Pike CNHI - Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program

Pike County 

Natural Heritage Inventory 2011 

Clockwise from top left: Long 

Pond Swamp, spotted turtle, 

bog rosemary, prickly pear 

cactus, and white-fringed orchid 

Photos: PNHP

PIKE COUNTY 

NATURAL HERITAGE INVENTORY 

July 2011 

Prepared for: 

Pike County Planning Commission 

837 Route 6, Unit 4 

Shohola, PA 18458 

Prepared by: 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program 

Western Pennsylvania Conservancy 

800 Waterfront Drive 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 

The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) is a partnership between the Western Pennsylvania 

Conservancy (WPC), the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), the 

Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC), and the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC). 

PNHP is a member of NatureServe, which coordinates natural heritage efforts through an international 

network of member programs—known as natural heritage programs or conservation data centers— 

operating in all 50 U.S. states, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean. 

This project was funded through grants supplied by the DCNR Wild Resource Conservation 

Program, the Pike County Scenic Rural Character Preservation Program, and the Pike County 

Conservation District 

Copies of this report are available in electronic format through the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage 

Program website, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us, and through the Pike County Planning Commission.

Preface 

The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) is responsible for collecting, tracking, and 

interpreting information regarding the Commonwealth’s biological diversity. County Natural Heritage 

Inventories (CNHIs) are an important part of the work of PNHP. Since 1989, PNHP has conducted 

county inventories as a means to both gather new information about natural resources and to pass this 

information along to those responsible for making decisions about the resources in the county, including 

the community at large. This County Natural Heritage Inventory focuses on the best examples of living 

ecological resources in Pike County. The county must address historic, cultural, educational, water 

supply, agricultural, and scenic resources through other projects and programs. Although the inventory 

was conducted using a tested and proven methodology, it is best viewed as a preliminary report on the 

county’s natural heritage. Further investigations could, and likely will, uncover previously unidentified 

areas of significance. Likewise, in-depth investigations of sites listed in this report could reveal features 

of further or greater significance than have been documented. We encourage additional inventory work 

across the county to further the efforts begun with this study. Keep in mind that there will be more places 

to add to those identified here and that this document can be updated as necessary to accommodate new 

information. 

Consider this inventory as an invitation for the people of Pike County to explore and discuss their natural 

heritage and to learn about and participate in the conservation of the living ecological resources of the 

county. Ultimately, it will be up to the landowners, residents, and officials of Pike County to determine 

how to use this information. Several potential applications for the information within the County Natural 

Heritage Inventory for a number of user groups follow: 

Planners and Government Staff. Typically, the planning office in a county administers county 

inventory projects. The inventories are often used in conjunction with other resource information 

(agricultural areas, slope and soil overlays, floodplain maps, etc.) in review for various projects and in 

comprehensive planning. Natural Heritage Areas may be included under various zoning categories, such 

as conservation or forest zones, within parks and greenways, and even within agricultural security areas. 

There are many possibilities for the conservation of Natural Heritage Areas within the context of public 

amenities, recreational opportunities, and resource management. 

County, State and Federal Agencies. In many counties, Natural Heritage Areas lie within or include 

state or federal lands. Agencies such as the Pennsylvania Game Commission, the Pennsylvania Bureau of 

Forestry, and the Army Corps of Engineers can use the inventory to understand the extent of the resource. 

Agencies can also learn the requirements of the individual plant, animal, or community elements and the 

general approach that protection could assume. County Conservation Districts may use the inventories to 

focus attention on resources (high diversity streams or wetlands) and as a reference in encouraging good 

management practices. 

Environmental and Development Consultants. Environmental consultants are called upon to plan for a 

multitude of development projects including road construction, housing developments, commercial 

enterprises, and infrastructure expansion. Design of these projects requires that all resources impacted be 

known and understood. Decisions made with inadequate information can lead to substantial and costly 

delays. County Natural Heritage Inventories (CNHIs) provide a first look at biological resources, 

including plants and animals listed as rare, threatened, or endangered in Pennsylvania and in the nation. 

Consultants can then see potential conflicts long before establishing footprints or developing detailed 

plans and before applying for permits. This allows projects to be changed early on in the process when 

flexibility is at a maximum. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Preface / iii

Environmental consultants are increasingly called upon to produce resource plans (e.g. River 

Conservation Plans, Parks and Open Space Plans, and Greenway Plans) that must integrate a variety of 

biological, physical, and social information. CNHIs can help define watershed-level resources and 

priorities for conservation and are often used as the framework for these plans. 

Developers. Working with environmental consultants, developers can consider options for development 

that add value while protecting key resources. Incorporating greenspace, wetlands, and forest buffers into 

various kinds of development can attract homeowners and businesses that desire to have natural amenities 

nearby. Just as parks have traditionally raised property values, so too can natural areas. CNHIs can 

suggest opportunities where development and conservation can complement one another. 

Educators. Curricula in primary, secondary and college level classes often focus on biological science at 

the chemical or microbiological level. Field sciences do not always receive the attention that they deserve. 

Natural areas can provide unique opportunities for students to witness, first-hand, the organisms and 

natural communities that are critical to maintaining biological diversity. Teachers can use CNHIs to show 

students where and why local and regional diversity occurs, and to aid in curriculum development for 

environment and ecology academic standards. With proper permission and arrangements through 

landowners and the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, students can visit Natural Heritage Areas 

and establish appropriate research or monitoring projects. 

Conservation Organizations. Organizations that have missions related to the conservation of biological 

diversity can turn to the inventory as a source of prioritized places in the county. Such a reference can 

help guide internal planning and define the essential resources that can be the focus of protection efforts. 

Land trusts and conservancies throughout Pennsylvania have made use of the inventories to do this sort of 

planning and prioritization and are now engaged in conservation efforts on highly significant sites in 

individual counties and regions. 

Natural Heritage Inventories and Environmental Review 

The results presented in this report represent a snapshot in time, highlighting the sensitive natural areas within 

Pike County. The sites in the Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory have been identified to help guide wise 

land use and county planning. The Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory is a planning tool, but is not meant to 

be used as a substitute for environmental review, since information is constantly being updated as natural 

resources are both destroyed and discovered. Planning Commissions and applicants for building permits should 

conduct free, online, environmental reviews to inform them of project-specific potential conflicts with sensitive 

natural resources. Environmental reviews can be conducted by visiting the PNHP website at 

http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us. If conflicts are noted during the environmental review process, the 

applicant is informed of the steps to take to minimize negative effects on sensitive natural resources. A pdf 

version of all completed County Natural Heritage Inventories can also be found on the PNHP website. All 

Natural Heritage Areas identified statewide can be viewed at 

http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/cnhi/cnhi.htm. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Preface / iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We would like to acknowledge the many citizens and landowners of the county and surrounding areas 

who volunteered information, time, and effort to the inventory and granted permission to access land. 

We especially thank: 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory Advisory Committee, including: 

Sally Corrigan – Pike County Planning Commission 

Scot Boyce – Pike County Planning Commission 

Nick Dickerson – Pike County Planning Commission 

Susan Beecher – Pike County Conservation District 

Nick Spinelli – Pike County Conservation District 

Tim Ladner – Bureau of Forestry 

Sue Currier – Delaware Highlands Conservancy 

Amanda Subjin – Delaware Highlands Conservancy 

Bud Cook – The Nature Conservancy 

Su Fanok – The Nature Conservancy 

Scott Savini – Blooming Grove Hunting and Fishing Club 

We would also like to thank the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources for 

providing the funding to make this report possible. Funding was also provided by the Pike County Scenic 

Rural Character Preservation Program, the Pike County Conservation District, and the Pike County 

Commissioners. A special thank-you goes to the people of Pike County for their interest and hospitality. 

We want to recognize the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program and NatureServe for providing the 

foundation for the work that we perform for these studies. Current and former PNHP staff that contributed 

to this report include Jeff Wagner, Rocky Gleason, Andrew Strassman, Charlie Eichelberger, Chris 

Tracey, Pete Woods, John Kunsman, Mary Walsh, Ryan Miller, Ephraim Zimmerman, Sally Ray, Beth 

Meyer, Jake Boyle, Steve Grund, Tony Davis, Kathy Gipe, Jim Hart, Betsy Leppo, Matt Kowalski, Susan 

Klugman, Erika Schoen, and Kierstin Carlson. 

Without the support and help from these people and organizations, the inventory would not have seen 

completion. We encourage comments and questions. The success of the report will be measured by the 

use it receives and the utility it serves to those making decisions about resources and land use throughout 

the county. Thank you for your interest. 

Denise Watts, Ecologist 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory / vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

How to use this document 

The Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory is designed to provide information about the biodiversity of 

Pike County. The Introduction of the report has an overview of the process behind this inventory as well 

as an overview of the Natural History of Pike County. Results are presented at the broad landscape view, 

then move into finer scale results presented by township. Natural Heritage Areas that cross municipal 

boundaries are cross-referenced in each township section. Finally, conclusions and overall 

recommendations follow the township sections. 

Preface .........................................................................................................................................................iii 

Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................................iv 

Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................vii 

Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................................xi 

Introduction...................................................................................................................................................1 

County Overview..........................................................................................................................................3 

Overview of the Natural Features of Pike County........................................................................................4 

Physiography and Geology .......................................................................................................................5 

Soils ..........................................................................................................................................................5 

Vegetation.................................................................................................................................................7 

Flowing Water and Major Stream Systems ............................................................................................10 

Disturbance .............................................................................................................................................13 

Invasive Species in Pike County.............................................................................................................15 

Natural Resources ...................................................................................................................................20 

A Review of the Animals of Pike County...................................................................................................21 

Mammals of Pike County .......................................................................................................................21 

Birds of Pike County...............................................................................................................................25 

Reptiles and Amphibians of Pike County ...............................................................................................27 

Fishes of Pike County .............................................................................................................................31 

Freshwater Mussels of Pike County........................................................................................................34 

Insects of Pike County ............................................................................................................................35 

Methods ......................................................................................................................................................39 

Site Selection ..........................................................................................................................................39 

Ground Surveys ......................................................................................................................................39 

Data Analysis and Mapping....................................................................................................................39 

Results.........................................................................................................................................................41 

Natural Heritage Areas & Conservation Planning Categories....................................................................41 

Landscape-scale Conservation................................................................................................................41 

Important Bird Areas (IBAs) of Pike County .....................................................................................46 

Important Mammal Areas (IMAs) of Pike County.............................................................................49 

Natural Heritage Areas ...........................................................................................................................51 

Blooming Grove Township.................................................................................................................52 

Delaware Township ............................................................................................................................71 

Dingman Township.............................................................................................................................82 

Greene Township................................................................................................................................95 

Lackawaxen Township .....................................................................................................................104 

Lehman Township ............................................................................................................................117 

Milford Township & Milford Borough.............................................................................................127 

Palmyra Township ............................................................................................................................135 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Table of Contents/ vii

Porter Township................................................................................................................................143 

Shohola Township ............................................................................................................................153 

Westfall Township & Matamoras Borough ......................................................................................163 

Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................177 

Literature Cited .........................................................................................................................................179 

GIS Data Sources......................................................................................................................................184 

Appendices................................................................................................................................................185 

Appendix I: Federal and State Endangered Species Ranking...............................................................185 

Appendix II: Pennsylvania Element Occurrence Quality Ranks ..........................................................189 

Appendix III: ‘EasyEO’ form and instructions.....................................................................................190 

Appendix IV: Species of Concern in Pike County documented in the Pennsylvania Natural Diversity 

Inventory database. ...............................................................................................................................192 

Appendix V: Sustainable Forestry Information Sources ......................................................................197 

Appendix VI: Sustainable Development Information Sources.............................................................199 

Appendix VII: PNHP Aquatic Community Classification ...................................................................200 

Appendix VIII: Species of Concern Fact Sheets..................................................................................214 

This reference may be cited as: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. 2011. Pike County 

Natural Heritage Inventory. Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. 

Middletown, PA. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Table of Contents / viii

¹ 

LAKEVILLE 

BUCK HILL FALLS NEWFOUNDLAND 

61 

Wayne County 

60 

Monroe County 

WHITE MILLS 

SKYTOP HAWLEY 

59 

62 

63 

GREENE 

PALMYRA 

PROMISED LAND 

65 

64 

58 

100 

17 

16 

67 

13 

99 

55 

57 

14 

98 

7 

66 

69 

11 

56 

10 

ROWLAND 

68 

70 

2 

4 

LACKAWAXEN 

54 

PECKSPOND 

71 

73 

72 

97 

3 

52 

5 

9 

8 

PORTER 

1 

49 

74 

12 

21 

94 

102 

103 

48 

15 

53 

51 

50 

45 

BLOOMING GROVE 

101 

TWELVEMILE POND 

18 

19 

BUSHKILL 

6 

20 

104 

96 

75 

95 

117 

118 

NARROWSBURG 

77 

116 

93 

119 

120 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory 

Site Index 

ELDRED (NY) 

46 

92 

106 

105 

108 

EDGEMERE 

76 

87 

44 

47 

43 

SHOHOLA 

23 

DINGMAN 

78 

22 

42 

86 

88 

89 

91 

114 

LEHMAN 

121 

FLATBROOKVILLE 

115 

90 

25 

107 

85 

109 

41 

83 

24 

79 

DELAWARE 

110 

112 

SHOHOLA 

111 

POND EDDY 

113 

29 

27 

30 

40 

LAKE MASKENOZHA 

81 

82 

84 

26 

28 

31 

39 

80 

32 

MILFORD 

33 

34 

35 

WESTFALL 

38 

PORT JERVISNORTH 

37 

MILFORD 

CULVERS GAP 

36 

1:230,000 

0 1 2 4 

Miles 

6 

Natural Heritage Area 

# and Significance 

Exceptional 

High 

Notable 

Local 

PORT JERVISSOUTH 

Core Habitat 

Supporting 

Landscape 

Township 

Boundaries 

USGS 

Quadrangles 

Natural Heritage Areas 

# SiteName 

1 Delaware River North of Handsome Eddy 

2 Panther Lake 

3 Welcome Lake 

4 Masthope Creek 

5 Point Peter 

6 State Game Lands #316 Slopes 

7 WolfLake 

8 Forest Lake 

9 Corilla Lake 

10 Teedyuskung Lake 

11 Little Teedyuskung Lake 

12 Westcolang Pond 

13 Tinkwig CreekRoadside 

14 Lackawaxen River at Baoba 

15 Lackawaxen River at Rowland 

16 Decker Pond 

17 Buckhorn Mountain Slopes 

18 Fourmile Pond Wetland 

19 Spring Brook Wetland 

20 GermantownSwamp 

21 Lake Greeley 

22 Shohola Falls 

23 Bald Hill 

24 Walker Lake 

25 Twin Lakes and Wetland 

26 

Delaware River betweenHandsome Eddy 

and Dingmans Ferry 

27 State Game Lands #209 Wetland 

28 Bushkill Swamp 

29 LilyPond BrookHeadwaters 30 Pinchot Brook Wetlands 

31 Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands 

32 Buckhorn Oak Barrens 

33 Stairway Lake Wetland 

34 Milrift Flats 

35 Milrift Cliffs 

36 MatamorasCliffs 37 Mashipacong Cliffs 

38 OldPortJervisRoadShale Barrens 

39 Pinchot Falls 

40 Sawkill Pond 

41 Sawkill Mud Pond 

42 Crooked Swamp 

43 Shohola Lake 

44 Shohola Falls Swamp 

45 Wells Road Swamp 

46 Taylortown Swamp 

47 Shohola Falls West 

48 Little MudPond North 

49 Smiths Swamp 

50 Billings Creek 

51 Billings Pond 

52 Beaver Lake 

53 Lake Giles 

54 Blooming Grove Creek 

55 White Deer Lake 

56 Gates Run Wetland 

57 Mainses P ond 

58 Fairview Lake 

59 Lake Wallenpaupack 

60 Route 507Wetland 

Bolded sites arenew in the 2011 update 


# SiteName 

61 East Branch Wallenpaupack Creek 

62 Pine Lake 

63 Lake Paupack 

64 Promised Land Lake 

65 Egypt Meadow Lake 

66 Bruce Lake 

67 Long Pond Swamp 

68 Lake Scott 

69 Lake Laura 

70 HighKnob 

71 Pit Road 

72 White BirchSwamp 

73 Pecks Pond 

74 Maple Swamp 

75 Rock Hill Ridge 

76 Rock Hill Pond 

77 Ben Bush Swamp 

78 Dark Swamp 

79 Log Tavern Pond 

80 Milford Cliffs 

81 Raymondskill Falls 

82 Dry Brook Shale Barren 

83 Adams Creek Ravine 

84 Dingmans Falls 

85 Fulmer Falls 

86 Long Swamp 

87 Bald Hill Swamp 

88 Sap Swamp 

89 Silver Lake 

90 Little Bear Swamp 

91 Big Bear Swamp 

92 Big Bear Swamp Wetland 

93 Little Mud Pond 

94 Elbow Swamp 

95 Painter Swamp 

96 Edgemere Road 

97 Porters Lake 

98 Lake Belle 

99 Goose Pond 

100 East Mountain 

101 Beaver Run Club Pond 

102 BigSwamp 

103 Twelvemile Pond 

104 Lake Minisink 

105 Bushkill Road 

106 MinksPond 

107 Lake Maskenozha and Wetlands 

108 Little Bushkill Swamp 

109 SunsetLake Woodlands 

110 Deckers Creek Ravine 

111 Glenside Shale Barren 

112 Dickinson Road Bluff 

113 

Delaware River South of Dingmans 

Ferry 

114 Stuckey Lake 

115 Eschbach Heights Shale Barren 

116 Third Pond 

117 Second Pond 

118 First Pond 

119 Sugar Mountain Swamp 

120 Shoemakers Barren 

121 Bushkill Shale Cliff

Executive Summary 

Table 1. Natural Heritage Areas categorized by significance. 

Site Name 

Exceptional 

Municipality(ies) Description Page 

Beaver Lake 

Bruce Lake 

Delaware River 

between Handsome 

Eddy and Dingmans 

Ferry 

Delaware River South 

of Dingmans Ferry 

Lake Scott 

Little Mud Pond North 

Little Teedyuskung 

Lake 

Long Pond Swamp 

Blooming Grove 

Township 


Township 

Delaware, Dingman, 

Milford, Shohola, and 

Westfall Townships 

Delaware and Lehman 

Townships 


Township 


Township 

Lackawaxen Township 


Township 

Rock Hill Pond Dingman Township 

Sawkill Mud Pond 

Smiths Swamp 

High 

Dingman and Milford 

Townships 


Township 

Bald Hill Shohola Township 

A privately owned glacial lake that supports 

nine plant species of concern, three natural 

communities of concern, and an additional 

species of concern. 

This glacial lake is a state forest natural area 

that supports nine plant, one butterfly, and four 

natural communities of concern. 

This section of the Delaware River provides 

habitat for three mussel, six dragonfly, four 

plant, and two additional species of concern. 

A stretch of the Delaware River that supports 

populations of three mussel, one moth, four 

plant, and one additional species of concern. 

This glacial lake complex contains seven plant 

and four natural communities of concern. 

A glacial lake complex that provides habitat for 

seven plants, five insects, and five natural 

communities of concern. 

Four plants and four natural communities of 

concern are found on this privately owned 

glacial lake complex. 

A state forest natural area that supports five 

plants, one butterfly, and three natural 

communities of concern on a glacial lake. 

Five plant species and three natural 

communities of concern were found on this 

bog complex. 

This privately owned bog complex provides 

habitat for five plant species and six natural 


A small, publicly owned bog opening that 

contains nine plants, three insects, and two 

natural communities of concern. 

A natural community of concern that supports 

four plant species of concern and an additional 


Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / 

52 

52 

71, 82, 

127, 

153, 

163 

71, 117 

53 

53 

105 

54 

83 

83, 128 

55 

153 

xi

Site Name Municipality(ies) Description Page 

Big Bear Swamp Delaware Township 

Bushkill Shale Cliff Lehman Township 

Bushkill Swamp Shohola Township 

Corilla Lake Lackawaxen Township 

Crooked Swamp Dingman Township 

Delaware River North 

of Handsome Eddy 

Lackawaxen and 

Shohola Townships 

East Mountain Greene Township 

Forest Lake Lackawaxen Township 

Goose Pond Greene Township 

Lake Giles 


Township 

Lake Minisink Porter Township 

Little Mud Pond Porter Township 

Log Tavern Pond Dingman Township 

Mashipacong Cliffs Westfall Township 

This publicly owned forested wetland supports 

a plant and natural community of concern. 

A natural community of concern located along 

the cliffs of the Delaware River that provides 

habitat for a species of concern. 

This small bog opening contains a natural 

community of concern and supports five plant 

and three dragonfly species of concern. 

A glacial lake that is a natural community of 

concern and provides habitat for four plant 

species of concern and one plant species on the 

PNHP Watch List. 

This degraded bog complex supports four 

plants, two insects, and four natural 


A section of the Delaware River that supports 

populations of two mussel, six dragonfly, one 

plant, and one additional species of concern. 

This site is a natural community of concern 

that supports one moth and one plant species of 

concern. 

A privately owned lake that is a natural 

community of concern and contains three plant 

species of concern and three plant species on 

the PNHP Watch List. 

This disturbed bog complex provides habitat for 

one bird and five plant species of concern, as 

well as two species on the PNHP Watch List. 

A glacial lake that provides habitat for four 

plant species of concern. 

A heavily developed lake that supports five 

plant species of concern and one plant species 

on the PNHP Watch List. 

This glacial lake complex supports six plants, 

one dragonfly, and three natural communities 

of concern, as well as a plant species on the 


This developed lake provides habitat for four 

plant species of concern and four plant species 


Steep habitat along the Delaware River that is a 

natural community of concern and provides 

habitat for two species of concern 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / xii 

71 

117 

153 

104 

82 

104, 

153 

95 

104 

95 

53 

143 

143 

82 

163


Milford Cliffs Dingman Township 

Millrift Cliffs Westfall Township 

Millrift Flats Westfall Township 

Pecks Pond 

Blooming Grove and 

Porter Townships 

Pine Lake Greene Township 

Promised Land Lake 

Blooming Grove, 

Greene and Palmyra 

Townships 

Raymondskill Falls Dingman Township 

Twelvemile Pond Porter Township 

Twin Lakes and 

Wetland 

White Deer Lake 

Shohola Township 


Township 

Wolf Lake Lackawaxen Township 

Notable 

Adams Creek Ravine Delaware Township 

Bald Hill Swamp Porter Township 

Steep cliffs along the Delaware River create a 

natural community of concern that provides 


Steep cliffs along the Delaware River that are a 

natural community of concern and supports a 

plant species of concern and an additional 


A natural community of concern that supports 

five moth species of concern. 

Eight plants, one dragonfly, and one natural 

community of concern are found in the 

modified glacial lake complex. 

This glacial lake provides habitat for 3 plants, 3 

insects, and one natural community of concern, 

as well as a plant species on the PNHP Watch 

List. 

A state park with two man-made lakes that 

supports seven plant species and three natural 


This waterfall is a geologic feature of concern 

that provides habitat for two dragonfly and five 


This natural community of concern supports 

three plant species of concern and one 

additional species of concern. 

A developed lake and nearby wetlands that 

provide habitat for six plant and one dragonfly 

species of concern, and well as a plant species 


A glacial wetland that contains two natural 

communities, three plants, and one additional 

species of concern, as well as a plant species on 


This glacial lake is a natural community of 

concern that provides habitat for six plant 

species of concern and two plant species on the 


A forested stream that supports populations of 

two plant species of concern. 

This forested wetland and adjacent stream 

corridor contain two natural communities of 

concern and one bird species of concern. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / xiii 

83 

163 

163 

54, 144 

95 

55, 96, 

136 

83 

144 

154 

56 

106 

71 

143


Beaver Run Club Pond Porter Township 

Ben Bush Swamp Dingman Township 

Big Bear Swamp 

Wetland 

Delaware Township 

Big Swamp Porter Township 

Billings Creek 


Creek 

Buckhorn Mountain 

Slopes 

Buckhorn Oak Barren 


Township 


Township 

Palmyra Township 

Milford and Westfall 

Townships 

Bushkill Road Porter Township 

Dark Swamp Dingman Township 

Decker Pond Palmyra Township 

Deckers Creek Ravine Lehman Township 

Dickinson Road Bluff 

Dimmick Meadow 

Brook Wetlands 

Lehman Township 

Milford and Westfall 

Townships 

Dingmans Falls Delaware Township 

Dry Brook Shale 

Barren 

East Branch 

Wallenpaupack Creek 


Greene Township 

Edgemere Road Porter Township 

A man-made lake that provides habitat for 

three plant species of concern. 

This palustrine forest is a natural community of 

concern. 

One plant species of concern was found in this 

red spruce dominated palustrine forest. 

A forested wetland that provides habitat for a 


A disturbed stream channel that provides 


This section of Blooming Grove Creek 

supports one bird, one dragonfly, and one plant 


A small quarry that provides habitat for a plant 


One butterfly species of concern was found in 

this barrens habitat that is a natural community 

of concern. 

This roadside provides habitat for a species of 

concern. 

One dragonfly and one plant species of concern 

were found in this graminoid wetland. 

This man-made wetland supports one plant and 

five insect species of concern. 


forested habitat. 

143 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / xiv 

82 

71 

143 

52 

52 

135 

127, 

163 

143 

82 

135 

117 

This open habitat supports a species of 

117 

concern. 

Graminoid openings in this wetland contain 127, 

one plant and one dragonfly species of concern. 163 

This waterfall provides habitat for two plants, 

one natural community, and one geologic 71 

feature of concern. 

A dry, open natural community of concern that 

supports a species of concern. 

Two dragonfly and two additional species of 

concern were found in this section of East 

Branch Wallenpaupack Creek. 

A species of concern was found in this 

roadside habitat. 

72 

95 

143


Egypt Meadow Lake 


Palmyra Townships 

Elbow Swamp Porter Township 

Eschbach Heights 

Shale Barren 


Fairview Lake Palmyra Township 

First Pond Lehman Township 

Fourmile Pond 

Wetland 


Fulmer Falls Delaware Township 

Gates Run Wetland 


Township 

Germantown Swamp Lackawaxen Township 

Glenside Shale Barren 

High Knob 

Lackawaxen River at 

Baoba 

Lackawaxen River at 

Rowland 


Townships 


Township 

Lackawaxen and 



Lake Belle Greene Township 

Lake Greeley Lackawaxen Township 

This man-made lake provides habitat for three 

plants, three dragonflies, and one natural 

community of concern. 


forested wetland that is a natural community of 

concern. A butterfly species of concern was 

found along the edge of the wetland. 

This habitat supports a population of a species 

of concern. 

This man-made lake provides habitat for two 

plant species of concern and two plant species 


A plant species of concern and a plant species 

on the PNHP Watch List were found in this 

man-made lake. 

This wetland provides habitat for a species of 

concern. 

A waterfall that is a natural community and 

geologic feature of concern. 

This wetland provides breeding habitat for a 

bird species of concern. 

This forested wetland is a natural community 

of concern. 




An upland forest habitat that supports one plant 

species of concern, one natural community of 

concern, and an additional species of concern 

This section of the Lackawaxen River supports 

one dragonfly, three plant, and one additional 


The Lackawaxen River in this area provides 

habitat for one dragonfly, one plant, and one 


This glacial lake is a natural community of 

concern that supports a plant species of 

concern. 

One plant species of concern and one plant 

species on the PNHP Watch List are located in 

this man-made lake. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / 

53, 135 

143 

117 

135 

117 

104 

72 

53 

104 

72, 117 

53 

104, 

135 

105 

95 

105 

xv


Lake Laura 

Lake Maskenozha and 

Wetlands 


Greene Townships 


Townships 

Lake Paupack Greene Township 

Lake Wallenpaupack 

Lily Pond Brook 

Headwaters 

Greene and Palmyra 

Townships 

Milford Township 

Little Bear Swamp Delaware Township 

Little Bush Kill 

Swamp 

Long Swamp 

Mainses Pond 

Maple Swamp 


Delaware and Dingman 

Townships 




Township 

Masthope Creek Lackawaxen Township 

Matamoras Cliffs Westfall Township 

Minks Pond 

Old Port Jervis Road 

Shale Barrens 


Townships 

Westfall Township 

Painter Swamp Porter Township 

Panther Lake Lackawaxen Township 

A privately owned glacial lake that supports 

two plant species of concern. 

This privately owned man-made lake and 

associated wetlands provides habitat for three 

plants and one natural community of concern. 

Two plant species of concern are found in two 

natural communities of concern in this glacial 

lake. 

This large man-made lake provides habitat for 

one bird and one plant species of concern. 

A forested wetland and nearby flooded wetland 

that support an insect and a plant species of 

concern. 

This forested wetland provides habitat for a 


A plant species of concern was found in this 

forested wetland. 

A privately owned wetland that contains a 

plant and natural community of concern. 

This man-made lake supports a population of a 

plant species of concern, as well as five plant 

species on the PNHP Watch List. 

A wetland surrounded by development that 

provides habitat for three plants, one dragonfly, 

and two natural communities of concern. 

A stream and associated wetlands that supports 

a species of concern. 


natural community of concern and provides 


One plant species and one natural community 

of concern were found in this man-made lake. 




53, 95 

72, 117 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / xvi 

95 

95, 135 

127 

72 

117 

72, 83 

54, 135 

54 

105 

163 

72, 117 

164 

This modified bog habitat provides habitat for 

one plant and one dragonfly species of concern. 144 

A modified glacial lake that supports a plant 


105


Pinchot Brook 

Wetlands 

Pinchot Falls 


Dingman and Milford 

Townships 

Pit Road Porter Township 

Point Peter Lackawaxen Township 

Porters Lake Porter Township 

Rock Hill Ridge 


Dingman Townships 

Route 507 Wetland Greene Township 

Sap Swamp 

Delaware and Porter 

Townships 

Sawkill Pond Dingman Township 

Second Pond Lehman Township 

Shoemakers Barren Lehman Township 

Shohola Falls Shohola Township 

Shohola Falls Swamp Shohola Township 

Shohola Falls West 

Shohola Lake 


Township 

Blooming Grove, 

Dingman, and Shohola 

Townships 

Silver Lake Delaware Township 

A beaver modified wetland that supports three 

insect and one plant species of concern. 

This waterfall is a natural community and 

geologic feature of concern. 

Roadside habitat that supports a plant species 

of concern. 

This natural community of concern provides 


Two man-made lakes that provide habitat for 

three plant species of concern and an additional 


This dry forest habitat provides habitat for two 


One bird and one plant species of concern were 

found in this beaver modified wetland. 

A graminoid dominated, beaver modified 

wetland that supports a dragonfly species of 

concern. 

This man-made lake provides habitat for a 


A privately owned lake that supports three 

plant species of concern and one plant on the 


Two natural communities of concern that 

provide habitat for a species of concern. 

This waterfall is a geologic feature of concern. 

A small nearby wetland supports a plant 


A forested wetland that is a natural community 

of concern. 

This upland habitat supports a population of a 


A man-made lake that provides habitat for one 

bird, three plant, and one additional species of 

concern. 

Two plant species of concern were found in 

this man-made lake. 

127 

83, 127 

144 

105 

144 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / xvii 

83 

96 

72, 144 

84 

118 

118 

154 

154 

55 

55, 84, 

154 

72


Spring Brook Wetland 

Stairway Lake 

Wetland 

State Game Lands 

#209 Wetland 


#316 Slopes 


Lackawaxen Townships 




Stuckey Lake Lehman Township 

Sugar Mountain 

Swamp 

Sunset Lake 

Woodlands 

Taylortown Swamp 




Township 

Teedyuskung Lake Lackawaxen Township 

Third Pond Lehman Township 

Tinkwig Creek 

Roadside 


Welcome Lake Lackawaxen Township 

Well Road Swamp 


Township 

Westcolang Pond Lackawaxen Township 

White Birch Swamp 

Local 

Billings Pond 


Porter Townships 


Township 

Walker Lake Shohola Township 

A wetland that provides breeding habitat for a 

bird species of concern. 


of concern that provides habitat for a plant 


A graminoid dominated wetland that supports a 


This small grassland opening in the 

surrounding forest provides habitat for a plant 


A man-made lake that supports a plant species 

of concern. 

This small headwaters wetland contains a 

population of a plant species of concern. 

Woodlands that support a population of a moth 



of concern. 


this privately owned lake. 

A degraded wetland that supports a plant 

species of concern and a plant species on the 


Roadside habitat that supports a small 

population of a species of concern. 


this glacial lake that is a natural community of 

concern. 

This forested wetland contains a plant and a 

natural community of concern. 

A man-made lake that supports three plant 



of concern. 

A beaver flooded wetland that provides habitat 

for a plant species on the PNHP Watch List. 

One plant species on the PNHP Watch List was 

found at this man-made lake. 

55, 105 

164 

154 

105 

118 

118 

118 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Executive Summary / xviii 

55 

105 

118 

105 

105 

55 

105 

56, 144 

52 

154

INTRODUCTION 

Our natural environment is key to human health and sustenance. A healthy environment provides clean air 

and water; supports fish, game and agriculture; and furnishes renewable sources of materials for countless 

aspects of our livelihoods and economy. In addition to these direct services, a clean and healthy 

environment plays a central role in our quality of life, whether through its aesthetic value (found in forested 

ridges, mountain streams and encounters with wildlife), or in the opportunities it provides for exploration, 

recreation, and education. Finally, a healthy natural environment supports economic growth by adding to the 

region’s attractiveness as a location for new business enterprises, and provides the basis for the recreation, 

tourism, and forestry industries--all of which have the potential for long-term sustainability. Fully functional 

ecosystems are the key indicators of a healthy environment and working to maintain ecosystems is essential 

to the long-term sustainability of our economies. 

An ecosystem is “the complex of interconnected living organisms inhabiting a particular area or unit of 

space, together with their environment and all their interrelationships and relationships with the 

environment” (Ostroumov 2002). All the parts of an ecosystem are interconnected--the survival of any 

species or the continuation of a given natural process depends upon the system as a whole, and in turn, 

these species and processes contribute to maintaining the system. An important consideration in assessing 

ecosystem health is the concept of biodiversity. Biodiversity can be defined as the full variety of life that 

occurs in a given place, and is measured at several scales: genetic diversity, species, natural communities, 

and landscapes. 

Diversity typically allows species or communities to adapt successfully to environmental changes or 

disease. Genetic diversity, for example, refers to the variation in genetic makeup between individuals and 

populations of organisms. Though sugar maple (Acer saccharum) may be found in many areas of 

Pennsylvania, those in Pike County likely have a different genetic makeup than those in Philadelphia 

County; this allows these trees to survive in the unique conditions in which they grow. In order to 

conserve genetic diversity, plants native to an area from local genetic stock should be used as much as 

possible in both private and public plantings in Pike County. It is also important to maintain natural 

patterns of gene flow; this is made possible through the preservation of migration paths and corridors 

across the landscape, and through encouraging the dispersal of pollen and seeds among populations 

(Thorne et al., 1996). Furthermore, declines in native species diversity can alter ecosystem processes such 

as nutrient cycling, decomposition, and plant productivity (Naeem et al., 1999, Randall, 2000). Because 

of the interdependent nature of our natural systems, including those we directly depend on for our 

livelihood and quality of life, it is essential to conserve native biodiversity at all scales (genes, species, 

natural communities, and landscapes) if ecosystems are to continue functioning. 

From an ecological perspective, a landscape is “a large area of land that includes a mosaic of natural 

community types and a variety of habitats for many species” (Massachusetts Biomap, 2000). A natural 

community is “an interacting assemblage of organisms, their physical environment, and the natural 

processes that affect them” (Thompson and Sorenson, 2000). Natural communities are usually defined by 

their dominant plant species or the geological features on which they depend; Pike County examples include 

red spruce palustrine forest, and leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland. Each type of natural community 

represents habitat for a different group of species, hence identification and stewardship of the full range of 

native community types is needed to meet the challenge of conserving habitat for all species. Classifying 

these communities gives ecologists, planners, managers, and landowners a common language with which to 

discuss land conservation. At the landscape scale, it is important to consider whether communities and 

habitats are isolated or connected. It is important to maintain corridors of natural landscape traversable by 

wildlife, and to preserve natural areas large enough to support viable populations and ecosystems. 

Pennsylvania’s natural heritage is rich in biodiversity and the Commonwealth includes many examples of 

high quality natural communities and large expanses of natural landscapes. The extensive tracts of forest 

in the northern and central parts of the state represent a large portion of the remaining areas of suitable 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Introduction / 1

habitat in the mid-Atlantic region for many forest-dependent species of birds and mammals. 

Unfortunately, biodiversity and ecosystem health are seriously threatened in many parts of the state by 

pollution and habitat loss. The Pennsylvania Biological Survey reports that approximately 25,000 species 

are thought to occur in the state (http://www.altoona.psu.edu/pabs/boxscore.html). Of all the animals and 

vascular plants that have been documented in the state, more than one in ten are imperiled; 156 have been 

lost entirely since European settlement and 351 are threatened or endangered (PA 21 st Century 

Environment Commission 1998). Many of these species are imperiled because available habitat has been 

reduced and/or degraded. 

Fifty-six percent of Pennsylvania’s wetlands have been lost or substantially degraded by filling, draining, 

or conversion to ponds (Dahl 1990). According to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental 

Protection (DEP), sixty percent of those Pennsylvania lakes that have thus far been assessed for biological 

health are listed as impaired. Of 85,000 miles of stream in Pennsylvania, 84,867 miles have been assessed 

for water quality. From this assessment, nearly 15,583 miles have been designated as impaired due to 

abandoned mine discharges, acid precipitation, and agricultural and urban runoff (PA DEP 2010). The 

species that depend on these habitats are correspondingly under threat: 58 percent of threatened or 

endangered plant species are wetland or aquatic species; 13 percent of Pennsylvania’s 200 native fish 

species have been lost, while an additional 23 percent are imperiled. Among freshwater mussels, one of 

the most globally imperiled groups of organisms, 18 of Pennsylvania’s 67 native species are extirpated 

(meaning locally extinct) and another 22 are imperiled (Goodrich et al. 2003). 

Prior to European settlement, over ninety percent of Pennsylvania’s land area was forested. Today, sixty 

percent of the state is still forested, but much of this forest is fragmented by roads, utility rights-of-way, 

agriculture, and development. Only 42 percent is interior forest habitat, meaning that some of the species 

that depend upon interior forest habitat are in decline (Goodrich et al. 2003). In addition to habitat 

fragmentation, forest pests, acid precipitation (which causes nutrient leaching and stunted growth), over 

browsing by deer, and invasive species also threaten forest ecosystem health. 

The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) assesses the conservation status of species of 

vascular plants, vertebrates, and a few of the invertebrate species native to Pennsylvania. While 

Pennsylvania hosts a diversity of other life forms, such as mosses, lichens and fungi, too little information 

is known of these species to assess their conservation status at this time. Without information about all 

species, it is possible to protect at least some rare species by conserving rare natural communities. Species 

tend to occur in specific habitats or natural communities, and by conserving examples of all natural 

community types, we will also conserve many of the associated species, whether or not we even know 

what those species are. Thus, the natural community approach is a coarse filter for biodiversity protection, 

but PNHP uses the fine filter of individual species identification for those species for which it is feasible. 

The goals of this report are to identify areas important in sustaining biodiversity at the species, natural 

community, and landscape levels and to provide that information to better inform land use decisions. 

County Natural Heritage Inventories (CNHIs) identify areas in the state that support Pennsylvania’s rare, 

threatened, or endangered species as well as natural communities that are considered to be rare in the state 

or exceptional examples of the more common community types. The areas that support these features are 

identified as Natural Heritage Areas. 

A description of each area’s natural features and recommendations for maintaining their viability are 

provided for each Natural Heritage Area. Also, in an effort to provide information focused on planning 

for biodiversity conservation, this report includes species and natural community fact sheets, references 

and links to information on invasive exotic species, and information from other conservation planning 

efforts such as the Pennsylvania Audubon’s Important Bird Area project. Together with the other land use 

information, this report can help guide the planning and land management necessary to maintain the 

ecosystems on which our natural heritage depends. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Introduction / 2

COUNTY OVERVIEW 

Pike County is located in eastern Pennsylvania. 

It is bordered by Wayne County to the 

northwest, Monroe County to the southwest, 

Sussex County, New Jersey to the southeast, 

Orange County, New York to the east and 

Sullivan County, New York to the north. The 

county has a total area of 567 mi² (1,469 km²). 

Pike County is composed of 11 townships and 

2 boroughs. According to estimates by the U.S. 

Census Bureau in 2006, Pike County was the 

fastest growing county in Pennsylvania. In 

2010, the population was estimated at 57,369 

with a population density of approximately 85 

people per square mile (133 people/km 2 ). 

Pike County was created in 1814 from a 

section of Wayne County; and in 1836 a 

portion of Pike County was used to form 

Monroe County. The borough of Milford is the 

county seat. 

The existing land use patterns within the 

county are influenced and shaped by the 

region’s natural features. Over three-fourths of 

the land throughout the county is forested; 

wetlands cover 7%, streams and lakes 4%, 

residential areas 4%, and agriculture only 3%. 

Thirty-four percent of Pike County is managed 

public lands; conservancies have protected three 

percent and the other 63% is private land (Table 

2). 

Figure 1. Townships and boroughs of Pike County. Major 

roads are shown on this map as well. 

Ownership Area 

(acres) 

% area 

Public land 124,969 34 % 

Other conservation land 10,597 3 % 

Private / unknown ownership 227,426 63% 

Total 362,992 

Table 2. Ownership breakdown of land within Pike 

County as of 2010. Figures are approximate and based 

upon best available data. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – County Overview / 3

OVERVIEW OF THE NATURAL FEATURES OF PIKE COUNTY 

The natural landscape is best described as a series of ecosystemsgroups of interacting living organisms and 

the physical environment that they inhabit. Climate, topography, geology, and soils play an important role 

in the development of ecosystems (forests, fields, and wetlands) and physical features (streams, rivers and 

mountains) that occur across the landscape. Disturbances, both natural and human induced, have been 

influential in forming and altering many of Pike County’s ecosystems, causing local extinction of some 

species and the introduction of others. These combined factors provide the framework for conducting a 

County Natural Heritage Inventory, which locates and identifies exemplary natural communities and 

species of concern in the county. The following sections provide a brief overview of the geology, soils, 

surface water, and vegetation of Pike County. 

Figure 2. Bedrock Geology of Pike County. Much of the county is underlain by Devonian Age sandstone, siltstone, 

mudstone, shale, and conglomerate. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Natural History Overview / 4

Physiography and Geology 

Most of Pike County lies within the Glaciated Low Plateau Section of the Appalachian Plateaus Province. 

The western end of the county is in the glaciated Pocono Plateau section of the same province. The 

Appalachian Plateau Province is characterized by horizontal layers of rock cut by many stream valleys. Pike 

County is underlain by bedrock from the Devonian period. The bedrock is composed of sandstone, siltstone, 

mudstone, shale, and conglomerate. All of Pike County has been influenced by glaciation – most recently by 

the Wisconsin Glacier that withdrew about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago (Larsen 1982). Glaciation modified the 

landscape by carving valleys, scraping mountains, leaving depressions that filled with water, and leaving 

deposits of rock, sand, silt, and clay as unstratified glacial till and stratified drift. Glacial debris brought from 

other areas produced soil types that could not have developed from the bedrock in the county. New drainage 

patterns that developed due to the scraping and deposition of debris and ice resulted in the formation of the 

many wetlands and natural ponds in the county. Many of the plant species that were common during and 

shortly after the glacial period retreated northward as the climate warmed. Some of these species can still be 

found in the bogs and other wetland habitats that are found in the county. 

Figure 3. Generalized soil associations of Pike County. 

Soils 

Soil patterns in Pike County reflect either the bedrock beneath the soils or the glacial material that was deposited 

over the landscape. The soils that developed have influenced the vegetation, settlement and land use patterns 

within the county. The seven soil associations recognized within the county are shown in Figure 3. A description 

of soils associations, along with their abundance and land use within Pike County, is found in Table 3. 


Table 3. Soil associations described for Pike County, adapted from The Soil Association of Pike County 

(USDA, 1969). 

Soil 

Association 

Description 

Percentage 

of Area in 

County 

Land Use 

Moderately deep to very deep; course loamy and fine 

Found in floodplains along the 

Chenango- 

Pope-Holly 

loamy; somewhat poorly drained to well drained soils; 

found on glacial uplands; derived from sandstone, 

siltstone, and shale; formed in glacial and heavy- 

12 

Delaware and Lackawaxen 

Rivers, much of this association 

has been cleared for pasture and 

loamy till. 

row crops. 

Hazelton- 

DeKalb- 

Buchanan 

Deep; loamy-skeletal and fine-loamy; moderately well 

drained to well drained soils; found on low hills, 

ridges, and convex hillsides; derived from sandstone, 

siltstone, and shale; formed in residuum or glacial till. 

22 

Located above the bluffs of the 

Delaware River, most of this 

association is wooded. 

Lackawanna- 

Arnot- 

Morris 

Shallow to very deep; coarse-loamy and loamyskeletal, 

somewhat poorly drained to somewhat 

excessively drained soils; found on glaciated uplands; 

derived from sandstone, siltstone, and shale, formed in 

glacial till. 

Very deep; somewhat poorly drained to moderately 

1 

Very little of this association 

occurs in the county, but is 

mainly forested with bedrock 

outcrops. 

Mardin- 

Histosols- 

Volusia 

well drained soils; found on uniform slopes, sides and 

divides, plateaus, convex dissected glacial uplands, 

and bogs; derived from basal till, siltstone, sandstone, 

shale, loamy till, and organic material; formed from 

glacial till and organic material. 

8 

Most of this association consists 

of forest, natural meadows, and 

swamps. 

Volusia- Deep and very deep; loamy-skeletal, course-loamy, 

Very little of this association 

Mardin- and fine-loamy; very poorly drained to well drained 1 occurs in the county, but is 

Lordstown soils; formed from alluvium or glacial outwash. 

mainly forested. 

Shallow to very deep; nearly level to steep; loamy- 

This association has the best 

Wellsboro- skeletal, course-loamy, fine-loamy, well drained soils; 

soils for farming in the western 

Oquaga- found on broad ridges and hillsides; formed from 

23 part of the county. About half of 

Morris shale, siltstone, and sandstone in residuum or glacial 

this association was cleared for 

till. 

farming at one time. 

Wurtsboro- 

Swartswood- 

Worth 

Deep to very deep; somewhat poorly drained to well 

drained soils; coarse-loamy; found on glacial uplands; 

derived from quartzite, conglomerate, sandstone, and 

siltstone; formed from glacial till. 

33 

Much of this association has 

remained forested. Poorly 

drained soils support natural and 

man-made wetlands. 


Vegetation 

The interaction of geology and climate produces the pattern of vegetation expressed on the landscape. 

Vegetation provides several critical functions in the landscape including the regulation of biogeochemical 

cycles (water, carbon, and nitrogen), soil formation, and wildlife habitat. The classification of vegetation 

communities typically revolves around the dominant species, habitat, and their growth form. Discussion 

of vegetation communities in this report is divided between terrestrial forested communities and wetland 

communities. Boundaries between community types in the field are generally less distinct. 

Forest Communities 

Pike County is located in the Glaciated Section of the original oak-chestnut forest region (Braun 1950). 

The oak-chestnut forest extended from southern New England to northern Georgia. Oaks, and formerly 

chestnuts, are the tree species used to characterize the forest. Nothing remains of the original primary 

vegetation because of the demise of the chestnut from the chestnut blight caused by the parasitic fungus 

Endothia parasitica introduced to America in 1904. The forest of this region is now called mixed oak 

forest (Oplinger and Halma 1988, Monk et al.1990). Because of logging, much of the reproduction of 

oaks has been as sprouts from the stumps so that the forest is also known as “sprout hardwoods" (Braun 

1950). These forests have been logged in the past for lumber and fuel (Keever 1972) and most of the 

forest today consists of even-aged timber between 60 and 100 years old. 

White, red, and black oaks are the primary species of the forest. Sometimes these species occur together 

but each prefers different moisture and nutrient conditions. White oak does best on the moist soils while 

red oak prefers drier, better drained soil conditions; black oak does best on the dry upland slopes. 

Common associates include red and sugar maple, black cherry, blackgum, and white pine. Shrubs include 

blueberry, shadbush, viburnums, and witch hazel. 

On the ridge tops where conditions can be very harsh, chestnut oak is the dominant species. Soils are 

shallow, nutrients are usually scarce, and winds and weather can be severe, which can cause the trees to 

be stunted as a result. Blackgum, gray birch, huckleberry, blueberries, and mountain laurel are common 

associates. 

The Allegheny section of the hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods forest (or simply northern 

hardwoods) is found on the Pocono Plateau at the western corner of the county (Braun 1950, Oplinger and 

Halma 1988). This forest type is found in various forms from Minnesota to Northern New England and 

eastern Canada and as far south as central Pennsylvania. The deciduous portions are usually dominated by 

beech and sugar maple while the mixed communities are dominated by hemlock with sugar maple, beech, 

and other hardwoods. White pine is a subordinate species now but it was a more common component of 

the forest prior to logging. Because of the proximity of the mixed oak forest and the northern hardwoods 

forest, species overlap and outliers can be found in either forest type due to aspect, moisture, and soils. 

Wetland Communities 

Wetlands provide essential habitat for many plant and animal species, as well as valuable ecosystem 

services such as water filtration, groundwater recharge and flood control. Wetlands are transitional lands 

between terrestrial and aquatic systems. They are communities dominated by water for some part of the 

growing season throughout each year. Saturation by water determines the soil development, which in turn 

influences the type of plants and animals using that habitat. Wetlands differ regionally based on 

topography, geology, climate, hydrology, vegetation, and human influences (Stewart 2001). Typical 

plants found in wetlands include sedges, grasses, ferns, shrubs, and some trees. The ecological character 

of a wetland is heavily influenced by local soil type, disturbance history, bedrock composition, and 

hydrologic regime. Types of wetlands range from open marshes that are continuously flooded, to forested 

seeps where groundwater saturates the surface only when heavy precipitation raises the water table. 


One of the most striking features of any glaciated landscape is the abundance of wetlands. When the ice 

retreated, it left ice blocks and shallow drainage channels behind. As the ice blocks melted and glacial 

debris accumulated around them, steep sided “kettle hole” lakes formed. Surface water from the glacier 

was trapped in those drainage channels that were blocked by debris, and marshes and swamps eventually 

formed behind the blockage. 

In many of the kettle holes, bogs formed because there was very little contact with surface and ground 

water from the surrounding watershed. Nutrients and oxygen became scarce in such environments; 

because of the lack of oxygen, organic matter did not decompose but slowly filled the lake. These 

peatlands often have developed a floating bog mat over the lake surface. The most common type is called 

a “level bog” by Johnson (1985) and is the only kind known in Pennsylvania. In Pike County, these range 

in size from less than an acre to more than 40-acres. The classic bog has concentric zones of vegetation 

surrounding a central pond. The first zone consists of low shrubs and sedges and is the floating mat 

overlying the pond, the second zone typically contains taller shrubs and is not as treacherous. The final 

zone is the bog forest, or boreal conifer swamp, that is dominated by black spruce and larch. Many of the 

plant species inhabiting bogs are more typical of peatlands much farther to the north and reach their 

southernmost limit in these bogs. 

Marshes, wet meadows, and swamps have formed in shallow depressions and along streams and other 

water bodies. These wetlands receive water that is generally well aerated and relatively high in nutrients. 

Very little organic matter accumulates in these wetlands and different plant species dominate. Red maple, 

hemlock, ash, blackgum, and yellow birch are typical canopy species while blueberry and swamp azalea 

are common shrub species. 

Although wetland communities occupy a comparatively small portion of the natural landscape, they are of 

particular value to the county’s biodiversity because of the species they support. Groups of specialist 

species that would otherwise not be present in the county—such as amphibians that breed only in vernal 

ponds, or plant species that live only in acidic wetlands—inhabit these communities. One-half of 

Pennsylvania’s wetlands have been lost or substantially degraded. Wetland and aquatic species that 

depend on these habitats are correspondingly declining. 

In Pike County, some wetlands are associated with streams and include floodplain forests, forested 

swamps, and shrub swamps. Floodplain forests occur along rivers and streams in low-lying areas. These 

locations are periodically inundated by floodwaters resulting from spring runoff and intense storm events. 

Floodplain forest communities can receive severe disturbances from floodwaters, including erosion, 

scouring by ice and debris, and the deposition of considerable quantities of sediment. Only species with 

adaptations or tolerance for these kinds of conditions can survive here. 

Vernal pools, also known as seasonal/ephemeral or fluctuating ponds, are wetlands that fill annually from 

precipitation, surface runoff, and rising groundwater (Kenney and Burne 2000). The pools typically 

become completely dry, through evaporation, by late spring or early summer. Since these ponds dry up, 

they cannot support fish populations. During the brief window when the pools contain water, they serve 

as important breeding grounds for a multitude of amphibian species (e.g. salamanders and frogs), many of 

which breed solely in these areas due to the absence of fish. 

Because wetlands are relatively rare through much of Pennsylvania, they are an important refuge for 

plants and provide important habitat for nesting and migrating birds. Many other animal groups such as 

amphibians, reptiles, dragonflies, damselflies, moths and butterflies also depend on specific wetland 

habitats for all or a portion of their life cycles. 


Classification of Natural Plant Communities in Pennsylvania 

Terrestrial & Palustrine Plant Communities of Pennsylvania (Fike 1999) is 

the most current community classification system for Pennsylvania’s 

palustrine and terrestrial plant communities. This report was developed by the 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program to update and refine Smith’s 1991 

report Classification of Natural Communities in Pennsylvania (draft), the first 

effort dedicated specifically to the classification of natural communities in the 

state. Work is ongoing to improve the current classification system and 

therefore, future editions may define new community types or alter currently 

defined types. Aquatic communities (lakes, streams, and rivers), communities 

where vegetation is absent or not a definitive characteristic (caves, scree 

slopes), and communities resulting from extensive human disturbance (old 

agricultural fields, manmade wetlands, etc.), are not addressed in this 

classification. Until more extensive work can be completed to define these 

types of communities and incorporate them into a single statewide framework, 

the County Natural Heritage Inventory reports will provisionally refer to 

features of ecological interest that fall outside the Fike 1999 system using 

categories described in Smith 1991. (more information on community 

classification in Pennsylvania is available at 

http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us) 


Flowing Water and Major Stream Systems 

Flowing Water and Major Stream Systems 

Flowing water forms aquatic systems of great diversity in Pike County. Flowing water systems begin as high 

mountain brooks which form from surface runoff, springs, and seeps. These unite to become the headwaters 

of stream systems lower in the watershed. These mountain waters serve as a home to numerous organisms, 

from tiny diatoms and algae to insects that provide food for small fish and salamanders. 

As the mountain brooks coalesce into streams and creeks, they form larger aquatic systems that have a 

diversity of microhabitats. These support a large diversity of stream-dwelling organisms within two major 

stream habitats riffles and pools. Riffles are shallow, fast-flowing, well-aerated rapids over rocky 

sections of the stream bottom. These riffles support a diverse animal community including insects, 

crustaceans, and fish. Interspersed between riffle sections are pools. These quiet, deeper water habitats tend 

to support a less diverse stream biota. The stream systems, in turn, feed into larger flowing water systems 

such as the Delaware and Lackawaxen Rivers. 

Nearly all the streams in Pike County are classified as High Quality or Exceptional Value water resources 

by the PA Department of Environmental Protection. Streams in Pennsylvania are also evaluated by the 

Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP) and assessed to determine if they meet the standards for 

four categories of use that DEP protects: aquatic life, fish consumption, potable water, and recreation. If a 

stream does not meet the standards for any one of the four categories, it is considered impaired and designated 

as NonAttaining. If the stream meets the standards, it is listed as Attaining. Nearly all the waterways within 

Pike County are listed as Attaining. The notable exception is the Delaware River, which is considered 

NonAttaining because of mercury levels, which limit fish consumption (PA DEP2011). 

Floodplains are flat, often flooded, areas along streams and rivers. They are important terrestrial habitat areas 

tied to the flowing water system. Floodplains are typically inundated by water during the spring runoff and 

then remain dry after these floodwaters recede. The effects of water on these systems determine the vegetation 

communities that can persist there. These forested floodplains also serve as a protective buffer against 

erosion, provide cooling shade to the waterway, filter pollutants and excessive nutrients from runoff, and help 

alleviate flood damage along many of the area’s creeks. Areas that have a history of flooding are poor choices 

for building sites and are best left in their natural condition. 

In addition to naturally vegetated floodplains, vegetated riparian buffers (Figure 4a) along streams and other 

bodies of water provide vital benefits including: protection of water quality, reduced erosion, flood control, 

and wildlife habitat. Elimination of riparian vegetation (Figure 4b) removes the capacity of this region to 

buffer the effects of the surrounding landscape and consequently reduces the water quality in the stream. Two 

major effects of the loss of riparian buffers are sedimentation and nutrient enrichment. 


a) 

Figure 4. Examples of well-buffered (a) and unbuffered (b) streams. Vegetation along streams helps to protect water 

quality through nutrient reduction, protect streambanks from erosion, and provide habitat to many species of plants 

and animals. 

PNHP b) 

Residential development, road building and maintenance as well as other activities can degrade water 

quality. Protecting the quality and purity of surface and groundwater resources from degradation 

contributes to the future well-being of all plants and animals including human communities. The 

Pennsylvania State-wide Surface Waters Assessment Program (http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server. 

pt/community/water_quality_standards/10556/pennsylvania's_state-wide_surface_waters/554010) can 

provide information on specific potential sources of water impairment within Pike County. 

PNHP has recently completed an Aquatic Community Classification, which describes predicted communities 

for all of the streams within Pennsylvania. Priority aquatic communities determined through this project are 

shown in Appendix VII. In addition to flowing water systems, standing water aquatic communities exist 

within Pike County. There are numerous lakes and ponds including the 5200-acre man-made Lake 

Wallenpaupack shared with Wayne County. Although natural wetland systems support a higher diversity of 

species, man-made systems may have similar vegetation to some of the wetland communities around their 

shallow edges and support common species, including fish, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. 

Classification of Aquatic Communities in Pennsylvania 

A statewide project of the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, the 

Pennsylvania Aquatic Classification Project, collected aquatic datasets 

from state and federal agencies, interstate basin commissions, and 

universities, analyzed information with standard statistical methods, and 

identified community types and habitat associations. The most common 

community type per watershed was chosen to represent typical watershed 

organisms and habitats. Although other community types may exist in a 

particular watershed, the major community type is described. Further 

details about the development of the Pennsylvania Aquatic Community 

Classification project are covered in Appendix VII along with fact sheets 

detailing each predicted community found within Pike County. 

(more information on the Pennsylvania Aquatic Community Classification is available at 

http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us) 

PNHP staff sampling for mussels. 

PNHP 

PNHP 


Figure 5. Major watersheds of Pike County. 


Disturbance 

Disturbances, whether natural or man-made, are pivotal in shaping many natural communities. The nature, 

scale, and frequency of disturbances are influential in the evolution and occurrences of natural communities 

and associated rare species. Examples of natural and anthropogenic disturbance events are presented in Table 

4. 

Table 4. Examples of natural and anthropogenic disturbances (adapted from Scott et. al. 1999). 

Natural Events Anthropogenic Events 

Fire Residential development 

Disease epidemics Road, trail, railroad line 

Flood Telephone line, utility line 

Drought Dams and canals 

Hurricane/tornado/landslide Commercial development 

Ice storm Modern agriculture 

Mining 

Dredging 

Logging 

Grazing 

*entries in italics connote reversible disturbances, while those in normal type represent long-term disturbances. 

Natural Disturbances 

Natural disturbances such as fire and flooding can benefit certain natural communities and species. For 

example, periodic fires are needed to maintain pitch pine scrub oak barrens. Burns in such areas stimulate 

new growth in these species and exclude other successional species. Floodplain forests benefit from the 

periodic scouring and deposition of sediments that occurs when streams flood their banks. At the same time, 

streamside wetland communities hold excess water, thus reducing the scale of downstream flooding. 

Another natural disturbance (exacerbated by human mismanagement), over-browsing by deer, can have 

detrimental effects on natural communities and species (Rhoads and Klein, 1993). Excessive deer browse can 

decrease the understory of some forests, and halt regeneration of new growth of the canopy and understory by 

preferential feeding. For example, forests that were once dominated by oak are now converting to red maple, 

due to deer pressure on the oak seedlings and saplings (Abrams 1998). Deer feeding preferences can have a 

direct effect on rare plants and severely decrease essential habitat for other animal species including birds, 

mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. Over-browsing can result in a lack of forest regeneration, a 

reduction in the diversity and density of forest understory, a decrease in songbird diversity, and a direct loss 

of rare plants (Yahner 1995). Private landowners can be encouraged to control deer populations by allowing 

hunting on their lands. 

Disturbances caused by beaver can be either beneficial or detrimental to wetland habitats within the county. 

On one hand, thinning the canopy and flooding by beavers can eventually create open wetland meadows upon 

which many unique species rely. On the other hand, damming by beavers can alter habitats to a degree that 

renders the sites no longer suitable for some of the rare species of the county. For example, peatlands support 

an array of rare plants and animals, but flooding by beaver can degrade these communities until they no 

longer support the uniquely adapted species. Beaver activity in the long term is critical to the cyclic pattern of 

wetland disturbance, but in the short term, beaver activity can threaten the integrity of now rare wetland 

habitats and jeopardize many of the unique species that inhabit these natural communities. This creates 

difficulty in assessing how beavers should be managed. The long-term benefit of habitat creation must be 

weighed against the potential short-term threat to the existing plants and animals. In certain situations, beaver 

removal is preferred and implementation of management practices with regard to beaver must be considered 

on a case-by-case basis. 


Human Disturbances 

Human and natural disturbances create different habitats in different scenarios, but human disturbances often 

leave the most lasting effects on the environment. Some human disturbances can be beneficial, especially to 

species that require an early successional habitat. However, what may be beneficial to a few species is often 

detrimental to other species. Many rare species have become rare because they are unable to adapt to 

disturbance of their particular specialized habitat. Consequently, many species have declined due to human 

alteration of the landscape. Therefore, decisions about the type, timing, location, and extent of future 

disturbances are important to the natural ecological diversity that remains. 

In Pike County, logging played a major role in altering the landscape. Repeated logging of the forests has 

restricted the presence of older forests to steep slopes that are nearly inaccessible. 

Additionally, many wetlands have been intentionally flooded or drained, resulting in loss of habitat for many 

species. In fact, in less than 25 years Pennsylvania lost 50% of its natural wetlands through draining and filling. 

Though increased efforts have been made to protect our remaining wetlands, these often rely on wetland 

mitigation, where artificial wetlands are created to replace those that are destroyed. From a biological 

standpoint, mitigated wetlands are typically of poor quality and do not provide the same diversity of species and 

functioning food webs that natural wetlands provide. 

Residential and commercial development can negatively impact the health of ponds, lakes, streams, and 

wetlands when sufficient buffers are not established and maintained between development and various bodies of 

water within the watershed. 

Pennsylvania has thousands of dams on its rivers, creeks, and streams. Some of these dams may currently 

serve important purposes, but many of these dams no longer serve their intended uses and have fallen into a 

state of disrepair. These unnecessary structures can be a liability to their owners, as many run-of-the-river 

dams create dangerous hydraulic conditions at their base, making them a threat to users of the waterways. 

Besides acting as liabilities and maintenance headaches, dams cause numerous environmental impacts 

including: reduced water quality, thermal pollution, disrupted sediment transport processes that increase 

sedimentation in impounded areas and increase streambed and stream bank erosion in downstream areas, 

altered flow regimes, and habitat destruction and fragmentation. By removing the unused, unnecessary dams 

from our rivers and streams, we can re-establish natural free-flowing dynamics, which support diverse 

ecosystems, reduce localized flooding and erosion, improve water quality, and restore habitat and access to 

upstream habitat for aquatic organisms. To address the impacts to resources under their management, the PA 

Fish & Boat Commission has authority (PA Code Chapter 57, Section 22) to request that dam owners install 

fish passage structures on dams to benefit migratory or resident fish species. 

Dam Safety 

Due to the public safety threat, owners of existing run-of-the-river dams and permittees for the construction of new run-ofthe-river 

dams are required to mark the areas above and below the dam to warn river users of the dangerous conditions 

around the dam structure. This requirement went into effect on January 1, 1999 through an amendment to the Fish and Boat 

Code known as Act 91 of 1998 (P.L. 702,No. 91). Failure to comply with the responsibilities of Act 91 can lead to a civil 

penalty between $500 and $5,000 annually for each calendar year of noncompliance. 

Pennsylvania currently leads the nation in dam removal and Governor Rendell received a National 

Award of Merit from the Association of State Dam Safety Officials in 2004 for his commitment to dam safety in 

Pennsylvania. Numerous agencies, nonprofit organizations, and engineering firms have experience with dam removal in 

Pennsylvania. For more information on dam safety, dam owner requirements, and dam removal, please contact the 

Department of Environmental Protection Division of Dam Safety, at 717-787-8568 or at 

http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/we/damprogram/main.htm. 


Invasive Species in Pike County 

Natural habitats within Pike County are threatened by 

the invasion of exotic plant and animal species. These 

invasive species are plants, animals, or other 

organisms that do not naturally occur in the area, and 

are likely to cause harm to the natural environment, 

economy, or to human health. Because they have no 

natural enemies to limit their reproduction, they 

usually spread rampantly. Once established, it is 

extremely difficult to remove them or even control 

their spread. Invasive species are recognized as one of 

the leading threats to biodiversity and impose 

enormous economic costs to agriculture, forestry, 

fisheries, and other enterprises, as well as to human 

health (Swearingen et al. 2002). 

The introduction of non-native species into 

Pennsylvania began with the initial European settlement and continues to this day (Thompson 2002). Plants 

and animals have been deliberately introduced for a variety of reasons including food sources, erosion control, 

landscaping, and game for hunting and fishing. Other species have been accidentally introduced as 

‘stowaways’ through trade and transportation. These introductions have had drastic effects on Pennsylvania’s 

biodiversity over time. For example, over 37 percent of the plant species now found in the Commonwealth 

did not occur here during the first period of European settlement (Thompson 2002). 

Invasive Plants 

Invasive plants are ones that reproduce rapidly, spread quickly over the landscape, and have few, if any, 

natural controls, such as herbivores and diseases, to keep them in check. Invasive plants share a number of 

characteristics that allow them to spread rapidly and make them difficult to remove or control: 

spread aggressively by runners or rhizomes 

produce large numbers of seeds that survive to germinate 

disperse seeds away from the parent plant through various means such as wind, water, wildlife, and 

people 

Invasive plants are capable of displacing native plants from natural communities, especially those with rare, 

vulnerable, or limited populations. This initial impact is worsened by the tendency for native wildlife to prefer 

native species over invasive species for food. In some cases, a switch to the invasive plant food supply may 

affect the physiology of the prey species. For example, many invasive shrubs, including bush honeysuckle, 

provide fruits that native birds find attractive, yet these fruits do not provide the nutrition and high-fat content 

the birds need in their diets (Swearingen et al. 2002). 

Aggressive invasive plants can also transform a diverse small-scale ecosystem, such as a wetland or meadow, 

into a monoculture of a single species, drastically reducing the overall plant richness of an area and limiting 

its ecological value. The decrease in plant biodiversity can, in turn, impact the mammals, birds, and insects in 

an area, as the invasive plants do not provide the same food and cover value as the natural native plant species 

did (Swearingen et al. 2002). 

Significant invasive plant species found in Pike County are listed in Table 5. 

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), an invasive herb of 

forests and woodlands. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Natural History Overview / 15 

Christopher Tracey, PNHP

Table 5. Invasive plants commonly encountered in or have the potential to spread into Pike County 

Species Description and Threat 

Tree-of-heaven 

Introduced to Philadelphia from China in the late 1700’s, it is present along roadsides, 

(Ailanthus altissima) old fields and timber cuts throughout the county. This fast growing tree is a prolific 

seeder and can also proliferate through vegetative means, outcompeting native 

vegetation. 

Japanese stiltgrass A fast-spreading grass that is typically found along forest roads, streambanks, and other 

(Microstegium vimineum) cool moist habitats. Outcompetes native vegetation and may affect animal species that 

use streamside microhabitats. 

Japanese knotweed These large fast-growing exotics displace natural vegetation and alter natural 

(Fallopia japonica) ecosystems. Typically found along stream banks and other low-lying areas, as well as 

giant knotweed 

(Fallopia sachalinense) 

old home sites and waste areas. 

Purple loosestrife An herbaceous wetland invasive that is present at scattered sites throughout the county. 

(Lythrum salicaria) Once established in a wetland, this species is difficult to eradicate and will displace 

native species. 

Garlic mustard 

An increasingly common invasive biennial herb spreading through natural areas 

(Alliaria petiolata) throughout the region. Recent scientific evidence has shown that this species can disrupt 

mycorrhizal relationships that trees depend on for their growth. 

Japanese honeysuckle These vines cover and outcompete native vegetation as well as girdle trees by twining up 

(Lonicera japonica) 

Oriental Bittersweet 

(Celastrus orbiculatus) 

them. 

Bush honeysuckles Found in a variety of environments from wetlands to uplands. Competes with native 

(Lonicera tatarica, L. plants for moisture, nutrients, and pollinators. Fruits do not provide high energy food for 

morrowii, and L. maackii) migrating birds. 

Canada thistle 

A Pennsylvania-listed noxious weed. Invades a variety of dry to moist habitats, 

(Cirsium arvense) displacing native plants and disrupting community processes. 

Autumn olive 

(Elaeagnus umbellata) 

Japanese barberry 

(Berberis thunbergii) 

Winged burning bush 

(Euonymus alata) 

Multiflora rose 

(Rosa multiflora) 

Privet 

(Ligustrum spp.) 

A drought-tolerant species that thrives in many soil conditions. It threatens native 

ecosystems through competition and alteration of natural succession patterns and nutrient 

cycling. 

Commonly planted ornamental that escapes and forms dense stands in a variety of 

habitats, including forests and wetlands, displacing native vegetation. 

A shrub that can form dense thickets that displace native woody and herbaceous plants. 

Widely planted shrub that invades a variety of habitats excluding most native shrubs and 

herbs. May be detrimental to the nests of native birds. 

These shrubs form dense thickets in floodplains, forests, wetlands, and fields that can 

outcompete native vegetation. 

Control methods for invasive plants can range from hand pulling to mechanical methods (e.g. mowing) to 

herbicides. Herbicide control should be only performed by individuals with proper training and licensing 

through the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. When working in sensitive habitats such as wetlands, a 

‘wetland-safe’ herbicide should be used to avoid indirect effects on other organisms. It should be noted that 

each invasive species present on a site may require a different technique or suite of techniques for effective 

control. Generally speaking, control efforts should be concentrated before these species disperse their seed for 

the year. Specific control methods for these species can be found at: http://www.invasive.org/eastern/. 


Invasive Animal Species 

In additional to invasive plants, Pennsylvania is now home to several exotic species of animals including 

mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. These species directly threaten populations of native animals through direct 

competition or predation. Other invasive exotic animals can alter habitats and ecosystems by changing plant 

cover or diversity. Some of these invasive animals, such as the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), are all too 

common encounters in our homes and developed areas. 

One of the most significant threats to the biodiversity of 

Pike County from an invasive animal species is the 

hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). This is a 

small aphid-like insect that feeds on the leaves of 

eastern hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis). Infestations 

of the woolly adelgid appear as whitish fluffy clumps of 

feeding adults and eggs along the underside of the 

branch tips of the hemlock. This species is native to 

Japan and China and was introduced accidentally to 

North America around 1924 (McClure 2001). It is 

currently distributed from Maine to Georgia and can be 

found in over two-thirds of the counties in Pennsylvania 

(PA DCNR 2007). 

Hemlock decline and mortality typically occur within four to ten years of initial infestation. The adelgid can 

cause up to 90 percent mortality in eastern hemlocks, which are important for shading trout streams, 

controlling erosion of steep stream banks, and providing habitat for about 90 species of birds and mammals. 

This species has the potential to drastically alter the Pennsylvania landscape. Several control options are 

currently being tested, but a cost-effective treatment has not yet been found. 

The landscape of Pennsylvania was drastically altered by chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), a fungus 

probably introduced to North America from infected nursery stock from China in the 1890s. First detected in 

New York City in 1904, it had all but wiped out the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) from Maine to 

Alabama. American chestnut once comprised one-fourth to one-half of eastern U.S. forests, and was prized as a 

food for humans, livestock, and wildlife and for its durable wood. Today, only stump sprouts from infected trees 

remain and the resulting canopy gaps have been filled by the chestnut’s associate species, including oaks and 

hickories. 

The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) has caused extensive defoliation of forests in the northeast. This 

European moth was intentionally introduced to the U.S. in 1869 as part of a failed commercial silk production 

venture. Its main impact is that it defoliates trees, particularly oak species. This defoliation can result in a 

reduction in the tree’s growth rate or even lead to the eventual death of the tree. 

The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is an exotic bird species established in North America during the 

mid to late 1800s as part of a plan to introduce all of the birds mentioned in the works of Shakespeare to 

Central Park in New York City. It has since spread throughout the United States. In addition to competing 

with native bird species for food and space, large flocks of this species destroy fields of crops. The house 

sparrow (Passer domesticus) was introduced to several places in the United States in the late 1800’s and has 

become widely distributed. In addition to causing crop damage, house sparrows will sometimes kill native 

adult cavity nesters and their young or smash their eggs. The house sparrow is partially responsible for a 

decline of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in the United States. 

Feral swine (Sus scrofa; also called wild hogs) are potentially one of the most influential upcoming invasive 

species for Pennsylvania forests. Escaped or deliberately released swine now exist in relatively low numbers in 

Pennsylvania. Feral swine can impact livestock and cause significant ecological and property damage. This 

includes rooting and destruction of native herbs and trees, and the creation of significant erosion from wallowing 

Connecticut Agricultural Experiment 

Station Archives 

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid infestation along a hemlock 

branch. This invasive species is currently causing a severe 

decline (>90%) of native hemlock stands, an important 

habitat type in Pennsylvania. 


along river banks and streams. The potential exists for the numbers of feral swine, and their negative ecological 

impacts, to explode and significantly impact forest and agricultural lands over the next decade. 

Several other invasive animal species are spreading throughout the streams, rivers, and lakes of Pennsylvania, 

but in many cases, the impact of these species remains unknown. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) was 

accidentally introduced to the Great Lakes in the 1980’s and has been spreading in Pennsylvania’s waters. 

Another non-native bivalve, the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), has spread throughout most of Pennsylvania’s 

waterways. Of greatest concern to biodiversity is the capacity of this clam to alter the ecology of an aquatic 

system, making it less hospitable to the native assemblage of freshwater mussels, fish, invertebrates, and plants. 

Another aquatic species, the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus), has been introduced from its native range in 

the midwestern United States to many of Pennsylvania’s watersheds. Rusty crayfish can reproduce in large 

numbers and reduce lake and stream vegetation, depriving native fish and their prey of cover and food. Their 

size and aggressive nature keeps many fish species from feeding on them. Rusty crayfish may also reduce 

populations of native crayfish, freshwater mussels, and amphibians by out-competing them for food and habitat 

or by preying on young individuals. Table 6 presents an overview of the potential invasive animal species. 

Table 6. Significant invasive animal species found or with colonization potential in Pike County. 

Species Description and Threat 

Hemlock woolly adelgid Often called simply HWA, this species is causing severe damage to eastern hemlock 

(Adelges tsugae) 

(Tsuga canadensis) killing up to 90% of infected trees, thus greatly modifying 

ecosystems. 

Gypsy moth 

Feeding preferentially on oak trees (Quercus spp.) and their relatives, this species will 

(Lymantria dispar) 

eat almost any plant when forced and can cause severe environmental and economic 

damage. 

Common pine shoot beetle A pest of pine trees (Pinus spp.) this species damages terminal shoots, stunting the 

(Tomicus piniperda) growth of trees and thus weakening the trees and increasing their susceptibility to other 

pests. 

Sirex woodwasp 

A recent invader, this species attacks living pines and is likely to cause great amounts of 

(Sirex noctilio) 

damage to pine plantations throughout the nation. 

Multicolored Asian ladybird Preying on native insects and invading houses each winter, this species was likely 

beetle 

(Harmonia axyridis) 

introduced in an attempt to control non-native aphids. 

Zebra mussel 

(Dreissena polymorpha) 

Asian clam 

(Corbicula fluminea) 

Rusty crayfish 

(Orconectes rusticus) 

Round and tubenose gobies 

(Neogobius melanostomus and 

Proterorhinus marmoratus) 

Grass carp 

(Ctenopharyngodon idella) 

Common carp 

(Cyprinus carpio) 

Introduced from dumped ballast water, this species is not yet known in Pike County, but 

must be watched for given its disastrous effects on ecosystems and economies. 

Found in extremely high densities along major tributaries and rivers, this species is 

directly competing with native mussels for food and habitat. 

Found in many of our streams, this recent invader is displacing native crayfish, reducing 

fish populations by feeding on young fish, and generally disrupting aquatic systems. 

These predatory fish prefer cobbly bottoms in slow moving water. Introduced from 

dumped ballast water, they feed on macroinvertebrates, small clams and mussels, and 

fish eggs and are a direct competitor with our many small native darters and minnows. 

A voracious herbivore, this species was introduced to control weeds in eutrophied lakes. 

However, it now causes significant damage to native wetland vegetation that is important 

for reducing nutrients in water-bodies. 

Introduced as a food fish, this species is now found anywhere with warm, slow-moving 

water. As a bottom feeder, it greatly increases turbidity and mobilizes large amounts of 

sediment. 


Snakehead 

(Channa spp.) 

Feral swine 

(Sus scrofa) 

House sparrow 

(Passer domesticus) 

European starling 

(Sturnus vulgaris) 

Rock dove / pigeon 

(Columba livia) 

Mute swan 

(Cygnus olor) 

House mouse 

(Mus musculus) 

Norway rat 

(Rattus norvegicus) 

House cat 

(Felis silvestris) 

Prized as a food species in Asia, this species was recently introduced to the East Coast 

and has quickly taken root. Currently not found in Pike County, it should be monitored 

for. 

Wild hogs should be monitored for due to their negative impact on livestock, property, 

and natural areas. 

Generally found any place humans are, this species can cause crop damage, but mainly 

competes with small, native cavity nesting birds. 

Competing directly with native cavity-nesting birds, this species also cause severe crop 

damage. 

Generally found around human structures, this species can cause crop damage, is a 

known carrier for several serious human diseases, and causes a general mess where it 

nests and roosts. 

While considered pretty by some, this European invader causes significant damage to 

wetland vegetation that it “grubs” out during feeding. Additionally, it is fiercely 

competitive and will exclude all other native waterfowl from its nesting territory to the 

point of killing intruders. 

Ubiquitous throughout the world, this species carries many diseases, competes directly 

with many native species, and can cause significant damage to crops and structures. 

Generally a pest of human infrastructure, the Norway Rat is also found around rivers and 

other water systems. Known as a carrier for many diseases, this species is a threat 

anywhere it occurs. 

House cats, both domestic and feral, can each kill several small animals in a day, causing 

the death of many amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals each year. 

Overall Invasive Recommendations 

Although Pike County has many sites that are free from non-native species, invasive species are an increasing 

threat to the biodiversity harbored within the county. Successful control of invasive plant species is a time, 

labor, and resource intensive process. Prevention or control during the early stages of invasion is the best 

strategy. In areas where invasive plants are well established, multiple control strategies and follow-up 

treatments may be necessary. Specific treatment depends on the target species' biological characteristics and 

population size. Invasive plants can be controlled using biological, mechanical, chemical, or a combination of 

these methods. 

The following are presented as ways to deal with invasive species in the region: 

Natural Heritage Areas identified in this report can serve as useful high conservation value “focus 

areas” for the priority control of invasive species. 

Many educational resources are available regarding invasive exotic species. Regional groups such as 

the Mid-Atlantic Exotic Pest Plant Council (MA-EPPC) can help with funding opportunities and 

educational outreach on invasive species. 

Pennsylvania has a Noxious Weed law that prevents the propagation, sale, or transport of thirteen weed 

species within the Commonwealth. Some of these thirteen species that are currently listed are agricultural 

weeds that rarely threaten natural areas, however, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), giant hogweed 

(Heracleum mantegazzianum), kudzu (Pueraria lobata), mile-a-minute (Polygonum perfoliatum), 

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) are present on the noxious weed 

list. The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission maintains a list of Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) 

that are prohibited from possession, sale, barter, or distribution within the Commonwealth (PA Code 

58.71.6). This list includes the zebra mussel and the rusty crayfish, among others. 


Cooperative Weed Management Areas (CWMAs), once largely confined to the western states, are 

increasingly forming in the east. A CWMA 

is a partnership of landowners, including 

federal, state, and local government 

agencies, individuals and various interested 

groups that work together to manage 

noxious weeds and invasive plants in a 

defined geographic area. An overview of 

CWMAs can be found online at: 

http://www.weedcenter.org/cwmas/howC 

WMA.html. 

After intensive removal of invasive species, 

restoration of natural habitats through replanting 

with native species is often needed. Nurseries, 

landscape architects, and horticultural professionals 

can assist with native plant restoration. Complete 

eradication of invasive non-native plants from a site 

may not be completely achieved, but it is possible to 

reduce infestations within native plant communities 

to a level, which can be routinely maintained. 

Control of invasive plants is critical to the long-term 

protection of Pennsylvania's natural areas and rare 

species. 

Natural Resources 

Additional references on invasive plant species and using 

native plant species in plantings include two PA Department of 

Conservation and Natural Resources publications: 

 

 

 

http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/wildplant/invasive.aspx 

http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/wildplant/native.aspx 

Humans value natural ecosystems for the resources that they provide in terms of food, energy, and materials. 

The use of resources can be categorized into renewable resources, where the resource will naturally replenish 

itself over time, and non-renewable resources, where the resource is extracted and cannot be replaced in a 

reasonable time scale. Some types of natural resource development may have significant effects on local and 

regional biodiversity. 

Renewable 

All drinking water for Pike County, with the exception of bottled water, is from groundwater supplies. 

Private, community, and municipal wells tap into geologic aquifers (Pike County Open Space and Greenways 

and Recreation Plan 2008). 

Forestry resources are currently being utilized in Pike County. The vast majority of the forests in the county have 

been cut several times. Few older stands of forest still exist along the steep slopes that are difficult to log. 

As of 2010, no wind power generation facilities are located within Pike County. Wind power development 

may be in conflict with the conservation of large blocks of forests as well as migratory bird and bat corridors. 

Non-renewable 

Gas extraction in the Marcellus Shale region is impacting many areas of Pennsylvania. The potential for 

major stores of natural gas is less in Pike County than in other areas, but future drilling may occur in the 

county. The infrastructure and road systems needed to maintain the wells have a serious impact on the natural 

systems and the species that live within them. Current drilling techniques may also have an impact on water 

quality, which would be a major detriment to the numerous wetlands in Pike County. 


A REVIEW OF THE ANIMALS OF PIKE COUNTY 

Although this Natural Heritage Inventory focuses on the rare, threatened, and endangered species and habitats 

that compose the biodiversity found within Pike County, this region is home to a great number of more 

common species. This section provides an overview of these species and makes general conservation 

recommendations for these taxa. 

Mammals of Pike County 

Pike County’s geographic location within the Commonwealth, its expansive tracts of forested land, and its 

mix of wetland habitats supports a unique array of mammals. Some of these species are secretive, and their 

presence is largely unknown to the general public. Other more conspicuous species are frequently seen, and in 

some cases are managed as game species. These species provide excellent recreational hunting opportunities, 

which in turn support numerous businesses. 

Throughout Pike County, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus 

virginianus) populations remain healthy. In the last 10 years, the 

PGC has dramatically altered their management plan for deer 

harvest across the state in order to set target deer densities based 

on the health of the deer herd, the health of the habitat, and the 

number of deer-human conflicts in a given area. Today, the PGC 

annually alters the number of permits issued for antlerless deer 

within their Wildlife Management Units (WMUs) in order to 

bring the population to a level that the habitat can sustain. The 

northeastern portion of the state, including Pike County, received 

an increase in the number of antlerless licenses issued, which has 

been over the years bringing the deer population in check with 

the habitat. Many hunters accustomed to the elevated deer 

populations seen in the 1950’s through the 1990’s, claim that the 

PGC has reduced the population of deer in the state to levels well 

below their target densities. In 2007, the WMU (3D) that covers White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 

Pike County housed an estimated ~37,000 deer, down from 

approximately 57,000 in 2002. The targeted deer densities for each WMU are modified according to the health 

of the habitat, and these reduced numbers are necessary for the forest to recover from the dramatic 

overpopulations of the past. The overpopulation of deer has been recognized for years, evidenced by this 

passage in the Mammal Survey of Northeastern Pennsylvania (Grimm and Whitebread 1952): 

“Some of the most seriously overbrowsed deer range in the entire northeast still occurs in the 

uplands of Pike County…there are still excessively high numbers present in certain areas… 

Many hunters complain about the preponderance of runty deer and bucks with poor antler 

development. This condition quite obviously reflects the poor condition of the range, excessive 

population, and insufficient food. Yet many deer hunters seem to be utterly oblivious to this fact, 

and they constantly seek for other explanations…” 

The over abundance of deer has negatively impacted much of Pike County’s native species, both plant and 

animal. Despite much of the public’s perception that deer numbers are dwindling in this portion of the state, a 

number of scientific studies have shown that deer populations in the region are now strong, in control, and 

stable, a vast ecological improvement over the unhealthy high densities which led to the chronic condition 

where deer-proof fences are necessary for the forest to regenerate. 

Black bear (Ursus americanus) provide many hunting opportunities in Pike County. Today, the bear population 

in Pennsylvania is around 15,000, up from the estimated 4,400 in the early 1980’s. One hundred twenty-two 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Animals of Pike County / 21 

Charlie Eichelberger, PNHP

ears were harvested in Pike County during the 2010 hunt. Bobcat (Lynx rufus) populations are also on the rise 

in Pike County and hunting and trapping opportunities in the state have been expanded by the PGC. 

Some mammal species occurring in Pike County are 

able to inhabit a wide range of habitat types and are 

well represented throughout the region. These 

species are termed generalists and include the 

northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), 

gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), raccoon 

(Procyon lotor), white-footed mouse (Peromyscus 

leucopus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), 

Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), red fox 

(Vulpes vulpes), coyote (Canis latrans), and the 

ubiquitous chipmunk (Tamias striatus). All of these 

species occur throughout the many and diverse 

habitats within Pike County, and the rest of 

Pennsylvania, and are in no jeopardy of disappearing 

from the landscape. 

Star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) 

Other species have fairly restricted habitat needs and are termed habitat specialists. They may be restricted to 

grasslands, interior forests, or wetlands and streams. Examples of these species include the meadow vole 

(Microtus pennsylvanicus) which relies on grasslands and meadows, bats that hibernate in caves and mines, 

and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and beaver (Castor canadensis) both of which are specialized to live in 

wetlands and streams. At one time, beaver were extirpated from Pennsylvania but reintroduction efforts have 

allowed the numbers to rebound remarkably, and while not nearly as common as before European settlement, 

several hundred are harvested annually from Pike County’s WMU (3D) including over 800 in 2006 (PGC 

data). 

Wetlands and streams play a major role in providing habitat for mammals as well as serving as corridors for 

dispersal throughout the county. One of the first environs investigated by biologists is marshes and streams, as 

these habitats are often sites where mammalian diversity is highest. It is not uncommon to find multiple 

species of shrews, rodents, and weasels along these habitats. Some of the weasels, including the ermine 

(Mustela erminea), mink (M. vison), and long-tailed weasel (M. frenata), can be found in a variety of habitats, 

but are frequently associated with these wetlands and waterways where prey items are abundant. Another 

species typically associated with wetlands is the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) which is adept at diving 

for aquatic invertebrate prey items. The largest member of Pennsylvania’s extant weasels, the river otter 

(Lontra canadensis), was previously trapped to near extirpation but has been reintroduced to several regions 

of Pennsylvania. Following an initial reintroduction program during the 1980’s, the species has made a 

comeback. Another reintroduced weasel found in Pike County is the fisher (Martes pennanti) which has 

shown extensive dispersal in recent years from the original release sites. A resident of large forest tracts, the 

fisher dwells in limited numbers in Pike County. 

Open land, in the form of meadows and grasslands, are found in limited areas along the floodplains of Pike 

County where row crops make up the majority of the agriculture. Species of mammals known to occur within 

open lands include the eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus), woodchuck (Marmota monax), and 

meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius). The southern bog lemming (Synaptomys cooperi) can inhabit 

fallow fields and may exist in very low densities, unlike many other small rodents whose populations are 

consistently large. 

The hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri) and eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) can be found in well 

drained soils throughout habitats harboring a wealth of subterranean invertebrates. These mammals offer 

invaluable benefits to humans by turning over soils and keeping some invertebrate pest species in check. 



Another inhabitant of these well drained areas is the woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum), a common species 

which lives in cool forests with rocky substrates and an abundance of mosses and ferns. 

The forested tracts of Pike County are also important 

habitat for the region’s mammals. The gray fox (Urocyon 

cinereoargenteus) is primarily a denizen of forests, 

though it may also be found foraging in more open 

habitats. This native fox is known to be an adept tree 

climber and feeds on rabbits and other small mammals. 

Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) roam throughout 

portions of Pike County, but changes in habitat and 

competition with deer for food have caused declines of 

this species. Forested habitats are also important for the 

native deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a very 

important species to the ecology of Pennsylvania’s Hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri) 

ecosystems, being a main food source for a host of other vertebrates. The porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is 

often persecuted for the damage they can do to wooden structures and trees. While they may eventually kill 

some trees, it is important to note that the trees killed by porcupines may serve as important habitat for a mix of 

other species. 

Also living in forested habitats is the woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) and the southern redbacked 

vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), both of which serve as an important food source for many other 

mammals, as well as birds of prey. The masked shrew (Sorex cinereus) and smoky shrew (S. fumeus) are 

found in a number of different habitats, but tend to prefer cool, moist forests and woodlands. These shrews 

can also be found close to waterways where insect 

populations, the major food source for these species, 

are healthy. The northern water shrew (S. palustris 

albibarbis), a species of concern in Pennsylvania, is 

also found along cool mountain streams where it 

actually dives to capture invertebrate prey on the 

bottom of these waterways. Pygmy shrews (S. hoyi) 

are the smallest mammals in North America, and one 

of the smallest in the world. About the weight of a 

dime, pygmy shrews live under logs and stumps in 

Woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) 

Charlie Eichelberger, PNHP 

many of the states forests, from low wet areas to upper 

elevation dryer habitats. The rock shrew (S. dispar), as 

the name implies, can be found living on rocky slopes 

or along waterways with subterranean rocky retreats. 

Not collected in Pike County, the species likely exists since ample habitat is available and the species has 

been captured in some of the surrounding counties. 

Favoring conifer patches, the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) is much smaller than the more common 

widespread gray squirrel. Though much smaller than it’s larger gray cousin, the red squirrel is highly 

territorial, and its loud staccato “cherr” is used to fend off potential predators. The nocturnal southern flying 

squirrel (Glaucomys volans) is also known from Pike County, living in mixed forests with adequate tree 

cavities, in which they nest. The northern flying squirrel (G. sabrinus), a state endangered species, is 

specialized to live in conifer forests and two populations are known from Pike County. 

Bats are becoming increasingly rare in Pike County, due in large part to the devastating White-Nose Syndrome 

(WNS). Bats can be encountered during the summer months along the streams and open bodies of water. The 

little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), northern myotis (M. septentrionalis), and 

tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) spend the active season foraging along waterways and rearing young in 



forested areas with dead woody timber, or in some cases 

in man-made structures like attics, barns, and sheds. 

During the winter, these species are known to hibernate in 

caves and mines. The state threatened eastern smallfooted 

bat (Myotis leibii) may occur in Pike County and 

rears its young among rocky hillsides and boulder fields 

where crevices provide ample cover to avoid predators. 

While most of Pike County’s bats disappear into caves 

and mines to hibernate during the winter, several species 

such as the hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), red bat 

(Lasiurus borealis), and silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris 

noctivagans) don’t over-winter in the state at all and 

migrate further south to states like the Carolinas and 

Florida and are thought to spend their winter months in 

hibernation under deep patches of leaf and forest floor litter. 

In 2009, White-Nose-Syndrome (WNS), 

which was first found in New York State in 

2006, showed up in several locations in 

Pennsylvania. Causing mass mortality 

within infected sites, WNS has the potential 

to wipe out cave bats in Pennsylvania. The 

spread has been rapid, and so far, there is 

little hope that the spread of the disease can 

or will be controlled. Bats play a key role in 

forest ecology, and the loss of this suite of 

unique animals will undoubtedly cause pest 

insect populations to rise dramatically. Bat 

conservation should be considered a top 

priority over the coming years, with the 

hope that at least some of Pennsylvania’s 

cave bats will survive. For more 

information, visit www.batcon.org. 

Red bat (Lasiurus borealis) 

Unfortunately, several invasive mammal species are 

widespread throughout Pike County. Frequently encountered 

in urban and suburban areas, the Norway rat (Rattus 

norvegicus) and house mouse (Mus musculus), both old world 

species, have become well established. These two introduced 

species are a nuisance to residents, causing damage to farmer’s 

crops, competing with native species, and altering natural food 

webs. These conflicts with the natural environment primarily 

occur where natural areas border the urban and suburban areas 

where Norway rats and house mice can thrive. 

A loss of those species considered incompatible with human 

land use has occurred in Pike County. Gone from the county’s 

mammalian fauna are the bison, elk, martin, mountain lion, 

and gray wolf. Monitoring of existing populations of the 

mammal species of the county could provide a better picture 

of the conservation needs of Pike County’s mammals as well 

as where and when reintroductions may be possible for lost or declining species. Of utmost importance to the 

diversity of Pike County’s mammals, is the avoidance of fragmentation of the forest, protection of existing 

wetlands, and maintenance of acreage of fallow fields (instead of row crops). The potential restoration of 

previously destroyed wetlands is needed to secure those mammal species that live in these declining environs. 

These restored habitats would serve a multitude of mammal species, as well as many other species of plants and 

animals, both common and rare, in the county. Expanded conservation programs such as the Conservation 

Reserve Enhancement Program and Landowner Incentive Program may provide the opportunities for 

landowners to become directly involved with the conservation of Pike County mammals. 

Important Mammal Areas (IMAs) 

Pike County is an incredibly unique county as far as mammal diversity and the 

available expansive mammal habitats. The county has the distinction of 

containing portions of two Important Mammal Areas (IMA), the Delaware State 

Forest, Bushkill Creek Area (IMA #40) and the Delaware Water Gap/Pocono 

Environmental Education Center (IMA #41). More information on these IMAs 

can be found on page 49. 



Birds of Pike County 

Pennsylvania provides a wide range of habitats, including Great Lakes glacial wetlands and Atlantic Coast tidal 

marshes, southern hardwood heaths, and northern boreal forests. Approximately 400 bird species have been 

observed in the state; of these 186 regularly breed here (Pulcinella 1997). The state’s extensive forests provide 

breeding habitat for many declining bird species in the Northeast and a large number of raptors and songbirds 

travel along its ridgetops during spring and fall migration (Brauning 1992). Pike County contains many intact 

habitats such as large forest blocks and wetlands, creating a variety of habitats available for numerous bird 

species, including several species of concern. 

Forest Bird Communities 

Several large forest blocks occur within Pike County, 

which creates habitat for interior forest species that require 

large, undisturbed tracts of habitat. Two forest blocks 

greater than 25,000 acres in size still occur in the county. 

As forested landscapes are fragmented into smaller 

patches by development, roads, and logging, many bird 

populations are declining, making the large forests 

especially important (Askins et al. 1991). Forest interior 

species require large blocks of core or contiguous interior 

forest (300 feet from an edge) in order to breed (Robbins, 

Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) 

Dawson, and Dowell 1989). Forest fragmentation negatively affects their nesting success because of increased 

predation from animals that use edges for hunting and brood parasitism. Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus 

ater) use perches along edge to prospect for nests of other species in which to lay their eggs (Robinson 1994). 

Forest interior species include a variety of owls, hawks, woodpeckers, thrushes, vireos, and warblers. 

Table 7. Examples of forest interior bird species found in 


Common Name Scientific Name 

Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens 

Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea 

Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus 

Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus 

Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea 

Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorum 

Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 

Of those species found in interior forest, several 

occupy a special niche within the interior forest. The 

Acadian Flycatcher, Cerulean Warbler, Louisiana 

Waterthrush, and Red-shouldered Hawk all specialize 

in riparian corridors and wetlands in interior forest. 

These habitats, formerly common in Pennsylvania, 

are being converted to other uses and habitat types at 

an alarming rate. In riparian areas, floodplain forests 

should be maintained by limiting harvesting within 

the riparian zone per Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry 

aquatic habitat buffer guidelines (http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/sfrmp/documents/Water_Aquatic_Buffer_ 

Guidelines.pdf). These forests typically have larger, older trees that provide habitat for cavity-dependent and 

bark-utilizing species and provide nesting sites for raptor species and colonial waterbirds. 

Whenever possible, fragmentation of large contiguous forest tracts (at least 750 acres in size) should be 

avoided. Naturally uneven-aged forests with a well-developed woody and herbaceous understory should be 

maintained. Care should be taken not to increase predation and parasitizing opportunities for cowbirds by 

keeping roads, trails, and other disturbance corridors narrow with the edges of opening in brush or long grass 

over 6 inches tall (no mowing). Dead trees, snags, and slash-piles serve many wildlife functions including 

foraging sites, nesting cavities, hunting perches, and shelter and should be maintained. 

Wetland Bird Communities 

In Pennsylvania, 56 percent of all state bird species of concern are wetland obligate species and an even higher 

percentage of species of concern use wetlands at some point during their life cycle (Gross 2002). Wetlands and 

riparian zones are imperiled habitats across the state (Myers et al. 2000). From 1956-1979, 38% of 


Bob Moul

Pennsylvania’s wetlands with emergent vegetation were drained, filled, or succumbed to succession (Tiner 1990). 

This combination has led to wetland habitat becoming rare, along with the species that rely on the wetlands. 

Numerous wetlands occur in Pike County, most of which 

are shrub wetlands and palustrine forests. Some habitat has 

also been created through manmade ponds and areas 

surrounding reservoirs, as well as wetlands modified by 

beaver activity. Wetland areas provide breeding and 

foraging habitat for various raptors such as Osprey 

(Pandion haliaetus) and Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus). Other wetland species, such as waterfowl, 

shorebirds, and wading birds require these habitats for 

nesting and foraging. Wading birds, such as Great Blue 

Herons (Ardea herodias), prefer clumps of dead, 

Sora (Porzana carolina) 

water-surrounded trees to place their rookeries. 

Unfortunately, many of these wetland species are secretive, cryptic, and hard to flush, making these challenging 

habitats to survey and limiting our knowledge of the true range and status of these species. 

Table 8. Examples of wetland bird species found in Pike 

County. 

Common Name Scientific Name 

Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum 

American Black Duck Anas rubripes 

Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 

Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon 

Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias 

Green Heron Butorides striatus 

Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii 

Grassland Bird Communities 

Historically, most of the northeastern United States was 

forested except for scattered openings that existed along river 

floodplains, wetlands, beaver meadows, and heathlands. Fires 

set by lightning strikes or burning and clearing by Native 

Americans also opened up forested areas on a periodic basis. 

With European colonization during the 1800s, grasslands 

became widespread as forests were cleared for pastures and 

hayfields allowing grassland species to flourish. Today, with 

farmland reverting back to forest or being replaced by housing 

and business developments, species dependent on grasslands 

are declining, precipitously in some cases. 

Grassland habitat in Pike County is minimal and often too 

small to support species that need larger habitats. This habitat 

type is not common in Pike County, and the creation of 

additional grassland habitats is not considered beneficial and 

should not be a primary activity for grassland bird 

The conservation and proper management of wetland 

habitat is crucial to sustaining healthy populations of 

these bird species in addition to maintaining general 

ecosystem viability and a reliable water supply. 

Immediate needs include the conservation of emergent 

wetlands that provide nesting, feeding, and wintering 

habitats for both breeding and migratory species. 

Wetlands must be protected from hydrologic changes 

(draining, flooding, filling, etc.), unnatural siltation, 

pollution, and invasion by exotic species. 

conservation. Management in existing grassland habitat can be done in a way to benefit grassland species. 

Restrict mowing to outside the breeding season, manage grazing using a rotational system, and limit 

development in areas where grassland-dependent species are known to reside to benefit early successional 

species in areas already being maintained as grassland. 


Ron Austing 

Regulations and Protection 

The Pennsylvania Game Commission has the 

ownership, control, and jurisdiction of the birds 

within the Commonwealth. Rules and 

Regulations on the taking of wildlife can be 

found through consultation with the PGC. 

Many bird species are also protected through 

international treaties and federal and state laws 

such as the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the 

Endangered Species Act (US Fish and Wildlife 

Service 2007). 

Pennsylvania's Breeding Bird Atlas 

The 2nd Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas is the 

most extensive survey of the state’s nesting birds 

ever attempted. More information about the 

breeding bird atlas can be found at 

http://www.carnegiemnh.org/atlas/

Reptiles and Amphibians of Pike County 

Pennsylvania’s mixed landscapes create a great diversity of habitats for a wide range of reptile and 

amphibian species. Pennsylvania’s reptile and amphibian makeup, known as the herpetofauna, is quite 

unique in that the ranges of most Pennsylvania reptiles and amphibians are restricted to certain regions of 

the state, a testament to the varied topography and physiographic provinces within the region. Today, the 

Commonwealth is home to 78 native herptile species, including those common in the glaciated regions of 

the Canadian Shield, many of the southern species from the lower regions of the Appalachians, several 

associated with western prairies, and a few connected with the coastal plain. 

Pike County is home to many common, generalist species, such as the eastern garter snake (Thamnophis 

sirtalis), the red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), the bull and green frogs (Lithobates 

catesbeianus, L. clamitans), and the painted and snapping turtles (Chrysemys picta, Chelydra serpentina). 

These species occur in many different habitats, exist throughout the entire state, and are the most commonly 

encountered reptiles and amphibians in the Commonwealth. Along with these common species, Pike 

County includes several less common species of herptiles. Many of these species have restricted ranges or 

are considered specialists, meaning their life histories have more specific habitat requirements. 

Salamanders 

The terrestrial woodland salamanders depend on canopied forests with adequate amounts of leaf litter. 

These salamanders are voracious predators of the forest floor. Their role in limiting the numbers of leaf 

decomposing invertebrates has been shown to be significant in maintaining a rich layer of organic matter on 

the forest floor, often an indicator of forest health. The red-backed and slimy salamanders (Plethodon 

cinereus, P. glutinosus) are the most common woodland species in Pike County’s forests. 

Long-tailed Salamander ( Eurycea longicauda) 

Charlie Eichelberger 

The numerous waterways and streams of Pike County 

provide habitat for the streamside salamanders, 

including the northern and mountain dusky salamanders 

(Desmognathus fuscus, D. ochrophaeus), the northern 

two-lined and long-tailed salamanders (Eurycea 

bislineata, E. longicauda) and the northern spring 

salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus). In the coldwater 

drainages of the county, the brilliant northern red 

salamander (Pseudotriton ruber) can be found under the 

litter and rocks in seeps and spring heads. All of the 

streamside salamanders require high water quality. 

Temporary wetlands and vernal pools are critical to a group of amphibians that rely on the wet/dry annual 

cycle that eliminates the possibility of fish populations being established. The spotted, Jefferson, and 

marbled (Ambystoma maculatum A. jeffersonianum A. opacum) salamanders are all known from Pike 

County and typically cannot reproduce without the presence of fish free ephemeral wetlands. The four-toed 

salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum) is not a vernal pool obligate but can be found in association with 

these habitats. This diminutive salamander lays its eggs in peat mosses (Sphagnum spp.) and can be found 

in the margins of seeps, springs, and streamsides where sphagnum moss is found above cool, clear water. 

The four-toed salamander tends its clutch, which is laid in vertical mats of sphagnum, until the young hatch. 

Frogs and Toads 

The wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus), like the Ambystomatid salamanders discussed earlier, is considered 

a vernal pool obligate species, however wood frogs are one of the more liberal vernal pool species and can 

also be found breeding in shallow marshes and ditches. The American toad (Anaxyrus americanus), spring 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Animals of Pike County / 27

peeper (Pseudacris crucifer), and grey tree frog (Hyla versicolor) are regular visitors to many different 

types of wetlands where they breed and forage. 

The Fowler’s toad (A. fowleri) is generally less common than the related American toad, with the former 

typically inhabiting areas of sandy soils and the latter being far more general in its habitat requirements. 

The pickerel frog (L. palustris) and northern leopard frog (L. pipiens) require heavily vegetated areas 

associated with temporary wetlands or along creeks and streams. Once one of Pennsylvania’s most common 

species of frog, the northern leopard frog has rapidly disappeared from much of its range for mysterious 

reasons and there is now concern for the future of this species. 

Turtles 

The spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata) is a small 

semiaquatic turtle that can inhabit a range of wetlands, 

from vernal pools, to wet meadows, marshes, and slow 

moving streams. Spotted turtles are becoming 

increasingly rare in the state because of habitat loss, 

predation, and illegal collection. The semi-aquatic wood 

turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) relies on wooded creeks 

and rivers, and while it can be locally common in areas, 

the species is becoming increasingly scarce across its 

range. The stinkpot turtle (Sternotherus odoratus) 

Wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) 

inhabits most moderate-to-large wetlands and 

waterways, though it is infrequently encountered because of its secretive nature. Pike County’s map turtles 

(Graptemys geographica) can be found along the Delaware River. In Pennsylvania, this species is restricted 

to the larger tributaries of the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers with a population also found along Lake 

Erie’s shores. The eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) is an easily recognized, generalist species that 

may be found throughout the county. While this species is still considered common, with a lifespan that 

may reach beyond a century, many biologists believe that box turtle populations have been in a steady 

decline due to road mortality and predation on nests and juveniles. Turtle nests are laid in suitable substrates 

with sun exposure, frequently along waterways. These sites are used by many nesting females and are easily 

targeted by overpopulations of raccoons, skunks, and opossums. There is growing concern for many of 

Pennsylvania’s turtles, because numerous populations are nearly void of juvenile turtles, indicating that 

there is little successful reproduction occurring. 

One of Pennsylvania’s rarest turtles is found in Pike County. The bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii), is a 

federally threatened species and is listed as state endangered. This species has suffered severe declines due 

to habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, illegal collection, and predation. The distinctive orange spots 

on either side of the neck are the most obvious 

identifying character. Bog turtles are habitat specialists, 

requiring open herbaceous wetlands with spring fed 

water and mucky soils. 

Lizards and Snakes 


The five-lined skink (Plestiodon fasciatus) and the 

northern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) are both 

known from Pike County. These species occur in 

relatively small, isolated populations in dry habitats 

with an abundance of cover objects and basking areas. 

These habitats often include many sun-exposed rocks 

and dead woody debris. These species are particularly 

Northern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) 



susceptible to localized extinction because of their populations’ small sizes and isolation from other lizard 

populations. 

The black racer (Coluber constrictor) and the black rat snake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis), two fairly 

common species in the state, can be found in many different habitats across the county. These two species 

prey upon small mammals including mice and squirrels. The brilliantly patterned eastern milk snake 

(Lampropeltis triangulum) can be found in a variety of habitats and though it is common, this species is 

rather secretive and is rarely seen. A more frequently observed snake, northern watersnake (Nerodia 

sipedon) is a widespread resident of Pike County. This species hunts along open waterways, searching for 

amphibians and small fish. 

The eastern ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus), a 

slender species of garter snake, depends on the 

sedge and grass covered edges of wetlands and is 

thought to be declining due to wetland destruction. 

The smooth green snake (Liochlorophis vernalis) 

is likely common in grassy areas but is difficult to 

locate, because its camouflage allows it to 

virtually disappear into vegetation. This snake is 

rarely seen, and the species is considered 

vulnerable to apparently secure in the state. The 

eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos) is 

known from a few locales in the county. This Eastern ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus) 

harmless, toad-eating snake is known to flare its neck into a hood, and strike at predators while hissing 

loudly. If the performance doesn’t work, this snake will feign death and roll on its back while becoming 

limp and gaping its mouth. 

Several small and secretive snake species in the county include the northern brown snake and northern redbellied 

snake (Storeria dekayi, S. occipitomaculata), the ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus), and the 

eastern worm snake (Carphophis amoenus). With the exception of the worm snake, these species are fairly 

common residents and can be found beneath rocks and decaying wood and bark. Worm snakes are 

exclusively fossorial, meaning they spend their lives underground. Consequently, little is known about the 

worm snake in Pennsylvania. 

Denise Watts, PNHP 

The timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) and 

northern copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), 

have long been persecuted due to their venomous 

nature. Although these snakes may deliver a 

serious bite if threatened, the danger they pose has 

been drastically over-exaggerated. In fact, there 

has never been a recorded human fatality in 

Pennsylvania from a wild venomous snake bite. 

The forested ridges of Pike County still house 

populations of timber rattlesnakes. They primarily 

occur on rocky slopes where they can find refuge 

in spaces between the boulders as well as 

thermoregulate in the sunny openings. This 

Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) 

species forages in a variety of habitats, but favor 

forested areas with healthy small mammal populations. Hibernacula, or dens, often are found under canopy 

cover but are usually located within several hundred feet of an open basking site. Persistence of these sites 



elies on forestry practices that maintain a diversity of open areas adjacent to forested foraging habitat. 

Copperheads are able to use a wide range of habitats and may be encountered throughout the county and 

can be found from mountaintops to valley floors in dry settings as well as wetland edges. Copperheads may 

forage in a variety of habitats with healthy small mammal populations. 

Timber rattlesnakes and copperheads are considered game species by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat 

Commission and can be collected with an appropriate PFBC permit. Despite the allowance of snake 

hunting, the timber rattlesnake is considered a species of concern because it is declining due to human 

persecution. Timber rattlesnakes are a protected species in every surrounding state where the snake occurs 

and are considered during environmental review in Pennsylvania. The wooded habitats along the ridges of 

Pike County provide a tempting location for housing development, however housing locations at these sites 

are not recommended in order to reduce human-snake encounters. 

Pike County is a significant spot in the state for the Commonwealth’s reptiles and amphibians. The forested 

tracts, dry barrens, and numerous waterways and wetlands provide critical habitat for the reptiles and 

amphibians. Of utmost importance to the conservation of the county’s herpetofauna is the protection of the 

region’s forests, streams, marshes, and wet meadows. The rich and diverse herpetofauna of Pike County is 

unique to Pennsylvania and should be considered in the long term plan of the region. 


Fishes of Pike County 

Fish live in a variety of aquatic habitats, such as ponds, streams, rivers, reservoirs, and lakes. Anglers 

appreciate sport fishes such as brook trout and smallmouth bass, but there are over 160 fish in the 

Commonwealth, many of which eat, reproduce, and occupy their habitats in unique and fascinating ways. 

Fish can be voracious eaters of other fish or gentle grazers of plants. Many fish are predators of insects, while 

others eat mollusks, crayfish, salamanders, or frogs. Some fish eat only algae throughout their lives. 

Many fish species migrate to spawn. Upstream habitats are important for spawning and the development of 

young fish. Access to spawning habitats is inhibited by dams along the migratory paths of fish, despite fish 

ladders on some large dams. Dams on the tributaries to the Delaware River prevent fish migration in many 

streams. However, the free-flowing Delaware River provides a migratory route for American eels (Anguilla 

rostrata) on their long distance travels from their breeding grounds in the Sargasso Sea in the Atlantic Ocean 

to the habitat for juveniles and adults in the freshwaters of the coastal watershed. 

Nests are created by some fish to protect their young. River 

chubs (Nocomis micropogon) assemble piles of gravel up to 

24 inches wide, while trout make nests called “redds” which 

are trough-like depressions in the stream bottom, oriented to 

supply oxygen to the developing fish. Channel catfish 

(Ictalurus punctatus) lay their eggs in undercut banks, on 

sunken logs, or in abandoned muskrat holes. Sunfish, such 

as bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus), create depressions in 

sand and gravel on the stream bottom. The adult fish guard 

the developing eggs from predators and later defend the 

young larvae until they are able to fend for themselves. 

Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) 

Habitat provides food resources and shelter for fish. Bottom 

dwelling fish prefer to swim near the rocks and logs that line the stream beds. Sculpins and darters, adapted to 

the life on the stream bottom, rest their fins on the substrate and eat insects that cling to the rocks. Other fish 

prefer to swim the open waters or among vegetation at the shores of rivers and lakes. 

The fish found in Pennsylvania’s flowing waters have distinct habitat preferences; the two most important 

factors of habitat are stream size and water temperature. The typical habitats of streams and rivers are 

classified as: 

• Headwater streams are the smallest streams, and water temperatures are often cold (75F) and slower flows. Pools and runs become 

more prominent than riffles. These streams usually have “Warmwater Fish Communities,” with central 

stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum), northern hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans), sunfish (Lepomis spp.), 

smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and a variety of other darters and minnows. 

• Large rivers, such as the Delaware River, usually have warmer, slower waters. When there are dams, the 

habitat can be similar to lake conditions. Since large rivers usually flow through well-populated areas, they 

often receive many pollutants and have multiple threats to water quality. Rivers may have “River and 

WPC 


Impoundment Community” with fish species like walleye (Sander vitreus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), 

black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), and others. 

Much of Pike County’s fish diversity is contained within the minnow family. These minnows are found in a 

variety of waterways. Some commonly encountered species include northern hogsucker, white sucker, 

blacknose dace, brook trout, pumpkinseed, longnose dace, bluegill, and walleye. Additionally, trout, sculpins, 

catfishes, and other darters and sunfishes are common groups found in the waterways of Pike County. The 

Aquatic Community Classification has identified several fish communities (Table 9). Fact sheets detailing 

these communities can be found in Appendix VII. 

Table 9. 

Fish Community Indicator Species 

Coldwater 

Coolwater 1 

Coolwater 2 

Warmwater 

River and 

Impoundment 

Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), *Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), *Rainbow Trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 

Slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), stocked Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), Fathead Minnow 

(Pimephales promelas), Pearl Dace (Margariscus margarita) 

Blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), White Sucker (Catostomus commersoni), Golden 

Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) 

Sunfish (Lepomis spp.), Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris), Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus 

dolomieu), Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Common Shiner (Luxilus cornutus), 

Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella analostana), Spotfin Shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera), Spottail 

Shiner (Notropis hudsonius), Swallowtail Shiner (Notropis procne), Shield Darter (Percina 

peltata), Tessellated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi), American Eel (Anguilla rostrata), 

Bluntnose Minnow (Pimephales notatus), Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 

Walleye (Sander vitreus), Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), Black Crappie (Pomoxis 

nigromaculatus), Goldfish (Carassius auratus) 

Conservation Recommendations 

Water quality is important to fish, particularly those sensitive to poor water quality, such as brook trout and 

some darters. Sensitive fish and invertebrates are readily lost from streams when water quality declines. 

The most widespread causes of water quality and habitat decline in Pennsylvania are suspended sediments in 

the water and sedimentation of the stream habitat. Soils can erode from improperly managed agriculture, 

timber harvest, and other earth disturbances or are sloughed off poorly protected stream banks. The excess 

sediment fills in the spaces between gravel and rocks, smothering habitat for the invertebrates on which fish 

feed, and spawning and nesting habitats. Erosion can be controlled by establishing or maintaining buffers of 

native vegetation and adequate width along all streams. 

Maintaining a well-vegetated riparian zones or restoring stream buffers is important for habitats, water 

quality, and regulating water temperatures in urban and rural waterways. Wider buffers provide more habitat 

and effective water quality than narrow buffers; in general, at least a 30-ft wide buffer is recommended, but 

narrow buffers (5-10 feet) also give some measure of protection of water quality, habitats, and temperatures. 

Mitigating runoff from impervious surfaces (parking lots, buildings, and roads) using riparian buffers, as well 

as water retention and water infiltration measures is important for protecting waterways. We also recommend 

reducing runoff from crop fields and pastures with riparian buffers, as well as soil conservation and proper 

manure storage and spreading are also important for protecting waterways. 

In situations where dams have out lasted their purpose or create safety concerns, habitats and connectivity can 

be improved by their removal. 

Another human-caused alteration to fish populations includes the introduction of non-native fish through 

stocking, bait bucket introductions, or other accidental introductions. Introduced sport fish (e.g. brown trout, 


Salmo trutta) or other non-natives (northern snakehead, Channa argus) can thrive in new environments. 

Unfortunately, their success may be at the expense of native fishes. Some introduced species are more 

aggressive than native species and can outcompete the natives for food and habitat. This leads to losses in 

biodiversity as the native fishes are displaced or die because they cannot co-exist with the introduced species. 

For more information on Pennsylvania’s fish species, see: 

http://www.fish.state.pa.us/pafish/fishhtms/chapindx.htm 

For more information on Pennsylvania’s fish communities and stream types, see: 

Walsh, M.C., J. Deeds, and B. Nightingale. 2007. User’s Manual and Data Guide to the Pennsylvania Aquatic 

Community Classification. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, Middletown, 

PA, and Pittsburgh, PA. 


Freshwater Mussels of Pike County 

North America has the highest diversity of freshwater mussels in the world with nearly 300 species (Williams 

et al. 1993). Historically, 65 species were known from Pennsylvania (PNHP 2011). Freshwater mussels are 

found in waterways throughout Pennsylvania, from medium-sized streams to large rivers and in lakes and 

ponds. Freshwater mussels are an important part of aquatic ecosystems, filtering and cleaning the water, as 

well as making nutrients more available for other aquatic life (Vaughn and Hakenkamp 2001). 

Freshwater mussels are one of the most imperiled groups of organisms on the earth. In North America, 

approximately 70 percent of the species are considered endangered, threatened, or of concern (Williams et al. 

1993). In Pennsylvania, 14 species (representing about one-fifth of the species recorded from the state) have been 

extirpated from the commonwealth, and another 24 species are considered threatened or endangered by the 

Pennsylvania Biological Survey (PABS) and the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP). Eight species 

of native freshwater mussels are known from the Delaware River and its tributaries in Pike County (Table 10). 

The federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) occurs in the Delaware River watershed. 

Native freshwater mussels have a unique life cycle that is well 

adapted to flowing waters and aids the dispersal of these 

relatively immobile organisms. In the larval stage of many 

mussels, a glochidium must attach to a fish, usually on the gills, 

to feed and grow for weeks or months. Mussels attract fish with 

enticing lures that appear as fish or other prey. When a fish 

investigates, the female mussel expels the glochidia onto the 

fish. The host fish may transport the glochidia long distances, 

enabling the mussels to colonize new habitats. After growing 

into a juvenile mussel, it falls off into the substrate. 

Table 10. Mussel species known from Pike County 

Common name Scientific name 

Alewife Floater Anodonta implicata 

Dwarf Wedgemussel Alasmidonta heterodon 

Triangle Floater Alasmidonta undulata 

Brook Floater Alasmidonta varicosa 

Eastern Elliptio Elliptio complanata 

Yellow Lampmussel Lampsilis cariosa 

Eastern Floater Pyganodon cataracta 

Creeper Strophitus undulatus 

Threats to native mussels include the construction of dams, non-native invasive species such as the zebra 

mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), stream channelization, water 

pollution, sedimentation, and habitat loss through dredging (Richter et al. 1997). As filter feeders, mussels are 

sensitive to changes in water quality, making the presence of a healthy mussel community an indicator of 

good water quality. 

Dams alter habitat by slowing down naturally flowing water, increasing depths and depositing fine sediments; 

all of these changes effectively burying natural habitats for mussels under deep water and layers of silt. Dams 

inhibit movement of fish hosts for mussels and limits mussel dispersion. 

Zebra mussels and Asian clams have been sighted in the Delaware River watershed. Both species compete with 

native mussels for food. Zebra mussels grow on hard surfaces including the shells of native mussels, and in high 

densities can starve and suffocate native mussels by covering their shells completely. Zebra mussels are not as 

abundant in flowing waters as in lakes, but in rivers, such as the Hudson River (NY), they are persisting many 

years after their initial invasion. 

Adopting zoning to protect riparian areas and to ensure stormwater retention and infiltration will also protect 

mussels. Reducing the effects of urbanization through control of quantity and quality of stormwater will also 

help protect these habitats. 

Effective conservation of mussel populations will result only from preserving aquatic systems as a whole. 

Targeting entire biological communities is a proactive approach to biodiversity conservation because it 

protects complete assemblages of species, rather than focusing on saving a single species. In the biological 

community approach, all species are protected: the common, the rare, and those not yet discovered (Higgins et 

al. 1998). Pennsylvania has several freshwater mussel species that are considered globally rare. For these 

reasons, it is important to protect each mussel community and the watersheds that contain them. 


Insects of Pike County 

Pennsylvania is home to over ten thousand insect species. We know very little about most of these species, 

but there are three groups of insects that have been studied well enough to allow the Pennsylvania Biological 

Survey to assign state ranks to all the species occurring in the Commonwealth: the Odonata (dragonflies and 

damselflies), the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), and the Cicindelidae (tiger beetles). 

Dragonflies and Damselflies 

There are approximately 350 species of dragonflies (Needham et. al. 2000) and 161 species of damselflies 

(Westfall and May 1996) in North America. Within Pennsylvania 121 species of dragonflies and 55 species of 

damselflies are known to occur (PNHP 2006). 

Adult odonates can fly with exceptional maneuverability and speed, allowing them to be efficient predators. 

Larval odonates are also predators of aquatic insects, often eating the larvae of the same species preyed on by 

adults. Predators such as these can have significant effects on populations of prey such as mosquitoes. 

Odonates live in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, from 

clear mountain streams to large rivers, small temporary 

forest pools to large wetlands or lakes. Declines in water 

quality and alteration or destruction of habitat are the 

greatest threats to populations of odonates (Westfall and 

May 1996). Many activities take place that destroy or 

alter odonate habitats so that they are no longer suitable 

for odonates or can only support a few tolerant species. 

Alteration of hydrology can also cause odonate 

mortality. Poor storm water management can cause 

Lilypad Clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer) 

unusually large fluctuations in water flow. Heavy water 

demand can lead to decreased water tables and lower 

flow through the streams. Changes in natural water flow patterns can cause changes in sedimentation rates, 

nutrient loading, floodplain area and water depth, hydroperiod, temperature, dissolved oxygen levels and the 

types and amounts of aquatic vegetation in and around the aquatic habitat. All of these factors are important in 

proper development of odonate eggs and larvae. 

Rick Koval 

Development of extensive agricultural, urban, and suburban areas creates biological islands of isolated natural 

areas. It can be difficult for animals to move long distances across unsuitable habitat and navigate large 

obstacles such as highways and developed areas, although some stronger flying odonates are able to evade 

these obstacles; however, other odonate species are not strong flyers or are disinclined to fly any great 

distance from their preferred type of habitat. For those species that can travel large distances, there is 

increased risk that they will not be able to find suitable habitat at the end of their journey in a fragmented 

landscape with diminished habitat. Just as habitat fragmentation isolates a group of animals on an island of 

habitat, it also isolates the gene pool collectively held by that group of animals. When animals cannot make 

contact with other populations, inbreeding occurs. This means there is no gene flow between populations and 

a loss of genetic diversity results. As genetic diversity is lost, the offspring become less healthy and the ability 

of that population to adapt to changes in the environment is reduced. This increases the chances that the 

population will go extinct. 


Butterflies and Moths 

There are an estimated 765 species of butterflies and 10,500 moths in the United States and Canada (Covell 

1984). The varied habitats present within Pennsylvania support 154 species of butterflies and skippers (PNHP 

data 2006), and up to 1,200 species of moths. No state agency is directly responsible for managing butterfly 

and moths, and scientists suspect downward 

population trends are occurring for many species 

within the Commonwealth. 

Butterflies and moths are grouped together in the 

insect order called Lepidoptera. Inspecting the two 

forewings or hindwings under magnification, each 

wing reveals thousands of neatly arranged scales of 

different colors. These species are also characterized 

by a coiled, tubular mouthpart called the proboscis, 

which is used to drink nectar. 

These species undergo a complete metamorphosis. 

This type of lifecycle begins with an egg laid on a 

specific host plant. The egg hatches and a tiny 

caterpillar (larva) emerges. The caterpillar feeds and 

grows larger, and will shed its skin several times to 

Gray Hairstreak (Strymon melinus) 

allow for growth. The pupa stage emerges when a 

fully-grown caterpillar sheds its skin and exposes a 

protective shell. Inside this shell, the transformation from caterpillar to adult takes place. After a period of 

time that varies from species to species, the adult emerges and the moth or butterfly takes off on its maiden 

flight. 

Butterflies and moths are closely related insects and share many common features. They have similar life 

histories and they utilize a similar suite of habitats. However, there are important differences between the two 

groups. Moths typically land and spread their wings 

open flat, while butterflies will often land and close 

their wings together over their back, or at 45-degree 

angles (the skippers). Moths are mostly active at 

night and butterflies fly during the day, although 

there are also many day-flying moths. Butterfly 

pupae have a smooth exterior called a chrysalis, 

while moth pupae form a cocoon, which is typically 

wrapped in silky fibers. 

Many butterflies and moths depend not only on 

specific habitat, but also on a single species of plant 

within that habitat. For example, the monarch 

butterfly (Danaus plexippus) only uses milkweed 

(Asclepias spp.) as its larval food plant. Therefore, 

maintenance of populations of the host plants for 

these insects is vital for the continued success of 

these species. 

Sally Ray (PNHP) 

Common Least Skipper (Ancyloxypha numitor) 

Sally Ray (PNHP) 


Tiger Beetles 

Beetles make up the order Coleoptera, which is the largest order in the animal kingdom with 350,000 named 

species. We know very little about the distribution of most beetles in Pennsylvania, but the tiger beetle family 

is an exception. These colorful, active, relatively large beetles have attracted the attention of amateur 

naturalists, thus they are frequently collected. Consequently, we have a good understanding of their historical 

range, abundance, and habitat requirements. Although little survey work for tiger beetles has been conducted 

in Pike County, approximately 20 species occur in Pennsylvania (Pearson et al. 2006). 

Tiger beetles range in color from brilliant green, to orange, 

to brown, to grayish black, and usually have white spots on 

the wing covers. They are approximately one-half inch (10- 

21 mm) long. Tiger beetles are predators, generally eating 

smaller insects such as flies and ants. They move swiftly 

over the ground, and, unlike most other beetles, take flight 

without a split second's hesitation when approached. 

Because they hunt by running, they are usually restricted to 

areas with exposed substrate such as soil, sand, or small 

rocks, without dense vegetation. Different species have 

highly specific preferences for habitat, and these exposed 

habitats are usually created by disturbance. Some species 

use habitat created by human disturbance, such as quarries 

or the compacted soil along foot trails, but many other 

species live along streams and rivers in habitats created by 

natural disturbance. These riverine habitats, including Six-spotted tiger beetle (Cicindela sexguttata) 

vertical clay banks, cobble scours, and sand bars, are created and maintained by the fast-flowing water of 

natural flooding regimes. 

Protection of tiger beetles revolves around the maintenance of natural flooding regimes and streamside 

riparian vegetation in watersheds where this species occurs. Reduction of these floods by building dams 

allows vegetation to grow on previously scoured areas, and prevents the formation of new sandbars. Keeping 

vegetated buffers along streams prevents erosion that can clog streams with silt and reduces the availability of 

sand and cobble habitat. Exotic invasive plants such as Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) can 

quickly colonize bare sand sites and thus prevent tiger beetles from using them. 

The presence of a diverse assemblage of tiger beetle species along a waterway is an indicator of a healthy 

stream, that is, a stream with a natural disturbance regime that creates a diversity of geomorphological 

features. Such a stream is also likely to support diverse populations of fish, aquatic invertebrates, and other 

species. 

“Orphan” taxa of Pike County 

While the largest and most obvious organisms in our environment are relatively easy to evaluate, a large 

number of organisms have received little attention, frequently due to their small size or cryptic habitats. These 

groups include most insects, snails, spiders, mushrooms, mosses, lichens. Though not as widely studied as the 

mega fauna and flora, the role of these small things within the environment is enormous. For the most part, 

these understudied taxonomic groups currently lack any official protection status. Early efforts to conserve 

large quality habitats that support significant diversity of these organisms can help avoid the necessity of 

protecting individual species in the future. The following account of the biology and ecology of land snails 

was prepared for this report as an introduction to a group of organisms that are often overlooked and 

undervalued for the significant role they play in the environment. 


Betsy Leppo (PNHP)

Land Snails of Pennsylvania by Timothy A. Pearce, Carnegie Museum of Natural History 

Pennsylvania is often overlooked land snails and slugs play an important role in food webs where they 

function as scavengers and prey items for other species. By grazing on vegetation and scavenging 

decomposing material, snails and slugs convert plant and waste matter into concentrated energy sources 

available to higher predators, serving as a critical food source for small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, 

insects, and birds. In fact, the shells of snails are extremely important to female birds as a source of 

calcium during the egg laying season (Graveland et al. 1994). 

Eight species of native snails placed on a penny for scale 

In Pennsylvania, shell diameters of 

adult land snails range from 1 to 25 

mm (1/25 to 1 inch). We are more 

likely to notice the larger snails, 

particularly during moist weather when 

they are most active, but the 

Commonwealth is also home to many 

of the less conspicuous microsnails of 

which half of the species are 1-3 mm 

(1/25 to 1/8 inch) as adults. Despite 

their diminutive size, even these 

microsnails play critical roles in 

Pennsylvania’s food webs. 

Land snails occur in nearly every terrestrial habitat, including relatively pristine forests, disturbed woods, 

meadows, agricultural areas, residential yards and gardens, and even traffic islands and waste areas. Nonnative 

species tend to occur in more disturbed areas. Habitat requirements of individual land snail species 

are poorly known, however we do know that snails need moisture and that they tend to be more abundant 

and diverse in limestone areas where calcium is abundant. Microhabitats are likely to be important, but 

specific needs of individual species are mostly unknown at this time. 

Land snail populations are declining across North America (Lydeard et al. 2004) with habitat destruction 

and change being the primary threat. Effective conservation of land snails will result from identifying where 

rare species or high species diversity occur and conserving those habitats. Because land snails are strongly 

influenced by moisture, changes in hydrology can alter snail populations. Activities such as long wall 

mining, damming, road building, and vegetation changes are just a few of those noted in causing land snail 

declines. Invasive plants can alter microhabitats, and exotic animals such as Norway rats and terrestrial 

flatworms directly prey on our native land snails. Invasive snails and slugs can compete with, and 

sometimes outcompete, native land snail species (Rollo 1983a, b). Other threats to land snails include acid 

precipitation, which can interfere with their ability to acquire calcium for their shells, and global climate 

change, which will alter temperatures and moisture patterns. The quintessentially slow moving snails might 

be unable to cope with these shifting habitats. Moving snails might be unable to keep up with their shifting 

habitats. 

Photo: Marla Coppolino 

The Pennsylvania Land Snail Atlas Project, an effort begun in 2005 to map 

the distribution of Pennsylvania’s land snails, has already documented 

several new state records and scores of new county records. The project 

continues to fill gaps in our knowledge of land snail distribution and status. 

Pennsylvania residents may submit specimens to the project by sending land 

snails, along with locality information about where they were collected, to: 

Tim Pearce, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Ave., 

Pittsburgh, PA 15217; PearceT@CarnegieMNH.org; (412) 622-1916. 


Methods 

Sixty-four county inventories have been completed in Pennsylvania to date. The methods used in the Pike 

County Natural Heritage Inventory followed established Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program 

procedures, which are based on those used by Anonymous (1985), Reese et al. (1988), and Davis et al. 

(1990). Natural Heritage Inventories proceed in three stages: 1) site selection based on existing data, map 

and aerial photo interpretation, and recommendations from local experts; 2) ground surveys; and 3) data 

analysis and mapping. 

Site Selection 

Inventory site selection is guided by information from a variety of sources. A review of the Pennsylvania 

Natural Heritage Program database determined what locations were previously known for species of 

concern and important natural communities in Pike County. Local citizens knowledgeable about the flora 

and fauna of Pike County were contacted for site suggestions. Individuals from academic institutions and 

state and federal agencies that steward natural resources (e.g., Pennsylvania Game Commission, 

Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry, Carnegie Museum of Natural History) were also contacted to obtain 

information about lands or resources they manage. National Wetland Inventory data, compiled by the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, was used to locate wetlands of potential ecological significance within the 

county. General information from other sources such as soil maps, geologic maps, earlier field studies, 

and published materials on the natural history of the area helped to provide a better understanding of the 

area’s natural environment. 

Aerial photographs were reviewed to identify sites for ground survey. An initial study of aerial photos 

revealed large-scale natural features (e.g., contiguous forest, wetlands), disturbances (e.g., utility line 

rights-of-way, timbered areas), and a variety of other features. Based on aerial photo interpretation, some 

sites were eliminated from consideration if they proved to be highly disturbed, fragmented, or lacked the 

targeted natural feature. 

Ground Surveys 

Areas identified as inventory sites were scheduled for ground surveys. Ecologists conducted field surveys 

throughout Pike County in 2009 and 2010. After obtaining permission from landowners, sites were 

examined to evaluate the condition and quality of the habitat and to classify the communities present. 

Field survey forms were completed for each site. Using location data collected using Global Positioning 

Systems (GPS), boundaries for each site were determined using USGS 1:24,000 topographic maps and 

PAMAP aerial photography. If a plant species of concern was recorded and the population was of 

sufficient size and vigor, a voucher specimen was collected to be archived in the herbarium of the 

Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh. The flora, fauna, level of disturbance, approximate 

age of forest community and local threats were among the most important data recorded for each site. In 

cases where landowner permission for site visits could not be obtained or enough existing information 

was available from other sources, sites were not ground surveyed. 

Data Analysis and Mapping 

Data on species of concern and natural communities obtained during the field work for this inventory 

were combined with existing data and summarized. Plant and animal nomenclature follows that adopted 

by the Pennsylvania Biological Survey. Natural community descriptions primarily follow Fike (1999). All 

sites with rare species and/or natural communities of concern were selected for inclusion in Natural 

Heritage Areas. Spatial data on the elements of concern was compiled in a Geographic Information 

System (GIS; ESRI ArcGIS 9.3). Boundaries defining core habitats and supporting landscapes for each 

Natural Heritage Area were delineated using PNHP conservation planning specifications for the elements 

of concern. These specifications are based on scientific literature and professional judgment for individual 

species or animal assemblages and may incorporate physical factors (e.g., slope, aspect, hydrology); 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Methods / 39

ecological factors (e.g., species composition, disturbance regime); or input provided by jurisdictional 

government agencies. Boundaries tend to vary in size and extent depending on the physical characteristics 

of a given site and the ecological requirements of its unique natural elements. For instance, two wetlands 

of exactly the same size occurring in the same region may require very different areas to support their 

functions if one receives mostly ground water and the other receives mostly surface water, or if one 

supports riparian species of concern. The Natural Heritage Areas were then assigned a significance rank 

based on their importance to the biological diversity and ecological integrity of Pike County (Table 11). 

These ranks can be used to help prioritize future conservation efforts. 

Table 11. County Natural Heritage Areas Significance Ranks 

Ranks Description 

Exceptional Sites that are of exceptional importance for the biological diversity and ecological integrity of the county 

or region. Sites in this category contain one or more occurrences of state or national species of concern 

or a rare natural community type that are of a good size and extent and are in a relatively undisturbed 

condition. Sites of exceptional significance merit quick, strong, and complete protection. 

High Sites that are of high importance for the biological diversity and ecological integrity of the county or 

region. These sites contain species of concern or natural communities that are highly ranked, and because 

of their size or extent, and/or relatively undisturbed setting, rate as areas with high potential for 

protecting ecological resources in the county. Sites of high significance merit strong protection in the 

future. 

Notable Sites that are important for the biological diversity and ecological integrity of the county or region. Sites 

in this category contain occurrences of species of concern or natural communities that are either of lower 

rank (G and S rank; see Appendix 1, page 185) or smaller size and extent than exceptional or high 

ranked areas, or are compromised in quality by activity or disturbance. Sites of notable significance 

merit protection within the context of their quality and degree of disturbance. 

Local Sites that have great potential for protecting biodiversity in the county but are not, as yet, known to 

contain species of concern or state significant natural communities. Often recognized because of their 

size, undisturbed character, or proximity to areas of known significance, these sites invite further survey 

and investigation. In some cases, these sites could be revealed as high or exceptional sites. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Methods / 40

Results 

Natural Heritage Areas & Conservation Planning Categories 

To provide the information necessary to plan for conservation of biodiversity at the species, community 

and ecosystem levels, two types of Natural Heritage Areas, as well as designations from two other 

conservation programs, are included in the report. 

Natural Heritage Area 

Natural Heritage Areas are areas containing plants or animals of concern at state or federal levels, 

exemplary natural communities, or exceptional native diversity. Natural Heritage Areas include both 

the immediate habitat and surrounding lands important in the support of these elements. They are 

mapped according to their sensitivity to human activities, with designations of Core Habitat and 

Supporting Landscape areas. “Core Habitat” areas delineate essential habitat that cannot absorb 

significant levels of activity without substantial impact to the elements of concern. “Supporting 

Landscape” areas maintain vital ecological processes or secondary habitat that may be able to 

accommodate some types of low-impact activities. 

The preparation of this report has resulted in the identification of 121 Natural Heritage Areas. Two 

Important Mammal Areas (IMAs) and three Important Bird Areas (IBAs) have also been designated 

within the county. These are discussed in turn, beginning with larger, landscape level conservation areas 

and are followed by the discussion of Natural Heritage Areas. 

Landscape-scale Conservation 

Prior to European settlement, forest covered more than 90 percent of Pennsylvania (Goodrich et al. 2003). 

Today, 62 percent of the state is forested, comprising an area of over 17 million acres (Figure 6a; 

Goodrich et al. 2003; Myers et al. 2000). Figure 6b shows the fragmentation of these forests by major 

fragmenting features such as interstate highways and major rivers. However, much of this forest exists as 

relatively small islands isolated by surrounding linear features such as roads, utility rights-of-ways, allterrain 

vehicle trails, snowmobile trails and railroads, as well as patches of non-forested lands. Figure 6c 

shows forested areas greater than one acre that remain after fragmentation by interstates and highways, 

state and local roads, public forest roads, utility rights-of-way and active railroads. These forest blocks 

represent potential contiguous habitat for animals sensitive to all scales of fragmenting features, such as 

amphibians and interior forest birds. The acreage size classes shown in this figure roughly correspond to 

area-sensitive species requirements. 

A number of studies have looked at the effects of roads and other linear features on the landscape. 

Ecological impacts of these fragmenting features include: 1) direct mortality of wildlife from vehicles; 2) 

disruption of wildlife dispersal; 3) habitat fragmentation and loss; 4) imposition of edge effects; 5) spread 

of exotic species; and 6) alteration of the chemical environment. 

Roads can be a significant cause of mortality for a variety of animals. Amphibians may be especially 

vulnerable to road-kill because their life histories often involve migration between wetland and upland 

habitats, and can be inconspicuous and not readily seen. A study conducted in southeastern Pennsylvania 

documented over 100 road-killed salamanders and frogs on a single one-mile stretch of road during one 

rainy night in the spring breeding season (Goodrich et al. 2003). Large and mid-sized mammals are 

particularly susceptible to vehicle collisions on secondary roads, while birds and small mammals are most 

vulnerable on wider, high-speed highways (Forman and Alexander 1998). In Upper St. Clair Township, 

Pennsylvania, over a recent four year period, white-tailed deer mortality due to road-kills was approximately 

four times higher than mortality due to hunting (Upper St. Clair Township Department of Deer 

Management, 2005). Six hundred and thirty seven bobcats (Lynx rufus) were reported as road kills in 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Results / 41

Pennsylvania from 1985-2000 (Goodrich et al. 2003). A 10-year study of road mortality along a 90-mile 

section of highway in New Jersey recorded 250 raptors representing 12 species. 

Animals may also alter their behavior in the presence of a road. One study found that small forest 

mammals (e.g. eastern chipmunk, eastern gray squirrel, and deer mouse) were reluctant to venture onto 

road surfaces where the distance between forest margins exceeded 60 feet (20 meters)( Oxley et al. 1974). 

The same study concluded that a four-lane divided highway might be as effective a barrier to the dispersal 

of small forest mammals as a body of freshwater twice as wide. A study conducted in North Carolina 

found that black bears shift their home ranges away from areas with high road densities (Brody and 

Pelton 1989). Traffic noise has been shown to interfere with songbird vocal communication, which affects 

their territorial behavior and their mating success (Seiler 2001). Roads, wide trails, and grass corridors 

can also function as barriers restricting the movements of invertebrates and amphibians. Populations of 

microhabitat-specific species like land snails and salamanders that generally require moist habitats, may 

be isolated by inhospitable, xeric corridors (Williams 1995, Blaustein et al. 1994). Some forest butterflies, 

such as the West Virginia white (Pieris virginiensis), will not cross open habitats and its current rarity 

may be a function of habitat fragmentation and isolation (Williams 1995). Consequences of the isolation 

of populations include reduced genetic diversity and low recruitment rates that can, in turn, result in local 

extinctions (Seiler 2001). 

Fragmentation of contiguous forested landscapes into smaller, isolated tracts has an effect on plant and 

animal distribution and community composition. When an extensive forest tract is fragmented, the 

resulting forest islands may lack the full range of microhabitats that existed in the original tract or may be 

smaller than the minimum area required by a given species (Lynch and Whigham 1984). For example, the 

Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla) is rarely found in small woodlots because they require upland 

forest streams within their territory, and most small woodlots lack this necessary component (Robbins 

1980, Robinson 1995). Area-sensitive species such as the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), barred 

owl (Strix varia), bobcat (Lynx rufus), and the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) require interior 

forest areas in excess of 6,000 acres to accommodate breeding and foraging territories (Squires and 

Reynolds 1997, Mazur and James 2000, Ciszek 2002, NatureServe 2007). 

Along with a reduction in total forested area, forest fragmentation creates a suite of ‘edge effects’ which 

can extend almost 1000 feet (300 meters) into the remaining fragment (Forman and Deblinger 2000). 

Edge forest is composed of a zone of altered microclimate and contrasting community structure distinct 

from the interior or core forest (Matlack 1993). Edges experience increased light intensity, altered plant 

and insect abundance, a depressed abundance and number of species in the macroinvertebrate soil fauna 

and a reduced depth of the leaf-litter layer (Yahner 1995, Haskell 2000, Watkins et al. 2003). The 

macroinvertebrate fauna of the leaf litter is significant for the pivotal role it plays in energy and nutrient 

cycling; these macroinvertebrates also provide prey for salamanders and ground-feeding birds. A number 

of studies have shown that the nesting success of forest-interior songbirds is lower near forest edges than 

in the interior because of increased densities of nest predators and brooding parasites (reviewed in Marcia 

1995). 

Roads can act as corridors for plant dispersal and exotic species can increase their range by spreading 

along roadsides (Watkins et al. 2003). Vehicles and road-fill operations transport exotic plant seeds into 

previously uninfested areas while road construction and maintenance operations can create sites for seed 

germination and seedling establishment (Schmidt 1989, Greenberg et al. 1997, Trombulak and Frissell 

2000). Road traffic and maintenance of right-of-ways contribute at least six difference classes of 

chemicals to the environment: heavy metals, salt, organic pollutants, ozone, nutrients, and herbicides 

(Forman and Alexander 1998, Trombulak and Frissell 2000). Heavy metals such as lead, aluminum, and 

iron contaminate soils, plants, and invertebrates up to 650 feet (200 meters) from roads, as well as 

vertebrate fauna foraging within the affected zone (Trombulak and Frissell 2000). Deicing salts contribute 


ions to the soil, altering pH and soil chemical composition, which affects plant growth (Forman and 

Alexander 1998, Trombulak and Frissell 2000). Airborne sodium chloride from snowplowing may cause 

leaf injury to trees up to 400 feet (120 meters) from a road (Forman and Alexander 1998). Organic 

pollutants such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are present in higher concentrations 

along roads, and hydrocarbons may accumulate in aquatic ecosystems near roads. Storm runoff from 

roads, particularly where roads abut or cross water bodies, results in the transport of nutrients and 

sediments into aquatic ecosystems. Drifting or misapplied herbicides applied to roadsides and utility 

rights-of-way to control woody plant growth may damage forest edge and interior plant species (Williams 

1995). 

Humans are an integral part of natural history, where we function as ecosystem engineers, altering the 

landscape around us to suit our needs. Some species benefit from human-induced changes, such as birds 

that inhabit the early successional and edge habitats provided by utility corridors or disturbance-adapted 

plants that colonize roadsides, but as is more often the case, species with specific habitat requirements 

suffer declining numbers when faced with human encroachment. Given the pervasiveness of human 

influence throughout the northeastern United States, the ecological importance of large areas of relatively 

pristine habitat cannot be overestimated. Not only are they potential habitat for a number of area-sensitive 

species, but they are also important for the maintenance of vital ecosystem processes and services such as 

nutrient cycling, pollination, predator-prey interactions and natural disturbances regimes (Heilman et al. 

2002). Additionally, large forested areas also serve to filter and regulate stream flow within watersheds 

and store large quantities of carbon as biomass. 


a. Forest and wetland 

areas in Pennsylvania 

derived from the 

National Land Cover 

Data Set for 

Pennsylvania (USGS 

2001). 

b. Forest and wetland 

areas greater than one 

acre, fragmented by 

interstate and state 

highways. Roads of this 

magnitude function as a 

barrier to all animals. 

The forest and wetland 

blocks shown here 

represent potential 

contiguous habitat for 

megafauna relatively 

insensitive to smallerscale 

fragmenting 

features, such as black 

bear. 

c. Forest and wetland 

areas greater than one 

acre, fragmented by 

interstates, highways, 

state and local roads, 

public forest roads, and 

active railroads. The 

habitat blocks shown in 

this figure represent 

potential contiguous 

habitat for animals 

sensitive to all scales of 

fragmenting features, 

such as interior forest 

birds and 

amphibians. 

Figure 6. Forest and wetland areas of Pennsylvania showing the effects of habitat fragmentation by human-created 

linear landscape features. 


Figure 7. Forest blocks classified by size in Pike County. 


Other Landscape Scale Conservation Areas 

Across the state, a number of organizations have undertaken conservation planning efforts at a landscape 

scale. The areas identified through these efforts frequently overlap with sites identified by County Natural 

Heritage Inventories and serve to emphasize the importance of focusing conservation efforts in those 

areas. The results of two such planning efforts are included here, in order to provide information relating 

to the natural heritage of Pike County. 

Important Bird Areas (IBAs) of Pike 

County 

An Important Bird Area (IBA) is a region 

designated by the Pennsylvania Chapter of 

the National Audubon Society that 

recognizes sites vital to promote proactive 

avian habitat conservation in Pennsylvania. 

Over 80 IBA sites have been identified in 

the state, encompassing over two million 

acres of public and private lands. These 

areas include migratory staging areas, 

winter roost sites, and prime breeding areas 

for songbirds, wading birds, shorebirds and Figure 8. Important Bird Areas in Pennsylvania. 

other species. Criteria used in determining 

IBAs include exceptional concentrations or diversity of birdlife, populations of Pennsylvania ‘special 

concern’ species, sites with representative, rare, or unique bird habitats or sites with long-term ongoing 

avian research. More information on the IBA program is available from the Pennsylvania Chapter of the 

National Audubon Society (http://pa.audubon.org/). 

Pike County contains three Important Bird Area (IBAs) – Promised Land State Park – Bruce Lake Natural 

Area, Shohola Waterfowl Management Area – SGL 180, and Upper Delaware Scenic River. Two of the 

IBAs extend beyond Pike County, therefore, features described below pertain to the entire IBA and are 

not necessarily confined to the county. 

Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) 

Ron Austing 

Note: the following information is adapted from 

the Audubon Pennsylvania IBA site 

descriptions (Audubon 2002).Additional 

information can be found at 

http://pa.audubon.org/iba/. 

Promised Lake State Park – Bruce Lake 

Natural Area IBA 

Located along the western border of Pike County 

and into Monroe County, this IBA contains a 

man-made lake and several wetlands. Coniferous 

forests surround the open wetlands and provide a 

diverse array of habitat types that support a 

variety of species. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Other Landscape Scale Conservation / 46

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) 

This area satisfies the following IBA criteria: 

The diverse habitats support 197 

documented species of birds 

Bald Eagles are known to breed at 

this location, Olive-sided Flycatcher 

is a possible breeder that is currently 

considered extirpated in the breeding 

season. 

This area contains a variety of 

wetland types – emergent, 

submergent, shrub, and spruce/fir. 

The Pennsylvania Society for 

Ornithology is currently conducting 

a Special Areas Project. Mallards 

and Wood Ducks are banded in the 

pre-hunting season. 

Conservation Recommendations – Conservation of this IBA should be focused on maintaining the 

habitat quality. Continue to restrict the use of motorized boats and encourage low impact recreation. 

Pollution of the wetlands and the introduction of invasive species in this IBA would degrade the habitat 

for all species. 

Shohola Waterfowl Management Area – 

SGL 180 IBA 

This IBA is a large man-made lake on State 

Game Lands 180. There are two wildlife 

propagation areas in Shohola Lake that are 

closed to the public. Bald Eagles were 

released in the area in the 1980s and 

currently breed here. Standing dead trees and 

marshy areas provide habitat for waterfowl, 

wading birds, birds of prey, and shorebirds. 


Large numbers of Wood Duck, American Black Duck, Mallard, and Canada Goose occur here 

during spring migration, fall migration, and the breeding season. 

Bald Eagles are known to breed at this location. 

The PA Game Commission publishes an annual report of the waterfowl banding data. 

Conservation Recommendations – Monitor the lake for impacts by heavy recreational usage. Limit the 

development along privately owned portions of the shoreline. Introduction of invasive species threatens 

the habitat quality needed for many of these species. 

Ron Austing 

Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Other Landscape Scale Conservation / 47 

Ron Austing

Upper Delaware Scenic River IBA 

The Delaware River creates the eastern border in 

Pike County. This IBA crosses into Wayne County 

and encompasses a strip of land one mile wide on 

the Pennsylvania side of the river. This area contains 

a variety of habitat types, including riparian areas, 

woodlands, fields, scrub habitat, hillsides, cliff, 

bogs, and wetlands. This IBA is important migrating 

habitat for many species and is a major Bald Eagle 

wintering location. 


Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) rookery 

Great Blue Heron colony of approximately 25 nests 

Breeding Bald Eagle and Osprey and wintering Bald Eagle 

Breeding Northern Goshawk, breeding Pied-billed Grebe and large numbers during fall 

migration 

Northern bogs with characteristic vegetation and rare plants that support Canada Warbler, Whitethroated 

Sparrow, Northern Waterthrush, Alder Flycatcher, and Common Merganser. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Other Landscape Scale Conservation / 48 

Denise Watts

Important Mammal Areas (IMAs) of Pike County 

The objective of the Important Mammal Area 

Project is to identify a network of sites 

throughout Pennsylvania that are essential 

for sustaining populations of wildlife species 

of concern. This process begins with the 

nomination of a site that is then reviewed by 

the Mammal Technical Committee of the 

Pennsylvania Biological Survey to determine 

if there is a need to protect the habitat for 

mammals of conservation concern. Once a 

site is selected for designation, a qualified 

mammalogist conducts an assessment of the 

Figure 9. Important Mammal Areas in Pennsylvania. 

area in order to detail priority habitat types, 

list mammal species located at the site, describe significant flora or fauna, describe conservation issues, 

outline research needs, note threats that may impact the site, list stakeholders involved with the site, and 

suggest conservation actions that will improve habitat for priority mammals. 

Pike County contains portions of the Delaware State Forest Bushkill Creek Area and Delaware Water 

Gap Pocono Environmental Education Important Mammal Areas (IMAs). Both of these IMAs extend 

beyond the borders of Pike County therefore, many features described below pertain to the entire IMA 

and are not necessarily confined to the county. 

Note: the following information is adapted from the Important Mammal Areas Assessment Reports 

(2005). 

Delaware State Forest Bushkill Creek Area 

This IMA covers just over 96,000 acres. Most of that is part of Delaware State Forest, with some 

privately owned areas. Most of the land in private ownership is large landowners, such as hunting 

and fishing clubs, recreational camps, and resorts. Several residential subdivisions are also located 

within the IMA boundary. 

This area satisfies the following IMA criteria: 

The IMA supports habitat specific mammals, such as river otter, snowshoe hare, northern water 

shrew, and porcupine, as well as wide-ranging mammals such as black bear and bobcat. 

The IMA includes a landscape scale mosaic of habitats typical of the Pocono Mountains. 

There is a confirmed viable local population of snowshoe hare that is listed as a Candidate – At 

Risk species. Snowshoe hares regularly occur in and near spruce bogs in the IMA. 

Conservation Recommendations – A number of invasive species are found within this IMA, 

particularly along edges and disturbed areas. Rural dumps and illegal dump sites occur in numerous 

areas within this IMA. DCNR has taken steps to reclaim these areas. Work with state agencies and 

non-government organizations to educate private landowners. Manage the large deer population 

found within this IMA to prevent degradation of the habitat. 

Delaware Water Gap/Pocono Environmental Center 

This IMA covers over 100,000 acres, most of which is located in southern Pike County. Parts of the 

Upper Delaware River corridor and Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area are included in 


this IMA. This protected area provides habitat for species affected by heavy development pressure 

in the area. The IMA also includes Pocono Environmental Education Center and the Pinchot 

Institute for Environmental Studies. More than half of the IMA is privately owned. 

This area satisfies the following IMA criteria: 

There are significant populations of species with specific habitat requirements, including 

Allegheny woodrat, northern river otter, and northern long-eared bat. 

The habitat is representative, rare, threatened, or unique, with over 40 miles of protected river 

frontage, tributary streams, cliffs, caves, and talus slopes. 

Significant colonies of little brown bat and big brown bat within the park. 

Important core populations or population segments of beaver noted along major tributaries. 

Possibly active Allegheny woodrat colony. The woodrat colony is a historic location that is part 

of a metapopulation extending to the south and west. 

There is a confirmed viable local population of northern river otter, northern long-eared bat, and 

snowshoe hare. 

Numerous sites within the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and Pocono 

Environmental Education Center allow for the viewing of mammals in their natural habitat. 

An established educational program interprets the natural history of resident mammals and other 

wildlife. Pocono Environmental Education Center has conducted wildlife interpretation 

experiences for more than 30 years. 

Conservation Recommendations – Invasive species are present in numerous locations within the 

IMA that threaten the habitat. Remove known populations of invasive species and monitor this area 

for new populations. Prevent further fragmentation of the protected areas and work with land 

owners to protect the habitat on privately owned sections of this IMA. Manage the deer population 

to protect the habitat used by other species. Assess the roads that fragment the habitat and consider 

using narrow, gravel roads to lessen the impact of fragmentation. Encourage educational 

opportunities that promote mammals and mammalian habitat. 



Detailed maps and descriptions of Pike County’s Natural Heritage Areas follow, organized by township. 

A map, a summary table, and a full report are provided for each township. Natural Heritage Areas and 

Publicly Managed Lands are indicated. Publicly Managed Lands are public properties established and 

managed largely for natural resources and/or those that have the potential to manage such resources in 

order to maintain or enhance important ecological assets in the county. Examples include State Game 

Lands, State Forests, and State Parks. Townships are arranged alphabetically within each region. 

Boroughs are discussed with the surrounding or adjoining township due to their small size. 

Natural Heritage Areas are areas containing plants or animals of concern at state or federal levels, 

exemplary natural communities, or exceptional native diversity. Natural Heritage Areas include both the 

immediate habitat and surrounding lands important in the support of these elements and are mapped 

according to their sensitivity to human activities. Specific information about each Natural Heritage Area 

includes: 

A categorical designation of a site's relative significance listed after the site name. Table 1 (pg. 

xi) has a summary of sites by significance category. 

state-significant natural communities and species of concern that have been documented within 

the area 

Some species perceived to be highly vulnerable to intentional disturbance are not named 

at the request of the jurisdictional agency*. 

The PNDI (Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory) rarity ranks and current legal 

status (detailed in Appendix I, pg. 185) are listed for each community and species. 

The text that follows each table discusses the natural qualities of the site and includes 

descriptions, potential threats, and recommendations for protection. 

*A note about sensitive species 

As stated above, several species are considered sensitive by the 

jurisdictional agency overseeing their protection (i.e. Department 

of Conservation of Natural Resources (DCNR), Pennsylvania 

Game Commission (PGC), Pennsylvania Fish and Boat 

Commission (PFBC), or the US Fish and Wildlife Service 

(USFWS). Reasons for sensitive species status include extreme 

rarity, collection for the pet or nursery trade, disturbance due to 

public observation, or deliberate poaching and killing. Therefore, 

these species are referred to as ‘species of concern’. In certain 

cases, some species (e.g. timber rattlesnakes, bald eagles) are not 

mapped due to large home ranges and high sensitivity to 

disturbance. Within this county, environmental review may pick 

up conflicts for sites not presented in this report. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Natural Heritage Areas / 51

Blooming Grove Township 

NATURAL HERITAGE AREAS: 

PNDI Rank 1 Legal Status 1 

Global State State (Proposed) Last Seen Quality 2 

Beaver Lake Exceptional Significance 

Bladderwort (Utricularia geminiscapa) – plant G4G5 S4 N(W) 2000 C 

Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 B 

Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2009 BC 

Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 N(PT) 2009 C 

Mud sedge (Carex limosa) – plant G5 S2 TU(PT) 2009 B 

Northern yellow-eyed grass (Xyris montana) – plant G4 S4 PR(W) 2000 AB 

Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 B 

Small yellow cowlily (Nuphar microphylla) – plant G5T4T5 S1 TU(PE) 2009 D 

Species of concern 3 - - - 2009 B 

Species of concern 3 - - - 2009 E 

Black spruce – tamarack palustrine forest – natural 

community GNR S3 N 2000 E 

Black spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland – natural 

community GNR S2 N 2000 B 

Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2000 B 

Billings Creek Notable Significance 


Billings Pond Local Significance 

Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1997 BC 

Blooming Grove Creek Notable Significance 

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) – bird G5 S2B PT 2009 E 

Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina) – dragonfly G5 S2S3 N 2009 E 

White water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus) – 

plant G5T5 S3 N(PR) 2009 C 

Narrow-leaved gentian (Gentiana linearis) – plant G4G5 S4 N(W) 2000 B 

Bruce Lake Exceptional Significance 

Bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe) – butterfly G4G5 S2 N 2009 E 

Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 D 


Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2009 AB 

Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 2000 B 

Mud sedge (Carex limosa) – plant G5 S2 TU(PT) 2009 BC 

Northern yellow-eyed grass (Xyris montana) – plant G4 S4 PR(W) 2000 B 

Small waterwort (Elatine minima) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 2000 BC 

Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) – plant G4G5 S2 PT(PT) 1986 D 

Species of concern 3 2009 B 

Acidic glacial lake – natural community GNR S2S3 N 1989 B 



Leatherleaf– cranberry peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2009 B 

Sphagnum – beaked rush peatland – natural community GNR S3 N 2009 B 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Blooming Grove Township / 52

Egypt Meadow Lake Notable Significance 


Petite emerald (Dorocordulia lepida) – dragonfly G5 S2 N 2004 E 

Red-waisted whiteface (Leucorrhinia proxima) – dragonfly G5 S2 N 2004 E 

Marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum) – plant G5 S2 N(PR) 2009 BC 

Pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus) – plant G4 S4 N(W) 2000 B 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) – plant G5 S3 N(PR) 2003 B 

Red spruce – mixed hardwood palustrine forest – natural 


Gates Run Wetland Notable Significance 


High Knob Notable Significance 

Slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) – plant G5 S3 N(TU) 2009 C 

Species of concern 3 - - - 2004 BC 

Pitch pine – scrub oak woodland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 1989 D 

Scrub oak shrubland – natural community GNR S3 N 1989 D 

Lake Giles High Significance 

Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2000 B 

Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 N(PT) 2000 AB 

Small waterwort (Elatine minima) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 2000 B 

Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) – plant G4G5 S2 PT(PT) 2000 B 

Lake Laura Notable Significance 



Lake Scott Exceptional Significance 

Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1989 B 

Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2009 C 


Mud sedge (Carex limosa) – plant G5 S2 TU(PT) 2009 AB 

Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 A 

Small yellow cowlily (Nuphar microphylla) – plant G5T4T5 S1 TU(PE) 2009 C 

Species of concern 3 - - - 2009 AB 




Leatherleaf– cranberry peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2000 AB 

Water – willow (Decodon verticillatus) shrub wetland – 

natural community GNR S3 N 2000 AB 

Little Mud Pond North Exceptional Significance 

Azure bluet (Enallagma aspersum) – damselfly G5 S3S4 N 2009 E 

Bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe) – butterfly G4G5 S2 N 2009 AB 

Crimson-ringed whiteface (Leucorrhinia glacialis) – dragonfly G5 S3S4 N 2009 E 

Elfin skimmer (Nannothemis bella) – dragonfly G4 S1 N 2009 AB 

Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina) – dragonfly G5 S2S3 N 2009 C 

Slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta) – dragonfly G5 S3S4 N 2009 E 

Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 C 

Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1993 AB 


Creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 1993 C 

Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2009 AB 

Few-flowered sedge (Carex pauciflora) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 1993 D 

Mud sedge (Carex limosa) – plant G5 S2 TU(PT) 2009 AB 

Water bulrush (Schoenoplectus subterminalis) – plant G4G5 S3 N(PR) 2009 BC 



Black spruce – tamarack peatland forest – natural community GNR S3 N 1989 B 



community GNR S3 N 1989 D 


Long Pond Swamp Exceptional Significance 

Bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe) – butterfly G4G5 S2 N 2009 E 

Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 BC 









Mainses Pond Notable Significance 

Capitate spikerush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1999 BC 

Flat-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1999 B 

Purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1999 B 

Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 1991 C 

Small floating manna-grass (Glyceria borealis) – plant G5 S4 PE(W) 1991 D 


Maple Swamp Notable Significance 

Black-tipped darner (Aeshna tuberculifera) – dragonfly G4 S2S3 N 2009 E 

Bog sedge (Carex paupercula) – plant G5 S3 PT(PR) 2009 A 


Marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum) – plant G5 S2 N(PR) 2009 B 


community GNR S2 N 2009 C 



Pecks Pond High Significance 

Petite emerald (Dorocordulia lepida) – damselfly G5 S2 N 1988 AB 


Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1991 A 

Floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) – plant G5 S4 N(W) 2000 B 

Pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus) – plant G4 S4 N(W) 2000 AB 

Purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1992 AB 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) – plant G5 S3 N(PR) 2003 A 

Small-floating manna-grass (Glyceria borealis) – plant G5 S4 PE(W) 1991 C 



Promised Land Lake High Significance 

Green-striped darner (Aeshna verticalis) – dragonfly G5 S3S4 N 2009 E 

Lilypad clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer) – dragonfly G5 S2 N 2004 E 

Mottled darner (Aeshna clepsydra) – dragonfly G4 S2S3 N 2004 E 

Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii) – plant G5 S3 PE(PR) 2005 AB 

Marsh bedstraw ( Galium trifidum) – plant G5 S2 N(PR) 2001 C 

Purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1996 D 



Water-plantain spearwort (Ranunculus ambigens) – plant G4 S3 N(TU) 1996 B 

Species of concern 3 2009 E 

Rock Hill Ridge Notable Significance 

Upland sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. susquehanae) – plant G5T4 S2 PT 2009 CD 

Slender mountain-ricegrass (Oryzopsis pungens) – plant G5 S2 PE(PE) 2009 B 

Shohola Falls West Notable Significance 

Slender mountain-ricegrass (Oryzopsis pungens) – plant G5 S2 PE(PE) 2005 BC 

Shohola Lake Notable Significance 


Flat-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 2001 A 

Water smartweed (Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum) – 

plant G5T5 S4 TU(W) 2001 A 


Smiths Swamp Exceptional Significance 

Bog Copper (Lycaena epixanthe) – butterfly G4G5 S2 N 2009 AB 

Elfin Skimmer (Nannothemis bella) – dragonfly G4 S1 N 2009 AB 

Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina) – dragonfly G5 S2S3 N 2009 C 

Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 D 

Bog willow (Salix pedicellaris) – plant G5 S1 N(PE) 2009 BC 

Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1990 D 

Common labrador-tea (Ledum groenlandicum) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 B 

Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2009 B 


Pod-grass (Scheuchzeria palustris) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 2009 B 

Rough cotton-grass (Eriophorum tenellum) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 2009 BC 

Slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) – plant G5 S3 N(TU) 2009 C 


Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 1990 BC 

Spring Brook Wetland Notable Significance 


Taylortown Swamp Notable Significance 



Well Road Swamp Notable Significance 


Red spruce palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2009 B 


White Birch Swamp Notable Significance 

Hemlock – mixed hardwood palustrine forest – natural 

community GNR S3S4 N 1989 C 

White Deer Lake High Significance 


Flat-leaved bladderwort (Utricularia intermedia) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2003 B 






Leatherleaf – cranberry peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2009 B 

PUBLICLY MANAGED LAND: 

1 = Please refer to Appendix I for an explanation of PNHP ranks and legal status 

2 = Please refer to Appendix II for an explanation of quality ranks 

3 = This species is not named by request of the jurisdictional agency 

Delaware State Forest, Bruce Lake Natural Area, State 

Game Lands #183, State Game Lands #180 


Sheridan Brook 

! 

Paupack 

Mill Br ook 

BRUCE LAKE 

NATURAL AREA 

! 

Promised 

Land 

PROMISED LAND 

STATE PARK 

Tafton 

! 

Mainses Pond 



! 

Tanglewood 

Bruce Lake 

DELAWARE STATE FOREST 

STATE GAMELAND #180 



1800 

Melchris Wood 

Egypt Cree k 

1800 

1600 

Big Inlet 

Gates Run 

! 

1600 

Decker C reek 

1600 

! Blooming Grove 

§¨¦ 84 

UV 402 

Blooming Grove Creek 



1600 

Spring Brook 

Lake Laura 

1600 

1600 


1600 


1600 

1400 

UV 402 

1800 

High Knob 

1600 

1600 

Lake Scott 

2000 


Lake Giles 

Holsey Run 


£¤ 6 

Beaver Lake 

Mount Run 

Billings Pond 


Tarkill Creek 

Pecks Pond! 

1600 

1400 


! 

Germantown 

LITTLE MUD POND 

SWAMP NATURAL AREA 



1400 


UV 

Billings C reek 

! Friendly Acres 

! Lords Valley 

Maple Swamp 


Hemlock ! 

Farms 

UV 739 

§¨¦ 84 

! 

Wells Road Swamp 

739 £¤6 

1400 

York Cre ek 

Maple Creek 

1400 

1400 

1200 

Lake Greeley 

Smiths Swamp 

McConnell Creek 

1600 

Pecks Pond 

1400 

1400 

Balliard Creek 

1400 

1600 

1400 


Rock Hill Creek 


Birchy Creek 



Greeley 


1200 

Shohola Lake 


! Shohola Falls 

Rattles nake Creek 

Maple Brook 

Ü 

! 

Sunrise Lake 

0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 1 2 

Miles 

1400 

1400 

1400 


Natural Heritage Inventory 



Beaver Lake 


Billings Pond 


Bruce Lake 



High Knob 

Lake Giles 

Lake Laura 

Lake Scott 



Mainses Pond 

Maple Swamp 

Pecks Pond 




Shohola Lake 

Smiths Swamp 



Wells Road Swamp 



Public Land 

Delaware State Forest 

Bruce lake Natural Area 

Little Mud Pond Swamp Natural Area 

Promised Land State Park 

State Game Lands #180 


Legend 

Core Habitat 

Supporting Landscape 

Forest Blocks by Acre 

< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

PALMYRA 

GREENE 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 

LEHMAN 

Streams 

Open Water 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

Vegetated Wetland 

100-year Floodplain 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Recommended Riparian Buffer 

Municipal Boundary 

PA DCNR 

PA Game Commission 

20 Ft. Contour Line


The second largest of Pike County’s townships, Blooming Grove covers 77.1 square miles. Blooming 

Grove is the only township in Pike County that does not share a border with another county or state. 

Public lands within the township include portions of Delaware State Forest and Bruce Lake Natural Area, 

a small section of Promised Land State Park, Little Mud Pond Natural Area, and portions of State Game 

Lands #180 and 183. 

The headwaters for Shohola Creek begin in the western part of the township. The creek flows eastward 

and then north into Shohola Township on its way to the Delaware River. A portion of the border between 

Blooming Grove and Dingman Townships is delineated by the Shohola Marsh Dam, an 1137 acre lake 

built on the Shohola Creek within State Game Lands #180. 

Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and some 

conglomerates make up the bedrock. The southwest 

corner of the township contains a large forest block over 

37,500 acres in size that covers portions of three other 

townships as well as the northeastern corner of Monroe 

County. Seventy-seven percent of the township is 

forested and another 10% is covered by forested and 

emergent wetlands. 

Beaver Lake – This glacial lake is surrounded by a 

floating sphagnum bog mat comprised of low vegetation 

at the water’s edge, transitioning into shrubs and trees 

closer to the upland areas. The area surrounding Beaver 

Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) 

Lake is mostly forests and wetlands and is currently managed to preserve the habitat. The bog mat provides 

habitat for several species of concern – Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), horned bladderwort 

(Utricularia cornuta), mud sedge (Carex limosa), slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), and two species of 

concern not named at the request of the jurisdictional agencies overseeing their protection. Black spruce 

serves as a host plant for dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), a plant species of concern. Small 

yellow cowlily (Nuphar microphylla) is a floating aquatic plant species of concern found in Beaver Lake. 

The habitats surrounding Beaver Lake include three natural communities of concern – Black spruce – 

tamarack palustrine forest, black spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland, and leatherleaf – bogrosemary 

peatland. Two additional species were seen at Beaver Lake that are currently on the PNHP 

Watch List – Bladderwort (Utricularia geminiscapa), and northern yellow-eyed grass (Xyris montana). 

Threats and Stresses – Beaver Lake is privately owned and relatively undisturbed. The only alteration 

observed is a dock to access the lake. Watercraft are limited to boats used only at this location to prevent 

contamination by any invasive species. Changes in the water level due to damming or draining by humans 

or beavers will impact the species composition of the bog mat. 

Management Recommendations – Beaver Lake is currently surrounded by forest, creating a buffer to 

filter out sediment and other pollutants. Logging near Beaver Lake should be avoided and a buffer of at 

least 328 feet (100 meters) should be maintained. Continue to restrict the use of outside boats to prevent 

the spread of invasive species. Fish stocking should also be avoided to prevent introduction of species not 

native to this habitat type. 

Billings Creek – This stretch of Billings Creek and tributaries occurs along Route 739 at Lords Valley 

and continues to where Billings Creek flows into Shohola Creek. Billings Creek and its tributaries flow 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Blooming Grove Township / 59 

Denise Watts, PNHP

through a heavily modified industrial area. Although this section of Billings Creek has been disturbed, it 

still provides habitat for a species of concern, not named at the request of the jurisdictional agency 

overseeing its protection. 

Threats and Stresses – Due to the disturbances along the banks of Billings Creek and its tributaries in this 

area, the vegetative buffer has been removed along much of this stretch. The minimal remaining buffer, 

especially given the industrial land use, does little to protect the water quality of these streams and the 

species that depend upon it. 

Management Recommendations – Revegetate the stream bank as much as possible within 328 feet (100 

meters) of the edge. Limit industrial activity along the stream edge to reduce sedimentation and runoff of 

pollutants as much as possible. 

Billings Pond – Beaver Lake and Lake Giles both flow into Billings Pond, a shallow pond created by 

beaver activity along Billings Creek. Deep channels cut through the shrub and sedge dominated wetland 

surrounding Billings Pond. The shallow area near the outlet of Billings Pond provides habitat for capitate 

spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea), a plant species on the PNHP Watch List. 

Threats and Stresses – Further fluctuation in the water level of Billings Pond may make the habitat 

unsuitable for some of the species found here. Most of the open water portion of this site is publicly 

owned, but part of the northern section of the wetland is privately owned. Any development within 328 

feet (100 meter) of the wetland edge has the potential to negatively impact water quality. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer that currently occurs around 

Billings Pond and the adjacent wetlands. Keep any future development on private land at least 328 feet 

(100 meters) from the edge of Billings Pond and the surrounding wetlands to protect the water quality. 

Blooming Grove Creek – Beaver activity along Blooming Grove Creek has created a stream 

channel that is surrounded by graminoid and shrub habitat. The slow moving meanders of Blooming 

Grove Creek provide habitat for white water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus), a plant 

species of concern found growing in at least a two mile stretch of the stream. A Halloween pennant 

(Celithemis eponina) was found in the graminoid area along the stream channel. Some of the shrubby 

area along Blooming Grove Creek has been cleared for use by the hunt club that owns this portion of the 

stream. The man-made ponds to the west of this section of Blooming Grove Creek supports a nesting pair 

of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of concern that typically nests near large bodies of water. 

A population of narrow-leaved gentian (Gentiana linearis), a plant species on the PNHP Watch List, was 

located in the graminoid area along the stream. 

Threats and Stresses – Mowing the vegetation along the shoreline of the stream can cause increases in 

sedimentation. Additional habitat has been cleared around the ponds where the Osprey nest. Changes in 

water quality may affect the fish species that the Osprey prey upon. Disturbance in the nesting area may 

cause the adults to abandon this location. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain a vegetated buffer of at least 328 feet (100 meters) around 

Blooming Grove Creek and the ponds to protect the water and habitat quality. Monitor for the presence of 

aquatic invasive species that may take over habitat currently used by the species of concern. Minimize 

disturbance near the Osprey nesting area, especially during breeding season. 

Bruce Lake – This location in the Delaware State Forest is an example of a glacial lake and its 

associated communities. The lake itself provides habitat for two aquatic species of concern – Floating- 


heart (Nymphoides cordata) and water lobelia 

(Lobelia dortmanna), as well as golden club 

(Orontium aquaticum) and small waterwort 

(Elatine minima), two plant species on the PNHP 

Watch List. Along with the acidic glacial lake 

natural community, the bog mat found along the 

western edge of the lake consists of several natural 

communities of concern – Black spruce – 

tamarack palustrine woodland, leatherleaf – 

cranberry peatland, and sphagnum – beaked 

rush peatland. These communities offer unique 

habitat to species adapted to the moist acidic bog 

conditions. Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) 

and mud sedge (Carex limosa) are plant species Floating heart (Nymphoides cordata) 

of concern found growing on the bog mat. A butterfly species of concern, bog copper (Lycaena 

epixanthe), was also found on the bog mat. This species uses cranberry as its host plant, which is 

abundant in this type of habitat. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), a plant species of concern, 

grows on the black spruce in this bog. An additional species of concern, not named at the request of the 

jurisdictional agency overseeing its protection, was found at this site. 

Threats and Stresses – Bruce Lake is contained within a natural area of Delaware State Forest. This 

protection has helped to ensure that this habitat remains intact. The forest surrounding Bruce Lake is part 

of the largest block of forest in Pike County, creating an excellent buffer around the wetland. The only 

disturbance noted in the area is the small forestry road to the north of the lake, but this does not appear to 

have an impact on the lake. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the intact buffer and natural character of Bruce Lake. Monitor 

for invasive species and aggressively remove any that are found. Do not make any alterations to the water 

level, as this will impact the bog habitats. 

Egypt Meadow Lake – This lake was created in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. A forestry 

road bisects the lake. The northern portion has little edge between the water and the upland, while the 

southern portion has an extensive sedge and shrub wetland that contains several plant species of concern. 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) was located growing along the bridge crossing the lake and other 

areas, while marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum) was found growing among the sedge hummocks on the 

edge of the wetland. Pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), a plant species on the PNHP Watch List, is a 

floating aquatic species found in the lake. Several dragonfly species of concern were also identified at this 

location – Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina), petite emerald (Dorocordulia lepida), and redwaisted 

whiteface (Leucorrhinia proxima). Below the sedge wetland at the southern end of Egypt 

Meadow Lake is Balsam Swamp, which is a natural community of concern, red spruce – mixed 

hardwood palustrine forest. 

Threats and Stresses – Changes in the water level may eliminate habitat for several of the species of 

concern. Proximity to Interstate 84 may allow sediment and other pollutants to drain into the lake and 

provide a corridor for the transmission of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – Retain the vegetated buffer that currently exists around Egypt Meadow 

Lake and Balsam Swamp. Divert runoff from Interstate 84, so it does not carry invasive species into the 

outlet from the lake. 


Rocky Gleason, PNHP

Gates Run Wetland – This small wetland has been dammed, raising the water level and flooding a 

portion of the habitat. Standing dead trees are scattered throughout the open water and provide nesting 

habitat for a pair of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of concern. Several nearby lakes, 

including Fairview Lake, Mainses Pond, and White Deer Lake, may provide important feeding habitat for 

this species. 

Threats and Stresses – Loss of nesting habitat is possible as many of the standing dead trees fall, 

especially under the weight of a large nest. Disturbance during the breeding season has the potential to 

cause abandonment of the nesting site. 

Management Recommendations – Minimize disturbance to the nest location during the breeding season. 

Do not alter the hydrology of the wetland or cut any of the vegetation within 328 feet (100 meters) of the 

wetland edge. 

High Knob – The dry summit of High Knob has 

patches of scrub oak shrubland, while Low Knob has 

a pitch pine – scrub oak woodland, both natural 

communities of concern. Slender wheatgrass (Elymus 

trachycaulus), a plant species of concern, was observed 

growing in the more open, grassy clearing along the 

powerline right-of-way. An additional species of 

concern, not named at the request of the jurisdictional 

agency overseeing its protection, was documented at 

several locations along the powerline. 

Threats and Stresses – The major threat to the natural 

communities and species of concern on High and Low 

Knob is succession. Scrub oak is beginning to encroach 

on the open grassy areas. The powerline is a potential 

source for the introduction of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – A prescribed burn to 

reduce succession of the scrub oak would be beneficial 

to maintain the grassy openings. Clean all equipment 

used along the powerline to reduce the possibility of 

transporting invasive species. 

Slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) 

Lake Giles – This glacial lake is privately owned with several houses and roads near the shoreline. 

Lake Giles does not have the well developed bog mat that some of the other lakes have. Much of the 

shoreline is adjacent to upland forest. The southwestern corner of the lake provides habitat for several 

species of concern – Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata), horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), 

and water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna). Small waterwort (Elatine minima) was also located in this 

section of the lake. This plant species is currently on the PNHP Watch List. 

Threats and Stresses – Several houses sit near the edge of the lake within the 328 foot (100 meter) buffer 

that is best left vegetated to maintain the water quality. The road to the south of Lake Giles may introduce 

sediment and other pollutants into the lake. This may also be a source for introduction of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and improve it wherever possible. 

As the houses become older, consider moving them further from the edge of the lake. Monitor the lake for 


Denise Watts, PNHP

invasive species and aggressively treat any that are found. Keep a supply of boats used only for Lake 

Giles to prevent transfer of invasive species from other waterways. 

Lake Laura – This large glacial lake is completely surrounded by forest, minus the few structures and 

access roads along the southern portion of the lake. There is no floating sphagnum mat along the shoreline 

that is typical to many glacial lakes. Lake Laura provides habitat for floating-heart (Nymphoides 

cordata) and water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), both aquatic plant species of concern. Floating-heart 

has flowers and leaves on the water surface, while water lobelia is rooted in sandy lake bottoms and 

flowers above the water surface. 

Threats and Stresses – Lake Laura has little disturbance near it, helped by being adjacent to part of the 

Delaware State Forest to the north and west. A small access road runs near the lake to the east and a few 

small structures are near the shoreline. 

Management Recommendations – The current forested buffer around Lake Laura is intact in most places, 

and further fragmentation should be avoided. Monitor the lake for the presence of invasive species. 


Pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) is common 

to many of the glacial wetlands in Pike County. 

Lake Scott – The floating sphagnum mat along the edge 

of Lake Scott is typical of many glacial lakes in the region. 

These communities provide habitat for a unique suite of 

species. Several of the natural communities that make up the 

peatland complex are of conservation concern – Black 

spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland, leatherleaf – 

bog-rosemary peatland, leatherleaf – cranberry 

peatland, and water willow (Decodon verticillatus) shrub 

wetland. The communities that make up the sphagnum mat 

support several plant species of concern – Horned 

bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), mud sedge (Carex 

limosa), and slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa. Floatingheart 

(Nymphoides cordata) and small yellow cowlily 

(Nuphar microphylla) are floating aquatic plant species of 

concern that were documented in Lake Scott. An additional 

species of concern, not named at the request of the agency 

overseeing its protection, was also found at this site. Capitate 

spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea), a species on the PNHP 

Watch List, was found growing along the edge of the 

sphagnum mat. 

Threats and Stresses – Like many of the other glacial lakes in this area, Lake Scott has a mostly intact 

forested buffer. The only disturbance near Lake Scott is the small access point used for putting boats onto 

the lake. Current ownership is private but is well managed. 

Management Recommendations – Prohibit logging within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. 

Continue to restrict boating access to those used only on Lake Scott. Do not introduce any non-native 

species for recreational purposes. Conduct monitoring for invasive species and treat any that are located 

immediately and aggressively. 

Little Mud Pond North – This glacial bog is partially on Delaware State Forest property and 

partially privately owned. The wide sphagnum mat is thin in many places. This sparsely vegetated mat 

provides habitat for a variety of plant species of concern – Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), few- 


flowered sedge (Carex pauciflora), mud sedge (Carex limosa), and water bulrush (Schoenoplectus 

subterminalis). The leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland and sphagnum – beaked rush peatland, 

both natural communities of concern, make up this area of the bog mat. The black spruce – tamarack 

palustrine woodland and black spruce – tamarack peatland forest natural communities support 

populations of creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula) and dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium 

pusillum), two plant species of concern. The red spruce – mixed hardwood palustrine forest is the 

outermost natural community in this glacial wetland complex. 

This glacial lake and adjoining sphagnum mat also 

provide habitat for a number of insect species of 

concern. Bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe) is a 

butterfly species of concern that feeds on the 

cranberry that is often abundant in this type of 

habitat. Dragonfly and damselfly species of 

concern observed include azure bluet 

(Enallagma aspersum), crimson-ringed 

whiteface (Leucorrhinia glacialis), elfin 

skimmer (Nannothemis bella), Halloween 

pennant (Celithemis eponina), and slaty 

skimmer (Libellula incesta). 

Threats and Stresses – Half of the bog mat and a Bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) 

large portion of the surrounding wetland are privately owned. Some commercial development has already 

been done near the southern edge of the wetland. This development can increase sedimentation and 

machinery may introduce invasive species that could potentially take over the wetland. The road along the 

bottom of the wetland is also a disturbance. 

Management Recommendations – Stop development near the wetland to prevent further degradation. At a 

minimum, the southern half of the glacial lake should be a primary target for acquisition to include as part 

of the existing Delaware State Forest. Acquisition of the entire wetland complex would be preferable. 

Monitor the wetland for the presence of invasive species. Aggressive and persistent removal methods 

should be used to prevent the spread of invasive species to an uncontrollable level. 

Long Pond Swamp – This long, narrow 

glacial lake is within the Bruce Lake Natural Area 

of the Delaware State Forest. Long Pond Swamp 

has a bog mat similar to other larger glacial lakes. 

Two natural communities of concern, sphagnum 

– beaked rush peatland and leatherleaf – bogrosemary 

peatland, make up the bog mat where 

the plant species of concern were located. Bogrosemary 

(Andromeda polifolia), horned 

bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), mud sedge 

(Carex limosa), and slender sedge (Carex 

lasiocarpa) prefer the low sphagnum habitats 

along the lake edge. Bog copper (Lycaena 

epixanthe), a butterfly species of concern, was 


seen flying in this area. Bog coppers are found in 

wetlands that have cranberries, the host plant for this species. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) 

is a plant species of concern that parasitizes the black spruce that grow scattered along the bog mat. 



Denise Watts, PNHP

Threats and Stresses – Long Pond Swamp is protected from major disturbances due to the fact that it is 

part of Bruce Lake Natural Area. The wetland begins immediately south of Interstate 84. This provides a 

source for sediment and other pollutants to enter the wetland, as well as a corridor for the travel of 

invasive species. Cattails are present on the northern 

edge of the bog mat, which indicates nutrient inputs. 

Management Recommendations – Divert runoff from 

Interstate 84 away from the headwaters of Long Pond 

Swamp. Monitor the wetland for the presence of 

invasive species and aggressively treat any that are 

found. 

Mainses Pond – This is a man-made lake thick with 

floating aquatic plants located at the outlet of Fairview 

Lake. A small floating mat of vegetation is located at the 

northern end of the lake. This mat may have been home 

to typical bog species at one time, but is now mostly 

comprised of water willow (Decodon verticillatus) and 

Bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe) 

leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata). Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), a plant species of concern, 

was documented growing in this area. Several plants on the PNHP Watch List were found growing in 

Mainses Pond – Capitate spikerush (Eleocharis olivacea), flat-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii), 

purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea), small floating manna-grass (Glyceria borealis), and small 

waterwort (Elatine minima). 

Threats and Stresses – Although Mainses Pond is mostly surrounded by forest, Fairview Lake has been 

heavily developed, which will impact the water quality of Mainses Pond. The direct connection to 

Fairview Lake may result in the colonization of invasive species introduced from the numerous boats that 

use the lake. 

Management Recommendations – Leave the forested buffer around Mainses Pond intact to help protect 

the water quality. Provide boat washing stations at the boat launches on Fairview Lake to reduce the 

potential to transfer invasive species. 

Maple Swamp – This wetland is surrounded by the Hemlock Farms development. The homes have 

little yard cleared around them, but the roads and homes still leave the forested habitat surrounding Maple 

Swamp highly fragmented. Despite the fragmented nature, Maple Swamp still retains some of its natural 

character. Much of the swamp is a red spruce – mixed hardwood palustrine forest, a natural 

community of concern. This community provides habitat for a small population of bog sedge (Carex 

paupercula) found growing on sphagnum hummocks. A smaller portion of Maple Swamp is a black 

spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland, which supports dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum). 

This parasitic plant is found most commonly on black spruce. There is a small area of open water that 

provides habitat for the black-tipped darner (Aeshna tuberculifera), a dragonfly species of concern. 

Marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum), a plant species of concern, was found growing in the herbaceous 

habitat along the open water, as well as the small wetland to the east of Maple Swamp. 

Threats and Stresses – The water level in some portions of Maple Swamp appears to be lower than in the 

past. It is uncertain what is causing this change in the saturation of the red spruce – mixed hardwood 

palustrine forest, but changes in the hydrology of the wetland pose a threat to the community and species 

it supports. The abundance of development near the wetland increases the potential for runoff to carry 


Denise Watts, PNHP

sediment and nutrients into Maple Swamp. Maple Swamp feeds directly into Pecks Pond, so any impacts 

to Maple Swamp would affect Pecks Pond as well. 

Management Recommendations – Keep the area surrounding Maple Swamp as forested as possible to 

provide a buffer to filter runoff. Do not divert the water that would typically recharge the wetland. 

Pecks Pond – Pecks Pond and the adjacent 

wetlands represent one of the largest glacial bogs 

in the state. Although the water level has been 

artificially raised, Pecks Pond is still quite 

shallow. Thick aquatic vegetation and tree stumps 

make navigation along the edges difficult. Some 

remnant bog habitat still exists along the northern 

and southeastern edges of Pecks Pond. Bog sedge 

(Carex paupercula) was found growing in the 

leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland natural 

community in the southeastern corner of the lake. 

Petite emerald (Dorocordulia lepida), a 

damselfly species of concern, was also collected in 

this section of Pecks Pond. Several plant species 

Maple Swamp 

on the PNHP Watch List were also found in this 

area – Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea), pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), and purple 

bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea). Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea), a plant species of concern, 

was seen at several locations on the shoreline and small islands. Several other aquatic plant species on the 

PNHP Watch List inhabit Pecks Pond. Floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) and small-floating 

manna-grass (Glyceria borealis) were both found in the open water of Pecks Pond. 

Threats and Stresses – Being part of the Delaware State Forest provides some protection, but there are 

still impacts from the surrounding area. Many homes dot the western and southern sides of Pecks Pond, 

many of which are at the water’s edge. Roads also cut along the shoreline, including Route 402, which 

crosses the outlet of Pecks Pond. All of these disturbances within the forests surrounding Pecks Pond 

diminish the buffering capacity. 

Management Recommendations – Any state leased cabins should be moved at least 328 feet (100 meters) 

from the edge of Pecks Pond when the leases expire to restore the integrity of the forested buffer. Do not 

cut any of the forested area where it is intact. Install boat wash stations at all boat launches to reduce the 

possibility of spreading invasive species. 

Promised Land Lake – This man-made lake system is primarily used for recreation. The outflow of 

the larger Promised Land Lake flows into Lower Lake. The two are separated by Route 390. Both lakes 

provide habitat for small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea), a plant species of concern, as well as mottled 

darner (Aeshna clepsydra), a dragonfly species of concern. Small waterwort (Elatine minima) is a plant 

species on the PNHP Watch List found in both lakes. 

Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii), marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum), and waterplantain 

spearwort (Ranunculus ambigens) are plant species of concern that were only located at 

Promised Land Lake during surveys. Lilypad clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer) and mottled darner 

(Aeshna clepsydra), two dragonfly species of concern, were only documented at the main lake as well. A 

small population of purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea), a plant species on the PNHP Watch List, 

was seen at Promised Land Lake, but all these species may be present at both lakes. Two additional 


Rocky Gleason, PNHP

species of concern, not named at the request of the agencies overseeing their protection, were 

documented at Lower Lake and the forest surrounding the outlet of Lower Lake. 

Threats and Stresses – Being part of a state park provides protection against most direct threats. The roads 

running along the lake affect the ability of the forested buffer to filter sediment and nutrients. 

Management Recommendations – Logging and 

other clearing of vegetations within 328 feet (100 

meters) should be avoided. Revegetate the 

roadsides near Promised Land Lake to filter runoff 

as much as possible. Install boat cleaning stations to 

prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Rock Hill Ridge – This dry, exposed hilltop has 

thin, acidic soil with a few bedrock outcrops. The 

woodland is fairly open with scrubby oaks, pitch 

pine, and a dense heath understory. This harsh 

habitat is not tolerated by many species, which 

Mottled darner (Aeshna clepsydra) 

allows those species adapted to the thin, dry soils to flourish. Upland sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. 

susquehanae) and slender mountain-ricegrass (Oryzopsis pungens) are two plants species of concern 

that are able to thrive on Rock Hill Ridge. 

Threats and Stresses – This type of habitat needs occasional disturbance to prevent succession. Fire 

suppression allows the trees and shrubs to overtake the grasses and other herbs unique to this type of 

habitat. Some logging has been done in this area. This may be beneficial to the species of concern if done 

correctly. 

Management Recommendations – Perform periodic prescribed burns or other disturbance to keep the 

habitat open for the species of concern. Clean any equipment prior to logging activities to prevent the 

spread of invasive species. 

Shohola Falls West – This small hilltop opening on State Game Lands #180 has thin soils with some 

exposed outcrops and some small areas that were once cleared for a television tower. These natural and 

man-made openings have maintained habitat that is used by slender mountain-ricegrass (Oryzopsis 

pungens). This plant species of concern needs management to maintain the open habitat necessary for it 

to persist. 

Threats and Stresses – Being publicly owned provides some protection for this site from most large scale 

disturbances. Succession is the major threat to this species. Tree and shrub cover are currently not thick 

enough to shade the habitat in most places due to the thin soils, but disturbance is necessary to maintain 

suitable habitat. Proximity to Route 6 may also degrade the habitat by providing an opportunity for the 

colonization of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – Use periodic maintenance to preserve the habitat conditions necessary 

for the persistence of the slender mountain ricegrass. Clean any equipment used at this site or along Route 

6 to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Shohola Lake – This large manmade lake is part of State Game Lands #180. Shohola Lake was 

created in 1967 as a waterfowl propagation area and is designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by the 

Audubon Society. Covering over 1100 acres, this lake provides habitat for a number of species and is 


Rick Koval

used for recreation, including fishing and waterfowl hunting. Along with these more common species, 

Shohola Lake provides habitat for a nesting pair of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of 

concern, as well as an additional species of concern not named at the request of the agency overseeing its 

protection. Two plant species on the PNHP Watch List were also documented at Shohola Lake, a water 

smartweed (Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum) and flat-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii). 

Threats and Stresses – Osprey populations in Pennsylvania are recovering after declines due to the use of 

certain pesticides. The use of pesticides and herbicides in Shohola Lake may contaminate the Osprey’s 

food source. Excessive disturbance, especially during the breeding season may cause the abandonment of 

the nest location. 

Management Recommendations – Limit the use of chemicals 

applied in and near Shohola Lake to prevent the contamination 

of fish preyed upon by Osprey and other predator species. 

Maintain a forested buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of the 

lake edge to filter sediment and pollutants from runoff. Close 

off the nesting area to boat and foot traffic during the breeding 

season. 

Smiths Swamp – Situated to the east of Route 739, this 

wetland contains a number of species of concern, including 

some found nowhere else in the county. A small bog opening is 

located inside the thick black spruce – tamarack peatland 

forest, a natural community of concern. Dwarf mistletoe 

(Arceuthobium pusillum), a plant species of concern, is found 

growing on the black spruce. The leatherleaf – bog-rosemary 

peatland natural community in this bog opening contains a 

number of plant species of concern – Bog-rosemary 

(Andromeda polifolia), common labrador-tea (Ledum Rough cotton-grass (Eriophorum tenellum) 

groenlandicum), mud sedge (Carex limosa), pod-grass 

(Scheuchzeria palustris), and rough cotton-grass (Eriophorum tenellum). Smiths Swamp also supports 

populations of elfin skimmer (Nannothemis bella) and Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina), two 

dragonfly species of concern. The cranberries in Smiths Swamp are the host plant for bog copper 

(Lycaena epixanthe), a butterfly species of concern. The southwestern lobe of the wetland also supports a 

population of bog willow (Salix pedicellaris), a plant species of concern. A roadside occurrence of 

slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) was 

located in the grassy shoulder of Route 739. 

Common labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) 


Threats and Stresses – The close proximity of Smiths 

Swamp to Route 739 may allow sediment and other 

pollutants to contaminate the wetland. Disturbance 

along the road may also provide a place for the 

colonization of invasive species that could spread into 

the wetland. Water willow (Decodon verticalis) is 

growing along the southern edge of the bog mat and 

should be monitored to make sure that it does not 

spread and outcompete the other species at this site. 

Management Recommendations – Avoid logging and 

other major disturbances within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. Limit the use of herbicides, 

salt sprays, and other chemicals that could run off into the wetland. Monitor the wetland for invasive 


Denise Watts, PNHP

species and the spread of the water willow. Treat any found quickly and aggressively before they are able 

to spread. 

Spring Brook Wetland – This small dammed 

wetland immediately south of Route 6 is comprised of 

a small portion of open water surrounded by flooded 

forest and graminoid habitat. Spring Brook Wetland 

supports a breeding pair of Osprey (Pandion 

haliaetus), a bird species of concern. The Osprey nest 

in a dead white pine that was flooded by beaver 

activity. Nearby larger bodies of water, such as White 

Deer Lake, provide important foraging habitat for this 

species. 

Threats and Stresses – Proximity to Route 6 may 

disturb the Osprey enough to make them abandon the Bog willow (Salix pedicellaris) 

nest. Changes in the water level may also alter the 

character of the wetland, creating unsuitable nesting habitat. The weight of the nest may cause the nest 

tree to fall, like many other trees in this wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the forested buffer around the wetland and improve it along 

Route 6 to filter runoff and minimize disturbance to the nest location. Limit access to the wetland during 

breeding season to promote nesting success of the Osprey. 

Taylortown Swamp – This 25 acre forested wetland is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), 

yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), 

and red spruce (Picea mariana). These species are typical of the red spruce – mixed hardwood 

palustrine forest, a natural community of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – This small wetland is partially on Delaware State Forest property, but is mostly 

privately owned. Multiple owners having a piece of the wetland may present challenges for management. 

Proximity to roads may introduce sediment and other pollutants from runoff. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the forested buffer that currently exists around Taylortown 

Swamp and avoid any logging or major disturbance within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. 

Well Road Swamp – This group of wetlands is part of State Game Lands #180. These small pockets 

of wetland habitat have a connected hydrology. One part of the wetland is a red spruce palustrine 

forest, a natural community of concern. This area is dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens) and also 

contains black spruce (Picea mariana) and tamarack (Larix laricina). Surveys in another portion of this 

wetland located a population of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), a plant species of concern 

that parasitizes black and red spruce and tamarack. 

Threats and Stresses – This wetland complex is part of State Game Lands #180. A system of trails is cut 

through the forest, but only one trail to the west of the site comes near the wetlands. A small development 

is also located to the west of the wetland and may contribute to fragmentation and runoff issues. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing buffer at least 328 feet (100 meters) from the 

wetland edge. Consider rerouting trails that fall within that buffer and allow existing ones to grow in with 

native species. 


Denise Watts, PNHP

White Birch Swamp – This small wetland is a hemlock – mixed hardwood palustrine forest, a 

natural community of concern. This wetland is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) and black gum 

(Nyssa sylvatica) and also contains eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red spruce (Picea rubens), and 

white pine (Pinus strobus). 

Threats and Stresses – A small gravel pit sits immediately on the western edge of the wetland. Activity in 

the gravel pit can cause runoff of sediment into the wetland if not properly contained. Invasive species 

can easily colonize these types of disturbances. The rest of the wetland is surrounded by forest and is well 

buffered. 

Management Recommendations – No forested buffer was left between the wetland and the gravel pit. 

This area should be allowed to revegetate with native species to prevent impacts to the wetland. Leave the 

existing forest undisturbed. 

White Deer Lake – This glacial lake is part of 

Delaware State Forest. Beaver activity has raised 

the water level and partially flooded the bog mat 

that occurs around much of the White Deer Lake. 

The northern end of the lake is dominated by 

shrubs, while the western edge of the lake has 

several cabins near the shoreline. Small beggarticks 

(Bidens discoidea), a plant species of 

concern, was found at several locations near the 

docks and public access. The area along the outlet 

of the lake has the most extensive sphagnum mat 

and provides habitat for several characteristic bog 

species. Small leatherleaf – cranberry peatlands 


occur on both sides of the outlet and a black 

spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland occurs on western side of the outlet. These natural 

communities of concern provide habitat for dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) and flat-leaved 

bladderwort (Utricularia intermedia), as well as an additional species of concern not named at the 

request of the jurisdictional agency overseeing its protection. Golden club (Orontium aquaticum), a plant 

species on the PNHP Watch List, was found growing in the shallow water along the eastern shoreline and 

in the outlet of White Deer Lake. 

Rocky Gleason, PNHP 

Threats and Stresses – Further alterations in the water level threaten to flood additional bog mat habitat 

along the shoreline. Cabins, docks, and roads around the perimeter of White Deer Lake create breaks in the 

forested buffer necessary to adequately filter runoff. This site is entirely on Delaware State Forest property, 

which should help to prevent further alterations to the habitat. Invasive species have the potential to be 

spread from boats and other equipment used in waterways where invasive species are present. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer at least 328 feet (100 meters) 

from the edge of White Deer Lake and adjacent wetland habitat. As leases expire on cabins around the 

lake, these leases should not be renewed. Cabins and associated docks should be removed from the lake 

edge, and any future buildings should be placed at lease 328 feet (100 meters) from the lake. A single 

public access point can be maintained for recreational use. Install a boat washing station to help prevent 

the spread of invasive species between bodies of water. 






Adams Creek Ravine Notable Significance 

Checkered rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera tesselata) – plant G5 S1 TU(PT) 1994 D 

White twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius) – plant G5 S1 PT(PE) 1994 C 

Big Bear Swamp High Significance 

Collin’s sedge (Carex collinsii) – plant G4 S2 PE(PT) 2009 E 

Red spruce palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2009 B 

Big Bear Swamp Wetland Notable Significance 

Collin’s sedge (Carex collinsii) – plant G4 S2 PE(PT) 2010 BC 

Delaware River between Handsome Eddy and 

Dingmans Ferry Exceptional Significance 

Alewife floater (Anodonta implicata) – mussel G5 S3S4 CU 2001 E 

Brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa) – mussel G3 S2 PE 2001 E 

Triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata) – mussel G4 S3S4 N 2001 E 

Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus anomalus) – 

dragonfly G4 S1 N 1994 E 

Harpoon clubtail (Gomphus descriptus) – dragonfly G4 S1S2 N 1993 E 

Rapids clubtail (Gomphus quadricolor) – dragonfly G3G4 S1S2 N 1993 E 

Green-faced clubtail (Gomphus viridifrons) – dragonfly G3G4 S1 N 1994 E 


Spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus abbreviatus) – dragonfly G3G4 S2 N 1994 C 

Riverine sandcherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) – plant G5T5 S1 N(PE) 2010 BC 

Sedge (Carex sprengelii) – plant G5? S3 N(PR) 1999 B 

Three-toothed cinquefoil (Potentilla tridentata) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 2010 AB 

Tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa) – plant G5 S3 N(PT) 2004 B 



Delaware River South of Dingmans Ferry Exceptional Significance 




Barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia) – moth G5 S1S2 N 2000 E 

Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) – plant G5T5 S1 N(PE) 1983 D 


Tall tick-trefoil (Desmodium glabellum) – plant G5 SU TU(TU) 2002 BC 

White heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides) – plant G5 S3 TU(PT) 1991 B 


Dingmans Falls Notable Significance 

Rock clubmoss (Huperzia porophila) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 1993 CD 

White twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius) – plant G5 S1 PT(PE) 1993 D 

Waterfall and plungepool – natural community GNR S3S4 N 2010 B 

Waterfalls and rapids – geologic feature GNR SNR N 2010 E 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Delaware Township / 71

Dry Brook Shale Barren Notable Significance 

Species of concern 3 - - - 2010 C 

Natural community of concern 3 - - - 2010 C 

Fulmer Falls Notable Significance 

Waterfall and plungepool – natural community GNR S3S4 N 2010 C 


Glenside Shale Barren Notable Significance 



Lake Maskenozha and Wetlands Notable Significance 

Collin’s sedge (Carex collinsii) – plant G4 S2 PE(PT) 2009 B 


Small yellow cowlily (Nuphar microphylla) – plant G5T4T5 S1 TU(PE) 1982 A 

Red spruce palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2009 E 

Little Bear Swamp Notable Significance 


Long Swamp Notable Significance 

Bog sedge (Carex paupercula) – plant G5 S3 PT(PR) 1989 B 



Minks Pond Notable Significance 



Sap Swamp Notable Significance 


Silver Lake Notable Significance 

Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 1986 A 

Slender water-milfoil (Myriophyllum tenellum) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 1986 E 





Delaware State Forest, Delaware Water Gap National 

Recreation Area 


Big Bear Swamp Wetland 


STILLWATER 

NATURAL AREA 

Minks Pond 

Sap Swamp 

Silver Lake 


Edgemere 

! 

1400 

1400 

1400 

1400 


1400 

Little Bear Swamp 


1400 

1400 

1400 

Lake Maskenozha 

and wetlands 

Nichecronk Brook 

1200 

1200 

1400 

1200 

1400 

1200 

Long Swamp 

UV 739 

1200 

! 

Wild Acres 

Pocono Mountain 

Lake Estates 

A dams Creek 

Spencer Corner ! 

! 

1200 

1200 

Adams Creek Ravine 

Birchwood 

! 

Lakes 

Hornbecks Creek 

Be ar Brook 

Fulmer Falls 

Dingmans Falls 


Dingmans Creek 

800 

1000 

800 

800 

1000 

! 

McCartys Corner 

Dingmans Ferry! 

£¤ 209 

1000 

Dry BrookShale Barren 

800 

600 

UV 739 

£¤ 209 


Conashaugh Creek 

Conashaugh 

! 

Delaware River South 

of Dingmans Ferry 

400 

Ü Indian Point 

! 

800 

Delaware River between 

Handsome Eddy and Dingmans Ferry 

DELAWARE RIVER 

NATIONAL RECREATION AREA 

0 0.45 0.9 1.8 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 

1 2 

Miles 

400 





Adams Creek Ravine 


Big Bear Swamp Wetland 

Delaware River between Handsome Eddy 


Delaware River South of Dingmans Ferry 

Dingmans Falls 

Dry BrookShale Barren 

Fulmer Falls 


Lake Maskenozha and Wetlands 

Little Bear Swamp 

Long Swamp 

Minks Pond 

Sap Swamp 

Silver Lake 

Public Land 


Stillwater Natural Area 

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area 

PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 


National Park Service 

20 Ft. Contour Line


Delaware Township is named for the river that forms its eastern border and separates it from the state of 

New Jersey. The Delaware Water Gap National Recreational Area, a part of the National Park Service 

holdings, sits along the eastern edge of the township. A section of the Delaware State Forest and part of 

the Stillwater Natural Area are found in the western half of the township. Adams, Dingmans, and 

Hornbecks Creeks flow eastward through the township to the Delaware River. Dingmans Creek is the 

major drainage through the center of the township. Seventy-five percent of the township is forested; 

sandstone, siltstone, and shale form the bedrock. 

According to the 2000 US census bureau, 6319 people resided in Delaware Township. Only Dingman 

Township had a higher population. Delaware Township measures 45.7 square miles in area. 

Adams Creek Ravine – This section of Adams Creek is mostly part of the Delaware Water Gap 

National Recreation Area. The northwestern shoreline of Adams Creek is cut into many privately owned 

parcels. This second growth forest is dominated by white pine (Pinus strobus) and eastern hemlock 

(Tsuga canadensis) with a sparse understory. The eastern side of Adams Creek has nearly vertical 

bedrock ledges that provide habitat for white twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius), a plant species of 

concern, most often found on steep, wet cliffs and outcrops near waterfalls. The forest along Adams 

Creek also supports checkered rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera tesselata). This plant species of concern 

grows in shaded coniferous forests. 

Threats and Stresses – Most of this site is publicly owned, which provides some protection to the species 

of concern. The northwestern portion of this stream corridor to the west of Bushkill Milford Road has 

been cleared for residential areas. The small populations of plants that occur at this site may be vulnerable 

to heavy recreation. Loss of eastern hemlocks from this stream due to hemlock wooly adelgid poses a 

threat to the habitat and the species it supports. 

Management Recommendations – Leave the riparian buffer intact where it currently exists and do not 

clear any additional forested area. Reroute any trails in this area and discourage disturbance along the 

waterfall. Monitor the area for the presence of hemlock wooly adelgid and treat affected trees to prevent 

the loss of numerous hemlocks that shade this habitat. 

Big Bear Swamp – This wetland is part of a complex of wetlands clustered in this area. Big Bear 

Swamp is entirely on Delaware State Forest property. Much of the wetland is a red spruce palustrine 

forest, a natural community of concern. Big Bear Swamp supports a population of Collin’s sedge (Carex 

collinsii), a plant species of concern most often found in this community type. Collin’s sedge grows on 

the sphagnum hummocks in red spruce palustrine forests. 

Threats and Stresses – This wetland is well buffered as part of a forest block larger than 10,000 acres. 

Being part of the Delaware State Forest should help to maintain this level of protection. Changes in 

hydrology are the main threat to this wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer around Big Bear Swamp and 

adjacent wetlands. Avoid logging and other major disturbances within 328 feet (100 meters) of the 

wetland edge. 

Big Bear Swamp Wetland – This small wetland is north of Big Bear Swamp. The southern portion 

of the wetland is dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens). This is the preferred habitat of Collin’s sedge 


(Carex collinsii), a plant species of concern found growing on the sphagnum hummocks in Big Bear 

Swamp Wetlands. 

Threats and Stresses – The forested buffer around the wetland is intact, minus some small trails around 

the edge of the wetland. Only a portion of the wetland is part of Delaware State Forest. There does not 

appear to be additional disturbance in the privately owned section of Big Bear Swamp Wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Do not disturb the forested buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of the 

wetland edge. Consider rerouting the trails further from the wetland edge. 

Delaware River between Handsome Eddy and Dingmans Ferry 


The Delaware River forms the eastern border of 

Pike County. The river creates a variety of unique 

habitats, including scour areas, floodplains, steep 

forested slopes, and vertical cliffs. Maintaining the 

natural character of the river is necessary to 

maintain these habitats. Rivers naturally change 

their course over time and need to remain freeflowing 

systems to allow for this movement. The 

Delaware River has remained undammed, allowing 

movement of the aquatic species found here. 

Triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata) 

The lower section of the Delaware River between 


north to Milford is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, protecting it from development 

and other large scale disturbances. This section of the Delaware River provides habitat for several aquatic 

species of concern. Alewife floater (Anodonta implicata), brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa), and 

triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata), three mussel species of concern, were found in the gravel river 

bottom. Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus anomalus), harpoon clubtail (Gomphus descriptus), 

rapids clubtail (Gomphus quadricolor), green-faced clubtail (Gomphus viridifrons), slaty skimmer 

(Libellula incesta), and spine-crowned clubtail 

(Gomphus abbreviatus) are dragonfly species of 

concern found along the river. Large flat rocks 

along the shoreline provide habitat for several plant 

species of concern – Riverine sandcherry (Prunus 

pumila var. depressa), three-toothed cinquefoil 

(Potentilla tridentata), and tufted hairgrass 

(Deschampsia cespitosa). A sedge (Carex 

sprengelii) is another plant species of concern found 

growing along the shoreline. Two additional 

species of concern, not named at the request of the 

agencies overseeing their protection, were also 

found in this section of the Delaware River. 

Three-toothed cinquefoil (Potentilla tridentata) 

This entire section of the Delaware River South of 

Dingmans Ferry is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Many of the floodplains 

have been cleared for agricultural fields. The gravel river bottom provides habitat for alewife floater 

(Anodonta implicata), brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa), and triangle floater (Alasmidonta 


Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Delaware Township / 76 

Beth Meyer, PNHP

undulata). These three mussel species of concern are found embedded in the loose cobble bottoms of 

rivers and small streams. A population of barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia), a moth species of 

concern, was found on Sambo Island located at the southern end of this site in Monroe County. Riverine 

sandcherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) was found at several locations along the shoreline of the 

river. Tall tick-trefoil (Desmodium glabellum), sedge (Carex sprengelii), and white heath aster 

(Symphyotrichum ericoides) are three additional plant species of concern found along the Delaware 

River in the southern end of this site. 

Sedge (Carex sprengelii) 


Threats and Stresses –The mussel and dragonfly species 

found in this area are dependent upon maintaining good 

water quality. These species are sensitive to pollution, 

sedimentation, and other degradation of the water quality. 

Roads, residential and agricultural areas, and other breaks 

in the forested buffer surrounding the Delaware River 

allow more of these pollutants to be carried by runoff into 

the water without being filtered. Damming and other 

alteration of the natural flow of the river and its tributaries 

would impact the habitats that these species of concern rely 

upon to persist. Invasive species, especially Japanese 

knotweed (Fallopia japonica), can be found in high 

concentrations on the shoreline. These species can 

eliminate habitat for native species. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing 

forested buffer at least 328 feet (100 meters) from the edge 

of the river and adjacent wetlands. Improve the buffer 

wherever possible, especially along roads, houses, and 

other breaks in the forested habitat. Continue to allow the 

river and its tributaries to meander within the floodplain 

and do not artificially alter the flow of the Delaware River. 

Monitor for the presence of invasive species and remove 

them in areas where they are already established. 

Dingmans Falls – This waterfall is the second highest in Pennsylvania and is part of the Delaware 

Water Gap National Recreation Area. Dingmans Falls are composed of shale from the Montango 

formation and stand 130 feet tall, forming a waterfall and plungepool geologic feature. This geologic 

feature of concern provides unique microhabitat conditions to which some species are specialized. The 

mist of Dingmans Falls provides moist habitat in a waterfall and plungepool natural community to 

support two plant species of concern, white twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius) and rock clubmoss 

(Huperzia porophila). Both of these species were found growing on the wet rocks around Dingmans 

Falls. Other species of mosses, liverworts, and ferns also thrive in this specialized habitat. 

Threats and Stresses – This property is owned by the National Park Service, which provides protection 

from major disturbances. Recreational usage poses a threat to these species if not controlled properly. 

Erosion, litter, and graffiti are all present in minimal amounts and may degrade the habitat. 

Management Recommendations – Continue to limit access to the sensitive portions of the habitat where 

the plant species of concern are located. Do not cut the forested area along Dingmans Creek to preserve 

the scenic value of the waterfall and protect the water quality. 


Dry Brook Shale Barrens – The steep shale cliffs in this location rise 400 feet from the Delaware 

River. The ridge extends over a mile and is dominated by red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and chestnut 

oak (Quercus montana) with scattered shale outcrops. The harsh growing conditions along the cliffs 

exclude more aggressive species and support species adapted to this type of habitat, including a species 

and natural community of concern not named at the request of the jurisdictional agency overseeing 

their protection. 

Threats and Stresses – Succession threatens the dry open habitat needed by many of the species found at 

this site. Ownership by the National Park Service should protect this site from habitat loss and 

degradation. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the open patches of habitat through the use of prescribed fire 

or manual removal of trees and shrubs. Do not cut any trails in this area to reduce the possibility of 

disturbance by recreational users. 


Fulmer Falls – Dingmans Creek cuts down through the 

shale rock to form a waterfall and plungepool, a geologic 

feature of concern. This waterfall is 55 feet tall. A hemlock 

dominated forest shades the surrounding area. The 

waterfall and plungepool natural community provides 

unique habitat along the falls for a variety of ferns, mosses, 

liverworts, and other species. 

Threats and Stresses – Ownership by the National Park 

Service should provide protection for this geologic 

feature. Trails and boardwalks lead to the falls and may 

create erosion along the edge of Fulmer Falls and provide 

access for hikers to disturb the sensitive communities 

along the cliff faces. Loss of hemlock trees due to 

hemlock wooly adelgid will change the character of this 

geologic feature. 

Management Recommendations – Encourage hikers to stay 

on trails and boardwalks to limit disturbance to the species 

Fulmer Falls 

growing along the wet cliffs. Do not cut trees along 

Dingmans Creek and consider the use of control measures 

for hemlock wooly adelgid to protect the eastern hemlocks that currently dominate the surrounding forest. 

Glenside Shale Barren - The steep forested slopes along the Delaware River open up in several 

locations where shale barrens occur. These steep cliffs along the river have thin soils and shale outcrops 

that provide habitat for a unique group of species that are adapted to these harsh conditions. Red cedar 

(Juniperus virginiana) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) are found growing in some of these openings. 

Glenside Shale Barren provides habitat for a species of concern and a natural community of concern 

not named at the request of the agencies overseeing their protection. 

Threats and Stresses – This site is completely owned by the National Park Service, which should protect 

these locations from major habitat loss and degradation. Additional trails should not be cut through these 

areas to prevent disturbance to the species at this site and increased erosion along the steep slopes. 

Succession also threatens the natural communities found in these locations and the species adapted to the 

dry, open habitat. 





Lake Maskenozha and Wetlands – This man-made lake is privately owned. Several lakes and 

wetlands feed into Lake Maskenozha, including one that is a red spruce palustrine forest natural 

community. This natural community of concern supports a large population of Collin’s sedge (Carex 

collinsii), a plant species of concern associated with this habitat type. 

The outlet of Lake Maskenozha forms Lehman Lake, another privately owned, man-made lake. Small 

yellow cowlily (Nuphar microphylla) was found during surveys at Lake Maskenozha, while small 

beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) was found at multiple locations at both lakes. 

Threats and Stresses – There are several developments near Lake Maskenozha and the connected 

wetlands, but none of them are within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. Changes in hydrology 

would alter the wetland habitats. Several small roads run along the shoreline of Lake Maskenozha and 

Lehman Lake. 

Management Recommendations – Retain the existing buffer around the lakes and wetlands. Provide as 

much of a vegetated buffer as possible around the roads that run along the lakes. Provide boat washing 

stations or limit the use of boats to those only used on these lakes to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Little Bear Swamp – This wetland is similar to many 

of the other small pockets of wetland in the area. The 

western side of the wetland is dominated by red spruce 

(Picea rubens) with occasional red maple (Acer rubrum). 

The substrate is mostly sphagnum moss and supports a 

population of Collin’s sedge (Carex collinsii), which is 

found in some of the surrounding wetlands with similar 

characteristics. The western portion of the wetland is part 

of the Delaware State Forest. The eastern part of the 

wetland is dominated by shrubs and is part of a 

development. 

Threats and Stresses – Only a portion of the western part of 

the wetland is on Delaware State Forest property. The rest 

of Little Bear Swamp is part of a development that has 

several houses near the edge of the wetland and roads 

within the 328 foot (100 meter) area surrounding the 

wetland. The multiple breaks in the forest surrounding 

Little Bear Swamp reduce the buffering capacity that is 

beneficial in filtering out sediment and other pollutants. 

These disturbances may also alter the hydrology of the 

wetland. 

Collin’s sedge (Carex collinsii) 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and limit the amount of clearing 

done around the homes. Do not clear any more of the lots within 328 feet (100 meters) of Little Bear 

Swamp to avoid further impacts to the wetland. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Delaware Township / 79 

Rocky Gleason, PNHP

Long Swamp – This long, narrow wetland is all privately owned. Most of the wetland is part of a 

camp that has a boardwalk and series of trails near and through Long Swamp. The wetland is bordered to 

the south by a housing development. Much of the wetland is dominated by black spruce mixed with some 

more open, shrubby areas. The central part of Long Swamp is a black spruce – tamarack palustrine 

woodland, a natural community of concern. The southern end of the wetland supports a population of 

bog sedge (Carex paupercula), a plant species of concern. This species is found in peaty wetlands. 

Threats and Stresses – Most of Long Swamp is relatively undisturbed. A boardwalk cuts through the 

middle of the wetland. The only major disturbance to the wetland is the housing development to the 

south. Several of the houses and roads are near the edge of Long Swamp. Alteration of the hydrology of 

the wetland will threaten the persistence of the bog sedge. 

Management Recommendations – Do not flood, drain, or otherwise alter the hydrology of the wetland. 

Maintain the existing forested buffer to protect Long Swamp from runoff from the neighboring 

development. Monitor the wetland for the presence of invasive species. Any found should be quickly and 

aggressively removed. 

Minks Pond – This series of man-made lakes is owned by a hunt club and is adjacent to state forest 

and other hunt clubs. The shoreline of the lake provides habitat for small beggar-ticks (Bidens 

discoidea), a plant species of concern. An additional species of concern, not named at the request of the 

agency overseeing its protection, was also found along the edge of the small lake above Minks Pond that 

is found near large bodies of water. 

Threats and Stresses – Changes in the water level of Minks Pond would threaten the habitat used by small 

beggar-ticks. Most of the shoreline is forested. Several roads run near the edge of the lake and the area 

near the outlet of the lake has been cleared. Disturbance to the shoreline where the species of concern was 

found may cause the species to abandon the area. 

Management Recommendations – Limit boats to those used exclusively at Minks Pond to reduce the risk 

of spreading invasive species. Do not clear additional forest along the shoreline of the lakes and improve 

the buffer wherever possible to decrease the impacts of sediment and runoff into the water. 


Sap Swamp – This wetland has been modified 

by beavers. When the water level was raised, the 

trees were killed. After the dam opened, the 

previously flooded area became a graminoid 

wetland. This section of Sap Swamp is dominated 

by tussock sedge (Carex stricta). Halloween 

pennant (Celithemis eponina), a dragonfly 

species of concern, was found in the open wetland. 

This species occupies a variety of high quality 

wetlands. 

Threats and Stresses – Sap Swamp is part of 

Delaware State Forest and has a heavily forested 

Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina) 

buffer. The major threat to this site would be 

impacts to water quality, but the existing buffer provides excellent protection. Succession back to its 

original forested state would eliminate habitat for Halloween pennant. 


Management Recommendations – This site is more remote, and is relatively protected as part of the state 

forest. Do not log or create major disturbances that would cause a break in the existing buffer. 

Silver Lake – This is a man-made lake that is owned by a hunt club. Due to the fact that the lake has 

been created by a dam, the water’s edge transitions directly into the upland forest surrounding much of 

the lake. Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) and slender water-milfoil (Myriophyllum tenellum), 

two plant species of concern, were documented during surveys at Silver Lake. Floating-heart roots to the 

lake bottom and flowers above the water’s surface. Slender water-milfoil is a floating aquatic species. 

Threats and Stresses – Silver Lake is privately owned. Several houses have been placed at the water’s 

edge. This break in the forested buffer threatens the water quality by allowing unfiltered runoff to flow 

into the lake. Introduction of invasive species may degrade the habitat for native species and make 

boating difficult. 

Management Recommendations – Limit the use of boats to those used exclusively on Silver Lake to 

prevent the spread of invasive species. Maintain the existing forested buffer and improve it where it is 

lacking. A buffer of 328 feet (100 meters) provides the optimal filter to remove sediment and other 

pollutants. Monitor Silver Lake for the presence of invasive species. Any found should be controlled 

quickly and aggressively. 


Dingman Township 




Ben Bush Swamp Notable Significance 


Crooked Swamp High Significance 

Black dash (Euphyes conspicuus) – butterfly G4 S3 N 2009 E 

Elfin skimmer (Nannothemis bella) – dragonfly G4 S1 N 2009 E 



Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 N(PT) 2009 BC 



community GNR S2 N 2009 D 

Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2009 D 

Red spruce palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2009 BC 

Sphagnum – beaked rush peatland – natural community GNR S3 N 2009 BC 

Dark Swamp Notable Significance 



Delaware River between Handsome Eddy and Dingmans 

Ferry Exceptional Significance 




Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus anomalus) – dragonfly G4 S1 N 1994 E 






Riverine sandcherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) – plant G5T5 S1 N(PE) 2010 BC 






Log Tavern Pond High Significance 

Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 2004 BC 

Floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) – plant G5 S4 N(W) 2004 AB 

Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 N(PT) 2004 A 


Small waterwort (Elatine minima) – plant G5 S4 N(W) 2001 B 

Water bulrush (Schoenoplectus subterminalis) – plant G4G5 S3 N(PR) 2004 B 

Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) – plant G4G5 S2 PT(PT) 2004 BC 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Dingman Township / 82

Long Swamp Notable Significance 

Bog sedge (Carex paupercula) – plant G5 S3 PT(PR) 1989 B 



Milford Cliffs High Significance 

Species of concern 3 - - - 1983 AB 


Pinchot Falls Notable Significance 



Raymondskill Falls High Significance 

Red-waisted whiteface (Leucorrhinia proxima) – dragonfly G5 S2 N 2002 E 

Spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus abbreviatus) – dragonfly G3G4 S2 N 2002 E 

Checkered rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera tesselata) – plant G5 S1 TU(PT) 1996 B 

Narrow false oats (Trisetum spicatum) – plant G5 S1 N(PE) 1994 C 

Ohio spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 1999 E 

Rock clubmoss (Huperzia porophila) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 1983 CD 

White twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius) – plant G5 S1 PT(PE) 1993 D 


Rock Hill Pond Exceptional Significance 



Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 N(PT) 2010 B 




community GNR S2 N 2010 BC 

Black spruce – tamarack peatland forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2010 BC 


Rock Hill Ridge Notable Significance 

Upland sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. susquehanae) – plant G5T4 S2 N(PT) 2009 CD 

Slender mountain-ricegrass (Oryzopsis pungens) – plant G5 S2 PE(PE) 2009 B 

Sawkill Mud Pond Exceptional Significance 



Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 NI(PT) 2010 B 



Acidic glacial peatland complex – natural community GNR SNR N 2010 B 

Black spruce tamarack palustrine woodland – natural 







Sawkill Pond Notable Significance 








PUBLICLY MANAGED LAND: Delaware State Forest, State Game Lands #180, 






! 

Hemlock Farms 

Ben Bush Swamp 

Ta ylortown Creek 


Rock Hill Pond 

Shohola Lake 


Birch y Creek 

Greeley 

! 


§¨¦ 84 


Edgemere ! 

! 

Maple Brook 

£¤ 6 


Shohola Falls 

! 

UV 739 

G in Br ook 


Sunrise Lake 

1400 

Dwarfs Kill 

Walker Lake 

! 

Gold Key Lake 

! 

Crooked Swamp 

! 

Frenchtown 

Long Swamp 

Dark Swamp 

! 

! 

Log Tavern Pond 

Adams Creek 

Twin Lakes Creek 

Sagamore 

Estates 

! 

Gum Brook 

! 

! Spencer Corner 

UV 739 

Twin Lakes 

Dw a rfs Kill 

Birchwood Lakes 


Sawkill Pond 


Woodland Lakes 

Raymondskill Creek 

McCartys Corner 

! 

Raymondskill Falls 

Swa le Bro ok 

£¤ 6 

Conashaugh Creek 

§¨¦ 84 

Conashaugh 

! 


! 

Quinns Corner 

Silver Spring 

! 

! 

Pinchot Falls 

£¤ 209 

Indian Point 

Milford Cliffs 

Milford 

! 

DELAWARE WATER GAP 


Ü 

£¤ 6 

£¤ 209 



0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 1 2 

Miles 





Ben Bush Swamp 

Crooked Swamp 

Dark Swamp 



Log Tavern Pond 

Long Swamp 

Milford Cliffs 

Pinchot Falls 


Rock Hill Pond 



Sawkill Pond 

Shohola Lake 

Public Land 



Delaware Water GapNational Recreation Area 

PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 



20 Ft. Contour Line


Dingman Township covers 59.9 square miles. According to the 2000 US census bureau, 8788 people 

resided in Dingman Township; this makes it the township with the greatest population in Pike County. 

The eastern two-thirds of the township are drained by the Raymondskill Creek that flows into the 

Delaware River; the western third is drained by Rattlesnake Creek, which flows northward into Shohola 

Creek. The Shohola Marsh Dam forms a portion of the boundary between Dingman and Blooming Grove 

Townships. The Delaware River separates Dingman Township and the state New Jersey. This eastern 

edge of the township is part of the National Park Service’s Delaware Water Gap National Recreation 

Area. 

Sandstone, siltstone, and shale are the main components of the bedrock geology. The western half of the 

township sustains a forest block of over 5000 acres. Sixty-nine percent of the township is forested, with 

another 11% made up of forested and emergent wetlands; residential areas cover 6.5 % of the landscape - 

the highest percentage of any township in Pike County. 

Ben Bush Swamp – This wetland is entirely part of Delaware State Forest. The majority of the 

wetland is a black spruce – tamarack peatland forest, a natural community of concern. Ben Bush 

Swamp is dominated by tamarack (Larix laricina), black spruce (Picea mariana), and red spruce (Picea 

rubens) with a dense shrub understory. An island of upland forest is located in the center of Ben Bush 

Swamp. Due to being surrounded by wetland, this small pocket of forest is difficult to access and is older 

growth than most of the nearby forest. 

Threats and Stresses – Ben Bush Swamp is protected from major disturbances due to being part of Delaware 

State Forest. Several trails and roads run near the edge of the wetland. A development also sits to the east of 

Ben Bush Swamp. The major threat to the integrity of the wetland is alteration of the natural hydrology. 

Management Recommendations – Do not clear any additional forested area within 328 feet (100 meters) 

of the edge of Ben Bush Swamp. Maintain the existing forested buffer to filter sediment and pollutants 

from runoff flowing from the nearby developments and roads. Do not fill, drain, or otherwise alter the 

hydrology of the wetland. 

Crooked Swamp – Two pockets of bog mat 

habitat occur within the wetland complex. Interstate 

84 runs very close to Crooked Swamp, which impacts 

the wetland, but it is almost all on Delaware State 

Forest property. Despite the fact that Crooked Swamp 

has been degraded, several species of concern were 

documented at this site. The northern bog mat has a 

larger sphagnum mat with low, sparse vegetation. 

This area is classified as a sphagnum – beaked rush 

peatland, a natural community of concern. A 

butterfly species of concern, black dash (Euphyes 

conspicuus), and a dragonfly species of concern, 

elfin skimmer (Nannothemis bella), were both 

observed in the northern portion of Crooked Swamp. 

Mud sedge (Carex limosa), a plant species of 

concern, was found at both bog openings. 

The northern end of Crooked Swamp still retains much of the 

typical bog habitat 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Dingman Township / 87 

Denise Watts, PNHP

The southern bog opening has been more heavily 

impacted by the proximity to Interstate 84, but 

retains some of the characteristic species often 

found in less disturbed habitats. Horned 

bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), dwarf 

mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), and bogrosemary 

(Andromeda polifolia) are plant species 

of concern found in this part of Crooked Swamp. 

Near the open water is a leatherleaf – bogrosemary 

peatland surrounded by a black 

spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland, the 

same community surrounding the northern bog 

opening. The area between the two bog openings 

is a red spruce palustrine forest, another natural 


Interstate 84 has negatively impacted the habitat of the 

southern end of Crooked Swamp. 

Threats and Stresses – The major threat to this site 

is the presence of invasive species in the southern bog opening, particularly common reed (Phragmites 

australis) and common cattail (Typha latifolia). Runoff from Interstate 84 inputs nutrients into the 

wetland that allow these species to colonize and thrive. The disturbance creates a corridor for these 

species to get into Crooked Swamp. Common cattail and common reed will alter the hydrology of the 

wetland and degrade the habitat currently used by the species of concern at this site. 

Management Recommendations – Divert the runoff from Interstate 84 away from Crooked Swamp and its 

immediate watershed. The wetland is well buffered other than the area along the highway. Maintain the 

existing buffer and improve it along the road wherever possible. Remove invasive species of plants. 

Removal of common reed at this location will prove difficult, but inaction may result in the complete 

colonization of the wetland complex by common reed and provide seed source for colonization of other 

wetlands within the county. 

Dark Swamp – An open, graminoid wetland was formed along Dwarfs Kill Creek by beaver activity. 

This wetland is dominated by tussock sedge (Carex stricta) and other herbaceous plants, including marsh 

bedstraw (Galium trifidum), a plant species of concern. This species was found growing among the 

clumps of tussock sedge and is often found in this type of open wetland. Halloween pennant (Celithemis 

eponina), a dragonfly species of concern, was also located in this wetland. Halloween pennants are found 

in a variety of wetlands, including larger lakes and herbaceous wetlands. 

Threats and Stresses – The species of concern at this site rely on the early successional habitat created by 

the beaver activity. Growth of trees and shrubs in this area may eventually make Dark Swamp 

uninhabitable to these species. Flooding will also remove the habitat for marsh bedstraw. Several roads 

run near the edge of the wetland that may introduce pollutants via runoff into Dark Swamp. 

Management Recommendations – Although succession may eventually change the character of this 

wetland, the water level should not be altered to maintain the existing conditions. Do not cut the forested 

buffer around Dark Swamp and improve the buffer along the roadways to protect the water quality 

necessary to support the species of concern, especially the Halloween pennant. 

Delaware River between Handsome Eddy and Dingmans Ferry – The Delaware River 

forms the eastern border of Pike County. The river creates a variety of unique habitats, including scour 

areas, floodplains, steep forested slopes, and vertical cliffs. Maintaining the natural character of the river 


Denise Watts, PNHP

is necessary to maintain these habitats. Rivers naturally change their course over time and need to remain 

free-flowing systems to allow for this movement. The Delaware River has remained undammed, allowing 


The lower section of this site north to Milford is 

part of the Delaware Water Gap National 

Recreation Area, protecting it from development 

and other large scale disturbances. This section of 

the Delaware River provides habitat for several 

aquatic species of concern. Alewife floater 

(Anodonta implicata), brook floater 

(Alasmidonta varicosa), and triangle floater 

(Alasmidonta undulata), three mussel species of 

concern, were found in the gravel river bottom. 

Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus 

anomalus), harpoon clubtail (Gomphus 

Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. susquehanae) descriptus), rapids clubtail (Gomphus 

quadricolor), green-faced clubtail (Gomphus 

viridifrons), slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta), and spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus abbreviatus) are 

dragonfly species of concern found along the river. Large flat rocks along the shoreline provide habitat 

for several plant species of concern – Riverine sandcherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa), threetoothed 

cinquefoil (Potentilla tridentata), and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa). A sedge 

(Carex sprengelii) is another plant species of concern found growing along the shoreline. Two additional 

species of concern, not named at the request of the agencies overseeing their protection, were also found 

in this section of the Delaware River. 

Threats and Stresses –The mussel and dragonfly 

species found in this area are dependent upon 

maintaining good water quality. These species 

are sensitive to pollution, sedimentation, and 

other degradation of the water quality. Roads, 

residential and agricultural areas, and other 

breaks in the forested buffer surrounding the 

Delaware River allow more of these pollutants to 

be carried by runoff into the water without being 

filtered. Damming and other alteration of the 

natural flow of the river and its tributaries would 

impact the habitats that these species of concern 

rely upon to persist. Invasive species, especially 

Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), can be 

found in high concentrations on the shoreline. 

These species can eliminate habitat for native 

species. 


Management Recommendations – Maintain the 

Slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta) 

existing forested buffer at least 328 feet (100 meters) from the edge of the river and adjacent wetlands. 

Improve the buffer wherever possible, especially along roads, houses, and other breaks in the forested 

habitat. Continue to allow the river and its tributaries to meander within the floodplain and do not 

artificially alter the flow of the Delaware River. Monitor for the presence of invasive species and remove 

them in areas where they are already established. 


Rick Koval

Log Tavern Pond – This glacial lake is situated in a developed context. Several docks and houses are 

located along the shoreline. Although the habitat has been altered from its natural state, several species of 

concern have been able to persist at Log Tavern Pond. Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), 

water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), bayonet rush (Juncus militaris), and water bulrush 

(Schoenoplectus subterminalis), four plant species of concern, were found along the edge of Log Tavern 

Pond, mostly occurring along the outlet. Several species on the PNHP Watch List were also documented 

– Small waterwort (Elatine minima), pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), and floating bladderwort 

(Utricularia inflata). 

Threats and Stresses – The shoreline of Log Tavern Pond has been split into long, narrow parcels along 

the entire length of the lake. Most of those houses have been built near the edge of the lake, as well as 

having a dock associated with most of the homes. This creates a very fragmented buffer around the lake 

and multiple points of disturbance along the shoreline. The introduction of invasive species would 

degrade the quality of Log Tavern Pond and threaten the species of concern. 

Management Recommendations – Move all structures as far away from the lake edge as possible. As the 

docks become older, the multiple docks should be removed. A single access point to the lake would limit 

the disturbance to the habitat on the shoreline. Limit the use of boats on Log Tavern Pond to those used 

exclusively at this site to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Long Swamp – This long, narrow wetland is all privately owned. Most of the wetland is part of a 

camp that has a boardwalk and series of trails near and through Long Swamp. The wetland is bordered 

to the south by a housing development. Much of the wetland is dominated by black spruce mixed with 

some more open, shrubby areas. The central part of Long Swamp is a black spruce – tamarack 

palustrine woodland, a natural community of concern. The southern end of the wetland supports a 

population of bog sedge (Carex paupercula), a plant species of concern. This species is found in peaty 

wetlands. 

Threats and Stresses – Most of Long Swamp is relatively undisturbed. A boardwalk cuts through the 

middle of the wetland. The only major disturbance to the wetland is the housing development to the 

south. Several of the houses and roads are near the edge of Long Swamp. Alteration of the hydrology of 

the wetland will threaten the persistence of the bog sedge. 

Management Recommendations – Do not flood, drain, or otherwise alter the hydrology of the wetland. 

Maintain the existing forested buffer to protect Long Swamp from runoff from the neighboring 

development. Monitor the wetland for the presence of invasive species. Any found should be quickly and 

aggressively removed. 

Milford Cliffs – This two and a half mile long cliff extends about 650 feet above the Delaware River. 

The upper 400 feet of the shale cliff is near vertical with outcrops dominated by white pine (Pinus 

strobus), chestnut oak (Quercus montana), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The harsh growing 

conditions along the cliffs exclude more aggressive species and support species adapted to this type of 

habitat, including a species of concern and a natural community of concern not named at the request of 

the agencies overseeing their protection. 

Threats and Stresses - Succession threatens the dry open habitat needed by many of the species found at 

this site. Ownership by the National Park Service should protect this site from habitat loss and 

degradation. 





Pinchot Falls – As Sawkill Creek flows toward the Delaware River, it cuts through the rock to form 

Pinchot Falls. This is a waterfall and rapids, a geologic feature of concern. Standing over 85 feet tall, 

the mist from the falls creates habitat on the surrounding rocks for mosses, liverworts, ferns, and a 

variety of other plants, forming a waterfall and plungepool natural community. The area surrounding 

the falls is shaded by a forest dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white pine (Pinus 

strobus). 

Threats and Stresses – Access to the falls is limited, which protects the area surrounding the falls from 

erosion, littering, and vandalism from heavy recreational use. Loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock 

wooly adelgid will change the character of this geologic feature. 

Management Recommendations - Encourage hikers to stay on trails and boardwalks to limit disturbance 

of the species growing along the wet cliffs. Do not cut trees along Dingmans Creek and consider the use 

of control measures for hemlock wooly adelgid to protect the eastern hemlocks that currently dominate 

the surrounding forest. 


Raymondskill Falls – Just before Raymondskill 

Creek enters into the Delaware River, it cuts through 

the surrounding rocks to create Raymondskill Falls. The 

waterfall and rapids is a geologic feature of concern. 

The area along Raymondskill Falls also provides habitat 

for rock clubmoss (Huperzia porophila), white 

twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius), and narrow 

false oats (Trisetum spicatum), three plant species of 

concern. The forest surrounding the falls supports a 

population of checkered rattlesnake-plantain 

(Goodyera tesselata). Route 209 crosses a small 

wetland glade that flows into Raymondskill Creek. This 

wetland supports spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus 

abbreviatus) and red-waisted whiteface 

(Leucorrhinia proxima), two dragonfly species of 

concern. Ohio spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis), a 

plant species on the PNHP Watch List, was found 

growing in a clearing along the roadside. 


Threats and Stresses – Hiking trails lead to 

Raymondskill Falls that may increase erosion around 

the falls. Recreational use may also increase littering and vandalism. The ravine is dominated by eastern 

hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white pine (Pinus strobus). The overall character of the habitat would be 

changed by the loss of eastern hemlock due to logging or hemlock wooly adelgid damage. Runoff into the 

small wetland north of Route 209 may degrade the water quality that is necessary in supporting the 

odonate species found there. 

Management Recommendations – Do not log or cut new trails through the existing forests around 

Raymondskill Falls and adjacent wetlands to maintain the scenic character of the waterfall and to 


protect the water quality. Encourage hikers to stay on existing trails to reduce disturbance to the 

delicate habitat. 

Rock Hill Pond – This is a classic glacial lake with the typical habitat zones. Most of the wetland around 

the open water is thick shrubs and forest, but the narrow band of Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland at 

the water’s edge provides habitat for a unique group of species. Surveys found populations of bogrosemary 

(Andromeda polifolia), horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), mud sedge (Carex limosa), 

and slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), four plant species of concern. Beyond the band of shrub habitat is a 

black spruce palustrine woodland that supports a population of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), 

a plant species of concern. The more heavily forested wetland area furthest from the edge of the lake is a 

black spruce – tamarack peatland forest, an additional natural community of concern. 

A small vernal pond to the north of the Rock Hill Pond wetland contains a large population of cloud 

sedge (Carex haydenii), a plant species of concern. This sedge was found growing on low hummocks 

around the edge of the vernal pond. 

Threats and Stresses – The western portion of the wetland is part of Delaware State Forest. The open 

water portion of Rock Hill Pond is privately owned. A substantial forested buffer surrounds much of the 

wetland, except for a road that runs over the outlet of the wetland and a small boating access. 

Development of the lake shore to the extent of some of the other lakes in the county would seriously 

degrade the habitat and natural character of this site. Introduction of invasive species may alter the 

existing habitat. 

Management Recommendations – This site 

should be left undisturbed and undeveloped 

within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. 

The single current access point to the lake is 

sufficient, and no other access should be cut 

through the shoreline. Rock Hill Pond was once 

used for recreation as part of the adjacent camp. 

This property should be a priority for 

conservation acquisition. Only boats that have 

been cleaned or used only at Rock Hill Pond 

should be allowed on the lake. Do not alter the 

hydrology of the vernal pond to protect the 

population of cloud sedge. 

Rock Hill Ridge – This dry, exposed hilltop 

has thin, acidic soil with a few bedrock outcrops. 

The woodland is fairly open with scrubby oaks, 

pitch pine, and a dense heath understory. This 

Cloud sedge (Carex haydenii) 

harsh habitat is not tolerated by many species, which allows those species adapted to the thin, dry soils to 

flourish. Upland sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. susquehanae) and slender mountain-ricegrass 

(Oryzopsis pungens) are two plants species of concern that are found on Rock Hill Ridge. 

Threats and Stresses – This type of habitat needs occasional disturbance to prevent succession. Fire 

suppression allows the trees and shrubs to shade out habitat used by the grasses and herbs unique to this 

type of habitat. Some logging has been done in this area. This may be beneficial to the species of concern 

if done correctly. 


John Kunsman, PNHP

Management Recommendations – Perform periodic prescribed burns or other disturbance to keep the 

habitat open for the species of concern. Clean any equipment prior to logging activities to prevent the 

spread of invasive species. 

Sawkill Mud Pond – This wetland has many of the habitat zones typical of a glacial wetland 

complex. Most of the wetland is dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens) and shrubs. The small area of 

sparsely vegetated sphagnum mat contains several unique species and natural communities. A 

combination of leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland, leatherleaf – cranberry peatland, sphagnum – 

beaked rush peatland, and black spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland natural communities make 

up a narrow band around much of the bog mat. These natural communities provide habitat for bogrosemary 

(Andromeda polifolia), mud sedge (Carex limosa), slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), 

horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), and flat-leaved bladderwort (Utricularia intermedia), five 

plant species of concern. A black spruce – 

tamarack peatland forest is situated farther from 

the edge of Mud Pond and also provides habitat 

for some of the species of concern at this site. 

Flat-leaved bladderwort (Utricularia intermedia) 


Threats and Stresses – Although this property is 

privately owned, the habitat has remained 

relatively intact aside from a few roads and houses 

within the preferred 328 foot (100 meter) 

vegetated buffer. Two small docks have also been 

placed along the southern end of the wetland to 

access Sawkill Mud Pond. A walkway has created 

a disturbed path that leads from the adjacent 

property to the north toward the open water. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing buffer and improve it wherever possible. Allow 

the path on the northern side of the lake to revegetate with native shrubs and trees. Clean all boats used on 

other waterways before using in Sawkill Mud Pond to minimize the risk of spreading invasive species. 

Sawkill Pond – This lake has been dammed, which flooded much of the bog habitat that once 

existed along the western shore of Sawkill Pond. Part of the eastern shoreline has been modified for the 

placement of a camp and Interstate 84 runs along the southern end of the lake. A species of concern, 

not named at the request of the jurisdictional agency overseeing its protection, was observed at Sawkill 

Pond. 

Threats and Stresses – Human disturbance is the biggest threat to the persistence of this species of 

concern at this site. Additional habitat loss along the shoreline may make Sawkill Pond unsuitable for this 

species. 

Management Recommendations – Limit recreational usage, especially along the western shoreline from 

January to June. Do not clear any additional forest within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge to protect 

water quality and shoreline habitat. 

Shohola Lake – This large man-made lake is part of State Game Lands #180. Shohola Lake was 

created in 1967 as a waterfowl propagation area and is designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by 

the Audubon Society. Covering over 1100 acres, this lake provides habitat for a number of species and 

is used for recreation, including fishing and waterfowl hunting. Along with these more common 

species, Shohola Lake provides habitat for a nesting pair of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species 


of concern, as well as an additional species of concern not named at the request of the agency 

overseeing its protection. Two plant species on the PNHP Watch List were also documented at Shohola 

Lake, a water smartweed (Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum) and flat-leaved pondweed 

(Potamogeton robbinsii). 





Management Recommendations – Limit the use of chemicals applied in and near Shohola Lake to prevent 

the contamination of fish preyed upon by Osprey and other predator species. Maintain a forested buffer 

within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge to filter sediment and pollutants from runoff. Close off the 

nesting area to boat and foot traffic during the breeding season. 






East Branch Wallenpaupack Creek Notable Significance 

Maine snaketail (Ophiogomphus mainensis) – 


Riffle snaketail (Ophiogomphus carolus) – dragonfly G5 S2S3 N 1985 E 



East Mountain High Significance 

Barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia) – moth G5 S1S2 N 2010 

Appalachian sandwort (Minuartia glabra) – plant G4 S2 PT(PT) 2010 A 

Scrub oak shrubland – natural community GNR S3 N 1992 B 


Goose Pond High Significance 

Sora (Porzana carolina) – bird G5 S3B CR 2010 E 



Mud sedge (Carex limosa) – plant G5 S2 TU(PT) 2010 C 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) – plant G5 S3 N(PR) 2010 D 




Lake Belle Notable Significance 



Lake Laura Notable Significance 



Lake Paupack Notable Significance 


Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) – plant G5 S3 N(PR) 2003 BC 


Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland – natural 

community GNR S2S3 N 2003 B 


Lake Wallenpaupack Notable Significance 


Hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta) – plant G4G5 S1 TU(PE) 2001 C 

Pine Lake High Significance 


Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Greene Township / 95


Sweetflag spreadwing (Lestes forcipatus) – damselfly G5 S3S4 N 1985 E 



Northern yellow-eyed grass (Xyris montana) – plant G4 S4 PR(W) 1983 E 


Black spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland – 

natural community GNR S2 N 2009 C 





Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii) – 

plant G5 S3 PE(PR) 2005 AB 

Floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) – plant G5 S4 N(W) 2005 A 

Marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum) – plant G5 S2 N(PR) 2001 C 




Water-plantain spearwort (Ranunculus ambigens) – 

plant G4 S3 N(TU) 1996 B 


Route 507 Wetland Notable Significance 

Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola) – bird G5 S3B N 2010 E 


PUBLICLY MANAGED LAND: Delaware State Forest, Promised Land State Park 






East Branch Wallenpaupack Creek 

! Angels 

Ledgedale 

! 

Lake 

Wallenpaupack 

Estate ! 

South Sterling 

! 

§¨¦ 84 

East Sterling 

! 

UV 191 

Newfoundland 

! 

Greentown 

! 

! 

Hemlock Grove 

Haags Mill Roemersville 

! 

! 

UV 191 

The Escape 

Freeling Run 

La Anna 

! 

! 

UV 507 

UV 507 

UV 447 

Sugar Hill Creek 

PINE LAKE NATURAL AREA 

Route 507 Wetland 


Panther 

! 

UV 447 

Pine Lake 

Bridge Creek 

! 

Lake in the Clouds 

Tanglewood Estate 

! 

Lake Paupack 


Mozette Creek 

Sky View Lake 

! 

UV 390 

! 

Skytop 

§¨¦ 84 

Kin tz Creek 

PROMISED LAND STATE PARK 

! 

Promised 

Land 

UV 390 


East Mountain 

Dark Hollow Run 


Mud Pond Run 

Goose Pond 

Melchris Wood 

! 

! 


Perch Run 

Lake Laura 

Lake Belle 


Ü 

0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 1 2 

Miles 

Mount Run 






East Mountain 

Goose Pond 

Lake Belle 

Lake Laura 

Lake Paupack 


Pine Lake 


Route 507 Wetland 

Public Land 


Pine Lake Natural Area 


PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 


20 Ft. Contour Line


Greene Township covers 61.9 square miles along the western side of Pike County. The Wallenpaupack 

Creek forms the western boundary of Greene Township and separates it from Wayne County. Monroe 

County is to the south of the township. East Branch Wallenpaupack Creek and its tributaries drain most of 

the township by flowing westward into Wallenpaupack Creek. Sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone 

make up the bedrock geology. 

Publicly owned lands within the township include portions of the Pine Lake Natural Area and sections of 

Promised Land State Park and Delaware State Forest. A large forest block of 37,500 acres covers the 

eastern third of the township as well as portions of three other townships and extends into Monroe 

County. Eighty percent of Greene Township is forested, plus another 6% contains forested and emergent 

wetlands. Less than 5% of the township is in agricultural usage, which is the highest percentage for any 

township in Pike County. 

Maine clubtail (Ophiogomphus mainensis) 

East Branch Wallenpaupack Creek – This 

section of Wallenpaupack Creek and East Branch 

Wallenpaupack Creek stretches south of Interstate 

84 to Newfoundland and east toward Lake 

Paupack. This area has been cleared for agriculture 

and residential areas, unlike many other streams in 

the county. Several roads also fragment the 

surrounding forest. This section of Wallenpaupack 

Creek supports populations of riffle snaketail 

(Ophiogomphus carolus) and Maine snaketail 

(Ophiogomphus mainensis), two dragonfly species 

of concern. The stream and adjacent forest also 

provide habitat for two additional species of 

concern, not named at the request of the 

jurisdictional agency overseeing its protection. 

Threats and Stresses – This site is completely privately owned, and the large number of landowners may 

make attempts at management difficult. The lack of a forested buffer in many locations along 

Wallenpaupack Creek, especially agricultural fields and roadways, threatens the water quality that is 

necessary for these species to persist. 

Management Recommendations – This site, 

especially along the main branch of 

Wallenpaupack Creek, is in need of restoration. 

Do not further fragment the surrounding habitat 

and replant native vegetation to create a buffer of 

at least 328 feet (100 meters) along the stream 

edge to help filter runoff from roads and 

agricultural fields. 

East Mountain – The habitat on East and West 

Mountains require fire and other disturbance to 

maintain the scrub oak shrubland, a natural 

community of concern. The thin, dry soils on East 

Mountain support species that are adapted to these 

Rick Koval 

Appalachian sandwort (Minuartia glabra) 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Greene Township / 99 

Denise Watts, PNHP

harsh conditions. One such species is 

Appalachian sandwort (Minuartia glabra), a 

small herb that grows on well drained sandstone 

and shale bedrock outcrops. This species of 

concern is found in few locations due to its 

specialized habitat, but is thriving along East and 

West Mountains, especially in areas that have 

recently been burned. A population of slender 

wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) was found 

growing in an open area of scrubby woods near 

the ledge of West Mountain. 

The Leavitt Branch of Brodhead Creek flows 

East Mountain 

between East and West Mountains. The sharp 

change in elevation creates waterfalls and rapids, a geologic feature of concern. This area is known as 

Indian Ladder Falls. 

Threats and Stresses – The entire site is privately owned, but mainly used for recreation. The area is 

mostly forested, other than a few roads and trails; Route 390 separates East and West Mountains. The 

major threat to the species and natural communities is succession. Active management is needed to 

maintain the scrub oak shrubland and other openings. 

Management Recommendations – The current management at much of East Mountain appears to be 

beneficial for the species and natural communities of concern. Periodic natural or prescribed fires are best 

to maintain the open habitat. Clean all equipment used on this site to prevent the spread of invasive 

species. 

Goose Pond – This glacial wetland has been modified, but still retains some of the natural features of 

these types of communities. The Goose Pond wetland consists of two connected open bodies of water. The 

northern wetland has been the most disturbed. Much of the bog edge has been altered, and shrubs now occur 

at the water’s edge. A population of small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) was found along the shoreline. 

An occurrence of a marsh bird of concern, Sora (Porzana carolina), was seen among the emergent 

vegetation in the breeding season. An additional species of concern, not named at the request of the agency 

overseeing its protection, was also documented at 

this site. 

The southern end of Goose Pond has a more 

typical floating sphagnum bog mat, especially on 

the western side of this section of the wetland. 

Surveys of this area found populations of bogrosemary 

(Andromeda polifolia), horned 

bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), and mud 

sedge (Carex limosa), three plant species of 

concern, growing on the bog mat. Water bulrush 

(Schoenoplectus subterminalis), another plant 

species of concern, was found growing in the 

shallow water along the northern end of the pond. 

Threats and Stresses – The northern end of Goose 

Pond has been peat mined in the past, and this 


Water bulrush (Schoenoplectus subterminalis) grows 

along the edge of Goose Pond 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Greene Township / 100 

Denise Watts, PNHP

disturbance is still visible. This site is privately owned, but is currently maintained in a natural state for use 

in recreation. Introduction of invasive species would pose a threat to all of the native species at this site. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer to filter sediment and other 

pollutants out of runoff before it enters Goose Pond. Continue using this area for low impact recreation 

and do not cut additional trails near the wetland edge. Limit the use of boats to those that are exclusively 

for Goose Pond to reduce the chance of spreading invasive species. 

Lake Belle – This small glacial lake is privately owned and used for recreation. This lake does not have 

the floating bog mat typical to many of the lakes in this area. Instead, much of the lake edge transitions 

directly into upland forest. Lake Belle is an acidic glacial lake, a natural community of concern. A 

population of floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) was found here. This plant species of concern roots 

to the lake bottom and has leaves that float on the surface. 

Threats and Stresses – Lake Belle is in a remote area with little access. As long as the current land use 

continues, this site should persist in its present condition. Introduction of invasive species and the 

application of aquatic herbicides would threaten the population of floating-heart. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and avoid logging and other 

major disturbances within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge. Monitor Lake Belle for the presence of 

invasive species and remove any that are found. 

Lake Laura – This large glacial lake is completely surrounded by forest, minus the few structures and 

access roads along the southern portion of the lake. There is no floating sphagnum mat along the shoreline 

that is typical to many glacial lakes. Lake Laura provides habitat for floating-heart (Nymphoides 

cordata) and water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), both aquatic plant species of concern. Floating-heart is 

rooted to the lake bottom with leaves on the water’s surface, while water lobelia is rooted in sandy lake 

bottoms and flowers above the water surface. 

Threats and Stresses – Lake Laura has little disturbance near it, helped by being adjacent to part of the 

Delaware State Forest to the north and west. A small access road runs near the lake to the east and a few 

small structures have been built near the shoreline. 

Management Recommendations – The current forested buffer around Lake Laura is intact in most places, 

and further fragmentation should be avoided. Clean any boats not exclusively used on Lake Laura, and 

monitor the lake for the presence of invasive species. 

Lake Paupack – This lake is another example of an acidic glacial lake, a natural community of 

concern. Lake Paupack is privately owned and used mainly for recreation. A number of houses and docks 

have been placed around the edge of the lake. A population of small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) was 

documented along the shoreline of the lake. The more typical sphagnum bog mat is located along the 

outlet of Lake Paupack. A portion of the outlet is a leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland natural 

community that supports a population of bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia). As the East Branch of 

Wallenpaupack Creek exits Lake Paupack, the sharp drop in elevation creates a waterfall and 

plungepool natural community named Paupack Falls. 

Threats and Stresses – Development around the edge of Lake Paupack reduces the effectiveness of the 

forested buffer. The introduction of invasive species threatens the natural communities and species of 

concern at this site. Alteration of the hydrology of Lake Paupack would modify the habitat needed for the 



Management Recommendations – Avoid any further clearing and development within 328 feet (100 

meters) of the wetland edge. Provide boat cleaning areas or limit the use of boats to those that have not 

been used on other waterways. Monitor Lake Paupack for the presence of invasive species and 

aggressively treat any that are found. Do not alter the current hydrology of the wetland. 

Lake Wallenpaupack – This large man-made lake was created in 1926 as a hydroelectric project. Lake 

Wallenpaupack is 13 miles long and is used for recreation as well as power generation. This large lake 

provides breeding habitat for Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of concern. Lake Wallenpaupack 

also provides excellent foraging habitat for this species. The steep, rocky slopes along Lake Wallenpaupack 

also provide habitat for hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta), a plant species of concern. 


certain pesticides. The use of pesticides and herbicides in Lake Wallenpaupack may contaminate the 

Osprey’s food source. Excessive disturbance, especially during the breeding season may cause the 

abandonment of the nest location. The hairy honeysuckle population may be impacted by over browsing 

if the deer population is too high to be supported by the landscape. 

Management Recommendations – Limit the use of chemicals applied in and near Lake Wallenpaupack to 

prevent the contamination of fish preyed upon by Osprey and other predator species. Maintain a forested 

buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge to filter sediment and pollutants from runoff. Close 

off the nesting area to boat and foot traffic during the breeding season. 

Pine Lake – The Bureau of Forestry has 

designated Pine Lake as a natural area of 

Delaware State Forest. The wetland surrounding 

Pine Lake is thick with shrub cover, black spruce 

(Picea mariana), and tamarack (Larix laricina). 

Only small pockets of open sphagnum remain. 

Small populations of bog-rosemary (Andromeda 

polifolia), a plant species of concern, and an 

additional species of concern, not named at the 

request of the agency overseeing its protection, 

persist in these small openings. Northern yellow- 

Petite emerald (Dorocordulia lepida) 

eyed grass (Xyris montana), a plant species on the 

PNHP Watch List, was also found in this area. A 

black spruce – tamarack palustrine forest rings the shoreline of Pine Lake. This natural community of 

concern supports dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), a plant species of concern that parasitizes 

black spruce. Slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta), petite emerald (Dorocordulia lepida), and sweetflag 

spreadwing (Lestes forcipatus), three dragonfly and damselfly species of concern, were found along Pine 

Lake. 

Rick Koval 

Threats and Stresses – All of the open water of Pine Lake and some of the surrounding wetland is 

publicly owned. Some of the southern end of the wetland is privately owned. This site is fairly remote, 

especially on the publicly owned portion. Beaver activity has raised the water level, which has modified 

the habitat available for the species of concern. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and do not cut any further access 

trails to the lake. Do not alter the hydrology of Pine Lake, so that the current habitat is preserved. 







Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii), marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum), and waterplantain 

spearwort (Ranunculus ambigens) are plant species of concern that were only located at 

Promised Land Lake during surveys. Lilypad clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer) and mottled darner 

(Aeshna clepsydra), two dragonfly species of concern, were only documented at the main lake as well. A 

small population of purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea), a plant species on the PNHP Watch List, 

was seen at Promised Land Lake, but all these species may be present as both lakes. Two additional 

species of concern, not named at the request of the agencies overseeing their protection, were 

documented at Lower Lake and the forest surrounding the outlet of Lower Lake. 



Management Recommendations – Avoid logging and other clearing of vegetations within 328 feet (100 

meters) of Promised Land Lake. Revegetate the roadsides near Promised Land Lake to filter runoff as 

much as possible. Install boat cleaning stations to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Route 507 Wetland – This eutrophic 

modified beaver wetland contains a variety of 

emergent and submergent vegetation. The 

submergent vegetation is thick throughout 

much of the pond. The cattails and phragmites 

growing along the eastern edge of the lake 

provides habitat for a number of wetland 

species, including Virginia Rail (Rallus 

limicola), a bird species of concern. The 

wetlands surrounding the pond also support a 

population of marsh bedstraw (Galium 

trifidum), a plant species of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – As the stand of cattails 

and phragmites continues to grow, the water 

Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola) 

level may drop. This may in turn make the habitat unsuitable for Virginia Rail and other wetland species. 

Nutrient and sediment runoff from the dirt road on the southern end of the pond will lower the water 

quality. A small development sits on the northeast edge of the wetland that may also impact water quality. 

Management recommendations – Preserve as much of the existing vegetated buffer as possible, especially 

along the roads near the wetland edge. Do not alter the hydrology of the wetland. 

Charlie Eichelberger, PNHP 






Corilla Lake High Significance 

Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 2007 D 

Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PE) 2007 A 

Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 2007 D 


Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) – plant G4G5 S2 PT(PT) 2007 A 


Delaware River North of Handsome Eddy High Significance 




Maine snaketail (Ophiogomphus mainensis) – dragonfly G4 S3 N 1994 E 

Mustached clubtail (Gomphus adelphus) – dragonfly G4 S3S4 N 1993 E 




Riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 1993 B 


Forest Lake High Significance 

Bushy naiad (Najas gracillima) – plant G5? S4 PT(W) 2002 A 

Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 1987 BC 



Small waterwort (Elatine minima) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 2002 C 

Umbrella flatsedge (Cyperus diandrus) – plant G5 S2 PE(PE) 2003 BC 

Acidic glacial lake – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2002 AB 

Fourmile Pond Wetland Notable Significance 


Germantown Swamp Notable Significance 



Lackawaxen River at Baoba Notable Significance 


Mountain starwort (Stellaria borealis) – plant G5 S1S2 N(TU) 2009 AB 


White water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus) – plant G5T5 S3 N(PR) 1993 B 


Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Lackawaxen Township / 104

Lackawaxen River at Rowland Notable Significance 




Lake Greeley Notable Significance 


Pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus) – plant G4 S4 N(W) 2001 E 

Little Teedyuskung Lake Exceptional Significance 










Red spruce palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2010 BC 

Masthope Creek Notable Significance 


Panther Lake Notable Significance 


Point Peter Notable Significance 


Dry oak – heath woodland – natural community GNR S3 N 1989 D 

Spring Brook Wetland Notable Significance 


State Game Lands #316 Slopes Notable Significance 

Slender panic-grass (Panicum xanthophysum) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 2010 BC 

Teedyuskung Lake Notable Significance 

Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2007 D 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) – plant G5 S3 N(PR) 2007 C 

Tinkwig Creek Roadside Notable Significance 

Species of concern 3 - - - 2009 CD 

Welcome Lake Notable Significance 


Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2007 BC 

Acidic glacial lake – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2007 BC 

Westcolang Pond Notable Significance 





Wolf Lake High Significance 

Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 2007 A 

Bur-reed (Sparganium angustifolium) – plant G5 S2 N(PT) 2007 B 





Sweet-gale (Myrica gale) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2007 AB 


Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) – plant G4G5 S2 PT(PT) 2007 A 






Delaware State Forest, State Game Lands #116, State 

Game Lands #183, State Game Lands #316, Upper 

Delaware Management Area 


East Honesdale 

! 

Wangaum 

! 

Uswick 

! 

Laurella 

! 

Indian Orchard 

! 

Bethel 

! 

White Mills 

! 

! 

Paupack 

Hawley 

! 

! 

Wilsonville 

! 

Tanglewood 

! 

Tafton 

! 

Beach Lake 

! 

Masthope Creek 

Little Teedyuskung Lake 

Tinkwig Creek Roadside 

Wolf Lake 

Panther Lake 

Teedyuskung Lake 

UV 590 



Kimble 

! 

£¤ 6 

Darbytown 

! 

East Berlin 

! 

Forest Lake Park 

! 

Teedyuskung Creek 

Ma sthop e Creek 

! 

Fawn Lake Forest 

Baoba 

! 

Fourmile Pond Wetland 

Germantown Swamp 

Welcome Lake 

UV 590 


#316 Slopes 

Hooper Creek 

Bohemia 

! 

Glen Eyre 

! 

Point Peter 

Corilla Lake 


Forest Lake 

! Germantown 

Masthope ! 

Lackawaxen River at Baoba 

Rowland 

! 


Masthope Rapids 

! 

! Westcolang Park 

UV 590 

! Friendly Acres 

Lake Greeley 

Kirkham Creek 


Westcolang Pond 

M ill Creek 

! 

Westcolang 

Greeley 

! 

! 

Lackawaxen River at Rowland 

Lords Creek 

Balliard Creek 

£¤ 6 

UV 590 

UV 434 

Lackawaxen 



North of Handsome Eddy 


Shohola Falls 

! 

! 

Shohola 

Walker Lake 

! 

Ü 

! 

Parkers Glen 

! 

0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 1 2 

Miles 





Corilla Lake 

Delaware River North of Handsome Eddy 

Forest Lake 

Fourmile Pond Wetland 

Germantown Swamp 



Lake Greeley 

Little Teedyuskung Lake 


Panther Lake 

Point Peter 


State Game Lands #316 Slopes 

Teedyuskung Lake 

Tinkwig Creek Roadside 

Welcome Lake 

Westcolang Pond 

Wolf Lake 

Public Land 






PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 


20 Ft. Contour Line


The largest of Pike County’s townships, Lackawaxen Township covers 81.1 square miles at the north end of 

the county. The township was named after the Lackawaxen River that cuts east through the township on its 

way to the Delaware River. The Delaware River marks the boundary between Lackawaxen Township and 

New York State. Land along this boundary is part of the National Park Service’s Upper Delaware 

Management Area. Both the Delaware and Lackawaxen Rivers have cut deeply down through the rock layers 

made up of sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone. A large forest block covers much of the south-central 

portion of the township. Eighty-three percent of the township is forested. A section of the Delaware State 

Forest along with four State Game Lands (SGLs) occurs within the township. SGL #316 covers 2761 acres, 

while SGL #116 (3113 acres) straddles rather equally the Lackawaxen/ Shohola Township line. Only small 

portions of SGL #180 and SGL #183 occur in Lackawaxen Township. 

Corilla Lake – A cluster of glacial lakes occur in this area of Pike County. Corilla Lake feeds into 

nearby Forest Lake, both privately owned by a hunt club and used for recreation. This acidic glacial lake 

natural community provides habitat for a number of species of concern. Small beggar-ticks (Bidens 

discoidea) grows along the shoreline at the outlet of Corilla Lake. Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris), 

floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata), and water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) grow rooted to the lake 

bottom and flower above the water’s surface. Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) is a plant species on the 

PNHP Watch List that was also found growing in Corilla Lake. 

Threats and Stresses – The shoreline of the lake is well buffered, except for a small access area and boat 

launches on the northwest edge of Corilla Lake. Invasive species threaten the integrity of the glacial lake 

and populations of species of concern. 

Management Recommendations- Limit the use of watercraft to those used exclusively on Corilla Lake. 

Monitor for the presence of invasive species and treat immediately. Limit the use of herbicides to protect 

the species of concern. Maintain the existing forested buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge 

and do not clear any additional access points. 

Delaware River North of Handsome Eddy – 

The Delaware River forms the eastern border of Pike 

County. The river creates a variety of unique habitats, 

including scour areas, floodplains, steep forested slopes, 

and vertical cliffs. Maintaining the natural character of the 

river is necessary to maintain these habitats. Rivers 

naturally change their course over time and need to remain 

free-flowing systems to allow for this movement. The 

Delaware River has remained undammed, allowing 


Mustached clubtail (Gomphus adelphus) 

This section of the Delaware River is part of the Upper Delaware Management Area. This area is mostly 

privately owned and provides habitat for several aquatic species of concern. Alewife floater (Anodonta 

implicata) and triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata), two mussel species of concern, were found in the 

gravel river bottom. Green-faced clubtail (Gomphus viridifrons), Maine clubtail (Ophiogomphus 

mainensis), mustached clubtail (Gomphus adelphus), rapids clubtail (Gomphus quadricolor), slaty 

skimmer (Libellula incesta), and spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus abbreviatus) are dragonfly species of 

concern found along the river. An additional species of concern, not named at the request of the 

jurisdictional agency overseeing its protection, was also found in this section of the Delaware River. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Lackawaxen Township / 109 

Jim Bangma

Riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) is a plant species on the PNHP Watch List that was found near the 

mouth of the Lackawaxen River. 

Threats and Stresses – The mussel and dragonfly species found in this area are dependent upon 

maintaining good water quality. These species are sensitive to pollution, sedimentation, and other 

degradation of the water quality. Roads, residential and agricultural areas, and other breaks in the forested 

buffer surrounding the Delaware River allow more of these pollutants to be carried by runoff into the 

water without being filtered. Damming and other alteration of the natural flow of the river and its 

tributaries would impact the habitats that these species of concern rely upon to persist. Invasive species, 

especially Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), can be found in high concentrations on the shoreline. 

These species can eliminate habitat for native species. 


from the edge of the river and adjacent wetlands. Improve the buffer wherever possible, especially along 

roads, houses, and other breaks in the forested habitat. Continue to allow the river and its tributaries to 

meander within the floodplain and do not artificially alter the flow of the Delaware River. Monitor for the 

presence of invasive species and remove them in areas where they are already established. 

Forest Lake – This privately owned lake is part of a hunt club and used for recreational purposes. 

Neighboring Corilla Lake feeds into Forest Lake, an acidic glacial lake natural community. Several 

islands and floating mats of peat occur in the lake. Umbrella flatsedge (Cyperus diandrus) was found 

growing on the islands. Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) occurs on the islands as well as on the 

shoreline of Forest Lake. Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) is found throughout the lake. In addition 

to these three plant species of concern, three species from the PNHP Watch List were also documented at 

Forest Lake – Small waterwort (Elatine minima), pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), and bushy naiad 

(Najas gracillima) 

Threats and Stresses – Management of the property has left the adjacent forest mostly intact. A small 

access road leads to the edge of the lake and boat launch areas. Additional alteration of the hydrology of 

the lake could flood the islands and affect the connected wetlands. Recreational use of the lake has the 

potential to introduce invasive species into Forest Lake. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forest buffer at least 328 feet (100 meters) from 

the edge of Forest Lake to protect the water quality. Do not cut additional roads or access to the lake. 

Boats should be limited to those used exclusively on Forest Lake, to prevent the spread of invasive 

species. Monitor for invasive species and quickly treat any found. Limit the use of herbicides to protect 

the habitat for native species. 

Fourmile Pond Wetland – This headwater tributary has been flooded by beaver to create a small 

open water wetland with standing dead red maple (Acer rubrum) and white pine (Pinus strobus) and 

fallen snags. A species of concern, not named at the request of the agency overseeing its protection, was 

documented at this site. Most of the wetland is surrounded by upland forest with a few small wetlands. 

Threats and Stresses – A small gravel pit is located in the northwestern corner of the wetland. This 

disturbance increases the amount of sedimentation carried into the wetland via runoff. As the standing 

dead trees in this wetland become weaker and fall, habitat for the species of concern may be lost. 

Management Recommendations – Do not cut any additional trails within 328 feet (100 meters) of the 

wetland edge. Allow the gravel pit to revegetate with native vegetation to protect the water quality of the 

wetland. 


Germantown Swamp – This small patch of wetland is part of Delaware State Forest. Germantown 

Swamp is a red spruce – mixed hardwood palustrine forest, a natural community of concern. This 

habitat type is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and red spruce 

(Picea rubens). At the time of the survey, some of the black gum and red maple in Germantown Swamp 

appeared to be older growth, at approximately 150 years old. 

Threats and Stresses – Being on public land has kept Germantown Swamp fairly isolated from 

disturbance. A housing development sits to the south of the wetland, but Germantown Swamp is buffered 

well enough that it should not cause much of an impact to the natural community or species it contains. 

Management Recommendations – Do not disturb the existing forested buffer or cut any new trails within 

328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. Maintain the natural hydrology of the wetland and do not drain 

or fill any portion of Germantown Swamp to protect the red spruce – mixed hardwood palustrine forest. 



The stretch of the Lackawaxen River at Baoba 

runs east of Hawley just past Glen Eyre. The river 

itself provides habitat for several aquatic species 

of concern. Riffle snaketail (Ophiogomphus 

carolus), a dragonfly species of concern, was 

found in this section of the river. White watercrowfoot 

(Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus) is 

an aquatic species of concern that grows rooted to 

the river bottom. Riverweed (Podostemum 

White water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus) 

ceratophyllum), a plant species on the PNHP 

Watch List, was found in several locations along 

the Lackawaxen River. Mountain starwort (Stellaria borealis) and an additional species of concern, not 

named at the request of the agency overseeing its protection, were found along the shoreline of the 

Lackawaxen River. 

Matt Kowalski, PNHP 

The section of the Lackawaxen River at Rowland runs approximately two miles to the east and west of 

Rowland. Mustached clubtail (Gomphus adelphus), a dragonfly species of concern, was found in this 

section of the river. An additional species of concern, not named at the request of the agency overseeing 

its protection, was seen along the forested slope of the shoreline. Riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) 

is a plant species on the PNHP Watch List that was documented in several locations along the 

Lackawaxen River. 

Threats and Stresses – Most of the shoreline is well vegetated, although several roads and other 

disturbances create breaks in the buffer that reduce the buffering capacity. Runoff that carries sediment 

and pollutants threatens the water quality that many of these species need to persist. 


from the river shoreline. Improve the buffer along roads and limit the use of road salt and pesticides that 

may be carried by runoff into the water. 

Lake Greeley – This shallow artificial lake is privately owned and operated as a recreational camp. Lake 

Greeley has dense floating and submergent plants, especially in the southern end of the lake. One of these 

species is Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii). A large population of this plant species of 

concern was found among the other aquatic vegetation. Dominant species include fragrant water lily 


(Nymphaea odorata), yellow pond lily (Nuphar lutea), and watershield (Brasenia schreberi). Lake Greeley 

also supports a population of pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), a plant species on the PNHP Watch 

List. 

Threats and Stresses – Vegetation at the northern end of the lake has been controlled to keep the area 

open for boating and swimming. Residences and recreational areas associated with the camp occur at the 

northern end of the lake. A road runs along the shoreline and crosses over a portion of the lake. These 

structures fragment the natural buffer that is beneficial in filtering nutrients and pollutants from runoff. 

The introduction of aquatic invasive species may alter the habitat conditions needed for the species of 

concern to thrive. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the forest surrounding the southern end of Lake Greeley that 

has remained relatively intact. Keep the roadsides vegetated to filter runoff, and do not apply chemicals 

onto the roadway that may wash into the lake. Clean any boats that are not used exclusively on Lake 

Greeley to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Little Teedyuskung Lake – The privately 

owned lake is currently used for low impact 

recreation, and the bog mat is relatively 

undisturbed by this activity. This classic glacial 

lake has a floating sphagnum bog mat with the 

typical zones of vegetation. A leatherleaf – bogrosemary 

peatland natural community occurs 

along the edge of the lake. The sparse vegetation 

in this community is adapted to the unique 

conditions of the bog. Slender sedge (Carex 

lasiocarpa), bog-rosemary (Andromeda 

polifolia), and mud sedge (Carex limosa) are all 

found in the low-lying vegetation in the narrow 

band of this community. This habitat transitions 

into a black spruce – tamarack palustrine 

woodland natural community. A population of 

Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) is abundant in some 

parts of the bog mat surrounding Little Teedyuskung 

Lake. 

dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) was found growing on the black spruce (Picea mariana). The 

western end of Little Teedyuskung Lake wetland is made up of red spruce palustrine forest and red 

spruce – mixed hardwood palustrine forest, two natural communities of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – This wetland is privately owned, but has been maintained in a natural state. The 

lake is primarily used for recreation. A powerline has been cut through the northern edge of the wetland, 

creating disturbance for the establishment of invasive species. Cattails have begun to colonize along the 

powerline, which may spread to the bog mat. Beaver activity has caused the water level to be higher, 

which alters the habitat along the lake edge. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and allow cleared areas to 

revegetate with native vegetation. Monitor the wetland for the presence of invasive species and clean all 

equipment used along the powerline to prevent the introduction of additional invasive species. Continue 

to limit boats to those exclusively used on Little Teedyuskung Lake. 

Masthope Creek – Rattlesnake Creek and other small tributaries flow into Masthope Creek within the 

area delineated by this site. The northern end of Masthope Creek has been cleared in several locations, 

mostly for agriculture and residential buildings. This fast-flowing stream with a cobble bottom provides 


Rocky Gleason, PNHP

habitat for a species of concern not named at the request of the jurisdictional agency overseeing its 

protection. This species was found in one of the residential areas along the banks of Masthope Creek. 

Threats and Stresses – Several areas along this stretch of Masthope Creek have been cleared, leaving little 

to no vegetative buffer along the stream. Lack of vegetation along the stream banks can increase 

sedimentation and decrease water quality by allowing runoff carrying pollutants from roads, agricultural 

fields, and lawns to flow directly into the streams and wetlands. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the forested buffer along Masthope Creek and nearby 

wetlands where it currently exists and improve it in areas where it has been cleared. A buffer of at least 

328 feet (100 meters) is optimal to filter sediment and pollutants from runoff and provide wildlife habitat. 

Panther Lake – This glacial wetland was once a more typical bog habitat, but the water level was 

raised. At one time, this wetland was a natural community of concern, which was destroyed when it was 

artificially altered. The higher water level has eliminated habitat that may have been used by species 

typical of bogs in this area. One plant species of concern, slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa), remains in 

some locations along the lake edge. This species is more tolerant of habitat changes and can be found in 

more degraded areas than some other bog species. 

Threats and Stresses – Large areas along the shoreline have been cleared of the natural vegetation. This 

allows sediment and other pollutants to run directly into Panther Lake and degrade the water quality. The 

introduction of invasive species may further lessen the habitat available to slender sedge and other native 

species found in Panther Lake. 

Management Recommendations – Establish a forested buffer at least 328 feet (100 meters) wide along the 

entire length of Panther Lake. Provide boat washing areas to prevent the movement of invasive species 

between bodies of water. 

Point Peter – This ridgetop near the northern tip of Pike County is characterized by stunted oaks and 

shrubs that grow in the thin soils. Bedrock outcrops are scattered along the ridgeline. This dry oak – 

heath woodland is a natural community of concern. Another species of concern, not named at the 

request of the agency overseeing its protection, was also found in this dry, sparsely vegetated habitat. 

Threats and Stresses – Succession is the major threat to this natural community. Disturbance is necessary 

to maintain the dry openings. Logging has been done in the area, but this may help prevent succession if 

done properly. Introduction of invasive species may change the composition of this habitat. 

Management Recommendations – Periodic disturbance needs to be done to maintain this community and 

the species it supports. Prescribed fire or other manual removal of trees and shrubs is necessary. Any 

equipment used in the area should be cleaned prior to use to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Spring Brook Wetland – This small dammed wetland immediately south of Route 6 is comprised of 

a small portion of open water surrounded by flooded forest and graminoid habitat. Spring Brook Wetland 

supports a breeding pair of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of concern. The Osprey nest in a 

dead white pine that was flooded by beaver activity. Nearby larger bodies of water, such as White Deer 

Lake, also provide important foraging habitat for this species. 

Threats and Stresses – Proximity to Route 6 may disturb the Osprey enough to make them abandon the 

nest. Changes in the water level may also alter the character of the wetland, creating unsuitable nesting 

habitat. The weight of the nest may cause the nest tree to fall, like many other trees in this wetland. 


Management Recommendations – Maintain the forested buffer around the wetland and improve it along 

Route 6 to buffer runoff and minimize disturbance to the nest location. Limit access to the wetland during 

breeding season to promote nesting success of the Osprey. 

State Game Lands #316 Slopes – This small, rocky opening in the surrounding forest is dominated 

by wavy hairgrass (Deschampsia flexuosa) with scattered pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and scrub oak. The dry, 

thin soils of this site provide habitat for slender panicgrass 

(Panicum xanthophysum), a plant species of 

concern. This species is found in these grassy openings 

and has few extant occurrences in the state. 

Threats and Stresses – This remote site on publicly 

owned property is well protected from most major 

disturbances. These grassy habitats are threatened by 

succession that would shade out many of the species 

adapted to the current conditions. Periodic 

maintenance may be necessary to preserve this habitat 

in its current condition. 

Management Recommendations – Prescribed fire or 

manual removal of trees and shrubs in this area may Slender panic grass (Panicum xanthophysum) 

be necessary to maintain the habitat conditions 

necessary for this species of concern. Do not cut additional trails through this area. 

Teedyuskung Lake – This lake is primarily used for recreation. This and the surrounding residential 

land use may have impacted habitat for the species that are typically found in this type of community. A 

poor quality population of floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata), a plant species of concern, has been 

able to persist in a small part of Teedyuskung Lake. Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) is another 

plant species of concern found growing along the edge of the shoreline. This species is found in a variety 

of wetland types, including lake edges. 

Threats and Stresses – Teedyuskung Lake has been impacted by heavy recreation and residential land use. 

The use of large boats on the lake may disturb the habitat for floating-heart as well as introduce invasive 

plant species picked up in other locations. The shoreline of the lake has been cut into many parcels that 

have homes and other structures built near the edge of the lake. Sediment and other pollutants may not be 

fully filtered out of runoff before entering into Teedyuskung Lake, causing the water quality to be 

impaired. 

Management Recommendations – Improve the vegetated buffer wherever possible to improve water 

quality. Provide boat washing areas to limit the possibility of introducing invasive species to 

Teedyuskung Lake and other waterways. Create low wake zones near areas where species of concern are 

known. 

Tinkwig Creek Roadside – This small patch of south facing slope along Route 590 has loose gravel 

and sandy soil at the edge of young oak woods. A population of a species of concern, not named at the 

request of the agency overseeing its protection, was found in this location during the original inventory 

and again during surveys for the update, but this population appears to have declined significantly during 

that time. 


Denise Watts, PNHP

Threats and Stresses – Mowing and deer browse along the roadside are a major threat to this species. 

Application of herbicides and road salt may also be detrimental to the persistence of this species. 

Introduction of invasive species may also change the character of this habitat. 

Management Recommendations – Avoid mowing the roadside and applying chemicals, especially during 

the spring and summer. Manage the deer herd at a level the habitat is able to support without over 

browsing. Monitor the site for invasive species and clean any equipment before use to prevent the 

introduction of invasive species. 

Welcome Lake – Panther Lake flows into Welcome Lake, an acidic glacial lake natural community 

of concern. The lake is privately owned and subdivided into many parcels. The lake edge has had some 

disturbances, but a population of slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) has persisted along the southern 

shoreline of Welcome Lake. Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) is found growing in the shallow water 

along the lake edge. This species is rooted on the lake bottom with leaves that float on the water’s surface 

and flowers that extend above the water. 

Threats and Stresses – Development surrounds much of the lake edge. These breaks in the forested buffer, 

especially on the western side of the lake, threaten the water quality by allowing sediment and pollutants 

to flow directly into the lake. Invasive species can alter the habitat for native species. 

Management Recommendations – Improve the forested buffer, especially in areas cleared around homes. 

Do not clear any additional vegetation within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge. Provide boat 

cleaning areas to prevent the spread of invasive species from boats used on other waterways. 

The islands in Westcolang Pond are still able to support 

species present here before the wetland was dammed. 


Westcolang Pond – This lake and surrounding 

habitat has been heavily modified from its natural 

state. The shoreline has been developed and the 

wetland is dammed to raise the water level. 

Remnant bog habitat still exists on islands in the 

southern end of the lake. The sparse black spruce 

(Picea mariana) that persists on the small islands 

provide habitat for dwarf mistletoe 

(Arceuthobium pusillum), a small, parasitic plant 

species of concern. Small beggar-ticks (Bidens 

discoidea) is also found on these islands. Water 

bulrush (Schoenoplectus subterminalis) was 

seen growing in muddy areas near the islands. 

Surveys were conducted when the water level was 

lowered, but this species probably grows in the 

shallow water along the edges of the islands when 

the pond is dammed. 

Threats and Stresses – The shoreline of Westcolang Pond has been heavily developed. Houses ring the 

entire shoreline and some of the forested habitat has been cleared for lawns and access to the lake. 

Alteration of the hydrology of the lake may eliminate habitat that is currently used by species of concern. 

Management Recommendations – Do not further raise the water level. This may be detrimental to the 

habitat used by the species of concern. Maintain the remaining forested buffer within 328 feet (100 

meters) of the lake edge. Clean all boats used on the lake to prevent the transfer of invasive species 

between bodies of water. 


Wolf Lake – Similar to other lakes in the immediate area, Wolf Lake is an acidic glacial lake, a natural 

community of concern. With a narrow transition zone between the water’s edge and upland forest, most 

of the species of concern are found in the lake itself. Slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) was found along 

the edge of Wolf Lake in several locations. Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), bayonet rush (Juncus 

militaris), water bulrush (Schoenoplectus subterminalis), and bur-reed (Sparganium angustifolium), 

four plant species of concern, are all emergent species found in the shallows of Wolf Lake near the 

shoreline. Sweet-gale (Myrica gale) is a shrub species found along the edge of the lake. Small waterwort 

(Elatine minima) grows along the edge of the lake and purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea) is a 

floating aquatic plant found throughout Wolf Lake. Both of these plant species are on the PNHP Watch 

List to monitor changes in their populations. 

Threats and Stresses – This lake is used mainly for recreation by the hunt club that owns Wolf Lake and 

several adjacent glacial lakes. By clearing minimal area for boating and other recreational activities, they 

have kept the forested buffer as intact as possible. The introduction of invasive species threatens all of the 

glacial wetlands. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of 

the edge of Wolf Lake and do not clear any additional access points. Limit the use of boats to those 

exclusively used on Wolf Lake to prevent the spread of invasive species. 






Bushkill Shale Cliff High Significance 

Species of concern 3 - - - 1989 A 

Natural community of concern 3 - - - 2011 B 

Deckers Creek Ravine Notable Significance 

Checkered rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera tesselata) – 

plant G5 S1 TU(PT) 1995 B 

Delaware River South of Dingmans Ferry Exceptional Significance 





Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) – 

plant G5T5 S1 N(PE) 1983 D 


Tall tick-trefoil (Desmodium glabellum) – plant G5 SU TU(TU) 2002 BC 

White heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides) – plant G5 S3 TU(PT) 1991 B 


Dickinson Road Bluff Notable Significance 


Eschbach Heights Shale Barren Notable Significance 


First Pond Notable Significance 


Swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) – plant G5 S2S3 TU(PT) 2010 B 

Glenside Shale Barren Notable Significance 



Lake Maskenozha and wetlands Notable Significance 



Small yellow cowlily (Nuphar microphylla) – plant G5T4T5 S1 TU(PE) 1982 A 

Red spruce palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2009 E 

Little Bush Kill Swamp Notable Significance 


Minks Pond Notable Significance 



Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Lehman Township / 117

Second Pond Notable Significance 

Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2010 E 

Small waterwort (Elatine minima) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 1991 C 


Twig rush (Cladium mariscoides) – plant G5 S2 PE(PE) 2010 E 

Shoemakers Barren Notable Significance 


Little bluestem – pennsylvania sedge opening – 

natural community GNR S3S4 N 2010 C 

Pitch pine – scrub oak woodland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2010 C 

Stuckey Lake Notable Significance 

Scirpus-like rush (Juncus scirpoides) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 1999 E 

Sugar Mountain Swamp Notable Significance 


Sunset Lake Woodlands Notable Significance 


Third Pond Notable Significance 

Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1991 D 


PUBLICALLY MANAGED LAND: 







! 

Bush Kill 

Resica Falls 

Red Rock Run 

Saw Creek 

! 

Third Pond 

Second Pond 

First Pond 

Winona Lakes 

! 

! 

Kahkhout Mountain 


! 

Sandyville 

Sugar Mountain Swamp 

Saw Creek 

! 

Mountain Top 

Estates 

Shoemakers Barren 

! Tamiment 

! 

Shoemakers 

! 

Forest Park 


Bushkill 

! 


Lake Estates 

! 

Bushkill Shale Cliff 

Minks Pond 

Little Bush Kill Swamp 

Lake Maskenozha and wetlands 

Toms Creek 

Egypt Mills ! 

£¤ 209 

Sunset Lake Woodlands 

Ranch Lands 

! 

Stuckey Lake 

Eschbach Heights Shale Barren 


Wild Acres 

! 

! 

Deckers Creek Ravine 

Hornbecks Creek 


£¤ 209 


Delaware ! 

Spackmans Creek 




South of Dingmans Ferry 

Ü 

0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 1 2 

Miles 






Deckers Creek Ravine 




First Pond 


Lake Maskenozha and wetlands 

Little Bush Kill Swamp 

Minks Pond 

Second Pond 


Stuckey Lake 

Sugar Mountain Swamp 

Sunset Lake Woodlands 

Third Pond 

Public Land 



PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 



20 Ft. Contour Line


Lehman Township covers 50.1 square miles. Toms Creek drains the northeastern portion of the 

township and flows into the Delaware River while Saw Creek and Little Bush Kill flow south through 

the township into the Bush Kill Creek which then empties into the Delaware River. The Delaware River 

marks the boundary between Lehman Township and New Jersey. The Delaware Water Gap National 

Recreational Area, part of the National Park Service holdings, stretches along the entire length of this 

eastern boundary. Other publicly owned lands include portions of Delaware State Forest and State 

Game Lands #180. Seventy-eight percent of Lehman Township is forested; some portions are part of 

the Delaware State Forest. The bedrock geology of Lehman Township is predominately sandstone, 

siltstone, and shale. 






The steep forested slopes along the Delaware River open up in several locations where shale barrens 

occur. These steep cliffs along the river have thin soils and shale outcrops that provide habitat for a 

unique group of species that are adapted to these harsh conditions. Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) 

and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) are found growing in some of these openings. All of these locations 

provide habitat for a species of concern not named at the request of the agency overseeing its 

protection. Bushkill Shale Cliff and Glenside Shale Barren also contain a natural community of 

concern. Shoemakers Barren is located along Bush Kill. This habitat is composed of a little bluestem 

– Pennsylvania sedge opening and a pitch pine – scrub oak woodland, both natural communities of 

concern. 

Threats and Stresses – Almost all of these sites are completely owned by the National Park Service, which 

should protect these locations from major habitat loss and degradation. Additional trails should not be cut 

through these areas to prevent disturbance to the species at this site and increased erosion along the steep 

slopes. Succession also threatens the natural communities found in these locations and the species adapted 

to the dry, open habitat. 




Deckers Creek Ravine – This area is dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) with 

some northern hardwood species. The cool, damp, shaded ravine provides habitat for checkered 

rattlesnake-plantain (Goodyera tesselata), a plant species of concern. Dry upland forest surrounds the 

site. 

Threats and Stresses – As part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, this ravine is 

protected from most major disturbances. Trails through this area and other foot traffic pose a threat to this 

species. This species may also be subject to some collection pressure. Hemlock wooly adelgid may alter 

the habitat conditions at this site by killing the hemlock trees that heavily shade the ravine. 


Management Recommendations – Reroute any trails currently cut through this area and maintain the 

existing hemlock forest around Deckers Creek. Monitor the area for the presence of hemlock wooly 

adelgid, and treat if possible to maintain the current habitat conditions. 

Delaware River South of Dingmans Ferry – The Delaware River forms the eastern border of 

Pike County. The river creates a variety of unique habitats, including scour areas, floodplains, steep 

forested slopes, and vertical cliffs. Maintaining the natural character of the river is necessary to maintain 

these habitats. Rivers naturally change their course over time and need to remain free-flowing systems to 

allow for this movement. The Delaware River has remained undammed, allowing movement of the 

aquatic species found here. 

This entire site is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, protecting it from further 

disturbance. Many of the floodplains have been cleared for agricultural fields. The gravel river bottom 

provides habitat for alewife floater (Anodonta implicata), brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa), and 

triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata). These three mussel species of concern are found embedded in 

the bottoms of rivers and small streams. A population of barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia), a moth 

species of concern, was found on Sambo Island located at the southern end of this site in Monroe County. 

Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) was found at several locations along the shoreline 

of the river. Tall tick-trefoil (Desmodium glabellum), sedge (Carex sprengelii), and white heath aster 

(Symphyotrichum ericoides) are three additional plant species of concern found along the Delaware 

River in the southern end of this site. 

Threats and Stresses – The mussel and dragonfly 

species found in this area are dependent upon 

maintaining good water quality. These species 

are sensitive to pollution, sedimentation, and 

other degradation of the water quality. Roads, 

residential and agricultural areas, and other 

breaks in the forested buffer surrounding the 

Delaware River allow more of these pollutants to 

be carried by runoff into the water without being 

filtered. Damming and other alteration of the 

natural flow of the river and its tributaries would 

Barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia) 

impact the habitats that these species of concern 

rely upon to persist. Invasive species, especially Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), can be found 

in high concentrations on the shoreline. These species can eliminate habitat for native species. 


from the edge of the river and adjacent wetlands. Improve the buffer wherever possible, especially 

along roads, houses, and other breaks in the forested habitat. Continue to allow the river and its 

tributaries to meander within the floodplain and do not artificially alter the flow of the Delaware River. 

Monitor for the presence of invasive species and remove them in areas where they are already 

established. 

First Pond – This lake is part of a resort that is not currently active. First Pond has a narrow transition 

zone between the edge of the lake and the surrounding upland. A small portion of wetland vegetation 

occurs on the western side of the lake. A shrub species, swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) is 

found along the edge of the shoreline at several locations around First Pond. A population of small 

waterwort (Elatine minima), a plant species on the PNHP Watch List, was found in the shallow water 

along the lake edge. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Lehman Township / 122 

Charles Bier, WPC

Threats and Stresses – Most of the lake is surrounded by forest, although some buildings from the resort 

are nearby. One building sits on the water’s edge near the access to the lake. A small dam at the southern 

end of the lake has raised the water level. Invasive species may be spread to First Pond by boats used on 

other water bodies. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and improve the buffer along the 

parking lot and boat access. If the lake is going to continue to be used for recreation, boats should be 

cleaned before use on First Pond. 

Red spruce palustrine forests are found throughout 

Pike County. 


Lake Maskenozha and Wetlands – This manmade 

lake is privately owned. Several lakes and 

wetlands feed into Lake Maskenozha, including a red 

spruce palustrine forest natural community. This 

natural community of concern supports a large 

population of Collin’s sedge (Carex collinsii), a plant 

species of concern associated with this habitat type. 

This species grows on the sphagnum hummocks typical 

of red spruce palustrine forests. 

The outlet of Lake Maskenozha forms Lehman Lake, 

another privately owned, man-made lake. Small yellow 

cowlily (Nuphar microphylla) was found during 

surveys at Lake Maskenozha, while small beggar-ticks 

(Bidens discoidea) was found at multiple locations at 

both lakes. 

Threats and Stresses – There are several developments 

near Lake Maskenozha and the connected wetlands, 

but none of them are within 328 feet (100 meters) of 

the wetland edge. Changes in hydrology would alter 

the wetland habitats. Several small roads run along the 

shoreline of Lake Maskenozha and Lehman Lake. 

Management Recommendations – Retain the existing buffer around the lakes and wetlands. Create as 

much of a vegetated buffer as possible around the roads that run along the lakes. Provide boat washing 

areas or limit the use of boats to those only used on these lakes to prevent the spread of invasive 

species. 

Little Bush Kill Swamp – This wetland is the headwaters for a tributary that flows into Little Bush 

Kill. This broadleaf – conifer swamp has a thick shrub understory. A population of Collin’s sedge (Carex 

collinsii) was found growing in the part of Little Bush Kill Swamp that is dominated by red spruce (Picea 

rubens). This species is often found growing on sphagnum in red spruce wetlands. 

Threats and Stresses – Only a small portion of the wetland is on Delaware State Forest property. The rest 

of the wetland is owned by hunt clubs and other private property owners. A housing development sits on 

the southern edge of the wetland. Several houses are located within the 328 foot (100 meter) buffer that is 

best left forested to protect the water quality of the wetland. A small trail passes along the population of 

Collin’s sedge. 


Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and improve it along the southern 

edge of Little Bush Kill Swamp wherever possible. Do not alter the hydrology of the wetland. 

Minks Pond – This series of made-man lakes is owned by a hunt club and is adjacent to state forest 

and other hunt clubs. The shoreline of the lake provides habitat for small beggar-ticks (Bidens 

discoidea), a plant species of concern. An additional species of concern, not named at the request of the 

agency overseeing its protection, was also found along the edge of the small lake above Minks Pond that 

is often found near large bodies of water. 

Threats and Stresses – Changes in the water level of Minks Pond would threaten the habitat used by small 

beggar-ticks. Most of the shoreline is forested. Several roads run near the edge of the lake and the area 

near the outlet of the lake has been cleared. Disturbance to the shoreline where the species of concern was 

found may cause the species to abandon the area. 

Management Recommendations – Limit boats to those used exclusively at Minks Pond to reduce the risk 

of spreading invasive species. Do not clear additional forest along the shoreline of the lakes and improve 

the buffer wherever possible to decrease the impacts of sediment and runoff to the water quality. 

Second Pond – This lake is part of the same resort at 

First Pond. The shoreline of Second Pond has been more 

modified, with many buildings and recreational areas. A 

remnant piece of bog mat is located in the southern 

potion of the lake. A population of twig rush (Cladium 

mariscoides), a plant species of concern, was found 

growing on the mat. Floating-heart (Nymphoides 

cordata) was also seen in this section of the lake. 

Swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) was found 

growing along much of the shoreline, except where the 

vegetation has been cleared. This wetland shrub species 

of concern has been found in several nearby wetlands. A 

population of small waterwort (Elatine minima), a plant 

species on the PNHP Watch List, was found growing in 

the shallow water along the shoreline at the northern end 

of Second Pond. 

Purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea) is abundant at 

the northern end of Second Pond. 

Threats and Stresses – The resort that owns First and Second Ponds is not currently open to the public, 

but occupied homes surround much of the northern part of the lake. Alteration of the water level would 

likely eliminate habitat that is currently used by the species of concern. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum 

salicaria) was found growing on the floating mat and around the edge of the lake. While the population of 

this invasive plant seems to be fairly small, quick action should be taken to ensure that this species does 

not spread aggressively through the entire wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Treat the purple loosestrife aggressively, but be sure not to use herbicides 

that may affect the species of concern. Manual removal over the period of a few years may be effective with 

a population of this size. Do not clear any additional areas along the shoreline, and allow cleared areas to 

revegetate with native species. Clean any boats that are not used exclusively at Second Pond before use to 

prevent the introduction of other invasive species. 

Stuckey Lake – This long, narrow man-made lake is part of the Delaware Water Gap National 

Recreation Area. Most of the shoreline transitions directly into upland forest, but some small wetland 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Lehman Township / 124 

Rocky Gleason, PNHP

areas are found along the edge of the lake. One of these areas provides habitat for scirpus-like rush 

(Juncus scirpoides), a plant species of concern known from few locations in the state. The habitat is 

dominated by tussock sedge (Carex stricta), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), broadleaf arrowhead 

(Sagittaria latifolia), soft rush (Juncus effusus), and path rush (Juncus tenuis). 

Threats and Stresses – This site is relatively undisturbed, except for one small road that leads to the 

dammed area of the lake near the outlet. The presence of beavers at this site may further alter the water 

level, making the current habitat unsuitable for the species of concern. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer that occurs around most of the 

lake. Improve the buffer along the northern end of the lake where some of the vegetation has been 

cleared. Do not alter the current hydrology of the lake so the habitat used by the species of concern is able 

to persist at this site. 

Sugar Mountain Swamp – This small headwater wetland flows into Little Bush Kill. Sugar 

Mountain Swamp has an overstory of red maple (Acer rubrum), tamarack (Larix laricina), and black 

spruce (Picea mariana). The palustrine forest has an understory of swamp azalea (Rhododendron 

viscosum), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe 

racemosa), a plant species of concern. This shrub was found growing through much of the wetland. 

Threats and Stresses – The southern end of the wetland has been developed with a road running along the 

edge of the wetland and several houses creating breaks within the optimal 328 foot (100 meter) forested 

buffer. A powerline runs through the western edge of Sugar Mountain Swamp. Work along the powerline 

may introduce invasive species into the wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Do not clear any of the existing forested buffer within 328 feet (100 

meters) of the wetland edge. Improve the buffer, especially along the road and powerline to minimize 

runoff into the wetland. Clean any equipment used near the wetland to minimize the possibility of 

introducing invasive species. Limit the use of pesticides and road salt to prevent these chemicals from 

entering Sugar Mountain Swamp. 

Sunset Lake Woodlands – This patch of woodlands to the east of Sunset Lake is operated as a 

recreational camp. About half of the site is forested, while the southern half has been largely cleared for 

roads and buildings. The scrubby forests provide habitat for barrens buckmoth (Hemileuca maia), a 

moth species of concern. This species is black and white, with males having a red tip on their abdomen. 

The larval host plant for barrens buckmoth is scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia) and other oak species, which 

are abundant at this site. 

Threats and Stresses – Succession of scrub oak and other characteristic vegetation would eliminate the 

host plant and habitat for barrens buckmoth. The use of broad spectrum insecticides for gypsy moth or 

other pests may have an unintended effect on barrens buckmoth as well. 

Management Recommendations – Some periodic maintenance may be necessary to prevent the 

succession of the habitat used by this species. Prescribed fire or manual removal can be used to maintain 

the scrub oaks needed by barrens buckmoth. Limit the use of insecticides, especially during the flight 

period of this species, whenever possible. 

Third Pond – This glacial wetland has been influenced by some beaver and human activity and is 

almost completely surrounded by development. Water willow (Decodon verticillatus) has taken over 

much of the shoreline of the wetland. Swamp dog-hobble (Leucothoe racemosa) grows along one of the 

streams that flows from Third Pond. It is also found in a small wetland to the southwest of Third Pond. A 


small population of capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) was found along the edge of the sphagnum 

mat. This plant species is currently on the PNHP Watch List. 

Threats and Stresses – Further alteration of the hydrology may flood habitat for the species of concern. 

The proximity of the developed areas fragments the forested buffer and allows sediment and pollutants to 

flow directly into the wetland instead of being filtered by the vegetation. The water willow may overtake 

much of the wetland habitat currently used by other species. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the remaining forested buffer and improve the areas 

surrounding homes and roads to provide as much buffering capacity as possible. Do not alter the 

hydrology of Third Pond. 


Milford Township & Milford Borough 



Global State 

State 

(Proposed) Last Seen Quality 2 

Buckhorn Oak Barren Notable Significance 

Persius duskywing (Erynnis persius persius) – butterfly G5T1T3 S1 N 1988 E 













Spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus abbreviatus) – 

dragonfly G3G4 S2 N 1994 C 

Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) – 

plant G5T5 S1 N(PE) 2010 BC 






Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands Notable Significance 



Red spruce palustrine woodland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2009 C 

Lily Pond Brook Headwaters Notable Significance 


Soft – leaved sedge (Carex disperma) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 B 

Pinchot Brook Wetlands Notable Significance 

Band-winged meadowhawk (Sympetrum semicinctum) – 

dragonfly G5 S3S4 N 2009 E 


Mulberry wing (Poanes massasoit) – butterfly G4 S2 N 2009 E 


Pinchot Falls Notable Significance 



Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Milford Township / 127

Sawkill Mud Pond Exceptional Significance 



Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 NI(PT) 2010 B 



Acidic glacial peatland complex – natural community GNR SNR N 2010 B 

Black spruce tamarack palustrine woodland – natural 


Black spruce – tamarack peatland forest – natural 


Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland – natural 

community GNR S2S3 N 2010 B 



PUBLICALLY MANAGED LAND: 








Twin Lakes 

! 

Sagamore Estates 

! 

£¤ 6 

Lily Pond Brook Headwaters 

Savantine Creek 

§¨¦ 84 

Pocono Mountain Woodland Lakes 

! 


Sawkill Creek 

Craft Brook 

Dimmick Meadow 

Brook Wetlands 

Pinchot Brook 

Pinchot Brook Wetlands 

Quinns Corner 

! 

Pinchot Falls 


§¨¦ 84 

£¤ 6 

Vantine Brook 

Vandermark Creek 

Laurel Brook 

Milford 

Sawkill Creek 

! 

£¤ 6 

UV 209 




Ü 

UV 209 Delaware River between 


0 0.25 0.5 1 

Kilometers 

0 0.25 0.5 1 

Miles 




& Milford Borough 





Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands 

Lily Pond Brook Headwaters 

Pinchot Brook Wetlands 

Pinchot Falls 


Public Land 



PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 

Core Habitat 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 



20 Ft. Contour Line

Milford Township & Milford Borough 

Milford Borough is the county seat of Pike County. Milford Township, at 12.6 square miles, is Pike 

County’s smallest township; Milford Borough occupies 0.5 square miles. The eastern edge of both the 

township and the borough are formed by the Delaware River. The state of New Jersey is on the east side 

of the river. The Delaware Water Gap National Recreational Area, owned by the National Park Service, 

stretches along the entire length of this eastern boundary. 

Sawkill Creek flows south and east through the township and into the Delaware River on the south side of 

Milford Borough, while Vandermark Creek enters the Delaware River on the north side of the borough. 

Sandstone, siltstone, and shale make up the bedrock geology. 

Milford Township, along with adjacent sections of Shohola and Westfall Townships, supports a large 

forest block of over 23,000 acres. Eighty percent of the township is forested. 

Buckhorn Oak Barren – The thin, dry soils of this type of habitat support a unique group of species 

adapted to these conditions. The pitch pine – scrub oak woodland needs disturbance to maintain the 

conditions favorable to the species found here. This natural community of concern has sparse, slow 

growing trees with a dense shrub understory. Surveys of this location found a population of persius 

duskywing (Erynnis persius persius), a butterfly species of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – The biggest threat to this habitat type is succession. Suppression of fire allows 

trees to overtake the species typical to this unique habitat. Most of Buckhorn Oak Barren is on Delaware 

State Forest property. A road cuts through the pitch pine – scrub oak woodland. This may create openings 

for the establishment of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – Fire or other periodic disturbance is needed to maintain the natural 

community and habitat for persius duskywing and other species specialized to thrive in this habitat. Clean 

any equipment used along the roadway to prevent the introduction of invasive species. Further surveys 

should be done to identify other species of concern at this site. 







The lower section of this site north to Milford is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation 

Area, protecting it from development and other large scale disturbances. This section of the Delaware 

River provides habitat for several aquatic species of concern. Alewife floater (Anodonta implicata), 

brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa), and triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata), three mussel 

species of concern, were found in the gravel river bottom. Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus 

anomalus), harpoon clubtail (Gomphus descriptus), rapids clubtail (Gomphus quadricolor), greenfaced 

clubtail (Gomphus viridifrons), slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta), and spine-crowned clubtail 

(Gomphus abbreviatus) are dragonfly species of concern found along the river. Large flat rocks along the 

shoreline provide habitat for several plant species of concern – Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila 

var. depressa), three-toothed cinquefoil (Potentilla tridentata), and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia 

cespitosa). A sedge (Carex sprengelii) is another plant species of concern found growing along the 


shoreline. Two additional species of concern, not named at the request of the agencies overseeing their 

protection were also found in this section of the Delaware River. 

Threats and Stresses –The mussel and dragonfly species found in this area are dependent upon 









from the edge of the river and adjacent wetlands. Improve the buffer wherever possible, especially along 

roads, houses, and other breaks in the forested habitat. Continue to allow the river and its tributaries to 

meander within the floodplain and do not artificially alter the flow of the Delaware River. Monitor for the 

presence of invasive species and remove them in areas where they are already established. 



Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands – 

This small headwater wetland flows to the west of 

Buckhorn Oak Barren. Several locations along this 

narrow channel have been modified by beaver 

activity. These open graminoid wetlands provide 

habitat for marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum), a 

plant species of concern. This species is found 

growing on hummocks of tussock sedge (Carex 

stricta). Halloween pennant (Celithemis 

eponina), a dragonfly species of concern was also 

found in Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands. This 

dragonfly species can be found in a variety of 

different types of wetlands. A small wetland to the 

west of the stream channel is a red spruce 

palustrine woodland. This natural community of 

concern is dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens) 

with a thick shrub understory. 

Threats and Stresses – Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands is in a secluded part of Delaware State Forest 

and is well buffered to protect the wetland against sediment and pollutants in runoff. Introduction of 

invasive species threatens the integrity of the wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Do not cut any of the forest within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland 

edge to maintain optimal buffering capacity of the surrounding upland habitat. Maintain the natural 

hydrology of the wetland to preserve the current habitat conditions. 

Lily Pond Brook Headwaters – This small headwater wetland is dominated by eastern hemlock 

(Tsuga canadensis) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) with an open area of shrubs, cattails, and herbs 

in the center. A population of soft-leaved sedge (Carex disperma) was found growing on sphagnum 

hummocks on both ends of the wetland where it is dominated by conifers. Nearby Craft Brook has been 

dammed near where a house once stood. The water level has dropped exposing graminoid wetlands 

around the pond. Craft Brook Pond supports a population of Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina), a 

dragonfly species of concern. 


Threats and Stresses – Lily Pond Brook Headwater is in a 

remote part of Delaware State Forest and is surrounded by a 

substantial forested buffer. The hydrology of the wetland has 

already been altered by beaver activity, as evidenced by the 

open graminoid area with dead trees. Further changes to the 

water level may eliminate habitat currently used by the 

population of soft-leaved sedge. A road leads near the edge of 

Craft Brook Pond and several areas to the west have been 

logged. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the current 

hydrology of the wetlands and do not clear any of the forested 

buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of both Lily Pond Brook 

Headwaters and Craft Brook Pond. 

Pinchot Brook Wetlands – Beaver activity has heavily 

influenced the appearance and habitat of this wetland. The 

wetland is now dominated by tussock sedge (Carex stricta). The 

deep channels and hummocks of Pinchot Brook Wetland are 

typical of this type of modified habitat. Surveys identified 

several insect species of concern. Halloween pennant 

(Celithemis eponina) and band-winged meadowhawk 

(Sympetrum semicinctum) are dragonfly species found in a 

variety of wetland habitats. Mulberry wing (Poanes massasoit) 

is a butterfly species found in wetlands and bogs. Tussock sedge 

is abundant in Pinchot Brook Wetlands and is the host plant for 

Soft-leaved sedge (Carex disperma) 

this species. A population of marsh bedstraw (Galium 

trifidum), a plant species of concern, was found growing among the sedge tussocks and other vegetation. 

Rick Koval 

Band-winged meadowhawk (Sympetrum semicinctum) 

Threats and Stresses – A pipeline cuts though the 

northern end of the wetland, which is otherwise well 

buffered. This disturbance may create a point for the 

establishment of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – Do not cut the 

forested buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of the 

wetland edge, in order to adequately filter runoff 

before it enters into Pinchot Brook Wetlands. Clean 

any equipment before use along the pipeline to 

prevent the spread of invasive species from other 

locations. 

Pinchot Falls – As Sawkill Creek flows toward the Delaware River, it cuts through the rock to form 

Pinchot Falls. This is a waterfall and rapids, a geologic feature of concern. Standing over 85 feet tall, 

the mist from the falls creates habitat on the surrounding rocks for mosses, liverworts, ferns, and a variety 

of other plants, forming a waterfall and plungepool natural community. The area surrounding the falls is 

shaded by a forest dominated by eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white pine (Pinus strobus). 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Milford Township / 133 

Rocky Gleason, PNHP

Threats and Stresses – Access to the falls is limited, which protects the area surrounding the falls from 

erosion, littering, and vandalism from heavy recreational use. Loss of hemlock trees due to hemlock 

wooly adelgid will change the character of the geologic feature and natural community. 

Management Recommendations – Encourage hikers 

to stay on trails and boardwalks to limit disturbance 

of the species growing along the wet cliffs. Do not 

cut trees along Dingmans Creek and consider the 

use of control measures for hemlock wooly adelgid 

to protect the eastern hemlocks that currently 

dominate the surrounding forest. 

Sawkill Mud Pond – This wetland has many of 

the habitat zones typical of a glacial wetland 

complex. Most of the wetland is dominated by red 

spruce (Picea rubens) and shrubs. The small area of 

sparsely vegetated sphagnum mat contains several 

unique species and natural communities. A 

combination of leatherleaf – bog-rosemary 

peatland, leatherleaf – cranberry peatland, 

sphagnum – beaked rush peatland, and black 

spruce – tamarack palustrine woodland natural 

communities make up a narrow band around much 

of the bog mat. These natural communities provide 

habitat for bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), 

mud sedge (Carex limosa), slender sedge (Carex 

lasiocarpa), horned bladderwort (Utricularia Pinchot Falls 

cornuta), and flat-leaved bladderwort (Utricularia 

intermedia), five plant species of concern. A black spruce – tamarack peatland forest is situated farther 

from the edge of Mud Pond and also provides habitat for some of the species of concern at this site. 

Threats and Stresses – Although this property is privately owned, the habitat has remained relatively 

intact aside from a few roads and houses within the preferred wetland buffer. Two small docks have also 

been placed along the southern end of the wetland to access Sawkill Mud Pond. A walkway has created a 

disturbed path that leads from the adjacent property to the north toward the open water. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing buffer and improve it wherever possible. Allow 

the path on the northern side of the lake to revegetate with native shrubs and trees. Clean all boats used on 

other waterways before using in Sawkill Mud Pond to minimize the risk of spreading invasive species. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Milford Township / 134 

Denise Watts, PNHP





Buckhorn Mountain Slopes Notable Significance 

Slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) – plant G5 S3 N(TU) 2010 BC 

Decker Pond Notable Significance 

Black dash (Euphyes conspicuus) – butterfly G4 S3 N 2009 E 

Dion skipper (Euphyes dion) – butterfly G4 S2 N 2009 E 


Mulberry wing (Poanes massasoit) – butterfly G4 S2 N 2009 E 

River jewelwing (Calopteryx aequabilis) – damselfly G5 S2 N 2009 E 


Egypt Meadow Lake Notable Significance 



Red-waisted whiteface (Leucorrhinia proxima) – 







Fairview Lake Notable Significance 



Small waterwort (Elatine minima) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 2001 AB 

Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) – plant G4G5 S2 PT(PT) 1987 C 

Lackawaxen River at Baoba Notable Significance 


Mountain starwort (Stellaria borealis) – plant G5 S1S2 N(TU) 2009 AB 


White water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus) – 

plant G5T5 S3 N(PR) 1993 B 


Lake Wallenpaupack Notable Significance 


Hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta) – plant G4G5 S1 TU(PE) 2001 C 

Mainses Pond Notable Significance 

Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1999 BC 

Flat-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1999 B 



Small floating manna-grass (Glyceria borealis) – plant G5 S4 PE(W) 1991 D 


Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Palmyra Township / 135






Marsh bedstraw ( Galium trifidum) – plant G5 S2 N(PR) 2001 C 




Water-plantain spearwort (Ranunculus ambigens) – plant G4 S3 N(TU) 1996 B 






Delaware State Forest, Bruce Lake Natural Area, Promised Land 

State Park, State Game Lands #183 


! 

Little Chapel 

! 

Pink 

! 

Avoy 

! 

Arlington 

! 

Ledgedale 

! 

! 

Lake Wallenpaupack Estate 

East Sterling 

! 

! 

The Escape 

Greentown 

! 

! 

Hemlock Grove 

! Newfoundland 

Lakeville 

! 

UV 507 

Uswick 

! 


§¨¦ 84 

UV 507 

UV 590 

! 

Tanglewood Estate 

Kleinhans Creek 

Mill Brook 


PROMISED LAND 

STATE PARK 

! 

Paupack 

! 

UV 507 

Sheridan Brook 

West Hawley 

! 

! 

Hawley 

Egypt Creek 

UV 390 

£¤ 6 

Tafton 

! 

Wilsonville 

! 

Diamond Creek 

UV 390 

Tanglewood 

! 

Fairview Lake 

Decker Pond 



Lackawaxen River 

STATE GAME LANDS #183 

Mainses Pond 

BRUCE LAKE NATURAL AREA 

Melchris Wood 

! 


! 

Kimble 

! 

Buckhorn Mountain Slopes 

£¤ 6 

§¨¦ 84 

Baoba 

! 


Ü 

! 

Glen Eyre 

! 

Germantown 

0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 1 2 

Miles 





Buckhorn Mountain Slopes 

Decker Pond 


Fairview Lake 



Mainses Pond 


Public Land 


Bruce lake Natural Area 



PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 


20 Ft. Contour Line


Palmyra Township occupies a 39.7 square mile area along the western side of Pike County. Thirteen mile 

long Lake Wallenpaupack forms most of the northwestern border between Pike and Wayne Counties and 

covers approximately 5700 acres. Sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone comprise the bedrock in most of the 

township along with some conglomerate in the southern portion. 

Publicly owned lands within the township include a section of Delaware State Forest, State Game Lands 

183, and portions of the Bruce Lake Natural Area and Promised Land State Park. Sixty-six percent of the 

township is forested – the least amount of any township in the county and 14% is covered by water, 

which is the most found in any township in Pike County. 

Buckhorn Mountain Slopes – A small rocky opening occurs along the southern slope of Buckhorn 

Mountain. This opening in the surrounding forest has been quarried. The dry, rocky habitat supports a 

population of slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), a plant species of concern. This species is 

found in grasslands, barrens, and other early successional habitat. 

Threats and Stresses – The disturbance at this site has created the habitat conditions necessary to support 

slender wheatgrass. Succession would shade out the habitat currently used by this species. 

Management Recommendations – Periodic management may be necessary to prevent this site from 

becoming too shaded to support slender wheatgrass. This species currently occurs at the edge of the 

quarried area, so shrubs and trees may encroach into the open area. 

Decker Pond – Damming of this wetland created a lake 

as well as a shrub and graminoid dominated wetland. 

Raising the water level has created deep channels in the 

northern end of Decker Pond. This modified wetland 

provides habitat for marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum), a 

plant species of concern. This species was found growing 

in the dam itself, but is probably also found in the 

graminoid dominated areas of the wetland. Mulberry 

wing (Poanes massasoit), a butterfly species of concern, 

and Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina), a 

dragonfly species of concern, were both observed flying 

near the outlet of Decker Pond. 

River jewelwing 

The eastern end of this site along Decker Creek has been modified by beavers to create graminoid habitat. 

This area supports populations of dion skipper (Euphyes dion) and black dash (Euphyes conspicuus), 

two butterfly species of concern, as well as river jewelwing (Calopteryx aequabilis), a damselfly species 

of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – Decker Pond is part of State Game Lands #183, and is given a certain amount of 

protection as publicly owned property. Route 6 runs along the southern edge of Decker Pond. Runoff may 

contain pesticides, road salt, sediment, and other pollutants washed from the roadway. A powerline also 

cuts through the eastern end of this site. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forest buffer and improve it wherever possible, 

especially along Route 6. Limit the use of chemicals applied along that roadway to prevent them from 

washing into Decker Pond. Clean any equipment used along the powerline to prevent the introduction of 

invasive species into the wetland. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Palmyra Township / 139 

Rick Koval

Egypt Meadow Lake – This lake was created in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. A forestry 

road bisects the lake. The northern portion has little edge between the water and the upland, while the 

southern portion has an extensive sedge and shrub wetland that contains several plant species of concern. 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) was located growing along the bridge crossing the lake and other 

areas along the lake shore, while marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum) was found growing among the 

sedge hummocks on the edge of the wetland. Pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), a plant species on 

the PNHP Watch List, is a floating aquatic species found in the lake. Several dragonfly species were also 

identified at this location – Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina), petite emerald (Dorocordulia 

lepida), and red-waisted whiteface (Leucorrhinia proxima). Below the sedge wetland at the southern 

end of Egypt Meadow Lake is Balsam Swamp, which is a natural community of concern, red spruce – 

mixed hardwood palustrine forest. 

Threats and Stresses – The majority of the surrounding forest is intact, but the forestry road running over 

the middle of Egypt Meadow Lake can have impacts on the water quality of the lake and wetland. 

Changes in the water level may alter habitat currently used by several of the species of concern. Proximity 

to Interstate 84 may provide a corridor for the transmission of invasive species and carry sediment and 

pollutants in runoff into the lake. 

Management Recommendations – Retain the vegetated buffer that currently exists around Egypt Meadow 

Lake and Balsam Swamp. Divert runoff from Interstate 84, so it does not carry invasive species into the 

outlet from the lake. 

Fairview Lake – This lake has become heavily developed and is primarily used for recreation. The 

transition between the lake edge and upland forest is narrow, except for a small wetland area in the 

southwestern part of Fairview Lake. A population of small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) was found 

along the lake edge in this location. Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), a plant species of concern, was 

found growing in the shallow water along the narrow piece of land that juts out into Fairview Lake. This 

location is more sheltered from wind and recreational uses, providing a more undisturbed habitat for this 

species. The shallows along the peninsula also provide habitat for two plant species currently on the 

PNHP Watch List, golden club (Orontium aquaticum) and small waterwort (Elatine minima). Small 

waterwort is also found at several additional locations around the edge of Fairview Lake. 

Threats and Stresses – Houses and docks ring the shoreline of Fairview Lake and fragment much of the 

surrounding forest. Route 390 runs along the eastern shoreline of the lake and other roadways have been 

cut near the lake edge. The proximity of these roads to Fairview Lake threatens the water quality via 

runoff and the possible introduction of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – Restrict further development of the shoreline and lake edge. Remove 

docks in need of repair and create several shared access points to limit the disturbance along the shoreline. 

Clean all boats not used exclusively on Fairview Lake to limit the potential for spreading invasive 

species. 

Lackawaxen River at Baoba – The stretch of the Lackawaxen River at Baoba runs east of Hawley 

just past Glen Eyre. The river itself provides habitat for several aquatic species of concern. Riffle 

snaketail (Ophiogomphus carolus), a dragonfly species of concern, was found in this section of the river. 

White water-crowfoot (Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus) is an aquatic plant species of concern that 

grows rooted to the river bottom. Riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum), a plant species on the PNHP 

Watch List, was found in several locations along the Lackawaxen River. Mountain starwort (Stellaria 

borealis) and an additional species of concern, not named at the request of the agency overseeing its 

protection, were found along the shoreline of the Lackawaxen River. 


Threats and Stresses – Most of the shoreline is well vegetated, although several roads and other 

disturbances create breaks in the buffer that reduce the buffering capacity. Runoff that carries sediment 

and pollutants threatens the water quality that many of these species need to persist. 


from the river shoreline. Improve the buffer along roads and limit the use of road salt and pesticides that 

may be carried by runoff into the water. 

Lake Wallenpaupack – This large man-made lake was created in 1926 as a hydroelectric project. 

Lake Wallenpaupack is 13 miles long and is used for recreation as well as power generation. This large 

lake provides breeding habitat for Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of concern. Lake 

Wallenpaupack also provides excellent foraging habitat for this species. The steep, rocky slopes along 

Lake Wallenpaupack also provide habitat for hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta), a plant species of 

concern. 


certain pesticides. The use of pesticides and herbicides in Lake Wallenpaupack may contaminate the 

Osprey’s food source. Excessive disturbance, especially during the breeding season may cause the 

abandonment of the nest location. The hairy honeysuckle population may be impacted by over browsing 

if the deer population is too high. 

Management Recommendations – Limit the use of chemicals applied in and near Lake Wallenpaupack to 

prevent the contamination of fish preyed upon by Osprey and other predator species. Maintain a forested 

buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge to filter sediment and pollutants from runoff. Close 

off the nesting area to boat and foot traffic during the breeding season. 

The northern end of Mainses Pond is dominated by water 

willow (Decodon verticillatus) and leatherleaf 

(Chamaedaphne calyculata) 


Mainses Pond – This is a man-made lake thick 

with floating aquatic plants located at the outlet of 

Fairview Lake. A small floating mat of vegetation 

is located at the northern end of the lake. This mat 

may have been home to typical bog species at one 

time, but is now mostly comprised of water 

willow (Decodon verticillatus) and leatherleaf 

(Chamaedaphne calyculata). Slender sedge 

(Carex lasiocarpa), a plant species of concern, 

was seen growing in this area. Several plants on 

the PNHP Watch List grow in Mainses Pond – 

Capitate spikerush (Eleocharis olivacea), flatleaved 

pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii), purple 

bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea), small floating 

manna-grass (Glyceria borealis), and small 

waterwort (Elatine minima). 

Threats and Stresses – Although Mainses Pond is mostly surrounded by forest, Fairview Lake has been 

heavily developed, which will impact the water quality of Mainses Pond. The direct connection to 

Fairview Lake may result in the colonization of invasive species introduced from the numerous boats that 

use the lake. 

Management Recommendations – Leave the forested buffer around Mainses Pond intact to help protect 

the water quality. Provide boat washing stations at the boat launches on Fairview Lake to reduce the 

potential to transfer invasive species. 







Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii), 

marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum), and waterplantain 

spearwort (Ranunculus ambigens) are 

plant species of concern that were only located at 

Promised Land Lake during surveys. Lilypad 

clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer) and mottled 

darner (Aeshna clepsydra), two dragonfly species 

of concern, were only documented at the main lake 

as well. A small population of purple bladderwort 

(Utricularia purpurea), a plant species on the 

PNHP Watch List, was seen at Promised Land 

Lake, but all of these species may be present as 

Lilypad clubtail (Arigomphus furcifer) 

both lakes. Two additional species of concern, not 

named at the request of the agencies overseeing their protection, were documented at Lower Lake and the 

forest surrounding the outlet of Lower Lake. 

Rick Koval 



Management Recommendations – Logging and other clearing of vegetation within 328 feet (100 meters) 

should be avoided. Revegetate the roadsides near Promised Land Lake to filter runoff as much as 

possible. Install boat cleaning stations to prevent the spread of invasive species. 


Porter Township 


PNDI Rank Legal Status 

Global State State (Proposed) Last Seen Quality 

Bald Hill Swamp Notable Significance 

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) – bird G5 S2B PT(PT) 2008 E 

Red spruce palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2010 C 

Red spruce palustrine woodland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2010 B 

Beaver Run Club Pond Notable Significance 

Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii) – plant G5 S3 PE(PR) 2009 B 



Big Swamp Notable Significance 

Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2005 C 

Bushkill Road Notable Significance 


Edgemere Road Notable Significance 

Species of concern 3 - - - 1988 D 

Elbow Swamp Notable Significance 

Arctic skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon mandan) – butterfly G5T5 S2 N 1988 B 




Lake Minisink High Significance 

Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 2010 A 

Flat-leaved bladderwort (Utricularia intermedia) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2010 A 


Golden club (Orontium aquaticum) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 2000 C 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) – plant G5 S3 N(PR) 2004 AB 

Water bulrush (Schoenoplectus subterminalis) – plant G4G5 S3 N(PR) 2010 AB 

Little Mud Pond High Significance 




Horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta) – plant G5 S2 N(PT) 2009 BC 


Northern yellow-eyed grass (Xyris montana) – plant G4 S4 PR(W) 2000 B 






Leatherleaf – cranberry peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2009 BC 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Porter Township / 143

Painter Swamp Notable Significance 

Banded pennant (Celithemis fasciata) – dragonfly G5 S1 N 2009 B 


Pecks Pond High Significance 

Petite emerald (Dorocordulia lepida) – damselfly G5 S2 N 1988 AB 


Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis olivacea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1991 A 

Floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) – plant G5 S4 N(W) 2000 B 

Pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus) – plant G4 S4 N(W) 2000 AB 

Purple bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea) – plant G5 S4 PR(W) 1992 AB 


Small-floating manna-grass (Glyceria borealis) – plant G5 S4 PE(W) 1991 C 


Pit Road Notable Significance 

Downy lettuce (Lactuca hirsuta) – plant G5? S3 N(TU) 2009 BC 

Porters Lake Notable Significance 

Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 2005 D 

Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii) – plant G5 S3 PE(PR) 2005 A 



Sap Swamp Notable Significance 


Twelvemile Pond High Significance 

Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 2007 B 


Water lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) – plant G4G5 S2 PT(PT) 1986 D 


Acidic glacial lake – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2007 E 

White Birch Swamp Notable Significance 

Hemlock – mixed hardwood palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3S4 N 1989 C 

PUBLICLY MANAGED LAND: Delaware State Forest 





Snow Hill Falls 

! 

Easton Anglers 

! 


Bald Hill Swamp 

Pecks Pond ! 

Pit Road 1400 

Utt Run 

Beaver Run Club Pond 

PENNEL RUN 

NATURAL AREA 

Pennel Run 

Big Swamp 

Spruce Run 

Middle Branch Bush Kill 

! 

Pine Flats 

Twelvemile Pond 

UV 402 

Beaver Run 

UV 402 

UV 402 

Pecks Pond 

Lake Minisink 


Saw Creek 

Elbow Swamp 

Edgemere Road 

Painter Swamp 

Bushkill Road 


Porters Lake 

! 

Sandyville ! 

STILLWATER 

NATURAL AREA 

Tamiment 

! Forest Park 

Edgemere 

! 

Little Mud Pond 

Sap Swamp 

Ü 

Wild Acres 

! 

Ranch Lands 

! 

Pocono 0 0.5 Mountain 1 Lake Estates 2 

Kilometers 

! 

0 0.5 1 2 

Egypt Mills Miles 

! 





Bald Hill Swamp 

Beaver Run Club Pond 

Big Swamp 

Bushkill Road 

Edgemere Road 

Elbow Swamp 

Lake Minisink 

Little Mud Pond 

Painter Swamp 

Pecks Pond 

Pit Road 

Porters Lake 

Sap Swamp 

Twelvemile Pond 


Public Land 


Pennel Run Natural Area 

Stillwater Natural Area 

PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 


20 Ft. Contour Line


According to the 2000 US census bureau, 385 people reside in Porter Township, making it the township 

in Pike County with the fewest residents. With respect to land area, it is one of the larger townships in 

Pike County measuring 60.4 square miles in size. Sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone make up the 

bedrock geology. 

Along its western edge, Porter Township shares a portion of a large forest block approximately 37,500 acres 

that covers portions of three other townships and extends into Monroe County. Eighty percent of the 

township is forested and another 14% consists of forested and emergent wetlands. Bush Kill Creek flows out 

of Pecks Pond in the northern end of the township and eventually empties into the Delaware River. 

Much of the land within the township is state owned. Public lands include the Pennel Run Natural Area, a 

section of the Stillwater Natural Area, and extensive sections of Delaware State Forest. 

Bald Hill Swamp – This wetland is located to the west of Bush Kill. Bald Hill Swamp is dominated 

by red spruce (Picea rubens). The majority of the wetland is a red spruce palustrine woodland. The 

ends of Bald Hill Swamp are red spruce palustrine forests. Both of these are natural communities of 

concern, differentiated by the amount of tree cover. The stream flowing to the east of Bald Hill Swamp 

provides nesting habitat for a pair of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of concern. Nearby 

bodies of water, such as Silver Lake and Little Mud Pond, also provide important foraging habitat. 

Threats and Stresses – Alteration of the hydrology of Bald Hill Swamp is the biggest threat to the 

communities and the species they support. This wetland is part of Delaware State Forest, which provides 

some protection against major disturbances. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer that is intact at this site. The 

substantial buffer provides excellent protection against disturbance outside of the wetland. Do not log or 

clear any forest within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. Do not alter the natural hydrology of 

the wetland. 

Beaver Run Club Pond – This site has thick 

aquatic vegetation throughout much of the lake. 

Small mats of floating vegetation occur scattered 

through Beaver Run Club Pond. Marsh bedstraw 

(Galium trifidum) was found along the bridge 

where the road crosses the lake. Small beggarticks 

(Bidens discoidea) was also found in this 

area, as well as the southern end of the lake. These 

plant species of concern are often found on lake 

shorelines and are able to adapt to more disturbed 

habitats. The lake provides habitat for a population 

of Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum 

farwellii). A small wetland is located to the west 

Dense aquatic vegetation covers much of Beaver Run 

Club Pond. 

of Beaver Run Club Pond that is dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens). This wetland supports a 

population of the parasitic plant species of concern, dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum). 

Threats and Stresses – This wetland has been modified, which caused changes in the water level. Invasive 

species are present in the lake and threaten the species of concern and other native species present at Beaver 

Run Club Pond. A road runs over the northern edge of Beaver Run Club Pond, which allows runoff to enter 

directly into the lake. The forest buffer is intact around the rest of Beaver Run Club Pond. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Porter Township / 147 

Rocky Gleason, PNHP

Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) 

Management Recommendations – Clean any boats 

not used exclusively on Beaver Run Club Pond to 

avoid spreading invasive species from this 

location to other waterways and introducing other 

invasive species to this lake. Maintain the existing 

forested buffer where it occurs and do not alter the 

hydrology to the small wetland that supports 

dwarf mistletoe. 

Big Swamp – This is a fairly large wetland with 

a red spruce (Picea rubens) dominated wetland. 

Big Swamp is part of Delaware State Forest, but 

there are several inholdings in and around the 

wetland. The center of the wetland is 

predominantly red spruce (Picea rubens). The red 

spruce supports a small population of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum). This plant species of 

concern is a small parasitic species found on black and red spruce and tamarack. 

Threats and Stresses – Alteration of the hydrology of Big Swamp threatens the habitat that the dwarf 

mistletoe occupies. A powerline cuts through the northern end of the wetland, a development abuts the 

southern end of the wetland, and several roads and trails run near the edge of Big Swamp. These breaks in 

the forested buffer allow sediment and pollutants in runoff to flow into the wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and reroute the trails at least 328 

feet (100 meters) from the wetland edge. Allow the disturbed areas to revegetate with native species. Clean 

any equipment prior to use along the powerline to prevent spreading invasive species from other locations. 

Bushkill Road 

Edgemere Road 


These two sites are early successional roadsides with sandy soils that provide habitat for a species of 

concern not named at the request of the agency overseeing its protection. The Bushkill Road population 

is large, while the Edgemere Road site has few individuals. This species is found in early successional 

habitats. Both of these locations are privately owned. 

Threats and Stresses – Mowing and deer browse along the roadside are major threats to this species. 

Application of herbicides and road salt may also be detrimental to the persistence of this species. 

Introduction of invasive species may also change the character of this habitat. 

Management Recommendations – Avoid mowing the roadside and applying chemicals, especially during 

the spring and summer. Manage the deer herd at a level that the habitat is able to support without over 

browsing. Monitor the site for invasive species and clean any equipment before use to prevent the 

introduction of invasive species. 

Elbow Swamp – This wetland is dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens) with some black spruce 

(Picea mariana), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and a thick shrub understory. The forested portion 

of Elbow Swamp is a red spruce – mixed hardwood palustrine forest. This natural community of 

concern also supports dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), a plant species of concern. A 

population of arctic skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon mandan), a butterfly species of concern, was 

seen along the roadside north of Elbow Swamp. This species uses several species of grasses as its larval 

host plant and can also be found in graminoid wetlands. 


Threats and Stresses – Most of Elbow Swamp is surrounded by a substantial forested buffer, although 

Edgemere Road skirts along the northern edge of the wetland. Being along the edge of Delaware State 

Forest property provides some protection against logging and modification of the wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the forested buffer that currently exists around much of Elbow 

Swamp. Keep as much of the roadside vegetation intact as possible. Limit the application of road salt and 

herbicides to prevent them from washing into the wetland and removing habitat for the arctic skipper. 

Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) grows among the 

numerous docks surrounding Lake Minisink 


Lake Minisink – This recreational lake is 

surrounded by cabins and docks. Most of the 

shoreline is developed upland, but a patch of shrub 

wetland occurs at the northeastern and 

southwestern corners of the lake. Although the 

shoreline has been highly modified, the lake 

provides habitat for several plant species of 

concern. Water bulrush (Schoenoplectus 

subterminalis) and a large population of bayonet 

rush (Juncus militaris) grow along the shallow 

edge of Lake Minisink. Flat-leaved bladderwort 

(Utricularia intermedia) and floating-heart 

(Nymphoides cordata) both are found in the 

shallow edges of the lake floating on the water’s 

surface. Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea), a 

plant species of concern, was found in several 

locations along the shoreline. This species is able to persist in modified habitat better than many other 

species of concern. The shallow water along the shoreline also provides habitat for golden club (Orontium 

aquaticum), a plant species on the PNHP Watch List. 

Threats and Stresses – The heavily developed shoreline and numerous docks disturb the habitat along the 

shoreline and reduce the buffering capacity, threatening the water quality of Lake Minisink. Introduction of 

invasive species would be detrimental to the species of concern, as well as other native species at this site. 

Management Recommendations – Do not clear any additional forested buffer within 328 feet (100 

meters) from the lake edge. Homes should be moved outside of the 328 foot (100 meter) buffer to protect 

the water quality. The dozens of docks that currently ring the majority of the lake should be removed and 

replaced by one or two community access locations. Provide a boat cleaning area for all boats that are not 

used exclusively on Lake Minisink. 

Little Mud Pond – This wetland is a typical glacial bog with a floating sphagnum mat that provides 

habitat for the unique species that are adapted to these conditions. The southern side of the lake shoreline 

has been extensively developed with houses and docks. Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) is found in 

several locations along the shoreline of the bog mat and the developed areas. The northern side of Little 

Mud Pond is a Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland along the water’s edge with small patches of 

leatherleaf cranberry peatland. Further from the edge of the lake is a black spruce – tamarack 

palustrine woodland. These three habitat types are all natural communities of concern. They support a 

variety of plant species of concern – Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia), dwarf mistletoe 

(Arceuthobium pusillum), mud sedge (Carex limosa), horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), and 

slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa). Slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta), a dragonfly species of concern, was 

also found at Little Mud Pond. 

Threats and Stresses – Development along the southern shoreline has fragmented the forested buffer. A 

vegetated buffer around the wetland helps to filter sediment and pollutants from runoff before it enters 


into the lake. The many docks along the southern shoreline have also disturbed the shoreline of Little 

Mud Pond. Introduction of invasive species into the lake or wetland can modify the habitat used by the 


Management Recommendations – Move the houses that currently sit on the edge of the shoreline at least 

328 feet (100 meters) away from the wetland edge. Remove the many individual docks and use one or 

two common access points. Maintain the forested buffer that is currently around the northern side of the 

wetland. Clean any boats not used exclusively on Little Mud Pond to prevent the spread of invasive 

species into the wetland. 

Painter Swamp – This wetland has been 

dammed, both by humans and beaver, and raising 

the water level has changed the habitat of Painter 

Swamp. Deep channels cut through the remnant 

bog mat habitat. Small patches of bog habitat 

remain that are dominated by sphagnum and 

leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) and still 

support a population of slender sedge (Carex 

lasiocarpa). The wetland also provides habitat for 

a population of banded pennant (Celithemis 

fasciata), a dragonfly species of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – Painter Swamp is on 

Painter Swamp 

Delaware State Forest property, which provides 

some protection against disturbances to the wetland. The forest surrounding Painter Swamp protects the 

quality of the wetland by filtering pollutants from runoff. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the substantial buffer that currently exists around Painter 

Swamp. Do not clear any of the forested area within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. Do not 

make further alterations to the hydrology of Painter Swamp. 

Pecks Pond – Pecks Pond and the adjacent wetlands 

represent one of the largest glacial bogs in the state. Although 

the water level has been artificially raised, Pecks Pond is still 

quite shallow. Thick aquatic vegetation and tree stumps make 

navigation along the edges difficult. Some remnant bog habitat 

still exists along the northern and southeastern edges of Pecks 

Pond. Bog Sedge (Carex paupercula) was found growing in the 

leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland natural community in the 

southeastern corner of the lake. Petite emerald (Dorocordulia 

lepida), a damselfly species of concern, was also collected in this 

section of Pecks Pond. Several plant species on the PNHP Watch 

List were also found in this area – Capitate spike-rush (Eleocharis 

olivacea), pondweed (Potamogeton bicupulatus), and purple 

bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea). Small beggar-ticks (Bidens 

discoidea), a plant species of concern, was seen at several 

locations on the shoreline and small islands. Several other aquatic 

plant species on the PNHP Watch List inhabit Pecks Pond. 

Floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) and small-floating 

manna-grass (Glyceria borealis) were both found in the open 

water of Pecks Pond. 


Bog sedge (Carex purpurea) 


Rocky Gleason, PNHP

Threats and Stresses – Being part of the Delaware State Forest provides some protection, but there are still 

impacts from the surrounding area. Many homes dot the western and southern sides of Pecks Pond, many of 

which are at the water’s edge. Roads also cut along the shoreline, including Route 402, which crosses the 

outlet of Pecks Pond. All of these disturbances within the forests surrounding Pecks Pond diminish the 

buffering capacity. 

Management Recommendations – Any state leased cabins should be moved at least 328 feet (100 meters) 

from the edge of Pecks Pond when the leases expire to restore the integrity of the forested buffer. Do not 

cut any of the forested area where it is intact. Install boat wash stations at all boat launches to reduce the 

possibility of spreading invasive species. 

Pit Road – This roadside habitat provides an early successional edge that is able to be utilized by 

downy lettuce (Lactuca hirsuta), a plant species of concern. This species is able to colonize natural and 

man-made openings, although it may be short-lived at an individual location. 

Threats and Stresses – Pit Road is part of Delaware State Forest property, which should allow this site to 

persist. Succession may create unsuitable habitat for downy lettuce. Introduction of invasive species may 

compete with the species of concern and other native species at this site. 

Management Recommendations – The roadside should receive some disturbance necessary to maintain 

the early successional habitat, but some periodic mowing may be necessary to exclude woody species. 

Clean any equipment before use at this site to prevent the spread of invasive species and restrict the 

application of herbicides. 

Porters Lake – These man-made lakes are both owned and managed by a private hunting and fishing 

club for recreation. Porters Lake and Pickerel Lake are separated by Route 402. The edge of Porters Lake 

transitions directly into upland habitat in most portions of the lake. Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) is 

found in several locations in the shallow water along the edge of the lake. 

Pickerel Lake is dammed on the western side of the wetland. A population of small beggar-ticks (Bidens 

discoidea) was found below the outlet of the lake. The species is able to persist in these types of disturbed 

habitat. The lake itself provides habitat for Farwell’s water-milfoil (Myriophyllum farwellii). An 

additional species of concern, not named at the request of the agency overseeing its protection, was also 

found at Pickerel Lake. 

Threats and Stresses – Both of these lakes have already been dammed, altering the natural hydrology and 

modifying the habitat of the wetland. Route 402 runs between both lakes. The proximity to the roadway 

allows runoff to flow into the lake, carrying sediment and other pollutants. Introduction of invasive 

species threatens the habitat currently occupied by the species of concern. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing forested buffer and improve it wherever possible, 

especially along the roadway to protect the water quality of the lakes. Limit the use of road salt and 

herbicides along Route 402 near Porters Lake and Pickerel Lake to prevent these pollutants from running into 

the wetlands. Clean any boats not used exclusively on these lakes to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Sap Swamp – This wetland has been modified by beavers. When the water level was raised, the trees 

were killed. After the dam opened, the previously flooded area became a graminoid wetland. This section of 

Sap Swamp is dominated by (Carex stricta). Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina), a dragonfly species 

of concern, was found in the open wetland. This species occupies high quality wetlands. 


Threats and Stresses – Sap Swamp is part of Delaware State Forest and is heavily forested. The major threat 

to this site would be impacts to water quality, but the existing buffer provides excellent protection. 

Succession back to its original forested state would eliminate habitat for the Halloween pennant. 

Management Recommendations – This site is more 

remote, and is relatively protected as part of the 

State Forest. Do not log or create major disturbances 

that would cause a break in the existing buffer. 

Twelvemile Pond – Much of this wetland is 

surrounded by upland forest with a few small 

patches of shrub swamp. Twelvemile Pond is an 

acidic glacial lake, a natural community of concern. 

Surveys located populations of three plant species of 

concern. A small population of water lobelia 

(Lobelia dortmanna) grows in the shallow water 

along the southern edge of Twelvemile Pond, while 

bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) occurs along the 

northern edge of the lake. Floating-heart 

(Nymphoides cordata) is found along the entire lake 

Modified wetlands are common throughout Pike 

County. 

edge. This species is rooted in the lake bottom, with leaves and flowers that float on the surface. An 

additional species of concern, not named at the request of the agency overseeing its protection, was also 

found at Twelvemile Pond. 

Threats and Stresses – The surrounding forest is part of Delaware State Forest, but Twelvemile Pond and 

the lake shore is a privately owned inholding. Most of the forested buffer is intact, except for a road 

leading to the lake and a house to the north and a few small clearings to the south of Twelvemile Pond. 

The establishment of invasive species may alter the lake and habitat used by the species of concern. 

Management Recommendations – Do not alter the hydrology of the wetland. Maintain the existing 

forested buffer currently found around Twelvemile Pond to protect the water quality. Clean all boats not 

used exclusively on Twelvemile Pond to prevent the spread of invasive species into the lake. 

White Birch Swamp – This small wetland is a hemlock – mixed hardwood palustrine forest, a 

natural community of concern. White Birch Swamp is dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) and black 

gum (Nyssa sylvatica) and also contains eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), red spruce (Picea rubens), 

and white pine (Pinus strobus). 

Threats and Stresses – A small gravel pit sits immediately on the western edge of the wetland. Activity in 

the gravel pit can cause runoff of sediment into the wetland if not properly contained. Invasive species 

can easily colonize these types of disturbances. The rest of White Birch Swamp is surrounded by forest 

and is well buffered. 

Management Recommendations – No forested buffer was left between the wetland and the gravel pit. 

This area should be allowed to revegetate with native species to prevent impacts to the wetland. Leave the 

existing forest undisturbed. 


Denise Watts, PNHP





Bald Hill High Significance 

Upland sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. susquehanae) – plant G5T4 S2 (PT) 2010 B 

Slender mountain-ricegrass (Oryzopsis pungens) – plant G5 S2 PE(PE) 2010 BC 

Slender panic-grass (Panicum xanthophysum) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 2010 BC 

Slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) – plant G5 S3 N(TU) 2010 BC 


Dry oak – heath woodland – natural community GNR S3 N 1989 C 

Bushkill Swamp High Significance 

American emerald (Cordulia shurtleffi) – dragonfly G5 S3S4 N 2001 E 

Elfin skimmer (Nannothemis bella) – dragonfly G4 S1 N 2009 E 

Harlequin darner (Gomphaeschna furcillata) – dragonfly G5 S2 N 2009 E 





Soft-leaved sedge (Carex disperma) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 2009 E 

Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2011 D 

Delaware River between Handsome Eddy and Dingmans 

Ferry Exceptional Significance 




Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus anomalus) – dragonfly G4 S1 N 1994 E 






Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) – plant G5T5 S1 N(PE) 2010 BC 






Delaware River North of Handsome Eddy High Significance 




Maine snaketail (Ophiogomphus mainensis) – dragonfly G4 S3 N 1994 E 





Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Shohola Township / 153



Shohola Falls Notable Significance 

Soft-leaved sedge (Carex disperma) – plant G5 S3 PR(PR) 1991 C 


Shohola Falls Swamp Notable Significance 

Black spruce – tamarack peatland forest – natural community GNR S3 N 1989 BC 







State Game Lands #209 Wetland Notable Significance 


Twin Lakes and Wetland High Significance 


Bayonet rush (Juncus militaris) – plant G4 S1 PE(PE) 2007 CD 


Floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) – plant G5 S4 N(W) 2001 BC 


Slender water-milfoil (Myriophyllum tenellum) – plant G5 S2 PT(PT) 2007 AB 

Small beggar-ticks (Bidens discoidea) – plant G5 S3 N(PR) 2007 AB 

Small waterwort (Elatine minima) – plant G5 S4 TU(W) 2001 A 

Walker Lake Local Significance 






State Game Lands #116, State Game Lands #180 , State 

Game Lands #209 , Delaware State Forest, Buckhorn Natural 

Area, Upper Delaware Management Area 


UV 590 

! 

Greeley 

! 

Shohola Falls Swamp 


Lackawaxen 


STATE GAMELANDS #116 

UV 434 

Shohola Creek 

Bald Hill 

£¤ 6 

! 

Shohola Falls 

Shohola Lake 

Panther Creek 


! 

Shohola 

UV 434 

Walker Lake 

! 


North of Handsome Eddy 

UV 97 

Walker L ake Creek 

Walker Lake 

Twin Lakes Creek 

Twin Lakes 

! 

Sagamore Estates 

! 

! 

Parkers Glen 

£¤ 6 


#209 Wetland 

Twin Lakes and Wetland 

Upper Delaware Management Area 



UV 97 



Pond Eddy Creek 


Pond Eddy 

! 

Bush Kill 

! 

BUCKHORN 

NATURAL AREA 

Rosas 

STAIRWAY WILD AREA 

Bushkill Swamp 

Ü 

0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 

1 2 

Miles 





Bald Hill 

Bushkill Swamp 



Delaware River North of Handsome Eddy 


Shohola Falls 

Shohola Lake 

State Game Lands #209 Wetland 

Twin Lakes and Wetland 

Walker Lake 

Public Land 


Buckhorn Natural Area 

Stairway Wild Area 





PALMYRA 

GREENE 

Legend 

Core Habitat 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

PORTER 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

LEHMAN 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 



20 Ft. Contour Line


Shohola Township measures 45.9 square miles in size. Shohola Creek flows to the north and east through 

the township and serves as a major drainage for the central portion of Pike County. Pond Eddy and Twin 

Lakes Creek drain the eastern two thirds of the township. All streams within the township drain into the 

Delaware River, which forms a natural border between Shohola Township and New York State. The 

National Park Service manages land along the river as part of the Upper Delaware Management Area. 

Sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone make up the bedrock geology. 

Portions of State Game Lands #116 and #180 occur at the western end of the township. State Game Lands 

#209, a section of Delaware State Forest, and the Buckhorn Natural Area cover much of the eastern third 

of Shohola Township. This eastern section of the township, along with portions of Westfall and Milford 

Townships, is part of a large forest block covering over 29,000 acres. Forest makes up 85% of the 

landscape in Shohola Township. 

Bald Hill – The main peak of Bald Hill 

is a dry oak – heath woodland, a natural 

community of concern. The two smaller 

peaks to the west also provide habitat for 

several species adapted to the conditions 

found at this site. The harsh environment 

created by the dry, thin soil allows 

species to thrive that are often 

outcompeted in other habitats. The open 

grassy areas that occur sporadically 

throughout the surrounding forest support 

populations of upland sand cherry 

(Prunus pumila var. susquehanae), 

slender panic-grass (Panicum 

xanthophysum), slender mountain rice- 

Slender mountain ricegrass (Oryzopsis pungens) 

grass (Oryzopsis pungens), and slender 

wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus). 

These openings in the forest canopy also provide habitat for another species of concern not named at the 

request of the agency overseeing its protection. 

Threats and Stresses – Succession caused by the suppression of fire and other natural disturbances is the 

major threat to the natural community of concern and the species found within it. Without periodic 

maintenance, these grassy openings will grow in with trees and shrubs. Introduction of invasive species 

may alter the habitat and make it unsuitable for the species of concern on Bald Hill. 

Management Recommendations – Periodic disturbance through the use of prescribed fire or cutting will 

prevent the degradation of the habitat by succession. All equipment should be cleaned prior to use on 

Bald Hill to prevent the spread of invasive species. 

Bushkill Swamp – This small bog opening in the middle of a shrub swamp provides a unique 

habitat for a number of species found only on the sphagnum mats surrounding glacial wetlands. A 

leatherleaf – bog-rosemary peatland occurs in a narrow band around the water’s edge. This natural 

community of concern provides habitat for several plant species of concern – Mud sedge (Carex 

limosa), horned bladderwort (Utricularia cornuta), and slender sedge (Carex lasiocarpa). The black 

spruce (Picea mariana) growing on the floating sphagnum mat support a population of dwarf 



mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum), a plant species of concern that parasitizes black spruce, red 

spruce, and tamarack. Harlequin darner (Gomphaeschna furcillata), elfin skimmer (Nannothemis 

bella), and American emerald (Cordulia 

shurtleffi), three dragonfly species of concern, 

were all found in Bushkill Swamp and the 

surrounding wetland. Soft-leaved sedge (Carex 

disperma), a plant species of concern, was found 

growing on the edge of the wetland and in a 

smaller wetland that sits to the south of Bushkill 

Swamp. 

Threats and Stresses – Bushkill Swamp is well 

buffered by a substantial surrounding forest. This 

provides excellent protection to the water quality 

and species that rely upon it. Introduction of 

invasive species and alteration of the natural 

hydrology of Bushkill Swamp would threaten the 

habitat required by the species of concern. 

Dragon’s-mouth (Arethusa bulbosa) is found in many of the 

bog habitats in Pike County. 


Elfin Skimmer (Nannothemis bella) 

Management Recommendations – Maintain the 

substantial forested buffer that currently exists 

around Bushkill Swamp. Do not clear any of the 

vegetation within 328 feet (100 meters) to 

protect the water quality for the species of 

concern. Do not make any alterations to the 

natural hydrology of Bushkill Swamp to 

maintain the bog habitat needed by many of the 

species found at this site. 

Delaware River between Handsome 

Eddy and Dingmans Ferry 

Delaware River North of Handsome 

Eddy 

The Delaware River forms the eastern border of 

Pike County. The river creates a variety of 

unique habitats, including scour areas, floodplains, steep forested slopes, and vertical cliffs. Maintaining 

the natural character of the river is necessary to maintain these habitats. Rivers naturally change their 

course over time and need to remain free-flowing systems to allow for this movement. The Delaware 

River has remained undammed, allowing movement of the aquatic species found here. 

The lower section of the Delaware River between Handsome Eddy and Dingmans Ferry north to 

Milford is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, protecting it from development 

and other large scale disturbances. This section of the Delaware River provides habitat for several 

aquatic species of concern. Alewife floater (Anodonta implicata), brook floater (Alasmidonta 

varicosa), and triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata), three mussel species of concern, were found 

in the gravel river bottom. Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus anomalus), harpoon clubtail 

(Gomphus descriptus), rapids clubtail (Gomphus quadricolor), green-faced clubtail (Gomphus 

viridifrons), slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta), and spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus abbreviatus) 

are dragonfly species of concern found along the river. Large flat rocks along the shoreline provide 

habitat for several plant species of concern – Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa), 

three-toothed cinquefoil (Potentilla tridentata), and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa). A 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Shohola Township / 158 

Rocky Gleason, PNHP

sedge (Carex sprengelii) is another plant species of concern found growing along the shoreline. Two 

additional species of concern, not named at the request of the agencies overseeing their protection, 

were also found in this section of the Delaware River. 

The Delaware River North of Handsome Eddy is part of the Upper Delaware Management Area. This 

area is mostly privately owned and provides habitat for several aquatic species of concern. Alewife 

floater (Anodonta implicata) and triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata), two mussel species of 

concern, were found in the gravel river bottom. Green-faced clubtail (Gomphus viridifrons), Maine 

clubtail (Ophiogomphus mainensis), mustached clubtail (Gomphus adelphus), rapids clubtail 

(Gomphus quadricolor), slaty skimmer (Libellula incesta), and spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus 

abbreviatus) are dragonfly species of concern found along the river. An additional species of concern, 

not named at the request of the agency overseeing its protection, was also found in this section of the 

Delaware River. Riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) is a plant species on the PNHP Watch List that 

was found near the mouth of the Lackawaxen River. 










from the edge of the river and adjacent wetlands. Improve the buffer wherever possible, especially 

along roads, houses, and other breaks in the forested habitat. Continue to allow the river and its 

tributaries to meander within the floodplain and do not artificially alter the flow of the Delaware River. 

Monitor for the presence of invasive species and remove them in areas where they are already 

established. 

Shohola Falls – As Shohola Creek exits Shohola Lake, it drops 70 

feet, creating Shohola Falls. Over the course of a half mile, Shohola 

Creek drops a total of 200 feet. The waterfalls and rapids geologic 

feature is part of the Catskill formation and is from the Devonian Age. 

A small conifer – hardwood seepage swamp occurs to the east of 

Shohola Falls and is surrounded by a well-drained hardwood forest. 

This small wetland supports a population of soft-leaved sedge 

(Carex disperma), a plant species of concern. This species is found 

growing in the sphagnum moss that covers the tree roots and grows 

among the rocks. 

Threats and Stresses – Recreational usage of the falls may lead to 

increased erosion, littering, and vandalism. Cutting the forest within 

this site would alter the aesthetic value of the falls and impact water 

quality in the wetland. Modification of the hydrology of the small 

wetland may make the habitat unsuitable for soft-leaved sedge. 

Shohola Falls 

Management Recommendations – Encourage hikers to stay on the existing trails to limit disturbance of 

the species growing along the wet cliffs. Do not cut trees along Shohola Creek. Maintain the existing 

hydrology of the nearby wetland to preserve habitat for the species of concern. 


Brian Watts

Shohola Falls Swamp – Most of this wetland is part of State Game Lands #180 with a private 

inholding on the western edge of Shohola Falls Swamp. This small wetland north of Route 6 is a black 

spruce – tamarack peatland forest, a natural community of concern. The black spruce and tamarack 

overstory has a thick shrub understory with a sphagnum base. 

Threats and Stresses – The majority of the wetland is publicly owned, but a small development sits on the 

northern end of Shohola Falls Swamp. Route 6 borders the wetland to the south. These disturbances 

fragment the forested buffer necessary to maintain the water quality of Shohola Falls Swamp. Modifying 

the natural hydrology of the wetland may change the habitat conditions needed to support the natural 


Management Recommendations – Buffer the wetland as much as possible by not clearing additional 

vegetation along the roadways and houses and not creating further breaks in the forested buffer. Do not 

alter the current hydrology of Shohola Falls Swamp. 

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) 

Ron Austing 

Shohola Lake – This large man-made lake is 

part of State Game Lands #180. Shohola Lake 

was created in 1967 as a waterfowl propagation 

area and is designated as an Important Bird Area 

(IBA) by the Audubon Society. Covering over 

1100 acres, this lake provides habitat for a 

number of species and is used for recreation, 

including fishing and waterfowl hunting. Along 

with these more common species, Shohola Lake 

provides habitat for a nesting pair of Osprey 

(Pandion haliaetus), a bird species of concern, 

as well as an additional species of concern not 

named at the request of the agency overseeing its 

protection. Two plant species on the PNHP 

Watch List were also documented at Shohola 

Lake, a water smartweed (Polygonum amphibium 

var. stipulaceum) and flat-leaved pondweed 

(Potamogeton robbinsii). 





Management Recommendations – Limit the use of chemicals applied in and near Shohola Lake to prevent 

the contamination of fish preyed upon by Osprey and other predator species. Maintain a forested buffer 

within 328 feet (100 meters) of the lake edge to filter sediment and pollutants from runoff. Close off the 

nesting area to boat and foot traffic during the breeding season. 

State Game Lands #209 Wetland – The wetland was created by beavers damming a small stream, 

although the water level was lowered in much of the wetland at the time of the survey. An island of 

upland forest has remained unflooded in the middle of the wetland. State Game Lands #209 Wetland is 

dominated by tussock sedge (Carex stricta). Growing among the tussock sedge is marsh bedstraw 

(Galium trifidum). This plant species of concern can be found growing in these types of modified 

wetlands. 


Threats and Stresses – Further alteration of the 

water level of State Game Lands #209 Wetland 

may create habitat that is unsuitable for marsh 

bedstraw. This wetland is currently surrounded by 

a substantial forest buffer and protected by being a 

part of State Game Lands #209. 

Management Recommendations – This wetland is 

well situated in a remote part of State Game Lands 

#209. This should keep the wetland protected from 

major disturbances. Do not make any alterations to 

the wetland or surrounding forest within 328 feet 

(100 meters) of the wetland edge. 

Twin Lakes and Wetland – This lake is a residential area cut into many privately owned parcels. Most 

of the shoreline habitat has been disturbed by development, but a population of small beggar-ticks 

(Bidens discoidea), a plant species of concern, still occurs in several locations along the shoreline. The 

lake itself provides habitat for several species of concern – Floating-heart (Nymphoides cordata), 

slender water-milfoil (Myriophyllum tenellum), and bayonet rush (Juncus militaris). Small waterwort 

(Elatine minima) and floating bladderwort (Utricularia inflata) are two species on the PNHP Watch List 

that were also found during surveys on Twin Lakes. 

Twin Lakes is surrounded by several small wetlands, many of which are spruce dominated palustrine 

forests. One such wetland to the south of Twin Lakes provides habitat for a population of dwarf 

mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum). This 

plant species of concern parasitizes the black 

and red spruce found in this wetland. The 

open, sedge dominated portion of the wetland 

also provides habitat for Halloween pennant 

(Celithemis eponina) a dragonfly species of 

concern. 

Threats and Stresses – The highly developed 

nature of Twin Lakes has fragmented the 

shoreline and forested buffer needed to 

protect the water quality of Twin Lakes. A 

road runs between the two sections of Twin 

Lakes. The wetland to the south of Twin 

Lakes has been invaded with common reed 

(Phragmites australis). If not removed, this 

species may spread throughout the wetland 

and alter the habitat. 

Marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum) 

Witches brooms on spruce trees suggest the presence of dwarf 

mistletoe. 

Management Recommendations – Maintain a vegetated buffer within 328 feet (100 meters) of Twin 

Lakes and nearby wetlands wherever possible, especially along roads. Do not apply road salts or 

chemicals in areas that may easily wash into the lake. Treat the common reed in the wetland south of 

Twin Lakes to ensure that it does not spread further into the wetland and impact habitat used by species of 

concern and other native species at this site. 



Rocky Gleason, PNHP

Walker Lake – The shoreline of this man-made lake has been subdivided and heavily developed. 

Surveys at this site found a population of small waterwort (Elatine minima). a plant species currently on 


Threats and Stresses – Development surrounds all of Walker Lake. This fragmented buffer allows an 

increase in the pollutants that enter into the lake. This wetland has been dammed, modifying the natural 

habitat once present at Walker Lake. 

Management Recommendations – Do not make further alterations to the hydrology of the lake. Maintain 

native vegetation where it currently exists, especially along roadways. Limit the application of chemicals 

along roads within 328 feet (100 meters) to reduce the risk of having them run off directly into Walker 

Lake. 


Westfall Township & Matamoras Borough 





Persius duskywing (Erynnis persius persius) – butterfly G5T1T3 S1 N 1988 E 














Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa) – plant G5T5 S1 N(PE) 2010 BC 






Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands Notable Significance 



Red spruce palustrine woodland – natural community GNR S2S3 N 2009 C 

Mashipacong Cliffs High Significance 




Matamoras Cliffs Notable Significance 



Millrift Cliffs High Significance 

Roseroot stonecrop (Sedum rosea) – plant G5 S1 PE(PE) 2009 A 


Calcareous opening/cliff – natural community GNR S2 N 1984 B 

Millrift Flats High Significance 

Broad sallow moth (Xylotype capax) – moth G4 S3 N 1989 B 

Footpath sallow moth (Metaxaglaea semitaria) – moth G5 S2 N 1989 B 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Westfall Township / 163

Pine barrens zanclognatha (Zanclognatha martha) – moth G4 S1S2 N 1990 E 

Pointed sallow (Epiglaea apiata) – moth G5 S3S4 N 1989 C 

Southern variable dart moth (Xestia elimata) – moth G5 S2S3 N 1989 B 

Pitch pine – mixed oak forest – natural community GNR S4 N 1989 B 

Old Port Jervis Road Shale Barrens Notable Significance 



Stairway Lake Wetland Notable Significance 

Marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum) – plant G5 S2 N(PR) 2010 E 

Hemlock palustrine forest – natural community GNR S3 N 2010 CD 





Delaware State Forest, Delaware National Recreation 

Area, Upper Delaware Management Area 



Stairway Lake Wetland 

! Pond Eddy 


§¨¦ 84 

! 

STATE GAME LANDS #209 

£¤ 6 

Rosas 


STAIRWAY WILD AREA 

Laurel Bro o k 

Milford 

! 

§¨¦ 84 

Old Port Jervis Road Shale Barrens 

Sawkill Creek 

Bush K ill 

Deep Brook 

£¤ 6 


£¤ 209 

Millrift Flats 

Cummins Creek 

UV 97 

Millrift ! 

Millrift Cliffs 

Mashipacong Cliffs 



UV 42 

Rosetown Creek 



Matamoras Cliffs 

£¤ 209 

UV 97 

£¤ 6 

! 

Matamoras 


0 0.5 1 2 

Kilometers 

0 0.5 

1 2 

Miles 

§¨¦ 84 

Ü 




& Matamoras Borough 




between Handsome Eddy and Dingmans Ferry 




Millrift Cliffs 

Millrift Flats 


Stairway Lake Wetland 

Public Land 





PALMYRA 

GREENE 

LACKAWAXEN 

BLOOMING 

GROVE 

Legend 

PORTER 

LEHMAN 

Core Habitat 



< 250 

251 - 1000 

1000 - 2500 

> 2500 

SHOHOLA 

DINGMAN 

DELAWARE 

MILFORD 

WESTFALL 

Streams 

Open Water 





PA DCNR 



20 Ft. Contour Line

Westfall Township & Matamoras Borough 

The Delaware River separates Westfall Township from the state of New York along its northeastern 

border and from the state of New Jersey along the southeastern edge. Matamoras is the easternmost point 

in Pennsylvania with Westfall Township and the Delaware River forming its borders. Matamoras 

Borough covers 0.8 square miles and Westfall Township at 31.0 square miles is Pike County’s second 

smallest township. The bedrock of the township is primarily sandstone, siltstone, and shale. 

Much of Westfall Township, along with adjacent sections of Shohola and Milford Townships, supports a 

large forest block of over 29,000 acres. The western portion of the township is a part of Delaware State 

Forest. Eighty-eight percent of Westfall Township is forested, giving it the highest percentage of forest of 

any township in Pike County. All the streams in Westfall Township flow east into the Delaware River. 

The National Park Service administers two areas along the Delaware River in Westfall Township: the 

Upper Delaware Management Area along the northern township border and the Delaware Water Gap 

National Recreation Area at the southern tip of the township. 

Buckhorn Oak Barren – The thin, dry soils of this type of habitat support a unique group of species 

adapted to these conditions. This pitch pine – scrub oak woodland needs disturbance to maintain the 

conditions favorable to the species found here. This natural community of concern has sparse, slow 

growing trees with a dense shrub understory. Surveys of this location found a population of persius 

duskywing (Erynnis persius persius), a butterfly species of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – The biggest threat to this habitat type is succession. Suppression of fire allows 

trees to overtake the species typical to this unique habitat. Most of Buckhorn Oak Barren is on Delaware 

State Forest property. A road cuts through the pitch pine – scrub oak woodland. This may create openings 

for the establishment of invasive species. 

Management Recommendations – Fire or other periodic disturbance is needed to maintain the natural 

community and habitat for persius duskywing and other species specialized to thrive in this habitat. Clean 

any equipment used along the roadway to prevent introducing invasive species. Further surveys should be 

done to identify other species of concern at this site. 







The lower section of the Delaware River between Handsome Eddy and Dingmans Ferry north to Milford 

is part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, protecting it from development and other 

large scale disturbances. This section of the Delaware River provides habitat for several aquatic species of 

concern. Alewife floater (Anodonta implicata), brook floater (Alasmidonta varicosa), and triangle 

floater (Alasmidonta undulata), three mussel species of concern, were found in the gravel river bottom. 

Extra-striped snaketail (Ophiogomphus anomalus), harpoon clubtail (Gomphus descriptus), rapids 

clubtail (Gomphus quadricolor), green-faced clubtail (Gomphus viridifrons), slaty skimmer (Libellula 

incesta), and spine-crowned clubtail (Gomphus abbreviatus) are dragonfly species of concern observed 

along the river. Large flat rocks along the shoreline provide habitat for several plant species of concern – 

Riverine sand cherry (Prunus pumila var. depressa), three-toothed cinquefoil (Potentilla tridentata), 

and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa). A sedge (Carex sprengelii) is another plant species of 


concern found growing along the shoreline. Two additional species of concern, not named at the request 

of the agencies overseeing their protection were also found in this section of the Delaware River. 









Management Recommendations – Maintain the existing 

forested buffer at least 328 feet (100 meters) from the 

edge of the river and adjacent wetlands. Improve the 

buffer wherever possible, especially along roads, houses, 

and other breaks in the forested habitat. Continue to allow 

the river and its tributaries to meander within the 

floodplain and do not artificially alter the flow of the 

Delaware River. Monitor for the presence of invasive 

species and remove them in areas where they are already 

established. 

Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands – This small 

headwater wetland flows to the west of Buckhorn Oak 

Barren. Several locations along this narrow channel have been modified by beaver activity. These open 

graminoid wetlands provide habitat for marsh bedstraw (Galium trifidum), a plant species of concern. 

This species is found growing on hummocks of tussock sedge (Carex stricta). Halloween pennant 

(Celithemis eponina), a dragonfly species of concern, was also found in Dimmick Meadow Brook 

Wetlands. This dragonfly species can be found in a variety of different types of wetlands. A small 

wetland to the west of the stream channel is a red spruce palustrine woodland. This natural community 

of concern is dominated by red spruce (Picea rubens) with a thick shrub understory. 

Threats and Stresses – Dimmick Meadow Brook Wetlands is in a secluded part of Delaware State Forest 

and is well buffered to protect the wetland against sediment and pollutants in runoff. Introduction of 

invasive species threatens the integrity of the wetland. 

Management Recommendations – Do not cut any of the forest within 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland 

edge to maintain optimal buffering capacity of the surrounding upland habitat. 




Calico pennant (Celithemis elisa) is a dragonfly 

species common to many wetlands in Pike 

County. 

The steep forested slopes along the Delaware River open up in several locations where shale barrens 

occur. These steep cliffs along the river have thin soils and shale outcrops that provide habitat for a 

unique group of species that are adapted to these harsh conditions. Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and 

pitch pine (Pinus rigida) are found growing in some of these openings. All of these locations provide 

habitat for a species of concern and a natural community of concern, not named at the request of the 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Westfall Township / 168 

Rocky Gleason, PNHP

jurisdictional agencies overseeing their protection. Mashipacong Cliffs also provides habitat for an 


Threats and Stresses – This section of the Delaware River is almost entirely privately owned. Succession 

also threatens the natural communities found in these locations and the species adapted to the dry, open 

habitat. 


or manual removal of trees and shrubs. Clearing these areas for any reason should be avoided to prevent 

disturbance to the species at this site and increased erosion along the steep slopes. Do not cut any trails in 

this area or clear these areas for residential development. 

Roseroot stonecrop (Sedum rosea) 


Millrift Cliffs – This northeast-facing shale 

cliff rises over 100 vertical feet from the Delaware 

River. Water runs over the surface of the Millrift 

Cliffs and creates a unique habitat that supports a 

large population of roseroot stonecrop (Sedum 

rosea), a plant species of concern. Pennsylvania 

represents the southern end of the known range for 

this species, which is known from few locations in 

the state. This section of the Delaware River 

shoreline also represents a calcareous 

opening/cliff, a natural community of concern. An 

additional species of concern, not named at the 

request of the jurisdictional agency overseeing its 

protection, was also noted at this site. 

Threats and Stresses – The vertical cliffs make it difficult to access this site, which should help to protect 

it from human disturbance. Erosion of the loose shale rock is a threat to this site. Several residences occur 

along the road running along the top of the cliff. 

Management Recommendations – Avoid creating further disturbances along the top of the cliff to limit 

erosion of the cliff face. Climbing and other human disturbances should be avoided to prevent destruction 

of habitat for all species of concern at this site. 

Millrift Flats – This forested slope along a sharp bend in the Delaware River is partially made up of a 

mature pitch pine forest with some smaller oaks and a shrub understory in sandy soil. This pitch pine – 

mixed oak forest is a natural community of concern. Pitch pine and heath shrubs (Vaccinium sp.) found 

at this site are host plants for a number of moth species of concern – Pointed sallow (Epiglaea apiata), 

pine barrens zanclognatha (Zanclognatha martha), footpath sallow moth (Metaxaglaea semitaria), 

southern variable dart moth (Xestia elimata), and broad sallow moth (Xylotype capax). 

Threats and Stresses – This type of habitat needs some management to maintain optimal conditions for 

the species suited for them. Succession may lead to the loss of pitch pine, which is a host plant for many 

of the unique moth species found in this habitat. Several homes have been built on the eastern edge of this 

site. 

Management Recommendations – Prescribed fire or other periodic maintenance is necessary to maintain 

the pitch pine dominated community. Do not log or develop any additional portions of this habitat. Clean 

any equipment before use in this area to prevent the spread of invasive species. 


Stairway Lake Wetland – This small wetland is one of many along Bush Kill and is part of the 

Stairway Lake Wild Area in Delaware State Forest. This part of the wetland is a hemlock palustrine 

forest, a natural community of concern. The hemlocks in this type of habitat grow in sphagnum with pit 

and mound topography. The southern portion of Stairway Lake Wetland has some openings dominated by 

sedges, grasses, and other herbaceous vegetation. This area provides habitat for marsh bedstraw 

(Galium trifidum), a plant species of concern. 

Threats and Stresses – As part of a State Forest Wild Area, the wetland and surrounding habitat has 

remained intact. Alteration of the hydrology of Stairway Lake Wetland will alter the habitat currently 

found at this site and may affect other nearby wetlands as well. 

Management Recommendations – This site is currently well protected and would do best with minimal 

disturbance. Do not cut the surrounding forest within at least 328 feet (100 meters) of the wetland edge. 

Do not alter the hydrology of the wetland, as this may negatively affect the communities and species 

found in Stairway Lake Wetland. 


Conclusions and General Recommendations 

Through the work required to complete the Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI), ecologists, botanists, and 

zoologists have explored many of the natural areas of Pike County. Although many hours over several field 

seasons were spent surveying, this is not a comprehensive inventory of the biological resources of Pike 

County. Additional explorations of the county will very likely yield additional populations of the species 

listed in the report, as well species previously unknown to the county. 

This work represents an organized effort to inventory the biodiversity present throughout the county. Some of 

the earliest survey work in this area was completed by botanists and other naturalists during the early part of 

the 19th century. These early explorers documented many species in the region, including some early records 

that have been updated in this report. Much of the modern work has concentrated on ecologically significant 

areas such as the glacial lakes and other sites that harbor rare species. In the surveys conducted through the 

NHI, we have not only identified rare and endangered plants and animals, but also many common species, for 

which no formal records previously existed in museum and agency records. 

How does Pike County contribute to the known biodiversity in Pennsylvania? 

Pike County contains 555 extant occurrences of endangered, threatened, and rare species and natural 

communities ranking third out of the Commonwealth’s 67 counties. Many of these species are found in the 

glacial wetlands and other unique habitats in the county. Municipal breakdowns of this data are presented in 

Figure 10. 

Figure 10. Distribution of endangered, threatened and rare species by municipality, darker colors indicate 

more occurrences these species in a given municipality. (PNHP Data 2010). 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory –Conclusions and General Recommendations / 171

Pike County is one of the top counties in terms of biodiversity within the state. Protection of privately owned 

sites and careful management of publicly owned sites should be a priority to protect the unique habitats and 

the species they support. 

Several globally rare species are found in the unique habitats of Pike County, many of these occurring in the 

glacial wetlands therefore, upstream watershed protection is critical for the persistence of these species. 

A breakdown of the rare, threatened, and endangered 

species found in Pike County by their official state 

legal status is presented in Table 12. 

Future Study and Data Updates 

The data presented in this report represents a snapshot 

of the species and ecological conditions present in the 

county. Natural systems are constantly changing due 

to variations in climate as well as impacts from human 

disturbance. Lack of access to some sites of interest prevented surveys that may have yielded additional 

information about the county. Therefore, this report focuses on the current conditions of the county. We hope 

that this report can be used as a working document to guide for conservation of known rare, threatened, and 

endangered species and habitats of importance, while also 

Submitting Additional Data 

As the state repository for biodiversity data, the 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program 

appreciates all potential data regarding rare, 

threatened, and endangered species. Species we 

currently track are listed on our website at: 

http//www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/ 

A form is presented in Appendix III, for the public 

to submit their sightings of rare species to us. 

Table 12. State conservation status of species of 

concern in Pike County. 

State Status # of occurrences 

PA Endangered (PE) 51 

PA Threatened (PT) 119 

PA Candidate (PC) 34 

PA Rare (PR) 88 

Tentatively Undetermined (TU) 7 

No Status/Unknown Status 199 

PNHP Watch List 57 

Refer to Appendix 1 for a description of the state status. 

working to identify important natural resources previously 

undocumented in the county. 

The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program can provide the 

county with formal updates to this report at regular intervals 

(typically five years). Additionally, we can provide a series 

of additional biodiversity and conservation planning services 

to supplement the results of this inventory. Please contact the 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program for additional 

information regarding these services. 

A Final Note on Protected Rare and Endangered Species 

The rare, threatened, and endangered species highlighted in this report are some of the several hundred 

species in Pennsylvania that are threatened with extirpation or extinction. There are many strong reasons for 

protecting a species from extinction. The first is that if a species is allowed to go extinct, its ecosystem will 

have lost a significant element. The second is that endangered species may be indicative of fragile ecosystems 

that have become degraded — protection of this species may help monitor the quality of the ecosystem. 

Degraded ecosystems may be indicators of negative effects (e.g. Osprey and the pesticide DDT). 

Another reason for protecting rare species is for their value as unique genetic resources, with immeasurable 

scientific and potential economic importance. Every species may provide significant information for future 

use in genetic research and medical practices. Beyond these practical considerations, perhaps the most 

compelling reasons for stewardship are the aesthetic and ethical considerationsthere is inherent beauty and 

recreational value in healthy, species-rich ecosystems. 

The protection of rare and endangered species depends on several factors, including increasing scientific 

knowledge and concerted efforts from government agencies, private organizations and individuals, as well as 

promoting awareness of the species through public education. The following section outlines general 

recommendations that are beginning steps to protect the species and Natural Heritage Areas outlined in this 

report. 


Using the Natural Heritage Inventory in the Pike County Planning Process: 

The following are specific recommendations that will serve to incorporate the information in this report into 

planning and land conservation activities in Pike County. 

Adopt the Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory (CNHI) by resolution. The CNHI report should be used as 

one of the primary sources of information on the location of sensitive natural features within the county. 

Incorporate the CNHI information into the implementation of comprehensive plans. This CNHI report should 

be included as a resource for future revisions and amendments to the Comprehensive Plan (completed in 

November 2006) and the Open Space, Greenways, and Recreation Plan (completed in August 2008). Update 

the Pike County NHI sites identified in the report on the Composite Natural Features map (Chapter 6 page 3) 

and the map of Secondary Conservation Areas (Chapter 7 page 13). Use the CNHI report to guide future 

planning, development, subdivision review, acquisition, and conservation initiatives. 

Implementation of several of the goals in the Pike County Comprehensive Plan can lead to conservation of 

natural resources within the county: 

“Encourage protection of target – identified areas in the county and regional open space and 

recreational plans.” (Chapter 8 page 7) 

“Establish partnerships in securing acquisition or permanent protection of open space and greenways.” 

(Chapter 8 page 7) 

“Protect the linkages and natural processes necessary to protect elements of biodiversity.” (Chapter 8 

page 7) 

Encourage municipalities to adopt provisions in their zoning ordinances to protect natural resources. 

Provide model ordinance provisions for municipal consideration and provide technical assistance to 

municipalities in adopting such provisions.” (Chapter 8 page 7) 

“Encourage participation of community associations in resource management and protection 

programs.” (Chapter 8 page 7) 

“Manage stream corridors and establish riparian buffers.” (Chapter 8 page 8) 

“Pursue techniques to protect natural resources and preserve open space.” (Chapter 8 page 9) 

Planning and zoning initiatives can help achieve a balance of growth and open space preservation within the 

municipalities. Within Pike County, all municipalities except Greene Township have local zoning ordinances 

in place to help guide land use decisions. Control over planning and siting of development within the 

municipalities will hopefully result in well planned growth that allows for the preservation of the natural 

features in the county. Future municipal plans and zoning initiatives should be developed for all 

municipalities and incorporate the CNHI information of this report into a resource conservation category. 

Incorporate the CNHI report information into updates of the Pike County Open Space, Greenways, and 

Recreation Plan to develop regional, multi-county green infrastructure plans to provide for regional greenway 

connectivity. 

General Recommendations 

Approaches to protecting a Natural Heritage Area are wide-ranging, and factors such as land ownership, time 

constraints, and tools/resources available should be considered when prioritizing protection of these sites. 

Prioritization works best when incorporated into a long-term, large-scale plan; however, opportunities may 

arise that do not conform to a plan and the decision on how to manage or protect a Natural Heritage Area may 

be made on a site-by-site basis. Keep in mind that personnel from the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program 

or staff from state natural resource agencies are available to discuss more specific options as needed. 


1. Consider conservation initiatives for Natural Heritage Areas on private land. 

Conservation easements protect land while leaving it in private ownership. An easement is a legal 

agreement between a landowner and a conservation or government agency that permanently limits a 

property’s use in order to protect its conservation values. It can be tailored to the needs of both 

landowner and conservation organization and will not be extinguished with new ownership. Tax 

incentives may apply to conservation easements donated for conservation purposes. 

Lease and management agreements also allow the landowner to retain ownership and temporarily 

ensure protection of land. There are no tax incentives for these conservation methods. A lease to a 

land trust or government agency can protect land temporarily and ensure that its conservation values 

will be maintained. This can be a first step to help a landowner decide if they want to pursue more 

permanent protection methods. Management agreements require landowners and land trusts to work 

together to develop a plan for managing resources such as plant or animal habitat, protection of a 

watershed, forest or agricultural land with land trusts offering technical expertise. 

Land acquisition by a conservation organization can be at fair market value or as a bargain sale in 

which a sale is negotiated for a purchase price below fair market value with tax benefits that reduce or 

eliminate the disparity. Identify areas that may be excellent locations for new county or township 

parks. Sites that can serve more than one purpose such as wildlife habitat, flood and sediment control, 

water supply, recreation, and environmental education would be particularly ideal. Private lands 

adjacent to public lands should be examined for acquisition when a Natural Heritage Area is present 

on either property and there is a need for additional land to complete protection of the associated 

natural features. 

Fee simple acquisition is when a buyer purchases land outright and has maximum control over the 

use and management of the property and its resources. This conservation initiative is appropriate 

when the property’s resources are highly sensitive and protection cannot be guaranteed using other 

conservation approaches. 

Unrestricted donations of land are welcomed by land trusts. The donation of land entitles the donor to a 

charitable deduction for the full market value, as well as a release from the responsibility of managing 

the land. If the land is donated because of its conservation value, the land will be permanently protected. 

A donation of land that is not of high biological significance may be sold, with or without restrictions, to 

a conservation buyer and the funds used to further the land trust’s conservation mission. 

Local zoning ordinances are one of the best-known regulatory tools available to municipalities. 

Examples of zoning ordinances a municipality can adopt include: overlay districts where the 

boundary is tied to a specific resource or interest such as riverfront protection and floodplains, and 

zoning to protect stream corridors and other drainage areas using buffer zones. 

2. Prepare management plans that address species of concern and natural communities. 

Many of the already-protected Natural Heritage Areas are in need of additional management 

recommendations to ensure the continued existence of the associated natural elements. Incorporate 

site-specific recommendations into existing management plans or prepare new plans. 

Recommendations may include: removal of exotic plant species; leaving the area alone to mature and 

recover from previous disturbance; creating natural areas within existing parks; limiting land-use 

practices such as mineral extraction, residential or industrial development, and agriculture; and 

implementing sustainable forestry practices. For example, some species simply require continued 

availability of a natural community while others may need specific management practices such as 

canopy thinning, mowing, or burning to maintain their habitat requirements. 

Existing parks and conservation lands provide important habitat for plants and animals at both the 

county level and on a regional scale. For example, these lands may serve as nesting or wintering areas 

for birds or as stopover areas during migration. Management plans for these areas should emphasize a 


eduction in activities that fragment habitat. Adjoining landowners should be educated about the 

importance of their land as it relates to habitat value, especially for species of concern, and 

agreements should be worked out to minimize activities that may threaten native flora and fauna. 

3. Protect bodies of water. 

Protection of creeks, rivers, wetlands, and reservoirs is vital for ensuring the health of human 

communities and natural ecosystems; especially those that protect biodiversity, supply drinking water, 

and are attractive recreational resources. Many rare species, unique natural communities, or locally 

significant habitats occur in wetlands and water bodies and are directly dependent on natural 

hydrological patterns and water quality for their continued existence. Ecosystem processes also 

provide clean water supplies for human communities and do so at significant cost savings in 

comparison to water treatment facilities. Hence, protection of high quality watersheds is the only way 

to ensure the viability of natural habitats and water quality. Scrutinize development proposals for their 

impact on entire watersheds, not just the immediate project area. Cooperative efforts in land use 

planning among municipal, county, state, and federal agencies, conservation organizations, 

developers, and residents can lessen the impact of development on watersheds. 

4. Provide for buffers around Natural Heritage Areas. 

Development plans should provide for natural buffers between disturbances and Natural Heritage 

Areas. Disturbances may include construction of new roads and utility corridors, non-sustainable 

timber harvesting, and fragmentation of large pieces of land. Storm runoff from these activities results 

in the transport of nutrients and sediments into aquatic ecosystems (Trombulak and Frissell 2000). 

County and township officials can encourage landowners to maintain vegetated buffers within 

riparian zones. Vegetated buffers (preferably of PA-native plant species) help reduce erosion and 

sedimentation and shade/cool the water. This benefits aquatic animal life, provides habitat for other 

wildlife species, and creates a diversity of habitats along the creek or stream. Staff at the 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) or natural resources agencies can provide further 

guidance regarding buffer considerations appropriate for various kinds of natural resources within 

Natural Heritage Areas, e.g., barren community, wetland, water body, or forest. 

Watersheds or subwatersheds where natural communities and species of concern occur (outlined on 

the township maps in this report) should be viewed as areas of sensitivity, although all portions of the 

watershed may not be zones of potential impact. As an example, conserving natural areas around 

municipal water supply watersheds provides an additional protective buffer around the water supply, 

habitat for wildlife, and may also provide low-impact recreation opportunities. 

5. Reduce fragmentation of the landscape surrounding Natural Heritage Areas. 

Encourage development in sites that have already seen past disturbances. The reclamation of 

previously disturbed areas, or brownfield development, for commercial and industrial projects presents 

one way to encourage economic growth while allowing ecologically sensitive areas to remain 

undisturbed. For example, reclaimed surface mines can be used for wind and other development when 

feasible. Cluster development can be used to allow the same amount of development on much less land 

and leave much of the remaining land intact for wildlife and native plants. By compressing development 

into already disturbed areas with existing infrastructure (villages, roads, existing rights-of-way), large 

pieces of the landscape can be maintained intact. If possible, networks or corridors of woodlands or 

greenspace should be conserved, linking sensitive natural areas to each other. 

Care should be taken to ensure that protected natural areas do not become "islands" surrounded by 

development. In these situations, the site is effectively isolated and its value for wildlife is reduced. 

Careful planning can maintain natural environments and the plants and animals associated with them. A 

balance between growth and the conservation of natural and scenic resources can be achieved by 


guiding development away from the most environmentally sensitive areas. 

6. Encourage grassroots organizations. 

County and municipal governments can do much of the work necessary to plan for the protection and 

management of natural areas identified in this report. However, grassroots organizations are needed to 

assist with obtaining funding, identifying landowners who wish to protect their land, and providing 

information about easements, land acquisition, and management and stewardship of protected sites. 

County and municipal governments should engage local land trusts and conservation organizations in 

activities occurring in their project areas. Increasingly, local watershed organizations and land trusts 

are taking proactive steps to accomplish conservation at the local level. When activities threaten to 

impact ecological features, the responsible agency should be contacted. If no agency exists, private 

groups such as conservancies, land trusts, and watershed associations should be sought for ecological 

consultation and specific protection recommendations. 

7. Manage for invasive species. 

Invasive species threaten native diversity by dominating habitat used by native species and disrupting 

the integrity of the ecosystems they occupy. Management for invasives depends upon the extent of 

establishment of the species. Small infestations may be easily controlled or eliminated but more well 

established populations might present difficult management challenges. Below is a list of sources for 

invasive species information. 

The Mid-Atlantic Exotic Plant Pest Council (MA-EPPC) is a non-profit organization (501c3) 

dedicated to addressing the problem of invasive exotic plants and their threat to the Mid-Atlantic 

region's economy, environment, and human health by: providing leadership; representing the 

mid-Atlantic region at national meetings and conferences; monitoring and disseminating research 

on impacts and controls; facilitating information development and exchange; and coordinating 

on-the-ground removal and training. A membership brochure is available as a PDF file at 

http://www.ma-eppc.org . 

Several excellent web sites exist to provide information about invasive exotic species. The 

following sources provide individual species profiles for the most troublesome invaders, with 

information such as the species’ country of origin, ecological impact, geographic distribution, as 

well as an evaluation of possible control techniques. 

The Virginia Natural Heritage Program’s invasive plant page at 

http://www.dcr.state.va.us/dnh/invinfo.htm 

The Missouri Department of Conservation’s Missouri Vegetation Management Manual at 

http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/exotic/vegman/ 

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service invasive species monitoring resources 

at http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor/invasives/index.cfm 

The following site is a national invasive species information clearinghouse listing numerous other 

resources on a variety of related topics: http://www.invasivespecies.gov/ 

8. Incorporate CNHI information into planning efforts. 

Through internal planning, decision making related to land use development, and participation in 

regional planning initiatives, counties and municipalities could profoundly shape the land and 

landscapes of Pennsylvania. Natural Heritage Areas can be readily included in comprehensive plans, 

greenway and open space plans, parks and recreation plans, and regional planning initiatives. DCNRfunded 

greenway and open space plans, Heritage Region plans, and River Conservation Plans are 

good examples of planning efforts that reach beyond county boundaries. 


GLOSSARY 

Ambystomid: a small to moderate-sized terrestrial or semiaquatic New World salamander. Ambystomid 

salamanders possess lungs, as compared to plethodontid salamanders, which do not. 

Anthropogenic: human caused. 

Bedrock: the solid rock that underlies loose material such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel. 

Bituminous coal: coal that contains more than 14% volatile matter. It is dark brown to black and burns 

with a smoky flame. Bituminous coal is the most abundant type of coal. 

Bog: a low-nutrient, highly acidic wetland where sphagnum peat accumulates to the point where plant 

roots have minimal contact with either surface water or groundwater. 

Calcareous: containing calcium carbonate. When the term is used to describe a type of rock, it implies 

that as much as 50% of the rock is calcium carbonate. Limestone is the most important and widely 

distributed of the carbonate rocks. 

Ecology: the study of relations between organisms and their natural environment, living and nonliving. 

Ecosystem: The biotic (living) community and its abiotic (nonliving) environment functioning as a 

system. 

Endemic: a species or other taxonomic group that is restricted to a particular geographic region, owing to 

such factors as isolation or response to soil or climatic conditions. 

Eutrophication: the process of nutrient enrichment (usually by nitrates and phosphates) in aquatic 

ecosystems, such that the productivity of the system ceases to be limited by the availability of 

nutrients. It occurs naturally over geologic time, but may be accelerated by human activities (e.g., 

sewage disposal or agricultural run-off). 

Extant: in existence; not destroyed or lost. 

Extirpated: species that have become locally extinct from an area 

Food-web: a conceptual diagram that represents the feeding relationships of organisms within an 

ecosystem. It consists of a series of interconnecting food-chains, and shows the transfer of energy 

from primary producers (green plants) through a series of organisms that eat and are eaten. Only some 

of the many possible relationships can be shown in such a diagram and it is usual to include only one 

or two carnivores at the highest trophic levels. 

Fragmentation: The process where a continuous habitat, such as forest, shrubland, or grassland, is 

subdivided into a number of separate components. It is a dynamic process, resulting in a changing 

pattern of habitats in the landscape through time. 

Geomorphic: pertaining to the form of the earth or of its surface features. 

Graminoid: Grass or grass-like plant, including grasses (Poaceae), sedges (Cyperaceae), rushes 

(Juncaceae), arrow-grasses (Juncaginaceae), and quillworts (Isoetes). 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Glossary / 177

Instar: a stage in the life of an insect larva that is between one molt (ecdysis) of its exoskeleton and 

another. Instars are numbered and there are usually several during larval development. 

Mast: a fruit, especially of beech, but also of oak, elm, and other forest trees. 

Mesic: refers to an environment that is neither extremely wet (hydric) nor extremely dry (xeric). 

Mineral soil: a soil composed predominantly of, and having its properties determined predominantly by, 

mineral matter. Usually contains < 20% organic matter, but may contain an organic surface layer up 

to 30 centimeters thick. 

Mycorrhiza: a close physical association between a fungus and the roots of a plant, from which both 

fungus and plant appear to benefit; a mycorrhizal root takes up nutrients more efficiently than does an 

uninfected root. A wide range of plants can form mycorrhizas of one form or another and some plants 

appear incapable of normal development in the absence of their mycorrhizal fungi. 

Old-field ecosystem: the environment that develops on abandoned farmland as the land gradually reverts 

to forest. 

Physiographic Province: A region of which all parts are similar in geologic structure and climate and 

which has consequently had a unified geomorphic history; a region whose relief features and 

landforms differ significantly from that of adjacent regions. 

Riparian: pertaining to or situated on the bank of a body of water, especially of a river. 

Trophic level: A step in the transfer of energy within a food-web. There may be several trophic levels 

within a system, for example: producers (autotrophs), primary consumers (herbivores), and secondary 

consumers (carnivores); further carnivores may form fourth and fifth levels. 

Vernal: occurring in the spring. 

Xeric: a dry, as opposed to a wet (hydric) or intermediate (mesic) environment. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Glossary / 178

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GIS DATA SOURCES 

Note: Many diverse data sources were used in the creation of this report. Every attempt was made to 

ensure the accuracy of the data. The Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program should not be held liable 

for any mapping errors resultant from use of these public data sources. 

Bishop, Joseph A. 1998. Managed Lands in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania GAP Analysis Project, 

Environmental Resources Research Institute. 

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Cooperation. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm. Accessed: 

March 2004. 

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1999. 

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imagery (circa 1992) with spatial resolution of 30 m. USGS 1999. 

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http://wetlands.fws.gov/Maps/maps.htm. Accessed: April 2003. 

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Institute, from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s civil divisions data set 1996. 

Pennsylvania-Small Watershed, Environmental Resources Research Institute, Pennsylvania Department 

of Environmental Protection, 5/3/1997. 

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Environmental Resources Research Institute. 

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ESRI Street Map USA. 2005. 

Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2006. PennDOT - Pennsylvania County Boundaries. Bureau 

of Planning and Research, Cartographic Information Division. Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access 

(PASDA). http://www.pasda.psu.edu/ 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. National Wetland Inventory (NWI) for Pennsylvania – polygon. 

Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA). www.pasda.psu.edu 

USGS 1:24,000 Topographic quadrangles. Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA), downloaded 

2003. http://www.pasda.psu.edu/ 

Warner, Eric D. 2000. Pennsylvania Landcover. Penn State University (PSU). 

http://www.pasda.psu.edu/documents.cgi/orser/psu-palulc_2000.xml. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – GIS Data Sources / 184

APPENDICES 

APPENDIX I: Federal and State Endangered Species Ranking 

Several federal and state legislative acts have provided the authority and means for the designation of 

endangered, threatened, rare, etc. species lists. Those acts and status summaries follow. However, not all 

of the species or natural communities considered by conservation biologists (e.g., Pennsylvania 

Biological Survey) as "special concern resources" are included on the state or federal lists. In this county 

inventory report, "N" denotes those species of concern that are not officially recognized by state or 

federal agencies. Therefore: N = No current legal status, but is considered to be of concern in 

Pennsylvania, or is under review for such consideration, by conservation biologists. Contact the 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program for more information. 

Federal Status 

All Plants and Animals: Legislative Authority: U.S. Endangered Species Act (1973), U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, February 21, 1990, Federal Register. 

LE = Listed Endangered - Taxa in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant 

portion of their ranges. 

LT = Listed Threatened - Taxa that are likely to become endangered within the 

foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges. 

PE = Proposed Endangered - Taxa already proposed to be listed as endangered. 

PT = Proposed Threatened - Taxa already proposed to be listed as threatened. 

Pennsylvania Status 

Native Plant Species: Legislative Authority: Title 25 Chapter 82, Conservation of Native Wild Plants, 

January 1, 1988; Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. 

PE = Pennsylvania Endangered - Plant species which are in danger of extinction throughout most or all 

of their natural range within this Commonwealth, if critical habitat is not maintained or if the 

species is greatly exploited by man. This classification shall also include any populations of plant 

species that are classified as Pennsylvania Extirpated, but which subsequently are found to exist 

in this Commonwealth. 

PT = Pennsylvania Threatened - Plant species which may become endangered throughout most or all of 

their natural range within this Commonwealth, if critical habitat is not maintained to prevent their 

future decline, or if the species is greatly exploited by man. 

PR = Pennsylvania Rare - Plant species which are uncommon within this Commonwealth because they 

may be found in restricted geographic areas or in low numbers throughout this Commonwealth. 

PX = Pennsylvania Extirpated - Plant species believed by the Department to be extinct within this 

Commonwealth. These plants may or may not be in existence outside the Commonwealth. 

PV = Pennsylvania Vulnerable - Plant species which are in danger of population decline within this 

Commonwealth because of their beauty, economic value, use as a cultivar, or other factors which 

indicate that persons may seek to remove these species from their native habitats. 

TU = Tentatively Undetermined - A classification of plant species which are believed to be in danger of 

population decline, but which cannot presently be included within another classification due to 

taxonomic uncertainties, limited evidence within historical records, or insufficient data. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Species Ranking / 185

Pennsylvania Status (continued) 

Animals - The following state statuses are used by the Pennsylvania Game Commission (Legislative 

Authority: Title 34, Chapter 133 pertaining to wild birds and mammals, Game and Wildlife Code, 

revised Dec. 1, 1990) and by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (Legislative Authority: Title 

30 Chapter 75 pertaining to fish, amphibians, reptiles and aquatic organisms, Fish and Boat Code, revised 

February 9, 1991): 

PE = Pennsylvania Endangered 

Birds & mammals - Species in imminent danger of extinction or extirpation throughout their range in 

Pennsylvania if the deleterious factors affecting them continue to operate. These are: 1) species whose 

numbers have already been reduced to a critically low level or whose habitat is so drastically reduced or 

degraded that immediate action is required to prevent their extirpation from the Commonwealth; or 2) 

species whose extreme rarity or peripherality places them in potential danger of precipitous declines or 

sudden extirpation throughout their range in Pennsylvania; or 3) species that are classified as "Pennsylvania 

Extirpated", but which are subsequently found to exist in Pennsylvania as long as the above conditions 1 or 

2 are met; or 4) species determined to be "Endangered" pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, 

Public Law 93-205 (87 Stat. 884), as amended. 

Fish, amphibians, reptiles & aquatic organisms - All species declared by: 1) the Secretary of the United 

States Department of the Interior to be threatened with extinction and appear on the Endangered Species 

List or the Native Endangered Species List published in the Federal Register; or 2) are declared by the 

Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, Executive Director to be threatened with extinction and appear 

on the Pennsylvania Endangered Species List published by the Pennsylvania Bulletin. 

PT = Pennsylvania Threatened 

Birds & mammals - Species that may become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout their 

range in Pennsylvania unless the casual factors affecting the organism are abated. These are: 1) species 

whose populations within the Commonwealth are decreasing or are heavily depleted by adverse factors and 

while not actually endangered, are still in critical condition; 2) species whose populations may be relatively 

abundant in the Commonwealth but are under severe threat from serious adverse factors that are identified 

and documented; or 3) species whose populations are rare or peripheral and in possible danger of severe 

decline throughout their range in Pennsylvania; or 4) species determined to be "Threatened" pursuant to the 

Endangered Species Act of 1973, Public Law 93-205 (87 Stat. 884), as amended, that are not listed as 

"Pennsylvania Endangered". 

Fish, amphibians, reptiles & aquatic organisms - All species declared by: 1) the Secretary of the United 

States Department of the Interior to be in such small numbers throughout their range that they may become 

endangered if their environment worsens, and appear on a Threatened Species List published in the Federal 

Register; or 2) are declared by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Executive Director to be in 

such small numbers throughout their range that they may become endangered if their environment worsens 

and appear on the Pennsylvania Threatened Species List published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin. 

Internal Fish and Boat Commission Status Category: 

PC = Pennsylvania Candidate 

Species that exhibit the potential to become Endangered or Threatened in the future. Pennsylvania 

populations of these taxa are: 1) "rare" due to their decline, distribution, restricted habitat, etc.; 2) are "at 

risk" due to aspects of their biology, certain types of human exploitation, or environmental modification; 

or, 3) are considered "undetermined" because adequate data is not available to assign an accurate status. 

This category is unofficial and has no basis in any law (i.e., Chapter 75, Fish and Boat Code), as do the 

Endangered and Threatened categories. 

Invertebrates - Pennsylvania Status: No state agency is assigned to develop regulations to protect 

terrestrial invertebrates, although a federal status may exist for some species. Aquatic invertebrates are 

regulated by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, but have not been listed to date. Although no 

invertebrate species are presently state listed, conservation biologists unofficially assign numerous state 

status and/or state rank designations. NOTE: Invertebrate species are regularly considered under the U.S. 

Endangered Species Act for federal status assignments. 


Global and State Ranking 

Global and State Ranking is a system utilized by the network of 50 state natural heritage programs in the 

United States. Although similar to the federal and state status designations, the ranking scheme allows the use 

of one comparative system to "rank" all species in a relative format. Unlike state or federal status designation 

guidelines, the heritage ranking procedures are also applied to natural community resources. Global ranks 

consider the imperilment of a species or community throughout its range, while state ranks provide the same 

assessment within each state. Although there is only one global rank used by the heritage network, state ranks 

are developed by each state and allow a "one-system" comparison of a species or communities imperilment 

state by state. For more information, contact the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. 

Global Element Ranks 

G1 = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few 

remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to 

extinction. 

G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres) 

or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. 

G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its 

locations) in a restricted range or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extinction 

throughout its range; in terms of occurrences, in the range of 21 to 100. 

G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the 

periphery. 

G5 = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the 

periphery. 

GH = Of historical occurrence throughout its range, i.e., formerly part of the established biota, with the 

expectation that it may be rediscovered (e.g., Bachman's Warbler). 

GU = Possibly in peril range-wide but status uncertain; need more information. 

GX = Believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g., Passenger Pigeon) with virtually no likelihood 

that it will be rediscovered. 

GNR = Global rank has yet to be assessed. A GNR rank does not indicate commonness or a globally 

secure distribution. 

G? = Not ranked to date. 

State Element Ranks 

S1 = Critically imperiled in state because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few 

remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to 

extirpation from the state. 

S2 = Imperiled in state because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres) or 

because of some factor(s) making it vulnerable to extirpation from the state. 

S3 = Rare or uncommon in state (on the order of 21 to 100 occurrences). 

S4 = Apparently secure in state, with many occurrences. 

S5 = Demonstrably secure in state and essentially ineradicable under present conditions. 


Global and State Ranking (continued) 

SA = Accidental (occurring only once or a few times) or casual (occurring more regularly but not 

every year) in state, including species which only sporadically breed in the state. 

SE = An exotic established in state; may be native elsewhere in North America (e.g., house finch or 

catalpa in eastern states). 

SH = Of historical occurrence in the state, perhaps having not been verified in the past 

20 years, and suspected to be still extant. 

SN = Regularly occurring, usually migratory and typically nonbreeding species for which no 

significant or effective habitat conservation measures can be taken in the state. 

SR = Reported from the state, but without persuasive documentation which would provide a basis for 

either accepting or rejecting (e.g., misidentified specimen) the report. 

SU = Possibly in peril in state but status uncertain; need more information. 

SX = Apparently extirpated from the state. 

SZ = Not of significant conservation concern in the state, invariably because there are no (zero) 

definable element occurrences in the state, although the taxon is native and appears regularly in 

the state. 

S? = Not ranked to date. 

NOTE: The study of naturally occurring biological communities is complex and natural community 

classification is unresolved both regionally and within Pennsylvania. The Global and State Ranking of 

natural communities also remains difficult and incomplete. Although many natural community types are 

clearly identifiable and are ranked, others are still under review and appear as G? and/or S? 


APPENDIX II: Pennsylvania Element Occurrence Quality Ranks 

Element occurrence ranks (also known as ‘EO ranks’ or ‘quality ranks’) provide a succinct estimate of the 

probability of a given population of a species to persist for a given period of time. Ranking helps to 

prioritize populations of rare, threatened, and endangered species for conservation planning and actions. 

Quality Rank* Explanation 

A Excellent occurrence: all A-rank occurrences of an element merit quick, strong protection. An Arank 

community is nearly undisturbed by humans or has nearly recovered from early human 

disturbance; further distinguished by being an extensive, well-buffered occurrence. An A-rank 

population of a sensitive species is large in area and number of individuals, stable, if not growing, 

shows good reproduction, and exists in natural habitat. 

B Good occurrence: protection of the occurrence is important to the survival of the element in 

Pennsylvania, especially if very few or no A-rank occurrences exist. A B-rank community is still 

recovering from early disturbance or recent light disturbance, or is nearly undisturbed but is less 

than A-rank because of significantly smaller size, poorer buffer, etc. A B-rank population of a 

sensitive species is at least stable, in a minimally disturbed habitat, and of moderate size and 

number. 

C Fair occurrence: protection of the occurrence helps conserve the diversity of a region's or county's 

biota and is important to statewide conservation if no higher-ranked occurrences exist. A C-rank 

community is in an early stage of recovery from disturbance, or its structure and composition 

have been altered such that the original vegetation of the site will never rejuvenate, yet with 

management and time partial restoration of the community is possible. A C-rank population of a 

sensitive species is in a clearly disturbed habitat, small in size and/or number, and possibly 

declining. 

D Poor occurrence: protection of the occurrence may be worthwhile for historical reasons or only if 

no higher ranked occurrences exist. A D-rank community is severely disturbed, its structure and 

composition been greatly altered, and recovery to original conditions, despite management and 

time, essentially will not take place. A D-rank population of a sensitive species is very small with 

a high likelihood of dying out or being destroyed, and exists in a highly disturbed and vulnerable 

habitat. 

E Verified as extant, but has not been given a rank; additional information needed to evaluate 

quality. 

F While known from the site, the last survey failed to find sufficient evidence to verify the element 

still occurred at the site 

H Historical: there is a lack of recent field information verifying that the population still exists. This 

may be assigned based on historical collections data, or the population was ranked higher (A-E) 

at one time, but may be lost due to general habitat loss or degradation of the environment in the 

area. 

X Extirpated: the habitat or environment of the occurrence has been destroyed, or there is 

persuasive evidence of its eradication by experience observers. 

* Intermediate ranks may also be assigned (e.g. ‘BC’). 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Quality Ranks / 189

APPENDIX III: ‘EasyEO’ form and instructions 

This form allows the naturalists and the interested public to submit information about sightings and 

records of rare species, habitats, and natural communities to the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. 

Current information on which species are tracked by PNHP may be found on our website at 

http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/ 

Please submit this form to: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program 

c/o Data Management 

800 Waterfront Drive 

Pittsburgh, PA 15222 

SPECIES NAME: SURVEYOR(S):(Please include your address & phone #) 

DATE OF VISIT: TIME SPENT AT SITE: 

DIRECTIONS TO SITE: 

GPS Coordinates: Latitude:___________ 

Longitude:____________ 

Coordinates differentially 

corrected?_____ 

OWNER INFORMATION: Public Land: give tract 

name:______________________________________________________________ 

Private Land: Please fill out landowner info below. NOTE: We cannot accept data collected on private land if you didn’t have 

permission! 

Landowner Name: Address: 

Phone Number: City / State / Zip code: 

Landowner aware of the species of concern? YES____ NO____ 

Landowner aware that data are submitted to PA Natural Heritage Program? YES____ NO____ 

Landowners are welcome to call the PNHP- Pittsburgh office at 412-586-2314 for more information. 

IF A SPECIMEN WAS COLLECTED: Please ask for the landowner’s signature for permission to save the specimen in a museum: 

Landowner Signature:_____________________________________________________ Date:________________________ 

WHERE IS THE SPECIMEN BEING HELD__________________________________________________ 

HABITAT DESCRIPTION: Give a general description of the site. You might include other plant/animal species at site, 

substrate/soils, topography, land use, weather, etc. If revisiting a site, indicate any obvious changes to the habitat. 

DISTURBANCES/THREATS: Include human and/or natural disturbances and threats to the species at this site. 

SPECIES DATA: Fill out as much of the following as you can - include anything else you feel is of importance. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Easy EO form / 190

Give general description of what you saw (i.e.: found scat, heard song, animal crossing road, found plant in bog...) 

Count or estimate the number of plants / animals you observed & estimate the size of the area they occupy. 

Age and condition of individual(s) (i.e.: fresh adult butterfly; healthy mature plants - 50% flowering and with immature 

fruit...) 

Behavior (animals) (i.e.: nectaring insect, breeding birds, turtle basking...) 

If revisiting this site, compare the heath and size of the population to previous visits. 

Confidence level on Identification: ID Positive ID Somewhat Uncertain ID Unknown 

Voucher specimen or photo taken? (Please include if possible) 

Additional information: 

Mapping Locations of Species of Concern 

Maps made from USGS quadrangle maps are ideal, but a good topographical or gazetteer map will 

do. 

Draw with a thin red or other bright-colored pen so your lines are easy to see. 

Draw the location of the ‘found’ species as accurately as you possibly can. We encourage you to draw 

a precise polygon of the area the species occupies, rather than a vague circle or arrow pointed at the 

site. If you only find a few plants or one animal, a polygon would be impossible to draw at 1-24:000 

map scale (our standard map scale), so a dot would suffice. 

Estimate the size of the area the species is directly observed to be occupying 

Do not include in your polygon the ‘suitable’ habitat surrounding the location of the species IF: 

You did not survey the surrounding area. 

You searched but did not find the species in the surrounding area. 

To further complicate things, we do want potential / suitable habitat information if you can provide it. But 

it must not be confused with the area where you KNOW FOR CERTAIN the species is found. 

To indicate suitable habitat (but not yet known for certain to be occupied), draw a dotted line around 

the area and label it as ‘suitable’ or ‘potential’ habitat. 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Easy EO form / 191

APPENDIX IV: Species of Concern in Pike County documented in the Pennsylvania Natural 

Diversity Inventory database. 

Scientific Name Common Name Global Rank State Rank Legal Status 

Mammals 

Glaucomys sabrinus Northern flying squirrel G5 SU PE 

Myotis leibii Eastern small-footed myotis G3 S1B,S1N PT 

Myotis septentrionalis Northern myotis G4 S3B,S3N CR 

Myotis sodalis Indiana myotis G2 SUB,S1N PE; LE 

Birds 

Ardea herodias Great blue heron G5 S3S4B, S4N N 

Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle G5 S2B PT 

Pandion haliaetus Osprey G5 S2B PT 

Porzana carolina Sora G5 S3B CR 

Rallus limicola Virginia rail G5 S3B N 

Reptiles and Amphibians 

Clemmys guttata Spotted turtle G5 S3 N 

Crotalus horridus Timber rattlesnake G4 S3S4 PC 

Glyptemys insculpta Wood turtle G4 S3S4 N 

Thamnophis sauritus Eastern ribbon snake G5 S3 N 

Fish 

Umbra pygmaea Eastern mudminnow G5 S3 2008 

Mussels 

Alasmidonta heterodon Dwarf wedgemussel G1G2 S1 PE 

Alasmidonta undulata Triangle floater G4 S3S4 N 

Alasmidonta varicosa Brook floater G3 S2 N 

Anodonta implicata Alewife floater G5 S3S4 N 

Insects 

Aeshna clepsydra Mottled darner G4 S2S3 N 

Aeshna tuberculifera Black-tipped darner G4 S2S3 N 

Aeshna verticalis Green-striped darner G5 S3S4 N 

Arigomphus furcifer Lilypad clubtail G5 S2 N 

Calopteryx aequabilis River jewelwing G5 S2 N 

Carterocephalus palaemon 

mandan Arctic skipper G5T5 S2 N 

Celithemis eponina Halloween pennant G5 S2S3 N 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Pike County Species of Concern / 192

Celithemis fasciata Banded pennant G5 S1 N 

Cordulia shurtleffi American emerald G5 S3S4 N 

Dorocordulia lepida Petite Emerald G5 S2 N 

Enallagma aspersum Azure bluet G5 S3S4 N 

Epiglaea apiata Pointed sallow G5 S3S4 N 

Erynnis persius persius Persius duskywing G5T1T3 S1 N 

Euphyes conspicuus Black dash G4 S3 N 

Euphyes dion Dion skipper G4 S2 N 

Gomphaeschna furcillata Harlequin darner G5 S2 N 

Gomphus abbreviatus Spine-crowned clubtail G3G4 S2 N 

Gomphus adelphus Mustached clubtail G4 S3S4 N 

Gomphus descriptus Harpoon clubtail G4 S1S2 N 

Gomphus quadricolor Rapid clubtail G3G4 S1S2 N 

Gomphus viridifrons Green-faced clubtail G3G4 S1 N 

Hemileuca maia Barrens buckmoth G5 S1S2 N 

Lestes forcipatus Sweetflag spreadwing G5 S3S4 N 

Leucorrhinia glacialis Crimson-ringed whiteface G5 S3S4 N 

Leucorrhinia proxima Red-waisted whiteface G5 S2 N 

Libellula incesta Slaty skimmer G5 S3S4 N 

Lycaena epixanthe Bog copper G4G5 S2 N 

Metaxaglaea semitaria Footpath sallow moth G5 S2 N 

Nannothemis bella Elfin skimmer G4 S1 N 

Ophiogomphus anomalus Extra-striped clubtail G4 S1 N 

Ophiogomphus carolus Riffle snaketail G5 S2S3 N 

Ophiogomphus mainensis Maine snaketail G4 S3 N 

Poanes massasoit Mulberry wing G4 S2 N 

Sympetrum semicinctum Band-winged Meadowhawk G5 S3S4 N 

Xylotype capax Broad sallow moth G4 S3 N 

Xestia elimata Southern variable dart moth G5 S2S3 N 

Zanclognatha martha Pine barrens zanclognatha G4 S1S2 N 

Plants 

Andromeda polifolia Bog-rosemary G5 S3 PR 

Arceuthobium pusillum Dwarf mistletoe G5 S2 PT 

Bidens discoidea Small beggar-ticks G5 S3 N 

Carex collinsii Collin’s sedge G4 S2 PE 

Carex disperma Soft-leaved sedge G5 S3 PR 

Carex haydenii Cloud sedge G5 S1S2 TU 

Carex lasiocarpa Slender sedge G5 S3 PR 

Carex limosa Mud sedge G5 S2 TU 

Carex pauciflora Few-flowered sedge G5 S1 PE 

Carex paupercula Bog sedge G5 S3 PT 


Carex sprengelii Sedge G5? S3 N 

Cladium mariscoides Twig rush G5 S2 PE 

Cyperus diandrus Umbrella flatsedge G5 S2 PE 

Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hairgrass G5 S3 N 

Elatine minima Small waterwort G5 S4 TU 

Eleocharis olivacea Capitate spike-rush G5 S4 PR 

Elymus trachycaulus Slender wheatgrass G5 S3 N 

Eriophorum tenellum Rough cottongrass G5 S1 PE 

Galium trifidum Marsh bedstraw G5 S2 N 

Gaultheria hispidula Creeping snowberry G5 S3 PR 

Gentiana linearis Narrow-leaved gentian G4G5 S4S5 N 

Glyceria borealis Small-floating manna-grass G5 S4 PE 

Goodyera tesselata Checkered rattlesnake plantain G5 S1 TU 

Huperzia porophila Rock clubmoss G4 S1 PE 

Juncus militaris Bayonet rush G4 S1 PE 

Juncus scirpoides Scirpus-like rush G5 S1 PE 

Lactuca hirsuta Downy lettuce G5? S3 N 

Ledum groenlandicum Common labrador-tea G5 S3 PR 

Leucothoe racemosa Swamp dog-hobble G5 S3 TU 

Lobelia dortmanna Water lobelia G4G5 S2 PT 

Lupinus perennis Lupine G5 S2S3 PR 

Lygodium palmatum Hartford fern G4 S4 PR 

Minuartia glabra Appalachian sandwort G4 S2 PT 

Myrica gale Sweet-gale G5 S2 PT 

Myriophyllum farwellii Farwell’s water-milfoil G5 S3 PE 

Myriophyllum tenellum Slender water-milfoil G5 S2 PT 

Nymphoides cordata Floating-heart G5 S2 PT 

Najas gracillima Bushy naiad G5? S4 PT 

Nuphar microphylla Small yellow cowlily G5T4T5 S1 TU 

Opuntia humifusa Prickly-pear cactus G5 S3 PR 

Orontium aquaticum Golden club G5 S4 PR 

Oryzopsis pungens Slender mountain-ricegrass G5 S2 PE 

Panicum xanthophysum Slender panic-grass G5 S1 PE 

Platanthera blephariglottis White fringed-orchid G4G5 S2S3 N 

Podostemum Ceratophyllum Riverweed G5 S4 TU 

Polygonum amphibium var. 

stipulaceum A water smartweed G5T5 S4 TU 

Potamogeton bicupulatus Pondweed G4 S4 N 

Potamogeton richardsonii Red-head pondweed G5 S3 PR 

Potentilla tridentata Three-toothed cinquefoil G5 S1 PE 

Prunus pumila var. depressa Riverine sand cherry G5T5 S1 N 


Prunus pumila var. 

susquehanae Upland sand cherry G5T4 S2 N 

Ranunculus ambigens Water-plantain spearwort G4 S3 N 

Ranunculus aquatilis var. 

diffusus White water-crowfoot G5T4 S3 N 

Salix pedicellaris Bog willow G5 S1 N 

Scheuchzeria palustris Pod-grass G5 S1 PE 

Schoenoplectus subterminalis Water bulrush G4G5 S3 N 

Sedum rosea Roseroot stonecrop G5 S1 PE 

Sparganium angustifolium Bur-reed G5 S2 N 

Stellaria borealis Mountain starwort G5 S1S2 N 

Streptopus amplexifolius White twisted-stalk G5 S1 PT 

Tradescantia ohiensis Ohio spiderwort G5 S4 TU 

Trisetum spicatum Narrow false oats G5 S1 N 

Utricularia cornuta Horned bladderwort G5 S2 N 

Utricularia geminiscapa Bladderwort G4G5 S4 N 

Utricularia inflata Floating bladderwort G5 S4 N 

Utricularia intermedia Flat- leaved bladderwort G5 S2 PT 

Utricularia purpurea Purple bladderwort G5 S4 PR 

Xyris montana Northern yellow-eyed grass G4 S4 PR 

Natural Communities 

Acidic glacial lake GNR S2S3 N 

Acidic glacial peatland 

complex GNR SNR N 

Black spruce – tamarack 

peatland forest GNR S3 N 

Black spruce – tamarack 

peatland woodland GNR S2 N 

Calcareous opening/cliff GNR S2 N 

Dry oak – heath woodland GNR S3 N 

Hemlock – mixed hardwood 

palustrine forest GNR S3S4 N 

Hemlock palustrine forest GNR S3 N 

Leatherleaf – bog-rosemary 

peatland GNR S2S3 N 

Leatherleaf – cranberry 

peatland GNR S2S3 N 

Little bluestem – Pennsylvania 

sedge opening GNR S3S4 N 

Pitch pine – scrub oak 

woodland GNR S2S3 N 

Red-cedar – prickly pear shale 

shrubland GNR S2 N 

Red spruce – mixed hardwood GNR S3 N 


palustrine forest 

Red spruce palustrine forest 

Red spruce palustrine 

GNR S3 N 

woodland GNR S2S3 N 

Scrub oak shrubland 

Sphagnum beaked rush 

GNR S3 N 

peatland 

Water-willow (Decodon 

GNR S3 N 

verticillatus) shrub wetland GNR S3 N 

Waterfall and plungepool GNR S3S4 N 

Waterfalls and rapids GNR SNR N 


APPENDIX V: Sustainable Forestry Information Sources 

The Pennsylvania Forest Stewardship Program is a voluntary program that assists forest landowners in 

better managing their forestlands by providing information, education, and technical assistance. 

Participation in the program is open to private landowners who own between 5 and 1,000 acres of 

forestland. Visit http://vip.cas.psu.edu/PAprogram.html more information or contact: 

Jim Finley, Assistant Director for Extension 

The Pennsylvania State University 

School of Forest Resources 

7 Ferguson Building 

University Park, PA 16802 

814- 863-0401; E-mail: fj4@psu.edu 

The Forest Land Enhancement Program complements the Forest Stewardship Program by providing 

landowners with cost-share dollars to implement their management plans and follow-up technical 

assistance to encourage the achievement of their long-term forest management goals. For more 

information, contact: 

Andy Duncan, Forest Stewardship Coordinator 

DCNR - Bureau of Forestry 

6th Floor, Rachel Carson State Office Building 

P.O. Box 8552 

Harrisburg, PA 17105-8552 

717-787-4777 

The Forest Legacy Program acts to purchase conservation easements or title from willing private 

landowners. In this program, federal funding is administered through the state Bureau of Forestry to foster 

protection and continued use of forested lands that are threatened with conversion to non-forest uses. 

Emphasis is given to lands of regional or national significance. For more information, go to 

http://www.fs.fed.us/spf/coop/programs/loa/flep.shtml or contact: 

Rachel Billingham, Chief, Rural & Community Forestry Station 

DCNR – Bureau of Forestry 

6th Floor, Rachel Carson State Office Building 

P.O. Box 8552 

Harrisburg, PA 17105-8552 

717-787-6460; E-mail: rbillingha@state.pa.us 

The Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) program is a voluntary, industry-driven effort developed to 

ensure that future generations will have the same abundant, healthy, and productive resources we enjoy 

today. Created in 1995 by the American Forest and Paper Association (the national trade organization 

representing the United States forest products industry), SFI is a program of comprehensive forestry and 

conservation practices. Through the SFI of PA program, landowners receive the information they need to 

enhance their ability to make good forest management decisions, and loggers learn safer, more productive 

skills and proper environmental practices. For more information, go to http://www.sfiofpa.org/ or contact: 

SFI ® of PA 

914 W. Lockhart St 

Sayre, PA 18840 

570-731-4269 or 888-734-9366; E-mail: sfi@penn.com 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Sustainable Forestry / 197

Working Woodlands is a program through The Nature Conservancy that utilizes the sustainable 

management of the resources on the land. Forest management plans are created to obtain forest 

certification and sell carbon credits. For more information, go to: 

http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/pennsylvania/workingwoodlands/i 

ndex.htm. 

The Nature Conservancy of Pennsylvania 

Attn: Josh Parrish 

2101 North Front Street 

Harrisburg, PA 17110 

717-232-6001 

 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Sustainable Forestry / 198

APPENDIX VI: Sustainable Development Information Sources 

Where is the best place, ecologically, to situate any given land use, such as a new housing development, 

road, shopping center, farm or nature reserve. Although the answer to this question probably depends 

largely on place specific variables such as slope or distance to existing development, landscape ecology 

can offer a useful generic answer, which can then be adapted to the planning and design questions at 

hand. Four “indispensable patterns” of natural vegetation must be maintained in order to protect native 

species and natural processes: 

1) Large natural patches – Large patches are the only way to protect interior species and species 

with large home ranges. Large patches also allow natural disturbances, such as windthrows of 

trees, to not affect all of the land at once, thus, allowing several successional stages to be 

represented at any given time. 

2) Vegetated riparian corridors – Naturally vegetated corridors are essential for protecting many 

aquatic species (e.g. fish, mussels, and amphibians) important to conservation 

3) Connectivity between large patches – The landscape must provide functional connectivity for 

species of conservation interest—that is, linkages that these species can use for movement 

through their home range, migration, and dispersal into new sites. Functionality will most likely 

be served by wide continuous corridors, but step stones of suitable habitat may allow movement 

across less suitable habitat types. 

4) Natural remnants in human-dominated areas – Within agricultural and urban landscapes, three 

types of natural remnants should be protected (in descending priority): 

a. Areas of high conservation value; such as rare species habitat 

b. Landscape types that provide essential ecosystem services (e.g. wetlands that provide 

flood control) 

c. Remnants of the former natural landcover that provide edge species habitat and human 

access to nature. 

These principles are considered indispensable because no feasible alternative exists for the functions that 

they provide. 

The following development guidelines support the principles listed above: 

Conservation Subdivision Design – A method of subdividing land for development that favors clusters of 

small lots adjacent to community or publicly owned open space. Differing from typically clustered 

development by developing a network of open space that can be protected. In addition to the value of 

increased land placed into conservation networks, infrastructure costs are greatly reduced due to fewer 

streets and associated utilities and property values are typically increased due to the close proximity to 

open space. (Randall Arendt, Growing Greener: Putting Conservation into Local Plans and 

Ordinances). 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Sustainable Development / 199

APPENDIX VII: PNHP Aquatic Community Classification 

Note: the following project description is adapted from Classifying Lotic Systems for Conservation: Project 

Methods and Results of the Pennsylvania Aquatic Community Classification Project (2007a) and User’s 

manual and data guide to the Pennsylvania Aquatic Community Classification (2007b). 

How were aquatic communities defined? 

A statewide project of the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program, the Pennsylvania Aquatic Classification 

Project, collected aquatic datasets from state and federal agencies, interstate basin commissions, and 

universities, analyzed information with standard statistical methods, and identified community types and habitat 

associations. Flowing water habitats, such as rivers and streams, and their community types are described. 

Aquatic communities were identified within watersheds. The most common community type per watershed was 

chosen to represent typical watershed organisms and habitats. The term watershed describes an area of land that 

drains down slope to the lowest point. Every stream, tributary, or river has an associated watershed, and small 

watersheds join to become larger watersheds. In the PNHP Aquatic Community Classification relatively small 

watersheds (hydrologic unit code 12 – huc12) are described by their community types. (For more information 

on huc12: http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.html). Separate communities were identified for fish, 

macroinvertebrates, and mussels. Aquatic communities for each type of organism can be used to describe the 

aquatic resources, habitat types, and stream quality. In Table XX the aquatic communities listed by Pike County 

watersheds. Fact sheets describing these communities follow. 

How are communities described? 

Commonly occurring animals in the community type are listed. While not every organism described in a 

community will occur in every community location, organisms listed by community types give a general 

account of what organisms to expect in a community habitat. Species of concern (considered state or globally 

rare) that may occur with each community type are listed. Environmental and water quality habitats typically 

associated with the community type are also described. 

1) Community Description and Habitat - The environment where the community occurs is described by 

watershed and stream characteristics. 

2) Stream quality rating- Communities locations are generally ranked as low, medium, or high quality based 

on habitat, water chemistry, and sensitivity of organisms to pollution. 

3) Threats and Disturbances - Potential pollution sources or other threats that may alter the natural state of the 

community are listed, where known. 

4) Conservation recommendations – For the county natural resource managers and land planners to consider 

in protection and management of the watersheds and communities conservation recommendations are 

described. 

What do fish, macroinvertebrates, and mussels tell me about streams and watersheds? 

All three types of organisms hold unique places in Pennsylvania’s streams and rivers. Macroinvertebrates 

include aquatic insects, worms, and crustaceans, like crayfish and scuds, which occupy the lower levels of food 

webs in aquatic systems. The presence of certain macroinvertebrates reflects food availability, water quality, 

and habitats, and gives an overall picture of stream health. Fish prey upon macroinvertebrates and other stream 

organisms. Food resources and spawning habitats can be specific for fish. They too are influenced by the stream 

quality and entire environment of the watershed. 

As filter-feeders, which siphon water to extract particles of food, mussels also require relatively clean water to 

thrive. They are particularly sensitive to industrial discharge, abandoned mine drainage, and urban runoff 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Aquatic Community Classification / 200

pollution. Mussels require habitats where they can burrow into the stream bottom and typically occur in larger 

streams and in rivers. Many factors influence the occurrence of aquatic communities, including natural 

variations in stream habitats. Fast-flowing, cold streams originating from ridges provide a different environment 

than slower and warmer rivers meandering through valleys. Geology also varies across Pennsylvania and 

flowing water may have a unique chemical composition based on the rock that it contacts. 

Over any natural habitat, variations are caused by human alterations to aquatic environments. Many changes 

within a watershed can be detected within its streams and rivers. If implemented improperly, timber harvest, 

agriculture, urban development, and roads are some alterations of the landscape that may cause changes in 

water quality and stream habitats from non-point source pollution. A number of pollutants enter aquatic systems 

from point sources to flowing waters, such discharges from sewage treatment plants, mines, and industrial 

sources. 

How does the PNHP Aquatic Community Classification identify conservation priorities? 

Combining data from many parts of the Aquatic Community Classification project one can identify the riverine 

conditions that cause certain watersheds to be of greater conservation concern than others. Some watersheds 

may be of importance due to a single occurrence of a natural feature, such as the presence of a fish rare species 

or a high quality mussel community, but watersheds that hold multiple traits of conservation value should be set 

apart as a higher protection priority. 

Watershed conservation and restoration priorities were indicated by the density of least disturbed streams, by 

community habitats, and community quality metrics. Least Disturbed Streams (LDS) were selected based on 

evidence of little human disturbance as indicated by watershed and riparian landcover, mines and point 

pollution sources, road-stream crossings, and dams. Conservation priority watersheds were selected and then 

ranked as either Tier 1 or Tier 2 based on community types, metrics of community quality, and least-disturbed 

stream condition. Watershed Enhancement Priorities Tier 1 and Tier 2 suggest that stream quality in the 

watershed is intermediate and could be improved. Lastly, Restoration Priority watersheds have some streams 

that are in most need of restoration. Watershed analysis show that those falling into the ‘Tier 2’ category are 

also impaired, but their need for restoration action may not be as immediate as those with ‘Tier 1’ status. 


Table XX. 

Watershed Name 


Creek 

Bridge Creek 

Brights Creek 

Bush Kill 

Upper Bush Kill 

Delaware River - 

Cummins Creek 


Adams Creek 


Toms Creek 

Delaware River- 



Mongaup River 


Neversink River 

Dingmans Creek 

East Branch 

Wallenpaupack 




Watershed Analysis 

priorities 

Watershed 

Enhancement Tier 1 

Watershed 


Conservation Priority 

Tier 2 


Tier 1 

Watershed 


Watershed 


Watershed 



Tier 2 

Watershed 



Tier 2 

Watershed 


Watershed 


Watershed 



Tier 2 

Watershed 


Watershed 


Raymondskill Creek Watershed 


Saw Creek 

Sawkill Creek 

Shohola Creek 

Shohola Creek- 

Shohola Falls Dam 

Wallenpaupack 

Creek 

Watershed 



Tier 1 

Watershed 



Tier 2 

Restoration Priority 

Tier 2 

Atlantic Basin Fish 

Community 

Coolwater Community 2, 

Warmwater Community 


Macroinvertebrate Community 

High Quality Mid-Sized Stream 

Community 

Common Headwater Community, High 

Quality Mid-Sized Stream Community 

Delaware Basin 

Mussel Community 

Coolwater Community 2 Eastern Elliptio 

River and Impoundment 

Community 




Coolwater Community 2 

Coldwater Community, 

Coolwater 1 Community, 

Warmwater Community, 


Community 


Community 


Community 


Eastern Elliptio 

Common Large Stream Community Eastern Elliptio 




Common Large Stream Community Eastern Elliptio 

Coolwater Community 2 High Quality Small Stream Community 



Community 






Community 

High Quality Headwater Stream 

Community, Common Headwater 

Community 

Coolwater Community 2 Common Large Stream Community 




Community 


Community 


Community, Common Headwater 

Stream Community 

High Quality Small Stream Community 

High Quality Headwater Community, 

Common Headwater Stream 

Community, High Quality Midsized 

Community, Community Large Stream 

Community 



Coldwater Community 

Typified by: Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), *Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), *Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss) * = non-native species 

Community Description and Habitat: This headwater stream community occurs in small, swift streams running off 

ridges. Streams are generally at high elevation with high gradient. Water temperatures are the coldest among the fish 

communities. The Coldwater Community represents headwater streams with brook trout and slightly larger streams 

with both brook trout and brown trout or brown trout only. At times, rainbow trout are also found in this community. 

The small streams that support the Coldwater Community tend 

to have fewer disturbances than larger waters flowing through 

valleys. These systems often flow from sandstone or shale 

ridges and have a unique water chemistry signature with few 

dissolved cations and low buffering capacity. The large 

amounts of forest cover, little agriculture, and little open water 

in the upstream watershed, local riparian zone and local 

upstream watershed were the most important factors in shaping 

the habitat of the Coldwater Community 

Brook Trout 

photo source: http://www.cnr.vt.edu/efish 

The community occurs in headwater streams in Pike County. 

Toms Creek and Vandermark Creek are examples of 

community habitat. 

Other streams in the County may be designated as Cold Water Fisheries (CWF) and Trout Stocked Fisheries (TSF) by 

PA DEP. A community dominated by wild cold water species characterizes the assemblage, as determined by the PA 

Aquatic Community Classification. The TSF and CWF designations, occurring with other PA Aquatic Community fish 

classes, may include streams with wild-reproducing trout, streams stocked with trout or those that may have marginal 

cold water habitats that also support other assemblages. 

Stream Quality Rating: High 

Threats and Disturbances: The streams supporting the Coldwater 

Community have fewer disturbances than other stream habitats. 

Forested, headwater streams have relatively little human influence 

in the watershed. However, streams may be acidified by 

atmospheric deposition in some locations. Acidic precipitation that 

falls on these watersheds can leach away the watershed’s natural 

acid buffering capacity, resulting in low stream pH. 

Conservation Recommendations: Protecting headwater streams 

flowing from forested ridges is necessary to ensure habitat for this 

community. Minimizing impacts from roads and timber harvest 

near headwater streams will maintain healthy waters. 

Coldwater Community streams in these watersheds may have 

wild-reproducing populations of Brook Trout, a key fishery 

resource. Because cold, headwater streams often occur in terrain 

unsuitable for most types of human developments, they are 

subject to different types of water pollution issues than valley 

streams. 

Small, high gradient streams with forested 

watersheds are typical of the Atlantic Coldwater 

Community habitat. 

photo source: Andrew Strassman (PNHP) 

Trout streams in Pennsylvania are highly valued by fisherman, 

but have been greatly altered by the transplantation of European Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout. This has restricted 

habitats for native Brook Trout through competition with other trout species. 


Atlantic Coolwater Community 1 

Typified by: Slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), stocked brown trout (Salmo trutta), fathead minnow (Pimephales 

promelas), pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) 

Community Description and Habitat: 

This community generally occurs in high gradient streams, 

slightly downstream of the watershed headwaters. The 

community typically is found in relatively small streams 

high in the watershed, but may also be found in valley 

streams. In contrast to the Coldwater Community, the 

Coolwater Community 1 stream habitats are influenced by 

some non-natural conditions. Watersheds surrounding the 

Coolwater Community 1 may be influenced by agricultural 

practices and by human settlements. 

The fish that indicate this community type prefer cool, rocky streams that may occur in transitional areas between 

cold-water streams and warm-water ones. The Atlantic Coolwater Community 1 may represent streams with putand-take 

trout fisheries or cool streams with seasonally warm temperatures. American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) and 

Brown Trout may also occur in this community, especially in tributaries to the Delaware River. Community fish 

may tolerate some acidic conditions, low dissolved oxygen, suspended sediments, or other water quality 

impairments. Examples of the Coolwater Community 1 habitats are Dingmans Creek, Sawkill Creek, and 

Cummins Creek. 

Stream quality rating: Low 

Threats and Disturbances: 

This community occurs downstream of headwaters 

and exists in streams not usually protected from 

human influences. The most common threat to water 

quality for Atlantic Coolwater Community 1 is 

pollution from poorly managed agricultural areas. 

Excess silt and nutrients are contributed from 

agricultural runoff. Removal of stream bank 

vegetation and livestock grazing in streams also 

contribute to poor conditions. Water temperatures may 

be warmer than natural temperatures. Rural roads, 

highways, and housing developments may contribute 

runoff to community streams. 

Fathead Minnow 

photo source: http://www.cnr.vt.edu/efish 

Medium size streams are typical of Cool water 

Community 1. photo source: PNHP 

Conservation Recommendations: 

Restoration of stream habitat and water quality to natural conditions is recommended. Management of storm 

water runoff and riparian vegetation restoration are critical to improvement of community conditions. Excess 

nutrient runoff and sedimentation impair some community habitats. 

Where stocking of non-native fish is occurring with the cool-water community, native fish are displaced. 

Restoration of fish community to native fish is recommended. The habitat for the Atlantic Coolwater Community 

1 represents an important transition between cold headwater streams and warm, larger streams; the habitat is 

distinct among other habitat types and should be protected and restored, where it is degraded. 


Atlantic Coolwater Community 2 

Typified by: 

Blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), golden shiner (Notemigonus 

crysoleucas) 


This community type is similar to Atlantic Coolwater Community 1 since it occurs in small to medium size in 

valley streams. Streams may be low gradient and slow moving compared to streams of a similar size flowing 

from ridges. Examples of streams with Coolwater 

Community 2 habitat are Bushkill Creek, Saw 

Creek, and Blooming Grove Creek. 

Fish found in this community type are habitat 

generalists and generally pollution tolerant. There 

are few fish species present in the Atlantic 

Coolwater Community 2. In some locations, this 

community is coincident with PA DEP designated 

Cold Water Fishery streams, like in Saw Creek 

and Blooming Grove Creek. Species like the 

blacknose dace and white sucker are also found 

with brown trout. Another example of the 

community type, Bushkill Creek, is likely influenced by the diverse fish community in the nearby Delaware 

River. Some Cold Water Fishery streams may also be seasonally warm and can still support relatively tolerant 

brown trout, in some locations. 

Stream quality rating: 

Low 


Excess siltation and nutrients contributed from crop fields and livestock grazing lead to degraded stream 

conditions. Point sources from industry and municipal sources, like sewage treatment plants, may also occur in 

watersheds supporting the Atlantic Coolwater Community 2. Impoundments occur throughout the tributaries to 

the Delaware River inhibiting migrating fish and altering habitat. 


Sedimentation and excess nutrient loading 

impair some habitats for the Atlantic Coolwater 

Community 2. Restoration of stream 

temperature may be particularly important to 

improving the habitats for this community type. 

Re-vegetation of stream banks to provide shade 

will bring back more natural conditions where 

the streams are degraded. 

Where dams are in disrepair and no longer 

serving a function, removing them is 

recommended. Migratory pathways from 

tributaries to the Delaware River are necessary 

for the life cycle of some fish and other aquatic 

organisms. The fish community will be 

enhanced by restored connectivity of habitat. 

Blacknose Dace 

photo source: http://www.ohiodnr.com/dnap 

Coolwater Community 2 is found in a variety of 

habitats in medium-sized streams and small rivers. 

Habitat-generalist fish can tolerate slow and silty 

streams. 

photo source: PNHP 



Typified by: 

Sunfish (Lepomis spp.), Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris), Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), 

Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Common Shiner 

(Luxilus cornutus), Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella analostana), 

Spotfin Shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera), Spottail Shiner (Notropis 

hudsonius), Swallowtail Shiner (Notropis procne), Shield Darter 

(Percina peltata), Tessellated Darter (Etheostoma olmstedi), 

American Eel (Anguilla rostrata), Bluntnose Minnow (Pimephales 

notatus), Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) 


The Atlantic Warmwater Community 2 is found in many larger 

waterways. The typical habitat is low-gradient, medium-to-large 

sized streams at low elevations. 

This community occurs in large streams and 

rivers, with warm waters, because of variety of 

habitats supports a diverse fish community. 

photo source: Andrew Strassman (PNHP) 

The community fish prefer pools in warm streams. Some 

indicator fish are tolerant of low dissolved oxygen and turbid 

waters. Many community fish are habitat generalists including 

game fish, like Smallmouth Bass and Bluegill, which were 

likely stocked in many locations and have since become 

naturalized. 

In Pike County, the larger valley creeks were classified as the 

Warmwater Community. The lower portion of Shohola Creek 

and the West Fork Delaware River are some examples of the 

community habitat. Fish communities in Shohola Creek are 

influenced by assemblages in the nearby West Fork Delaware 

River. In some locations, the community may also contain 

stocked trout. 

Stream Quality Rating: 

Medium 

Redbreast Sunfish 

photo source: http://www.ohiodnr.com/dnap 


Non-point source pollution is a threat to the community. 

Agricultural lands along the West Fork Delaware River have 

the potential to contribute excess sediment and nutrients. 

Many fish in the community were not originally present in the Delaware River watershed that covers the eastern 

and central regions of Pennsylvania. For instance, Rock Bass and Smallmouth Bass were introduced into the 

Delaware River basin and are widely stocked. 


This community is downstream of many human settlements and has been altered to some degree from its natural 

condition. Protection of the variety of habitats in small rivers is critical to maintaining a diverse fish community. 

Shallow and deep pools (slow moving areas) and swift current habitats are examples of habitat types in a small 

river. Control of combined sewer overflows, residential and road runoff, and stream habitat improvements in 

populated areas would improve community quality. Alternatively, the restoration of riparian buffer zones, 

exclusion of livestock from streams, rotational grazing, and soil conservation are some mitigation techniques to 

control non-point source pollution in agricultural streams. 


River and Impoundment Community 

Typified by: 

Walleye (Sander vitreus), Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), Goldfish 

(Carassius auratus) 


The River and Impoundment Community habitat is relatively low gradient large streams and rivers at low 

elevations. Dam impoundments in rivers and creeks create deep pools with soft-sediment stream bottoms. 

Examples of community habitat are the West Fork Delaware River and the Delaware River. The presence of game 

fish in larger streams and rivers, where there is diverse flowing water habitat, is indicative of this community 

type. 


Medium 


Large streams and rivers, downstream of many human 

settlements, are subject to many types of pollution. 

Large rivers, like the Delaware River, may receive 

effluents from industrial, sewage treatment plants, and 

storm water discharges. Non-point source pollution from 

agricultural contributes excessive silt and nutrients to the 

rivers. Fish consumption is restricted on the West Fork 

and main branch of the Delaware River because of 

mercury contamination. 

Large rivers are common habitats of this 

This community has fish that are not native to the 

community type. 

Photo source: PNHP 

Delaware River watersheds. Walleye, Black Crappie, 

and Goldfish are introduced species to the Atlantic 

basins in eastern and central Pennsylvania. Many game fish have also been introduced and are actively stocked 

around Pennsylvania. 

Yellow Perch 

photo source: http://www.cnr.vt.edu/ef 


Large stream and river habitats in good quality condition 

are rare. Although the potential sources of pollution to the 

river and impoundment community are many, solutions to 

pollution problems are possible by minimizing point 

source pollution and managing water quality in the smaller 

tributaries. Reducing pollution impacts from storm sewers, 

sewage treatment plants, and any industrial point sources 

could improve some water quality and in-stream habitat. 

The mercury pollution in Pike County has been carried 

long distances by air currents from industrial sources. Improved regulation of air pollution would reduce the 

amount of mercury that drifts to Pike County from industrial sources and is deposited in waterways. 


Typified by: Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio 

complanata) 


The Eastern Elliptio Community is widely 

distributed across the study area and is found in a 

variety of streams and rivers. The Eastern Elliptio 

tolerates many habitats. The community indicator 

is found in habitats ranging from brooks to large 

rivers and lakes. The mussel is often the most 

abundant mussel where it occurs. It can tolerate 

disturbed habitats and some types of pollution. Its 

stream bottom habitats can be variable, but this 

community requires some sand and silt mixed with 

larger cobble and gravel. In Pike County, the 

community was found in the Delaware River. 

Stream Quality Rating: Medium 

Eastern Elliptio Community 

Threats: 

The West Fork of the Delaware River and the Delaware River are contaminated with mercury that is taken up by 

aquatic organisms. Evidence suggests endocrine disruption in freshwater mussels may occur from mercury 

exposure. Dams in Delaware River tributaries degrade mussel habitat and may eliminate fish-hosts required to 

complete the mussel life cycle. 


Although the Eastern Elliptio is not rare in Pennsylvania, some of the associated species that may occur with this 

community are less common. Protection of current mussel habitats and high water quality will mean that 

communities will endure and potentially be reintroduced where they have been lost. 

Zebra Mussels have been reported 

in the Delaware River basin. 

Monitoring of Zebra Mussel 

infestation will document the spread 

and effects of the non-native species 

on native mussel populations. 

Reducing non-point source 

pollution and habitat degradation 

from storm runoff is important to 

improve water quality for the 

mussel community. 

Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) 


The Eastern Elliptio Community can occupy diverse habitats from 

small streams to large rivers, such as the Delaware River. 



Small minnow mayfly 

Photo Source: www. guillaume.doucet.free.fr 

High Quality Headwater Stream Community 

Typified By: Rolledwinged stonefly (Leuctridae), small minnow mayfly (Baetidae), crayfish (Cambaridae), 

trumpetnet caddisfly (Polycentropodidae), darner dragonflies (Aeshnidae) 

Habitat: 

Typically found in small, swift streams, this community 

is indicative of high quality stream habitats. This 

community is typified by a diverse group of 

macroinvertebrates that are sensitive to organic 

pollution. Rattlesnake Creek is one example of the 

community habitat in Pike County. 


High 

Threats: 

This community type occurs in watersheds with some 

contributions of non-point source pollution from upland 

development and roads. However, the small headwater 

streams occupied by this community type are not impaired and have good water quality. 

Conservation recommendations: 

Conserving small headwater streams in good condition 

is important for maintaining watershed health and the 

community habitats. Reducing runoff from roads and 

developments would be beneficial for improving 

stream quality for the High Quality Headwater Stream 

Community. Runoff and stream bank erosion can be 

controlled by maintaining riparian buffers between 

streams and uplands. Wider buffers (30 ft or greater) 

protect the stream better than narrower ones. 

Measures to protect small, high quality streams 

through conservation easements, land acquisition, and 

private land stewardship are recommended. 

Conservation of the headwaters is beneficial for 

downstream water quality. 

Small, high-gradient streams with rocky habitats are typical 

of this community type. 



High Quality Small Stream Community 

Typified by: 

Brushlegged mayfly (Isonychiidae), fingernet caddisfly (Philopotamidae), dobsonfly (Corydalidae), saddlecase 

maker (Glossosomatidae), watersnipe fly (Athericidae), 

common burrower (Ephemeridae), snail-case maker 

caddisfly (Helicopsychidae) 


This community is found in small size streams that are 

high gradient and fast flowing. The headwaters of 

Shohola Creek is an example of the community habitat. 

The High Quality Small Stream Community is typically 

found in streams with sandy substrate mixed with larger 

cobble and boulders. This community type is indicative 

of high quality streams. The organisms associated with 

this community are generally intolerant of pollution. 

Shohola Creek has riparian wetlands that benefit the 

stream by providing extra filtering capacity and the 

ability to store water during precipitation events. 


High 


Organisms in this community type are sensitive to organic 

pollution and habitat degradation. Low levels of water 

quality degradation may occur in watersheds where the 

community is present. However, cautious management of 

runoff from I-84, local roads and homes is necessary to 

maintain water quality. Dams impound the stream, alter 

habitats, and disrupt connectivity for aquatic organisms. 


While some non-point source pollution occurs in watersheds 

supporting the High Quality Small Stream Community, the 

pollution problems are less common here than in other 

stream types. Protecting high quality small streams should be 

a priority for watershed managers. Measures should include 

pollution and habitat degradation prevention. 

Brushlegged Mayfly 

Photo source: www.dec.state.ny.us 

Typical community habitats are small to medium-sized 

streams with diverse stream-bottom habitats and high water 

quality. 

Photo source: PHNP 

Storm water infiltration and retention will prevent flashy 

stream flows and pollution. In-stream habitats and stream banks will also protected from storm water using 

appropriate storm water management. 


Common Headwater Stream Community 

Typified By: little plain brown sedge (Lepidostomatidae), 

slender winter stonefly (Capniidae), spiketail dragonflies 

(Cordulegastridae) 

Habitat: 

The Common Headwater Stream Community is generally 

found in small, fast-flowing streams. Community habitats 

appear to have a diversity of in-stream habitats. There is 

usually no stream channelization or riparian disturbance. 

Small, high-gradient streams are typical of this community 

type. 


slender winter stonefly 

photo source: www.dec.state.ny.us 

Streams that support this community type generally have low amounts of dissolved ions; this community type is 

associated with streams in shale or sandstone geology. Community organisms prefer cold, well-oxygenated 

streams that may be slightly acidic. Examples of the community habitat are Balliard Creek, a headwater tributary 

to the East Branch Wallenpaupack Creek, small tributaries to Wallenpaupack Lake and to Bridge Creek, and 

Decker Creek. 


Moderate 

Threats: 

Because small, headwater streams are the most numerous in Pennsylvania waterways and contribute the most 

stream miles of all flowing water types, the quality of 

small streams can have a great influence on the overall 

status of the Commonwealth’s waters. Small, forested 

streams at the headwaters of watersheds have 

relatively few threats. Dams impound Balliard Creek 

and Wallenpaupack Creek and alter stream habitats. 

Silt may run off from construction, timber harvest or 

from unpaved roads. 


Protecting the Common Headwater Stream 

Community habitats and other small streams will 

protect help protect overall watershed water quality. 

Erosion from timber harvest and unpaved roads in 

Pike County can be minimized using best management 

practices to control erosion, thus avoiding siltation and 

destruction of in-stream habitats. 


High Quality Mid-Sized Stream Community 

Typified by: 

Green stonefly (Chloroperlidae), giant black stonefly 

(Pteronarcyidae), spiny crawler (Ephemerellidae), flatheaded 

mayfly (Heptageniidae), free-living caddisfly 

(Rhyacophilidae), light brown stonefly (Perlodidae), 

prong gill mayfly (Leptophlebiidae), common 

stoneflies (Perlidae), crane fly (Tipulidae), roachlike 

stoneflies (Peltoperlidae), clubtail dragonfly 

(Gomphidae), northern case maker (Limnephilidae), 

Uenoid caddisfly (Uenoidae), Odonocerid caddisflies 

(Odontoceridae) 

Giant black stonefly (Pteronarcyidae) 

Photo source: www.dec.state.ny.us 


The High Quality Mid-Sized Stream Community in 

most locations is found in small to medium-sized streams, such as lower Shohola Creek, lower Decker 

Creek, Tinkwig Creek, and Mozette Creek. Streams are generally high gradient systems with good 

habitat quality. The community habitats typically are undisturbed by humans and are often in mainly 

forested basins. Community taxa are a variety of stoneflies, mayflies, caddisflies, and other organisms 

that are pollution sensitive. 


High 

Mid-sized, high gradient streams with high quality habitats and 

water quality are the typical habitat of this community. 



Streams with the High Quality Mid-Sized Stream 

Community generally have few threats, compared 

to other communities. Relatively natural 

watershed landcover surrounding the community 

habitats protect the water quality and stream 

habitat. However, numerous roads cross the 

streams providing potential disturbance of 

habitats and for input of stormwater. 


Watershed managers should aim to conserve 

medium-sized stream habitats that include fastflowing 

riffles, runs, and slow-flowing pools. High 

quality streams with varied habitats are home to a 

variety of invertebrates and other aquatic 

organisms. Where streams have lost habitat 

variation, (e.g. stream banks are deeply entrenched or a one habitat type dominates) the number of 

organisms living in the stream is few. Restoration of stream banks by re-grading them to a natural slope 

or installing in-stream habitat structures, such as weirs or deflectors, will vary flow and provide areas of 

cover that are necessary for aquatic organisms. 


Common Large Stream Community 

Typified by: 

Nemourid broadback stonefly (Nemouridae), Ameletid mayfly (Ameletidae), Taeniopterygid broadback 

stonefly (Taeniopterygidae) 


The streams that support the Common Large Stream 

Community have high gradient with a diverse 

assemblage of organisms. These medium to large 

streams in good condition are habitats for the 

Common Large Stream Community. As with other 

valley streams in Pike County, the community 

habitat may be surrounded by agriculture, 

potentially influencing water quality and habitat. 

This community type is usually indicative of 

medium to large streams that are of good quality. 

Lackawaxen River is one example of this 

community type. 


Medium 

Threats and Disturbances: Because of the rural nature of Pike County, excess siltation and nutrients 

from agricultural sources may disturb valley streams, where this community is found. Impervious 

surfaces also contribute to poor water quality and stream flashiness in some valley streams. 

Large to medium sized high gradient streams are 

typical of the community type. Non-point source 

pollution can cause excess stream sediment or 

other poor water quality conditions. 


Nemourid broadback stonefly 

Photo source: www dec state ny us 


While non-point source pollution problems occur in 

watersheds with the Common Large Stream 

community, pollution is less severe than in other 

valley streams. In areas where non-point source 

agricultural pollution occurs, runoff and stream 

bank erosion can be controlled by installing 

vegetative buffers of an adequate width along 

streams in pastures and crop fields. Excluding 

livestock from streams and riparian zones will also 

help improve stream habitats over time. 

In areas with expanding development, the 

establishment or maintenance of vegetative riparian 

buffers and storm water detention will help to 

mitigate the effects of increased levels of 

stormwater. Efforts to create water recharge into the 

watershed (where impervious surfaces are creating 

runoff) should be considered. 


APPENDIX VIII: Species of Concern Fact Sheets 

The following fact sheets are presented to provide additional information and management guidelines for 

a subset of species of concern found within Pike County. Additional copies of these fact sheets and those 

for other species may be downloaded from http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/ 

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Fact Sheets / 214

Pike County Natural Heritage Inventory – Fact Sheets / 215

Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) 

Pennsylvania Mammal Species of Concern 

State Rank: S3B (vulnerable, breeding), S3N (vulnerable, non-breeding), Global Rank: G4 (apparently secure) 

Identification 

The Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), also known as the 

Northern Longed-eared Myotis, is characterized by its longrounded 

ears that when folded forward, extend beyond the tip of 

the nose. Also, the shape of the tragus, the flap of skin inside the 

ear area, is long and dagger shaped compared to the little brown 

bats curved and blunted tragus. This species has a longer tail and 

larger wing area than other similar sized bats in this genus. The 

fur is dull yellow/brown above and a pale gray on the belly. 

Another characteristic of this species is that the calcar, a spur 

extending from the foot, lacks a keel. These bats weigh only 6 to 

8 grams and have a wingspan of 9 to 10 inches. 

Habitat/Behavior 

In the more northern parts of their range the northern long-eared 

bat is associated with boreal forests. In Pennsylvania, this bay is 

photo source: Aura Stauffer 

found in forests around the state. Northern Myotis hunt at night 

over small ponds, in forest clearings, at tree top level and along 

forest edges. They eat a variety of night-flying insects including caddisflies, moths, beetles, flies, and leafhoppers. This species uses caves 

and underground mines for hibernation and individuals may travel up to 35 miles from their summer habitat for hibernation. Maternity 

roosts are located in tree cavities, under exfoliating tree bark and in buildings. 

North American State/Province Conservation Status 

Map by NatureServe (July, 2007) 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Data: August, 2007 

Current Records (1980 onward) Historic Records (pre-1980) 

Status 

The status of the Northern Myotis in Pennsylvania is uncertain. The state status of this species currently is candidate rare (CR). More 

information is needed before adequate management decisions can be made. It occurs throughout Pennsylvania, but has been found in 

relatively low numbers. 

Traditionally, bats have been unpopular with the public because of a misunderstanding of their ecology and due to their presence as pests in 

homes and barns. However, bats play a very important role in the environment by eating large amounts of insects. For example, a single 

little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) can eat up to 1,200 mosquito-sized insects in just one hour! 

More than 50% of American bat species are rapidly declining or already listed as endangered. The loss of bat species in Pennsylvania 

could greatly affect our ability to protect our plants from pests and enjoy the outdoors. For more information on bats and bat houses visit 

the Bat Conservation International website at http://www.batcon.org/. 

References 

Bat Conservation International, Inc. 2002. "Bat Species: U.S. Bats: Myotis septentrionalis" Website: www.batcon.org/discover/species/mystep.html . 

Ollendorff, J. 2002. "Myotis septentrionalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed February 25, 2004 at 

Http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_septentrionalis.htm .

Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) Rookery 

Pennsylvania Bird Species of Concern 

State Rank: S3S4 (vulnerable/apparently secure), Global Rank: G4 (apparently secure) 


A rookery is a colony of nesting birds. Great blue herons build 

their nests as high as 30 meters off the ground, in wooded areas 

isolated from human disturbance. Although they are wading 

birds, living on fish caught at the edges of rivers, in ponds, and in 

wetlands, Great blue heron rookeries may be located well away 

from water features; one colony found in Pennsylvania was as 

much as 17 miles from good fishing grounds. They may also 

nest in mixed-species rookeries with other heron species, other 

waterbirds, or even raptors such as owls and hawks. 


Great blue herons usually return to the same rookery site every Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) Rookery. 

year, starting in the spring when males arrive to scout the area and claim their nests, from which they court the later-arriving 

females. Nests are re-used and expanded year-to-year – they start as simple platforms of sticks but can eventually become 

saucers up to a meter deep. Each mated pair builds up the nest together, the male bringing new twigs and other materials to the 

female, who adds them to the structure. 

In Pennsylvania, the eggs are laid from mid-March to early June, after the female has had access to sufficient food for a period 

of about a week. Chicks hatch about a month later, usually a little less than two days apart, in the order in which their eggs were 

laid with brood contain two or three chicks. The parents share the tasks of incubating feeding, catching more than 20 percent of 

their own body weight in fish every day. 

Great blue heron chicks are covered with a light gray down. Chicks require the most food between 26 and 41 days after 

hatching, when they may eat 0.6 pounds of fish each day. The chicks are ready to leave the nest by the end of the summer. 


Map by NatureServe (November, 2009) 

State/Province 

Status Ranks 

Conservation 

Protection of breeding grounds is one of the keys to conserving bird species. Great Blue Herons tolerate fewer disturbances to 

their breeding colonies than most waterbirds. It is recommended that human activity be excluded from a buffer zone of 300 

meters (roughly 1000 feet) around heron rookeries to prevent people from scaring the herons off their nests. Severe or 

prolonged disturbance may cause the birds to abandon the nesting site, though they may re-colonize nearby if they find suitable 

habitat. Rookeries are also vulnerable to destruction of forest habitat and, when they are located in wetlands, changes to the 

flood regime that may kill trees. 

References 

Bennett, Darin C., Philip E. Whitehead, and Leslie E. Hart. 1995. “Growth and energy requirements of hand-reared Great Blue 

Heron (Ardea herodias) chicks.” The Auk, 112(1): 201-9. 

Brauning, Daniel W., ed. 1992. Atlas of Breeding Birds in Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 50-1. 

Butler, Robert. W. 1992. “Great Blue Heron.” In The Birds of North America, No. 25 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, 

Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union. 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Data: November, 2009 

Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) 


NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available 

http://www.natureserve.org/explorer . (Accessed: November 6, 2009 ). 

Rodgers, James A. and Henry T. Smith. 1995. “Set-back distances to protect nesting bird colonies from human disturbance in Florida.” Conservation 

Biology, 9(1): 89-99. 

PNHP


Pennsylvania Threatened Bird Species 

State Rank: S2B (imperiled, breeding) Global Rank: G4 (apparently secure) 


Bald Eagles are large raptors with a body length up to 32 inches and a wingspan up to 80 inches. 

Male and female Bald Eagles are similar in plumage. The most notable features are a white head 

and upper neck, whiter tail, dark brown body, and a heavy yellow bill. Juveniles are dark brown 

overall, and gradually acquire adult plumage over a period of four years. Juveniles have a dark bill 

and cere, dark brown body plumage, including head and tail, variable amounts of white on the 

undertail coverts, belly, and back. 

Range 

Bald Eagles have extensive breeding populations in Alaska, with major populations in the 

coastal regions. This species breeds throughout most of Canada, especially along coastal 

areas. In the continental United States, Bald Eagles breed extensively along the Atlantic 

Coast from Florida to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Also, this species breeds in the 

Great Lake States in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and in the Pacific Northwest 

(California, Oregon, and Washington). Breeding populations occur along the Gulf Coast 

in Louisiana and Texas. In Pennsylvania, Bald Eagle populations have been increasing, 

and can now been found throughout Pennsylvania, with most sightings concentrated in the 

northwestern and southeastern corners of the state. 




Status Ranks 

Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus). 



Habitat 

This species is typically associated with forested areas 

adjacent to large bodies of water. Bald Eagles nest in trees, rarely on cliff faces, and ground nest in treeless areas. The majority of Bald 

Eagle nesting areas are found in mature and old-growth forests with some habitat edge, usually within 2 kilometer to water with 

suitable foraging opportunities. The quality of foraging areas are defined by diversity, abundance, and vulnerability of the prey base, 

structure of aquatic habitats, such as the presence of shallow water, and the absence of human development and disturbance. In 

Pennsylvania, this species nests on islands in major rivers and in forested areas and erected platforms along major rivers, reservoirs, 

large wetlands, lakes, ponds, and streams. 

Ron Austing 


Conservation Status 

This species is currently listed as a Threatened species at the state and federal level. Bald Eagles breeding in Pennsylvania have made a 

major contribution to the downgrading of this species from Endangered. In the 1970’s, Bald Eagle nesting pairs were at an all time low 

of two due to the effect of the insecticide DDT and pollution of major waterways. Since then, this species has made a comeback, and 

recently, over 100 nests have been recorded across the state. Continued success of the breeding areas will depend on protection from 

human persecution and environmental contaminants. Other threats include water quality degradation, disturbance of nesting areas, and 

disease. If ecological conditions in Pennsylvania continue to improve, there is no reason why this species will not increase nesting 

populations to increase assurance that Bald Eagles will be around for generations to come. 

References 

Buehler, David A. 2000. The Birds of North America, No. 506: Life Histories for the 21st Century Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus). 

Brauning, D.W. (ed). 1992. Atlas of Breeding Birds in Pennsylvania Univ. of Pittsburg Press, Pittsburgh, PA. 484 pp. 

Gough, G.A., Sauer, J.R., Iliff, M. Patuxent Bird Identification Infocenter. 1998. Version 97.1 Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 

Laurel, MD. http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/infocenter.html 


http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (Accessed: November 6, 2009 ).


The Osprey is a distinctive bird of prey most often seen 

around open water. With white underparts, a brown back 

and wings, and a white head with a small crest, Osprey are 

know for their striking yellow eyes and brown eye stripe. 

Fish make up the vast majority of the Osprey’s diet with 

hunting Osprey commonly attached by gulls, crows, and 

eagles intent on stealing their catch. 

Like the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the Osprey 

suffered a significant population decline linked to the use of 

organochlorine pesticides. These toxins bioaccumulated in 

the environment with the Osprey, a top predator, ingesting 

large quantities of the chemical from the fish they ate. This 

chemical interfered with the creation of the shell on their 

eggs causing the eggs to crack as the adults incubated them. 

Several generations of Osprey chicks were lost as a result 

and Osprey populations began to plummet. With the 

cessation of DDT use in the US Osprey populations have 

begun to recover. 



Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) 

Pennsylvania Threatened Bird Species 

State Rank: S2B (Imperiled, Breeding) Global Rank: G5 (Secure) 

Young Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) on nest 



Range 

Ospreys inhabit every continent but Antarctica, nesting in 

trees, snags, and ever-increasing man-made structures located near high quality fresh- or saltwater fishing grounds. 

Habitat 

Nesting in both “wild” and highly urban environments, the habitat requirements for Osprey seeming to be quality fishing grounds near a 

suitable nesting platform. 


Osprey populations can be supported by the construction of nesting platforms, protection of breeding and fishing habitat, and monitoring 

the environment for possible sources of bioaccumulating toxins. Continued reduction and monitoring of pollutants including pesticides 

and heavy metals will also be necessary, since top predators such as the Osprey are particularly vulnerable to these poisons. Reduction of 

organochlorine pesticide use in the species’ South American range, where DDT is still commonly used, is a high priority. 

References 

McWilliams, G.M. and Brauning, D.W. 2000. The Birds of Pennsylvania. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 479pp. 

NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.0. NatureServe, 

Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. 2008. 

Poole, Alan F., Rob O. Bierregaard and Mark S. Martell. 2002. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), The Birds of North America 

Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: 

http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/683 


Status Ranks 

photo source: Kirk Piehler, US Army Corps of Engineers

Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) 

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 

Reptile Species of Concern 



Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) are easily distinguished from 

other snakes in Pennsylvania. Timber rattlesnakes are stout-bodied, large 

snakes reaching lengths of up to 5 feet. Color is extremely variable but 

usually consists of brown or black bands on bright yellow to black 

coloration. The head is triangular in shape and a rattle is present at the 

end of the black tail. This species may be confused with the less common 

eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) only present in the 

western portion of the state. The timber rattlesnake can be distinguished 

from the massasauga by the lack of white facial lines, the black tail 

forward of the rattle, and numerous small head-scales. 

Habitat 

Crotalus horridus is associated with deciduous forests and rocky outcrops. Hibernacula are usually found on south-facing 

rocky slopes with adequate crevices to provide shelter during the winter months. Males may travel far from the den site in 

the summer, moving into valleys and low-lying areas. Gravid females are far less mobile and tend to stay within a short 

distance of the den. Timber rattlesnakes are venomous, however are generally mild-mannered and not likely to strike. 

Conservation/Status 

Timber rattlesnake numbers have decreased significantly from historic records. This species was once widespread across 

the state. The remaining populations are usually found in remote, isolated areas. Collection and destruction of habitat are 

likely the main reasons for reductions in population size. Den sites have been targets for collection and should be the focus 

of conservation efforts for this species. The state status of the timber rattlesnake is candidate at risk (CA). Though this 

species is still relatively abundant across the state, it remains vulnerable to exploitation. 

Permits are now required to collect rattlesnakes and only one snake can be taken each year. Snake hunts still occur in the 

state but after capture, snakes must be marked and release and the site of capture. Biologists are gathering information 

from collectors and individual studies to determine the current status of this species in the state. 



References 

Genoway, H.H. and F.J. Brenner. 1985. Species of Special Concern in Pennsylvania. Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Pittsburgh, 

PA. 430pp. 

Hulse, A.C., C.J. McCoy, and E.J. Censky. 2001. Amphibians and Reptiles of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Cornell University Press, 

New York. 419pp. 

The Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management. Species Accounts: Timber Rattlesnake. Website: 

http://herpcenter.ipfw.edu/outreach/accounts/reptiles/snakes/Timber_Rattlesnake/ 

photo source: Charlie Eichelberger

Eastern mudminnow (Umbra pygmaea) 

Description 

The eastern mudminnow is a small fish that grows up to 11 cm in total length. It has a 

long slender body cyclical in front and compressed in the rear. IT has cycloid scales 

and one dorsal fin and no fin spines. Pelvic fins are small and abdominal. A black bar is 

present on the caudal fin base. A lateral line is absernt. The dorsal fin originis far 

anterior to anal fin origin and the caudal fin is rounded. The back and sides have 10-14 

dark brown stripes with pale interspaces (natureserve.org). 

Freshwater Fish Species of Concern 

State Rank: S3 Global Rank: G5 

Behavior 

A spring spawner, the eastern mudminnow will deposit its adhesive eggs singly on aquatic plants or hollowed out nests in 

algae (Cooper 1983) and guard them (fishbase.org). The eastern mudminnow is able to tolerate extremely low levels of 

oxygen and hides by burrowing beneath debris (Cooper 1983). 

References 

Cooper, Edwin L. Fishes of Pennsylvania and the Northeastern United States. The Pennsylvania State 

University Press and University Park and London. 1983 

© Noel Burkhead. Natureserve.org 

Diet 

The diet of the eastern mudminnow consists of small 

aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. The fish is 

known to occasionally leap from the water while 

feeding (Cooper 1983). 

Threats and Protection Needs 

The eastern mudminnow is common over most of its 

wide U.S. Atlantic slope range. It is globally secure 

(natureserve.org). In Pennsylvania the species is 

considered vulnerable and it is under candidate 

consideration by the state 

(naturalheritage.state.pa.us). There is little data for 

protection needs of this species. 

Habitat 

It is found in quiet, mud-bottomed, often heavily 

vegetated streams, sloughs, swamps, and ponds, 

particularly along margins, over sand, mud, and 

debris. It is found on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts 

from southeastern New York to Florida. It is 

common except at the extremes of its range 

(natureserve.org). 

NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. 2002. Version 1.6. Arlington,VA. Website: 

www.natureserve.org/explorer. 

Pennslyvania National Heritage Program: information on conservation of biodiversity [web application]. Version 1.0.6.2. Website: 

http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/. Accessed: 9/15/2005.

Triangle Floater (Alasmidonta undulata) 

Freshwater Mussel Species of Concern 



The triangle floater (Alasmidonta undulata) is a small mussel, usually less than 60 mm in length, 

with a somewhat triangular appearance. The shell is subtriangular to subovate and inflated, giving 

the mussel a swollen appearance. The anterior end is thicker and rounded, with a rounded ventral 

margin. The beaks are prominent and rise above the hinge line (Bogan 2002; Connecticut DEP 

2003; Nedeau 2000; Strayer and Jirka 1997). The posterior ridge is poorly defined and rounded 

with a compressed posterior slope. The periostracum (outer covering) is smooth and coloration 

can vary from yellowish-green (juveniles) to nearly black (adults). Rays are typically dark green 

and radiate from the beaks but can be obscured in older, darker adult shells. Lateral teeth are 

vestigial, appearing only as indistinct bumps parallel to the hinge line (Bogan 2002; Nedeau 

2000; Strayer and Jirka 1997; NatureServe 2005). 



Habitat 

The triangle floater is frequently found in streams and rivers in sand and gravel substrates. It is the only Alasmidonta species that can 

tolerate standing water typical of ponds, lakes, and canals (Bogan 2002; Connecticut DEP 2003; Nedeau 2000). 

Host Fish 

Confirmed host fishes for the triangle floater include the blacknose dace, common shiner, fallfish, largemouth bass, longnose dace, 

pumpkinseed, slimy sculpin, white sucker, central stoneroller, fantail darter, northern hogsucker, and rosyface shiner (Corderio, Bogan 

2002; Nedeau 2000; Strayer and Jirka 1997). 

Status 

Alasmidonta undulata is found from Nova Scotia west to the St. Lawrence River drainage, and south to Florida. It has a more widespread 

distribution than other Alasmidonta species (Bogan 2002). The triangle floater is found in the Susquehanna drainage in Pennsylvania. The 

state status of the triangle floater is vulnerable/secure (S3S4) (PNHP), indicating that the species is secure at some sites within Pennsylvania 

boundaries. However, more surveys are required to determine the status of this species in order to assign it to a single category. 

Alasmidonta undulata may be experiencing population declines throughout the southern portion of its range, where states are reviewing 

protection measures. More populations exist in New England than anywhere else throughout its known range along the Atlantic coast. The 

triangle floater seems to be affected less by habitat degradation than some other mussel species, and it is thought to use a greater diversity 

of fish hosts than most other mussels found in similar ecosystems (Connecticut DEP 2003; Nedeau 2000). 

References 

Bogan, A.E. 2002. Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina. North Carolina Freshwater Mussel Conservation 

Partnership, Raleigh, NC. 101 pp and plates. 

Connecticut DEP. 2003. A Field Guide to the Freshwater 

Mussels of Connecticut. Hartford, CT Nedeau, E.J, M.A. McCollough, and B.I. Swartz. 

2000. The Freshwater Mussels of Maine. Maine Dept. of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Augusta, ME. 

Cordeiro, J. New York Metropolitan Region and New Jersey Freshwater Mussel Identification Handbook. Website: 

research.amnh.org/biodiversity/mussel/lampsilistgenustext.html 

Natur eServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application] . 2005. Version 4.5. Arlington, VA. Website: 

www.natureserve.org/explorer. 

North Carolina Mussel Atlas, Species Information and Status. Website: www.ncwildlife.org/pg07_WildlifeSpeciesCon/pg7b1a1_1.htm 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. Biota of Concern In Pennsylvania (BOCIP) Lists. Website: 

www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/invertebrates.aspx 

Stray er, D.L. and K.J. Jirka. 1997. The Pearly Mussels of New York State. The New York State Education Dept., Albany, N.Y. 113 pp and plates. 

Photo: 

http://www.eman-rese.ca/eman/reports/newsletter 

s/monitor/ vol 3 num 1/page2.html

Mottled Darner (Aeshna clepsydra) 


The Mottled Darner (Aeshna clepsydra) is part of a group of Darners in 

the family Aeshnidae that are named for their long, slender abdomens 

that resemble darning needles. The Darners are flyers that often perch by 

hanging vertically and include our largest dragonfly species. The Mottled 

Darner is a relatively large Darner species that is somewhat easily 

recognizable in its group. It has pastel mottling on the thorax that varies 

from blue, to yellow and green. Both male and female are similar in 

appearance, but the female often has more greenish, pale markings. 


This species can be found in marshes and bogs with open water, ponds, 

lakes and bays. They are often found in wetlands with water lilies and 

clear water. The adults of this species can be found hunting in open 

woods and clearings. They fly fast and high and are usually found 

perching on tree trunks. Males are often seen patroling shorelines. 

Status 

There are only seven current locations where this 

species has been documented in Pennsylvania. 

Dragonflies are not considered for conservation 

status in PA, such as endangered, threatened, or 

rare. The Mottled Darner is considered globally 

apparently secure (G4) and statewide imperiled to 

vulnerable (S2S3). The most critical factors to 

protect these dragonfly species of concern are 

habitat preservation and water quality protection. 

This species is dependant on wetland habitats as 

well as upland habitats. Documenting the mottled 

Darners habitat requirements will help land 

managers to determine the most critical areas for 

protection of this species. Further studies of the 

Mottled Darner will help biologists to better 

understand its needs and conservation status. 

References 

Dunkle, S.W. 2000. Dragonflies through Binoculars: A Field Guide to Dragonflies of North 

America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 

Nikula, B., J.L. Loose, M.R. Burne. 2003. A Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of 

Massachusetts. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife, Natural Heritage & 

Endangered Species Program, Westborough, MA. 

Invertebrate Species of Concern 

State Rank: S2S3 Global Rank: G4

Halloween Pennant (Celithemis eponina) 

Pennsylvania Dragonfly Species of Concern 

State Rank: S2S3 (Imperiled/Vulnerable) Global Rank: G5 (Secure) 


One of the most easily identified dragonflies in Pennsylvania, the 

Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina) displays a combination of black 

markings on otherwise orange-yellow wings, which distinguish it from 

other similarly marked pennants (Celithemis spp.). A mid-sized 

dragonfly, this species has a 2 to 3 inch wingspan and is around 1.5inches 

long with a pale yellow to red body. A slower flyer then many 

other dragonfly species, the Halloween pennant will often flutter and 

float in a manner reminiscent of a butterfly. 

Range 

Found in a variety of wetlands across Pennsylvania, this species has an 

extensive range across the eastern United States and is know to fly yearround 

in Florida. 

Habitat 

Somewhat a generalist, this species noted from many different 

types of wetlands. Adults are known to frequent upland meadows 

and grasslands where they will pick the top of a tall plant or bush 

to use as a hunting perch. 

A Halloween Pennant (Celithemis eponina) on a 

hunting perch. 


Like many odonates (dragonflies and damselflies), this species utilizes very different habitats throughout its life cycle. As a nymph 

this species requires healthy aquatic system in which to hunt, grow, and find shelter from predators. As an adult this species needs 

a vegetated wetland shoreline with safe connections to open meadows and grasslands in which it can hunt and mature before 

returning to the wetlands to lay eggs. If any of these habitats are missing, not connected, or very degraded, the species will be lost 

from the system. 

References 




Status Ranks 

Dunkle, S. W. Dragonflies through Binoculars: A Field Guide to Dragonflies of North America. Oxford University Press; 

New York, 2000. 



Nikula, B., Loose, J.L., and M.R. Burne. A Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of Massachusetts. Massachusetts 

Division of Fisheries and Wildlife; Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, 2003. 


photo source: Andrew Strassman, PNHP


Mustached Clubtail (Gomphus adelphus) 

The mustached clubtail is a small (4.3 to 4.8 centimeters, or 

about two inches, long) dragonfly patterned in black and 

yellowish green. The upper surface of the head is black and 

the thorax yellow with black stripes, notably a black band 

running back to front on the upper surface which divides 

into two stripes towards a yellow collar at the front of the 

thorax. The abdomen is black. 


Mustached clubtail adults are found near riffles in clear 

streams and sometimes along lakeshores, where they often 

rest on low vegetation. The larvae are aquatic predators and 

hunt in streambeds below riffles. The species ranges from 

Quebec and Ontario south to North Carolina and Tennessee 

and west into Minesota. 



Pennsylvania Invertebrate Species of Concern 

State Rank: S3S4 (vulnerable/apparently secure) Global Rank: G4 (apparently secure) 


Status Ranks 





Reasons for Being Threatened 

Because their life cycle involves both terrestrial and aquatic phases, dragonflies are particularly sensitive to 

disturbances of stream and lake habitats. Water pollution, flow regime changes, and modification to in-stream 

microhabitat can harm the larvae; clearing of stream and lake shore vegetation deprives the adults of foraging and 

resting habitat. 

Conservation 

Protection of the mustached clubtail will require preservation and restoration of both the terrestrial stream-side 

habitat of the adult and the aquatic habitat of the larvae. The species can benefit from reduction of fertilizer and 

pesticide runoff, as well as planting of vegetative buffers along streams. 

References 

Kondratieff, Boris C. (coordinator). 2000. “Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of the United States [web appli-cation].” Version 12DEC2003. 

Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. Available at http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/dfly/dflyusa.htm. 

Accessed 23 December 2004. 


http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: November 6, 2009 ). 

Needham, James G.; Minter J. Westfall, Jr.; and Michael L. May. 2000. Dragonflies of North America, Revised Edi-tion. 

Washington: Scientific Publishers. 340-1. 

Photo: David Westover (Kondratieff, 2000)

Slaty Skimmer (Libellula incesta) 


Mature male slaty skimmers (Libellula incesta) have a unique 

coloration for dragonflies found in the Commonwealth. The 

slaty skimmer is unique with dark red-brown eyes on a black 

head and an unmarked blue-black body. Females are similar 

to many other species and are best identified by a dark face 

and dull brown body with cream-ivory marks on the sides 

from the thorax extending back along the abdomen. Both 

sexes have black stigmas (the colored wing cells at the tips of 

the wings) on otherwise clear wings with black veins. This 

can further distinguishing them from species such as the great 

blue skimmer and bar-winged skimmer (L. vibrans and L. 

axilena). 



Habitat 

Prefers wetlands and slow moving rivers with mucky bottoms. 

Often associated with forested wetland edges and even found in 

bogs in northeastern and northwestern Pennsylvania. 

Pennsylvania Dragonfly Species of Concern 

State Rank: S3 (Vulnerable) Global Rank: G5 (Secure) 

Slaty Skimmer (Libellula incesta) 

Range 

Wide-spread across the eastern United States and southern 

Canada south to the Gulf of Mexico and west to central Texas 

and Wisconsin. 



As with all Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) the protection 

of wetlands and the connected supporting uplands is mandatory for the survival of this species. Utilizing very different 

habitats throughout its life cycle, this species relies upon intact wetland habitat as a nymph, but after emerging as an adult it 

needs adequate forested upland edge habitat where it can feed and mature before returning to the wetlands to reproduce. 

Removal of any portion of this habitat will result in the breaking of this species life cycle and its loss from the ecosystem. 

References 


Status Ranks 


Dunkle, S. W. Dragonflies through Binoculars: A Field Guide to Dragonflies of North America. Oxford University Press; 

New York, 2000. 



Nikula, B., Loose, J.L., and M.R. Burne. A Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselflies of Massachusetts. Massachusetts 

Division of Fisheries and Wildlife; Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, 2003. 


photo source: Andrew Strassman, PNHP

Elfin Skimmer (Nannothemis bella) 


This is the smallest dragonfly in North America and its small 

size can be diagnostic. The male has a powdery blue thorax 

and a slightly clubbed abdomen. Thorax and abdomen of the 

female is dark brown with yellow stripes, giving it a bee or 

wasp-like appearance. The face has white on sides and top 

(Dunkle 2000). 

Habitat 

Bogs, occasionally in calcareous fens with sedge meadows and 

marl deposits (Dunkle 2000). 

Life History 

Adults forage inconspicuously a few inches above bog mats, 

flying in and out of vegetation and perching horizontally or 

obliquely on vegetation, often with wings drooping downward. 

In flight, females resemble bees. Females oviposit in open 

pools within bogs, often with males hovering nearby (Nikula 

2003). 

Pennsylvania Species of Concern 

State Rank: S1 Global Rank: G4 

Status 

Female 

Although known to occur historically in Pennsylvania, no recent 

records of this species had been documented in the state prior to 

a Luzerne County discovery in 2003 and a Carbon County discovery in 2004, and had been give the state status 

of SH (State Historical). With these recent discoveries, the species state rank has changed to S1. 

References 

Dunkle, S.W. 2000. Dragonflies Through Binoculars. Oxford University Press, New York, 

New York. 266 pp. 

Nikula, B., J.L.Loose, and M.R.Burne.2003. A Field Guide to Dragonflies and Damselflies of 

Massachusetts. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife, Westborough, MA 

USGS Dragonflies and Damselflies of the United States web site: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/dfly/usa/398.htm 

(Accessed: March 1, 2005) 

Male

Bog-rosemary 

Andromeda polifolia 

 

Description 

Bog-rosemary is an evergreen shrub that may grow up to 1.5 

feet (0.5 m) in height, but is often shorter and even dwarfed 

in some situations. The branchlets are hairless and whitened. 

The leaves are alternately arranged, thick in texture, shortstalked, 

linear to narrowly oblong in shape, to 2 inches (5 

cm) in length and 3/16 inch (5 mm) in width, usually pointed 

at the tip, the margins untoothed and rolled under, the upper 

side bluish-green and the lower side pale green or whitened. 

The white or pink flowers, which appear in May and June, 

are aggregated in small curled clusters at the end of the 

branchlets, with the individual flower having the petals 

united (resembling a small globe or urn) and ¼ inch (5-6 

mm) in length. The fruit is a dry capsule about 3/16 inch (5 

mm) in diameter that splits into 5 parts and releases the minute seeds. 

Distribution & Habitat 

Bog-rosemary ranges from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south into New Jersey, West Virginia, and the 

Great Lakes states. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in the 

northern, particularly the northeastern, counties. The species grows in bogs, typically on floating sphagnum mats 

that surround bog pools. 


Map by NatureServe 2010 


Status Ranks 

Current State Status 

The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Bogrosemary 

to be a species of special concern, based 

on the moderate number of locations recently 

confirmed, the mostly small population sizes, and 

the specialized habitat. It has a PA legal rarity 

status and a PABS suggested rarity status of Rare. 

Pennsylvania Distribution 

Andromeda polifolia 

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Conservation Considerations 

The viability of populations of Bog-rosemary and its habitat may 

be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the natural 

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hydrology around bogs. Bog-rosemary is an indicator of bog 

Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Data 3-2011 

habitats that feature various orchids, insectivorous plants such as sundew, bladderwort, and pitcher plant, and 

other interesting species. 

NatureServe conservation status ranks 

G5 – Globally secure; S3 – Vulnerable in Pennsylvania 

References 

NatureServe. 2011. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. 

Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. 


Rhoads, A.F. and W.M. Klein, Jr. 1993. The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania. American 

Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Rhoads, A.F. and T.A. Block. 2007. The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. 2 nd 

edition. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

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Photo source: John Kunsman (PNHP)

Small Beggar-ticks 

Bidens discoidea 

 

Description 

Small Beggar-ticks is an herbaceous annual with a hairless stem that may grow 

to 2 feet (ca 60 cm) in height. The leaves are oppositely arranged, divided into 

3 stalked leaflets with the end leaflet of each leaf having the longest stalk and 

the largest blade, lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, toothed on the margin, and 

to 4 inches (10 cm) in length and to 1 inch (2.5 cm) in width. The flowers, 

appearing from August to October, are individually minute and are aggregated 

in small clusters (“heads”) at the tips of the branches. Each head is subtended 

and exceeded in length by 3-5 leaf-like bracts that lack hairs on their margins. 

The features of the bracts are important, as other species of beggar-ticks are 

distinguished from Small Beggar-ticks by having more numerous bracts that 

have hairs on their margins. The fruit of Small Beggar-ticks is dry, oneseeded, 

flattened, tipped with a pair of projections, or “awns,” that have small 

upwardly-pointed barbs along their length that cause the fruit to dislodge and 

cling to clothing, and give the species its common name. 


Small Beggar-ticks ranges from Nova Scotia to Ontario and south into Florida and Texas. In Pennsylvania, it has 

been documented historically in a scattered pattern, but particularly in the northeastern counties. It grows in 

various types of wetlands, including swamps, lake shores, vernal ponds, and bogs. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Small 

Beggar-ticks to be a species of special concern, based on 

the moderate number of locations recently confirmed 

and the wetland habitat. It does not have a PA legal 

rarity status, but has been assigned a PABS suggested 

rarity status of Rare. 

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The viability of populations of Small Beggar-ticks and its habitat 

may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the natural 

hydrology around wetlands and controlling invasive species. 

Due to the similar appearance of this species and other species of beggar-ticks, care must be taken in 

identification. It is likely that more populations of Small Beggar-ticks will be documented. 



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References 


NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://www.natureserve.org/explorer 


Rhoads, A.F. and W.M. Klein, Jr. 1993. The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania. American Philosophical 

Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Rhoads, A.F. and T.A. Block. 2007. The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. 2 nd edition. 

University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

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Photo source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS 

Database

Collins’ Sedge 

Carex collinsii 

 

Description 

Collins’ Sedge is a perennial grass-like plant with three-sided aerial stems 

that may grow to 2 feet (0.6 m) in height. The leaves include a sheathing 

basal portion and an elongate and narrow blade that is alternately arranged 

and averages about 3/16 inch (2.5-5 mm) in width. The minute flowers, 

which appear in spring, are clustered on the middle and upper stem, with the 

slender male flowers at the very top and 2-5 female flower clusters, each 

with 1-8 loosely arranged individual flowers, being lower on the stem. The 

plant is most recognizable when fruiting in summer, at which time the 

individual sac-like structures, or perigynia, which enclose each female 

flower and later the 3-sided fruits, have acquired their distinctive long, 

slender, and pointed shape, averaging about 7/16 inch (11 mm) in length and 

less than 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) in width. The tip of the perigynium has 2 minute teeth that are bent backward 180 

degrees. 


Collins’ Sedge ranges from southern New England south into Georgia and Alabama, particularly in coastal areas, 

but also occasionally inland in the mountains. In Pennsylvania, it has been documented historically in several 

northeastern counties. The species grows in sphagnum moss in acidic swamps and wet woods, often where 

conifers are a prominent part of the canopy. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Collins’ Sedge and its 

habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and 

protecting the natural hydrology surrounding wetlands. 


G4 – Globally secure; S2– Imperiled in Pennsylvania 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Collins’ 

Sedge to be a species of special concern, based on the 

limited number of locations recently confirmed and the 

wetland habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status of 

Endangered and a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Threatened. 

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records since 1980 !( records pre-1980 


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References 


NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. 


Rhoads, A.F. and W.M. Klein, Jr. 1993. The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania: Annotated Checklist and Atlas. 

American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Rhoads, A.F. and T.A. Block. 2007. The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. 2 nd edition. University of 

Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Photo source: PNHP

Soft-leaved Sedge 

Carex disperma 

 

Description 

Soft-leaved Sedge is a relatively delicate perennial grass-like 

plant that produces wide-spreading underground stems, or 

rhizomes. The three-sided aerial stems may grow to 1 foot (0.3 

m) in height, but are often shorter. The leaves have a sheathing 

basal portion and an elongate and narrow blade that is 

alternately arranged and about 1/16 inch (1-2 mm) in width. The 

minute flowers, which appear in spring, are scattered in 

alternately arranged groups along the upper parts of the stem, 

with the male flowers at the very top and the female flowers 

(usually 1-6 per cluster) directly below. The plant is most 

recognizable when fruiting in late spring and early summer, 

with the fruits being enclosed in sac-like structures, or 

perigynia, which are about 1/8 inch (2.5 mm) in length and 

rounded in cross-section. 


Soft-leaved sedge has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it is 

considered a northern species, and has been documented historically in the northern counties. The species grows 

in swamps, wet thickets, peaty wetlands, and bogs. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Soft-leaved Sedge and its 

habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting 

the natural hydrology around wetlands and controlling 

invasive species. 


G5 – Globally secure; S3– Vulnerable in Pennsylvania 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Softleaved 

Sedge to be a species of special concern, 

based on the moderate number of locations recently 

confirmed and the wetland habitat. It has a PA legal 

rarity status and a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Rare. 

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References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Slender Sedge 

Carex lasiocarpa 

 

Description 

Slender Sedge is a grass-like plant that forms patches in boggy places due to 

its wide-spreading underground stems, or rhizomes. The aerial stems are 

triangular in cross-section and may grow to 3 feet (1 m) in height (0.6 m). 

The leaves have sheathing bases and very narrow (1/16 inch, or 2 mm), 

folded, elongated blades that taper to extremely slender tips. The flowers, 

appearing from May to July, are minute and are grouped in male or female 

clusters, with 1 or 2 stalked and slender male clusters at the top of the stem 

and the 1 to 3 unstalked and broader female clusters farther down the stem. 

The female cluster consists of individual inflated sac-like structures, or 

perigynia, which are about 1/8 inch (3.5 mm) in length, hairy, with 2 slender 

teeth at the tip, and contain the three-sided fruit. This species often does not 

produce many flowering and fruiting stems, yet may still be identified by its 

rhizomatous growth habit and very narrow vegetative leaves with their very 

slender tips. 


Slender Sedge has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it can be 

considered a northerly species and has been documented historically mostly in the northern, particularly the 

northeastern, counties. It grows in bogs, peaty wetlands, calcareous marshes, and shorelines. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Slender Sedge and its 


protecting the natural hydrology around bogs and wetlands 

and controlling invasive species. 




The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Slender 

Sedge to be a species of special concern, based on the 

moderate number of locations recently confirmed and 

the wetland habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a 

suggested rarity status of Rare. 

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References 





Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 



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Photo source: PNHP

Mud Sedge 

Carex limosa 

 

Description 

Mud Sedge is a grass-like plant that forms patches in boggy places due to its 

wide-spreading underground stems or rhizomes. The aerial stems are 

triangular in cross-section and may grow to 2 feet in height (0.6 m) but are 

usually much shorter, sometimes only a few inches. The leaves have linear, 

elongated blades that are smooth, pale green, untoothed on the margin and to 

about 1/8 inch (3 mm) in width. The flowers, appearing in May to July, are 

minute and are grouped in male or female clusters, with the usually single 

and stalked male cluster in an erect position at the top of the stem and the 

female clusters, on slender drooping stalks and numbering from 1 to 3, 

farther down the stem. The female cluster consists of individual inflated 

sac-like structures, or perigynia, which are about 1/8 inch (3 mm) in length 

and contain 1 flower and later 1 three-sided fruit. In this species the 

individual perigynia are subtended and mostly hidden by small bracts. 


Mud Sedge has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, this species 

is considered a northerly species and has been documented historically mostly in the glaciated northeastern 

counties. The species grows in bogs, especially on floating sphagnum moss mats around bog pools. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Mud Sedge and its habitat may be 

enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the natural 

hydrology around bogs. Mud Sedge is an indicator for bog 

habitats that feature various orchids, insectivorous plants such as 

sundew, bladderwort, and pitcher plant, and other interesting 

species. 


G5 – Globally secure; S2 – Imperiled in Pennsylvania 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) 

considers Mud Sedge to be a species of 

special concern, based on the limited 

number of locations recently confirmed 

and the bog habitat. It has a PA legal 

rarity status of Tentatively Undetermined 

and a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Threatened. 

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Carex limosa 

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References 






Rhoads, A.F. and T.A. Block. 2007. The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. 2 nd edition. University 

of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

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Photo source: PNHP

Few-flowered Sedge 

Carex pauciflora 

 

Description 

Few-flowered Sedge is a perennial, relatively delicate grass-like plant that 

produces wide-spreading underground stems, or rhizomes. The three-sided 

aerial stems may grow to 1½ feet (0.5 m) in height, but are often much 

shorter. The leaves include a sheathing basal portion and an elongate and 

narrow blade that is alternately arranged and only about 1/16 inch (1-2 mm) in 

width. The minute flowers, which appear in spring, are clustered at the tip of 

the stem, with the male flowers at the very top and several (usually 1-6) 

female flowers directly below. The plant is most recognizable when fruiting 

in late spring and early summer, with the fruits being enclosed in sac-like 

structures, or perigynia, which in this species are particularly elongate and 

slender, being about 5/16 inch (7 mm) in length and 1/16 inch or less (0.8-1.2 

mm) in width, tapered to a pointed tip, and conspicuously point downward. 


Few-flowered Sedge has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of 

North America. In Pennsylvania, it is considered a northern species, and has 

been documented historically in the glaciated northeastern and northwestern 

counties. The species grows in bogs and peaty wetlands, especially on floating sphagnum moss mats around bog 

pools. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Fewflowered 

Sedge to be a species of special concern, 

based on the few locations that have been recently 

confirmed and the specialized habitat. It has a PA 

legal rarity status and a PABS suggested rarity status 

of Endangered. 


Carex pauciflora 

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The viability of populations of Few-flowered Sedge and 

its habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and 

protecting the natural hydrology around bogs and 

controlling invasive species. Few-flowered Sedge is an 


indicator species for bog habitats that feature various 


orchids, insectivorous plants such as sundew, bladderwort, and pitcher plant, and other interesting species. 


G5 – Globally secure; S1– Critically Imperiled in Pennsylvania 

References 








Photo source: PNHP

Bog Sedge 

Carex paupercula 

 

Description 

Bog Sedge is a grass-like plant with aerial stems that are triangular in crosssection 

and may grow to 2 feet in height (0.6 m), but are usually shorter. 

The leaves consist of a basal sheath that envelopes the stem and a linear, 

elongated blade that is about 1/8 inch (3 mm) in width. The flowers, 

appearing from May to July, are minute and are grouped in male or female 

clusters, with the usually single and stalked male cluster in an erect position 

at the top of the stem and the female clusters numbering 1-3 on drooping 

stalks farther down the stem. The female cluster consists of individual 

inflated sac-like structures, or perigynia, which are about 1/8 inch (3 mm) in 

length and contain 1 flower and later the three-sided fruit. In this species the 

individual perigynia are subtended and exceeded in length by a narrow, 

brownish, scale-like bract. 


Bog Sedge has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North 

America. In Pennsylvania, it is considered a northern species, and has been 

documented historically in the northern counties. The species grows in bogs 

and peaty wetlands. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Bog Sedge and its habitat may 




G5 – Globally secure; S3– Vulnerable in Pennsylvania 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Bog Sedge 

to be a species of special concern, based on the moderate 

number of locations recently confirmed and the wetland 

habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status of Threatened and 

a PABS suggested rarity status of Rare. 


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References 








Photo source: Charlie Eichelberger (PNHP)

Sprengel’s Sedge 

(Carex sprengelii) 

 

Description 

The Sprengel’s Sedge is a grass-like plant to two feet in height 

with linear, elongate leaves and dangling clusters of long-beaked 

fruits that appear in late spring. It is one of the more easily 

distinguished species of the large and complex genus Carex. 


Sprengel's Sedge is widely distributed in the more northern and 

cooler portions of North America. It is known historically from 

the eastern and central counties in Pennsylvania. The species 

grows in moist soil on bottomlands and stream banks and also on 

cliffs and rocky slopes. 




Status Ranks 


Carex sprengelii 

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State Status & Conservation 

The Sprengel’s Sedge has been given a status of Rare on the Plants of Special Concern in Pennsylvania list by the 

Pennsylvania Biological Survey and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, based on the relatively 

few historical and recent records that have been documented in the state. More field work is necessary to determine if 

the species is of conservation concern. 

G5 Globally Secure; S3 Vulnerable in Pennsylvania 

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References 




Rhoads, A.F. and W.M. Klein, Jr. 1993. The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania. American Philosophical Society, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rhoads, A.F. and T.A. Block. 

2007. The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual. 2 nd edition. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 

Pennsylvania. 

Photo source: PNHP

Umbrella Flatsedge 

Cyperus diandrus 

 

Description 

Umbrella Flatsedge is an annual grass-like herb with a more-or-less 

triangular stem that varies from a few inches to about 1 foot (.3 m) in 

height. The leaves have a sheathing basal portion and an elongate and 

linear blade that is 1/8 inch (3 mm) or less in width. The minute flowers, 

appearing in summer and fall, are grouped in flattened clusters, or 

spikelets, which radiate out from a central point at the tip of the stem. 

Each spikelet, averaging about 3/8 inch (1 cm) in length, has 2 opposite 

and facing rows of numerous individual flowers, each of which is 

subtended by a scale-like cover that tends to be purplish-brown at the tip 

and along both margins and with the remainder of the scale lacking the 

coloration. The fruits average less than 1/16 inch (about 1 mm) in length 

and at the tip have a long persistent hair-like style that is divided nearly to 

its base. There are several other species of Cyperus, particularly the 

common C. bipartitus, which look superficially similar to C. diandrus, 

and the latter is distinguished by its scale coloration pattern and very 

deeply divided style. 


The Umbrella Flatsedge ranges from Nova Scotia to North Dakota and south into South Carolina and Arkansas. 

In Pennsylvania, this species has been documented historically mostly in the northwestern and eastern counties. It 

grows on shorelines of ponds, lakes and streams, and in bogs and marshes. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Umbrella 

Flatsedge to be a species of special concern, based on the 


wetland habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a 

PABS suggested rarity status of Endangered. 

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Cyperus diandrus 

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The viability of populations of Umbrella Flatsedge and its 

habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the natural hydrology around wetlands and controlling 

invasive species. 



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References 








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Slender Wheatgrass 

Elymus trachycaulus 

 

Description 

Slender Wheatgrass is a perennial grass that may grow to 3 feet (1 m) in 

height. The leaves are alternately arranged, consisting of a basal sheath 

portion that envelopes the stem and a linear shaped, flattened, and untoothed 

blade that is 2 to 5 inches (5-13 cm) in length, about 3/8 inch (7-12 mm) in 

width, and pointed at the tip. The minute flowers, appearing in summer, 

occur in an elongate and very slender unbranched inflorescence. The 

inflorescence contains many individual flower-bearing spikelets that occur 

singly in an alternating arrangement. The lower part of each spikelet, more 

specifically the scales called glumes, tends to remain attached to the 

inflorescence after the fruits mature and drop from the plant. This species 

closely resembles the weedy and exotic species known as quackgrass 

(Elymus repens), but the latter produces well-developed rhizomes (often 

forming colonies), has longer anthers, a hairless spikelet axis, and the 

complete spikelet (including the glumes) falls as one unit at maturity. 


Slender Wheatgrass has a transcontinental range across North America. In Pennsylvania, it has been documented 

historically mostly primarily in the northern counties. It grows in mostly well-drained habitats that receive 

considerable sun, such as woods borders, rocky banks, grasslands, barrens, thickets, and utility rights-of-way. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Slender Wheatgrass will 

require maintaining early successional conditions and 

controlling invasive species. In some cases, active 

management, such as periodic mowing or the use of 

prescribed fire may be needed to create the proper 

successional stage and ecological conditions for this 

species to thrive. 





Wheatgrass to be a species of special concern, based on 

the limited number of locations recently confirmed. It 

does not have a PA legal rarity status, but has been 

assigned a PABS suggested rarity status of Tentatively 

Undetermined. 

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References 


NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. 






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Photo source: PNHP

Creeping Snowberry 

Gaultheria hispidula 

 

Description 

Creeping Snowberry is a low-growing, matlike, evergreen shrub. 

All parts of the plant have a wintergreen odor when bruised. The 

plant may be recognized in any season by its growing habit and 

its leaves. The leaves are alternately arranged, mostly less than 

3/8 inch (1 cm) in length, egg-shaped or rounded, very shortstalked, 

hairless above and with scattered brownish hairs below. 

The plants produce flowers and fruits, but these can be a 

challenge to locate. The flowers, which appear in spring, are 

greenish/white, only a few millimeters in length, and occur singly 

along the stem. The fruit is white, berry-like but rather dry, 

contains many seeds, and is the source of the common name. 


Creeping Snowberry has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it 

represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in the northern counties. The species grows 

on decaying logs, stumps, and moss hummocks in bogs, peaty wetlands, and swamps. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Creeping 

Snowberry to be a species of special concern, based on the 

moderate number of locations recently confirmed and the 

wetland habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a PABS 


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The viability of populations of Creeping Snowberry and its habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and 

protecting the natural hydrology around wetlands and controlling invasive species. 



References 








Photo Source: John Kunsman (PNHP)

Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain 

Goodyera tesselata 

 

Description 

Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain is a perennial herb that may grow up 

to 1 foot (0.3 m) in height, but is often much smaller. The leaves, 

except for a few very small scales on the stem, are clustered in a 

rosette of 3-7 at the base of the plant. The veins of the leaf blades, 

particularly the lateral veins and their branches, are outlined in white, 

and this pattern contrasts with a similar looking, but much more 

common and widespread species of Rattlesnake-plantain, Goodyera 

pubescens, which has the white coloration especially prominent on the 

midvein and less so on the lateral veins Otherwise, the blades of G. 

tesselata are green, elliptic or egg shaped, untoothed on the edges, 

thick in texture, relatively short-stalked, and mostly 1-3 inches (2.5- 

7.5 cm) in length. The white flowers, which appear in July and 

August, are scattered in an alternate arrangement on the middle and upper part of the somewhat sticky-hairy stem. 

The flower parts are complex, with the lowermost petal, or lip, having a spout-like tip. The fruit is a dry capsule 

with many minute seeds. 


Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain ranges from Newfoundland to Manitoba and south into New Jersey, 

Pennsylvania, and the Great Lakes states. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been 

documented historically in a few central and northern counties. The species grows in dry to moist upland woods, 

often with conifers being a substantial component of the tree canopy. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain 

and its habitat may be enhanced by providing a forested buffer 

around populations and controlling invasive species. 

Excessive deer browse may be a threat at some locations. 


G5 – Globally secure; S1 – Critically Imperiled in Pennsylvania 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Checkered 

Rattlesnake-plantain to be a species of special concern, 

based on the few locations recently confirmed and the 

mostly small population sizes. It has a PA legal rarity status 

of Tentatively Undetermined and a PABS suggested rarity 

status of Threatened. 


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References 








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Rock Clubmoss 

Huperzia porophila 

 

Description 

Rock Clubmoss is a fern relative, and belongs to the group of 

evergreen plants known as “ground-pine” or “running-pine” 

that have been utilized for making Christmas wreaths. Rock 

Clubmoss is an ascending or upright small plant with stems up 

to 6 inches (15 cm) in height, but is usually shorter. The leaves 

are spirally arranged, spreading, somewhat needle-like, ¼ inch 

(3-8 mm) in length, and form a dense covering on the stem. 

The species does not produce flowers, but reproduces itself by 

microscopic spores that are produced from small sacs located 

at the base of some leaves, as well as by asexual buds that can 

grow into new plants. This species greatly resembles Shining 

Clubmoss (Huperzia lucidula), which in Pennsylvania is a 

frequent and widespread species that grows in moist woods. 

Rock Clubmoss is a plant of smaller stature, with smaller and less lustrous leaves, and has a much more restricted 

habitat (rock surfaces near waterfalls) and distribution. 


Rock Clubmoss ranges from Ontario and Saskatchewan south into Georgia, Alabama, and Missouri. In 

Pennsylvania, it has been documented historically in a few northeastern counties. The species grows on exposed 

rocks and cliffs in vicinity of waterfalls, where the environment remains cool and humid. 




Status Ranks 


The few known populations of Rock Clubmoss are located at 

relatively protected sites, but the potential loss of hemlock (Tsuga 

canadensis) at these locations due to the hemlock wooly adelgid 

(Adelges tsugae) represents a threat. It is also uncertain if Rock 

Clubmoss is successfully reproducing itself at the known sites, 

which is critical because of the already small population sizes. 


G4 – Apparently globally secure; S1 – Critically imperiled in Pennsylvania 



considers Rock Clubmoss to be a species 

of special concern, based on the very few 

locations that have been recently 

confirmed, the very small population 

sizes, and the specialized habitat. It has a 

PA legal rarity status and a PABS 

suggested rarity status of Endangered. 


Huperzia porophila 



References 








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Photo source: B. Eugene Wofford, 

University of Tennessee Herbarium 

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Bayonet Rush 

Juncus militaris 

 

Description 

Bayonet Rush is a perennial grass-like herb with a rounded aerial stem that may 

reach 2 feet (0.6 m) in height, and also produces horizontal underground stems, or 

rhizomes. This species may grow submersed in shallow water, and the rhizome 

often produces an abundance of slender hairlike leaves that remain under water. 

The leaves of the aerial stem are much wider and thicker than the submersed 

leaves, having a sheathing basal portion and an elongate and linear blade that is 

rounded in cross-section and has a series of horizontal thickenings found at 

regular intervals along its length. The aerial stem tends to have just a single 

leaf with a well-developed blade, which often extends beyond the tip of the 

entire aerial stem. The minute flowers, appearing in summer, are grouped in 

dense clusters on the branches of the upper part of the aerial stem. Each 

individual flower has 6 parts that are analogous to the green sepals and colored 

petals found on many kinds of flowers, but in this species the parts are only 1/8 inch (2-4 mm) in length, more-orless 

similar in shape to each other, vary from green to light brown to reddish, and surround the 6 stamens, or 

pollen producing structures within the flower. The fruit consists of dry capsule that equals or slightly exceeds the 

flower parts, and when mature splits open to release the microscopic (0.4-0.5 mm) brownish seeds. 


Bayonet Rush ranges from New England and Ontario south into North Carolina and Alabama. In Pennsylvania, 

this species has been documented historically in the northeastern counties. It grows on shorelines of ponds, lakes 

and streams, and in bogs and marshes. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Bayonet 

Rush to be a species of special concern, based on the 


wetland habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a 



Juncus militaris 



The viability of populations of Bayonet Rush and its 



protecting the natural hydrology around wetlands, controlling invasive species, and avoiding the indiscriminate 

use of aquatic herbicides. 



References 




Rhoads, A.F. and W.M. Klein, Jr. 1993. The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania. American Philosophical Society, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 



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Photo source: PNHP

Scirpus-like Rush 

Juncus scirpoides 

 

Description 

Scirpus-like Rush is a perennial grass-like herb with a rounded aerial stem 

that may reach 2 feet (0.6 m) in height, and also produces horizontal 

underground stems, or rhizomes. The leaves have a sheathing basal portion 

and an elongate and linear blade that is rounded in cross-section, unlike the 

flat blades found in most grass-like plants, and has a series of horizontal 

thickenings found at regular intervals along its length. The minute flowers, 

appearing in summer, are grouped in dense, rounded clusters on the branches 

of the upper part of the aerial stem. Each individual flower has 6 parts that 

are analogous to the green sepals and colored petals found on many kinds of 

flowers, but in this species the parts are only 1/8 inch (2-4 mm) in length, 

more-or-less similar in shape to each other, vary from green to light brown to 

PNHP 

reddish, and surround the 3 stamens, or pollen-producing structures within 

the flower. The fruit consists of a dry capsule that equals or slightly exceeds 

source: 

the flower parts, and when mature splits open to release the microscopic 

(0.4-0.5 mm) brownish seeds. Photo 


Scirpus-like Rush ranges from New York to Wisconsin and south into Florida and Texas. In Pennsylvania, this 

species represents a southern species and has been documented in a few eastern counties. It grows on shorelines 

of ponds, lakes and streams, and in bogs and marshes. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Scirpus-like Rush and its 


protecting the natural hydrology around wetlands and 

controlling invasive species. 




The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Scirpuslike 

Rush to be a species of special concern, based on the 

very few locations recently confirmed and the wetland 

habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a PABS 

suggested rarity status of Endangered. 


Juncus scirpoides 

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References 








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Downy Lettuce 

Lactuca hirsuta 

 

Description 

The Downy Lettuce is an annual or biennial herb with 

milky sap. The slightly to densely hairy stem can reach 8 

feet (2.5 m) in height. The leaves are arranged alternately 

on the stem and variable in shape and length, but tend to 

have toothed, pinnate lobes. The flowers are individually 

tiny and are grouped in yellow flower heads that are 5/8 to 

7/8 inch (15 to 22 mm) long at maturity. The individual 

fruits have a slender “beak” at the top, somewhat similar to 

dandelions. The flower heads and fruits of Downy Lettuce 

are slightly larger than a very similar and much more 

common species of wild lettuce, Lactuca canadensis. 


The Downy Lettuce has a distribution from Canada south 

and west into Georgia and Texas. In Pennsylvania, it has 

been found scattered throughout the state. The species grows in open woods, clearings, thickets, powerline and 

pipeline rights-of-way, and ridgetops. 




Status Ranks 


More field surveys are needed to determine the range, 

abundance, and ecological requirements of Downy Lettuce 

before a more definitive conservation status, if any, can be 

assigned. Based on current data, it appears to be a short-lived, 

early successional species that may have a very limited viability 

at a given occurrence, even under optimal conditions. 


G5 – Globally Secure; S2 – Imperiled in Pennsylvania 


Lactuca hirsuta 

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Photo source: John Kunsman (PNHP) 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers 

Downy Lettuce to be a species of special 

concern, based on the relatively few occurrences 

that have been recently confirmed. It does not 

have a PA legal rarity status, but has been 

assigned a suggested rarity status of 

Undetermined by PABS. meaning that more 

information is needed before a more definitive 

rarity status can be designated 

References 







of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Labrador-tea 

Ledum groenlandicum 

 

Description 

Labrador-tea is an evergreen shrub that may grow to 3 feet (1 

m) in height, but often is much smaller and even may be only a 

few inches in some situations. The branchlets are densely 

covered with orange or brown woolly hairs. The leaves are 

alternately arranged, generally elliptic in shape, to 2 inches (5 

cm) in length, untoothed on the margin with the latter tending 

to be curled under, and when mature (young leaves have white 

colored hairs) have the upper side green and the lower side 

densely covered with the same sort of hairs as on the 

branchlets. The white flowers, appearing in May and June, are 

about 3/8 inch (1 cm) in width and have five petals. The fruit 

is a cylindrical-shaped capsule about ¼ inch (5-7 mm) in 

length that splits at its base at maturity and contains many 

small seeds. 


Labrador-tea has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of northern North America. In Pennsylvania, 

it represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in the northern, particularly the 

northeastern, counties. The species grows in bogs and peaty wetlands. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Labrador-tea and its habitat 

may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the natural 






Labrador-tea to be a species of special concern, based 

on the moderate number of locations recently 



Rare. 


Ledum groenlandicum 

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References 








Photo source: (PNHP)

Swamp Dog-hobble 

Leucothoe racemosa 

 

Description 

Swamp Dog-hobble is a deciduous shrub or small tree that may grow up 

to 9 feet (3 m) in height. The leaves are alternately arranged, sharply 

toothed on the margin, egg-shaped to elliptic, pointed at the tip, usually 

more-or-less hairy on the veins below, and typically 1 to 3 inches (3-8 

cm) in length. The white flowers, appearing in May or June, are 

grouped in slender, elongate clusters, with all the flowers tending to 

point to the same side. The individual flowers, about 3/8 inch (7-9 mm) 

in length, have a tubular or bell shape. The fruit is a globe-shaped, 

many-seeded capsule. 


Swamp Dog-hobble has a mostly coastal range from New York west 

and south into Texas and Florida. In Pennsylvania, it represents a 

southerly species and has been documented historically in numerous 

southeastern counties. It grows in wetlands, particularly swamps, wet 

thickets, and the margins of ponds and streams. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of known populations of Swamp Dog-hobble 

and its habitat may be enhanced by establishing buffers around 

wetlands, controlling invasive species, and protecting the natural 

hydrology surrounding wetlands 


G5 – Globally Secure; S2S3– Imperiled to Vulnerable in Pennsylvania 


The PA Biological Survey considers Swamp Doghobble 

to be a species of special concern, based on 

the relatively few occurrences that have been 

recently documented and the wetland habitat. It 

has a PA legal rarity status, but has been assigned 

a rarity status of Undetermined and a PABS 

suggested rarity status of Threatened. About 30 

populations are known from the state. 


Leucothoe racemosa 

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References 







of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Water Lobelia 

Lobelia dortmanna 

 

Description 

Water Lobelia is an aquatic herb consisting of submersed leaves and a hollow, 

erect stem up to 1.5 feet (0.5 m) in height, with the upper part of the latter 

projecting out of the water and producing flowers. The leaves radiate outward 

from the center of a rounded rosette averaging about 2 inches (5 cm) in width, and 

individually are linear or narrowly oblong in shape, untoothed, rather fleshy in 

texture, hollow and tube-like, curved downward at their tips, and have a milky sap 

if broken. They are extremely reduced in size, if present at all, on the remainder 

of the stem. The pale blue or white flowers, which appear in July and August, 

occur singly in an alternate arrangement on the emersed (and sometimes the 

submersed) portion of the stem. The individual flower may be up to 5/8 inch (1.5 

cm) in length, with a tubular shape except at the tip, where it has a “2-lipped” 

appearance with 2 lobes oriented in one direction and 3 lobes in another direction. 

The fruit consists of a dry capsule with many seeds, and it droops downward at 

maturity. 


Water Lobelia has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North 

America. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been 

documented historically in a few glaciated northeastern counties. The species 

grows in shallow water along the shores of lake and ponds. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Water Lobelia and its habitat may 


hydrology around lakes and ponds, and avoiding the indiscriminate 

use of aquatic herbicides. 




The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Water 

Lobelia to be a species of special concern, based on 

the limited number of locations recently confirmed 

and the specialized habitat. It has a PA legal rarity 

status and a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Threatened. 


Lobelia dortmanna 

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References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Lupine 

Lupinus perennis 

 

Description 

Lupine is a perennial herb with a hairy or hairless erect stem 

that may grow to 2 feet (0.6 m) in height. The alternately 

arranged and long stalked leaves have a very distinctive 

appearance, with the blade portion having 7-11 leaflets that 

radiate outward from a central point at the tip of the leaf stalk. 

The individual leaflets vary from hairless to hairy, are 

untoothed on the margins, and tend to be widest toward the 

bluntish tip. The attractive flowers, which appear mostly in 

May and June, are aggregated in an elongate cylindrical cluster 

on the middle and upper part of the stem. The flowers tend to 

be some shade of blue, but may be entirely white or pink, and 

average about ½ inch (12-16 mm) in length and have a pealike 

appearance. The fruit consists of a hairy pod-like 

somewhat flattened capsule up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length, and contains several seeds. 


Lupine ranges from New England to Minnesota and south into Florida and Texas. In Pennsylvania, it has been 

documented historically in many widespread counties. The species grows in well-drained soil, particularly on 

woods borders, open woods, and various sorts of clearings. 




Status Ranks 



Lupine to be a species of special concern, based on 

the moderate number of locations recently 

confirmed and the mostly small population sizes. 

It has a PA legal rarity status and a PABS 



Lupinus perennis 


The viability of populations of Lupine and its habitat may be 

enhanced by avoiding the indiscriminate use of herbicides. 

Active management, such as mowing or invasive species removal, may be required in order to maintain 

populations. 



records since 1980 records pre-1980 


References 








Photo source: PNHP

Appalachian Sandwort 

Minuartia glabra 

 

Description 

Appalachian Sandwort is an annual herb with slender wiry 

forked stems that may grow up to 6 inches (15 cm) in height. 

The leaves are oppositely arranged, linear to needle-like in 

shape, to 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length and 1/16 inch (1-2 mm) in 

width, and hairless. The white flowers, which appear mostly 

from May to July but sporadically later in the year, are 

aggregated in small branching clusters on the upper portions of 

the stems. Each individual flower has 5 petals that are about 3/16 

inch (4-8 mm) in length. The fruit is a dry capsule about 3/16 

inch (5 mm) in diameter that splits into 3 parts and releases the 

minute seeds. 


Appalachian Sandwort ranges from New England south into 

Georgia and Alabama. In Pennsylvania, it has been documented 

historically in the northeastern counties. The species grows on open well drained sandstone and shale bedrock 

outcrops and in dry open woods. 

North American State/Province Conservation 

Status 



Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Appalachian 

Sandwort to be a species of special concern, based on the few 

locations that have been recently confirmed and the specialized 

habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a PABS suggested 

rarity status of Threatened. 


Minuartia glabra 

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The largest populations of Appalachian Sandwort are situated in remote areas where the habitat is likely to be 

kept in a natural state. Active management, such as the use of prescribed fire, may be beneficial in maintaining 

these areas or in creating additional habitat. Some populations are threatened by loss of habitat. 



References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Sweet-gale 

Myrica gale 

 

Description 

Sweet-gale is a deciduous shrub that may grow up to 3 feet (1 m) 

in height, and emits a spicy fragrance if the branchlets are 

broken or the leaves are crushed. The branchlets may have 

enlarged flower buds near their tip that contrast with the smaller 

leaf buds found farther down the branchlet. The leaves are 

alternately arranged, deciduous, thickish in texture, shortstalked, 

tend to be broadest at or near their tip, where several 

teeth are present on the margins, and then gradually tapering 

(and lacking teeth) to a narrower wedge-like base. The lower 

side (and sometimes the upper) of the leaves have scattered 

golden resin droplets. The brownish or greenish flowers, which 

appear in May before the leaves expand, are rather small and 

inconspicuous, being aggregated into compact male and female 

clusters, which occur on separate plants. The fruit is a dry nut about 1/8 inch (2-3 mm) in length that also has 

resin droplets on its surface. 


Sweet-gale has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it 

represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in several northeastern counties. The species 

grows in boggy wetlands and along shorelines of lakes and streams. 




Status Ranks 

Conservation Consideration 

The viability of populations of Sweet-gale and its habitat 

may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the 

natural hydrology around wetlands. 




The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Sweetgale 

to be a species of special concern, based on the 

limited number of locations that have been recently 



Threatened. 


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References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Farwell’s Water-milfoil 

Myriophyllum farwellii 

 

Description 

Farwell’s Water-milfoil is an aquatic herb that may grow to 1 foot (0.3 

m) or more in length, and can be found rooted to the substrate or as 

fragments that are floating or washed to the shore. As in most related 

species, the leaves have a feather-like, finely-dissected appearance, 

with each leaf having an elongate central axis and numerous slender 

segments that project outward in an ascending manner along the length 

of the axis. This species also shares with others the minute (1-3 mm) 4sided 

fruit cluster that breaks up into 1-seeded portions. Identification 

of species in this genus can be difficult, and Farwell’s Water-milfoil 

can be best distinguished by the following combination of features: the 

consistently submersed leaves (other species may become emersed in 

flowering), the leaf arrangement that is sometimes alternately arranged 

and sometimes more-or-less oppositely arranged (in contrast to the 

strictly whorled arrangement in most species), and particularly the 

fruits, which have 2 low ridges along the length of their outer face, with 

the ridges roughened by minute projections (most other species have 

smooth outer faces). 


Farwell’s Water-milfoil has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In 

Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in a few northeastern 

counties. The species grows in lakes and ponds. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Farwell’s Water-milfoil and its 

habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the 

natural hydrology around lakes and ponds, controlling invasive 

species, and avoiding the indiscriminate use of aquatic 

herbicides. 




The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Farwell’s 

Water-milfoil to be a species of special concern, based on 

the limited number of locations that have been recently 

documented. It has a PA legal rarity status of Endangered 

and a PABS suggested rarity status of Rare. 


Myriophyllum farwellii 

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References 




Rhoads, A. F. and W.M. Klein, Jr. 1993. The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania. American 




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Photo source: USDA_NRCS PLANTS Database

Slender Water-milfoil 

Myriophyllum tenellum 

 

Description 

Slender Water-milfoil is an aquatic herb with slender erect stems averaging 

about 1/16 inch (1-2 mm) in width that also produce horizontally creeping 

stems at their base, which often results in a colony or cluster of connected 

erect stems. The erect stems that remain submersed produce tiny alternatelyarranged 

leaves, usually scale-like and up to about 1/16 inch (1-2 mm) in 

length, but they may be little more than “bumps” on the stem surface. The 

erect stems that grow above the water line may produce tiny flowers above 

each leaf. The flowers, which appear in summer, have 4 dull reddish petals 

that are about 1/16 inch (1-2 mm) in length. The fruit is a minute nut less 

than 1/16 inch (1 mm) in length. The other species of Water-milfoil in 

Pennsylvania have well-developed leaves with a feather-like, finelydissected 

appearance, with each leaf having an elongate central axis and 

numerous slender segments that project outward in an ascending manner along the length of the axis. 


Slender Water-milfoil ranges from Newfoundland to Ontario and south into North Carolina and the Great Lakes 

states. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in a few 

northeastern counties. The species grows in shallow water along the shorelines of lakes and ponds. 




Status Ranks 


database 



Water-milfoil to be a species of special concern, based on 

the few numbers of locations recently confirmed and the 

specialized habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a 

PABS suggested rarity status of Threatened. 


Myriophyllum tenellum 



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The viability of populations of Slender Water-milfoil and its habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and 

protecting the natural hydrology around lakes and ponds, controlling invasive species, and avoiding 

indiscriminate use of aquatic herbicides. 



References 








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Small Yellow Cowlily 

Nuphar microphylla 

 

Description 

Small Yellow Cowlily is an aquatic herb that represents a 

smaller version of Yellow Cowlily or Spatterdock (Nuphar 

lutea) that is widespread in Pennsylvania. The Small Yellow 

Cowlily has its basal part anchored in the substrate of the lake or 

pond. The leaves arise from this base, via long stalks, and 

usually are seen floating on the surface of the water. The leaf 

blades typically have a heart-shaped outline, sometimes with a 

deeply incised base, average about 3 inches (7.5 cm) in width, 

are untoothed on the edges, and often become purplish below. 

The yellow flowers, which appear in summer, are located at or 

slightly above the water surface, and are about ¾ inch (2 cm) in 

width, with a prominent central flat-topped disk where the pollen 

is deposited. They occur singly on each stalk, which arises from 

the plant base. The fruit is a spongy or leathery “berry” 

containing many seeds. 


Small Yellow Cowlily ranges from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south into New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 

and Illinois. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in 

the eastern, particularly the northeastern, counties. The species grows in lakes, ponds and slow-moving 

sections of rivers and streams. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Small 

Yellow Cowlily to be a species of special concern, 

based on the few locations recently confirmed. It has a 

PA legal rarity status of Tentatively Undetermined and 

a PABS suggested rarity status of Endangered. 

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Nuphar microphylla 

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The viability of populations of Small Yellow Cowlily and its 


natural hydrology around wetlands, controlling invasive species, and avoiding indiscriminate use of aquatic 

herbicides. 

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References 








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Photo source: Robert Bierman @ Wisflora

Floating-heart 

Nymphoides cordata 

 

Description 

Floating-heart is an aquatic herb that resembles a miniature waterlily. 

The basal part of the plant is anchored in the substrate of the 

lake or pond. A long stalk is produced, sometimes many feet in 

length, which produces a single heart-shaped floating leaf on the 

surface of the water. The leaf may be up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) in 

width, with a deeply-incised base, and often becomes reddish 

tinged in age. In some individuals, the long stalk from the base of 

the plant may also produce a group of tuberous roots and/or a 

cluster of flowers, and the roots, flowers, and leaf appear to be 

attached at the same point on the long stalk. The white or creamy 

flowers, which appear in summer, project above the water surface, 

are individually about 3/8 inch (5-10 mm) in width and have a 5 

lobe-like appearance, with each petal-like lobe having a yellow 

gland at its base. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule about 3/16 

inch (4 mm) in length. 


Floating-heart ranges from Newfoundland to Ontario and south into the Gulf Coast states. In Pennsylvania, it has 

been documented historically in a few northeastern counties. The species grows in lakes and ponds. 

North American State/Province Conservation 

Status 



Status Ranks 

Photo source: Jeff McMillian @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS 

Database 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Floating-heart to be 

a species of special concern, based on the limited number of 

locations recently confirmed and the specialized habitat. It has a 

PA legal rarity status and a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Threatened. 


Nymphoides cordata 

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The viability of populations of Floating-heart and its 

habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the natural hydrology around lakes and ponds, 

controlling invasive species, and avoiding indiscriminate use of aquatic herbicides. 



References 








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Prickly-pear Cactus 

Opuntia humifusa 

 

Description 

Prickly-pear Cactus is a perennial herb forming mats or clumps. 

The stems are shaped into fleshy, flattened pads that are up to 4 

inches (10 cm) long and 2½ inches (6 cm) wide. The pads 

should be touched with caution because of the presence of 

minute barbed hairs that are very irritating when lodged in the 

skin. The leaves are reduced to spines, which may not be 

present on a given plant. The very attractive flowers, appearing 

in June and July, are bright yellow and up to 3 inches (8 cm) 

wide. The fruit is fleshy, vase-shaped, red or purple at maturity, 

and attached along the margins of the pads. 


Prickly-pear Cactus has a wide range in eastern and midwestern North America. In Pennsylvania, it occurs 

scattered primarily in the southern counties, growing on dry, open, rocky ground, such as on shale barrens, slopes, 

and cliffs. It is also cultivated and may escape locally from these plantings. 




Status Ranks 


Occurrences of Prickly-pear Cactus and its habitat type are 

threatened by human-related habitat loss, natural succession, 

invasive species, quarrying, and the collection of wild plants 

by gardeners. Because of the preference of the species for 

sunny conditions, active management – such as fire or 

invasive species removal - may be required to maintain the 

proper successional stage and ecological conditions. 

Escapes from cultivation are not considered to be of 

conservation significance. 


G5 – Globally Secure; S3 – Vulnerable in Pennsylvania 



Prickly-pear Cactus to be a species of special 

concern, based on the few occurrences that have 

been recently confirmed and its specialized 

habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and a 

PABS suggested rarity status of Rare. About 30 

occurrences are currently documented from the 

state. 


Opuntia humifusa 



References 









Golden Club 

Orontium aquaticum 

 

Description 

Golden Club is an aquatic perennial that often grows in 

standing water, with its leaves and flowering stems extending 

above the water line. This species belongs to the same family 

as Jack-in-the-pulpit and grows up to 18 inches (46 cm) tall. 

The leaves are oblong to elliptic, dark green, and velvety. The 

leaves are up to 12 inches (30 cm) long and repel water so 

that they always appear dry. The flowers are yellow and 

bloom from April to May. The tiny flowers are carried on the 

golden-yellow tip of club-shaped flowering stems. These 

swollen flowering stems are white directly below the flowers. 


Golden Club occurs from New York and Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas. In Pennsylvania, it 

can be found in lakes, ponds, oxbow floodplains, and wet shores where it grows rooted in the muck beneath the 

water. 




Status Ranks 


Maintenance of known populations of Golden Club and 

protection of its wetland communities will be crucial to its 

survival. Creating buffers around its habitat, removal of 

invasive species, and protection of wetland hydrology will 

help to maintain populations and encourage new population 

growth. The management of known sites requires long term 

monitoring of populations. Potential sites for restoration should be evaluated. 


G5 – Globally Secure; S4 – Apparently Secure in Pennsylvania 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) has assigned the 

Golden Club to the Watch list. Populations can be 

negatively impacted by poor water quality, deer and 

waterfowl browsing, conversion of land for 

development, and accompanying hydrologic changes. 

This species has disappeared from many sites in 

southeast Pennsylvania. 

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References 








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Photo source: Sally Ray (PNHP)

Slender Mountain-ricegrass 

Oryzopsis (Piptatherum) pungens 

 

Description 

Slender Mountain-ricegrass is a perennial grass that grows in a tufted clump 

and produces erect stems that may reach 18 inches (ca 0.5 m) in height. The 

leaves are alternately arranged, consisting of a basal sheath portion that 

envelopes the stem and an extremely narrow, flattened or inrolled, and 

untoothed blade that is up to 1 foot (0.3 m) in length, about 1/16 inch (2 mm) 

in width, and pointed at the tip. The minute flowers, appearing primarily in 

May and June (but sometimes sporadically later in the year), occur in a 

relatively short and few-branched cluster, or inflorescence, at the tip of the 

stem. The inflorescence contains many individual spikelets about 1/8 inch 

(3-4 mm) in length, with each including a single flower and later a single 

fruit. The tip of the spikelet usually has a tiny hair-like projection, or awn, 

PNHP 

which is 1/16 inch (1-2 mm) in length, but is rather delicate and often breaks 

off. In summer, well after the fruits have fallen, the species may often be 

source: 

identified by the persistence of the inflorescence, which turns pale brown and 

has a short, few-branched appearance. Photo 


Slender Mountain-ricegrass has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In 

Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been documented historically in a few northeastern 

counties. It grows in well-drained, sandy habitats that receive considerable sun, such as rocky open woods, 

bedrock outcrops, heath barrens, balds, and mountain summits. 




Status Ranks 


Most populations of Slender Mountain-ricegrass in 

Pennsylvania are situated in remote areas where the habitat is 

likely to be kept in a natural state. Active management, such 

as the use of prescribed fire, may be beneficial in maintaining 

these areas or in creating additional habitat. 





Mountain-ricegrass to be a species of special concern, based 

on the limited number of locations recently confirmed, the 

usually small population sizes, and the specialized habitat. It 

has a PA legal rarity status and a PABS suggested rarity 

status of Endangered. 


Oryzopsis pungens 

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References 








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White Fringed Orchid 

Platanthera blephariglottis 

 

Description 

White Fringed Orchid is an herbaceous perennial with a hairless stem that may 

grow to 2 feet (ca 0.6 m) in height. The leaves are elliptic to lance-shaped, to 8 

inches (20 cm) in length and to 1 inch (2.5 cm) in width, pointed at the tip, 

untoothed on the margin, hairless, alternately arranged and sheathing the stem, 

and usually 1-3 in number with lowest leaf of the stem being the largest. The 

white flowers, appearing mostly in July and early August, occur in a cluster 

near the top of the stem. The most striking feature of the individual flower is 

the lower downward-pointing petal (called a “lip” in orchids), which is about 

3/8 inch (8-11 mm) in length and has very delicately incised teeth or fringes 

along its margins. The back of this petal has a slender, tube-like projection 

(called a “spur” in orchids) about up to 1 inch (25 mm) in length that contains 

nectar and attracts pollinating insects. 


White Fringed Orchid has a range from Canada southward to the Gulf Coast. 

In Pennsylvania, it has been documented historically mostly in the northeastern and northwestern glaciated 

counties. It grows in bogs, peaty wetlands and swamps, particularly on floating sphagnum moss mats surrounding 

bog pools. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers White 

Fringed Orchid to be a species of special concern, based 

on the relatively few locations recently confirmed and 

the specialized habitat. It does not have a PA legal rarity 

status, but has been assigned a PABS suggested rarity 



Platanthera blephariglottis 


The viability of populations of White Fringed Orchid 

and its habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and 

protecting the natural hydrology around wetlands and 


controlling invasive species. The beauty of the flowers 

makes them susceptible to digging and removal. This 


species is an indicator for bog habitats that feature various orchids, insectivorous plants such as sundew, 

bladderwort, and pitcher plant, and other interesting species. 


G4G5 – Globally secure; S2S3 – Imperiled in Pennsylvania 

References 








Photo source: Denise Watts (PNHP)

Three-toothed Cinquefoil 

Potentilla tridentata 

 

Description 

Three-toothed Cinquefoil is a low-growing evergreen perennial, somewhat 

woody at the base, which forms small mat-like colonies. While the flowering 

stalk may reach 6 inches (15 cm) in height, it is often much shorter, and plants 

may only be an inch or two above the substrate. The leaves have a very 

distinctive shape and provide the common name of the plant. They are 

alternately arranged, thick in texture, to 2 inches (5 cm) in length, with the 

lower part of the stalk with a wing-like fringe, or stipule and the blade portion 

divided into 3 leaflets, each of which has 3 small teeth at its tip. The leaves 

often turn red over the winter. The white flowers, which appear from May to 

July, are grouped in branched clusters at the end of the branchlets. Each 

individual flower has 5 petals and many stamens. The fruits and seeds are 

fused together, and are dry, hairy, and less than 1/16 inch (1 mm) in length. 


Three-toothed Cinquefoil ranges from Newfoundland to Alberta and south into 

Georgia, Tennessee, Iowa, and North Dakota. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been 

documented historically in a few northeastern counties. The species grows on exposed bedrock outcrops, usually 

at relatively high elevations. 




Status Ranks 


Potentilla tridentata 

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Photo source: Kurt Emmanuele, University of 

Tennessee Herbarium 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Three-toothed 

Cinquefoil to be a species of special concern, based on the 

few locations recently confirmed and the specialized habitat. 

It has a PA legal rarity status and a PABS suggested rarity 



Although only a few populations of Three-toothed 


Cinquefoil are known, they are situated in relatively 

remote areas where the habitat is likely to be kept in a 


natural state. Active management, such as the use of prescribed fire, may be beneficial in maintaining these areas 

or in creating additional habitat. 



References 







edition. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Riverine Sand Cherry 

Prunus pumila var. depressa 

 

Description 

Riverine Sand Cherry is a deciduous shrub with a low, 

spreading, mat-like appearance, from only a few inches to 

less commonly 1 foot (.3 m) in height. The branchlets are 

hairless. The leaves are alternately arranged, stalked, 

toothed on the edges, have a long and narrow shape with the 

blade tending to be widest at or near the tip, mostly 1-3 

inches (2.5-7.5 cm) in length, usually hairless on both sides, 

and pale green to somewhat whitened below. The white 

flowers, which appear in May and June, are aggregated in 

small clusters at the end of the branchlets, with the 

individual flower having 5 separate petals that are about ¼ 

inch (4-8 mm) in length. The fruit has the typical cherry 

features of a fleshy and edible pulp surrounding a single 

seed, and at maturity is purplish-black and about 3/8- ½ inch 

(10-15 mm) in diameter. 


Riverine Sand Cherry ranges from New Brunswick to Ontario and south into New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 

Tennessee, and Wisconsin. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been documented 

historically in a number of widespread counties along the major rivers, but appears to be most frequent along the 

Delaware River. The species grows on islands and shores that are subjected to annual natural events such as 

flooding and ice scouring. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Riverine 

Sand Cherry to be a species of special concern, based on 

the limited number of locations recently confirmed and the 

specialized habitat. It does not have a PA legal rarity 

status, but has a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Endangered. 

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Prunus pumila var. depressa 


The viability of populations of Riverine Sand Cherry and its 

habitat may be enhanced by maintaining the natural hydrology 

and natural vegetation of the river shorelines and islands and particularly in controlling invasive species. 


G5T5 – Globally secure; S1 – Critically Imperiled in Pennsylvania 

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Photo source: PNHP

Upland Sand Cherry 

Prunus pumila var. susquehanae 

 

Description 

Upland Sand Cherry is a deciduous shrub with erect but low 

growing stems up to 1 foot (.3 m) in height. The branchlets 

are hairless. The leaves are alternately arranged, stalked, 

untoothed or toothed on the edges, have an elliptical shaped 

blade tending to be widest near the middle and mostly 1-2 

inches (2.5-5 cm) in length, usually hairless on both sides, and 

pale green to whitened below. The white flowers, which 

appear in May and June, are aggregated in small clusters at the 

end of the branchlets, with the individual flower having 5 

separate petals that are about ¼ inch (4-8 mm) in length. The 

fruit has the typical cherry features of a fleshy and edible pulp 

surrounding a single seed, and at maturity is purplish-black 

and about 3/8-1/2 inch (10-15 mm) in diameter. 


Upland Sand Cherry ranges from Maine to Manitoba and south into North Carolina, Ohio, and Arkansas. In 

Pennsylvania, it has been documented historically mostly in the eastern, particularly the northeastern, counties. 

The species grows on bedrock outcrops, rocky openings, barrens and thickets, especially on mountain tops and 

ridges. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Upland Sand 

Cherry to be a species of special concern, based on the 


specialized habitat. It does not have a PA legal rarity status, 

but has a PABS suggested rarity status of Threatened. 


Prunus pumila var. susquehanae 

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Most populations of Upland Sand Cherry in Pennsylvania are 

situated in remote areas where the habitat is likely to be kept in 

a natural state. Active management, such as the use of prescribed fire, may be beneficial in maintaining these 

areas or in creating additional habitat. Excessive deer browse, especially on plants that are blooming, may be a 

threat at some locations 


G5T4 – Globally secure; S2 – Imperiled in Pennsylvania 

References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Pod-grass 

Scheuchzeria palustris 

 

Description 

Pod-grass is a perennial grass-like plant, greatly resembling a rush 

(Juncus sp.), with a zig-zag stem that may grow to 1.5 feet (1.5 m) in 

height. The plant often forms colonies because of the presence of widespreading 

underground stems, or rhizomes. The hairless leaves are 

alternately arranged, consisting of a prominent basal sheathing portion 

that envelopes the stem and a linear and elongate, ascending blade that is 

2-12 inches (5-30 cm) in length and less than 3/16 inch (1-4 mm) in 

width. The most distinctive leaf feature may be the presence of a small 

pore-like opening just below the tip. The minute flowers, appearing in 

late May to July, are greenish and often tinged with yellow or red, 1/8 

inch (2-4 mm) in length, and occur in stalked clusters above the leaves. 

The plant gets its common name, and is probably most conspicuous, in 

the fruiting stage, which consists of a dry pod, typically grouped in 3’s 

and connected at their bases, containing small seeds. 


Pod-grass has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it represents 

a northerly species, and has been documented historically mostly in the northern counties. It grows in bogs and 

peaty wetlands. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Podgrass 

to be a species of special concern, based on the 

very few locations that have been recently confirmed 

and the specialized habitat. It has a PA legal rarity 

status and a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Endangered. 


Scheuchzeria palustris 

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The viability of populations of Pod-grass and its habitat may 




hydrology surrounding wetlands and controlling invasive 

species. Pod-grass is often an indicator for bog habitats that may feature various orchids, insectivorous plants 

such as sundew, bladderwort, and pitcher plant, and other interesting species. 


G5 – Globally secure; S1 – Critically imperiled in Pennsylvania 

References 








Photo source: Rich Zaino

Water Bulrush 

Schoenoplectus subterminalis 

 

Description 

Water Bulrush is a grass-like plant that forms patches in shallow water due 

to its wide-spreading underground stems, or rhizomes. The plant may be 

completely submersed when in a vegetative state, and then has very narrow 

linear leaves that are mainly attached near the base of the plant and are 

extremely limp when removed from the water. If and when the plant 

flowers and fruits, an erect aerial stem is produced that may grow 1-3 feet 

(to 1 m) in height and protrudes out of the water. The flowers, appearing 

from July to September, are minute and are grouped in a single cluster that is 

about 3/8 inch (7-12 mm) in length that is located just below what appears to 

be the tip of the stem (actually the tip of an erect leaf that subtends the tip of 

the stem). The individual fruit is brownish, three-sided at maturity, about 1/8 

inch (3 mm) in length, has 6 slender bristles attached at the base, and a 

prominent beak at the tip. 


Water Bulrush has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of 

North America. In Pennsylvania, it is considered a northerly species and has 

been documented historically in mostly the northeastern counties. It grows 

in lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Water 

Bulrush to be a species of special concern, based on the 

limited locations recently confirmed and the wetland 

habitat. It does not have a PA legal rarity status, but has 

been assigned a PABS suggested rarity status of Rare. 

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Schoenoplectus subterminalis 


The viability of populations of Water Bulrush and its 


protecting the natural hydrology around wetlands, 

controlling invasive species, and avoiding the indiscriminate use of aquatic herbicides. 


G4G5 – Globally secure; S3 – Vulnerable in Pennsylvania 

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References 








Photo source: PNHP

Roseroot Stonecrop 

Sedum rosea 

 

Description 

Roseroot Stonecrop is a perennial herb with a hairless aerial stem 

that grows to about 1 foot (0.3 m) in height. The aerial stem arises 

from a very thick underground stem. The leaves are alternately 

arranged or grouped in whorls, thick in texture, stalkless, hairless, 

widest near their tip, to 2 inches (5 cm) in length and ½ inch (12 

mm) in width, with the margins untoothed or more often with a 

few teeth near the tip. The flowers, which appear in May or early 

June, are aggregated in a small branched cluster at the end of the 

stem, with the male and female flowers being on separate plants. 

The individual flowers have 4 or 5 petals, which are very narrow 

(1 mm or less in width) and usually yellow in color, although they 

may be entirely or tinged red-purple. The fruits are dry and 

contain many seeds. 


Roseroot Stonecrop ranges from northeastern Canada south into 

North Carolina and Tennessee. In Pennsylvania, it represents a northerly species and has been documented 

historically in only a few counties along the Delaware River. The species grows on damp or seepy, northerlyfacing, 

cliffs and rock ledges. 




Status Ranks 

Photo source: William Justice @USDA-NRCS Plants 

Database 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Roseroot 

Stonecrop to be a species of special concern, based on the 

very few locations that have been recently confirmed and 

the specialized cliff habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status 

and a PABS suggested rarity status of Endangered. 


Sedum rosea 



The viability of populations of Roseroot Stonecrop and its 


habitat may be enhanced by protecting the natural hydrology 

and controlling invasive species. The Pennsylvania 

populations, possibly the southernmost still existing in eastern North America, may be important in conserving 

the overall genetic diversity of the species. 



References 








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Bur-reed 

Sparganium angustifolium 

 

Description 

Bur-reed is a perennial aquatic grass-like plant that may grow to over 2 

feet (.6 m) in length. The base of the plant is rooted in the substrate and 

the leaves are oriented upward, with the upper portions and tips remaining 

in the water and tending to float on the water surface. The leaves are 

alternately arranged, hairless, untoothed on the edges, and consist of a 

basal sheathing portion that envelopes the stem and an elongate, narrow, 

ribbon-like blade that can be 1 foot (.3 m) or more in length and only about 

3/16 inches (2-6 mm) in width, and somewhat spongy when compressed. 

The minute flowers, appearing in spring and early summer, are separated 

into male and female clusters, with the former near the tip and the latter 

farther down the stem, and are exposed to the air for pollination. The most 

prominent part of the plant and the source of the common name is the 

fruiting stage, which consists of a bur-like aggregate of individual fruits, 

each of which is 3/16 inch (3-6 mm) in length and tapers in width to both ends. Identification of bur-reeds can be 

difficult, and some species that normally have stems that grow upright and above the water surface can produce 

forms that resemble S. angustifolium in being submersed and floating. 


Bur-reed has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it represents a 

northerly species, and has been documented historically mostly in the northeastern counties. It grows in lakes, 

ponds, and slow-moving streams. 




Status Ranks 


Database Photo source: PNHP 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Bur-reed to 

be a species of special concern, based on the few 

locations recently confirmed and the specialized habitat. 

It does not have a PA legal rarity status, but has a PABS 

suggested rarity status of Threatened. 


Sparganium angustifolium 


The viability of populations of Bur-reed and its habitat may be 

enhanced by creating buffers and protecting the natural 


The species may be threatened by the indiscriminate use of aquatic herbicides at some locations. 



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References 








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Mountain Starwort 

Stellaria borealis 

 

Description 

Mountain Starwort is a relatively delicate herbaceous perennial with a 

hairless or inconspicuously hairy stem that may grow to 1 foot (ca 0.3 m) 

or slightly more in height. The leaves are oppositely arranged, hairless or 

inconspicuously so, stalkless, untoothed on the margins, narrowly elliptic 

or lance-shaped and pointed at both ends, to 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length and 

3/16 inch (5 mm) in width. The flowers, appearing mostly in spring, 

occur singly along the length of the stem or in few-flowered clusters on 

the upper stem. Petals may be absent, or if present are white and only a 

few mm in length and shorter than the green sepals that surround them. 

The fruit is a small capsule that contains numerous seeds less than 1 mm 

in length, and when the flowers occur singly the fruit is elevated on a 

slender stalk that may exceed 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length. Due to the 

similarity of appearance of this species and other species of Stellaria, 

care must be taken in identification. 


Mountain Starwort has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it 

has been documented historically in a scattered pattern, but primarily in the northern and mountain counties. It 

grows in seeps and spring-fed streamlets, usually in wooded areas. 




Status Ranks 



Mountain Starwort to be a species of special concern, 

based on the limited number of locations recently 

confirmed and the wetland habitat. It does not have a 

PA legal rarity status, but has been assigned a PABS 

suggested rarity status of Tentatively Undetermined. 

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Stellaria borealis 

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The viability of populations of Mountain Starwort and its 


habitat may be enhanced by creating buffers and protecting 

the natural hydrology around springs and seepages and 


controlling invasive species. It is likely that more populations of Mountain Starwort will be documented. 


G5 – Globally secure; S1S2 – Imperiled in Pennsylvania 

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References 







University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

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Photo source: PNHP

White Twisted-stalk 

Streptopus amplexifolius 

 

Description 

White Twisted-stalk is an herbaceous perennial with a mostly 

hairless, often branched stem that may grow to 3 feet (1 m) in 

height. The leaves are alternately arranged, thin in texture, 

hairless, lance-shaped or egg-shaped, clasping the stem at the 

base and pointed at the tip, 2-5 inches (5-13 cm) in length and 

¾-2 inches (2-5 cm) in width, and without teeth or hairs on the 

margin. The greenish-white flowers, appearing in May and 

June, have 6 petal-like segments about 3/8 inch (1 cm) in length 

that bend outward from their middle. The flowers generally 

occur singly or in pairs and attach to stalks from the bases of 

the middle and upper leaves. The fruit is berry-like, reddish at 

maturity, and contains many minute seeds. A very similar 

species, Rose Mandarin (Streptopus roseus), has pinkish flowers and hairy stems and leaf margins. 


White Twisted-stalk has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In Pennsylvania, it 

has been documented historically in the northern, particularly in the northeastern, counties. It grows on seepy 

cliffs and rock outcrops, in cool shaded conditions, often near waterfalls. 




Status Ranks 


The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers White 

Twisted-stalk to be a species of special concern, based 

on the limited number of locations recently confirmed, 

the generally small populations, and the specialized 

habitat. It has a PA legal rarity of Threatened and a 



Streptopus amplexifolius 


The viability of populations of White Twisted-stalk and its 

habitat may be enhanced by maintaining forested conditions 

and protecting the natural hydrology. The decline and possible 

loss of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) due to infestations of the 

hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) represents a threat to the habitat of White Twisted-stalk. 



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References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Narrow False Oats 

Trisetum spicatum 

 

Description 

Narrow False Oats is a perennial grass that may grow to 1.5 feet (0.5 m) in 

height. The leaves are alternately arranged, consisting of a basal sheath 

portion that envelopes the stem and a linear-shaped, flattened, and untoothed 

blade that is 2 to 5 inches (5-13 cm) in length, to ¼ inch (6 mm) in width, 

and pointed at the tip. The minute flowers, appearing in late spring and 

summer, occur in a dense and relatively narrow inflorescence that may reach 

4 inches (10 cm) in length. The inflorescence contains many individual 

flower-bearing spikelets that average about ¼ inch (6 mm) in length. 

Individual spikelets contain two tiny flowers, each of which has an 

associated hair-like projection, or awn, that extends outside the spikelet. 


Narrow False Oats has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of 

North America. In Pennsylvania, it has been documented historically in 

only a few counties. The species grows on rock outcrops and cliffs. 




Status Ranks 


The single population that is currently documented in the state 

appears to have the necessary protection to allow the species to 

thrive. Additional field surveys are needed to attempt to 

discover additional populations. 




The PA Biological Survey (PABS) considers Narrow 

False Oats to be a species of special concern, based 

on the single population that has been confirmed. It 

does not have a PA legal rarity status, but has been 

assigned a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Endangered. 


Trisetum spicatum 



References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Horned Bladderwort 

Utricularia cornuta 

 

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Description 

The Horned Bladderwort is a perennial with very small, slender leaves that are 

usually hidden in the substrate or submerged in shallow water. The leaves may be 

difficult to locate but are noteworthy for possessing bladders that trap and digest tiny 

animals. The plant has yellow flowers (appearing in summer) that have a sharppointed 

spur and are borne on an erect stalk up to twelve inches in height. The fruit 

is a capsule with many small seeds. When flowers are absent, the plant is difficult to 

locate and identify. 


The species grows in shallow water or wet peaty substrate in ponds, bogs, seepages, 

and along shorelines. The horned bladderwort is widely distributed throughout the 

eastern half of North America. It occurs mainly in the glaciated northeastern 

counties in Pennsylvania. 




Status Ranks 

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Utricularia cornuta 

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State Status & Conservation 

The horned bladderwort has been given a status of Threatened on the Plants of Special Concern in Pennsylvania 

list by the Pennsylvania Biological Survey and the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, based on 

the relatively few historical and recent records that have been documented in the state. Additional field work is 

needed in order to justify this status, as recent field work has shown that the species may be more frequent than 

previously believed. 


G5 Globally Secure; S2 Imperiled in Pennsylvania 

References 








Photo source: PNHP

Flat-leaved Bladderwort 

Utricularia intermedia 

 

Description 

Bladderworts are herbaceous carnivorous plants, mostly aquatic, 

that have small bladders, usually attached to their finely divided 

leaves, which trap and digest tiny animals. Flat-leaved 

Bladderwort differs from most of its relatives in that it produces 

leafy creeping and prostrate stems on exposed peat, and that the 

leaves, although divided into narrow and forking segments, are 

wide enough to have an obviously flattened surface and have 

minute teeth along their margins. Also unlike most bladderworts, 

this species has the bladders not attached directly to the leaves but 

located on specialized leafless stems that branch off the leafy 

stems and that may grow to 6 inches (15 cm) in length. The 

yellow flowers, appearing from July to August, number from 1 to 4 and are alternately arranged on an erect stalk. 

Each individual flower has a two-lipped appearance, with the 3/8 inch (8-11 mm) lower lip about twice as long as 

the upper lip. The lower lip also has a spur-like projection at the rear. 


Flat-leaved Bladderwort has a transcontinental range across the cooler regions of North America. In 

Pennsylvania, this species is considered a northerly species and is has been documented historically mostly in the 

northern, especially the glaciated northeastern, counties. The species grows on exposed peat in bogs, boggy 

wetlands, floating bog mat islands, and shorelines. 




Status Ranks 


The viability of populations of Flat-leaved Bladderwort and its 


natural hydrology around wetlands and controlling invasive 

species. This plant is often an indicator species for bog 

habitats that feature various orchids, carnivorous plants such as 

sundew, bladderwort, and pitcher plant, and other interesting 

species. 





considers Flat-leaved Bladderwort to be a 

species of special concern, based on the 

few locations that have been recently 

confirmed and the specialized wetland 

habitat. It has a PA legal rarity status and 

a PABS suggested rarity status of 

Threatened. 

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References 








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Photo source: PNHP

Pike CNHI - Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program

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