Alishan’s biodiversity
Chang spent two years carrying out systematic botanical research on Alishan and has compiled his findings into a book entitled A Guide to the Named of Alishan’s Plants (2020), which catalogues plants named after the mountain. He says that in addition to its distinctive railway culture, Alishan regales visitors with plants growing in various climatic conditions, encompassing both warm-temperate and cool-temperate zones, so here we can perceive transitions from broadleaf to mixed broadleaf and coniferous forests. Alishan is also home to tropical plants, vines, and ferns that are rarely seen in Western countries.
Taiwan is blessed with some 1,000 different fern species. More than 200 of these grow in the cloud forests of Alishan, from low to high elevations, testifying to the remarkable botanical diversity of the place. “Of the approximately 5,000 known native plants in Taiwan, as many as 120 are named after Alishan—second only to plants named after Taiwan itself,” Chang observes.
Photographers interested in rare Taiwanese flora are especially attracted by plant species that are unique to Alishan. For example, the Alishan Hotel and the Alishan Ecocenter each boast an enormous specimen of the Alishan pine (Pinus uyematsui)—to be found nowhere else in the world. Carefully observing the fallen cones under the pines, visitors will find that these actually differ from the cones of the Taiwan white pine (P. morrisonicola), whose scales curl inward. By contrast, the scales on the cones of the Alishan pine are straight. A closer look also reveals that their seeds are winged.
Chang says that gymnosperms (coniferous species) are no longer as widespread as they used to be across the world. As early as 1913, Japanese plant taxonomist Bunzo Hayata (1874–1934) had already discovered Pinus uyematsui, but many botanists since have identified this pine with P. morrisonicola. Chang’s investigation has helped restore the Alishan pine’s distinct identity, paying tribute to Hayata’s eagle eye and rigorous research at a time before the advent of many of the scientific tools used today.
Those who come to Alishan for walks along the Tashan Trail or the old Mianyue railway line will also enjoy the Alishan variety of Huperzia myriophyllifolia—another plant unique to this area. This scarce medicinal herb looks like a small green bottlebrush. Growing in solitude around Mianshan and Tashan, it has not mixed genetically with other populations. Threatened with extinction, it urgently requires conservation.
Every spring, tourists flock to Alishan to admire its cherry blossoms. From early spring to April, 40 different types of cherry blossom set the place ablaze. Alishan has the greatest number of Yoshino cherry trees (Prunus × yedoensis) in Taiwan. The species that blooms first on Alishan is the Taiwan cherry (P. campanulata). As for the Alishan cherry (P. transarisanensis)—the only cherry tree named after Alishan—it can only be found along the Tashan Trail.
Myriactis humilis is often found on high mountains, such as Alishan, Hehuanshan, and Yushan.
The endemic Alishan magnolia vine (Schisandra arisanensis) is called wuweizi (“five-flavor fruit”) in Chinese because its berries are said to contain five flavors: salty, sweet, sour, pungent, and bitter. (courtesy of Lu Bifeng)
Even without wind, Ainsliaea macroclinidioides trembles with ghostly motions. The blooms are exquisitely beautiful. (courtesy of Wang Qiumei)
Chang Kun-cheng says that the petals of Stellaria arisanensis evoke an image of five hares putting their heads together. (courtesy of Lu Bifeng)
The Alishan rhododendron (R. leptosanthum), which grows as a tree, is a delight to the eye. Its Chinese name—the Xi Shi flower—alludes to a legendary beauty in ancient China. (courtesy of Chang Kun-cheng)
The Alishan mahonia (M. oiwakensis) is known for its beautiful inflorescences of clustered flowers. (courtesy of Lu Bifeng)