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Key Facts About Odd-Toed Ungulates
- 2. UNGULATE • Hoofed mammal • Hoof – modified nail • Even-toed or Odd-toed Ungulates • Evolved during Paleocene epoch of Cenozoic era (age of mammals) – 60 m ya • Elephants, hyraxes and sea cows – Paenungulates • Relatively large animals • Mostly terrestrial herbivores • Unique digestive system 2
- 3. 3 Fig 1. Difference in hoof numbers in various hoofed mammals
- 4. ARTIODACTYLA • Even-toed ungulates • Deer, Antelope, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pigs, Chevrotains, Musk Deer • Rumination • 60 % cellulose digestion efficiency PERISSODACTYLA • Odd-toed ungulates • Wild Horses, Wild Ass, Rhinoceros • Hindgut fermentation • 45 % cellulose digestion efficiency 4
- 5. PERISSODACTYLA Region Families Genera Species World 3 6 16 South Asia 3 4 6 India 2 3 4 5 Table 1. Number of species, genera and families of perissodactyla across the world
- 6. PERISSODACTYLA Region Tapiridae Equidae Rhinocerotidae World 4 7 5 South Asia 1 2 5 India 0 2 2 6 Table 2. Distribution of families of perissodactyla across the world
- 7. TAPIRIDAE Rounded back and hindquarters Tapering forequarters and nose Short Muscular legs, Dark colour, Thick skin 180 - 300cm Indo - Malayan and Neotropical Region Associated with water and riparian environment Tapirs – living fossils Forefoot – 4 digits ; Hindfoot – 3digits 7
- 8. 1. Lowland Tapir - Tapirus terrestris (VU) 2. Central American Tapir - Tapirus bairdii (EN) 3. Mountain Tapir - Tapirus pinchaque (EN) 4. Malayan Tapir - Tapirus indicus (EN) 8
- 10. EQUIDAE Specialized grazers – horses, zebras, and asses Palearctic and afro tropical region Single toe enclosed in hoof Long incisors and specialized molars Social animals Gallop with a grace and power which is unique – 45- 50km/ hr. Horny cushion covers the heels – shock absorber Single cannon bone Presence of diastema Presence of chestnut 10
- 11. 11 Fig 2. The skeletal structure of limbs of various mammals
- 12. 12 Fig 3. Chestnut in equids
- 13. 13Fig 4. Diastema in Przewalski horse
- 14. 14 Fig 5. Stay apparatus in horse
- 15. 15 Common Name / IUCN Status Scientific Name Przewalski Horse (Caballines) - CR Equus przewalski Asiatic Wild Ass (Non- caballines) NT Equus hemionus Tibetan Wild Ass - LC Equus kiang African Wild Ass - CR Equus africanus Mountain Zebra - VU Equus zebra Plain Zebra - LC Equus quagga Grevy’s Zebra - EN Equus grevyii Table 3. Common name, scientific name and IUCN status of equids
- 16. 1.Przewalski Horse 2.Asiatic Wild Ass 3.Tibetan Wild Ass 4.African Wild Ass 5.Plain Zebra 6.Grevy’s Zebra 7.Mountain Zebra 16
- 17. WILD HORSE V/S DOMESTIC HORSE? 17
- 18. 18
- 19. PRZEWALSKI HORSE • Uniform dusty color on the body and flanks • Belly-face are yellowish white • Grazers – Steppe vegetation • Permanent herd • Limited to small populations that have been reintroduced to the Khustain Nuruu National Park, Takhin Tal and Khomin Tal Nature Reserves of Mongolia, Ka La Mai Li Shan Nature Reserve of China 19
- 20. 20
- 21. ASIATIC WILD ASS Indian Wild Ass : Equus hemionus khur Known as Onager Near Threatened, Schedule 1 North China, India, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia Little Rann of Kutch Xeric habitat - Salt mudflats, scrublands, grasslands Cyperus, Andropogon, Dichanthium, Aristida etc. Eat seed pods – Prosopis, Salvadora – dry period 21
- 22. • Males usually defend only their land • Five distinct groupings Dominant stallion and breeding bands of adult females Females and young Young male groups Territorial solitary stallions Old male groups • Zig-zag territorial marking 22
- 23. 23
- 24. TIBETAN WILD ASS • Least Concern, Schedule 1 • Endemic to Tibetan Plateau of Central Asia – 2700-5300m • Alpine meadow, alpine steppe, desert steppe • Stipa, Kobresia, Carex, Poa, Elymus species • Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim 24
- 25. AFRICAN WILD ASS • Ancestor of the domestic donkey • Forelimbs are shorter than hindlimbs • Narrow hooves • Stripe along the back is narrow • Somali wild ass – zebra like stripes on its legs • Gray coat dorsally 25
- 26. RHINOCEROTIDAE Large mammal with distinct horns Rhinoceros literally means ‘ nose horn’ in Greek Long ears tipped with hair, three toes, small tail, thick skin, skin folds 240 – 500cm Afrotropical and Indo-Malayan region Tropical montane, lowland and mangrove forests, short grassland, tall alluvial grassland, savanna, woodlands, semi-desert and scrub 26
- 27. • Lack a bony core • Only tiny keratin tubes dispersed in keratin matrix • Dense central area – calcium and melanin 27
- 28. COPE’S RULE ? 28
- 29. • Prehensile lower lip – pluck leaves and stems • Unique skull, boneless horn • Broad feet with 3 toes • Premolars are more like molars, crowns of the teeth cheek lengthened, complex enamel patterns 29
- 31. 1. White Rhinoceros 2. Black Rhinoceros 3. Greater One-horned Rhinoceros 4. Javan Rhinoceros 5. Sumatran Rhinoceros 31
- 32. ASIAN RHINOS • Small horn • Presence of tusk in lower jaw • One horn except Sumatran Rhinoceros AFRICAN RHINOS • Large horn • Absence of tusk in lower jaw • Two horns 32
- 33. Table 4. Common name, Scientific name, IUCN status and distribution of Rhinoceros species COMMON NAME /IUCN Status SCIENTIFIC NAME DISTRIBUTION Black Rhinoceros CR Diceros bicornis Eastern and Southern Africa White Rhinoceros NR Ceratotherium simum Africa Sumatran Rhinoceros CR Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Islands of Sumatra, and Sabah, Borneo Javan Rhinoceros CR Rhinoceros sondaicus Myanmar, Thailand, Sumatran islands Greater One-horned Rhinoceros VU Rhinoceros unicornis India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal 33
- 35. 35
- 36. Greater One-horned Rhinoceros • 5th largest terrestrial mammal • Vulnerable, Schedule 1 • Nepal and India • Flood plains of river Brahmaputra, Gangetic and Indus river valley • Follows same walking path or dandies when foraging • Same spot to defecate 36
- 37. • Solitary animals • Tallest grasslands • 8m tall Elephant grasses, Saccharum spontaneum, Themeda, Narenga • Browse during winter – Callicarpa, Cassia tora, Xanthium, Trewia fruits • Fruits of 23 species of herbaceous and woody plants • Wallowing • Horn – 25cm 37
- 38. 10 different forms of vocalization – oSnort oHonk oBleat oRoar oSqueak-pant oMoo-grunt Males - Neck musculature, mandibular incisors to tusks 38
- 39. 39
- 40. SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS Southeast Asia, Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia 2 small horns, hairy ear, hairy reddish brown skin, Lowland semi-evergreen forest to high elevation cloud forest Rediscovered from Arunachal Pradesh 40
- 42. 42 Fig 6. Value of Rhino horn in comparison with gold, silver, cocaine, heroin
- 43. REFERENCE Rubenstein, D. I., Dinerstein, E., and Medici, E.P. 2011. Perissodactyla. In: Wilson, D. E., and Mittermeier, R.A. 9eds), Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2. Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 106-182. Menon, V. 2014. Indian mammals a Field Guide. Hachette Book Publishing, India. Dinerstein, E. 2015. Greater One-horned Rhinoceros. In: Johnsingh, A. J. T. and Manjrekar, N. Mammals of South Asia Vol. 2., Universities Press, India, pp. 95-112. 43
- 44. 44 THANKYOU…