2. Case presentationCase presentation
A 5 days old newborn presented to nurseryA 5 days old newborn presented to nursery
with complaints of:with complaints of:
1.1. Generalized body stiffness.Generalized body stiffness.
2.2. Unable to suck.Unable to suck.
3.3. FeverFever
3. Case presentationCase presentation
The baby was delivered through NVD inThe baby was delivered through NVD in
home by a dai ,and the umbilicus was cuthome by a dai ,and the umbilicus was cut
by some instrument present in the home.by some instrument present in the home.
Some medicine & ghee was applied to itSome medicine & ghee was applied to it
after cutting.after cutting.
The mother was not vaccinated againstThe mother was not vaccinated against
any disease during pregnancy.any disease during pregnancy.
4. Case presentationCase presentation
On Examination:On Examination:
1.1. Generalized body spasms, precipitatedGeneralized body spasms, precipitated
by sound, touch, light & procedures suchby sound, touch, light & procedures such
as IV cannulation.as IV cannulation.
2.2. Lock jaw.Lock jaw.
3.3. Tense abdomenTense abdomen
4.4. Umbilicus contaminated with soil & bloodUmbilicus contaminated with soil & blood
7. DefinitionDefinition
Tetanus is acuteTetanus is acute
spastic paralyticspastic paralytic
illness historicallyillness historically
called LOCK JAWcalled LOCK JAW
that is caused by thethat is caused by the
neurotoxin producedneurotoxin produced
by Clostridium tetani.by Clostridium tetani.
8. Etiology of TetanusEtiology of Tetanus
The primary cause ofThe primary cause of
Neonatal tetanus isNeonatal tetanus is
the result of:the result of:
Infection with C-Infection with C-
Tetani, a motile, gramTetani, a motile, gram
positive, sporepositive, spore
forming obligateforming obligate
anaerobe, present inanaerobe, present in
soil, house dust andsoil, house dust and
animal feces.animal feces.
9. Etiology of TetanusEtiology of Tetanus
Tetanus occurs after introduced sporesTetanus occurs after introduced spores
germinate, multiply, and produce tetanusgerminate, multiply, and produce tetanus
toxin at the infected injury site.toxin at the infected injury site.
The incubation period is usually 2-14The incubation period is usually 2-14
days.days.
Tetanus toxin binds at the neuromuscularTetanus toxin binds at the neuromuscular
junction and enters the motor nerve byjunction and enters the motor nerve by
endocytosis after which it undergoesendocytosis after which it undergoes
retrograde axonal transport to theretrograde axonal transport to the
cytoplasm of motoneurons.cytoplasm of motoneurons.
10. Etiology of TetanusEtiology of Tetanus
The toxin exits the motoneurons in theThe toxin exits the motoneurons in the
spinal cord and next enters adjacentspinal cord and next enters adjacent
spinal inhibitory interneurons.spinal inhibitory interneurons.
It prevents release of the inhibitoryIt prevents release of the inhibitory
neurotransmitters glycine and GABA.neurotransmitters glycine and GABA.
The autonomic nervous system is alsoThe autonomic nervous system is also
rendered unstable in tetanus.rendered unstable in tetanus.
11. TypesTypes
The disease can show 4 possible types:The disease can show 4 possible types:
-Generalized tetanus can affect all skeletal muscles. It is-Generalized tetanus can affect all skeletal muscles. It is
the most common as well as the most severe form of thethe most common as well as the most severe form of the
four types.four types.
- Local tetanus manifests with muscle spasms at or near- Local tetanus manifests with muscle spasms at or near
the wound that has been infected with the bacteria.the wound that has been infected with the bacteria.
-Cephalic tetanus primarily affects one or several-Cephalic tetanus primarily affects one or several
muscles in the face rapidly (in one to two days) aftermuscles in the face rapidly (in one to two days) after
a head injury or ear infection. Trismus ("lockjaw") maya head injury or ear infection. Trismus ("lockjaw") may
occur. The disease can easily progress to generalizedoccur. The disease can easily progress to generalized
tetanus.tetanus.
-Neonatal tetanus is similar to generalized tetanus-Neonatal tetanus is similar to generalized tetanus
except that it affects a baby that is less than 1 month oldexcept that it affects a baby that is less than 1 month old
(called a neonate).(called a neonate).
12. 1212
Neonatal tetanusNeonatal tetanus
is a form of generalized tetanus that occurs inis a form of generalized tetanus that occurs in
newborn babies. Neonatal tetanus occurs innewborn babies. Neonatal tetanus occurs in
infants born without protective passive immunity,infants born without protective passive immunity,
because the mother is not immune.because the mother is not immune.
It usually occurs through infection of theIt usually occurs through infection of the
unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when theunhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the
stump is cut with an unsterile instrument.stump is cut with an unsterile instrument.
Neonatal tetanus is common in some developingNeonatal tetanus is common in some developing
countries (estimated >270,000 deaths worldwidecountries (estimated >270,000 deaths worldwide
per year)per year)
13. Neonatal tetanusNeonatal tetanus
In 2012, in our department of Pediatrics,In 2012, in our department of Pediatrics,
Total 38 neonates were admitted withTotal 38 neonates were admitted with
tetanus neonatorum.tetanus neonatorum.
Out of them, 24 died and 14 survived.Out of them, 24 died and 14 survived.
Mortality rate was 63%.Mortality rate was 63%.
14. 1414
Neonatal tetanusNeonatal tetanus
Neonatal tetanus presents most oftenNeonatal tetanus presents most often
about the seventh day of life with a shortabout the seventh day of life with a short
history of failure to feed. Spasms arehistory of failure to feed. Spasms are
typical but the diagnosis can be mistakentypical but the diagnosis can be mistaken
for meningitis or sepsis .for meningitis or sepsis .
16. Clinical feaClinical fea tures of neonataltures of neonatal
tetanustetanus
Usually symptoms begins 3-10 days afterUsually symptoms begins 3-10 days after
birth and pattern is generalized.birth and pattern is generalized.
Initial symptom is failure to suck andInitial symptom is failure to suck and
inability to open the mouth known asinability to open the mouth known as
trismus or lockjaw.trismus or lockjaw.
Spasm of the facial muscles immobilizesSpasm of the facial muscles immobilizes
the jaw and produces a fixed sardonic grinthe jaw and produces a fixed sardonic grin
called risus sardonicuscalled risus sardonicus
17. Clinical feaClinical fea tures of neonataltures of neonatal
tetanustetanus
With in 12-24 hours after the 1With in 12-24 hours after the 1stst
symptom,symptom,
generalized tonic muscular convulsionsgeneralized tonic muscular convulsions
occur producing flexion & adduction of theoccur producing flexion & adduction of the
arms, clenching of fists & extension of thearms, clenching of fists & extension of the
lower extremities.lower extremities.
Initially spasms are mild but later becomeInitially spasms are mild but later become
severe with spasms of the glottis &severe with spasms of the glottis &
respiratory muscles.respiratory muscles.
18. Clinical feaClinical fea tures of neonataltures of neonatal
tetanustetanus
Abdominal muscles become rigid andAbdominal muscles become rigid and
spasms of the muscles of the back mayspasms of the muscles of the back may
result in opisthotonus.result in opisthotonus.
Spasms may be precipitated by touch,Spasms may be precipitated by touch,
noise or bright light.noise or bright light.
Baby remains conscious and allert.Baby remains conscious and allert.
19. ManagementManagement
The aims of treatment are:The aims of treatment are:
Remove the source of exotoxinRemove the source of exotoxin
Neutralize the remaining circulating toxinsNeutralize the remaining circulating toxins
Provide supportive care until toxin isProvide supportive care until toxin is
metabolized.metabolized.
20. ManagementManagement
Specific measures:Specific measures:
Washing and debridment of the infectedWashing and debridment of the infected
site, and administeration of antibioticssite, and administeration of antibiotics
such as Benzyl penicillin or Metronidazole.such as Benzyl penicillin or Metronidazole.
Anti-toxinAnti-toxin
1)Anti-tetanus serum -(50,000-100,000 U)1)Anti-tetanus serum -(50,000-100,000 U)
2)Human tetanus immunoglobulin (3000-2)Human tetanus immunoglobulin (3000-
6000 u)6000 u)
23. ManagementManagement
Nursing care:Nursing care:
Clean the umbilicus/woundClean the umbilicus/wound
Isolate the baby in dark silent roomIsolate the baby in dark silent room
Change the postureChange the posture
Cardiorespiratory monitoringCardiorespiratory monitoring
25. ComplicationsComplications
Aspiration pneumoniaAspiration pneumonia
Lacerations of mouth & tongueLacerations of mouth & tongue
Intramuscular hematomas orIntramuscular hematomas or
rhabdomyolysis leading to hemoglobinuriarhabdomyolysis leading to hemoglobinuria
& renal failure.& renal failure.
Vertebral fractures.Vertebral fractures.
Decubitus ulcerations.Decubitus ulcerations.
Autonomic disturbances.Autonomic disturbances.
26. PreventionPrevention
Immunize the mother during pregnancyImmunize the mother during pregnancy
Clean & safe deliveryClean & safe delivery
Care of umbilical cordCare of umbilical cord
Avoid early circumcission in male babies.Avoid early circumcission in male babies.
Immunize the baby after disease.Immunize the baby after disease.
Training of daisTraining of dais
27. PrognosisPrognosis
Fatality rate mainly depends upon qualityFatality rate mainly depends upon quality
of supportive care.of supportive care.
Main causes of death are respiratoryMain causes of death are respiratory
failure and pneumonia.failure and pneumonia.
MR is 60% or more for neonatal tetanus &MR is 60% or more for neonatal tetanus &
20-50% in children.20-50% in children.
28. Good prognostic factorsGood prognostic factors
Incubation period moreIncubation period more
than 8-10 days.than 8-10 days.
Progression longer thanProgression longer than
60 hrs.60 hrs.
Absence of fever.Absence of fever.
Local disease.Local disease.
Survival for 10 days.Survival for 10 days.
29. Poor prognostic factorsPoor prognostic factors
Duration betweenDuration between
injury and onset ofinjury and onset of
trismus less than 7trismus less than 7
days.days.
Duration betweenDuration between
trismus and the onsettrismus and the onset
of generalized tetanicof generalized tetanic
spasms less than 3spasms less than 3
days.days.
