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Fundamentals of Virology.pdf
- 1. Hml 800: fundamentals of Hml 800: fundamentals of Virology
- 6. • Not all viruses make us sick!
- 9. What is a virus?
- 10. Are viruses alive? Are viruses alive?
- 13. Viruses are small Smallest ~20nm, largest ~ 800nm
- 14. Giant viruses Mimiviruses 750-800nm Pandoravirus 1000nm
- 17. The Year 1193 BC The Pharaoh Siptah rules Egypt from 1200-1193 BC when he dies suddenly at the age of about 20. His mummified body lays undisturbed in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings until 1905 when the tomb was excavated. was excavated. The mummy shows that his left leg was withered and his foot was rigidly extended like a horse's hoof - classic paralytic poliomyelitis . FOOT
- 18. The Year 1143 BC Ramesses V's preserved mummy shows that he died of smallpox at about the age of 35 in 1143 BC. The pustular lesions on the face of the mummy are very similar to those of more recent are very similar to those of more recent patients . However, his head also displays a major wound inflicted either before or shortly after death.
- 20. Edward Jenner Vaccinating James Phipps, 1796
- 21. Edward Jenner vaccinating his son, who is held by his wife
- 22. Microscope – Robert Hooke 1665
- 24. It started with Tobacco Tobacco mosaic disease
- 27. Founders of virology FMD caused by a small microbe - virus
- 28. First human virus 1900 Yellow fever virus by Walter Reed
- 29. Discovery of avian leukemia viruses (the first leukemia virus)
- 30. 1911:Discovery of Rous sarcoma virus (1st solid tumor virus) Cause cancer in chicken
- 31. This led to the designation of RSV as the first known tumor virus and to the recognition of a new paradigm in cancer research
- 32. Viruses infect bacteria – bacteriophages (Bacteria eaters) 1915-17
- 33. Purification and crystallization of Tobacco mosaic virus 1935 Made of proteins TMV
- 34. Development of embryonating hen’s eggs as host for viruses – to grow viruses
- 35. Development of cell culture methodology for polio, measles 1949
- 36. Proof of DNA as the genetic material 1952
- 37. Discovery of the structure of DNA
- 38. The Year 1963 Baruch Blumberg discovers hepatitis B virus (HBV). (Nobel Prize, 1976) Blumberg went on to develop the first vaccine against the HBV, considered by some to be the first vaccine against cancer because of the strong association of hepatitis B with liver cancer.
- 39. Disputing the central dogma - discovery of the reverse transcriptase of retroviruses 1970
- 40. First Human Retrovirus Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I) 1980
- 41. Discovery of prions – the etiologic agents of the spongiform encephalopathies - 1982
- 42. Discovery of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1983
- 43. Recently…….. 2007: Human polyomaviruses KI, WU, MC (Merkel carcinoma) 2012: Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) 2015: Human hepegivirus 1 (HHpgV-1)
- 44. 1917, Robert Montgomery described a tick-borne gastro- enteritis of sheep and goats, which was eventually named Nairobi sheep disease while working at KARI-Kabete History of Virology – Kenyan contribution
- 45. 1921, Robert Montgomery, African swine fever virus – It is the only DNA Arbovirus
- 46. Isolation of Rift Valley fever virus from an outbreak in Naivasha 1930
- 47. Development of a Rinderpest vaccine- Muguga
- 48. Review questions • Explain the three theories of the origin of viruses • Describe the experiments conducted by Dmitri Ivanovsky, and Martinus Beijerinck and Friedrich Loeffler & Paul Frosch in identifying viruses. Explain why Loeffler & Frosch are considered the fathers of virology and not Ivanovsky and Beijerinck who had conducted earlier experiments? conducted earlier experiments? • Viruses are a part of the biosphere. However, there is active debate concerning whether they should be treated as living or nonliving. (a) Briefly describe one feature of viruses that is also found in cell- based life forms. (b) Briefly describe one feature of viruses that distinguishes them from cell-based life forms.