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History of Archives Administration (LIS 170)
- 1. history of archivesadministrationLIS170Tolentino, Gian;Ko, Stephen; Cortez, Nicolai; Baroma, Claud;Necesario, Roy
- 3. 4000 B.C. •Clay tablets were impressed with cuneiforms or wedge-shaped characters. •Mesopotamian rulers and priests were in-charge of maintaining records in property, offering, taxes and exchanges. •In China, the earliest records were made of bones and tortoise shells 2000 B.C. 700 b.c. •China’s archival materials were changed in bamboo slips, silk and stone tablets
- 4. •In Persia, records were made of clay, leather (royal skins), papyrus, and rolls called Daybrooks. •Alexander the Great initiated the use of daily journals to record court and empire events. 539 B.C. •Justinian was able to preserve the archives of his empire and compiled the “Body of Civil Law” 530 B.C.
- 5. •Rome’s first public archives, the Aerarium 509 B.C.
- 6. 500 B.C. •In Egypt, information were recorded on leather, wooden tablets and papyrus. •Extensive archival system was developed in the 2ndand 3rdmillenia •City-state records were housed inside the Metroon 410 B.C. •Alexander the Great’srecords were burnt but were reconstructed. 330 B.C.
- 7. •Plant fibre papers were invented in China •When the Aerariumwas destroyed by fire, it was replaced by the Tabularium •Han Dynasty established the Bureau of Historiography 200 B.C. 83 B.C. a.d. 50
- 9. •Business transactions in and between the feudal communities were usually exchanges made in kind. •Government procedures were conducted orally and rituals and ceremonies served as substitutes for written records •The new German kingdoms of the West maintained records but most other secular entities did not. •Parchment was scarce and expensive. 6th-13th century
- 10. •The few existing archives were used for the traditional and administrative, religious, legal and historical purposes. •Charlemagne used older records to develop his codes of law in the 8thcentury. •Venerable Bede, the noted histories, relied heavily on archival material to write England’s church history.
- 11. Middle ages (1066-1484) •Growth in ecclesiastical and secular archives as more records were created and preserved. •Laws were codified, and by the end of the 13thcentury, evidences unsupported by written documents were found unacceptable. •As the residences of the monarchs became fixed and the scope of their administration expanded, secular archives grew. •Philip II of England created the Tresordes Chartesin Paris.
- 12. 130513201400 •The King of England sent a collection of papal privelegesto the Tower of London for safekeeping. •Records of the Treasury, the Exquecher, and the Wardrobe, were also sent to the Tower. •The Tower of London housed all of Britain’s Chancery records
- 13. •By the end of the Middle Ages, archival records began to be viewed as state properties, not as the individual possession of an individual ruler.
- 14. From theRenaissanceto theFrench revolution
- 15. 1500 •A renaissance of learning took placed accelerated by the invention of the printing press. •This resulted in the creation of more libraries, manuscript collections and archival repositories. •Archives became important sources of historical and geographical information. •Monarchs began to create their own royal archival repositories. •The Sincamasrepository of Charles I of Spain became the first well-defined distinct European archives facility. Other nations followed suit. 1543
- 16. •The Reformation and Counter- reformation provided stimulus to churches to collect and maintain documents to demonstrate the historical validity of their positions. 1600 •Archives came to be regarded as tools to legitimize claims of authority, territory and ownership. •Nations began to centralize and consolidate their records and erect special buildings as proof of their country’s importance and commitment to history.
- 17. •The first guidelines for archival administration were formulated •Axel Oxentiernaof Sweden prepared a set of rules for Sweden •BaldassareBonifacio’sDe Archives discussed the history and importance of archives and provided guidelines on how to use them. 16181632
- 18. •Despite these developments, archives were still poorly organized and rules of administration were not developed well. Access to archival materials was restricted.
- 19. The French REVOLUTION and the19thcentury
- 20. •French ideals of nationalism spread through Europe due to the French Revolution, and led to the creation of nationwide public archives. •Archives were viewed as important in order to preserve and administer a nation’s heritage and were made legally open to citizens.
- 21. •The French National Assembly established the Archives Nationalefor parliamentary records •Archives Nationaleas France’s national repository with jurisdiction over records of government agencies, communes, churches, hospitals, and universities. •Archives Nationalegained control over records held in districts creating the first centrally- directed, state-wide archives systems. 178917941796
- 23. •Napoleon tried to centralize all archives of Europe in Paris by seizing all official and historical records of territory •Ideals of nationalism and a search for national identity spread throughout Europe and in turn, archives flourished. •Records were centralized though national archives. Nations in other continents followed suit. 1810- 1814 •Western Europe started developing regional archives due to the growing number of archival materials. In France, they were called as “Archives Departmentales.”
- 24. •Establishment of Historical Manuscripts Commission in England •In the US, the American Historical Association established the Historical Manuscripts Commission and the Public Archives Commission. •Their mission was to locate and publish historically valuable documents. 1895 1899
- 25. •Originally, records were arranged by subject to satisfy the needs of scholars and researchers. •The French introduced the Principle of “Respect des fonds,” meaning that groups of documents created by one office should be treated as a single, unique unit and should be preserved as such. •The Prussian Doctrine of “Provenance” was introduced. This means that records should not only be maintained according to the original order they were created or used as by their respective office. 18401890
- 26. •The first modern archives manual containing the two principles aforementioned.
- 27. •Escoledes Charteswas founded in Paris •The Institute for Austrian Historical Research was established in Vienna, Austria. •Russia began training archivists at the St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute. 1821 18541877
- 28. MODERNARCHIVES
- 29. •Vladimir Lenin signed a decree providing for a reorganization of Russia’s records under the Bolshevik regime, in turn creating the most highly centralized archival system in the world. July 1, 1918 •The United States National Archives was established. 1934
- 30. •Israel State Archives was established, just one year after the formation of the country. •National archives were formed in Uganda, Malysia, Sudan, Thailand, and Vietnam soon after (1950s- 1960s) 1949 •The International Council on Archives was established to promote the scholarly use of archival records and their effective administration. 1950
- 31. •The US National Archives established regional archives branches across the country to house federal records with primarily regional content and interest. •By this time, almost all 50 states of the US had developed state archival systems, many of which are active. 1968 •ICA and UNESCO initiated a long- term Records and Archives Management Program (RAMP) to promote through publications the more effective management and use of archives, particularly in developing countries. 1979