2. Fruiting bodies of
Deauteromycetes
Fungi form fruiting bodies and spores that are used in
diagnosis of plant disease. Fruiting bodies are fungal
structures that contain spores. They come in many
sizes, shapes, and colors, all of which aid in
identification of the specific fungus. Fungal pathogens
often have an imperfect stage (also called an
anomorph) and sometimes a perfect stage
(teleomorph) as well. The most significant structures
in fungal ID are spores, fruiting bodies, and sometimes
mycelium.
3. 1) Acervulus
An acervulus (pl. acervuli) is a small asexual fruiting
body that erupts through the epidermis of host plants
parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form order
Melanconiales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes). It has
the form of a small cushion at the bottom of which
short crowded conidiophores are formed. The spores
escape through an opening at the top.
5. 2) Pycnidium
A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting
body produced by mitosporic fungi in the form order
Sphaeropsidales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes). It is
often spherical or inversely pearshaped (obpyriform)
and its internal cavity are lined with conidiophores.
When ripe, an opening generally appears at the top,
through which the pycnidiospores escape.
7. 3) Sporodochium
A sporodochium (pl. sporodochia)is a small, compact
stroma (mass of hyphae) usually formed on host
plants parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form
order Tuberculariales (subdivision Deuteromycota,
class Hyphomycetes). This stroma bears the
conidiophores on which the asexual spores or conidia
are formed.
9. 4) Synnema
A synnema (plural synnemata, also coremia; derivation:
"Threads together") is a large, erect reproductive
structure borne by some fungi, bearing compact
conidiophores,which fuse together to form a strand
resembling a stalk of wheat, with conidia at the end or
on the edges. Fungal genera which bear synnemata
include Doratomyces
11. 5) Sclerotium
Sclerotium
The hard dark resting body of certain fungi, consisting
of a mass of hyphal threads, capable of remaining
dormant for long periods. Found in Order: Mycelia
Sterlia
13. Fruiting bodies of Ascomycetes
Fruiting bodies are multicellular structures, which
protect the products of meiosis, the sexual spores.
They occur during the sexual life cycle of the Dikarya,
a group that encompasses the ascomycetes .
14. 1) Gymnothecium- Examples are the Gymnoascus,
Talaromyces and the dermatophyte Arthroderma.
An ascomycetous fruiting body composed of loosely
interwoven hyphae.
15. 2) Cleistothecium-Examples- Aspergillaceae and
Erysiphaceae)
A closed spore-bearing structure in some ascomycetous
fungi from which the asci and spores are released only
by decay or disintegration
16. 3) Apothecium-Example- lichens
The fruit of certain lichens and fungi: usually an open,
saucer-shaped or cup-shaped body, the inner surface
of which is covered with a layer that bears asci.
18. 4) Perithecium- Examples are members of Sphaeriales and Hypocreales.It is also found
in Xylaria (Dead Man's Fingers, Candle Snuff), Nectria, Claviceps and Neurospora.
In some fungi a round or flask-shaped fruiting body with
a pore through which the spores are discharged.
19. 5) Pseudothecium
An ascocarp resembling a perithecium but whose
asci are not regularly organised into a hymenium
and are bitunicate, having a double wall which
expands when it takes up water and shoots the
enclosed spores out suddenly to disperse them.