Pathophysiology of polycythemia
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This PPT cover the pathophysiology of Polycythemia which includes types of polycythemia, pathophysiology, symptoms and diagnosis.
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Pathophysiology of polycythemia
- 1. POLYCYTHEMIA PREPARED BY: JEGAN. S. NADAR
- 2. Polycythemia Polycythemia or erythrocytosis is characterized by an increase in the red cell mass, measured as increased hemoglobin and hematocrit above the normal level. Polycythemia is classified into: Absolute polycythemia- red cell mass (volume) is raised, which is subdivided into primary and secondary polycythemia. Relative or pseudopolycythemia -red cell volume is normal but the plasma volume is reduced. Jegan
- 3. Secondary Polycythemia • Secondary polycythemia is an increase in red cell mass which can occur because of many conditions. It resolves when the underlying cause is treated. • It is due to increased erythropoietin effect • Causes of secondary polycythemia: High altitudes Pulmonary disease and alveolar hypoventilation Cardiovascular disease , especially congenital with the cyanosis Increased affinity haemoglobin (familial polycythaemia) Heavy cigarette smoking Renal cancer Jegan
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- 5. Polycythaemia rubra vera (PRV), also known as polycythaemia vera and is a myeloproliferative disorder in which there is increased production of red cells, granulocytes and platelets. In PRV, the increase in red cell volume is caused by a clonal malignancy of marrow stem cell. Polycythaemia vera is a rare chronic disease diagnosed in an estimated 2 to 3 people per 100,000 population. Although it can occur at any age, polycythaemia vera usually affects older people, with most patients diagnosed over the age of 55 years. Polycythaemia vera is rare in children and young adults. It occurs more commonly in males than in females. PRIMARY POLYCYTHEMIA Jegan
- 6. Relative polycythemia Relative polycythemia is an apparent rise of the erythrocyte level in the blood; however, the underlying cause is reduced blood plasma. A specific type of relative polycythemia is Gaisböck syndrome. In this syndrome, primarily occurring in obese men, hypertension causes a reduction in plasma volume, resulting in a relative increase in red blood cell count. Causes of relative polycythemia: Stress Cigarette smoking Dehydration: water deprivation, vomiting Plasma loss: burns, enteropathy Jegan
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- 8. Clinical Findings SYMPTOMS Headaches, dyspnea, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Blurred vision Sweating during nights. Redness of the skin especially the face, may look red, ruddy cyanosis. Weight loss. Hypertension. Jegan
- 9. ComplicationsPossible complications of polycythemia vera include: Blood clots - Polycythemia vera causes an increase in blood thickness and decrease in blood flow, as well as abnormalities in the platelets, and this increase the risk of blood clots. Blood clots can cause a stroke, a heart attack, or blockage of an artery in the lungs (pulmonary embolism) or in a vein deep within a muscle (deep vein thrombosis). It is the major cause of death in 10-40% of patients. Jegan
- 10. DIAGNOSIS Complete blood test Blood smear test Erythropoietin level Bone marrow test Jegan