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Hermaphroditism
- 1. Hermaphroditism Aaqib Javaid Reg no: 18mslsas26 Msc Animal Sciences Submitted to: Dr Jyoti Parkash
- 2. Introduction Word hermaphrodite came from greek word hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite in Greek mythology. He was born with a physical body combining male and female sexes. In English as stated by Alexander, hermaphrodite is the person who bore sexes of both man and woman. They were regarded as monster by the Anthenians and Romans and they used to throw them in seas.
- 3. Types Sequential hermaphrodites o Sequential hermaphrodites (dichogamy) occur in species in which the individual is born as one sex, but can later change into the opposite sex. Simultaneous hermaphrodites o A simultaneous (synchronous) hermaphrodite is an adult organism that has both male and female sexual organs at the same time. Pseudoherma- phrodites oNot actually a herpaphrodite but looks like one.
- 4. Sequential hermaphrodites Born as one sex but can later change to the opposite sex. Common in fishes like teleost fish, gastropods like common slipper shell, flowering plants. Can change the sex only once. To significantly increase the reproductive success
- 5. Sequential hermaphrodites types Protandry Protogyny Born as a male and changes into a female. E.g: clown fish Found in symbiosis with sea anemone One anemone contain a harem consisting of a large female, a smaller reproductive male and even smaller non-reproductive male. In case of female’s death the larger one in the smaller non-reproductive males changes into a reproductive female. Born as a female and then changes into a male E.g: wrasses(reef fishes) Here diandry occurs Two morphs occur in males; initial phase male and terminal phase male Females and initial phase males can change themselves to terminal phase male if a male dies.
- 6. Protandry Protogyny Clownfish are initially male; the largest fish in a group becomes a female. Most species of parrotfish start life as females and later change into males.
- 7. Simultaneous hermaphrodites A simultaneous (synchronous) hermaphrodite is an adult organism that has both male and female sexual organs at the same time. Self-fertilization often occurs. Examples: banana slugs (gastropods), sea slugs, earthworm, Hamlets, Caenorhabditis elegans etc.
- 8. Banana slug Sea slug hamlets Earthworms
- 9. Hermaphroditism in humans Also called as intersex. Intersex can be divided into 4 categories: 46, XX intersex 46, XY intersex True gonadal intersex Complex or undetermined intersex
- 10. 46,XX INTERSEX The person has the chromosomes of a woman, the ovaries of a woman, but external (outside) genitals that appear male. Also called female pseudohermaphroditism . Causes : Aromatase deficiency Female fetus having been exposed to excess male hormones before birth. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
- 11. 46, XY INTERSEX The person has the chromosomes of a man, but the external genitals are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or clearly female. Internally, testes may be normal, malformed, or absent. Also called male pseudohermaphroditism . Causes: Problems with the testes Problems with testosterone formation Problems with using testosterone Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is the most common cause of 46, XY intersex
- 12. TRUE GONADAL INTERSEX The person must have both ovarian and testicular tissue. This may be in the same gonad (an ovotestis), or the person might have 1 ovary and 1 testis. The person may have XX chromosomes, XY chromosomes, or both. This condition used to be called true hermaphroditism. Underlying cause is still unknown.
- 13. COMPLEXOR UNDETERMINEDINTERSEXDISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Many chromosome configurations other than simple 46, XX or 46, XY can result in disorders of sex development These include 45, XO (Turner syndrome), and 47, XXY (klinefelters syndrome) 47, XXX - both cases have an extra sex chromosome, either an X or a Y.
- 14. True hermaphrodite True hermaphrodite or ovo-testicular disorder of sexual differentiation (OVO-DSD) is one of the rarest variety of all inter sex anomalies. In about 90% of cases, patients have 46 XX karyotype. Rarely, 46 XY/46 XX mosaicism may occur. In this condition gonads are asymmetrical having both ovarian and testicular differentiation on either sides separately or combined as ovotestis. In ovotestis, testis is always central and ovary polar in location. Testosterone and Mullerian inhibitory substance (MIS) are either normal or low.
- 15. A 3-year-old patient presented in outpatient department of Sheikh Zayed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan (Pakistan). This child was reared as male and chief complaint was the absence of left testicle in the scrotum along with passage of urine from an abnormal urethral opening at the junction of penis and scrotum. A surgical procedure was performed at 18 months of age to straighten the penis and few injections (testosterone) were given to increase the size of penis, although no record was available. Abdominal exploration for UDT revealed Mullerian structures (ovary, unicornuate uterus, fallopian tube and cervix) on left side. On Right side vas and vessels were found into deep inguinal ring. True Hermaphrodite: A Case Report
- 16. References https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC341801 9/ (True Hermaphrodite: A Case Report) https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001669.htm www.wikipedia.com www.youtube.com https://www.news- medical.net/health/Hermaphroditism-(Intersex).aspx