physiology of Hallucination
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all about hallucinations.
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physiology of Hallucination
- 1. PRESENTED BY DIKSHA SARKAR 2ND YEAR
- 2. A sensory experience of something that does not exist outside the mind which is caused by various physical and mental disorders or by reaction to certain toxic substances and usually manifested as visual or auditory images. It can also be known as Illusion.
- 4. Visual hallucinations- Here a person sees something that does not exist or something that exist but sees it incorrectly. Several conditions can cause visual hallucinations which includes dementia, migraines and drug or alcohol addiction. Auditory hallucinations- This is the most common form of hallucinations and refers to the perception of non-existent sound. In this, patients often hear voices talking to them but it may also take form of whistling or hissing. It can be extremely distressing although some people can learn to live with the voices.
- 5. Olfactory hallucinations- These hallucinations involve smelling odours that do not exist. The odours are usually unpleasant such as vomit, urine, feces, smoke or rotten flesh. This condition is also called phantosmia and can occur as a result of neurological damage in the olfactory system. The damage might be caused by virus, trauma, a brain tumor or exposure to toxic substances or drugs. Gustatory hallucinations- These hallucination cause a person to taste something that is not present.
- 6. Tactile hallucinations- This refers to when a person senses that they are being touched when they are not. One of the most common complaints is the sensation of bugs crawling over the skin. This is associated with the abuse of substances such as cocaine or amphetamine. General somatic hallucinations- These refer to when a person experiences a feeling of their body being seriously hurt through mutilation or disembowelment. For example- patients have also reported experiencing animal trying to invade their bodies such as snake crawling into their stomach.
- 7. There are various causes for experiencing persistent, often distressing hallucinations. When people are deprived of their senses in deserts or jailed in bare cells for “brainwashing,” they often hear and see hallucinated objects. Drugs, including alcohol, and marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, and LSD. Some cultures and cults cultivate crops to provide the material to induce hallucinations. High fever, especially in young or old people.
- 8. Disability, Those with very specific sensory problems like blindness or deafness often experience hallucinations. People who go deaf often say they hear voices. Severe physical illness, such as brain cancer, or kidney or liver failure, or later-life dementia, or alcohol- related delirium tremens. Severe psychotic disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and schizophrenia. Those who have experienced PTSD often experience flashbacks. When they hear certain sounds or detect certain smells, they are instantly transformed back to times of trauma—war or accidents, for example—and may have powerful flashback hallucinations of particular events.
- 9. This study examined that patients' attitudes toward their hallucinations by assessing their beliefs about the purposes served by hallucinations and the adverse effects of hallucinations. It also investigated whether these attitudes were related to characteristics of the hallucinations or of the patients, whether the attitudes changed after treatment, and whether attitudes before treatment predicted the presence or absence of hallucinations after treatment. METHOD: Fifty hallucinating psychiatric inpatients were given semi structured interviews shortly after admission to the hospital and again shortly before discharge. The interviews elicited detailed descriptions of 12 phenomenological characteristics of hallucinations and 11 attitude variables.
- 10. RESULTS: The majority of subjects reported some positive effects of hallucinations. The presence of olfactory hallucinations and the ability to predict hallucinations were significantly related to valuing hallucinations. Attitudes usually did not change with treatment; when they did change they usually became more positive. Subjects who valued hallucinations more before treatment were significantly more likely to be hallucinating after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with the idea that psychological factors contribute to the expression of hallucinations. Assessing adaptive functions of hallucinations may predict whether hallucinations will respond to treatment and identify fruitful areas for psychosocial intervention.
- 11. Auditory hallucinations Auditory hallucinations are the most prevalent type of hallucinations. They include hearing voices and music. Many times an individual suffering from auditory hallucinations will hear a voice or voices saying the individual's own thoughts out loud, commenting on all their actions, or commanding and ordering the individual around. These voices tend to be negative and critical toward the individual. People who suffer from schizophrenia and have auditory hallucinations will often speak to the voice as though they are speaking to a second person.
- 12. Visual The most common modality referred to when people speak of hallucinations include the phenomena of seeing things that are not present or visual perception, which does not reconcile with the physical, consensus reality. Numerous disorders can involve visual hallucinations, ranging from psychotic disorders to dementia to migraine, but experiencing visual hallucinations does not in itself mean that there is necessarily a disorder. Visual hallucinations are associated with organic disorders of the brain and with drug- and alcohol-related illness, and not typically considered the result of a psychiatric disorder.
- 13. Schizoc hallucination Hallucinations may be caused by schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which there is an inability to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have contextually appropriate emotions, and to function in social situations. Neuroanatomical correlates Normal everyday procedures like getting an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have been used to find out more about auditory and verbal hallucinations. Also through FMRIs it is found that there can be better understandings on why hallucinations happen in the brain, by understanding emotions and cognition and how they can prompt physical reactions that can help result in a hallucination. Pathophysiological mechanisms There are symptoms that are mechanism-based that are associated with hallucinations. These include superficial pressure and stabbing pain. Others include a burning-like sensation or electric shock feeling. Human studies of these symptoms remain mostly unclear unlike similar studies in animals.
- 15. The symptoms of hallucinations include: Bodily sensations such as crawling on the skin and motion of internal organs. Apprehension of sounds such as footsteps, door or window banging or music. Perception of voices (most prevalent). The voices range from complimentary, neutral, critical, or self- destructive messages. Visual perception of non existent lights, patterns, or objects. Detection of unpleasant or likable scents. Hearing or seeing a departed loved one (normal hallucination, a part of grieving period).
- 16. It is important to locate the underlying cause of hallucinations for an effective and long lasting treatment. The hallucinations caused by mental disorders should be treated with psychiatric consultation. The course of treatment will be based on the analysis and examination of the behavioral and psychological pattern of the patient. Some medications such as atypical and antipsychotic medication may be advised to cure the illness. A significant part of hallucination treatment includes abstinence from triggers like recreational drugs and stress. Healthy lifestyle and proper sleep can prevent recurrent hallucinations. However, it is essential to take medical advice on all cases of hallucinations in order to chart a correct and absolute treatment method.
- 17. Meditation or concentration exercises may prove helpful in some cases of psychiatric hallucinations. These techniques can help to relieve stress and improve the quality of sleep. Trancranial direct-current stimulation (TDCS) may prove beneficial in the treatment of auditory hallucinations in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Alternatively, homeopathic medication may prove beneficial in some cases of hallucinations. Hallucinations are a serious disorder and can completely disturb an individual’s daily routine. Any symptom related to hallucination should not be left unchecked as the disorder can be dangerous for the patient as well as others. Any treatment or remedies for hallucinations should be undertaken in consultation with qualified medical specialist.
- 18. One study from as early as 1895 reported that approximately 10% of the population experiences hallucinations. A 1996-1999 survey of over 13,000 people reported a much higher figure, with almost 39% of people reporting hallucinatory experiences, 27% of which daytime hallucinations, mostly outside the context of illness or drug use. From this survey, olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) hallucinations seem the most common in the general population.
- 19. THANKYOU