Obesity Obesity Guide Obesity Guide Overview Classes Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Facts Obesity Symptoms Common Health Problems and Complications Associated with Obesity By Sherry Christiansen Updated on March 22, 2024 Medically reviewed by Yasmine S. Ali, MD, MSCI Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents What Is Obesity? Symptoms in Adults Symptoms in Children Symptoms of Morbid Obesity Causes Diagnosis Complications Next in Obesity Guide What Are the Causes of Obesity? The symptoms of obesity go beyond excess body fat. People with obesity may experience skin problems, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, and more. Some symptoms may increase the risk of developing certain diseases and disorders. In some cases, these may be life-threatening or even fatal. This article explains the difference between being overweight and having the disease of obesity. It also describes obesity signs and symptoms in children and adults, as well as possible complications. Verywell / Lara Antal What Is Obesity? Obesity is a chronic condition that occurs when an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat presents a risk to health. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2021, 42.4% of the U.S. adult population was affected by obesity. Symptoms of Obesity in Adults The American Medical Association considers obesity itself a disease that needs to be diagnosed and treated. That's due to symptoms and complications that are common among people with obesity. Common symptoms of obesity in adults include: Excess body fat, particularly around the waistShortness of breathSweating more than usualSnoringTrouble sleepingSkin problems from moisture accumulating in the foldsInability to perform simple physical tasks you could easily perform before weight gainFatigue, which can range from mild to extremePain, especially in the back and jointsPsychological issues such as negative self-esteem, depression, shame, and social isolation Symptoms of Obesity in Children The CDC says the rate of childhood obesity in the U.S. has tripled in the last 50 years. In 2020, nearly 20% of American children and adolescents (ages 2 to 19) were considered to have obesity. Common childhood obesity symptoms may include: Fatty tissue deposits (may be noticeable in the breast area) Stretch marks on the hips and back Acanthosis nigricans (dark velvety skin around the neck and other areas) Shortness of breath with physical activity Sleep apnea Constipation Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Low self-esteem Early puberty in biological females/delayed puberty in biological males Orthopedic problems, such as flat feet or dislocated hips Childhood obesity rates vary between different groups. Childhood Obesity Rate Asian 9% White 16.6% Black 24.8% Hispanic 26.2% Source: CDC An Overview of Childhood Obesity Symptoms of Morbid Obesity Morbid obesity is a growing health concern in many developed countries of the world today, particularly in the United States. You're considered to be affected by morbid obesity if: You're 100 pounds over your optimal body weight. Your body mass index (BMI) is 40 or higher. Your BMI is 35 or higher and you have high blood pressure or type 2 diabetes. Morbid obesity is also called extreme obesity or class III obesity. It can make it hard to complete everyday activities such as walking and can make it hard to breathe. It also raises your risk of many serious health conditions. Obesity: Coping, Support, and Living Well Causes of Obesity There are many underlying factors that can contribute to obesity. Genetic Factors Early-onset obesity can develop in kids due to rare genetic disorders. These disorders involve genes that play a role in regulating appetite and energy expenditure. These conditions and their effects include: Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency obesity: Key symptoms include extreme hunger (hyperphagia) starting during infancy, early-onset obesity, and hormonal problems. Leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency obesity: Key symptoms include hyperphagia, severe early-onset obesity, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (when the testicles or ovaries produce little or no sex hormones). Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS): Key symptoms include early-onset obesity, hyperphagia, vision impairment, having an extra finger or toe (polydactyly), and kidney problems. Let a child's healthcare provider know if you see any of these symptoms. Childhood Obesity Treatment Options Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Factors Lifestyle factors that can increase your risk for obesity include: Lack of physical activityUnhealthy eating behaviorsNot getting enough sleepExperiencing high amounts of stress Socioeconomic status is another factor associated with obesity. Studies show that people with a lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have a higher BMI. For example, children in lower-income families are more likely to have obesity than those in high-income households. Why There's Controversy About the Use of BMI Values Diseases and Conditions Certain medical problems or health conditions may cause weight gain. They include: Hypothyroidism Metabolic syndrome Cushing's syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Prader-Willi syndrome Pregnancy Medications Certain medications can also contribute to weight gain. They include: Antidepressants Antipsychotics Beta-blockers Birth control Glucocorticoids Insulin Diagnosing Obesity To diagnose obesity, a healthcare professional uses two measurements to assess health risks related to your weight. Body mass index Body mass index (BMI) is a number that's calculated using your height and body weight. The following chart shows how your BMI corresponds to your weight status. BMI Weight Status Below 18.5 Underweight 18.5-24.9 Normal 25.0-29.9 Overweight 30 or greater Obesity 40 or greater Morbid obesity Keep in mind that BMI isn’t always an accurate measurement of body fat content. BMI is a dated, flawed measure. It does not take into account factors such as body composition, ethnicity, sex, race, and age. For example, muscle weighs more than fat, so some athletes might have a BMI that suggests clinical obesity even when they have very little body fat. Even though it is a biased measure, BMI is still widely used in the medical community because it’s an inexpensive and quick way to analyze a person’s potential health status and outcomes. Waist Circumference Waist circumference is measured at a point halfway between the lowest rib and the top of the hip bone. According to the CDC, you have a higher risk of developing obesity-related conditions if you are: A male with a waist circumference greater than 40 inchesA non-pregnant female with a waist circumference greater than 35 inches Having excessive abdominal fat has been linked to obesity-related conditions, such as: Type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Coronary artery disease While your waist circumference is often a better predictor of health risk than your BMI, it too has its limitations. That said, it's important for healthcare providers to look at the complete picture of your weight and health before making a diagnosis of obesity. Obesity Classes 1 Through 3: Each Category Explained Complications Related to Obesity Obesity can contribute to many serious health disorders. Serious health complications that are more likely to occur with obesity include: High blood pressure (hypertension) or heart disease from the heart working harder to pump blood throughout the body High cholesterol levels (fatty deposits that can block arteries), which can lead to stroke, heart attack, and other complications Type 2 diabetes, which is directly linked to obesity in nearly 50% of cases Some types of cancer, which are linked to obesity in about 40% of cases Asthma, plus worse asthma symptoms and control, which leads to more hospitalizations and medication usage Obese asthma, which is a unique type of asthma found only in some people with obesity Kidney disease due to kidney damage from chronic high blood pressure Osteoarthritis from excess strain on the joints, bones, and muscles Gallbladder disease, which becomes 7% more likely with each step up on the BMI chart Sleep apnea from fat deposits in the neck and tongue that block airways GERD, hiatal hernia, and heartburn from excess weight pushing on the valve that's supposed to keep stomach contents out of the esophagus When such health conditions are present, they can cause serious long-term disabilities and even increase one's risk of death. People with obesity are known to experience a shortened lifespan because of this. Negative Impact of Weight Bias People who are classified as having clinical obesity can experience weight-related stigma. Health and social settings often place blame on these individuals for their weight status in spite of evidence highlighting the influence of genetic factors. As a result, people who are classified as having clinical obesity are often stereotyped as lazy, unintelligent, and undisciplined.Experiencing weight discrimination has been linked to an increased likelihood of developing depression, eating disorders, and patterns of low physical activity. What Are the Causes of Obesity? Summary Obesity (defined as a BMI over 30) can occur in adults and children. It causes symptoms including shortness of breath, fatigue, and joint pain, among others. Obesity can also cause psychological problems including low self-esteem and depression due to social stigma. Health conditions such as asthma, diabetes, and high blood pressure often go hand-in-hand with obesity. Resulting complications include heart problems, stroke, and kidney disease. 19 Sources Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. World Health Organization. Obesity. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult obesity facts. Kyle TK, Dhurandhar EJ, Allison DB. Regarding obesity as a disease: Evolving policies and their implications. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2016;45(3):511-520. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.004 Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: A big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33(7):673-89. doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x Değirmenci T, Kalkan-oğuzhanoğlu N, Sözeri-varma G, Özdel O, Fenkçi S. Psychological symptoms in obesity and related factors. 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Obes Facts. 2017;10(5):483-492. doi:10.1159/000480525 Centers for Disease Control. Cancers linked with obesity and overweight make up 40% of cancer diagnosed in the United States. Centers for Disease Control an Prevention. Asthma and obesity. Ray A, Oriss TB, Wenzel SE. Emerging molecular phenotypes of asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015;308(2):L130-L140. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00070.2014 Obesity Action Coalition. Gallbladder disease and the patient with obesity. Puhl RM, Heuer CA. Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(6):1019-1028. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491 Additional Reading Australian Government, Department of Health: healthdirect. Obesity. By Sherry Christiansen Christiansen is a medical writer with a healthcare background. She has worked in the hospital setting and collaborated on Alzheimer's research. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Medical Expert Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? 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