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Phlebotomous argentipes: Characteristics and Role in Transmitting Kala-Azar
- 1. Phlebotomous aregentipes Presented by Agrani Paudel
- 2. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Diptera Family: Psychodidae Genus: Phlebotomus Species: argentipes
- 3. Distribution World wide but is predominantly encountered in India, south America ,Central Asia, the middle east, and Africa
- 4. HABIT AND HABITAT •The adult flies are nocturnal, spending the day sheltering in dark humid places. •Some sandflies are "exophagic", living entirely out of doors, while others are "endophagic" and invade houses.
- 5. Structure small hairy insect ,dark brown in color, having painful and irritating bite Size:1.5 -2.5 mm in length Flight range: hopping movement(not more than 3 feet) , it can fly for shorter distance
- 6. The body of sand fly consists of three parts: •Head: a pair of long and hairy antenna. Palpi and proboscis and one pair of prominent black eyes •Thorax: a pair of wings and three pair of legs. wings - upright in shape and hairy. The 2nd longitudinal vein is branched twice. The legs are long and slender and out of proportion to the size
- 7. of proportion to the size of the body. Abdomen: Has ten segment covered with hairs. In the female the tip of abdomen is rounded while in male claspers are attached to last abdominal segment. Each segment bears numerous spines. They prefer to bite at ankles ,dorsum of feet inner elbows and wrists after biting itching and swelling occurs,
- 8. The female sand fly carries the Leishmania protozoa from infected animals after feeding, thus transmitting the disease, while the male feeds on plant nectar.
- 9. •Visceral leishmaniasis , known as kala-azar, is caused by Leishmania donovani . •These Leishmania species infect macrophages throughout the viscera, and parasites are typically found in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
- 10. Leishmania exists in two forms promastigote and amastigote Amastigotes(Leishman Donovan L D bodies) are found in human macrophages and promastigote in sand fly
- 11. KALA AZAR
- 15. •Life cycle of sand fly • complete metamorphosis, having 4 developmental stages. •Egg: The female generally lays eggs in the damp dark places in the cattle sheds & poultry. The eggs vary from 40-60 in number, brownish in color. The eggs measure about 0.4 mm in length. Eggs hatch in 1-2 weeks. •Larva: The larva is maggot like structure, having large head, thorax and abdomen and two long
- 16. bristle on last abdominal segment. Larva feed on decaying organic matter and become a pupa in about 2 weeks. Pupa: Pupa are found in cracks and cervices in the wall. The pupa stage lasts for about 1 week. Adult: The average life of a sand fly is about 2 weeks
- 17. •The adults are seen active throughout the year . •.female lays eggs in dark and damp places •after 7 days of inoculation larva emerge out and get matured after 30 days ,feeding on decaying matter . • After maturation they undergo pupation and from the pupa adults emerge out after 10 days. • The life span of fly is about 8 to 10 days and two months are required to complete the life cycle.
- 18. •Control measures •Sand fly are easily controlled because they do not move long distance from their breeding places. •Insecticide: Lindane gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane .Spraying should be done in the human dwellings, cattle sheds and poultry. •Sanitation: Removal of shrubs and vegetation, filling of cracks and crevices in the wall & floor and distance of cattle sheds and poultry from human habitations