The document discusses the stages of language development from infancy through adulthood. It begins with definitions of language and then outlines the major stages of language development, including caretaker speech in infancy, the one-word and two-word stages in toddlers, the development of function words and plurals in preschool years, literacy acquisition in school years, the emergence of personal linguistic styles in teen years, and variability in adult language depending on factors like education and occupation. The document also covers the five dimensions of the linguistic system: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
4. What is Language?
It is a way to
communicate ideas
comprehensibly from
one person to another in
such a way that the
other will be able to act
exactly accordingly.
5. What is Language?
An arbitrary system of
articulated sounds made
use by humans in
carrying out their
affairs in the society.
6. What is Language?
An arbitrary system of
articulated sounds made
use by humans in
carrying out their
affairs in the society.
7. What is Language?
An arbitrary system of
articulated sounds made
use by humans in
carrying out their
affairs in the society.
8. What is Language?
An arbitrary system of
articulated sounds made
use by humans in
carrying out their
affairs in the society.
10. Stages of Language Development
Infancy = 1. Caretaker Speech
Toddlers = 2. One-Word Stage
Preschool Years = 3. Two-Word Stage; 4.
Telegraphic Speech 5. Use of Function
Words 6. Use of Plurals
School Years = Literacy
Teen Years = Personal Linguistic Style
Adult Years = Varied Accordingly
11. Language in Infancy
• During the first few months, the
infant acquires language by
paying attention to adult faces
and responds by burbling.
• Midway through their first
year, infants begin to babble.
12. 1. Caretaker Speech
• A distinct speech register that differs from
others in its simplified vocabulary
• With the “Baby Talk Subsystem”–
simplified vocabulary for terms relating to
food, toys, animals and body.
EXAMPLE:
wawa = water
14. 2. One-Word Stage
• Maximum sentence length is one word. The words
are:
– Naming objects, events, and people in the
child’s immediate surrounding
– Only one word
– Simple in pronunciation
– Concrete in meaning
EXAMPLES: milk, mommy, doggie
15. Preschool Years
• They know about 50 words and
most children progress to a
stage of two-word
combinations
16. 3. Two-Word Stage
A. Words in the one-word stage without
grammatical modifications
EXAMPLES:
That doggie
Mommy milk
17. 3. Two-Word Stage
B. Two-word utterances express the
following: EXAMPLES
to ask for more more milk
say no to something no milk
Notice something hi doggie
Notice something disappeared no cookie
18. 3. Two-Word Stage
C. A time for experimenting with many binary
semantic-syntactic relations such as:
Relations Examples
possesor-possessed mommy sock
actor-action cat sleep
action - object drink soup
19. 4. Telegraphic Speech
• Characterized by short simple sentences
made up primarily of content words
• No function words, tense endings on verbs
and plural endings on nouns
EXAMPLE:
This shoe wet
20. 5. Function Words
• Function words are gradually added to
sentences.
The progressive tense ending “ing” is
acquired first long before the present –
tense, third-person singular ending “s.”
EXAMPLE: 1. smiling
2. smiles
21. 5. Function Words
The past tense is acquired after the
progressive and present tenses
EXAMPLE: 1. smiling
2. smiles
3. smiled
22. 5. Function Words
The future tense is acquired later.
EXAMPLE: 1. smiling
2. smiles
3. smiled
4. will smile
23. 6. Plurals
• Children usually use the
singular forms first.
Examples:
Three man
Two cat
One feet
24. 6. Plurals
• Children overgeneralize when
plural appears regularly.
Examples:
Two cats
Three mans
25. 6. Plurals
• Children realizethat irregular verbs
deviate from the model forms for some
words already end in /s/.
Examples:
house – houses
man – men
foot - feet
26. School Years
• Children have a vocabulary of perhaps
8000 words and almost all of the basic
grammatical forms of language.
• They can handle questions, negative
statements, dependent clauses,
compound sentences, and a great
variety of other constructions.
27. School Years
• Children are faced with the major task
of learning another linguistic system –
the written language.
• School demands literacy which
requires decontextualized language use
EXAMPLE:
Judging sentences as grammatical or
ungrammatical.
There are two mans./There are two men.
28. Teen Years
• Teens acquire their own
distinct personal linguistic style.
EXAMPLES:
Formal, Colloquial,
Kikay, Gay Language
29. Adult Years
• Language varies greatly among
individuals depending on such
things as their level of education,
social and occupational roles.
EXAMPLES:
Working Professionals
30. Stages of Language Development
Infancy = 1. Caretaker Speech
Toddlers = 2. One-Word Stage
Preschool Years = 3. Two-Word Stage; 4.
Telegraphic Speech 5. Use of Function
Words 6. Use of Plurals
School Years = Literacy
Teen Years = Personal Linguistic Style
Adult Years = Varied Accordingly
32. FIVE DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE
1. PHONOLOGY- rules determining how sounds can be sequenced
2. Morphology - Rules for the structural analysis and formation of
words
3. Syntax -Rules for a language’s grammar
4. Semantics - Rules for the meaning of words
5. Pragmatics -Rules for communication
33. 1. Phonology
• Includes all of the important
sounds used in language, the
rules for combining them to
make words and such things
such as stress and intonation
patterns that accompany them.
34. Words related to PHONOLOGY
phones are speech-sounds
Ex. /p/
phonemes are groups of sounds which
speakers usually think of as "one sound“
Ex. /t/: aspirated (top); unaspirated (stop);
unreleased (hat); nasally released
(Manhattan)
allophones are the variations within each
group.
Ex. /s/ and sh:
seat/ sheet, massive/machine, basic/nati
35. 2. Morphology
• Studies the internal structure of words
and the interrelationships among
words
• Word: fundamental units of linguistic
structure
•When we learn a word, it is being
associated to different information
36. Words related to MORPHOLOGY
Morpheme – smallest meaningful
unit which cannot be divided.
Morph – combination of phones that
has meaning; cannot be subdivided
in smaller units
Allomorph – a class of phonetically
and semantically identical morphs
EXAMPLES:
Morph Allomorph
S S; IZ; Z
ED D, ED, T
37. MORPHEME
Base
1. Bound base – cannot stand alone
without an affix (ex. proceed)
2. Free base – can stand alone even
without an affix (ex. man, sit)
Suffix
1. Derivational – changes the meaning (ex.
organizer)
2. Inflectional – doesn’t change the
meaning (ex. rats)
Prefix – derivational in nature (ex.
mismatch)
38. 3. Syntax
• Contains the rules for how to combine
words into phrases and sentences
39. Relationship between constituents in a
sentence
1. Structure of Modification = modifier+
head (ex. hungry people)
2. Structure of Predication = subject +
predicate (ex. dogs bark)
3. Structure of Complementation = verb +
complement (ex. read book)
4. Structure of Coordination = word + word
(ex. cats and dogs); phrase + phrase (ex. a
piece of cake and a glass of water)
40. 3. Syntax
• Contains the rules for how to transform
sentences into other sentences
EXAMPLES:
The cat bites the dog.
The cat bit the dog.
The cat didn’t bite the dog.
Did the cat bite the dog?
Wasn’t the dog bitten by the cat?
44. Syntax
• the way that words relate to
each other, without taking into
account the world outside
• includes grammar but does not
consider who said it to whom,
where, when and why