PLASMA PHYSICS AND ITS APPLICATION

Topic: PLASMA PHYSICS AND ITS
APPLICATION
Course name : PLASMA PHYSICS
Course code : PH-403

1.Md. Jahir Alam(202)
2.Utpal Chandra Barman(204)
3.Mehedi Hassan(206)
4.Md. Atikul Islam(207)
5.Md. Sohel Rana(208)
6.Md Motiur Rahman Shamim(210)
7.Sudipto Das(203)
Group Members

PLASMA PHYSICS AND ITS
APPLICATION
We will discuss about the following points in this
presentation.
1. Introduction
2. Historical background of plasma physics
3. Occurrence of plasma
4. Production of plasma
5. Research
6. Applications of Plasma
3

Essential Question
•What is Matter?

MATTER
•Substances that contain only one type
of atom are elements.
•Matter is made up of tiny particles
called atoms.
— anything that has mass and takes up
space

What isn’t matter?
• Anything that does not have mass or take up space.
• Examples: heat, light, emotions, thoughts, ideas

States of Matter
The Four States of Matter
8
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

States of Matter
The Four States of Matter
Basis of Classification of the Four Types
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between
particles
9

Kinetic Theory of Matter
Matter is made up of particles which
are in continual random motion.

States of Matter
Solids
Examples of
Particle Movement
11

States of Matter
Liquids
Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but
are far enough apart to slide over one
another.
Liquids have an indefinite shape and a
definite volume.
12

States of Matter
Liquids
Examples of
Particle Movement
13

States of Matter
Gases
Particles of gases are very far apart and
move freely.
Gases have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume.
14

Gases
Particle Movement
Examples
15
States of Matter

But
Will everything just be a
gas?
what happens if you raise the temperature to super-
high levels between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

States of Matter
Plasma
A plasma is an ionized gas.
A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and
is affected by magnetic fields.
Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume.
17

What is Plasma?
18
• Plasma is considered 4th State of
Matter despite solids, liquids and
gases. It is one of the fundamental
states of matter. Technically, it is an
ionized gas consisting of positive
ions and free electrons ,typically at
low pressures (as in the upper
atmosphere and in fluorescent
lamps) or at very high temperatures
(as in stars and nuclear fusion
reactors).
• Plasma should be called 1st state of
matter because it is what all the
states arise from.

States of Matter
Plasma
Particles
The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming
through the positively charged ions (blue).
19

STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in a
regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place to
place
Close together with
no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide past
each other
Well separated with
no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
Has no definite
volume or shape and
is composed of
electrical charged
particles

When blood is cleared of its various corpuscles there remains a
transparent liquid, which was named plasma (after the Greek word ,
which means ``mouldable substance'' or ``jelly'') by the great Czech
medical scientist, Johannes Purkinje (1787-1869). The Nobel prize
winning American chemist Irving Langmuir first used this term to
describe an ionized gas in 1927--Langmuir was reminded of the way
blood plasma carries red and white corpuscles by the way an
electrified fluid carries electrons and ions. Langmuir, along with his
colleague Lewi Tonks, was investigating the physics and chemistry
of tungsten-filament light-bulbs, with a view to finding a way to
greatly extend the lifetime of the filament (a goal which he
eventually achieved). In the process, he developed the theory
of plasma sheaths--the boundary layers which form between ionized
plasmas and solid surfaces. He also discovered that certain regions
of a plasma discharge tube exhibit periodic variations of the electron
density, which we nowadays term Langmuir waves. This was the
genesis of Plasma Physics. Interestingly enough, Langmuir's
research nowadays forms the theoretical basis of most plasma
processing techniques for fabricating integrated circuits. After
Langmuir, plasma research gradually spread in other directions, of
which five are particularly significant.
Historical background of plasma physics
Irving Langmuir

The development of radio broadcasting led to the
discovery of the Earth's ionosphere, a layer of partially
ionized gas in the upper atmosphere which reflects radio
waves, and is responsible for the fact that radio signals
can be received when the transmitter is over the horizon.
Unfortunately, the ionosphere also occasionally absorbs
and distorts radio waves. For instance, the Earth's
magnetic field causes waves with different polarizations
(relative to the orientation of the magnetic field) to
propagate at different velocities, an effect which can give
rise to ``ghost signals'' (i.e., signals which arrive a little
before, or a little after, the main signal). In order to
understand, and possibly correct, some of the deficiencies
in radio communication, various scientists, such as
E.V. Appleton and K.G. Budden, systematically developed
the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation through
non-uniform magnetized plasmas.
Firstly

Astrophysicists quickly recognized that much of the Universe consists
of plasma, and, thus, that a better understanding of astrophysical
phenomena requires a better grasp of plasma physics. The pioneer in
this field was Hannes Alfvén, who around 1940 developed the theory
of magnetohydrodyamics, or MHD, in which plasma is treated
essentially as a conducting fluid. This theory has been both widely and
successfully employed to investigate sunspots, solar flares, the solar
wind, star formation, and a host of other topics in astrophysics. Two
topics of particular interest in MHD theory are magnetic
reconnection and dynamo theory. Magnetic reconnection is a process
by which magnetic field-lines suddenly change their topology: it can
give rise to the sudden conversion of a great deal of magnetic energy
into thermal energy, as well as the acceleration of some charged
particles to extremely high energies, and is generally thought to be the
basic mechanism behind solar flares. Dynamo theory studies how the
motion of an MHD fluid can give rise to the generation of a
macroscopic magnetic field. This process is important because both
the terrestrial and solar magnetic fields would decay away
comparatively rapidly (in astrophysical terms) were they not
maintained by dynamo action. The Earth's magnetic field is maintained
by the motion of its molten core, which can be treated as an MHD fluid
to a reasonable approximation.
Hannes Alfvén
Secondly

The creation of the hydrogen bomb in 1952
generated a great deal of interest in controlled
thermonuclear fusion as a possible power source for
the future. At first, this research was carried out
secretly, and independently, by the United States, the
Soviet Union, and Great Britain. However, in 1958
thermonuclear fusion research was declassified,
leading to the publication of a number of immensely
important and influential papers in the late 1950's
and the early 1960's. Broadly speaking, theoretical
plasma physics first emerged as a mathematically
rigorous discipline in these years. Not surprisingly,
Fusion physicists are mostly concerned with
understanding how a thermonuclear plasma can be
trapped--in most cases by a magnetic field--and
investigating the many plasma instabilities which may
allow it to escape.
Thirdly

James A. Van Allen's discovery in 1958 of the Van
Allen radiation belts surrounding the Earth, using
data transmitted by the U.S. Explorer satellite,
marked the start of the systematic exploration of the
Earth's magnetosphere via satellite, and opened up
the field of space plasma physics. Space scientists
borrowed the theory of plasma trapping by a
magnetic field from fusion research, the theory of
plasma waves from ionospheric physics, and the
notion of magnetic reconnection as a mechanism for
energy release and particle acceleration from
astrophysics.
Fourthly
James A. Van Allen

The development of high powered lasers in the
1960's opened up the field of laser plasma physics.
When a high powered laser beam strikes a solid
target, material is immediately ablated, and a plasma
forms at the boundary between the beam and the
target. Laser plasmas tend to have fairly extreme
properties (e.g., densities characteristic of solids) not
found in more conventional plasmas. A major
application of laser plasma physics is the approach to
fusion energy known as inertial confinement fusion. In
this approach, tightly focused laser beams are used to
implode a small solid target until the densities and
temperatures characteristic of nuclear fusion (i.e., the
centre of a hydrogen bomb) are achieved. Another
interesting application of laser plasma physics is the
use of the extremely strong electric fields generated
when a high intensity laser pulse passes through a
plasma to accelerate particles. High-energy physicists
hope to use plasma acceleration techniques to
dramatically reduce the size and cost of particle
accelerators.
Finally
The CLF’s laser systems are built and
maintained by our laser experts
(Credit: STFC)

27
Occurrence of plasma
Three forms of plasma
Plasmas occur naturally but can also be artificially made. Naturally
occurring plasmas can be Earth-based (terrestrial) or space-based
(astrophysical).
• There are three major types of Plasma i.e.
• Natural Plasma: Natural Plasma only exist at very high temperature or
low temperature vacuum. It do not react rapidly but it is extremely hot (over
20,000 oC). There energy is so high that it vaporizes everything they touch.
• Artificial Plasma: Artificial Plasma can be created by ionization of a gas ,
as in neon signs. Plasma at low temperature is hard to maintain because
outside a vacuum, low temperature plasma reacts rapidly with any molecule
it encounters. This aspect makes this material, both very useful and hard to
use.
• Terrestrial is a plasma layer that blankets the outer reaches of the Earth’s
atmosphere.

28
Astrophysical
plasma
Terrestrial
plasma
Artificially
produced
All stars
Solar wind
Interstellar nebulae
Space between
planets, star systems
and galaxies
Lightning bolt
Auroras
Ionosphere
Extremely hot flames
Plasma TVs
Fluorescent lighting
Plasma torch for
cutting and welding
Plasma-assisted
coatings

The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state

Extremely hot
Flames
Some places where plasmas are
found…

Formation of Plasma
• When more heat is provided to atoms
or molecules, they may be ionized. An
electron may gain enough energy to
escape its atom. After the escape of
electron, atoms become ions. In
sufficiently heated gas, ionization
happens many times, creating clouds
of free electrons and ions.
• This ionized gas mixture consisting of
ions, electrons and neutral atoms is
called PLASMA.

PLASMA IN EARLY UNIVERSE
• Over 99% of the matter in the visible universe is believed to be
plasma. When the atoms in a gas are broken up, the
pieces are called electrons and ions. Because they have an
electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart
by electric fields and magnetic fields. This makes a plasma act
differently than a gas. For example, magnetic fields can
be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas. Plasma is a better
conductor of electricity than copper.
• Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high
temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the
nuclei of the atoms. Sometimes plasmas can have very high
pressure, like in stars. Stars (including the Sun) are
mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low
pressure, like in outer space.

Basic Properties
• Temperature
• Quasi-neutrality
• Thermal speed
•
• Plasma frequency
• Plasma period

Debye length
• System size and time
• Debye shielding
λD
U→0

The plasma parameter is a dimensionless number, denoted by capital
Lambda, Λ. The plasma parameter is usually interpreted to be the argument
of the Coulomb logarithm, which is the ratio of the maximum impact
parameter to the classical distance of closest approach in Coulomb
scattering. In this case, the plasma parameter is given by
• Strong coupling
• Weak coupling
where
n is the number density of electrons,
λD is the Debye length.
Plasma parameter

Production of plasma
• Solar nebula
• planetary rings
• interstellar medium
• comet tails
• noctilucent clouds
• lightning
• Microelectronic
processing
• rocket exhaust
• fusion devices
Natural Man-made

Our solar system
accumulated out
of a dense cloud of gas
and dust, forming
everything that is now
part of our world.
Rosette Nebula

Noctilucent Clouds (NLC)
• Occur in the summer polar mesosphere (~ 82 km)
• 50 nm ice crystals
• Associated with unusual radar echoes and reductions
in the local ionospheric density

An early temperature measurement in a dusty plasma.
A flame is a very weakly ionized plasma
that contains soot particles.

Spokes in Saturn’s B Ring
Voyager 2
Nov. 1980
Cassini-
Huygens
July 2004

Semiconductor Manufacturing
dustSi

Research
Plasmas are the object of study of the academic field of plasma science
or plasma physics, including sub-disciplines such as space plasma
physics. It currently involves the following fields of active research
and features across many journals, whose interest includes
• Plasma theory
• Plasmas in nature
• Industrial plasmas
• Astrophysical
plasma
• Plasma
diagnostics
• Plasma application
• Dielectric barrier
discharge
• Enhanced oil recovery
• Fusion power

Experimental Research On plasma physics
Light Impurity transport on Alcator C-Mod
Accumulation of impurities in a tokamak discharge leads to dilution of the fusion fuel, to
enhanced energy loss, and to marked effects on stability. The confluence of the measurement of
characteristic profiles shapes and their prediction by turbulence theory provides the opportunity to
make progress both toward fusion and toward understanding of the physics of transport.
Improved measurements of the ITB boron density with
integrated CXRS/BES system
Develop a BES diagnostic for measurement of beam density to reduce uncertainty in CXRS
measurement of boron density by removing the requirement for separate calibration of beam density
and the requirement for measurement of etendue.

Some name of Recent Experiments
1)Interpretation of Experiments in Laser-Driven Fusion
2)Experiments on the Absorption of High Intensity Laser Light and
Subsequent Compression of Spherical Targets
3) Compression of Laser-Irradiated Hollow Microspheres
4) Collective Behaviour in Recent Laser-Plasma Experiments

Theoretical Plasma Astrophysics
Plasma Astrophysics is the cross-disciplinary field that aims at understanding
various astrophysical phenomena by applying the knowledge obtained in Plasma
Physics. Since most of the visible matter in the universe --- stars, hot gas in
clusters of galaxies, and various phases of the interstellar medium inside
galaxies --- exists in the plasma form, the field of Plasma Astrophysics is very
broad and diverse, both in its methods and in the areas of application

Theoretical and computational research aimed at
understanding some of the most fascinating and
important astrophysical phenomena, such as:
• Fundamental physics of magnetic reconnection
• Radiative relativistic magnetic reconnection and associated
nonthermal particle acceleration and radiation emission, and
astrophysical applications such as:
• pulsar magnetospheres and pulsar wind nebulae (PWN)
• blazar/AGN jets
• gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)
• coronae of accreting black holes in AGN and XRBs
• Turbulent accretion disks around black holes and their magnetically-
active coronae.
• Magnetic reconnection in high-energy-density astrophysical plasmas
with applications to magnetar flares and gamma-ray bursts.
• Quantum plasma physics.

Applications of Plasma
Fusion
Nuclear fusion is the process of recombining
nuclei to form different nuclei and release vast
amounts of energy. This is the process that
powers the sun. If we can harness it, nuclear
fusion has the potential to provide us with
nearly limitless amounts of clean energy. As
such, it is often described as the Holy Grail of
plasma physics.
There are three conditions necessary for
nuclear fusion: high temperatures ( to about
107 K), high density, and prolonged stability.
The high temperature requirement places us in
the regime of plasmas. While experiments
have attained these high temperatures, the
primary difficulty is in achieving a sufficiently
high combination of density and stability.

Propulsion in Space
Plasmas also have applications in the propulsion of spacecraft. The ZaP
experiment is particularly well-suited to this application. Since it requires
no externally applied magnetic field, the weight and size requirements of
a such a vehicle are drastically lower than other plasma configurations
would require. A diagram of a possible ZaP thruster design is shown in
Figure 1. Such a thruster could achieve an Isp of 1,000,000 s, and a thrust
on the order of 105 N (similar to a Boeing 747).

PLASMA PHYSICS AND ITS APPLICATION

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