2. Introduction
Epilepsy is a group of syndromes
characterized by recurring seizures.
Epilepsy syndromes are classified by
specific pattern of clinical features, family
history & seizures type. Epilepsy is a
syndrome of another underlying condition
such as brain tumor.
3. Definition
“Epilepsy is a recurrent seizure disorder
characterized by abnormal electrical
discharge from brain, often in the cerebral
cortex.”
Or
“Epilepsy is a chronic seizures disorder
with recurrent & unprovoked seizures.”
4. Or
“Epilepsy is a recurrent episodic
disturbance of the brain function due to
abnormal electrical activity of the neuron. It
is manifested as abnormal motor, sensory
phenomenon often with impaired or loss of
consciousness.”
5. Incidence
Epilepsy is the most common neurological
problem. An estimated 2-4 million people
are affected in the US with epilepsy.
Approximately 50 million people are
affected of all age groups globally by
epilepsy. According to Venkataswamy
(1998), the prevalence of epilepsy in India
is 4.4/1000 population.
7. Cont…
Host factor:
Age: Most common onset of epilepsy is before the
age of 20 years. It is higher during the first year of
life & at the onset of puberty.
Genetic factor (inheritance)
CVA
Birth hypoxia
Brain tumor & abscess
Congenital abnormalities
Trauma
8. Cont…
Environmental Factors:
Air pollution, i.e. carbon-mono-oxide & lead
poisoning.
Some factors or events may precipitate the
seizures.
Unskilled handling at the time of birth causing
brain injury & birth asphyxia.
Intrauterine infections.
Emotional disturbances & environmental
stressors.
Drugs & alcohol intoxication.
9. Patho-physiology
Disturbance of the brain functions due to
any cause, e.g. genetic factors or head
injury may cause brain cells to become
overactive & to discharge in sudden,
violent disorderly manner, the burst of
electrical energy which spreads to adjust
areas of the brain & may jump to distant
areas of CNS, resulting in seizures.
10. Clinical
Manifestations
Clinical manifestation in epilepsy range from
starting episodes to prolonged convulsions
with loss of consciousness. The clinical
manifestations vary according to the part of the
brain involved.
Classification of seizures & related clinical
manifestation:
1. Partial seizures
2. Generalized seizures
11.
12. Cont…
Partial seizures: When seizures appears to
result from abnormal activity in just one part of
the brain.
Simple partial seizures: They have
elementary or simple symptoms & there is no
loss of consciousness in this. The patient may
experience only a finger or hand shake, mouth
may jerk uncontrollably he/she may talk
unintelligibly, may feel dizziness or may
experience unusual or unpleasant sight,
sound, odors or tastes.
13.
14. Cont…
Complex partial seizures: The patient’s
consciousness is altered during the event. The
seizures may begin with an aura. Patient may
have no movement or moves automatically but
inappropriately for time & place; may
experience excessive emotions of fear, anger,
elation or irritability & does not remember the
episodes when it is over.
15. Generalized seizures
Generalized seizures (Grand Mal Seizures):
Generalized seizures involve both the
hemispheres of the brain. There is intense
rigidity of the entire body, followed by alternate
of muscles relaxation & contraction
(generalized tonic-clonic contraction).
There are following manifestation:
16.
17. Cont…
Tonic phase:
• Simultaneous contraction of the diaphragm &
chest muscles which produce characteristic
epileptic cry.
• Face may become pale, head turned to one side,
eye fixed in one position & hands are clenched.
• Loss of consciousness. Tongue is bitten.
• Frothy discharge from the mouth.
• Ineffective breathing.
• Pulse becomes weak & irregular.
• This state may last for 30 seconds.
18. Cont…
Clonic phase:
• Jerky movement last for 1-2 minutes.
• Incontinence of urine & stool.
• The patient relaxes after jerky movements &
goes into the deep sleep (coma) breathing is
noisy.
• This state lasts for 1-2 minutes.
19. Postictal State
After the seizures, the patients are often
confused & hard to arouse & may sleep for
hours. Many complain of headache,
muscle-ache, fatigue & depression.
20. Assessment & diagnostic
methods
History of events during pregnancy & child
birth for example, difficult labor, trauma &
birth asphyxia.
Neurological examination.
MRI to detect lesions in the brain, e.g.
abscess or tumor, etc.
EEG to classify the type of seizure.
CT-scan to identify the epilepto-genic zone.
Blood tests.
21. Prevention
Primary Prevention:
Use of safety precautions to prevent injury during
birth.
Early detection of high-risk mothers to prevent
complications during pregnancy & labor.
Essential obstetrical care, i.e.:
1. Institutional delivery to provide basic emergency
obstetrical care & basic newborn resuscitation
services.
2. Skilled attendance at birth with appropriate referral
services for complicated cases.
22. Cont…
Avoidance of drugs in pregnancy except where
they are essential.
Genetic counseling:
I. Prospective genetic counseling helps to identify
heterozygous individuals for any particular defect by
screening procedures & explaining to them the risk
of having affected children if they marry another
heterozygote for the same gene.
II. Retrospective genetic counseling can be offered to
those individuals or couples where hereditary
disorders, for example, the nature of seizures has
already occurred, in-order to suggest them to adopt
methods to prevent conception, pregnancy
termination & sterilization depending upon their
23. Cont…
Secondary Prevention:
It includes early detection & treatment of
cases:
Medical management: Includes need for
long-term need & immediate treatment of
epileptics using medications. The usual
treatment is a single-drug therapy.
Air-way & oxygen administration & I/V line is
established for giving medications.
24. Cont…
I/V diazepam, lorezepam or fosphenytoin are
administered slowly in an attempt to halt the
seizures. General anesthesia with a short-
acting barbiturate may be used if initial
treatment is unsuccessful.
To prevent further seizures, other medications
(Phenytoin, Phenobarbital) are prescribed
after the initial seizure is treated.
25. Cont…
Surgical management: It is indicated in the
following conditions:
Anatomical lesion, e.g. brain tumor, hematoma
& abscess or cysts, etc.
Surgical removal of the epileoptogenic focus is
done for seizure that originates in a well
defined area of the brain that can be excised
without producing significant neurologic
defects.
26. Cont…
Tertiary Prevention:
It aims at rehabilitation& preventing
complication & disabilities. Vocational
rehabilitation should be done of the patient
through proper training & education in some
suitable vocation. This enhances the patient’s
self-esteem, self-confidence & reduces fears &
in-security. Psychological support to the
patient & his/her family must be provided to
relieve their anxiety & fears.
27.
28. Nurses role
Protect from injury by removal of sharp
objects.
Prevent patient from fall by providing side
rails which should be padded. Remove pillow
or ease the patient to the floor, if possible.
Remove secretions by suctioning to prevent
asphyxia & to keep the airway clear. Turn the
patient to side-lying position to help in
draining pharyngeal secretions.
Never leave the patient alone. The patient
should not be restrained during the seizure
attack.
29. Cont…
Do not insert anything in patient’s mouth.
Close observation should be kept on the
conscious level & note fluctuation in
mood & attitude.
Administer oxygen as advised by
physician.
Loosen the patient’s clothing from around
his/ her neck.
After the seizure, put the patient on one
side to prevent aspiration.
30. Cont…
Health teaching should be given to the patient
& his/her family for long term care & follow-up
regarding the following:
To continue medication as per physician’s
advice, teach patient & family regarding side-
effects of medicines.
Care during convulsions to prevent injury,
tongue bite & not restraining forcefully during
the convulsive phase.
Proper nutrition to prevent malnutrition, should
avoid stimulants.
31. Cont…
Remove stigma attached to the condition.
Should carry an emergency medical
identification card or wear an identification
bracelet.
Counseling of the family & patient should be
done regarding the type & nature of epilepsy,
need to follow the treatment regimen for life or
as the physician advices. Teach the family & the
patient to avoid fear, participate in social &
recreational activities.
32. Cont…
Instruct the patient to avoid excessive
stimulants such as bright light by wearing dark
glasses or covering the eyes from glare with
hand if nothing is available.
Emphasize regular follow-up.
37. References
Park K., Text Book of Preventive and Social
Medicine.18th Edition, Banarsidas Bhanot:
803-814.
Singh Simrat Kaur N.J., Community Health
Nursing. 1st Edition, Lotus Publishers. Page
No. 522-525.
