan; Klamath; Okanagan- Washingtonia: Cahuilla
Southern; Makah; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Pomo, Colville; Thompson Yucca: Cherokee; Hopi; Luiseno; Tewa
Kashaya; Quileute; Quinault; Tsimshian Rubus: Quileute Zanthoxylum: Seminole
Nolina: Hualapai Sabal: Seminole Zea: Seminole
Ocotea: Seminole Sagittaria: Potawatomi Zigadenus: Okanagan-Colville
Oenothera: Paiute Salix: Cree, Woodlands; Gosiute; Haisla & Hanak Zostera: Hesquiat; Nitinaht
Oplopanax: Clallam; Hesquiat; Kitasoo; Klallam; siala; Kawaiisu; Kwakiutl, Southern; Luiseno; Incense & Fragrance
Makah; Nitinaht Montana Indian; Navajo; Paiute; Pima; Quileute; Abies: Blackfoot; Flathead; Hesquiat; Nez Perce;
Opuntia: Kiowa; Okanagan-Colville Quinault; Salish, Coast; Tanana, Upper; Thomp Nitinaht; Thompson
Osmorhiza: Okanagan-Colville son; Ukiah; Wet'suwet'en Acacia: Papago
Osmunda: Menominee Salvia: Cahuilla Achillea: Clallam; Kutenai
Ostrya: Lakota; Malecite Sambucus: Costanoan; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Acorus: Omaha
866 Other, Incense & Fragrance

: Blackfoot Insecticide Thuja: Iroquois

Alnus: Thompson Achillea: Okanagan-Colville Trichostema: Karok; Kawaiisu
Anaphalis: Okanagan-Colville Achlys: Saanich; Thompson Tsuga: Makah
Angelica:Haisla & Hanaksiala Allium: Salish, Coast Umbellularia: Costanoan; Mendocino Indian; Yuki;
Aquilegia:Meskwaki; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca Alnus: Eskimo, Inuktitut Yurok
Artemisia: Blackfoot; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Kawaiisu; Anemone: Thompson Verbesina: Navajo, Ramah
Lakota; Nitinaht Artemisia: Blackfoot; Karok; Keres, Western; Kute Viola: Cherokee
Asarum: Chippewa nai; Meskwaki; Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap; Jewelry
Balsamorhiza: Blackfoot Thompson Adiantum: Porno, Kashaya
Boykinia:Karok Boerhavia: Hopi Arbutus: Tolowa.
Calycanthus: Cherokee Carya: Choctaw; Iroquois Arctostaphylos: Blackfoot
Cercis: Navajo Castanea: Iroquois Aster: Blackfoot
Chenopodium: Thompson Ceanothus: Shuswap Coix: Cherokee
Comptonia: Chippewa Chenopodium: Navajo Cupressus: Navajo
Croton: Navajo, Ramah Chrysothamnus: Sanpoil Echinocactus: Havasupai
Eriodictyon: Diegueno Cicuta: Cherokee Echinocystis: Oglala
Fragaria: Thompson Clinton ia: Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Echium: Cherokee
Galium: Makah; Omaha; Ponca Comptonia: Potawatomi Elaeagnus: Aiapaho; Blackfoot; Cree; Tanana,
Geum: Blackfoot Corylus: Iroquois Upper; Thompson
Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Kiowa; Lakota; Cymopterus: Paiute Eleocharis: Seminole
Montana Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Omaha; Darlingtonia: Yurok Juncus: Porno, Kashaya
Thompson Epilobium: Tanana, Upper Juniperus: Blackfoot; Hopi; Navajo; Tolowa
Juniperus: Aiapaho; Cheyenne; Kiowa; Lakota; Equisetum: CowMtz Lycopodium: Oweekeno
Omaha; Tanana, Upper Eschscholzia: Costanoan Matricaria: Kutenai
Ligusticum: Crow Fagus: Iroquois Melia: Omaha; Ponca
Lomatium:Ci<M\ Nitinaht; Thompson Fendlera: Navajo Opuntia: Thompson
Lupinus: Blackfoot Fomes: Eskimo, Inuktitut Oxytropis: Blackfoot
Lycoperdon: Blackfoot Grindelia: Karok; Navajo, Ramah Paeonia: Paiute
Matricaria: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Eskimo, Gutierrezia: Jemez; Keres, Western Phragmites: Thompson
Inuktitut; Kutenai; Montana Indian Hackelia: Iroquois Phytolacca: Kiowa
Melilotus: Dakota; Havasupai; Iroquois Hedeoma: Cherokee; Rappahannock Pinus: Karok; Kawaiisu; Navajo
Mentha: Cheyenne; Montana Indian; Thompson; Heracleum: Carrier, Southern Punka: Navajo
Winnebago;Yuki Heterotheca:Navajo, Ramah Quercus: Cahuilla
Monarda: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Crow; Dakota; Hierochloe: Flathead Rosa: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Makah; Paiute;
Kutenai; Navajo; Omaha Ipomoea: Cherokee Thompson
Monardella: Karok Juglans: Delaware; Delaware, Oklahoma; Iroquois Sapindus: Seminole
Oenothera: Lakota Juniperus: Cherokee; Shuswap; Thompson Solanum: Hopi; Keresan
Osmorhiza: Blackfoot Lobelia: Cherokee Thuja: Shuswap
Pectis: Zuni Matricaria: Blackfoot; Montana Indian Tsuga: Hanaksiala
Pmws: Cahuilla; Cherokee; Navajo; Thompson Melia: Cherokee Vaccinium: Cree, Woodlands
Polygonatum: Chippewa Me///ofws: Isleta; Keres, Western Xerophyllum: Poliklah
Polyporus: Blackfoot Mentha: Flathead; Kutenai; Thompson Yucca: Navajo
Populus: Blackfoot; Nitinaht Mirabilis: Cherokee Lighting
Rhododendron: Thompson Monarda: Flathead A:er:Malecite
Rhus: Hopi Myrica: Potawatomi Adenostoma: Cahuilla
Rosa: Omaha; Tewa Osmorhiza: Kawaiisu; Paiute Aleurites: Hawaiian
Salix: Blackfoot Pascopyrum: Keres, Western Arctostaphylos: Porno, Kashaya
Sassafras: Cherokee Picea: Tanana, Upper Artemisia: Costanoan; Paiute
Satureja: Karok Pinus: Iroquois Arundinaria: Cherokee
Senecio: Keres, Western Podophyllum: Cherokee; Menominee Betula: Dakota; Gitksan; Micmac; Ojibwa;
Solidago: Navajo Pogogyne: Mendocino Indian Wet'suwet'en
Streptopus: Thompson Populus: Carrier, Southern; Eskimo, Inuktitut Carex: Porno

Thalictrum: Blackfoot; Dakota; GrosVentre Psoralidium: Lakota Chrysothamnus: Isleta

Thuja: Chippewa; Ojibwa /?/zws:Hualapai Echinocereus: Isleta
Tsuga: Thompson Sambucus: Meskwaki Eriophorum: Eskimo, Inuktitut
Umbellularia: Costanoan Senecio: Keres, Western Helianthus: Pima
Valeriana: Tanana, Upper Solanum: Cherokee Juniperus: Apache, Western; Navajo, Ramah;
Viola: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Tanana, Upper Sorbus: Bella Coola Paiute; Tewa; Yavapai
Xylorhiza: Havasupai Sphenosciadium: Paiute Myrica: Houma

Zanthoxylum: Omaha Thalictrum: Blackfoot Opuntia: Keres, Western

 Index of Usages 867

Picea: Haisla Acer: Quinault Tsuga: Quinault

Pinus: Nez Perce; Potawatomi; Seminole Agave: Apache, Western Typha: Havasupai

Pseudotsuga: Round Valley Indian Amaranthus: Apache, White Mountain; Zuni Xanthium: Keres, Western

Rhamnus: Wmtoon Asclepias: Crow Xanthoria: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kitasoo

Stenocereus: Papago & Pima Aster: Keres, Western Yucca: Hopi
Thuja: Haisla; Hoh; Potawatomi; Quileute Bovista: Chippewa Zinnia: Keres, Western

Lubricant Bryoria: Haisla & Hanaksiala Paper

Opuntia: Diegueno Candelaria: Haisla & Hanaksiala Aesculus: Cherokee
Malicious Charm Candelariella: Haisla & Hanaksiala Ambrosia: Lakota
Angelica: Blackfoot Castilleja: Hopi; Tewa Artemisia: Blackfoot; Kiowa; Navajo

Artemisia: Blackfoot Celastrus: Lakota Betula: Ojibwa; Thompson

Equisetum: Chippewa Chenopodium: Carrier; Pawnee; Tanana, Upper; Liriodendron: Cherokee
Juniperus: Hopi; Tewa Thompson Magnolia: Cherokee
Physocarpus: Okanagan-Colville Chlorogalum: Mendocino Indian Poa: Eskimo, Inuktitut
Malicious Magic Chrysothamnus: Hopi Populus: Ojibwa
Castilleja: Paiute Cleome: Keresan; Tewa; Zuni Prosopis: Cahuilla
Lomatium: Paiute Conocephalum: Haisla & Hanaksiala Tilia: Cherokee
Smilax: Chippewa Delphinium: Karok; Thompson Tsuga: Cherokee
Musical Instrument Descurainia: Hopi; Tewa of Hano Plant Indicator
Acer: Kwakiutl, Southern; Montana Indian; Encelia: Pima Lewisia: Thompson
Okanagan-Colville Erysimum: Keres, Western Monotropa: Thompson
Alnus: Kwakiutl, Southern; Oweekeno Evernia: Montana Indian; Thompson Planting Seeds
Arundinaria: Cherokee; Keres, Western; Seminole Fomes: Oweekeno Citrullus: Havasupai
Arundo: Cahuilla Gaultheria: Nitinaht Cucurbita: Havasupai
Beta/a: Tanana, Upper Hierochloe: Cheyenne Zea: Iroquois
Canna: Seminole Juglans: Apache, Mescalero Preservative
Carnegia: Papago Larix: Okanagan-Colville; Thompson Alnus: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Kitasoo; Makah; Nitinaht
Corn us: Crow Linum: Keres, Western v4rfrwtas:Cowichan; Saanich
Corylus: Chippewa; Ojibwa Lithospermum: Chippewa; Keres, Western; Betula: Ojibwa
Cucurbita: Hopi Thompson Castilleja:Jemez
Equisetum: Shoshoni Lonicera: Quileute Ceanothus: Okanagan-Colville
Glaucothea: Cocopa Mahonia: Karok; Zuni Cornus: Okanagan-Colville; Saanich
Heracleum: Blackfoot; Cheyenne Marah: Luiseno Descurainia: Keres, Western
Holodiscus: Okanagan-Colville Oplopanax: Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Lummi; Juniperus: Keres, Western
Juniperus: Cheyenne; Kiowa; Paiute; Thompson Lummi, Washington; Nitinaht Pinus: Hesquiat; Paiute
Lagenaria: Cocopa; Havasupai; Hopi; Houma; Opuntia: Keres, Western Populus: Blackfoot; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Tanana,
Mohave; Papago; Yuma Ostrya: Lakota Upper
Larrea: Papago Penstemon: Lakota Pteridium: Paiute
Lithocarpus: Porno, Kashaya Phytolacca: Pawnee Sphaeralcea: Keres, Western
Olneya: Papago Picea: Nitinaht Tsuga: Cherokee
Phragmites: Cahuilla; Hualapai; Kawaiisu; Pima Pinus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Havasupai; Keres, Veratrum: Paiute
Pinus: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Mendocino Indian Western Protection
Populus: Dakota; Havasupai; Hopi; Hualapai; Plagiobothrys: California Indian; Kawaiisu Abies: Blackfoot; Thompson
Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca Populus: Cheyenne; Nitinaht Achillea: Potawatomi
Quercus: Cahuilla Prosopis: Pima Acorus: Cheyenne; Chippewa
Ranunculus: Karok Prunus: Karok; Lakota; Montana Indian; Shuswap Agastache: Chippewa
Salix: Cheyenne; Montana Indian; Paiute Pseudephebe: Haisla & Hanaksiala Amelanchier: Pit River
Sambucus: Costanoan; Karok; Kawaiisu; Mendoci Psilostrophe: Keres, Western; Zuni Anaphalis: Cheyenne; Potawatomi
no Indian; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute; Wintoon; Quercus: Choctaw; Navajo Angelica: Iroquois; Miwok; Porno, Kashaya
Yokut;Yuki Rhus: Keres, Western Apocynum: Chippewa
Sarcobatus: Hopi Rosa: Thompson Aralia: Chippewa
Taxodium: Seminole Salix: Cheyenne Arctostaphylos: Thompson
Taxus: Cowlitz Sanguinaria: Omaha Artemisia: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Lakota; Thompson
Thuja: Okanagan-Colville; Oweekeno; Paiute; Sphaeralcea: Gosiute; Tewa Athyrium: Shuswap
Quileute Stenocereus: Papago & Pima Betula: Ojibwa; Tanana, Upper
Tsuga: Kwakiutl, Southern Symphoricarpos: Blackfoot Brassica: Rappahannock
Washingtonia: Cocopa Thalictrum: Blackfoot Ceanothus: Mahuna
Yucca: Navajo Thelypodium: Tewa Chenopodium: Keres, Western; Navajo, Ramah
Paint Tradescantia: Lakota Chilopsis: Cahuilla
Abies: Blackfoot Trentepohlia: Haisla & Hanaksiala Chrysothamnus: Hopi; Tewa
868 Other, Protection

Cirsium: Kiowa; Nitinaht; Saanich Upper Pinus: Hopi; Okanagan-Colville

Clematis: Blackfoot Salvia: Kawaiisu Populus: Havasupai; Okanagan-Colville
Crataegus: Cherokee Smilax: Kiowa Prosopis: Pima, Gila River
Cucurbita: Cocopz Sophora: Comanche Prunus: Dakota; Okanagan-Colville; Omaha;
Cycloloma: Zuni Sphaeralcea: Lakota Pawnee; Ponca
Dalea:Nava]o, Kayenta Symphoricarpos: Nez Perce; Nitinaht Pseudotsuga: Okanagan-Colville
Echinacea: Sioux Tetradymia: Navajo, Ramah Ranunculus: Shasta
Eleocharis: Cheyenne Thamnosma: Kawaiisu Rhus: Okanagan-Colville
Erodium: Jemez Thuja: Haisla; Menominee; Potawatomi Ribes: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville
Fomes: Haisla & Hanaksiala Tragia: Navajo, Kayenta Rubus: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Fomitopsis: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Nitinaht Tsuga: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Kwakwaka'wakw; Solidago: Omaha
Fraxinus: Costanoan Oweekeno Stillingia: Kiowa
Ganoderma: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Nitinaht Typha: Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville Stipa: Blackfoot
Gaura: Navajo Umbellularia: Pomo, Kashaya Thermopsis: Blackfoot; Flathead
Geum: Salish, Coast Urtica: Makah', Okanagan-Colville Smoke Plant
Gleditsia: Cherokee Veratrum: Bella Coola; Haisla; Hanaksiala; Kitasoo; Achillea: Ojibwa
Heracleum: Menominee Kwakiutl; Paiute, Northern Acorus: Cheyenne
Hierochloe: Cheyenne Verbesina: Navajo, Ramah Alnus: Eskimo, Alaska; Makah
Holodiscus: Thompson Yucca: Navajo Ambrosia: Navajo
/ris: Ojibwa Zea: Omaha Amorpha: Oglala
Juniperus: Cheyenne; Dakota; Okanagan-Colville; Sacred Items Anaphalis: Cherokee
Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Seminole; Thompson Arisaema: Menominee Angelica: Delaware, Oklahoma
Larrea: Papago Betula: Ojibwa Antennaria: Blackfoot; Great Basin Indian
Lathyrus: Chippewa Bouteloua: Navajo Arbutus: Hoh; Quileute
Ligusticum: Yuki Carex: Jemez Arctostaphylos: Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Carrier; Chey
Lithospermum: Thompson Chamaecyparis: Nitinaht enne; Chippewa; Clallam; Cree; Cree, Woodlands;
Lomatium: Yuki Epigaea: Potawatomi Eskimo, Arctic; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Great Basin
Lycium: Zuni Hierochloe: Menominee Indian; Heiltzuk; Hesquiat; Hoh; Jemez; Keresan;
Lysichiton: Thompson Lithospermum: Menominee Klamath; Lakota; Makah; Montana Indian; Niti
Mcof/antf: Cahuilla; Kawaiisu Lomatium: Poliklah naht; Nootka; Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon;
Nolina: Apache, Western Lycium: Navajo Paiute; Pawnee; Potawatomi; Quileute; Salish,
Oenothera: Paiute Mitella: Menominee Coast; Shuswap; Skagit, Upper; Thompson
Oplopanax: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Nicotiana: Navajo Arenaria: Shoshoni
Kwakiutl Picea: Kwakiutl, Southern Artemisia: Cahuilla; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Pomo,
Opuntia: Kiowa; Papago Populus: Omaha Kashaya; Sioux
Pamir: Menominee Prunus: Navajo Cardamine: Cherokee
Parkinsonia: Cahuilla Rhus: Navajo Ceanothus: Paiute
Sambucus: Nitinaht Chimaphila: Blackfoot; Montana Indian
Pentaphylloides: Cheyenne Staphylea: Meskwaki Cicuta: Chippewa
Philadelphia: Okanagan-Colville Thuja: Ojibwa Clematis: Okanagan-Colville
P/i/orHopi; Navajo, Kayenta Umbellularia: Pomo, Kashaya Cornus: Abnaki; Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Chippewa;
Phoradendron: Navajo Zea: Navajo Cree; Cree, Woodlands; Dakota; Gosiute; Great
Picea: Kitasoo; Koyukon; Thompson Season Indicator Basin Indian; Hoh; Lakota; Menominee; Mes
Pinus: Hopi; Mahuna; Tewa; Tsimshian Amelanchier: Iroquois kwaki; Micmac; Montana Indian; Ojibwa; Okana
Plantago: Chippewa; Ojibwa Arctostaphylos: Blackfoot; Tanana, Upper gan-Colville; Okanagon; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca;
Platanthera: Iroquois Astragalus: Okanagan-Colville Potawatomi; Quileute; Salish, Coast; Shuswap;
Poaceae sp.: Tanana, Upper Bouteloua: Montana Indian Thompson; Winnebago
Polyporus: Haisla & Hanaksiala Cardamine: Yurok Datura: Cahuilla; Keres, Western
Populus: Blackfoot; Thompson Carnegia: Papago; Pima Dendromecon: Kawaiisu
Prosopis: Cahuilla; Papago Cercis: Kiowa Erigeron: Ojibwa
Psoralidium: Dakota Crataegus: Okanagan-Colville Foeniculum: Hopi
Pteridium: Costanoan; Shuswap Epilobium: Cree, Woodlands Gaultheria: Cherokee; Makah
Quercus: Navajo, Ramah Fritillaria: Hanaksiala; Okanagan-Colville Juniperus: Navajo, Ramah
Rhus: Hualapai Helianthus: Hopi Ligusticum: Crow; Okanagan-Colville
Ribes: Bella Coola Larix: Okanagan-Colville Lomatium: Great Basin Indian; Karok; Paiute,
Ricinus: Navajo Lupinus: Okanagan-Colville Northern
Rosa: Flathead; Nez Perce; Okanagan-Colville; Matricaria: Eskimo, Inuktitut Mentzelia: Hopi
Paiute; Shuswap; Thompson Opuntia: Keres, Western; Okanagan-Colville Mirabilis: Keres, Western
Rubus: Blackfoot; Iroquois Penstemon: Hopi; Tewa Myrica: Seminole
Salix: Karok; Kiowa; Round Valley Indian; Tanana, Philadelphus: Okanagan-Colville Nicotiana: Apalachee; Blackfoot; Cahuilla; Chero-
 Index of Usages 869

kee; Coahuilla; Dakota; Diegueno; Eskimo, Inuk- Phragmites: Apache, White Mountain; Cocopa; Polypogon: Navajo, Kayenta

titut; Gosiute; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Havasupai; Havasupai; Kawaiisu; Maricopa; Montana Indian; Populus: Thompson

Hesquiat; Hopi; Hualapai; Iroquois; Karok; Papago; Yuma Pseudotsuga: Okanagan-Colville

Kawaiisu; Klamath; Luisefio; Mendocino Indian; Pin us: Thompson Rubus: Cowlitz

Mewuk; Midoo; Mohave; Montana Indian; Prunus: Malecite Saponaria: Cherokee; Mahuna
Navajo, Ramah; Neeshenam; Okanagan-Colville; Quercus: Comanche Suaeda: Cahuilla
Okanagon; Omaha; Oweekeno; Paiute; Papago; Rhododendron: Cherokee Symphoricarpos: Thompson
Pawnee; Pima; Porno, Kashaya; Ponca; Shuswap; Ribes: Bella Coola; Hesquiat Symplocarpus: Iroquois
Tewa; Thompson; Tolowa; Tsimshian; Winnebago; Rosa: Klamath Veratrum: Gitksan
Yavapai; Yuki; Yuma; Zuni Rubus: Hesquiat Verbesina: Hopi
Oenothera: Hopi Salix: Kawaiisu Yucca: Apache; Apache, Mescalero; Apache, West
Petasites: Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut Sambucus: Bella Coola; Costanoan; Kawaiisu ern; Apache, White Mountain; Blackfoot; Cahuilla;
Phragmites: Apache, White Mountain Sarcobatus: Cheyenne Cherokee; Comanche; Dakota; Great Basin

Picea: Iroquois Scirpus: Costanoan Indian; Havasupai; Hopi; Hualapai; Isleta; lemez;
Pinus: Kawaiisu Smilax: Comanche Keres, Western; Kiowa; Lakota; Navajo; Navajo,
Polanisia: Isleta Symphoricarpos: Shuswap Ramah; Omaha; Papago; Pawnee; Pima; Ponca;
Populus: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Montana Indian; Taxus: Karok; Tolowa Southwest Indians; Tewa; Yavapai; Zuni
Tanana, Upper Snuff Ziziph us: Apache
Prunus: Paiute, Northern Asarum: Cherokee Stable Gear
Psoralidium: Navajo Dimorphocarpa: Keres, Western Acer: Seminole
Quercws; Kiowa Helenium: Costanoan Agave: Cahuilla
Rhus: Cheyenne; Chippewa; Comanche; Dakota; Nicotiana: Hesquiat Alnus: Blackfoot
Gosiute; Keresan; Kiowa; Lakota; Omaha; Paw Petasites: Eskimo, Alaska Apocynum: Shuswap
nee; Plains Indian; Ponca; Potawatomi; Tewa; Salix: Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut Arbutus: Mendocino Indian
Winnebago Veratrum: Blackfoot Artemisia: Okanagon; Thompson
Rosa: Dakota; Okanagon; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Soap Betula: Paiute
Thompson Abies: Thompson Fraxinus: Navajo
Salix: Chippewa; Eskimo, Alaska; Eskimo, Inuktitut; Allium: Blackfoot Gaura: Lakota
Mendocino Indian; Micmac; Montagnais; Ojibwa Angelica: Haisla & Hanaksiala Juniperus: Okanagan-Colville
Sedum: Gosiute Arctostaphylos: Porno Nolina: Isleta
Silene: Gosiute Artemisia: Blackfoot; Sioux Parryella: Hopi; Tewa
Solidago: Navajo, Kayenta Atriplex: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Pima Pinus: Navajo, Ramah
7aja/s:Clallam; Klallam; Samish; Swinomish Ceanothus: California Indian; Costanoan; Kawaiisu; Populus: Thompson
Thymophylla: Keres, Western Porno, Kashaya; Thompson Quercus: Apache, Mescalero
Triodanis: Meskwaki Chenopodium: Costanoan; Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Salix: Montana Indian; Thompson
Vaccinium: Eskimo, Inuktitut; Gosiute; Okanagon; Luiseno Scirpus: Kawaiisu
Thompson Chlorogalum: Cahuilla; Costanoan; Karok; Luiseno; Taxodium: Seminole
Valeriana: Eladdoot; Okanagon; Thompson Mahuna; Porno, Kashaya; Yuki Ulmus: Dakota; Iroquois; Kiowa; Omaha; Pawnee;
Verbascum: Isleta; Menominee; Thompson Cucurbita: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Kawaiisu; Kiowa; Ponca
Viburnum: Ojibwa Luiseno; Mahuna; Papago Urtica: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago
Vicia: Navajo Elaeagnus: Blackfoot Tools
Zea: Kiowa; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa Equisetum: Blackfoot Acacia: Papago
Smoking Tools Galium: Nitinaht Acer: Bella Coola; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Navajo;
Abies: Tewa Gutierrezia: Isleta Okanagan-Colville; Skagit; Thompson
Acer: Montana Indian; Tewa Hedeoma: Keres, Western Adiantum: Porno
Angelica: Eskimo, Alaska Helianthus:Jemez Aesculus: Mendocino Indian; Mewuk; Porno,
Arctostaphylos: Cahuilla Hierochloe: Blackfoot; Gros Ventre Kashaya
Calamovilfa: Lakota Ilex: Seminole Agave: Apache, Western; Cahuilla; Navajo
Cercocarpus: California Indian; Kawaiisu Juniperus: Thompson Alnus: Karok; Oweekeno
Cornus: Blackfoot Ligusticum: Flathead Amelanchier: Coeur d'Alene; Havasupai;
Dasylirion: Apache, Mescalero Linum: Thompson Okanagan-Colville; Okanagon; Thompson
Eriogonum: Kawaiisu; Yavapai Lotus: Diegueno Angelica: Bella Coola
Fraxinus: Cheyenne; Dakota; Lakota; Omaha; Marah: Costanoan Arbutus: Karok; Mendocino Indian
Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago; Yuki Mentha: Thompson Arctostaphylos: Cahuilla; Porno, Kashaya
Helianthus: Tewa Morchella: Crow Aristolochia: Wintoon
Lonicera: Cree, Woodlands; Kawaiisu; Porno; Porno, Nolina: Apache, Western Artemisia: Blackfoot; Cheyenne; Costanoan; Kawai
Kashaya Oplopanax: Haisla & Hanaksiala isu; Klamath; Montana Indian; Navajo; Paiute;
Lyonia: Seminole Panicum: Isleta Tanana, Upper
Oxydendrum: Cherokee Philadelphus: Okanagan-Colville; Shuswap Arundinaria: Seminole
Philadelphus: Karok; Okanagan-Colville Picea: Thompson Asclepias: Hopi; Montana Indian
870 Other, Tools

Astragalus: Okanagan-Colville Muhlenbergia: Kawaiisu Navajo; Southwest Indians; Zuni

Baccharis:Havasupai; Luiseno Myrcianthes: Seminole Zea: Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa
Balsamorhiza: Okanagan-Colville Nereocystis: Nitinaht Ziziphus: Havasupai
Betula: Tanana, Upper Nyssa: Chippewa Toys & Games
Carex: Hesquiat Olneya: CahuiWa; Papago; Pima Acer: Hesquiat; Ojibwa; Okanagan-Colville; Porno;
Carnegia: Papago; Papago & Pima; Seri Opuntia: Havasupai; Keres, Western Porno, Kashaya; Yurok
Carya: Cherokee Ostrya: Malecite Allium: Chippewa
Ceanothus:Mewuk; Modesse; Paiute; Porno; Pachycereus: Seri Ambrosia: Hesquiat
Tubatulabal Philadelphus: Coeur d'Alene; Lummi; Okanagan- Amelanchier: Blackfoot; Dakota; Lakota; Omaha;
Celtis: Navajo; Seminole; Tewa Colville; Paiute; Thompson Pawnee; Ponca; Snohomish; Winnebago
Cercis: Havasupai Phragmites: Kawaiisu; Seminole Andropogon: Omaha; Ponca
Cercocarpus: California Indian; Hopi; Karok; Keres, Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Eskimo, Alaska; Haisla & Angelica: Hanaksiala; Nitinaht
Western; Klamath; Mendocino Indian; Modesse; Hanaksiala; Koyukon; Navajo; Tanana, Upper Apocynum: Havasupai
Montana Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Tewa; Pinus: Blackfoot; Haisla; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Arbutus: Porno, Kashaya; Salish, Coast
Wintoon Havasupai; Hopi; Kwakiutl, Southern; Kwakwak- Arisaema: Pawnee
Chamaecrista: Seminole a'wakw; Montana Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Artemisia: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca;
Chamaecyparis: Kitasoo; Oweekeno Pipturus: Hawaiian Winnebago
CMops/s: Cahuilla Pluchea: Havasupai; Papago Arundinaria: Keres, Western
Chrysothamnus: Paiute Poaceae sp.: Tanana, Upper Asclepias: Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago
Cladium: Seminole Populus: Hopi; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan- Astragalus: Omaha; Ponca
Cleome: Navajo Colville; Thompson; Yurok Baccharis: Havasupai
Comptonia: Chippewa Proboscidea: Cahuilla Betula: Dakota; Navajo; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca;
Corn us: Cherokee; Crow; Iroquois; Kutenai; Prosopis: Cahuilla; Diegueno; Papago Winnebago
Oweekeno; Thompson Prunus: Blackfoot; Hopi; Kawaiisu; Salish, Coast; Bouteloua: Lakota
Crataegus: Chippewa; Coeur d'Alene; Montana Thompson Calochortus: Hopi
Indian; Ojibwa; Thompson Pseudotsuga: Karok Castilleja: Bella Coola; Karok
Cyperus: Hawaiian Quercus: Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero; Apache, Cephalanthus: Comanche
Dasylirion: Apache, Mescalero Mescalero; Chippewa; Cowlitz; Havasupai; Isleta; Cercocarpus: Navajo
Dipsacus: Navajo Keres, Western; Mewuk; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah; Chamaecyparis: Yurok
Echinocactus: Kawaiisu; Panamint Ojibwa; Seminole; Tewa; Tewa of Hano Claytonia: Karok; Yurok
Ephedra: Kawaiisu Rhus: ]emez; Luiseno; Modesse Clintonia: Chippewa
Epilobiwm: Tanana, Upper Ribes: Navajo; Quileute; Salish, Coast Corn us: Blackfoot; Green River Group; Klallam;
Equisetum: Havasupai; Porno, Kashaya; Shuswap; Rosa: Navajo; Thompson Skagit
Thompson Salix: Cheyenne; Cowlitz; Cree, Woodlands; Haisla Cowania: Walapai
Eriogonum: Kawaiisu & Hanaksiala; Havasupai; Karok; Kawaiisu; Mon Croton: Oglala
Fendlera: Navajo tana Indian; Navajo; Navajo, Ramah Cucurbita: Havasupai; Keres, Western
Forestiera: Hopi Sambucus: Iroquois; Montana Indian; Seminole Dalea: Kiowa
Fouquieria: Papago Sarcobatus: Hopi; Navajo; Paiute Delphinium: Hopi
Frangula: Hesquiat; Nitinaht Scirpus: Thompson Desmanthus: Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca
Fraxinus: Cherokee; Cowlitz; Havasupai; Hualapai; Serenoa: Seminole Dimorphocarpa: Hopi
Kawaiisu; Mendocino Indian; Micmac; Navajo, Sideroxylon: Seminole Elaeagnus: Blackfoot
Ramah Stenocereus: Seri Eleocharis: Cheyenne
Fuciis: Haisla & Hanaksiala Symphoricarpos: Kwakiutl, Southern; Paiute Equisetum: Gosiute; Paiute; Sioux; Ute; Winnebago
Garrya: Yurok, South Coast (Nererner) Taxodium: Seminole Eriogonum: Karok; Okanagan-Colville; Paiute
Gossypium: Havasupai; Navajo Taxus: Bella Coola; Clallam; Cowlitz; Hanaksiala; Erythronium: Thompson
Gutierrezia: Navajo Hesquiat; Karok; Kwakiutl, Southern; Nitinaht; Escobaria: Blackfoot
Holodiscus: Hesquiat; Kwakiutl, Southern; Nitinaht; Oweekeno; Porno, Kashaya; Quinault; Samish; Fomes: Chehalis; Haisla & Hanaksiala; Snohomish
Nootka; Okanagan-Colville; Saanich; Salish; Swinomish; Thompson Fomitopsis: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Salish, Coast Tetradymia: Kawaiisu Fraxinus: Havasupai

Hordeum: Kawaiisu Thuja: Hesquiat; Kwakiutl; Oweekeno; Quileute; Fucus: Oweekeno

funcus: Navajo; Porno Salish, Coast; Tsimshian Ganoderma: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Juniperus: Apache, Mescalero; Hopi; Paiute; Tewa; Tilia: Chippewa Garrya: Havasupai
Zuni Torreya: Porno Gymnocladus: Winnebago
Lagenaria: Hopi; Navajo, Ramah Tsuga: Hanaksiala; Thompson Hastingsia: Karok
Larrea: Kawaiisu; Panamint; Papago Ulmus: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Heracleum: Blackfoot; Haisla & Hanaksiala;
Ledum: Tanana, Upper Winnebago Nitinaht; Porno, Kashaya
Mahonia: Hopi Vitis: Karok Heteromeles: Karok
Malus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Nitinaht; Washingtonia: Cahuilla Hierochloe: Thompson
Quileute; Salish, Coast Xerophyllum: Nitinaht Holodiscus: Karok; Nitinaht; Okanagan-Colville
Monarda: Blackfoot Yucca: Apache; Dakota; Havasupai; Keres, Western; Hordeum: Iroquois
 Index of Usages 871

Juncus: Porno, Kashaya Solidago: Okanagan-Colville Gymnocarpium: Okanagan-Colville

Juniperus: Havasupai; Hopi; Navajo; Okanagan- Sorghum: Kiowa Hamamelis: Mohegan
Colville; Paiute; Tewa Stipa: Lakota; Navajo, Ramah; Okanagan-Colville Lithospermum: Okanagan-Colville
Lagenaria: Keres, Western; Keresan Streptopus: Hesquiat Malus: Mohegan

Lessoniopsis: Nitinaht Symphoricarpos: Lakota; Nitinaht; Paiute Mimulus: Keres, Western

Leymus: Okanagan-Colville Taraxacum: Hesquiat Prun us: Mohegan
Lithospermum: Blackfoot; Okanagon; Thompson Taxodium: Seminole Pteridium: Okanagan-Colville
Lysichiton: Kitasoo Taxus: Hoh; Quileute; Salish, Coast San icula: Karok
Macrocystis: Hesquiat Thalictrum: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca Woodsia: Okanagan-Colville
MarakYurok 7swg<2:Oweekeno Waterproofing Agent
Melilotus:Pima Typha: Havasupai; Hualapai Abies: Malecite
Mentzelia: Kawaiisu Ulmus: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Arctostaphylos: Thompson
Menziesia: Nitinaht Umbellularia: Karok Castilleja: Blackfoot
Nereocystis: Makah Urtica: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Winnebago Encelia: Papago
Oenanthe: Makah; Quileute Viburnum: Dakota; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Epilobium: Blackfoot
Opuntia: Dakota Winnebago Gaillardia: Blackfoot
Oxalis:?omo, Kashaya Viola: Karok; Omaha Lygodesmia: Blackfoot
Phragmites: Kawaiisu; Tewa Vitis: Havasupai Perideridia: Blackfoot
Phyllospadix: Hesquiat; Quileute Washingtonia: Cahuilla Picea: Malecite; Nitinaht
Physalis: Dakota Yucca: Apache, White Mountain; Havasupai; Navajo Pinus: Apache, Mescalero; Apache, Western;
Physocarpus: Hesquiat; Tolowa Zea: Cherokee; Tewa; Zuni Apache, White Mountain; Blackfoot; Havasupai;
Picea: Cree, Woodlands; Hoh; Quileute Unspecified Hopi; Hualapai; Kawaiisu; Navajo; Ojibwa; Paiute;
Pinus: Blackfoot; Chippewa; Navajo; Navajo, Agoseris: Keres, Western Potawatomi; Tewa; Tewa of Hano; Thompson
Ramah; Pomo, Kashaya; Seminole Cirsium: Keres, Western Sambucus: Makah
Polyporus: Haisla & Hanaksiala Clematis: Keres, Western Tsuga: Quileute
Polystichum:C\d\\zm\ Karok; Klallam; Makah; Corydalis: Keres, Western Typha: Potawatomi
Nitinaht; Paiute Desmanthus: Keres, Western Yucca: Havasupai; Navajo
Populus: Blackfoot; Cree, Woodlands; Dakota; Echinocereus: Keres, Western Weapon
Hopi; Navajo; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Shuswap; Elymus: Keres, Western Agave: Apache, Western
Tanana, Upper Fomes: Keres, Western Amelanchier: Montana Indian
Postelsia: Nitinaht Gleditsia: Keres, Western Arundinaria: Cherokee; Seminole
Prosopis: Pima Hymenopappus: Keres, Western Atriplex: Isleta
Prunus: Dakota Ipomoea: Keres, Western Baccharis: Papago
Pulsatilla: Blackfoot Ipomopsis: Keres, Western Cercocarpus: California Indian; Mendocino
Purshia: Navajo Juniperus: Keres, Western Indian
Quercus: Apache, Mescalero; Cahuilla; Dakota; Lappula: Keres, Western Chrysothamnus: Isleta
Kawaiisu; Navajo; Omaha; Pawnee; Ponca; Semi Lepidium: Keres, Western Cicuta: Okanagan-Colville
nole; Winnebago Lotus: Keres, Western Corn us: Chippewa
Quincula: Kiowa Medicago: Keres, Western Coryphantha: Comanche
Ranunculus: Pomo, Kashaya Moricandia: Keres, Western Glycyrrhiza: Blackfoot
Ribes: Blackfoot; Omaha Panicum: Keres, Western Holodiscus: Thompson
Rosa: Cree, Woodlands; Okanagon; Thompson Parthenocissus: Keres, Western Juniperus: Navajo; Okanagan-Colville
Rubus: Nitinaht Phragmites: Keres, Western Larrea: Papago
Sabal: Seminole Psoralidium: Keres, Western Lithospermum: Zuni
Sagittaria: Cocopa Pyrrhopappus: Keres, Western Morus: Apache, Mescalero
Salix: Abnaki; Apache, White Mountain; Blackfoot; Ribes: Keres, Western Picea: Eskimo, Alaska; Hesquiat
Cree, Woodlands; Haisla; Kawaiisu; Montana Salsola: Keres, Western Prunus: Klamath
Indian; Navajo, Ramah; Seminole Solanum: Keres, Western Ptelea: Havasupai
Sambucus: Cahuilla; Dakota; Diegueno; Kwakiutl, Spirogyra: Keres, Western Quercus: Navajo; Tewa
Southern; Mendocino Indian; Menominee; Suaeda: Keres, Western Rh us: Navajo, Ramah
Meskwaki; Nitinaht; Omaha; Pawnee; Pomo, Walking Sticks Ribes: Havasupai
Kashaya; Ponca; Salish, Coast; Seminole; Yokut Arctostaphylos: Karok Sapindus: Papago
Sapindus: Comanche Cercocarpus: Yuki Sarcobatus: Navajo
Sarcobatus: Jemez; Navajo Fraxinus: Hualapai; Mendocino Indian Taxus: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Hesquiat; Salish, Coast;
Sarracenia: Chippewa Morus: Hualapai Swinomish
Scirpus: Chippewa; Dakota; Havasupai Salix: Haisla & Hanaksiala; Lakota; Montana Indian Tsuga: Haisla & Hanaksiala
Sequoia: Pomo, Kashaya Water Indicator Typha: Ojibwa
Serenoa: Seminole Alnus: Nitinaht; Thompson
Sium: Lakota Athyrium: Okanagan-Colville
Smilax: Kiowa Forestiera: Isleta
 Index of Synonyms

Synonymous plant names used in the original sources are listed alphabetically and are cross-referenced to the names used in
the Catalog of Plants. Names for species, subspecies, and varieties are all in lowercase, although some were capitalized in the
original sources. Variations in names appearing in some sources are indicated in parentheses.

Abies canadensis, see Picea glauca Acuan illinoensis, see Desmanthus illinoensis Allium deserticolum, see A macropetalum
Abies nigra, see Picea mariana Adenostoma fasiculatum, see A fasciculatum Allium drummondi, see A drummondii
Abies nobilis, see A. procera Adiantum jordani, see A jordanii Allium mutabile, see A canadensevax. mobilense
Acanthochiton wrightii, see Amaranthus acantho- Adiantum pedatum var. aleutkum, see Allium nuttalliii), see A drummondii
chiton A aleutkum Allium palmed, see A bisceptrum var. palmeri
Acer neomexicana, see A. glabrum var. neomexi- Aesculus arguta, see A glabra var. arguta Allium recurvatum, see A cernuum var. obtusum
canum Aesculus californicus, see A californica Allium sabulicola, see A geyen var. tenerum
Acer pennsylvanicum, see A pensylvanicum Aesculus octandra, see A /taw* Allium sibiricum, see A schoenoprasum var.
Acer rubra, see A rubrum Agastache anethiodora, see A foeniculum sibiricum
Acer saccharinum var. nigrum, see A nigrum Agastache neo{-) mexicana, see A pallidiflora ssp. Alnuscrispa, see A viridis ssp. crispa
Acer saccharophorum, see A saccharum neomexicana var. neomexicana Alnus crispa ssp. sinuata, see A wnrfw ssp. sinuata
Acerates auriculata, see Asclepias auriculata Agastache scrophulariaefolia, see A scrophularii- Alnus frutica, see A viridis ssp. sinuata
Achillaea, seeAchillea folia Alnus mollis, see A viridis ssp. crispa
Achillea borealis, see A millefolium var. borealis Agastrache, see Agastache Alnus oregana, see A rwfrra
Achillea borealis ssp. arenicola, see A millefolium Agave couesii, see A parry/ A/nws oregona, see A rwbra
var. arenicola Aga^e virginica, see Manfreda virginica (var. americana), see A mcflttfl ssp.
Achillea lanulosa, see A millefolium var. Agoseris gracilens, see A aurantiaca
occidentalis Agoseris purpurea, see A aurantiaca var. purpurea Alnus sinuata, see A viridis ssp. sinuata
Achillea millifolium, see A millefolium Agoseris villosa, see A. glauca Alnus sitchensis, see A viridis ssp. sinuata
Achilles, see Achillea Agropyron occidentale, see Pascopyrum smithii Alnus tenuifolia, see A mcanfl ssp. tenuifolia
Achyls triphylla, see Achlys triphylla Agropyron repens, see Elytrigia repens var. repens Alocasia macrorrhiza, see A macrorrhizos
Aciphyllaea acerosa, see Thymophylla acerosa Agropyron smithii, see Pascopyrum smithii Alopecurus aristulatus, see A aequalis var. aequalis
Aciphyllea acerosa, see Thymophylla acerosa Agropyron spicatum, see Pseudoroegneria spicata Althaea rosea, see ,4ta rosefl
Aconitum delphinifolium, see A delphiniifolium ssp. spicata Alycine apios, see Ap/05 tuberosum
Acrostichum danaeaefolium, see A danaeifolium Agropyron tenerum, see Elymus trachycaulus ssp. Alyxia clivaeformis, see A oliviformis
Actaea alba, see A. pachypoda trachycaulus Amaranth, see Amaranthus
Actaea arguta, see A. rubra ssp. arguta Agropyron trachycaulum, see Elymus trachycaulus Amaran th us graecizans, see A a/frus
Actaea eburnea, see A. pachypoda ssp. trachycaulus Amaranthus hybridus paniculatus, see A cruentus
Actaea spicata, see A. rubra Agrostis cryptandra, see Sporobolus cryptandrus Amaranthus paniculatus, see A cruentus
Actaea spicata ssp. rubra, see A rubra ssp. rubra Alium acuminatum, see Allium acuminatum Amaranthus torreyi, see A arenicola
Actinea acaulis, see Tetraneuris acaulis var. Alium bolanderi, see v4///wm bolanderi Amarantus, see Amaranthus
arizonica Allionia coccinea, see Mirabilis coccineus Amblogyne torreyi, see Amaranthus arenicola
Actinea argentea, see Tetraneuris argentea Allionia nyctaginea, see Mirabilis nyctaginea Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, see A artemisiifolia
Actinea richardsoni, see Hymenoxys richardsonii Allium schoenoprosum var. sibiricum, see Ambrosia artemisifolia, see A artemisiifolia
var. richardsonii A schoenoprasum var. sibiricum Ambrosia elatior, see A artemisiifolia var. etarior
Actinea scaposa, see Tetraneuris argentea Allium cernum, see A cernuum Amelancher, see Amelanchier
Actinella richardsoni, see Hymenoxys richardsonii Allium deserticola, see A macropetalum Amelanchier cusickii, see A alnifolia war. cusickii
874 Index of Synonyms

Amelanchierflorida, see A alnifoliavax. semiinte- Anthericum torreyi, see Echeandiaflavescens Argyreia tiliaefolia, see Ipomoea tiliacea
grifolia Antidesma palvinatum, see A pulvinatum Arisaema atrorubens, see A. triphyllum ssp.
Amelanchier huronensis, see A sanguineavax. Aphyllon fasciculatum, see Orobanchefasciculata triphyllum
sanguined Apios apios, see A americana Arisaema quinatum, see A triphyllum ssp.
Amelanchier mormonica, see A. utahensis ssp. ^Apios {t)uberosa, see A americana
utahensis Apium graveolum, see A graveolens Aristida divircata, see A. divaricata
Amelanchier oblongifolia, see A arboreavax. Aplopappus gracilis, see Machaeranthera gracilis Aristidafendleriana, see A. purpureavax. longiseta
arborea Aplopappus heterophyllus, see Isocoma pluriflora Aristida longiseta, see A purpurea var. longiseta
Amelanchier prunifolia, see A utahensis Aplopappus lanuginosus, see Stenotus lanuginosus Aristolchia, see Aristolochia
Amelanchier spicata, see A stolonifera var. lanuginosus Armoracia lapathifolia, see A rusticana
Amelanchier utahenis, see A utahensis Aplopappus nanus, see Ericameria nana Artemesia, see Artemisia
Amelanchier venulosa, see A. utahensis Aplopappus nuttallii, see Machaeranthera grinde Artemisia aromatica, see A dracunculus
Amianthium muscaetoxicum, see A muscitoxicum lioides wax. grindelioides Artemisia australis var. escholsiana, see Artemisia
Ammobroma sonorae, see Pholisma sonorae Aplopappus palmeri, see Ericameria palmeri var. australis
Ammodenia peploides major, see Honckenya Artemisia canadensis, see A campestris ssp. borealis
peploides ssp. major Aplopappus propinquus, see Ericameria var. borealis
Amoracia lapathifolia, see Armoracia rusticana brachylepis Artemisia discolor, see A ludoviciana ssp. incompta
Amorpha angustifolia, see A. fruticosa Aplopappus squarrosus ssp. grindelioides, see Artemisia forwoodii, see A campestris ssp. caudata
Amorpha fragrans, see A. fruticosa Hazardia squarrosa var. squarrosa Artemisia glauca, see Artemisia dracunculus ssp.
Amorpha microphyllus, see A nana Apocynum androsaemifolium var. nevadense, see
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quin- A cannabinum Artemisia gnaphalo[i)des, see A ludoviciana ssp.
quefolia var. quinquefolia Apocynum androsaemilifolium, see A androsaemi
Amphicarpa bracteata, see Amphicarpaea bracteata folium Artemisia heterophylla, see A furcata var.
Amphicarpa monoica, see Amphicarpaea bracteata Apocynum angustifolium, see A cannabinum heterophylla
Amphicarpa pitched, see Amphicarpaea bracteata Apocynum cannabium, see A cannabinum Artemisia lucoviciana, see A ludoviciana
Amphicarpaea monoica, see A bracteata Apocynum hypericifolium, see A cannabinum Artemisia ludiviciana, see A ludoviciana
Amsinckia parviflora, see A lycopsoides Apocynum medium, see A xfloribundum Artemisia mexicana, see A ludoviciana ssp.
Amsinckia tesselata, see A tessellata Apocynum pubescens, see A cannabinum
Amsinkia, see Amsinckia Apocynum sibiricum var. salignum, see A canna Artemisia pacifica, see A campestris ssp. pacifica
Amsonia brevifolia, see A tomentosavax. tomentosa binum Artemisia telesii, see A ti/es//
Anacharis canadensis, see Elodea canadensis Apocynum suksdorflivax. angustifolium, see Artemisia triflda, see A. tripartita ssp. tripartita
Andromeda glaucophylla, see A. polifolia var. A cannabinum Artemisia unalaskensis, see A vulgaris vax.
glaucophylla Apocynum viride, see A. cannabinum kamtschatica
Andropogon furcatus, see A gerardii Aquilegia truncata, see A. formosa var. formosa Artemisia vulgarisvax. heterophylla, see A doug-
Andropogon saccharoides, see Bothriochloa Arabis drummondi, see A drummondii
saccharoides Arabis hoelboellii, see A holboellii Artemisia vulgaris var. ludoviciana, see A /wdo-
Andropogon scoparius, see Schizachyrium scopari- Arachis hypogae, see A hypogaea viciana ssp. ludoviciana
um ssp. scoparium Aragallus lagopus, see Oxytropis lagopus Artemisia wrightii, see A carruthii
Anemone globosa, see A multifidavai. globosa Aralia medicalis, see A nudicaulis Artemisis, see Artemisia
Anemone nuttalliana, see Pulsatilla patens ssp. Aralia naudicaulis, see A nudicaulis Artocarpus incisa, see A a/f///s
multiflda Aralia nudicalis, see A nudicaulis Arwm esculentum, see Colocasia esculenta
Anemone occidentalis, see Pulsatilla occidentalis Aralia trifolia, see Panax trifolius Aruncus acuminatus, see A dioicusvax. acuminatus
Anemone patens (var. wolfgangiana), see Pulsatilla Arbor vitae, see 77zw/<z occidentalis Aruncus aruncus, see A dioicusvax. vulgaris
patens ssp. multiflda Arcotostaphylos, see Arctostaphylos Aruncus Sylvester, see A dioicusvax. vulgaris
Anemone pennsylvanicum, see A canadensis Arctostachylos, see Arctostaphylos Arundinaria macrosperma, see A. gigantea
Angelica hendersoni, see A tomentosa var. Arctostaphulos, see Arctostaphylos Arundinaria tecta, see A gigantea ssp. tecta
hendersonii Arctos{-)taphyl{l)os, see Arctostaphylos Arvtostaphylos, see Arctostaphylos
Angelica linearloba, see /I. lineariloba Arctostaphylos cinerea, see A xcinerea Asarum apiifolia, see Hexastylis arifolia
Anisostichus capreolata, see Bignonia capreolata Arctostaphylos mariposa, see A ^wc/rfa ssp. Asarum arifolia, see Hexastylisarifoliavax. arifolia
Anogra albicaulis, see Oenothera albicaulis mariposa Asarum arifolium, see Hexastylis arifolia var.
Anogra pallida, see Oenothera pallida ssp. pallida Arctostaphylos parryi, see A. parryana
Anogra runcinata, see Oenotherapallidassp. Arctostaphylus, see Arctostaphylos Ascepias incarnata, see Asclepias incarnata
runcinata Arctrostaphylos, see Arctostaphylos Asclepia syriaca, see Asclepias syriaca
Antennaria aprica, see A parvifolia Ardisia escallonioides, see A escallonoides Asclepias galioides, see A. subverticillata
Antennaria margaritacea, see Anaphalis Arenaria confusa, see A lanuginosa ssp. sojcosa Asclepias mexicana, see A. fascicularis
margaritacea Arenaria peploides, see Honckenya peploides ssp. Asclepias viridis flora, see A. viridiflora
Antennaria neodioica, see A howellii ssp. neodioica Asclepiodora decumbens, see Asclepias asperula
Antennaria parviflora, see A parvifolia Arenaria saxosa, see A lanuginosa ssp. saxosa ssp. capricornu
Anthemis nobilis, see Chamaemelum nobile Argemone intermedia, see A polyanthemos Asclepisa syriaca, see Asclepias syriaca
Anthemus, see Anthemis Argemone platyceras, see A polyanthemos Ascyrum, see Hypericum
 Index of Synonyms 875

Ascyrum crux andreae, see Hypericum crux-andreae Astragalus palans, see A lentiginosus var. Bidens gracilis, see B. amplectens
Ascyrum hypericoides, see Hypericum hypericoides Astragalus pictus filifolius, see A ceramicus var. Bidens levis, see B. /aews
ssp. hypericoides Bigelovia douglasii (var. stenophylla), see
Ascyrum linifolium, see Hypericum hypericoides Astragalus scaposus, see A calycosus var. scaposus Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
ssp. hypericoides Astragalus sonorae, see A humistratus var. sonorae Bigelovia graveolens, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Aseyrum, see Hypericum Astralagus canadensis, see Astragalus canadensis Bigelovia howardii, see Chrysothamnus parry'/ssp.
Aspidium acrostichoides, see Polystichum Atheropogon curtipendula, see Bouteloua curtipen-
acrostichoides dulavar. curtipendula Bigelovia parishii, see Ericameria parishii
Aspidium cristatum, see Dryopteris cristata Athyrium angustum, see A filix-femina ssp. Bigilovia graveolens, see Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Aspidium spinulosum, see Dryopteris carthusiana angustum Bignonia crucigera, see B. capreolata
Asplenium cyclosorum, see Athyrium filix-femina Athyrium filix-foemina, see A filix-femina Biscutella wislizeni, see Dimorphocarpa wislizeni
ssp. cyclosorum Atragene pseudalpina, see Clematis columbiana Bistorta bistortoides, see Polygonum bistortoides
Asplenium fllis-femina, see Athyrium filix-femina var. columbiana Blennosperma californicum, see B. nanum
Asplenium filix-femina, see Athyrium filix-femina Atriplex argenta, see A argentea Blepharipappus platyglossus, see L^y/fl platyglossa
Aster arenosus, see Chaetopappa ericoides Atriplex bracteosa, see A serenana Blitum capitatum, see Chenopodium capitatum
Aster canescens, see Machaeranthera canescens ssp. Atriplex cornuta, see A argentea var. capitatum
canescens var. canescens Atriplex expansa, see A argentea ssp. expansa Blitum nuttallianum, see Monolepis nuttalliana
Aster cichoriaceus, see Machaeranthera canescens Atriplex jonesii, see A confertifolia Bloomeria aurea, see B. crocea var. awrea
ssp. g/#bra var. aristata Atriplex philonitra, see A powellii Boebera papposa, see Dyssodia papposa
Aster coerulescens, see A praealtus var. coerulescens Audibertias stachyoides, see Sata mellifera Boerhaavia erecta, see Boerhavia erecta
Aster commutatus var. crassulus, see A falcatus var. Azalea occidentalis, see Rhododendron occidental Bossekia parviflora, see /tofrws parviflorus
crassw/ws var. occidentale Bossekia parvifolia, see /?//bz/s parviflorus
Ulster ericaefolius, see Chaetopappa ericoides Baccharis consanguinea, see B. pilularis Botriochloa saccharoides, see Bothriochloa
Aster exilis, see A subulatus var. ligulatus Baccharis glutinosa, see B. salicifolia saccharoides
Asterfrondosus, see Brachyactis frondosa Baccharis viminea, see B. salicifolia Botrychium virginicum, see B. virginianum
Aster geyeri, see A. laevis var. geyeri Baeria chrysostoma, see Lasthenia californica Bouteloua cligostachya, see B. gracilis
Aster hesperius, see A lanceolatus ssp. hesperius Bahia neomexicana, see Schkuhria multiflora Bouteloua oligostachya, see B. gracilis
Aster incanopilosus, see A. falcatus var. commutatus Bahia oppositifolia, see Picradeniopsis oppositifolia Boykinia elat{e)a, see B. occidentalis
Aster leucanthemifolius, see Machaeranthera Bahia woodhousei, see Picradeniopsis woodhousei Brassica alba, see Sinapis alba
canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia Balsamorhiza hirsuta, see B. hookeri var. hirsuta Brassica arvensis, see Moricandia arvensis
Aster leucelene, see Chaetopappa ericoides Balsamorhiza terebinthacea, see B. xterebinthacea Brassica campestris, see B. rap« var. rapa
Aster multiflorus, see A ericoides var. ericoides Balsamorr{i)hiza, see Balsamorhiza Brassica geniculata, see Hirschfeldia incana
Aster paniculatus, see A lanceolatus ssp. lanceola Baptisia leucantha, see B. albavar. macrophylla Brassica hirta, see Sinapis alba
tus var. lanceolatus Batis vermiculata, see Sarcobatus vermiculatus Brassica kaber, see Sinapis arvensis
Aster parviflorus, see Machaeranthera parviflora Beckmannia erucaeformis, see B. syzigachne Brassica napa, see B. rcflpws
Aster salicifolius, see A praealtus var. praealtus Beloperone californica, see Justicia californica Brassica oleraceae, see B. oleracea
Aster spinosus, see Chloracantha spinosa Benzoin aestivale, see Lindera benzoin var. benzoin Brauneria angustifolia, see Echinacea angustifolia
Aster tanacetifolius, see Machaeranthera Benzoin, see lindera var. angustifolia
tanacetifolia Berbaris aquifolium, see Mahonia aquifolium Brauneria pallida, see Echinacea pallida
Astragalus aboriginum, see A australis Berbaris nervosa, see Mahonia nervosavar. nervosa Brauneria purpurea, see Echinacea purpurea
Astragalus camliniana, see A canadensis var. Berberis aquifolium, see Mahonia aquifolium Brayodendron texanum, see Diospyros texana
canadensis Berberis dictyota, see Mahonia dictyota Brickelia grandiflora var. minor, see Brickellia
Astragalus carolinianus, see A canadensis var. Berberis fermontii, see Mahonia fremontii grandiflora
canadensis Berberis fremontii, see Mahonia fremontii Brodiaea capitata (var. pauciflora), see Diche
Astragalus caryocarpus, see A crassicarpus var. Berberis haematocarpa, see Mahonia lostemma pulchellum
crassicarpus haematocarpa Brodiaea congesta, see Dichelostemma pulchellum
Astragalus ceramicus imperfectus, see A ceramicus Berberis nervosa, see Mahonia nervosavar. nervosa Brodiaea douglasii, see Triteleia grandiflora
var. filifolius Berberis pinnata, see Mahonia pinnata ssp. Brodiaea grandiflora, see Triteleia grandiflora
Astragalus decumbens, see A miser var. decumbens Brodiaea hyacinthina, see Triteleia hyacinthina var.
Astragalus diphysus, see A lentiginosus var. Berberis repens, see Mahonia repens hyacinthina
diphysus Berberis sp., see Berberis sp., and Mahonia sp. Brodiaea ida-maia, see Dichelostemma ida-maia
Astragalus haydenianus, see A bisulcatus var. Betula alba, see B. pubescens ssp. pubescens Brodiaea ixioides, see Triteleia ixioides
haydenianus Betula alba (var. papyrifera), see B. papyrifera Brodiaea laxa, see Triteleia laxa
Astragalus impensus, see A kentrophyta var. e/fltas Betula excelsa, see B. alleghaniensis Brodiaea multiflora, see Dichelostemma
Astragalus jemensis, see A cyaneus Betula exilis, see B. Awna multiflorum
Astragalus junceus, see A convallarius var. conval- Betula fontinalis, see B. occidentalis Brodiaea pulchella, see Dichelostemma pulchellum
larius Betula glandulosa, see B. wzna Brodiaea volubilis, see Dichelostemma volubile
Astragalus matthewsii, see A mollissimus var. Betula lutea, see B. alleghaniensis var. Bromus breviaristatus, see B. marginatus var. frre-
matthewsii alleghaniensis viaristatus
Astragalus nitidus, see A adsurgens var. robustior Betula occidentalis x papyrifera, see B. occidentalis Bromus maximus, see B. diandrus
876 Index of Synonyms

Bromus rigidus (var. gussonei), see B. diandrus Carduus remaliflorus, see Cirsium remotifolium microphylla
Bromus unioloides, see B. catharticus Carexex-siccata, see C. exsiccata Cercidium torreyana, see Prosopis glandulosavax.
Broussaisa, see Broussaisia Carexfestivella, see C. microptera torreyana

Broussaisia pelluoida, see B. arguta Carex mendocinoensis, see C. mendocinensis Cercidium torreyanum, see Prosopis glandulosa
Broussonetia secundiflora, see B. papyrifera Carex nebrascensis praevia, see C nebrascensis var. torreyana

Bulbilis dactyloides, see Buchloe dactyloides Carex nebraskensis, see C. nebrascensis Cercis occidentalis, see C canadensisvax. texensis
Bumelia lanuginosa, see Sideroxylon lanuginosum Carex pensylvanica var. digyna, see C mops ssp. Cercocarpus betulaefolius, see C. montanusvax.
ssp. lanuginosum heliophila glaber
Bursa bursa-pastoris, see Capsella bursa-pastoris Carex sitchensis, see C. aquatilisvai. dives Cercocarpusbetuloides, see C. montanusvax. glaber
Butneria occidentalism see Calycanthus occidentalis Carnegiea gigantea, see Carnegia gigantea Cercocarpus parvifolius, see C montanus var.
Cacalia atriplicifolia, see Arnoglossum Carum gairdneri, see Perideridia gairdneri ssp.
atriplicifolium Cercus gigantea, see Carnegia gigantea
Caesalpinia bonducella, see C. bonduc Carum kelloggii, see Perideridia kelloggii Cercus occidentalis, see Cercis canadensisvax.
Calandrinia caulescens (var. mensiesii), see Carum oreganum, see Perideridia oregana texensis
G ciliata Carun kelloggii, see Perideridia kelloggii Cereus engelmanni, see Echinocereus engelmannii
Calandrinia elegans, see C. ri/z'ata Carya illinoensis, see C. illinoinensis Cereus gigantea, see Carnegia gigantea
Calligonum canescens, see Atriplex canescens Carya pecan, see G illinoinensis Cereus giganteus, see Carnegia gigantea
Calliproa lutea, see Triteleia ixioides ssp. scabra Carya tomentosa, see C fl/b<z Cereus greggii, see Peniocereus greggiivax. greggii
Callirrhoe inuolucrata, see Callirhoe involucrata Cassia fasciculata, see Chamaecristafasciculata Chaetopappa aurea, see Pentachaeta aurea
Calochortus caeruleusvai. maweanus, see Cassia hebecarpa, see Senna hebecarpa Chamaecrista brachiata, see C fasciculata
C. tolmiei Cassia marilandica, see Senrca marilandica Chamaecrista brachista, see C fasciculata
Calochortus gunnisoni, see C. gunnisonii Cassia nictitans, see Chamaecrista nictitans ssp. Chamaecyperis nootkatensis, see Chamaecyparis
Calochortus luteus var. oculatus, see C. uestae nictitans vax. nictitans nootkatensis
Calochortus maweanus, see C. tolmiei Cassia occidentalis, see Sen/ia occidentalis Chamaenerion angustifolium, see Epilobium
Calochortus nuttallii), see C. nuttallii Cassia tora, see Senm* fora angustifolium ssp. angustifolium
Calochortus nuttallii var. aureus, see C. awrews Cass/s occidentalis, see Senn<z occidentalis Chamoenerion angustifolium, see Epilobium
Calohortus, see Calochortus Cassithaflliformis, see Cassythafiliformis angustifolium ssp. angustifolium
Calomovilfa gigantea, see Calamovilfa gigantea Castalia odorata, see Nymphaea odorata Cheilanthes wootoni, see C. wootonii
Caltha asarifolia, see C palustrisvax. palustris Castalia sp., see Nymphaea sp. Cheirinia aspera, see Erysimum asperum
Caltha rotundifolia, see C leptosepala ssp. /epfo- Castanopsis chrysophylla minor, see C. chrysophylla Cheirodendron caudicchaudii, see C gaudicchaudii
sepalavax. leptosepala Castilleia, see Castilleja Chenepodium, see Chenopodium
Calycanthus fertilis, see C. floridus var. glaucus Castilleja chromosa, see C angustifoliavax. dubia Chenopodium alba, see C. fl/bwra
Calyptridium monandrum, see Cistanthe Castillejaconfusa, see C. miniatavar. miniata Chenopodium albidum, see C. 0/frwra
monandra Castilleja linariaefolia, see C. linariifolia Chenopodium ambrosiodes, see C ambrosioides
Camassia esculenta, see C. scilloides Castilleja parriflora, see C. parviflora Chenopodium cornutum, see C. graveolens
Cambrium sp., see Quercus sp. Castilleja pinetorum, see C. applegateiVar. Chenopodium desiccatum var. leptophylloides, see
Cammassia, see Camassia pmeforum C. pratericola
Campanula americana, see Campanulastrum Castilleja unalaschensis, see C. unalaschcensis Chenopodium fremonti, see Cfremontii
americanum Cathartolinum puberulum, see Lmura puberulum Chenopodium fruticosum, see Suaeda moquinii
Campanula prenanthoides, see Asyneuma Ceanothus americana, see C. americanus Chenopodium sandwicheum, see C. oahuense
prenanthoides Ceanothus divaricatus, see C. oliganthus ssp. Chenopodium watsoni, see C watsonii
Camptosorus rhizophyllus, see Asplenium rhizo- Chimaphila umbellatta, see C umbellata
phyllum Ceanothus integerr[i)umus, see C. integerrimus Chimaphila umbellata occidentalis, see C umbel
Campylotheca sp., see Buteru sp. Ceanothus ovatus, see C. herbaceus lata ssp. occidentalis
Canotia holocantha, see C. holacantha Celtisdouglasii, see C. laevigatavax. reticulata Chimaphila umbellatavai. occidentalis, see
Capriola dactylon, see Cynodon dactylon var. Celtislaevigatabrevipes, see C. laevigatavax. C. umbellata ssp. occidentalis
brevipes Chimaphylla, see Chimaphila
Capsicum annum, see C. annuum Celtis reticulata, see C. laevigatavax. reticulata Chimapila, see Chimaphila
Capsicum anuum, see C. annuum Centromadiafltchii, see Hemizoniafitchii Chimphila, see Chimaphila
Capsicum frutescens, see C. annuum var. frutescens Centunculus sp., see Anagallis sp. Chiogenes hispidula, see Gaultheria hispidula
Capsicum frutescens var. baccatum, see C annuum Cephaelis ipecacuanha, see Euphorbia ipecac- Chionanthus virginica, see C. virginicus
var. frutescens uanhae Chloris curtipendula, see Bouteloua curtipendula
Capsicum frutescens var. longum, see C. annuum Cerastium holosteoides, see C. fontanum ssp. var. curtipendula
var. frutescens Chlorogalum divaricatum, see C pomeridianum
Cardamine bulbosa, see C. rhomboidea Cerasus demissa, see Prunus virginianavax. demissa var. divaricatum
Carduus altissimus, see Cirsium altissimum Cerasus ilicifolia, see Prunus ilicifolia Chondrophora nauseosa, see Chrysothamnus
Carduus edulis, see Cirsium edule Ceratoides lanata, see Krascheninnikovia lanata nauseosus

Carduus hookerianus, see Cirsium hookerianum Ceratonia chilensis, see Prosopis chilensis Chorogalum, see Chlorogalum
Carduus lanceolatus, see Cirsium vulgare Cercidiumfloridum, see Parkinsoniaflorida Chrysanthemum balsamitavax. tanacetoides, see
Carduus ochrocentrus, see Cirsium ochrocentrum Cercidium microphyllum, see Parkinsonia Balsamita major
 Index of Synonyms 877

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (var. pinnati- Cirsium pulchellum, see C. calcareum Coptis groenlandica, see C. trifolia ssp.
fidum), see Leucanthemum vulgare Cissus sicyoides, see C. verticillata groenlandica
Chrysanthemum parthenium, see Tanacetum Citrullus citrullus, see C. lanatus var. lanatus Corallorhiza, see Corallorrhiza
parthenium Citrullus vulgaris, see C. lanatus var. lanatus Cordyline terminalis, see C fruticosa
Chrysanthemum vulgare, see Tanacetum vulgare Citrus paradisi, see C. xparadisi Coreopsis cardaminefolia, see C. tinctoria var.
Chrysobalanus oblongifolia, see Licania michauxii Cladothamnus pyroliflorus, see Elliottia pyro- fmcfor/a
Chrysobalanus oblongifolius, see Licania michauxii liflorus Cornus alba ssp. stolonifera, see C. sericea ssp.
Chrysobotrya odorata, see Ribes aureum var. Cladrastis lutea, see C. kentukea
villosum Clarkia elegans, see C. unguiculata Cornus californica, see C sericea ssp. sericea
Chrysolepis chrysophila, see Castanopsis Claytonia alsinoides, see C. sibirica Cornus instolonea, see C. sericea ssp. sericea
chrysophylla Claytonia sessilifolia, see C. lanceolata var. Cornus obliqua, see C. amomum ssp. obliqua
Chrysolepis sempervirens, see Castanopsis sessilifolia Cornus occidentalis, see C. sericea ssp. occidentalis
sempervirens Clematis douglasii, see C. hirsutissima Cornus paniculata, see C. racemosa
Chrysophylium oliviforme, see Chrysophyllum Clematis eriophora, see C. hirsutissima Cornus pubescens, see C. sericea ssp. occidentalis
oliviforme Clematis lingusticifolia, see C. ligusticifolia Cornus stolonifera, see G sericea ssp. sericea
Chrysopsis foliosa, see Heterotheca villosavar. Clematis lugusticifolia, see C ligusticifolia Cornus stolonifera var. occidentalis, see C. sericea
villosa Clematis pseudoalpina, see C. columbiana var. ssp. occidentalis
Chrysopsis graminea, see Pityopsis graminifolia var. columbiana Cornus stolonifora, see C. sericea ssp. sericea
graminifolia Clematis verticellaris, see C. occidentalis var. Cornus stricta, see G foemina
Chrysopsis graminifolia, see Pityopsis graminifolia occidentalis Cornus unalaschensis, see C. unalaschkensis
var. graminifolia Clematis virginica, see C. virginiana Corydalis montana, see G awreassp. occidentalis
Chrysopsis hirsutissima, see Heterotheca villosavar. Clematis virona, see C. viorna Corydalis montanum, see G 01/rea ssp. occidentalis
hispida Cleome integrifolia, see C. serrulata Corylus americanus, see C. americana
Chrysopsis hispida, see Heterotheca villosavar. Cleome serrulatum, see C. serrulata Coryluscalifornica, see G cornutavar. californica
hispida Cleomesonorae, see C. multicaulis Corylus cornuta California, see C. cornuta var.
Chrysopsis villosa, see Heterotheca villosa var. Cleome surrulata, see C. serrulata californica
villosa Clermontia arborescene, see C. arborescens Corylus rostrata (var. californica), see C. cornuta
Chrysothamnus bigelovii, see C. nauseosus ssp. Cnicus drummondi, see Cirsium drummondii var. cornuta

bigelovii Cnicus eatoni, see Cirsium eatonii Coryphantha vivipara, see Escobaria vivipara var.
Chrysothamnus bloomeri, see Ericameria bloomed Cnicus eriocephalus, see Cirsium undulatum
Chrysothamnus confinis, see C. nauseosus Cnicus undulatus, see Cirsium undulatum Cota sp., see Anthemis sp.
Chrysothamnus graveolens, see C. nauseosus ssp. Coccolobis laurifolia, see Coccoloba diversifolia Cotyledon laxa, see Sedura tawm
graveolens Coelapleurum gmelini, see Angelica lucida Covillea glutinosa, see Ltfrrea tridentata var.
Chrysothamnus howardi{i), see C. parryi ssp. Coelopleurum gmelini, see Angelica lucida
howardii Cogswellia cous, see Lomatium cous Cowania mexicana, see Purshia mexicana
Chrysothamnus latisquameus, see C. nauseosus Cogswellia daucifolia, see Lomatium foenicula- Cowania mexicana var. stansburiana, see Purshia
ssp. latisquameus ceum ssp. daucifolium stansburiana
Chrysothamnus nauseosa, see C nauseosus Cogswellia orientalis, see Lomatium orientale Cowania stansburiana, see Purshia stansburiana
Chrysothamnus pinifolius, see C. nauseosus ssp. Cogswellia sp., see Lomatium sp. Cracca purpurea, see Tephrosia purpurea
Coldenia hispidissima var. /af/or, see Tiquilia latior Cracca virginiana, see Tephrosia virginiana
Chrysothamnus speciosus gnaphalodes, see Coleosanthus californicus, see Brickellia californica Crassina grandiflora, see ZmmYz grandiflora
C. nauseosus ssp. hololeucus Coloccasia antiquorum, see Colocasia esculenta Crassina pulmila, see Z/nww acerosa
Chrysothamnus stenophyllus, see C. viscidiflorus Comandra livida, see Geocaulon lividum Crataegus brevispina, see C. douglasii
ssp. viscidiflorus var. stenophyllus Comandra pallida, see C. umbellata ssp. pallida Crataegus cerronis, see G erythropoda
Chunbago zelanica, see Plumbago zeylanica Commandra, see Comandra Crataegus coccinea, see G chrysocarpa
Cibatium whamissoi, see Cibotium chamissoi Commelina angustifolia, see C. erecta var. Crataegus rivalaris, see C. rivularis
Cicuta curtissii, see C. maculata var. maculata angustifolia Crataegus rotundifolia var. bicknellii, see G chryso
Cicuta mackenzi{e)ana, see C. i^/rosa Commelina dianthifoli, see C dianthifolia carpa

C/cwta occidentalis, see C. maculata war. Commelina nudiflora, see Murdannia nudiflora Crataegus tomentosa, see C. calpodendron
angustifolia Compositae, see Asteraceae Crepis atrabarba, see G atribarba
Cicuta vagans, see C. douglasii Condalia lycioides var. canescens, see Ziziphus Crepis glauca, see G runcinata ssp. g/az/ca
Cimaphila, see Chimaphila obtusifolia var. canescens Crep/s scopulorum, see G modocensis
Cinchona ledgeriana, see C. calisaya Condalia obovata, see C. hookeri var. hookeri Crotalaria maritima, see C. rotundifolia
Cinna arundinacea (var. pendula), see C. arundi- Condalia parryi, see Ziziphus parryi Crotolaria saggitalis, see Crotalaria sagittalis
nacea Condolis spathulata, see Condalia globosa Croton corymbosus, see G pottsii var. pottsii
Circium, see Cirsium Conioselinum gmelini, see C. gmelinii Cruciferae, see Brassicaceae
Cirsiumacaulescens, see C tioganumvar. tioganum Conioselinum paciflcum, see C. gmelinii Cryptanthajamesii, see G cinerea var. jamesii
Cirsium lanceolatum, see C vulgare Conopholis mexicana, see C. alpina var. mexicana Cryptantha jamesiivar. multicaulis, see G cinerea
Cirsium occidental var. candidissimum, see Convolvulus fulcratus, see Calystegia occidentalis var. cinerea
C. pastoris ssp. fulcrata Cryptanthe, see Cryptantha
878 Index of Synonyms

Crypthantha, see Cryptantha Delphinium nelsonii, see D. nuttallianum var. tachaeta var. pentachaeta
Cryptogramma crispa, see C. sitchensis nuttallianum Dyssodia thurberi, see Thymophylla pentachaeta
Crysanthemum parthenium, see Tanacetum Delphinium virescens, see D. carolinianum ssp. var. belenidium
parthenium virescens Echevehs lanceolata, see Dudleya lanceolata
Cucerbita, see Cucurbita Dendropogon usneoides, see Tillandsia usneoides Echinocactus acanthodes, see Ferocactus cylindra
Cucurbita citrullus, see Citrullus lanatus var. Dentaria californica, see Cardamine californica ceus var. cylindraceus
lanatus var. californica Echinocactus lecontei, see Ferocactus cylindraceus
Cucurbita lagenaria, see Lagenaria siceraria Dentaria diphylla, see Cardamine diphylla var. lecontei
Cucurbita melo, see Cucumis melo Dentaria laciniata, see Cardamine concatenata Echinocactus wislizeni, see Ferocactus wislizeni
Cucurbita perennis, see C. foetidissima Dentaria maxima, see Cardamine maxima Echinocereus chrysocentrus, see £ engelmannii var.
Cucurbita sativus, see Cucumis sativus Deschampsia caespitosa, see D. cespitosa chrysocentrus
Cuminum cymium, see C. cyminum Descurainia incisa, see D. incana ssp. mdsfl Echinocereus gonacanthus, see £ triglochidiatus
Cunila origanoides, see C. marina Descurainia richardsonii, see D. incana ssp. incana var. triglochidiatus
Cupressaceae sp., see Cupressus sp. Desmodium supina, see D. incanum war. incanum Echinocereus gonocanthus, see £ triglochidiatus
Cupressus disticha, see Taxodium distichum Desmodium supinum, see D. incanum var. var. triglochidiatus
Cupressus thyoides, see Chamaecyparis thyoides Echinocereus leeanus, see £ polyacanthus
Curcuma louza, see C. /o/iga Desmodium uncinatum, see D. sandwicense Echinocereus wislizeni, see Ferocactus wislizeni
Cuscuta curta, see C. megalocarpa Deweya arguta, see Tauschia arguta Echinochloa colonum, see £ colona
Cuscuta paradoxa, see C compacta Dichelostemma, var. brodiaca, capitata pauciflora, Echinochloa crusgalli, see £ crus-galli
Cyamus luteus, see Nelumbo lutea see D. pulchellum Echinochloa crusgalli war. zelayensis, see £ crws-
Cycloloma artriplicifolium, see C. atriplicifolium Dichelostemma capitatum, see D. pulchellum pavonis var. macera
Cycopus uniflorus, see Lycopus uniflorus Dichelostemma pulchella, see D. pulchellum Echinocystisfabacea, see Marah fabaceus
Cymopteris, see Cymopterus Dichrophyllum marginatum, see Euphorbia Echinocystis horrida, see Mara/z horridus
Cymopterus alpinus, see Oreoxis alpina ssp. alpina marginata Echinocystis macrocarpa, see Mzra/i macrocarpus
Cymopterus fendleri, see C. acaulis var. fendleri Dilazium arnottii, see Diplazium meyenianum Echinocystis oregana{s), see Mara/i oreganus
Cymopterus glomeratus, see C. acaulis Dipholis salicifolia, see Sideroxylon salicifolium Echinopanax horridum, see Oplopanax horridus
Cymopterus terebinthinusvar. terebinthinus, see Dipsacus glutinosus, see Diplacus aurantiacus ssp. Echinospermum lappula, see Lappula squarrosa
Pteryxia terebinthina var. terebinthina Elaeagnus argentea, see £ commutata
Cympoterus, see Cymopterus Dipsacus sylvestris, see D.fullonum Elaeagnus asgentae, see £ commutata
Cynoglossum boreale, see C virginianumvar. Disporum oreganum, see D. hookeri var. oreganum Eleagnus, see Elaeagnus
boreale Ditaxis cyanophylla, see Argythamnia cyanophylla Eleocharis caribaea, see £ geniculata
Cyperaceae sp., see Cyperus sp. Dithyr{a)ea wislizeni{i), see Dimorphocarpa Ellisea membranacea, see Pholistoma
Cyperus erythrorrhizos, see C erythrorhizos wislizeni membranaceum
Cyperus ferax, see C. odoratus Dithyrea wizlizenii, see Dimorphocarpa wislizeni Ellisia membranacea, see Pholistoma
Cyperus inflexus, see C. squarrosus Ditremexa occidentalis, see Senna occidentalis membranaceum
Cyperus laevigata, see C. laevigatus Dodecatheon henersoni{i), see D. hendersonii Elymus arenarius ssp. mollis, see Leymus mollis
Cyprepedium, see Cypripedium Dodecatheon pauciflorum, see D. pulchellum ssp. ssp. mo///s
Cypripedium calceolus, see C parviflorum pauciflorum Elymus ciner{e)us, see Leymus cinereus
Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens, see Dodecatheon radicatum, see D. pulchellum ssp. Elymus condensatus, see Leymus condensatus
C. pubescens pulchellum Elymus mollis (var. mollis), see Leymus mollis ssp.
Cypripedium calceolus ssp. parviflorum, see Dondiafruticosa, see Suaeda moquinii
C. parviflorum Dondia nigra, see Suaeda moquinii Elymus robustus, see £ canadensis var. canodensis
Cypripedium hirsutumf see C. pubescens Dondia suffrutescens, see Suaeda suffrutescens Elymus triticoides, see Leymus triticoides
Cypripedium parviflorum (var. pubescens), see Draba montana, see D. rectifructa Empertrum nigrum, see Empetrum nigrum
C pubescens Dracaena aurea, see Pleomele aurea Encelia actoni, see £ virginensis var. actonii
Cytherea bulbosa, see Calypso bulbosa var. Drymaria fendleri, see D. glandulosa Ephedra viridus, see £ wndw
americana Drymocallis arguta, see Potentilla arguta ssp. Ephredra, see Ephedra
Daleafremontii, see Psorothamnusfremontii var. argufrz Epicampes rigens {californica), see Muhlenbergia
fremontii Dryopteris assimilis, see D. expansa rigens
Dalea polyadenia, see Psorothamnus polydenius Dryopteris austriaca, see D. campyloptera Epicompes rigens, see Muhlenbergia rigens
var. polydenius Dryopteris dilatata, see D. expansa Epilobium adenocaulon, see £ ciliatum ssp.
Dasi[o)phorafruticosa, see Pentaphylloides Dryopteris dilatata ssp. americana, see D. campy
floribunda loptera Epilobium angustofolium, see £ angustifolium
Dasystephana puberula, see Gentiana saponaria Dryopteris disjuncta, see Gymnocarpium Epilobium miniatum, see £ minutum
Dasystoma pedicularia, see Aureolaria pedicularia disjunctum Epilobium paniculatum, see £ brachycarpum
var. pedicularia Dryopteris normalis, see Thelypteris kunthii Epipactis pubescens, see Goodyera pubescens
Datura metefoides, see D. wrightii Dryopteris rigida arguta, see D. arguta Epipactis repensvai. ophioides, see Goodyera
Datura meteloides, see D. wrightii Dryopteris spinulosa, see D. carthusiana repens

Datura quercifolia, see D.ferox Dysodia papposa, see Dyssodia papposa Equisetumfunstoni, see £ laevigatum
Delphinium ajacis, see Consolida ajacis Dyssodia pentachaeta, see Thymophylla pen Equisetum hiemale, see £ hyemale
 Index of Synonyms 879

Equisetum kansanum, see E. laevigatum Eulophus bolanderi, see Perideridia bolanderi pubescens
Equisetum loevigatum, see £ laevigatum Eulophus pringlei, see Perideridia pringlei Forestiera porulosa, see F. segregata var. segregata
Equisetum silvaticum, see E. sylvaticum Euonymus americanus, see £ americana Forsellesia nevadensis, see Glossopetalon spinescens

Eremocarpus setigerus, see Croton setigerus Euonymus atropurpureus, see £ atropurpurea var. aridum
Ericameria monactis, see E. cooperi Euonymus europaeus, see £ europaea Fourquieria splendens, see Fouquieria splendens
Ericooma cuspidata, see Oryzopsis hymenoides Euonymus obovatus, see £ obovata Fragaria americana, see F. vesca ssp. americana

Erigen canadense, see Conyza canadensis var. Eupatorium ageratoides, see Ageratina altissima Fragaria bracteata, see F. i;e5Cfl ssp. bracteata
canadensis var. roanensis Fragaria californica, see F. i^sca ssp. californica
Erigeron canadense, see Conyza canadensis var. Eupatorium falcatum, see £ purpureum var. Fragaria cuneifolia, see F. xananassa var. cuneifolia
canadensis purpureum Fragaria vesca americana, see F. i/esca ssp.
Erigeron canadensis, see Conyza canadensis var. Eupatorium herbaceum, see Ageratina herbacea
canadensis Eupatorium occidental see Ageratina occidentalis Fragaria virginana, see F. virginiana
Erigeron concinnus var. aphanactis, see E. apha- Eupatorium purpurem, see £ purpureum Fragaria virginiana illinoensis, see F. virginiana
nactis var. aphanactis Eupatorium rugosum, see Ageratina altissimavar. ssp. platypetala
Erigeron formossissimus, see E. formosissimus altissima Frangula California, see F. californica
Erigeron macranthus, see £ speciosus var. Eupatorium urticaefolium, see Ageratina altissima Franseria acanthicarpa, see Ambrosia acanthicarpa
var. roanensis Franseria ambrosioides, see Ambrosia ambrosioides
Erigeron nudiflorus, see £ flagellaris Euphorbia alb{in)omarginata, see Chamaesyce Franseria tenuifolia, see Ambrosia tenuifolia
Erigeron ramosus, see £ strigosus var. strigosus albomarginata Fraxinum pennsylvannica, see Fraxinus pennsyl-
Erigeron salsuginosus, see £ peregrinus ssp. Euphorbia arenicola, see Chamaesyce ocellata ssp. vanica
callianthemus Fraxinus oregana, see F latifolia
Erigeron superbus, see £ eximius Euphorbia fendleri, see Chamaesyce fendleri var. Fraxinus oregona, see F latifolia
Erigonumflavum, see Eriogonumflavum Fraxinus sambucifolia, see F. /i/gra
Erigonum subalpinum, see Eriogonum umbella- Euphorbia geyeri, see Chamaesyce geyeri Fraxinus viridis, see F. pennsylvanica
tum var. mo/us Euphorbia glyptosperma, see Chamaesyce Fremontia sp., see Fremontodendron sp.
Eriocoma cuspidata, see Oryzopsis hymenoides glyptosperma Fremontodendron californicus, see F. californicum
Eriocoma membranacea, see Oryzopsis hymenoides Euphorbia hypericifolia, see Chamaesyce Freycinetia arnotti, see F. arborea
Eriodictyon californica, see £ californicum hypericifolia Fritillaria camchatcensis, see F. camschatcensis
Eriodictyon parryi, see Turricula parryi Euphorbia lata, see Chamaesyce lata Fritillaria lancelota, see F. lanceolata
Eriodictyon trichocalyx ssp. lanatum, see Euphorbia maculata, see Chamaesyce maculata Frunella vulgaris, see Prunella vulgaris
£ lanatum Euphorbia melanadenia, see Chamaesyce Funastrum heterophyllum, see Sarcostemma
Eriodyction, see Eriodictyon melanadenia cynanchoides ssp. hartwegii
Eriogonum androseceum, see £ androsaceum Euphorbia montana, see £ robusta Gaertneria acanthicarpa, see Ambrosia
Eriogonum stellatum, see £ umbellatum var. Euphorbia multiformis, see Chamaesyce multi acanthicarpa
stellatum formis var. multiformis Gaillardia neo-mexicana, see G. pulchellavar.
Eriogonum subalpinum, see £ umbellatum var. Euphorbia nutans, see Chamaesyce nutans pulchella
majus Euphorbia ocellata, see Chamaesyce ocellata ssp. Galax aphylla, see G. urceolata
Eriogonum virgatum, see £ roseum Galpinsia lavandulaefolia, see Calylophus
Eriophyllum caespitosum, see £ lanatum var. Euphorbia polycarpa, see Chamaesyce polycarpa lavandulifolius
leucophyllum var. polycarpa Gaura gracilis, see G. hexandra ssp. gracilis
Eryngium alismaefolium, see £ alismifolium Euphorbia revoluta, see Chamaesyce revoluta Gaura parvifolia, see G. parviflora
Eryngium synchaetum, see £ yuccifolium var. syrc- Euphorbia serpyllifolia, see Chamaesyce Gaylussacia resinosa, see G. baccata
serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia Gentiana crinita, see Gentianopsis crinita
Eryngium yuccaefolium, see £ yuccifolium Euphorhia corollata, see Euphorbia corollata Gentianaflavida, see G. a/k*
Erysimum elatum, see £ capitatum var. capitatum Eurotia lanata, see Krascheninnikovia lanata Gentiana propinqua, see Gentianella propinqua
Erysimum wheeleri, see £ capitatumvar. capitatum Evolvulus pilosus, see £ nuttallianus ssp. propinqua
Erythaea muehlenbergii, see Centaurium Evonymus, see Euonymus Gentiana quinquefolia, see Gentianella quinque-
muehlenbergii Falcata comosa, see Amphicarpaea bracteata folia ssp. quinquefolia
Erythraea venusta, see Centaurium venustum Fatsia horrida, see Oplopanax horridus Geoastersp., see Geastrum sp.
Erythremia grandiflora, see Lygodesmia grandiflora Ferocactus wislizenii, see F. wislizeni Geoprumnon crassicarpum, see Astragalus crassi-
Erythrina monosperma, see £ sandwicensis Ferula multifida, see Lomatium dissectum var. carpus var. crassicarpus
Erythronium giganteum, see £ oregonum ssp. multifldum Geraneum maculatum, see Geranium maculatum
orego/iwm Festuca obtusa, see F. subverticillata Geranium fremontii, see G. caespitosum var.
Erythronium grandiflorum parviflorum, see Festuca octoflora, see Vw/piaoctofloravar. octoflora fremontii
£ grandiflorum ssp. grandiflorum Festuca ovina var. brevifolia, see F. brachyphylla Geranium incisum, see G. oreganum
Erythronium oreganum, see £ oregonum ssp. brachyphylla Gerardia tenuifolia, see Agalinis tenuifolia var.
Escholtzia, see Eschscholzia Festuca tenella, see Vw/p/a octoflora var. g/auoz
Eschscholtzia, see Eschscholzia Flaxinus velutina, see Fraxinus velutina Gerardia virginica, see Aureolaria virginica
Eschscholzia douglasii, see £ californica Foeniculum officinale, see F. vulgare Geum ciliatum, see G. triflorum var. ciliatum
Eugenia simpsoni, see Myrcianthes fragrans Forestiera neomexicana, see F. pubescens var. Geum nivale, see G.
880 Index of Synonyms

Geum strictum, see G. aleppicum Grossularia irrigua, see fl/te oxyacanthoides ssp. Haplopappus cuneatus, see Ericameria cuneata
Gilia acerosa, see G. rigidula ssp. acerosa var. cuneata

Gilia aggregate see Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. Grossularia leptantha, see f?fc leptanthum Haplopappus linearifolius var. interior, see fr/ca-
aggregata Grossularia missouriensis, see Kibes missouriense raer/a linearifolia
Gilia appregata, see Ipomopsis aggregata Grossularia oxyacanthoides, see Kite oxyacantho Haplopappus palmed, see Ericameria palmeriVar.
Gilia attenuata, see Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. ides ssp. oxyacanthoides
Grossularia setosa, see i?/te oxyacanthoides ssp. Haplopappus palmeri ssp. pachylepus, see frica-
Gilia congesta, see Ipomopsis congesta ssp. congesta sefoswm men'tf palmeri var. pachylepis
Gilia eremicavar. arizonica, see Eriastrum Guaiacum, see Guajacum Haplopappus parishii, see Ericameria parishii
eremicum Guitierrezia dracunculoides, see Amphiachyris Haplopappus spinulosus ssp. typicus, see Machaer-
Giliafilifoliawai. sparsiflora, see Eriastrum dracunculoides anthera pinnatiflda ssp. pinnatifida
filifolium Gutierrezia diversifolia, see G. sarothrae Haploppapus, see Haplopappus
Gilia gracilis, see Phlox gracilis ssp. gracilis Gutierrezia dracunculoides, see Amphiachyris Havernaria dilatata, see Platanthera dilatatavar.
Gilia greeneana, see Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. dracunculoides dilatata
Gutierrezia euthamiae, see G. sarothrae Hedeoma incana, see Poliomintha incana
Gilia gunnisoni, see Ipomopsis gunnisonii Gutierrezia filifolia, see G. sarothrae Hedeoma pulegoides, see //. pulegioides
Gilia laxiflora, see Ipomopsis laxiflora Gutierrezia furfuracea, see G. sarothrae Hedera quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinque-
Gilia linearis, see Collomia linearis Gutierrezia longifolia, see G. sarothrae folia var. quinquefolia
Gilia longiflora, see Ipomopsis longiflora ssp. Gutierrezia lucida, see G. microcephala Hedysarum mackenzii, see //. boreale ssp.
longiflora Gutierrezia microcephalia, see G. microcephala
Gilia multiflora, see Ipomopsis multiflora Gutierrezia cf. sarothrae, see G. sarothrae Heirchloe, see Hierochloe
Gilia polycladon, see Ipomopsis polycladon Guttiferae, see Clusiaceae Heirochloe, see Hierochloe
Gilia pulmila, see Ipomopsis pumila Guzmannia, see Guzmania Helenium hoopesii, see Dugaldia hoopesii
Gilia pungens, see Leptodactylon pungens Gymnocladus canadensis, see G. dioicus Helenium tenuifolium, see H. amarum var.
Gilia staminea, see G. capitata ssp. staminea Gymnocladus dioica, see G. dioicus
Gillenia stipulata, see Porteranthus stipulatus Gymnogramma triangularis, see Pentagrama trian- Helianthellia uniflora, see Helianthella uniflora
Gillenia trifoliata, see Porteranthus trifoliatus gularis ssp. triangularis Helianthemium canadense, see Helianthemum
Glaucotheca armata, see Glaucothea armata Gymnogramme triangularis, see Pentagrama trian canadense
Glcyrrhiza, see Glycyrrhiza gularis ssp. triangularis Helianthus annus, see H. annuus
Glecoma hederaceae, see Glechoma hederacea Gymnolomia multiflora, see Heliomeris multiflora Helianthus canus, see //. mi'ews ssp. canescens
Gleditsia triacanthas, see G. triacanthos Gynoglossom virginianum, see Cynoglossum Helianthus grosse-serratus, see //. grosseserratus
Glycerhize, see Glycyrrhiza virginianum Helianthus lenticularis, see //. annuus
Glyceria aquatica, see Catabrosa aquatica Gyrotheca capitata, see Lachnanthes caroliana Helianthus tuberosa, see //. tuberosus
Glyceria distans, see Puccinellia distans Habenaria bracteata, see Coeloglossum viride var. Helinium microcephalum, see Helenium
Glycerrhiza, see Glycyrrhiza virescens microcephalum
Glyceyrrhiza, see Glycyrrhiza Habenaria ciliaris, see Platanthera ciliaris Heliopsis scabra, see H. helianthoides var. scabra
Glycine apios, see jfy?/os americana Habenaria dilatata, see Platanthera dilatata var. Heliotropum curassavicum, see Heliotropium
Glycyrhiza, see Glycyrrhiza curassavicum

Glycyrrhiza lepiodata, see G. lepidota Habenaria dilatata var. med/0, see Platanthera Helmia bulbifera, see Dioscorea bulbifera
Glycyrrihizat see Glycyrrhiza xmedia Hemizonia clevelandi, see //. clevelandii
Gnaphalium chilense, see G. stramineum Habenaria elegans, see Piperia elegans Hemizonia luzulaefolia, see //. luzulifolia
Gnaphalium decurrens var. californicum, see Habenaria fimbriata, see Platanthera grandiflora Hemizonia multiglandulosa, see Calycadenia
G. viscosum Habenaria leucostachys, see Platanthera fremontii
Gnaphalium polycephalum, see G. obtusifolium leucostachys Hemizonia virgata, see Holocarpha virgata
Gnaphalium popycephalum, see G. obtusifolium Habenaria orbiculata, see Platanthera orbiculata Hepaticaacutiloba, see H. nobilis war. acuta
Gnaphalium purpureum, see Gamochaeta var. orbiculata Hepatica americana, see H. nobilisvax. obtusa
purpurea Habenaria psycodes, see Platanthera psycodes Hepatica triloba, see H. nobilisvav. obtusa
Gnaphalium wrightii, see G. canescens Habenaria saccata, see Platanthera stricta Heracleum lan{a)tum, see H. maximum
Godetia albescens, see Clarkia purpurea ssp. Habenaria sparsiflora, see Platanthera sparsiflora Heracleum spondylium ssp. montanum, see
quadrivulnera var. sparsiflora //. maximum

Godetia amoena, see Clarkia amoena ssp. amoena Habenaria strictissima var. odontopetala, see Hermidium alipes, see Mirabilis alipes
Godetia biloba, see Clarkia biloba ssp. fr//ofr<z //. odontopetala Hesperidanthus linearifolius, see Schoenocrambe
Godetia viminea, see Clarkia purpurea ssp. viminea Habenaria unalascensis, see Piperia unalascensis linearifolia
Gosypium, see Gossypium Habenaria viridis ssp. bracteata, see Coeloglossum Hesperonia retrorsa, see Mirabilis bigelovii var.
Gramineae, see Poaceae viride var. virescens
Grindeliaaphanactis, see G. nudavar. aphanactis Hackelia Virginia, see //. virginiana Hesperoscord{i)um lacteum, see Triteleia
Grindelia squarrosa serrulata} see G. squarrosa var. Haplopappus aborescens, see Ericameria hyacinthinawai. hyacinthina
arborescens Heterotheca grandifolia, see H. grandiflora
Grindelia stricta venulosa, see G. integrifolia var. Haplopappus acradenius, see Isocoma acradenia Heuchera devaricata, see H. glabra
macrophylla var. acradenia Heuchera glabella, see H. cylindricavai. glabella
 Index of Synonyms 881

Heuchem hispida, see H. americanavar. hispida Hymenoxys metcalfei, see //. richardsonii var. Labiatae, see Lamiaceae
Heuchera ovalifolia, see H. cylindrica var. alpina floribunda Lachnanthes caroliniana, see L caroliana
Heydysarum mackenzii, see Hedysarum boreale Hymenoxys richarsonii, see H. richardsonii Lacinaria punctata, see L/arm punctata var.
ssp. mackenziei Hypericium, see Hypericum
Hibiscus palustris, see H. moscheutos ssp. Hypericum aspalathoides, see H. brachyphyllum Lacinaria scariosa, see Liatris scariosa var. scariosa
moscheutos Hypericum formosum var. scouleri, see //. scouleri Lacinaria sp., see Liatris sp.
Hicoria alba, see Carya ovata ssp. scouleri Lacinaria spicata, see L/afns spicata
Hicoria glabra, see Carya glabra var. glabra Hypericum virginicum, see Triadenum virginicum Laciniaria punctata, see L/am'5 punctata var.
Hicoria laciniosa, see Carya laciniosa Hypopites monotropa, see Monotropa hypopithys
Hicoria minima, see Carya cordiformis Hystrix patula, see Elymus hystrix var. ftysfr/jc Laciniaria scariosa, see Lwzfr/s scariosa var. scariosa
Hicoria ovata, see Carya ovata Impatiens biflora, see /. capensis Lactuca integrata, see L. saf/i/a
Hierchloe, see Hierochloe Impomea, see Ipomoea Lactuca pulchella, see L tatarica var. pulchella
Hierechloe, see Hierochloe Impomoea, see Ipomoea Lactuca scariola var. integrata, see L Azf/wz
Hierochloe odorata ssp. fi/rto, see H. hirta ssp. /z/rta Ionoxalis violacea, see Oxalis violacea Lactuca spicata, see L biennis
Hoffmannseggia densiflora, see H. gtaca Ipomaea, see Ipomoea Lagenaria vulgaris, see L. siceraria
Hoffinannseggiajamesii, see Caesalpinia jamesii Ipomea, see Ipomoea Langloisia matthewsii, see Loeseliastrum
Hoffmannseggia stricta, see H. g/awca Ipomoea dissecta, see Merremia dissecta matthewsii
Hoffmanseggia, see Hoffmannseggia Ipomoea insularis, see /. mrf/az Lappula floribunda, see Hackelia floribunda
Hojfmansegia, see Hoffmannseggia Ipomoea tuberculata, see /. az/riaz Lappula hispida, see Hackelia hispidavar. hispida
Holcus halepensis, see Sorghum halepense Iresine paniculata, see /. rfijffz/sa Lappula redowskii, see L. occidentalis var.
Holcus odoratus, see Hierochloe odorata ssp. Isomeris arborea (var. angustata), see Cleome
odorata isomeris Lappula texana, see L. occidentalis var. cupulata
Holocantha emoryi, see Castela emoryi Ivesia gordoni, see /. gordonii Lappula virginiana, see Hackelia virginiana
Holodiscus ariaefolius, see //. discolor Jacqemontia sandwicensis, see Jacquemontia ovali Larix americana, see L. laricina
Holodiscus discolorvar. dumosus, see //. dumosus folia ssp. sandwicensis Larix lar{a)cina, see L laricina
Hookera coronaria, see Brodiaea coronaria Jambosa malaecensis, see Syzygium malaccense Larrea divaricata, see L. tridentata var. tridentata
Hookera douglasii, see Triteleia grandiflora Juglan cinerea, see Juglans cinerea Larrea mexicana, see L. tridentata
Hookera laxa, see Triteleia laxa Juglans squamosa, see Ca/ya a/bfl Larus laricina, see La/lx laricina
Hookera nyocintlima var. /#ctea, see Triteleia Juncusxiphioides var. triandrus, see/, ensifolius Lathyrus decaphyllus, see L. polymorphus ssp.
hyacinthina Juniperusbilicicola, see/, virginiana var. silicicola polymorphus var. polymorphus
Hookera volubilis, see Dichelostemma volubile Juniperus californica var. utahensis, see/, osteo- Lathyrus leucanthus, see L. lanszwertii var.
Hordeum glaucum, see H. murinum ssp. glaucum
Hordeum gussoneanum, see //. marinum ssp. Juniperuscilicicola, see/, virginianavai. silicicola Lathyrus maritimus, see LJaponicus var.
Juniperus monosperma, see Datura wrightii maritimus
Hordeum stebbinsi, see //. murinum ssp. glaucum Juniperus pachyphlaea, see /. deppeana Lathyrus nuttallii, see L nevadensis ssp. lanceolatus
Hordeum vulgare pallidum typica, see //. vulgare Juniperus pachyphloea, see/, deppeana var. nuttallii
Horkelia gordonii, see /i/es/a gordonii Juniperusprostrata, see/, horizontal Lathyrus ornatus, see L brachycalyx ssp.
Hosackiaglabra, see Lotus scoparius var. scoparius Juniperus sabina procumbens, see /. horizontalis
Hostajaponica, see H. lancifolia Juniperus sabina var. procumbens, see/, horizon Lathyrus watsoni, see L. jepsonii ssp. californicus
Houttuynia californica, see Anemopsis californica talis Laurus sassafras, see Sassafras albidum
Hugelia virgata, see Eriastrum virgatum Juniperussibirica, see/, communisvar. montana Lavauxia triloba, see Oenothera triloba
Humulusamericana, see //. lupulus var. lupuloides Juniperussili{ci)cola, see/, virginianavar. silicicola Ledum decumbens, see L. palustre ssp. decumbens
Humulusamericanus, see ff. lupulusvar. lupuloides Juniperus utahensis, see/, osteosperma Ledum glandulosum ssp. columbianum, see
Humulus lupulus neomexicanus, see //. lupulus Juniperus utaliensis, see/, osteosperma L xcolumbianum
var. neomexicanus Jussiaea villosa, see Ludwigia bonariensis Ledum latifolium, see L. groenlandicum
Hydranga aborescens, see Hydrangea arborescens Kallstroemia brachystylis, see £ californica Ledum palustre ssp. groenlandicum, see L groen
Hydrogotyle, see Hydrocotyle Kalmia glauca, see £ polifolia landicum
Hydrophyllum albifrons, see H.fendleri var. Kentrophyta montana, see Astragalus kentrophyta Leguminosae, see Fabaceae
albifrons var. kentrophyta Lemaireocereus thurberi, see Stenocereus thurberi
Hydrotrida caroliniana, see Bacopa caroliniana Kochia trichophylla, see £ scoparia Lens esculenta, see L. culinaris
Hymenopappus arenosus, see H.fllifolius var. Koeleria cristata, see £ macrantha Leontodon carolinianum, see Pyrrhopappus
cinereus Koellia virginiana, see Pycnanthemum carolinianus
Hymenopappus lugens, see H.fllifolius var. lugens virginianum Lepadena marginata, see Euphorbia marginata
Hymenopappus nudatus, see H. filifolius var. lugens Krameria glandulosa, see £ erecfa Lepargyraea argentea, see Shepherdia argentea
Hymenopappus pauciflorus, see H.fllifolius var. Krameria parvifolia, see £ erecta Lepargyraea canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis
pauciflorus £ngia amplexicaulis, see £ fr//7ora Lepargyrea argentea, see Shepherdia argentea
Hymenoxys aculis var. arizonica, see Tetraneuris Krynitzkia sericea, see Cryptantha sericea Lepargyrea canadensis, see Shepherdia canadensis
acaulis var. arizonica Kuhnia rosmarinifolia, see Brickellia eupatorioides Lepidium apetalum, see L densiflorum
Hymenoxys floribunda, see //. richardsoniivai. var. eupatorioides Lepidium epetalum, see L. densiflorum
floribunda Kunzia tridentata, see Purshia tridentata Lepidium epitalum, see L densiflorum
882 Index of Synonyms

Lepidium menziesii, see L virginicumvar. menziesii Lobelia syphilitica, see L. siphilitica

Leptandra virginica, see Veronicastrum virginicum Lochnera rosea, see Catharanthus roseus Mammillaria missouriensis, see Escobaria
Leptarrhenia amplexifolia, see Leptarrhena Lomatium leptocarpum, see L. bicolor war, missouriensis var. missouriensis
pyrolifolia leptocarpum Mammillaria viv{i)par{i)a, see Escobaria vivipara
Leptilon canadense, see Conyza canadensis var. Lomatium montanum, see L. cows var. vivipara
canadensis Lomatium nudicaules, see L nudicaule Marah macrocarpa, see M. macrocarpus
Leptoloma cognatum, see Digitaria cognata var. Lomatium orientalis, see L orientale Marginaria polypodioides, see Pleopeltis
cognata Lomatium platycarpum, see L. simplex war. simplex polypodioides ssp. polypodioides
Leptotaenia californica, see Lomatium califor- Lomatium watsoni, see L. watsonii Mariscus cladium, see Cladium mariscus ssp.
nicum Lonicera divica, see L d/o/az jamaicense
Leptotaenia dissecta, see Lomatium dissectum var. Lophanthus urticifolius, see Agastache urticifolia Mariscus jamaicensis, see Cladium mariscus ssp.
dissectum Lophophora williamsi, see L williamsii
Leptotaenia dissectavar. multiflda, see Lomatium Lotus americanus, see L unifoliolatus var. Martynia arenaria, see Proboscidea althaeifolia
dissectum var. multifidum unifoliolatus Martyniafragrans, see Proboscidea louisianica ssp.
Leptotaenia multifida, see Lomatium dissectum Lotus purshianus, see L. unifoliolatus var. fragrans
var. multifidum unifoliolatus Martynia louisiana, see Proboscidea louisianica
Leptotoenia multiflda, see Lomatium dissectum Lupinus aduncus, see I. caudatus ssp. argophyllus ssp. louisianica
var. multifldum Lupinus carnosulus, see I. flj^ms Martynia parviflora, see Proboscidea parviflora ssp.
Lessingia germanorumv&r. vallicola, see L Lupinus ingratus, see I. argenteus ssp. ingratus parviflora
glandulifera var. glandulifera Lupinus luteolous, see I. luteolus Martynia proboscidea, see Proboscidea louisianica
Leucampyx newberri, see Hymenopappus newberryi Lupinus variicolor, see L. versicolor Martynia proboscides, see Proboscidea louisianica
Leucelene ericoides, see Chaetopappa ericoides Lychnis alba, see S//ene latifolia ssp. 0/fra Matricaria matricarioides, see M discoidea
Leucothoe catesbaei, see L axillaris Lychnis drummondii, see Sf/e/ze drummondii var. Matricaria suaveolens, see M discoidea
Lib{r)ocedrus decurrens, see Calocedrus decurrens drummondii Maurandia wislizeni, see Epixiphium wislizeni
Licium, see Lycium Lycopodia, see Lycopodium Medicago denticulata, see M. polymorpha
Ligusticum apiodorum, see L. apiifolium Lycopodium lucidulum, see Huperzia lucidula Medicago hispida, see M. polymorpha
Ligusticum hultenii, see L. scothicum ssp. hultenii Lycopodium sabinaefolium ssp. sabinaefolium, see Meibomia sp., see Desmodium sp.
Ligusticum scoticum, see L. scothicum L. sabinifolium Me//a azederach, see M. azedarach
Ligusticum scoticum ssp. hultenii see L. scothicum Lycopodium selago, see Huperzia selago var. 5e/<3go Melilotus alba, see M officinalis
ssp. hultenii Lycopus lucidus ssp. americanus, see L <zsper Melilotus indica, see M. indicus
Lilium parviflorum, see 1. xcolumbianum Lygodesmia rostrata, see Shinnersoseris rostrata Melitotus alba, see Melilotus albus
Lilium umbellatum, see L. philadelphicum var. Lygodesmia spinosa, see Stephanomeria spinosa Mentha aquatica, see M. xpiperita
Lysichiton americanum, see L americanus Mentha arvenis, see M. arvensis
Lillium, see Lilium Lysichiton camtschatcense, see L americanus Mentha arvensis var. canadensis, see M canadensis
Lilum columbianum, see Lilium xcolumbianum Lysichiton kamtschatcense, see L americanus Mentha arvensis var. glabrata, see M. canadensis
Limonium caro linianum, see L. carolinianum Lysichitum, see Lysichiton Mentha arvensis var. lanata, see M. canadensis
Linanthastrum nuttallii, see Linanthus nuttallii Lythrum lanceolatum, see L alatum var. Mentha arvensis var. i/tf/ooz, see M canadensis
ssp. nuttallii lanceolatum Mentha borealis, see M. canadensis
Lingusticum, see Ligusticum Machaeranthea sp., see Macranthera sp. Mentha canadensis glabrata, see M. canadensis
Linosyris howardi, see Chrysothamnus parryi Machaeranthera glabella, see M. canescens ssp. Mentha penardi, see M. canadensis
Linum aristatum var. australe, see L. australe var. canescens var. canescens Mentha piperita, see M. xpiperita
australe Madura aurantiaca, see M. pomifera Mentzelia pumila var. multiflora, see M. multiflora
Linum lewisi, see L lewisii Macrocystis /, tkeana, see M luetkeana var. multiflora
Lippia cuneifolia, see P/zy/a cuneifolia Madaria, see Madia elegans Mentzelia veatchiana, see M albicaulis var.
Lippia lanceolata, see P/jy/a lanceolata Madia densifolia, see M elegans ssp. densifolia
Lippia nodiflora, see PJzy/fl nodiflora Madia dissitiflora, see M. gracilis ssp. gracilis Meracleum lanatum, see Heracleum maximum
Lippia wrightii, see Aloysia wrightii Magnolia glauca, see M virginiana Mergantnes trifolia, see Menyanthes trifoliata
Lithocarpus densiflora (var. echinoides), see Mahoniafremonti, see M.fremontii Mesembryanthemum aequilaterale, see Carpobro-
L. densiflorus Maianthemum bifolium, see M. dilatatum tus aequilateralus
Lithospermum angustifolium, see L. incisum Mallow sp., see Ma/wz sp. Mesembryanthemum chilense, see Carpobrotus
Lithospermum carolinense, see I. caroliniense Mz/wzborealis,seeM. nicaeensis aequilateralus
Lithospermum linearifolium, see I. incisum Malva involucrata, see Callirhoe involucrata Mestensia ciliata, see Mertensia ciliata
Lithospermum pilosum, see I. ruderale Malva rotundifolia, see M. neglecta Metrosideros collins polym, see M. polymorpha var.
Lithospermun canescens} see Lithospermum Malvacea rubra, see Malva sp.
canescens Malvastrum coccineum, see Sphaeralcea coccinea Mezoneurum kauaiense, see Caesalpinia kavaiensis
Lithospernum ruderale, see Lithospermum ruderale ssp. coccinea Micrampelis lobata, see Echinocystis lobata
Lithosperum angustofolium, see Lithospermum Malvastrum munroanum, see Sphaeralcea Micrampelis marah, see Marah oreganus
incisum munroana Micrapelis micracarpa, see Marafe macrocarpus
Lobelia splendens, see L. cardinalis ssp. graminea Mamillaria, see Mammillaria var. mo/or
var. propinqua Mammillaria microcarpa, see Af. grahamii var. Microlepia strigosa, see M
 Index of Synonyms 883

Micromeria chamissonis, see Satureja douglasii aquaticum Oenothera clavaeformis, see Camissonia clavi-
Micromeria douglasii, see Satureja douglasii Nasturtium palustre, see Rorippa nasturtium- formis ssp. claviformis
Microstylis unifolia, see Malaxis unifolia aquaticum Oenothera ctenophylla, see 0. albicaulis
Mimulus aurantiacus, see Diplacus aurantiacus Navarretia cotulaefolia, see Af. cotulifolia Oenothera hartwegii var. fendleri, see Calylophus
ssp. aurantiacus Negundo aceroides, see /leer negundo var. negundo hartwegii ssp. fendleri
Mimulus geyeri, see M. glabratus var. jamesii Negundo interius, see Acer negundo vax. interius Oenothera hooked (var. hirsutissima), see 0. e/«ta
Mimulus luteus, see M. tilingiivax. caespitosus Negundo negundo, see y4cer negundo var. negundo ssp. hooked
Mimulus nasutus, see M. guttatus Nelumbium luteim, see Nelumbo lutea Oenothera multijuga, see Camissonia multijuga
Mirabilis linoides, see Monardella linoides Nelumbium luteum, see Nelumbo lutea Oenothera ovata, see Camissonia ovata

Mirabilis odoratissima, see Monardella Nemopanthus mucronata, see Af. mucronatus Oenothera pinnatifida, see 0. albicaulis
odoratissima Neomammillaria grahami, see Mammillaria Oenothera procera, see 0. w7/osa ssp. strigosa
Mirabilis viridis, see Monardella viridis grahamii Oenothera runcinata, see 0. pallida ssp. runcinata
Moldavica parviflora, see Dracocephalum Neomammillaria mainae, see Mammillaria Oenothera tanacetifolia, see Camissonia tanaceti
parviflorum mainiae folia ssp. tanacetifolia
Monarda menthaefolia, see M. flstulosa ssp. flstu- Neomammillaria olivia, see Mammillaria grahamii Onosmodium hispidissimum, see 0. molle ssp.
losa var. menthifolia Neomammillaria wrightii, see Mammillaria hispidissimum
Monarda menthoefolia, see M. fistulosa ssp. /zsrw- wrightii Onosmodium occidentale, see 0. molle ssp. occi-
losavar. menthifolia Nereocystis luetkeama, see iV. luetkeana dentale
Monarda mollis, see M flstulosa ssp. flstulosa var. Nicotiana bigelovi{i) (var. exaltata), see Af. quadri- Onosmodium thurbed, see Macromeria viridiflora
valvisvax. bigelovii Oplopanax horridum, see O. horridus
Monarda nuttallii, see M. pectinata Nicotiana multivalvis, see AT. quadrivalvis Opuntia arborescens, see 0. imbricata var.
Monarda scabra, see M. flstulosa ssp. fistulosa var. Nicotiana palmed, see Af. trigonophylla var.
mo///5 Opuntia basilans, see O. basilaris
Monardella adoratissima, see Af. odoratissima Nicotiana tobacum, see Af. tabacum Opuntia camanchica, see 0. phaeacantha var.
Monardella sheltonii, see M. w7/oftz ssp. sheltonii Nicotiana trigonphylla, see Af. trigonophylla
Monardofisiulosavar. menthaefolia, see Monarda Nicotina, see Nicotiana Opuntia engelmanni, see 0. engelmannii
fistulosa ssp. flstulosa var. menthifolia Nirabilis, see Mirabilis Opuntia hystricina, see 0. erinacea var. hystricina
Monensis, see Moneses Nolina parryi, see JV. bigelovii var. parry/ Opuntia lindheimeri, see 0. engelmannii var.
Monesus, see Moneses Notholaena fendleri, see Argyrochosmafendleri lindheimeri
Monolepis chenopodioides, see M nuttalliana Nuphar advena, see Af. /wtefl ssp. advena Opuntia megacantha, see O.flcus-indica
Monolepis chenopoides, see M. nuttalliana Nuphar luteum, see Af. /wfea Opuntia megacarpa, see 0. engelmannii vaw
Monseses, see Moneses Nuphar luteum ssp. macrophyllum, see Af. /wfe# engelmannii
Montia asarifolia, see Claytonia cordifolia ssp. advena Opuntia occidentalis, see 0. xoccidentalis
Montia parviflora, see Claytonia parviflora Nuphar polysepala, see Af. /wteassp. polysepala Opuntia occidentalis var. megacarpa, see O.
Montia perfoliata, see Claytonia perfoliata ssp. Nuphar polysepalum, see Af. /wteassp. polysepala mannii var. engelmannii
perfoliata var. perfoliata Nuphar variegatum, see Af. /atea ssp. variegata Opuntia phaeacantha war. discata, see 0.
Montia sibirica, see Claytonia sibirica var. sibirica Nuttallia nuda, seeMentzelia nudavai. nuda mannii var. engelmannii
Montiaspathulata, see Claytonia spathulatavax. Nymphaea advena, see Nuphar lutea ssp. advena Opuntia ploycantha, see 0. polyacantha
spathulata Nymphaea polysepala, see Nuphar lutea ssp. Opuntia plumbea, see 0. macrorhiza var.
Mortonia scabrella, see M. sempervirens ssp.
Nymphea polysepala, see Nuphar lutea ssp. Opuntia polycantha, see 0. polyacantha
Morws rwfrfl, see M. n/frra polysepala Opuntia rutila, see 0. polyacantha var. rufispina
Mucuna gigantia, see M gigantea Nymphoides lacunosum, see Af. cordata Opuntia tuna, see 0. tunicata
Muhlenbergiafoliosa, see M. mexicanavar. Nymphozanthus polysepalus, see Nuphar lutea ssp. Oreocarya fulvocanescens, see Cryptantha fulvo-
mexicana canescens var. fulvocanescens
Muhlenbergia neomexicanat see M. pauciflora Oakesiasessilifolia, see Uvularia sessilifolia Orobanche ludoviciana var. Cooped, see 0. cooped
Munroa squarrosa, see Monroa squarrosa Obione confertifolia, see Atriplex confertifolia ssp. cooped
Musa sapientum, see M. xparadisiaca Ochorosia sandwicensis, see Ochrosia compta Orobanchemultifloravai. arenosa, see 0. ludovi
Museneon hooked, see Musineon divaricatum var. Octoblepharum albidum, see Octoblephorum ciana ssp. ludoviciana
albidum Orobanche tuberosa, see Boschniakia hooked
Musenium divaricatum, see Musineon divaricatum Odonto-glossum chineusis, see Odontoglossum Orobranche multiflora, see Orobanche ludoviciana
var. divaricatum chinensis ssp. multiflora
Myraca cirifera, see Myrica cerifera Odostemon fremontii, see Mahoniafremontii Orthocarpus purpureo-albus, see 0. purpureoalbus
Myrica asplenifolia, see Comptonia peregrina Oemlaria cerasiformis, see Oemleria cerasiformis Oryzopsis cuspidata, see 0. hymenoides
Myrica caroliniensis, see M. heterophylla Oenethera albicaulis, see Oenothera albicaulis Oryzopsis hymenioides, see 0. hymenoides
Myriophyllum exalbescens, see M. sibiricum Oenothera brevipes, see Camissonia brevipes ssp. Oryzopsis membranacea, see O. hymenoides
Nabalus asper, see Prenanthes aspera Oryzopsis miliacea, see Piptatherum miliaceum
Nardosmia palmata, see Petasitesfrigidus var. Oenothera caespitosa, see 0. cespitosa Osmaronia cerasiformis, see Oemleria cerasiformis
palmatus Oenothera caespitosa var. marginata, see O. Osmorhiza brevistyla, see O. claytonii
Nasturtium offlcinale, see Rorippa nasturtium- fosa ssp. marginata Osmorhiza chilensis, see 0. berteroi
884 Index of Synonyms

Osmorhiza claytoni, see 0. claytonii Parosela lanata, see D<z/ea toata var. Petalostemon purpureum, see Daleapurpureavax.
Osmorhiza nuda (var. brevipes), see 0. berteroi Parosela lasianthera, see Dfl/e« lasiathera purpurea

Osmorhize, see Osmorhiza Parosela nana, see Dfl/ea nana var. nana Petalostemon purpureus, see Da/ea purpurea var.
Osmorhyza, see Osmorhiza Parosela scoparia, see Psorothamnus scoparius
Osmorrhiza, see Osmorhiza Parosela sp., see Dfl/ea sp. Petalostemon villosum, see D#/ea villosa var. villosa
Oxalis acetosella, see 0. montana Parrya menziesii, see Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Petalostemon violaceus, see Da/e<2 purpurea
Oxalis amplifolia, see 0. drummondii Parthencissus quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus Petalostemum candidum, see Da/e# candidavai.
Oxalis europaea, see 0. stricta quinquefolia Candida
Oxybaphus coccinea, see Mirabilis cocclneus Paspalum stramineum, see P. setaceum Petalostemum flavescens, see Daleaflavescens
Oxybaphus comatus, see Mirabilis oblongifolia Pedasites speciosa, see Petasites frigidus var. Petalostemum oligophyllum, see Da/ea Candida
Oxybaphus linearis, see Mirabilis linearis palmatus var. oligophylla
Oxybaphus nyctaginea, see Mirabilis nyctaginea Pedicularis attolens, see P. attollens Petalostemum purpureum, see Da/ea purpureavax.
Oxybaphus nyctagineus, see Mirabilis nyctaginea Pedicularis grayi, see P. procera purpurea

Oxybaphus pumilus, see Mirabilis pumila Pedicularis kanei, see P. lanata ssp. lanata Petasite, see Petasites
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, see Vaccinium Peleacinerea, see Melicope cinerea Petasitesfrigida, see P.frigidus
macrocarpon Pellaea compacta, see P. mucronata ssp. californica Petasites hyperboreus, see P. frigidus var. nivalis
Oxycoccus microcarpus, see Vaccinium oxycoccos Pellaea mucronatavar. mucronata, see P. Petasites palmata, see P. frigidus var. palmatus
Oxycoccus quadripetalus, see Vaccinium oxycoccos mucronata ssp. mucronata Petasites palmatum, see P. frigidus var. palmatus
Oxydendron arboreumt see Oxydendrum arboreum Pellaea ornithopus, see P. mucronata ssp. Petasites palmatus, see P. frigidus var. palmatus
Oxytropis campestris spicats, see 0. campestris Petasites speciosus, see P. frigidus var. palmatus
Oxytropis nigresceus, see 0. nigrescens Peltigera apthosa, see P. aphthosa Petroselinum sativum, see P. crispum
Oxytropus sericea, see Oxytropis sericea Peltiphyllum peltatum, see Darmera peltata Peucedanum canbyi, see Lomatium canbyi
Pachistima myrsinites, see Paxistima myrsinites Pennellia micranthra, see P. micrantha Peucedanum graveolens, see Lomatium graveolens
Pachylobus caespitosus, see Oenotheracespitosa Penoedanum leiocarpum, see Lomatium nudicaule var. graveolens
ssp. cespitosa Penstemon berviflorus, see Keckiella breviflora ssp. Peucedanum lecocarpum, see Lomatium nudicaule
Pachylophus caespitosus, see Oenothera cespitosa Peucedanum leiocarpum, see Lomatium nudicaule
ssp. cespitosa Penstemon breviflorus, see Keckiella breviflora ssp. Peucedanum macrocarpum, see Lomatium macro-
Pachylophus hirsutus, see Oenothera cespitosa carpum

Pachystima myrsinites, see Paxistima myrsinites Penstemon bridgesii, see P. rostriflorus Peucedanum nudicaulis, see Lomatium nudicaule
Padus melanocarpa, see Prunus virginianavar. Penstemon cordifolius, see Keckiella cordifolia Phacelia corrugata, see P. crenulata var. corrugata
melanocarpa Penstemon douglas[s)ii, see P.fruticosus Phacelia leucophylla, see P. hastata var. hastata
Padus nana, see Prunus virginianavar. virginiana Penstemon eatoni, see P. eatonii Phacelia menziesii, see P. linearis
Palafoxia linearis, see P. arida Penstemon nemorosus, see Nothochelone nemorosa Phaseolus diversifolius, see Strophostyles helvula
Palmae, see Arecaceae Penstemon pubescens, see P.fruticosus Phaseolus limensis, see P. lunatus
Panax horridum, see Oplopanax horridus Penstemon scouleri, see P.fruticosus var. scouleri Phaseolus lunatus macrocarpus, see P. lunatus
Panax quinquefolia, see P. quinquefolius Penstemon torreyi, see P. barbatus ssp. torreyi Phaseolus multiflorus, see P. coccineus
Panax quinquefolium, see P. quinquefolius Pentalostemum candidus, see D<z/e« candidavar. Phellopterus bulbosus, see Cymopterus bulbosus
Panax trifolium, see P. trifolius Candida Phellopterus montanus, see Cymopterus montanus
Pandanus odoratissimus, see P. tectorius Pentalostemum oligophyllum, see Da/ea Candida Philadelphusgordonianus, see P. lewisii var.
Paniculariafluitans, see Glyceriafluitans var. oligophylla gordonianus
Panicum autumnale, see Digitaria cognata Penthorum sediodes, see P. sedoides Philadelphus lewisi, see P. lewisii
Panicum barbipulvinatum, see P. capillare Pentstemon, see Penstemon Philibertella heterophylla, see Sarcostemma cynan-
Panicum bulbosum minor, see P. bulbosum Pepo foetidissima, see Cucurbitafoetidissima choides ssp. hartwegii
Panicum cognatum, see Digitaria cognata Pepofoetidissimus, see Cucurbitafoetidissima Philibertia heterophylla, see Sarcostemma cynan-
Panicum oligosanthes, see Dichanthelium Peramium decipiens, see Goodyera oblongifolia choides ssp. hartwegii
oligosanthes var. oligosanthes Perezia microcephala, see Acourtia microcephala Phlox douglasii var. diffusa, see P. caespitosa
Panicum paludivagum, see Paspalidium gemina- Perezia wrightii, see Acourtia wrightii Phoradendron flavescens, see P. leucarpum
tum var. paludivagum Perillafructescens, see P.frutescens Phoradendron flavescens var. villosum, see P. 1////0-
Panicum polycaulon, see Dichanthelium strigosum Peritoma serrulatum, see Cleome serrulata swm ssp. villosum
var. glabrescens Persea pubescens, see P. palustris Phoradendron ligatum, see P. juniperinum ssp.
Panicum pruricus, see Digitaria setigera Petalostemon candidus, see Dfl/efl Candida var. juniperinum
Panicum scribnerianum, see Dichanthelium Phoradendron serotinum, see P. leucarpum
oligosanthes var. scribnerianum Petalostemon cliogophyllus, see Dfl/efl Candida var. Phoradendron tomentosum ssp. macrophyllum,
Panicum seribnerianum, see Dichanthelium oligophylla see P. macrophyllum ssp. macrophyllum
oligosanthes var. scribnerianum Petalostemon gracile var. oligophyllum, see Dfl/ea Photinea arbutifolia, see Heteromeles arbutifolia
Panicum xalapense, see Dichanthelium laxiflorum Candida var. oligophylla var. arbutifolia
Parkinsonia torreyana, see P.florida Petalostemon oligophyllum, see Da/ea Candida var. Photinia arbutifolia, see Heteromeles arbutifolia
Parosela aurea, see Dfl/efl m/raz oligophylla var. arbutifolia
Parosela enneandra, see Dfl/ea enneandra Petalostemon oligophyllus, see Da/e# Candida var. Phragmites communis (var. berlandieri), see
Parosela formosa, see Daleaformosa oligophylla P. australis
 Index of Synonyms 885

Phragmites phragmites, see P. australis Polygala senaga, see P. senega var. glandulosa
Physalis acutifolia wrightii, see P. acutifolia Polygonatum commutatum, see P. biflorum var. Prosopisjulifloravax. torreyana, see P. glandulosa
Physalisfendleri, see P. hederifolia war. fendleri commufatam var. torreyana

Physalis lobata, see Quincula lobata Polygonum alaskanum, see P. alpinum Prosopis odorata, see P. glandulosa var. torreyana

Physalis neo{-)mexicana, see P. subulatavar. Polygonum coccineum, see P. amphibium var. Prosopis prosopis, see P. glandulosa

neomexicana emerswm Prosopis pubescene, see P. pubescens

Physalis viscora, see P. viscosa Polygonum emersum, see P. amphibium var. Prosopis veluntina, see P. velutina
Physaria didymocarpa lanata, see P. didymocarpa emersi/m Prosopis velutinea, see P. velutina
var. lanata Polygonum glabrum, see P. densiflorum Prosopsis glandulosa, see Prosopis glandulosa
Phytolacca decandra, see P. americana Polygonum hydopiper, see P. hydropiper Prunus amygdalus, see P. du/ds
Picea alba, see P. g/auca Polygonum muhlenbergii, see P. amphibium var. Prunus andersoni, see P. andersonii

P/cea canadensis, see P. gtaca emersum Prunusbesseyi, see P. pumilavar. besseyi

P/cea edw//s, see Pinus edulis Polygonum pennsylvanicum (var. laevigatum), see Prunus cuneata, see P. pumila var. susquehanae
Picea engelmanni, see P. engelmannii P. pensylvanicum Prunus demissa, see P. virginiana var. demissa
Picea glaucax engelmannii, see P. glauca Polygonum sawatchense, see P. douglasii ssp. Prunus emarginata war. villosa, see P. emarginata
Picea nigra, see P. mariana johnstonii Prunus fasiculata, see P. fasciculata
Picea rubra, see P. rubens Polymnia uvedalia, see Smallafithus uvedalia Prunus melanocarpa, see P. virginiana war.
Piceae, see Pzce<z Polypodium falcatum, see P. glycyrrhiza melanocarpa
P/m/s baksiana, see P. banksiana Polypodium vulgare, see P. virginianum Prunus oregana, see P. subcordata var. oregana
Pinus brachyptera, see P. ponderosa var. ponderosa Pontentilla anserina, see Argentina anserina Prunus pennsylvanica (var. nettlakea), see P. /?e/z-
Pinus canadensis, see P/cefl glauca Pontentilla simplex, see Potentilla simplex sylvanica
Pinus caribaea, see P. elliottii Potentilla anserina ssp. paciflca, see Argentina Prunus pennsylvanicus, see P. pensylvanica
Pinus inops, see P. contorta egedii ssp. egedii Prunus pensylvania, see P. pensylvanica
Pinus mertensiana, see 7swgfl mertensiana Potentilla paciflca, see Argentina egedii ssp. egedn Prunus scrotina, see P. serotina
Pinus microcarpa, see Lara americana Populus acuminata, see P. xacuminata Psedera quinquefokia, see Parthenocissus quinque-
Pinus mitis, see P. virginiana Populus angulata, see P. deltoides ssp. deltoides folia var. quinquefolia
Pinus murrayana, see P. contortavar. murrayana Populus aurea, see P. tremuloides Psedera quinquefolia, see Parthenocissus quinque-
Pinus poderosa, see P. ponderosa Populus candicans, see P. balsamifera ssp. foliavar. quinquefolia
Pinusscopulorum, see P. ponderosavai. balsamifera Pseudocymopterus aletifolius, see A/etes anisatus
scopulorum Populus fremontii wislizeni, see P. deltoides ssp. Pseudotsuga douglasis) ii, see P. menziesii
Pinus tuberculata, see P. attenuata wislizeni Pseudotsuga mucronata, see P. menziesii
Piperacea sp., see Piperia sp. Populus gileadensis, see P. xjackii Pseudotsuga taxifolia, see P. menziesii var.
P/ro/fl asarifolia var. incarnata, see Pyro/a asarifolia Populus monilifera, see P. deltoides ssp. monilifera
Pirola picta, see Pyro/a p/cte Populus sargentii, see P. deltoides ssp. monilifera Psidium guayava, see P. guajava
Pittostorum sp., see Pittosporum sp. Populus tacamahacca, see P. balsamifera ssp. Psilostrophe sparisflora, see P. sparsiflora
Pityrogramma triangularis, see Pentagrama trian- balsamifera Psilostrophe tagetinae, see P. tagetina
gularis ssp. triangularis Populus trichocarpa, see P. balsamifera ssp. Psoralea argophylla, see Pediomelum argophyllum
Pkgiobothrys campestris, see P. fulvus war. trichocarpa Psoralea canescens, see Pediomelum canescens
campestris Populus wislizeni{i), see P. deltoides ssp. wislizeni Psoralea cuspidata, see Pediomelum cuspidatum
Plantago fastigiata, see P. oirata Porophyllum leucospermum, see P. grari/e Psoralea esculenta, see Pediomelum esculentum
Plantago hirtella, see P. australis ssp. hirtella Portualaca oleraces, see Portulaca oleracea Psoralea floribunda, see Psoralidium tenuiflorum
Plantago insularis, see P. o^to Portulaca retusa, see P. oleracea ssp. oleracea Psoralea hypog[a)ea{e), see Pediomelum hypo-
Plantago purshii, see P. patagonica Postelsia palmiformis, see P. palmaeformis gaeum var. hypogaeum
Plantanus occidentalis, see Platanus occidentalis Potentilla anserina (ssp. anserina), see Argentina Psoralea lanceolata, see Psoralidium lanceolatum
Pluchea borealis, see P. ser/cea anserina Psoralea macrostachya, see tfo/ta macrostachya
Poa californica, see P. ar/da Potentilla anserina ssp. paciflca, see Argentina Psoralea orbicularis, see Ho/fa orbicularis
Poa longiligula, see P. fendleriana ssp. fendleriana egedii ssp. egedii Psoralea pedunculata, see Orbexilum peduncula-
Poa tenuifolia, see P. secunda Potentilla fruticosa, see Pentaphylloides floribunda tum var. pedunculatum
Podyphyllum, see Podophyllum Potentilla hyparctica, see P. rcarcfl Psoralea psoralioides, see Orbexilum peduncula
Pogogyne parviflora, see P. douglasii ssp. parviflora Potentilla monspeliensis, see P. norvegica ssp. tum var. psoralioides
Poinsettia dentata, see Euphorbia dentata monspeliensis Psoralea tenuiflora, see Psoralidium tenuiflorum
Polanisia trachycarpa, see P. dodecandra ssp. Potentilla paciflca, see Argentina egedii ssp. eged// Psoralea tenuifolia, see Psoralidium tenuiflorum
Potentilla palustris, see Comarum palustre Psorglea pedunculata, see Orbexilum peduncula
Polanisia trachysperma, see P. dodecandra ssp. Potentilla pennsylvanica, see P. pensylvanica tum var. pedunculatum
Prenanthus alba, see Prenanthes alba Pteidium, see Pteridium
Polemonium humile, see P. pulcherrimum ssp. Proboscidea altheaefolia, see P. althaeifolia Ptelea pallida, see P. trifoliata ssp. pallida var.
Promus virens, see Bromus carinatus
Poliomentha ineana, see Poliomintha incana Prosopis chilensis (var. glandulosa), see P. glandu- Pfe/ea tomentosa, see P. trifoliata ssp. trifoliatavar.
Polygala polygamma, see P. polygama losa var. glandulosa mollis
Polygala rugellii, see P. rugelii Prosopis juliflora {glandulosa), see P. glandulosa Pteridendia bolanden, see Perideridia bolanderi
886 Index of Synonyms

Pteridium latiusculum, see P. aquilinum var. Radicula alpina, see Rorippa alpina Rhus radicans, see Toxicodendron radicans ssp.
latiusculum Radicula curvisiliqua, see Rorippa curvisiliquavar.
Pteridum quilina var. lanuginosa, see Pteridium curvisiliqua Rhus radicans var. rydbergii, see Toxicodendron
aquilinum var. pubescens Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum, see Rorippa rydbergii
Pteris aquilina, see Pteridium aquilinum nasturtium-aquaticum Rhus toxico{n)dendron (ssp. radicans), see Tojc/co-
Pteris aquilina var. lanuginosa, see Pteridium Radicula sinuata, see Rorippa sinuata dendron pubescens
aquilinum var. pubescens Raimannia rhombipetala, see Oenothera Rhus typbira, see ft /z/rta
Pteris caudata, see Pteridium caudatum rhombipetala fl/iws typhina, see ft fe/rta
Pterocaulon undulatum, see P. virgatum Ramona incana, see Sfl/wa dorr// /Mas i/erw/jt, see Toxicodendron vernix
Pterospora andromeda, see P. andromedea Ramona polystachya, see Sfl/y/a apiana Rhytideadelphus, see Rhytidiadelphus
Ptiloria exigua, see Stephanomeria exigua Ramona stachyoides, see Sfl/wa mellifera Ribesfloridum, see ft americanum
Ptiloria pauciflora, see Stephanomeria pauciflora Ranunculus arcis, see ft acr/5 Ribes glutinosum, see ft sanguineum var.
Ptiloria tenuifolia, see Stephanomeria tenuifolia Ranunculus californicum, see ft californicus glutinosum
Pulsatilla hirsutissima, see P. patens ssp. multifida Ranunculus delphinifolius, see ft flabellaris Ribes gracile, see ft missouriense
Punex gigauteusf see Rumex giganteus Ranunculus douglasii, see ft uncinatus Ribes grossularia, see ft uva-crispa var. sativum
Pycnanthemum virginanum, see P. virginianum Ranunculus eisenii, see ft occidentalisvai. eisenii Ribes inebrians, see ft cereum var. pedicellare
Pycnothymus rigidus, see Piloblephis rigida Ranunculus eremogenes, see ft sceleratus var. Ribes inverme, see ft inerme
Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata, see P. asarifolia multifldus Ribes irriguum, see ft oxyacanthoides ssp. irriguum
Pyrola rotundifolia, see P. americana Ranunculus pallasu, see ft pallasii Ribes laxifolium, see ft laxiflorum
Pyrola secunda, see Orthilia secunda Ranunculus pennsylvanicus, see ft pensylvanicus Ribes leptanthum var. brachyanthum, see ft i;e/w-
Pyrola uliginosa, see P. asarifolia ssp. asarifolia Ranunculus septentrionalis, see ft hispidus var. fmum

Pyrrhopappus multicaulis, see P. pauciflorus nitidus 7?/te missouriensis, see ft. missouriense
Pyrus americana, see Sorbus americana Raphanus sativum, see ft sativus Ribes odoratum, see ft. aureum var. villosum
Pyrus aucuparia, see Sorbws aucuparia Ratibida columnaris (var. pulcherrima), see Ribes oxyacanthoides saxosum, see ft hirtellum
Pyrus coronaria, see Ma/us coronaria var. coronaria ft columnifera Ribes petiolare, see ft hudsonianum var. petiolare
Pyrus diversifolia, see Malusfusca Ratibida columnifera-pulcherrima, see ft columni Ribes roezlii var. cruentum, see ft cruentum var.
Pyrusfusca, see Malusfusca fera
Pyrus ioensis, see Ma/ws ioensis var. ioensis Razoumofskya occidentalis, see Arceuthobium fl/bes sanguinem, see ft sanguineum
Pyrus malus, see Malus sylvestris occidentale Ribes setosum, see ft. oxyacanthoides ssp. setosum
Pyrus melanocarpa, see Aronia melanocarpa Rhabdadenia corallicola, see Angadenia berteroi Ribes uiscosisimum, see ft. viscosissimum
Pyrus sambucifolia, see Sorbus americana Rhamnus betidaefolia, see Frangula betulifolia ssp. Ribies, see #/te
Pyrus sambucifolius, see Sorbus americana betulifolia Robinia neo-mexicana, see ft. neomexicana
Pyrus sitchensis, see Sorbus sitchensis var. sitchensis Rhamnus californica, see Frangula californica ssp. Robinia pseud{o-) acacia, see ft pseudoacacia
Quamasia, see Camassia Roripa, see Rorippa
Quamoclidion multiflorum, see Mirabilis multi- Rhamnus californica ssp. occidentalis, see Frangula Rorippa amoracia, see Armoracia rusticana
flora var. multiflora californica ssp. occidentalis Rorippa armoracia, see Armoracia rusticana
Quercus aquatica, see Q. rc/gra Rhamnus californica ssp. tomentella, see Frangula Rorippa hispida, see ft. palustris ssp. hispida
Quercus borealis var. maxima, see Q. rubra var. californica ssp. tomentella Rorippa nasturtium, see ft. nasturtium-aquaticum
rubra Rhamnus caroliniana, see Frangula caroliniana Rorippa obtusa, see ft teres
Quercus californica, see Q. kelloggii Rhamnus catharticus, see ft cathartica /?O5« acidularis, see ft. acicularis
Quercus californicum, see Q. kelloggii Rhamnus crocea ilicifolia, see ft crocea ssp. Rosa arizonica, see ft woodsii var. ultramontana
Quercus californicus, see Q. kelloggii ilicifolia Rosa californicavax. ultramontana, see ft woodsii
Quercus chrysolepsis, see Q. chrysolepis Rhamnus ilicifolia, see ft crocea ssp. ilicifolia var. ultramontana
Quercus densiflora, see Lithocarpus densiflorus Rhamnus purshiana, see Frangula purshiana Rosafendleri, see ft. woodsiiVar. woodsii
Quercus douglasi, see Q. douglasii Rhamnus purshianus, see Frangula purshiana Rosa humilis, see ft Carolina
Quercus engelmanni, see Q. engelmannii Rhamnus rubra, see Frangula rubra ssp. rufrra Rosa lucida, see ft virginiana
Quercus gambellii, see Q. gambelii Rhamus purshiana, see Frangula purshiana Rosa nelina, see ft nutkana
Quercus kellogii, see Q. kelloggii Rhamus, see Rhamnus Rosa neomexicana, see ft woodsii var. woodsii
Quercus obtusiloba, see Q. laurifolia Rhodiola integrifolia, see Sedum integrifolium ssp. Rosa pratincola, see ft. arkansana var. suffulta
Quercus pagodaefolia, see Q. pagoda integrifolium Rosa rubiginosa, see ft eglanteria
Quercus palmeri, see Q. dunnii Rhodiola rosea, see Sedum rosea Rosa sayi, see ft. acicularis ssp. say/
Quercus ruba, see Q. rczfrra Rhododendron californicum, see ft macrophyllum itosa spaldingii, see ft. nutkanavar. hispida
Quercus sonomensis, see Q. kelloggii Rhus aromatica trilobata, see ft trilobata vai. Rubis, see flwfrws
Quercus undulata, see Q. xpauciloba trilobata Rubus acaulis, see ft arcticus ssp. acaulis
Quercus utahensis, see Q. gambeliiVar. gambelii Rhus cismontana, see ft g/afcra Rubus alleghenienis, see ft. allegheniensis
Quercus uirens, see Q. virginiana i?/zw5 copallina, see ft copallinum Rubus arizonicus, see ft arizonensis
Quercus wislizenia, see Q. wislizeni Rhus diversiloba, see Toxicodendron diversilobum Rubus choemomorus, see ft chamaemorus
Quercus wislizenii, see Q. wislizeni Rhus emoryi, see ft trilobatavai. pilosissima Rubus glabra, see Rhusglabra
Quercus wislizenii var. frutescens, see Q. wislizeni Rhus leucantha, see ft copallinum var. leucantha Rubus hawaiiansis, see ft hawaiensis
var. frutescens Rhus microphyllus, see ft microphylla Rubus hispidis, see ft hispidus
 Index of Synonyms 887

Rubus idaeus{-)aculeatissi[mus), see ft idaeusssp. Salix missouriensis, see S. eriocephala Schedonardus paniculatus, see Schedonnardus
strigosus Salix piped, see S. hookeriana paniculatus
Rubus leucooderme, see ft leucodermis Salix pulchra, see S. planifolia ssp. pulchra Schmaltzia baked, see fl/zws trilobata
Rubus macropetalus, see ft ursinus ssp. Salix rostrata, see S. bebbiana Schmaltzia trilobata, see i?/zw5 trilobatavar.
macropetalus Salixsessilifolia var. hindsiana,see S. hindsiana trilobata

Rubus melanolasius, see R. idaeus ssp. strigosus Salix tristis, see S. humilis var. tristis Schoenolirion album, see Hastingsia alba
Rubus nigrobaccus, see R. allegheniensis var. alle- Salix vulgare, see S. mgra Scirpus alneyi, see S. americanus

gheniensis Salsola atriplicifolia, see Cycloloma atriplicifolium Scirpus campestris, see 5. robustus

Rubus nutkanus, see R. parviflorus Salsola kali, see S. australis Scirpus lacustris, see S. acutus

Rubus parvifloria), see ft parviflorus Salsola kali war. tenuifolia, see S. australis Scirpus lacustris (var.) occid{entalis), see S. acutus
Rubus parviflorus velutinus, see R. parviflorus var. Salsolakali var. tragus, see S. australis Scirpus olneyi, see S. americanus

velutinus Salsola pestifer, see S. australis Scirpus palendosus, see S. maritimus

Rubus parvifolia, see ft parviflorus Salvia carduaceae, see S. carduacea Scirpus pungens ssp. monophyllus var. longisetis,
Rubus pebescens, see ft pubescens Salvia carnosa, see S. dorr// ssp. rforr/7 var. incana see S. americanus

Rubus spectablilis, see ft spectabilis Salvia columbaria, see S. columbariae Scirpus rubrotinctus, see S. microcarpus
Rubus strigosus, see ft idaeus ssp. strigosus Salvia columbriae, see S. columbariae Scirpus validus, see S. tabernaemontani
Rubus triflorus, see ft pubescens var. pubescens Salvia dorii, see S. dorr// Scorzonella maxima, see Microseris laciniata
Rubus villosus, see ft procumbens Sambucus caerulea, see S. cerulea Sebastiana ligustrina, see Sebastianiafruticosa
Rudbeckia divergens, see ft hirtavar. angustifolia Sambucus calli[o)carpa, see S. racemose ssp. Sedum purpureum, see S. telephium ssp. telephium
Rudbeckia laciniate, see ft laciniata pubens var. arborescens Sedum rosea ssp. integrifolium, see S. integrifolium
Rumex britan[n)ica, see ft orbiculatus Sambucus coerulea, see S. cerulea ssp. integrifolium
Rumex crispis, see ft crispus Sambucus coerules, see S. cerulea Sedum roseum, see S. rosea
Rumex fenestratus, see ft aquaticus var. fenestmtus Sambucus glauca, see S. cerulea var. cerulea Sercec/, see Senecio
Rumex fueginus, see ft maritimus Sambucus intermedia, see S. cerulea Senecio douglasii, see S.flaccidus var. douglasii
Rumex geyeri, see ft paucifolius Sambucus melanocarpa, see S. racemosa ssp. Senecio fllifolius, see S. flaccidus var. flaccidus
Rumex hymenocallis, see ft hymenosepalus pubens var. melanocarpa Senecio jacobea, see S.jacobaea
Rumex mexicana, see ft salicifoliusvax. mexicanus Sambucus mexicana, see S. cerulea var. mexicana Senecio longilobus, see S. flaccidus var. flaccidus
Rumex mexicanus, see ft salicifoliusv&r. mexicanus Sambucus microbotrys, see S. racemosa ssp. pubens Senecio pseudo-arnica, see S. pseudoarnica
Rumex obtusifolium, see ft obtusifolius var. microbotrys Senecio smallii, see S. anonymus
Rumex occidentalis (var. procerus), see ft aquaticus Sambucus neomexicana, see S. cerulea var. Senecio spartoides, see S. spartioides
var. fenestratus Sericotheca discolor, see Holodiscus discolor
Ruta chalapensis, see ft chalepensis Sambucus pubens, see S. racemosa ssp. pubens var. Sericotheca dumosa, see Aster dumosus
Sabal adansonii, see S. mmor Serrenoa serrulata, see Serenoa repens
Sabbatia campanulata, see Sabatia campanulata Sambucus simpsoniii), see S. canadensis Sesamum indicum, see S. orientale
Sabina virginiana, see Juniperus virginiana var. Sambucus velutina, see S. ceruleavar. velutina Setaria lutescens, see Pennisetum glaucum
virginiana Sambucus velutinus, see S. ceruleavar. velutina Sevastana odorata, see Hierochloe odorata ssp.
Sadleria cyatheoedes, see S. cyatheoides Sanguinaria candensis, see S. canadensis
Sagittaria arifolia, see S. cuneata Sanicula gregaria, see S. odorata Shepherdia candensis, see 5. canadensis
Sagittaria variabilis, see S. latifolia var. latifolia Sanicula luberosa, see S. tuberosa Shepherdia stolonifera, see Cornus sericea ssp.
Salicornia herbacea, see S. maritima Sanicula menziesii, see S. crassicaulis
Salicornia paciflca, see Sarcocornia paciflca Sanquinaria, see Sanguinaria Sheradia arvensis, see Sherardia arvensis
Salicornia subterminalis, see Arthrocnemum sub- Sanvitalia aberti, see S. flberfH Sida hederacea, see Malvella leprosa
terminale Sapindus drummondii, see S. saponariavar. Sidalcea malvaeflora, see S. malviflora
Salidago pitched, see Solidago gigantea drummondii Sieversia ciliata, see Gei*ra triflorum var. ciliatum
Salix alexensis, see S. alaxensis Saponaria officianalis, see S. offtcinalis Silene multicaulis, see S. douglasii var. douglasii
Salix amphibia, see S. caroliniana Sarcobatus vermicularis, see S. vermiculatus Silene pringlei, see S. douglasii var. douglasii
Salix argophylla, see S. exigua Sarracena, see Sarracenia Simmondsia californica, see S. chinensis
Salix argyrophylla, see S. hindsiana Sassafras molle, see S. albidum Sismybrium officinale leiocarpum, see Sisymbrium
Salix balsamiferaf see S. pyrifolia Sassafras officinale, see S. albidum officinale
Salix cordata, see S. eriocephala Sassafras sassafras, see S. albidum Sisymbrium canescens, see Descurainia pinnata
Salix dasiolipis, see S. lasiolepis Sassafras vadifolium, see S. albidum ssp. pinnata
Salix flavescens, see S. scouleriana Savastana odorata, see Hierochloe odorata ssp. Sisymbrium elegans, see Thelypodiopsis elegans
Salixfluviatilis, see S. melanopsis odorata Sisymbrium incisum, see Descurainia incana ssp.
Salix glaucophylloides, see S. myricoides var. Saxifraga bongardi, see S. ferruginea z'nc/sa
myricoides Saxifraga jamesi, see Boykiniajamesii Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum, see S. officinale
Salix laevigata, see S. bonplandiana Saxifraga pennsylvanica, see S. pensylvanica Sisymbrium pinnatum, see Descurainia pinnata
Salix lasiandra, see 5. /wc/dfl ssp. lasiandra Saxifraga punctata (ssp. nelsoniana), see S. nelson- ssp. pinnata
Salix longifolia, see S. interior iana ssp. nelsoniana Sisymbrium sophia, see Descurainia sophia
Salix longipes, see S. caroliniana Saxifrage, see Saxifraga Sisyrinchium albidium, see S. albidum
Salix mackenzi{e)ana, see S. prolixa Scaevolo frutescens, see Scaevola sericea Sisyrinchium augustifolium, see S. angustifolium
888 Index of Synonyms

Sisyrinchium fibrosum, see S. nashii Sphaeralcea lobata, see S. angustifolia ssp. ssp. vulgare
Sisyrinchium graminoides, see S. angustifolium Sphaeralcea parviflora, see S. parvifolia Taraxacum taraxacum, see 7. officinale ssp. vulgare
Sitanion hystrix, see Elymus elymoides . Spigelia anthelmintica, see S. anthelmia Taraxicum, see Taraxacum
Sitanion jubatum, see Elymus multisetus Spiraea aruncus, seeAruncusdioicusvai. vulgaris Tatropolia cordiophylla, see Jatropha cardiophylla
Sitilias caroliniana, see Pyrrhopappus carolinianus Spiraea beauverdiana, see S. stevenii Taxodium sempervirens, see Sequoia sempervirens
Sitilias multicaulis, see Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus Spiraea caespitosa, see Petrophyton caespitosum Taxus minor, see 7. canadensis
Sium cicutaefolium, see S. suave var. caespitosum Tellima afftnis, see Lithophragma qffine
Sium laeve, see S. suave Spiraea densiflora, see S. splendens var. splendens Tephrosia ambigua, see T.florida
Sium lineare, see S. suave Spiraea latifolia, see S. alba var. latifolia Tephrosia elegans, see 7. hispidula
Sium sauve, see S. suave Spiraea menziesii, see S. douglasii var. menziesii Tephrosia piscatoria, see 7! purpurea
Smilacina amplexicaulis, see Maianthemum race- Spiraea millefolium, see Chamaebatiaria Tessaria sericea, see Pluchea sericea
mosum ssp. amplexicaule millefolium Tetradymia spinosa var. longispina, see 7. axillaris
Smilacina racemosa, see Maianthemum racemo- Spiraea pyramidata, see 5. xpyramidata Thacictrum occidentalis, see Thalictrum
sum ssp. racemosum Spiragyra sp., see Spirogyra sp. occidentale
Smilacina stellata, see Maianthemum stellatum Spiranthes gracilis, see S. laceravai. gracilis Thalaspi, see Thlaspi
Smilacrina borealis, see Clintonia uniflora Spirea alba, see Spiraea alba Thalesiafasciculata, see Orobanchefasciculata
Smilax hispida, see S. tamnoides Spirea latifolia, see Spiraea alba var. latifolia Thalictrium polygamum, see Thalictrum pubescens
Smilax tamnifolia, see S. pseudochina Spirea tomentosa, see Spiraea tomentosa Thalictrum occidentalis, see 7. occidentale
Solanum blodgettii, see S. donianum Sporobolus strictus, see S. contractus Thalictrum purpurascens, see 7. dasycarpum
Soknum dulcamera, see S. dulcamara Stachys ciliata, see S. mexicana Thamnosma montanum, see 7. montana
Solanum verbascifolium, see S. donianum Stachys cooleyae, see S. c///ato Thea sinensis, see Camellia sinensis
Solanum villosum, see S. physalifolium Stanleyella wrightii, see Thelypodium wrightii ssp. Theleosperma, see Thelesperma
Solanum xanti, see S. jcanft'z wrightii Thelesperma gracile, see 7. megapotamicum
Solidaga, see Solidago Statice limonium, see Limonium vulgare Thelesperma trifldum, see T.fllifolium var.
Solidago altissima, see S. canadensis var. scabra Stellariajamesiana, see Pseudostellaria jamesiana filifolium
Solidago decumbens, see S. simplex ssp. simplex Stenandriumfloridanum, see S. dwlce Thelypodium lilacinum, see 7. integrifolium ssp.
var. narca Stenotaphrum americanum, see S. secundatum integrifolium
Solidago graminifolia, see Euthamia graminifolia Stenotopsis linearifolius, see Ericameria linearifolia Thermopsis pinetorum, see 7. rhombifolia var.
var. graminifolia Stephanomeria ramosa, see S. runcinata monta/uz

Solidago latifolia, see S. flexicaulis Stephanomeria tenuiflora, see S. tenuifolia Therofon elatum, see Boykinia occidentalis
Solidago petradoria, see Petradoria pumila ssp. Steptopus roseus, see Streptopus roseus Thlaspifendleri, see 7 montanum var. fendleri
Stillingia angustifolia, see S. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica Thuga canadensis, see 77zu/a occidentalis
Solidago pitched, see S. gigantea Stipa hymenoides, see Oryzopsis hymenoides Thuja gigantea, see 7. plicata
Solidago pumila, see Petradoria pumila Streptopus amplexifolium, see S. amplexifolius Thurberia thespesioides, see Gossypium thurberi
Solidago rigidiuscula, see S. speciosa var. rigidius- Strombocarpa pubescens, see Prosopis pubescens Thuya, see 77zu/Vz
cula Strophostyles helvola, see S. helvula Thymus serpyllum, see 7. praecoxssp. arcticus
Solidago sarothrae, see Gutierrezia sarothrae Struthiopteris spicant, see Blechnum spicant Thysanocarpus elegans, see 7 curvipes
Solidago serotina, see S. gigantea Styphelia tameiameia, see S. tameiameiae Tiliaglabra, see 7. americana var. americana
Solidago sparsiflora, see S. velutina Suaeda depressa (var. erecta), see S. calceoliformis Tilia heterophylla, see 7. americana var.
Solidago virgaurea, see S. multiradiata Suaeda erecta, see S. calceoliformis heterophylla
Sophia halictorum, see Descurainia pinnata ssp. Suaeda fruticosa, see 5. moquinii Torresia macrophylla, see Hierochloe occidentalis
Suaeda intermedia, see S. moquinii Torresia odorata, see Hierochloe odorata ssp.
Sophia incisa, see Descurainia incanassp. incisa Suaeda torreyana (var. ramosissima), see odorata
Sophia pinnata, see Descurainia pinnata ssp. S. moquinii 7iwara virginiana, see Polygonum virginianum
pz'n/zafrz Svida stolonifera, see Cornus sericea ssp. ser/coz Townsendia arizonica, see 7. incana
Sop/2/0 sophia, see Descurainia sophia Swertia caroliniensis, see Frasera caroliniensis Townsendia sericea, see 7 exscapa
Sophia sp., see Descurainia sp. Swertia radiata, see Frasera speciosa Toxicodendron toxicodendron, see 7. pubescens
Sophora serecia, see S. nuttalliana Symphoricarpor, see Symphoricarpos Toxylon pomiferum, see Madura pomifera
Sophora sericea, see S. nuttalliana Symphoricarpos parishii, see S. oreophilus var. Tradescentia virginiana, see Tradescantia
Sophora seundiflora, see S. secundiflora parishii virginiana
Sorghum vulgare, see S. bicolorssp. bicolor Symphoricarpos racemosa, see S. albus var. albus Tragia nepetaefolia, see 7. nepetifolia
Spartina michauxiana, see S. pectinata Symphoricarpos racemosus, see S. albus var. albus Trautvetteria grandis, see 7. caroliniensis
Spatheymafoetida, see Symplocarpusfoetidus Symphoricarpos rivularis, see S. albus var. Tremafloridanus, see 7. micranthum
Spathyemafoetida, see Symplocarpusfoetidus laevigatus Tridens pulchellus, see Erioneuron pulchellum
Specularia perfoliata, see Triodanis perfoliata var. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos, see S. orbiculatus Trientalis americana, see 7. borealis ssp. borealis
perfoliata Symphoricarpos vulgaris, see S. orbiculatus Trientalis latifolia, see 7. borealis ssp. latifolia
Sphacele calycina, see Lepechinia calycina Symphoricarpus, see Symphoricarpos Trifolium ciliatum, see 7. ciliolatum
Sphaeralcea cuspidata, see 5. angustifolia ssp. Tacca pinnatiflda, see 7 leontopetaloides Trifoliumfimbriatum, see 7. wormskioldii
Taraxacum officinal, see I. officinale Trifolium involucratum (var. fendlari), see
Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia, see S. grossulariifolia Taraxacum palustre var. vulgare, see 7. officinale 7. wormskioldii
 Index of Synonyms 889

Trifolium tridentatum, see T. willdenowii Vagnera amplexicaulis, see Maianthemum racemo- Waltheria americana, see IV. mttioz
Trifolium virescens, see T.fucatum sum ssp. amplexicaule Washingtonia divaricata, see Osmorhiza berteroi
Trifolium wormskjoldii, see T. wormskioldii Vagnera racemosa, see Maianthemum racemosum Washingtonia longistylis, see Osmorhiza longistylis
Triglochin maritima, see T. maritimum ssp. racemosum Washingtonia nuda, see Osmorhiza berteroi
Triodia mutica, see Tridens muticus var. muticus Vagnera stellata, see Maianthemum stellatum Washingtonia obtusa, see Osmorhiza depauperata
Tripterocalyxwootoni{i), see T. carneavar. wootonii Valerian capitata, see Valeriana capitata Wilcoxia striata, see Peniocereus striatus
Trisetum subspicatum, see T. spicatum Valerian sitchensis, see Valeriana sitchensis Winstroemia sp., see Wikstroemia sp.
Triticum sativum, see T. aestivum Valeriana septentrionalis, see V. dioicavar. sylvatica Wislizenia melilotoides, see W. refracta ssp. refracta
Triticum vulgare, see T. aestivum Valeriana sylvatica, see V. dioica war. sylvatica Woodsia mexicana, see W. neomexicana
Troximon aurantiacum, see Agoseris aurantiaca Valerianella olitoria, see V. /ocwsfa Xanthium canadense, see X strumarium var.
var. aurantiaca Veratrum californica, see V. californicum
Troximon sp., see Agoseris sp. Veratrum eschscholtzii, see V. wr/de Xanthium commune, see X strumarium var.
Tsuga canadense, see T. canadensis Veratrum speciosum, see V. californicum var.
Tumion californica, see Torreya californica californicum Xanthium italicum, see X strumarium var.
Tumion californicum, see Torreya californica Verbena lupinnatifida, see Glandularia
Typa, see Typ/ifl bipinnatifida Xanthium orientale, see X strumarium var.
Ulmus americanus, see If. americana Verbena urticaefolia, see V. urticifolia glabratum
Ulmusfalva, see If. rwbra Verbena wrightii, see Glandularia wrightii Xanthium saccharatum, see X strumarium var.
Ulmusfluva, see If. rwbra Verbesina encelioides exauriculata, see V. e/zce-
Ulmus fulva, see If. rwfrra lioides ssp. exauriculata Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, see Xanthorhiza simplicis-
Lf/mi/5 pubescens, see If. rufrra Veronica serpylliafolia, see V. serpyllifolia sima
If/mws thomasi, see Lf. thomasii Veronica virginica, see Veronicastrum virginicum Xanthoxalis stricta, see Oxalis stricta
Umbelliferae, see Apiaceae Viburnum americanum, see V. opulusvar. Xanthoxylum americanum, see Zanthoxylum
Uniola palmeri, see Chasmanthium latifolium americanum americanum
Urtica brewed, see If. d/o/ca ssp. holosericea Viburnum cassinoides, see V. nudumvar. Xanthoxylum clava-hercules, see Zanthoxylum
Urtica lyallii, see U. dioica ssp. gracilis cassinoides clava-herculis
Urtica dioica var. gracilis, see If. rf/oiaz ssp. gracilis Viburnum pauciflorum, see K erfu/e Xerophyllum douglasii, see X teAzajt
Urtica dioicavar. lyallii, see If. dioica ssp. gracilis Viburnum pomifolium, see V. prunifolium Xerophyllum tenex, see X teflajt
Urtica gracilis var. holosericea, see If. ^/oica ssp. Viburnum pubescens, see V. dentatum var. Ximenesia exauriculata, see Verbesina encelioides
ssp. exauriculata
Lfrt/ca holosericea, see If. rf/ozca ssp. holosericea Viburnum recognitum, see V. dentatum var. Ximenesia sp., see Verbesina sp.
Urtica lyalli{i), see Lf. rf/o/ca ssp. gracilis lucidum Ximinesia exauriculata, see Verbesina encelioides
Urtica procera, see U. dioica ssp. gracilis Viburnum trilobum, see V. opulus var. americanum ssp. exauriculata
Urticastrum divaricatum, see Laportea canadensis Vicea, see Wc/fl Xiris ambigua, see Xyn'5 ambigua
Uva-ursi uva-ursi, see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Wc/fl angustifolia, see V. saft't/a ssp. mgra Xiris, see Xyris
Vaccinium alask{a)ense, see V. ovalifoliwn Vicia gigantea, see V. nigricans ssp. gigantea Xolismafruticosa, see Lyoniafruticosa
Vaccinium alaskensis, see V. ovalifolium Vigna luta, see V. /wteo/fl Yucca angustifolia, see F. glauca var. glauca
Vaccinium augustifolium, see V. angustifolium Wgfla sinensis, see V. unguiculata Yucca arborescens, see K brevifolia
Vaccinium caespitosa, see V. cespitosum Viguiera annua, see Heliomeris longifolia var. Yucca bacatta, see K baccata
Vaccinium caespitosum (var. caespitosum), see Yucca bacchata, see 7. baccata
V. cespitosum var. cespitosum Viguiera longifolia, see Heliomeris longifolia var. Yucca macrocarpa, see F. rorrey/
Vaccinium caespitosum var. paludicola, see longifolia Vwcca mohavensis, see K schidigera
V. cespitosum var. paludicola Viguiera multiflora, see Heliomeris multiflora var. Yucca navaja, see K baileyi var. navajoa
Vaccinium canadense, see V. myrtilloides multiflora Zamia floridana, see Z pumila
Vaccinium globulare, see V. membranaceum Vilfa cryptandra, see Sporobolus cryptandrus Zanthium strumarium, see Xanthium strumarium
Vaccinium hispidotum, see Gaultheria hispidula Villanova dissecta, see Ba/zw dissecta Zanthorhiza apiifolia, see Xanthorhiza simplic-
Vaccinium macrophyllum, see V. myrtilloides Vincetoxicum productum, see Matelea producta issima
Vaccinium membranaceun, see V. membranaceum Viola eriocarpa, see V. pubescens war. pubescens Zanthoxylum americana, see Z. americanum
Vaccinium membranceum, see K membranaceum Viola papilionacea, see V. sororia Zauschneria californica, see Epilobium canum ssp.
Vaccinium oreophilum, see K myrtillus var. Viola pensylvanica, see V. pubescens var. pubescens angustifolium
oreophilum Viola rafinesquil, see V. frzco/or Zauschneria latifolia, see Epilobium canum ssp.
Vaccinium oxycoccus (var. ovalifolium), see Wo/fl sarmentosa, see V. sempervirens latifolium
V! OJCJ/COCCO5 Viorna baldwinii, see Clematis baldwinii var. Zea arnylacea, see Z. m«y5
Vaccinium paludicola, see V. cespitosum baldwinii Ze<2 maize, see Z. m«ys
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, see V. angustifolium Virburnum, see Viburnum Zefl mflys amylacea, see Z. mays
Vaccinium uglinosum, see V. uliginosum Vitis arizonicus, see V. arizonica Ze<2 mflys saccharata, see Z. m«y5
Vaccinium vitisiidaea), see V. vitis-idaea Vitis baileyana, see V. cinerea var. baileyana Zizyphus cychides, see Ziziphus obtusifolia
Vaccinium vitis-idea (ssp.) mmws, see V. vitis-idaea Vitis cordifolia, see K vulpina Zizyphus lycioides, see Ziziphus obtusifolia
ssp. minus Vitis rufotomentosa, see K aestivalis var. aestivalis Zygadenus, see Zigadenus
Vaccinum, see Vaccinium Vitus, see V/f/s Zigadenus nuttalli, see Z. nuttallii
 Index of Common Names

Common plant names appearing in the original sources are listed alphabetically and are cross-referenced to the scientific names
used in the Catalog of Plants. For brevity, not all common names have been able to be listed. For example, common names that
include the genus name used in the Catalog of Plants are not usually listed in this index, so remember that some "common"
names are in fact genus names, which are listed alphabetically in the Catalog of Plants. A few examples of such names are
asparagus [Asparagus), citrus {Citrus), dahlia {Dahlia), iris {Iris), phlox {Phlox), and spiraea {Spiraea). But when the common
name includes a different genus name (e.g., rock spiraea for Holodiscus discolor, H. dumosus, and Petrophyton caespitosum) it
is listed. Plants are identified below to the level of species and a particular common name may apply only to a single subspecies
or variety of that species. Word division as used in the original sources has been followed when possible, but indexing often
required other word divisions. Some misspellings in the original sources have been corrected and some editorial conventions
have been adopted to facilitate finding names in the index. Unlike scientific names, common plant names do not follow rules
of nomenclature. This index is intended as a handy finding tool rather than as a consistently uniform catalog of common names.

A-a-li-i: Dodonaea viscosa Alder: Alnus spp., Cornus sericea Alligatorflag: Thalia geniculata
Acid Berry: Rhus trilobata Alder, Black: Alnus incana, Ilex verticillata Alligator Tree: Forestiera acuminata
Aconite, Kamchatka: Aconitum maximum Alder, Green: Alnus viridis Allspice, Carolina: Calycanthusfloridus
Adam and Eve: Aplectrum hyemale Alder, Hazel: Alnus serrulata Almond, Desert: Primus fasciculata
Adam's Needle: Yucca fllamentosa Alder, Hoary: Alnus incana Almond, Sweet: Prunusdulcis
Adder's Mouth: Malaxis unifolia Alder, Meadow: Alnus glutinosa Aloe: Agave americana, Manfreda virginica
Adder's Tongue, Yellow: Erythronium americanum Alder, Mountain: Alnus incana, A. rhombifolia, Alsike Clover: Trifolium hybridum
Adelia: Forestiera pubescens A. viridis Alumroot, Alpine: Heuchera cylindrica
Agrimony: Agrimonia gryposepala, A. parviflora Alder, Paper Leaf: Alnus incana Alumroot, American: Heuchera americana
Agueweed: Gentianella quinquefolia Alder, Red: Alnus rubra Alumroot, Beautiful: Heuchera cylindrica
Ahakea: Bobea sp. Alder, River: Alnus incana Alumroot, Bracted: Heuchera bracteata
Ahinahina: Artemisia australis Alder, Sitka: Alnus viridis Alumroot, Bridger Mountain: Heuchera flabellifolia
Ahuawa: Cyperus laevigatus Alder, Smooth: Alnus incana Alumroot, Crevice: Heuchera micrantha
Airplant: Catopsis sp., Guzmania sp., Tillandsia sp. Alder, Speckled: Alnus incana, A. sp. Alumroot, Littleflower: Heuchera parviflora
Akala: Rubus hawaiensis, R. macraei Alder, Thinleaf: Alnus incana Alumroot, Littleleaf: Heuchera parvifolia
Aki-aki: Stenotaphrum secundatum Alder, White: Alnus rhombifolia, Clethra acuminata Alumroot, New Mexico: Heuchera novomexicana
Akia Launui: Wikstroemia sp. Alderleaf Buckthorn: Rhamnus alnifolia Alumroot, Pink: Heuchera rubescens
A-koko: Chamaesyce multiformis Alderleaf Mountain Mahogany: Cercocarpus Alumroot, Richardson's: Heuchera richardsonii
Ako-lea: Phegopteris sp. montanus Alumroot, Rough Leaved: Heuchera cylindrica
A-laa: Sideroxylon sp. Alexander, Golden: Zizia aurea Alumroot, Round Leaved: Heuchera cylindrica
Ala-ala-pu-loa: Waltheria indica Alfalfa: Medicago sativa Alumroot, Small Flowered: Heuchera micrantha
Ala-ala-waionui-pehu: Peperomia sp. Alfilaria (or Alfileria): Erodium cicutarium Alumroot, Small Leaved: Heuchera flabellifolia
Alabama Supplejack: Berchemia scandens Alga, Tubular Green: Enteromorpha intestinalis Alyssum, Desert: Lepidium fremontii
Alaea: Asplenium horridum Algarrobo: Prosopis chilensis Amaranth, Bloodroot: Amaranthus palmeri
Alani-kuahiwi: Pelea sp. Algerita: Mahoniafremontii, M. haematocarpa Amaranth, Fringed: Amaranthus flmbriatus
Alaweo: Chenopodium oahuense Alkali Sacaton: Sporobolus airoides Amaranth, Green: Amaranthus retroflexus
 Index of Common Names 901

Elder, Coastal American Red: Sambucus racemosa Fairyfan, Twolobe: Clarkia biloba Fern, Bird Claw: Pellaea mucronata
Elder, European Black: Sambucus nigra Fairyfan, Winecup: Clarkia purpurea Fern, Birdnest: Asplenium nidus
Elder, European Red: Sambucus racemosa Fairy Lantern: Disporum smithii Fern, Bladder: Cystopteris protrusa
Elder, Florida: Sambucus canadensis False Aloe: Manfreda virginica Fern, Bracken: Pteridium aquilinum, P. caudatum
Elder, Marsh: Iva xanthifolia False Azalea: Menziesiaferruginea Fern, Brake: Pteridium aquilinum, Woodwardia
Elder, Pacific Red: Sambucus racemosa False Boneset: Brickellia eupatorioides radicans", see also Cliffbrake
Elder, Pale: Sambucus cerulea False Box: Paxistima myrsinites Fern, Brittle: Cystopterisfragilis
Elder, Red: Sambucus racemosa False Buffalograss: Monroa squarrosa Fern, Chain: Woodwardia flmbriata, W. radicans
Elderberry: Sambucus canadensis, S. cerulea, False Bugbane: Trautvetteria caroliniensis Fern, Chamisso's Man: Cibotium chamissoi
S. racemosa, S. sp. False Caraway, Western: Perideridia gairdneri Fern, Christmas: Polystichum acrostichoides
Elderberry, American: Sambucus racemosa False Chamomile: Matricaria discoidea Fern, Cinnamon: Osmunda cinnamomea
Elderberry, Black: Sambucus racemosa False Cocklebur: Ambrosia ambrosioides Fern, Cliff: Woodsia neomexicana
Elderberry, Blue: Sambucus cerulea False Cymopterus: Pseudocymopterus montanus Fern, Cliffbrake: see Cliffbrake
Elderberry, European Red: Sambucus racemosa False Dandelion: Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus Fern, Cloak: Argyrochosma fendleri
Elderberry, New Mexican: Sambucus cerulea False Dandelion, Leafy Stemmed: Pyrrhopappus Fern, Deer: Blechnum spicant
Elderberry, Red: Sambucus racemosa carolinianus Fern, Female: Athyriumfllix-femina
Elderberry, Scarlet: Sambucus racemosa False Dragonhead: Physostegia parviflora Fern, Fendler's False Cloak: Argyrochosma fendleri
Elecampane: lnula helenium False Flax: Camelina microcarpa Fern, Five Finger: Adiantum aleuticum, A pedatum
Elephant Ear: Xanthosoma atrovirens False Foxglove, Fern Leaved: Aureolaria pedicularia Fern, Flowering: Osmunda regalis
Elephant Head: Pedicularis attollens, P. centran- False Foxglove, Smooth: Aureolaria virginica Fern, Fragrant Shield: Dryopteris fragrans
thera, P. groenlandica False Gromwell: Onosmodium molle Fern, Giant: Acrostichum danaeifolium
Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla False Hellebore: Veratrum californicum, V. sp., Fern, Gold: Pentagrama triangularis
Elk Berry: Ribes lacustre V. viride Fern, Grape: Botrychium virginianum
Elk Food: Lithospermum incisum False Indigo: Amorphafruticosa, Baptisia alba, Fern, Gray Royal: Osmunda regalis
Elkweed, Desert: Frasera albomarginata B. sp., B. tinctoria Fern, Hay Scented: Dennstaedtia punctilobula
Elkweed, White: Frasera montana False Indigo, Blue: Baptisia australis Fern, Interrupted: Osmunda claytoniana
Elm, American: Ulmus americana, U. rubra False Lily: Maianthemum canadense Fern, Kunth's Maiden: Thelypteris kunthii
Elm, Red: Ulmus rubra False Lupine: Thermopsis macrophylla Fern, Lady: Athyriumfllix-femina
Elm, Rock: Ulmus thomasii False Mallow: Sphaeralcea coccinea Fern, Leather: Polypodium scouleri
Elm, Slippery: Ulmus rubra False Mastic: Sideroxylon foetidissimum Fern, Licorice: Polypodium glycyrrhiza,
Elm, White: Ulmus americana False Mesquite: Calliandra humilis P. virginianum
Eltrot: Heracleum sphondylium False Mitrewort: Tiarella cordifolia Fern, Lip: Cheilanthes covillei, C. fendleri,
Erythronium Stalk: Platanthera leucostachys False Nettle: Laportea canadensis C. wootonii
Estafiata: Artemisia frigida False Pennyroyal: Hedeoma drummondii, H. nana, Fern, Maiden: Asplenium trichomanes
Eugenia, Simpson: Myrcianthesfragrans H. pulegioides Fern, Maidenhair: Adiantum aleuticum, A. capillus-
Eulophus: Perideridia bolanderi False Pennyroyal, Rough: Hedeoma hispida veneris, A. jordanii, A. pedatum, A. sp.
Euphorbia: Euphorbia spp., Chamaesycefendleri False Rhubarb: Rheum rhaponticum Fern, Male: Dryopteris filix-mas
Evening Primrose: see Primrose False Sisal: Agave decipiens Fern, Marsh Shield: Thelypteris palustris
Evening Star: Mentzelia laevicaulis False Solomon's Seal: Maianthemum racemosum, Fern, Meyen's Twinsorus: Diplazium meyenianum
Everlasting, California: Gnaphalium viscosum M. stellatum, Smilacina sp. Fern, New Mexico Cliff: Woodsia neomexicana
Everlasting, Many Headed: Gnaphalium obtu- False Spikenard: Maianthemum racemosum Fern, Oak: Gymnocarpium dryopteris:, see also
sifolium False Tarragon: Artemisia dracunculus Oakfern
Everlasting, Mouse Ear: Gnaphalium obtusifolium False Toadflax: Geocaulon lividum Fern, Ostrich: Matteuccia struthiopteris
Everlasting, Pearly: Anaphalis margaritacea False Yarrow: Chaenactis douglasii Fern, Pala: Marattia sp.
Everlasting, Plantain: Antennaria plantaginifolia Farewell to Spring: Clarkia amoena, C. biloba, Fern, Parsley: Cryptogramma sitchensis
Everlasting, Spoonleaf Purple: Gamochaeta C. purpurea Fern, Rattlesnake: Botrychium virginianum
purpurea Fat Solomon: Maianthemum racemosum Fern, Resurrection: Pleopeltis polypodioides, Poly
Everlasting, Tall: Antennaria anaphaloides Fawnlily, Giant White: Erythronium oregonum podium incanum
Everlasting, White: Gnaphalium microcephalum Fawnlily, Mahogany: Erythronium revolutum Fern, Royal: Osmunda regalis
Everlasting, White Stemmed: Gnaphalium sp. Fawnlily, Midland: Erythronium mesochoreum Fern, Sensitive: Onoclea sensibilis
Explorer's Bush: Ceanothus oliganthus Fawnlily, Oregon: Erythronium oregonum Fern, Serpent: Phlebodium aureum
Eyebane: Chamaesyce maculata, C. nutans Featherplume: Daleaformosa Fern, Shield: Dryopteris arguta, D. carthusiana,
Eyeberry: Rubus pubescens Fennel, Dog: Anthemis cotula, Chamaemelum D. cristata, D. expansa, D. sp., Thelypteris kunthii
Eyelike Hardweed: Aster linariifolius nobile, Matricaria discoidea Fern, Spiny Shield: Dryopteris campyloptera
Fairy Bells, Hooker's: Disporum hooked Fennel, Sweet: Foeniculum vulgare Fern, Spiny Wood: Dryopteris campyloptera
Fairybells, Largeflower: Disporum smithii Fern, Amaumau: Sadleria cyatheoides Fern, Spreading Wood: Dryopteris carthusiana
Fairybells, Roughfruit: Disporum trachycarpum Fern, American Wild: Dennstaedtia punctilobula Fern, Sweet: Comptonia peregrina
Fairyduster: Calliandra eriophylla Fern, Appalachian Shoestring: Vittaria lineata Fern, Sword: Polystichum munitum
Fairyfan, Diamond: Clarkia rhomboidea Fern, Beard: Vittaria lineata Fern, Tea: Pellaea mucronata
Fairyfan, Elegant: Clarkia unguiculata Fern, Bird's Foot: Pellaea mucronata Fern, Virginia Grape: Botrychium virginianum
902 Index of Common Names

Fern, Walking: Asplenium rhizophyllum Flag, Soft: Typha latifolia Forget Me Not, Bay (or Small Flowered): Myosotis
Fern, Wood: Dryopteris campyloptera, D. expansa, Flag, Sweet: Acorus calamus laxa
D. marginalis, D. sp., Woodsia neomexicana] see Flag, Wild: Iris missouriensis, I. setosa Four o'clock, American: Mirabilis californica
also Woodfern Flannelbush: Fremontodendron californicum Four o'clock, Bigelow's: Mirabilis bigelovii
Fernbush: Chamaebatiaria millefolium Flatsedge, Bearded: Cyperus squarrosus Four o'clock, California: Mirabilis californica
Fernweed, Woolly: Pedicularis lanata Flatsedge, Chufa: Cyperus esculentus Four o'clock, Colorado: Mirabilis multiflora
Fescue, Alpine: Festuca brachyphylla Flatsedge, Fendler's: Cyperus fendlerianus Four o'clock, Dwarf: Mirabilis pumila
Fescue, Idaho: Festuca idahoensis Flatsedge, Fragrant: Cyperus odoratus Four o'clock, Greene's: Mirabilis greenei
Fescue, Sixweeks: Vulpia octoflora Flatsedge, Redroot: Cyperus erythrorhizos Four o'clock, Heartleaf: Mirabilis nyctaginea
Fetid Marigold: Dyssodia papposa, Pectis Flatsedge, Schweinitz's: Cyperus schweinitzii Four o'clock, Many Flowered: Mirabilis multiflora
angustifolia Flatsedge, Smooth: Cyperus laevigatus Four o'clock, Mountain: Mirabilis oblongifolia
Fetter Bush: Leucothoe axillaris Flat Top: Eriogonum plumatella Four o'clock, Narrowleaf: Mirabilis linearis
Fever Bush: Garrya elliptica, Garrya sp. Flax, Blue: Linum lewisii Four o'clock, Scarlet: Mirabilis coccineus
Feverfew, American: Tanacetum parthenium Flax, Common: Linum usitatissimum Four o'clock, Smooth Spreading: Mirabilis oxy-
Feverfew, Santa Maria: Parthenium hysterophorus Flax, False: Camelina microcarpa baphoides
Feverwort: Triosteum perfoliatum Flax, Orange Flowered: Linum puberulum Four o'clock, Trailing: Allionia incarnata, Mirabilis
Fiddle Neck: Amsinckia sp., A tessellata, Lotus Flax, Perennial Blue: Linum lewisii oxybaphoides
scoparius Flax, Plains: Linum puberulum Four o'clock, Wild: Mirabilis multiflora,
Fiddleneck, Bristly: Amsinckia tessellata Flax, Prairie: Linum lewisii M. nyctaginea
Fiddleneck, Douglas's: Amsinckia douglasiana Flax, Rocky Mountain: Linum lewisii Four o'clock, Winged: Mirabilis alipes
Fiddleneck, Purple: Phacelia californica Flax, Southern: Linum australe Foxglove: Aureolaria flava, A laevigata, A pedicu-
Fiddleneck, Tarweed: Amsinckia lycopsoides Flax, Stiffstem: Linum rigidum laria, Digitalis purpurea
Fiestaflower, White: Pholistoma membranaceum Flax, Western Blue: Linum lewisii Foxglove, Downy Yellow False: Aureolaria virginica
Fig: Ficus carica Flax, Wild: Linum lewisii Foxglove, EntireleafYellow False: Aureolaria
Fig, Sea: Carpobrotus aequilateralus Flax, Yellow: Linum australe, L puberulum, laevigata
Fig, Strangler: Ficus aurea L rigidum Foxglove, Purple: Digitalis purpurea
Figwort: Scrophularia californica, S. marilandica Fleabane: Conyza canadensis, Erigeron spp. Foxglove, Slenderleaf False: Agalinis tenuifolia
Figwort, Hare: Scrophularia lanceolata Fleabane, Aspen: Erigeron speciosus Foxglove, Smooth Yellow False: Aureolaria flava
Figwort, Lanceleaf: Scrophularia lanceolata Fleabane, Beautiful: Erigeron formosissimus Foxglove, Wild: Penstemon grandiflorus
Filaree: Erodium cicutarium, Erodium sp. Fleabane, Cut Leaved: Erigeron compositus Foxtail: Hordeum jubatum, H. murinum
Fir, Alpine: Abiesgrandis, A. lasiocarpa Fleabane, Daisy: Erigeron strigosus Foxtail, Marsh (or Shortawn): Alopecurus aequalis
Fir, Amabilis: Abies amabilis Fleabane, Desert Yellow: Erigeron linearis Fremontia: Fremontodendron
Fir, Balsam: Abies balsamea, Afraseri, A. lasiocarpa, Fleabane, Hoary: Erigeron canus Frijole: Phaseolus vulgaris
Asp. Fleabane, Largeflower: Erigeron grandiflorus Fringecup: Tellima grandiflora
Fir, Common: Abies sp. Fleabane, Leafy: Erigeron foliosus Fringedpod, Sand: Thelesperma subnudum
Fir, Douglas: Pseudotsuga menziesii Fleabane, Marsh: Plucheafoetida, P. sericea, Fringepod, Sand: Thysanocarpus curvipes
Fir, Fraser's: Abies fraseri Senecio congestus Fritillary: Fritillaria lanceolata, F. pudica, F. sp.
Fir, Grand: Abies grandis Fleabane, Navajo: Erigeron concinnus Frost Root: Erigeron philadelphicus, £ pulchellus
Fir, Great Silver: Abies grandis Fleabane, New Mexico: Erigeron neomexicanus Frost Weed: Helianthemum canadense, Verbesina
Fir, Joint: see Jointfir Fleabane, Philadelphia: Erigeron philadelphicus virginica
Fir, Lowland: Abies grandis Fleabane, Prairie: Erigeron strigosus Fuchsia, American Wild: Keckiella cordifolia
Fir, Noble: Abies procera Fleabane, Rayless Shaggy: Erigeron aphanactis Fuller's Teasel: Dipsacus fullonum
Fir, Pacific Silver: Abies amabilis Fleabane, Rough: Erigeron asper Fuzzybean: Strophostyles helvula
Fir, Red: Pseudotsuga menziesii Fleabane, Shaggy: Erigeron pumilus Fuzzy Weed: Artemisia dracunculus
Fir, Silver: Abies amabilis, A. concolor Fleabane, Spreading: Erigeron divergens Gale, Sweet: Myrica gale
Fir, Sub Alpine: Abies lasiocarpa Fleabane, Sprucefir: Erigeron eximius Galleta: Hilaria jamesii
Fir, White: Abies concolor, A grandis Fleabane, Subalpine: Erigeron peregrinus Gall of the Earth: Prenanthes serpentaria,
Fire Bush: Euonymus atropurpurea Fleabane, Thread Leaved: Erigeron ftlifolius P. trifoliolata
Firecracker Plant: Dichelostemma ida-maia Fleabane, Trailing: Erigeron flagellaris Gamble Weed: Sanicula crassicaulis
Fire Weed: Epilobium angustifolium, E. latifolium Fleabane, Tufted: Erigeron caespitosus Gamot, Mountain: Cymopterus montanus
Firewheel: Gaillardia pulchella Fleabane, Western Daisy: Erigeron bellidiastrum Garlic: Allium falcifolium, A sativum
Fishpoison: Tephrosia purpurea Flixweed: Descurainia sophia Garlic, Field: Allium canadense, A vineale
Five Eyes, Greenleaf: Chamaesaracha coronopus Floating Heart: Nymphoides cordata Garlic, Meadow: Allium canadense
Five Finger: Potentilla arguta, P. glandulosa, P. sp. Flytrap, Venus: Dionaea muscipula Garlic, Wild: Allium canadense, A lacunosum,
Five Finger, Marsh: Comarum palustre Foamflower, Heartleaf: Tiarella cordifolia A vineale
Five Leaf Vine: Parthenocissus quinquefolia Foamflower, Threeleaf: Tiarella trifoliata Garlic, Wild Field: Allium canadense
Flag Root: Acorus calamus Fogfruit: Phyla cuneifolia Gayfeather, Dense: Liatris spicata
Flag, Blue: Iris missouriensis, I versicolor Fogfruit, Lanceleaf: Phyla lanceolata Gayfeather, Dotted: Liatris punctata
Flag, Broad: Iris sp. Fogfruit, Turkey Tangle: Phyla nodiflora Gayfeather, Sharp: Liatris acidota
Flag, Larger Blue: Iris versicolor Forget Me Not: Myosotis sp. Gayfeather, Spike: Liatris spicata
 Index of Common Names 903

Gaywings: Polygala paucifolia Goldeneye, Showy: Heliomeris multiflora Gooseberry, Eastern Wild: Ribes rotundifolium
Gentian, Closed: Gentiana affinis, G. andrewsii Goldenfleece: Ericameria arborescens Gooseberry, European: Ribes uva-crispa
Gentian, Fourpart Dwarf: Gentianella propinqua Golden Hala Pepe: Pleomele aurea Gooseberry, Gummy: Ribes lobbii
Gentian, Fringed: Gentianopsis crinita Goldenhead: Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus Gooseberry, Hairystem: Ribes hirtellum
Gentian, Green: Frasera speciosa Goldenhills: Enceliafarinosa Gooseberry, Hillside: Ribes californicum
Gentian, Horse: Triosteum perfoliatum Golden Lantern: Calochortus pulchellus Gooseberry, Idaho Black: Ribes oxyacanthoides
Gentian, Plain: Gentiana alba Golden Mariana: Chrysopsis mariana Gooseberry, Inland: Ribes oxyacanthoides
Gentian, Pleated: Gentiana affinis Goldenrod, American Western: Solidago nemoralis Gooseberry, Missouri: Ribes missouriense
Gentian, Prairie: Gentiana affinis Goldenrod, Anisescented: Solidago odora Gooseberry, Orange: Ribes pinetorum
Gentian, Slender Rose: Sabatia campanulata Goldenrod, Bog: Solidago uliginosa Gooseberry, Plateau: Ribes velutinum
Gentian, Stiff: Gentianella quinquefolia Goldenrod, Broad Leaved: Solidago flexicaulis Gooseberry, Prickly: Ribes cynosbati
Gentian, Swamp: Gentiana douglasiana Goldenrod, California: Solidago californica Gooseberry, Red: Ribes sp.
Gentian, Yellowish: Gentiana alba Goldenrod, Canada: Solidago canadensis Gooseberry, Rock: Ribes quercetorum
Geranium, Rock: Heuchera americana Goldenrod, Coast: Solidago spathulata Gooseberry, Sierra: Ribes roezlii
Gerardia, Slender: Agalinis tenuifolia Goldenrod, Downy Ragged: Solidago squarrosa Gooseberry, Smooth: Ribes missouriense, R. oxya
Ghost Ear Fungus: Exobasidium sp. Goldenrod, Dwarf: Solidago simplex canthoides
Gianttrumpets: Macromeria viridiflom Goldenrod, Dyersweed: Solidago nemoralis Gooseberry, Spreading: Ribes divaricatum
Gilead: Populus balsamifera Goldenrod, Early: Solidago juncea Gooseberry, Sticky: Ribes lobbii
Gilia: Gilia sinuata, Ipomopsis aggregata, Goldenrod, Elm Leaved: Solidago ulmifolia Gooseberry, Straggly: Ribes divaricatum
I. multiflora Goldenrod, Fragrant: Euthamia graminifolia Gooseberry, Swamp: Ribes lacustre
Gilia, Blue: Gilia sp., Ipomopsis longiflora Goldenrod, Giant: Solidago gigantea Gooseberry, Trumpet: Ribes leptanthum
Gilia, Ciliate: Linanthus ciliatus Goldenrod, Heath: see Heathgoldenrod Gooseberry, White Stemmed: Ribes inerme
Gilia, Long Flowered: Ipomopsis longiflora Goldenrod, Late: Solidago gigantea Gooseberry, Wild: Ribes americanum, R. aureum,
Gilia, Many Flowered: Ipomopsis multiflora Goldenrod, Low: Solidago nemoralis R. cereum, R. divaricatum, R. hudsonianum,
Gilia, Scarlet: Ipomopsis aggregata Goldenrod, Mountain: Solidago multiradiata R. lacustre, R. missouriense, R. oxyacanthoides,
Gilia, White: Ipomopsis congesta, I. longiflora Goldenrod, Nevada: Solidago spectabilis R. viscosissimum
Ginger, Bitter: Zingiber zerumbet Goldenrod, Rigid: Solidago rigida Gooseberry Vine: Ribes uva-crispa
Ginger, Indian: Asarum canadense Goldenrod, Rock: Petradoria pumila Goosefoot, Blite: Chenopodium capitatum
Ginger, Wild: Asarum canadense, A. caudatum, Goldenrod, Rough: Solidago rugosa Goosefoot, California: Chenopodium californicum
A. sp., Hexastylis arifolia Goldenrod, Showy: Solidago speciosa Goosefoot, Desert: Chenopodium pratericola
Ginseng: Panax quinquefolius, Panax sp. Goldenrod, Southern: Solidago confinis Goosefoot, Fetid: Chenopodium graveolens
Ginseng, Dwarf: Panax trifolius Goldenrod, Spike Like: Solidago spathulata Goosefoot, Fremont: Chenopodium fremontii
Glasswort: Arthrocnemiim siibterminale, Salicornia Goldenrod, Stiff: Solidago rigida Goosefoot, Jerusalem Oak: Chenopodium botrys
virginica, Sarcocornia pacifica Goldenrod, Stout Ragged: Solidago squarrosa Goosefoot, Marshland: Chenopodium humile
Glasswort, American: Salicornia virginica Goldenrod, Threenerve: Solidago velutina Goosefoot, Mealy: Chenopodium incanum
Glasswort, Parish's: Arthrocnemum subterminale Goldenrod, Wrinkleleaf: Solidago rugosa Goosefoot, Narrowleaf: Chenopodium lepto-
Glasswort, Slender: Salicornia maritima Goldenrod, Zig Zag: Solidago flexicaulis phyllum
Glasswort, Virginia: Salicornia virginica Golden Seal: Hydrastis canadensis Goosefoot, Nettleleaf: Chenopodium murale
Globe Flower, Spreading: Trollius laxus Golden Star: Bloomeria crocea Goosefoot, Nevada: Chenopodium nevadense
Globemallow, Copper: Sphaeralcea angustifolia Golden Thread: Coptis trifolia Goosefoot, Red: Chenopodium rubrum
Globemallow, Desert: Sphaeralcea ambigua Goldentop: Lamarckia aurea Goosefoot, Tasmanian: Chenopodium carinatum
Globemallow, Emory's: Sphaeralcea emoryi Golden Trumpet: Angadenia berteroi Goosefoot, Watson's: Chenopodium watsonii
Globemallow, Fendler's: Sphaeralcea fendleri Goldenweed: Ericameria nana Goosefoot, White: Chenopodium album
Globemallow, Gooseberryleaf: Sphaeralcea Goldenweed, Cespitose: Stenotus lanuginosus Goose Grass: Galium aparine, Polygomim aviculare
grossulariifolia Goldenweed, Cutleaf: Machaeranthera canescens Goosegrass, Feathery: Equisetum sp.
Globemallow, Gray: Sphaeralcea incana Goldenweed, Slender: Machaeranthera gracilis Goose Tongue: Plantago maritima
Globemallow, Munro's: Sphaeralcea munroana Goldfern, Western: Pentagrama triangularis Gourd: Cucumis sp., Cucurbitafoetidissima,
Globemallow, Red: Sphaeralcea coccinea Goldfields: Lasthenia californica, L glabrata Lagenaria siceraria
Globemallow, Slippery: Sphaeralcea digitata Gold Root: Hydrastis canadensis Gourd, American Wild: Cucurbitafoetidissima
Globemallow, Smallflower: Sphaeralcea parvifolia Goldstar: Hypoxis hirsuta Gourd, Bottle: Lagenaria siceraria
Goat Nut: Simmondsia chinensis Gold Thread: Coptis macrosepala, Coptis trifolia Gourd, Buffalo: Cucurbitafoetidissima
Goat's Beard: Aruncus dioicus, Tragopogon porri- Gold Wire: Hypericum concinnum Gourd, Desert: Cucurbitafoetidissima
folius, T. pratensis Gooseberry, Appalachian: Ribes rotundifolium Gourd, Dipper: Lagenaria siceraria
Goat's Beard, Sylvan: Aruncus dioicus Gooseberry, Black: Ribes divaricatum, R. lacustre Gourd, Fingerleaf: Cucurbita digitata
Golden Alexander: Zizia aurea Gooseberry, Black Swamp: Ribes lacustre Gourd, Missouri: Cucurbitafoetidissima
Goldenbanner: Thermopsis macrophylla Gooseberry, California: Ribes californicum Gourd, Wild: Cucurbitafoetidissima
Goldenbush: Ericameria linearifolia, E. palmeri Gooseberry, Canadian: Ribes oxyacanthoides Gourd Vine: Lagenaria siceraria
Goldenbush, Alkali: Isocoma acradenia Gooseberry, Chaparral: Ribes quercetorum Grama, Blue: Bouteloua gracilis
Goldeneggs: Camissonia ovata Gooseberry, Coastal Black: Ribes divaricatum Grama, Hairy: Bouteloua hirsuta
Goldeneye, Longleaf False: Heliomeris longifolia Gooseberry, Desert: Ribes velutinum Grama, Matted: Bouteloua simplex
904 Index of Common Names

Grama, Side Oats: Bouteloua curtipendula Grass, Buffalo: Bouteloua gracilis, Buchloe Grass, Oat: see Oat
Grama Grass, Blue: Bouteloua gracilis dactyloides Grass, Onion: Melica bulbosa
Grama Grass, Hairy: Bouteloua hirsuta Grass, Bunch: Echinochloa crus-galli, Muhlenber- Grass, Openflower Rosette: Dichanthelium
Grama Grass, Mat: Bouteloua simplex gia rigens, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Poa secunda, laxiflorum
Grama Grass, Tall: Bouteloua curtipendula Pseudoroegneria spicata, Sporobolus airoides Grass, Orange: Hypericum gentianoides
Grape, Arizona Wild: Vitis arizonica Grass, California Vanilla: Hierochloe occidentalis Grass, Panic: Dichanthelium laxiflorum, D. oligo-
Grape, California Wild: Vitis californica Grass, Cane: Phragmites australis santhes, D. strigosum, Panicum capillare, P, hirti-
Grape, Calloosa (orCalloose): Vitis shuttleworthii Grass, Carizzo: Phragmites australis caule, P. sp., P. urvilleanum, Paspalidium gemi-
Grape, Canyon: Vitis arizonica Grass, Cheat: Bromus tectorum natum

Grape, Domesticated: Vitis vinifera Grass, Cockspur: Echinochloa crus-pavonis Grass, Pepper: Capsella bursa-pastoris, Descurainia
Grape, Downy: Vitis cinerea Grass, Cotton: see Cottongrass pinnata, Lepidium densiflorum, L lasiocarpum,
Grape, Fox: Vitis labrusca, V. vulpina Grass, Crab: see Crabgrass L montanum, L nitidum, L sp., L thurberi,
Grape, Frost: Vitis vulpina Grass, Crouch: Elytrigia repens L virginicum, Perideridia kelloggii
Grape, Graybark: Vitis cinerea Grass, Cut: Scirpus microcarpus Grass, Pine: Calamagrostis rubescens
Grape, Holly: Mahonia fremontii, M. repens Grass, Deer: Lotus scoparius, Muhlenbergia rigens Grass, Porcupine: Stipa spartea, S. speciosa
Grape, Little Muscadine: Vitis munsoniana Grass, Dropseed: Sporobolus contractus, S. cryp- Grass, Poverty: Sporobolus cryptandrus
Grape, Mountain: Mahonia aquifolium tandrus Grass, Quack: Elytrigia repens
Grape, Munsoris: Vitis munsoniana Grass, Eastern Bottlebrush: Elymus hystrix Grass, Rabbitsfoot: Polypogon monspeliensis
Grape, Muscadine: Vitis munsoniana, V rotundi- Grass, Eel: Zostera marina Grass, Rat: Scirpus sp.
folia Grass, Elk: Xerophyllum tenax Grass, Rattlesnake: Glyceria canadensis
Grape, Northern Fox: Vitis labrusca Grass, Fescue: Festuca brachyphylla, F. idahoensis, Grass, Reed: Cinna arundinacea, Phragmites
Grape, Oregon: Mahonia aquifolium, M. nervosa, Vulpia octoflora australis
M. repens, M. sp. Grass, Fetch: Vicia villosa Grass, Reed Canary: Phalaris arundinacea
Grape, Possum: Cissus verticillata, Vitis cinerea Grass, Fluff: Erioneuron pulchellum Grass, Reed Meadow: Catabrosa aquatica
Grape, Red Shank: Vitis aestivalis Grass, Foxtail: Hordeum sp. Grass, Rescue: Bromus catharticus
Grape, River Bank: Vitis riparia, V vulpina Grass, Fringed Brome: Bromus ciliatus Grass, Rib: Plantago lanceolata
Grape, Sand: Vitis rupestris Grass, Galleta: Hilariajamesii Grass, Rice: Oryzopsis hymenoides, Piptatherum
Grape, Summer: Vitis aestivalis Grass, Giant Rye: Leymus condensatus miliaceum
Grape, Valley: Vitis girdiana Grass, Giant Wild Rye: Leymus cinereus Grass, Ripgut: Bromus diandrus
Grape, Wild: Vitis arizonica, V. californica, V. cine Grass, Goose: Galium aparine, Polygonum Grass, Rood Reed: Cinna arundinacea
rea, V. girdiana, V. labrusca, V. sp., V. vulpina aviculare Grass, Rosette: Dichanthelium laxiflorum,
Grapefruit: Citrus xparadisi Grass, Grama: see Grama; and Grama Grass D. oligosanthes, D. strigosum
Grass, Alkali: Puccinellia distans Grass, Grapevine Mesquite: Panicum obtusum Grass, Roughhair Rosette: Dichanthelium
Grass, American Dune: Leymus mollis Grass, Green: Leymus mollis strigosum
Grass, Arrow: Triglochin maritimum Grass, Gulf Cockspur: Echinochloa crus-pavonis Grass, Rush: Sporobolus cryptandrus
Grass, Barnyard: Echinochloa crus-galli, E. crus- Grass, Hair: Deschampsia cespitosa, D. dantho- Grass, Rye: Elymus glaucus, E. sp., Leymus cinereus,
pavonis nioides, Muhlenbergia pungens L condensatus, L mollis, L temulentum, L triti-
Grass, Bead: Paspalum setaceum Grass, Heller's Rosette: Dichanthelium oligosanthes coides
Grass, Bear: Bothriochloa saccharoides, Molina Grass, Hog: Sonchus oleraceus Grass, Salt: Distichlis spicata
erumpens, N. microcarpa, N. sp., Tradescantia Grass, Horse Tail: Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale Grass, Sand: Calamovilfa gigantea, Oryzopsis
virginiana, Xerophyllum sp., X tenax, Yucca flla- Grass, Indian Rice: Oryzopsis hymenoides hymenoides
mentosa, Y. glauca Grass, Johnson: Sorghum halepense Grass, Sand Bunch: Oryzopsis hymenoides
Grass, Bear: Bothriochloa saccharoides, Nolina Grass, Joint: Elytrigia repens Grass, Saw: Cladium mariscus
erumpens, N. microcarpa, N. sp., Tradescantia Grass, June: Koeleria macrantha Grass, Scribner's Rosette: Dichanthelium
virginiana, Xerophyllum sp., X. tenax, Yucca Grass, Long Tongue Mutton: Poafendleriana oligosanthes
filamentosa, Y. glauca Grass, Love: Eragrostis mexicana, E. secundiflora Grass, Scurvy: Cochlearia officinalis
Grass, Beard: Andropogon floridanus Grass, Lyme: Elymus canadensis, Leymus mollis Grass, Sea: Phyllospadix torreyi, Ruppia sp.
Grass, Bermuda: Cynodon dactylon Grass, Manna: Glyceria obtusa, Puccinellia distans Grass, Silk: Pityopsis graminifolia
Grass, Blue Eyed: Sisyrinchium albidum, S. angus- Grass, Marsh Reed: Calamagrostis canadensis Grass, Sleepy: Stipa robusta
tifolium, S. helium, S. campestre, 5. mucronatum, Grass, Meadow: Poa arida Grass, Slender Hair: Deschampsia danthonioides
S. nashii Grass, Merlin: Polymnia canadensis Grass, Slew: Beckmannia syzigachne
Grass, Blue Grama: Bouteloua gracilis Grass, Mesquite: Bouteloua curtipendula, Muhlen Grass, Slough: Beckmannia syzigachne, Carex
Grass, Blue Joint: Elytrigia repens bergia wrightii, Panicum obtusum barbarae, Spartina pectinata
Grass, Blue Star Flower: Sisyrinchium angustifolium Grass, Moccasin: Melothria pendula Grass, Small Panic: Dichanthelium oligosanthes
Grass, Blue Stem: Andropogon gerardii, Pascopy- Grass, Muhly: see Muhly Grass, Smilo: Piptatherum miliaceum
rum smithii Grass, Mutton: Poafendleriana Grass, Snake: Ipomoea sagittata
Grass, Bottle Brush: Elymus hystrix Grass, Narrow Leaf: Sporobolus contractus Grass, Spear: Stipa comata, Stipa speciosa
Grass, Bristle: Pennisetum glaucum Grass, Narrow Leaved: Sisyrinchium montanum Grass, Squaw: Xerophyllum tenax
Grass, Brome: Bromus tectorum Grass, Nodding Fescue: Festuca subverticillata Grass, Squirrel Tail: Elymus elymoides, Hordeum
Grass, Broom: Andropogon sp. Grass, Nut: Cyperus esculentus, C. rotundus, C. sp. jubatum
 Index of Common Names 905

Grass, St. Augustine: Stenotaphrum secundatum Greenthread, Stiff: Thelesperma filifolium Gumweed, Idaho: Grindelia nana
Grass, Star: Aletris farinosa Gromwell, European: Lithospermum officinale Gumweed, Pillar False: Vanclevea stylosa
Grass, Sugar: Glyceriafluitans Gromwell, False: Onosmodium molle Gumweed, Pointed: Grindelia fastigiata
Grass, Surf: Phyllospadix scouleri, P. serrulatus, Gromwell, Manyflowered: Lithospermum multi- Gumweed, Puget Sound: Grindelia integrifolia
P. torreyi florum Gumweed, Reclined: Grindelia decumbens
Grass, Sweet: see Sweet Grass Gromwell, Narrow Leaf: Lithospermum incisum Gypsyflower: Cynoglossum officinale
Grass, Sweet Vernal: Anthoxanthum odoratum Gromwell, Western: Lithospermum ruderale Gypsyweed: Veronica officinalis
Grass, Three Awn: Aristida purpurea Ground Cedar: Lycopodium complanatum Haa: Antidesma pulvinatum
Grass, Three Cornered: Scirpus americanus Ground Cherry, Clammy: Physalis heterophylla Hackberry, Common: Celtis occidentalis
Grass, Tule: Juncus sp. Groundcherry, Fendler's: Physalis hederifolia Hackberry, Netleaf: Celtis laevigata
Grass, Turkey: Verbena officinalis Ground Cherry, Inedible: Physalis lanceolata Hackberry, Rough Leaved: Celtis occidentalis
Grass, Turtle: Phyla nodiflora Groundcherry, Lanceleaf: Physalis lanceolata Hackberry, Western: Celtis laevigata
Grass, Vanilla: Hierochloe odorata Ground Cherry, Large Bladder: Physalis viscosa Hackelia, Spreading: Hackelia diffusa
Grass, Vernal: Anthoxanthum odoratum Groundcherry, Longleaf: Physalis longifolia Hairgrass, Annual: Deschampsia danthonioides
Grass, Vine Mesquite: Panicum obtusum Groundcherry, Mexican: Physalis philadelphica Hairgrass, Purple: Muhlenbergia pungens
Grass, Water: Echinochloa crus-galli Groundcherry, New Mexican: Physalis subulata Hairgrass, Tufted: Deschampsia cespitosa
Grass, Weeping Alkali: Puccinellia distans Ground Cherry, Prairie: Physalis lanceolata Hairybeast Turtleback: Psathyrotes pilifera
Grass, Western Rye: Elymus glaucus Ground Cherry, Purple Flowered: Quincula lobata Hala: Pandanus tectorius
Grass, Wheat: Agropyron sp., Elymus trachycaulus, Groundcherry, Sharpleaf: Physalis acutifolia Hala-pepe: Pleomele aurea
Pascopyrum smithii, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Groundcherry, Starhair: Physalis viscosa Hame: Antidesma pulvinatum
Triticum aestivum Groundcherry, Virginia: Physalis virginiana Handsome Harry: Rhexia virginica
Grass, White: Xerophyllum tenax Ground Cherry, Wright's: Physalis acutifolia Hapuu: Cibotium chamissoi
Grass, Whitlow: seeWhitlowgrass Groundcone, California: Boschniakia strobilacea Harbinger of Spring: Eugenia bulbosa
Grass, Whooping Cough: Iresine diffusa Groundcone, Northern: Boschniakia rossica Hardhack: Spiraea douglasii, Spiraea tomentosa
Grass, Wire: Aristida purpurea, Juncus balticus, Groundcone, Vancouver: Boschniakia hookeri Hard Tack: Cercocarpus montanus
J. mexicanus, J. tenuis Groundcover Milkvetch: Astragalus humistratus Hardweed, Eyelike: Aster linariifolius
Grass, Witch: Panicum capillare Ground Hemlock: Lycopodium clavatum, Taxus Harebell: Campanula rotundifolia
Grass, Wool: Scirpus cyperinus baccata, T brevifolia, T. canadensis Harebell, California: Asyneuma prenanthoides
Grass, Worm: Chenopodium ambrosioides Ground Nut: Apios americana, Claytonia Harebell, Southern: Campanula divaricata
Grass, Yelloweyed: Xyris ambigua, X. caroliniana lanceolata, C multicaulis Haresfoot Pointloco: Oxytropis lagopus
Grass Nut: Brodiaea sp., Dichelostemma pulchel- Ground Pine: Lycopodium complanatum, L den- Hare's Tail: Eriophorum callitrix
lum, Triteleia laxa droideum, L obscurum Harlequinbush: Gaura hexandra
Grass Nut, Climbing: Dichelostemma volubile Groundpine, Savinleaf: Lycopodium sabinifolium Harvestbells: Gentiana saponaria
Grass Nut, Purple Flowered: Dichelostemma Groundpine, Tree: Lycopodium dendroideum Harvestlice: Agrimonia parviflora
pulchellum Groundsel, Arrowleaf: Senecio triangularis Hau-hele: Hibiscus sp.
Grass Nut, White Flowered: Triteleia hyacinthina Groundsel, Broom: Senecio spartioides Hau-kae-kae: Hibiscus tiliaceus
Grass Nut, Yellow Blossom: Triteleia ixioides Groundsel, Bush: Senecio flaccidus Hauve Cane: Phragmites australis
Graythorn: Ziziphus obtusifolia Groundsel, Douglas: Senecio flaccidus Haw: Asclepias tuberosa, Crataegus douglasii,
Greasebush: Glossopetalon spinescens Groundsel, Lobeleaf: Senecio multilobatus C. pruinosa, C. sp., C. submollis
Greasewood: Adenostomafasciculatum, A. sparsi- Groundsel, New Mexico: Senecio neomexicanus Haw, Black: Crataegus douglasii, Viburnum
folium, Purshia tridentata, Sarcobatus vermicu- Groundsel, Ragwort: Senecio multicapitatus lentago, V. prunifolium
latus Groundsel, Threadleaf: Senecio flaccidus Haw, Dotted: Crataegus punctata
Greenbrier: Smilax auriculata, S. bona-nox, Groundsel Tree: Baccharis emoryi, B. pilularis Haw, Possum: Viburnum nudum
S. pseudochina, S. rotundifolia, S. sp. Grouseberry: Vaccinium scoparium Haw, Red: Crataegus chrysocarpa, C. columbiana
Greenbrier, Bristly: Smilax tamnoides Guava: Psidium guajava Hawberry, Black: Crataegus sp.
Greenbrier, California: Smilax californica Gum, Black: Nyssa aquatica, N. sp., N. sylvatica Hawksbeard, Fiddleleaf: Crepis runcinata
Greenbrier, Cat: Smilax glauca Gum, Desert: Lygodesmia sp. Hawksbeard, Largeflower: Crepis occidentalis
Greenbrier, Common: Smilax rotundifolia Gum, Spruce: Pinus rigida Hawksbeard, Longleaf: Crepis acuminata
Greenbrier, Earleaf: Smilax auriculata Gum, Sweet: Liquidambar styraciflua Hawksbeard, Naked Stemmed: Crepis runcinata
Greenbrier, Hispid: Smilax tamnoides Gumbo Limbo: Bursera simaruba Hawksbeard, Siskiyou: Crepis modocensis
Greenbrier, Laurel: Smilax laurifolia Gum Bully (or Bumelia): Sideroxylon lanuginosum Hawksbeard, Slender: Crepis atribarba
Greenbrier, Roundleaf: Smilax rotundifolia Gum Plant: Grindelia hallii, G. integrifolia, Hawkweed: Hieracium cynoglossoides, Hfendleri,
Greenbrier, Saw: Smilax bona-nox G. nana, G. robusta, G. sp., G. squarrosa H. pilosella, H. scabrum, H. scouleri, H. sp.,
Greendragon: Arisaema dracontium Gum Weed: Grindelia spp., Madia gracilis H. venosum
Greenleaf Five Eyes: Chamaesaracha coronopus Gumweed, Curlycup: Grindelia squarrosa Hawkweed, Canada: Hieracium canadense
Greenmolly: Kochia americana Gumweed, Curlytop: Grindelia nuda Hawkweed, Houndstongue: Hieracium cynoglos
Greenstripe: Amaranthus acanthochiton Gumweed, Great Valley: Grindelia camporum, soides
Greenthread, Hopi Tea: Thelesperma megapo- G. robusta Hawkweed, Mouseear: Hieracium pilosella
tamicum Gumweed, Hairy: Grindelia humilis Hawkweed, Rough: Hieracium scabrum
Greenthread, Longstalk: Thelesperma longipes Gumweed, Hall's: Grindelia hallii Hawkweed, Yellow: Hieracium fendleri
906 Index of Common Names

Hawthorn, Arnold: Crataegus mollis T. canadensis, T. caroliniana, T. heterophylla mucronatus

Hawthorn, Bigfruit: Crataegus macrosperma Hemlock, Black: Tsuga mertensiana Holly, Sea: Eryngium alismifolium
Hawthorn, Black: Crataegus columbiana, Hemlock, Canada: Tsuga canadensis Holly, Western: Mahonia aquifolium
C. douglasii Hemlock, Carolina: Tsuga caroliniana Hollycock, Wild: Sidalcea malviflora
Hawthorn, Cerro: Crataegus erythropoda Hemlock, Coast: Tsuga heterophylla Hollyhock: Alcea rosea
Hawthorn, Columbia: Crataegus columbiana Hemlock, Crag: Tsuga caroliniana Hollyhock, Desert: Sphaeralcea emoryi
Hawthorn, Dotted: Crataegus punctata Hemlock, Eastern: Tsuga canadensis Honeydew: Horkelia californica
Hawthorn, Douglas's: Crataegus douglasii Hemlock, Ground: Lycopodium clavatum, Taxus Honey Locust: Gleditsia triacanthos
Hawthorn, Fireberry: Crataegus chrysocarpa baccata, T. brevifolia, T. canadensis Honey Mesquite: Prosopis glandulosa
Hawthorn, Hawaii: Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Hemlock, Mountain: Tsuga mertensiana Honeysuckle, American Fly: Lonicera canadensis
Hawthorn, Littlehip: Crataegus spathulata Hemlock, Poison: Cicuta maculata, Conium Honeysuckle, Arizona: Lonicera arizonica
Hawthorn, Pear: Crataegus calpodendron maculatum Honeysuckle, Bearberry: Lonicera involucrata
Hawthorn, Quebec: Crataegus submollis Hemlock, Spotted Water: Cicuta maculata Honeysuckle, Bush: Diervilla lonicera
Hawthorn, Red: Crataegus columbiana Hemlock, Water: see Water Hemlock Honeysuckle, Butters: Lonicera dioica
Hawthorn, River: Crataegus rivularis Hemlock, Western: Tsuga heterophylla Honeysuckle, California: Lonicera hispidula
Hawthorn, Waxyfruit: Crataegus pruinosa Hemlockparsley, Chinese: Conioselinum chinense Honeysuckle, Chaparral: Lonicera interrupta
Hay, Red: Andropogon gerardii Hemlockparsley, Pacific: Cotiioselinum gmelinii Honeysuckle, Coast: Lonicera involucrata
Hay, Swamp: Carex atherodes, Carex obnupta Hemlockparsley, Rocky Mountain: Conioselinum Honeysuckle, Dwarf Bush: Diervilla lonicera
Hay, Wild: Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia rigens, scopulorum Honeysuckle, Fly: Lonicera canadensis, L oblongi-
Oryzopsis hymenoides, Sporobolus contractus Hemp: Cannabis sativa folia
Hazel: Corylus americana, C. cornuta, C. sp. Hemp, Indian: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Honeysuckle, Glaucous: Lonicera dioica
Headache Weed: Clematis hirsutissima A. cannabinum, A. sp. Honeysuckle, Japanese: Lonicera japonica
Heal All: Prunella vulgaris Hemp, Mountain: Apocynum cannabinum Honeysuckle, Johnston's: Lonicera subspicata
Heart Leaf: Hexastylis arifolia, H virginica Hempvine (or Hempweed): Mikania batatifolia Honeysuckle, Limber: Lonicera dioica
Hearts-a-bustin-with-love: Euonymus americana Herb of the Cross: Verbena officinalis Honeysuckle, Orange: Lonicera ciliosa
Heart Seed: Polygonum pensylvanicum Herb Sophia: Descurainia sophia Honeysuckle, Pink: Lonicera hispidula
Heath, Rose: Chaetopappa ericoides Hercules's Club: Aralia spinosa, Zanthoxylum Honeysuckle, Purpleflower: Lonicera conjugialis
Heather, Arctic White: Cassiope tetragona clava-herculis Honeysuckle, Swamp: Lonicera involucrata
Heather, Red Mountain: Phyllodoce empetriformis Heronbill: Erodium cicutarium Honeysuckle, Swamp Fly: Lonicera oblongifolia
Heather, Western Moss: Cassiope mertensiana Hickory: Carya alba, C. laciniosa, C. ovata, Honeysuckle, TVrinberry: Lonicera involucrata
Heather, White Arctic Mountain: Cassiope tetragona C. pallida, C. sp. Honeysuckle, TMning: Lonicera dioica
Heather, White Mountain: Cassiope mertensiana Hickory, Bitternut: Carya cordiformis Honeysuckle, Utah: Lonicera utahensis
Heathgoldenrod, Chaparral: Ericameria Hickory, Mockernut: Carya alba Honohono: Murdannia nudiflora
brachylepis Hickory, Pignut: Carya glabra Hop: Humulus lupulus
Heathgoldenrod, Cliff: Ericameria cuneata Hickory, Sand: Carya pallida Hopbush: Dodonaea viscosa
Heathgoldenrod, Cooper's: Ericameria cooped Hickory, Shag Bark: Carya ovata Hop Hornbeam: Ostrya virginiana
Heathgoldenrod, Dwarf: Ericameria nana Hickory, Shellbark: Carya ovata Hops: Humulus lupulus
Heathgoldenrod, Narrowleaf: Ericameria lineari- Hoarhound: Marrubium vulgare Hop Tree: Ptelea trifoliata
folia Hoarhound, Water: Lycopus americanusr, see also Hop Vine: Humulus lupulus
Heathgoldenrod, Palmer's: Ericameria palmeri Water Horehound Horehound, American: Marrubium vulgare
Heathgoldenrod, Parish's: Ericameria parishii Hoarhound, Wild: Eupatorium pilosum Horehound, Water: Lycopus americanus, L asper,
Heathgoldenrod, Rabbitbush: Ericameria bloomed Hoary Pea: Tephrosia purpurea L sp., L virginicus, Marrubium vulgare
Hedgehog: Echinocereusfendleri Hoarypea, Florida: Tephrosia florida Horehound, White: Marrubium vulgare
Hedgehog Mushroom: Dentinum repandum Hoarypea, Sprawling: Tephrosia hispidula Horkelia: Ivesia gordonii
Hedgehog, Salmon Flowered: Echinocereus polya- Hoary Puccoon: Lithospermum canescens Hornbeam: Carpinus caroliniana
canthus Ho-a-wa: Pittosporum sp. Hornbean: Carpinus caroliniana
Hedgenettle, California: Stachys bullata Hobble Bush: Viburnum lantanoides Horsebean: Viciafaba
Hedgenettle, Great: Stachys ciliata Hognut: Amphicarpaea bracteata Horsebrush: Tetradymia canescens
Hedgenettle, Marsh: Stachys palustris Hog Peanut: Amphicarpaea bracteata Horsebrush, Hairy: Tetradymia comosa
Hedgenettle, Rothrock's: Stachys rothrockii Hogweed: Amaranthus retroflexus Horsebrush, Longspine: Tetradymia axillaris
Hedgenettle, Smooth: Stachys tenuifolia Hogweed, Little: Portulaca oleracea Horsebrush, Mojave: Tetradymia stenolepis
Hedgenettle, Whitestem: Stachys albens Ho-i: Dioscorea bulbifera Horseflyweed: Baptisia tinctoria
Hei: Carica papaya Ho-i-o: Diplazium meyenianum Horsehound: Marrubium vulgare
Heliotrope, Wild: Heliotropium curassavicum, Holdback, James's: Caesalpinia jamesii Horsemint: Monarda didyma, M. pectinata,
Phacelia crenulata, P. sp. Ho-le-i: Ochrosia compta M. punctata, M. sp., Monardella villosa
Hellebore, American False: Veratrum viride Hollowstomach: Cryptantha sp. Horsenettle, Carolina: Solanum carolinense
Hellebore, American White: Veratrum californicum Holly, American: Ilex opaca Horsenettle, Fendler's: Solanum fendleri
Hellebore, Indian: Veratrum viride Holly, California: Heteromeles arbutifolia Horsepurslane: Trianthema portulacastrum
Helleborine, Giant: Epipactis gigantea Holly, English: Ilex aquifolium Horseradish: Armoracia rusticana, Rorippa
Hemlock: Picea glauca, Thuja occidentalism Holly, Mountain: Ilex aquifolium, Nemopanthus nasturtium-aquaticum
 Index of Common Names 907

Horse Tail: Equisetaceae, Equisetum arvense, Ihi-ai: Portulaca oleracea Indian Tobacco: Lobelia inflata, Nicotiana atten-

E. hyemale, E. laevigatum, E. palustre, E. pratense, Iliee: Plumbago zeylanica uata, N. quadrivalvis, N. rustica, N. sp.

E. sp., E. sylvaticum, E. telmateia Ilima: Sida sp. Indian Turnip: Arisaema triphyllum, Lithospermum

Horse Tail, Branchless: Equisetum hyemale, E. lae Ili-oha Laau: Conyza canadensis incisum, Pediomelum esculentum, P. hypogaeum,

vigatum, E. sp. Incienso: Enceliafarinosa Psoralidium lanceolatum, P. tenuiflorum

Horse Tail, Field: Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale Indian Balm: Pluchea sp. Indian Walnut: Aleurites moluccana

Horse Tail, Giant: Equisetum telmateia Indian Balsam: Lomatium dissectum Indian Warrior: Pedicularis densiflora

Horse Tail, Large: Equisetum hyemale Indian Biscuitroot: Lomatium piped Indian Wheat: Plantago ovata, P. patagonica, P. sp.

Horsetail, Marsh: Equisetum palustre Indian Bread Root: Pediomelum esculentum Indian Woodoats: Chasmanthium latifolium
Horsetail, Meadow: Equisetum pratense Indian Breadroot: Pediomelum hypogaeum Indigo, Blue Wild: Baptisia australis
Horse Tail, River: Equisetum laevigatum Indian Broom: Baccharis sarothroides Indigo, False: Amorpha fruticosa, Baptisia alba,
Horse Tail, Small: Equisetum laevigatum Indian Carrot: Perideridia pringlei B. sp., B. tinctoria
Horsetail, Smooth: Equisetum laevigatum Indian Celery: Angelica arguta, Lomatium ambigu- Indigo, Largeleaf Wild: Baptisia alba
Horse Tail, Wood: Equisetum sylvaticum um, L nudicaule, L triternatum Indigo, Longbract Wild: Baptisia bracteata

Horse Weed: Conyza canadensis Indian Cherry: Prunus ilicifolia Indigo, Prairie: Baptisia alba
Hound's Tongue: Cynoglossum grande, C. ojficinale, Indian Coffee: Senna tora Indigo, Wild: Baptisia sp., Baptisia tinctoria

C. virginianum Indian Consumption Plant: Lomatium nudicaule Indigobush, Desert: Amorpha fruticosa
Huckleberry, Alaska: Vaccinium ovalifolium Indian Corn: Zea mays Indigobush, Dwarf: Amorpha nana
Huckleberry, Bear: Gaylussacia ursina Indian Cucumber: Medeola virginiana Ink Berry, American: Phytolacca americana
Huckleberry, Black: Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccini Indian Cucumberroot: Medeola virginiana Ink Weed: Suaeda moquinii
um ovatum Indian Cup: Sarracenia purpurea Insideout Flower, Golden: Vancouveria chrysantha
Huckleberry, Black Mountain: Vaccinium mem- Indian Cup Plant: Silphium perfoliatum Insideout Flower, White: Vancouveria hexandra
branaceum Indian Ginger: Asarum canadense Iodine Bush: Allenrolfea occidentalis
Huckleberry, Blue: Vaccinium membranaceum, Indian Gum Plant: Stephanomeria spinosa Ionactis: Aster linariifolius
V. ovalifolium V sp. Indian Hellebore: Veratrum viride Ipecac, American: Euphorbia ipecacuanhae,
Huckleberry, Blueleaved: Vaccinium deliciosum Indian Hemp: Apocynum androsaemifolium, Porteranthus stipulatus, P. trifoliatus
Huckleberry, California: Vaccinium ovatum A. cannabinum, A. sp. Ipecacuanha: Euphorbia ipecacuanhae
Huckleberry, Coast: Vaccinium ovatum Indian Ice Cream: Shepherdia canadensis Ipu Awaawa: Cucurbita maxima
Huckleberry, Dwarf: Vaccinium cespitosum Indian Lettuce: Claytonia perfoliata, C. sibirica Iron Skyrocket: Ipomopsis laxiflora
Huckleberry, Early: Gaylussacia baccata Indian Maize: Zea mays Ironweed: Vernonia glauca, V noveboracensis, Ksp.
Huckleberry, Evergreen: Vaccinium ovatum Indian Milkvetch: Astragalus australis Ironweed, Drummond's: Vernonia missurica
Huckleberry, Fool's: Menziesiaferruginea Indian Millet: Oryzopsis hymenoides Ironweed, Missouri: Vernonia missurica
Huckleberry, Mountain: Vaccinium mem Indian Mulberry: Morinda citrifolia Ironweed, New York: Vernonia noveboracensis
branaceum Indian Mustard: Brassica juncea Ironwood: Carpinus caroliniana, Forestiera pubes-
Huckleberry, Oval Leaved: Vaccinium ovalifolium Indian Paint: Castilleja parviflora, Lithospermum cens, Holodiscus discolor, Olneya tesota, Ostrya
Huckleberry, Red: Vaccinium ovalifolium, V. parvi- incisum virginiana
folium Indian Paintbrush: see Paintbrush Islay: Prunus ilicifolia
Huckleberry, Thin Leaved: Vaccinium mem Indian Parsley: see Parsley, Indian Ivy, Ground: Glechoma hederacea
branaceum Indian Parsnip: Pteryxia terebinthina Ivy, Poison: Toxicodendron pubescens, T. radicans,
Hummingbird: Castilleja applegatei, C. parviflora Indian Pepper: Saururus cernuus T. rydbergii
Hummingbird Trumpet: Epilobium canum Indian Physic: Porteranthus stipulatus Iwaiwa: Asplenium pseudofalcatum
Hyacinth, Pine: Clematis baldwinii Indian Pink: Spigelia marilandica Jack in the Pulpit: Arisaema triphyllum
Hyacinth, Wild: Dichelostemma pulchellum, Indian Pipe: Monotropa uniflora Jacob's Ladder: Smilax herbacea
Triteleia grandiflora Indian Plum: Oemleria cerasiformis Jacobsladder, Elegant: Polemonium elegans
Hyssop: Hyssopus offlcinalis Indian Poke: Veratrum viride Jamestown Weed: Datura wrightii
Hyssop, Blue Giant: Agastachefoeniculum Indian Posey: Barbarea vulgaris Jasmine, Rock: see Rockjasmine
Hyssop, Blue Water: Bacopa caroliniana Indian Posy: Anaphalis margaritacea Jasmine, Yellow: Gelsemium sempervirens
Hyssop, Bog: Bacopa caroliniana Indian Potato: Apios americana, Hoffmannseggia Jerusalem Thorn: Parkinsonia aculeata
Hyssop, Fragrant Giant: Agastachefoeniculum glauca, Solanum tuberosum Jewelweed: Impatiens capensis, I. pallida
Hyssop, Giant: Agastachefoeniculum, A. nepetoides, Indian Rhubarb: Darmera peltata, Heracleum Jewelweed, Spotted: Impatiens capensis
A. pallidiflora, A. scrophulariifolia, A. urticifolia maximum Jilla Flower: Cosmos sp.
Hyssop, Lavender: Agastachefoeniculum Indian Rice: Zizania aquatica, Zizania palustris Jilly Flower: Ipomopsis aggregata
Hyssop, Nettleleaf Giant: Agastache urticifolia Indian Rice Grass: Oryzopsis hymenoides Jimmyweed: Isocoma pluriflora
Hyssop, New Mexico Giant: Agastache pallidiflora Indian Rushpea: Hoffmannseggia glauca JimpsonWeed: Datura wrightii
Hyssop, Purple Giant: Agastache scrophulariifolia Indian Spikenard: Aralia racemosa, Maianthemum Jimson Weed: Datura discolor, D.ferox, D. sp.,
Hyssop, Water: Bacopa caroliniana racemosum D. stramonium, D. wrightii
Hyssop, Yellow Giant: Agastache nepetoides Indian Spinach: Monolepis nuttalliana Job's Tears: Coix lacryma-jobi
Icaco Coco Plum: Chrysobalanus icaco Indian Tea: Aster umbellatus, Ephedra sp., Ephedra Joe Pye Weed: Eupatorium maculatum,
Ice Cream, Indian: Shepherdia canadensis viridis E. purpureum
Vie: Freycinetia arborea Indian Tea Tree: Ledum groenlandicum Jointfir, Arizona: Ephedra fasciculata
908 Index of Common Names

Jointfir, California: Ephedra californica Key Lime: Citrus aurantifolia Lambkill: Kalmia angustifolia
Jointfir, Longleaf: Ephedra trifurca Ki: Cordylinefruticosa Lamb's Quarter: Amaranthus retroflexus,
Jointfir, Nevada: Ephedra nevadensis Kihapai: Catharanthus roseus Chenopodium album, C. incanum, C. leptophyl-
Jointfir, Torrey's: Ephedra torreyana Kikania: Desmodium sandwicense lum, C. murale, C. sp.
Joint Grass, Blue: Elytrigia repens King of the Meadow: Thalictrum pubescens Lamb's Quarter, Desert: Chenopodium incanum
Jojoba: Simmondsia chinensis King Solomon's Seal: Polygonatum biflorum Lamb's Quarter, Narrow Leaved: Chenopodium
Joshua Tree: Yucca brevifolia Kinnickinnick: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leptophyllum
Juba's Bush: Iresine diffusa Kinnikinik: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Lance Wood: Ocotea coriacea
Jug, Little Brown: Hexastylis arifolia Kinnikinnic: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Larb: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Jujube, Parry's: Ziziphus parryi Kinnikinnick: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus Larch: Larix laricina, Larix occidentalis
Jumpingbean, Mexican: Sapium biloculare amomum, C. sericea Larkspur: Consolida ajacis, Delphinium spp.
Jumpseed: Polygonum virginianum Kinnikinnick, Small: Linnaea borealis Larkspur, Blue: Delphinium hesperium
June Berry: Amelanchier alnifolia, A. arborea, Kinnikinnik: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Cornus Larkspur, Carolina: Delphinium carolinianum
A. canadensis, A. laevis, A. sanguinea, A sp., amomum Larkspur, Carrotleaf: Delphinium tenuisectum
A stolonifera, Symphoricarpos occidentalis Knotweed, Bushy: Polygonum ramosissimum Larkspur, Clark Valley: Delphinium geraniifolium
Juniper: Draba helleriana, D. reptans, Juniperus spp. Knotweed, Curlytop: Polygonum lapathifolium Larkspur, Coastal: Delphinium decorum
Juniper, Alligator: Juniperus deppeana Knotweed, Denseflower: Polygonum densiflorum Larkspur, Dwarf: Delphinium tricorne
Juniper, Alpine: Juniperus communis Knotweed, Douglas's: Polygonum douglasii Larkspur, Foothill: Delphinium hesperium
Juniper, American: Juniperus californica Knotweed, Japanese: Polygonum cuspidatum Larkspur, Little: Delphinium bicolor
Juniper, California: Juniperus californica Knotweed, Johnston's: Polygonum douglasii Larkspur, Menzies's: Delphinium menziesii
Juniper, Colorado: Juniperus scopulorum Knotweed, Marshpepper: Polygonum hydropiper Larkspur, Mountain: Delphinium scaposum
Juniper, Creeping: Juniperus communis, J. horizon- Knotweed, Ovalleaf: Polygonum arenastrum Larkspur, Nelson: Delphinium menziesii
talis Knotweed, Prostrate: Polygonum aviculare Larkspur, Nuttall's: Delphineum nuttallianum
Juniper, Dwarf: Juniperus communis Knotweed, Silversheath: Polygonum argyrocoleon Larkspur, Prairie: Delphinium carolinianum
Juniper, Ground: Juniperus communis Knotweed, Water: Polygonum amphibium Larkspur, Red: Delphinium nudicaule
Juniper, Low: Juniperus communis Koa: Acacia koa Larkspur, Rocky Mountain: Delphinium
Juniper, Mountain: Juniperus communis Koali: lpomoea cairica scopulorum
Juniper, One Seed: Cupressus sp., Juniperus KoVio: Hibiscus sp. Larkspur, San Bernardino: Delphinium parryi
monosperma Kokolau: Bidens amplectens Laurel: Magnolia virginiana, Umbellularia sp.
Juniper, Pinchot's: Juniperus pinchotii Koli Ulaula: Ricinus communis Laurel, Alpine: Kalmia microphylla
Juniper, Prickly: Juniperus communis Kookoolau: Bidens sp. Laurel, American: Kalmia polifolia
Juniper, Rocky Mountain: Juniperus scopulorum Kouse: Lomatium cous Laurel, Bog: Kalmia polifolia
Juniper, Shrub: Juniperus communis Kowali Awa: lpomoea indica Laurel, California: Umbellularia californica, U. sp.
Juniper, Sierra: Juniperus occidentalis Kowali Pehu: Merremia dissecta Laurel, Great: Rhododendron maximum
Juniper, Trailing: Juniperus chinense Kuawa: Psidium guajava Laurel, Mountain: Broussonetia papyrifera, Kalmia
Juniper, Utah: Juniperus osteosperma Kukaepuaa: Digitaria setigera latifolia, Umbellularia californica
Juniper, Virginia: Juniperus virginiana Kukui: Aleurites moluccana Laurel, Sheep: Kalmia angustifolia
Juniper, Western: Juniperus occidentalis Kumquat: Fortunella sp. Laurel, Swamp: Kalmia polifolia
Jusum: Chenopodium ambrosioides Kunti: Zamia pumila Lavender, Desert: Hyptisemoryi
Kaa: Cyperus sp. Kupalii: Peperomia sp. Laver, Red: Porphyra sp.
Ka-e-e: Mucuna gigantea Labrador Tea: Ledum xcolumbianum, L groen- Lavender, Sea: see Sealavender
Kalakalaioa: Caesalpinia bonduc landicum, L palustre Lawndaisy: Bellis perennis
Kalo: Colocasia esculenta Labradortea, Bog: Ledum groenlandicum Lead Plant: Amorpha canescens
Ka-mano-mano: Cenchrus calyculatus Labradortea, Marsh: Ledum palustre Leadwort: Plumbago zeylanica
Kamolelaulii: Polygonum densiflorum Labradortea, Western: Ledum glandulosum Leafcup, Hairy: Smallanthus uvedalia
Kamolelaunui: Ludwigia bonariensis Ladiestresses, Hooded: Spiranthes romanzoffiana Leaf Cup, Small Flowered: Polymnia canadensis
Kanawao: Broussaisia arguta Ladiestresses, Shining: Spiranthes lucida Leafcup, Whiteflower: Polymnia canadensis
Kanawao Ulaula: Broussaisia arguta Ladies' Tresses, Slender: Spiranthes lacera Leaf Cup, Yellow: Smallanthus uvedalia
Kanawao-keokeo: Cyrtandra sp. Lady Fern: Athyrium fllix-femina Leaftail: Pericome caudata
Kau-no-a: Cassythafiliformis Lady's Slipper: Cypripedium, C. spp., Platanthera Leatherfern: Acrostichum danaeifolium
Kava: Piper methysticum orbiculata Leather Flower: Clematis bigelovii, Clematis viorna
Kawa'u: Styphelia tameiameiae Lady's Slipper, Mountain: Cypripedium montanum Leather Leaf: Chamaedaphne calyculata
Kelp: Nereocystis luetkeana Lady's Slipper, Pink: Cypripedium acaule Leather Leaf Polypody: Polypodium scouleri
Kelp, Bladderwrack: Fucus gardneri Lady's Slipper, Ram's Head: Cypripedium arietinum Leather Root: Hoita macrostachya
Kelp, Boa: Egregia menziesii Lady's Slipper, Small Yellow: Cypripedium Leatherweed: Croton pottsii
Kelp, Bull: Nereocystis luetkeana parviflorum Leatherwood: Dirca palustris
Kelp, Giant: Macrocystis luetkeana, M. integrifolia, Lady's Slipper, Stemless: Cypripedium acaule Lechuguilla: Agave lechuguilla
Nereocystis luetkeana Lady's Slipper, Yellow: Cypripedium parviflorum, Leek, House: Sempervivum sp., S. tectorum
Kelp, Short: Alarm marginata, Costaria costata, C. pubescens Leek, Wild: Allium tricoccum
Lessoniopsis littoralis, Postelsia palmaeformis Lady's Thumb: Polygonum persicaria Lemita: Rhus trilobata
 Index of Common Names 909

Lemon: Citrus limon Licoriceroot, Scottish: Ligusticum scothicum Lily, Western Wood: Lilium philadelphicum
Lemonade Berry: Rhus integrifolia Life Everlasting, Fragrant: Gnaphalium obtusi- Lily, White Rush: Hastingsia alba
Lenscale: Atriplex lentiformis folium Lily, Wild: Lilium philadelphicum
Lentil: Lens culinaris Lilac: Ceanothus sp., Syringa vulgaris Lily, Wild Yellow: Lilium canadense
Leopardbane: Arnica acaulis Lilac, California: Ceanothus oliganthus, C. sp. Lily, Wood: Lilium columbianum, Lilium philadel
Lettuce, Biannual: Lactuca ludoviciana Lilac, Coast: Ceanothus thyrsiflorus phicum
Lettuce, Bitter: Lactuca virosa Lilac, Mountain: Ceanothus cuneatus Lily, Yellow Avalanche: Erythronium grandiflorum
Lettuce, Blue: Lactuca biennis, L tatarica Lilac, Wild: Ceanothus leucodermis Lily, Zephyr: Zephyranthes sp.
Lettuce, Branch: Saxifraga micranthidifolia, S. pen- Lily: Camassia leichtlinii, Lilium canadense, Sagit- Lily of the Valley, Wild: Maianthemum canadense,
sylvanica taria latifolia M. dilatatum
Lettuce, Canada: Lactuca canadensis Lily, Arrowhead: Sagittaria latifolia Lime: Citrus aurantifolia
Lettuce, Canker: Pyrola elliptica Lily, Avalanche: Erythronium grandiflorum Lime, Key: Citrus aurantifolia
Lettuce, Chalk: Dudleya pulverulenta Lily, Canada: Lilium canadense Lime, Wild: Zanthoxylum fagara
Lettuce, Garden: Lactuca sativa Lily, Chocolate: Fritillaria lanceolata Linden: Tilia americana
Lettuce, Indian: Claytonia perfoliata, C. sibirica Lily, Clinton's: Clintonia borealis Lingon: Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Lettuce, Miner's: Claytonia perfoliata, C. sibirica, Lily, Cluster: see Cluster Lily Lions Foot: Prenanthes serpentaria
G spathulata Lily, Columbian: Lilium columbianum Lipfern, Beaded: Cheilanthes wootonii
Lettuce, Mountain: Ligusticum canadense, Saxifra Lily, Corn: Clintonia borealis, Veratrum califor Lipfern, Coville's: Cheilanthes covillei
ga micranthidifolia nicum Lipfern, Fendler's: Cheilanthes fendleri
Lettuce, Prickly: Lactuca canadensis, L sativa, Lily, Cow: Nuphar lutea Lippa, Wright: Aloysia wrightii
L serriola Lily, Crag: Echeandiaflavescens Liquoria: Glycyrrhiza lepidota
Lettuce, Purple: Lactuca tatarica Lily, Desert: Hesperocallis undulata Liquorice: Glycyrrhiza glabra, see also Licorice
Lettuce, Rock: Dudleya lanceolata Lily, Dogtooth: Erythronium grandiflorum Liquorice Root: Hedysarum alpinum, H. boreale,
Lettuce, Rough White: Prenanthes aspera Lily, Easter: Erythronium oregonum, E. revolutum see also Licorice Root
Lettuce, Sea: Ulva lactuca Lily, Elk: Frasera speciosa Liquorice Root, Wild: Glycyrrhiza lepidota
Lettuce, Squaw: Claytonia cordifolia, G parviflora, Lily, Eureka: Lilium occidentale Littlebrownjug: Hexastylis arifolia
C. perfoliata Lily, False: Maianthemum canadense Live Forever: Sedum telephioides, S. telephium
Lettuce, Tall: Lactuca biennis, Prenanthes altissima Lily, Fawn: see Fawnlily Liveforever, Chalk: Dudleya pulverulenta
Lettuce, Tall Blue: Lactuca biennis Lily, Glacier: Erythronium grandiflorum Liveforever, Lanceleaf: Dudleya lanceolata
Lettuce, White: Prenanthes alba Lily, Green Banded Mariposa: Calochortus Liverleaf: Hepatica nobilis
Lettuce, Wild: Claytonia perfoliata, Lactuca macrocarpus Liverwort: Bazzania trilobata, Conocephalaceae,
canadensis, L tatarica, L virosa Lily, Habenaria: Piperia elegans, P. unalascensis Jungermanniaceae
Lettuce, Wire: see Wirelettuce Lily, Kamtchatka: Fritillaria camschatcensis Liverwort, Cone Headed: Conocephalum conicum
Lichen: Alectoriaceae, Cladoniaceae, Lily, Leopard: Fritillaria atropurpurea Lizard's Tail: Anemopsis californica, Saururiis
Lecanoraceae, Parmeliaceae, Parmelia physodes, Lily, Lonely: Eremocrinum albomarginatum cernuus

Peltigeraceae, Stereocaulaceae, Stictaceae, Lily, Longray Triplet: Triteleia peduncularis Loco, Haresfoot Point: Oxytropis lagopus
Teloschistaceae, Usneaceae Lily, Mariposa: see Mariposa; and Mariposa Lily Locoweed: Astragalus allochrous, A. calycosus,
Lichen, Curled Shield: Cetraria cucullata Lily, Mignonette Scented: Triteleia grandiflora A. ceramicus, A. cyaneus, A. kentrophyta, A. miser,
Lichen, Dogtooth: Peltigera canina Lily, Mount Diablo Globe: Calochortus pulchellus A pachypus, A. purshii, A. sp., Oxytropis campes-
Lichen, Flat: Parmelia saxatilis, Peltigera aphthosa, Lily, Orange Red: Lilium philadelphicum tris, 0. lambertii, 0. monticola, 0. sp.
Stereocaulon paschale Lily, Orangecup: Lilium philadelphicum Locoweed, American: Astragalus mollissimus
Lichen, Old Man's Beard: Usnea longissima Lily, Panther: Lilium columbianum Locoweed, Lambert: Oxytropis lambertii
Lichen, Shield: Cetraria crispa Lily, Philadelphia: Lilium philadelphicum Locoweed, Matthew: Astragalus mollissimus
Lichen, Tree: Alectoria sp., Sticta glomulifera, Lily, Pine: Xerophyllum tenax Locoweed, Purple: Oxytropis lagopus, O. lambertii
Usnea sp. Lily, Redwood: Lilium rubescens Locoweed, Yellowflower: Oxytropis monticola
Lichen, Veined: Peltigera sp. Lily, Rush: Hastingsia alba Locust, Black: Robinia pseudoacacia, R. sp.
Lichen, Wolf: Letharia vulpina Lily, Sage: Leucocrinum montanum Locust, Bristly: Robinia hispida
Lichen, Yellow: Everniasp. Lily, Sand: Mentzelia albicaulis Locust, Eastern: Robinia pseudoacacia
Licorice: Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. lepidota, Lily, Sego: Calochortus gunnisonii, C. leichtlinii, Locust, Honey: Gleditsia triacanthos
Hedysarum alpinum; see also Liquorice C macrocarpus, C nuttallii Locust, New Mexican: Robinia neomexicana
Licorice Root: Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Hedysarum Lily, Short: Calochortus amabilis London Rocket: Sisymbrium irio
alpinum; see also Liquorice Root Lily, Sierran Tiger: Lilium parvum Long Trumpet: Eriogonum nudum
Licoriceroot, California: Ligusticum californicum Lily, Small Tiger: Lilium parvum Loosestrife: Lysimachia quadrifolia, Lythrum
Licoriceroot, Canadian: Ligusticum canadense Lily, Snake: see Snakelily alatum
Licoriceroot, Canby's: Ligusticum canbyi Lily, Spring: Erythronium mesochoreum Loosestrife, California: Lythrum californicum
Licoriceroot, Celeryleaf: Ligusticum apiifolium Lily, Tiger: Fritillaria atropurpurea, Lilium Loosestrife, Purple: Lythrum salicaria
Licoriceroot, Femleaf: Ligusticum fllicinum columbianum, L pardalinum, L parvum Loosestrife, Spiked: Lythrum salicaria
Licoriceroot, Gray's: Ligusticum grayi Lily, Torrey's Crag: Echeandiaflavescens Loosestrife, Tufted: Lysimachia thyrsiflora
Licoriceroot, Hultin's: Ligusticum scothicum Lily, Triplet: Triteleia peduncularis Loosestrife, Whorled: Lysimachia quadrifolia
Licoriceroot, Porter's: Ligusticum porteri Lily, Water: see Water Lily Lopseed: Phryma leptostachya
910 Index of Common Names

Lote Bush: Ziziphus obtusifolia Madwoman's Milk: Euphorbia helioscopia Manroot, Sierran: Marah horridus
Lotus, Yellow: Nelumbo lutea Mahogany, American: Cercocarpus montanus Manzanita, Arizona: Arctostaphylos sp.
Lousewort, Attol: Pedicularis attollens Mahogany, Birch Leaf: Cercocarpus montanus Manzanita, Bigberry: Arctostaphylos glauca
Lousewort, Bracted: Pedicularis bracteosa Mahogany, Mountain: Cercocarpus ledifolius, Manzanita, Blue: Arctostaphylos viscida
Lousewort, Canadian: Pedicularis canadensis C. montanus, C. sp. Manzanita, Del Norte: Arctostaphylos xcinerea
Lousewort, Dwarf: Pedicularis centranthera Mahogany, True Mountain: Cercocarpus montanus Manzanita, Eastwood: Arctostaphylos glandulosa
Lousewort, Elephanthead: Pedicularis groenlandica Maia: Musa xparadisiaca Manzanita, Great: Arctostaphylos glauca
Lousewort, Giant: Pedicularis procera Maiden Fern: Asplenium trichomanes Manzanita, Green: Arctostaphylos patula
Lousewort, Sickletop: Pedicularis racemosa Maidenhair, Aleutian: Adiantum aleuticum Manzanita, Greenleaf: Arctostaphylos patula
Lousewort, Swamp: Pedicularis lanceolata Maidenhair, California: Adiantum jordanii Manzanita, Hairy: Arctostaphylos columbiana
Lousewort, Wooly: Pedicularis lanata Maidenhair, Northern: Adiantum pedatum Manzanita, Hoary: Arctostaphylos canescens
Lovage: Ligusticum apiifolium, L canbyi, Lfilici- Maidenhair Fern: Adiantum aleuticum, A capillus- Manzanita, Large: Arctostaphylos tomentosa
num, L scothicum veneris, A. jordanii, A. pedatum, A sp. Manzanita, Mariposa: Arctostaphylos viscida
Love Grass: Eragrostis mexicana, E. secundiflora Maile: Alyxia oliviformis Manzanita, Parry: Arctostaphylos manzanita
Love-lies-bleeding: Amaranthus caudatus Maile-kaluhea: Coprosma sp. Manzanita, Pine Mat: Arctostaphylos nevadensis
Love Seed: Lomatium foeniculaceum Maile-kuahiwi: Alyxia oliviformis Manzanita, Pointleaf: Arctostaphylos pungens
Lungwort: Mertensia maritima Maize: Zea mays Manzanita, Pringle: Arctostaphylos pringlei
Lupine, Arctic: Lupinus arcticus Ma-ko-u: Peucedanum sandwicense Manzanita, Sandmat: Arctostaphylos pumila
Lupine, Beach: Lupinus affinis, L albifrons, Mallow: Malva neglecta, M. parviflora, M. sp., Manzanita, Small: Arctostaphylos pumila
L arboreus, L densiflorus, L luteolus, L nanus, Modiola caroliniana, Sphaeralcea ambigua Manzanita, Sticky Whiteleaf: Arctostaphylos viscida
L polyphyllus, L succulentus, L versicolor, Tri- Mallow, Alkali: Malvella leprosa Manzanita, Whiteleaf: Arctostaphylos manzanita
folium wormskioldii Mallow, American: Malva neglecta Manzanita, Woollyleaf: Arctostaphylos tomentosa
Lupine, Bigleaf: Lupinus polyphyllus Mallow, Bull: Malva nicaeensis Ma-o: Abutilon incanum
Lupine, Blue: Lupinus littoralis, L nootkatensis, Mallow, Cheeses: Malva neglecta Maple, Big Leaf: Acer macrophyllum
L polyphyllus, L sericeus, L sp. Mallow, Common: Malva neglecta Maple, Black Sugar: Acer nigrum
Lupine, Broad Leaved: Lupinus latifolius, L poly- Mallow, Copper: Sphaeralcea angustifolia Maple, Box Elder: Acer negundo
phyllus Mallow, Creeping Rock: Malva sp. Maple, Broad Leaf: Acer macrophyllum
Lupine, Bush: Lupinus arboreus Mallow, Desert: Sphaeralcea ambigua Maple, Douglas: Acerglabrum
Lupine, Chinook: Lupinus littoralis Mallow, False: Sphaeralcea coccinea Maple, Drummond's: Acer rubrum
Lupine, Dwarf: Lupinus kingii Mallow, Glade: Napaea dioica Maple, Dwarf: Acerglabrum
Lupine, False: Thermopsis macrophylla Mallow, Globe: see Globemallow Maple, Green: Acer pensylvanicum
Lupine, Fleshy: Lupinus affinis Mallow, Marsh: Malva moschata Maple, Hard: Acer saccharinum, A. saccharum
Lupine, Hollowleaf Annual: Lupinus succulentus Mallow, Musk: Malva moschata Maple, Manitoba: Acer negundo
Lupine, Intermountain: Lupinus pusillus Mallow, Purple: Callirhoe involucrata Maple, Mountain: Acer spicaturn
Lupine, Kellogg's Spurred: Lupinus caudatus Mallow, Purple Poppy: Callirhoe involucrata Maple, New Mexico: Acerglabrum
Lupine, King's: Lupinus kingii Mallow, Red Globe: Sphaeralcea coccinea Maple, Red: Acer rubrum
Lupine, Lyall: Lupinus lyallii Mallow, Rose: Hibiscus moscheutos Maple, Rock: Acer saccharum
Lupine, Manycolored: Lupinus versicolor Mallow, Scarlet: Sphaeralcea coccinea Maple, Rocky Mountain: Acerglabrum
Lupine, Mountain: Lupinus lyallii Mallow, Star: Eremalche exilis Maple, Shrub: Acerglabrum
Lupine, Nootka: Lupinus nootkatensis Mallow, White: Eremalche exilis Maple, Silver: Acer saccharinum
Lupine, Pale Yellow: Lupinus luteolus Mallow Ninebark: Physocarpus malvaceus Maple, Soft: Acer rubrum, A saccharinum,
Lupine, Riverbank: Lupinus rivularis Mamaki: Pipturus sp. A. saccharum
Lupine, Rose: Lupinus densiflorus Manawanawa: Vitex trifolia Maple, Striped: Acer pensylvanicum
Lupine, Rusty: Lupinus pusillus Mandrake: Podophyllum peltatum Maple, Sugar: Acer saccharinum, A. saccharum
Lupine, Seashore: Lupinus littoralis Manena: Melicope cinerea Maple, Vine: Acer circinatum
Lupine, Short Stem: Lupinus brevicaulis Mango: Mangifera indica Maple, White: Acer alba
Lupine, Silky: Lupinus sericeus Mangrove, American: Rhizophora mangle Marbleseed: Onosmodium molle
Lupine, Silver: Lupinus albifrons Mangrove, Button: Conocarpus erectus Mare's Tail: Equisetum sp., Hippuris tetraphylla,
Lupine, Silvery: Lupinus argenteus Mangrove, Red: Rhizophora mangle H. vulgaris
Lupine, Sky: Lupinus nanus Manioc: Manihot esculenta Mariana, Golden: Chrysopsis mariana
Lupine, Sulphur: Lupinus sulphureus Manna Grass: Glyceria obtusa, Puccinellia distans Marigold, Aztec: Tagetes erecta
Lupine, Sundial: Lupinus perennis Mannagrass, Atlantic: Glyceria obtusa Marigold, Bur: Bidens laevis
Lupine, Whitewhorl: Lupinus densiflorus Mannagrass, Water: Glyceria fluitans Marigold, Desert: Baileya multiradiata
Lupine, Wyeth's: Lupinus wyethii Man of the Earth: Ipomoea pandurata Marigold, Fetid: Dyssodia papposa, Pectis angusti
Lupine, Yellow: Lupinus luteolus Man Root: Ipomoea pandurata, Marah fabaceus folia, P. papposa
Lupine, Yellow Flowered: Lupinus arboreus Manroot, California: Marah fabaceus Marigold, Fig: Carpobrotus aequilateralus
Lyreleaf Greeneyes: Berlandiera lyrata Manroot, Coastal: Marah oreganus Marigold, Licorice: Tagetes micrantha
Madder, Blue Field: Sherardia arvensis Manroot, Cucamonga: Marah macrocarpus Marigold, Marsh: Caltha leptosepala, C palustris,
Madrona (or Madrone, or Madrono): Arbutus Man Root, Hill: Marah oreganus Ranunculus lapponicus
menziesii Man Root, Old: Marah oreganus Marijuana: Cannabis sativa
 Index of Common Names 911

Mariola: Parthenium incanum Mercury: Acalypha virginica Milkvetch, Woollypod: Astragalus purshii
Mariposa: Calochortus gunnisonii Mesamint: Pogogyne douglasii Milk Vine: Gonolobussp.
Mariposa, Golden: Calochortus aureus Mescal: Agastache pallidiflora, Agave americana, Milkvine, Prairie: Matelea cynanchoides
Mariposa, Nuttall: Calochortus nuttallii A. decipiens, A. deserti, A. palmed, A. parryi, Milkvine, Star: Matelea biflora
Mariposa, Sagebrush: Calochortus macrocarpus A. schottii, A. sp., A utahensis, Echinocactus wil- Milkvine, Texas: Matelea producta
Mariposa, Smoky: Calochortus leichtlinii liamsii, Nolina bigelovii, Sophora secundiflora, Milkweed: Apocynum cannabinum, Asclepias
Mariposa, Yellow: Calochortus aureus, C. luteus Yucca whipplei cryptoceras, A. eriocarpa, A. erosa, A. fasciculads,
Mariposa Lily: Calochortus aureus, C catalinae, Mescal Agave: Agave sp. A. involucrata, A. latifolia, A. perennis, A. sp.,
C. concolor, C.flexuosus, C. gunnisonii, C. macro- Mescal Bean: Sophora secundiflora A. speciosa, A. subverticillata, A. syriaca,
carpus, C. nuttallii, C. palmed, C. sp., C. venustus, Mescalero Currant: Ribes mescalerium A. verticillata, Chamaesyce nutans, Euphorbia
C. vestae Meskwaki Potato: Solanum tuberosum corollata
Mariposa Lily, Butterfly: Calochortus venustus Mesquite: Prosopis chilensis, P. glandulosa, P. sp., Milkweed, American: Asclepias syriaca
Mariposa Lily, Coast Range: Calochortus vestae P. velutina Milkweed, Aquatic: Asclepias perennis
Mariposa Lily, Goldenbowl: Calochortus concolor Mesquite, Cat's Claw: Acacia greggii Milkweed, Big: Asclepias syriaca
Mariposa Lily, Gunnison's: Calochortus gunnisonii Mesquite, False: Calliandra humilis Milkweed, Broadleaf: Asclepias latifolia
Mariposa Lily, Palmer's: Calochortus palmed Mesquite, Honey: Prosopis glandulosa Milkweed, Butterfly: Asclepias tuberosa
Mariposa Lily, Santa Catalina: Calochortus catalinae Mesquite, Screw (or Screwbean): Prosopis Milkweed, California: Asclepias californica
Mariposa Lily, White: Calochortus venustus pubescens Milkweed, Desert: Asclepias erosa, A subulata
Mariposa Lily, Winding: Calochortus flexuosus Mesquite, Velvet: Prosopis velutina Milkweed, Dwarf: Asclepias pumila
Mariposa Lily, Yellow: Calochortus luteus Mesquite, Vine: Panicum obtusum Milkweed, Eared: Asclepias auriculata
Marlberry: Ardisia escallonoides Mesquite Grass: Bouteloua curtipendula, Muhlen- Milkweed, Four Leaved: Asclepias quadrifolia
Marshlocks: Comarum palustre bergia wrightii Milkweed, Green: Asclepias viridiflora
Marshmallow, Wild: Hibiscus moscheutos Mexican Frijole: Phaseolus vulgads Milkweed, Hall: Asclepias hallii
Marshmarigold: see Marigold, Marsh Mexican Jumpingbean: Sapium biloculare Milkweed, Heartleaf: Asclepias cordifolia
Marshpennywort: Hydrocotyle umbellata Mexican Squawroot: Conopholis alpina Milkweed, Horsetail: Asclepias subverticillata
Mask Flower: Mimulus tilingii Mexican Yellowshow: Amoreuxia palmatiflda Milkweed, Large: Asclepias speciosa
Mastic, False: Sideroxylon foetidissimum Mezeron: Daphne mezereum Milkweed, Lowland: Asclepias sp.
Matchbrush: Gutierrezia sarothrae Miami Mist: Phacelia purshii Milkweed, Mexican: Asclepias fasciculads
Matchweed: Gutierrezia microcephala, G. sarothrae Mile a Minute Vine: Ipomoea cairica Milkweed, Mojave: Asclepias nyctaginifolia
Matchweed, San Joaquin: Gutierrezia californica Milfoil: Achillea millefolium Milkweed, Narrow Leaf: Asclepias fasciculads
Matchwood: Gutierrezia sarothrae Milfoil, Water: seeWatermilfoil Milkweed, Narrow Leaved: Asclepias stenophylla
Matrimony Vine: Lycium pallidum Milkmaids: Cardamine californica Milkweed, Pallid: Asclepias cryptoceras
Matted Crinklemat: Tiquilia latior Milkpea: Galactia volubilis Milkweed, Plains: Asclepias pumila
Mayflower: Epigaea repens Milkvetch, American: Astragalus americanus Milkweed, Poke: Asclepias exaltata
Mayflower, Canada: Maianthemum canadense Milkvetch, Canadian: Astragalus canadensis Milkweed, Purple: Asclepias cordifolia
Maypop: Passiflora incarnata Milkvetch, Crescent: Astragalus amphioxys Milkweed, Rush: Asclepias subulata
Maystar: Trientalis borealis Milkvetch, Cyanic: Astragalus cyaneus Milkweed, Showy: Asclepias speciosa
May Weed: Anthemis cotula Milkvetch, Giant: Astragalus giganteus Milkweed, Swamp: Asclepias incarnata
Mayweed, Disc: Matricaria discoidea Milkvetch, Groundcover: Astragalus humistratus Milkweed, Tall: Asclepias exaltata
Meadow Beauty: Rhexia virginica Milkvetch, Groundplum: Astragalus crassicarpus Milkweed, Western: Asclepias speciosa
Meadowparsnip: Thaspium barbinode Milkvetch, Halfmoon: Astragalus allochrous Milkweed, Whorled: Asclepias fasciculads, A. sub
Meadow Rue, Early: Thalictrum dioicum, T. thalic- Milkvetch, Hayden's: Astragalus bisulcatus verticillata, A. verticillata
troides Milkvetch, Indian: Astragalus australis Milkweed, Wiry: Asclepias fasciculads
Meadow Rue, Fall: Thalictrum pubescens Milkvetch, Painted: Astragalus ceramicus Milkweed, Woollypod: Asclepias eriocarpa
Meadow Rue, Fendler: Thalictrum fendleri Milkvetch, Patterson's: Astragalus pattersonii Milkweed Vine: Sarcostemma cynanchoides
Meadowrue, Fewflower: Thalictrum sparsiflorum Milkvetch, Polar: Astragalus polaris Milkwort, Horned: Polygala cornuta
Meadow Rue, Flat Fruited: Thalictrum sparsiflorum Milkvetch, Prairie: Astragalus adsurgens Milkwort, Orange: Polygala lutea
Meadow Rue, Purple: Thalictrum dasycarpum Milkvetch, Prostrate Loco: Astragalus miser Milkwort, Racemed: Polygala polygama
Meadow Rue, Sierra: Thalictrum polycarpum Milkvetch, Rushy: Astragalus lonchocarpus Milkwort, Sea: Glaux maritima
Meadow Rue, Western: Thalictrum occidentale Milkvetch, Sandstone: Astragalus sesquiflorus Milkwort, Sierran: Polygala cornuta
Meadow Salsify: Tragopogon pratensis Milkvetch, Slender: Astragalus gracilis Milkwort, White: Polygala alba
Meadow Sweet: Petrophyton caespitosum, Spiraea Milkvetch, Speckledpod: Astragalus lentiginosus Milkwort, Whorled: Polygala verticillata
salicifolia Milkvetch, Spiny: Astragalus kentrophyta Milkwort, Yellow: Polygala rugelii
Meadow Sweet, Broad Leaved: Spiraea alba Milkvetch, Stinking: Astragalus praelongus Millet, Indian: Oryzopsis hymenoides
Meadow Sweet, Narrow Leaved: Spiraea alba Milkvetch, Thickpod: Astragalus pachypus Millet, Pearl: Pennisetum glaucum
Meadow Sweet, White: Spiraea alba Milkvetch, Timber: Astragalus convallarius Miner's Lettuce: Claytonia perfoliata, C. sibirica,
Meadow Sweet, Willow Leaved: Spiraea salicifolia Milkvetch, Torrey's: Astragalus calycosus C. spathulata
Melic: Melica imperfecta Milkvetch, Weedy: Astragalus miser Mint: Agastache urticifolia, Mentha spp., Monarda
Melon, Water: Citrullus lanatus Milkvetch, Woody: Astragalus kentrophyta sp., Phacelia linearis, Pycnanthemum spp., Satu-
Melon, Wild: Cucurbitafoetidissima Milkvetch, Woolly: Astragalus mollissimus reja douglasii
912 Index of Common Names

Mint, American Wild: Mentha arvensis, M. cana- Monkeyflower, Crimson: Mimulus cardinalis Mountainash, Western: Sorbus sitchensis
densis Monkeyflower, Eastwood's: Mimulus eastwoodiae Mountainbalm, Green: Monardella viridis
Mint, Aromatic: Monardella sp. Monkeyflower, James's: Mimulus glabratus Mountainbalm, Mustang: Monardella lanceolata
Mint, Bush: Hyptis pectinata, Poliomintha incana Monkeyflower, Musk: Mimulus moschatus Mountainbalm, Shelton's: Monardella villosa
Mint, Canada: Mentha arvensis, M. canadensis Monkeyflower, Orange Bush: Diplacus aurantiacus Mountainbalm, Sierran: Monardella candicans
Mint, Coyote: Monardella odoratissima, M. villosa Monkeyflower, Ringen: Mimulus ringens Mountainbells: Stenanthium occidentale
Mint, Downy Wood: Blephilia ciliata Monkey Flower, Scarlet: Mimulus cardinalis Mountainheath: Phyllodoce empetriformis
Mint, Elk: Agastachefoeniculum Monkeyflower, Seep: Mimulus guttatus Mountain Mahogany: see Mahogany
Mint, Field: Mentha arvensis, M. canadensis Monkeyflower, Southern Bush: Diplacus longiflorus Mountainmint, Appalachian: Pycnanthemum
Mint, Horse: Monardaftstulosa Monkeyflower, Subalpine: Mimulus tilingii flexuosum
Mint, Marsh: Mentha arvensis Monkshood, Columbian: Aconitum columbianum Mountainmint, Hoary: Pycnanthemum incanum
Mint, Mealy: Pycnanthemumflexuosum Monkshood, Fischer: Aconitum fischeri Mountainmint, Virginia: Pycnanthemum virgini
Mint, Mountain: Pycnanthemum californicum, Monkshood, Larkspurleaf: Aconitum delphinii- anum

P. incanum, P. virginianum folium Mountainmint, Whiteleaf: Pycnanthemum

Mint, Mustang: Monardella lanceolata Moonseed: Menispermum canadense albescens
Mint, Rosemary: Poliomintha incana Moonwort: Botrychium virginianum Mountain Misery: Chamaebatiafoliolosa
Mint, Sierra: Pycnanthemum californicum Moorwort: Andromeda polifolia Mountaintrumpet, Largeflower: Collomia grandi-
Mint, Tule: Mentha arvensis Moosewood: Acer pensylvanicum, Dirca palustris flora
Mint, Water: Mentha xpiperita Morelle: Morchella sp. Mountaintrumpet, Narrowleaf: Collomia linearis
Mint, Wild: Mentha arvensis, M. canadensis Mormon Tea: Ephedra californica, E. fasciculata, Mouse Ear, Yellow: Lesquerella douglasii
Mint, Wooly Field: Mentha canadensis E. nevadensis, E. sp., £ torreyana, E. trifurca, Mouse Ear Chickweed: Cerastium beeringianum
Mintleaf Beebalm: Monardaflstulosa E. viridis Mouse Ear Everlasting: Gnaphalium obtusifolium
Mission Bell: Fritillaria pudica Morningglory, Darkeye: Ipomoea tiliacea Mouseear Hawkweed: Hieracium pilosella
Missionbells, Kamchatka: Fritillaria camschatcensis Morningglory, Oceanblue: Ipomoea indica Mousetail, Arizona: Myosurus cupulatus
Missionbells, Scarlet: Fritillaria recurva Morning Glory, Piute: Calystegia longipes Mousetail, Bristle: Myosurus aristatus
Missionbells, Spotted: Fritillaria atropurpurea Morningglory, Saltmarsh: Ipomoea sagittata Mousetail, Tiny: Myosurus minimus
Missionbells, Yellow: Fritillaria pudica Morningglory, Shaggy Dwarf: Evolvulus nuttal- Mudwort: Limosella aquatica
Mistletoe, American: Phoradendron leucarpum lianus Mugwort, California: Artemisia douglasiana,
Mistletoe, American Dwarf: Arceuthobium Morning Glory Bush: Ipomoea leptophylla A. vulgaris
americanum Mosquito Bills: Dodecatheon hendersonii Mugwort, Mexican: Artemisia ludoviciana
Mistletoe, Colorado Desert: Phoradendron Moss: Aulacomniaceae, Aulacomnium sp., Barbula Mugwort, Suksdorfs: Artemisia suksdorfli
macrophyllum unguiculata, Bryaceae, Bryum capillare, Dicrana- Mugwort, Western: Artemisia ludoviciana
Mistletoe, Creosote: Phoradendron sp. ceae, Dicranum sp., Hylocomiaceae, Leucobry- Mugwort, White: Artemisia ludoviciana
Mistletoe, Desert: Phoradendron californicum aceae, Leucodontaceae, Mniaceae, Octoblepho- Muhly, Foxtail: Muhlenbergia andina
Mistletoe, Digger Pine Dwarf: Arceuthobium rum albidum, Polytrichaceae, Pottiaceae, Muhly, Mat: Muhlenbergia richardsonis
occidentale Rhytidiaceae, Sphagnaceae, Sphagnum sp. Muhly, Mexican: Muhlenbergia mexicana
Mistletoe, Douglas Oak: Phoradendron leucarpum Moss, Black: Alectoriafremontii, A. jubata Muhly, New Mexico: Muhlenbergia pauciflora
Mistletoe, Juniper: Phoradendron juniperinum Moss, Caribou: Alectoria nigricans, A nitidula, Muhly, Pine: Muhlenbergia dubia
Mistletoe, Mesquite: Phoradendron californicum A. ochroleuca, Cornicularia divergens Muhly, Plains: Muhlenbergia cuspidata
Mistletoe, Oak: Phoradendron leucarpum Moss, Club: Huperzia selago, Lycopodiaceae, Muhly, Pull Up: Muhlenbergia flliformis
Mistletoe, Pacific: Phoradendron villosum Lycopodium annotinum, L clavatum, L sp. Muhly, Sandhill: Muhlenbergia pungens
Mistletoe, Pineland Dwarf: Arceuthobium Moss, Hair: Polytrichum commune Muhly, Spike: Muhlenbergia wrightii
vaginatum Moss, Hair Cap: Plagiomnium juniperinum Muhly, Spiny: Muhlenbergia pungens
Mistletoe, Small: Arceuthobium americanum, Moss, Hanging: Antitrichia curtipendula Mulberry, Black: Morus nigra
A. campylopodum, A. vaginatum Moss, Maidenhair: Alectoria sarmentosa, Usnea Mulberry, French: Callicarpa americana
Mistletoe, Western Dwarf: Arceuthobium campylo longissima Mulberry, Indian: Morinda citrifolia
podum Moss, Peat: Sphagnum sp. Mulberry, Paper: Broussonetia papyrifera
Miterwort, Naked: Mitella nuda Moss, Spanish: Ramalina menziesii, Tillandsia Mulberry, Red: Morus rubra
Miterwort, Threeparted: Mitella triflda usneoides Mulberry, Texas: Morus microphylla

Mitrewort: Mitella diphylla, M. triflda Moss, Tree: Evernia vulpina Mulberry, White: Morus alba
Mitrewort, False: Tiarella cordifolia Moss, Wood: Dicranum bonjeanii Mulberry, Wild: Morus sp.
Mnium, Badge: Plagiomnium insigne Moss, Wolf: Evernia vulpina, Letharia vulpina Mule Ears: Wyethia amplexicaulis, W. angustifolia,
Moccasin Flower: Cypripedium acaule Mossy Cup: Quercus macrocarpa W. glabra, W. mollis
Mocker Nut: Carya alba Motherwort: Leonurus cardiaca Mule Ears, Wooly: Wyethia mollis
Mock Orange: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Philadelphus Mountain Ash, American: Sorbus americana Mulesears, Coast Range: Wyethia glabra
lewisii, P. microphyllus Mountain Ash, European: Sorbus aucuparia Mulesears, Humboldt: Wyethia longicaulis
Mock Parsley: Apiastrum angustifolium Mountainash, Gray's: Sorbus sitchensis Mulesears, Southern: Wyethia ovata
Mock Pennyroyal: Hedeoma drummondii, H. nana Mountainash, Greene: Sorbus scopulina Mule's Fat: Baccharis salicifolia
Mock Vervain: Glandularia bipinnatiflda, Mountainash, Northern: Sorbus decora Mullein, Great: Verbascum thapsus
G. wrightii Mountain Ash, Sitka: Sorbus sitchensis Mullein, Turkey: Croton setigerus
 Index of Common Names 913

Mullein Nightshade: Solanum donianum Nightshade, Black: Solanum douglasii, S. nigrum Oak, Maul: Quercus chrysolepis
Mullen: Verbascum thapsus Nightshade, Blue: Solanum elaeagnifolium Oak, Mexican Blue: Quercus oblongifolia
Muscadine: Vitis munsoniana, V. rotundifolia Nightshade, Bluewitch: Solanum umbelliferum Oak, Mountain White: Quercus garryana
Mushroom, Deer: Agaricus silvicola Nightshade, Broadleaf Enchanter's: Circaea Oak, Northern Pin: Quercus ellipsoidalis
Mushroom, Field: Agaricus campestris lutetiana Oak, Northern Red: Quercus rubra
Mushroom, Hedgehog: Dentinum repandum Nightshade, Buffalobur: Solanum rostratum Oak, Nuttall: Quercus texana
Mushroom, Orange Peel: Peziza aurantia Nightshade, Chaparral: Solanum xantii Oak, Oregon: Quercus garryana
Mushroom, Oyster: Pleurotus ostreatus Nightshade, Climbing: Solanum dulcamara Oak, Palmer: Quercus dunnii
Mushroom, Timber: Boletus edulis Nightshade, Cut Leaved: Solanum triflorum Oak, Peninsula: Quercus peninsularis
Muskat Root: Acorus calamus Nightshade, Deadly: Solanum nigrum Oak, Pin: Quercus ellipsoidalis, Q. palustris
Muskmelon: Cucumis melo, C. sp. Nightshade, Greenspot: Solanum douglasii Oak, Post: Quercus laurifolia, Quercus stellata
Musk Plant: Mimulus moschatus Nightshade, Hoe: Solanum physalifolium Oak, Pungent: Quercus pungens
Musquash Root: Cicuta maculata Nightshade, Larger Enchanter: Circaea lutetiana Oak, Red: Quercus falcata, Q. pagoda, Q. rubra,
Mustard: Brassica spp., Descurainia pinnata, Nightshade, Mullein: Solanum donianum Q. sp., Q. texana
Hirschfeldia incana Nightshade, Purple: Solanum xantii Oak, Rocky Mountain: Quercus gambelii
Mustard, Black: Brassica nigra Nightshade, Silver: Solanum elaeagnifolium Oak, Rocky Mountain Shin: Quercus xpauciloba
Mustard, Charlock: Sinapis arvensis Nine Bark: Physocarpus capitatus, P. malvaceus, Oak, Rocky Mountain White: Quercus gambelii
Mustard, Field: Brassica napus P. opulifolius Oak, Running: Quercus pumila
Mustard, Hedge: Descurainia incana, D. pinnata, Nioi: Coprosma sp. Oak, Scrub: Quercus dumosa, Q. dutinii, Q. ilicifo
Sisymbrium officinale Niu: Cocos nucifera lia, Q. marilandica, Q. xpauciloba, Q. pungens,
Mustard, Indian: Brassica juncea Noni: Morinda citrifolia Q. sp., Q. turbinella, Q. wizlizeni
Mustard, London Rockets: Sisymbrium irio Noseburn, Branched: Tragia ramosa Oak, Scrub Tan: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Mustard, Rape: Brassica rapa Noseburn, Catnip: Tragia nepetifolia Oak, Shin: Quercus xpauciloba, Q. garryana
Mustard, Shortpod: Hirschfeldia incana Noyau Vine: Merremia dissecta Oak, Shingle: Quercus imbricaria
Mustard, Tansy: Descurainia incana, D. obtusa, Nuholani: Eucalyptus sp. Oak, Shrub Live: Quercus turbinella
D. pinnata, D. sophia, D. sp. Nut Grass: Cyperus esculentus, C. rotundus, C. sp. Oak, Small Bushy Scrub: Quercus sp.
Mustard, Tumble: Sisymbrium altissimum Nutmeg, California: Torreya californica Oak, Southern Red: Quercus falcata
Mustard, White: Sinapis alba Nut Plant: Comandra umbellata Oak, Spanish: Quercus falcata
Mustard, Wild: Brassica nigra, B. sp., Sisymbrium Oak, American Live: Quercus virginiana Oak, Swamp: Quercus bicolor
irio, S. officinale Oak, American Red: Quercus rubra Oak, Swamp White: Quercus bicolor, Q. rubra
Mustard, Wormseed: Erysimum cheiranthoides Oak, Bear: Quercus ilicifolia Oak, Tan: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Mustard, Yellow: Brassica rapa, Moricandia arvensis Oak, Black: Quercus emoryi, Q. kelloggii, Q. velutina Oak, Tan Bark: Lithocarpus densiflorus
Myrtle, Sand: Leiophyllum buxifolium Oak, Blackjack: Quercus mahlandica Oak, Utah: Quercus gambelii
Myrtle, Wax: Myrica cerifera Oak, Blue: Quercus douglasii, Q. oblongifolia Oak, Valley: Quercus lobata
Nagoonberry: Rubus arcticus Oak, Bur: Quercus macrocarpa Oak, Valley White: Quercus lobata
Nailwort: Paronychia jamesii Oak, California Black: Quercus kelloggii Oak, Valparaiso: Quercus chrysolepis
Nannyberry: Viburnum lentago Oak, California Live: Quercus agrifolia Oak, Water: Quercus douglasii, Q. nigra, Q. phellos
Nau-paka: Scaevola sericea Oak, California Scrub: Quercus dumosa Oak, Wavyleaf: Quercus xpauciloba
Needleandthread: Stipa comata Oak, California White: Quercus lobata Oak, White: Quercus Q. bicolor, Q. alba, Q. engel
Needlegrass, Desert: Stipa speciosa Oak, Canyon: Quercus chrysolepis mannii, Q. gambelii, Q. garryana, Q. lobata,
Needlegrass, New Mexico: Stipa neomexicana Oak, Canyon Live: Quercus chrysolepis Q. rubra
Nettle: Tragia ramosa, Urtica spp. Oak, Cherrybark: Quercus pagoda Oak, Willow: Quercus phellos
Nettle, American Stinging: Urtica dioica Oak, Chestnut: Quercus prinus Oak, Yellow: Quercus muehlenbergii
Nettle, Bear: Urtica dioica Oak, Chinkapin: Quercus muehlenbergii Oakfern, Pacific: Gymnocarpium disjunctum
Nettle, Bush: laportea canadensis Oak, Coast Live: Quercus agrifolia Oakfern, Western: Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Nettle, California: Urtica dioica Oak, Deer: Quercus sadleriana Oat, Cultivated: Avena sativa
Nettle, Dog: Urtica urens Oak, Douglas: Quercus douglasii Oat, Indian Wood: Chasmanthium latifolium
Nettle, Dwarf: Urtica urens Oak, Emory: Quercus emoryi Oat, Slender: Avena barbata
Nettle, False: Laportea canadensis Oak, Engelmann: Quercus engelmannii Oat, Wild: Avena barbata, Afatua, A. sp.
Nettle, Hedge: see Hedgenettle Oak, Gambel: Quercus gambelii Ocean Spray: Holodiscus discolor, H. dumosus
Nettle, Horse: Solanum carolinense, S.fendleri Oak, Garry: Quercus garryana Ocotillo: Fouquieria sp., F. splendens
Nettle, Lyall's: Urtica dioica Oak, Gray: Quercus garryana, Q. grisea, Q. rubra Odora: Porophyllum gracile
Nettle, Slender: Urtica dioica Oak, Hill's: Quercus ellipsoidalis 'OhaWai Nui: Clermontia arborescens
Nettle, Slim Stinging: Urtica dioica Oak, Interior Live: Quercus wislizeni Ohia: Syzygium malaccense
Nettle, Stinging: Urtica dioica Oak, Interior Scrub: Quercus wislizeni 'Ohi'a: Metrosideros polymorpha
Nettle, Western: Urtica dioica Oak, Jerusalem: Chenopodium botrys Ohia-ohia-a-pane: Metrosideros polymorpha
Nettle, Wood: Laportea canadensis Oak, Large Scrub: Quercus wislizeni Ohio, Pride of: Dodecatheon pulchellum
Niger Weed: Sphaeralcea angustifolia Oak, Laurel: Quercus laurifolia Okoleomakili: Vigna luteola
Nigger-toe: Brodiaea sp. Oak, Live: Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Olapa: Cheirodendron gaudicchaudii
Nightshade, Bittersweet: Solanum dulcamara Q. turbinella, Q. virginiana, Q. wislizeni Old Man Root: Marah oreganus
914 Index of Common Names

Old Man's Whiskers: Geum triflorum grandiflora Paintbrush, Mountain Indian: Castilleja parviflora
Olena: Curcuma longa Orchid, Green Addersmouth: Malaxis unifolia Paintbrush, Northwestern Indian: Castilleja
Olive, Russian: Forestiera pubescens Orchid, Hillside Bog: Piperia elegans angustifolia
Olona: Touchardia latifolia Orchid, Intermediate Bog: Platanthera xmedia Paintbrush, Red: Castilleja sp.
Onion, Aspen: Allium bisceptrum Orchid, Large Bracted: Coeloglossum viride Paintbrush, Scarlet Indian: Castilleja coccinea,
Onion, Autumn: Allium stellatum Orchid, Large Purpled Fringe: Platanthera grandi C. miniata
Onion, Bolander's: Allium bolanderi flora Paintbrush, Sessile: Castilleja sessiliflora
Onion, Broadstemmed: Allium platycaule Orchid, Lesser Purple Fringed: Platanthera Paintbrush, Texas Indian: Castilleja foliolosa
Onion, Bulbil: Allium geyeri psycodes Paintbrush, Thompson's Indian: Castilleja
Onion, Coastal: Allium dichlamydeum Orchid, Longspur: Habenaria odontopetala thompsonii
Onion, Cultivated: Allium cepa Orchid, Modoc Bog: Platanthera stricta Paintbrush, Wavyleaf Indian: Castilleja applegatei
Onion, Desert: Allium cernuum, A macropetalum Orchid, Purple Fringed: Platanthera grandiflora, Paintbrush, Wholeleaf Indian: Castilleja integra
Onion, Domesticated: Allium cepa P. psycodes Paintbrush, Wyoming Indian: Castilleja linariifolia
Onion, Douglas's: Allium douglasii Orchid, Rein: Coeloglossum viride, Habenaria Paintbrush, Yellow: Orthocarpus luteus
Onion, Drummond's: Allium drummondii odontopetala, Piperia unalascensis, Platanthera Paintbrush, Yellow Indian: Castilleja thompsonii
Onion, Field: Allium cernuum dilatata Painted Cup: Castilleja coccinea, C. linariifolia,
Onion, Fool's: Triteleia hyacinthina Orchid, Round Leaved: Platanthera orbiculata C. parviflora, C. sp.
Onion, Garden: Allium cepa Orchid, Slender Bog: Platanthera stricta Paintedcup, Downy: Castilleja sessiliflora
Onion, Geyer's: Allium geyeri Orchid, Slender Bog: Platanthera stricta Paka: Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana tabacum
Onion, Glassy: Allium hyalinum Orchid, Soldier's: Zeuxine strateumatica Pa-la-a: Odontoglossum chinensis
Onion, Hooker's: Allium acuminatum Orchid, Yellow Fringed: Platanthera ciliaris Pa-la-pa-la-i: Microlepia setosa
Onion, Largeflower Wild: Allium macropetalum Orchid, Yellow Widelip: Liparis loeselii Palm, Blue: Glaucothea armata
Onion, Manyflower: Allium pleianthum Orchis, Rein: Coeloglossum viride, Platanthera Palm, California (or Fan): Washingtoniafllifera
Onion, Mexicali: Allium peninsulare dilatata Palm, Sea: Postelsia palmaeformis
Onion, Nevada: Allium nevadense Orchis, Stream: Epipactis gigantea Palma: Yucca torreyi
Onion, Nodding: Allium cernuum Orpine: Sedum divergens, S. sp., S. spathulifolium Palmetto, Cabbage: Sabal palmetto
Onion, Oneleaf: Allium unifolium Orpine Stonecrop: Sedum debile Palmetto, Dwarf: Sabal minor
Onion, Pacific: Allium validum Osage Orange: Madura pomifera Palmetto, Saw: Serenoa repens
Onion, Pitted: Allium lacunosum Osha: Ligusticumfllicinum, Ligusticum ported Palmilla: Yucca elata
Onion, Scytheleaf: Allium falcifolium Oso Berry: Oemleria cerasiformis Palo Blanco: Acacia willardiana
Onion, Shortstyle: Allium brevistylum Owl Clover: Orthocarpus densiflorus, O.faucibar- Paloverde: Parkinsoniaflorida, P. microphylla,
Onion, Small: Allium parvum batus, 0. luteus, 0. purpurascens, 0. purpureo- Prosopis glandulosa
Onion, Tapertip: Allium acuminatum albus Paloverde, Blue: Parkinsoniaflorida
Onion, Textile: Allium textile Owlsclaws: Dugaldia hoopesii Paloverde, Yellow: Parkinsonia microphylla
Onion, TWincrest: Allium bisceptrum Ox Eye: Heliopsis helianthoides Panic Grass: Dichanthelium laxiflorum, D.
Onion, TWinleaf: Allium anceps Ox Eye Daisy: Chrysothamnus sp., Leucanthemum oligosanthes, D. strigosum, Panicum bulbosum,
Onion, White: Allium geyeri vulgare P. capillare, P. hirticaule, P. obtusum, P. sp.,
Onion, Wild: Allium acuminatum, A. bisceptrum, Oxytrope: Oxytropis nigrescens P. urvilleanum, Paspalidium geminatum
A. bolanderi, A. canadense, A. cepa, A. cernuum, Oysterleaf: Mertensia maritima Panicum, Scribner's: Dichanthelium oligosanthes
A. dichlamydeum, A. drummondii, A geyeri, Oyster Plant: Tragopogon porrifolius Pa-ni-ni: Opuntia tunicata
A. hyalinum, A. macropetalum, A. peninsulare, Pachistima, Myrtle: Paxistima myrsinites Pansy: Viola bicolor, Viola pedunculata
A. schoenoprasum, A. sp., A stellatum, A. textile, Pagodaplant: Blephilia ciliata Papago Blue Bells: Dichelostemma pulchellum
A unifolium, A validum, Cymopterus sp. Paintbrush, Alaska Indian: Castilleja unalaschcensis Papaya: Carica papaya
Onion, Wild Desert: Allium macropetalum Paintbrush, Attenuate Indian: Orthocarpus Paperflower, Greenstem: Psilostrophe sparsiflora
Oniongrass: Melica bulbosa attenuatus Paperflower, Woolly: Psilostrophe tagetina
Ookow: Dichelostemma pulchellum Paintbrush, Common Red Indian: Castilleja Paradise Banana: Musa xparadisiaca
Opium Poppy: Papaver somniferum miniata Paradise Plant: Daphne mezereum
Orache: Atriplex powellii Paintbrush, Denseflower Indian: Orthocarpus Parilla, Yellow: Menispermum canadense
Orange: Citrus sinensis densiflorus Parosela: Dalea sp.
Orange, Mock: Cucurbitafoetidissima, Philadel- Paintbrush, Exserted Indian: Orthocarpus Parosela, Slender: Dalea enneandra
phus lewisii, P. microphyllus purpurascens Parsley: Aletes anisatus, Conioselinum chinense,
Orange, Osage: Madura pomifera Paintbrush, Green Indian: Castilleja miniata Petroselinum crispum
Orange, Sour: Citrus aurantium Paintbrush, Harsh Indian: Castilleja hispida Parsley, American: Apium sp.
Orange, Sweet: Citrus sinensis Paintbrush, Harsh Indian: Castilleja hispida Parsley, Chinese: Coriandrum sativum
Orangegrass: Hypericum gentianoides Paintbrush, Largeflower Indian: Castilleja Parsley, Desert: see Desertparsley
Orchid, Bog: Platanthera leucostachys, P. xmedia, stenantha Parsley, Hemlock: see Hemlockparsley
P. sparsiflora, P. stricta Paintbrush, Lesser Indian: Castilleja minor Parsley, Indian: Aletes acaulis, A anisatus
Orchid, Bracted: Coeloglossum viride Paintbrush, Marshmeadow Indian: Castilleja Parsley, Mock: Apiastrum angustifolium
Orchid, Fairyslipper: Calypso bulbosa lineata Parsley, Prairie: Lomatium dissectum, L simplex,
Orchid, Greater Purple Fringed: Platanthera Paintbrush, Mexican: Castilleja Integra L triternatum
 Index of Common Names 915

Parsley, Rocky Mountain Indian: Aletes anisatus Peavine: Lathyrus eucosmus Pepperwood: Umbellularia californica, U. sp.
Parsley, Spring: see Springparsley Peavine, Aspen: Lathyrus lanszwertii Periwinkle, Madagascar: Catharanthus roseus
Parsley, Stemless Indian: Aletes acaulis Peavine, Bonneville: Lathyrus brachycalyx Perkysue: Tetraneuris argentea
Parsley, Water: Oenanthe sarmentosa Peavine, California: Lathyrus jepsonii Persicaria, Carey's: Polygonum careyi
Parsley, White Flowered: Lomatium orientale Peavine, Cream: Lathyrus ochroleucus Persicaria, Dock Leaved: Polygonum lapathifolium
Parsley, Wild: Ligusticum grayi, Lomatium utricula- Peavine, Grassleaf: Lathyrus graminifolius Persicaria, Hartwright's: Polygonum amphibium
tum, Musineon divaricatum Peavine, Manystem: Lathyrus polymorphus Persicaria, Pennsylvania: Polygonum pensyl-
Parsnip: Lomatium dissectum, Pastinaca sativa Peavine, Nuttall's: Lathyrus nevadensis vanicum
Parsnip, Cow: Heracleum maximum Peavine, Pacific: Lathyrus vestitus Persicaria, Swamp: Polygonum amphibium
Parsnip, Indian: Pteryxia terebinthina Peavine, Sea: Lathyrus japonicus Persimmon: Diospyros virginiana
Parsnip, Meadow: Thaspium barbinode Peavine, Slenderstem: Lathyrus palustris Persimmon, Mexican (or Texas): Diospyros texana
Parsnip, Poison: Cicuta maculata Peavine, Veiny: Lathyrus venosus Peruvian Bark: Cinchona calisaya
Parsnip, Water: see Waterparsnip Pecan: Carya illinoinensis, C. sp. Peyote: Lophophora williamsii
Parsnip, Wild: Angelica lucida} Ligusticum scothi- Pelotazo: Abutilon incanum Pia: Tacca leontopetaloides
cum, Lomatium dissectum, Pastinaca sativa Pembina: Viburnum opulus Pickerel Weed: Pontederia cordata
Parsnip, Woollyhead: Sphenosciadium capitellatum Pencilflower: Stylosanthes biflora Pickleweed: Allenrolfea occidentalis
Partridge Berry: Mitchella repens Penny Cress: Thlaspi arvense Piedmont Staggerbush: Lyonia mariana
Partridgefoot: Luetkea pectinata Pennycress, Alpine: Thlaspi montanum Pigeon Berry Poke: Phytolacca americana
Partridge Vine: Mitchella repens Pennyroyal: Hedeoma nana, H. pulegioides, H. sp., Pigeon Plum: Coccoloba diversifolia
Pasqueflower, American: Pulsatilla patens Mentha arvensis, Piloblephis rigida Pigeonwings: Clitoria mariana
Pasqueflower, White: Pulsatilla occidentalis Pennyroyal, American: Hedeoma pulegioides Pigweed: Amaranthus blitoides, A. emeritus, A.fim-
Passion Flower: Passiflora incarnata Pennyroyal, Drummond: Hedeoma drummondii briatus, A. hybridus, A. palmeri, A. powellii,
Patata (or Patota): Monolepis nuttalliana Pennyroyal, Mock: Hedeoma drummondii, H. nana A. retroflexus, Chenopodium album, C. graveolens,
Pa-u-o-hiiaka: Jacquemontia ovalifolia Pennyroyal, Mountain: Monardella odoratissima C. leptophyllum, C. nevadense, C rubrum, C. sp.
Paw, Terrapin: Prunella vulgaris Pennyroyal, Rough: Hedeoma hispida Pigweed, Amaranth: Amaranthus retroflexus
Pa-wale: Rumex giganteus Pennyroyal, Wild: Piloblephis rigida Pigweed, Prostrate: Amaranthus albus
Pawpaw: Asimina triloba Pennywort: Obolaria virginica Pigweed, White: Chenopodium album
Pea: Lathyrus eucosmus, L graminifolius, L neva- Pennywort, Marsh: Hydrocotyle sp. Pigweed, Winged: Cycloloma atriplicifolium
densis, Parryellafllifolia, Pisum sativum Pennywort, Water: Hydrocotyle umbellata Pi-li-kai: Ipomoea tiliacea
Pea, Beach: Lathyrus japonicus Pennyworth: Obolaria virginica Pilot Weed: Silphium laciniatum
Pea, Blackeyed: Vigna unguiculata Penstemon, Heartleaf: Keckiella cordifolia Pimpernel: Anagallis sp.
Pea, Buffalo: Astragalus crassicarpus Penstemon, Woodland: Nothochelone nemorosa Pimpernel, Yellow: Taenidia integerrima
Pea, Butterfly: Clitoria mariana Pentstemon: Penstemon spp.; see also Penstemon Pin Cushion: Chaenactis glabriuscula
Pea, Chick: Cicer arietinum Peony, American Wild: Paeonia brownii Pincushion, Perennial (orSantolina): Chaenactis
Pea, Deer: Erythrina herbacea Peony, Western: Paeonia brownii santolinoides
Pea, Garden: Pisum sativum Peony, Wild: Paeonia brownii, P. californica Pincushion, Snowball: Mammillaria grahamii
Pea, Golden: Thermopsis rhombifolia Pepper, Black: Piper nigrum Pincushionplant, Cotulaleaf: Navarretia cotulifolia
Pea, Hoary: Tephrosiaflorida, T. hispidula, T. pur- Pepper, Bush: Berberis canadensis Pincushionplant, Hollyleaf: Navarretia atractyloides
purea Pepper, Cayenne: Capsicum annuum Pine, American Scrub: Pinus monticola
Pea, Indian Rush: Hoffmannseggia glauca Pepper, Chili: Capsicum annuum Pine, Bishop: Pinus muricata
Pea, Partridge: Chamaecristafasciculata, C. nicti- Pepper, Indian: Saururus cernuus Pine, Black: Pinus contorta
tans, Senna marilandica Pepper, Poor Man's: Lepidium virginicum Pine, Bristlecone: Pinus aristata
Pea, Scurf: see Scurf Pea Pepper, Spur: Capsicum annuum Pine, Bull: Pinus ponderosa
Pea, Turkey: Sanicula tuberosa Pepper, Water: Polygonum hydropiper Pine, California Foothill: Pinus sabiniana
Pea, Wild: Lathyrus japonicus, L lanszwertii, Pepper, Wild: Capsicum annuum Pine, Coulter's: Pinus coulteri
L ochroleucus, L palustrisf L polymorphus, Pepper and Salt: Erigenia bulbosa Pine, Digger: Pinus sabiniana
L sp., L venosus, L. vestitus, Vicia americana Pepperidge: Nyssa sylvatica Pine, Eastern White: Pinus strobus
Peach, Cultivated: Prunus persica Peppermint: Artemisia dracunculus, Mentha Pine, Ground: Lycopodium complanatum, L den-
Peach, Desert: Prunus andersonii canadensis, M. xpiperita droideum, L obscurum, L. sabinifolium
Peach, Wild: Prunus andersonii Peppernut: Umbellularia californica Pine, Jack: Pinus banksiana
Peanut: Arachis hypogaea, Astragalus ceramicus Pepper Root: Cardamine concatenata, C. diphylla Pine, Jeffrey: Pinus Jeffreyi
Peanut, Hog: Amphicarpaea bracteata Peppervine: Ampelopsis cordata Pine, Knob Cone: Pinus attenuata
Peanut Butter Plant: Glyptopleura marginata Pepperweed, Common: Lepidium densiflorum Pine, Limber: Pinus flexilis
Pear: Pyrus communis Pepperweed, Desert: Lepidium fremontii Pine, Loblolly: Pinus taeda
Pearl Millet: Pennisetum glaucum Pepperweed, Field: Lepidium campestre Pine, Lodgepole: Abies grandis, Pinus contorta,
Pearly Everlasting: Anaphalis margaritacea Pepperweed, Menzies's: Lepidium virginicum P. ponderosa
Pear, Prickly: see Pricklypear Pepperweed, Mountain: Lepidium montanum Pine, Lodgepole Black: Pinus contorta
Pearly Pussytoes: Antennaria anaphaloides Pepperweed, Shaggyfruit: Lepidium lasiocarpum Pine, Long Tag: Pinus echinata
Pear Thorn: Crataegus calpodendron Pepperweed, Shining: Lepidium nitidum Pine, Murray Lodgepole: Pinus contorta
Peat Moss: Sphagnum sp. Pepperweed, Thurber's: Lepidium thurberi Pine, Northern Scrub: Pinus banksiana
916 Index of Common Names

Pine, Norway: Pinus resinosa Plantain, Blackseed: Plantago rugelii Pokeweed: Phytolacca americana
Pine, Nut: Pinus albicaulis, P. edulis, P. monophylla Plantain, Bracted: Plantago aristata Polypody: Polypodium glycyrrhiza, P. virginianum
Pine, Pinon: Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, Plantain, Broad Leaved: Plantago major Polypody, California: Polypodium californicum
P. quadrifolia, P. sabiniana Plantain, English: Plantago lanceolata Polypody, Golden: Phlebodium aureum
Pine, Pinyon: Pinus monophylla, P. quadrifolia Plantain, Green: Plantago major Polypody, Leather Leaf: Polypodium scouleri
Pine, Pitch: Pinus rigida Plantain, Ground: Plantago major Polypody, Leathery: Polypodium scouleri
Pine, Ponderosa: Pinus ponderosa Plantain, Heartleaf: Plantago cordata Polypody, Rock: Polypodium virginianum
Pine, Prince's: Chimaphila maculata, C. menziesii, Plantain, Largebracted: Plantago aristata Polypody, Western: Polypodium hesperium
C. umbellata Plantain, Mexican: Plantago australis Pomegranate: Punica granatum
Pine, Red: Pinus resinosa Plantain, Narrowleaf: Plantago lanceolata Pomme Blanche: Pediomelum esculentum
Pine, Rock: Pinus ponderosa Plantain, Rattlesnake: Goodyera oblongifolia, Pomme de Prairie: Pediomelum esculentum
Pine, Screw: Pandanus tectorius G. pubescens, G. repens Pond Lily: Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea sp.
Pine, Scrub: Ostrya virginiana, Pinus banksiana, Plantain, Robin's: Erigeron pulchellus Pondlily, Rocky Mountain: Nuphar lutea
P. contorta, P. monticola, P. virginiana Plantain, Rugel's: Plantago rugelii Pond Lily, Yellow: Nuphar lutea, N. sp.
Pine, Shore: Pinus contorta Plantain, Sagebrush: Plantago patagonica Pond Scum: Spirogyra sp.
Pine, Shortleaf: Pinus echinata Plantain, Seashore: Plantago macrocarpa Pondweed: Menyanthes trifoliata, Potamogeton
Pine, Silver Barked: Pinus albicaulis Plantain, Swarf: Plantago virginica diversifolius, P. natans, P. sp.
Pine, Slash: Pinus elliottii Plantain, Virginia: Plantago virginica Poodle Dog Bush: Turricula parryi
Pine, Spruce: Pinus glabra, P. virginiana Plantain, White: Antennaria plantaginifolia Popcomflower, Arizona: Plagiobothrys arizonicus
Pine, Sugar: Pinus lambertiana Plantain, Woolly: Plantago patagonica Popcornflower, Fulvous: Plagiobothrys fulvus
Pine, Sweet: Abies sp. Plantain Lily: Hosta lancifolia Popcomflower, Mojave: Plagiobothrys jonesii
Pine, Table Mountain: Pinus pungens Pleurisy Root: Asclepias tuberosa Popcornflower, Rusty: Plagiobothrys nothofulvus
Pine, Tall Lodgepole: Pinus contorta Plum, American: Primus americana Poplar: Liriodendron tulipifera, Populus grandi-
Pine, Virginia: Pinus virginiana Plum, Canada: Prunus nigra dentata, P. sp., P. tremuloides
Pine, Western: Pinus monticola Plum, Chickasaw: Prunus angustifolia Poplar, Aspen: Populus tremuloides
Pine, Western White: Pinus flexilis, P. monticola Plum, Ground: Astragalus crassicarpus, A. sp. Poplar, Balm (or Balsam): Populus balsamifera
Pine, Western Yellow: Pinus ponderosa Plum, Hog: Ximenia americana Poplar, Carolina: Populus deltoides
Pine, White: Pinus monticola, P. strobus Plum, Indian: Oemleria cerasiformis Poplar, English: Populus nigra
Pine, White Bark: Pinus albicaulis Plum, Klamath: Prunus subcordata Poplar, Jack's: Populus xjackii
Pine, Yellow: Pinus echinata, P. ponderosa Plum, Low: Prunus gracilis Poplar, Lombardy: Populus nigra
Pineapple: Ananas comosus Plum, Oklahoma: Prunus gracilis Poplar, White: Populus alba
Pineapple Weed: Matricaria discoidea Plum, Pigeon: Coccoloba diversifolia Poppy, California: Eschscholzia californica, E. sp.
Pine Drops: Pterospora andromedea Plum, Red: Prunus subcordata Poppy, Golden: Eschscholzia californica
Pinesap: Monotropa hypopithys Plum, Sierra: Prunus subcordata Poppy, Leafy White Prickly: Argemone
Pinetorum: Androsace sp. Plum, Wild: Cerasus crenulata, Prunus americana, polyanthemos
Piney Weed: Hypericum gentianoides P. nigra, P. sp., P. subcordata Poppy, Matilija: Romneya coulteri
Pingue (or Pingwing): Hymenoxys richardsonii Plum, Wild Red: Prunus subcordata Poppy, Opium: Papaver somniferum
Pink, American Moss: Phlox subulata Plum, Wild Yellow: Prunus americana Poppy, Parish: Eschscholzia parishii
Pink, Marsh: Sabatia campanulata Po-he-po-he: Hydrocotyle poltata Poppy, Prickly: Argemone munita, A. polyanthemos]
Pink, Rose: Sabatia angularis Po-hue-hue: lpomoea pes-caprae see also Pricklypoppy
Pink Plume: Geum triflorum, Polygonum bistorta Poison, Fly: Amianthium muscitoxicum Poppy, Thistle: Argemone hispida
Pink Root: Ivesia gordonii Poison Camas: Zigadenus venenosus Poppy, Tree: Dendromecon rigida
Pinkroot,West Indian: Spigelia anthelmia Poison Hemlock: Cicuta maculata, Conium Poppy, White: Papaver somniferum
Pinkroot, Woodland: Spigelia marilandica maculatum Poppy, Yellow: Eschscholzia californica
Pinon: see Pine, Pinon; and Pine, Pinyon; see also Poison Ivy: Toxicodendron pubescens, T. radicans, Poque: Boschniakia rossica
Pinyon T. rydbergii Poreleaf: Porophyllum gracile
Pinweed: Lechea minor, Lechea sp. Poison Oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum, Port Orford Cedar: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Pinyon: see Pine, Pinyon; and Pine, Pinon T. pubescens Possumhaw: Viburnum nudum
Pinyon Groundsmoke: Gayophytum ramosissimum Poison Parsnip: Cicuta maculata Potato: Solanum tuberosum
Pipe Stem: Clematis lasiantha Poison Sanicle: Sanicula bipinnata Potato, Deer's: Liatris acidota, Liatris sp.
Pipe Vine: Aristolochia macrophylla, A sp. Poison Sego: Zigadenus nuttallii Potato, Eskimo: Claytonia tuberosa, Hedysarum
Pipeweed: Eriogonum inflatum Poison Snake Plant: Asclepias tuberosa alpinum
Pipissewa (or Pipsissewa, or Pipssewa): Chimaphi Poison Sumac: Toxicodendron vernix Potato, Hog: Hoffmannseggia glauca
la umbellata Poisonvetch: Astragalus racemosus Potato, Indian: Apios americana, Hoffmannseggia
Pitahaya: Stenocereus thurberi Poison Water Hemlock: Cicuta douglasii, C. macu glauca, Solanum tuberosum
Pitahaya Agria: Machaerocereus gummosus lata, C. virosa Potato, lames Wild: Solanum jamesii
Pitahayita: Peniocereus striatus Poke: Phytolacca americana Potato, Meskwaki: Solanum tuberosum
Pitcher Plant: Sarracenia purpurea Poke, Indian: Veratrum viride Potato, Native: Solanum fendleri
Pitcherplant, California: Darlingtonia californica Poke, Pigeon Berry: Phytolacca americana Potato, Ojibwe: Solanum tuberosum
Plantain, American: Plantago major Pokeberry: Phytolacca americana Potato, Squaw: Perideridia oregana
 Index of Common Names 917

Potato, Sweet: Ipomoea batatas rhombipetala Pyrola: Pyrola elliptica

Potato, White: Solarium tuberoswn Primrose, Shortfruit Evening: Oenothera Pyrola, One Flowered: Moneses uniflora
Potato, Wild: Claytonia lanceolata, Hedysarum brachycarpa Quack Grass: Elytrigia repens

alpinum, Helianthus tuberosus, Oxypolis rigidior, Primrose, Small Evening: Oenothera perennis Quail Brush: Atriplex lentiformis
Solarium fendleri, S.jamesii, S. triflorum, Primrose, Stemless Evening: Oenothera triloba Quail Bush: Atriplex lentiformis
Triteleia grandiflora Primrose, Tansyleaf Evening: Camissonia tanaceti Quamash: Camassia scilloides
Poverty Threeawn: Aristida divaricata folia Queen Anne's Lace: Daucus carota, D. pusillus
Poverty Weed, American: Iva axillaris Primrose, Tufted Evening: Oenothera cespitosa Queen of the Meadow: Eupatorium purpureum

Povertyweed, Nuttall's: Monolepis nuttalliana Primrose, Upright Evening: Boisduvalia stricta Queen of the Meadows: Spiraea salicifolia
Prairieclover, Canyonlands: Daleaflavescens Primrose, White Evening: Oenothera albicaulis Queen of the Prairie: Filipendula rubra
Prairieclover, Compact: Dalea compacta Primrose, Yellow Evening: Oenothera elata Queen's Cup: Clintonia uniflora
Prairieclover, Dwarf: Dalea nana Primrosewillow, Carolina: Ludwigia bonariensis Queen's Delight: Stillingia sylvatica
Prairieclover, Golden: Dalea aurea Primrosewillow, Savannah: Ludwigia virgata Quinine: Cinchona calisaya
Prairieclover, Nineanther: Dalea enneandra Prince's Pine: Chimaphila umbellata Quinine, Wild: Parthenium integrifolium
Prairie Clover, Purple: Dalea purpurea Prince's Pine, Little: Chimaphila menziesii Quinine Cherry: Prunus emarginata
Prairieclover, Silky: Dalea villosa Prince's Pine, Striped: Chimaphila maculata Rabbitbells: Crotalaria rotundifolia
Prairie Clover, Slender White: Dalea Candida Prince's Plume: Stanleya albescens, S. pinnata Rabbit Brush: Chrysothamnus depressus, C greenei,
Prairieclover, Violet: Dalea purpurea Privet, Eastern Swamp: Forestiera acuminata C. nauseosus, C. parryi, C. sp., C. viscidiflorus
Prairie Clover, White: Dalea Candida Privet, Florida: Forestiera segregata Rabbit Brush, Broadscale: Chrysothamnus
Prairieclover, Woolly: Dalea lanata Privet, Wild: Forestiera pubescens nauseosus

Prester John: Arisaema triphyllum Psoralea, Few Flowered: Psoralidium tenuiflorum Rabbit Brush, Douglas: Chrysothamnus viscidi
Prettyface: Triteleia ixioides Psoralea, Silver Leaf: Pediomelum argophyllum florus
Pricklyleaf: Thymophylla pentachaeta Psoralea, Slender Flowered: Psoralidium tenui- Rabbitbrush, Green: Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Pricklypear: see also Cactus, Prickly Pear florum Rabbitbrush, Greene's: Chrysothamnus greenei
Pricklypear, Beavertail: Opuntia basilaris Puccoon: Lithospermum canescens, L caroliniense, Rabbit Brush, Heavy Scented: Chrysothamnus
Pricklypear, Brownspined: Opuntia parryi L incisum, L ruderale nauseosus

Pricklypear, Dollarjoint: Opuntia chlorotica Puccoon, Hairy: Lithospermum caroliniense Rabbitbrush, Howard's: Chrysothamnus parryi
Pricklypear, Golden: Opuntia basilaris Puccoon, Hoary: Lithospermum canescens Rabbit Brush, Little: Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus
Pricklypear, Grizzlybear: Opuntia erinacea Puccoon, Narrow Leaved: Lithospermum incisum Rabbitbrush, Parry's: Chrysothamnus parryi
Pricklypear, Hairspine: Opuntia polyacantha Puffball: Bovista pila, Bovista plumbea, Bovistella Rabbit Brush, Rubber: Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Pricklypear, Kelvin's: Opuntia xkelvinensis sp., Lycoperdon sp. Rabbit Brush, Sticky Flowered: Chrysothamnus
Prickly Pear, Plains: Opuntia polyacantha Pukiawe: Styphelia tameiameiae viscidiflorus
Prickly Pear, Tall: Opuntia whipplei Pumpkin: Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo Rabbit Bush: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, C. parryi,
Pricklypear, Texas: Opuntia engelmannii Pumpkin, Cheese: Cucurbita moschata C. sp., C. viscidiflorus
Pricklypear, Tulip: Opuntia phaeacantha Pumpkin, Cushaw: Cucurbita moschata Rabbitbush Heathgoldenrod: Ericameria bloomed
Pricklypear, Twistspine: Opuntia macrorhiza Pumpkin, Field: Cucurbita pepo Rabbit Foot: Lespedeza capitata
Pricklypoppy, Crested: Argemone polyanthemos Pumpkin, Large Pie: Cucurbita pepo Rabbit's Foot: Polypogon monspeliensis
Pricklypoppy, Flatbud: Argemone munita Pumpkin, Pumpion: Cucurbita pepo Rabbit Thorn: Lycium pallidum
Pricklypoppy, Rough: Argemone hispida Pumpkin, Wild: Cucurbita foetidissima Raccoon Liver: Stenandrium dulce
Pride of Ohio: Dodecatheon pulchellum Puncturevine: Tribulus terrestris Racine Blanche: Lomatium cous
Primrose, Brook Spike: Boisduvalia stricta Purplemat: Nama demissum Radish: Raphanus sativus
Primrose, Butte: Oenothera cespitosa Purselane: Portulaca oleracea; see also Purslane Raffia, Wild: Juncus textilis
Primrose, Common Evening: Oenothera biennis Pursely: Amaranthus blitoides Ragweed, Ambrosia Leaf Burr: Ambrosia
Primrose, Crownleaf Evening: Oenothera coronopi- Purslane: Portulaca oleracea, P. sp. ambrosioides
folia Purslane, Erect: Suaeda calceoliformis Ragweed, American: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Primrose, Denseflower Spike: Boisduvalia densi- Purslane, Milk: Chamaesyce glyptosperma Ragweed, Annual: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
flora Purslane, Sea: Honckenya peploides Ragweed, Cuman: Ambrosia psilostachya
Primrose, Desert Evening: Oenothera primiveris Pusley: Portulaca oleracea Ragweed, Flatspine Burr: Ambrosia acanthicarpa
Primrose, Evening: Boisduvalia densiflora, Calylo- Pusley, Chinese: Heliotropium curassavicum Ragweed, Giant: Ambrosia triflda
phus lavandulifolius, Camissonia brevipes, Pussypaws: Cistanthe monandra Ragweed, Silver Burr: Ambrosia chamissonis
C. claviformis, C. tanacetifolia, Musineon divari- Pussy Toes: Antennaria parvifolia, A rosea, Ragweed, Slimleaf Burr: Ambrosia tenuifolia
catum, Oenothera spp. A. rosulata, A. sp. Ragweed, Small: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Primrose, Fourpoint Evening: Oenothera Pussytoes, Field (or Howell's): Antennaria howellii Ragweed, Western: Ambrosia psilostachya
rhombipetala Pussytoes, Kaibab: Antennaria rosulata Ragwort, Fendler's: Senecio fendleri
Primrose, Fragrant Evening: Oenothera cespitosa Pussytoes, Pearly: Antennaria anaphaloides Ragwort, Golden: Senecio aureus
Primrose, Hairy Evening: Oenothera villosa Pussy Toes, Pink (or Rosy): Antennaria rosea Ragwort, Seaside: Senecio pseudoarnica
Primrose, Hooker's Evening: Oenothera elata Pussytoes, Small-leaf: Antennaria parvifolia Ragwort, Small's: Senecio anonymus
Primrose, Narrowleaf Evening: Oenothera fruticosa Pussytoes, Stoloniferous: Antennaria dioica Ragwort, Tansy: Senecio jacobaea
Primrose, Pale Evening: Oenothera pallida Putty Root: Aplectrum hyemale Ragwort Groundsel: Senecio multicapitatus
Primrose, Rhombic Evening: Oenothera Pygmy Weed: Dudleya sp. Ramona: Salvia dorrii
918 Index of Common Names

Ramp (or Ramps): Allium tiicoccum Reed, Giant Bur: Sparganium eurycarpum Rose, Cluster: Rosa pisocarpa
Ram's Horn: Proboscidea louisianica Reed, Giant Sand: Calamovilfa gigantea Rose, Dwarf: Rosa gymnocarpa
Rape: Brassica napus Reed, Rood: Cinna arundinacea Rose, DwarfWild: Rosa virginiana
Rape Mustard: Brassica rapa Reed, Sand: Calamovilfa gigantea, C. longifolia Rose, Early Wild: Rosa blanda
Raspberry, American Red: Rubus idaeus Reed, Stout Wood: Cinna arundinacea Rose, French: Rosa gallica
Raspberry, Arizona Red: Rubus idaeus Rein Orchid: see Orchid, Rein Rose, Interior Wild: Rosa woodsii
Raspberry, Black: Rubus leucodermis, R. occidentalis Resurrection Flower: Lewisia rediviva Rose, Nootka: Rosa nutkana
Raspberry, Dwarf: Rubus arcticus, R. pubescens Rhubarb: Rheum rhabarbarum, Rheum Rose, Pasture: Rosa Carolina
Raspberry, Flowering: Rubus odoratus rhaponticum Rose, Prairie: Rosa arkansana
Raspberry, Grayleaf Red: Rubus idaeus Rhubarb, Alaska Wild: Polygonum alpinum Rose, Prickly: Rosa acicularis
Raspberry, Mountain: Rubus chamaemorus Rhubarb, American Wild: Rumex hymenosepalus Rose, Rocky Mountain: Rosa woodsii
Raspberry, Purple Flowered: Rubus odoratus Rhubarb, Eskimo: Polygonum alpinum Rose, Smooth: Rosa blanda
Raspberry, Red: Rubus aculeatissimus, R. idaeus Rhubarb, False: Rheum rhaponticum Rose, Swamp: Rosa palustris
Raspberry, Snow: Rubus nivalis Rhubarb, Indian: Darmera peltata, Heracleum Rose, Tundra: Pentaphylloides floribunda
Raspberry, Strawberryleaf: Rubus pedatus maximum Rose, Virginia: Rosa virginiana
Raspberry, Trailing Wild: Rubus pedatus Rhubarb, Wild: Heracleum maximum, Polygonum Rose, Wild: Rosa acicularis, R. arkansana, R. califor
Raspberry, Western: Rubus leucodermis alpinum, Rumex crispus, R. hymenosepalus nica, R. gymnocarpa, R. nutkana, R. palustris,
Raspberry, Whitebark: Rubus leucodermis Ribbonwood: Adenostoma sparsifolium R. pisocarpa, R. sp., R. woodsii
Raspberry, Wild: Rubus idaeus, R. occidentalis, Ribgrass: Plantago lanceolata Rose, Wood: Rosa gymnocarpa
R. odoratus, R. procumbens Rice: Oryza sativa Rose, Wood's Wild: Rosa woodsii
Raspberry, Wild Black: Rubus occidentalis Rice, Indian: Zizania aquatica, Z. palustris Roseberry: Rosa sp.
Raspberry, Wild Red: Rubus idaeus Rice, Jungle: Echinochloa colona Roseflower Stonecrop: Sedum laxum
Ratany: Krameria grayi Rice, Mountain: Oryzopsis hymenoides Rosegentian, Slender: Sabatia campanulata
Ratany, Littleleaf: Krameria erecta Rice, Wild: Chasmanthium latifolium, Zizania Rosemallow, Crimsoneyed: Hibiscus moscheutos
Ratbane: Chimaphila umbellata aquatica, Z. palustris Rosemary, American Wild: Trichostema lanatum
Rattan Vine: Berchemia scandens Rice Grass: Piptatherum miliaceum Rosemary, Bog: Andromeda polifolia
Rattle Box: Crotalaria rotundifolia, C. sagittalis Ricegrass, Indian: Oryzopsis hymenoides Rosemarymint, Hoary: Poliomintha incana
Rattle Pod, American: Astragalus americanus Rice Root: Fritillaria camschatcensis, F. lanceolata Rose Pink: Sabatia angularis
Rattle Pod, Black: Baptisia bracteata Rich Weed: Collinsonia canadensis, Pileapumila Roseroot: Sedum rosea
Rattle Pod, Little: Astragalus canadensis Rockbrake, Sitka: Cryptogramma sitchensis Rosilla: Helenium puberulum
Rattlesnake Master: Eryngium aquaticum, E. yucci- Rock Cress: Arabis drummondii, A. fendleri, Rosin Weed: Grindeliasp., G. squarrosa, Silphium
folium, Liatris laxa A. puberula compositum
Rattlesnake Plantain: Goodyera oblongifolia, Rockcress, Drummond's: Arabis drummondii Rosin Weed, Entire Leaved: Silphium integrifolium
G. pubescens, G. repens Rock Cress, Early Flowering: Arabis perennans Rosinweed, Fremont's Western: Calycadenia
Rattlesnake Root: Prenanthes alata, P. altissima, Rockcress, Fendler's: Arabis fendleri fremontii
P. alba Rock Cress, Few Flowered: Arabis sparsiflora Rosinweed, Kidneyleaf: Silphium compositum
Rattlesnake Weed: Chamaesyce albomarginata, Rock Cress, Hoelboell's: Arabis holboellii Rosinweed, Wholeleaf: Silphium integrifolium
C. ocellata, Daucus pusillus, Echinaceaangusti- Rock Cress, Kamchatka: Arabis lyrata RosyTwistedstalk: Streptopus roseus
folia, Hieracium venosum Rockcress, Lyrate: Arabis lyrata Roughfruit Berry: Rubus lasiococcus
Rattle Weed: Astragalus convallarius, Oxytropis Rockcress, Perennial: Arabis perennans Roughfruit Fairybells: Disporum trachycarpum
lagopus Rockcress, Sicklepod: Arabis sparsiflora Rubber Plant, Colorado: Hymenoxys richardsonii
Rattleweed, Many Colored: Astragalus allochrous Rockcress, Silver: Arabis puberula Rubber Plant, Metcalfe: Hymenoxys richardsonii
Red Bell: Fritillaria recurva Rockcress, Tower: Arabis glabra Rubber Plant, South American: Dugaldia hoopesii
Redberry: Rhamnus crocea Rocket, London: Sisymbrium irio Rubber Rabbit Brush: Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Red Bud: Cercis canadensis, C. sp. Rockgoldenrod, Grassy: Petradoria pumila Rubberweed: Hymenoxys bigelovii, H. richardsonii
Redbug: Cercis canadensis Rock Harlequin: Corydalis sempervirens Rue, American Garden: Tephrosia virginiana
Redcardinal: Erythrina herbacea Rockjasmine, Pygmyflower: Androsace Rue, Bush: Cneoridium dumosum
Red Maids: Calandrinia ciliata septentrionalis Rue, Desert: Thamnosma montana
Red Root: Amaranthus albus, Ceanothus ameri Rockjasmine, Western: Androsace occidentalis Rue, Fringed: Ruta chalepensis
canus, Lachnanthes caroliana Rockjasmine Buckwheat: Eriogonum androsaceum Rue, Garden: Ruta graveolens
Red Root, Small: Ceanothus herbaceus Rock Spiraea: Holodiscus discolor, H. dumosus Rue, Goat's: Tephrosia virginiana
Redscale: Atriplex rosea Rock Spiraea, Rocky Mountain: Petrophyton Rue, Meadow: see Meadow Rue
Redshank: Adenostoma sparsifolium caespitosum Rush, Baltic: Juncus balticus
Redstem: Ammannia coccinea Rood Reed Grass: Cinna arundinacea Rush, Basket: Juncus textilis
Redwood: Sequoia sempervirens Rosary Babybonnets: Coursetia glandulosa Rush, Bog: Juncus sp.
Reed, Bur: Sparganium eurycarpum Rosary Root: Apios americana Rush, Cattail: Typha latifolia
Reed, Carrizal (or Carrizo): Phragmites australis Rose, Bald Hip: Rosa gymnocarpa Rush, Dagger Leaved: Juncus ensifolius
Reed, Common: Juncus effusus, Phragmites Rose, Bristly Nootka: Rosa nutkana Rush, Dudley's: Juncus dudleyi
australis Rose, California Wild: Rosa californica Rush, Mertens's: Juncus mertensianus
Reed, Giant: Arundo donax Rose, Carolina: Rosa Carolina Rush, Mexican: Juncus mexicanus
 Index of Common Names 919

Rush, Moor: Juncus stygius Sagebrush, Big: Artemisia sp., A tridentata Salt Bush, Fourwing: Atriplex canescens
Rush, Pacific: Juncus effusus Sagebrush, Black: Artemisia nova, A tridentata Saltbush, Garrett's: Atriplex garrettii
Rush, Path: Juncus tenuis Sagebrush, Boreal: Artemisia arctica Salt Bush, Hoary: Atriplex canescens
Rush, Poverty: Juncus tenuis Sagebrush, Bud: Artemisia spinescens Saltbush, Mound: Atriplex obovata
Rush, Salt: Juncus lesueurii Sagebrush, California: Artemisia californica Saltbush, Nuttall's: Atriplex nuttallii
Rush, Scouring: see Scouring Rush Sagebrush, Idaho Threetip: Artemisia tripartita Saltbush, Sack: Atriplex saccaria
Rush, Soft: Juncus effusus Sagebrush, Mexican White: Artemisia ludoviciana Saltbush, Shadscale: Atriplex confertifolia
Rush, Spike: see Spikerush Sagebrush, Mountain: Artemisia frigida Saltbush, Silverscale: Atriplex argentea
Rush, Swordleaf: Juncus ensifolius Sagebrush, Sand: Artemisia filifolia Salt Bush, Spiny: Atriplex confertifolia
Rush, Toad: Juncus bufonius Sagebrush, Short: Artemisia tripartita Saltbush, Torrey's: Atriplex torreyi
Rush, Torrey's: Juncus torreyi Sagebrush, Silver: Artemisia cana, A filifolia Saltbush, Wedgescale: Atriplex truncata
Rush, Wire: Juncus balticus Sagebrush, Three Lobed (or Three Toothed): Saltbush, Wheelscale: Atriplex elegans
Rye, Giant: Leymus condensatus Artemisia tripartita Saltbush, Wright's: Atriplex wrightii
Rye, Giant Wild: Leymus cinereus Sagebrush, Western: Artemisia campestris Saltgrass, Inland: Distichlis spicata
Rye, Stout Nodding Wild: Elymus canadensis Sagebrush, Wright: Artemisia carruthii Salt Tule: Scirpus acutus
Rye, Wild: Elymus canadensis, E. glaucus, Sage Bush: Artemisia tilesii Salt Weed: Atriplex confertifolia
E. sibiricus, E. sp., Leymus cinereus, L triticoides, Sagewort, Absinth: Artemisia absinthium Saltweed, Powell's: Atriplex powellii
Sitanion sp. Sagewort, Carruth's: Artemisia carruthii Saltweed, Tumbling: Atriplex rosea
Rye Grass: Elymus glaucus, E. sp., Leymus cinereus, Sagewort, Douglas's: Artemisia douglasiana Saltwort: Salsola australis
L condensatus, L mollis, L temulentum, Sagewort, Dragon: Artemisia dracunculus Samphire: Salicornia maritima
L triticoides Sagewort, Field: Artemisia campestris Sandcherry: Prunus pumila
Sacahuista: Nolina microcarpa Sagewort, Foothill: Artemisia ludoviciana Sanddune Catseye: Cryptantha fendleri
Sacapellote: Acourtia microcephala Sagewort, Forked: Artemisia furcata Sanddune Skyrocket: Ipomopsis gunnisonii
Sacaton: Sporobolus wrightii Sagewort, Louisiana: Artemisia ludoviciana Sandfood: Pholisma sonorae
Sacaton, Alkali: Sporobolus airoides Sagewort, Mountain: Artemisia ludoviciana Sandmat, Contura Creek: Chamaesyce ocellata
Saddlebush: Mortonia sempervirens Sagewort, Pasture: Artemisia frigida Sand mat, Fendler's: Chamaesycefendleri
Safflower: Carthamus tinctorius Sagewort, Prairie: Artemisia frigida Sandmat, Geyer's: Chamaesyce geyeri
Sage, American Black: Salvia mellifera Saguaro (orSahuaro): Carnegia gigantea Sandmat, Graceful: Chamaesyce hypericifolia
Sage, Antelope: Eriogonum jamesii St. Andrew's Cross: Hypericum hypericoides, H. sp. Sandmat, Hoary: Chamaesyce lata
Sage, Bastard: Eriogonum wrightii St. Anthony's Turnip: Ranunculus bulbosus Sandmat, Ribseed: Chamaesyce glyptosperma
Sage, Big: Artemisia tridentata St. Augustine Grass: Stenotaphrum secundatum Sandmat, Smallseed: Chamaesyce polycarpa
Sage, Black: Ambrosia psilostachya, Salvia mellifera St. John's Wort, Coastalplain: Hypericum Sandmat, Spotted: Chamaesyce maculata
Sage, Blue: Artemisia cana, Salvia dorrii, S. lyrata brachyphyllum Sandmat, Squaw: Chamaesyce melanadenia
Sage, Bud: Artemisia spinescens St. John's Wort, Dotted: Hypericum punctatum Sandmat, Threadstem: Chamaesyce revoluta
Sage, Bur: Ambrosia acanthicarpa, A. tenuifolia St. John's Wort, Great: Hypericum ascyron Sandmat, Thymeleaf: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia
Sage, Chicken: Artemisia nova St. John's Wort, Marsh: Triadenum virginicum Sandmat, Variable: Chamaesyce multiformis
Sage, Fringed: Artemisia frigida St. John's Wort, Pale: Hypericum ellipticum Sandmat, Whitemargin: Chamaesyce
Sage, Garden: Salvia officinalis, S. sp. St. John's Wort, Peelbark: Hypericum fasciculatum albomarginata
Sage, Grayball: Salvia dorrii St. John's Wort, Scouler's: Hypericum scouleri Sandplant: Honckenya peploides
Sage, Green: Artemisia campestris, A. dracunculus St. John's Wort, Spotted: Hypericum punctatum Sandpuffs: Tripterocalyx cornea
Sage, Kitchen: Salvia officinalis St. Johnswort, Virginia Marsh: Triadenum Sandreed, Giant: Calamovilfa gigantea
Sage, Little Wild: Artemisia frigida virginicum Sandreed, Prairie: Calamovilfa longifolia
Sage, Lyre Leaved: Salvia lyrata St. John's Wort, Western: Hypericum scouleri Sand Verbena, Coastal: Abronia latifolia
Sage, Man: Artemisia ludoviciana St. Peter's Wort: Hypericum crux-andreae, H. multi- Sand Verbena, Desert: Abronia villosa
Sage, Pasture: Artemisia frigida caule Sand Verbena, Fragrant: Abronia fragrans
Sage, Pitcher: Lepechinia calycina Salal: Gaultheria ovatifolia, G. shallon Sand Verbena, Fragrant White: Abronia elliptica
Sage, Prairie: Artemisia ludoviciana Salmonberry: Rubus chamaemorus, R. parviflorus, Sand Verbena, Pink: Abronia villosa
Sage, Purple: Salvia dorrii R. sp., R. spectabilis Sand Verbena, Snowball: Abronia fragrans
Sage, Rocky Mountain: Artemisia tridentata Salmon's Eye, Summer: Ranunculus occidentalis Sand Verbena, Transmontane: Abronia turbinata
Sage, Silver: Artemisia cana, A. filifolia Salsify: Tragopogon porrifolius, T. pratensis, T. sp. Sand Verbena, White: Abronia elliptica, A turbinata
Sage, Sweet: Artemisia dracunculus, A. frigida, Salt Brush: Atriplex confertifolia, A obovata Sandweed: Hypericum fasciculatum
Poliomintha incana Salt Brush, Fourwing: Atriplex canescens Sandwort, Ballhead: Arenaria congesta
Sage, Thistle: Salvia carduacea Salt Bush: Atriplex spp., Chenopodium incanum, Sandwort, Eastwood's: Arenaria eastwoodiae
Sage, Western: Artemisia ludoviciana Suaeda arborescens Sandwort, Fendler's: Arenaria fendleri
Sage, White: Artemisia ludoviciana, Krascheninni- Saltbush, Australian: Atriplex semibaccata Sandwort, Mojave: Arenaria macradenia
kovia lanata, Salvia apiana Saltbush, Big: Atriplex lentiformis Sandwort, Prickly: Arenaria aculeata
Sage, Wild: Artemisia frigida, A ludoviciana, A. sp. Salt Bush, Bracted: Atriplex serenana Sandwort, Seabeach: Honckenya peploides
Sage, Winter: Krascheninnikovia lanata Saltbush, Cattle: Atriplex polycarpa Sandwort, Spreading: Arenaria lanuginosa
Sagebrush, Alaska: Artemisia alaskana Salt Bush, Desert: Atriplex polycarpa Sandyseed Clammyweed: Polanisia dodecandra
Sagebrush, Basin: Artemisia tridentata Salt Bush, Four Winged: Atriplex sp. Sangre de Cristo: Jatropha cardiophylla
920 Index of Common Names

Sanicle: Sanicula marilandica, S. sp. marina Service Berry, Western: Amelanchier alnifolia,
Sanicle, Poison: Sanicula bipinnata Sedge, Basket: Carex aquatilis, C. obnupta A. pallida
Sanicle, Purple: Sanicula bipinnatiflda Sedge, Beaked: Carex rostrata Service Berry Tree: Amelanchier arborea
Santolina Pincushion: Chaenactis santolinoides Sedge, Blackroot: Scirpus maritimus Service Tree: Pyrus sp.
Sarsaparilla (or Sarsaprilla): Aralia nudicaulis Sedge, Broad Leaved: Carex platyphylla Sesame: Sesamum orientale
Sarsaparilla, Black: Aristolochia macrophylla, Sedge, Broom: Andropogon virginicus Seven Bark: Hydrangea arborescens
Cocculus carolinus Sedge, Douglas's: Carex douglasii Shadblow: Amelanchier pallida
Sarsaparilla, Bristly: Aralia hispida Sedge, Drooping: Carex prasina Shad Brush: Amelanchier canadensis
Sarsaparilla, White: Passiflora incarnata Sedge, Fescue: Carex brevior Shad Bush: Amelanchier canadensis, Corylus
Sarsaparilla, Wild: Aralia nudicaulis Sedge, Fewseed: Carex oligosperma americana
Sarsaparilla, Yellow: Menispermum canadense Sedge, Flat: see Flatsedge Shadscale: Atriplex canescens, A confertifolia
Sarvice (or Sarvis) Berry: see Serviceberry Sedge, Fox: Carex vulpinoidea Shadscale Saltbush: Atriplex confertifolia
Saskatoon: Amelanchier alnifolia Sedge, Knotted Spike: Eleocharis equisetoides Shaggyfruit Pepperweed: Lepidium lasiocarpum
Sassafras: Sassafras albidum Sedge, Mendocino: Carex mendocinensis Shaggytuft, Sweet: Stenandrium dulce
Sasul Brier: Smilaxsp. Sedge, Mountain: Carex concinnoides Shawnee Salad: Hydrophyllum virginianum
Satinleaf: Chrysophyllum oliviforme Sedge, Nebraska: Carex nebrascensis Sheepberry: Viburnum lentago
Sauwi: Panicum sonorum Sedge, Northwest Territory: Carex utriculata Sheep Laurel: Kalmia angustifolia
Savory, Summer: Satureja hortensis Sedge, Northwestern: Carex concinnoides Sheep Sorrel: Oxalis stricta, 0. violacea, Rumex
Sawbrier: Smilax glauca Sedge, Plantain Leaved: Carex plantaginea acetosa, R. acetosella
Sawgrass: Cladium mariscus Sedge, Santa Barbara: Carex barbarae Sheep Sorrel Dock: Rumex acetosella
Saxifrage: Fendlera rupicola, Saxifragaferruginea Sedge, Sitka: Carex aquatilis Shelf Fungus: Fomes igniarius, F. sp., Fomitopsis
Saxifrage, Anise Burnet: Pimpinella anisum Sedge, Slough: Carex atherodes, C. obnupta; see pinicola, F. sp., Ganodermasp., Polyporus sp.
Saya: Amoreuxia palmatiflda also Sledge Shepherd's Purse: Capsella bursa-pastoris
Scaldweed: Cuscuta gronovii Sedge, Smallwing: Carex microptera Shield Fern: Dryopteris arguta, D. carthusiana,
Scentbottle: Platanthera dilatata Sedge, Spike: Eleocharis equisetoides, £ geniculata D. cristata, D. expansa, D. sp., Thelypteris kunthii
Scorpionweed, California: Phacelia californica Sedge, Sun: Carex inops Shield Lichen: Cetraria crispa
Scorpionweed, New Mexico: Phacelia neomexicana Sedge, Swamp: Carex exsiccata Shin Leaf: Pyrola americana, P. asarifolia,
Scorpionweed, Smallflower: Phacelia dubia Sedge, Tall: Carex obnupta P. elliptica
Scouring Rush: Equisetum arvense, £ hyemale, Sedge, Water: Carex aquatilis Shin Leaf, Waxflower (or White Veined): Pyrola picta
£ laevigatum, E. sp., £ variegatum Sedge, Western Fox: Carex vicaria Shooting Star: Dodecatheon hendersonii, D. jeffreyi,
Scouring Rush, Common: Equisetum hyemale Sedge, Western Inflated: Carex exsiccata D. pulchellum
Scouring Rush, Dwarf: Equisetum scirpoides Seedbox: Ludwigia virgata Sida, Round Leaved: Malvella leprosa
Scouring Rush, Smooth: Equisetum laevigatum Seepweed: Suaeda calceoliformis, S. moquinii Silkgrass, Narrowleaf: Pityopsis graminifolia
Scouring Rush, Stone: Equisetum hyemale Seepweed, Desert: Suaeda suffrutescens Silktassel, Pallid: Garryaflavescens
Scouringrush, Variegated: Equisetum variegatum Seepweed, Pursh: Suaeda calceoliformis Silktassel, Wavyleaf: Garrya elliptica
Scouring Rush, Western: Equisetum hyemale Sego: Calochortus nuttallii Silk Tassel Bush: Garrya elliptica, G.flavescens
Scrambledeggs: Corydalis aurea Sego, Poison: Zigadenus nuttallii Silkweed: Asclepias syriaca
Screw Bean: Prosopis glandulosa, P. pubescens Self Heal: Prunella vulgaris Silverbells: Halesia Carolina
Screwpine, Tahitian: Pandanus tectorius Seneca Root: Polygala senega Silverberry: Elaeagnus commutata
Scullcap: see Skullcap Senna: Senna tora Silverbush, Charleston Mountain: Argythamnia
Scurf Pea: Pediomelum cuspidatum, P. hypogaeum, Senna, American: Senna marilandica cyanophylla
Psoralidium lanceolatum, P. tenuiflorum Senna, Coffee: Senna occidentalis Silvergreen: Adenocaulon bicolor
Scurf Pea, Hoary: Pediomelum canescens Senna, Wild: Senna hebecarpa Silver Plant: Eriogonum ovalifolium
Scurfpea, Breadroot: Pediomelum esculentum Sensitive Plant, American Wild: Senna hebecarpa Silverpuffs, Cutleaf: Microseris laciniata
Scurfpea, Lemon: Psoralidium lanceolatum Sensitive Plant, Maryland Wild: Senna marilandica Silver Weed: Argentina anserina, A egedii
Scurfpea, Silverleaf: Pediomelum argophyllum Sensitive Plant, Wild: Chamaecrista nictitans Simmon: Diospyros virginiana
Scurfpea, Slimflower: Psoralidium tenuiflorum Septicweed: Senna occidentalis Single Delight: Moneses uniflora
Scurvygrass: Cochlearia ojficinalis Serviceberry, Allegheny: Amelanchier laevis Sisal, False: Agave decipiens
Seabean: Mucuna gigantea Serviceberry, Canadian: Amelanchier canadensis Skeleton Plant: Lygodesmia juncea
Sea Blite: Suaeda calceoliformis, S. moquinii, S. sp. Serviceberry, Common: Amelanchier arborea Skeletonplant, Largeflower: Lygodesmia grandiflora
Sealavender, California: Limonium californicum Service Berry, Cusick's: Amelanchier alnifolia Skeletonweed, Beaked: Shinnersoseris rostrata
Sealavender, Carolina: Limonium carolinianum Service Berry, Flowering: Amelanchier alnifolia Skeleton Weed, Rush: Lygodesmia juncea
Sealavender, Mediterranean: Limonium vulgare Service Berry, Northwestern: Amelanchier alnifolia Skeleton Weed, Spiny (or Thorn): Stephanomeria
Seasonvine: Cissus verticillata Service Berry, Pacific: Amelanchier alnifolia spinosa
Seaweed: Fucus sp., Phyllospadixsp., Porphyra Serviceberry, Pale: Amelanchier pallida Skullcap, Blue: Scutellaria lateriflora
laciniata Service Berry, Prune Leaved: Amelanchier utahensis Skullcap, California: Scutellaria californica
Seaweed, Bladder: Halosaccion glandiforme Serviceberry, Roundleaf: Amelanchier sanguinea Skullcap, Hairy: Scutellaria elliptica
Seaweed, Bubble: Leathesia difformis Serviceberry, Running: Amelanchier stolonifera Skullcap, Hoary: Scutellaria incana
Seaweed, Edible: Porphyra abbottae, P. perforata Serviceberry, Saskatoon: Amelanchier alnifolia Skullcap, Mad Dog: Scutellaria lateriflora
Sea Wrack: Fucus gardneri, Fucus sp., Zostera Serviceberry, Utah: Amelanchier utahensis Skullcap, Marsh: Scutellaria galericulata
 Index of Common Names 921

Skullcap, Small: Scutellaria parvula C. viscidiflorus, Gutierrezia microcephala, G. cali- acetosa, R. acetosella
Skunk Berry: Rhus trilobata fornica, G. sarothrae, G. sp., Petradoria pumila Sorrel, Sour: Oxalis stricta
Skunk Bush: Rhus aromatica, R. trilobata Snakewood, Bitter: Condalia globosa Sorrel, Wild: Rumex sp.
Skunk Cabbage: Lysichiton americanus, L sp., Snakewood, Button: Eryngium alismifolium, Sorrel, Wood: Oxalis montana
Symplocarpusfoetidus £ aquaticum, Liatris punctata, L spicata Sotol: Dasylirion wheeled
Skunk Weed: Croton texensis, Navarretiasp. Sneezeweed: Dugaldia hoopesii, Helenium autum- Sourberry: Rhus trilobata
Sky Rocket: Ipomopsis aggregata nale, H. microcephalum Sour Bush: Rhus trilobata
Skyrocket, Iron: Ipomopsis laxiflora Snowball Pincushion: Mammillaria grahamii Sourwood: Oxydendrum arboreum
Skyrocket, Sanddune: Ipomopsis gunnisonii Snowberry: Symphoricarpos albus, S. longiflorus, Sowthistle, Common: Sonchus oleraceus
Sledge, Slough Grass: Carex nebrascensis; see also S. mollis, S. occidentalis, S. oreophilus, S. sp. Sow Thistle, Field: Sonchus arvensis
Sedge Snowberry, Creeping: Gaultheria hispidula Sow Thistle, Spiny Leaved: Sonchus asper
Sleepingplant: Chamaecristafasciculata Snowberry, Desert: Symphoricarpos longiflorus Sowthistle Desertdandelion: Malacothrix
Sleepydick: Ornithogalum umbellatum Snowberry, Garden: Symphoricarpos albus sonchoides
Sleepygrass: Stipa robusta Snowberry, Parish's: Symphoricarpos oreophilus Spanish Bayonet: Yucca harrimaniae, Y. whipplei
Slim Solomon: Maianthemum stellatum Snowberry, Western: Symphoricarpos occidentalis Spanish Chilicothe: Marah macrocarpus
Slip Root: Cypripedium acaule Snowberry, Whortleleaf: Symphoricarpos Spanish Dagger: Yucca aloifolia
Sloe, Stag Bush: Viburnum prunifolium oreophilus Spanish Needles: Bidens bipinnata, Palafoxia arida
Slough Grass: Beckmannia syzigachne, Carex Snow Brush (or Snowbush): Ceanothus velutinus Spearmint: Mentha canadensis, Mentha spicata
barbarae, Spartina pectinata Snowdrop: Plagiobothrysfulvus Spectacle Fruit: Wislizenia refracta
Slough Grass Sledge: Carex nebrascensis Snow on the Mountain: Euphorbia marginata Spectacle Pod: Dimorphocarpa wislizeni
Slough Sedge: Carex atherodes, C. obnupta Soap Berry: Sapindus saponaria, Shepherdia Speedwell: Veronica americana, V. officinalis,
Smart Weed: Polygonum argyrocoleon, P. bistor- canadensis, S. sp. V. peregrina
toides, P. hydropiper, P. lapathifolium, P. persi- Soapolallie: Shepherdia canadensis Speedwell, Thyme Leaf: Veronica serpyllifolia
caria, P. punctatum, P. sp. Soap Plant: Chenopodium californicum, Chloroga- Spice Bush: Calycanthus occidentalis, Lindera
Smartweed, Carey's: Polygonum careyi lum angustifolium C. parviflorum, C. pomeridi- benzoin
Smartweed, Dotted: Polygonum punctatum anum Spice Wood: Lindera benzoin, L sp.
Smartweed, Longroot: Polygonum amphibium Soap Root: Chlorogalum pomeridianum, C. sp., Spider Bush: Oemleria cerasiformis
Smart Weed, Pennsylvania: Polygonum pensyl- Yucca baccata, Y. sp. Spiderflower, Bladderpod: Cleome isomeris
vanicum Soapweed: Nolina bigelovii, Yucca baccata, Y. elata, Spiderflower, Slender: Cleome multicaulis
Smart Weed, Water: Polygonum amphibium, Y. glauca Spiderflower, Yellow: Cleome lutea
P. punctatum Soapweed Yucca: Yucca glauca Spiderling, Erect: Boerhavia erecta
Smartweek: Polygonum hydropiper Soapwort, American: Saponaria offlcinalis Spiderwort, Longbract: Tradescantia bracteata
Smilograss: Piptatherum miliaceum Sochan: Rudbeckia laciniata Spiderwort, Pinewoods: Tradescantia pinetorum
Smoke Brush: Ceanothus cuneatus Softhair Marbleseed: Onosmodium molle Spiderwort, Virginia: Tradescantia virginiana
Smoke Bush: Ceanothus cuneatus, Psorothamnus Softstem Bulrush: Scirpus tabernaemontani Spiderwort, Western: Tradescantia occidentalis
polydenius SoftWood: Canotia holacantha Spikenard, American: Aralia racemosa
Snakeberry: Maianthemum dilatatum Solomon, Slim: Maianthemum stellatum Spikenard, California: Aralia californica
Snake Chief Root: Manfreda virginica Solomon's Seal: Maianthemum racemosum, Poly- Spikenard, False: Maianthemum racemosum
Snakelily, Congested: Dichelostemma pulchellum gonatum biflorum, Streptopus amplexifolius Spikenard, Indian: Aralia racemosa, Maianthemum
Snakelily, Ida May's: Dichelostemma ida-maia Solomon's Seal, Downy: Polygonatum pubescens racemosum

Snakelily, Roundtooth: Dichelostemma multiflorum Solomon's Seal, False: Maianthemum racemosum, Spikerush, Beaked: Eleocharis rostellata
Snakelily, Twining: Dichelostemma volubile M. stellatum, Smilacina sp. Spikerush, Common: Eleocharis palustris
Snake Plant, Poison: Asclepias tuberosa Solomon's Seal, Feather: Maianthemum Spikerush, Sand: Eleocharis montevidensis
Snakeroot: Aristolochia serpentaria, Eryngium yuc- racemosum Spikesedge, Canada: Eleocharis geniculata
cifolium, Osmorhiza sp. Solomon's Seal, Hairy: Polygonatum pubescens Spikesedge, Jointed: Eleocharis equisetoides
Snakeroot, Bitter: Eryngium aquaticum Solomon's Seal, Large: Polygonatum biflorum Spikeweed, Fitch's: Hemizoniafitchii
Snakeroot, Black: Cimicifuga racemosa, Sanicula Solomon's Seal, Small: Polygonatum biflorum Spinach, Cattle: Atriplex polycarpa
marilandica, S. odorata, S. smallii Solomon's Seal, Star Flowered: Maianthemum stel Spinach, Indian: Monolepis nuttalliana
Snakeroot, Bur: Sanicula canadensis latum Spinach, Strawberry: Chenopodium capitatum
Snakeroot, Button: Eryngium aquaticum, E. yucci- Solomon's Seal, Twoleaf False: Maianthemum Spindle Tree: Euonymus europaea
folium dilatatum Spinystar: Escobaria vivipara
Snakeroot, Clustered: Sanicula odorata Solomon's Seal, Western: Maianthemum Spiraea: Aruncus dioicus, Luetkea pectinata, Spiraea
Snakeroot, Fragrant: Ageratina herbacea racemosum spp.; see also Spirea
Snakeroot, Sampson: Orbexilum pedunculatum Soopolallie: Shepherdia canadensis Spiraea, Rock: Holodiscus discolor, H. dumosus; see
Snakeroot, Seneca: Polygala senega Sorrel, Garden: Rumex acetosa also Rock Spiraea
Snakeroot, Virginia: Aristolochia serpentaria Sorrel, Ladies': Oxalis corniculata, O. montana, Spirea, Coast: Holodiscus discolor
Snakeroot, Western: Ageratina occidentalis 0. stricta Spleenwort, Lacy: Asplenium horridum
Snakeroot, White: Ageratina altissima Sorrel, Purple: Oxalis violacea Spleenwort, Maidenhair: Asplenium trichomanes
Snakeshade: Solanum nigrum Sorrel, Redwood: Oxalis oregana Spoonwort: Cochlearia officinalis
Snakeweed: Chrysothamnus depressus, C. greenei, Sorrel, Sheep: Oxalis stricta, 0. violacea, Rumex Spring Beauty, Bering Sea, Claytonia acutifolia
922 Index of Common Names

Springbeauty, Carolina: Claytonia caroliniana Salix lucida Strawberry, California: Fragaria vesca
Springbeauty, Great Basin: Claytonia umbellata Squawroot, Mexican: Conopholis alpina Strawberry, Coastal: Fragaria chiloensis
Springbeauty, Heartleaf: Claytonia cordifolia Squawthorn: Lycium torreyi Strawberry, Desert: Echinocereus fendleri
Springbeauty, Lanceleaf: Claytonia lanceolata Squaw Vine: Stylosanthes biflora Strawberry, European Wood: Fragaria vesca
Spring Beauty, Narrow Leaved, Claytonia virginica Squaw Weed, American: Rhus trilobata Strawberry, Golden Spined: Echinocereus
Springbeauty, Pale: Claytonia spathulata Squirrel Tail: Achillea millefolium} Elymus multi- engelmannii
Spring Beauty, Siberian, Claytonia sibirica setus, Hordeum jubatum Strawberry, Pacific Beach (or Pacific Coast):
Springbeauty, Streambank: Claytonia parviflora Squirreltail, Big: Elymus multisetus Fragaria chiloensis
Spring Beauty, Tuberous, Claytonia tuberosa Squirreltail, Bottlebrush: Elymus elymoides Strawberry, Scarlet: Fragaria virginiana
Springbeauty, Virginia: Claytonia virginica Squirrel Tail Grass: Elymus elymoides, Hordeum Strawberry, Virginia: Fragaria virginiana
Spring Beauty, Western, Claytonia lanceolata jubatum Strawberry, Wild: Fragaria xananassa, F. chiloensis,
Spring Cress, Bulbous, Cardamine rhomboidea Stag Bush Sloe: Viburnum prunifolium F. sp., F. vesca, F. virginiana
Spring Cress, Purple, Cardamine douglassii Stagger Bush: Lyoniafruticosa, L mariana Strawberry, Wood: Fragaria vesca
Spring Gold, Lomatium utriculatum Stansbury: Phlox longifolia Stretchberry: Forestiera pubescens
Springparsley, Alpine False: Pseudocymopterus Stansbury Cliffrose: Purshia stansburiana String Plant: Psoralidium lanceolatum
montanus Starflower: Eriastrum densifolium, Maianthemum Sue, Perky: Tetraneuris argentea
Springparsley, Bulbous: Cymopterus bulbosus stellatum, Trientalis borealis Sugarberry: Celtis laevigata
Springparsley, Fendler's: Cymopterus acaulis Stargrass: Aletris farinosa Sugar Bush: Rhus ovata
Springparsley, Globe: Cymopterus globosus Stargrass, Yellow: Hypoxis hirsuta Sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum
Springparsley, Longstalk: Cymopterus longipes Star of Bethlehem: Ornithogalum umbellatum Sumac, Aromatic: Rhus aromatica, R. trilobata
Springparsley, Mountain: Cymopterus montanus Starwort, Tuber: Pseudostellaria jamesiana Sumac, Black: Rhus copallinum
Springparsley, Plains: Cymopterus acaulis Steeple Bush: Spiraea tomentosa Sumac, Dwarf: Rhus copallinum, R. glabra
Springparsley, Purple: Cymopterus purpureus Stick Leaf: Mentzelia involucrata, M. multiflora, Sumac, Flameleaf: Rhus copallinum
Springparsley, Purplenerve: Cymopterus multi- M. pumilaf Mentzelia sp. Sumac, Fragrant: Rhus aromatica
nervatus Stickseed: Cryptantha crassisepala, Hackelia flori- Sumac, 111 Scented: Rhus trilobata
Springparsley, Sweetroot: Cymopterus newberryi bunda, H. hispida, H. virginiana, Lappula occi Sumac, Lemonade: Rhus integrifolia, R. trilobata
Springparsley, Widewing: Cymopterus purpurascens dentalis, Mentzelia laevicaulis Sumac, Littleleaf: Rhus microphylla
Spruce, Black: Picea glauca, P. mariana Stickseed, Desert: lappula occidentalis Sumac, Poison: Toxicodendron vernix
Spruce, Colorado Blue: Picea pungens Stickseed, European: lappula squarrosa Sumac, Skunkbush: Rhus trilobata
Spruce, Douglas: Pseudotsuga menziesii Stickseed, Flatspine: Lappula occidentalis Sumac, Small Leaved: Rhus microphylla
Spruce, Engelmann: Picea engelmannii Stickseed, Manyflower: Hackeliafloribunda Sumac, Smooth: Rhus glabra
Spruce, Norway: Picea abies Stickseed, Showy: Hackelia hispida Sumac, Stag Horn: Rhus hirta, R. sp.
Spruce, Red: Picea rubens Stickseed, Spreading: Hackelia diffusa Sumac, Sugar: Rhus ovata
Spruce, Sitka: Picea sitchensis Stickseed, Valley: Mentzelia affinis Sumac, Sweet: Rhus trilobata
Spruce, Tideland: Picea sitchensis Stickseed, Virginia: Hackelia virginiana Sumac, Three Leaved: Rhus trilobata
Spruce, White: Picea glauca Stickweed: lappula squarrosa Sumac, Upland: Rhus glabra
Spruce Gum: Pinus rigida Stickweed, Valley: Mentzelia affinis Sumac, White: Rhus aromatica, Toxicodendron
Spruce Pine: Pinus glabra, P. virginiana Stickyseed: Blennosperma nanum vernix
Spurge: Chamaesyce albomarginata, C. glypto- Stickywilly: Galium aparine Sumac, Wild: Rhus trilobata
sperma, C. melanadenia, C. ocellata, C. polycarpa, Stone Crop: Sedum debile, Sedum divergens, Sumac, Winged: Rhus copallinum
C. serpyllifolia, Croton pottsii} Euphorbia sp. S. lanceolatum, S. rosea, S. sp., S. spathulifolium, Summer's Darling: Clarkia amoena
Spurge, Flowering: Euphorbia corollata S. stenopetalum Sumpweed: Iva xanthifolia
Spurge, Geyer's: Chamaesyce geyeri Stonecrop, Allegheny: Sedum telephioides Sun Bonnet: Chaptalia tomentosa
Spurge, Mojave: Euphorbia incisa Stone Crop, Broad Leaved: Sedum spathulifolium Sun Brier: Aralia spinosa
Spurge, Rocky Mountain: Euphorbia robusta Stonecrop, Ditch: Penthorum sedoides Sunbright: Talinum parviflorum
Spurge, San Francisco Mountain: Euphorbia lurida Stonecrop, Entireleaf: Sedum integrifolium Suncup, Froststem: Camissonia multijuga
Spurge, Thyme Leaf: Chamaesyce serpyllifolia Stonecrop, Roseflower: Sedum laxum Suncup, Golden: Camissonia brevipes
Spurge, Toothed: Euphorbia dentata Stonecrop, Roseroot: Sedum rosea Sundew, Pink: Drosera capillaris
Spur Pepper: Capsicum annuum Stonecrop, Spearleaf: Sedum lanceolatum Sundew, Roundleaf: Drosera rotundifolia
Squash, Crookneck: Cucurbita moschata Stonecrop, Wormleaf: Sedum stenopetalum Sundrops, Hartweg's: Calylophus hartwegii
Squash, Hubbard: Cucurbita maxima Stoneroot: Collinsonia canadensis Sundrops, Lavenderleaf: Calylophus lavanduli-
Squash, Ojibwe: Cucurbita maxima Stone Seed: Lithospermum incisum, L ruderale folius
Squash, Roman: Cucurbita pepo Storksbill: Erodium sp. Sundrops, Smaller: Oenothera perennis
Squash, Turban: Cucurbita maxima Strangle Weed: Cuscuta sp. Sunflower: Balsamorhiza spp., Cordylanthussp.,
Squash, White Scallop: Cucurbita pepo Straw, Broom: Andropogon glomeratus Helianthus spp., Wyethia angustifolia,
Squash, Wild: Cucurbita foetidissima Strawberry, American: Fragaria vesca Xanthium sp.
Squash, Winter: Cucurbita maxima Strawberry, Barren: Waldsteiniafragarioides Sunflower, Balsam Root: Balsamorhiza sagittata
Squashberry: Viburnum edule Strawberry, Beach: Fragaria chiloensis Sunflower, Cusick's: Helianthus cusickii
Squaw Berry: Rhus trilobata Strawberry, Blue Leaved Wild: Fragaria virginiana Sunflower, Fewleaf: Helianthus occidentalis
Squaw Bush: Lyciumfremontii, Rhus trilobata, Strawberry, Broad Petaled Wild: Fragaria virginiana Sunflower, Giant: Helianthus giganteus
 Index of Common Names 923

Sunflower, Hopi: Helianthus sp. Sweetroot, Bluntseed: Osmorhiza depauperata Tea, Labrador: see Labrador Tea

Sunflower, Little: Helianthella uniflora Sweetroot, Clayton's: Osmorhiza claytonii Tea, Mexican: Chenopodium ambrosioides,
Sunflower, Maximilian: Helianthus maximiliani Sweetroot, Longstyle: Osmorhiza longistylis Ephedra viridis
Sunflower, Mountain Bush: Encelia virginensis Sweetroot, Purple: Osmorhiza purpurea Tea, Mormon: Ephedra californica, E. fasciculata,

Sunflower, Nuttall: Helianthus nuttallii Sweetroot, Western: Osmorhiza occidentalis E. nevadensis, E. sp., E. torreyana, E. trifurca,
Sunflower, Pale Leaved: Helianthus strumosus Sweetroot Springparsley: Cymopterus newberryi E. viridis

Sunflower, Parry's Dwarf: Helianthella parryi Sweetvetch: Hedysarum alpinum, H. boreale Tea, Mountain: Ephedra viridis
Sunflower, Prairie: Helianthus petiolaris Sycamore, American: Platanus occidentalis Tea, Navajo: Anthemis sp., Thelesperma
Sunflower, Saw Tooth: Helianthus grosseserratus Sycamore, California: Platanus racemosa megapotam icum
Sunflower, Serpentine: Helianthus bolanderi Sylvan Goat's Beard: Aruncus dioicus Tea, New Jersey: Ceanothus americanus, C.fendleri,
Sunflower, Showy: Helianthus niveus Syringa: Philadelphus lewisii, Syringa spp. C. herbaceus
Sunflower, Spring: Balsamorhiza sagittata Tallow Wood: Ximenia americana Tea, Oswego: Monardafistulosa
Sunflower, Tall Swamp: Helianthus giganteus Tamarack: Larix laricina Tea, Prairie: Croton monanthogynus
Sunflower, Thin Leaved: Helianthus decapetalus Tamarisk, Athel: Tamarix aphylla Tea, Teamster's: Ephedra antisyphilitica,
Sunflower, Western: Helianthus anomalus Tan (or Tan-bark) Oak: Lithocarpus densiflorus E. nevadensis
Sunflower, White: Wyethia helianthoides Tangerine: Citrus reticulata Teaberry: Gaultheria humifusa, G. procumbens
Sunflower, Wild: Helianthus annuus, H. petiolaris, Tansy: Tanacetum vulgare Teaberry, Eastern: Gaultheria procumbens

H. sp., Wyethia angustifolia Tansyaster, Hoary: Machaeranthera canescens Teaberry, Western: Gaultheria ovatifolia
Sunflower, Woolly: Eriophyllum ambiguum, Tansyaster, Lacy: Machaeranthera pinnatifida Tea Plant: Thelesperma megapotamicum
E. lanatum Tansyaster, Smallflower: Machaeranthera parviflora Teasel: Dipsacus fullonum
Sunrose, Baby: Carpobrotus aequilateralus Tanseyleaf Aster: Machaeranthera tanacetifolia Telegraphweed: Heterotheca grandiflora
Supple Jack: Berchemia scandens Tansy Mustard: Descurainia incana, D. obtusa, Telesonix, James's: Boykinia jamesii
Surfgrass, Scouler's: Phyllospadix scouleri D. pinnata, D. sophia, D. sp. Tepary: Phaseolus acutifolius
Surfgrass, Toothed: Phyllospadix serrulatus Tansy Ragwort: Senecio jacobaea Terrapin Paw: Prunella vulgaris
Surfgrass, Torrey's: Phyllospadix torreyi Tapertip Onion: Allium acuminatum Thelypody, Entireleaved: Thelypodium integri-
Swampfire, Pacific: Sarcocornia paciflca Tapioca: Manihot esculenta folium
Swamp Root, American: Anemopsis californica Tararack: Larix laricina Thelypody, Mountain Mock: Pennellia micrantha
Swarf Plantain: Plantago virginica Taro: Colocasia esculenta Thelypody, Wright's: Thelypodium wrightii
Sweet after Death: Achlys triphylla Taro, Giant: Alocasia macrorrhizos Thimble: Rubus odoratus
Sweet Cicely: Osmorhiza berteroi, 0. brachypoda, Tarragon, Wild: Artemisia dracunculus Thimbleberry: Rubus canadensis, R. occidentalis,
0. claytonii, 0. depauperata, 0. longistylis, Tarry Smelling Weed: Madia elegans R. parviflorus
0. purpurea, 0. sp. Tar Weed: Grindelia squarrosa, Hemizonia fascicu Thimbleweed: Anemone cylindrica, A. virginiana
Sweetcicely, California: Osmorhiza brachypoda lata, H. luzulifolia, H. sp., Holocarpha virgata, Thistle: Carduus sp., Cirsium spp.
Sweet Cicely, Mountain: Osmorhiza occidentalis Madia elegans, M. glomerata, M. gracilis, Thistle, American Star: Centaurea americana,
Sweet Cicely, Smooth: Osmorhiza longistylis M. sativa, M. sp., Trichostema lanceolatum C. melitensis
Sweet Cicely, Smoother: Osmorhiza longistylis Tarweed, Chile: Madia sativa Thistle, Bull: Cirsium brevistylum, C. vulgare
Sweet Cicely, Western: Osmorhiza berteroi, Tarweed, Cleveland's: Hemizonia clevelandii Thistle, Cainville: Cirsium calcareum
0. occidentalis Tarweed, Clustered: Hemizonia fasciculata Thistle, California: Cirsium californicum
Sweet Cicely, Woolly: Osmorhiza claytonii Tarweed, Coastal: Hemizonia corymbosa Thistle, Canada: Cirsium arvense
Sweet Clover: Melilotus indicus, M. officinalis, M. sp. Tarweed, Fitch's: Hemizonia fitchii Thistle, Clustered: Cirsium brevistylum
Sweet Coltsfoot: Petasitesfrigidus Tarweed, Grassy: Madia gracilis Thistle, Cobweb: Cirsium occidentale
Sweet Corn: Zea mays Tarweed, Hayfield: Hemizonia luzulifolia Thistle, Cotton: Onopordum acanthium
Sweet Crabapple: Malus coronaria Tarweed, Mountain: Madia glomerata Thistle, Dwarf: Cirsium drummondii
Sweet Flag: Acorus calamus Tarweed, Showy: Madia elegans Thistle, Eaton's: Cirsium eatonii
Sweet Gale: Myrica gale Tarweed, Yellowflower: Holocarpha virgata Thistle, Edible: Cirsium edule
Sweet Grass: Anthoxanthum odoratum, Catabrosa Tarweed Fiddleneck: Amsinckia lycopsoides Thistle, Elk: Cirsium scariosum
aquatica, Glyceriafluitans, Hierochloe hirta, Tassel Flower: Arnoglossum atriplicifolium Thistle, Fewleaf: Cirsium remotifolium
H. odorata Tassel Flower, Red: Dalea purpurea Thistle, Field: Cirsium discolor
Sweet Grass, Alpine: Hierochloe alpina Tasselflower Brickellbush: Brickellia grandiflora Thistle, Hooker's: Cirsium hookerianum
Sweet Grass, California: Hierochloe occidentalis Tea: Camellia sinensis Thistle, Lavender: Cirsium neomexicanum
Sweet Grass, Common: Hierochloe hirta, H. odorata Tea, Bitter: Kalmia angustifolia Thistle, Leafy: Cirsium congdonii
Sweet Grass, Northern: Hierochloe hirta Tea, Brigham: Ephedra fasciculata, E. torreyana Thistle, Little: Cirsium altissimum
Sweet Gum: Liquidambar styraciflua Tea, Country: Ledum groenlandicum Thistle, Maltese Star: Centaurea melitensis
Sweetleaf: Symplocos tinctoria Tea, Desert: Ephedra californica, E. nevadensis, Thistle, Meadow: Cirsium scariosum
Sweetpepperbush: Clethra acuminata E. viridis Thistle, Mountain: Cirsium undulatum
Sweet Potato: Ipomoea batatas Tea, Eskimo: Ledum palustre Thistle, New Mexico: Cirsium neomexicanum
Sweet Potato, Wild: Potentilla nana Tea, Hudson Bay: Ledum palustre Thistle, Pale: Cirsium pallidum
Sweet Shaggytuft: Stenandrium duke Tea, Indian: Aster umbellatus, Ephedra sp., Ephedra Thistle, Parry's: Cirsium parryi
Sweet Shrub: Calycanthus floridus viridis, Ledum groenlandicum Thistle, Plumed: Cirsium drummondii,
Sweetroot: Osmorhiza berteroi, 0. occidentalis Tea, Jersey: Ceanothus americanus, C. herbaceus C. undulatum
924 Index of Common Names

Thistle, Red: Cirsium occidentale Toadflax, Bastard: Comandra umbellata Trefoil, Prairie: Lotus unifoliolatus
Thistle, Rosette: Cirsium congdonii Toadflax, False: Geocaulon lividum Trefoil, Tick: see Tick Trefoil
Thistle, Rothrock's: Cirsium rothrockii Toadflax, Yellow: Linaria vulgaris Trefoil Tickseed: Desmodium nudiflorum,
Thistle, Russian: Salsola australis Toadshade: Trillium sessile D. perplexum
Thistle, Scotch Cotton: Onopordum acanthium Tobacco, Aztec: Nicotiana rustica Triodia: Tridens muticus
Thistle, Scottish: Cirsium vulgare Tobacco, Bigelow's: Nicotiana quadrivalvis Triphysaria: Orthocarpusfaucibarbatus
Thistle, Short Styled: Cirsium brevistylum Tobacco, Cleveland's: Nicotiana clevelandii Tripletlily, Longray: Triteleia peduncularis
Thistle, Snowy: Cirsium pastoris Tobacco, Commercial: Nicotiana tabacum Trompillo: Solanum elaeagnifolium
Thistle, Star: Centaurea americana, C. melitensis Tobacco, Coyote's: Nicotiana attenuata, N. rustica, Trumpet, Hummingbird: Epilobium canum
Thistle, Tall: Cirsium altissimum N. trigonophylla Trumpet, Long: Eriogonum nudum
Thistle, Tioga: Cirsium tioganum Tobacco, Cultivated: Nicotiana tabacum Trumpetflower, Evening: Gelsemium sempervirens
Thistle, Wavy Leaved: Cirsium undulatum Tobacco, Desert: Nicotiana trigonophylla Trumpet Vine: Bignonia capreolata
Thistle, White: Cirsium hookerianum Tobacco, Hopi: Nicotiana attenuata Tuberose, Wild: Leucocrinum montanum
Thistle, Yellow: Cirsium horridulum Tobacco, Indian: Lobelia inflata, Nicotiana attenu Tubular Green Alga: Enteromorpha intestinalis
Thistle, Yellow Spined: Cirsium ochrocentrum ata, N quadrivalvis, N. rustica, N sp. Tulare: Cladium mariscus, Cladium sp.
Thorn, Bicknell's: Cmtaegus chrysocarpa Tobacco, Ladies': Gnaphalium californicum Tule: Scirpus acutus, S. americanus, S. nevadensis,
Thorn, Pear: Crataegus calpodendron Tobacco, Native: Nicotiana attenuata, N. rustica S. robustus, S. sp., S. tabernaemontani
Thorn Apple: Crataegus sp., Datura wrightii Tobacco, Palmer Wild: Nicotiana trigonophylla Tule Grass: Juncus sp.
Thornapple, Chinese: Datura ferox Tobacco, Rabbit: Gnaphalium obtusifolium, Tule Mint: Mentha arvensis
Thornapple, Desert: Datura discolor Pterocaulon virgatum Tulip, Globe: Calochortus pulchellus
Thornapple, Sacred: Datura wrightii Tobacco, Rabbit's: Pterocaulon virgatum Tuliptree: Liriodendron tulipifera
Thorn Bush: Crataegus rivularis Tobacco, Tex-mex: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Tumblegrass: Schedonnardus paniculatus
Thorn of Christ: Castela emoryi Tobacco, Tree: Nicotiana glauca Tumblemustard, Tall: Sisymbrium altissimum
Thorn Skeletonweed: Stephanomeria spinosa Tobacco, Wild: Nicotiana attenuata, N. quadri Tumblemustard, Westwater: Thelypodiopsis elegans
Thoroughwort: Ageratina herbacea valvis, N rustica, N sp., N trigonophylla Tumbleweed: Amaranthus blitoides, Cycloloma
Thoroughwort, Lateflowering: Eupatorium Tobacco, Woman's: Antennaria plantaginifolia atriplicifolium, Salsola australis
serotinum Tobacco, Yaqui: Nicotiana tabacum Tumbleweed, Silver: Atriplex argentea
Thread Leaf: Senecioflaccidus Tobacco Brush: Ceanothus velutinus Tumbleweed, White: Amaranthus albus
Threadleaf, Manyflower False: Schkuhria multi- Tobacco Root: Valeriana edulis Tumbling Saltweed: Atriplex rosea
flora Tolguacha: Datura wrightii Tuna: Opuntiaficus-indica
Thread, Needle and: Stipa comata Toloache: Datura wrightii Tupelo, Water: Nyssa aquatica
Threeawn, Fendler: Aristida purpurea Tomatilla: Lycium pallidum Turban, Yellow: Eriogonum pusillum
Threeawn, Poverty: Aristida divaricata Tomatillo: Lycium pallidum, Physalis philadelphica Turkish Rugging: Chorizanthe staticoides
Threeawn, Red: Aristida purpurea Tomato: Lycopersicon esculentum Turmeric: Curcuma longa
Three Square: Scirpus pungens Tomato, Ground: Physalis subulata Turnip: Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. sp., Frasera
Thyme, Wild: Thymus praecox Tomato, Husk: Physalis pubescens speciosa
Ti: Cordylinefruticosa Tomato, Wild: Physalis sp., Solanum triflorum Turnip, Indian: Arisaema triphyllum, Lithosper-
Tibinagua: Eriogonum nudum Tomato Flower: Rosa acicularis mum incisum, Pediomelum esculentum, P. hypo-
Tickseed, Bigelow's: Coreopsis bigelovii Tongue, Beard: Penstemon barbatus, P.fendleri, gaeum, Psoralidium lanceolatum, P. tenuiflorum
Tickseed, Golden: Coreopsis tinctoria P. fruticosus, P.jamesii, P. linarioides, P. sp., Turnip, Prairie: Pediomelum esculentum
Tickseed, Leavenworth's: Coreopsis leavenworthii P. virgatus, Phlox caespitosa Turnip, St. Anthony's: Ranunculus bulbosus
Tickseed, Stiff: Coreopsis palmata Toothache Tree: Zanthoxylum americanum Turnip, Wild: Brassica napus, Penthorum sedoides
Tickseed, Tall: Coreopsis tripteris Tooth Cress, Large: Cardamine maxima Turpentine Broom: Thamnosma montana
Tickseed, Trefoil: Desmodium nudiflorum, Toothwort: Cardamine diphylla, Dentaria sp. Turpentine Wavewing: Pteryxia terebinthina
D. perplexum Toothwort, Crinkled: Cardamine diphylla Turpentine Weed: Trichostema lanceolatum
Tick Trefoil, Canada: Desmodium canadense Toothwort, Cutleaf: Cardamine concatenata Turtle Back: Psathyrotes annua, P. ramosissima
Ticktrefoil, Hawaii: Desmodium sandwicense Toothwort, Large: Cardamine maxima Turtle Head: Chelone glabra
Tick Trefoil, Illinois: Desmodium illinoense Torote: Jatropha cardiophylla TWayblade: Liparis loeselii
Ticktrefoil, Nakedflower. Desmodium nudiflorum Torote Amarillo: Jatropha spatulata TWiberry, Black: Lonicera involucrata
Ticktrefoil, Panicledleaf: Desmodium paniculatum Torote Blanco: Bursera microphylla Twiggy Water Dropwort: Oenanthe sp.
Ticktrefoil, Perplexed: Desmodium perplexum Torote Prieto: Bursera laxiflora Twinberry: Myrcianthes fragrans
Ticktrefoil, Showy: Desmodium canadense Touch Me Not, Pale: Impatiens pallida TWinberry, Black: Lonicera involucrata
Tickweed: Coreopsis leavenworthii Touch Me Not, Spotted: Impatiens capensis TWinberry, Red: Lonicera utahensis
Tidy Tips: Layia glandulosa Touch Me Not, Wild: Impatiens capensis, I. pallida TWineberry, Black: Lonicera involucrata
Tietongue: Coccoloba diversifolia Touristplant: Dimorphocarpa wislizeni TWinevine, Hartweg's: Sarcostemma cynanchoides
Timbleberry: Rubus parviflorus Tovinal: Lotus strigosus 1\vin Flower: Linnaea borealis
Timothy: Phleum pratense Toyon: Heteromeles arbutifolia Twinleaf: Jeffersonia diphylla
Tinker's Weed: Triosteum perfoliatum Trailplant, American: Adenocaulon bicolor TWinpod: Physariachambersii
Tiny Mousetail: Myosurus minimus Trefoil, Bird's Foot: Lotus wrightii TWinpod, Common: Physaria didymocarpa
Tiplant: Cordylinefruticosa Trefoil, Mearns's Birdsfoot: Lotus mearnsii Twinpod, Newberry's: Physaria newberryi
 Index of Common Names 925

Twisted Stalk: Streptopus amplexifolius, S. roseiis Vinegar Weed: Trichostema lanceolatum Wand Blackroot: Pterocaulon virgatum
Twisted Stalk, Clasping: Streptopus amplexifolius Vinegarweed, Valley: Lessingia glandulifera Wapato: Sagittaria cuneata, S. latifolia
Twisted Stalk, Purple (or Rosy): Streptopus roseus Violet, American Dog: Viola conspersa Wappatoo: Sagittaria cuneata

Twistflower, Heartleaf: Streptanthus cordatus Violet, Arrow Leaved: Viola sagittata Water Hemlock, Douglas's: Cicuta douglasii
Uhaloa: Waltheria indica Violet, Birdfoot: Viola pedata Water Hemlock, Mackenzie's: Cicuta virosa
Uhi-keokeo: Dioscorea sp. Violet, Blue: Viola cucullata, V. sp. Water Hemlock, Poison: Cicuta douglasii, C. macu-
Uhiuhi: Caesalpinia kavaiensis Violet, Bog: Viola nephrophylla lata, C. virosa
Ulei: Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Violet, California Golden: Viola pedunculata Water Hemlock, Western: Cicuta douglasii
Ulu: Artocarpus altilis Violet, Canada: Viola canadensis Water Hoarhound: Lycopus americanus
Umbrella Leaf: Diphylleia cymosa Violet, Creamy: Viola striata Water Horehound: Lycopus asper, L sp., L virgini-
Umbrella Plant: Eriogonum annuum, Mirabilis Violet, Dog: Viola conspersa cus, Marrubium vulgare
nyctaginea Violet, Dogtooth: Erythronium grandiflorum, Waterhorehound, American: Lycopus americanus
Umbrella Plant, Parsnip Flower: Eriogonum E. oregonum Water Horehound, Northern: Lycopus uniflorus
heracleoides Violet, Downy Yellow: Viola pubescens Waterhorehound, Virginia: Lycopus virginicus
Umbrella Plant, Subalpine: Eriogonum umbellatum Violet, Evergreen: Viola sempervirens Waterhyssop, Blue: Bacopa caroliniana
Umbrella Plant, Yellow: Eriogonum flauum Violet, Golden: Viola pedunculata Water Knotweed: Polygonum amphibium
Umbrella Wort: Mirabilis coccineus, M. nyctaginea Violet, Green: Hybanthus concolor Waterleaf, Bluntleaf (or Broad Leaved): Hydrophyl-
Umbrella Wort, Heart Leaved: Mirabilis nyctaginea Violet, Hookedspur: Viola adunca lum canadense
Umbrella Wort, Narrow Leaved: Mirabilis linearis Violet, Marsh: Viola epipsila Waterleaf, Pacific: Hydrophyllum tenuipes
Umbrellawort, Parish's: Tauschia parishii Violet, Marsh Blue: Viola cucullata Waterleaf, Virginia: Hydrophyllum virginianum
Umbrellawort, Southern: Tauschia arguta Violet, Northern Bog: Viola nephrophylla Waterleaf, Western: Hydrophyllum occidental
Unicorn Plant: Proboscidea althaeifolia, Violet, RoundleafYellow: Viola rotundifolia Waterleaf, White: Hydrophyllum fendleri
P. louisianica, P. parviflora Violet, Smoothish Yellow: Viola pubescens Water Lily: Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea odorata, N sp.
Unicorn Root: Aletris farinosa Violet, Star: Dalibarda repens Water Lily, Great Yellow: Nelumbo lutea, Nuphar
Uwala: Ipomoea sp. Violet, Striped Cream: Viola striata lutea
Valerian, Greek: Polemonium reptans Violet, Sweet White: Viola blanda Water Lily, Sweet Scented (or Sweet White):
Valley Tassels: Orthocarpus attenuatus Violet, Twoflower: Viola biflora Nymphaea odorata
Valley Vinegarweed: Lessingia glandulifera Violet, White: Viola blanda Water Lily, White: Nymphaea odorata, N. sp.
Vanilla Leaf: Achlys triphylla Violet, Wild: Viola sp. Water Lily, Yellow: Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea sp.
Vasevine: Clematis viorna Violet, Wood: Viola sempervirens Water Mannagrass: Glyceria fluitans
Vegetable Oyster: Tragopogon porrifolius, T. sp. Violet, Yellow: Viola adunca, V. pubescens, Watermelon: Citrullus lanatus
Velvetweed: Gaura parviflora V. rotundifolia Watermilfoil, Shortspike: Myriophyllum sibiricum
Venus Flytrap: Dionaea muscipula Viper's Bugloss: Echium vulgare Watermilfoil, Spike: Myriophyllum spicatum
Venus's Looking Glass: Triodanis perfoliata Virgin's Bower: Clematis columbiana, C. ligustici- Watermilfoil, Whorlleaf: Myriophyllum
Verbena, Lemon: Phyla lanceolata folia, C. occidentalis, C. virginiana verticillatum
Verbena, Sand: see Sand Verbena Visnaga: Ferocactus wislizeni Waterparsnip, Cutleaf: Berula erecta
Vervain: Glandularia bipinnatiflda, Verbena Wahoo: Euonymus atropurpurea Waterparsnip, Hemlock: Sium suave
hastata Wake Robin: Trillium grandiflorum Water Root: Arnica acaulis
Vervain, American Wild: Verbena hastata Wakerobin, Giant: Trillium chloropetalum Waterthread Pondweed: Potamogeton diversifolius
Vervain, Blue: Verbena hastata Wakinakim: Juniperus communis Water Tupelo: Nyssa aquatica
Vervain, Hoary: Verbena stricta Walink: Polypodium virginianum Waterweed, Canadian: Elodea canadensis
Vervain, White: Verbena urticifolia Walking Stick, Devil's: Aralia spinosa, Oplopanax Waterwillow, Thickleaf: Justicia crassifolia
Vetch: Astragalus sp., Vicia americana, V. carolini- horridus Wauke: Touchardia latifolia
ana, V. melilotoides, V. sp., Wislizenia refracta Wallflower, Nakedstem: Parrya nudicaulis Wavewing, Turpentine: Pteryxia terebinthina
Vetch, American: Vicia americana Wallflower, Parry's: Parrya nudicaulis Waxberry: Symphoricarpos albus
Vetch, Blue: Vicia americana Wallflower, Plains: Erysimum asperum Wax Work: Celastrus scandens
Vetch, Carolina: Vicia caroliniana Wallflower, Rough: Erysimum asperum WestwaterTumblemustard: Thelypodiopsis elegans
Vetch, Crown: Coronilla varia Wallflower, Sanddune: Erysimum capitatum Wheat: Triticum aestivum, Triticum durum
Vetch, Deer: Lotus humistratus, L mearnsii, Wallflower, Shy: Erysimum inconspicuum Wheat, Durum: Triticum durum
L scoparius, L wrightii Wallflower, Western: Erysimum asperum, Wheat, Narrowleaf Cow: Melampyrum lineare
Vetch, Giant: Vicia nigricans E. capitatum Wheat, Polish: Triticum polonicum
Vetch, Milk: see Milkvetch Wallflower, Wormseed: Erysimum cheiranthoides Wheat, Sonora: Triticum aestivum
Vetch, Narrow Leaved: Vicia sativa Walnut, Arizona: Juglans major Wheat Grass: Agropyron sp., Triticum aestivum
Vetch, Purple: Vicia americana Walnut, Black: Juglans hindsii, J. major, J. nigra Wheatgrass, Bluebunch: Pseudoroegneria spicata
Vetch, Racemed Poison: Astragalus racemosus Walnut, California: Juglans californica Wheat Grass, Slender: Elymus trachycaulus
Vetch, Sweet: Hedysarum alpinum, H. boreale Walnut, English: Juglans regia Wheatgrass, Western: Pascopyrum smithii
Vetch, Winter: Vicia villosa Walnut, Hinds's Black: Juglans hindsii Whiskerbrush: Linanthus ciliatus
Vetchling, Bush: Lathyrus eucosmus Walnut, Indian: Aleurites moluccana Whitethorn, Chaparral: Ceanothus leucodermis
Vetchling, Creamy: Lathyrus ochroleucus Walnut, Native: Juglans major Whiteweed: Lithospermum ruderale
Vetchling, Marsh: Lathyrus palustris Walnut, White: Juglans cinerea Whitlowgrass, Carolina: Draba reptans
926 Index of Common Names

Whitlowgrass, Heller's: Draba helleriana Willow, Heartleaf: Salix cordata Wintergreen, Creeping: Gaultheria procumbens
Whitlowgrass, Mountain: Draba rectifructa Willow, Hinds's: Salix hindsiana Wintergreen, Flowering: Polygala paucifolia
Whitlowgrass, Yellowstone: Draba incerta Willow, Hoary: Salix Candida Wintergreen, Greenflowered: Pyrola chlorantha
Whitlowwort, James's: Paronychiajamesii Willow, Hooker's: Salix hookeriana, S. lucida Wintergreen, Liverleaf: Pyrola asarifolia
Whooping Cough Grass: Iresine diffusa Willow, Least: Salix rotundifolia Wintergreen, One Flowered: Moneses uniflora
Whorlgrass, Water: Catabrosa aquatica Willow, Littletree: Salix arbusculoides Wintergreen, Pink: Pyrola asarifolia
Whortleberry: Vaccinium myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, Willow, Longleaf: Salix interior Wintergreen, Sidebells: Orthilia secunda
V. parvifolium, V. scoparium, V. sp. Willow, Mackenzie's: Salix prolixa Wintergreen, Spotted: Chimaphila maculata
Whortleberry, Big: Vaccinium membranaceum Willow, Missouri River: Salix eriocephala Wintergreen, Whiteveined: Pyrola picta
Whortleberry, Grouse: Vaccinium scoparium Willow, Mountain: Salix humilis Wire Grass: Aristida purpurea, Juncus balticus,
Whortleberry, Red: Vaccinium parvifolium, Willow, Narrow Leaved: Salix exigua, S. melanopsis J. mexicanus, J. tenuis
V. scoparium Willow, Northwest Sandbar: Salix sessilifolia Wirelettuce, Brownplume: Stephanomeria
Whortleleaf Snowberry: Symphoricarpos oreophilus Willow, Nuttall: Salix scouleriana pauciflora
Wicopy: Dirca palustris Willow, Pacific: Salix lucida Wirelettuce, Desert: Stephanomeria runcinata
Widowsfrill: Silene stellata Willow, Peach Leaved: Salix amygdaloides, S. irro- Wirelettuce, Narrowleaf: Stephanomeria tenuifolia
Wild Flag: Iris missouriensis, I. setosa rata, S. lucida Wirelettuce, Rod: Stephanomeria virgata
Wild Ginger: Asarum canadense, A. caudatum, Willow, Piper's: Salix hookeriana Wirelettuce, Small: Stephanomeria exigua
A. sp., Hexastylis arifolia Willow, Prairie: Salix humilis Wire Rush: Juncus balticus
Wildginger, British Columbia: Asarum caudatum Willow, Primrose: see Primrosewillow Witch Grass: Panicum capillare
Wild Ginger, Canada: Asarum canadense Willow, Pussy: Salix discolor Witchgrass, Fall: Digitaria cognata
Wild Ginger, Western: Asarum caudatum Willow, Red: Cornus sericea, Salix bonplandiana, Witch Hazel: Hamamelis virginiana
Wild Heliotrope: Heliotropium curassavicum, S. lucida Witch's Hair: Alectoria sarmentosa
Phacelia crenulata, P. sp. Willow, River: Salix alaxensis Witch's Moneybags: Sedum telephium
Wild Parsley: Ligusticum grayi, Lomatium utricula- Willow, Sage: Salix Candida, S. humilis Witherod: Viburnum nudum
tum, Musineon divaricatum Willow, Sand Bar: Salix exigua, S. hindsiana, Wolfberry: lycium andersonii, L exsertum,
Wild Rice: Chasmanthium latifolium, Zizania S. interior, S. sessilifolia Lfremontii, L pallidum, L sp., Symphoricarpos
aquatica, Z. palustris Willow, Scouler: Salix scouleriana occidentalis
Wildrice, Annual: Zizania aquatica Willow, Seep: Baccharis salicifolia, B. sp. Woman's Head: Eupatorium serotinum
Wildrice, Northern: Zizania palustris Willow, Shining: Salix lucida Woodbalm: Lepechinia calycina
Wildrye, Basin: Leymus cinereus Willow, Silky: Salix sericea Wood Betony: Pedicularis bracteosa, P. canadensis,
Wildrye, Beardless: Leymus triticoides Willow, Silver: Salix exigua P. lanceolata, P. racemosa
Wildrye, Blue: Elymus glaucus Willow, Silvery: Salix Candida Woodbine: Parthenocissus quinquefolia, P. sp.,
Wildrye, Canada: Elymus canadensis Willow, Sitka: Salix sitchensis P. vitacea
Wildrye, Siberian: Elymus sibiricus Willow, Southern: Salix caroliniana Wood Fern: Dryopteris campyloptera, D. expansa,
Wi-li-wi-li: Erythrina sandwicensis Willow, Sura: Salix planifolia D. marginalis, D. sp., Woodsia neomexicana
Willow: Cornus sp., Salix spp. Willow, Tealeaf: Salix planifolia Woodfern, Coastal: Dryopteris arguta
Willow, Alaska Bog: Salixfuscescens Willow, Tracy: Salix lasiolepis Woodfern, Crested: Dryopteris cristata
Willow, American: Salix washingtonia Willow, Tundra: Salix planifolia Woodfern, Fragrant: Dryopteris fragrans
Willow, Arroyo: Salix lasiolepis Willow, Velvet: Salix sitchensis Woodfern, Marginal: Dryopteris marginalis
Willow, Balsam: Salix pyrifolia Willow, Water Strings: Salix caroliniana Woodfern, Mountain: Dryopteris campyloptera
Willow, Barratt: Salix scouleriana Willow, Weeping: Salix babylonica Woodfern, Spinulose: Dryopteris carthusiana
Willow, Bayberry: Salix myricoides Willow, White: Salix alba, Salix hindsiana Woodlandstar, Common: lithophragma affine
Willow, Beaked: Salix bebbiana Willow, Wild Weeping: Salix amygdaloides Woodmoss: Dicranum bonjeanii
Willow, Bebb: Salix bebbiana Willow Bustic: Sideroxylon salicifolium Woodnettle, Canadian: Laportea canadensis
Willow, Black: Salix nigra, Salix sp. Willow Herb: Epilobium ciliatum Wood Reed, Stout (or Sweet): Cinna arundinacea
Willow, Bog: Salixfuscescens, S. pedicellaris Willow Herb, Great: Epilobium angustifolium Wood Rose: Rosa gymnocarpa
Willow, Broad Leaved: Epilobium latifolium Willow Herb, Northern: Epilobium ciliatum Woodrush, Common: Luzula multiflora
Willow, Coastal Plain: Salix caroliniana Willow Herb, Small: Epilobium minutum Wood Sorrel: Oxalis corniculata, 0. drummondii,
Willow, Coyote: Salix exigua Willow Herb, Tall: Epilobium brachycarpum O. montana, O. oregana, O. stricta, O. violacea
Willow, Crack: Salixfragilis Willowweed, Autumn: Epilobium brachycarpum Woollygrass, Low: Erioneuron pulchellum
Willow, Desert: Chilopsis linearis Willowweed, Coast: Epilobium ciliatum Woollysunflower: Eriophyllum ambiguum,
Willow, Diamond: Salix eriocephala, S. prolixa Willowweed, Small: Epilobium minutum E. lanatum
Willow, Dune: Salix hookeriana Wind Flower: Anemone multiflda Woollyweed: Hieracium scouleri
Willow, Dusky: Salix melanopsis Windmills, Trailing: Allionia incarnata Woolstar, Desert: Eriastrum eremicum
Willow, Dwarf: Salix humilis Winecup Fairyfan: Clarkia purpurea Woolstar, Giant: Eriastrum densifolium
Willow, Dwarf Gray: Salix humilis Winterberry: Ilex verticillata Woolstar, Great Basin: Eriastrum sparsiflorum
Willow, Felty Leaved: Salix alaxensis Wintergreen: Chimaphila maculata, Gaultheria Woolstar, Lavender: Eriastrum fllifolium
Willow, Goodding's: Salix gooddingii procumbens, Orthilia secunda, Pyrola asarifolia, Woolstar, Wand: Eriastrum virgatum
Willow, Gray: Salix bebbiana, S. humilis, P. elliptica, P. sp. Worm Grass: Chenopodium ambrosioides
S. scouleriana, S. sp. Wintergreen, American: Pyrola americana Worm Root: Apocynum cannabinum
 Index of Common Names 927

Wormseed: Chenopodiwn ambrosioides Yarrow, American: Achillea millefolium Yellow Root: Rumex crispus, Xanthorhiza
Wormweed: Artemisia ludoviciana Yarrow, Boreal: Achillea millefolium simplicissima
Wormwood, Biennial: Artemisia biennis Yarrow, California: Achillea millefolium Yellowroot, Shrub: Xanthorhiza simplicissima
Wormwood, Canada: Artemisia campestris Yarrow, False: Chaenactis douglasii Yellowshow, Mexican: Amoreuxia palmatiflda
Wormwood, Coastal: Artemisia suksdorfli Yarrow, Golden: Eriophyllum lanatum Yellowturbans: Eriogonum pusillum
Wormwood, Dragon: Artemisia dracunculus Yarrow, Siberian: Achillea sibirica Yellow Wood: Cladrastis kentukea
Wormwood, European: Artemisia absinthium Yarrow, Western: Achillea millefolium Yerba Buena: Satureja douglasii
Wormwood, Field: Artemisia campestris Yarrow, Woolly: Achillea millefolium Yerba de Pasmo: Baccharis pteronioides
Wormwood, Fringed: Artemisia frigida Yarrow, Yellow: Eriophyllum confertiflorum Yerba Golondrina: Chamaesyce polycarpa
Wormwood, Kamtschat's: Artemisia vulgaris Yaupon: Ilex vomitoria Yerba Mansa: Anemopsis califoniica
Wormwood, Oahu: Artemisia australis Yautia Amarilla: Xanthosoma atrovirens Yerba Santa: Anemopsis califoniica, Erigeron folio-
Wormwood, Pacific: Artemisia campestris Yellowcomet: Mentzelia afflnis sus, Eriodictyon angustifoliiim, E. californicum,
Wormwood, Pasture: Artemisia frigida Yellowcress, Alpine: Rorippa alpina E. crassifolium, E. lanatum, E. tomentosum,
Wormwood, Silvery: Artemisia fllifolia Yellowcress, Creeping: Rorippa sylvestris E. trichocalyx
Wormwood, Tilesius's: Artemisia tilesii Yellowcress, Curvepod: Rorippa curvisiliqua Yerbasanta, California: Eriodictyon californicum
Woundwort: Stachys mexicana, S. palustris Yellowcress, Hispid: Rorippa palustris Yerbasanta, Hairy: Eriodictyon trichocalyx
Wrack, Sea: Fucus gardneri, Fucus sp. Yellowcress, Northern Marsh: Rorippa islandica Yerbasanta, Narrowleaf: Eriodictyon angustifoliiim
Wrinklefruit: Tetraclea coulteri Yellowcress, Southern Marsh: Rorippa teres Yerbasanta, San Diego: Eriodictyon lanatum
Yam, Air: Dioscorea bulbifera Yellowcress, Spreading: Rorippa sinuata Yerbasanta, Thickleaf: Eriodictyon crassifolium
Yam, Coco: Colocasia esculenta Yellowdicks: Helenium amarum Yerbasanta, Woolly: Eriodictyon tomentosum
Yam, Fiveleaf: Dioscorea pentaphylla Yelloweyed Grass: Xyris ambigua, Yew, American: Taxus canadensis
Yam, Wild: Dioscorea villosa X. caroliniana Yew, Canada: Taxus canadensis
Yamp: Perideridia gairdneri Yellow Herb: Gutierrezia sarothrae Yew, Japanese: Taxus cuspidata
Yampa (orYampah): Perideridia gairdneri Yellow Nicker: Caesalpinia bonduc Yew, Pacific: Taxus breuifolia
Yampah, Adobe: Perideridia pringlei Yellow Parilla: Menispermum canadense Yew, Western: Taxus brevifolia
Yampah, Bolander's: Perideridia bolanderi Yellowrocket, American: Barbarea orthoceras Youth on Age: Tolmiea menziesii
Yampah, Gardner's: Perideridia gairdneri Yellowrocket, Early: Barbarea verna Zarzabacoa Comun: Desmodium incanum
Yampah, Kellogg's: Perideridia kelloggii Yellowrocket, Garden: Barbarea vulgaris Zinnia, Abert's Creeping: Sanvitalia abertii