Vlok et al. 2005_Klein Karoo Vegetation Report
Vlok et al. 2005_Klein Karoo Vegetation Report
Vlok et al. 2005_Klein Karoo Vegetation Report
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
Project team:<br />
A VEGETATION MAP<br />
FOR THE LITTLE KAROO.<br />
A project supported by:<br />
Jan <strong>Vlok</strong>, Reg<strong>al</strong>is Environment<strong>al</strong> Services, P.O. Box 1512,<br />
Oudtshoorn, 6620.<br />
Richard Cowling, University of Port Elizab<strong>et</strong>h, P.O. Box 1600, Port<br />
Elizab<strong>et</strong>h, 6000.<br />
Trevor Wolf, P.O. Box 2779, Knysna, 6570.<br />
Suggested reference to maps and this report:<br />
Date of <strong>Report</strong>: March <strong>2005</strong>.<br />
<strong>Vlok</strong>, J.H.J., Cowling, R.M. & Wolf, T., <strong>2005</strong>. A veg<strong>et</strong>ation map for the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong>. Unpublished maps and report for a SKEP project supported by CEPF<br />
grant no 1064410304.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:<br />
Stakeholders in the southern karoo region of the SKEP project identified the need<br />
for a more d<strong>et</strong>ailed veg<strong>et</strong>ation map of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. CEPF funded the<br />
project team to map the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region (ca. 20 000 km ²) at<br />
a sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:50 000. The main outputs required were to classify, map and describe<br />
the veg<strong>et</strong>ation in such a way that end-users could use the digit<strong>al</strong> maps at four<br />
different tiers. Results of this study were <strong>al</strong>so to be presented to stakeholders in<br />
the region to solicit their opinion about the dissemination of the products of this<br />
project and to suggest how this project should be developed further.<br />
In this document we explain how a six-tier veg<strong>et</strong>ation classification system was<br />
developed, tested and improved in the field and the veg<strong>et</strong>ation was mapped. Some<br />
A3-sized examples of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation maps are provided, with the full datas<strong>et</strong>s<br />
available in digit<strong>al</strong> (ARCVIEW) format.<br />
A tot<strong>al</strong> of 56 habitat types, that comprises 369 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units, were identified<br />
and mapped in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. All of these units constitute critic<strong>al</strong><br />
components of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> environment that must be understood before<br />
ration<strong>al</strong> decisions and actions are taken to conserve the biodiversity of the region.<br />
To simplify understanding of the often complex veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> the<br />
environment is described and discussed as 32 major habitat types. Diagnostic<br />
descriptions are <strong>al</strong>so provided for each of the 369 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units identified in the<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. These descriptions are grouped following the proposed 32<br />
major habitat types. These descriptions and a photo of approximately 80% of the<br />
units are <strong>al</strong>so provided in digit<strong>al</strong> format and they have been linked to the<br />
ARCVIEW database.<br />
2
The outcomes of a workshop held to d<strong>et</strong>ermine how the products of this project<br />
should be disseminated and developed are <strong>al</strong>so presented here. Major actions<br />
recommended by the delegates are as follows;<br />
Make maps and reports of this study easily accessible to <strong>al</strong>l stakeholders.<br />
Capacitate civil soci<strong>et</strong>y and important decision makers to read the maps<br />
and documents of this report.<br />
Prepare a field guide that would be useful to land owners, - mangers and<br />
tourists.<br />
Prepare a conservation plan for the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> of which the outcomes<br />
will be clear and useful to <strong>al</strong>l the affected parties in the region.<br />
Revise the current carrying capacity map for anim<strong>al</strong>s in the region.<br />
Provide recommendations on a fire protection plan for the region.<br />
Extend veg<strong>et</strong>ation map to adjacent areas in a similar format.<br />
D<strong>et</strong>ermine environment<strong>al</strong> water requirements of the loc<strong>al</strong> aquatic systems.<br />
Prepare a field guide on the flora of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Mark<strong>et</strong> the biodiversity of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> environment b<strong>et</strong>ter.<br />
3
CONTENTS<br />
PAGE<br />
1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………... 05<br />
2. STUDY AREA, PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM<br />
AND METHODS USED TO MAP THE LITTLE KAROO<br />
VEGETATION UNITS …………………………………………. 07<br />
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………….. 07<br />
2.2 Study area ……………………………………………………. 08<br />
2.3 Proposed hierarchy and classification system ……………….. 10<br />
2.4 M<strong>et</strong>hods used to sample veg<strong>et</strong>ation, record the data and<br />
to map the veg<strong>et</strong>ation ……………………………………….. 16<br />
2.5 References …………………………………………………… 17<br />
3. RESULTS ………………………………………………………. 19<br />
3.1 Altered classification system ………………………………. 19<br />
3.2 Ecosystem concept in <strong>al</strong>tered classification system ………… 23<br />
3.3 Biome concepts ……………………………………………… 23<br />
3.4 Habitat type concepts ………………………………………… 24<br />
3.5 Region<strong>al</strong> (bio-geographic) concepts ………………………….. 25<br />
3.6 Sectors ………………………………………………………… 26<br />
3.7 Solid versus mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation units …………………………. 27<br />
3.8 Spati<strong>al</strong> extent of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units …………………………….. 29<br />
4. HABITAT UNITS ……………………………………………… 34<br />
4.1 A basic framework to understand the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation 34<br />
4.2 Aquatic Units ………………………………………………… 36<br />
4.3 Terrestri<strong>al</strong> Units ……………………………………………… 41<br />
5. UNIT DESCRIPTIONS …………………………………………. 82<br />
5.1 Sequence and style of description of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units ………... 82<br />
5.2 Aquatic Units …………………………………………………. 84<br />
5.3 Terrestri<strong>al</strong> Units ……………………………………………… 92<br />
6. THE WAY FORWARD AS INDICATED BY STAKEHOLDERS 221<br />
Appendix One: Notes made at SKEP fine sc<strong>al</strong>e mapping workshop.<br />
4
1. Introduction<br />
Participants at a Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> Ecosystem Planning (SKEP) workshop, held in<br />
Oudtshoorn on 25-26 March 2003, identified the need for a veg<strong>et</strong>ation map of the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> region. They indicated that a d<strong>et</strong>ailed map of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
region is required to provide baseline information for informed decision-making on<br />
conservation, sustainable commerci<strong>al</strong> farming and land-use planning in the region. The<br />
ultimate purpose of this veg<strong>et</strong>ation map, and hence this project, is to enable landowners,<br />
land managers, environment<strong>al</strong> conservation agencies and region<strong>al</strong> planners to take<br />
informed decisions on sustainable land-use practices and when d<strong>et</strong>ermining priorities for<br />
conservation projects in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region.<br />
The Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> Ecosystem Planning (SKEP) project identified the Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
map project as a high priority for their Southern <strong>Karoo</strong> sub-region and Reg<strong>al</strong>is<br />
Environment<strong>al</strong> Services CC approached the Critic<strong>al</strong> Ecosystem Partnership Fund<br />
(CEPF) for potenti<strong>al</strong> funding for this project. The Critic<strong>al</strong> Ecosystem Partnership Fund is<br />
a joint initiative of Conservation Internation<strong>al</strong>, the Glob<strong>al</strong> Environment Facility, the<br />
Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. A fundament<strong>al</strong><br />
go<strong>al</strong> is to ensure civil soci<strong>et</strong>y is engaged in biodiversity conservation. The Critic<strong>al</strong><br />
Ecosystem Partnership Fund subsequently afforded a grant to Reg<strong>al</strong>is Environment<strong>al</strong><br />
Services to proceed with the project. The four main outputs required in this project are as<br />
follows;<br />
1. To produce a map of <strong>al</strong>l the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that occur in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> area at<br />
a sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:50 000 in electronic (ArcView) format at each of the four tiers of the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation classification system.<br />
2. To produce a document in which the four-tier classification system is described<br />
and in which diagnostic descriptions and illustrations are provided for <strong>al</strong>l the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that have been mapped in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
3. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation transformation layers that will be produced by an affiliated project<br />
must be ground truthed.<br />
5
4. All the relevant stakeholders agree upon a way in which a fine-sc<strong>al</strong>e conservation<br />
plan will be developed for the critic<strong>al</strong> natur<strong>al</strong> capit<strong>al</strong> of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
The latter point pertains to a potenti<strong>al</strong> continuation of the project after the veg<strong>et</strong>ation map<br />
and transformation layers for the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> have been produced. In<br />
this document only the results of the field survey for the veg<strong>et</strong>ation map are presented.<br />
The project team for this project entitled “A veg<strong>et</strong>ation Map for the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.”<br />
consisted of;<br />
1. Prof. R.M. Cowling (Terrestri<strong>al</strong> Ecology Research Unit, University of Port<br />
Elizab<strong>et</strong>h), who supervised and provided guidance in the development of the<br />
project.<br />
2. Mr. J.H.J. <strong>Vlok</strong> (Reg<strong>al</strong>is Environment<strong>al</strong> Services, Oudtshoorn), who mapped the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation and described the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
3. Mr. T. Wolf (Trevor Wolf, Knysna), who was responsible for digitizing and the<br />
production of the electronic maps.<br />
4. Me. Elna van den Berg (Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Potchefstroom),<br />
who prepared the hard copies of the LANDAT images used to map the veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
The project team wishes to acknowledge and thank the Critic<strong>al</strong> Ecosystem Partnership<br />
Fund for the grant that funded this project (Grant Code 1064410304). We <strong>al</strong>so wish to<br />
thank the delegates that attended a workshop, held on the 22 nd November 2004 in<br />
Oudtshoorn, to present the mapping results of this project and to discuss the main<br />
requirements of stakeholders during a second phase of this project. We are very grateful<br />
to Marina Moller and Susan Botha for assistance during this workshop and for keeping<br />
minutes of the me<strong>et</strong>ing. The outcomes of this workshop are summarized in Chapter 6.<br />
Lastly Jan <strong>Vlok</strong> wishes to thank <strong>al</strong>l the landowners who provided permission to access<br />
their land and especi<strong>al</strong>ly my wife Anne Lise and daughter Marlene for their patience and<br />
support during this study.<br />
6
2. Study area, proposed classification system and m<strong>et</strong>hods used to map the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
2.1 Introduction:<br />
The two most important factors that d<strong>et</strong>ermine the approach that should be followed<br />
when veg<strong>et</strong>ation is mapped are: (i) the requirements of the end users, and (ii) the<br />
resources available. Adequate time and resources are rarely available to satisfy <strong>al</strong>l the<br />
wishes of the end-users, which implies that one must plan the fin<strong>al</strong> output carefully. Here<br />
I will explain how I planned the mapping work and the m<strong>et</strong>hods I used.<br />
In this case the requirements of the end-users were identified at a Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
Ecosystem Planning (SKEP) workshop held in Oudtshoorn. The participants indicated<br />
that a d<strong>et</strong>ailed map of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region is required to provide<br />
baseline information for informed decision-making on conservation, sustainable<br />
commerci<strong>al</strong> farming and land-use planning matters in the region. The main purpose of<br />
this map thus being to facilitate people in the agricultur<strong>al</strong>, conservation and region<strong>al</strong><br />
planning sectors to identify and locate areas that are sensitive to the current and future<br />
land-use practices of the region. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation map will thus be used to locate sensitive<br />
areas, either since they contain unique biodiversity components, or because vit<strong>al</strong> life-<br />
supporting ecologic<strong>al</strong> processes are operating in these areas.<br />
In this project time and resources have <strong>al</strong>so been limited. In this project an area of 2 343<br />
900 ha had to be sampled and mapped within a six month period. Approximately 40 000<br />
ha had to be sampled and mapped during each day of field survey time available. Taking<br />
the end-user requirements and limited time available into consideration, the most<br />
appropriate sc<strong>al</strong>e at which the units could be mapped is 1:50 000. Any finer sc<strong>al</strong>e map<br />
would have required considerable more resources and time, whilst any coarser sc<strong>al</strong>e<br />
would not produce a reasonably useful map to the end users.<br />
7
The units recognized in this project thus do not represent veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in the strict<br />
Braun-Blanqu<strong>et</strong> school of thought, but rather function<strong>al</strong> units that constitute one or more<br />
of the following;<br />
1. Aquatic and terrestri<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation that contain biodiversity components endemic<br />
at a loc<strong>al</strong> to a region<strong>al</strong> sc<strong>al</strong>e.<br />
2. Aquatic and terrestri<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that have unique structur<strong>al</strong> and/or floristic<br />
characteristics.<br />
3. Units in which ecosystem processes are operating that are vit<strong>al</strong> for the people of<br />
the region, including water sources, water drainage systems and rangelands.<br />
4. Units that have intrinsic vulnerabilities, e.g. sensitive to soil erosion, nutrient<br />
enrichment, biodiversity vulnerable to physic<strong>al</strong> disturbance, <strong>et</strong>c.<br />
5. Units in which it is vit<strong>al</strong> to r<strong>et</strong>ain certain ecologic<strong>al</strong> processes that are required to<br />
maintain biodiversity pattern on a loc<strong>al</strong> to region<strong>al</strong> sc<strong>al</strong>e. These processes include<br />
occurrence of fire, migration corridors for fauna and flora and interactions<br />
b<strong>et</strong>ween aquatic and terrestri<strong>al</strong> ecosystems.<br />
2.2 Study area.<br />
The exact extent of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> is a debatable point. Here I followed the gener<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
acceptable concept that it consists of the land that lies b<strong>et</strong>ween the coast<strong>al</strong> mountain<br />
range (Langeberg-Outeniqua to Tsitsikamma mountains) and the inland mountain range<br />
(Witteberg-Swartberg to Baviaanskloof mountains), from Montagu in the west to<br />
Uniond<strong>al</strong>e in the east (cf. Moriarty, 1982).<br />
Perhaps even more debatable is the question, which veg<strong>et</strong>ation types should be regarded<br />
as belonging to the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. Here that debate is evaded by including <strong>al</strong>l the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation types that occurs within the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region as denoted above. An effort<br />
was made to follow municip<strong>al</strong> boundaries, but this was not possible for the Laingsburg,<br />
Prince Albert, Breede and Langeberg municip<strong>al</strong>ities (see Figure 2.1). Their domains<br />
encompass vast areas that cannot be considered as being part of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. It<br />
was, however, possible to include the entire Kann<strong>al</strong>and, Oudtshoorn and South Cape<br />
8
municip<strong>al</strong> areas. In the west the Breede River municip<strong>al</strong>ity boundary was used as a<br />
boundary (the reason why the Koo v<strong>al</strong>ley is excluded) and in the east the South Cape<br />
municip<strong>al</strong>ity boundary was followed (the reason why part of the Kouga mountain and the<br />
upper Langkloof is included). The remainder of the southern boundary follows the crest<br />
of the watershed of the Langeberg-Outeniqua mountain ranges. The northern boundary<br />
follows those of the South Cape and Oudtshoorn boundaries up to the northernmost point<br />
of the Oudtshoorn municip<strong>al</strong>ity, from here it runs in a straight line westward to include<br />
the entire <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg mountain complex (figure 2.1). Some Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation north of the Groot Swartberg mountain complex has been excluded, but some<br />
pragmatic cut-off line had to be chosen. Here I tried to consolidate natur<strong>al</strong> watershed<br />
boundaries of streams that drain directly into the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region with those of at least<br />
<strong>al</strong>l the major municip<strong>al</strong>ities within the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
9
2.3 Proposed hierarchy and classification system.<br />
Taking <strong>al</strong>l of the above into account a simplistic hypoth<strong>et</strong>ic<strong>al</strong> model was developed to<br />
rapidly identify veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in the field. The hypoth<strong>et</strong>ic<strong>al</strong> model has six hierarchic<strong>al</strong><br />
levels to ensure that information will be captured from a loc<strong>al</strong> to a region<strong>al</strong> sc<strong>al</strong>e. The six<br />
tiers are as follows;<br />
1. At the first tier a simple split b<strong>et</strong>ween aquatic and terrestri<strong>al</strong> systems.<br />
2. At the 2 nd tier the aquatic units are split b<strong>et</strong>ween those that have fresh water<br />
permanently available and those that drain water season<strong>al</strong>ly or only have brack<br />
water permanently available. The terrestri<strong>al</strong> units are here split on the biome level<br />
(see Figure 2.2).<br />
3. At the 3 rd tier the units are split according to the major habitat types they<br />
represent. These habitat types mostly represent structur<strong>al</strong> characteristics of the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation present (see Figure 2.2)<br />
4. At the 4 th tier the floristic component of the habitat type is considered with<br />
regards to its region<strong>al</strong> bio-geographic<strong>al</strong> context. Mostly only widespread species<br />
present are considered here. For example, with each l<strong>et</strong>ter indicating a common<br />
widespread species and capit<strong>al</strong>s relative abundance, the species composition at<br />
this region<strong>al</strong> sc<strong>al</strong>e tends to <strong>al</strong>ter from ABCde, to BCDef, to DEFgh, <strong>et</strong>c. Each of<br />
these units is regarded as representing a region<strong>al</strong> bio-geographic unit.<br />
5. At the 5 th tier units are split according to the floristics of species with a limited<br />
distribution (loc<strong>al</strong> endemics) and/or the specific combination of the species<br />
dominant in the unit. For example, with dominance being indicated by capit<strong>al</strong>s,<br />
the floristic component may change from ABcde, to BCdef, bCDef, or bCDeg.<br />
6. Fin<strong>al</strong>ly at the 6 th tier terrestri<strong>al</strong> habitat units were split into two structur<strong>al</strong> types,<br />
those that occur as solid unfragmented units (elements of only one biome present)<br />
and those that occur as mosaic units (elements typic<strong>al</strong> of more than one biome<br />
present) See Figures 2.3 to 2.5 for Thick<strong>et</strong>, Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and fynbos<br />
examples. Freshwater aquatic units were split b<strong>et</strong>ween those occurring on north<br />
versus south facing slopes, with no further differentiation in brackwater-systems.<br />
10
ECOSYSTEM BIOME HABITAT TYPE UNITS<br />
AQUATIC<br />
WATER RIVERS & FLOODPLAINS 17<br />
DRAINAGE PERENNIAL STREAMS 21<br />
80 WATER PERENNIAL WETLANDS 21<br />
SOURCES SEASONAL WETLANDS 21<br />
AFROMONTANE<br />
FOREST FOREST 2<br />
ARID THICKET + SPEKBOOM<br />
VALLEY THICKET + SPEKBOOM<br />
THICKET MOS RENOSTERVELD<br />
SUBTROPICAL ARID THICKET MOS SUCC KAROO 100<br />
THICKET ARID THICKET MOSAIC RENOSTER<br />
ARID THICKET MOSAIC FYNBOS<br />
VALLEY THICKET MOS SUC KAROO<br />
VALLEY THICKET MOS RENOSTER<br />
VALLEY THICKET MOSAIC FYNBOS<br />
RANDTEVELD<br />
APRONVELD<br />
SUCCULENT GANNAVELD 140<br />
KAROO QUARTZVELD<br />
KALKVELD<br />
TERRESTRIAL SANDVELD<br />
508 SUCC KAROO MOS ARID RENOSTER<br />
MESIC RENOSTERVELD<br />
ARID RENOSTERVELD<br />
RENOSTERVELD RENOSTERVELD MOS PROT FYNBOS114<br />
RENOSTERVELD MOS GRASSY FYNB<br />
RENOSTERVELD MOS ARID FYNBOS<br />
RENOSTERVELD MOS WABOOM<br />
SUBALPINE<br />
ERICACEOUS<br />
MESIC PROTEOID<br />
FYNBOS ARID PROTEID 152<br />
GRASSY<br />
ARID RESTIOID<br />
ARID ASTERACEOUS<br />
WABOOMVELD<br />
TOTAL NUMBER OF PREDICTED UNITS 588<br />
Figure 2.2: First 3-tiers of hierarchy proposed for Little <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
The predicted number of units in each class is <strong>al</strong>so indicated.<br />
11
BIOME HABITAT TYPE REGION SECTOR HABITAT UNIT<br />
SUBTROPICAL<br />
GOURITS GOURITS SOLID<br />
ARID THICKET + GAMKA GAMKA SOLID<br />
SPEKBOOM EASTERN GROOT GROOT SOLID<br />
GOURITS GOURITS SOLID<br />
VALLEY THICKET + GAMKA GAMKA SOLID<br />
SPEKBOOM EASTERN GROOT GROOT SOLID<br />
THICKET MOS BREEDE BREEDE MOSAIC<br />
RENOSTERVELD GAMKA GAMKA MOSAIC<br />
THICKET WITTEBERG MOSAIC<br />
MATJIESGOED MOSAIC<br />
ELANDSBERG MOSAIC<br />
WABOOMSBERG MOSAIC<br />
GOURITS ANYS-TOUWBERG MOSAIC<br />
KLEINSWARTBERG MOSAIC<br />
LANGEBERG MOSAIC<br />
ARID THICKET MOS WARMWBERG MOSAIC<br />
SUCCULENT KAROO ROOI-GAMKA MOSAIC<br />
GROOTSWARTBERG MOSAIC<br />
GAMKA ROOI-GAMKA MOSAIC<br />
OUTENIQUABERG MOSAIC<br />
KAMANASSIE MOSAIC<br />
EASTERN GROOT ANTONIESBERG MOSAIC<br />
KOUGA MOSAIC<br />
Figure 2.3: Tiers 2-6 of hierarchy proposed for Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> domain.<br />
BIOME HABITAT TYPE REGION SECTOR HABITAT UNIT<br />
DEBOERS WITTEBERG SOLID<br />
ELANDSBERG SOLID<br />
WABOOMSBERG SOLID<br />
BREEDE W-LANGEBERG SOLID<br />
WARMWBERG SOLID<br />
TOUWS KLEINSWART SOLID<br />
ANYS-TOUWBERG SOLID<br />
GAMKA W-GROOTSWART SOLID<br />
FYNBOS SUBALPINE C-GROOTSWART SOLID<br />
C-LANGEBERG SOLID<br />
GOURITS ROOI-GAMKA SOLID<br />
INLAND-OUTENIQ SOLID<br />
W-OUTENIQUA SOLID<br />
OUTENIQUA E-OUTENIQUA SOLID<br />
KAMANASSIE SOLID<br />
E GROOT E-GROOTSWART SOLID<br />
ANTONIESBERG SOLID<br />
KEUR-KOUGA KOUGA SOLID<br />
TSITSIKAMMA SOLID<br />
ERICACEOUS SIMILAR TO ABOVE SOLID<br />
MESIC PROTEOID SIMILAR TO ABOVE SOLID<br />
ARID PROTEOID SIMILAR TO ABOVE SOLID<br />
Figure 2.4: Tiers 2-6 of hierarchy proposed for the Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the study area.<br />
12
BIOME HABITAT TYPE REGION SECTOR HABITAT UNIT<br />
MATJIESFONTEIN SOLID<br />
DEBOERS WITTEBERG SOLID<br />
MATJIESGOED SOLID<br />
MONTAGU SOLID<br />
TRADOUWS SOLID<br />
BREEDE BARRYDALE SOLID<br />
WABOOMSBERG SOLID<br />
LAINGSBURG SOLID<br />
FLORISKRAAL SOLID<br />
BUFFELS SPREEUFONTEIN SOLID<br />
SUCCULENT ROUXPOS SOLID<br />
KAROO RANDTEVELD<br />
APRONVELD TOUWSFONTEIN SOLID<br />
GANNAVELD TOUWS LADISMITH SOLID<br />
QUARTZVELD<br />
ect. MUISKRAAL SOLID<br />
SUCC KAROO<br />
GOURITS BAKOOND SOLID<br />
VANWYKSDORP SOLID<br />
GAMKAPOORT SOLID<br />
GAMKA KANDELAARS SOLID<br />
BARANDAS SOLID<br />
E GROOT HARTBEESVLAKTE SOLID<br />
MOS RENOSTER SIMILAR TO ABOVE MOSAIC<br />
Figure 2.5: Tiers 2-6 of hierarchy proposed for the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the<br />
study area.<br />
Most ch<strong>al</strong>lenging in the development of the hypoth<strong>et</strong>ic<strong>al</strong> model was to <strong>al</strong>ign region<strong>al</strong><br />
units (tiers 4& 5) for the different ecosystems, as each of these ecosystems have their<br />
own intrinsic biogeographic<strong>al</strong> patterns. It is easy to recognize habitat units at a loc<strong>al</strong><br />
level, but very hard to consolidate variance in these loc<strong>al</strong> units to portray true region<strong>al</strong><br />
ecosystem units. Major river drainage systems were mostly used as predictors of region<strong>al</strong><br />
bio-geographic<strong>al</strong> changeover points, as was used by <strong>Vlok</strong> <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong> (2003) in their Subtropic<strong>al</strong><br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> study.<br />
To develop the proposed hierarchy I used the work of sever<strong>al</strong> previous workers in the<br />
region. At the biome level I mostly followed the biome concepts of Low and Rebelo<br />
(1995), here only differing in recognizing Renosterveld at the biome level while they<br />
regard it as part of the Fynbos biome. Although some Renosterveld units clearly relate<br />
closely to the Fynbos Biome, I departed from their classification as other Renosterveld<br />
types relate b<strong>et</strong>ter with the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> biomes. In the<br />
13
hypoth<strong>et</strong>ic<strong>al</strong> model I thus propose that the Renosterveld should be seen as a biome on its<br />
own that represents a transition from Fynbos to the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and Subtropic<strong>al</strong><br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> biomes.<br />
A most useful reference to develop the proposed classification system has been the<br />
gradient an<strong>al</strong>yses work of Bond (1981) for the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the coast<strong>al</strong> and inland<br />
mountain complexes of the eastern Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. His approach, and to some extent <strong>al</strong>so<br />
that of Euston-Brown (1995), formed the basis for the proposed classification system. I<br />
<strong>al</strong>so used some of the results of Campbell (1985) as a gener<strong>al</strong> framework for the fynbos,<br />
those of McDon<strong>al</strong>d (1993) for the fynbos of the Langeberg and those of Taylor and van<br />
der Meulen (1981) for the fynbos of the Rooiberg mountain complex. Their conclusion<br />
that “… structur<strong>al</strong> units and floristic associations closely correlate with each other and<br />
their distribution reflects the major environment<strong>al</strong> influences, …” is most reassuring that<br />
the approach followed here to recognize veg<strong>et</strong>ation units is at least to some degree<br />
scientific<strong>al</strong>ly defendable, while being practic<strong>al</strong> to indicate units “ … whose range of<br />
variation is sm<strong>al</strong>l enough to permit the whole of it to have the same farming<br />
potenti<strong>al</strong>ities” (sensu Acocks, 1953), or “… structur<strong>al</strong> homogeneous units will be<br />
characterized by particular life and growth forms and can be expected to react in a<br />
reasonably uniform way to treatment such as burning, and to use as grazing by game.”<br />
(sensu Taylor and van der Meulen, 1981).<br />
There is <strong>al</strong>most no published literature available that could help me to develop a<br />
workable classification system for the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> units in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region,<br />
probably the main reasons why the stakeholders requested this project. I thus had to<br />
develop a new classification approach for the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. Here I follow<br />
a “landscape-ecology” approach, with some of the proposed concepts derived from<br />
<strong>al</strong>ready well-established concepts in the agricultur<strong>al</strong> community. Concepts such as<br />
“Apronveld”, “Gannaveld” (som<strong>et</strong>imes c<strong>al</strong>led Vlakteveld), “Gwarrieveld”, “Randteveld”,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c. are used often to refer to certain landscape units within the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> biome.<br />
They are often used in the gener<strong>al</strong> literature (cf. le Roux <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>, 1994; Shearing, 1994), but<br />
the exact origin of these concepts is not known.<br />
14
For the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> biome I followed <strong>Vlok</strong> <strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong> (2003). The only potenti<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
controversi<strong>al</strong> aspect in their classification system may be that most of the Thick<strong>et</strong> mosaic<br />
units are regarded as belonging to the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> biome, irrespective of the<br />
nature of the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation type. This approach implies that the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
“invaded” the area after the Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation became fragmented, due to changes in the<br />
climate, or whatever other reason. I uphold their classification propos<strong>al</strong>. Others feeling<br />
uncomfortable with this approach can easily <strong>al</strong>ter the biome level category by noting the<br />
nature of the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation as indicated in the habitat type classification (3 rd tier). For<br />
instance, if you would rather classify “Gwarrieveld” types as belonging to the Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> biome, you will note at the 3 rd tier that the habitat type indicates <strong>al</strong>l these units as<br />
Mosaic with Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. For these you only need to <strong>al</strong>ter the 2 nd tier to Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> and “bingo”, you have created your own new biome level map. This is certainly<br />
the biggest advantage of the proposed 6-tier classification system. The database is easily<br />
manipulated to create whatever map you require for your own purposes.<br />
The proposed hypoth<strong>et</strong>ic<strong>al</strong> model predicts that a tot<strong>al</strong> of 588 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units would occur<br />
within the study area. This is obviously far to many, as the hypoth<strong>et</strong>ic<strong>al</strong> model assumes<br />
consistent variance in topography, edaphic conditions and rainf<strong>al</strong>l within the landscapes<br />
of the different regions. From the ons<strong>et</strong> I knew that many of the predicted veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
units do not occur in certain areas, e.g. not <strong>al</strong>l the mountains are high enough to have<br />
Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos and that quartz patches are rare in the eastern Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. The main<br />
reason for following the rather rigid proposed classification system is threefold. To<br />
record the data of each veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit consistently at <strong>al</strong>l 6 tiers (for easy reference and<br />
manipulation afterwards), to be able to recognize units rapidly and to see which ones are<br />
present that were not predicted.<br />
15
2.4 M<strong>et</strong>hods used to sample veg<strong>et</strong>ation, record the data and to map the veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
The study area was sampled systematic<strong>al</strong>ly, from April to September 2004, from the<br />
northwestern boundary in a southerly and thereafter easterly direction. I followed public<br />
roads to access the areas, but wherever possible <strong>al</strong>so accessed private properties to<br />
sample the veg<strong>et</strong>ation. Where possible I surveyed areas by climbing up a high hill or<br />
mountain slope to g<strong>et</strong> an overview of the area. Both structure and floristic component<br />
were used as indicators of changes in the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units. Each unit was sampled by<br />
w<strong>al</strong>king at least 200 m<strong>et</strong>ers into the unit, noting the species dominant in the unit and<br />
where possible, the occurrence of loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species. Not much time could be<br />
spent hunting for rare species and I rarely had time to record much more than the<br />
common and abundant species present, limited sampling thus obviously a shortcoming in<br />
this study. I doubt, however, if much more sampling would have <strong>al</strong>tered the number and<br />
extent of the recognized units. The unit descriptions would have been b<strong>et</strong>ter, but probably<br />
not the veg<strong>et</strong>ation map that has been produced. No quantitative data were thus collected<br />
for the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units during this study. Only the major species composition was noted<br />
with nomenclature of species following Goldblatt and Manning (2000).<br />
The working hypothesis throughout the field survey was that <strong>al</strong>l the areas that were<br />
surveyed represented untransformed veg<strong>et</strong>ation, until I found evidence (e.g. in a fence<br />
line contrast) that the veg<strong>et</strong>ation has been transformed. Care was thus taken not to<br />
recognize highly transformed areas as unique units. Transformation was d<strong>et</strong>ected by<br />
noting the relative abundance of indicators of transformation (e.g. Augea capensis,<br />
Cotyledon orbiculare, Enneapogon spp., G<strong>al</strong>enia africana, Leipoldtia schultzei,<br />
M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea, <strong>et</strong>c.) and a lack of <strong>al</strong>pha- and b<strong>et</strong>a-diversity within the unit. Another<br />
useful indicator of veld condition is the physic<strong>al</strong> condition and relative abundance of<br />
highly p<strong>al</strong>atable plant species (e.g. Berkeya spinosa, Felicia filifolia, Hermannia<br />
cuneifolia, Hermannia filifolia, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Pappea capensis, Portulacaria<br />
afra, S<strong>al</strong>sola tuberculata, Schotia afra, Tripteris sinuatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) and, where present, the<br />
condition of the “heuweltjies” (termataria) in the unit. The condition of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation in<br />
the corners of grazing camps is often <strong>al</strong>so a good indication of gener<strong>al</strong> veld condition.<br />
16
Where the corners of a camp are heavily trampled, the veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the rest of the camp<br />
is usu<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so in a poor condition.<br />
Once I was reasonably sure I understood the param<strong>et</strong>ers of a unit, its boundaries were<br />
mapped on a hard copy of a LANDSAT image printed at a sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:50 000. Each of<br />
these mapped polygons was coded with a unique number and the veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit data<br />
recorded according to the hypoth<strong>et</strong>ic<strong>al</strong> 6-tier classification system. Where unpredicted<br />
units were found, the hierarchy was adjusted to accommodate these new units. The<br />
polygon boundaries were digitized from the hard copy maps by Mr. Trevor Wolf to<br />
capture the data in a GIS (ArcView 3.2 Redlands CA).<br />
2.5 References.<br />
Acocks, J.P.H., 1953. Veld types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanic<strong>al</strong> Survey of<br />
South Africa 28: 1-128.<br />
Bond, W.J., 1981. Veg<strong>et</strong>ation gradients in southern Cape mountains. MSc Thesis.<br />
University of Cape Town.<br />
Campbell, B.M., 1985. A classification of the mountain veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the fynbos biome.<br />
Memoirs of the Botanic<strong>al</strong> survey of South Africa 50: 1-115.<br />
Euston-Brown, D.I.W., 1995. Environment<strong>al</strong> and dynamic d<strong>et</strong>erminants of veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
distribution in the Kouga and Baviaanskloof Mountains. MSc Thesis. University<br />
of Cape Town.<br />
Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J., 2000. Cape Plants. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South<br />
Arica. Strelitzia 9: 1-743<br />
Le Roux, P.M., Kotze, C.D., Nel, G.P. & Glen, H.F., 1994. Bossieveld. Bull<strong>et</strong>in 428: 1-<br />
17
291, Department of Agriculture, Pr<strong>et</strong>oria.<br />
Low, A.B. & Rebelo, A.G., 1996. Veg<strong>et</strong>ation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.<br />
Department of Environment<strong>al</strong> Affairs and Tourism, Pr<strong>et</strong>oria.<br />
McDon<strong>al</strong>d, D.J., 1993. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the southern Langeberg, Cape province. 3. The<br />
plant communities of the Bergfontein, Rooiwaterspruit and Phesantefontein areas.<br />
Both<strong>al</strong>ia 23(2): 239-263.<br />
Moriarty, A., 1982. Outeniqua, Tsitsikamma en oostelike <strong>Klein</strong> <strong>Karoo</strong>. Wildflower<br />
guides of South Africa 2: 1-208. Botanic<strong>al</strong> Soci<strong>et</strong>y of South Africa, Cape Town.<br />
Taylor, H.C. & van der Meulen, F., 1981. Structur<strong>al</strong> and floristic classifications of Cape<br />
mountain Fynbos on Rooiberg, southern Cape. Both<strong>al</strong>ia 13(3&4): 557-567.<br />
Shearing, D., 1994. <strong>Karoo</strong>. Wildflower guides of South Africa 6: 1-192. Botanic<strong>al</strong><br />
Soci<strong>et</strong>y of South Africa, Cape Town.<br />
<strong>Vlok</strong>, J.H.J., Euston-Brown, D.I.W. & Cowling R.M., 2003. Acocks’ V<strong>al</strong>ley Bushveld 50<br />
years on: new perspectives on the delimitation, characterization and origin of<br />
subtropic<strong>al</strong> thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. South African Journ<strong>al</strong> of Botany 69(1): 27-51.<br />
18
3. Results<br />
In this chapter I briefly summarize the main results of the field study, where 369<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units were mapped in 2728 polygons. Below I discuss <strong>al</strong>terations to the<br />
proposed classification model and provide an adapted classification system for the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units. New concepts developed within the six-tiers of the classification system<br />
are <strong>al</strong>so discussed here.<br />
Fin<strong>al</strong>ly maps are provided to indicate the extent and distribution of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation at five different levels of the classification system developed during this study.<br />
The A3-sized maps (Maps 3.1-3.5) provided here are obviously grossly inadequate to<br />
give the reader d<strong>et</strong>ailed information. These maps are <strong>al</strong>so available in digit<strong>al</strong> format that<br />
can be used at a sc<strong>al</strong>e up to 1:50 000 (in Arc Explorer or Arc View 3.2). Please note that<br />
these maps should not be used at a sc<strong>al</strong>e lower than 1:50 000, even though these maps<br />
can be enlarged easily beyond this level in digit<strong>al</strong> format. The field mapping accuracy is<br />
estimated to be within 100 m<strong>et</strong>er either side of the exact position (thus 2mm error at<br />
mapping sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:50 000). If the digit<strong>al</strong> map sc<strong>al</strong>e is, for instance enlarged to 1:20 000,<br />
the mapping error in the field will be inflated 2.5 times.<br />
3.1 Altered classification system<br />
The proposed classification system (Figure 2.2) was a very useful guide to identify and<br />
classify most of the units found in the veld. In seeing re<strong>al</strong>ity in the veld the system had to<br />
be <strong>al</strong>tered to some degree though, mostly due to two factors; (i) consequence of sc<strong>al</strong>e of<br />
mapping, and (ii) occurrence of unanticipated veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
The 1:50 000 sc<strong>al</strong>e of mapping employed was too coarse to map some of the proposed<br />
units that have a very limited spati<strong>al</strong> extent. Within the Aquatic Ecosystem (1 st tier) I<br />
could not map the perenni<strong>al</strong> and season<strong>al</strong> w<strong>et</strong>lands, as they were often too sm<strong>al</strong>l. They<br />
19
were consequently mapped as part of the perenni<strong>al</strong> streams that drain the water from the<br />
uplands to the lowlands, here c<strong>al</strong>led the perenni<strong>al</strong> stream units. The sm<strong>al</strong>l pock<strong>et</strong>s of<br />
Afromontane Forest that occur within the domain are largely restricted to narrow, fire-<br />
protected gorges in the Rooiberg and Swartberg mountains, usu<strong>al</strong>ly with some permanent<br />
water stream running through them. Due to their limited spati<strong>al</strong> extent, I could not map<br />
the stream and the forest and regarded it more important to map an uninterrupted<br />
perenni<strong>al</strong> stream. The Afromontane Forest unit was thus removed from the proposed 2 nd -<br />
tier of classification.<br />
Mapping <strong>al</strong>l the fresh water streams running off the mountain ranges and their origin<br />
seepage zones as “perenni<strong>al</strong> streams” often resulted in an <strong>al</strong>ready complex map within<br />
certain mountain ranges. Little room was left to map the proposed “Ericaceous Fynbos”<br />
and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly “Arid Proteoid” and “Mesic Proteoid” units where they occurred on the<br />
same mountain slope. In nature the vertic<strong>al</strong> extent of these units may be extensive but on<br />
a map their horizont<strong>al</strong> axes is often sm<strong>al</strong>l, an issue that depends on the steepness of the<br />
slope. Many of the “Ericaceous”, “Arid Proteoid” and “Mesic Proteoid” fynbos units that<br />
occur on steep slopes could thus not be mapped. The true number and extent of these<br />
units in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> mountains cannot be shown on a map at a sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:50 000.<br />
The sc<strong>al</strong>e of mapping <strong>al</strong>so required changes to the proposed classification system for the<br />
envisaged “Sandveld” and “Quartzveld” units of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. The envisaged<br />
“Sandveld” is a re<strong>al</strong> unit that occurs in sm<strong>al</strong>l patches where gorges at the base of<br />
Sandstone mountains open into the lowlands. Due to their sm<strong>al</strong>l spati<strong>al</strong> extend these units<br />
could not be mapped and are included in the newly proposed “Renosterveld Mosaic Arid<br />
Fynbos” units. The limited spati<strong>al</strong> extent of most of the quartz patches <strong>al</strong>so rendered them<br />
very difficult to map at a sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:50 000 and they were <strong>al</strong>so mapped in the broader<br />
context of the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation in which they occur.<br />
The divergent nature of the flora of the quartz patches that occurs in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
was <strong>al</strong>so not recognized in the proposed classification system. In the new classification<br />
system developed they have been split into three groups and are here c<strong>al</strong>led “Quartz<br />
20
Apronveld”, “Quartz Asbosveld” or “Quartz Gannaveld”, depending on the surrounding<br />
matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation. (See Figure 3.1). Closely related to the origin<strong>al</strong> “Quartzveld” concept<br />
is the newly introduced “Gravel Apronveld” concept. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so rich in highly<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized species, but differs from the “Quartz”-units in having terrace gravels (mostly<br />
Enon-like round pebbles) on the surface, rather than quartz pebbles.<br />
The concept of “Sandolienveld” is probably the most significant introduction amongst the<br />
unforeseen units. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is dominant or prominent in <strong>al</strong>l<br />
these veg<strong>et</strong>ation units, just as Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is in the currently<br />
established concept of Renosterveld. The floristic content of the “Sandolienveld” spans<br />
those of <strong>al</strong>most <strong>al</strong>l the biomes in the region, with the dominant Sandolien probably best<br />
affiliated with Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong>. The “Sandolienveld” is similar to “Renosterveld” in<br />
being part of a fire driven ecosystem and being dominated by a single species, but the<br />
main difference is that “Sandolienveld” mostly occurs on sandy to loamy soils, rather<br />
than the sh<strong>al</strong>e-derived soils typic<strong>al</strong> of the Renosterveld. In a broader classification one<br />
could add Sandolienveld to the Renosterveld and recognize them as a series of<br />
“Transition<strong>al</strong> Fire-dependant Shrublands”.<br />
Another unforeseen veg<strong>et</strong>ation concept that is here developed is that of “Asbosveld”.<br />
Asbosveld is a unit where Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant or most common<br />
species and it is mostly restricted to deep clayey to loamy-clay soils. Renosterveld and<br />
Sandolienveld replace it rapidly where the soils have a higher fraction of sand. It may<br />
<strong>al</strong>so occur as a mosaic with these units, where clayey patches occur in the other<br />
environments. Asbosveld is <strong>al</strong>so fire-prone, but fires burn rarely here, perhaps only at a<br />
frequency of 50-years or more.<br />
The gradient from Sandolienveld to Renosterveld to Asbosveld corresponds strongly to a<br />
decrease in rainf<strong>al</strong>l and an increase in nutrient status of the soils. All these units could<br />
thus be added to a new concept, “Transition<strong>al</strong> Fire-dependant Shrublands”. This aspect<br />
will be discussed in a following chapter.<br />
21
ECOSYSTEM BIOME HABITAT TYPE UNITS<br />
AQUATIC DRAIN River & floodplain 7<br />
SOURCE Stream 17<br />
Arid + Spekboom 2<br />
Arid + Spekboom + Fynbos 5<br />
Arid + Spekboom + S <strong>Karoo</strong> 18<br />
Arid + Spekboom + S <strong>Karoo</strong> + Sandolien 2<br />
Arid + Spekboom + Sandolien 1<br />
Arid Mos Asbosveld 5<br />
Arid Mos Fynbos 11<br />
Arid Mos Renosterveld 8<br />
SUBTROPICAL Arid Mos Sandolienveld 2<br />
THICKET Arid Mos Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> 37<br />
Arid Mos Waboomveld 1<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> Mos Asbosveld 1<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> Mos Renosterveld 1<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> Mos Waboomveld 2<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley + Spekboom 2<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley + Spekboom + Fynbos 1<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley + Spekboom + Renoster 1<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley + Spekboom + S <strong>Karoo</strong> 3<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley + Spekboom + Sandolien 1<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley Mos Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> 3<br />
Apronveld 19<br />
Asbosveld 2<br />
Gannaveld 26<br />
SUCCULENT Gravel Apronveld 8<br />
KAROO K<strong>al</strong>kveld 1<br />
Quartz Apronveld 8<br />
Quartz Asbosveld 3<br />
TERRESTRIAL Quartz Gannaveld 9<br />
Randteveld 20<br />
Scholtzbosveld 3<br />
Arid Renosterveld 1<br />
Mesic Renosterveld 8<br />
Mos Arid Fynbos 6<br />
Mos Asbosveld 8<br />
RENOSTERVELD Mos Grassy Fynbos 2<br />
Mos Proteoid Fynbos 1<br />
Mos Sandolienveld 8<br />
Mos Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> 4<br />
Mos Waboomveld 7<br />
Arid Asteraceous 3<br />
Arid Proteoid 16<br />
Arid Restioid 6<br />
Ericaceous 3<br />
Grassy 9<br />
Grassy Mos Waboomveld 1<br />
Mesic Asteraceous 1<br />
MOUNTAIN Mesic Proteoid 18<br />
FYNBOS Mesic Proteoid Mos Waboomveld 1<br />
Restioid 2<br />
Sandolien 8<br />
Sandolien Mos Renosterveld 5<br />
Sub<strong>al</strong>pine 5<br />
Waboomveld 15<br />
Waboomveld Mos Forest 1<br />
TOTAL NUMBER OF UNITS 369<br />
Figure 3.1: First 3-tiers of the fin<strong>al</strong> hierarchy proposed for the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
22
3.2 Ecosystem concept in <strong>al</strong>tered classification system<br />
Using the terms aquatic and terrestri<strong>al</strong> is not strictly correct. The units listed as aquatic<br />
units should probably be c<strong>al</strong>led hygrophilous veg<strong>et</strong>ation units, but that is a long word.<br />
Here I will use the much simpler term aquatic as a collective term. With the term aquatic<br />
I here imply <strong>al</strong>l those veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that are highly water dependent and that occur in or<br />
<strong>al</strong>ongside permanent or season<strong>al</strong> water drainage zones. In this study the spati<strong>al</strong> extent of<br />
the mapped aquatic units indicates the boundaries of the water dependant veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
plant species. Please note that the mapped units do not necessarily indicate the actu<strong>al</strong><br />
width of the water drainage channel or the volume of water that drains through the area.<br />
The mapped units indicate where at least subsurface water is permanently available<br />
within these areas. In many cases these units may <strong>al</strong>so have permanent surface water<br />
during the rain season, but the level and spati<strong>al</strong> extend of these will vary much. The<br />
subdivision in the two major aquatic habitat types indicates mostly if the available water<br />
is brack (containing fair amounts of s<strong>al</strong>t and other solvents) or is if it is fresh (indicated as<br />
perenni<strong>al</strong> steam).<br />
It is similarly incorrect to use the term terrestri<strong>al</strong> for the non- hygrophilous veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
units, as it implies that the hygrophilous veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are non-terrestri<strong>al</strong>. To evade big<br />
words I r<strong>et</strong>ain the name terrestri<strong>al</strong> for <strong>al</strong>l those units that do not occur within water<br />
drainage zones. It should, however, be noted that the terrestri<strong>al</strong> units are connected to the<br />
upper ends of the aquatic units as they are the water runoff sites that are supplying the<br />
water to the water run-on sites (or aquatic units).<br />
3.3 Biome concepts<br />
With the exception of removing the Afromontane Forest biome, for reasons explained<br />
before, I r<strong>et</strong>ain the biome concepts as proposed in the origin<strong>al</strong> classification propos<strong>al</strong>.<br />
23
It seems more re<strong>al</strong>istic to <strong>al</strong>ter the current biome concept of Renosterveld by adding <strong>al</strong>l<br />
the non-fynbos units that are <strong>al</strong>so fire-prone into a new concept, the “Transition<strong>al</strong> Fire-<br />
dependant Shrublands” biome. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and other<br />
closely related fine-leaved asteraceous shrubs are <strong>al</strong>ways present in <strong>al</strong>l these units. Also<br />
present in these units (Figure 3.1) are the Thick<strong>et</strong> mosaic units (from Subtropic<strong>al</strong> biome),<br />
Asbosveld and Quartz Asbosveld (from Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> biome), Sandolien (and its<br />
mosaics) and Arid Asteraceous (from the Fynbos biome) units. Collating <strong>al</strong>l these units<br />
with the current concept for Renosterveld may resolve many conceptu<strong>al</strong> problems. Most<br />
useful in such an <strong>al</strong>tered concept would be the remov<strong>al</strong> of <strong>al</strong>l the transition<strong>al</strong> units into<br />
one “messy” (or transition<strong>al</strong>) group that will clarify the spati<strong>al</strong> boundaries of <strong>al</strong>l the other<br />
distinct fire-prone biomes much b<strong>et</strong>ter. Recognition of such transition<strong>al</strong> units would <strong>al</strong>so<br />
clarify the boundaries of non-fire prone systems, such as the solid Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
and Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> biomes. Such a classification is not entirely unscientific as it will<br />
establish a “transition<strong>al</strong> biome” characterized by plant communities that are <strong>al</strong>ways<br />
dominated by a single species (Dodonaea angustifolia, Elytropappus rhinocerotis and<br />
Pteronia incana). One may perhaps extend this concept to for instance some of the Arid<br />
Restioid Fynbos units that are <strong>al</strong>so dominated by a single species (e.g. Rhodocoma<br />
arida). I suggest that these units be c<strong>al</strong>led “Fire-prone Transition<strong>al</strong> Shrub- and<br />
Woodlands”.<br />
3.4 Habitat type concepts<br />
Most of the habitat concepts proposed at the 3 rd -tier of the classification system are<br />
r<strong>et</strong>ained. Only the forest and w<strong>et</strong>land habitat types were removed from the proposed<br />
system, because they could not be mapped at the 1:50 000 sc<strong>al</strong>e.<br />
A number of new habitat concepts are introduced. They mostly pertain to the unforeseen<br />
Asbosveld and Sandolienveld units and the refinement of the proposed Quartzveld<br />
concept that has been divided into Quartz Apronveld, Quartz Asbosveld, Quartz<br />
Gannaveld and Gravel Apronveld. Within the Fynbos biome I added the concept of<br />
24
Restioid Fynbos (as opposed to Arid Restioid Fynbos) and Mesic Asteraceous Fynbos, to<br />
accommodate units in more mesic sites. All the other newly proposed habitat concepts<br />
are mosaic unit combinations that I could not imagine to exist, e.g. Thick<strong>et</strong> mosaic with<br />
Waboomveld and Waboomveld mosaic with Forest.<br />
3.5 Region<strong>al</strong> (bio-geographic) concepts<br />
All of the origin<strong>al</strong>ly proposed region<strong>al</strong> units have been r<strong>et</strong>ained. The only deviation from<br />
the origin<strong>al</strong>ly proposed region<strong>al</strong> concepts is the reduction of the Keur-Kouga unit into the<br />
E Groot (Eastern Groot River) region<strong>al</strong> unit. I could not find any significant reason to<br />
separate the veg<strong>et</strong>ation within the drainage areas of the Keurbooms and Kouga Rivers<br />
from those of the eastern Groot River. A summary of the number of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units<br />
found in each region is provided in Table 3.1.<br />
Table 3.1: Number of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units per biome in each of the bio-geographic<strong>al</strong><br />
regions formed by loc<strong>al</strong> river drainage zones.<br />
REGION AQUATIC<br />
THICKET SKAROO RENOSTER FYNBOS TOTAL<br />
De Boers 0 0 4 5 2 11<br />
Touws 0 3 51 10 16 80<br />
Groot 3 0 25 4 13 45<br />
Gourits 7 61 0 1 13 82<br />
Gamka 9 24 15 5 18 72<br />
Egroot 2 9 2 8 9 30<br />
Breede 3 10 2 9 10 33<br />
Outeniqua 0 0 0 3 13 16<br />
Tot<strong>al</strong> 24 107 99 45 94 369<br />
In most cases the floristic component of the different veg<strong>et</strong>ation units correlated<br />
remarkably well with those of the water catchment of the different river systems. The<br />
only exception being Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation typic<strong>al</strong> of Gourits River region that extends well<br />
into Groot and Touws River systems. Note <strong>al</strong>so that the Outeniqua region does not<br />
represent a river drainage area, it f<strong>al</strong>ls within the Gamka catchment area. I r<strong>et</strong>ained the<br />
25
Outeniqua region mostly because the Fynbos flora in this region differs significantly from<br />
those in the rest of the Gamka region.<br />
With a few exceptions, selected Little <strong>Karoo</strong> domain forms a reasonably well-defined and<br />
natur<strong>al</strong> bio-geographic<strong>al</strong> region. Only some of the units captured in the extreme<br />
northwestern section of the domain (here c<strong>al</strong>led De Boers) contain elements of a different<br />
flora that is b<strong>et</strong>ter affiliated with those of the southern Tanqua-Swartruggens-Roggeveld<br />
region. The spati<strong>al</strong> extent of some of the Fynbos and Renosterveld units in the extreme<br />
eastern area have not been captured fully, because they extend beyond the eastern<br />
boundary of the South Cape municip<strong>al</strong> boundary. I thus believe that a conservation plan<br />
an<strong>al</strong>yses for the selected domain will not provide skewed results for most of the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units present in the area, with the only exceptions being those captured <strong>al</strong>ong<br />
the extreme northern and eastern boundaries of the planning domain.<br />
3. 6 Sectors<br />
At the 5 th tier, the sector concept recognizes loc<strong>al</strong> variance of the region<strong>al</strong> habitat type.<br />
The Region<strong>al</strong> habitat type may for instance be Gamka Apronveld, but the specific sector<br />
may be the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Apronveld that differs from other Gamka Apronveld types (e.g.<br />
Oudtshoorn Apronveld) in its floristic component, and/or because the structur<strong>al</strong><br />
characteristics of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation differ in average height, prominence of “heuweltjies”,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c. No <strong>al</strong>teration to the proposed concept was required, but the predicted number of units<br />
was mostly too high. The only exception being the number of sectors in the Subtropic<strong>al</strong><br />
Thick<strong>et</strong>, especi<strong>al</strong>ly Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> mosaic with Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. The very high number of<br />
these units is largely due to considerable variance in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
component. The only other unforeseen proliferation in number of units that had to be<br />
recognized was within the Gannaveld of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> biome. I was most<br />
surprised to find that they varied so much from site to site.<br />
The number of recognized Aquatic and Renosterveld units is far fewer than the predicted<br />
number. This is mostly because the topography and rainf<strong>al</strong>l pattern is not consistent<br />
26
throughout the area, with for instance the number of Renosterveld units tailing off rapidly<br />
towards the east. The difference in predicted versus fin<strong>al</strong>ly recognized units clearly<br />
indicate the v<strong>al</strong>ue of a field survey. No model would have been able to predict the true<br />
number of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> domain.<br />
3.7 Solid versus mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation units<br />
Solid veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in this study are those that I could map at a 1:50 000 sc<strong>al</strong>e that<br />
consists of unbroken patches of veg<strong>et</strong>ation where the plant communities present were<br />
uniform in their structure and in the species present. A stand of Arid Proteoid Fynbos was<br />
for example recorded as a solid veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit when the area had little variance in its<br />
structure and the floristic component of the different communities was only a<br />
recombination of the same s<strong>et</strong> of species. In sites where the loc<strong>al</strong> terrain is broken stands<br />
of an Arid Fynbos community may, for instance, only occur on southern slopes with the<br />
northern slopes consisting of for instance Renosterveld. In such cases the unit was<br />
recorded as a mosaic unit, simply because the northern and southern slopes of each hill<br />
could not be mapped as individu<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units at a sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:50 000. In the latter<br />
case the unit would be recorded as Renosterveld mosaic with Arid Fynbos, or visa versa,<br />
depending on which veg<strong>et</strong>ation type is the most abundant in the area (here c<strong>al</strong>led the<br />
matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation). The development of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation mosaic concept is thus largely an<br />
attempt to resolve pragmatic problems to show complexity in the field that originates<br />
from the sc<strong>al</strong>e of mapping that is employed. Ide<strong>al</strong>ly one should employ a mapping sc<strong>al</strong>e<br />
that would resolve <strong>al</strong>l the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units to solid types. In the rather complex Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> environment this probably implies a mapping sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1:5 000. Such a d<strong>et</strong>ailed<br />
map may satisfy the needs of some plant ecologists, but will be of little use to land<br />
managers – the focus of this study. To attain a b<strong>al</strong>ance b<strong>et</strong>ween scientific credibility and<br />
end-user needs, I suggest that one should develop a classification and mapping system in<br />
which at least 50 percent of the recognized units can be mapped as solid veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
27
In this study the recognition of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units as solid or mosaic types largely thus<br />
depended on the spati<strong>al</strong> sc<strong>al</strong>e of mapping that was used. To understand the practic<strong>al</strong><br />
implications, keep in mind that a square of 10 mm X 10 mm represents approximately 25<br />
ha in the veld at a mapping sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1: 50 000. When reading a 1:50 000 map few people<br />
can comprehend information beyond those shown at a sc<strong>al</strong>e of 1cm². In this project I thus<br />
ev<strong>al</strong>uated the structur<strong>al</strong> and floristic component of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> at<br />
the approximately 25 ha level, but a few exceptions where made where distinct tiny units<br />
contain unique biodiversity pattern, or where the veg<strong>et</strong>ation occurs as long thin polygons<br />
(e.g. perenni<strong>al</strong> streams).<br />
Many of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units here c<strong>al</strong>led solid veg<strong>et</strong>ation units <strong>al</strong>so have<br />
plant communities that are very patchy, with the species present in the different plant<br />
communities changing rapidly from one patch to the next. These veg<strong>et</strong>ation units <strong>al</strong>so<br />
have a high degree of species turnover (b<strong>et</strong>a-diversity), but the important difference is<br />
that these communities are structur<strong>al</strong>ly similar. In these patchy Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units the individu<strong>al</strong> plant communities are often quite sm<strong>al</strong>l (less than 1 ha), as<br />
for instance in the very divergent communities present on and off “heuweltjies” in<br />
Gannaveld.<br />
Apart from structur<strong>al</strong> composition I <strong>al</strong>so considered the floristic affiliation of the patchy<br />
communities present in a unit. Where the floristic affiliation of the plants present in the<br />
different communities is similar, I do not c<strong>al</strong>l them mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation units, but c<strong>al</strong>led<br />
them solid units. This is why there are for instance no mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in the<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> (Table 3.2), as <strong>al</strong>l the different communities consist of species that are<br />
of a temperate affiliation. The opposite is true in the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong>, where many of<br />
the distinct communities (bush-clumps) consist of species that have a strong link with the<br />
subtropic<strong>al</strong> flora of for instance the Maputoland-Pondoland region (van Wyk and Smith,<br />
2001). Where such communities occur for instance in matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation where the flora is<br />
of temperate affinity (e.g. Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> Region, sensu van Wyk and Smith, 2001), I<br />
c<strong>al</strong>led the units a mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation type.<br />
28
Mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation units must be considered as speci<strong>al</strong> cases when a conservation plan is<br />
developed for a region. To conserve the full species component of patchy veg<strong>et</strong>ation units<br />
that have a floristic component of a divergent nature one may need to conserve examples<br />
of the unit at sever<strong>al</strong> sites. The population dynamics of many of the species in these types<br />
of mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation units seem to follow m<strong>et</strong>a-population rules, with some species<br />
periodic<strong>al</strong>ly becoming extinct in one site, but surviving at another site.<br />
As the majority of the units (about 60%) could be mapped as solid veg<strong>et</strong>ation units<br />
(Table 3.2), I am satisfied that the 1:50 000 sc<strong>al</strong>e used in this project was appropriate to<br />
locate veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that constitute re<strong>al</strong>istic management units, especi<strong>al</strong>ly with regards<br />
to their intrinsic biodiversity and/or function<strong>al</strong> significance to ecologic<strong>al</strong> processes.<br />
Table 3.2 Number of mosaic versus solid veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in the different<br />
biomes of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> study area.<br />
BIOME Mosaic Units Solid Units Tot<strong>al</strong><br />
Aquatic<br />
0 24 24<br />
Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> 102 5 107<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> 0 99 99<br />
Renosterveld 36 9 45<br />
Fynbos 16 78 94<br />
Tot<strong>al</strong> 154 215 369<br />
3.8 Spati<strong>al</strong> extent of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units<br />
3.8.1 Aquatic versus terrestri<strong>al</strong> units<br />
A surprisingly high percentage (about 10 %) of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region consists of aquatic<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units (Table 3.3). Despite their importance to management, these aquatic<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are usu<strong>al</strong>ly ignored in veg<strong>et</strong>ation maps. Another surprising feature of the<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> aquatic units is that they are much more prominent in the eastern Little<br />
29
<strong>Karoo</strong> than in the west (Map 3.1). This is not an artifact of the mapping m<strong>et</strong>hod<br />
employed, but rather a true feature of the different landscapes, perhaps due to the more<br />
recent nature of the eastern Little <strong>Karoo</strong> landscapes, with erosion processes more active<br />
in the eastern Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
3.8.2 Biome units<br />
It may be a big surprise that only a sm<strong>al</strong>l part of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> consists of true<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units and that much of the area is covered in Thick<strong>et</strong> mosaic<br />
units (Table 3.3 and Map 3.2). The field study confirmed that units here c<strong>al</strong>led Arid<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> mosaic with Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> should be regarded belonging to the Subtropic<strong>al</strong><br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> biome, rather than the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> biome. For those disagreeing with this<br />
point of view, it may be a relief to hear that about 50 percent of the area consists of<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> mosaic and Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
Most of the Renosterveld in the area <strong>al</strong>so occurs as a mosaic with other veg<strong>et</strong>ation units,<br />
but Fynbos follows the opposite pattern. This indicates that the recognition of a “Fire-<br />
prone Transition<strong>al</strong> Shrub- and Woodland” biome may be a more true reflection of the<br />
nature of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> environment than r<strong>et</strong>aining the current rather poorly defined<br />
concept for Renosterveld. I am less than ever before convinced that Renosterveld per se<br />
is a clearly defined unit, or that it should be nested within the Fynbos biome.<br />
Table 3.3 Percentage of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> study area covered by the different Biome<br />
units.<br />
BIOME Mosaic Units Solid Units Tot<strong>al</strong><br />
River & floodplain 0 % 5.5 % 5.5 %<br />
Perenni<strong>al</strong><br />
Stream<br />
0 % 3.4 % 3.4 %<br />
Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> 32.7 % 2.5 % 35.3 %<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> 0 % 17.4 % 17.4 %<br />
Renosterveld 10.3 % 2.3 % 12.6 %<br />
Fynbos 2.8 % 23.1 % 25.9 %<br />
Tot<strong>al</strong> 45.8 % 54.2 % 100 %<br />
30
3.8.3 Region<strong>al</strong> units<br />
The broad patterns that emerge from the loc<strong>al</strong>ly identified region<strong>al</strong> units indicated in Map<br />
3.3 show that six bioregion<strong>al</strong> areas could be recognized in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. They<br />
are as follows;<br />
1. A region in the southwestern area that includes the lowland veg<strong>et</strong>ation that occurs<br />
within the water catchment area of the Breede River, but it extends <strong>al</strong>ong the<br />
Langeberg mountains eastwards to about the Gouritz River. This area corresponds<br />
well with those of the Langeberg phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt and<br />
Manning, 2000). I will <strong>al</strong>so c<strong>al</strong>l it the Langeberg region.<br />
2. The second region occurs in the centr<strong>al</strong> inland part of the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
and it is mostly restricted to the drainage areas of the Touws -, western Groot<br />
River and the western branches of the Gouritz River. It f<strong>al</strong>ls within the <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
Mountain phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt and Manning, 2000). I will<br />
c<strong>al</strong>l it the Touws region, which should be seen as a western sub-center of the<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> Mountain center.<br />
3. Although the third region is quite clearly delineated in the centr<strong>al</strong> Little <strong>Karoo</strong> its<br />
boundaries cannot easily be defined in terms of river catchment boundaries. It is<br />
mostly restricted to the drainage area of the Gamka - and Olifants Rivers. It<br />
consists of the remainder of the <strong>Karoo</strong> Mountain phytogeographic center (sensu<br />
Goldblatt and Manning, 2000), with the exception of the Kamanassie Mountain<br />
that I rather affiliate with the following region. I will c<strong>al</strong>l it the Gamka region.<br />
4. The fourth region occurs directly south of the Gamka region and it consists<br />
mostly of the Fynbos and Renosterveld of the Outeniqua and Kamanassie<br />
mountains. The species present in these Fynbos and Renosterveld units differ<br />
significantly from those in the Gamka region, <strong>al</strong>though the area is located within<br />
the drainage area of the Olifants River. I will c<strong>al</strong>l it the Outeniqua region, which<br />
is a western subdivision of the Southeast phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt<br />
and Manning, 2000).<br />
31
5. The fifth region lies in the extreme eastern end of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> and includes<br />
most of the units that occur within the drainage of the eastern Groot River, Kouga<br />
and Keurbooms Rivers. Although it is located within the Southeast<br />
phytogeographic center (sensu Goldblatt and Manning, 2000) I will c<strong>al</strong>l it the<br />
Eastern Groot region, because I removed the Outeniqua region from the<br />
Southeast center.<br />
6. The last region is located <strong>al</strong>ong the northwestern boundary and its flora relates<br />
best with those that pertain to the Tanqua <strong>Karoo</strong>, Roggeveld and Northwestern<br />
phytogeographic center of the Cape flora (sensu Goldblatt and Manning, 2000). It<br />
should be seen as an intrusion from the north and I will c<strong>al</strong>l it the DeBoers<br />
region.<br />
3.8.4 Habitat types<br />
The spati<strong>al</strong> distribution of habitat types is strongly influenced by topography, geology<br />
and rainf<strong>al</strong>l. It is not possible to unravel the effect of each of these factors, as there is<br />
often an interaction b<strong>et</strong>ween these three factors. Within mountainous areas one for<br />
instance finds a steep rainf<strong>al</strong>l gradient that may correspond with rapid changes in soil<br />
type as the geology changes down the slope. East-west rainf<strong>al</strong>l patterns are <strong>al</strong>so affected<br />
by these high mountains, with one side of the mountain for instance receiving a higher<br />
proportion of summer rain than the other side. Topography is furthermore related to the<br />
geology of the area as certain geologic<strong>al</strong> formations erode more easily than other, with<br />
annu<strong>al</strong> rainf<strong>al</strong>l <strong>al</strong>so affecting the rate of erosion.<br />
The complexity in the interactions b<strong>et</strong>ween these major factors is undoubtedly one of the<br />
reasons why there are so many habitat types in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> area. The gener<strong>al</strong> pattern<br />
that emerges is that the complexity in the spati<strong>al</strong> distribution of these habitat types<br />
increases where mountain ranges are close to each other. Where they are further apart and<br />
running par<strong>al</strong>lel to each other, as for instance in the centr<strong>al</strong> Little <strong>Karoo</strong> area, the habitat<br />
32
types tend to be less fragmented and b<strong>et</strong>ter stratified. The spati<strong>al</strong> distribution of the 56<br />
habitat type units listed in Figure 3.1 is indicated in Map 3.4.<br />
3.8.5 All veg<strong>et</strong>ation units<br />
Approximately 60 percent of the 369 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units occur in the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
(Langeberg and Touws regions) and most of them are relatively sm<strong>al</strong>l in size (Map 3.5).<br />
The proliferation of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in the western little <strong>Karoo</strong> corresponds with the<br />
higher degree of fragmentation and complexity of habitat types in the western region and<br />
the fragmentation and reduction in spati<strong>al</strong> extent of the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
It is interesting to note that the high number of units in the western region is largely due<br />
to a proliferation in lowland veg<strong>et</strong>ation units (mostly Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>), with only a<br />
slightly higher number of Fynbos and Renosterveld units in the western mountainous<br />
areas. Keeping in mind that many of these veg<strong>et</strong>ation units contain endemic plant species,<br />
one would expect a higher degree of plant endemism in the western h<strong>al</strong>f of the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> region.<br />
3.9 References.<br />
Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J., 2000. Cape Plants. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South<br />
Arica. Strelitzia 9: 1-743<br />
Van Wyk, A.E. & Smith, G.F., 2001. Regions of floristic endemism in southern<br />
Africa. Umdaus Press, Pr<strong>et</strong>oria.<br />
33
4. Habitat Units<br />
4.1 A basic framework to understand the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
It is perhaps best to first develop an understanding of the major habitat types that occur in<br />
the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> before one attempts to learn how to differentiate the complex veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
patterns of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> area. Habitat type concepts are simpler than those of<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units, because the complexity of the species present can largely be ignored.<br />
With habitat types the focus rather lies on the structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation present and the<br />
main ecologic<strong>al</strong> processes operative. There is an interaction b<strong>et</strong>ween the structure of the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation and ecologic<strong>al</strong> processes, because;<br />
1. The specific combination of abiotic factors of a habitat type (nutrient and water<br />
availability, erodibility of the substrate, occurrence of wind, fire, frost and snow,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) <strong>al</strong>l select for specific plant growth forms and their relative abundance (thus<br />
the structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation) in the habitat type, and,<br />
2. The structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation in an area in part d<strong>et</strong>ermines which anim<strong>al</strong>s can<br />
inhabit that habitat type, this results in an interactive and dynamic process as<br />
grazing by the fauna present in the area further defines which plant growth forms<br />
will be abundant or rare in the loc<strong>al</strong> communities.<br />
The major habitat unit hierarchy proposed for the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> domain is presented in<br />
Figure 4.1. Note that this habitat model is derived directly from the mapped veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
units (thus derived from Figure 3.1) and that it differs from the proposed veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit<br />
hierarchy in that;<br />
1. It attempts to identify basic units most relevant for the agricultur<strong>al</strong> and game<br />
industries, without ignoring intrinsic vulnerabilities of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation present;<br />
2. It mostly considers the appearance of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation (physiognomy) and not much<br />
the plant species (floristic component) present of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation, and;<br />
3. The biome concept of Renosterveld is replaced by the broadened concept of<br />
“Transition<strong>al</strong> fire-prone wood- and shrublands”. Included in this broadened<br />
34
concept are <strong>al</strong>l the veg<strong>et</strong>ation types that are periodic<strong>al</strong>ly exposed to fire, but which<br />
differs from the Fynbos in having a low cover of Restios and having a mix of<br />
species present that <strong>al</strong>so occur in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong>.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation in these habitat types is often dominated by a single species<br />
(Dodonaea angustifolia, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Pteronia fascicularis,<br />
Pteronia incana and Passerina obtusifolia) and they rarely exhibit a high degree<br />
of fine- or coarse sc<strong>al</strong>e patchiness as found in e.g. mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
ECOSYSTEM BIOME MAJOR HABITAT TYPES UNITS<br />
AQUATIC DRAIN River & floodplain 7<br />
SOURCE Freshwater stream & seepage area 17<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom 2<br />
SUBTROPICAL V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics 6<br />
THICKET V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics 3<br />
Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom 2<br />
Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics 26<br />
Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics 64<br />
Randteveld 20<br />
Apronveld 19<br />
Quartz Apronveld 8<br />
SUCCULENT Gravel Apronveld 8<br />
KAROO Gannaveld 26<br />
Quartz Gannaveld 9<br />
Scholtzbosveld 3<br />
TERRESTRIAL K<strong>al</strong>kveld 1<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics 4<br />
Asbosveld 2<br />
Quartz Asbosveld 3<br />
FIRE-PRONE Arid Renosterveld 1<br />
TRANSITIONAL Arid Renosterveld Mosaics 4<br />
SHRUB- AND Mesic Renosterveld 8<br />
WOODLANDS Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics 32<br />
Sandolien 13<br />
Asteraceous 4<br />
Restioid 8<br />
MOUNTAIN Grassy 10<br />
FYNBOS Waboomveld 16<br />
Arid Proteoid 16<br />
Mesic Proteoid 19<br />
Ericaceous 3<br />
Sub<strong>al</strong>pine 5<br />
TOTAL NUMBER OF VEGETATION UNITS 369<br />
Figure 4.1: Hierarchy of the proposed 32 major habitat types in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> area.<br />
35
4.2 Aquatic Habitat Units<br />
4.2.1 River and floodplain habitat<br />
The River and floodplain habitat units are <strong>al</strong>l restricted to the lowest points in the loc<strong>al</strong><br />
landscape, where water draining from the upper catchment areas are transported to the<br />
sea. There is nothing novel about the concept. Included here are the lower riverine<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation and those that occur on the slightly higher embankment area that is<br />
occasion<strong>al</strong>ly inundated during floods (approximately 1:50 year flood line), often c<strong>al</strong>led<br />
the floodplain.<br />
It is easy to recognize this habitat (Photo 4.1) as the riverine veg<strong>et</strong>ation consists mostly of<br />
woody trees (Acacia caffra, Acacia karoo, Rhus lancea, Tamarix usneoides, <strong>et</strong>c.), reeds<br />
(Phragmitis austr<strong>al</strong>is) and bulrush (Typha capensis) that are resilient to brackish<br />
conditions. Shrubs that are mostly 1.0-1.8 m<strong>et</strong>er t<strong>al</strong>l dominate the floodplain veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is <strong>al</strong>ways abundant but a vari<strong>et</strong>y of other shrub species <strong>al</strong>so<br />
occur here (e.g. Atriplex vestita, Chrysanthemoides incana, Kochea tricophylla, Pteronia<br />
oblanceolata, S<strong>al</strong>sola glabrescens and Suaeda fruticosa). On the upper embankments<br />
Gannaveld, which is here nested in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat types, usu<strong>al</strong>ly replaces<br />
this unit.<br />
The mapped spati<strong>al</strong> extent of the Riverine and floodplain habitat extends into the side<br />
branches of the main river courses to include most of the season<strong>al</strong> drainage areas that<br />
deliver water into the main drainage system after heavy rain. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of these<br />
upper drainage areas is often quite different to those of the main river chann<strong>al</strong>, but Acacia<br />
karoo is <strong>al</strong>ways present. An interesting feature in the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong> is that Schotia<br />
afra is som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant in these season<strong>al</strong> drainage areas. After good rain the grass<br />
component may be well developed, often with Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon dactylon,<br />
Ehrharta thunbergii, Eragrostis sarmentosa and/or Fingerhuthia africana loc<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
abundant. Few rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plant species are known to occur in this habitat.<br />
36
Photo 4.1. The Touws River is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the River and floodplain habitat<br />
in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. The dense green veg<strong>et</strong>ation is Phragmitis austr<strong>al</strong>is.<br />
Most of the Riverine and floodplain habitat in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region has been negatively<br />
affected by a number of activities. Most of the fresh water that used to run from the upper<br />
catchment areas into the river systems have been cut off and is now mostly used for<br />
agricultur<strong>al</strong> purposes. The remov<strong>al</strong> of this perenni<strong>al</strong> supply of fresh water would have<br />
<strong>al</strong>tered the composition of the natur<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the riverine areas. The upper<br />
floodplain embankments have <strong>al</strong>so in many cases been transformed to establish intensive<br />
agricultur<strong>al</strong> crops, such as lucern. Irrigation of these lands results in the leaching of<br />
sodium from these old floodplain soils into the river system, thus causing an increased<br />
s<strong>al</strong>inity of the water progressively down the river. This in turn resulted in the s<strong>al</strong>ination of<br />
soils in many of the lower riverine areas. Most of the loc<strong>al</strong> river systems are <strong>al</strong>so heavily<br />
invaded by <strong>al</strong>ien species such as Arundo donax, Nerium oleander, Pennis<strong>et</strong>um<br />
clandestinum, Prosopis glandulosa, Shinus molle, Tamarix chinensis and Tamarix<br />
ramosissima, while the floodplains occasion<strong>al</strong>ly have Alhagi maurorum and Atriplex<br />
nummularia present.<br />
37
Apart from providing many unique habitats for bird and invertebrate species, this unit<br />
probably <strong>al</strong>so played an important role to provide suitable migration corridors for larger<br />
mamm<strong>al</strong>s (e.g. Elephant, Black Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, <strong>et</strong>c.) in the past. They acted<br />
as important freshwater and fodder sources for these anim<strong>al</strong>s, which in turn probably<br />
maintained many open channels within the riverine veg<strong>et</strong>ation, which limited flood<br />
damage to the upper floodplain zones.<br />
4.2.2 Freshwater stream & seepage habitat<br />
The Freshwater stream and seepage habitat type differs from the River and floodplain<br />
habitat type in having only fresh water flowing through these units. This difference in<br />
water regimes resulted in quite a different kind of veg<strong>et</strong>ation being present as at least<br />
some subsurface freshwater is permanently available. Most of this habitat type is<br />
restricted to areas located within or to the base of the Cape sandstone mountains and their<br />
soils are usu<strong>al</strong>ly sandy and acidic. Where they do occur on sh<strong>al</strong>e, the floor of the<br />
streambed is often lined with rounded white sandstone pebbles.<br />
In the upper catchment areas the habitat starts as perenni<strong>al</strong> or season<strong>al</strong> water seepage<br />
zones, here the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is often short and dominated by restioid and/or graminoid<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation. On the lower mid-slopes woody shrubs become more prominent, especi<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
once sever<strong>al</strong> streams have joined up to form a prominent water drainage channel (Photo<br />
4.2). Typic<strong>al</strong> and characteristic of these perenni<strong>al</strong> streams are an abundance of shrubs<br />
such as Empleurum unicapsulare, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea affinis, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea imminens and Psor<strong>al</strong>ea<br />
nubicola and broad-leaved herbs such as Gunnera perpensa. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation <strong>al</strong>ong these<br />
streams is usu<strong>al</strong>ly dense and <strong>al</strong>most impen<strong>et</strong>rable when old.<br />
Lower in the landscape, where the drainage channel changes from quartzitic to sh<strong>al</strong>e<br />
substrates, the composition of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation changes rapidly. From this point onwards<br />
the habitat is in most cases changed to the Riverine and floodplain habitat type. There are<br />
some exceptions, such as in Seweweekspoort, Meiringspoort and Schoemanspoort where<br />
high volumes of fresh water r<strong>et</strong>ain the veg<strong>et</strong>ation similar to those of the upper streams.<br />
38
These exceptions are usu<strong>al</strong>ly easy to recognize as the streambed is lined with white<br />
sandstone pebbles and boulders. These rivers could be recognized as a habitat type of<br />
their own, but are here included in the stream and seepage habitat type. Flood resistant<br />
trees and shrubs are abundant in these lower freshwater rivers and streams with Cliffortia<br />
strobilifera, Freylinia lanceolata, Rhus laevigata and S<strong>al</strong>ix mucronata the most common<br />
species. Remnant populations of these species can be found even in cases where the<br />
water supply of these streams has been cut off for many years. They and other typic<strong>al</strong><br />
herbs and graminoids, such as Carpha glomerata, Juncus effuses, Juncus oxycarpus and<br />
Zanthedeschia a<strong>et</strong>hiopica, have been used as indicators of streams that have (or had) a<br />
perenni<strong>al</strong> supply of fresh water.<br />
Photo 4.2. This perenni<strong>al</strong> stream on the lower northern slopes of the Outeniqua<br />
mountains is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Freshwater stream & seepage area habitat type.<br />
This unit is an important habitat for flora and fauna. Especi<strong>al</strong>ly the mid- to upper sections<br />
of this habitat is often rich in highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plant species. Some loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic vertebrates and invertebrates (e.g. Heleophryne spp.) are <strong>al</strong>so present. It is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
39
the favored habitat for some rare bird species (e.g. Victorin’s Warbler). This habitat is<br />
obviously vit<strong>al</strong> for humans, as it delivers clean fresh water to agriculture and<br />
communities at the base of mountains. Once this veg<strong>et</strong>ation is disturbed it results in<br />
accelerated soil erosion (reduction in water qu<strong>al</strong>ity), invasion by <strong>al</strong>ien species (increased<br />
water use by stream bank veg<strong>et</strong>ation) and loss of biodiversity (speci<strong>al</strong>ized organisims<br />
restricted to this habitat). When it is in a pristine condition it is remarkably resilient to<br />
invasion by <strong>al</strong>ien plant species. Rubus and Populus species seem to be the only plants<br />
able to invade undisturbed examples of this habitat.<br />
This habitat is severely threatened by the abstraction of groundwater as <strong>al</strong>tered water<br />
availability results in the rapid demise of this habitat. Certain species that have a very<br />
narrow habitat that is restricted to just above the summer water flow level, such as Disa<br />
elegans, Disa trip<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>oides, Disa uncinata, Gladiolus aquamontanus and Osmunda<br />
reg<strong>al</strong>is, are even vulnerable to <strong>al</strong>tered season<strong>al</strong> water flow regimes. Some of the rare<br />
shrubs restricted to this habitat, like Erica astroites, Penaea dahlgrenii, Stirtonanthus<br />
chrysanthus and Stirtonanthus taylorianus may be less vulnerable to the actu<strong>al</strong> volume of<br />
water flowing in the stream but they would certainly die rapidly if no water were<br />
available.<br />
40
4.3 Terrestri<strong>al</strong><br />
4.3.1 Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
The Subtropic<strong>al</strong> thick<strong>et</strong> habitat types occur in areas where fire and frost are absent, or at<br />
most infrequent. These habitat types are best developed on nutrient-rich soils, but it may<br />
<strong>al</strong>so occur on nutrient poor soils if fires are rare. In the latter case the non-flammable<br />
Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is <strong>al</strong>ways prominent, thus affording some protection<br />
against fire. A minimum of about 100 mm rain during spring and summer months<br />
(October-March) is required to maintain the subtropic<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation typic<strong>al</strong> of this habitat<br />
type. Above this minimum the actu<strong>al</strong> amount of summer rain seems less important than<br />
its proportion in relation to winter rain. A proportion of 40:60 percent of summer versus<br />
winter rain (either way) seems to be the cut-off point. Beyond this b<strong>al</strong>ance point, with for<br />
instance 70 percent of the rain f<strong>al</strong>ling in winter, a temperate veg<strong>et</strong>ation type replaces the<br />
subtropic<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
The Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> habitat types are most easily recognized by the occurrence of<br />
woody trees, spinescent shrubs and a relative abundance of succulents. When occurring<br />
as solid stands the veg<strong>et</strong>ation can form impen<strong>et</strong>rable dense thick<strong>et</strong>s, but this is uncommon<br />
in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. In most of the area the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation occurs as<br />
discr<strong>et</strong>e bush-clumps, usu<strong>al</strong>ly in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. In very arid<br />
areas these thick<strong>et</strong> bush-clumps are often reduced to only a single tree (mostly Euclea<br />
undulata), usu<strong>al</strong>ly with a few remnant spinescent vines (Asparagus) and succulents under<br />
or around it. Some people may wish to refer these areas to the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat<br />
type, but I refrain from doing so as I believe that this condition is at least in part due to<br />
the impacts of many years of grazing. These lonely trees usu<strong>al</strong>ly have a ring of open<br />
ground around them, indicating that the rest of the origin<strong>al</strong> bush-clump has been removed<br />
in relatively recent times. All sites in which woody trees (excluding Acacia karoo) are<br />
thus relatively abundant are here referred to the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> habitat.<br />
41
The woody trees most typic<strong>al</strong> and abundant in this unit are Euclea undulata, Gloveria<br />
integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Rhus glauca, Rhus longispina, Rhus undulata,<br />
Pappea capensis and Schotia afra on sh<strong>al</strong>e derived soils, with Lachnostylos bilocularis,<br />
Maytenus oleoides and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus most abundant on quartzitic<br />
substrates. The most abundant and typic<strong>al</strong> shrubs include Carissa haematocarpa, Lycium<br />
cinereum, Lycium ferocissimum, Nymannia capensis, Putterlickia pyracantha and<br />
Rhigozum obovatum. Characteristic stem-and leaf succulents and vines are; Asparagus<br />
burchellii, Asparagus densiflorus, Asparagus r<strong>et</strong>rofractus, Crassula arborescens,<br />
Crassula orbicularis, Crassula perfoliata, Crassula ovata, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia<br />
atrispina, Euphorbia heptagona, Gasteria brachyphylla, Pachypodium succulentum,<br />
Pelargonium peltatum, Pelargonium teragonum, Portulacaria afra, Sarcostemma<br />
vimin<strong>al</strong>e and Tylecodon paniculatus. Grasses are only abundant after good summer rain<br />
(Cenchrus ciliaris, Eragrostis plana, Fingerhuthia africana and Sporobolus fimbriatus),<br />
but Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina and Stipa dregeana is usu<strong>al</strong>ly present throughout the year when<br />
the veld is in a good condition. Most of the rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plant species that<br />
occur in this habitat type occur in the Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaic habitat types.<br />
The Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> habitat types are very important for many bird, mamm<strong>al</strong> and<br />
invertebrate species. Apart from being an important source of fodder, it <strong>al</strong>so provides<br />
important migration corridors for non-resident large mamm<strong>al</strong>s such as Kudu. The recent<br />
erection of many game fences may cause a serious barrier for the natur<strong>al</strong> migration of<br />
these anim<strong>al</strong>s. This habitat unit, especi<strong>al</strong>ly the more arid types, is very vulnerable to<br />
impacts relating to overgrazing by domestic stock and game, especi<strong>al</strong>ly where<br />
extr<strong>al</strong>imit<strong>al</strong> game species (e.g. Imp<strong>al</strong>a) have been introduced. Most of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation in<br />
these habitat types are of a relictu<strong>al</strong> nature and cannot recover natur<strong>al</strong>ly when seriously<br />
overgrazed. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) seems to play an important role to prevent<br />
soil erosion, rainwater infiltration into groundwater and in the natur<strong>al</strong> regeneration of<br />
many of the tree species, but it has been removed through intensive grazing in many sites.<br />
42
4.3.1.1 V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom<br />
In this habitat type the Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation occurs in extensive stands with Spekboom<br />
(Portulacaria afra) prominent. This habitat is most easily recognized by having<br />
Pruimbome (Pappea capensis) relatively abundant which, like most of the other trees<br />
present, often occur as fairly large single trees that are not restricted to bush-clumps. Aloe<br />
speciosa is another useful indicator of this habitat, but it is not <strong>al</strong>ways present.<br />
This fairly uniform habitat type is best developed on steep hill slopes. It would be<br />
vulnerable to impacts caused by large herbivores, if they would fragment the veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
and cause soil erosion. No loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plant species are known to occur in this<br />
habitat unit, with those that are uncommon here (e.g. Ceropegia ampliata, Liparis<br />
remota, <strong>et</strong>c.), being more abundant in the eastern Cape.<br />
Photo 4.3. C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp V<strong>al</strong>ley Spekboomveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with<br />
Spekboom habitat type. Note the abundance of Spekboom and woody trees.<br />
43
4.3.1.2 V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics<br />
This habitat type differs from the V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom habitat type in having<br />
the Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation present occurring as fragmented patches. Spekboom is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
present, but often not abundant, but Pruimbome (Pappea capensis) remains prominent in<br />
the Thick<strong>et</strong> patches that can occur in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>, Renosterveld,<br />
Sandolien or Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation. In areas with a broken topography the Thick<strong>et</strong> patches<br />
are often restricted to north-facing slopes, with the veg<strong>et</strong>ation present on the south facing<br />
slopes depending on the loc<strong>al</strong> geology. On sh<strong>al</strong>e it is Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> or Renosterveld,<br />
while quartzitic areas will have Sandolienveld or Fynbos on the southern slopes. The<br />
species present in the V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> patches vary little, but those that are present in the<br />
matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation can vary dramatic<strong>al</strong>ly in sites where the geology is complex..<br />
Photo 4.4. The Hartbeesvlakte Spekboomveld in the foreground is a typic<strong>al</strong> of the V<strong>al</strong>ley<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics habitat type. Note the rapid change to<br />
Gannaveld and Gwarrieveld habitat types in background.<br />
44
4.3.1.3 V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics<br />
The main difference b<strong>et</strong>ween this and other V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> habitat types is that<br />
Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is never abundant. Its absence is not due to recent impacts<br />
of grazing, as no typic<strong>al</strong> “tell-t<strong>al</strong>e” patches of short-lived grasses (e.g. Enneapogon spp.)<br />
have been noted in these units. Structur<strong>al</strong>ly it may look similar to some of the Arid<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaic habitat types, but woody trees occur mostly in bush-clumps in Arid<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> habitat types and Pappea capensis is rare.<br />
This habitat type occurs mostly at the southern base of mountain ranges, where the soils<br />
are often deep, sandy or loamy. The grass component is often well developed and a rich<br />
vari<strong>et</strong>y of stem succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Apocynaceae) are usu<strong>al</strong>ly present. Not many rare<br />
species are known from this habitat. This habitat type does not vary much in the region<br />
and it is one of the best veg<strong>et</strong>ation types for larger game species in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Photo 4.5. Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Pruimveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics habitat. The<br />
Sandolien in foreground occurs on south - and the Thick<strong>et</strong> on the north slopes.<br />
45
4.3.1.4 Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom<br />
An extensive stand of unfragmented Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation in which Spekboom<br />
(Portulacaria afra) is prominent is <strong>al</strong>so characteristic of this habitat type. It differs<br />
mostly from the V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom habitat types in lacking Pruimbome<br />
(Pappea capensis), but Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Pendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and<br />
Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) are prominent trees. Noorsdoring (Euphorbia coerulescens)<br />
is som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant and where absent, is replaced by other thorny Euphorbia species<br />
such as Euphorbia atrispina and Euphorbia heptagona. A rich vari<strong>et</strong>y of succulent<br />
species is usu<strong>al</strong>ly present, but grasses are uncommon.<br />
This habitat occurs mostly on northern slopes of hills and mountains. It is vulnerable to<br />
the impacts of grazing as is not able to recover easily from heavy grazing pressure.<br />
Photo 4.6. C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Arid Spekboomveld is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with<br />
Spekboom habitat type. Note the presence of Noorsdoring in the foreground.<br />
46
4.3.1.5 Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics<br />
This habitat differs from the Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom habitat in having fragmented<br />
patches of Thick<strong>et</strong> occurring in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and/or Renosterveld. The<br />
gener<strong>al</strong> structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation in this habitat remains very similar, but the species in<br />
the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation changes much with variance in soil conditions and rainf<strong>al</strong>l. Quite a<br />
large number of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units (26 units) have thus been identified to occur in this<br />
habitat type. Sever<strong>al</strong> loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plant species occur in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
or Renosterveld veg<strong>et</strong>ation of this habitat type. The combination of Thick<strong>et</strong>, Spekboom<br />
and other veg<strong>et</strong>ation renders it an ide<strong>al</strong> for grazing purposes, both for domestic stock and<br />
game. Due to the gener<strong>al</strong> aridity, care must be taken not to over utilize this habitat, as it<br />
would be slow to recover.<br />
Photo 4.7. Assegaaibosch Spekboomveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom<br />
Mosaics habitat type. Note the density of trees on the southern slope and<br />
fragmented nature of the Thick<strong>et</strong> bush clumps in the background.<br />
47
4.3.1.6 Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics<br />
This is one of the most widespread and variable habitat types in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. Typic<strong>al</strong><br />
of this habitat is a landscape dotted with Thick<strong>et</strong> bush-clumps, usu<strong>al</strong>ly with Gwarrie<br />
(Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) the most abundant trees. Unlike the<br />
former habitat type, Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is never abundant and I did not find<br />
evidence in any of the 64 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that occur in this habitat that Spekboom was<br />
abundant here in recent times. On sh<strong>al</strong>e-derived soils the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation is Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> but in higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l areas it is Asbosveld, with Pteronia incana the dominant<br />
species. Where it occurs on sandstone derived soils the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation changes to<br />
Renosterveld, Sandolienveld or Fynbos, depending on rainf<strong>al</strong>l. Sosaties (Crassula<br />
rupestris) is usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in this habitat, irrespective of the loc<strong>al</strong> soil conditions. This<br />
habitat may be confused with the Randteveld of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> biome, but it differs<br />
in <strong>al</strong>ways having trees and bush-clumps present on the north-facing slopes. In the<br />
Randteveld only a few of these trees occur on south-facing slopes.<br />
Photo 4.8. Hartbeesvlakte Asbos-Gwarrieveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics<br />
habitat type. Here Asbos is the dominant shrub in the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
48
4.3.2 Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
These habitat types occur in the lower v<strong>al</strong>leys and hills of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> where the soils<br />
are rich in nutrients, the mean annu<strong>al</strong> rainf<strong>al</strong>l is less than 350 mm per year and summer<br />
rain is less than h<strong>al</strong>f the annu<strong>al</strong> rainf<strong>al</strong>l. Leaf- and stem-succulents are <strong>al</strong>ways abundant in<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat types, indicating that high winter air humidity is vit<strong>al</strong>, because it<br />
prevents “black-frost” that could kill most of these succulents. Maximum sunlight, thus a<br />
sparse cover of t<strong>al</strong>l woody shrubs and trees, seems equ<strong>al</strong>ly important. The lack of<br />
summer rain and paucity of t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs and trees is not coincident<strong>al</strong>, as these t<strong>al</strong>l plants<br />
seem to require a fair amount of summer rain to be abundant in the environment.<br />
Some of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat types can be confused with the Thick<strong>et</strong> habitat<br />
types, but they <strong>al</strong>ways differ in lacking a well-developed woody tree component. Some of<br />
the t<strong>al</strong>l shrub species present in the Thick<strong>et</strong> (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Lycium<br />
cinereum, Nymannia capensis and Rhigozum obovatum) may <strong>al</strong>so be present in the<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat types, but they are never dominant. Predominant in most of the<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat types are shrub species that are less than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er t<strong>al</strong>l and most of<br />
them belong to the Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae or Asteraceae plant families.<br />
One of the interesting features of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> is that many species only occur<br />
under the sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs. These shrubs provide microhabitat conditions suitable for the<br />
establishment of certain species, often resulting in close relationships b<strong>et</strong>ween plants<br />
species of different growth forms to develop miniature bush-clumps, the basic building<br />
block of plant communities in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. Grasses are never abundant here, but<br />
“heuweltjies” (termataria constructed mostly by Microhodotermes viator) are often a<br />
prominent feature. Also remarkable about the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> is the abundance of<br />
lichens, liver mosses and mosses that form a prominent crust on the ground. These simple<br />
plants play a vit<strong>al</strong> role to prevent soil erosion in fine fractured soils, maximize water<br />
infiltration and minimize water runoff that could result in floods during heavy rain<br />
storms. They are, however, easily demised by physic<strong>al</strong> disturbance such as repeated<br />
trampling by domestic stock.<br />
49
4.3.2.1 Randteveld<br />
This is a very arid habitat type, one of the most arid habitat types in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. It is<br />
only prominent in the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong> and is replaced in the east by the Arid Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
Mosaic habitat. It differs from the latter habitat in having only a sparse woody tree and<br />
t<strong>al</strong>l shrub component present and if present, it is mostly restricted to south-facing slopes.<br />
This habitat occurs on ridges and hills where the sh<strong>al</strong>e derived soils are very sh<strong>al</strong>low. The<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation consists mostly of a sparse cover of sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs and compact leaf-succulents.<br />
Even here one often finds a well developed lichen and moss cover. They often indicate<br />
microhabitat sites to which the highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized species endemic to this habitat type are<br />
restricted. The structur<strong>al</strong> features of this habitat type does not vary much, but the species<br />
present differ so much that 20 different veg<strong>et</strong>ation units have been recognized to occur in<br />
this habitat type.<br />
Photo 4.9. Stormberg Randteveld is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Randteveld habitat type of<br />
the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. Note the absence of woody trees and the low cover of<br />
short shrubs.<br />
50
4.3.2.2 Apronveld<br />
The Apronveld habitat type is <strong>al</strong>ways located at the base of hills and ridges. It never<br />
occurs on steep slopes (Randteveld or Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaic habitat types) or in v<strong>al</strong>ley<br />
bottoms, where the Gannaveld habitat type replaces it. The soils are usu<strong>al</strong>ly loamy to<br />
clayey and surface rocks are usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. The shrub cover is well developed with<br />
Gombos (Pteronia spp.) and Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us spp.) often the most abundant<br />
species. Leaf- and stem-succulents, as well as a vari<strong>et</strong>y of bulbous plants (geophytes) are<br />
usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant here, but grasses are uncommon. It is one of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat<br />
types used most by domestic stock, as many of the common plant species are p<strong>al</strong>atable<br />
and the terrain is easily accessible. The species present in this habitat varies much and 19<br />
different veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized in this habitat type. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare plant species<br />
occur in this habitat, but not many of them are highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics.<br />
Photo 4.10. Kruisrivier Apronveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> Apronveld habitat.<br />
Note the even, but short shrub cover and abundance of surface rocks.<br />
51
4.3.2.3 Quartz Apronveld<br />
The Quartz Apronveld habitat only differs from the Apronveld in having patches of white<br />
quartz pebbles present. These often-sm<strong>al</strong>l quarts outcrops are islands located in the<br />
matrix Apronveld where the veg<strong>et</strong>ation differs remarkably from those of the surrounding<br />
shrubby Apronveld. A rich vari<strong>et</strong>y of usu<strong>al</strong>ly sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents and bulbous plants can be<br />
found within these quartz patches. Many of them are highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized species that may be<br />
restricted to only a few of these quartz patches. Although the matrix Apronveld is a<br />
favored grazing area by domestic stock, few of the plants on the quartz patches are<br />
grazed, except under severe grazing pressure. These sensitive sites are, however, often<br />
subjected to trampling by domestic stock as one often sees many footpaths crisscrossing<br />
these quartz patches. Another threat seems to be restricted seed dispers<strong>al</strong> b<strong>et</strong>ween the<br />
quartz patches brought about by fences that restrain movement of dispers<strong>al</strong> agents, such<br />
as tortoises. Despite the rich endemic flora, only 8 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized in this<br />
habitat type. This is mostly due to their limited occurrence in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Photo 4.11. Ockertskra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Quartz Apronveld habitat.<br />
Note the presence of white quartz pebbles, prominence of leaf succulents.<br />
52
4.3.2.4 Gravel Apronveld<br />
The Gravel Apronveld habitat occurs mostly in the centr<strong>al</strong> Little <strong>Karoo</strong> where it is largely<br />
restricted to old river terraces where terrace gravels are prominent, but it <strong>al</strong>so occurs on<br />
lower slopes of Enon conglomerate hills where the soils are sandy or loamy and rounded,<br />
quartzitic rocks are abundant. The structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation differs from the other<br />
Apronveld habitat types in having t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (e.g., Carissa haematocarpa, Rhigozum<br />
obovatum, Nymannia capensis, <strong>et</strong>c.) usu<strong>al</strong>ly prominent. Other plant growth forms, such<br />
as large leaf-succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma), bulbous plants and grasses (e.g.<br />
Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. An interesting feature is the patchiness of the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation, with each patch having its own loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant species. This is caused by<br />
variance in loc<strong>al</strong> soil conditions. Many loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plant species occur in the 8<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units recognized in this habitat type. This habitat is favored by sm<strong>al</strong>l game<br />
species (Duiker, Steenbok, <strong>et</strong>c) and sever<strong>al</strong> tortoise species. They clearly play an<br />
important role in the loc<strong>al</strong> dynamic processes of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
Photo 4.12 Greylands Gravel Apronveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of Gravel Apronveld habitat type.<br />
Note the presence of t<strong>al</strong>l woody shrubs in background.<br />
53
4.3.2.5 Gannaveld<br />
Gannaveld is <strong>al</strong>so an easy habitat to recognize. It is <strong>al</strong>ways located in v<strong>al</strong>ley bottoms and<br />
often forms large open plains just above the River and floodplain habitat type. The soils<br />
are usu<strong>al</strong>ly deep, loamy and s<strong>al</strong>ine. It is denuded of trees, with one exception<br />
(Boerboonleegte Gannaveld), but t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs such as Gannabos (S<strong>al</strong>sola spp.) and<br />
Kriedoring (Lycium spp.) are usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. Many other sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
spp, Pentzia incana, Pteronia spp., Tripteris spp. <strong>et</strong>c.) <strong>al</strong>so occur here and after rain it has<br />
many annu<strong>al</strong> species, some of which are endemic to this habitat type. Succulents are<br />
uncommon, perhaps due to the occurrence of frost in these v<strong>al</strong>ley bottoms. Grasses are<br />
<strong>al</strong>so uncommon, except in sandy patches where they may be loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant (e.g.<br />
Stipagrostis spp).<br />
Photo 4.13 Sandfontein Gannaveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Gannaveld habitat type of the<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. Note the absence of trees and relative abundance of<br />
Gannabos (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) in a flat open landscape.<br />
54
“Heuweltjies” are often a prominent feature, especi<strong>al</strong>ly in the eastern Little <strong>Karoo</strong>, but<br />
they are not restricted to the Gannaveld habitat. The species that occur on these<br />
“heuweltjies” differ very much from those in the matrix Gannaveld. This results <strong>al</strong>so in a<br />
rather patchy veg<strong>et</strong>ation. The “heuweltjies” veg<strong>et</strong>ation is often first targ<strong>et</strong>ed by domestic<br />
stock and a d<strong>et</strong>erioration of the “heuweltjies” veg<strong>et</strong>ation can be used as an early<br />
indication of over utilization of the Gannaveld habitat. When badly degenerated the<br />
“heuweltjies” have few perenni<strong>al</strong> plants and only an abundance of annu<strong>al</strong> plants after<br />
rain, often with Mesembryanthemum cryst<strong>al</strong>linum super abundant.<br />
Most of the species present in the matrix Gannaveld are <strong>al</strong>so very p<strong>al</strong>atable and it is the<br />
favored habitat of most of the sm<strong>al</strong>l game species typic<strong>al</strong> of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. Rodents are<br />
<strong>al</strong>so remarkably active here, especi<strong>al</strong>ly in winter and spring months, before snakes<br />
become active. The soft soils of the Gannaveld are an important breeding area for many<br />
of the wasp species of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. These wasps are important predators of other<br />
invertebrates that could become destructive to the veld and agricultur<strong>al</strong> crops if not<br />
controlled. These wasps are, however, very sensitive to disturbances of the soft soils of<br />
the Gannaveld. An over utilization of the Gannaveld veg<strong>et</strong>ation may thus rapidly result in<br />
a changed invertebrate fauna.<br />
The deep, fine-fractured soils of Gannaveld are very prone to soil erosion when the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation is overgrazed. This often results in gully erosion that cannot be rectified<br />
easily. Most of these eroded soils are transported to the Riverine and floodplain habitat<br />
during rainstorms, which not only degrades the water qu<strong>al</strong>ity, but <strong>al</strong>so causes nutrient<br />
enrichment that favors the growth of many undesired plant species. Once disturbed this<br />
habitat is <strong>al</strong>so prone to invasion by non-loc<strong>al</strong>ly indigenous species (e.g. Augea capensis)<br />
and <strong>al</strong>ien species (Atriplex lindleyi ssp. inflata) that disrupt the natur<strong>al</strong> regeneration<br />
processes of the loc<strong>al</strong> species inter <strong>al</strong>ia by increasing the s<strong>al</strong>inity of the topsoil.<br />
The Gannaveld habitat varies so much in the species present and in its structure that 26<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized to occur in this habitat type<br />
55
4.3.2.6 Quartz Gannaveld<br />
The Quartz Gannaveld habitat is similar to the Apronveld versus Quartz Apronveld case.<br />
It only differs from Gannaveld in having patches of white quartz pebbles present, but<br />
Gannabos (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains to be the most abundant shrub in the matrix<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation. Quartz Gannaveld only occurs in the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. Leaf succulents<br />
are only abundant in the quartz patches and where the quartz pebbles are sparse they are<br />
<strong>al</strong>so sparse. Most of these species are different from those that occur in the quartz patches<br />
of the Quartz Apronveld habitat type, perhaps due to differences in the underlying soil..<br />
A number of these succulents are loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics, with the result that 9 veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
units are recognized to occur in the Quartz Gannaveld habitat type. This habitat is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
very sensitive to overgrazing as it results in accelerated soil erosion and the introduction<br />
of <strong>al</strong>ien plants. Soil stability in these quartz patches seems to be vit<strong>al</strong> for regeneration of<br />
the succulents that are endemic to these patches.<br />
Photo 4.14 Bellair Quartz Gannaveld is a fine example of the Quartz Gannaveld<br />
habitat type of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. Note the presence of quartz pebbles, the<br />
abundance of leaf succulents and absence of trees.<br />
56
4.3.2.7 Scholtzbosveld<br />
The Scholtzbosveld habitat is <strong>al</strong>so quite easy to recognize, as it is usu<strong>al</strong>ly located on flat<br />
tops of hills and dominated by a single shrub species Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens), but<br />
quite a rich vari<strong>et</strong>y of other shrubs and sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents may <strong>al</strong>so be present. The surface<br />
soils are often loamy to clayey, but they are invariable underlain by c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e. Sm<strong>al</strong>l<br />
patches of Scholtzbosveld <strong>al</strong>so occur in the Apronveld and Gannaveld habitat types,<br />
wherever such patches of c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e underlay the loc<strong>al</strong> soils.<br />
Scholtzbos itself is not p<strong>al</strong>atable, but most of the other species present in this habitat<br />
seems to be quite p<strong>al</strong>atable. The relative dominance of Scholtzbos may in some cases be<br />
an artifact of many years of heavy grazing pressure that favored Scholtzbos to become<br />
very abundant. I am, however, not of the opinion that this is a man-made habitat type. Its<br />
occurrence is highly predictable in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> landscape and species composition<br />
rather uniform. Only 3 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized within the Scholtzbos habitat, as it<br />
is quite uniform with no loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plant species known to occur here. The<br />
relative stability of its soils and absence of endemic plant species render this one of the<br />
least sensitive habitat types in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region.<br />
Photo 4.15 Touwsfontein Scholtzbosveld is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Scholtzbosveld<br />
habitat of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> biome. Note the abundance of the<br />
yellowish colored Scholtzbos and sparse tree cover.<br />
57
4.3.2.8 K<strong>al</strong>kveld<br />
K<strong>al</strong>kveld is one of the rarest habitat types of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. It is restricted to the<br />
western Little <strong>Karoo</strong>, where it occurs <strong>al</strong>ong the upper edges and ridges of hills where the<br />
upper soil layer has been stripped from the c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e. It thus replaces Scholtzbosveld in<br />
sites where the topsoil has been stripped from the hilltops and the underlying c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e is<br />
fully exposed.<br />
It is a very arid habitat type, with sparse veg<strong>et</strong>ation cover. It is, however, very rich in<br />
species of which sever<strong>al</strong> are highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics. Perhaps due to its aridity the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation is not dominated by any specific species or plant growth form. A rich vari<strong>et</strong>y<br />
of plants occur here, sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs, succulents, geophytes, a sparse cover of trees (Euclea<br />
undulata) and sever<strong>al</strong> sm<strong>al</strong>l grasses (Eragrostis bergiana). It is interesting to note that<br />
some species present here are more typic<strong>al</strong> of the c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e outcrops in the northern Cape<br />
(e.g. Matthiola torulosa), perhaps indicating that the northern c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e outcrops <strong>al</strong>so<br />
evolved from Scholtzbosveld. Most of the plants present seem to be very p<strong>al</strong>atable and<br />
domestic stock seems to targ<strong>et</strong> these c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e outcrops. The presence of sever<strong>al</strong> rare and<br />
endemic plants renders this habitat quite vulnerable to heavy grazing pressure.<br />
Photo 4.16 Allemorgens K<strong>al</strong>kveld is the only example of the K<strong>al</strong>kveld habitat type<br />
in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. The very sparse veg<strong>et</strong>ation cover does not<br />
imply severe overgrazing, it seems to be its natur<strong>al</strong> state.<br />
58
4.3.3 Fire-prone transition<strong>al</strong> shrub- and woodlands<br />
Included in this enlarged concept for the Renosterveld are <strong>al</strong>l the habitat types that are<br />
periodic<strong>al</strong>ly exposed to fire, that have veg<strong>et</strong>ation mostly dominated by a single species<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Dodonaea angustifolia, Pteronia incana or Pteronia<br />
fascicularis) and in which Restios (Restionaceae) are uncommon. Woody trees are<br />
largely restricted to patches of Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation that occur in fire-protected sites<br />
(Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics). Grasses (Poaceae), some short-lived shrubs (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Hermannia<br />
species) and geophytes are often abundant soon after a fire. Many of these “fire-weeds”<br />
are endemic to these habitat types. Annu<strong>al</strong>s are usu<strong>al</strong>ly rare, but may <strong>al</strong>so be abundant<br />
after fire, but few of the annu<strong>al</strong>s are endemic to these habitats. Succulents are largely<br />
restricted to rocky outcrops, with a few seemingly specific<strong>al</strong>ly adapted to flower after fire<br />
(e.g. Machairophyllum spp.).<br />
The 9 habitat types included here occur in the usu<strong>al</strong>ly hilly landscapes b<strong>et</strong>ween Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
and Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> in the lowlands and Fynbos in the higher mountainous areas. The<br />
sequence of occurrence in the landscape of these habitat types is usu<strong>al</strong>ly quite<br />
predictable;<br />
1. Asbosveld occurs on clayey soils in the lower lying arid areas,<br />
2. Renosterveld occurs just above the Asbosveld, usu<strong>al</strong>ly on more loamy soils and<br />
where the rainf<strong>al</strong>l is higher,<br />
3. Sandolienveld occurs just above the Renosterveld, often on rocky sites where the<br />
soils have a higher sand fraction,<br />
4. Asteraceous Fynbos occurs just above the Sandolienveld where the soils are<br />
nutrient poor, just before one enters the true Fynbos habitats that are largely<br />
restricted to w<strong>et</strong>ter sandy soils.<br />
5. Where the topography is very broken the transition from one of these habitats to<br />
the other is not smooth. Here different combinations of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units may<br />
result in mosaic units, such as Thick<strong>et</strong> patches in fire-protected sites within a<br />
matrix of Renosterveld. The Mosaic habitat types are thus largely restricted to<br />
areas with a broken topography.<br />
59
4.3.3.1 Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics<br />
This habitat type occurs in higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l regions of the lowlands, where Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
trees (e.g. Buddleia s<strong>al</strong>igna, Cussonia spicata, Olea europaea, Osyris compressa,<br />
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Rhus lucida and Tarchonanthus camphoratus) are<br />
often prominent. The matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation depends on the loc<strong>al</strong> soil condition and can<br />
be Asbosveld, Renosterveld or even Waboomveld. The loc<strong>al</strong> dominance in species<br />
can change rapidly with any change in slope, aspect or soil condition. It seems to be<br />
a bloody battlefield b<strong>et</strong>ween plants, where comp<strong>et</strong>itive interactions b<strong>et</strong>ween plants<br />
from different biomes is severe. The single occurrence of a hot, slow burning fire<br />
can obliterate <strong>al</strong>l the Thick<strong>et</strong> elements and enable “fire-weeds” such as Renosterbos<br />
or Asbos to establish. Once well established they can <strong>al</strong>ter the previous fire-regime<br />
of the area. This habitat is thus sensitive to any unnatur<strong>al</strong> event caused by man,<br />
either through fire or by high grazing pressure. Despite the inordinate structure of<br />
the veg<strong>et</strong>ation that often occurs in this habitat type, not many loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics<br />
have evolved in this battlefield.<br />
Photo 4.17 Bergplaas Waboom-Thick<strong>et</strong> is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics habitat<br />
type of the “Fire-prone transition<strong>al</strong> shrub- and woodlands” biome.<br />
60
4.3.3.2 Asbosveld<br />
This habitat is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by a single shrub species, Asbos (Pteronia incana). It<br />
is not limited to the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region, as it <strong>al</strong>so occurs westwards into the<br />
Robertson <strong>Karoo</strong> (round Worcester) and to the borders of the Fish River in the<br />
Ciskei in the east. Within the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region it is similar to the Renosterveld, as<br />
it rarely occurs in extensive stands and tends to occur as a mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit.<br />
In most cases Asbosveld occurs in combination with Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> (thus as Asbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld veg<strong>et</strong>ation units) or in combination with Renosterveld (Asbos-<br />
Renosterveld veg<strong>et</strong>ation units) in the higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l areas.<br />
I have little doubt that <strong>al</strong>l these Asbosveld types require periodic fire as a natur<strong>al</strong><br />
disturbance regime. The dominant Asbos (Pteronia incana) contains a remarkable<br />
amount of oil in its leaves and is highly flammable during dry, hot days. It does not<br />
sprout after a fire, but it recruits well with seedlings often <strong>al</strong>ong with an array of<br />
Hermannia species after a fire. Annu<strong>al</strong>s (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Scrophulariaceae) and<br />
geophytes may <strong>al</strong>so be abundant in the first few years after a fire. Sever<strong>al</strong> of fire-<br />
stimulated species are narrow endemics and an <strong>al</strong>tered fire regime may threaten<br />
them. In the Langeberg region many of the Asbos mosaic units have been grazed<br />
severely, to the point that the veg<strong>et</strong>ation has been so fragmented that it cannot carry<br />
a fire any longer. Sever<strong>al</strong> <strong>al</strong>ien annu<strong>al</strong> grass species (Avena, Bromus, Lolium, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
have established in the gaps created by the heavy grazing. Incorrect grazing and<br />
burning regimes are undoubtedly a severe threat to <strong>al</strong>l the Asbosveld habitat types.<br />
In the evolution of the habitat types of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> I strongly suspect that<br />
Asbosveld replaced much of the origin<strong>al</strong> Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation when<br />
summer drought s<strong>et</strong> in. The flammable Pteronia incana thus being one of the first<br />
“fire-weeds” that can establish in ex-Thick<strong>et</strong> sites and, once established,<br />
maintaining quite high intensity fires that gradu<strong>al</strong>ly eliminate the Thick<strong>et</strong> species. It<br />
is thus no surprise that the Asbosveld of today only have resprouting, fire-resistant<br />
species such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) present. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of intact Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
61
may remain on rocky outcrops that afford some protection against fire, or the<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> may re-establish on arid north facing slopes where Asbos cannot recruit<br />
well enough to r<strong>et</strong>ain a fire regime. In the latter case Spekboom (Portulacaria afra)<br />
seems to displace Asbos and act as a precursor for the re-establishment of<br />
Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong>. In very hilly terrain, such as in the Ladismith Arid<br />
Spekboomveld, there are very interesting examples where Asbosveld occurs on<br />
steep south facing slopes, with the Spekboomveld restricted to the more arid north<br />
facing slopes. If the geology is <strong>al</strong>so complex the veg<strong>et</strong>ation can consist of a<br />
complex mosaic of different veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in such areas. Some of the rare species<br />
present have an unusu<strong>al</strong> disjunct distribution. Pelargonium ochroleucum for<br />
instance is known from three sites, one near Somers<strong>et</strong> East, one near Grahamstown<br />
and one in Asbosveld near Oudtshoorn.<br />
Photo 4.18 The sm<strong>al</strong>l grayish area in the lower centr<strong>al</strong> area is Spreeufontein<br />
Asbosveld, one of the few solid Asbosveld habitat types that occur in<br />
the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. Note the rapid change from this habitat to a<br />
different habitat type upslope.<br />
62
4.3.3.3 Quartz Asbosveld<br />
In this uncommon habitat type, patches of quartz occur in a matrix of Asbosveld.<br />
Asbos (Pteronia incana) remains the dominant species, but Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is often <strong>al</strong>so abundant. The succulents that are<br />
abundant in the quartz patches differ from those that occur in the quartz patches of<br />
the Quartz Apronveld or Quartz Gannaveld habitats. Many of them and the<br />
geophytes that occur in the matrix Asbosveld are endemic to this habitat type. Fires<br />
are important for the regeneration of some species, but due to the gener<strong>al</strong> arid<br />
nature of this habitat, occurs infrequently. Even the succulents that occur in the<br />
matrix Asbosveld (e.g. Glottiphyllum depressum) are able to survive fire very well,<br />
with some of the shrubby succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum spp.) perhaps even fire-<br />
dependant. An <strong>al</strong>tered fire-regime, and especi<strong>al</strong>ly grazing by domestic stock within<br />
the first few years after a fire, may be a serious threat to the highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species of this habitat type.<br />
Photo 4.19 Muiskra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Asbosveld is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Quartz<br />
Asbosveld habitat type. Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant shrub.<br />
63
4.3.3.4 Arid Renosterveld<br />
This habitat type only occurs in the extreme northwestern end of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region.<br />
The plant species present indicate that it is an intrusion of a habitat more typic<strong>al</strong> of the<br />
Swartruggens-Roggeveld and western Koup <strong>Karoo</strong> regions. Here Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is dominant on rather coarse sandy to sandy-loam soils, but<br />
sever<strong>al</strong> other shrub species (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Euryops, Felicia, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so present.<br />
Grasses (e.g. Pentameris, Pentaschistis, <strong>et</strong>c.) and Restios (e.g. C<strong>al</strong>opsis, Ischyrolepis,<br />
Restio, Thamnochortus, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often present. A rich assemblage of annu<strong>al</strong>s and<br />
geophytes occur after good rain. Much of this habitat has been ploughed to establish<br />
wheat fields, it has been subjected to bad burning practices (patch-burns) and severe<br />
grazing pressure. Some species of this habitat may have gone extinct before they could be<br />
described in the scientific literature.<br />
Photo 4.20 Witteberg Renosterveld is the only example of the Arid Renosterveld<br />
habitat type in the mapped area. This habitat is b<strong>et</strong>ter developed north-<br />
and northwest of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
64
4.3.3.5 Arid Renosterveld Mosaics<br />
This habitat occurs <strong>al</strong>ong the interface of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and Renosterveld<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the northwestern part of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) is often abundant in typic<strong>al</strong> Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities, usu<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
where sandy soils washed onto the lowland soils. It can be confused with some<br />
overgrazed Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> habitat types, but a lack of p<strong>al</strong>atable species (e.g.<br />
grasses such as Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina) and an abundance of unp<strong>al</strong>atable species (e.g.<br />
Cotyledon and Tylecodon spp.) will indicate that it is a transformed Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> habitat type. Trees are sparse, but a diverse array of plant growth forms<br />
occurs in this habitat. Shrubs (mostly Elytropappus, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Euryops and<br />
Pteronia species) and succulents are dominant, but grasses (Ehrharta and<br />
Pentaschistis), annu<strong>al</strong>s and geophytes can be abundant after rain. Sever<strong>al</strong> loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic plant species occur in this habitat type and it is vulnerable to incorrect<br />
grazing regimes, but if rested seems able to recover rapidly.<br />
Photo 4.21 Bloutoring Karroid Renosterveld is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Arid<br />
Renosterveld Mosaics habitat type. Note the prominent grass cover.<br />
65
4.3.3.6 Mesic Renosterveld<br />
The Mesic Renosterveld is another easily identifiable habitat, as it has a sparse tree<br />
cover, is dominated by Renosterbos and has few other shrub species abundant. In<br />
the first few years after a fire it may have a well-developed grass layer (C3- grasses<br />
such as Ehrharta, Merxmuellera and Pentaschistis species and C4-grasses such as<br />
Themeda triandra), but Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) displaces the grass<br />
cover in time. Also prominent after fire is an abundance of bulbous plants and<br />
som<strong>et</strong>imes <strong>al</strong>so annu<strong>al</strong> species. Many of these geophytes are rare and often very<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species.<br />
The dominant Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is not an introduced weed,<br />
as some people believe. It is a natur<strong>al</strong> feature of this habitat type and even the host<br />
plant of a number of very speci<strong>al</strong>ized invertebrates (some of which are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics). Few vertebrates utilize Renosterbos, which is probably why it<br />
is often loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant in heavily grazed sites. When the grass component is<br />
heavily utilized after fire by grazers, the comp<strong>et</strong>itive advantage of these grasses is<br />
weakened and the Renosterbos seedlings can establish unhindered. Repeated<br />
grazing after fires thus <strong>al</strong>lowed the Renosterbos to become superabundant in some<br />
sites. The origin<strong>al</strong> grass component can be restored by not grazing these sites within<br />
the first two to three years after a fire. This would <strong>al</strong>so be vit<strong>al</strong> to restore he<strong>al</strong>thy<br />
populations of many of the rare geophyte species that occur in this habitat.<br />
This habitat occurs mostly <strong>al</strong>ong the lower slopes and foothills of mountains, where<br />
the soils are loamy and rich in nutrients and the winter rainf<strong>al</strong>l is fairly high. With<br />
these characteristics it is easy to understand why most of this habitat has been<br />
transformed to establish wheat fields. Currently even the sm<strong>al</strong>l, unploughed patches<br />
of this habitat are subjected to sever<strong>al</strong> inappropriate management practices.<br />
Incorrect burning regimes are often used, such as spring and winter burns, because<br />
landowners are afraid of runaway fires in summer and autumn. In some cases it is<br />
burned too frequently or not at <strong>al</strong>l. When left unburned t<strong>al</strong>l woody shrubs, such as<br />
Rhus lucida, invade this habitat type.<br />
66
Careless spraying of the adjacent what fields and fruit orchards som<strong>et</strong>imes cause<br />
drift from herbicide and insecticides that severely threaten the plants and<br />
invertebrates that still survive in these Renosterveld patches.<br />
Photo 4.22 Western Langeberg Renosterveld is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Mesic<br />
Renosterveld habitat type. Note its position in the landscape, lower<br />
foothills of mountains and the abundance of Renosterbos and grasses.<br />
This habitat type is <strong>al</strong>so prone to the invasion by <strong>al</strong>ien veg<strong>et</strong>ation. A number of<br />
<strong>al</strong>ien grass species (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Avena, Bromus and Lolium species), shrubs (Hakea<br />
sericea) and trees (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Pinus h<strong>al</strong>epensis) have been noted in this habitat. It is<br />
thus no surprise that a large number of the plant species endemic to this habitat type<br />
are regarded as threatened species.<br />
67
4.3.3.7 Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics<br />
The Mesic Renosterveld Mosaic habitat differs from the Mesic Renosterveld habitat<br />
in having sever<strong>al</strong> shrub and even tree species abundant with Renosterbos. It differs<br />
from the Arid Renosterveld Mosaic habitat in occurring <strong>al</strong>ong the interface b<strong>et</strong>ween<br />
Fynbos and Renosterveld, rather than <strong>al</strong>ong the border of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>. As it<br />
occurs in a higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l zone, it has few succulents, but the grass component is<br />
often well developed. This habitat type varies considerably as the Renosterveld may<br />
occur in a fine- or coarse-sc<strong>al</strong>e mosaic with Asbosveld, Grassy Fynbos, Proteoid<br />
Fynbos, Waboomveld or Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. The structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation varies<br />
so much that 24 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized in this habitat type. It has many<br />
endemic annu<strong>al</strong>s, geophytes, shrubs and succulents. It has the same vulnerabilities<br />
as the Mesic Renosterveld habitat, with a high percentage of it ploughed to establish<br />
wheat fields and other intensive agricultur<strong>al</strong> crops. It is <strong>al</strong>so often exposed to<br />
inappropriate grazing and burning practices.<br />
Photo 4.23 Horlosiekrans Fynbos-Renosterveld is one of many variants of the<br />
Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics habitat type.<br />
68
4.3.3.8 Sandolienveld<br />
This habitat forms a distinct band in the lowlands where Fynbos and Renosterveld<br />
me<strong>et</strong> the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and Thick<strong>et</strong> biomes. It is easy to recognize as the t<strong>al</strong>l<br />
shrub Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is <strong>al</strong>ways abundant here. Depending on<br />
loc<strong>al</strong> soil conditions and rainf<strong>al</strong>l, it may have Fynbos, Renosterveld, Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> or Thick<strong>et</strong> elements present and som<strong>et</strong>imes even a mix of species from <strong>al</strong>l<br />
these biomes.<br />
In w<strong>et</strong>ter sandy sites one usu<strong>al</strong>ly finds Fynbos elements present (including some<br />
Restios), with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) often abundant amongst the<br />
Sandolien where the soils are more clayey. The Thick<strong>et</strong> and Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
elements occur mostly in rocky and arid areas where they are protected against<br />
periodic fires. Succulents (including Aloe comptonii, Aloe ferox, Aloe microstigma,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) and some woody trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Maytenus oleoides,<br />
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus and Rhus undulata) may thus be present on north-<br />
facing slopes and rocky outcrops. A vari<strong>et</strong>y of other shrubs (Agathosma, Felicia,<br />
Lobostemon, Montinia, Passerina, Phylica, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a, <strong>et</strong>c.) and grasses (Aristida,<br />
Cymbopogon, Pentaschistis, Themeda, <strong>et</strong>c.) are usu<strong>al</strong>ly present.<br />
Sandolienveld is in gener<strong>al</strong> quite an arid habitat, especi<strong>al</strong>ly during summer, when<br />
fire occasion<strong>al</strong>ly occurs here. It seems to have a low fire frequency, but when it<br />
does burn it burns at very high fire intensities. Sandolien is one of the first shrubs to<br />
recover after fire, as it is able to resprout. Recruitment by means of seedlings is not<br />
restricted to the post-fire environment as seedlings <strong>al</strong>so occur in unburned sites<br />
where the veg<strong>et</strong>ation has been opened by physic<strong>al</strong> disturbance. Some of the short-<br />
lived species that appear after fire (e.g. Lotononis spp.) is endemic to this habitat,<br />
but not many loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this habitat.<br />
Although Sandolienveld has a wide vari<strong>et</strong>y of plant growth forms present it varies<br />
little in the species present over most of its distribution range. The many different<br />
69
Fynbos, Renosterveld, Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> and Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units with which<br />
Sandolienveld forms mosaic veg<strong>et</strong>ation types introduce variance in species that one<br />
finds here, so much so, that 21 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized to occur in this<br />
habitat.<br />
The basic Sandolienveld component of species seems to consists of a very rigid<br />
co<strong>al</strong>ition of species supported in the eastern Little <strong>Karoo</strong> by some summer rain and<br />
certain soil conditions (often relating to the old African surface), this co<strong>al</strong>ition<br />
disintegrates gradu<strong>al</strong>ly westwards, where Fynbos or Renosterveld units replace it.<br />
One of the components that are favored by summer drought and an increase of<br />
winter rain are t<strong>al</strong>l, drought-tolerant Restios (e.g. Rhodocoma arida,<br />
Thamnochortus karooica, <strong>et</strong>c.). Here the Sandolienveld habitat changes into the<br />
Arid Restioid Fynbos habitat.<br />
Photo 4.24 Leeublad Sandolien-Renosterveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Sandolienveld<br />
habitat type. The light-green leaved shrub in the foreground is<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia), it is <strong>al</strong>ways abundant in this habitat.<br />
70
4.3.3.9 Asteraceous Fynbos<br />
With one exception the Asteraceous Fynbos habitat occurs in arid areas and is<br />
mostly restricted to quite sh<strong>al</strong>low sandy, rocky soils. It is dominated by sm<strong>al</strong>l-<br />
leaved shrubs that mostly belong to the Asteraceae family (Euryops, Felicia,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia, Othonna. Pteronia, Senecio, <strong>et</strong>c.), but Renosterbos is never abundant<br />
here. Other shrubs such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus, Passerina and Phylica species may <strong>al</strong>so be<br />
abundant, bur Ericas and Restios are uncommon and Proteas are absent. Grasses<br />
(Aristida, Cymbopogon, Pentameris, Pentaschistis, <strong>et</strong>c.) are only prominent after<br />
fire. Rocky sites contain a vari<strong>et</strong>y of succulent and geophyte species, but this<br />
habitat type is not very rich in species. Only a few endemic species are known to<br />
occur in this habitat type. In the unusu<strong>al</strong> site this habitat follows a sh<strong>al</strong>e band to<br />
higher <strong>al</strong>titudes where some highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species (e.g. M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia<br />
oligoceph<strong>al</strong>a) are known to occur.<br />
Photo 4.25 Gamkaskloof Arid Asteraceous Fynbos is typic<strong>al</strong> of the<br />
Asteraceous Fynbos habitat type included here in the<br />
Transition<strong>al</strong> Fire-prone Shrub- and Woodland biome.<br />
71
3.3.4 Mountain Fynbos<br />
Habitat types of the Fynbos biome are easily recognized, as its major veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
components, Restios, Ericas and Proteas, are gener<strong>al</strong>ly well known and easy to recognize.<br />
The habitat types in the Fynbos are <strong>al</strong>so quite well stratified <strong>al</strong>ong an <strong>al</strong>titudin<strong>al</strong> gradient.<br />
It is thus quite easy to predict their occurrence in the landscape. No new habitat concepts<br />
are introduced for the Fynbos biome. The different habitat types in Fynbos differ<br />
structur<strong>al</strong>ly very much as the relative abundance of Restios, Ericas, Proteas and Grasses<br />
changes. Not <strong>al</strong>l of these plant growth forms are thus equ<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in the different<br />
habitat units, but at least two or more of these plant growth forms must be present to<br />
define habitat types of the Fynbos biome.<br />
Most of the Fynbos habitat types in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> study area occur on acidic sandy to<br />
sandy-loamy soils that are poor in nutrients, especi<strong>al</strong>ly in nitrogen and phosphorous<br />
content. They are <strong>al</strong>l located in the mountains and thus the higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l parts of the<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. Most of these habitats are remarkably rich in plant species and they are vit<strong>al</strong><br />
to the loc<strong>al</strong> inhabitants as they deliver remarkably clean water to the lowlands.<br />
Fire is one of the most important natur<strong>al</strong> disturbance regimes in the Fynbos biome, with<br />
grazing by larger mamm<strong>al</strong>s <strong>al</strong>most negligible. Impacts of sm<strong>al</strong>l mamm<strong>al</strong>s, mostly<br />
rodents, are however vit<strong>al</strong> as they play important roles as pollinators and seed dispersers<br />
of plants. Rodents <strong>al</strong>so played an important role in the evolution of the Fynbos plants<br />
traits. Anom<strong>al</strong>ous fire regimes, invasion by <strong>al</strong>ien plants and grazing by domestic stock<br />
soon after a fire affect the regeneration success of plants after a fire. This in turn <strong>al</strong>ters the<br />
post-fire structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation, the finely tuned plant-plant comp<strong>et</strong>itive interactions<br />
and the faun<strong>al</strong> (often sm<strong>al</strong>l-mamm<strong>al</strong>s and birds) component present. Changes in the<br />
natur<strong>al</strong> composition of Fynbos plant communities <strong>al</strong>so negatively affect the qu<strong>al</strong>ity and<br />
quantity of water runoff from mountain water catchment areas.<br />
The two main factors that d<strong>et</strong>ermine the occurrence of the seven habitat types in the<br />
Fynbos are rainf<strong>al</strong>l and soil condition. The rainf<strong>al</strong>l pattern is usu<strong>al</strong>ly quite simple, as it<br />
72
tends to increase with <strong>al</strong>titude. Soil condition is less predictable as it depends on geology.<br />
Where sh<strong>al</strong>e bands are absent in a mountain the habitat types replaces one another in<br />
quite a predictable pattern. The gener<strong>al</strong> pattern is as follows;<br />
1. Restioid Fynbos occurs mostly at the base of the mountains on often quite rocky,<br />
sh<strong>al</strong>low sandy soils. It usu<strong>al</strong>ly sits just above the Arid Asteraceous Fynbos, here<br />
grouped with the Fire-prone Transition<strong>al</strong> Shrub- and Woodlands biome.<br />
2. In arid areas, a band of Grassy Fynbos occurs just above the Restioid Fynbos. In<br />
higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l areas the band of Grassy Fynbos may be very narrow or absent.<br />
3. Just above the Grassy Fynbos is usu<strong>al</strong>ly a band of Arid Proteoid Fynbos, which in<br />
many cases have not been mapped on southern slopes in this project because it is<br />
rather narrow in these higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l areas.<br />
4. Just above the Arid Proteoid Fynbos occurs an often well-developed band of<br />
Mesic Proteoid Fynbos <strong>al</strong>ong the mid to upper slopes of the mountain. It is by far<br />
best developed on south facing slopes, while the Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most<br />
abundant on north facing slopes.<br />
5. Above the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, usu<strong>al</strong>ly in the upper quarter of the mountain<br />
slope, occurs the Ericaceous Fynbos habitat. It is mostly restricted to very w<strong>et</strong>,<br />
south facing slopes. In the arid inland mountains this band is often so narrow that<br />
it has not been mapped in this project. Included in this habitat are the upper water<br />
seepage zones from where most of the perenni<strong>al</strong> water streams originate. Much<br />
of this habitat type has thus been mapped as part of the Freshwater stream and<br />
seepage area habitat, here grouped with the Aquatic biome units.<br />
6. Right on the crest of high peaks, usu<strong>al</strong>ly at an <strong>al</strong>titude of 1500 m<strong>et</strong>ers and above,<br />
occurs the Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos habitat. It seems to be largely restricted to the band<br />
in which snow often occurs in winter.<br />
7. The Waboomveld habitat type occurs in sh<strong>al</strong>e bands that are mostly located <strong>al</strong>ong<br />
the base of mountains, but it som<strong>et</strong>imes does run higher up the mountain slopes. It<br />
has an interesting position in the “assemblage rules” for fynbos habitat types, as it<br />
is only present if Renosterveld is present below it. Where Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaic<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation occurs at the base of the mountain Waboomveld is displaced by<br />
Restioid Fynbos or Grassy Fynbos.<br />
73
4.3.4.1 Restioid Fynbos<br />
The Restioid Fynbos habitat is quite easy to recognize. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is structur<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
simple, with Restios (mostly only Rhodocoma arida or Thamnochortus karooicum)<br />
dominant, grasses (Aristida, Cymbopogon, Pentaschistis, <strong>et</strong>c.) uncommon and the shrub<br />
component (Agathosma, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus, Euryops, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Felicia, Hermannia,<br />
Montinia, Passerina, Phylica, <strong>et</strong>c.) usu<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so poorly developed. Sandolien (Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia) may be present, but is never abundant. Some stem-and leaf succulents<br />
(Euphorbia, Othonna, Ruschia, <strong>et</strong>c.) may be present on rocky outcrops, but they are<br />
never abundant. This habitat is usu<strong>al</strong>ly not rich in species, not even after fire when<br />
relatively few geophytes are present. Only 8 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units have been recognized to<br />
occur in this habitat type, despite its relative widespread occurrence in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Photo 4.26 Warmwaterberg Arid Restioid Fynbos is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of<br />
the Restioid Fynbos habitat type. Note the abundance of<br />
Restio’s (Rhodocoma arida) and lack of proteoid shrubs.<br />
74
4.3.4.2 Grassy Fynbos<br />
The Grassy Fynbos habitat type is <strong>al</strong>so easy to recognize, as it is structur<strong>al</strong>ly very simple,<br />
with grasses (mostly only C3-grasses such as Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris,<br />
Pentaschistis, <strong>et</strong>c.) abundant. Restios (C<strong>al</strong>opsis, Hypodiscus, Ischyrolepis, Restio,<br />
Rhodocoma, <strong>et</strong>c.) and Ericas are present, but never prominent. Proteas (mostly only<br />
Leucospermum and Paranomus) are rare, but quite a vari<strong>et</strong>y of other shrubs (Agathosma,<br />
Asp<strong>al</strong>athus, Euryops, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Felicia, Heliophila, Hermannia, Montinia,<br />
Passerina, Phylica, <strong>et</strong>c.) may be present. Some short-lived shrubs (Asp<strong>al</strong>athus and<br />
Hermannia) may be super-abundant after a fire, when some geophytes are <strong>al</strong>so present,<br />
but the geophytes are never as abundant as they tend to be in the w<strong>et</strong>ter Fynbos habitats.<br />
Despite the relative abundance of grasses the Grassy Fynbos is not particularly suitable<br />
for grazing purposes, except perhaps for bulk-grazers, e.g. Mountain Zebra.<br />
Photo 4.27 Gamkaberg Grassy Fynbos is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Grassy<br />
Fynbos habitat type. Note the even structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
and abundance of coarse grasses (Merxmuellera arundinacea).<br />
75
4.3.4.3 Waboomveld<br />
One of the most distinctive features of the Waboomveld habitat is the presence of<br />
Waboom (Protea nitida), which may be t<strong>al</strong>l and abundant or som<strong>et</strong>imes sm<strong>al</strong>l and<br />
uncommon, but it is <strong>al</strong>ways present. Grasses (C4 grasses, e.g. Ehrharta spp., Themeda<br />
triandra, and C3 grasses, e.g. Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris, Pentaschistis, <strong>et</strong>c) are<br />
<strong>al</strong>ways present and they may be prominent soon after fire, when a rich vari<strong>et</strong>y of<br />
geophytes are usu<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so present. Restios (Cannamois, Hypodiscus, Ischyrolepis,<br />
Restio, Rhodocoma, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present, but they are not very abundant.<br />
Photo 4.28 Gamkaskloof Waboomveld is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Waboomveld<br />
habitat type, with the gray-leaved tree prominent here the<br />
characteristic Waboom (Protea nitida).<br />
Erica species are <strong>al</strong>so present in Waboomveld, but they are rarely very abundant. A wide<br />
vari<strong>et</strong>y of other sm<strong>al</strong>l-leaved shrubs (Agathosma, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus, Cliffortia, Euryops,<br />
76
Hermannia, Phylica, <strong>et</strong>c.) are, however, abundant. Proteas (Leucadendron,<br />
Leucospermum, Paranomus and Protea species) are rarely abundant, but this may be due<br />
to previous burning and grazing practices. I suspect that much of the Waboomveld was<br />
frequently burned in the past to utilize the grass component of this habitat type. Such<br />
practices may have removed much of the origin<strong>al</strong> populations of the non-sprouting<br />
Proteas from the Waboomveld. Succulents (e.g. Aloe ferox) are often prominent on rocky<br />
outcrops, often <strong>al</strong>ong with some trees (Gymnosporia, Maytenus, Rhus and<br />
Pterocelastrus). It is <strong>al</strong>so one of the few Fynbos habitats in which lianas (e.g. Cassytha,<br />
Dipogon and Rhynchosia) are prominent. The Waboomveld habitat thus harbors a very<br />
rich vari<strong>et</strong>y of plant species and many of them are loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species. Sixteen<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized to occur in this habitat type, mostly due to differences in<br />
the species present.<br />
Due to the higher nutrient status of the soils it is one of the Fynbos habitat types that offer<br />
b<strong>et</strong>ter grazing opportunities for anim<strong>al</strong>s. Waboomveld has been subjected to some<br />
grazing by game species in the past and even nowadays one sees sm<strong>al</strong>l game species (e.g.<br />
Grysbok, Grey Rhebuck and Klipspringer) more often in Waboomveld than in any other<br />
of the Fynbos habitat types. It <strong>al</strong>so seems to be one of the favored habitat types of the<br />
Cape Mountain Zebra, perhaps because swe<strong>et</strong> grasses (C4-species) tend to be more<br />
abundant here. Grazing by domestic stock should, however, not be <strong>al</strong>lowed within the<br />
first two to three years after a fire. Many of the species present in the Waboomveld<br />
regenerate by means of seedlings after a fire and it is <strong>al</strong>so the period when most of the<br />
geophytes flower. During these initi<strong>al</strong> years after a fire these plants are very vulnerable to<br />
the impacts of heavy grazing pressure.<br />
77
4.3.4.4 Arid Proteoid Fynbos<br />
Proteoid shrubs (Leucadendron, Leucospermum, Paranomus and Protea species) are<br />
usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in this habitat, <strong>al</strong>ong with a rich vari<strong>et</strong>y of other sm<strong>al</strong>l-leaved shrubs<br />
(including Erica species) and Restios and sedges (Cyperaceae). Grasses are not abundant.<br />
This habitat can only be mistaken with Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but the Proteas rarely<br />
form a t<strong>al</strong>l, closed canopy here. It <strong>al</strong>so differs in the species present, with species such as<br />
Protea repens and Cannamois scirpoides that are common here, quite uncommon in the<br />
Mesic Proteoid Fynbos. The species present in this habitat varies considerably from one<br />
mountain range to the next and 16 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units have been identified to occur in this<br />
habitat. Sever<strong>al</strong> species are loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics and habitat destruction, incorrect burning<br />
and grazing regimes and infestation by <strong>al</strong>ien species are the main threats to this habitat.<br />
Photo 4.29 Barryd<strong>al</strong>e Arid Proteoid Fynbos is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos habitat. Note the abundance of proteoid shrubs<br />
(Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum) and vari<strong>et</strong>y of other shrubs and<br />
Restios present.<br />
78
4.3.4.5 Mesic Proteoid Fynbos<br />
The Mesic Proteoid Fynbos differs mostly from the Arid Proteoid Fynbos in its structure,<br />
with the proteoid shrubs often so dense that they form a closed canopy, the ericoid shrubs<br />
(especi<strong>al</strong>ly Erica species) tend to be more abundant and the sedge (Cyperaceae)<br />
component is often b<strong>et</strong>ter developed than in Arid Proteoid Fynbos. The species present<br />
are the best indicators with Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium (as opposed to Leucadendron<br />
rubrum in the Arid version), Leucadendron spissifolium (as opposed to Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>ignum in the Arid version), Protea neriifolia and Protea punctata (as opposed to<br />
Protea laurifolia, Protea lorifolia and Protea repens in the Arid version) are reliable<br />
indicators. The same holds for the Restios with for instance Cannamois virgata often<br />
abundant here (Cannomois scirpoides in the Arid version) and in the Ericas with Erica<br />
copiosa present (as opposed to Erica melanthera in the Arid version). The plant<br />
communities present in the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos differs so much on the different<br />
mountains of the region, that 19 veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are recognized in this habitat type.<br />
Photo 4.30 Kouga Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is a typic<strong>al</strong> example of the Mesic<br />
Proteoid Fynbos habitat. Note abundance of Protea neriifolia.<br />
79
4.3.4.6 Ericaceous Fynbos<br />
The Ericaceous Fynbos habitat is quite a distinctive habitat with a dense layer of fine-<br />
leaved shrubs (mostly Ericas) present and Restios and Sedges abundant. Some proteoid<br />
shrubs may be present (e.g. Protea cynaroides), but they are never very abundant. It is<br />
mostly restricted to steep, w<strong>et</strong>, upper south facing slopes of mountains where peaty,<br />
sandy soils occur. It differs from the Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos in having a well-developed<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation layer up to a height of about 1,5 m<strong>et</strong>er. It is not abundant in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
region, but it is well developed <strong>al</strong>ong the southern slopes of the coast<strong>al</strong> mountain range. It<br />
<strong>al</strong>so occurs on the upper southern slopes of the inland mountain ranges (Swartberg), but<br />
in such a narrow band that it could not be mapped in this project. Many highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic plants occur in this habitat type, they are <strong>al</strong>l very sensitive to any physic<strong>al</strong><br />
disturbance, changes in the water drainage regime and the natur<strong>al</strong> fire regime.<br />
Photo 4.31 Kan<strong>et</strong>berg Ericaceous Fynbos is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Ericaceous<br />
Fynbos habitat type. Note the abundance of Ericas.<br />
80
4.3.4.7 Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos<br />
This is one of the most interesting habitat types of the Fynbos biome. Few of the plants<br />
that occur in the harsh climate of this habitat grow much beyond one m<strong>et</strong>er t<strong>al</strong>l. Here the<br />
soils are nutrient poor, the winter temperatures are freezing and strong winds blow<br />
frequently. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated by Restios, Sedges and ericoid shrubs, but a<br />
number of low-growing Proteoid shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so present. It is very rich in species and the<br />
species changes rapidly from one mountain peak to the next. Many of these species are<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics that grow slowly. They are thus very sensitive to physic<strong>al</strong> disturbance<br />
even repeated trampling by man, but <strong>al</strong>so to changes in soil condition (such as nutrient<br />
enrichment or change in pH) and water drainage systems. The sensitivity of this habitat is<br />
amplified by the occurrence of a highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized invertebrate fauna. Despite its<br />
remoteness it has been degraded in many sites, often where telecommunication masts or<br />
firebreaks were established. Frequent fires have thus had a negative impact on many of<br />
the species endemic to these mountain peaks.<br />
Photo 4.32 Groot Swartberg Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos is typic<strong>al</strong> of the Sub<strong>al</strong>pine<br />
81
5. Unit Descriptions<br />
5.1 Sequence and style of description of veg<strong>et</strong>ation units.<br />
The sequence in which the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are described in this chapter follows those of<br />
the proposed 32 major habitat types proposed in Chapter 4. For easy reference I provide<br />
the proposed hierarchy again in Figure 5.1.<br />
ECOSYSTEM BIOME MAJOR HABITAT TYPES UNITS<br />
AQUATIC DRAIN River & floodplain 7<br />
SOURCE Freshwater stream & seepage area 17<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom 2<br />
SUBTROPICAL V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics 6<br />
THICKET V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics 3<br />
Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom 2<br />
Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics 26<br />
Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics 64<br />
Randteveld 20<br />
Apronveld 19<br />
Quartz Apronveld 8<br />
SUCCULENT Gravel Apronveld 8<br />
KAROO Gannaveld 26<br />
Quartz Gannaveld 9<br />
Scholtzbosveld 3<br />
TERRESTRIAL K<strong>al</strong>kveld 1<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics 4<br />
Asbosveld 2<br />
Quartz Asbosveld 3<br />
FIRE-PRONE Arid Renosterveld 1<br />
TRANSITIONAL Arid Renosterveld Mosaics 4<br />
SHRUB- AND Mesic Renosterveld 8<br />
WOODLANDS Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics 32<br />
Sandolien 13<br />
Asteraceous 4<br />
Restioid 8<br />
MOUNTAIN Grassy 10<br />
FYNBOS Waboomveld 16<br />
Arid Proteoid 16<br />
Mesic Proteoid 19<br />
Ericaceous 3<br />
Sub<strong>al</strong>pine 5<br />
TOTAL NUMBER OF VEGETATION UNITS 369<br />
Figure 5.1: Hierarchy of the proposed habitat types in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> area and<br />
sequence in which veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are described in this chapter.<br />
82
Within each habitat type the descriptions of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units are not provided in<br />
<strong>al</strong>phab<strong>et</strong>ic order. The units are grouped following the structure and floristic composition<br />
of the units, to ensure that most similar units are described close to each other. These<br />
groups follow a sequence with units located in the west described first, working<br />
eastwards. It may initi<strong>al</strong>ly appear haphazard, but I am sure you will soon follow the logic.<br />
In the 369 unit descriptions I attempted two address two aspects;<br />
1. To explain as briefly as possible why each unit has been recognized as a distinct<br />
unit, often by contrasting the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the unit with those of most similar<br />
unit(s), and<br />
2. To provide the reader with some data on the distinct common species present in<br />
the unit and where possible <strong>al</strong>so on any rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species that are<br />
known to occur in the unit.<br />
Please note that these descriptions are often a gener<strong>al</strong>ization of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the units.<br />
Veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that extend over a wide area can vary considerably in the species most<br />
abundant at the two extreme ends of the unit. In such cases the description will best fit<br />
those that occur towards the center of the unit. The data provided on rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species should <strong>al</strong>so be read with caution as;<br />
1. Some loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species have a wide ecologic<strong>al</strong> amplitude. They may thus<br />
be present in sever<strong>al</strong> units. Even in the latter case these species are useful<br />
indicators to distinguish structur<strong>al</strong>ly similar units in a different bio-geographic<strong>al</strong><br />
regions, with for instance the eastern Little <strong>Karoo</strong> Tylecodon cac<strong>al</strong>ioides replaced<br />
by Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii in similar looking units in the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
2. Most of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region is botanic<strong>al</strong>ly poorly surveyed. Many more<br />
interesting species may be present in a unit than has been noted.<br />
The description for each veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit is <strong>al</strong>so available in MS Excel format <strong>al</strong>ong with a<br />
photo for approximately 300 of the 369 units. These descriptions and photos are directly<br />
linked to the veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit in the electronic copy of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation map (available in<br />
ARCVIEW 3.2 format.<br />
83
5.2 Aquatic Habitat Units<br />
5.2.1 River and floodplain habitat<br />
The Breede River and floodplain unit is easily recognized as Swe<strong>et</strong> Thorn (Acacia<br />
karoo) is present and often abundant in the main riverbed. This unit differs from <strong>al</strong>l the<br />
other River and floodplain units in having species such as Brabejum stellatifolium and<br />
Melanthus major present, especi<strong>al</strong>ly in the region where the river enters the Langeberg<br />
mountains. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so unusu<strong>al</strong> in having species such as Buddleja s<strong>al</strong>igna,<br />
Gymnosporia buxifolia and Melianthus comosus often abundant in the upper water<br />
drainage lines. Its <strong>al</strong>so one of the few river systems in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> where the <strong>al</strong>ien<br />
Acacia s<strong>al</strong>igna is often abundant. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from<br />
this unit, but the very rare Gladiolus stefaniae occurs on vertic<strong>al</strong> cliffs next to this unit.<br />
In the Touws River and floodplain woody trees such as Acacia karoo, Rhus lancea and<br />
Tamarix usneoides are often abundant on the river banks, while reeds such as Phragmitis<br />
austr<strong>al</strong>is and Typha capensis are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly abundant <strong>al</strong>ong the edges of pools and in<br />
the riverbed. Grasses are uncommon, but Agrostis lachnantha occurs in moist sites in the<br />
riverbed and Stipagrostis namaquensis often form prominent clumps higher up in the<br />
floodplain. This unit has been invaded by sever<strong>al</strong> <strong>al</strong>ien species, including Arundo donax,<br />
Prosopis glandulosa, Shinus molle, Tamarix chinensis and Tamarix ramosissima, with<br />
Atriplex nummularia occasion<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so present in the floodplain zone. No rare or<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known to occur in this unit.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the lower sections of the Buffels River and floodplain is currently<br />
very similar to those that occur in the Touws River and floodplain unit, but it probably<br />
differed significantly in the past, as many of the tributaries that originate in the <strong>Klein</strong><br />
Swartberg would have delivered high volumes of fresh water throughout the year into the<br />
main river system. Most of this water is now diverted for agricultur<strong>al</strong> use and the<br />
riverbanks have been <strong>al</strong>tered in many places to such an extent that it is hard to reconstruct<br />
the origin<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. This unit differs from most of the other River and floodplain units<br />
84
in being quite seriously infested by the <strong>al</strong>ien Sesbania punicea, another indicator that this<br />
system carried mostly fresh water. No rare species are known from this unit, but<br />
Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis occurs on some of the steep rock faces that<br />
often <strong>al</strong>ign this unit.<br />
The Groot River and floodplain unit is intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Touws - and Buffels<br />
River & floodplain units. It differs from the Buffels River unit in receiving its supply of<br />
fresh water from the Langeberg mountains and from the Touws unit in having had a<br />
higher yields of fresh water. Along its inland drainage areas it often has Schotia afra as a<br />
prominent tree element, with Acacia karoo less prominent. An interesting feature <strong>al</strong>ong<br />
the main streambed is the occurrence of the spiny grass Cladoraphis spinosa that often<br />
occurs with clumps of Stipagrostis namaquensis in sandy areas.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Gamka River and floodplain unit is most similar to the Touws<br />
River unit as it <strong>al</strong>so has its main catchment in the Nama <strong>Karoo</strong>. There are not many<br />
freshwater streams feeding into this river and it thus natur<strong>al</strong>ly carried less fresh water.<br />
Periodic floods deposited deep silt beds from the Great <strong>Karoo</strong> in the floodplain, where<br />
Swe<strong>et</strong> Thorn trees (Acacia karoo) and grasses such as Cynodon dactylon and Stipagrostis<br />
namaquensis are prominent amongst Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla). Some interesting annu<strong>al</strong>s<br />
occur in the floodplain, such as Manulea chysantha, some of these annu<strong>al</strong>s and other<br />
herbs are more typic<strong>al</strong> of the Nama <strong>Karoo</strong> from which their seed is periodic<strong>al</strong>ly washed<br />
during floods. It remains a mistery why they are not more abundant in the adjacent river<br />
systems. The main stream is currently badly infested with Nerium oleander and Tamarix<br />
chinensis and Tamarix ramosissima are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in certain sites. Tromotriche<br />
choanantha is a rare succulent that occurs on the vertic<strong>al</strong> cliffs where this river cuts<br />
trough the Rooiberg.<br />
The Gouritsrivier River and floodplain unit is the recipient of <strong>al</strong>l the waters from the<br />
other riverine units and it is thus no surprise that it shares characters and species with <strong>al</strong>l<br />
the other riverine units. I have little doubt that in pre-European days it had a perenni<strong>al</strong><br />
flow of fresh water, only periodic<strong>al</strong>ly punctuated with floods from the Nama <strong>Karoo</strong>. In<br />
85
places the veg<strong>et</strong>ation on the riverbanks still contain typic<strong>al</strong> fresh-water dependent plants<br />
such as Cliffortia strobilifera and S<strong>al</strong>ix mucronata, but they are now uncommon. The<br />
floodplain veg<strong>et</strong>ation is often dominated by Acacia karoo, S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla and Suaeda<br />
fruticosa, but many of the embankments are sandy with a fairly well developed grass<br />
cover (Cynodon dactylon, Ehrharta ramosa, Stipagrostis namaquensis, <strong>et</strong>c.). These sandy<br />
embankments are often rich in annu<strong>al</strong> species after rain. The steep cliff embankments just<br />
above the 1:100 year flood line have a rich assemblage of succulent species, some being<br />
loc<strong>al</strong> endemics such as Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis it probably <strong>al</strong>so harbors<br />
a number of interesting Haworthia species.<br />
The Olifants River and floodplain unit differs from most of the other riverine units in<br />
that many of its upper inland streambeds are still eroding into the landscape with a great<br />
many fingers. Acacia karoo is the most prominent species here, often <strong>al</strong>ong with herbs<br />
such as B<strong>al</strong>lota africana. An interesting feature in this unit is the occasion<strong>al</strong> abundance of<br />
Acacia caffra. Many perenni<strong>al</strong> fresh-water streams used to feed into the main drainage<br />
channel from the Kamanassie and Tsitsikamma mountains, with periodic floods coming<br />
from the eastern Great <strong>Karoo</strong> during summer. The floodplain of this unit is somewhat<br />
different from <strong>al</strong>l the other riverine units, but the shrub S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla remains abundant<br />
and distinctive. Odd species noted in the floodplain include Chrysocoma oblongifolia and<br />
Cyperus congestus.<br />
5.2.2 Freshwater stream & seepage habitat<br />
The Centr<strong>al</strong> Langeberg perenni<strong>al</strong> steam veg<strong>et</strong>ation is easily recognized as the upper<br />
seepage areas are dominated by short Restio's and Erica's with sever<strong>al</strong> loc<strong>al</strong> endemics<br />
such as Berzelia burchellii, Cliffortia lanceolata, Erica t<strong>et</strong>rathecoides, Nevillea sp.nov.<br />
and Spat<strong>al</strong>la colorata present. Lower streams dominated by t<strong>al</strong>ler shrubs and Restios such<br />
as Berzelia intermedia, Cannamois virgata, Erica curviflora, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>icifolium,<br />
Otholobium bowieanum, Platycaulos compressus, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea aphylla and Pteronia<br />
86
camphorata. Typic<strong>al</strong> and restricted to this unit is the very loc<strong>al</strong>ized Penaea dahlgrenii.<br />
Some unusu<strong>al</strong> orchid species may be present after fire.<br />
The Seweweekspoort perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most easily identified, as it is the only<br />
inland mountain stream veg<strong>et</strong>ation in which Virgilia divaricata is abundant. Typic<strong>al</strong> other<br />
t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs and trees include Hypoc<strong>al</strong>yptus sophoroides, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea affinis and S<strong>al</strong>ix<br />
mucronata. The seepage areas on the north-facing slopes are unusu<strong>al</strong> in their species<br />
combination, but C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Erica curviflora, Erica quadrangularis and<br />
Rhodocoma capensis are reliable indicators. Some rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized species may occur<br />
in these seepage zones, especi<strong>al</strong>ly after a fire.<br />
The upper seepage zones of the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
dominated by short Restios and Ericas. The unit is most easily recognized by the<br />
presence of the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic t<strong>al</strong>l shrub Stirtonanthus chrysanthus that is often<br />
abundant <strong>al</strong>ong the streambank. C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata and sever<strong>al</strong><br />
Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species are reliable indicators <strong>al</strong>ong the lower streambank.<br />
The Kamanassie perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is <strong>al</strong>so indicated by an abundance of Cannamois<br />
virgata, C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata and Rhodocoma capensis, <strong>al</strong>ong with Erica caffra, Erica<br />
curviflora, sever<strong>al</strong> Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species and Pteronia camphorata. The broad-leaved herb<br />
Gunnera perpensa is another typic<strong>al</strong> element and reliable indicator of this unit, as well as<br />
the tree Virgilia divaricata that is often present <strong>al</strong>ong the mid slopes of the mountain.<br />
Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of forest may occur in fire-protected kloofs, often with an abundance of<br />
ferns (mostly Blechnum species.) A number of loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species such as<br />
Geissorhiza elsiae and Liparia genistoides and some rare orchids (e.g. Disa elegans)<br />
occur in the upper seepage areas.<br />
The Keurbooms River and perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is easily identified in having<br />
Keurbooms (Virgilia divaricata) abundant <strong>al</strong>ong the main drainage channel as well as<br />
sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Afro-montane forest, often with Afrocarpus f<strong>al</strong>catus and Rhus<br />
chirendensis present. Berzelia intermedia, Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron conicum,<br />
87
Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium and Protea mundii are abundant and prominent <strong>al</strong>ong the<br />
upper streams. The upper seepage areas often have grasses such as Ehrharta dura<br />
abundant after fire. The rare orchid Acrolophia barbata and the uncommon loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic shrubs Erica inconstans and Psor<strong>al</strong>ea ke<strong>et</strong>ii <strong>al</strong>so occur in these upper seepage<br />
areas. This unit is most similar to the Outeniqua Perenni<strong>al</strong> Stream unit, but can be easily<br />
recognized by the presence of Protea mundii and the absence of Protea aurea.<br />
The Centr<strong>al</strong> Swartberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most similar to the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg<br />
Perenni<strong>al</strong> Stream unit in having C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Erica caffra,<br />
Rhodocoma capensis and sever<strong>al</strong> Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species as dominant species <strong>al</strong>ong the lower<br />
streambank, but it differs in having some other loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present. Along<br />
the lower streambank occur rare species such as Brunsvigia josephinae and Diascia<br />
patens, while the upper streams and seepage areas have rare loc<strong>al</strong>ized species such as<br />
Erica astroites, Geissorhiza nigromontana, Gladiolus aquamontana, Liparia racemosa and<br />
Stirtonanthus taylorianus that are absent from any other similar units. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of<br />
Afro-montane forests occur in fire-protected sites, often with Ilex mitis, Maytenus<br />
acuminata and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus as the most abundant trees and Blechnum<br />
species abundant in the understorey.<br />
Although the streams of the Groot Swartberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream-north drain<br />
northwards, the species dominant in this unit differ little from those that drain southwards<br />
in the Centr<strong>al</strong> Swartberg Perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit. C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata,<br />
Erica caffra, Erica curviflora, Gunnera perpensa, Rhodocoma capensis and sever<strong>al</strong><br />
Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species are thus <strong>al</strong>so the dominant species here. It differs mostly in having<br />
different loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present, such as Erica chionodes, Erica dolfiana and<br />
Geissorhiza uliginosa. Liparia racemosa is the only loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic that it shares with<br />
those streams that drain southwards in the Groot Swartberg. The upper seepage areas<br />
contain some rare orchid species such Disa elegans.<br />
The Outeniqua perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most similar to the Keurbooms River &<br />
Perenni<strong>al</strong> Stream unit, but can be easily identified in lacking Protea mundii as a<br />
88
prominent element, with Virgilia divaricata only occasion<strong>al</strong>ly abundant <strong>al</strong>ong the main<br />
drainage channel. Berzelia intermedia, Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron conicum,<br />
Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium and Protea aurea are here the most prominent species<br />
<strong>al</strong>ong the stream banks. The upper seepage areas <strong>al</strong>so have grasses such as Ehrharta dura<br />
abundant after fire, <strong>al</strong>ong with many orchid species. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized species known in<br />
this unit include Erica gillii, Gladiolus fourcadei and Psor<strong>al</strong>ea vlokii.<br />
The Anysberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is quite easy to identify as water-dependant species<br />
such as C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Carpha glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera,<br />
Erica curviflora, Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>icifolium and Psor<strong>al</strong>ea affinis and other Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species present. None of these<br />
species are abundant in any of the nearby season<strong>al</strong> streams. The upper seepage areas<br />
contain loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species such as Erica sp.nov. (cf. lehmanii) and Hesperantha<br />
m<strong>al</strong>vina that are not known from any other unit.<br />
The Waboomsberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most similar to the Anysberg Perenni<strong>al</strong><br />
Stream unit as it <strong>al</strong>so has water-dependant species, such as C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata,<br />
Cannamois virgata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>icifolium and Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species abundant that are rare in the nearby season<strong>al</strong> streams. It<br />
seems to share some of its species <strong>al</strong>so with the Western Langeberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit<br />
and may contain some of the rare species otherwise only known from the Langeberg.<br />
The Western Langeberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit can easily be recognized by an<br />
abundance or at least presence of Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium and/or Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>icifolium amongst the usu<strong>al</strong> other indicator species of perenni<strong>al</strong> streams of the coast<strong>al</strong><br />
mountains, Berzelia intermedia, C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Carpha<br />
glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica curviflora, Platycaulos compressus, Rhodocoma<br />
capensis, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea aphylla and other Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species. The only uncommon species<br />
known in this unit is Otholobium bowieanum, but many others may <strong>al</strong>so occur here.<br />
89
The Touwsberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most similar to the Anysberg Perenni<strong>al</strong> Stream<br />
unit with water-dependant species such as C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata,<br />
Carpha glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron<br />
euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium and Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species present and acting as reliable indicators to separate<br />
it from nearby season<strong>al</strong> streams. It differs from the Anysberg Perenni<strong>al</strong> Stream unit in<br />
lacking its loc<strong>al</strong> endemics, with Alonsoa peduncularis the only rare species known in this<br />
unit.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Eastern Langeberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most similar to those<br />
of the Centr<strong>al</strong> Langeberg perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit in having species that are reliable<br />
indicators of permanently w<strong>et</strong> sites such as Berzelia intermedia, Cannamois virgata,<br />
Cyclopia sessiliflora, Erica curviflora, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>icifolium, Platycaulos<br />
compressus, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea aphylla and Pteronia camphorata common and abundant. It differs<br />
from the other units in <strong>al</strong>so having Protea coronata present, indicating a transition to the<br />
Outeniqua perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit. It furthermore differs in lacking most of the loc<strong>al</strong><br />
endemics present in the other units with its own distinctive species such as Cyclopia<br />
dregeana, Erica rhodantha and Otholobium bowieanum. The very rare orchid Pachites<br />
appressa occurs in the upper seepage areas.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Kamanassie northern perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most similar to<br />
those of the Kamanassie Perenni<strong>al</strong> Stream unit, but it differs somewhat as here the<br />
streams drain northwards. It is <strong>al</strong>so easily recognized and differs from nearby season<strong>al</strong><br />
streams in having reliable indicators of w<strong>et</strong> sites such as Cannamois virgata, C<strong>al</strong>opsis<br />
paniculata, Carpha glomerata, Cliffortia strobilifera, Erica caffra, Erica curviflora,<br />
Mentha longifolia, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea affinis and Rhodocoma capensis common and abundant. It<br />
differs from <strong>al</strong>l the other similar units in the uncommon species present, which include<br />
ferns such as Asplenium platyneuron, Histiopteris incisa and Osmunda reg<strong>al</strong>is in cool,<br />
shady sites with the loc<strong>al</strong> endemic Pelargonium pseudoglutinosum som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant<br />
in sunny open sites. The uncommon tree Lachnostylos bilocularis and Cyrthanthus<br />
inaequ<strong>al</strong>is occur on vertic<strong>al</strong> rock faces flanking this unit.<br />
90
The Rooiberg Perenni<strong>al</strong> Stream unit is most similar to the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Centr<strong>al</strong><br />
Swartberg Perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit in having C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata, Cannamois virgata, Erica<br />
caffra, Hypoc<strong>al</strong>yptus sophoroides, Rhodocoma capensis and sever<strong>al</strong> Psor<strong>al</strong>ea species<br />
abundant <strong>al</strong>ong the streambank, but it differs in lacking its loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species<br />
present. Rare species in the upper seepage area, such as Nivenia argentea, indicate a<br />
relationship <strong>al</strong>so with the Langeberg flora. Patches of Afro-montane forests <strong>al</strong>so occur<br />
here in fire-protected sites, <strong>al</strong>so with Ilex mitis, Maytenus acuminata and Pterocelastrus<br />
tricuspidatus as the most abundant trees, with ferns such as Asplenium and Blechnum<br />
species abundant in the understorey.<br />
The Tsitsikamma perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit is most similar to the Keurbooms River &<br />
perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit, but here the streams drain northwards into the Olifants River<br />
system. Afro-montane forest patches are absent here and the unit is dominated by fynbos<br />
species such as Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron conicum, Leucadendron<br />
euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Platycaulos compressus, Protea neriifolia and Protea mundii, often with<br />
Pteronia camphorata abundant. Uncommon species present are Leucadendron uliginosum<br />
ssp. glabratum, with rare species present including an odd loc<strong>al</strong>ity for Disa marlothii and<br />
another unusu<strong>al</strong> orchid Pterygodium newdigateae not uncommon after fire on the upper<br />
streambank.<br />
The Kouga perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit corresponds most closely with those of the<br />
Tsitsikamma perenni<strong>al</strong> stream unit in having species such as C<strong>al</strong>opsis paniculata,<br />
Cannomois virgata, Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Platycaulos compressus and Protea<br />
neriifolia abundant. It differs in having rare species such as Enceph<strong>al</strong>artos longifolius and<br />
Widdringtonia schwarchii occurring on steep rock faces <strong>al</strong>igning these streams that drain<br />
into the Kouga River.<br />
91
5.3 Terrestri<strong>al</strong><br />
5.3.1 Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
5.3.1.1 V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom<br />
The C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp V<strong>al</strong>ley Spekboomveld may be mistaken with the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Arid<br />
Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is abundant and prominent amongst<br />
woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gymnosporia<br />
szyszylowiczii, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus longispina and Rhus undulata, but it can<br />
easily recognized by having Pappea capensis <strong>al</strong>so abundant. Other stem- and leaf<br />
succulents are <strong>al</strong>so abundant, including species such as Aloe ferox, Aloe microstigma,<br />
Aloe speciosa, Crassula rupestris, Dioscorea hemicryptica, Euphorbia heptagona,<br />
Gasteria brachyphylla, Pachypodium bispinosum, Pachypodium succulentum,<br />
Pelargonium teragonum and Sarcostemma vimin<strong>al</strong>e. Grasses are present (e.g. Agrostis<br />
lachnantha, Cenchrus ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana, Panicum coloratum, Panicum<br />
deustum, Sporobolus africanus, Stipa dregeana, Tribolium uniolae, <strong>et</strong>c.), but they are<br />
only prominent after good summer rain. No rare species are known from this unit, but the<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Tylecodon cac<strong>al</strong>ioides is present.<br />
The Groot Spekboomveld may be confused with the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp V<strong>al</strong>ley Spekboomveld<br />
as it is structur<strong>al</strong>ly very similar very Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) abundant and as it has<br />
distinctive species such as Aloe speciosa and Pappea capensis <strong>al</strong>so abundant, but it can be<br />
recognized easily as species such as Crassula ovata are abundant here that are absent<br />
from the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp V<strong>al</strong>ley Spekboomveld. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are<br />
known from this unit. Only a relatively sm<strong>al</strong>l portion of this unit occurs in the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong>. This unit is much more abundant in the Eastern Cape.<br />
92
5.3.1.2 V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics<br />
The Zoar Fynbos-Spekboomveld may be confused with the Sandberg Fynbos-<br />
Spekboomveld as this unit occurs mostly <strong>al</strong>so on steep north facing slopes on outcrops of<br />
quartzitic rocks where Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is abundant on the lower slopes and<br />
Arid - and Grassy Fynbos forming the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation on the upper slopes. This unit<br />
differs, however, in having Doppruim (Pappea capensis) often abundant, and the<br />
uncommon Ficus cordata present, in the Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation on the lower slopes. Some<br />
rare, loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic succulents, such as Tromotriche baylisii are <strong>al</strong>so present on rocky<br />
outcrops in ravines.<br />
The Hartbeesvlakte Spekboomveld could be confused with the Hartbeesvlakte Fynbos-<br />
Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees such as Gwarrie<br />
(Euclea undulata), Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata)<br />
are dominant on the north facing slopes, but it differs in <strong>al</strong>so having Doppruim (Pappea<br />
capensis) abundant in these communities. Here the veg<strong>et</strong>ation present on the south facing<br />
slopes <strong>al</strong>so contrasts sharply with those present on the northern slopes, with the<br />
communities on the upper slopes dominated by shrubs such as Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis), Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia), Nymannia capensis,<br />
Polyg<strong>al</strong>a pinifolia and in having Fynbos elements (such as Rhodocoma arida) present.<br />
Another quite unusu<strong>al</strong> feature is the presence of species usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in the lower<br />
lying Gannaveld (e.g. S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) abundant on the lower south facing slopes. No rare<br />
or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
The Kruisrivier Spekboom-Pruimveld occurs mostly on gravelly sandy soils where<br />
Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is abundant amongst woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, Pappea<br />
capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in<br />
which Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
ericoides and Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us punctulatus) are often abundant. Grasses are present (e.g.<br />
Cenchrus ciliaris, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Panicum coloratum, Panicum deustum, Sporobolus<br />
93
africanus, Stipa dregeana, <strong>et</strong>c.) but they are only prominent after heavy rain. Stem- and<br />
leaf succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma, Aloe ferox, Cotyledon orbiculare, Gasteria<br />
brachyphylla, Pelargonium peltatum, Pelargonium t<strong>et</strong>ragonum, Quaqua pillansii, Ruschia<br />
ceresiana, Sarcostemma vimin<strong>al</strong>e, Tylecodon cac<strong>al</strong>ioides, Tylecodon paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.) and<br />
geophytes (e.g. Chlorophytum comosum, Dipcadi viride, Drimia capensis, Hessea<br />
stellaris, Nerine humilis, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um graminifolium, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in these<br />
communities. Some of these geophytes (e.g. Eriospermum rhizomatum) are loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species, while others (e.g. Liparis remota) represent interesting westernmost<br />
distribution records.<br />
The Boerbonefontein Pruimveld is in many respects similar to the Kruisrivier<br />
Spekboom-Pruimveld, but here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is less abundant and mostly<br />
restricted to north facing slopes. Woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa,<br />
Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, Pappea capensis, Rhigozum<br />
obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities, where<br />
Asbos (Pteronia incana), Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus) and Vygies (sever<strong>al</strong><br />
Drosanthemum species, Lampranthus haworthii and Ruschia ceresiana) are often the<br />
dominant species. Grasses (e.g. Cenchrus ciliaris, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis curvula,<br />
Digitaria argyrograpta, Digitaria eriantha, Panicum deustum, Sporobolus africanus, Stipa<br />
dregeana, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often <strong>al</strong>so abundant in the lower lying areas. Stem- and leaf succulents<br />
(e.g. Aloe microstigma, Aloe ferox, Cotyledon orbiculare, Gasteria brachyphylla,<br />
Sarcostemma vimin<strong>al</strong>e, Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.) and geophytes<br />
(e.g. Chlorophytum comosum, Dipcadi viride, Drimia capensis, Hessea stellaris,<br />
Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um graminifolium, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in these communities. No rare or<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but it is poorly surveyed.<br />
The Kruisrivier Sandolien-Spekboomveld occurs mostly on rocky, sandy soils derived<br />
from the Enon conglomerate formation. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant<br />
on north facing slopes, <strong>al</strong>ong with some woody trees and shrubs similar to those that<br />
occur in the Grootkop Arid Spekboomveld (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata,<br />
Gloveria integrifolia, Grewia robusta, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and<br />
94
Rhus undulata), but here Doppruim (Pappea capensis) is more abundant. This unit may<br />
<strong>al</strong>so be confused with the Kruisrivier Spekboom-Pruimveld, but here Sandolien<br />
(Dodonaea angustifolia) is abundant on south facing slopes, where fynbos elements (e.g.<br />
Asp<strong>al</strong>athus rugosa, Paranomus dregei, Phylica axillaris, Rhodocoma arida, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often<br />
<strong>al</strong>so prominent. Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus) and Asbos (Pteronia incana) are<br />
abundant in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities, as well as succulents (e.g. Aloe<br />
microstigma, Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.), with the loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic Haworthia truncata <strong>al</strong>so present in this unit.<br />
5.3.1.3 V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics<br />
The Prinspoort Pruimveld is most similar to the Boerbonefontein Pruimveld as<br />
Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is uncommon amongst the woody trees and shrubs (e.g.<br />
Carissa haematocarpa, Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia,<br />
Nymannia capensis, Pappea capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) that are abundant in the<br />
matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. These Succulent karoo communities <strong>al</strong>so differs<br />
somewhat in having N<strong>et</strong>v<strong>et</strong>bos (Monechma incanum) often <strong>al</strong>so abundant <strong>al</strong>ong with<br />
Asbos (Pteronia incana), Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus) and Vygies (sever<strong>al</strong><br />
Drosanthemum species, Lampranthus haworthii and Ruschia ceresiana), with other<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic shrubs such as Crot<strong>al</strong>aria lebeckioides <strong>al</strong>so present in the Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> communities. Grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Cenchrus ciliaris, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Digitaria argyrograpta, Sporobolus africanus, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present, but they are not very<br />
abundant. Stem succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly species of Duv<strong>al</strong>ia, Huernia, Piranhas, Quaqua,<br />
Stapelia and Tylecodon) are remarkably abundant in this unit, but leaf succulents (e.g.<br />
Aloe comptonii, Aloe microstigma, Aloe ferox, Cotyledon orbiculare, <strong>et</strong>c.) are not<br />
uncommon. Two of these stem succulents (Quaqua linearis and Quaqua ramosa) and at<br />
least one of the leaf succulents (Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis) is loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species.<br />
95
The Touws River Pruimveld is a distinct unit located <strong>al</strong>ong on the upper embankment of<br />
the Touws River, where the <strong>al</strong>luvi<strong>al</strong> soils are deep, often sandy to loamy, with a high<br />
quartzitic rock component. Most characteristic is the abundance of woody trees with<br />
species such as Gloveria integrifolia and Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii abundant with<br />
Euclea undulata and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly Pappea capensis. The abundance of these trees and<br />
presence of shrubs and lianas such as Asparagus burchellii, Zygophyllum morgsana, <strong>et</strong>c<br />
in the bush-clumps clearly indicate that this unit is related to the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong><br />
Biome. It is linked to the other Gouritz River Thick<strong>et</strong> units via a Touws River-<br />
Touwsberg-Rooiberg connection. In this unit the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities<br />
are not very rich in species, with the most abundant and dominant species being Crassula<br />
rupestris, Leipodtia schultzei, Monechma incanum, Pentzia incana, Pteronia fasciculata,<br />
Pteronia flexicaulis, Rhigozum obovatum, Thesium lineatum and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii. Of<br />
interest is that the grass component is often well developed, at present they are not<br />
abundant, probably because they were severely impacted upon when this unit was grazed<br />
by domestic stock. Other species characteristic of this unit are Aloe comptonii, Bulbine<br />
latifolia, Carissa haematocarpa, Cotyledon orbiculata, Crassula subaphylla, Crassula<br />
deltoidea, Crassula pyramyd<strong>al</strong>is, Dicoma spinosa, Digitaria argyrograpta, Ehrharta<br />
c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Felicia filifolia, Felicia muricata, Gnidia deserticola,<br />
Hereroa gracilis, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um maculatum, Psilocaulon junceum, Rhodocoma arida,<br />
Ruschia cf. ceresiana, Scel<strong>et</strong>ium tortuosum and Selago <strong>al</strong>bida. Tritonia watermeyeri and<br />
an interesting Haworthia species not y<strong>et</strong> identified (H.decipiens–H.lockwoodii-<br />
H.mucronata complex) are two uncommon species present.<br />
The Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Pruimveld is somewhat intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Prinspoort - and<br />
Boerbonefontein Pruimveld units as woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa,<br />
Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis,<br />
Pappea capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in the matrix Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but here the species dominant in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities<br />
differ much, as some sites have sandy soils and others have clayey soils. On the sandy<br />
soils N<strong>et</strong>v<strong>et</strong>bos (Monechma incanum), Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus) and Vygies<br />
(sever<strong>al</strong> Drosanthemum species and Ruschia ceresiana) are often the most abundant<br />
96
shrubs, with grasses such as Aristida diffusa, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Digitaria argyrograpta,<br />
Digitaria eriantha, <strong>et</strong>c. often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. In these communities stem succulents<br />
(including the uncommon Euphorbia pillansii) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. On the clayey soils the<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are dominated by short asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Hirpicium<br />
<strong>al</strong>ienatum, Pentzia incana, Pteronia adenocarpa, Pteronia glomerata, <strong>et</strong>c.) that often have<br />
many sm<strong>al</strong>l leaf-succulents (e.g. Haworthia aranea, Crassula capitella, Senecio radicans,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) growing under them. Close to water drainage areas shrubs typic<strong>al</strong> the Gannaveld<br />
(e.g. S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla, S<strong>al</strong>sola c<strong>al</strong>luna, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so prominent in these communities.<br />
5.3.1.4 Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom<br />
The Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld occurs mostly on north facing slopes, often on<br />
sh<strong>al</strong>low, rocky soils. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant and prominent<br />
amongst woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata,<br />
Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus longispina and Rhus undulata,<br />
with Schotia afra occasion<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so present. Other stem- and leaf succulents that are<br />
usu<strong>al</strong>ly common and prominent are Aloe microstigma, Crassula rupestris, Dioscorea<br />
hemicryptica, Euphorbia heptagona, Gasteria brachyphylla, Pachypodium bispinosum,<br />
Pachypodium succulentum, Pelargonium t<strong>et</strong>ragonum, and Sarcostemma vimin<strong>al</strong>e. No<br />
rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
The C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Arid Spekboomveld is structur<strong>al</strong>ly very similar and share most of its<br />
common species with the Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld, but it can be easily recognized<br />
by having Noors (Euphorbia coerulescens) present and often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. It <strong>al</strong>so<br />
have a number of other species present that are more typic<strong>al</strong> of the eastern Cape (e.g.<br />
Barleria obtusa) that are absent from <strong>al</strong>l the other Little <strong>Karoo</strong> units. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species known from this unit include Crot<strong>al</strong>aria lebeckioides, Eriospermum<br />
rhizomatum, Huernia guttata var. c<strong>al</strong>itzdorpensis and Huernia pillansii.<br />
97
5.3.1.5 Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> with Spekboom Mosaics<br />
The Meiringspoort Spekboom Thick<strong>et</strong> is somewhat similar to the Swartberg Arid<br />
Spekboomveld in the species present, but here the woody trees and Spekboom<br />
(Portulacaria afra) are less prominent, while shrubs (including some fynbos species, such<br />
as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus, Erica, Phylica, <strong>et</strong>c.) and grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon, Pentashistis, <strong>et</strong>c.) are<br />
more prominent. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species occur here, including<br />
Gladiolus leptosiphon, Haworthia vlokii, Lachnostylis bilocularis, Nerine peersii and<br />
Senecio ficoides.<br />
The Voorsorg Fynbos-Spekboomveld is most similar to the Meiringspoort Spekboom<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> structur<strong>al</strong>ly and in the common and uncommon species present (e.g. Lachnostylis<br />
bilocularis and Senecio ficoides), but it differs in having some other common species<br />
present (e.g. Euclea nat<strong>al</strong>ensis, Euclea polyandra, S<strong>al</strong>via africana-lutea, <strong>et</strong>c.) and some<br />
rare species (e.g. Cyrthanthus inaequ<strong>al</strong>is) not known from the Meiringspoort Spekboom<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong>. The latter common and uncommon species oddly seems to bridge a distribution<br />
gap for species norm<strong>al</strong>ly b<strong>et</strong>ter known from coast<strong>al</strong> environments.<br />
The Rooiberg Fynbos-Spekboomveld is structur<strong>al</strong>ly similar to the Meiringspoort<br />
Spekboom Thick<strong>et</strong> and Voorsorg Fynbos-Spekboomveld as they share many common<br />
and even uncommon species such as Lachnostylis bilocularis, but it differs in lacking the<br />
distinctive species of the other two units and having its own uncommon species present,<br />
such as Crassula rupestris ssp. marnierana and Haworthia blackburniae var. blackburniae.<br />
The patches of Spekboomveld present on the northern slopes of the Hartbeesvlakte<br />
Fynbos-Spekboomveld are most similar to those that occur in the Swartberg Arid<br />
Spekboomveld, but here the fynbos that is present on southern slopes is quite different as<br />
it has species such as Erica spectabilis, Helichrysum cylindriflorum, Hertia <strong>al</strong>ata, Linum<br />
africanum, Protea humiflora, Pteronia fasciculata and Syncarpha ferruginea often<br />
prominent. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
98
The Sandberg Fynbos-Spekboomveld is very similar to the Hartbeesvlakte Fynbos-<br />
Spekboomveld unit, but it differs by having the Spekboomveld less prominent on<br />
northern slopes and the fynbos b<strong>et</strong>ter developed on southern slopes, where uncommon<br />
species such as Paranomus roodebergensis are present. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species are known from this unit, but this unit has been poorly surveyed.<br />
The Buffels Arid Spekboomveld is similar to the Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld in<br />
having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii,<br />
Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata and some Schotia afra present<br />
on the northern slopes, but it differs in having the Thick<strong>et</strong> elements less dense and<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities b<strong>et</strong>ter developed. Succulents that are usu<strong>al</strong>ly common and<br />
prominent here include Braunsia apiculata, Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris,<br />
Delosperma frutescens, Delosperma inconspicum, Delosperma subincanum,<br />
Drosanthemum striatum, Drosanthemum uniflorum, Lampranthus haworthii, Leipoldtia<br />
schultzei, Phyllobolus splendens, Prenia radicans and Trichodiadema decorum. Towards<br />
the west Spekboom is currently rare or even absent, but this seems to be due to grazing<br />
impacts as indicators of disturbance (e.g. patches of short-lived grasses such as<br />
Enneapogon species) seem to indicate.<br />
The Noukloof Arid Spekboomveld may be confused with the Buffels- and Ladismith<br />
Arid Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is <strong>al</strong>so abundant here on the<br />
northern slopes, but it differs in having the woody tree component (Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii,<br />
Nymannia capensis, Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata)<br />
<strong>al</strong>so prominent on the southern slopes. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is absent<br />
or rare on the southern slopes, but the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are quite rich in<br />
species. The following species have been recorded thus far; Acanthopsis disperma,<br />
Aptosimum procumbens, Asparagus a<strong>et</strong>hiopicus, Asparagus striatus, Berkheya cuneata,<br />
Berkheya spinosa, Brachiaria serrata, Bulbine fruticosa, Bulbine praemorsa, Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Chrysocoma v<strong>al</strong>ida, Crassula barbata, Crassula cultrata, Crassula<br />
99
lanceolata, Crassula orbiculata, Crassula nemorosa, Crassula nudicaulis, Crassula<br />
perforata, Crassula rupestris, Crassula umbella, Cymbopogon plurinodes, Delosperma<br />
laxip<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>aum, Drosanthemum giffenii, Drosanthemum opacum, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Enneapogon scaber, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us sericeus, Euclea undulata,<br />
Euphorbia mauritanica, Felicia fascicularis, Felicia filifolia, Fingerhuthia africana,<br />
Garuleum schinzii, Helichrysum rosum, Hermannia <strong>al</strong>thaeifolia, Hermannia filifolia var.<br />
grandic<strong>al</strong>yx, Hirpicium integrifolium, Lampranthus haworthii, Leipoldtia schultzei,<br />
Lepidium africanum, Lotononis pungens, Lycium hirsutum, Nymannia capensis, Oedera<br />
squarrosa, Osteospermum muricatum, Othonna amplexifolia, Othonna arborescens,<br />
Ox<strong>al</strong>is obtusa, Ox<strong>al</strong>is pes-caprae, Pappea capensis, Pegol<strong>et</strong>tia bacharidifolia,<br />
Pelargonium <strong>al</strong>ternans, Pelargonium abrotanifolium, Pentzia incana, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a affinis,<br />
Polyg<strong>al</strong>a asbestina, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a bracteolata, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a emp<strong>et</strong>rifolia, Psilocaulon articulatum,<br />
Pteronia adenocarpa, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus<br />
lucida, Rhus undulata, Ruschia cymosa, Ruschia subpaniculata, Ruschia tumidula,<br />
Scel<strong>et</strong>ium strictum, Selago spinea, Senecio angustifolius, Senecio articulatus, Senecio<br />
radicans, T<strong>et</strong>ragonia fruticosa, Themeda triandra, Thesium lineatum, Trichodiadema<br />
decorum, Veltheimia capensis, Viscum rotundifolium, Zygophyllum flexuosum and<br />
Zygophyllum morgsana. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species known from this unit are<br />
Haworthia blackburniae var. blackburniae and Huernia praestans.<br />
The Va<strong>al</strong>hoek Arid Spekboomveld unit corresponds in many respects to the<br />
Vanwyksdorp Arid Spekboomveld, but it differs in having outcrops of c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e on the<br />
tops of hills where unusu<strong>al</strong> Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities occur with species of Aizoon,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Jamesbrittenia, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia, Pentashistis, Ruschia and Selago prominent. Here<br />
patches of Gannaveld are <strong>al</strong>so present in the sm<strong>al</strong>l v<strong>al</strong>leys b<strong>et</strong>ween the hills, they are<br />
typic<strong>al</strong> of the Grootrivier Gannaveld in the species present. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species are known from this unit, but the unit has been poorly surveyed.<br />
The northern slopes of the Assegaaibosch Arid Spekboomveld unit corresponds well<br />
with those of the Vanwyksdorp Arid Spekboomveld, but this unit differs in having<br />
Renosterveld and Fynbos elements (e.g. Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Ischyrolepis<br />
100
gaudichaudianus, Rhodocoma arida, <strong>et</strong>c.) much b<strong>et</strong>ter developed on the south facing<br />
slopes. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is <strong>al</strong>so often abundant on the south facing<br />
slopes. At least one rare species, Freylinia vlokii, seems to be endemic to the southern<br />
slopes of this unit. The Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities that are dominated by Berkheya<br />
cuneata on the north facing slopes, <strong>al</strong>so has a very unusu<strong>al</strong> variant of Haworthia<br />
magnifica present.<br />
In Volmoed Arid Spekboomveld the Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is quite abundant to<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant on north facing slopes, as well as woody trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus<br />
undulata and some Pappea capensis). Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) occurs on the<br />
crests of hills and can be abundant on the southern slopes. The Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> patches<br />
present are often dominated by Pteronia species (e.g. Pteronia fascicularis, Pteronia<br />
flexicaulis, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.) and are often rich in species, with<br />
succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma, Crassula arborescens, Gasteria brachyphylla, <strong>et</strong>c)<br />
abundant. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but it is poorly<br />
surveyed.<br />
In Pi<strong>et</strong>slaagte Arid Spekboomveld Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and<br />
t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum<br />
obovatum, Rhus undulata and some Pappea capensis) are <strong>al</strong>so dominant on the north<br />
facing slopes, but here Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant species on south facing<br />
slopes. This unit can easily be differentiated from most of the other Little <strong>Karoo</strong> Arid<br />
Spekboomveld types as it has Crassula ovata prominent, which replaces the usu<strong>al</strong><br />
Crassula arborescens. The loc<strong>al</strong> Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities <strong>al</strong>so differ, with e.g.<br />
Rosenia oppositifolia replacing Rosenia humilis and Freesia corymbosa replacing the<br />
usu<strong>al</strong> Freesia refracta here. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this<br />
unit, but it is an area of great bio-geographic significance as this is the area where many<br />
western and eastern species replaces each other.<br />
101
In the Kliphuisvlei Arid Spekboomveld patches typic<strong>al</strong> of the Swartberg Arid<br />
Spekboomveld occur on northern slopes in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. On<br />
the southern slopes Asbos (Pteronia incana) is often the most abundant species.<br />
Succulents such as Aloe ferox and Crassula rupestris are prominent on north facing<br />
slopes and geophytes are not uncommon, with species such as Veltheimia capenis present<br />
in the Thick<strong>et</strong> communities and a seemingly loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic G<strong>et</strong>hyllis species present<br />
in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities. The rare fern Pellaea rufa occurs sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly on<br />
rocky outcrops. Another oddity present in the Thick<strong>et</strong> clumps is Gasteria carinata, a<br />
species b<strong>et</strong>ter known from much further west.<br />
The Witvlakte Arid Spekboomveld is most similar to the Buffels Arid Spekboomveld,<br />
but here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and the woody trees and shrubs such as Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii,<br />
Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata are less abundant, while Nymannia capensis and<br />
Schotia afra are often more prominent on the northern slopes. The Thick<strong>et</strong> elements are<br />
thus not very dense, with the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities well developed. Spekboom is<br />
rare to often absent in many areas, but this is due to grazing impacts in the past as<br />
indicators of disturbance (e.g. very high densities of Crassula rupestris and patches of<br />
short-lived grasses such as Enneapogon species) seem to indicate. The unit is not very<br />
rich in species and no rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known to occur in this unit.<br />
The Ladismith Arid Spekboomveld may be confused with the Buffels- and Noukloof<br />
Arid Spekboomveld as Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is often <strong>al</strong>so abundant on the north<br />
facing slopes, but it is quite easy to recognize as Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis)<br />
and some fynbos elements (e.g. Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Ischyrolepis gaudichaudianus,<br />
Rhodocoma arida, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often prominent on the south facing slopes. Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities are <strong>al</strong>so often prominent on the lower north facing slopes in which the<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Dicoma relhanioides is often prominent. This unit is rich in species,<br />
with the following thus far recorded; Acrodon bellidiflorus, Anthospermum spathulatum,<br />
Chrysocoma v<strong>al</strong>ida, Crassula t<strong>et</strong>ragona, Delosperma inconspicuum, Delosperma<br />
macrostigma, Dianthus caespitosus, Drosanthemum acutifolium, Drosanthemum<br />
102
evifolium, Drosanthemum giffenii, Euryops rehmanii, Felicia filifolia, Indigofera<br />
h<strong>et</strong>erophylla, Lampranthus argenteus, Lampranthus convexus, Leipoldtia schultzei,<br />
M<strong>al</strong>ephora luteola, Monechma incanum, Monechma spartioides, Montinia<br />
caryophyllacea, Oedera squarrosa, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um juncifolium, Othonna carnosa, Ox<strong>al</strong>is<br />
obtusata, Phymaspermum aciculare, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a microlopha, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a uncinata, Pteronia<br />
fascicularis, Ruschia caroli, Ruschia cymosa, Ruschia muricata, Sarcostemma vimin<strong>al</strong>e,<br />
Senecio ficoides, Tribolium hispidum, Trichodiadema decorum and Zygophyllum<br />
fulvum. The only rare species known from this unit is Holothrix grandiflora, but a more<br />
d<strong>et</strong>ailed survey will probably reve<strong>al</strong> more species.<br />
The Ockertskra<strong>al</strong> Arid Spekboomveld is structur<strong>al</strong>ly very similar to the Witvlakte Arid<br />
Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees sparse, but this<br />
unit differs in having some patches of diffuse quartz pebbles present. The species that are<br />
present in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities differs consequently and these communities<br />
are often quite rich in succulent species, such as Braunsia geminata, Cylindrophyllum<br />
comptonii, Delosperma laxip<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>um, Delosperma macrostigma, Delosperma subincanum,<br />
Drosanthemum giffenii, Drosanthemum s<strong>al</strong>icolum, Euphorbia mauritanica, Leipoldtia<br />
schultzei, M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea, Pachypodium bispinosum, Pachypodium succulentum,<br />
Phyllobolus splendens, Pleiospilos compactus, Psilocaulon junceum, Ruschia amicorum,<br />
Scel<strong>et</strong>ium rigidum, Trichodiadema attonsum and Trichodiadema bulbosum. No rare or<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
The Keurbosch Arid Spekboomveld share most of its species with the Ockertskra<strong>al</strong><br />
Arid Spekboomveld, but here the tree component (e.g. Euclea undulata, Gloveria<br />
integrifolia, Pappea capensis, Rhus undulata, Schotia afra, <strong>et</strong>c.) and are t<strong>al</strong>ler and denser.<br />
It <strong>al</strong>so differs in having the grass component (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Eragrostis<br />
argyrograpta, <strong>et</strong>c.) b<strong>et</strong>ter developed, especi<strong>al</strong>ly on the flat tops of the hills. Quartz pebble<br />
patches are <strong>al</strong>so absent in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation. Spekboom<br />
(Portulacaria afra) is often abundant on the north facing slopes, but absent in many sites<br />
due to heavy grazing pressure. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this<br />
unit.<br />
103
In the Vanwyksdorp Arid Spekboomveld the Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation is usu<strong>al</strong>ly well<br />
developed on the northern slopes, with Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) abundant amongst<br />
woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria<br />
integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, Putterlickia pyracantha,<br />
Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata and a few Pappea capensis). The lower northern<br />
slopes som<strong>et</strong>imes have interesting Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities with Berkheya cuneata<br />
as the dominant species, where interesting succulent species such as Bergeranthus<br />
vespertinus and Ruschia amicorum can be found. Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities<br />
predominate on the southern slopes, often with Zygophyllum morgsana abundant, but<br />
some Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Fynbos elements (e.g. Phylica<br />
axillaris, Rhodocoma arida, <strong>et</strong>c.) may <strong>al</strong>so be present. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species are known from this unit.<br />
The northern slopes of the Kwessie Arid Spekboomveld are very similar to those of the<br />
Swartberg Arid Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees<br />
and shrubs predominant, but here the southern slopes are dominated by Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities similar to those that occur in the Stormberg Randteveld with species such as<br />
Crassula arborescens, Euphorbia mauritanica, Zygophyllum fo<strong>et</strong>idum and Zygophyllum<br />
morgsana abundant on the south facing slopes. The only two rare species known from the<br />
southern slopes of this unit are Freesia speciosa and Gasteria brachyphylla var. bayeri.<br />
They both indicate a close affiliation with the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region, despite the<br />
location of the unit. It seems to represent an area of bio-geographic interest.<br />
The Grootkop Arid Spekboomveld is somewhat similar to the Volmoed Arid<br />
Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs<br />
(Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Grewia robusta, Lycium<br />
cinereum, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata) abundant to<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant on north facing slopes, but here Doppruim (Pappea capensis) and<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) are sparse. The Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities present<br />
are <strong>al</strong>so mostly dominated by Pteronia species (e.g. Pteronia fascicularis, Pteronia<br />
flexicaulis, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.) with succulents (e.g. Aloe<br />
104
microstigma, Cotyledon orbiculare, Tylecodon cac<strong>al</strong>ioides, Tylecodom w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
abundant. It differs in having some loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species, such as Haworthia truncata<br />
present in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of the Grootkop- and<br />
Greylands Gravel Apronveld types are <strong>al</strong>so present on the lower slopes and they may<br />
contain some of the rare species typic<strong>al</strong> of those units.<br />
The structure and common species present in the Kandelaars Arid Spekboomveld is<br />
intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween those of the Kwessie and Va<strong>al</strong>hoek Arid Spekboomveld units. Here<br />
Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea<br />
undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis,<br />
Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant on<br />
north facing slopes and Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities dominant on the south facing<br />
slopes. The combination of species present in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities indicates<br />
that this unit represents a changeover zone from the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong> to the east.<br />
Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox) is often abundant in the unit, perhaps the origin of the name of<br />
the loc<strong>al</strong> river (kandelaars = candelabra = the shape of the Bitter Aloe inflorescence).<br />
The northern slopes of the Stompdrift Arid Spekboomveld are similar to those of the<br />
Kandelaars Arid Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees<br />
and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia<br />
szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus undulata) abundant,<br />
but here the southern slopes differ in having Asbos (Pteronia incana) abundant to loc<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
dominant. These southern slopes are somewhat similar to those of the Blossoms Asbos<br />
Gwarrieveld, but they are more arid. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known<br />
from this unit.<br />
The northern slopes of the Barandas Arid Spekboomveld are most similar to those of<br />
the Pi<strong>et</strong>slaagte Arid Spekboomveld, but here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody<br />
trees (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are less abundant. The<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are b<strong>et</strong>ter developed, with Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
ericoides) dominant on the north facing slopes, and Asbos (Pteronia incana) prominent on<br />
105
south facing slopes. Crassula ovata is <strong>al</strong>so present on south facing slopes, but it is not<br />
very abundant. Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) and Koperdraadgras (Aristida diffusa) are<br />
often very abundant in this unit, indicating that most of this unit has been subjected to<br />
severe grazing pressure. No rare species are known from this unit.<br />
The Georgida Arid Spekboomveld <strong>al</strong>so has Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody<br />
trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus<br />
undulata and some Pappea capensis) abundant on north facing slopes, but here the<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in the lower lying v<strong>al</strong>leys often have shrubby leaf-<br />
succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum species, Lampranthus haworthii, Ruschia cf. ceresiana,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) as the dominant species. I suspect that grasses may be abundant after good summer<br />
rain, but most of this unit has <strong>al</strong>so been subjected to heavy grazing pressure as can be<br />
seen by the abundance of Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) and often super-abundance of<br />
Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox). No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit,<br />
but some of those known from the Toverwater Sandolien-Spekboomveld may occur on<br />
the sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e topped hills present in this unit.<br />
The Toverwater Sandolien-Spekboomveld is somewhat similar to the Pi<strong>et</strong>slaagte Arid<br />
Spekboomveld in having Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs<br />
(Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum and<br />
Rhus undulata) abundant on the north facing slopes, but here Sandolien (Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia) is very prominent on the crests of hills and the south facing slopes. It <strong>al</strong>so<br />
differs in having some very rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present, such as<br />
Carruanthus peersii and Haworthia comptonii. Currently much of this unit lacks the<br />
origin<strong>al</strong> stands of p<strong>al</strong>atable species (such as Spekboom) and they have been replaced by<br />
often-dense stands of indicators of disturbance, such as Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox).<br />
In the De Rust Sandolien-Spekboomveld the Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody<br />
trees (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are not very abundant,<br />
but Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and other t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa,<br />
Grewia robusta, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus tomentosa) are<br />
106
prominent on the north and south facing slopes. Some Fynbos elements (e.g. Rhodocoma<br />
arida) are som<strong>et</strong>imes <strong>al</strong>so present on the southern slopes, but they are not very abundant.<br />
The matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are rich in species, with sever<strong>al</strong> rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present, including Bulbine sp.nov. Euphorbia colliculina,<br />
Haworthia bayeri, Moraea reg<strong>al</strong>is, Pelargonium curviandrum, Syringodea derustensis and<br />
Trichodiadema burgeri.<br />
The Kruisrivier Arid Spekboomveld differs from the Kruisrivier Sandolien-<br />
Spekboomveld in occurring mostly on steep slopes where the soils are loamy to clayey<br />
and derived from sh<strong>al</strong>e. Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) and woody trees and shrubs<br />
(Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Grewia robusta, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus<br />
undulata and some Pappea capensis) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant on the northern slopes, with<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) only occasion<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in exposed sites. On south<br />
facing slopes woody trees and t<strong>al</strong>l succulents (e.g. Aloe speciosa, Senecio ficoides, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are often abundant and this veg<strong>et</strong>ation approaches those on southern slopes in the<br />
C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp V<strong>al</strong>ley Spekboomveld. Lachnostylos bilocularis is the only loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species known to occur in this unit.<br />
5.3.1.6 Arid Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics<br />
In the Waboomsberg Asbos Gwarrieveld some Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are<br />
present in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities of the north facing slopes, but they<br />
are not very abundant. Succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma) are often abundant on the<br />
north facing slopes, but they are not common on the southern slopes, where Asbos<br />
(Pteronia incana) is the dominant shrub. Uncommon species in this unit include<br />
Drosanthemum micans and Kniphofia sarmentosa in the water drainage areas. The latter<br />
species indicate some relationship with the flora of the Roggeveld region and I suspect<br />
that a careful survey will reve<strong>al</strong> more interesting species (especi<strong>al</strong>ly geophytes such as<br />
Ixia) in this unit.<br />
107
In the Hartbeesvlakte Asbos-Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are<br />
mostly dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), but woody trees and shrubs (Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are quite abundant. Succulents (Drosanthemum giffenii, Gasteria brachyphylla,<br />
Glottiphyllum depressum, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant, with Aloe lineata distinctive and often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant.<br />
Geophytes (Holothrix sp., Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um dubium, Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
abundant. Some heuweltjies are present, but they are not very abundant. No rare or<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
In the Gourits Asbos-Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa,<br />
Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus glauca, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are quite<br />
abundant, <strong>al</strong>ong with a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) on the northern slopes.<br />
Succulents (Aloe ferox, Drosanthemum giffenii, Euphorbia mauritanica, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
abundant and some of those present, such as Delosperma asperulum, Delosperma<br />
pageanum, Drosanthemum <strong>al</strong>biflorum and Drosanthemum bicolor are uncommon<br />
species. Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) are the<br />
dominant shrubs on the south facing slopes, with Lebeckia cytisoides and Polyg<strong>al</strong>a<br />
pinifolia som<strong>et</strong>imes <strong>al</strong>so prominent. Patches of woody trees (e.g. Buddleja s<strong>al</strong>igna, Olea<br />
europaea, <strong>et</strong>c.) occur som<strong>et</strong>imes in the water drainage areas on southern slopes. Grasses<br />
(e.g. Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Ehrharta erecta, Pentashistis airoides, <strong>et</strong>c.) and geophytes (e.g.<br />
Lapeirousia pyramid<strong>al</strong>is, Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) are sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so abundant on the<br />
south facing slopes. Apodolirion lanceolatum is the only rare species known from this<br />
unit.<br />
In Pi<strong>et</strong>slaagte Asbos-Gwarrieveld Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus<br />
undulata) are the only common woody trees. Some Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) may be<br />
present on the north facing slopes, but there is no indication that it was abundant before.<br />
Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox) is the only common succulent, with species usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in<br />
other similar units (e.g. Cotyledon and Tylecodon species) being quite rare here. The<br />
matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana) and<br />
108
Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us species), indicating that parts of this unit may be subjected to<br />
periodic fires. Geophytes are not common, but two species present Freesia verrucosa and<br />
Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia haarlemensis, are uncommon species.<br />
In the Blossoms Asbos-Gwarrieveld the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities on the south<br />
facing slopes are dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), with Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) occasion<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so present but never the dominant species. Woody trees and<br />
shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Gymnosporia<br />
szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, <strong>et</strong>c.) are most abundant on the north facing slopes,<br />
where a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) may <strong>al</strong>so be present. This unit is rich in<br />
succulents and geophytes, of which some are rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species (e.g.<br />
Drosanthemum sp.nov. Glottiphyllum linguiforme, Haworthia emelyae, Pelargonium<br />
ochroleucum, Tylecodon leucothrix, <strong>et</strong>c.). Grasses, especi<strong>al</strong>ly Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, can <strong>al</strong>so<br />
be abundant on south facing slopes. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of quartz outcrops occur sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
in this unit and they are particularly rich in succulent species.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation on the upper slopes of the Touwsberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most<br />
similar to those that occur in the Anysberg Asteraceous Fynbos, probably because the<br />
loc<strong>al</strong> sandy to loamy soils are <strong>al</strong>so derived from the Ri<strong>et</strong>vlei formation. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation on<br />
the lower slopes differ considerably in having trees such as Euclea undulata, Pappea<br />
capensis and Rhus undulata often abundant, <strong>al</strong>ong with shrubs such as Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia, Euryops rehmanii, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana, Passerina<br />
vulgaris and Pteronia fasciculata, graminoids (e.g. Pentaschisis eriostoma, Rhodocoma<br />
arida, <strong>et</strong>c.) and succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Cerochlamys pachyphylla, Cotyledon<br />
orbiculare, Crassula rupestris, <strong>et</strong>c.). One of the succulents present, an unidentified<br />
Conophytum species, may well be a rare loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic (Steve Hammer, pers. com.,<br />
2004). Other rare species known from this unit includes Freesia speciosa, Crot<strong>al</strong>aria<br />
lebeckioides and an unusu<strong>al</strong> single-stemmed variant of Euphorbia pseudoglobosa.<br />
In the Anysberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld the matrix Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation consists of species<br />
that occur in the Anysberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos and the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Grassy Fynbos,<br />
109
with the graminoid component often well developed. This unit is easily recognized by the<br />
relative abundance of Maytenus oleoides and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus in rocky sites.<br />
Members of the Proteaceae are uncommon in the matrix Fynbos, with only a few Protea<br />
laurifolia plants present. Agathosma ovata is one of the most abundant sm<strong>al</strong>l leaved<br />
shrubs in this unit. No rare or endemic species are known from this unit. This unit is<br />
structur<strong>al</strong>ly similar to the Perdefontein and Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Fynbos-Gwarrieveld, but it differs<br />
in the combination of species present in this unit.<br />
The Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Touwsberg Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld, but here the woody trees (Euclea undulata, Pappea capensis and Rhus<br />
undulata) are more abundant on the lower slopes. The most common shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
Dodonaea angustifolia, Euryops rehmanii, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana and<br />
Pteronia fasciculata and succulents (such as Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris) are<br />
<strong>al</strong>so abundant on rocky outcrops. It differs in having rare species such as Alonsoa<br />
peduncularis, Crassula rupestris ssp. marnierana and Haworthia blackburniae var.<br />
blackburniae present.<br />
The Mistkra<strong>al</strong> Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld, but here the woody trees (Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata and Rhus<br />
undulata) are less abundant on the lower slopes. The most common shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
Euryops rehmanii, Monechma incana, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a pinifolia and Pteronia fasciculata, with<br />
succulents such as Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris abundant on rocky outcrops.<br />
Restioids (Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis gaudichaudianus, Hypodiscus striatus,<br />
Willdenowia teres, <strong>et</strong>c.) are abundant in the matrix Fynbos, but proteoid shrubs are<br />
uncommon with only Leucadendron pubescens present on the upper slopes. The only rare<br />
species known from this unit are Mur<strong>al</strong>tia karooica and Adromischus leucophyllus. The<br />
latter is an interesting disjunct population of a species that is otherwise only known from<br />
the Langeberg mountains. An unidentified Cyrthanthus species that was found here may<br />
<strong>al</strong>so be a rare species.<br />
110
The <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is somewhat similar to the Mistkra<strong>al</strong><br />
Fynbos-Gwarrieveld in having woody trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Osyris compressa and<br />
Rhus undulata) not very abundant. Here the sm<strong>al</strong>ler shrub component differs in the<br />
matrix Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation as species such as Diosma prama are present, but the same<br />
succulent species (Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris) are abundant on rocky<br />
outcrops. Restioids (mostly Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis ocreata and Hypodiscus<br />
striatus) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant and proteoid shrubs rare (only some Leucadendron pubescens)<br />
in the matrix Fynbos. Geophytes are uncommon, but Boophane disticha is occasion<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. Known rare species present in this unit include Crassula rupestris ssp.<br />
marnierana and the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Nivenia stenosiphon. An unusu<strong>al</strong> wooly-leaved<br />
Cotyledon species that was found here may be a loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic.<br />
The Eastern Swartberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Groot Swartberg Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld in having woody trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Osyris compressa and Rhus<br />
undulata) quite abundant, but here the matrix Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation consists of species<br />
typic<strong>al</strong> of the Eastern Swartberg Grassy Fynbos. Proteoid shrubs are absent or very rare<br />
with only Agathosma ovata and Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix being abundant ericoid-leaved shrubs.<br />
Geophytes are uncommon but two rare species, Apodolirion lanceolatum and Geissorhiza<br />
roseo<strong>al</strong>ba, are known from this unit. Succulents are abundant on rocky outcrops,<br />
including two rare species, Carruanthus peersii and Carruanthus ringens.<br />
The Perdefontein Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is somewhat similar to the Anysberg Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld with the matrix Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation consisting of species typic<strong>al</strong> of the <strong>Klein</strong><br />
Swartberg Grassy Fynbos and having shrubs such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix often abundant.<br />
Here, Maytenus oleoides is less abundant, but Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus and Rhus<br />
undulata are common in drainage lines. Some Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are present<br />
on the lower slopes, but they are never abundant. Members of the Proteaceae are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
uncommon in the matrix Fynbos, with only a few Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum plants present.<br />
No rare or endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
111
The Doornboom Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Mistkra<strong>al</strong> Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld, but here the woody tree component (Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea<br />
undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis and Rhus undulata) is much b<strong>et</strong>ter<br />
developed. The most common shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so Euryops rehmanii, Monechma incana,<br />
Polyg<strong>al</strong>a pinifolia and Pteronia fasciculata and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Aloe<br />
microstigma and Crassula rupestris are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in this unit. The only restioid that is<br />
som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant is Rhodocoma arida, but grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Cymbopogon<br />
plurinodes, Digitaria eriantha, <strong>et</strong>c.) are som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant. No proteoid shrubs are<br />
present and no rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but some<br />
interesting species may appear after good rain.<br />
The Keurbosch Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld as woody trees (mostly Rhus undulata) are abundant on the lower slopes, but<br />
here uncommon other species (such as C<strong>al</strong>purea intrusa) are <strong>al</strong>so present in water<br />
drainage lines. The most common shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia),<br />
Harpuisbos (Euryops rehmanii), N<strong>et</strong>v<strong>et</strong>bos (Monechma incana) and Parafienbos<br />
(Pteronia fasciculata). Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so present, but it is<br />
never dominant. Succulents, especi<strong>al</strong>ly Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris and Senecio<br />
ficoides are abundant on rocky outcrops, but many other species are <strong>al</strong>so present, e.g.<br />
Adromischus caryophyllaceus, Crassula biplanata, Lampranthus dependens and Ruschia<br />
amicorum. Geophytes are not abundant, but Strumaria spir<strong>al</strong>is may be loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant<br />
on rocky outcrops.<br />
The Gamkaskloof Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Groot Swartberg Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld in having Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) the most abundant woody tree, with<br />
Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees uncommon and the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Klipkoolhout<br />
(Lachnostylos bilocularis) tree often abundant on rocky slopes. It is <strong>al</strong>so similar to the<br />
Perdefontein Fynbos-Gwarrieveld in having other tree species (such as Gymnosporia<br />
buxifolia, Maytenus acuminata, Maytenus oleoides and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus) often<br />
abundant in water drainage lines. Proteoid shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so uncommon in the matrix<br />
Fynbos, with only a few Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum plants present. Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix is<br />
112
often abundant <strong>al</strong>ong with shrubs that are typic<strong>al</strong> of the Gamkaskloof Arid Asteraceous<br />
Fynbos. On the lower slopes some shrubs more typic<strong>al</strong> of the more inland Nama <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
region (e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata) are <strong>al</strong>so present. Geophytes and succulents are<br />
abundant on the lower rocky outcrops, of which at least one is a rare species (Moraea<br />
vlokii).<br />
The Groot Swartberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld is similar to the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Fynbos-<br />
Gwarrieveld in having Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) the most abundant woody tree, with<br />
only a few Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees present. It differs in often having the loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic Klipkoolhout (Lachnostylos bilocularis) tree often abundant on rocky slopes.<br />
Here the shrub component in the matrix Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation differs as species such as<br />
Diosma ap<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a are present, but the same restioids (Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis<br />
ocreata and Hypodiscus striatus) are abundant. Proteoid shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so uncommon, but<br />
Protea can<strong>al</strong>iculata and Protea lorifolia is som<strong>et</strong>imes present on the upper slopes. The rare<br />
Erica insignis <strong>al</strong>so occur on rocky outcrops in this unit. The same succulent species (Aloe<br />
comptonii and Crassula rupestris) are abundant on rocky outcrops, but here two rare<br />
succulents (Crassula brachystachya and Gasteria vlokii) are present that are not known to<br />
occur in any of the other Fynbos-Gwarrieveld units of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Vrede Renoster-Gwarrieveld is largely restricted to south facing slopes where the<br />
sandy-loamy soils are derived from the Wagendrift and <strong>Karoo</strong>poort formations. A sparse<br />
woody component is present, consisting <strong>al</strong>most entirely of Euclea undulata. This unit<br />
differs from the Vrede Gwarrieveld mostly in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) the most abundant shrub, with Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus) often <strong>al</strong>so<br />
abundant here. The abundance of Renosterbos is probably due to the periodic occurrence<br />
of fires, more so than through disturbance via overgrazing by domestic stock in the past.<br />
The only known uncommon species known from this unit are Gasteria brachyphylla var.<br />
bayeri, Hoodia pilifera and Tylecodon leucothrix. All three these species reach about<br />
their westernmost distribution here.<br />
113
The Warmwaterberg Renoster-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Vrede Renoster-<br />
Gwarrieveld in having a sparse component of woody trees (mostly Euclea undulata and<br />
Rhus undulata) present in a matrix of asteraceous shrubs in which Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is often prominent on the south facing slopes. Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> communities are <strong>al</strong>so present on the lower south facing slopes in which shrubs<br />
such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia paniculata and Pteronia incana are the most abundant<br />
species. Neither succulents nor geophytes seem to be abundant in this unit, but some<br />
geophytes may appear after rain. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from<br />
this unit.<br />
The northern slopes of the Hoogfontein Renoster-Gwarrieveld is similar to the<br />
Addersfontein Gwarrieveld as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata)<br />
trees are abundant on the north facing slopes, but it differs in having Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) abundant to dominant on the upper and Asbos (Pteronia<br />
incana) on the lower south facing slopes. These southern slopes are somewhat similar to<br />
those that occur in the Warmwaterberg Renoster-Gwarrieveld, but the "Apronveld-like"<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are not well developed on the lower slopes in this unit.<br />
In the Poortjieskloof Renoster-Gwarrieveld the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated by<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Asbos (Pteronia incana), with only a few<br />
Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees present on rocky<br />
outcrops. Shrubby leaf succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Ruschia and some Crassula species) and<br />
geophytes (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Drimia and Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um species) are abundant in the matrix<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but grasses are rare. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this<br />
unit, but it has been poorly surveyed. I am sure that some interesting geophytes would<br />
appear after a fire in this unit.<br />
The Koktyls Renoster-Gwarrieveld is similar to the Warmwaterberg Renoster-<br />
Gwarrieveld, but here the woody tree component (mostly Euclea undulata and Rhus<br />
undulata) is b<strong>et</strong>ter developed and often have succulents such as Crassula arborescens<br />
114
loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant amongst these trees. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is only<br />
common on the upper south facing slopes. The Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
well developed on the lower slopes with shrubs such as Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
africanus, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia fasciculata, Pteronia<br />
flexicaulis and Pteronia incana abundant in the different communities. No rare or<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but a more d<strong>et</strong>ailed survey will<br />
probably reve<strong>al</strong> some.<br />
In the Brandrivier Renoster-Gwarrieveld the northern slopes have Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities that are dominated by asteraceous shrubs and leaf-succulents, with species<br />
such as Berkeya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia incana and Ruschia ceresiana abundant in the<br />
different communities, with trees such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos<br />
(Rhus undulata) often uncommon. On the southern slopes Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) is the dominant species. These southern slopes may be rich in geophyte<br />
species, but they will require a fire to show which species are present. I suspect that some<br />
may be rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species.<br />
The Floriskra<strong>al</strong> Renoster-Gwarrieveld unit is one of the most arid Renoster-<br />
Gwarrieveld units that occur in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. Here the woody trees (Euclea<br />
undulata and Rhus undulata) are sparse on the north and south facing slopes. The unit is<br />
dominated by asteraceous shrubs, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) usu<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
abundant on the upper south facing slopes. Elements more typic<strong>al</strong> of the Nama <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
(e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata, Pentzia incana, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often abundant on the lower<br />
slopes. Succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens and Crassula rupestris) are<br />
abundant on rocky outcrops on north and south facing slopes. No rare or endemic species<br />
are known from this unit, but it is very poorly explored.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation on the northern slopes of the Ri<strong>et</strong>vlei Renoster-Gwarrieveld are similar<br />
to those that occur in the Waterv<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld, with trees such as Euclea undulata,<br />
Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata abundant in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
115
communities, where Asbos (Pteronia incana), Harpuis (Euryops oligoglossus) and Aloe<br />
microstigma are often prominent species. Heuweltjies are <strong>al</strong>so present on the northern<br />
slopes, but they are absent on the south facing slopes where the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated<br />
by Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis). Blombos (M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens) and Lebeckia<br />
cytisoides are often <strong>al</strong>so abundant on these southern slopes, as well as geophytes (e.g.<br />
species of Ixia, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um, Tritonia, <strong>et</strong>c.). No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are<br />
known from this unit, but I am sure that some will be found in the loc<strong>al</strong> Renosterveld. I<br />
suspect that the very rare Pollhillia connata may <strong>al</strong>so be present in this unit.<br />
Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld is largely restricted to arid north-facing slopes, where the<br />
usu<strong>al</strong>ly sh<strong>al</strong>low and rocky sandy to loamy soils is derived from the Wagendrift and<br />
Witpoort formations. It is similar to the Vrede Renoster-Gwarrieveld in having a sparse<br />
cover of Euclea undulata, but differs in Elytropappus rhinocerotis being uncommon.<br />
Drought tolerant shrubs and succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Braunsia apiculata, Crassula<br />
rupestris, Monechma incanum, Pelargonium <strong>al</strong>ternans, Pteronia fasciculata, Sarcostemma<br />
vimin<strong>al</strong>e, <strong>et</strong>c.) are abundant and prominent on the rocky outcrops. Most of this unit has<br />
been subjected to severe grazing pressure with p<strong>al</strong>atable species such as Cymbopogon<br />
plurinodes, Monechma incanum, Zygophyllum fulvum, <strong>et</strong>c. now being uncommon. This<br />
unit is mostly free of <strong>al</strong>ien plants, but a few Opuntia ficus-indica plants have been seen in<br />
this unit. Quaqua linearis and Romulea sphaerocarpa are two rare species known to occur<br />
in this unit.<br />
The Rooinekpas Gwarrieveld is quite a distinctive unit in which Gwarrie trees (Euclea<br />
undulata) are som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities that are mostly<br />
dominated by leaf succulents (often with Crassula rupestris very abundant) and sm<strong>al</strong>l<br />
shrubs, such as Berkeya cuneata and the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Dicoma relhanioides.<br />
Geophytes (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Ox<strong>al</strong>is species) and sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents (e.g. Conophytum and<br />
Haworthia species) are often <strong>al</strong>so present and some of these may be loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species.<br />
116
The Keurfontein Arid Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld in<br />
having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring (Gloveria<br />
integrifolia) trees present in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in which<br />
asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens,<br />
Crassula rupestris, Monechma incanum, Pelargonium <strong>al</strong>ternans, Pteronia fasciculata and<br />
Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii are abundant. It differs in the species present on the south-facing<br />
slope, where some fynbos elements (such as Ischyrolepis ocreatus) and a rich assemblage<br />
of sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Crassula species) are present. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species are known from this unit, but I suspect that some will appear after good<br />
rain.<br />
The northern slopes of the Bylshoek Arid Gwarrieveld are <strong>al</strong>so similar to the Vrede<br />
Arid Gwarrieveld in having Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata)<br />
trees present in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in which asteraceous shrubs<br />
and succulents such as Aloe microstigma, Crassula rupestris, Monechma incanum,<br />
Pelargonium <strong>al</strong>ternans, Pteronia fasciculata, Pteronia incana and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii are<br />
abundant. It differs in having some Apronveld communities present on the lower slops in<br />
which Pteronia paniculata is usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant and having some Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) on the south facing slopes. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species are known from this unit, but some interesting geophytes may appear after good<br />
rain.<br />
The Langeberg Arid Gwarrieveld is somewhat similar to the Keurfontein Arid<br />
Gwarrieveld in having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring<br />
(Gloveria integrifolia) trees present in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in which<br />
asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris, Pteronia<br />
fasciculata, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata and Ruschia caroli are abundant, but it<br />
differs in having fynbos elements (such as Ischyrolepis ocreatus, Passerina obtusifolia,<br />
Rhodocoma arida, <strong>et</strong>c.) more prominent and in having a rich assemblage of succulents<br />
(especi<strong>al</strong>ly Crassula species) present on rocky outcrops, of which Adromischus<br />
leucophyllus is a loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic.<br />
117
The Zewefontein Arid Gwarrieveld may be confused with the nearby Touws River<br />
Pruimveld, but Doppruim (Pappea capensis) is absent or very rare here. It is more similar<br />
to the Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld in having a sparse cover of Gwarrie trees (Euclea<br />
undulata) present in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in which species such as<br />
Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, Monechma incanum and<br />
Pteronia fasciculata are often prominent, but it differs in having rare species such as<br />
Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis that are absent from the Vrede Arid<br />
Gwarrieveld. Much of this unit has been subjected to severe grazing pressure, in which<br />
case an abundance of Aloe striata is a good indicator.<br />
The Warmwaterberg Arid Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Slangkrans Arid<br />
Gwarrieveld, but here the woody trees present, Gwarrie (Euclea undulata),<br />
Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata), are more<br />
abundant. The matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are <strong>al</strong>so dominated by asteraceous<br />
shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Braunsia apiculata, Crassula arborescens,<br />
Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, Monechma incanum, Pteronia fasciculata and<br />
Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, but here the species typic<strong>al</strong> of the Breede River system (e.g. Ruschia<br />
caroli) are rare or absent, while more eastern elements (e.g. Cerochlamys pachyphylla)<br />
are present. Some fynbos elements (e.g. Rhodocoma arida) are <strong>al</strong>so present on south<br />
facing slopes. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
Despite its limited extend the Elandsvlei Gwarrieveld is quite a distinctive veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
unit. Here sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Thick<strong>et</strong> bush-clumps, in which woody tree species such as<br />
Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata are prominent, occur in a matrix<br />
of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities where an unusu<strong>al</strong> combination of species that are<br />
typic<strong>al</strong> of both the Succulent - and Nama <strong>Karoo</strong> biomes are present. They include species<br />
such as Aloe ferox, Blepharis inermis, Cadaba aphylla, Euphorbia burmanii, Euphorbia<br />
mauritanica, Euryops lateriflorus, Hermannia flammula, Hermannia s<strong>al</strong>viifolia,<br />
Mestoklema tuberosum, Lycium cinereum and Pentzia incana. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species are known from this unit, but this unit is of particular interest as it<br />
118
epresents the westernmost examples of true Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> bush clumps occurring<br />
in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities.<br />
The Vleiland Gwarrieveld unit occurs in a very arid environment where the woody tree<br />
component (mostly Euclea undulata and Rhus undulata) is sparse, despite the fact that<br />
this unit is largely restricted to south facing slopes. Here the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> matrix<br />
communities are dominated by sm<strong>al</strong>l asteraceous shrubs with shrubby leaf succulents<br />
uncommon. The only known loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present is Monechma robustum.<br />
The Prinspoort Arid Gwarrieveld is similar to the Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Fynbos-Gwarrieveld in<br />
having woody trees such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring (Gloveria<br />
integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) prominent on north facing slopes in a matrix<br />
of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities where species such as Dodonaea angustifolia, Euryops<br />
rehmanii, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana and Pteronia fasciculata and<br />
succulents such as Aloe comptonii and Crassula rupestris are abundant. It differs,<br />
however, in not having fynbos elements prominent (only some Phylica axillaris,<br />
Rhodocoma arida, <strong>et</strong>c.) and having its own component of rare species present, such as<br />
Mur<strong>al</strong>tia karooica and Stapeliopsis exasperata.<br />
In the Snyberg Gwarrieveld woody trees such as Gwarrie (Euclea undulata),<br />
Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring (Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) are abundant in<br />
the fairly sandy soils, where the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities often have grasses<br />
(e.g. Cymbopogon plurinodis, Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis capensis,<br />
Eragrostis curvula, Sporobolus fimbriatus, <strong>et</strong>c.) abundant amongst the dominant shrubs<br />
(Gnidia deserticola, Helichrysum zeyheri, Monechma incana, Pentzia incana and sever<strong>al</strong><br />
Pteronia species). Succulents (Aloe ferox, Bulbine frutescens, Crassula rupestris and<br />
sever<strong>al</strong> Drosanthemum species) and geophytes (e.g. Babiana securigera, Freesia<br />
corymbosa, Lapeirousia pyramid<strong>al</strong>is, Moraea polystachya, Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) are<br />
<strong>al</strong>so abundant in this unit. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known in this unit.<br />
The Rouxpos Gwarrieveld may be confused with the Rouxpos Randteveld, but here the<br />
woody trees (mostly Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhus undulata and some<br />
119
Pappea capensis) and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Rhigozum obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are much more abundant on the north and south facing slopes. The matrix Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> communities are <strong>al</strong>so dominated by asteraceous shrubs (mostly Pentzia and<br />
Pteronia species) and succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Crassula arborescens and Crassula rupestris,<br />
but some Aloe comptonii and Aloe microstigma <strong>al</strong>so present), but some grass (mostly<br />
Aristida diffusa) is <strong>al</strong>so present. Huernia praestans is the only rare species known from<br />
this unit.<br />
The northern slopes of the Slangkrans Arid Gwarrieveld are similar to the Keurfontein<br />
Arid Gwarrieveld in having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring<br />
(Gloveria integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees present in a matrix of<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in which asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe<br />
comptonii, Braunsia apiculata, Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia<br />
mauritanica, Monechma incanum, Pteronia fasciculata and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii are<br />
abundant. It differs in having more fynbos elements (such as Ischyrolepis ocreatus,<br />
Euryops tenuissimus, <strong>et</strong>c.) and succulents more typic<strong>al</strong> of the Breede River system (e.g.<br />
Ruschia caroli) present. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
The Spitskop Arid Gwarrieveld is somewhat intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Bylshoek and<br />
Vrede Arid Gwarrieveld units as it <strong>al</strong>so has Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos<br />
(Rhus undulata) trees present in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities where<br />
asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Aloe microstigma, Crassula<br />
rupestris, Monechma incanum, Pelargonium <strong>al</strong>ternans, Pteronia fasciculata, Tylecodon<br />
paniculata and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii are present, but it differs in having some Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> communities present on the lower slops in which species typic<strong>al</strong> of the Spitskop<br />
Apronveld occurs. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but I<br />
suspect that some interesting geophytes may appear after good rain.<br />
The Waboomsberg Arid Gwarrieveld is similar to the Slangkrans Arid Gwarrieveld in<br />
having a sparse cover of Gwarrie (Euclea undulata), Sp<strong>al</strong>kpendoring (Gloveria<br />
integrifolia) and Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees present in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
120
communities in which asteraceous shrubs and succulents such as Aloe comptonii,<br />
Braunsia apiculata, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, Pteronia fasciculata,<br />
Pteronia incana, Ruschia caroli and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii are abundant. It differs in being a<br />
moister unit, as this unit occurs mostly on south facing slopes, with the shrubs in the<br />
matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation denser and in which Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) is present. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
The Zoar Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Elandsvlei Gwarrieveld, but here the<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> bush-clumps are not well developed. The most common woody trees are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata, but the loc<strong>al</strong> matrix Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> communities som<strong>et</strong>imes <strong>al</strong>so have Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) present. Much of this unit has been subjected to<br />
severe grazing pressure, with Blepharis inermis and Pentzia incana abundant in these<br />
sites. Succulents (e.g. Glottiphyllum depressum) and geophytes (e.g. Tritonia securigera)<br />
are abundant in the less disturbed sites No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known<br />
from this unit, but some interesting species may appear after good rain.<br />
The Gouritsrivier Sandolien-Ruigtewoud consists of a patchwork of quite different<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation types. Patches of Spekboomveld (typic<strong>al</strong> of the Va<strong>al</strong>hoek Arid<br />
Spekboomveld) occur sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly on arid north facing slopes, while patches of Gouritz<br />
V<strong>al</strong>ley Thick<strong>et</strong> (in which species such as Azima t<strong>et</strong>racantha, Buddleja s<strong>al</strong>igna, Capparis<br />
sepiaria, Euclea undulata, Gymnosporia buxifolia, Olea europaea, Pappea capensis,<br />
Putterlickia pyracantha, Rhus glauca, Rhus pterota, Schotia afra, Scolopia mundii,<br />
Sideroxylon inerme, Tarchonanthus camphoratus, <strong>et</strong>c. are prominent) are often present on<br />
fire-protected south facing slopes. Some Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities (usu<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
dominated by Pteronia species, with many succulents present) are often present on the<br />
hilltops, but the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated by Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) on<br />
the northern slopes and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) on the south facing<br />
slopes. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but I am sure that<br />
a more thorough survey will reve<strong>al</strong> sever<strong>al</strong>.<br />
121
The Matjiesvlei Sandolien-Thick<strong>et</strong> is similar to the Gouritsrivier Sandolien-Ruigtewoud<br />
as it <strong>al</strong>so consists of a patchwork of sever<strong>al</strong> different veg<strong>et</strong>ation types in a matrix<br />
dominated by Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis), but it differs in having the Thick<strong>et</strong> patches less prominent, in having more<br />
Fynbos elements (e.g. Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix) present and in having Asbos (Pteronia incana)<br />
more abundant in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species are known from this unit, but some interesting species may be present, especi<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
on the sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e-topped hills.<br />
The Eyerpoort Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Vrede Gwarrieveld as Gwarrie trees<br />
(Euclea undulata) are abundant in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but here the<br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation differs as more heuweltjies are present, as some patches are<br />
dominated by Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) and as some quartz pebble outcrops (usu<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
with Pteronia flexicaulis and succulents such as Antegibbaeum fissoides abundant) are<br />
present. The very rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Gibbaeum johnstonii occurs in this unit.<br />
In the Poortjieskloof Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated<br />
by asteraceous shrubs (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Pteronia species), but Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) is uncommon, even on southern slopes. Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and<br />
Koeniebos (Rhus undulata) trees are abundant on the northern and som<strong>et</strong>imes <strong>al</strong>so the<br />
southern slopes. Some heuweltjies are <strong>al</strong>so present, often with succulents such as<br />
Botterboom (Tylecodon paniculata) prominent. Shrubby leaf succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
Drosanthemum and Ruschia species, including Ruschia caroli) and geophytes (especi<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
Drimia, Hesperantha and Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um species) are abundant in the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
Annu<strong>al</strong> grasses (e.g. Ehrharta erecta) are often abundant on south facing slopes, but they<br />
are often displaced by <strong>al</strong>ien species (e.g. Bromus, Hordeum and Lolium species). A<br />
number of interesting sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents are present on rocky sites (e.g. Conophytum<br />
piluliforme), of which some (e.g. some unidentified Antimima species) may be loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemics. Some rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic geophytes, such as Wurmbea compacta and<br />
Tritonia watermeyeri are known from this unit. I have little doubt that a more careful<br />
survey will reve<strong>al</strong> more interesting species.<br />
122
Vrede Gwarrieveld is intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Touws River Pruimveld and the Vrede<br />
Apronveld. Woody trees are still abundant in a matrix of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities,<br />
but these consists mostly only have Euclea undulata. It is easily distinguished from the<br />
Touws River Pruimveld in that it lacks Pappea capensis in the woody component and<br />
Pteronia fasciculata as a prominent shrub in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> matrix. The shrub<br />
component consists of species that are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in the Vrede Apronveld, e.g.<br />
Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens,<br />
T<strong>et</strong>ragonia fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c. Most of this unit has been exposed to serious grazing pressure,<br />
which resulted in the invasion by Elytropappus rhinocerotis. On the more clayey soils the<br />
disturbed sites have been invaded by Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens and Hereroha gracilis. In the well-<br />
rested areas the Renosterbos shrubs became senescent and are being replaced by more<br />
p<strong>al</strong>atable shrubs (e.g. Berkheya spinosa) and grasses (e.g. Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina), a very<br />
promising sign that Gwarrieveld communities can revert back to near pristine conditions<br />
if well rested from grazing pressure. The only rare species known to be present in this<br />
unit is Tritonia watermeyeri.<br />
In the VanWyksfontein Gwarrieveld woody trees (mostly Euclea undulata, Gloveria<br />
integrifolia, Rhus undulata, Schotia afra and some Pappea capensis) are quite abundant in<br />
the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities in which N<strong>et</strong>v<strong>et</strong>bos (Monechma incana),<br />
succulents (such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia<br />
mauritanica, Ruschia ceresianus, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.) and geophytes (especi<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
Moraea polystachya) are abundant. This unit is somewhat similar to the Snyberg<br />
Gwarrieveld as grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon plurinodis, Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta<br />
c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Sporobolus fimbriatus, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often abundant where the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities occur on sandy soils. Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) is often very abundant in<br />
disturbed sites. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but some<br />
interesting annu<strong>al</strong> species may appear after rain.<br />
The Addersfontein Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Hoogfontein Gwarrieveld, but it<br />
is a more arid unit in which the Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are less abundant. The<br />
matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are <strong>al</strong>so different as species such as Felicia filifolia,<br />
123
Jamesbrittenia atropurpurea, Microloma saggitata, Phymaspermum aciculare and Sutera<br />
h<strong>al</strong>mifolia are often abundant, but these communities are <strong>al</strong>so dominated by Pteronia<br />
species with succulents (e.g. Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris, <strong>et</strong>c.) abundant. No<br />
rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
The Bellair Gwarrieveld is most similar to the VanWyksfontein Gwarrieveld as woody<br />
trees (Euclea undulata, Rhus undulata and some Schotia afra) are abundant in Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> communities where species such as Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica,<br />
Monechma incana, Pteronia fasciculata, Ruschia ceresianus and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii are<br />
prominent, but Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) are <strong>al</strong>so present in this unit. Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) is <strong>al</strong>so abundant in<br />
disturbed sites in this unit. The only rare species known from this unit is Cotyledon<br />
tomentosa ssp. ladismithiensis.<br />
In the Mistkra<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa,<br />
Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are<br />
abundant in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities, in which species such as Crassula<br />
arborescens, Crassula rupestris, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Monechma<br />
incanum, Nylandtia spinosa, Pteronia paniculata, Pteronia flexicaulis, Tylecodon<br />
w<strong>al</strong>lichii and Wiborgia mucronata are prominent. Some grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa,<br />
Cymbopogon plurinodis, Eragrostis curvula, Sporobolus fimbriatus, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so present,<br />
but they are not very abundant. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from the<br />
unit, but sever<strong>al</strong> Trichodiadema species were noted here and some of them may be rare.<br />
The Soutkloof Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Harmonie Gwarrieveld as woody trees<br />
and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus<br />
undulata) are abundant, but since this unit is mostly confined to northern slopes the<br />
matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are dominated by asteraceous shrubs and succulents<br />
such as Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris and Euphorbia mauritanica, with<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) absent to very rare. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species are known from this unit.<br />
124
In the Poplers Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (mostly only Euclea undulata,<br />
Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are sparse and mostly restricted to the north<br />
facing slopes. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is often abundant on the south<br />
facing slopes, <strong>al</strong>ong with shrubs such as Felicia filifolia, Lebeckia cytisoides and Pteronia<br />
incana. Few heuweltjies are present in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation, where the<br />
communities are mostly dominated by sm<strong>al</strong>l asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata,<br />
Pteronia flexicaulis and Pteronia paniculata) with Asbos (Pteronia incana) the dominant<br />
species on sites where deep loamy soils occur. Succulents are <strong>al</strong>so abundant, including<br />
species such as Adromischus filicaulis, Antegibbaeum fissoides, Astroloba corrugata,<br />
Crassula congesta ssp. laticeph<strong>al</strong>a, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia mauritanica, and<br />
Glottiphyllum fergusoniae. Some of these succulents, e.g. Gibbaeum velutinum, are<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species.<br />
The Harmonie Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Poplers Gwarrieveld, but here the<br />
woody trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis,<br />
Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata and some Schotia afra) are more abundant on the<br />
north and south facing slopes. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Lebeckia<br />
cytisoides are less abundant on the southern slopes and the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities are b<strong>et</strong>ter developed, but the most abundant shrubs remain to be Berkheya<br />
cuneata, Crassula rupestris, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia incana and Pteronia paniculata.<br />
Succulents are <strong>al</strong>so abundant, but the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species typic<strong>al</strong> of the Poplers<br />
Gwarrieveld are absent here. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this<br />
unit.<br />
The Adamskra<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld may be confused with the Ockertskra<strong>al</strong> Arid<br />
Spekboomveld as the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is currently structur<strong>al</strong>ly very similar, with Gwarrie trees<br />
(Euclea undulata) quite abundant in matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities that are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
dominated by asteraceous shrubs and leaf succulents. There are, however, no indications<br />
that Spekboom was ever abundant in this unit in recent times, especi<strong>al</strong>ly as quite<br />
p<strong>al</strong>atable species, such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya spinosa, Microloma saggitata and<br />
Phymaspermum aciculare are still abundant in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities.<br />
125
It is furthermore quite a distinctive unit in having unusu<strong>al</strong> variants (perhaps different<br />
species) of Lotononis dissitinodis and Zeuktophyllum c<strong>al</strong>ycinum present.<br />
The Springfontein Gwarrieveld is very similar to the Waterv<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld in having<br />
woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia,<br />
Nymannia capensis and Rhus undulata) and succulents such as Aloe microstigma,<br />
Crassula arborescens, Crassula rupestris and Tylecodon paniculata abundant on north<br />
facing slopes and the silcr<strong>et</strong>e-topped hills present in this unit. The matrix Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> communities are <strong>al</strong>so dominated by asteraceous shrubs and have many heuweltjies<br />
(where Tylecodon paniculata is <strong>al</strong>so prominent), but it differs in lacking the quartz<br />
patches typic<strong>al</strong> of the Waterv<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld and in being quite rich in geophytes (e.g.<br />
species of Moraea, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um, Tritonia, <strong>et</strong>c.). The loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Euphorbia<br />
sussanae occurs sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly in these Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities and some of the<br />
geophytes present may <strong>al</strong>so be uncommon species.<br />
In the Waterv<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are rich in<br />
species and dominated by asteraceous shrubs and leaf-succulent species with Asbos<br />
(Pteronia incana), Harpuis (Euryops oligoglossus) and Aloe microstigma often abundant.<br />
Sm<strong>al</strong>l parches of quartz outcrops <strong>al</strong>so occur here, in which the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
succulent Gibbaeum angulipes is usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. Heuweltjies are often prominent and<br />
have Botterboom (Tylecodon paniculata) often present on them. Woody trees, mostly<br />
Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata, are most abundant on north<br />
facing slopes, but they are <strong>al</strong>so common on the southern slopes of the silcr<strong>et</strong>e-topped hills<br />
present in this unit. This unit is structur<strong>al</strong>ly similar to the Blossoms - and Springfontein<br />
Gwarrieveld units, but this unit differs in the species present in the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities. The only rare species noted here is Haworthia magnifica, but a more<br />
careful survey may reve<strong>al</strong> more species.<br />
The Horlosiekrans Gwarrieveld is quite a distinctive unit that has species present in the<br />
matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities that are typic<strong>al</strong> of both the western Succulent<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> region (e.g. Pelargonium crithmifolium) and the eastern Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> region<br />
126
(e.g. Pelargonium fragile). Woody trees and shrubs such as Euclea undulata, Nymannia<br />
capensis, Rhigozum undulatum and Rhus undulata and succulents such as Aloe<br />
microstigma are abundant on the north facing slopes, but they are uncommon on the<br />
southern slopes where shrubs such as Asbos (Pteronia incana) and some Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) predominates. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are<br />
known from this unit, but it is possible that the rare Geissorhiza truncatula would appear<br />
after a fire. This unit is of significance to conservation even if no rare species are present,<br />
as the combination of common species present is of particular bio-geographic interest.<br />
The Doornkloof Gwarrieveld share many of its common species with the Springfontein<br />
Gwarrieveld, but woody trees and shrubs (mostly only Euclea undulata, Gloveria<br />
integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are sparse here. The matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities<br />
are <strong>al</strong>so dominated by asteraceous shrubs (mostly Pteronia species), with Euphorbia<br />
mauritanica, Zygophyllum fo<strong>et</strong>idum and Zygophyllum morgsana occasion<strong>al</strong>ly prominent<br />
on south facing slopes. Sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz pebble patches (usu<strong>al</strong>ly with Berkeya cuneata<br />
prominent) are present and they have many sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents (e.g. Antegibbaeum<br />
fissoides, Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum curtophyllum, Conophytum joubertii, Crassula tecta, <strong>et</strong>c.), of<br />
which some (e.g. Trichodiadema h<strong>al</strong>lii) are loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species. Other species of<br />
interest in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are Euphorbia pillansii and Tritonia<br />
watermeyeri.<br />
The Montagu Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Poplers Gwarrieveld, but here the<br />
woody trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) are<br />
abundant on the north facing slopes, often <strong>al</strong>ong with succulents such as Aloe<br />
microstigma and Tylecodon paniculata. Heuweltjies are <strong>al</strong>so prominent on the north<br />
facing slopes and they often have Asbos (Pteronia incana) abundant on them.<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and shrubs such as Felicia filifolia, Lebeckia<br />
cytisoides and Pteronia incana are abundant on the south facing slopes, where geophytes<br />
and sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents (e.g. Haworthia pumila) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. Some of these<br />
geophytes, e.g. Ixia gloriosa, are very rare loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species.<br />
127
The Barryd<strong>al</strong>e Gwarrieveld is somewhat intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Poplers and<br />
Montagu Gwarrieveld units, with woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea<br />
undulata, Gloveria integrifolia and Rhus undulata) sparse on the north and south facing<br />
slopes, but here the veg<strong>et</strong>ation on the south facing slopes is most similar to of the<br />
Barryd<strong>al</strong>e Asbos-Renosterveld unit in having shrubs such as Asbos (Pteronia incana),<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Lebeckia cytisoides the dominant species.<br />
This unit is <strong>al</strong>so rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Pelargonium rapaceum,<br />
Syringodea longituba, Tritonia p<strong>al</strong>lida, <strong>et</strong>c.) and succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus,<br />
Aloe microstigma, Anacampseros telephiastrum, Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum subulatum,<br />
Conophytum joubertii, Drosanthemum speciosum, Euphorbia clandestina, Glottiphyllum<br />
depressum, Lampranthus haworthii, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.) of<br />
which some are rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species (e.g. Gibbaeum velutinum, Haworthia<br />
maraisii, <strong>et</strong>c.).<br />
The Liebervywer Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Harmonie Gwarrieveld as woody<br />
trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum<br />
obovatum and Rhus undulata) are abundant in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities,<br />
in which species such as Berkheya cuneata, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia burmanii,<br />
Euphorbia mauritanica, Felicia filifolia, Monechma incanum, Pteronia incana, Tylecodon<br />
paniculata and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii are abundant. It differs from the Harmonie<br />
Gwarrieveld in having other uncommon species present, such as Lotononis dissitinodes.<br />
A more careful survey of especi<strong>al</strong>ly the sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e-capped hills present in this unit<br />
may reve<strong>al</strong> the presence of other rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species.<br />
The Tweefontein Gwarrieveld consists of a combination of plant communities that<br />
occur <strong>al</strong>so in other units in the area. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation on the northern slopes approaches<br />
those present in the Poortfontein Randteveld, but woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Euclea<br />
undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are much more abundant here. The<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation present on the southern slopes is somewhat similar to those present in the<br />
Soutkloof Asbos-Renosterveld, but Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is less<br />
abundant, while Euphorbia mauritanica, Tylecodon paniculata and Zygophyllum<br />
128
morgsana are much more abundant. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from<br />
this unit.<br />
The Sandkra<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Adamskra<strong>al</strong> Gwarrieveld, but this<br />
unit is more arid and the woody trees and shrubs (Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia,<br />
Rhigozum obovatum, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are much sparser. Some heuweltjies are<br />
present on the north and south facing slopes and they often have Asbos (Pteronia incana)<br />
and Botterboom (Tylecodon paniculata) on them. The matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities are <strong>al</strong>so dominated by asteraceous shrubs (mostly Pteronia species), but<br />
succulents (Aloe microstigma, Gasteria brachyphylla, <strong>et</strong>c.) are not abundant. No rare or<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
The Nooitgedacht Gwarrieveld is most similar to the Volmoed Arid Spekboomveld, but<br />
here Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) is less abundant. Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis and some<br />
Pappea capensis) are relatively abundant in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities,<br />
which are mostly dominated by Pteronia species, with succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma,<br />
Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.) abundant and some grass (e.g. Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina) present.<br />
Some heuweltjies are present, but they are not prominent. Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um sardienii and<br />
Tylecodon cac<strong>al</strong>ioides are the only rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species known from this<br />
unit.<br />
The Mons Ruber Waboom-Thick<strong>et</strong> is quite a distinctive unit with certain Subtropic<strong>al</strong><br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> elements prominent on the north facing slopes (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa,<br />
Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Rhus undulata and some Portulacaria afra), while<br />
other woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Cassine euclaeformis, Gymnosporia buxifolia,<br />
Maytenus acuminata, Maytenus oleoides, Nymannia capensis, Olea europaea ssp.<br />
africana, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, <strong>et</strong>c.) are abundant in fire-protected sites on the<br />
south facing slopes. Fynbos elements (e.g. Agathosma recurvifolia, Erica karooica,<br />
Ishyrolepis gaudichaudianus, Passerina obtusifolia, Protea nitida, Rhodocoma arida,<br />
Rhodocoma gracilis, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often prominent on the south facing slopes. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare<br />
129
and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species occur here, including Babiana sp.nov (radians), Haworthia<br />
blackburniae var. derustensis, Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia latimeriae, Machairophyllum brevifolium,<br />
Machairophyllum latifolium and Manulea derustiana.<br />
5.3.2 Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
5.3.2.1 Randteveld<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Spreeufontein Randteveld is similar to those of the Touwsfontein<br />
Ranteveld, both in its structure and floristic component, but differs in being a more arid<br />
unit with some differentiation in the species present. It <strong>al</strong>so occurs on sh<strong>al</strong>low clayey<br />
soils derived from the siltstone and sh<strong>al</strong>es of the Adolph sport group of formations, where<br />
both the tree component (mostly Euclea undulata) and shrubs (e.g. Berkheya spinosa,<br />
Carissa haematocarpa, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Osteospermum scariosum, <strong>et</strong>c.) are sparse.<br />
Typic<strong>al</strong> is the abundance of the leaf succulents Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae and Hereroha<br />
gracilis on north facing slopes. The very rare loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Tanquana hilmari is<br />
restricted to sh<strong>al</strong>low soils on sh<strong>al</strong>e ridges in this unit, which interestingly replaces the<br />
similar looking Gibbeaum nebrownii of the Touwsfontein Randteveld in this unit. Indeed<br />
a rather remarkable example of convergent evolution.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Rouxpos Randteveld is intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween those of the<br />
Spreeufontein - and Prince Albert Randteveld units. In this unit trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs<br />
(mostly only Euclea undulata, Rhigozum obovatum and Rhus burchellii) are more<br />
prominent on southern slopes than in the Spreeufontein unit, but they are not as abundant<br />
as they are in the Prince Albert Randteveld. Succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula<br />
arborescence and Monsonia crassicaule are often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant, but this unit is not<br />
very rich in species. Shrubs remain sparse, but the presence of species such as<br />
Slanghoutjie (Garuleum bipinnatum) is quite characteristic to distinguish it from<br />
surrounding veg<strong>et</strong>ation units. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this<br />
unit.<br />
130
The Prince Albert Randteveld should <strong>al</strong>so be regarded as being part of a large unit that<br />
intrudes into the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> from the north, rather than being a sm<strong>al</strong>l unit endemic to<br />
the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. Elements typic<strong>al</strong> of Nama <strong>Karoo</strong> Randteveld types (e.g. Crassula<br />
rupestris, Euphorbia arceuthobioides, Fingerhuthia africana, Pentzia incana, Pteronia<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lens, Rhigozum obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent and dominant in this unit. It differs<br />
from the Prince Albert Apronveld unit in lacking the sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of quartz gravels and<br />
having Rhigozum obovatum very prominent, <strong>al</strong>ong with some Euclea undulata trees.<br />
The Montagu Randteveld is <strong>al</strong>so a very arid unit with shrubs and trees very sparse on<br />
north facing slopes. It is most similar to the Rouxpos Randteveld unit as they share most<br />
of their common species, but it differs in having a more shrubby leaf succulents present,<br />
including uncommon species such as Drosanthemum micans. Another difference is that<br />
Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) is often prominent here in disturbed sites.<br />
Vrede Randteveld occurs mostly on sh<strong>al</strong>low clayey soils derived from the siltstone and<br />
sh<strong>al</strong>es of the Tra-Tra and Waboomsberg formations. It is most similar to the<br />
Touwsfontein Randteveld, but it differs in its species composition, as it is a less arid<br />
habitat. Sm<strong>al</strong>l trees and shrubs such as Euclea undulata and Nymannia capensis are<br />
occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present even on north facing slopes. Some of the succulents typic<strong>al</strong> of the<br />
Touwsfontein Randteveld (e.g. Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae) are absent or rare, but<br />
Crassula arborescens remains abundant on north facing slopes. The shrub component is<br />
similar to those of the Touwsfontein Randteveld, but t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs are more abundant and<br />
species such as Pteronia incana and Elytropappus rhinocerotis occurs on the south-facing<br />
slopes. There seems to be nothing unique to this unit, except the combination of abundant<br />
species on the north and south slopes. In <strong>al</strong>l respects a true intermediate unit, with no<br />
known rare on endemic units known to occur here.<br />
The Touwsfontein Randteveld is restricted to sh<strong>al</strong>low clayey soils that are derived from<br />
the sh<strong>al</strong>e and mudstones of the Klipbokkop formation. Here the tree and t<strong>al</strong>l shrub<br />
component is very sparse with only a few gnarled Carissa haematocarpa and Euclea<br />
undulata trees present. Shrubs and succulents with Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa,<br />
Chrysocoma ciliata, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Hereroa gracilis, Osteospermum scariosum,<br />
131
Pentzia incana, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, S<strong>al</strong>sola tuberculata, T<strong>et</strong>ragonia fruticosa and<br />
Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum the most abundant species dominate the sparse veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
Other characteristic shrubs and succulents are Crassula arborescens, Crassula subaphylla,<br />
Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae, Dicoma spinosa, Plumbago triste, Pteronia flexicaulis,<br />
Rosenia humilis and Sclel<strong>et</strong>ium tortuosum. The only known rare plants present are<br />
Conophytum joubertii and the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Gibbaeum nebrownii that are restricted<br />
to outcrops of bare sh<strong>al</strong>e in this unit.<br />
The VanWyksfontein Randteveld unit typic<strong>al</strong>ly lacks woody trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs on the<br />
northern slopes, except the odd Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) tree, but this Randteveld unit<br />
is very distinctive as it occasion<strong>al</strong>ly has sm<strong>al</strong>l, but well-developed quartz patches present<br />
in which Gibbaeum pubescence is prominent, <strong>al</strong>ong with a few Gibbaeum heathii and in<br />
having the otherwise quite rare Zeuktophyllum suppositum loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in some<br />
sites. Other oddities include a form of Oedera resinifera that lacks the long peduncles and<br />
an unusu<strong>al</strong> variant of Euphorbia pillansii.<br />
In the Bellair Randteveld trees are <strong>al</strong>so sparse on the northern slopes, with only a few<br />
Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koenie (Rhus undulata) trees present, but t<strong>al</strong>l woody<br />
shrubs such as Klapperbos (Nymannia capensis) and Granaat (Rhigozum obovatum) are<br />
often abundant <strong>al</strong>ong with the distinctive western Little <strong>Karoo</strong> endemic Crot<strong>al</strong>aria<br />
lebeckioides. Succulents such as Aloe comptonii, Crassula arborescens and Crassula<br />
rupestris are <strong>al</strong>so prominent on these northern slopes.<br />
The Plathuis Randteveld unit occurs in a very arid environment where only a few<br />
Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are present on south facing slopes, while drought<br />
resilient shrubs such as Granaat (Rhigozum obovatum) and succulents like Sosaties<br />
(Crassula rupestris) and Cylindrophyllum comptonii are the most abundant succulents on<br />
the north facing slopes. The lack of species richness in this unit may be due to severe<br />
grazing pressure in the past, but it is hard to tell, as no common indicators of disturbance<br />
are present.<br />
132
The Ockertskra<strong>al</strong> Randteveld unit is very similar to the Plathuis Randteveld unit, but<br />
differs in having the woody tree component b<strong>et</strong>ter developed on south facing slopes and<br />
having some Boerboon (Schotia afra) even on north facing slopes present. The loc<strong>al</strong> plant<br />
communities remain poor in species, perhaps <strong>al</strong>so due to heavy grazing pressure over a<br />
prolonged time, as the occasion<strong>al</strong> abundance of Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) on south<br />
facing slopes and sosaties (Crassula rupestris) on north facing slopes seem to indicate.<br />
Sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz gravel patches are present in this unit, but they are not rich in species with<br />
no species of particular interest present.<br />
The Stormberg Randteveld is somewhat similar to the Zewefontein Gwarrieveld in the<br />
common species present, but differs in having Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) uncommon on<br />
north and south facing slopes and the veg<strong>et</strong>ation being sparser. Sm<strong>al</strong>l strips of Apronveld<br />
may be present on the lower slopes with distinctive shrubs such as Barleria pungens<br />
present. Zygophyllum fo<strong>et</strong>idum, Zygophyllum morgsana and Euphorbia mauritanica are<br />
often abundant on the upper south facing slopes. No rare on loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species<br />
are known from this unit.<br />
The Kareebosch Randteveld <strong>al</strong>so has sm<strong>al</strong>l narrow strips of Apronveld present on the<br />
lower slopes, often with Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. Sm<strong>al</strong>l, diffuse<br />
patches of quartz occur occasion<strong>al</strong>ly in this unit, but they do not have a rich assemblage<br />
of succulents present. Only a few Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Boerboon (Schotia afra)<br />
trees occur on south and north facing slopes. It is most similar to Request Randteveld, but<br />
differs in having species such as Crassula rupestris less abundant.<br />
The Poortfontein Randteveld is somewhat similar to the Stormberg Randteveld, but<br />
differs in the veg<strong>et</strong>ation that occurs on the southern slopes that are often very rocky. Here<br />
Gwarrie trees and sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs such as Berkeya cuneata and Nenax microphylla are often<br />
abundant on the southern slopes, with Zygophyllum morgsana rare. The only rare species<br />
known from this unit is Adromischus mammilaris, which occasion<strong>al</strong>ly occurs on rocky<br />
outcrops on the south facing slopes.<br />
133
The Soutkloof Randteveld unit seems to occur in an arid and probably cold environment<br />
on mostly very sh<strong>al</strong>low, sh<strong>al</strong>e soils, as trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs are <strong>al</strong>most absent and even<br />
the short shrubs, e.g. Berkeya cuneata and Pteronia species, are sparse. Succulents are not<br />
very common either, with only some Crassula congesta and Braunsia apiculata present in<br />
the sparse quartz pebble patches. Some heuweltjies are present and they usu<strong>al</strong>ly have<br />
Pteronia incana as the dominant species on them. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species<br />
are known from this unit.<br />
The Koenieleegte Randteveld occurs in a very arid environment <strong>al</strong>so on very sh<strong>al</strong>low<br />
sh<strong>al</strong>e soils. Despite its aridity it is quite an interesting unit as some of the seemingly<br />
barren sh<strong>al</strong>e slopes have many sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents present (e.g. Conophytum joubertii,<br />
Crassula congesta, Crassula tecta, Glottiphyllum depressum, <strong>et</strong>c.) of which Gibbaeum<br />
dispar is a rare loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic. The south facing slopes are b<strong>et</strong>ter veg<strong>et</strong>ated with<br />
species such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya spinosa and Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides<br />
prominent. Nymannia capensis is som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant on the south facing slopes, but<br />
other woody trees are sparse.<br />
The Ortmansgat Randteveld <strong>al</strong>so occurs in an arid area where the soils consist mostly<br />
of very sh<strong>al</strong>low sh<strong>al</strong>es. Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs are rare on the north facing slopes, but some<br />
Euclea undulata; Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia capensis and Rhus undulata may be<br />
present on south facing slopes. Some uncommon succulents are present on the exposed<br />
sh<strong>al</strong>e slopes, including Cerochlamys trigona, Haworthia mucronata var. morrisiae and<br />
Pleiospilos nobile (the latter is often included in Pleiospilos compactus ssp. canus, but I<br />
regard it as a distinct taxon).<br />
The Damm<strong>et</strong>jies Randteveld is most similar to the Touwsfontein Randteveld, but it is<br />
less arid and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly has some patches of sparse quartz pebbles present where some<br />
succulents typic<strong>al</strong> of the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld can be found. The loc<strong>al</strong> hills are<br />
not very t<strong>al</strong>l or steep and the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the lower slopes approaches those of the<br />
Spitskop Apronveld and it has some of its uncommon succulents, such as Rhinephyllum<br />
134
muirii, present. The very rare Gibbaeum nebrownii has been recorded to occur in this<br />
unit, but I have not seen it here.<br />
The Hondewater Randteveld <strong>al</strong>so has t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs and trees <strong>al</strong>most absent and is<br />
dominated by short shrubs and succulents. It is quite unusu<strong>al</strong> amongst the Randteveld<br />
units in often having grasses, such as Digitaria argyrograpta present, but they are never<br />
dominant. This may be due to the presence of terrace gravels on the tops and som<strong>et</strong>imes<br />
the slopes of these hills. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is quite rich in species with the following odd<br />
combination of species noted here; Astroloba smutsiana, Cerochlamys pachyphylla,<br />
Crassula rupestris, Euryops oligoglossus, Garuleum bipinnatum, Glottiphyllum suave,<br />
Haworthia arachnoidea var. nigricans, Pelargonium karooicum, Pteronia incana, Pteronia<br />
staehelinoides and Rosenia humilis. On the lower slopes succulents such as<br />
Antegibbaeum fissoides, Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum pubescence and Gibbaeum<br />
shandii dominate some patches. The latter being an uncommon loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species.<br />
The Request Randteveld is most similar to the Stormberg Randteveld, but differs in<br />
being more arid with the woody trees and shrubs very sparse. Short shrubs and a few<br />
shrubby succulents such as Crassula rupestris and Phyllobolus splendens dominate the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation. It is not rich in species and no are or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known to<br />
occur in this unit.<br />
The Waterv<strong>al</strong> Randteveld is somewhat similar to the Ortmansgat Randteveld as it <strong>al</strong>so<br />
occurs in an arid area where the soils consist mostly of very sh<strong>al</strong>low sh<strong>al</strong>es, but where<br />
some trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs such as Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia, Nymannia<br />
capensis and Rhus undulata are present on the south facing slopes. Some Spekboom<br />
(Portulacaria afra) may have occurred on the north facing slopes, but if so, they were<br />
probably sparse. It differs from the Ortmansgat Randteveld in having Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) present on the south facing slopes and in having some quartz<br />
pebble patches present, in which species typic<strong>al</strong> of the Waterv<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld can be<br />
found. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but some may be<br />
discovered after good rain.<br />
135
5.3.2.2 Apronveld<br />
The Vrede Apronveld occurs on deep loamy to clayey <strong>al</strong>luvi<strong>al</strong> soils, mostly on gentle<br />
south facing slopes. Woody trees are sparse to absent here and the unit is dominated by<br />
asteraceous shrubs, such as Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us grandiflorus, Pteronia emp<strong>et</strong>rifolia, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Pteronia paniculata,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c. Non-asteraceous shrubs, such as T<strong>et</strong>ragonia fruticosa, Nenax microphylla,<br />
Drosanthemum spp., Selago <strong>al</strong>bida, <strong>et</strong>c., are not uncommon when this unit is in a he<strong>al</strong>thy<br />
condition. Like most Apronveld types this unit has been severely impacted upon by<br />
grazing by domestic stock and where this has happened Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens and Hereroha<br />
gracilis are the only two abundant species. Fortunately, when rested well some of the<br />
p<strong>al</strong>atable species such as Berkheya spinosa seem to be able to recover rapidly. When in a<br />
pristine condition, a wide array of species and life-forms (sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs, succulents and<br />
geophytes) are present in this unit.<br />
The Rouxpos Apronveld occurs in a very arid area and the sm<strong>al</strong>l asteraceous shrubs, that<br />
dominate this unit, are rather sparse. Sever<strong>al</strong> of the species present are more typic<strong>al</strong> of the<br />
Nama <strong>Karoo</strong> and Tanqua <strong>Karoo</strong> e.g. (Pentzia incana, Pelargonium crithmifolium,<br />
Tripteris oppositifolia, <strong>et</strong>c.). Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of quartz gravel are present, often with<br />
populations of Berkeya cuneata and Plumbago triste prominent. These quartz gravel sites<br />
are not very rich in species, but some succulents (e.g. Anacampseros arachnoides,<br />
Conophytum piluliforme, Crassula congesta, Crassula pyramid<strong>al</strong>is, Gibbaeum<br />
cryptopodium, <strong>et</strong>c.) and sever<strong>al</strong> geophytes (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Ox<strong>al</strong>is spp.) are present.<br />
The Visgat Apronveld is a rather unique as it consists of a number of very patch, but<br />
distinct plant communities that often have a species combination not replicated<br />
elsewhere. In sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz patches are uncommon shrubs such as Dicoma fruticosa and<br />
Dicoma relhanioides present, in more clayey soils are species such as Dicoma spinosa<br />
and Barleria pungens present, on bare sh<strong>al</strong>e ridges are Conophytum joubertii and<br />
Cylindrophyllum comptonii present, while Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) is abundant<br />
where c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e outcrops occur. T<strong>al</strong>l shrubs and trees (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea<br />
136
undulata, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are sparse on the lower slopes, but not uncommon on the<br />
upper south facing slopes. Geophytes (e.g. Syringodea longituba, Ox<strong>al</strong>is spp.) can be<br />
abundant after rain.<br />
The Prince Albert Apronveld should be regarded as part of a large unit that intrude into<br />
the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> from the north, rather than being a unit that is restricted to the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong>. Elements typic<strong>al</strong> of Nama <strong>Karoo</strong> (e.g. Euphorbia arceuthobioides, Fingerhuthia<br />
africana, Pentzia incana, Pteronia adenocarpa, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Pteronia staehelinoides,<br />
Rhigozum obovatum, Tripteris sinuata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent and dominant in this unit.<br />
Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of quartz gravels <strong>al</strong>so occur here, typic<strong>al</strong>ly with Berkheya cuneata and a<br />
few succulents such as Monsonia crassicaule present, but they are not rich in species.<br />
Constabel Apronveld occurs mostly on tillite outcrops and it is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by short<br />
asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Felicia, Pteronia, <strong>et</strong>c. species) that often occur in<br />
an unusu<strong>al</strong> combination of species not found in any of the other Little <strong>Karoo</strong> Apronveld<br />
types. Some sour grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa) are present, to som<strong>et</strong>imes loc<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
abundant and geophytes are abundant after rain. Despite being such an interesting unit the<br />
Constabel Apronveld should be regarded as part of a larger unit that intrudes into the<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> from the north, rather than being a unit that is restricted to the Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Most of the species and communities present are more typic<strong>al</strong> of those that occur in the<br />
southern Tanqua <strong>Karoo</strong> region.<br />
The Nouga Apronveld is most similar to the Klipfontein Apronveld, but is perhaps even<br />
more arid and it has very few patches of quartz gravel present. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is sparse<br />
and <strong>al</strong>so dominated by short asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Felicia, Pteronia, <strong>et</strong>c.<br />
species), but leaf succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum, Eberlantzia and Ruschia species) are<br />
often <strong>al</strong>so abundant. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Nouga Gannaveld, in which Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola<br />
aphylla) is prominent, often occur <strong>al</strong>ong drainage lines. Other compact leaf succulents<br />
(e.g. Bulbine succulenta, Gibbaeum gibbosum, <strong>et</strong>c.) and stem succulents (e.g. Tylecodon<br />
w<strong>al</strong>lichii) are present, but not abundant. One of the stem succulents present on rocky<br />
outcrop in this unit, Quaqua linearis, is a rare species.<br />
137
The Kruisrivier Apronveld occurs on gravelly-clayey soils derived from the sh<strong>al</strong>e and<br />
mudstones of the Klipbokkop and Swartruggens formations. Woody trees are rare with<br />
asteraceous shrubs (Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us grandiflorus, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Pteronia emp<strong>et</strong>rifolia, Pteronia<br />
paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.) dominant. Succulents such as Drosanthemum spp, Monsonia crassicaule,<br />
Monsonia s<strong>al</strong>moniflorum, Ruschia spinosa and Trichodiadema spp. are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. On<br />
deeper soils Euphorbia mauritanica is often prominent, amongst uncommon species such<br />
as Euphorbia juglans, Euphorbia pillansii and Limonium amoenum. A rich assemblage of<br />
sm<strong>al</strong>l leaf- and stem succulents (e.g. Antegibbaeum fissoides, Conophytum minimum,<br />
Conophytum piluliforme, Crassula tecta, Gibbaeum heathii, Glottiphyllum suave, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are prominent on the sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz and terrace gravel outcrops. Some of these succulents<br />
are uncommon, such as Rhinephyllum muirii, Glottiphyllum fergusoniae and<br />
Zeuktophyllum suppositum. Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia ameliae and Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um diluculum are two<br />
rare geophytes that <strong>al</strong>so occur here. This unit shares other uncommon species, such<br />
Gibbaeum gibbosum with the Klipfontein Apronveld.<br />
The L<strong>et</strong>taskra<strong>al</strong> Apronveld unit shares many of its species with the Touwsrivier<br />
Pruimveld, but woody trees are absent to very rare here. The unit occurs on loamy to<br />
sandy soils and the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is much t<strong>al</strong>ler and denser than in the related Klipfontein<br />
Apronveld. Stem succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Euphorbia mauritanica and Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii)<br />
are often abundant and Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is <strong>al</strong>so often prominent in drainage lines.<br />
Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) is usu<strong>al</strong>ly prominent in disturbed sites. No rare species are<br />
known from this unit, but some interesting geophytes may appear after rain.<br />
The MountEco Apronveld unit is quite different to <strong>al</strong>l the other Apronveld types of the<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong>, perhaps because it is located at a higher <strong>al</strong>titude. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
dominated by short asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Euryops, Felicia, Helichrysum,<br />
Pentzia, Pteronia, <strong>et</strong>c. species), but here the different species are less mixed, with<br />
different species being more loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant in patches on different soils types. At least<br />
one of these shrubs, Euryops subcarnosus ssp. nov (?), may be endemic to this unit.<br />
Compact leaf succulents are <strong>al</strong>so present (e.g. Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Ruschia cf.<br />
138
grisea, Trichodiadema cf. h<strong>al</strong>lii, <strong>et</strong>c.), but they are not very abundant. Some of these<br />
succulents (e.g. Ruschia cf. approximata) may be endemic to this unit, but they are<br />
taxonomic<strong>al</strong>ly poorly known. Geophytes (e.g. Gladiolus permeabilis, Ixia cf.<br />
rapunculoides, Ox<strong>al</strong>is spp., Syringodea longituba, <strong>et</strong>c.) are abundant after rain. Most of<br />
this unit has been subjected to severe grazing pressure in the past, with the result that<br />
Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) is often very abundant.<br />
The Klipfontein Apronveld is structur<strong>al</strong>ly and floristic<strong>al</strong>ly most similar to the Vrede<br />
Apronveld, but it is a more arid unit that is largely restricted to north-facing slopes. The<br />
dominant asteraceous shrubs are sparser than in the Vrede Apronveld, while the succulent<br />
component is b<strong>et</strong>ter developed. Characteristic of the unit is the relative abundance of leaf<br />
succulents such as Anacampseros arachnoides, Crassula rupestris, Crassula tecta and<br />
Gibbaeum gibbosum. Most of this unit has <strong>al</strong>so been subjected to severe grazing pressure<br />
by domestic stock, with the p<strong>al</strong>atable shrubs in this unit (e.g. Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum and<br />
Plumbago triste) often being reduced to sm<strong>al</strong>l gnarled plants.<br />
The Spitskop Apronveld occurs on gentle south-facing slope, where the rocky, loamy<br />
soils derived from the Wagendrift and <strong>Karoo</strong>poort formations are often underlain by<br />
c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e. The structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation and the species dominant are very similar to<br />
those of the Vrede Apronveld, but a few uncommon species occur in this unit. Sm<strong>al</strong>l<br />
succulents such as Zeuktophyllum c<strong>al</strong>ycinum are often abundant in rocky outcrops, while<br />
Euryops sp.nov. (dasyphylla ined.) seems to be endemic to the sites with deeper soils in<br />
this unit. This unit has been subjected to severe grazing by domestic stock. A section of<br />
this unit has been ploughed to plant Atriplex nummularia. Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens has become<br />
the dominant species in these disturbed areas.<br />
Sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs <strong>al</strong>so dominate the Kareebosch Apronveld, but here Scholtzbos (Pteronia<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lens) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum giffenii, Phyllobolus splendens,<br />
Psilocaulon utile, <strong>et</strong>c.) are more prominent and other asteraceous shrubs (e.g.<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides) less abundant. Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) <strong>al</strong>ong with Wolwedoring<br />
(Lycium species) occurs sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly in drainage lines, while a few Boerboon (Schotia<br />
139
afra) trees are present on the ridges. Sm<strong>al</strong>l succulents are uncommon (mostly only<br />
Crassula capitella and Crassula deltoidea) and stem succulents are absent. Only a few<br />
very sparse quartz gravel patches are present, where succulents such as Cheiridopsis<br />
namaquensis and the uncommon Trichodiadema olivceum occur. The relative abundance<br />
of Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) may be an artifact of heavy grazing by domestic stock in<br />
the past.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Bilj<strong>et</strong>sfontein Apronveld unit approaches a Gravel Apronveld<br />
type, perhaps since the soils are here often <strong>al</strong>so sandy with quartzitic rock materi<strong>al</strong> often<br />
exposed. The plant communities in this unit are very patchy, with a wide array of<br />
different plant growth forms loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant on the different soils that occur here. A<br />
wide vari<strong>et</strong>y of shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Dicoma relhanioides, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
africanus, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Monechma incanum, Pteronia<br />
flexicaulis, Pteronia paniculata, Rosenia humilis, <strong>et</strong>c.) form the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but<br />
some trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
occur sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly throughout the unit. Grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Digitaria<br />
argyrograpta, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, <strong>et</strong>c.) are loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in some communities, while<br />
leaf- and stem-succulents (e.g. Anacampseros spp, Cheiridopsis namaquensis,<br />
Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum curtophyllum, Crassula congesta, Crassula pyramid<strong>al</strong>is, Duv<strong>al</strong>ia<br />
parviflora, Haworthia arachnoidea, Piaranthus parvulus, Stapelia hirsuta, Trichodiadema<br />
spp., Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent in other<br />
communities. Geophytes are <strong>al</strong>so abundant; some of them are rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic<br />
species, e.g. Freesia speciosa, Syringodea saxatilis and Tritonia watermeyeri.<br />
The Klipgat Apronveld unit <strong>al</strong>so consists of a diverse group of often quite clearly<br />
delimitated plant communities. Here sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Scholtzbosveld (with Pteronia<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lens prominent) are not uncommon, but these patches are to sm<strong>al</strong>l to map as individu<strong>al</strong><br />
units. The same is true for sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Gannaveld (with S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla loc<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
abundant) that are mostly prominent <strong>al</strong>ong drainage lines here. Perhaps furthermore<br />
confusing is the fact that this Apronveld unit tends to occur on the higher hill tops<br />
(highlands) of the loc<strong>al</strong> landscape, but the loc<strong>al</strong> terrain must be viewed in a larger<br />
140
context, with the nearby upper mountains and lower river areas s<strong>et</strong>ting the scene. Here<br />
the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation is still dominated by sm<strong>al</strong>l asteraceous shrubs with species of<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Felicia, Euryops, Pentzia and Pteronia loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant, but the best way<br />
to recognize this unit is the presence and often-loc<strong>al</strong> abundance of the loc<strong>al</strong> endemic leaf<br />
succulent Gibbaeum shandii. T<strong>al</strong>l woody trees, shrubs and grasses are rare in this unit,<br />
but some geophytes (e.g. Eriospermum and Ox<strong>al</strong>is spp.) are present.<br />
The Koeniekuils Apronveld is most similar to the Kareebosch Apronveld unit, in often<br />
having patches of Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) prominent, with a few very diffuse quartz<br />
gravel patches present. This unit is not rich in species, probably because it occurs in a<br />
very arid area. The matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated by a relative sparse cover of<br />
asteraceous shrubs (Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Pteronia and Tripteris<br />
species) and few succulents are present. The paucity of species in this unit may be an<br />
artifact of heavy grazing by domestic stock in the past, but it is hard to tell, as no clear-<br />
cut indicators of disturbance are present. The relative abundance of Scholtzbos may<br />
indicate that the biodiversity of this unit has perhaps in the past been reduced by grazing<br />
impacts, rather than by the natur<strong>al</strong> aridity of this unit<br />
In the Witvlakte Apronveld the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by sever<strong>al</strong> sm<strong>al</strong>l<br />
asteraceous shrubs (mostly Berkheya spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Euryops, Felicia,<br />
Pentzia, Pteronia and Tripteris species) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Drosanthemum,<br />
Hereroa and Ruschia species). Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) is loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant in some<br />
areas, but this seems to be largely due to heavy grazing pressure in the past as indicators<br />
of disturbance (e.g. Hereroa species) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in these sites. Some sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz<br />
gravel patches occur in this unit, typic<strong>al</strong>ly with Berkheya cuneata loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant, but<br />
they are not very rich in succulents with only species such as Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum<br />
curtophyllum, Crassula congesta and Gibbaeum heathii noted here. No rare species are<br />
known from this unit, but some of the loc<strong>al</strong> Drosanthemum and Trichodiadema species<br />
may be loc<strong>al</strong> endemics, but these genera are taxonomic<strong>al</strong>ly poorly known.<br />
141
The Zorgvli<strong>et</strong> Apronveld is similar to the Bilj<strong>et</strong>sfontein Apronveld in having some sites<br />
with sandy soils and quartzitic rock materi<strong>al</strong> having veg<strong>et</strong>ation that is similar to those that<br />
occur in Gravel Apronveld units. The plant communities in this unit are <strong>al</strong>so very patchy,<br />
with different plant growth forms loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant on the different soils that occur here.<br />
A wide vari<strong>et</strong>y of shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya spinosa, Dicoma relhanioides,<br />
Dicoma spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Pteronia<br />
paniculata, Rosenia humilis, <strong>et</strong>c.) form the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but some trees and t<strong>al</strong>l<br />
shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
occur sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly throughout the unit. Grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Digitaria<br />
argyrograpta, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, <strong>et</strong>c.) are loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in some sites, while leaf- and<br />
stem-succulents (e.g. Anacampseros spp, Cheiridopsis namaquensis, Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum<br />
curtophyllum, Crassula congesta, Crassula pyramid<strong>al</strong>is, Duv<strong>al</strong>ia parviflora, Euphorbia<br />
mauritanica, Piaranthus parvulus, Senecio radicans, Trichodiadema spp., Tylecodon<br />
w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent in other communities. Geophytes (e.g. Eriospermum and<br />
Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um species) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant, but none of the rare species present in the<br />
Bilj<strong>et</strong>sfontein Apronveld were noted here. Other uncommon succulents absent from the<br />
Bilj<strong>et</strong>sfontein Apronveld, e.g. Euphorbia pillansii, were found in this unit.<br />
The Sandfontein Apronveld is <strong>al</strong>so similar to the Bilj<strong>et</strong>sfontein Apronveld in having<br />
sites with sandy soils and patches where quartzitic rock materi<strong>al</strong> is present, where the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation is similar to those that occur in the Gravel Apronveld units. The loc<strong>al</strong> plant<br />
communities vary much, but are <strong>al</strong>l dominated by shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Berkeya<br />
spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Hirpicium<br />
<strong>al</strong>ienatum, Monechma incanum, Rosenia humilis, Pteronia paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.). Trees<br />
(Euclea undulata, Rhus undulata and Schotia afra) are sparse here, but t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (e.g.<br />
Carissa haematocarpa, Nymannia capensis, Rhigozum obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) and grasses (e.g.<br />
Aristida diffusa, Digitaria argyrograpta, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, <strong>et</strong>c.) are som<strong>et</strong>imes prominent<br />
in the more sandy sites. Leaf succulents (e.g. Anacampseros spp, Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum<br />
curtophyllum, Crassula congesta, Duv<strong>al</strong>ia parviflora, Gibbaeum cryptopodium,<br />
Gibbaeum heathii, Piaranthus parvulus, Trichodiadema spp., <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent in the<br />
sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz gravel patches present in this unit. Geophytes (e.g. Moraea polystachya,<br />
142
Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um species, <strong>et</strong>c.) are abundant and some of them may be rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species.<br />
Pi<strong>et</strong>slaagte Apronveld is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by sm<strong>al</strong>l asteraceous shrubs (e.g. Berkheya<br />
spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Pteronia and Tripteris species), but Nama <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
elements (e.g. Helichrysum dregeanum, Pentzia globosa, Pentzia incana, Pteronia<br />
sordida, Rosenia oppositifolia, <strong>et</strong>c.) are much more prominent in this unit. Grasses (e.g.<br />
Aristida diffusa, Cenchrus ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana, <strong>et</strong>c.) can be abundant after rain.<br />
Leaf succulents are less abundant than in the other Apronveld types, but shrubby species<br />
such Ruschia ferox and Aloe ferox can be loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant, especi<strong>al</strong>ly in heavily grazed<br />
sites. Stem succulents are not very abundant either, but the uncommon Hoodia piilifera is<br />
som<strong>et</strong>imes present. Geophytes are not very common, but Moraea polystachya can<br />
become very common in heavily grazed sites.<br />
5.3.2.3 Quartz Apronveld<br />
In the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld unit many distinct patches of quartz gravels occur<br />
in the matrix Apronveld, where asteraceous shrubs typic<strong>al</strong> of the Apronveld of the Touws<br />
region (e.g. Vrede Apronveld) are dominant and woody trees rare. The loc<strong>al</strong> quartz<br />
patches have many sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs, e.g. Aizoon karooicum, Anthospermum comptonii,<br />
Berkeya cuneata, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us grandiflorus, Euryops subcarnosus, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum,<br />
Plumbago triste, Pteronia emp<strong>et</strong>rifolia, Pteronia paniculata, Pteronia succulenta and<br />
S<strong>al</strong>sola verdoorniae present. Succulents are <strong>al</strong>so prominent, with Gibbaeum pubescence<br />
usu<strong>al</strong>ly the most abundant and conspicuous succulent on the quartz patches, but many<br />
other succulent species (e.g. Adromischus filicaulis, Antegibbaeum fissoides,<br />
Conophytum piluliforme, Conophytum truncatum, Crassula columnaris, Crassula<br />
congesta, Crassula tecta, Gibbaeum heathii, Glottiphyllum suave, Octopoma octojuge,<br />
Octopoma quadrisep<strong>al</strong>a, Scel<strong>et</strong>ium tortuosum, Trichodiadema densum, Zeuktophyllum<br />
c<strong>al</strong>ycinum, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so present. Most of these sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs and succulents are endemic<br />
to the quartz outcrops of the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong>. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation on these quartz patches<br />
143
somehow seems to be more resilient to impacts of grazing by domestic stock than those<br />
of game species (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Ostrich and Springbok). Domestic stock may have a negative<br />
impact by establishing many footpaths, but the game species often <strong>al</strong>so browse and<br />
trample these speci<strong>al</strong> quartz plants to the point where they are killed and then these sites<br />
are invaded by <strong>al</strong>ien (Atriplex lindleyi ssp. inflata) and weedy indigenous species (e.g.<br />
Augea capensis and G<strong>al</strong>enia africana). All these weeds hold are a serious threat as they<br />
have the ability to increase the sodium content of the topsoil. They <strong>al</strong>ter the edaphic<br />
conditions of these highly speci<strong>al</strong>ized microhabitats, which can prevent the re-<br />
establishment of the origin<strong>al</strong> species.<br />
In the Bellair Quartz Apronveld the matrix Apronveld is intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween those of<br />
the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld and the Kruisrivier Apronveld. It differs from the<br />
Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld in often having sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Bellair Quartz Gannaveld<br />
present, where species such as Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii, Gibbaeum<br />
shandii and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics such as Gibbaeum pilosulum are loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. The<br />
very rich loc<strong>al</strong> succulent flora <strong>al</strong>so shares rare species with other units in the region, such<br />
as Euphorbia pseudoglobosa. It may well be one of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units that<br />
contain the highest number of rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic succulent species.<br />
The rather tiny Bakoven Quartz Apronveld unit is in most respects similar to the<br />
Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld unit, but is recognized as a distinct unit because it has some<br />
taxa endemic to this unit, such as the loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant sm<strong>al</strong>l shrub Euryops sp.nov.<br />
(diosmoides).<br />
The Ockertskra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld share most of its common species with, but is<br />
perhaps more arid than the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld. It can be easily recognized and<br />
differs from the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld in having succulents such as Gibbaeum<br />
geminum and Gibbaeum heathii present in the quartz gravel patches.<br />
The Request Quartz Apronveld is most similar to the Ockertskra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld,<br />
but it seems to receive less winter rain as even drought resilient succulents such as<br />
144
Antegibbaeum fissoides and Gibbaeum pubescens are uncommon in the quartz gravel<br />
patches. Some succulents more typic<strong>al</strong> of the more eastern parts of Little <strong>Karoo</strong> are<br />
present here, such as Braunsia geminata, Cerochlamys trigyna and Senecio scaposus,<br />
while others typic<strong>al</strong> of the western Little <strong>Karoo</strong> (e.g. Conophytum joubertii,<br />
Trichodiadema h<strong>al</strong>lii, Zeuktophyllum c<strong>al</strong>ycinum) remain abundant. Woody trees and<br />
shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata and Rhus undulata) are more<br />
prominent in the matrix Apronveld than in the Ockertskra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld, perhaps<br />
because some summer rain reaches this unit.<br />
The matrix Apronveld veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Sandkra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld is somewhat<br />
different to those that occur in the immediate surrounding area. Short shrubs <strong>al</strong>so<br />
dominate it, but the common species differs with Berkeya cuneata, Drosanthemum<br />
giffenii, Drosanthemum bicolor, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Felicia muricata, Pentzia incana,<br />
Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens and Polyg<strong>al</strong>a ter<strong>et</strong>ifolia the most<br />
abundant species. Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs are sparse, but some Carissa haematocarpa and<br />
Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees are present. Succulents are not very prominent, but some<br />
Aloe microstigma and Gasteria brachyphylla are present. Sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz patches are<br />
present, but they are not rich in species with mostly only Adromischus filicaulis, Crassula<br />
congesta, Crassula tecta, Gibbaeum p<strong>et</strong>rense, Glottiphyllum depressum and<br />
Glottiphyllum fergusoniae present.<br />
The Waterv<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld is most similar to the Sandkra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Apronveld in<br />
its structure and common species present, but the species in the quartz patches are<br />
different. Here Gibbaeum angulipes is quite abundant and Gibbaeum p<strong>et</strong>rense is absent.<br />
A few plants of an uncommon form of Haworthia magnifica were noted here and other<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics present include a Lotononis sp.nov. (cf. rigida) that may be endemic<br />
to this unit.<br />
The Leopard Rock Quartz Apronveld is similar to the Eyerpoort Quartz Apronveld<br />
unit in having Gibbaeum pubescens abundant in the quartz patches, but it differs in<br />
having shrubs such as Berkeya cuneata, Drosanthemum giffenii, Felicia filifolia,<br />
145
Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Ruschia cf. ceresiana and Rosenia humilis and trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs<br />
(e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, <strong>et</strong>c.) more prominent in<br />
the matrix Apronveld. It furthermore has a unique combination of species present in the<br />
quartz patches, including rare species such as Euphorbia pseudoglobosa and Euphorbia<br />
susannae.<br />
5.3.2.4 Gravel Apronveld<br />
The Rooirivier Gravel Apronveld is dominated by short asteraceous shrubs<br />
(Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Pteronia incana, Pteronia paniculata,<br />
Rosenia humilis, Tripteris sinuata, <strong>et</strong>c.) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Cotyledon<br />
orbiculata, Drosanthemum giffenii, Lampranthus haworthii, Ruschia cf. ceresiana, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
and <strong>al</strong>oes (Aloe ferox, Aloe microstigma and Aloe variegata) are often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant.<br />
Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of quarts gravels are present, but they are not very rich in species, but<br />
geophytes (e.g. Freesia refracta, Gladiolus permeabilis, Lapeirousia pyramid<strong>al</strong>is, Moraea<br />
polyanthos, Moraea polystachya, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um dubium, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um juncifolium,<br />
Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often abundant in terrace gravel patches. Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l<br />
shrubs (e.g. Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often present,<br />
but sparse. Heuweltjies are often prominent in this unit. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species are known from this unit, but many species (e.g. Freesia refracta) reach their<br />
easternmost distribution in this unit.<br />
The Snyberg Gravel Apronveld is most similar to the Rooirivier Apronveld as they<br />
share most of its common shrub and tree species, but it differs in having a different<br />
geophyte and succulent component. Here a different s<strong>et</strong> of species reach their<br />
westernmost distribution, with e.g. Freesia corymbosa replacing Freesia refracta of the<br />
Rooirivier Apronveld and Tritonia chrysantha largely replaces Tritonia securigera, but<br />
the latter species is still present. Some loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic succulents such as<br />
Glottiphyllum s<strong>al</strong>mii and the very rare Haworthia comptoniana are present. Heuweltjies<br />
are rare in this unit.<br />
146
The Greylands Gravel Apronveld is most similar to the Grootkop Apronveld in the<br />
structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation and as they share most of the common shrub and succulent<br />
species. It differs in som<strong>et</strong>imes having Aloe humilis loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant and lacking the<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species of the Grootkop Apronveld, but it has its own s<strong>et</strong> of rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized succulent present, including Aloe longistyla, Bulbine sp.nov. (cf. succulentum),<br />
Euphorbia colliculina, Glottiphyllum cruciatum and Glottiphyllum regium. Some very<br />
uncommon geophytes, e.g. Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia ameliae, <strong>al</strong>so reach their easternmost distribution<br />
here.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Grootkop Gravel Apronveld is very patchy but in gener<strong>al</strong><br />
dominated by asteraceous shrubs (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides,<br />
Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops oligoglossus, Euryops subcarnosus, Hertia cf. p<strong>al</strong>lens,<br />
Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Pteronia incana, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Pteronia paniculata, Rosenia<br />
humilis, Tripteris sinuata, <strong>et</strong>c.) and shrubby leaf succulents (e.g. Cotyledon orbiculata,<br />
Drosanthemum giffenii, Lampranthus haworthii, Ruschia cf. ceresiana, Tylecodon<br />
w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.) and <strong>al</strong>oes (Aloe microstigma and Aloe variegata) and grasses (e.g.<br />
Digitaria argyrograpta, Fingerhuthia africana, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. The gravel<br />
patches are rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Freesia refracta, Gladiolus<br />
permeabilis, Lapeirousia pyramid<strong>al</strong>is, Moraea polyanthos, Moraea polystachya,<br />
Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um dubium, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um juncifolium, Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) and sm<strong>al</strong>l<br />
succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Conophytum truncatum, Glottiphyllum<br />
depressum, <strong>et</strong>c.). Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata,<br />
Lycium cinereum, Nymannia capensis, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often present, but never<br />
dominant. Heuweltjies are often present, but not very prominent in this unit. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare<br />
and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, including Adromischus sp.nov.<br />
(cf. triflorus), Ceropegia fimbriata, Drimia sp.nov. Drimia uranthera, Euphorbia<br />
colliculina, Glottiphyllum linguiforms, Haworthia truncata, Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um sp.nov. and<br />
Tylecodon cac<strong>al</strong>ioides.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Vanwyksdorp Gravel Apronveld is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by short<br />
asteraceous shrubs (Berkeya cuneata, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Euryops oligoglossus,<br />
147
Euryops subcarnosus, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Pteronia paniculata, Rosenia humilis,<br />
Tripteris sinuata, <strong>et</strong>c.) and succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma, Cotyledon orbiculata,<br />
Glottiphyllum depressum, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.), but grasses (e.g.<br />
Aristida diffusa, Digitaria argyrograpta, Fingerhuthia africana, Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lens, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea<br />
undulata, Lycium cinereum, Nymannia capensis, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present, but not abundant.<br />
Heuweltjies are rare in this unit. Some rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are present,<br />
including Cotyledon tomentosa ssp. tomentosa and Trichodiadema h<strong>al</strong>lii.<br />
The Groenefontein Gravel Apronveld unit is very similar to the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gravel<br />
Apronveld unit in its structure and common species present, but can be easily identified<br />
in having other succulent species abundant in the terrace gravel patches, such as<br />
Gibbaeum heathii and lacking some of the loc<strong>al</strong> endemics of the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gravel<br />
Apronveld, such as Euphorbia gamkaensis. Other rare species present here, that are<br />
absent from the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gravel Apronveld, include geophytes such as Freesia speciosa<br />
and Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um sp.nov.<br />
The C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gravel Apronveld is most similar to the Greylands and Grootkop<br />
Apronveld units as the patchy structure of the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is similar and since it shares<br />
most of the common shrub and succulent species of these units. It differs in having<br />
woody shrubs and trees less prominent and in having a different s<strong>et</strong> of rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
species present, that in this unit includes species such as Aloe longistyla, Crassula<br />
rupestris ssp. marnierana, Delosperma c<strong>al</strong>itzdorpense, Euphorbia gamkaensis, Euphorbia<br />
tridentata, Eriospermum crispum, Glottiphyllum regium, Haworthia truncata var.<br />
maughanii, Haworthia truncata var truncata and Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um sardinii.<br />
The Algerynskra<strong>al</strong> Gravel Apronveld unit cannot easily be mistaken for any other unit<br />
as it has its own loc<strong>al</strong> endemic succulent Gibbaeum pachypodium rather abundant in the<br />
terrace gravel sites. This unit is otherwise structur<strong>al</strong>ly most similar to the Groenefontein<br />
Gravel Apronveld unit as it <strong>al</strong>so has a sparse cover of t<strong>al</strong>l woody trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs and<br />
as they share some characteristic succulents such as Gibbaeum heathii.<br />
148
5.3.2.5 Gannaveld<br />
In the Nouga Gannaveld, Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is the t<strong>al</strong>lest (usu<strong>al</strong>ly about 1.5 m<strong>et</strong>er)<br />
and most prominent shrub. Other common shrubs present include Berkheya spinosa,<br />
Drosanthemum cf. giffenii, Drosanthemum hispidum, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Lycium<br />
cinereum, M<strong>al</strong>ephora luteola, Pentzia incana, Pteronia oblanceolata, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens,<br />
Tripteris scariosa and Tripteris sinuata. Succulents are not very abundant, but Gibbaeum<br />
gibbosum is occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present and quite characteristic of this Gannaveld type.<br />
Heuweltjies are not very prominent, but where present they have species such as<br />
Mesembryanthemum cryst<strong>al</strong>linum, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, Oncosiphon<br />
suffruticosum, Phyllobolus splendens, Psilocaulon coriarium and Psilocaulon junceum<br />
abundant. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Nouga Apronveld occur on slightly higher lying areas in this<br />
unit, usu<strong>al</strong>ly where the soils are more clayey.<br />
In the lower lying v<strong>al</strong>leys of the Ratelfontein Gannaveld the soils are a deep loamy-<br />
clay, but there are sm<strong>al</strong>l ridges present in this unit where the soils are very sh<strong>al</strong>low and<br />
mostly consist of bare sh<strong>al</strong>es of the Klipbokkop and <strong>Karoo</strong>poort formations. A sparse tree<br />
component (mostly only Acacia karoo and some Schotia afra) occurs <strong>al</strong>ong the water<br />
drainage areas, where Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is the most prominent shrub. Other<br />
common species on the deeper soils include Berkheya spinosa, Chrysocoma ciliata,<br />
Drosanthemum cf. lique, Drosanthemum hispidum, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Lycium<br />
cinereum, M<strong>al</strong>ephora luteola, Menodora juncea, Pentzia incana, Pteronia oblanceolata,<br />
Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Rosenia humilis, Selago geniculata, T<strong>et</strong>ragonia fruticosa, Tripteris<br />
scariosa and Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum. On the ridges the shrub and tree component is<br />
sparse (only Carissa haematocarpa and Euclea undulata), with Berkheya cuneata,<br />
Crassula arborescens, Crassula subaphylla, Cylindrophyllum tugwelliae, Dicoma spinosa,<br />
Hereroa gracilis, Plumbago triste, Pteronia flexicaulis, Sclel<strong>et</strong>ium tortuosum and Tripteris<br />
sinuata the most abundant shrubs and succulents. Grasses are sparse, with mostly only<br />
Aristida diffusa present on the ridges, but this may be an artifact of previous grazing<br />
regimes as Fingerhuthia africana and Cenchrus ciliaris could be abundant in the deeper<br />
soils. The highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized Gibbaeum nebrownii occur <strong>al</strong>ong with Conophytum joubertii<br />
149
on these sm<strong>al</strong>l sh<strong>al</strong>e ridges, while the very rare and <strong>al</strong>so highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized Gibbaeum<br />
johnstonii occurs in some of the sm<strong>al</strong>l quartz patches that are <strong>al</strong>so present in this unit.<br />
The uncommon Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia ameliae is the only rare species known to occur in the deep,<br />
soft soils of the Gannaveld. Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens and Hereroha gracilis are super-abundant in<br />
sites where the veg<strong>et</strong>ation has been transformed through overgrazing. Where rested,<br />
p<strong>al</strong>atable species (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Berkheya spinosa and Selago geniculata)<br />
recover rapidly.<br />
Puts Gannaveld is quite an unusu<strong>al</strong> Gannaveld type as Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata)<br />
are often prominent in the water drainage lines. An abundance of Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla)<br />
remains the distinctive element, but here the soils are often very sandy with shrubs such<br />
as Kra<strong>al</strong>bos (G<strong>al</strong>enia africana) and stem succulents such as Nenta (Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii)<br />
often abundant. The latter two species are indicators of disturbance and their loc<strong>al</strong><br />
abundance suggest that this unit has been subjected to heavy grazing by domestic stock in<br />
the past. Heuweltjies are rare here, but where present they are distinctive as species such<br />
as Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum, Phyllobolus splendens<br />
and Psilocaulon junceum are prominent.<br />
Montagu Gannaveld can <strong>al</strong>so be easily identified from the surrounding veg<strong>et</strong>ation as<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is the most prominent shrub here. It is similar to the Puts<br />
Gannaveld in having very sandy soils, but differs in having more leaf-succulents (e.g.<br />
Ruschia species) present and stem-succulents less abundant. Heuweltjies are <strong>al</strong>so not<br />
prominent here. Geophytes are not uncommon with some taxa such as Ox<strong>al</strong>is<br />
leptogramma var. aurea seemingly endemic to this unit.<br />
The Touws Gannaveld is directly linked to the veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Touws River floodplain<br />
and they consequently share many species. In the upper areas, where the soils are not<br />
very s<strong>al</strong>ine is Bi<strong>et</strong>ou (Chrysanthemoides incana) usu<strong>al</strong>ly the dominant shrub, but in the<br />
lower more s<strong>al</strong>ine areas is Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) abundant, <strong>al</strong>ong with a number of<br />
other distinctive shrub species such as Atriplex vestita, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us decussatus, Kochea<br />
tricophylla, Pteronia oblanceolata, S<strong>al</strong>sola glabrescens and Suaeda fruticosa. Grasses are<br />
150
uncommon, but clumps of Stipagrostis namaquensis are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present. Flushes of<br />
annu<strong>al</strong>s appear after rain, but geophytes are rare here. Heuweltjies are absent or very rare.<br />
Boerboonleegte Gannaveld is one of the most unusu<strong>al</strong> Gannaveld units as beds of aeolitic<br />
sands are often present in this unit. Woody trees (Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis<br />
and especi<strong>al</strong>ly Schotia afra) are often prominent <strong>al</strong>ong the drainage lines, while Bushman<br />
Grass (Stipagrostis ciliata & Stipagrostis obtusa) is often abundant in the sandy areas.<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains the most prominent shrub in the s<strong>al</strong>ine loamy soils, but<br />
sever<strong>al</strong> other shrub (mostly Pteronia and Tripteris) species are <strong>al</strong>so present, including the<br />
distinctive Deverra denudata. No rare species are known from this unit, but it is possible<br />
that some sm<strong>al</strong>l populations of the very rare Lebeckia melilotoides are present.<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is <strong>al</strong>so the most prominent and dominant shrub in the Brakrivier<br />
Gannaveld, but succulents are prominent in the sparse quartz gravel patches that are<br />
occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present. Distinctive succulents present include the loc<strong>al</strong> endemic Gibbaeum<br />
geminum and an unidentified Peersia species that may <strong>al</strong>so be endemic. Kruidjie-roer-<br />
my-ni<strong>et</strong> (Melianthus comosus) and some trees (Euclea undulata and Schotia afra) are<br />
present <strong>al</strong>ong the drainage lines. Heuweltjies are absent or very rare.<br />
The Sandfontein Gannaveld is similar to the Brakrivier Gannaveld in having Ganna<br />
(S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) the most prominent shrub in the veg<strong>et</strong>ation and in having succulents<br />
present in the sparse quartz gravel patches, but Gibbaeum geminum is absent here. It <strong>al</strong>so<br />
differs in lacking the tree component and in having Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) often<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. Heuweltjies are <strong>al</strong>so absent to rare here. The only uncommon plant<br />
noted in this unit is Euphorbia multiceps.<br />
Koeniekuils Gannaveld is not very rich in species; here Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains<br />
the dominant shrub, often with some Wolwedoring (Lycium cinereum & Lycium<br />
ferocissimum) present. Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) is often prominent on higher lying<br />
areas, <strong>al</strong>ong with some other shrubs (mostly Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us, Pteronia and Tripteris<br />
species). Succulents are uncommon, with mostly only Phyllobolus splendens present, but<br />
M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea is som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant in disturbed sites. Heuweltjies are not prominent<br />
in this unit either.<br />
151
The Ladismith Gannaveld unit is somewhat similar to the Koeniekuils Gannaveld, but it<br />
is richer in shrub species. Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains the dominant species in the<br />
usu<strong>al</strong>ly short shrubby veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but other common shrubs present include Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
ericoides, Drosanthemum giffenii, Eberlantzia triticiformis, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lens, Tripteris sinuata and the loc<strong>al</strong> endemic Dicoma fruticosa. Only M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea<br />
and Phyllobolus splendens are common succulents, but some Ruschia species are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
present. Heuweltjies are not very abundant, but where present they are easily identified,<br />
as species such as Mesembryanthemum cryst<strong>al</strong>linum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum and<br />
Psilocaulon junceum are prominent.<br />
The Algerynskra<strong>al</strong> Gannaveld is <strong>al</strong>so a somewhat odd unit in often having sandy<br />
patches and som<strong>et</strong>imes some terrace gravels prominent. Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (e.g. Acacia<br />
karoo, Euclea undulata and Gloveria integrifolia) and grasses (e.g. Stipagrostis<br />
namaquensis, Stipagrostis obtusa and the very spiny Cladoraphis spinosa) are often<br />
present in these sandy and rocky patches. Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is the dominant shrub,<br />
but an interesting combination of other shrubs is <strong>al</strong>so present, including Blepharis<br />
inermis, Chrysanthemoides monilifera and Wiborgia tenuifolia. Euphorbia<br />
arceuthobioides is the only abundant succulent, but sever<strong>al</strong> geophytes (e.g. Moraea,<br />
Ox<strong>al</strong>is, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present. Heuweltjies are absent or very rare. No rare species were found<br />
here, but I suspect that a careful survey after rain would reve<strong>al</strong> some interesting species to<br />
be present.<br />
The Leopard Rock Gannaveld is <strong>al</strong>so an unusu<strong>al</strong> Gannaveld unit as deep beds of<br />
aeolitic red sand occur here, in which grasses (Stipagrostis ciliaris, Stipagrostis<br />
namaquensis and Stipagrostis obtusa) and shrubs such as Zygophyllum fo<strong>et</strong>idum are<br />
abundant. Also present in the sandy patches are two rare shrubs, Amphiglossa rudolphii<br />
and Lebeckia melilotoides, which are not known to occur anywhere else in the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong>. Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains the most prominent shrub in more loamy soils,<br />
but another unusu<strong>al</strong> feature is the abundance of Melolobium candicans in disturbed sites.<br />
152
The Koktyls Gannaveld is most similar to the Touws Gannaveld, but differs in having<br />
heuweltjies more prominent and often having sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Apronveld present. Ganna<br />
(S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains the most prominent and distinctive shrub in this unit, but other<br />
shrubs that are abundant include Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Tripteris<br />
sinuata and Berkeya cuneata in the Apronveld patches. Trees are sparse, but some<br />
Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) are present <strong>al</strong>ong drainage lines. Succulents are not<br />
uncommon, with Nenta (Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii) and Plakkie (Cotyledon orbiculata) often<br />
prominent. Most of the loc<strong>al</strong> heuweltjies are badly eroded, but their presence is still<br />
evident by the loc<strong>al</strong> abundance of species such as Mesembryanthemum cryst<strong>al</strong>linum,<br />
Oncosiphon suffruticosum and Psilocaulon junceum.<br />
The Lemoenshoek Gannaveld is most similar to the Koktyls Gannaveld, but here Ganna<br />
(S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is often t<strong>al</strong>l (about 1.5 m<strong>et</strong>er) and the heuweltjies are very prominent.<br />
Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of quartz gravel are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present, in which succulents such as Aloe<br />
variegata; Astroloba corrugata, Gibbaeum pubescens and Glottiphyllum depressum are<br />
abundant. The shrub component is well developed here, with shrubby leaf succulents<br />
such as Drosanthemum giffenii present. Sprawling succulents (e.g. Senecio radicans) are<br />
often abundant underneath these shrubs. No rare species are known from this unit, but<br />
some unusu<strong>al</strong> geophytes may appear after rain.<br />
The Grootrivier Gannaveld is similar to the Lemoenshoek Gannaveld in having a well-<br />
developed shrub component with Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) usu<strong>al</strong>ly being t<strong>al</strong>l (about 1.5<br />
m<strong>et</strong>er) and the heuweltjies quite prominent. It differs in lacking the quartz gravel patches<br />
and in having other succulents such as Euphorbia arceuthobioides more common and<br />
different rare species present, such as Huernia praestans. The very deep, soft loamy soils<br />
of this unit are very prone to erosion where the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is overgrazed.<br />
The Hartbeesvlakte Gannaveld is most similar to the Ladismith Gannaveld in having<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) abundant in the shrub dominated veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but Pentzia incana<br />
is often very abundant here, with other shrubs like Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides,<br />
Drosanthemum giffenii, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens and Tripteris sinuata. It differs<br />
153
in often having grasses (Cenchrus ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana, Eragrostis curvula and<br />
Digitaria argyrograpta) often abundant in drainage lines, <strong>al</strong>ong with Wolwedoring<br />
(Lycium cinereum & Lycium ferocissimum). It <strong>al</strong>so has M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea and Phyllobolus<br />
splendens as the most common succulents, but Heuweltjies are more abundant here with<br />
Mesembryanthemum cryst<strong>al</strong>linum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum and Psilocaulon junceum<br />
<strong>al</strong>so the most prominent species.<br />
In the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gannaveld most of the shrubs, including Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla), are<br />
rather short (less than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er t<strong>al</strong>l) and sparse. The unit is not very rich in species with<br />
shrubs such as Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, S<strong>al</strong>sola c<strong>al</strong>luna, Tripteris sinuata<br />
and Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum most abundant. Grasses (mostly Cenchrus ciliaris,<br />
Fingerhuthia africana, Digitaria argyrograpta, Stipagrostis ciliata and Stipagrostis obtusa)<br />
are present, but sparse. M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens are <strong>al</strong>so the most<br />
common succulents, but the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Delosperma c<strong>al</strong>itzdorpense is occasion<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
present. Geophytes are rare, with only some Ferraria crispa noted here. Heuweltjies are<br />
sparse and most of them are badly degraded and invaded by Augea capensis, indicating<br />
that most of this unit has been transformed through grazing.<br />
The Kruisrivier Gannaveld is most similar to the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gannaveld in its species<br />
composition, but here Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is much t<strong>al</strong>ler and the heuweltjies much<br />
more prominent. Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) is less abundant, but succulents (e.g. Aloe<br />
variegata, Cotyledon orbiculare, Drosanthemum giffenii, Phyllobolus splendens,<br />
M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii <strong>et</strong>c.) are much more abundant.<br />
Some trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs (mostly Euclea undulata, Lycium cinereum and Lycium<br />
ferocissimum) occur <strong>al</strong>ong drainage lines, but they are not abundant. Flushes of annu<strong>al</strong>s<br />
are prominent after rain, but grasses are not very abundant.<br />
The Kandelaars Gannaveld is similar to the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gannaveld in having most of the<br />
shrubs, including Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla), not growing very t<strong>al</strong>l (up to 1 m<strong>et</strong>er t<strong>al</strong>l) and<br />
being sparse. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so not very rich in species with mostly only shrubs such as<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops oligoglossus, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens,<br />
154
Tripteris sinuata and Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum abundant. Grasses (mostly only<br />
Cenchrus ciliaris and Fingerhuthia africana) can be abundant in drainage lines, <strong>al</strong>ong with<br />
Wolwedoring (Lycium cinereum and Lycium ferocissimum) and a few Gwarrie trees<br />
(Euclea undulata). Aloe variegata, Cotyledon orbiculare, Drosanthemum giffenii,<br />
M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens are the only succulents that are abundant in<br />
this unit. Heuweltjies are <strong>al</strong>so not abundant and most of them are <strong>al</strong>so badly degraded and<br />
invaded by Augea capensis, indicating that most of this unit has <strong>al</strong>so been transformed<br />
through grazing.<br />
In the Vlakteplaas Gannaveld the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is mostly dominated by dense, t<strong>al</strong>l stands<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla), but other shrubs such as Va<strong>al</strong>brak (Atriplex vestita), Inkbos<br />
(Suaeda fruticosa) and Ankerkaroo (Pentzia incana) are often <strong>al</strong>so abundant. The unit is<br />
not very rich in species, with M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens the only two<br />
abundant succulents. After rain grasses, such as Cenchrus ciliaris and Fingerhuthia<br />
africana, can be abundant in drainage lines, where shrubs such as Wolwedoring (Lycium<br />
cinereum & Lycium ferocissimum) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. Heuweltjies are rare to absent in<br />
this unit. No rare plant species are known to occur in this unit, but I will not be very<br />
surprised if the rare Riverine Rabbit is discovered to occur in this unit.<br />
The Oudtshoorn Gannaveld is most similar to the Kruisrivier Gannaveld as Ganna<br />
(S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is abundant and grows t<strong>al</strong>l here and in having heuweltjies abundant and<br />
prominently build up. It differs from the Kruisrivier Gannaveld in having Scholtzbos<br />
(Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) occasion<strong>al</strong>ly loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant as well as in having other t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs<br />
(e.g. Carissa haematocarpa, Lycium cinereum, Lycium ferocissimum, Rhigozum<br />
obovatum, <strong>et</strong>c.) often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so rich in other shrub and succulent<br />
species (e.g. Aloe variegata, Cotyledon orbiculare, Drosanthemum giffenii, Phyllobolus<br />
splendens, M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea, Rosenia humilis, Senecio radicans, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii <strong>et</strong>c.),<br />
with the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Tylecodon cac<strong>al</strong>ioides often <strong>al</strong>so present. Flushes of annu<strong>al</strong>s<br />
are <strong>al</strong>so prominent after rain, when loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species such as Diascia decipiens<br />
can be abundant.<br />
155
The Spreeufontein Gannaveld unit is most similar to the Nouga Gannaveld in having<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) prominent in the drainage lines, <strong>al</strong>ong with other shrubs such as<br />
Lycium cinereum and Melianthus comosus and some grasses (mostly Cenchrus ciliaris<br />
and Fingerhuthia africana). Other sm<strong>al</strong>ler shrubs and succulents common in this unit<br />
include species such as Berkheya spinosa, Drosanthemum giffenii, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us<br />
ericoides, M<strong>al</strong>ephora luteola, Pentzia incana, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Tripteris scariosa and<br />
Tripteris sinuata. Heuweltjies are rare in this Gannaveld unit. It differs from the Nouga<br />
Gannaveld in lacking species such as Gibbaeum gibbosum, but having sever<strong>al</strong> geophytes<br />
(especi<strong>al</strong>ly Ox<strong>al</strong>is species) present.<br />
The relative abundance of Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is the best way to discern the Van<br />
Zylsdamme Gannaveld from the surrounding veg<strong>et</strong>ation units. This unit occurs mostly<br />
on deep, soft loamy soils where not many other species are present. Most abundant other<br />
shrubs include species such as Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Sericocoma<br />
avolans, Tripteris sinuata and Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum. Grasses (mostly Cenchrus<br />
ciliaris, Fingerhuthia africana and Stipagrostis obtusa) are not uncommon, but sparse.<br />
Aloe variegata, Euphorbia mauritanica, M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea and Phyllobolus splendens the<br />
most common succulents, but the usu<strong>al</strong>ly uncommon Euphorbia multiceps is often loc<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
abundant in this unit. An unusu<strong>al</strong> Ruschia species was noted to occur in this unit and in<br />
no other Gannaveld type, it may be a loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species but this genius is<br />
taxonomic<strong>al</strong>ly poorly known. Trees and t<strong>al</strong>l shrubs are uncommon, but Swe<strong>et</strong> Thorn trees<br />
(Acacia karoo) and some Wolwedoring (Lycium cinereum) are som<strong>et</strong>imes present in the<br />
water drainage lines.<br />
The Rheboksfontein Gannaveld unit is a rather odd Gannaveld type, but it remains<br />
distinctive from surrounding veg<strong>et</strong>ation units in having Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) as the<br />
most prominent shrub. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by shrubs with Berkheya spinosa,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops subcarnosus, Lycium cinereum,<br />
Melianthus comosus, Pentzia incana and Selago geniculata the most common other shrub<br />
species. Grasses are sparse, with mostly only Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant.<br />
156
Succulents are absent, but a few geophytes, including the uncommon Tritonia<br />
watermeyeri is present.<br />
The Doornkloof Gannaveld is most similar to the Lemoenshoek Gannaveld, but Ganna<br />
(S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is not very prominent in this unit and heuweltjies are sparser. Sm<strong>al</strong>l<br />
patches of quartz gravel are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present, but they are not rich in species. The<br />
shrub component is well developed here, with shrubby leaf succulents such as<br />
Drosanthemum giffenii abundant and "patient" succulents such as Senecio radicans <strong>al</strong>so<br />
abundant underneath these and the other common shrubs present in this unit, e.g. Berkeya<br />
spinosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Selago geniculata and Tripteris sinuata. Berkeya cuneata<br />
is occasion<strong>al</strong>ly loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant where sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Apronveld communities are<br />
present. Trees are sparse, but a few Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata) are present <strong>al</strong>ong<br />
drainage lines. Stem-succulents are uncommon but Nenta (Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii) is<br />
occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present. Geophytes are uncommon, except Moraea polystachya that may be<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in disturbed sites.<br />
The Volmoed Gannaveld is similar to the C<strong>al</strong>itzdorp Gannaveld as most of the shrubs,<br />
including Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla), are rather short (less than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er t<strong>al</strong>l) and sparse,<br />
with only a few species present in the higher lying areas, e.g. Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides,<br />
Euryops subcarnosus, Justicia orchioides, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Tripteris sinuata and<br />
Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum. It differs in having the shrub component b<strong>et</strong>ter developed in<br />
lower lying areas, with species such as Atriplex vestita, S<strong>al</strong>sola glabrescens, Suaeda<br />
fruticosa and Zygophyllum microcarpum present. Grasses are uncommon with only<br />
Cenchrus ciliaris and Fingerhuthia africana present. M<strong>al</strong>ephora lutea and Phyllobolus<br />
splendens are <strong>al</strong>so the most common succulents, but the unit is quite distinctive in having<br />
M<strong>al</strong>ephora uitenhagensis abundant in disturbed sites. The loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics Delosperma<br />
c<strong>al</strong>itzdorpense and Glottiphyllum regium occur occasion<strong>al</strong>ly in sites where some gravel<br />
patches are present in this unit. Heuweltjies are <strong>al</strong>so sparse and mostly invaded by Augea<br />
capensis.<br />
157
5.3.2.6 Quartz Gannaveld<br />
The matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Witvlakte Quartz Gannaveld has Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla)<br />
as a prominent shrub, often with Boerboon (Schotia afra) and some grass (Cenchrus<br />
ciliaris, Digitaria argyrograpta and Fingerhuthia africana) prominent in the drainage lines.<br />
The quartz patches present are not very rich in species, but Gibbaeum cryptopodium is<br />
occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species are known from this unit, but some<br />
interesting geophytes may appear after rain.<br />
The relatively sm<strong>al</strong>l Kareevlakte Quartz Gannaveld unit is most similar to the<br />
Damm<strong>et</strong>jies Quartz Gannaveld, but it is differentiated because it has a different<br />
combination of succulents present in the quartz patches and since shrubs such as Pentzia<br />
incana, Selago divaricata and Selago geniculata are more prominent in the matrix<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation. Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii and Gibbaeum shandii are here<br />
present in the quartz patches. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of this unit <strong>al</strong>so occur in the Klipgat<br />
Apronveld unit, but they were too sm<strong>al</strong>l to map as individu<strong>al</strong> units. Most of this unit was<br />
decimated when Oumansoutbos (Atriplex nummularia) was planted as fodder for<br />
domestic stock.<br />
The Damm<strong>et</strong>jies Quartz Gannaveld occurs mostly in season<strong>al</strong> water drainage areas,<br />
where the soils are a deep loamy-clay derived from the Waboomsberg formation. A<br />
sparse layer of quartz pebbles is often exposed, which creates the favored habitat of<br />
Gibbaeum cryptopodium, a species that is often very abundant and characteristic of this<br />
unit. The tree component is absent and this unit usu<strong>al</strong>ly has a sparse cover of shrubs and<br />
succulents, with Berkheya spinosa, Mesembryanthemum subtruncatum, Psilocaulon<br />
junceum, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, Pteronia sp. (with tuberculate leaves and with hispid leaf<br />
margins), Ruschia sp., Ruschia spinosa, S<strong>al</strong>sola tuberculata, S<strong>al</strong>sola verdoorniae and<br />
Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum the most common species. Most of this unit has been exposed<br />
to very heavy grazing pressure by domestic stock, which may account for the low species<br />
richness of this unit and the sparse veg<strong>et</strong>ation. No rare species are known to occur in this<br />
158
unit, but Gibbaeum johnstonii may be present. The unidentified Pteronia species may <strong>al</strong>so<br />
be a loc<strong>al</strong> endemic.<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is <strong>al</strong>so the most prominent shrub in the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the<br />
Eyerpoort Quartz Gannaveld, but Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) is often prominent in<br />
arid sites. The quartz gravels that occur in patches here are often diffuse with not a very<br />
rich succulent flora, with mostly only Gibbaeum cryptopodium present. Where the<br />
gravels are denser sever<strong>al</strong> succulents including Antegibbaeum fissoides, Gibbaeum<br />
pubescence and a few Gibbaeum shandii are present.<br />
In the Bellair Quartz Gannaveld the quartz patches are often extensive and they have a<br />
rich assemblage of succulents present, with the highest number of Gibbaeum species<br />
recorded in any of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation units. Here Gibbaeum cryptopodium,<br />
Gibbaeum geminum, Gibbaeum heathii, Gibbaeum pubescens and the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
Gibbaeum pilosulum are present. Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains the most abundant and<br />
prominent shrub in the matrix Gannaveld.<br />
The Request Quartz Gannaveld is most similar to the Bellair Quartz Gannaveld, but<br />
here Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) is not very t<strong>al</strong>l and fewer succulent species are present in<br />
the quartz patches, with only Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii and the<br />
uncommon Gibbaeum pilosulum recorded.<br />
The Fisantefontein Quartz Gannaveld is quite different from most of the other Quartz<br />
Gannaveld units in having some heuweltjies present, often with some Tylecodon<br />
paniculata on the heuweltjies. The matrix Gannaveld <strong>al</strong>so has Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla)<br />
prominent, but it is rich in other species with some rare loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species such as<br />
Euphorbia sussanae present. The quartz gravels are often sparse, but the loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic Gibbaeum angulipes is often abundant here.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Hermanuskra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Gannaveld is in gener<strong>al</strong> quite sparse, but<br />
Ganna (S<strong>al</strong>sola aphylla) remains a prominent shrub and the distinctive element to use to<br />
159
distinguish this unit from those surrounding it. The quartz gravels are <strong>al</strong>so sparse here<br />
and these quartz patches are not very rich in species, but some rare elements are present<br />
including the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Haworthia emelyae var. multifolia.<br />
The Aardvark Quartz Gannaveld unit is quite sm<strong>al</strong>l and most similar to the Request<br />
Quartz Gannaveld, but it differs in sever<strong>al</strong> respects. Species such as Berkeya cuneata and<br />
Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum curtophyllum are more prominent and heuweltjies are present in the<br />
matrix Gannaveld. The succulent species present in the quartz patches <strong>al</strong>so differ with<br />
species such as Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Gibbaeum heathii and Gibbaeum p<strong>et</strong>rense<br />
present. Some geophytes <strong>al</strong>so occur here, including the uncommon Tritonia watermeyeri<br />
and an unidentified Trachyandra species that may be a loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic.<br />
5.3.2.7 Scholtzbosveld<br />
Touwsfontein Scholtzbosveld is restricted to flat open plains, where loamy, <strong>al</strong>luvi<strong>al</strong><br />
soils overlay c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e. Woody trees are rare and shrubs such as Berkheya spinosa,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Pentzia incana, Psilocaulon junceum, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lens, Ruschia spinosa, S<strong>al</strong>sola tuberculata and Zygophyllum r<strong>et</strong>rofractum dominate the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation. Most of this unit was subjected to severe grazing pressure in the past, which<br />
resulted in the super-abundance of the unp<strong>al</strong>atable Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens. Although not<br />
abundant, a rich assemblage of other species still occur here, including Asparagus<br />
capensis, Blepharis mitrata, Ceph<strong>al</strong>lophyllum curtophyllum, Drosanthemum cf. lique,<br />
Eragrostis bergiana, Euclea undulata, Euphorbia arceuthobioides, Fingerhuthia africana,<br />
Hereroa gracilis, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum, Monsonia crassicaule, Monsonia s<strong>al</strong>moniflora,<br />
Octopoma quadrisep<strong>al</strong>um, Phyllobolus spendens, Pteronia staehelinoides, Rhygozum<br />
obovatum, Ruschia cf. rigida, Scel<strong>et</strong>ium tortuosum, Stipagrostis obtusa, Thesium<br />
lineatum and Zygophyllum lichtensteinianum. In certain sites this unit has been ploughed<br />
up to plant Atriplex nummularia, which still persists <strong>al</strong>ong with the <strong>al</strong>ien Atriplex lindleyi<br />
ssp. inflata in disturbed sites. No rare or endemic species are known to be present in this<br />
unit.<br />
160
The Koenieleegte Scholtzbosveld <strong>al</strong>so occurs in open plains with deep loamy soils,<br />
where Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens) is the dominant shrub. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is not rich in<br />
succulent species, but shrubby species such as Drosanthemum giffenii and Phyllobolus<br />
splendens are not uncommon. The only rare species known from this unit is Duv<strong>al</strong>ia<br />
parviflora that usu<strong>al</strong>ly resides in the shade of the shrubs.<br />
The Oudtshoorn Scholtzbosveld occurs mostly on sh<strong>al</strong>low loamy soils overlaying<br />
c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e and it is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by Scholtzbos (Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens). It differs from the<br />
other Scholtzbosveld units in often having heuweltjies present, where species such as<br />
Mesembryanthemum cryst<strong>al</strong>linum, Lycium cinereum, Oncosiphon suffruticosum,<br />
Phyllobolus splendens and Psilocaulon junceum are prominent. No rare species are<br />
known to occur in this unit.<br />
5.3.2.8 K<strong>al</strong>kveld<br />
The Allemorgens K<strong>al</strong>kveld is restricted to gently undulating outcrops of c<strong>al</strong>cr<strong>et</strong>e, often<br />
with very sh<strong>al</strong>low soils. Despite its initi<strong>al</strong> barren appearance, it is very rich in species.<br />
The tree component (Euclea undulata) is very sparse in this arid habitat, but the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation consists of a rich assemblage of life forms with species such as Aristida<br />
diffusa, Berkheya spinosa, Blepharis mitrata, Chrysocoma v<strong>al</strong>ida, Crassula columnaris,<br />
Dicoma fruticosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Felicia cf. muricata (white woolly), Gazania<br />
krebsiana, Gladiolus permeabilis, Hermannia cuneifolia, Hirpicium <strong>al</strong>ienatum,<br />
Jamesbrittennia atropurpurea, Limonium dregeanum, Mesembryanthemum subtruncatum,<br />
Nenax microphylla, Pentzia sphaeroceph<strong>al</strong>a, Pteronia glauca, Pteronia p<strong>al</strong>lens, S<strong>al</strong>sola<br />
verdoorniae and Zygophyllum lichtensteinianum being the most abundant. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare<br />
species occur here, some of which may be endemic to this unit, such as Acmadenia<br />
sp.nov. (cf. argillophila), Bulbine sp.nov. (cf. foleyi), Euphorbia sp.nov. (cf. gentilis),<br />
Euryops sp. nov (cf. namaquaensis), Lobostemon sp. nov. (cf. fruticosus), Mur<strong>al</strong>tia sp.<br />
nov. (cf. parviflora), Ruschia polita and Vellereophytum sp. nov.. Some unusu<strong>al</strong> ecotypes<br />
161
are <strong>al</strong>so present; such as a diminutive form of Gibbaeum heathii. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of this<br />
remarkable unit has been exposed to severe grazing pressure in the past, but is fortunately<br />
recovering rapidly.<br />
5.3.3 Fire-prone transition<strong>al</strong> shrub- and woodlands<br />
5.3.3.1 Thick<strong>et</strong> Mosaics<br />
In the Waboomsberg Asbos Gwarrieveld some Gwarrie trees (Euclea undulata)<br />
are present in the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities of the north facing slopes,<br />
but they are not very abundant. Succulents (e.g. Aloe microstigma) are often<br />
abundant on the north facing slopes, but they are not common on the southern<br />
slopes, where Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant shrub. Uncommon species in<br />
this unit include Drosanthemum micans and Kniphofia sarmentosa in the water<br />
drainage areas. The latter species indicate some relationship with the flora of the<br />
Roggeveld region and I suspect that a careful survey will reve<strong>al</strong> more interesting<br />
species (especi<strong>al</strong>ly geophytes such as Ixia) in this unit.<br />
In the Hartbeesvlakte Asbos-Gwarrieveld the matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
communities are mostly dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), but woody trees<br />
and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria integrifolia,<br />
Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, <strong>et</strong>c.) are quite abundant. Succulents (Drosanthemum<br />
giffenii, Gasteria brachyphylla, Glottiphyllum depressum, Senecio radicans,<br />
Tylecodon paniculata, Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant, with Aloe<br />
lineata distinctive and often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. Geophytes (Holothrix sp.,<br />
Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um dubium, Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. Some<br />
heuweltjies are present, but they are not very abundant. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species are known from this unit.<br />
162
In the Gourits Asbos-Gwarrieveld woody trees and shrubs (e.g. Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Nymannia capensis, Rhus glauca, Rhus undulata,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) are quite abundant, <strong>al</strong>ong with a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) on the<br />
northern slopes. Succulents (Aloe ferox, Drosanthemum giffenii, Euphorbia<br />
mauritanica, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant and some of those present, such as Delosperma<br />
asperulum, Delosperma pageanum, Drosanthemum <strong>al</strong>biflorum and Drosanthemum<br />
bicolor are uncommon species. Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) are the dominant shrubs on the south facing slopes,<br />
with Lebeckia cytisoides and Polyg<strong>al</strong>a pinifolia som<strong>et</strong>imes <strong>al</strong>so prominent. Patches<br />
of woody trees (e.g. Buddleja s<strong>al</strong>igna, Olea europaea, <strong>et</strong>c.) occur som<strong>et</strong>imes in the<br />
water drainage areas on southern slopes. Grasses (e.g. Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Ehrharta<br />
erecta, Pentashistis airoides, <strong>et</strong>c.) and geophytes (e.g. Lapeirousia pyramid<strong>al</strong>is,<br />
Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) are sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so abundant on the south facing slopes.<br />
Apodolirion lanceolatum is the only rare species known from this unit.<br />
In Pi<strong>et</strong>slaagte Asbos-Gwarrieveld Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) and Koeniebos<br />
(Rhus undulata) are the only common woody trees. Some Spekboom (Portulacaria<br />
afra) may be present on the north facing slopes, but there is no indication that it was<br />
abundant before. Bitter Aloe (Aloe ferox) is the only common succulent, with<br />
species usu<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in other similar units (e.g. Cotyledon and Tylecodon<br />
species) being quite rare here. The matrix Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities are<br />
dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Kapokbos (Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us species),<br />
indicating that parts of this unit may be subjected to periodic fires. Geophytes are<br />
not common, but two species present Freesia verrucosa and Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia<br />
haarlemensis, are uncommon species.<br />
In the Blossoms Asbos-Gwarrieveld the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities on the<br />
south facing slopes are dominated by Asbos (Pteronia incana), with Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) occasion<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so present, but never the dominant<br />
species. Woody trees and shrubs (Carissa haematocarpa, Euclea undulata, Gloveria<br />
integrifolia, Gymnosporia szyszylowiczii, Nymannia capensis, <strong>et</strong>c.) are most<br />
163
abundant on the north facing slopes, where a few Spekboom (Portulacaria afra) may<br />
<strong>al</strong>so be present. This unit is rich in succulents and geophytes, of which some are<br />
rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species (e.g. Drosanthemum sp.nov. Glottiphyllum<br />
linguiforme, Haworthia emelyae, Pelargonium ochroleucum, Tylecodon leucothrix,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.). Grasses, especi<strong>al</strong>ly Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, can <strong>al</strong>so be abundant on south facing<br />
slopes. Sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of quartz outcrops occur sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly in this unit and they are<br />
particularly rich in succulent species.<br />
5.3.3.2 Asbosveld<br />
The Spreeufontein Asbosveld is a rather sm<strong>al</strong>l unit that occurs on deep, loamy<br />
<strong>al</strong>luvi<strong>al</strong> soils on gentle south-facing slopes. Asbos (Pteronia incana) is the dominant<br />
species and few other shrub species are present, but this may be an artifact of heavy<br />
grazing in the past. Melianthus comosus is often prominent <strong>al</strong>ong watercourses in<br />
this unit. No <strong>al</strong>ien plants were noted in this unit. One rare is plant known from this<br />
unit, the geophyte Strumaria karoopoortensis, which is otherwise only known from<br />
a single loc<strong>al</strong>ity in the Tanqua <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
The Waboomsberg Asbosveld is very similar to the Spreeufontein Asbosveld as Asbos<br />
(Pteronia incana) is the dominant species with Kruidjie-roer-my-ni<strong>et</strong> (Melianthus<br />
comosus) prominent <strong>al</strong>ong watercourses in this unit. It differs in having Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) <strong>al</strong>so abundant on south facing slopes and in having some<br />
succulents present, e.g. Aloe microstigma, Gasteria brachyphylla, Glottiphyllum<br />
depressum, <strong>et</strong>c. No rare plants are known from this unit, but some interesting geophytes<br />
may appear after a fire.<br />
164
5.3.3.3 Quartz Asbosveld<br />
The Muiskra<strong>al</strong> Quartz Asbosveld is most similar to the Fisantefontein Quartz<br />
Asbosveld in having Asbos (Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) prominent in the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but it is a much more arid unit that<br />
lacks the species richness of the Fisantefontein Quartz Asbosveld unit. The only<br />
uncommon species shared with the Fisantefontein Quartz Asbosveld are Gibbaeum<br />
angulipes in the quartz patches and Drosanthemum bicolor in the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
The rapid decline of species richness to this unit, seemingly induced by a decrease<br />
in winter rainf<strong>al</strong>l, is quite interesting. It would be interesting to sample this unit<br />
after rain, there may be more interesting species present.<br />
The matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Springfontein Quartz Asbosveld is most similar to<br />
those of the Leopard Rock Quartz Apronveld, but here Asbos (Pteronia incana) is<br />
often the dominant species, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) <strong>al</strong>so often<br />
prominent on south facing slopes. The quartz patches are <strong>al</strong>so quite unique in<br />
having rare species such as Euphorbia susannae, Euryops sp.nov (cf. oligoglossus),<br />
Gibbaeum p<strong>et</strong>rense, Gibbaeum velutinum, Haworthia magnifica var. magnifica and<br />
Quaqua ramosa present, with two species Gibbaeum <strong>al</strong>bum and Gibbaeum (Muiria<br />
hortenseae) endemic to this unit.<br />
The Fisantefontein Quartz Asbosveld is most similar to the Springfontein Quartz<br />
Asbosveld in having Asbos (Pteronia incana) often the dominant species and Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) prominent on south facing slopes in the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation. It<br />
differs, however, in the species present in the quartz patches with Gibbaeum angulipes<br />
present in this unit, that <strong>al</strong>so has its own loc<strong>al</strong> endemic, Gibbaeum schwantesii. The<br />
uncommon Drosanthemum bicolor and Euphorbia pillansii is <strong>al</strong>so occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present in<br />
the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
165
5.3.3.4 Arid Renosterveld<br />
The Witteberg Renosterveld unit is quite different from the Renosterveld units<br />
that occur further south. Elytropappus rhinocerotis remains to be the dominant<br />
species in this unit that occurs mostly on deep sandy soils in which fynbos elements<br />
(such as Hypodiscus sulcatus, Leucadendron brunioides, Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium<br />
and Thamnochortus scabridus) are <strong>al</strong>so present. Some of these Fynbos species are<br />
more typic<strong>al</strong> of the Bokkeveld and Cederberg Fynbos areas. Some of the species<br />
that occur in the more clayey soil of this Renosterveld unit (e.g. Euryops<br />
imbricatus) <strong>al</strong>so indicate a bio-geographic<strong>al</strong> link northwards. This unit is rich in<br />
geophytes and it may have contained some endemic species, but so much of this<br />
unit has been ploughed to create wheat fields that only sm<strong>al</strong>l areas could be<br />
sampled.<br />
5.3.3.5 Arid Renosterveld Mosaics<br />
The Bloutoring Karroid Renosterveld is most similar to and shares most of its<br />
species with the Vrede Karroid Renosterveld. It differs in being more patchy, with<br />
patches of sandy soil in which sour grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Merxmuellera<br />
arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentaschistis eriostoma and Pentaschistis<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lida) are often abundant. The rather well defined Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities<br />
are <strong>al</strong>so quite different as they have succulents such as Gibbaeum gibbosum and<br />
Ruschia caroli present. The only known rare plant present is Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um<br />
diluculum, but more may be found if this unit is properly surveyed after rain.<br />
The Bylshoek Karroid Renosterveld is most similar to the Vrede Karroid<br />
Renosterveld unit as they <strong>al</strong>so share many species, but it differs in having<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) more prominent on south facing slopes,<br />
perhaps because this unit receives a higher rainf<strong>al</strong>l. On lower north facing slopes of<br />
166
this unit are rather clear cut patches of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> Apronveld that are very<br />
similar to those that occur in the Vrede Apronveld. stem succulents, such as<br />
Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii, are <strong>al</strong>so quite abundant here This unit differs from comparable<br />
units in having uncommon species such as Romulea sphaerocarpa and Ruschia<br />
amicorum present. It <strong>al</strong>so needs to be surveyed well after good rain.<br />
The Bosluiskloof Karroid Renosterveld unit is mostly dominated by Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis), but other shrubs (e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Euryops lateriflorus, Euryops rehmannii, Felicia filifolia,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. Patches of Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation, in which succulents<br />
(e.g. Antimima spp, Hereroha sp., Ruschia spp, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent, is <strong>al</strong>so present<br />
on north facing slopes. A number of rare species occur in this unit, e.g. Lotononis<br />
dissitinodis and Moraea thomasiae, and the shrub Acmadenia fruticosa seems to be<br />
endemic to this unit.<br />
The Vrede Karroid Renosterveld unit occurs mostly on loamy- to clayey soils<br />
derived from the underlying Tra-Tra formation, but there are a few patches of deep<br />
sandy soils present. Elytropappus rhinocerotis is the dominant species in this unit,<br />
but Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> communities that are similar to those that occur in the Vrede<br />
Apronveld on clayey soils replace it. Here the abundance of as Tylecodon w<strong>al</strong>lichii<br />
and Cotyledon orbiculata (both indicators of disturbance) suggest that most of this<br />
unit has been subjected to severe grazing pressure by domestic stock in the past.<br />
Rare and uncommon species recorded thus far in this unit are Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia ameliae,<br />
Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia comptonii, Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia whitehillensis and Ox<strong>al</strong>is orbicularis. Common<br />
species recorded in this unit are; Androcymbium burchellii, Anisodontea triloba,<br />
Brunsvigia gregaria, Bulbine mesembryanthemoides, Carissa haematocarpa,<br />
C<strong>et</strong>erach cordatum, Cheilanthes parviloba, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp.<br />
subcanescens, Crassula cultrata, Crassula hemisphaerica, Crassula muscosa,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us ericoides, Felicia filifolia, Felicia macrorrhiza, Fingerhuthia africana,<br />
Gladiolus scullyi, Gloveria integrifolia, Hermannia filifolia var. grandic<strong>al</strong>yx,<br />
Hermannia sulcata, Hyobanche sanguinea, Melolobium exudans, Nemesia fruticosa,<br />
167
Nemesia ligulata, Ornithoglossum undulatum, Othonna pteronioides, Ox<strong>al</strong>is obtusa,<br />
Pentzia incana, Rhus p<strong>al</strong>lens and Tripteris sinuata.<br />
5.3.3.6 Mesic Renosterveld<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
Rheboksfontein Renosterveld unit. Grasses, mostly sour grasses but <strong>al</strong>so some<br />
swe<strong>et</strong> grasses (e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris<br />
macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis, Pentaschistis<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present but they are only<br />
prominent after a fire. Geophytes (e.g. Ixia orient<strong>al</strong>is, Syringodea longituba,<br />
Watsonia <strong>al</strong><strong>et</strong>roides, <strong>et</strong>c) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant after fire. Some Restios (e.g.<br />
Ischyrolepis capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present on<br />
south facing slopes, <strong>al</strong>ong with the rare loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Diosma strumosa.<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
Western Langeberg Renosterveld, but other shrubs (e.g. Dodonaea angustifolia,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Euryops rehmannii, Freylinia densiflora, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia<br />
squarrosa, Oedera genistifolia, Otholobium candicans, Wiborgia tenuifolia, <strong>et</strong>c.) are<br />
<strong>al</strong>so present. Grasses (e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris<br />
macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis, Pentaschistis<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present but they are only<br />
prominent after a fire. Alien annu<strong>al</strong> grasses (e.g. Bromus, Hordeum, Lolium, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
have invaded this unit. Some succulents are present (e.g. Haworthia pumila), but<br />
they are not common. Many geophytes are present, of which some are rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species, e.g. Babiana patula, Ixia superba and Moraea cooperi.<br />
168
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
K<strong>al</strong>koenshoek Renosterveld unit. Although most of this veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit is<br />
seriously transformed through ploughing and burning and grazing practices, it<br />
seems to have had a combination of species present (e.g. Euryops and Pteronia spp.)<br />
that differs from <strong>al</strong>l the surrounding Renosterveld units. Remnants of this unit<br />
should be surveyed carefully to d<strong>et</strong>ermine which rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species<br />
are still present. I suspect that there will be sever<strong>al</strong>.<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
Eensaamheid Renosterveld, which occurs on quite deep sandy soils with a few<br />
sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills in b<strong>et</strong>ween. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare species occur in these hills, including<br />
Acmadenia maculata, Diosma passerinoides and Freesia verrucosa. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
rich in geophyte species (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Geissorhiza inconspicua,<br />
Geissorhiza ornithog<strong>al</strong>oides, Gladiolus floribundus, Gladiolus virescens, Moraea<br />
macronyx, Watsonia <strong>al</strong><strong>et</strong>roides, <strong>et</strong>c.).<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
Langkloof Renosterveld unit, but on south facing slopes are <strong>al</strong>so some fynbos<br />
elements (e.g. Erica cerinthoides, Erica versicolor, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea<br />
neriifolia, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.) present, including some<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species such as Agathosma spinosa. Grasses (e.g. Digitaria<br />
eriantha, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra, Pentameris<br />
macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis, Pentaschistis<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent to dominant after<br />
a fire. Unlike most other Renosterveld units, geophytes are not very abundant, but a<br />
few uncommon species do occur here (e.g. Freesia verrucosa, Tritonia parvula,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.). Some succulents are present on rocky outcrops, including an unusu<strong>al</strong> variant<br />
of Gasteria brachyphylla. Other shrubs are not uncommon, including the loc<strong>al</strong><br />
endemic Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us tenuifolius.<br />
169
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
Kliphuisvlei Renosterveld, but other shrubs (e.g. Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Euryops<br />
rehmanii, Lobostemon marlothii, Lobostemon stachydeus, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a fruticosa,<br />
Polyg<strong>al</strong>a microlopha, Pteronia incana, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so present. Swe<strong>et</strong> and sour grasses<br />
(e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra,<br />
Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis,<br />
Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium uniolae, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent after<br />
a fire. Unlike most other Renosterveld units, geophytes are not very abundant, but<br />
some are present (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Gladiolus permeabilis, <strong>et</strong>c.). Shrubby<br />
leaf succulents (e.g. Antimima spp., Drosanthemum spp., Ruschia spp., <strong>et</strong>c.) are not<br />
uncommon on north facing slopes. Otholobium macradenium is the only rare<br />
species known to occur in the Kliphuisvlei Renosterveld, but an unidentified large<br />
yellow-flowered Drosanthemum species (cf. D. bicolor) may be new and endemic<br />
here.<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub in the<br />
Swartberg Renosterveld, but other shrubs (e.g. Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Hermannia<br />
saccifera, Lobostemon fruticosus, Oedera squarrosa, Pteronia incana, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so<br />
present. Some of these shrubs, e.g. Otholobium lucens, are endemic to this unit.<br />
Swe<strong>et</strong> and sour grasses (e.g. Digitaria eriantha, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis<br />
capensis, Festuca scabra, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma,<br />
Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis, Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium<br />
uniolae, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so prominent after a fire in this unit. The Swartberg<br />
Renosterveld is <strong>al</strong>so very rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Bartholina<br />
burmanniana, Gladiolus virescens, Satyrium erectum, Tritonia securigera, Watsonia<br />
<strong>al</strong><strong>et</strong>roides, <strong>et</strong>c.), of which sever<strong>al</strong> (e.g. Disa lugens, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita,<br />
Gladiolus leptosiphon, Tritonia bakeri ssp. lilacina, <strong>et</strong>c.) are rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic species.<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
Tradouw Renosterveld unit. It is most similar to the Rheboksfontein Renosterveld<br />
170
unit in having mostly sour grasses but <strong>al</strong>so some swe<strong>et</strong> grasses (e.g. Digitaria<br />
eriantha, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis capensis, Festuca scabra,<br />
Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma,<br />
Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis, Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, Tribolium<br />
uniolae, <strong>et</strong>c.) prominent after a fire. It <strong>al</strong>so shares most of the common geophytes<br />
(e.g. Ixia orient<strong>al</strong>is, Watsonia <strong>al</strong><strong>et</strong>roides, <strong>et</strong>c) and has Restios (e.g. Ischyrolepis<br />
capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.) present on south facing<br />
slopes, but it differs in the rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present. The very rare<br />
Argyrolobium crinitum is endemic to this Renosterveld unit, which <strong>al</strong>so has other<br />
rare species such as Erepsia polita.<br />
5.3.3.7 Mesic Renosterveld Mosaics<br />
The Matjiesgoed Fynbos-Renosterveld occurs on the sandy soils derived from the<br />
Blinkberg and Witpoort formations and the loamy soils derived from the<br />
Swartruggens formation. The Fynbos patches are largely restricted to sites where<br />
sandy soils occur on south facing slopes, while the more abundant Renosterveld<br />
matrix occurs on the loamy soils, located on north- or south facing slopes. The<br />
Fynbos and Renosterveld elements often merge to such a degree that it is not<br />
possible to draw a line b<strong>et</strong>ween them. Typic<strong>al</strong> of the Fynbos patches in this unit is a<br />
well develop canopy of proteoid shrubs, with Leucadendron pubescens,<br />
Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea laurifolia and/or Protea<br />
lorifolia present. Restioids such as Cannamois scirpoides, Ischyrolepis hystrix,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus and Thamnochortus rigidus are often abundant, <strong>al</strong>ong with<br />
ericoid shrubs such as Erica anguliger, Erica speciosa and Erica syngenesia. Other<br />
ericoid shrubs abundant and co-dominant are; Felicia filifolia, Montinia<br />
caryophyllacea, Passerina vulgaris and Phylica lanata. Although rarely abundant a<br />
rich assemblage of species of <strong>al</strong>l life forms occur here, such as Agathosma <strong>al</strong>pina,<br />
Asp<strong>al</strong>athus aemula, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus nigra, Ehrharta ramose, Elegia filacea, Erica<br />
copiosa, Erica ostiaria, Erica rosacea, Erica selaginifolia, Leucadendron rubrum,<br />
171
Linum thunbergii, Oedera corymbosa, Oedera squarrosa, Pentameris<br />
macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Phylica wittebergensis, Protea humifusa, Relhania c<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Relhania speciosa and Syncarpha paniculata. The Renosterveld matrix lack the<br />
typic<strong>al</strong> proteoid component and Elytropappus rhinocerotis is the only dominate<br />
species, but other species abundant are Agathosma capensis, Anthospermum<br />
spathulatum, Cliffortia ter<strong>et</strong>ifolia, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Felicia filifolia,<br />
Merxmuellera stricta and Oedera squarrosa. Although not abundant a rich<br />
assemblage of species of <strong>al</strong>l life forms <strong>al</strong>so occurs in the Renosterveld, typic<strong>al</strong> of<br />
these are; Asp<strong>al</strong>athus <strong>al</strong>pestris, Clutia ericoides, Dianthus bolusii, Dimorphotheca<br />
cuneata, Drosanthemum sp., Mur<strong>al</strong>tia parviflora (scoparia), Polyg<strong>al</strong>a microlopha<br />
and Pteronia incana. This unit is apparently <strong>al</strong>most free from <strong>al</strong>ien plant species, but<br />
certain areas have been subjected to incorrect fire regimes and grazing by domestic<br />
stock. Indicators of disturbance are a lack of non-sprouting Proteaceae in the<br />
Fynbos and often a super abundance of Montinia caryophyllacea. A high density of<br />
Elytropappus rhinocerotis, tog<strong>et</strong>her with a lack of graminoids and a vari<strong>et</strong>y of other<br />
shrubs present, indicate disturbed Renosterveld communities. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
species known from this unit include Acmadenia argillophila, Agathosma<br />
adenandriflora, Disperis purpurata, Hypodiscus sulcatus, Leucadendron cadens,<br />
Leucadendron osbornei, Lotononis comptonii and Quaqua linearis.<br />
Vrede Fynbos-Renosterveld occurs on deep <strong>al</strong>luvi<strong>al</strong> soils, it consists mostly of<br />
deep sandy soils, but sm<strong>al</strong>l pock<strong>et</strong>s of clayey soils derived from the underlying Tra-<br />
Tra geologic<strong>al</strong> formation <strong>al</strong>so occur here. This unit is transition<strong>al</strong> and intermediate<br />
b<strong>et</strong>ween the Fynbos, Renosterveld and the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> units that occur in the<br />
Anysberg area. Elytropappus rhinocerotis is dominant and abundant throughout this<br />
unit, but in certain sm<strong>al</strong>l patches it is replaced by species characteristic of either the<br />
Fynbos or Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation. In w<strong>et</strong>, often water drainage, sites Fynbos<br />
species such as Erica quadrangularis, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Rhodocoma<br />
capensis are abundant. Species typic<strong>al</strong> of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong>, however, replace the<br />
Renosterbos communities wherever pock<strong>et</strong>s of clayey soil are exposed. Here typic<strong>al</strong><br />
Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> species such as Gibbaeum cryptopodium, Glottiphyllum<br />
172
depressum and Pteronia paniculata are loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant and abundant. This unit<br />
thus contains a highly unusu<strong>al</strong> combination of species where graminoids such as<br />
Stipagrostis obtusa live happily next to shrubs such as Lobostemon fruticosus and<br />
annu<strong>al</strong>s such as Dorotheanthus bellidiformis. Succulents are not uncommon,<br />
including an unusu<strong>al</strong> ecotype of Haworthia pumila that represents the easternmost<br />
known distribution for this species. At least one species is endemic to this unit, the<br />
geophyte Cyanella sp. nov. (cf. hyacinthoides), but another shrubby species that<br />
occurs <strong>al</strong>ong season<strong>al</strong> water drainage areas (Cliffortia cf. neglecta) may well <strong>al</strong>so be<br />
a highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized species endemic to this unit. A few other rare species, such as<br />
Cliffortia semiteres, Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia ameliae, Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia whitehillensis, are at present<br />
known to occur in this unit but there must be more. Much of this unit has been<br />
subjected to intensive grazing by domestic stock. Some areas has <strong>al</strong>so been<br />
ploughed and developed as woodlots (mostly Euc<strong>al</strong>yptus species). In these<br />
disturbed sites the natur<strong>al</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation is replaced by an abundance of Drosanthemum<br />
hispidum and G<strong>al</strong>enia africana. These two species seem to collate to form a “f<strong>al</strong>se<br />
climax” community that is not easily replaced by later succesion<strong>al</strong> species. This<br />
may, in part, be due to an abundance of rodents (e.g. Rhabdomys pumiilo) that<br />
colonize these dense swards of Kra<strong>al</strong>bos.<br />
The matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the Montagu Fynbos-Renosterveld is dominated by<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis), but patches of true fynbos (with<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea repens and Thamnochortus erectus prominent)<br />
occur where the soils are sandy. This unit is very rich in species of <strong>al</strong>l growth forms<br />
and it has some rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present, e.g. Babiana patula and<br />
Ixia superba. An unusu<strong>al</strong> robust form of Brunsvigia striata may be an undescribed<br />
species endemic to this unit.<br />
The Koktyls Fynbos-Renosterveld is similar to the Montagu Fynbos-Renosterveld<br />
in having the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation dominated by Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) and in having patches of true fynbos present in which Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Thamnochortus erectus are prominent on deep sandy soils. This unit<br />
173
is <strong>al</strong>so rich in species of <strong>al</strong>l growth forms, but it differs in lacking the rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present in the Montagu Fynbos-Renosterveld. No<br />
endemic species are known from this unit, but I am quite convinced that some will<br />
be found once it is properly surveyed.<br />
In the Horlosiekrans Fynbos-Renosterveld the matrix veg<strong>et</strong>ation is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
dominated by Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis), but here the fynbos<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation occurs mostly only on south facing slopes of sandstone outcrops. Erica<br />
speciosa, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea can<strong>al</strong>iculata, Protea repens, Protea<br />
sulphurea and Thamnochortus rigidus are abundant in these fynbos patches. The<br />
matrix Renosterveld has a rich assemblage of geophyte species, including the loc<strong>al</strong><br />
endemic Hesperantha truncutula.<br />
The Woeska Fynbos-Renosterveld is most similar to the Woeska Waboomveld<br />
and these two units share many species, including some of the rare species such as<br />
Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Paranomus longicaulis, Protea decurrens and Protea<br />
subulifolia. It differs, however, in being more arid and having Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Elytropappus adpressus) prominent and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
some Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) <strong>al</strong>so present. Some sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills<br />
occur in this unit, on which succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Aloe comptonii,<br />
Crassula rupestris, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often prominent. A more thorough survey of these hills<br />
may reve<strong>al</strong> an interesting Haworthia species.<br />
The Hoogfontein Asbos-Renosterveld unit is quite peculiar in having Asbos<br />
(Pteronia incana) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) so dominant that few<br />
other shrubs are present. It may have grass and geophytes abundant after fire, but<br />
very few were noted when this unit was surveyed. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation looked moribund<br />
and it may benefit from a fire. No rare species are known from this unit, but some<br />
unidentified Antimima and Ruschia species were noted on rocky outcrops. Some of<br />
these succulents may be loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species.<br />
174
In the Barryd<strong>al</strong>e Asbos-Renosterveld Asbos (Pteronia incana) is dominant on<br />
north facing slopes, <strong>al</strong>ong with some Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and a few<br />
stunted Gwarrie (Euclea undulata) trees. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is<br />
dominant on the south facing slopes of hills and on the deep loamy soils in the<br />
v<strong>al</strong>leys. This unit is rich in geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Brunsvigia<br />
josephiniae, Pelargonium rapaceum, Syringodea longituba, Tritonia p<strong>al</strong>lida, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
and succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Aloe microstigma, Anacampseros<br />
telephiastrum, Bulbine mesembryanthemoides, Ceph<strong>al</strong>ophyllum subulatum,<br />
Drosanthemum speciosum, Euphorbia clandestina, Glottiphyllum depressum,<br />
Senecio radicans, <strong>et</strong>c.) of which some are rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species (e.g.<br />
Gibbaeum velutinum, Haworthia maraisii, <strong>et</strong>c.).<br />
In the Soutkloof Asbos-Renosterveld Asbos (Pteronia incana) is only prominent<br />
on deeper loamy soils, with most of the sparsely veg<strong>et</strong>ated sh<strong>al</strong>e ridges having<br />
karroid shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Felicia filifolia, Pteronia paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.),<br />
some succulents (e.g. Adromischus filicaulis, Crassula columnaris, Crassula<br />
rupestris, <strong>et</strong>c.) and a few geophytes (e.g. Boophane disticha and Ox<strong>al</strong>is spp.)<br />
present. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is only prominent on south facing<br />
slopes, <strong>al</strong>ong with some other shrubs (e.g. Clutia polifolia, Passerina obtusifolia,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens, Montinia caryophyllacea, Oedera genistifolia, Printzia polifolia,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.), of which some are rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics (e.g. Diosma strumosa and a<br />
seemingly undescribed Amphith<strong>al</strong>ea species). A few peculiar populations of<br />
Thamnochortus karooica (growing on pure sh<strong>al</strong>e) were found on southern slopes<br />
amongst which a peculiar variant of Gibbaeum velutinum was <strong>al</strong>so present.<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is only dominant on south facing slopes in<br />
the Kortefontein Asbos-Renosterveld, with Asbos (Pteronia incana) and other<br />
shrubs (e.g. Berkheya cuneata, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Nylandtia spinosa, Pteronia<br />
paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c.) more abundant on north facing slopes. Succulents (e.g. Crassula<br />
columnaris, Cotyledon orbiculare, Glottiphyllum depressum, Smicrostigma viride,<br />
175
<strong>et</strong>c.) are not uncommon, including the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Gibbaeum p<strong>et</strong>rense. Most<br />
of this unit has been transformed through ploughing to establish wheat fields.<br />
The Uniond<strong>al</strong>e Asbos-Renosterveld is not very rich in species; here Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is dominant on south facing slopes and Asbos (Pteronia<br />
incana) on north facing slopes. Some geophytes are present (e.g. Babiana<br />
sambucina, Freesia corymbosa, <strong>et</strong>c.), including some uncommon species (e.g.<br />
Brunsvigia josephiniae and Tritonia chysantha). Only a few succulent species (Aloe<br />
ferox, Aloe microstigma, Bulbine frutescens, Gasteria brachyphylla, Glottiphyllum<br />
depressum, <strong>et</strong>c.) were observed here. Grasses (Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis<br />
curvula, Digitaria eriantha, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so uncommon, but this may be an artifact<br />
from previous grazing practices.<br />
The Kouga Asbos-Renosterveld unit is quite uniform with Renosterbos<br />
(Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Asbos (Pteronia incana) abundant on north facing<br />
slopes, often with some other drought resilient shrubs (e.g. Dimorphotheca cuneata,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Pteronia sordida, <strong>et</strong>c.) <strong>al</strong>so present. Some Fynbos elements<br />
(e.g. Athanasia pinnata, Cannamois scirpoides, Clutia polifolia, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.) occur on south facing slopes,<br />
but these sites are not rich in species with only a few geophyte species (e.g. Babiana<br />
sambucina, Gladiolus patersoniae, Tritonia securigera, <strong>et</strong>c.) present, of which only<br />
Freesia verrucosa could be considered as an uncommon species. Mostly only sour<br />
grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lens, <strong>et</strong>c.) are<br />
abundant after fire, <strong>al</strong>ong with the quite characteristic fireweed, Hertia clutyifolia.<br />
The Matjiesrivier Asbos-Renosterveld is similar to the Uniond<strong>al</strong>e Asbos-<br />
Renosterveld in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) dominant on south<br />
facing slopes and Asbos (Pteronia incana), some trees and other shrubs (e.g. Carissa<br />
haematocarpa, Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea undulata, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a pinifolia and Rhus<br />
undulata) prominent on north facing slopes. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so not very rich in<br />
species, but some uncommon geophytes are present (e.g. Gladiolus leptosiphon)<br />
176
and succulents (especi<strong>al</strong>ly Aloe ferox and Gasteria brachyphylla) are more<br />
abundant. Grasses (Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Eragrostis curvula, Digitaria eriantha, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are <strong>al</strong>so uncommon, but they may be after a fire.<br />
The Wildeperdeberg Asbos-Renosterveld occurs in an arid environment, with<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) only abundant on south facing slopes<br />
<strong>al</strong>ong with some Fynbos elements (e.g. Agathosma capensis, Euryops rehmanii,<br />
Ischyrolepis ocreata, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Montinia caryophyllacea, Rafnia<br />
racemosa, <strong>et</strong>c.). Asbos (Pteronia incana) is more prominent on north facing slopes,<br />
<strong>al</strong>ong with other drought resilient shrubs, such as Dimorphotheca cuneata,<br />
Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Euryops lateriflorus, <strong>et</strong>c. and a few trees (e.g. Osyris<br />
compressa, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.). Grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon plurinodes, Pentameris<br />
eriostoma, Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present, but not very<br />
abundant in this unit.<br />
The Bloutoring Fynbos-Renosterveld occurs mostly on steep south facing slopes<br />
of hills in an arid area. Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is dominant<br />
throughout the unit, but sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of Fynbos are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present in b<strong>et</strong>ter-<br />
watered sites. Proteas are sparse, but Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucadendron<br />
ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Leucospermum wittebergense and Protea laurifolia are present in the<br />
Fynbos patches. Grasses are very prominent after fire, including species such as<br />
Cymbopogon plurinodes, Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera arundinacea,<br />
Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentaschistis eriostoma,<br />
Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis and Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida. Agathosma adenandriflora is<br />
the only known rare species of this unit, but I expect that a more careful survey of<br />
the Fynbos patches will reve<strong>al</strong> many more such as Agathosma acocksii.<br />
The MountEco Fynbos-Renosterveld unit is most similar to the Bloutoring<br />
Fynbos-Renosterveld in having grasses such as Ehrharta capensis, Ehrharta ramosa,<br />
Merxmuellera arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla,<br />
Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis and<br />
177
Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida prominent, but it differs in being less arid. Here the Fynbos<br />
elements are more prominent on the south facing slopes, with species such as<br />
Agathosma ovata quite abundant. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known<br />
from this unit.<br />
The Haarlem Fynbos-Renosterveld unit is quite unusu<strong>al</strong> in having Mesic Proteoid<br />
Fynbos (with Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum and Protea neriifolia loc<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
abundant), prominent on south facing slopes and Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) dominant on the north facing slopes. This unit is quite rich in species<br />
of a wide array of life forms including succulents (e.g. Aloe lineata) and geophytes<br />
(e.g. Watsonia fourcadei) of which some are rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species,<br />
e.g. Eulophia platyp<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a and Protea vogtsiae.<br />
The Anysberg Sandolien-Renosterveld occurs on the southern foot of the<br />
Anysberg, a zone where fires periodic<strong>al</strong>ly sweep from the mountain onto the lower<br />
plains. It occurs on deep <strong>al</strong>luvi<strong>al</strong>, often very rocky, soils and on the loc<strong>al</strong> silcr<strong>et</strong>e<br />
plateaus. Elytropappus rhinocerotis is the dominant species and Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia is often abundant, with Fynbos elements present in the upper section<br />
near the mountain and Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong> elements present in the lower section near<br />
the river. This unit differs from the Vrede Fynbos-Renosterveld in having<br />
Dodonaea and Elytropappus more abundant, probably because fires play a more<br />
prominent role here. Most of this unit is still in a he<strong>al</strong>thy condition, despite the fact<br />
that it has been utilized as grazing for domestic stock in the past. No <strong>al</strong>ien plant<br />
species were observed here. The silcr<strong>et</strong>e outcrops that occur here harbor some rare<br />
species, such as Acmadenia fruticosa. A more intensive survey of this section will<br />
certainly lead to the discovery of more interesting plant species.<br />
Despite its limited extent the Waaikra<strong>al</strong> Sandolien-Renosterveld is an interesting<br />
unit. Here Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) remains the dominant shrub, but<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) occurs sporadic<strong>al</strong>ly throughout this unit. Proteas<br />
are absent to very rare (Protea repens), but some Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum occurs on<br />
178
south facing slopes. Grasses are not abundant (perhaps after fire), but sour and<br />
swe<strong>et</strong> grasses (e.g. Themeda triandra) have been noted here. A wide array of shrubs<br />
occurs here, including rare species such as Diosma passerinoides and S<strong>al</strong>via muirii.<br />
It is <strong>al</strong>so rich in geophyte species including the uncommon Romulea vlokii. Much<br />
of this unit has been transformed through ploughing and it is in places seriously<br />
invaded by Acacia cyclops.<br />
The Ladismith Sandolien-Renosterveld unit consists of a patchwork of an<br />
amazing number of different plant communities, but Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) and Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) are prominent in the matrix<br />
Renosterveld that occurs on north facing slopes and in the v<strong>al</strong>leys of this unit. Sm<strong>al</strong>l<br />
patches of Spekboomveld (with Portulacaria afra present) <strong>al</strong>so occur on rocky<br />
outcrops on north facing slopes. Grassy Fynbos (with Merxmuellera arundinacea<br />
prominent) often occur on the upper south facing slopes, but patches of Proteoid<br />
Fynbos (with Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea repens and Protea lorifolia<br />
prominent) occur on southern slopes where there are sandstone outcrops, but where<br />
the soils are loamy it rapidly changes to Waboomveld (with Protea nitida<br />
prominent) often with a rather well developed grass component (including Themeda<br />
triandra), even patches of Apronveld (with karroid shrubs such as the loc<strong>al</strong> endemic<br />
Blepharis inermis and Pteronia paniculata, <strong>et</strong>c. prominent) are present on lower<br />
slopes where the soils are clayey. No very rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are<br />
known from this unit, but uncommon species known from this unit include<br />
Agathosma microcarpa and robust variants of Haworthia habdomadis.<br />
The Bergplaas Sandolien-Renosterveld is somewhat similar to the Ladismith<br />
Sandolien-Renosterveld, but it is less patchy, has less variance in the plant<br />
communities present and is consequently not very rich in species. It is <strong>al</strong>so more<br />
arid with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and Sandolien (Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia) more prominent throughout the unit, with only a few other shrubs<br />
(such as Athanasia ter<strong>et</strong>ifolia, Clutia polifolia, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Euryops<br />
lateriflorus, Hermannia saccifera, Melolobium adenodes, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia acuta, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia<br />
179
dispersa, Pentzia dentata, <strong>et</strong>c.) present. Grasses are <strong>al</strong>so sparse with only some sour<br />
grasses (e.g. Aristida diffusa) present. The patches of Spekboomveld are somewhat<br />
b<strong>et</strong>ter developed on north facing rocky outcrops.<br />
In the Leeublad Sandolien-Renosterveld Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis)<br />
is dominant on the north facing slopes with Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia)<br />
more prominent on the south facing slopes, often <strong>al</strong>ong with some Fynbos elements<br />
(e.g. Erica speciosa, Ischyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Rhodocoma<br />
fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.). This unit is rich in species, of which sever<strong>al</strong> are rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemics such as Acmadenia maculata, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sp.nov. (cf.glabrescens), Disa<br />
s<strong>al</strong>teri, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita, Freesia verrucosa, Gladiolus leptosiphon,<br />
Hymenolepis sp.nov. Romulea jugicola and Satyrium p<strong>al</strong>lens.<br />
The Hartbeesvlakte Sandolien-Renosterveld is similar to the Leeublad Sandolien-<br />
Renosterveld in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) dominant on the<br />
north facing slopes and Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) more prominent on the<br />
south facing slopes often with some Fynbos elements (e.g. C<strong>al</strong>opsis andraeana,<br />
Ischyrolepis capensis, Montinia caryophyllacea, Oedera squarrosa, Passerina<br />
obtusifolia, Phylica axillaris, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Thamnochortus rigidus, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
present. It is, however, a more arid unit with succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Aloe<br />
ferox, Machairophyllum acuminatum, <strong>et</strong>c) more prominent, <strong>al</strong>ong with some trees<br />
(e.g. Euclea undulata, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.), on north facing slopes. Romulea<br />
jugicola is the only rare species known from this unit.<br />
The De Vlugt Sandolien-Renosterveld unit is similar to the Hartbeesvlakte<br />
Sandolien-Renosterveld in having Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis)<br />
dominant on the north facing slopes and Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) more<br />
prominent on the south facing slopes of the silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills that occur here, but it<br />
differs in having Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> and Forest elements (e.g. Buddleja s<strong>al</strong>igna,<br />
Carissa bispinosa, Diospyros dichrophylla, Grewia occident<strong>al</strong>is, Pittosporum<br />
viridiflorus, Rhus lucida, <strong>et</strong>c.) more prominent on the lower slopes and in the<br />
180
v<strong>al</strong>leys. The grass component is <strong>al</strong>so b<strong>et</strong>ter developed here, often with Themeda<br />
triandra and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly Tristachya leucothrix prominent. Succulents (e.g. Aloe<br />
ferox, Glottiphyllum depressum, Haworthia cymbiformis, Haworthia scabra, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are abundant on rocky outcrops and in the Renosterveld. One of these, an unusu<strong>al</strong><br />
white-flowered Trichodiadema (T.mirabile-orient<strong>al</strong>e complex) may be endemic<br />
here.<br />
The Kouga Sandolien-Renosterveld is very similar to the Hartbeesvlakte<br />
Sandolien-Renosterveld, but here Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) and<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) mix more freely and they are both prominent on<br />
south and north facing slopes, perhaps because this is a w<strong>et</strong>ter environment. Fynbos<br />
elements (e.g. Erica speciosa, Ischyrolepis capensis, Montinia caryophyllacea,<br />
Oedera squarrosa, Passerina obtusifolia, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Thamnochortus<br />
rigidus, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present on south facing slopes, but they are poor in species. It <strong>al</strong>so<br />
differs in having far less succulents (only a few Aloe ferox present) and <strong>al</strong>so only a<br />
few geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina) present. No rare species are known from<br />
this unit and one g<strong>et</strong>s the impression that this is a newly evolving veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit,<br />
currently dominated by only a handful of species.<br />
The Kortefontein Waboom-Renosterveld is mostly restricted to silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills, with<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) the dominant shrub on north facing slopes<br />
and the intermediate v<strong>al</strong>leys. Fynbos elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme,<br />
Paranomus spathulatus, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.), with Waboom<br />
(Protea nitida) prominent, are more abundant on south facing slopes and w<strong>et</strong>ter sites<br />
on the hilltops. A somewhat surprising feature is the relative abundance of<br />
succulents (e.g. Aloe arborescens, Aloe lineata, Crassula spp., Othonna spp and<br />
Senecio spp.) on the rocky outcrops. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) and a few<br />
trees (Maytenus oleoides, Osyris compressa, Rhus lucida, <strong>et</strong>c.) is present, but they<br />
are not very abundant Sour grasses (e.g. Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris and<br />
181
Pentashistis species) are present, but not very prominent. Geophytes are not very<br />
abundant, but populations of the very rare Eulophia platyp<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a were found here.<br />
In the Saffraanrivier Waboom-Renosterveld, Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub on north facing slopes, with fynbos<br />
elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides, Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum,<br />
Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Protea repens, Rhodocoma<br />
fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.) and especi<strong>al</strong>ly Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent on south facing<br />
slopes. A rather unusu<strong>al</strong> feature is the relative abundance of the otherwise<br />
uncommon Erica tragulifera in this unit. On the rocky outcrops are Sandolien<br />
(Dodonaea angustifolia) and a few trees (Maytenus oleoides, Osyris compressa,<br />
Rhus lucida, <strong>et</strong>c.) present, but they are not very abundant Sour grasses (e.g.<br />
Aristida, Merxmuellera, Pentameris and Pentashistis species) are <strong>al</strong>so present, but<br />
not very prominent. Geophytes are quite abundant here, including some rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species such as Disa s<strong>al</strong>teri, Moraea lilacina and Tritonia p<strong>al</strong>lida<br />
ssp. taylorae.<br />
The Uniond<strong>al</strong>e Waboom-Renosterveld unit is <strong>al</strong>so largely restricted to silcr<strong>et</strong>e-<br />
topped hills, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) the dominant shrub on<br />
north facing slopes and fynbos elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides, Hypodiscus<br />
striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum wittebergense, Protea lorifolia,<br />
Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.) and Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent<br />
on south facing slopes. On the rocky outcrops are Sandolien (Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia) prominent <strong>al</strong>ong with some trees (Maytenus oleoides, Osyris<br />
compressa, Rhus lucida, <strong>et</strong>c.). Sour grasses (e.g. Aristida, Merxmuellera,<br />
Pentameris and Pentashistis species) are present, but they are not very prominent.<br />
Geophytes are not abundant here, but sever<strong>al</strong> rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are<br />
present, including Amphith<strong>al</strong>ea vlokii, Cliffortia arcuata, Cyrthanthus inaequ<strong>al</strong>is,<br />
Diosma passerinoides, and Drosanthemum sp.nov. (midas), Freesia verrucosa,<br />
Haworthia bayeri, Prismatocarpus virgatus and Relhania decussata.<br />
182
The Kruisrivier Waboom-Renosterveld unit consists of a very unusu<strong>al</strong><br />
combination of plants, with Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) the dominant<br />
shrub on north facing slopes and Waboom (Protea nitida), <strong>al</strong>ong with a few other<br />
fynbos elements (e.g. Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis<br />
gaudichaudiana, <strong>et</strong>c.) present on south facing slopes. Grasses may be prominent<br />
after a fire in this unit, but no such examples were seen. No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic plants are known from this odd unit, but a very unusu<strong>al</strong> variant of<br />
Pod<strong>al</strong>yria burchellii seems to be restricted to this unit. Some species may thus be<br />
evolving here.<br />
In Johand<strong>al</strong> Waboom-Renosterveld the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) with a few scattered Sandolien (Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia) present, but here Waboom (Protea nitida) and other fynbos elements<br />
(e.g. Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum,<br />
Rhodocoma fruticosa, <strong>et</strong>c.) are not abundant on the south facing slopes. Grasses are<br />
not very abundant either, even after a fire, but many geophytes occur here,<br />
including very rare species such as Ixia gloriosa and Ixia leipoldtii.<br />
In the Springfontein Waboom-Renosterveld unit Renosterbos (Elytropappus<br />
rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub on north facing slopes, but Fynbos elements<br />
and Waboom (Protea nitida) are prominent on south facing slopes here. These<br />
Fynbos sites are rich in species, with the following species recorded here;<br />
Anthospermum spathulatum, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus acanthes, Bobartia macrospytha, C<strong>al</strong>opsis<br />
marlothii, Centella linifolia, Centella stenophylla, Centella virgata, Cliffortia<br />
pulchella, Corymbium glabrum, Cullumia aculeata, Cyclopia intermedia,<br />
Dolichothrix ericoides, Elegia filacea, Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Erica anguliger, Erica<br />
pluken<strong>et</strong>ii, Erica versicolor, Felicia filifolia, Ficinia filiformis, Gerbera serrata,<br />
Helichrysum zwartbergense, Hermannia odorata, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus<br />
striatus, Lanaria lanata, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum c<strong>al</strong>ligerum,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia massonii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia heisteria,<br />
Nenax acerosa, Oedera imbricata, Paranomus spathulatus, Pelargonium fruticosum,<br />
183
Pentashistis colorata, Pentashistis m<strong>al</strong>ouinensis, Phylica purpurea, Protea repens,<br />
Restio filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Senecio paniculatus,<br />
Senecio pinifolius, Stoebe microphylla, Syncarpha paniculata, T<strong>et</strong>raria bromoides,<br />
T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata, Willdenowia bolusii and Willdenowia<br />
glomerata. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are <strong>al</strong>so present, including<br />
Acmadenia latifolia, Acmadenia nivenii, Lotononis lamprifolia, Leucospermum<br />
erubescens, and Leusospermum saxatile and Protea aspera.<br />
Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is <strong>al</strong>so the dominant shrub in the<br />
Matjiesrivier Waboom-Renosterveld, but Waboom (Protea nitida) is prominent<br />
on north and south facing slopes. Some Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
present on north facing slopes, but it is not very abundant, as it is in the<br />
Matjiesrivier Sandolienveld. Some Fynbos elements (e.g. Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum,<br />
Protea repens, Protea lorifolia, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present on south facing slopes, but they are<br />
not very prominent. Grasses may be abundant after fire, but no such examples were<br />
seen. No rare plants are known from this unit, but uncommon species present<br />
include Haworthia monticola and Haworthia mucronata. I suspect that the very<br />
cryptic and rare Haworthia blackburniae var. graminifolia is present in this unit.<br />
5.3.3.8 Sandolienveld<br />
The Lemoenshoek Sandolienveld share many of its species with the Lemoenshoek<br />
Restioid Fynbos, with the most prominent difference being that Sandolien<br />
(Dodonaea angustifolia) is prominent to loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant here. Proteas are absent to<br />
very rare, but the unit is quite rich in species with the following species recorded in<br />
this unit; Agathosma ovata, Anthospermum g<strong>al</strong>ioides, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus acanthes,<br />
Cannamois parviflora, Centella virgata, Clutia ericoides, Corymbium glabrum,<br />
Crassula atropurpurea, Cullumia bisulca, Cymbopogon marginatus, Diosma prama,<br />
Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Euclea polyandra, Ficinia filiformis, Hermannia odorata,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Ischyrolepis sieberi, Leucadendron<br />
184
s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum c<strong>al</strong>ligerum, Lobelia coronopifolia, Machairophyllum<br />
cookii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia densa, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ciliaris, Passerina obtusifolia,<br />
Pelargonium fruticosum, Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentashistis m<strong>al</strong>ouinensis,<br />
Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica axillaris, Relhania c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Rhodocoma fruticosa,<br />
Serruria b<strong>al</strong>anoceph<strong>al</strong>a, Struthiola argentea, Syncarpha paniculata, T<strong>et</strong>raria<br />
bromoides, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata and Willdenowia glomerata. The only known rare<br />
and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic known in this unit is Wurmbea compacta. An unidentified<br />
Adenandra species collected here may be an undescribed species and perhaps<br />
endemic to this unit.<br />
Sandkra<strong>al</strong> Sandolienveld consists of a series of sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills, with some<br />
sandy v<strong>al</strong>leys in b<strong>et</strong>ween. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is dominant on the<br />
deeper sandy soils, often with some Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) <strong>al</strong>so<br />
present. Fynbos elements are prev<strong>al</strong>ent on the southern slopes of the silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills,<br />
where many of the species typic<strong>al</strong> of the Muiskra<strong>al</strong> Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit is<br />
present. They include species such as Cannamois scirpoides, Corymbium glabrum,<br />
Cullumia aculeata, Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Erica anguliger, Erica pluken<strong>et</strong>ii, Erica rosacea,<br />
Hypodiscus <strong>al</strong>bo-aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum,<br />
Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Leucospermum cuneiforme, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia g<strong>al</strong>pinii,<br />
Paranomus spathulatus, Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica pinea, Protea repens, Restio<br />
filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, Thamnochortus<br />
cinereus and Zygophyllum fulvum. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species recorded in<br />
this unit include Cliffortia <strong>al</strong>ata, Leucospermum erubescens, Leucospermum<br />
saxatile and Paranomus longicaulis. There are probably sever<strong>al</strong> more in this very<br />
interesting unit.<br />
Dwars-in-die-weg Sandolienveld is not very rich in species, but it is never the less<br />
an interesting unit as it bridges the gap b<strong>et</strong>ween the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> of the<br />
lowlands and the Fynbos in the uplands of the Rooiberg, It is thus an ecoton<strong>al</strong> unit<br />
in which Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is the dominant species but other<br />
shrubs such as Acmadenia sheiliae, Diosma prama, Felicia filifolia, Heliophila<br />
185
glauca, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens and Passerina obtusifolia are <strong>al</strong>so abundant. Some<br />
grasses are present, (e.g. Cymbopogon v<strong>al</strong>idus) but they are never very abundant.<br />
The only known rare species present is Alonsoa peduncularis.<br />
The Paardebont Fynbos-Sandolienveld is unusu<strong>al</strong> in having Fynbos well-<br />
developed on the south facing slopes of hills, with an odd combination of species<br />
such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sceptrum-aureum, C<strong>al</strong>opsis andraeana, Cannamois parviflora,<br />
Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica speciosa, Gladiolus patersoniae,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Oedera<br />
imbricata, Protea lorifolia and Protea repens. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) in<br />
prominent and dominant on the northern slopes, <strong>al</strong>ong with succulents other shrubs<br />
such as Aloe lineata, Cullumia decurrens, Passerina obtusifolia and Phylica<br />
axillaris. The only rare species known in this unit is a Heliophila sp.nov. (cf.<br />
glauca), but there may be sever<strong>al</strong> more.<br />
The Springfontein Sandolienveld <strong>al</strong>so has species present that are both typic<strong>al</strong> of<br />
the Fynbos communities present on the Langeberg and the Subtropic<strong>al</strong> Thick<strong>et</strong> of<br />
the lowlands. Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is the dominant shrub on the north<br />
facing slopes, while Fynbos elements are most abundant here on south facing<br />
slopes. The plant communities on the upper flat slopes are rich in species and often<br />
have an odd combination of trees, shrubs and forbs present (e.g. Euclea undulata,<br />
Gasteria brachyphylla, Hypodiscus striatus, Lobostemon decorus, Pelargonium<br />
carneum, <strong>et</strong>c.). No rare or loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from this unit, but I<br />
have little doubt that sever<strong>al</strong> will be found when this unit is b<strong>et</strong>ter surveyed.<br />
The Ladismith Fynbos-Sandolienveld is largely restricted to the flat tops of<br />
silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills and some of their southern slopes. Sandolien is very abundant and<br />
prominent, but many fynbos elements are <strong>al</strong>so present, often with Rhodocoma arida<br />
very prominent. This unit is thus close to an Arid Restioid Fynbos unit, but the<br />
relative abundance of Sandolien as well as the occurrence of karroid shrubs (such as<br />
Felicia filifolia and Pteronia incana) differentiates it. Other Fynbos elements that<br />
186
are prominent include Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and<br />
Leucospermum cuneiforme. Senecio citriformis is the only known loc<strong>al</strong> endemic<br />
known from this unit. No other rare species are known from this unit, but a very<br />
odd, miniature form of Mim<strong>et</strong>es cucullatus is occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present.<br />
The Gamkaberg Fynbos-Sandolienveld is similar to the Ladismith Fynbos-<br />
Sandolienveld in being largely restricted to a series of sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills with<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) prominent in the veg<strong>et</strong>ation, but here Fynbos<br />
elements are more prominent with Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Leucospermum<br />
cuneiforme often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. No rare species are known to occur in this unit,<br />
but it requires b<strong>et</strong>ter sampling.<br />
The Paardeberg Fynbos-Sandolienveld <strong>al</strong>so bridges the gap b<strong>et</strong>ween lowland<br />
Thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation and upland Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation and is similar to the Ladismith<br />
Fynbos-Sandolienveld in being largely restricted to the flat tops of silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills,<br />
with Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia), Rhodocoma arida and other karroid shrubs<br />
(e.g. Felicia filifolia and Pteronia incana) prominent on the northern slopes and flat<br />
tops of these hills, with Fynbos elements (e.g. Cannamois scirpoides, Erica rosacea,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
more prominent on southern slopes. It is, however, distinctive in having loc<strong>al</strong><br />
endemic and rare species present that are absent from <strong>al</strong>l the other comparable<br />
units, e.g. Acmadenia maculata and Haworthia emelyae.<br />
In the Kruisrivier Renoster-Sandolienveld both Sandolien (Dodonaea<br />
angustifolia) and Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) are loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant on<br />
north facing slopes. The Renosterveld is best developed in sites with deep loamy<br />
soils, with the Sandolienveld most abundant on more sandy and rock on north<br />
facing slopes. Fynbos elements (e.g. Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Cannamois scirpoides,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, <strong>et</strong>c.) are<br />
prominent on south facing slopes, occasion<strong>al</strong>ly with a few Waboom (Protea nitida)<br />
present. It is quite rich in geophyte species (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Cyanella lutea,<br />
187
Tritonia bakeri, <strong>et</strong>c.) and grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon spp, Pentashistis spp, Themeda<br />
triandra, <strong>et</strong>c.). The only known rare species known from this unit is Diascia patula.<br />
The Fouriesberg Renoster-Sandolienveld is <strong>al</strong>so largely restricted to outcrops of<br />
silcr<strong>et</strong>e, but here Renosterveld is prominent on the deeper loamy soils b<strong>et</strong>ween the<br />
hills. Elytropappus adpressus and Stoebe microphylla are often abundant in this<br />
Renosterveld type. are often abundant It is similar to the Paardebont Fynbos-<br />
Sandolienveld in having well developed stands of Fynbos on the south facing slopes<br />
with species such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sceptrum-aureum, C<strong>al</strong>opsis andraeana, Cannamois<br />
scirpoides, Erica anguliger, Erica cerinthoides, Erica rosacea, Ishyrolepis capensis,<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme present. Succulents (e.g.<br />
Aloe ferox) are not uncommon on rocky north-facing slopes. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic plants are known from this unit, including Athanasia<br />
quenquedentata ssp. quenquedentata, Disa s<strong>al</strong>teri, Erica zebrensis, Haworthia<br />
emelyae, Haworthia kingiana, Leucadendron ericifolium, Leucospermum pluridens,<br />
Lotononis filiformis, Otholobium racemosum, Ox<strong>al</strong>is attaquana, Protea decurrens<br />
and Romulea jugicola.<br />
The Tafelberg Renoster-Sandolienveld is structur<strong>al</strong>ly similar to the Fouriesberg<br />
Renoster-Sandolienveld in being largely restricted to sm<strong>al</strong>l silcr<strong>et</strong>e capped hills<br />
with Renosterveld occurring on the loamy soils of the v<strong>al</strong>leys b<strong>et</strong>ween these hills.<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) remains prominent to loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant in this<br />
unit, but the rare species present (e.g. Erica vlokii, Haworthia bayeri, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
differentiates it from <strong>al</strong>l other comparable units.<br />
Sandolien (Dodonaea angustifolia) is the dominant shrub throughout the<br />
Matjiesrivier Renoster-Sandolienveld unit, but many other drought resilient<br />
shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so present, including species such as Felicia filifolia, Hermannia<br />
saccifera, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a pinifolia and Pteronia incana. It is in many respects similar to<br />
the Kruisrivier Renoster-Sandolienveld and Leeublad Sandolien-Renosterveld units,<br />
but Renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis) is less prominent here. Succulents (e.g.<br />
188
Adromischus triflorus, Aloe ferox, Gasteria brachyphylla, <strong>et</strong>c.), geophytes (e.g.<br />
Babiana sambucina, Cyanella lutea, Tritonia bakeri, <strong>et</strong>c.) and grasses (e.g.<br />
Cymbopogon spp, Pentashistis spp, Themeda triandra, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>l quite abundant<br />
here.<br />
The Herold Renoster-Sandolienveld unit is most similar to the Fouriesberg<br />
Renoster-Sandolienveld, in its structure and because they share many common<br />
species with Elytropappus adpressus and Stoebe microphylla abundant in the<br />
Renosterveld component. It is <strong>al</strong>so similar to the Paardebont Fynbos-Sandolienveld<br />
in having Fynbos species such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sceptrum-aureum, C<strong>al</strong>opsis andraeana,<br />
Cannamois scirpoides, Erica anguliger, Erica cerinthoides, Erica rosacea,<br />
Ishyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Prismatocarpus candolleanus<br />
present on south facing slopes with succulents (e.g. Aloe ferox, Aloe lineata, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
present on rocky north-facing slopes. It differs, however, in having rare and loc<strong>al</strong><br />
endemic species such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus glabrescens, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita,<br />
Haworthia outeniquensis, Lotononis elongata and Ox<strong>al</strong>is ioeides present, that are<br />
absent from these other units.<br />
5.3.3.9 Asteraceous Fynbos<br />
Gamkaskloof Arid Asteraceous Fynbos occurs mostly on steep south facing<br />
slopes in arid sites, where the soils are sh<strong>al</strong>low, sandy to loamy and usu<strong>al</strong>ly very<br />
rocky, often with large slabs of sandstone prominent. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated<br />
by drought resilient shrubs, with many succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Othonna<br />
spp, Senecio spp.) often present in rocky outcrops. Prominent shrubs are<br />
Agathosma capensis, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Euryops rehmanii, Felicia filifolia and<br />
Pteronia fascicularis, with the distinctive Acmadenia sheiliae often present, but not<br />
abundant. Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus are usu<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so<br />
present, but never abundant. Proteaceae and Ericaceae are absent or very rare (Erica<br />
maesta & Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum) Grasses (Merxmuellera arundinacea, Pentameris<br />
189
distichophylla, Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Themeda triandra, <strong>et</strong>c.)<br />
are often abundant, but only prominent after fire. Geophytes are uncommon but<br />
there are a few rare species present (Apodolirion lanceolatum, G<strong>et</strong>hyllis<br />
transkarooica, G<strong>et</strong>hyllis verrucosa and Moraea vlokii). This unit may be confused<br />
with Bosluiskloof Grassy Fynbos, but here Merxmuellera arundinacea is not<br />
dominant.<br />
The Rooiberg Arid Asteraceous Fynbos <strong>al</strong>so occurs in rocky sandy to loamy soils<br />
in an arid environment, mostly on north facing slopes, but occasion<strong>al</strong>ly <strong>al</strong>so on<br />
south facing slopes. Ericaceae and Proteaceae are rare here, but this unit is rich in<br />
Rutaceae. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by drought resistant shrubs, such as<br />
Acmadenia sheiliae, Agathosma capenis, Agathosma mundii, Agathosma<br />
recurvifolia, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Cliffortia crenata, Diosma ap<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a, Diosma prama,<br />
Dolichothrix ericoides, Erica maesta, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Heliophila glauca,<br />
Hermannia flammula, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia massonii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pulcherrima, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia<br />
pungens, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia lignosa, Oedera imbricata, Osteospermum polyg<strong>al</strong>oides,<br />
Passerina obtusifolia, Pelargonium laevigatum, Pelargonium tricolor, Phylica<br />
mundii, Phylica purpurea, Pteronia fascicularis, Selago pulchra, Stoebe spir<strong>al</strong>is and<br />
Thesium virgatum. Grasses (Merxmuellera arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta,<br />
Pentashistis eriostoma) are present but uncommon, the same holds for the Restios<br />
(Hypodiscus striatus, Ishyrolepis capensis, Ischyrolepis gaudichaudiana,<br />
Rhodocoma arida). Succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Cerochlamys pachyphylla and<br />
many Crassula spp.) are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in rocky sites, of which two (Crassula<br />
rupestris ssp. marnierana and Haworthia blackburniae) are uncommon species.<br />
Other rare species known in this unit are Apodolirion lanceolatum, Lotononis<br />
dahlgrenii and Mur<strong>al</strong>tia cliffortiifolia.<br />
The Anysberg Arid Asteraceous Fynbos is restricted to arid north facing slopes,<br />
where the sh<strong>al</strong>low sandy soils are mostly derived from the Skurweberg formation.<br />
Along its lower margin this unit occurs <strong>al</strong>so on the Ri<strong>et</strong>vlei formation, where the<br />
soils are <strong>al</strong>so very sh<strong>al</strong>low, but have higher clay content and thus have a higher<br />
190
nutrient status. Some graminoids, such as Cymbopogon plurinodes, are not<br />
uncommon here <strong>al</strong>ong with some species more typic<strong>al</strong> of the Succulent <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation, such as Monechma incana and Rhus undulata. The structure of the<br />
communities of this unit thus differ from those of the Anysberg Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos in having Proteaceae sparse, while other shrubs and sm<strong>al</strong>l trees such as<br />
Dodonaea angustifolia and Rhus undulata are often abundant. Succulents such as<br />
Crassula rupestris are <strong>al</strong>so often abundant. Other species abundant include<br />
Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Euryops rehmannii, Felicia filifolia, Hypodiscus striatus,<br />
Leucadendron pubescens, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia p<strong>al</strong>lida, Passerina vulgaris, Phylica lanata,<br />
Pteronia fasciculata, Rhodocoma arida and Thamnochortus rigidus. Less abundant<br />
but <strong>al</strong>so characteristic of this unit are; Anthospermum a<strong>et</strong>hiopicum, Anthospermum<br />
g<strong>al</strong>iodes, Centella virgata, Crassula rubricaulis, Cullumia sulcata, Ehrharta ramosa,<br />
Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Erica syngenesia, Helichrysum zeyheri, Hermannia<br />
s<strong>al</strong>viifolia, Lampranthus sp., Leucadendron pubescens, Merxmuellera stricta,<br />
Mur<strong>al</strong>tia dispersa, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia parvifolia, Oedera squarrosa, Passerina vulgaris,<br />
Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Phymaspermum appressum, Protea laurifolia, Ruschia<br />
spp., Stoebe nervigera, Thesium ericifolium and Zygophyllum fulvum. At present<br />
only one rare species, Agathosma sp. nov. (anysbergensis), that is endemic to this<br />
unit is known to occur here.<br />
The Montagu Mesic Aster Fynbos unit is a most peculiar unit that only occurs on<br />
a single sh<strong>al</strong>e band that runs up the northern slopes of the Langeberg in a fairly high<br />
rainf<strong>al</strong>l area. The veg<strong>et</strong>ation is dominated by asteraceous shrubs (Elytropappus spp,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia spp, Stoebe spp.) with Proteas and Ericas sparse. It is recognized as a<br />
unique unit because it has its own loc<strong>al</strong> endemic, the rather rare M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia<br />
oligoceph<strong>al</strong>a.<br />
191
5.3.4 Mountain Fynbos<br />
5.3.4.1 Restioid Fynbos<br />
The Lemoenshoek Restioid Fynbos is structur<strong>al</strong>ly very similar to the Montagu Restioid<br />
Fynbos, but the species present differs. Those recorded from this unit include the<br />
following; Adromischus triflorus, Agathosma ovata, Anthospermum g<strong>al</strong>ioides,<br />
Asp<strong>al</strong>athus acanthes, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus grandiflora, Cannamois parviflora, Centella virgata,<br />
Clutia ericoides, Corymbium glabrum, Crassula atropurpurea, Crassula muscosa,<br />
Cymbopogon marginatus, Diosma prama, Ehrharta ramosa, Erica anguliger, Erica<br />
rosacea, Erica versicolor, Euclea polyandra, Ficinia filifolia, Ficinia filiformis, Ficinia<br />
nigrescens, Hermannia odorata, Hypodiscus striatus, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum,<br />
Leucospermum c<strong>al</strong>ligerum, Lobelia linearis, Lobostemon decorus, Machairophyllum<br />
cookii, Merxmuellera arundinacea, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia densa, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia heisteria, Paranomus<br />
spathulatus, Passerina obtusifolia, Pelargonium fruticosum, Pelargonium tricolor,<br />
Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentzia elegans, Phylica axillaris, Phylica mairea, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a<br />
umbellata, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Relhania c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Rhodocoma fruticosa,<br />
Serruria b<strong>al</strong>anoceph<strong>al</strong>a, Stoebe microphylla, Syncarpha paniculata, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata and<br />
Willdenowia glomerata. Erica barryd<strong>al</strong>ensis is the only rare species known from this unit.<br />
Despite its limited extent the Hutchinson Arid Restioid Fynbos is quite a unique unit. It<br />
is restricted to the flat tops of a few silcr<strong>et</strong>e hills. In deeper soils the veg<strong>et</strong>ation is<br />
dominated by Thamnochortus karooica, but Pteronia fascicularis is most abundant in<br />
sh<strong>al</strong>low, rocky soils. A rich assemblage of drought resilient shrubs <strong>al</strong>so occur here,<br />
including Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euryops rehmannii, Felicia filifolia, Passerina spp.<br />
and Mur<strong>al</strong>tia spp., but Ericas and Proteas are rare or absent. Many succulents occur on<br />
the rocky outcrops (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Conophytum joubertii, Crassula spp., Euphorbia<br />
clandestina, Haworthia cf. magnifica, Haworthia pumila, Othonna spp. and Senecio spp.),<br />
some of them are rare species, such as Euphorbia pseudoglobosa and a Senecio sp.nov.<br />
(cf. citriformis). A sm<strong>al</strong>l gnarled Erica that grows on the silcr<strong>et</strong>e boulders may be<br />
som<strong>et</strong>hing new and restricted to this unit. Geophytes are not uncommon, with often a<br />
192
great vari<strong>et</strong>y of Ox<strong>al</strong>is spp. som<strong>et</strong>imes present. Why the odd name? On the 1st November<br />
1928 John Hutchinson w<strong>al</strong>ked up one of these hills and predicted that this veg<strong>et</strong>ation will<br />
one day be recognized as a unique veg<strong>et</strong>ation unit, characterized by species such as<br />
Pteronia fascicularis.<br />
Proteas and Ericas are rare or absent in the Warmwaterberg Arid Restioid Fynbos, but<br />
Rhodocoma arida is loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant to dominant in places. The unit is not rich in<br />
species, with only a few shrub species present (e.g. Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Euryops<br />
rehmanii, Felicia filifolia, Passerina obtusifolia, <strong>et</strong>c.). Dodonaea angustifolia and<br />
Elytropappus rhinocerotis are <strong>al</strong>so present, but they are never abundant. A few succulents<br />
(Aloe comptonii, Crassula rupestris, Ruschia caroli, Smicrostigma viride, <strong>et</strong>c.) occur<br />
here, but they are not abundant. Grasses (e.g. Cymbopogon marginatus, Pentashistis<br />
p<strong>al</strong>lida, <strong>et</strong>c.) are present, but not very abundant. A few stunted Euclea undulata,<br />
Maytenus oleoides and Rhus undulata trees are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly present, but they are never<br />
common. The unit is thus somewhat similar to the Touwsberg Fynbos-Gwarrieveld, but<br />
here species such as Crot<strong>al</strong>aria lebeckioides are absent, the woody component poorly<br />
developed and the Restio component much b<strong>et</strong>ter developed.<br />
The Harmonie Arid Restioid Fynbos unit is most similar to the Warmwaterberg Arid<br />
Restioid Fynbos, with Rhodocoma arida dominant in places and most of the other species<br />
<strong>al</strong>so present, but it differs in having the fynbos component b<strong>et</strong>ter developed with some<br />
Proteaceae such as Serruria acrocarpa present.<br />
The Rooiberg Arid Restioid Fynbos unit is easy to recognize as it <strong>al</strong>so has Rhodocoma<br />
arida abundant to dominant in places. It is richer in species than most of the other Arid<br />
Restioid Fynbos units with the following species recorded in this unit; Acmadenia<br />
sheiliae, Agathosma capensis, Agathosma mundii, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus rubens, Centella virgata,<br />
Cliffortia crenata, Diascia patens, Diosma ap<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a, Diosma prama, Diospyros<br />
dichrophylla, Euryops erectus, Euryops rehmannii, Lobostemon decorus, Lobostemon<br />
paniculatus, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia dispersa, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ericaefolia, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia scoparia, Paranomus<br />
roodebegensis, Pelargonium cauc<strong>al</strong>ifolium, Pelargonium tricolor, Pentashistis airoides,<br />
193
Pentashistis eriostoma, Pentzia dentata, Pentzia elegans, Phylica lanata, Phylica<br />
willdenowiana, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a microlopha, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a wittebergensis, Protea humiflora, Pteronia<br />
fasciculata, Pteronia membranacea, Rafnia racemosa, Relhania c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Senecio<br />
juniperinus, Sutera subnuda, Thamnochortus rigidus, Ursinia h<strong>et</strong>erodonta, Zygophyllum<br />
fulvum and Zygophyllum sessilifolium. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are<br />
known from this unit, including Agathosma lanata, Alonsoa peduncularis, Haworthia<br />
blackburniae var. blackburniae, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia cliffortiifolia and Senecio muirii.<br />
The Sandberg Arid Restioid Fynbos is most similar to the Rooiberg Arid Restioid<br />
Fynbos, with Rhodocoma arida abundant in places, but here some Protea nitida may be<br />
present on south facing slopes and Merxmuellera arundinacea can be common on rocky<br />
north facing slopes. The uncommon tree Lachnostylos bilocularis often occur in fire-<br />
protected rocky sites and Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Ischyrolepis ocreata and Ischyrolepis<br />
gaudichaudiana is som<strong>et</strong>imes abundant on steep south facing slopes.<br />
The Kamanassie Arid Restioid Fynbos is somewhat similar to the Rooiberg Arid<br />
Restioid Fynbos as Rhodocoma arida is <strong>al</strong>so dominant in most sites. This unit is,<br />
however, more arid as it is largely restricted to rocky, sandy soils (often underlain by<br />
silcr<strong>et</strong>e) on north facing slopes. Succulents (e.g. Adromischus triflorus, Aloe comptonii,<br />
Bulbine frutescens, Crassula rupestris, Euphorbia heptagona, Gasteria brachyphylla,<br />
Haworthia arachnoidea, Pelargonium <strong>al</strong>ternans, Pelargonium carnosum, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often<br />
prominent on rocky sites, <strong>al</strong>ong with some stunted trees (e.g. Euclea undulata, Maytenus<br />
oleoides, Osyris compressa and Rhus undulata). Geophytes (Boophane disticha, Drimia<br />
anom<strong>al</strong>a, Haemanthus <strong>al</strong>biflos, <strong>et</strong>c.) are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly abundant, but grasses (e.g.<br />
Cymbopogon marginatus) are uncommon. The only rare species known to occur in this<br />
unit is the loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic Erica kamenassieae.<br />
194
5.3.4.2 Grassy Fynbos<br />
The Waboomsberg Grassy Fynbos unit is very similar to the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Grassy<br />
Fynbos in its structure, common species present and with Merxmuellera arundinacea<br />
dominant in places. It only differs in having a higher shrub component present, including<br />
Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, a species that is absent in the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Grassy<br />
Fynbos. It <strong>al</strong>so lacks the rare Acmadenia argillophila and, <strong>al</strong>though none are currently<br />
known, may contain its own endemic species.<br />
The <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Grassy Fynbos occurs mostly on the Ri<strong>et</strong>vlei geologic<strong>al</strong><br />
formation, where a somewhat higher nutrient status of the soils may account for the<br />
graminoid component present in this unit. Grass species that are abundant include<br />
Cymbopogon plurinodes, Ehrharta capensis, Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera<br />
arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis and Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida. The rarity of<br />
non-sprouting Proteaceae (only a few Leucadendron pubescens) and occasion<strong>al</strong><br />
abundance of Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum may be due to frequent fires in the past, but it may<br />
<strong>al</strong>so be due to strong comp<strong>et</strong>itive interactions from the graminoid component. Other<br />
shrubs (e.g. Asp<strong>al</strong>athus rubens, Erica pluken<strong>et</strong>ii, Erica speciosa, Pelargonium fruticosum,<br />
Struthiola argentea) are not abundant, but Restios (e.g. Hypodiscus striatus, Rhodocoma<br />
fruticosa, Thamnochortus rigidus, <strong>et</strong>c.) are not uncommon. This unit is usu<strong>al</strong>ly free of<br />
<strong>al</strong>ien plant species even <strong>al</strong>though some of it has been exposed to grazing by domestic<br />
stock in the past. Acmadenia argillophila is the only rare species known from this unit.<br />
The Warmwaterberg Grassy Fynbos unit is very similar to the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Grassy<br />
Fynbos in its structure, common species present and with Merxmuellera arundinacea<br />
dominant in places. It is <strong>al</strong>so somewhat similar to the Waboomsberg Grassy Fynbos unit<br />
in having a higher shrub component (e.g. Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cullumia<br />
bisulca, Erica speciosa, Euryops erectus, Paranomus dispersus, Phylica axillaris, <strong>et</strong>c.), but<br />
is distinctive as it has rare species such as Erica barryd<strong>al</strong>ensis present.<br />
195
The Bosluiskloof Grassy Fynbos unit is similar and somewhat intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the<br />
Rooiberg - and <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Grassy Fynbos units, but it <strong>al</strong>so has the characteristic<br />
Merxmuellera arundinacea dominant in places. Proteaceae remain sparse, but<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Protea can<strong>al</strong>iculata occasion<strong>al</strong>ly occur on south facing<br />
slopes. The shrub component is well developed in deeper soils with species such as<br />
Acmadenia sheiliae, Agathosma ovata, Clutia polifolia, Cullumia bisulca, Erica speciosa,<br />
Passerina obtusifolia, Phylica axillaris, Oedera squarrosa and Selago brevifolia present.<br />
The only known uncommon species present is Satyrium p<strong>al</strong>lens.<br />
The Gamkaberg Grassy Fynbos is <strong>al</strong>so most similar to the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Grassy<br />
Fynbos in its structure as it shares most of the common species and in having<br />
Merxmuellera arundinacea dominant in places. It differs mostly in the somewhat sparse<br />
shrub component present. Here the t<strong>al</strong>l Heliophila glauca may be prominent <strong>al</strong>ong with<br />
other shrubs such as Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cullumia bisulca, Erica speciosa,<br />
Leucospermum wittebergense, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ericaefolia and Phylica lanata. An odd feature is<br />
the occasion<strong>al</strong> abundance of the geophyte Boophane disticha, often <strong>al</strong>ong with a few<br />
Aloe ferox present and a loc<strong>al</strong>ized abundance of Themeda triandra. No rare species are<br />
known from this unit.<br />
The Rooiberg Grassy Fynbos is intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Gamkaberg - and <strong>Klein</strong><br />
Swartberg Grassy Fynbos units in its species composition, but it shares the common<br />
denominator in having Merxmuellera arundinacea dominant in places and a paucity of<br />
other species relative to other fynbos units. It differs from the other Grassy Fynbos units<br />
in having its own combination of species present, with Centella virgata,<br />
Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cullumia bisulca, Diosma ap<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a, Erica speciosa,<br />
Heliophila glauca, Leucospermum wittebergense, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia dispersa, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ericaefolia,<br />
Pelargonium laevigatum, Pelargonium tricolor, Phylica axillaris, Phylica lanata, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a<br />
wittebergensis and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly Tritoniopsis antholyza present. No rare species are<br />
known from this unit either.<br />
196
The Kamanassie Grassy Fynbos is very similar to the Rooiberg Grassy Fynbos in its<br />
structure and common species present, but it differs in having some more eastern<br />
elements present, such as the grass-like Protea intonsa. No rare or endemic species are<br />
known to occur in this unit.<br />
The Kouga Grassy Fynbos is <strong>al</strong>so characterized by having Merxmuellera arundinacea<br />
dominant on north facing slopes with few Proteas and Ericas on these north facing slopes,<br />
in this unit Protea nitida and shrubs such as Erica cerinthoides, Erica simulans,<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme are occasion<strong>al</strong>ly prominent in<br />
sm<strong>al</strong>l patches on south facing slopes. It shares most of its common species with the<br />
Grassy Fynbos of the more western areas (e.g. Heliophila glauca, Osteospermum<br />
imbricatum, <strong>et</strong>c.), but some of the species present in the Kouga Grassy Fynbos (e.g.<br />
Agathosma puberula and Mur<strong>al</strong>tia juniperifolia, <strong>et</strong>c.) are absent from <strong>al</strong>l the other Grassy<br />
Fynbos units of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> domain. It <strong>al</strong>so differs from most of the other Grassy<br />
Fynbos units in often having swe<strong>et</strong> grasses (C4 species such as Themeda triandra) quite<br />
abundant after fire.<br />
The Eastern Swartberg Grassy Fynbos most similar to the Kamanassie Grassy Fynbos<br />
in its structure and common and uncommon species such Protea intonsa, but it differs in<br />
having some loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics present, such as Mur<strong>al</strong>tia carnosa, that are absent from<br />
<strong>al</strong>l the other units.<br />
The Gamkaberg Waboom-Grassy Fynbos is most similar to the Kouga Grassy Fynbos<br />
in having Waboom (Protea nitida) and shrubs such as Erica cerinthoides, Erica speciosa,<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and Leucospermum cuneiforme occasion<strong>al</strong>ly prominent on south<br />
facing slopes. Protea lorifolia, Protea repens and other shrubs such as Agathosma<br />
capensis, Anthospermum spathulatum, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Oedera imbricata and<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia massonii may <strong>al</strong>so be present in sites where the Waboom patches are more<br />
extensive. The unit is, however, most easily recognized by a relative abundance and<br />
occasion<strong>al</strong>ly loc<strong>al</strong> dominance of Asp<strong>al</strong>athus peduncularis, a feature not shared with any<br />
of the other Grassy Fynbos units. Swe<strong>et</strong> grasses (C4-grasses such as Themeda triandra)<br />
197
are loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant where deep loamy soils occur, but they are prominent only for a few<br />
years after a fire. Geophytes are often abundant, some of which are uncommon species<br />
(e.g. Geissorhiza roseo<strong>al</strong>ba, Romulea jugicola, Romulea vlokii, <strong>et</strong>c.). Other rare and loc<strong>al</strong><br />
endemic species known from this unit include the seemingly very rare Harveya sp. nov.<br />
(cf hyobanchioides) and Asparagus oliveri, which is often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant here.<br />
5.3.4.3 Waboomveld<br />
Protea nitida is prominent and often abundant in the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Waboomveld.<br />
Other proteoid shrubs prominent include Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea lorifolia and<br />
Protea repens. Ericoid shrubs (e.g. Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera, Erica<br />
umbelliflora, <strong>et</strong>c.) are not uncommon, but grasses (sour grasses such as Aristida<br />
junciformis, Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera disticha, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentashistis<br />
m<strong>al</strong>ouinensis, Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, <strong>et</strong>c and swe<strong>et</strong> grasses such as Cymbopogon<br />
marginatus, Digitaria eriantha, Themeda triandra, <strong>et</strong>c.) are often abundant <strong>al</strong>ong with<br />
Restios (e.g. Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma<br />
capensis, Thamnochortus rigidus, <strong>et</strong>c.). It is most similar to the Groot Swartberg<br />
Waboomveld, but differs in having species present (such as Erica recta, Hymenolepis<br />
incisa, <strong>et</strong>c.) that are absent from the latter unit. No rare species are known from this unit,<br />
but there are bound to be some present as there are unusu<strong>al</strong> geophytes present, such as an<br />
autumn flowering variant of Gladiolus rogersii.<br />
The Gamkaberg Waboomveld is <strong>al</strong>so most easily identified in having Waboom (Protea<br />
nitida) prominent in the veg<strong>et</strong>ation and possibly best known as it has the relatively<br />
recently discovered loc<strong>al</strong> endemic Mim<strong>et</strong>es chrysanthus present. It is like most other<br />
Waboomveld units <strong>al</strong>so rich in other species. The species thus far recorded in this unit<br />
include; Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata, Agathosma roodebergensis, Albuca<br />
glandulosa, Amphith<strong>al</strong>ea violacea, Anginon difforme, Anthospermum ciliare, Arctotheca<br />
c<strong>al</strong>endula, Arctotis virgata, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus laricifolia, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus<br />
pedunculata, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus rubens, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sceptrum-aureum, Asparagus capensis,<br />
198
Asparagus oliveri, Babiana sambucina, Berkheya angustifolia, Bobartia orient<strong>al</strong>is,<br />
Brachycarpaea juncea, Brunia nodiflora, Centella virgata, C<strong>et</strong>erach cordatum,<br />
Cheilanthes multifida, Cheilanthes parviloba, Chironia baccifera, Chrysanthemoides<br />
monilifera, Chrysocoma v<strong>al</strong>ida, Cineraria geifolia, Cliffortia pulchella, Cliffortia<br />
ruscifolia, Clutia polifolia, Crassula biplanata, Crassula muscosa, Crassula t<strong>et</strong>ragona,<br />
Cullumia bisulca, Cyanella lutea, Cyclopia intermedia, Cymbopogon plurinodes, Diascia<br />
parviflora, Dimorphotheca acutifolia, Dimorphotheca nudicaulis, Diosma ap<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a,<br />
Diosma prama, Disperago ericoides, Ehrharta bulbosa, Ehrharta c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Ehrharta<br />
ramosa, Elegia filacea, Elytropappus adpressus, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Empodium<br />
plicatum, Eragrostis curvula, Erica anguliger, Erica articularis, Erica cerinthoides, Erica<br />
coccinea, Erica melanthera, Erica speciosa, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Euclea polyandra,<br />
Euryops erectus, Euryops rehmanii, Felicia filifolia, Ficinia nigrescens, Ficinia<br />
ramosissima, Freylinia decurrens, Garuleum bipinnatum, Gladiolus floribundus,<br />
Gladiolus patersoniae, Gladiolus permeabilis, Gomphocarpus cancellatus, Harveya<br />
capensis, Helichrysum anom<strong>al</strong>um, Helichrysum felinum, Helichrysum zeyheri,<br />
Heliophila glauca, Heliophila scoparia, Hermannia cuneifolia, Hermannia filifolia,<br />
Hermannia flammula, Hermannia holosericea, Hermannia s<strong>al</strong>viifolia, Hermannia vestita,<br />
Hertia <strong>al</strong>ata, Hesperantha f<strong>al</strong>cata, Hymenolepis incisa, Hypoc<strong>al</strong>yptus sophoroides,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Indigofera h<strong>et</strong>erophylla, Indigofera mundiana, Ischyrolepis capensis,<br />
Ischyrolepis gaudichaudianus, Ischyrolepis triflora, Lachnaea ruscifolia, Lachnaea striata,<br />
Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme,<br />
Leucospermum wittebergense, Linum africanum, Lobelia linearis, Lobelia tomentosa,<br />
Lobostemon fruticosa, Lobostemon glaucophyllus, Merxmuellera arundinacea,<br />
Merxmuelera stricta, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia massonii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia p<strong>al</strong>lida, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pulcherrima,<br />
Microloma saggitatum, Mohria caffrorum, Montinia carophyllacea, Moraea <strong>al</strong>goensis,<br />
Moraea gawleri, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ericaefolia, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ericoides, Nemesia fruticans, Oedera<br />
genistifolia, Oedera imbricata, Oedera squarrosa, Oftia africana, Osteospermum bolusii,<br />
Osteospermum glabrum, Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum pinnatum,<br />
Osteospermum polyg<strong>al</strong>oides, Osteospermum triqu<strong>et</strong>rum, Othonna carnosa, Othonna<br />
parviflora, Ox<strong>al</strong>is attaquana, Ox<strong>al</strong>is depresssa, Ox<strong>al</strong>is obtusa, Ox<strong>al</strong>is pes-caprae,<br />
Paranomus dispersus, Paranomus roodebergensis, Paranomus spathulatus, Passerina<br />
199
obtusifolia, Pelargonium abrotanifolium, Pelargonium <strong>al</strong>ternans, Pelargonium fruticosum,<br />
Pelargonium glutinosum, Pelargonium laevigatum, Pelargonium multicaule, Pelargonium<br />
myrrhifolium, Pelargonium scabrum, Pelargonium tricolor, Pentaschistis eriostoma,<br />
Pentashistis juncifolia, Pentashistis m<strong>al</strong>ouinensis, Pentzia dentata, Pentzia elegans,<br />
Phylica lanata, Phylica paniculata, Phylica purpurea, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a fruticosa, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a<br />
garcinii, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a microlopha, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a myrtifolia, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a wittebergensis, Printzia<br />
polifolia, Protea eximia, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Pteronia stricta, Rafnia capensis,<br />
Rafnia racemosa, Relhania c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Scabiosa<br />
columbaria, Selago <strong>al</strong>bida, Selago burchellii, Selago eckloniana, Selago luxurians,<br />
Senecio coronatus, Senecio juniperinus, Solanum tomentosum, Stoebe microphylla,<br />
Stoebe plumosa, Stoebe spir<strong>al</strong>is, Syncarpha canescens, Syncarpha ferruginea, Syncarpha<br />
milleflora, Syncarpha paniculata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Theilera guthriei, Thesium<br />
strictum, Tribolium uniolae, Tritonia p<strong>al</strong>lida, Tritonia securigera, Ursinia nana,<br />
Wahlenbergia rubens and Watsonia fourcadei. Other rare species known in this unit<br />
include Felicia esterhuyseniae, Gladiolus emiliae, Heliophila rimicola, Leucadendron<br />
tinctum and Prismatocarpus cliffortioides.<br />
The Meiringspoort Waboomveld is most similar to the Seweweekspoort Waboomveld<br />
and easily identified by having Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent to loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant,<br />
with succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Aloe ferox, Crassula rupestris, Senecio ficoides,<br />
<strong>et</strong>c.) and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly some trees (e.g. Lachnostylis bilocularis, Maytenus oleoides,<br />
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Rhus lucida, Rhus undulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) prominent in rocky<br />
outcrops. In w<strong>et</strong>, fire-protected sites are even some Afromontane Forest elements (e.g.<br />
Cunonia capensis, Ilex mitis, Maytenus acuminatus, <strong>et</strong>c.) present. It differs mostly from<br />
<strong>al</strong>l the other Waboomveld units in the rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present,<br />
including species such as Erica primulina ssp. redacta. Erica umbratica, Haworthia vlokii,<br />
Pelargonium pseudoglutinosum and Tritonia sp.nov. (cf.securigera).<br />
The Outeniqua Waboomveld is most similar to the Fouriesberg Waboomveld, but<br />
differs it differs in often having Protea neriifolia prominent, lacking species such as<br />
Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium and having a different component of sm<strong>al</strong>l shrubs, such as<br />
200
Erica solandra. It is very often densely invaded by Hakea sericea, which threatens the<br />
uncommon and rare species present in this unit, such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus glabrescens, Erica<br />
ingeana, Erica sp.nov (cf. <strong>al</strong>fredii) and Lotononis elongata.<br />
The presence to loc<strong>al</strong> abundance of Protea nitida is <strong>al</strong>so the distinctive feature that<br />
distinguishes the Gamkaskloof Waboomveld from the adjacent Fynbos units. The grass<br />
component (including swe<strong>et</strong> grasses such as Themeda triandra) is <strong>al</strong>so well developed<br />
here, but many other shrub species (e.g. Brachycarpaea juncea, Cullumia decurrens, Erica<br />
cerinthoides, Erica maesta, Erica recta, Helichrysum lancifolium, Lobostemon fruticosa,<br />
Protea can<strong>al</strong>iculata, Protea repens, Rafnia capensis, Rafnia racemosa, Syncarpha<br />
ferruginea, <strong>et</strong>c.) are <strong>al</strong>so present. Geophytes (e.g. Babiana sambucina, Gladiolus<br />
floribundus, Gladiolus permeabilis, Ixia orient<strong>al</strong>is, <strong>et</strong>c.) are prominent after a fire.<br />
The Groot Swartberg Waboomveld is in most respects very similar to the <strong>Klein</strong><br />
Swartberg Waboomveld, but it differs in having a different subs<strong>et</strong> of rare and loc<strong>al</strong><br />
endemic species present, such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus vermiculata, Aulax cancellata, Brunsvigia<br />
josephiniae, Crassula latibracteata, Diascia patens and Disa lugens var. lugens.<br />
The Witberg Waboomveld is most similar to and share many of its common species<br />
with the Doringrivier Waboomveld, but it differs in the rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species present which include species such as Disa arida, Erica inflatic<strong>al</strong>yx,<br />
Leucospermum pluridens, Lotononis filiformis and Rafnia vlokii. It <strong>al</strong>so shares many of<br />
its common species with the Gamkaberg Waboomveld, but Asp<strong>al</strong>athus pedunculata is<br />
less abundant here.<br />
The Rooiberg Waboomveld unit is most similar to the Gamkaberg Waboomveld as it<br />
<strong>al</strong>so has Waboom (Protea nitida) prominent in the veg<strong>et</strong>ation, <strong>al</strong>ong with most of the<br />
common species recorded in the Gamkaberg Waboomveld. It differs in lacking some of<br />
the Gamkaberg Waboomveld loc<strong>al</strong> endemics (e.g. Mim<strong>et</strong>es chrysanthus) and by having<br />
its own loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species, such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus karooensis and M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia tricolor. It is<br />
201
perhaps most easily distinguished by having other more common species more<br />
prominent, such as Acmadenia sheiliae and Paranomus dispersus.<br />
The presence and occasion<strong>al</strong> loc<strong>al</strong> abundance of Protea nitida is <strong>al</strong>so the distinctive<br />
feature that distinguishes the Montagu Waboomveld from <strong>al</strong>l the adjacent Fynbos units.<br />
The grass component (mostly sour grasses such as Ehrharta ramosa, Merxmuellera<br />
arundinacea, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis and Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida) is <strong>al</strong>so well<br />
developed in this unit. It can be distinguished from <strong>al</strong>l the other Waboomveld units in the<br />
rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present that include species such as Coleonema<br />
virgatum, Paranomus candicans and Protea subulifolia.<br />
The Woeska Waboomveld is most similar to the Fouriesberg Waboomveld as they share<br />
many common species. The combination of rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present in<br />
the Woeska Waboomveld is, however, quite unique. Here one can find uncommon<br />
species such as Acmadenia macrop<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a, Amphith<strong>al</strong>ea flava, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus florifera, Erepsia<br />
pentagona, Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Lotononis filiformis, Paranomus longicaulis,<br />
Protea aspera, Protea decurrens, Protea subulifolia and the very rare orchid Satyrium<br />
muticum.<br />
Protea nitida is <strong>al</strong>so prominent and abundant in the Fouriesberg Waboomveld, often<br />
<strong>al</strong>ong with other proteoid shrubs such as Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucadendron<br />
ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Protea repens and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly Protea<br />
decurrens. The grass component is often well developed with swe<strong>et</strong> grass species (e.g.<br />
Themeda triandra) and sedges (e.g. Schoenoxiphium ecklonii) not uncommon. It is the<br />
home of sever<strong>al</strong> rare and uncommon species, including Erepsia pentagona, Erica<br />
brachycentra, Cyrthanthus carneus, Satyrium pumilum and Xiphotheca phylicoides.<br />
The Seweweekspoort Waboomveld is <strong>al</strong>so easily identified by having Waboom (Protea<br />
nitida) prominent and often loc<strong>al</strong>ly abundant. It is most similar to the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg<br />
Waboomveld, but is more arid with succulents (e.g. Aloe comptonii, Aloe ferox, Crassula<br />
202
upestris, Haworthia habdomadis, <strong>et</strong>c.) prominent on rocky outcrops and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
<strong>al</strong>so some trees (e.g. Lachnostylis bilocularis, Maytenus oleoides, Pterocelastrus<br />
tricuspidatus, Rhus lucida, <strong>et</strong>c.). A number of rare species occur here, Berkheya francisci,<br />
Crassula brachystachya, Euphorbia horrida, Gladiolus caryophyllaceus, Lotononis<br />
acocksii and Polyg<strong>al</strong>a pottebergensis.<br />
The Doringrivier Waboomveld is most similar to the Outeniqua - and Fouriesberg<br />
Waboomveld units, but differs in being more arid with Protea lorifolia often prominent.<br />
Succulents (e.g. Aloe lineata var. muirii) are often prominent on rocky north facing<br />
slopes. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so often densely invaded by Hakea sericea, which threatens the<br />
uncommon species present in this unit, such as Gladiolus mutabilis and the loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic Leucadendron olens.<br />
The species present in the Kamanassie Waboomveld is somewhat intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween<br />
those that occur in the Groot Swartberg - and Outeniqua Waboomveld units. Protea nitida<br />
is <strong>al</strong>so abundant and prominent in this unit. This unit is rich in species with the following<br />
species recorded here; Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata, Artemisia afra, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus<br />
<strong>al</strong>pestris, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus laricifolia, Babiana sambucina, Bulbinella cauda-felis, Cannamois<br />
scirpoides, Chrysanthemoides monilifera, Cineraria <strong>al</strong>chemilloides, Cliffortia linearifolia,<br />
Cliffortia neglecta, Cliffortia ramossisima, Cliffortia ruscifolia, Clutia polifolia, Ehrharta<br />
bulbosa, Elegia filacea, Eragrostis chloromelas, Erica cerinthoides, Erica maesta, Erica<br />
melanthera, Erioceph<strong>al</strong>us africanus, Felicia filifolia, Ferraria divaricata, Ficinia<br />
nigrescens, Freylinia densiflora, Haemanthus <strong>al</strong>biflos, Helichrysum cylindriflorum,<br />
Helichrysum ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium, Hermannia diffusa, Hermannia multiflora, Hypodiscus striatus,<br />
Ischyrolepis capensis, Ischyrolepis hystrix, Ischyrolepis unispicata, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Lobostemon fruticosus, Lobostemon marlothii,<br />
Mur<strong>al</strong>tia dispersa, Oedera squarrosa, Othonna auriculifolia, Othonna lobata, Ox<strong>al</strong>is<br />
obtusata, Ox<strong>al</strong>is punctata, Passerina obtusifolia, Pelargonium scabrum, Pelargonium<br />
suburbanum, Pelargonium tricolor, Pentzia dentata, Phylica paniculata, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a<br />
microlopha, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a myrtifolia, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Restio multiflorus,<br />
Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Ruschia lineolata, Senecio cotyledonis, Senecio<br />
203
ilicifolius, Spiloxene trifurcillata, Struthiola macowanii, Sutera campanulata, Tephrosia<br />
capensis, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata and Willdenowia teres. The combination of rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species differs from any other Waboomveld unit, with the following<br />
uncommon species recorded; Acmadenia maculata, Agathosma affinis, Cliffortia arcuata,<br />
Erica passerinae, Gladiolus leptosiphon, Lachen<strong>al</strong>ia haarlemensis, Lachnostylis<br />
bilocularis, Lampranthus scaber, Paranomus esterhuyseniae, Pelargonium denticulatum<br />
and Romulea jugicola.<br />
The Potjiesrivier Waboomveld is most similar to the Kamanassie Waboomveld as it<br />
often <strong>al</strong>so has Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea neriifolia and Protea repens present<br />
amongst the Waboom (Protea nitida) trees. Sedges (e.g. Ficinia bulbosa, T<strong>et</strong>raria<br />
capillacea, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are here often abundant with grasses<br />
(e.g. Merxmuellera stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Pentaschistis eriostoma, Pentaschistis m<strong>al</strong>ouiensis, Pentaschistis p<strong>al</strong>lida and Themeda<br />
triandra). Sever<strong>al</strong> rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species occur here, including Acmadenia<br />
maculata, Disa spathulata ssp. tripartita, Erica trachysantha, and Erica sp.nov.<br />
(cf.aneimena), Geissorhiza roseo<strong>al</strong>ba, Gladiolus fourcadei, Lampranthus scaber and<br />
Watsonia elsiae.<br />
The De Vlugt Forest-Waboomveld is a very distinctive unit as sm<strong>al</strong>l patches of forest<br />
(with species such as Buddleja s<strong>al</strong>viifolia, Diospyros dichrophylla, Pittosporum<br />
viridiflorum, Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, Rhus chirendensis, Virgilia divaricata, <strong>et</strong>c.) are<br />
often present on steep south facing slopes. Waboom (Protea nitida) remain prominent in<br />
the matrix fynbos, <strong>al</strong>ong with Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Protea neriifolia and occasion<strong>al</strong>ly<br />
Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium. Other shrubs are <strong>al</strong>so abundant, with Erica copiosa, Erica<br />
sparsa and Printzia polifolia abundant. Succulents (e.g. Aloe arborescens, Bulbine<br />
latifolia, Crassula rupestris, Haworthia cymbiformis, <strong>et</strong>c.) are abundant on rocky<br />
outcrops, despite the fact that this unit occurs in a fairly high rainf<strong>al</strong>l area.<br />
204
5.3.4.4 Arid Proteoid Fynbos<br />
The Waboomsberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos occurs in rocky sandy soil on north and south<br />
facing slopes. Reliable indicators of this unit are Protea laurifolia, Protea lorifolia and<br />
Protea repens that are quite abundant <strong>al</strong>ong with Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium and<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum. Ericaceae is not very abundant, but typic<strong>al</strong> species present are<br />
Erica cerinthoides and Erica monsoniana. Restionaceae are abundant with Cannamois<br />
scirpoides, Hypodiscus striatus and Rhodocoma fruticosa typic<strong>al</strong> species. There are a<br />
number of loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemics and rare species in this unit, including Acmadenia<br />
matroosbergensis, Anderbergia vlokii, Cliffortia hantamensis, Disa ov<strong>al</strong>ifolia, Lachnaea<br />
oliverorum, Stirtonanthus insignis and <strong>Vlok</strong>ia ater.<br />
The Anysberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is restricted to often sh<strong>al</strong>low and rocky sandy soils<br />
derived from the Skurweberg formation. Here the species dominance vary much,<br />
depending on aspect, slope and the depth of the soil, but this unit is easily recognized by<br />
an abundance or dominance by species such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus rubens, Cannomois scirpoides,<br />
Erica rosacea, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis hystrix,<br />
Leucadendron pubescens, Leucadendron rubrum, Leucospermum wittebergense,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia p<strong>al</strong>lida, Passerina vulgaris, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Phylica lanata, Protea<br />
laurifolia, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens and Thamnochortus rigidus. This unit is<br />
structur<strong>al</strong>ly similar to the Matjiesgoed Fynbos but differs in the species present. Species<br />
such as Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium are absent, while others such as Leucospermum<br />
wittebergense are present. Included in this unit are the Fynbos related communities that<br />
occur in the ravines on the southern and northern slopes. These communities differ much<br />
from those on the open slopes and have species such as Anisodontea relexa, Anisodontea<br />
triloba, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea affinis and Psor<strong>al</strong>ea sordida present. The rocky slopes of these ravines<br />
harbor many succulents such as Aloe comptonii, some of which are uncommon species<br />
such as Haworthia wittebergensis. The rare and endemic species known to be present in<br />
this unit include Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sp.nov. (cf. sceptrum-aureum-acanthes), Cliffortia conifera,<br />
Dispris bodkinii and Erica insignis.<br />
205
Proteaceae are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in the Barryd<strong>al</strong>e Arid Proteoid Fynbos, with Protea lorifolia,<br />
Protea repens and Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum prominent and abundant, but a number of<br />
other uncommon Proteaceae species <strong>al</strong>so occur here, including Leucadendron<br />
spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucospermum mundii, Paranomus spathulatus, Protea<br />
cordata, Protea lorea and Protea subulifolia. Ericas are not uncommon with Erica<br />
cerinthoides, Erica pluken<strong>et</strong>ii and Erica vestita typic<strong>al</strong> species. Other ericoid shrubs are<br />
<strong>al</strong>so abundant, especi<strong>al</strong>ly Mur<strong>al</strong>tia heisteria, with Adenandra mundiifolia one of the more<br />
unusu<strong>al</strong> species. Restios are abundant, with Cannamois scirpoides, Hypodiscus aristatus,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Rhodocoma fruticosa and Thamnochortus cinereus typic<strong>al</strong>.<br />
Succulents occur in rocky sites, including Machairophyllum <strong>al</strong>bum. The loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemic Asp<strong>al</strong>athus verbasciformis occurs in this unit.<br />
Proteas, Ericas and Restios are <strong>al</strong>l abundant in the Kortefontein Arid Proteoid Fynbos<br />
unit. Species recorded here include; Amphith<strong>al</strong>ea violacea, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus acanthes, Brunia<br />
nodiflora, Centella stenophylla, Ceratocaryum decipiens, Coelidium cymbifolium,<br />
Corymbium glabrum, Cullumia aculeata, Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Elytropappus hispidus, Erica<br />
anguliger, Erica articularis, Erica pluken<strong>et</strong>ii, Erica versicolor, Gerbera serrata,<br />
Hypodiscus <strong>al</strong>bo-aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Lanaria lanata, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum,<br />
Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum mundii, Mastersiella purpurea,<br />
Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum triqu<strong>et</strong>rum, Pentashistis colorata, Phaenocoma<br />
prolifera, Phylica pinea, Protea repens, Restio filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma<br />
fruticosa, Serruria b<strong>al</strong>anoceph<strong>al</strong>a, Syncarpha paniculata, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria<br />
therm<strong>al</strong>is, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Thesium carinatum, Wahlenbergia<br />
desmantha, Willdenowia glomerata and Zygophyllum fulvum. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemics that occur in this unit include Acmadenia nivenii, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus vulpina,<br />
Leucospermum saxatile, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Leucospermum saxatile, Protea aspera,<br />
Stoebe monticola and Thamnochortus ellipticus.<br />
Proteas, Ericas and Restios are <strong>al</strong>l abundant in the Gamkaskloof Arid Proteoid Fynbos<br />
unit, with Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera, Hypodiscus<br />
aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Leucadendron barkerae,<br />
206
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Paranomus dregei and Thamnochortus rigidus typic<strong>al</strong> species. It<br />
differs from <strong>al</strong>l the other Arid Proteoid Fynbos units in having the following loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemics and rare species present; Athanasia virides, Cannomois sp.nov. Cliffortia<br />
aculeata, Cliffortia montana, Dimorphotheca montana, Dimorphotheca venusta, Erica<br />
insignis, Erica sp. nov., Gasteria vlokii, Helichrysum simulans, Leucadendron cordatum,<br />
Otholobium swartbergense and Romulea vlokii.<br />
The Witteberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is largely restricted to sandy soils derived from the<br />
Witpoort formation. It is most similar to the Fynbos that occurs on the Matjiesgoed<br />
mountain range, with Protea laurifolia and Leucadendron pubescence abundant, but<br />
differs in having species such as Leucadendron cadens and Leucadendron ter<strong>et</strong>ifolium<br />
more prominent. An outlier of this unit, near the farm Klipfontein, occurs where a large<br />
section of the Witpoort formation is exposed. In this odd site occur species that are more<br />
typic<strong>al</strong> of the more northern flora, e.g. Conophytum minimum (C. wittebergense).<br />
Only a sm<strong>al</strong>l section of Montagu Arid Proteoid Fynbos is captured in the Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
domain. It is most similar to the Waboomsberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos in having species<br />
such as Protea laurifolia and Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum abundant with other distinctive<br />
species such as Protea amplexicaulis present, but differs in having uncommon species<br />
such as Paranomus candicans present that are absent from <strong>al</strong>l the other Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos units. Three rare species are known to occur in this unit, Coelidium pageae,<br />
Gladiolus stefaniae and Protea subulifolia.<br />
The Muiskra<strong>al</strong> Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kortefontein Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos unit as it <strong>al</strong>so has species such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus acanthes, Brunia nodiflora,<br />
Cannamois scirpoides, Ceratocaryum decipiens, Corymbium glabrum, Cullumia aculeata,<br />
Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Erica anguliger, Erica articularis, Erica pluken<strong>et</strong>ii, Erica versicolor,<br />
Gerbera serrata, Hypodiscus <strong>al</strong>bo-aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Lanaria lanata,<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum saxatile,<br />
Mastersiella purpurea, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum<br />
triqu<strong>et</strong>rum, Paranomus spathulatus, Pentashistis colorata, Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica<br />
207
pinea, Protea repens, Restio filicaulis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Serruria<br />
fasciflora, Syncarpha paniculata, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria therm<strong>al</strong>is, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata,<br />
Thamnochortus cinereus, Thesium carinatum, Willdenowia glomerata and Zygophyllum<br />
fulvum present. It differs in having some other rare and highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species<br />
such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus longifolia, Leucospermum erubescens and Paranomus longicaulis<br />
present.<br />
The Rooiberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit <strong>al</strong>so has Proteas, Ericas and Restios abundant,<br />
but it has quite distinctive combination of species. The species present indicate a<br />
relationship with the Arid Proteoid Fynbos that occur on both the coast<strong>al</strong> and inland<br />
mountain ranges. These species include Acmadenia sheiliae, Acmadenia wittebergense,<br />
Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hirta, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus rubens, Aulax cancellata, Brachycarpaea<br />
juncea, Cannamois scirpoides, Cliffortia arcuata, Diosma ap<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a, Diosma prama, Erica<br />
melanthera, Erica spectabilis, Hermannia flammula, Lachnaea ruscifolia, Leucadendron<br />
comosum, Leucadendron ericifolium, Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron tinctum,<br />
Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum wittebergense, Merxmuellera stricta,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia massonii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pulcherrima, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia horrida, Paranomus dispersus,<br />
Paranomus roodebergensis, Pelargonium fruticosum, Pelargonium tricolor, Phylica<br />
axillaris, Polyg<strong>al</strong>a fruticosa, Protea repens, Protea lorifolia, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Selago<br />
pulchra, Struthiola argentea, Syncarpha ferruginea, Syncarpha paniculata and<br />
Zygophyllum sessilifolium. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present and that renders<br />
it different to <strong>al</strong>l the other units are Acmadenia baileyensis, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus karrooensis and<br />
Nivenia argentea.<br />
Species present in the Elandsberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is a mix of those that occur in<br />
the Witteberg - and <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos, but Proteas and Ericas are not<br />
prominent in this arid environment. Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum,<br />
Leucospermum wittebergense, Protea lorifolia and Protea repens occur here, but are<br />
sparse. Quite distinctive, however, is a relative abundance of the uncommon Protea<br />
convexa <strong>al</strong>ong the crest of this mountain. Restricted to this unit is the unusu<strong>al</strong> and very<br />
rare orchid Disa cochlearis.<br />
208
The <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit can hardly be confused with any other<br />
Arid Proteoid Fynbos unit as it has two Proteaceae species endemic, Paranomus<br />
centaureoides and Protea aristata. Other distinctive species present include Arctotis<br />
pinnatifida, Cliffortia montana, Disa s<strong>al</strong>teri, Erica syngenesia and Thamnochortus<br />
acuminatus.<br />
The Witberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Rooiberg Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos as it shares common species such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus rubens,<br />
Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera, Hermannia flammula,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucospermum wittebergense,<br />
Merxmuellera stricta, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia massonii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pulcherrima, Pelargonium<br />
fruticosum, Phylica axillaris, Protea repens, Protea lorifolia and Rhodocoma fruticosa. It<br />
<strong>al</strong>so share rare species such as Agathosma lanata, Disa arida and Leucospermum<br />
pluridens, but it differs in having species such as Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sceptrum-aureum abundant<br />
here and having uncommon species such as Disa s<strong>al</strong>teri and Romulea jugicola present.<br />
Some of these latter species become more prominent in the Arid Proteoid Fynbos units<br />
that are located towards the east.<br />
Proteas, Ericas and Restios are <strong>al</strong>so abundant in the Matjiesrivier Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos, which is most similar to the Gamkaskloof Arid Proteoid Fynbos in sharing<br />
common species such as Cannamois scirpoides, Erica cerinthoides, Erica melanthera,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum and<br />
Thamnochortus rigidus, but it differs in lacking the loc<strong>al</strong> endemics species typic<strong>al</strong> of the<br />
Gamkaskloof unit and having some Protea punctata present on south facing slopes. It<br />
may well have its own endemics, but this unit requires further investigation.<br />
Not only Proteas, Ericas and Restios are abundant in the Doringrivier Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos, but <strong>al</strong>so sedges and grasses. Typic<strong>al</strong> abundant species include Asp<strong>al</strong>athus<br />
rubens, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus sceptrum-aureum, Erica glomiflora, Erica versicolor, Erica speciosa,<br />
Ficinia deusta, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis,<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentameris<br />
209
macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentashistis m<strong>al</strong>ouinensis, Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Protea eximia, Protea<br />
lorifolia, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata and<br />
Thamnochortus rigidus. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species known from this unit are Aloe<br />
lineata var. muirii, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus glabrescens, Erica vlokii, Erica zebrensis and Haworthia<br />
outeniquensis.<br />
The Kamanassie Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Doringrivier Arid<br />
Proteoid Fynbos in having species such as Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata,<br />
Asp<strong>al</strong>athus hystrix, Erica versicolor, Erica speciosa, Ficinia deusta, Hypodiscus aristatus,<br />
Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum<br />
cuneiforme, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina, Pentashistis m<strong>al</strong>ouinensis,<br />
Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens, Rhodocoma fruticosa, T<strong>et</strong>raria<br />
cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata and Thamnochortus rigidus prominent and abundant, but it<br />
differs in having uncommon species such as Cliffortia dispar, Cliffortia polita, Cliffortia<br />
robusta, Lampranthus diffusus and Leucospermum royenifolium present. The orange-red<br />
variant of Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum is quite abundant here, indicating that there is a shift in<br />
gen<strong>et</strong>ic materi<strong>al</strong> of this species in this unit.<br />
The Kouga Arid Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kamanassie Arid Proteoid<br />
Fynbos in having species such as Agathosma capensis, Agathosma ovata, Erica speciosa,<br />
Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Pentameris eriostoma, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Pentashistis m<strong>al</strong>ouinensis, Pentashistis p<strong>al</strong>lida, Protea lorifolia, Protea repens,<br />
Rhodocoma fruticosa, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata and Thamnochortus rigidus<br />
prominent and abundant, but it differs in having uncommon and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic<br />
species such as Agathosma spinosa, Erica flocciflora, Erica passerinae, Erica saxigena,<br />
Lachnaea glomerata and Relhania decussata present. It <strong>al</strong>so show some affiliation with<br />
the more eastern fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation, with for instance the loc<strong>al</strong> variant of Protea lorifolia<br />
being similar to those found in the Baviaanskloof mountains.<br />
210
5.3.4.5 Mesic Proteoid Fynbos<br />
The Waboomsberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Waboomsberg Arid<br />
Proteoid Fynbos, but can be easily recognized by the difference in its proteoid<br />
component. Here species such as Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>icifolium, Protea eximia and Protea neriifolia displace the proteoid shrubs that are<br />
indicators of the Arid Fynbos unit. No rare species are known from this unit, but I have<br />
little doubt that there would be sever<strong>al</strong> species endemic to this unit.<br />
The Anysberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is restricted to sandy soils derived from the<br />
Skurweberg formation located on the upper moist southern slopes of the Anysberg. This<br />
unit is easily recognized by the relative abundance of species such as Brunia nodiflora,<br />
Cannamois virgata, Protea eximia and Protea punctata. Ericoid and restioid and<br />
graminoid elements are often co-dominant, with species such as Agathosma capensis,<br />
Cliffortia mirabilis, Clutia laxa, Elegia filacea, Erica anguliger, Erica copiosa, Erica<br />
pluken<strong>et</strong>ii, Hypodiscus synhroolepis, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Pentameris macroc<strong>al</strong>ycina,<br />
Phylica lanata, Rhodocoma capensis, Rhodocoma fruticosa and T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata<br />
abundant. A rich vari<strong>et</strong>y of other species, such as Agathosma barnesii, Agathosma ovata,<br />
Cyclopia subternata, Erica selaginifolia, Leucadendron barkerae, Leucadendron<br />
comosum, Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Leucadendron rubrum, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>icifolium, Pelargonium laevigatum, Restio burchellii, Restio triticeus, Stoebe plumosa,<br />
Vexatorella obtusata ssp. <strong>al</strong>bomontana and Watsonia marlothii are <strong>al</strong>so present and<br />
characteristic of this unit. A number of highly loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species are known from<br />
the upper peak sites, such as Adenandra dahlgrenii, Disa lineata, Erica sp.nov. (cf.<br />
lehmanii) and Mur<strong>al</strong>tia bondii.<br />
Having a relative abundance of Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum present on the open slopes and<br />
Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium present in w<strong>et</strong>ter sites easily identifies the Touwsberg<br />
Mesic Proteoid Fynbos. This unit shares some rare and uncommon species with the<br />
<strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, such as Brachysiphon microphyllus,<br />
Leucadendron tinctum and Phylica wittebergensis, but differs in lacking many of the<br />
211
other <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg endemics. It <strong>al</strong>so has some uncommon species present that are<br />
more typic<strong>al</strong> of the more western mountain ranges, e.g. Xiphotheca fruticosa.<br />
The Warmwaterberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Touwsberg Mesic<br />
Proteoid Fynbos in having Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum abundant on open slopes and some<br />
Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium present in w<strong>et</strong>ter sites, but it differs in having other<br />
species present (such as Cyclopia sessiliflora and Leucadendron spissifolium ssp.<br />
spissifolium) that are absent from the Touwsberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos. It shares some<br />
rare species with the Proteoid Fynbos of the Langeberg, such as Leucospermum<br />
erubescens.<br />
The Kan<strong>et</strong>berg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be recognized by having the following<br />
proteoid shrubs present; Aulax p<strong>al</strong>lasia, Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Leucadendron<br />
s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>icifolium, Leucadendron<br />
spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucadendron tinctum, Leucospermum mundii, Mim<strong>et</strong>es<br />
cucculatus, Protea cordata, Protea coronata, Protea eximia, Protea grandiceps, Protea<br />
neriifolia, Protea repens and Serruria fasciflora. This unit is rich in species, with the<br />
following <strong>al</strong>so recorded in this unit; Adenandra mundiifolia, Agathosma cerefolium,<br />
Anthospermum g<strong>al</strong>ioides, Anthospermum spathulatum, Aristea racemosa, Athrixia<br />
h<strong>et</strong>erophylla, Berzelia intermedia, Brunia nodiflora, Cannamois parviflora, Centella<br />
glabrata, Chrysithrix capensis, Cliffortia pulchella, Clutia <strong>al</strong>aternoides, Clutia ericoides,<br />
Corymbium glabratum, Cullumia aculeata, Cyclopia sessiliflora, Ehrharta dura, Elegia<br />
filacea, Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Elegia juncea, Erica cerinthoides, Erica daphniflora, Erica<br />
longimontana, Erica versicolor, Erica vestita, Gerbera crocea, Gnidia g<strong>al</strong>pinii,<br />
Haplocarpha lanata, Helichrysum rotundifolium, Hypodiscus <strong>al</strong>bo-aristatus, Hypodiscus<br />
aristatus, Indigofera pappei, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Lachnaea penicellata, Lanaria lanata,<br />
Mastersiella purpurea, Merxmuellera decora, Merxmuellera rufa, Merxmuellera stricta,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ciliaris, Pelargonium ov<strong>al</strong>ifolium, Penaea cneorum,<br />
Pentashistis colorata, P<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>acte ep<strong>al</strong>eata, Phaenocoma prolifera, Phylica mairei, Rafnia<br />
cuneifolia, Restio filicaulis, Restio filiformis, Restio inconspicuus, Rhodocoma fruticosa,<br />
Schizaea pectinata, Staberoha cernua. Stoebe saxatilis, Struthiola ciliata, Syncarpha<br />
212
paniculata, T<strong>et</strong>raria brachyphylla, Tertraria bromoides, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata, T<strong>et</strong>raria<br />
fasciata, T<strong>et</strong>raria fimbriolata, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Willdenowia<br />
bolusii and Willdenowia glomerata. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species recorded in this<br />
unit include Acmadenia nivenii, Acmadenia trigona, Acrolophia barbata, Erica<br />
barryd<strong>al</strong>ensis and Leucadendron nervosum.<br />
The Muiskra<strong>al</strong> Mesic Proteoid Fynbos share most of the common species and is thus<br />
most similar to the Kan<strong>et</strong>berg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but it has its own s<strong>et</strong> of rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species, such as Acmadenia burchellii, Disa schlechteriana, Erica garciae<br />
and Lobostemon muirii.<br />
The Kamanassie Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be easily recognized. and differs from the<br />
Kamanassie Arid Proteoid Fynbos, by its proteoid shrub component. Here Leucadendron<br />
euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Protea eximia, Protea punctata and Protea neriifolia are abundant to<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant. It differs from <strong>al</strong>l the other Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units in having the<br />
following rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species present, Agathosma affinis, Amphith<strong>al</strong>ea<br />
axillaris, Bobartia paniculata, Cyclopia <strong>al</strong>opecuroides, Cyclopia plicata, Disa lugens var.<br />
lugens, Erica costatisep<strong>al</strong>a, Erica inordinata, Geissorhiza elsiae, Gladiolus fourcadei,<br />
Lachnaea glomerata, Leucadendron rourkei, Liparia gensitoides, Ox<strong>al</strong>is fourcadei,<br />
Paranomus esterhuyseniae, Protea grandiceps and Romulea vlokii.<br />
The Kouga Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kamanassie Mesic Proteoid<br />
Fynbos as Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Protea eximia, Protea punctata and Protea<br />
neriifolia are <strong>al</strong>so abundant to loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant in this unit, but it differs in its rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong> endemic component. Here the following species are present; Agathosma spinosa,<br />
Erica kougabergensis, Erica saptouensis, Cyclopia plicata, Leucadendron soroceph<strong>al</strong>odes<br />
and in rocky outcrops, Enceph<strong>al</strong>artos longifolius and Widdringtonia schwarzii.<br />
The Attaquas Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Doornrivier Mesic Proteoid<br />
Fynbos in having Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Mim<strong>et</strong>es cucullatus, Protea aurea,<br />
Protea eximia, Protea neriifolia and Serruria fasciflora prominent in the proteoid<br />
213
component, but differs in <strong>al</strong>so having Aulax cancellata and Protea coronata present. It<br />
<strong>al</strong>so has its own unique component of rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species, including<br />
Acmadenia macrop<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a, Acmadenia t<strong>et</strong>ragona, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus digitifolia, Coelidium flavum,<br />
Erica gillii, Erica velatiflora, Leucospermum formosum, Paranomus longicaulis, Protea<br />
aspera, Protea grandiceps, Satyrium muticum and Spat<strong>al</strong>la barbigera.<br />
The Paardeberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Kamanassie - and<br />
Doornrivier Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units as it has Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Protea<br />
eximia, Protea punctata and Protea neriifolia present in its proteoid component, it differs<br />
from both in <strong>al</strong>so having the rare Mim<strong>et</strong>es chrysanthus present. It <strong>al</strong>so contains other rare<br />
species such as Erica zebrensis, Geissorhiza roseo<strong>al</strong>ba and an Osteospermum sp.nov. (cf.<br />
Oxylaena) that may be restricted to this unit.<br />
The Eastern Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is most similar to the Kamanassie and<br />
Kouga Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units as it <strong>al</strong>so has Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium,<br />
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucadendron tinctum, Protea intonsa, Protea neriifolia and<br />
Protea punctata present as proteoid shrubs, but it differs in having its own combination of<br />
rare species present, including Agathosma affinis, Erica saxigena, Gladiolus<br />
nigromontanus, Paranomus esterhuyseniae and Leucadendron rourkei.<br />
The Montagu Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be easily identifies as it has species such as<br />
Aulax p<strong>al</strong>lasia, Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>icifolium,<br />
Leucadendron spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucospermum c<strong>al</strong>ligerum, Leucospermum<br />
mundii, Mim<strong>et</strong>es cucculatus, Protea cordata, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Protea<br />
grandiceps, Protea speciosa and Serruria acrocarpa present as proteoid shrubs. It is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
rich in other species, with the following recorded in this unit; Agathosma capensis,<br />
Agathosma ovata, Anthochortus crin<strong>al</strong>is, Anthospermum g<strong>al</strong>ioides, Berzelia intermedia,<br />
C<strong>al</strong>opsis monostylis, Ceratocaryum decipiens, Chrysithrix capensis, Cliffortia densa,<br />
Clutia <strong>al</strong>aternoides, Corymbium glabrum, Drosera <strong>al</strong>iciae, Ehrharta ramosa, Ehrharta<br />
s<strong>et</strong>acea, Elegia fistulosa, Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Elegia juncea, Erica cubica, Erica hispidula,<br />
Erica longimontana, Erica melanthera, Erica versicolor, Erica vestita, Ficinia levynsiae,<br />
214
Ficinia nigrescens, Gleichenia polypodioides, Hypodiscus argenteus, Hypodiscus<br />
aristatus, Lanaria lanata, Lobelia capensis, Lobelia neglecta, Mastersiella purpurea,<br />
Merxmuellera rufa, Osteospermum corymbosum, Penaea cneorum, Pentashistis colorata,<br />
Phylica pinea, Platycaulos compressus, Prismatocarpus brevilobus, Restio filicaulis,<br />
Restio triticeus, Schizaea pectinata, Staberoha cernua, Stoebe a<strong>et</strong>hiopica, Stoebe spir<strong>al</strong>is,<br />
Struthiola eckloniana, T<strong>et</strong>raria brevicaulis, T<strong>et</strong>raria capillacea, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata,<br />
T<strong>et</strong>raria flexuosa, T<strong>et</strong>raria therm<strong>al</strong>is, T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata, Thamnochortus cinereus, Ursinia<br />
scariosa, Ursinia trifida and Widdringtonia nodiflora. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species<br />
known from this unit include Acmadenia laxa, Aulax p<strong>al</strong>lasia, Bobartia parva,<br />
Cyrthanthus odorus and Paranomus candicans.<br />
The proteoid component present in the Waterv<strong>al</strong> Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is a mix of<br />
those that <strong>al</strong>so in the Attaquas - and Waterv<strong>al</strong> Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units, with species<br />
such as Aulax cancellata, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucadendron spissifolium ssp.<br />
spissifolium, Leucospermum c<strong>al</strong>ligerum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Mim<strong>et</strong>es<br />
cucculatus, Paranomus longicaulis, Protea cordata, Protea coronata, Protea grandiceps,<br />
Protea lorea, Protea neriifolia, Protea repens, Serruria fasciflora and Spat<strong>al</strong>la parilis<br />
present in this unit. It differs, however, in having its own uncommon species present,<br />
such as Leucospermum winteri that are absent from the other two units. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so<br />
rich in other species, with the following recorded in this unit; Acmadenia t<strong>et</strong>ragona,<br />
Anthospermum g<strong>al</strong>ioides, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus acanthes, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus crassisep<strong>al</strong>a, Bobartia<br />
macrospatha, Brunia nodiflora, Cannomois parviflora, Centella affinis, Corymbium<br />
glabrum, Cullumia aculeata, Cyclopia dregeana, Elegia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Erica cerinthoides,<br />
Euclea polyandra, Ficinia laciniata, Gerbera serrata, Gnidia francisci, Gnidia g<strong>al</strong>pinii,<br />
Hermannia angularis, Hypodiscus argenteus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Hypodiscus striatus,<br />
Lanaria lanata, Linum gracile, Lobelia linearis, Mastersiella purpurea, Merxmuellera<br />
rufa, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia g<strong>al</strong>pinii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia ciliaris, Nenax acerosa, Oedera<br />
imbricata, Osteospermum junceum, Osteospermum triqu<strong>et</strong>rum, Pentashistis colorata,<br />
Phaenocoma prolifera, Polyarrhena reflexa, Rafnia capensis, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma<br />
fruticosa, Shizaea pectinata, Selago dregei, Stoebe saxatilis, Struthiola argentea,<br />
Syncarpha milleflora, Syncarpha paniculata, T<strong>et</strong>raria bromoides, T<strong>et</strong>raria cuspidata,<br />
215
T<strong>et</strong>raria ustulata, Thesium carinatum, Thesium subnudum, Thesium virgatum,<br />
Wahlenbergia desmantha and Willdenowia glomerata.<br />
The Rooiberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos can be easily differentiated from the Rooiberg<br />
Arid Proteoid Fynbos in having proteoid shrubs such as Aulax cancellata, Leucadendron<br />
<strong>al</strong>bum, Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Mim<strong>et</strong>es cucullatus, Protea eximia, Protea<br />
neriifolia and Protea punctata present. This combination of species clearly indicates that<br />
this unit is intermediate b<strong>et</strong>ween the Mesic Proteoid units that occur on the coast<strong>al</strong> and<br />
inland mountain ranges. This unit is <strong>al</strong>so rich in other species, with the following species<br />
recorded from here; Acmadenia sheiliae, Acmadenia wittebergensis, Agathosma bifida,<br />
Agathosma roodebergensis, Anthoxanthum ecklonii, Arctotis campanulata, Aristea<br />
pusilla, Aristea spir<strong>al</strong>is, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus asp<strong>al</strong>athoides, Athanasia linifolia, Corymbium<br />
africanum, Dimorphotheca montana, Diosma recurva, Disa bracteata, Disa comosa,<br />
Dolichothrix ericoides, Ehrharta capensis, Ehrharta ottonis, Elegia filacea, Elegia<br />
g<strong>al</strong>pinii, Erica anguliger, Erica c<strong>al</strong>ycina, Erica maximilianii, Erica melanomontana, Erica<br />
recta, Erica spectabilis, Ficinia stolonifera, Gladiolus floribundus, Helichrysum<br />
spir<strong>al</strong>epis, Holothrix villosa, Hypodiscus <strong>al</strong>bo-aristatus, Ischyrolepis capensis, Ixia<br />
orient<strong>al</strong>is, Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Mastersiella purpurea,<br />
M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia massonii, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens, Paranomus dispersus, Paranomus dregei,<br />
Pelargonium fruticosum, Pentashistis pyrophylla, Phylica axillaris, Phylica purpurea,<br />
Phylica imberbis, Phylica mundii, Rafnia capensis, Selago gracilis, Stoebe <strong>al</strong>opecuroides,<br />
Struthiola eckloniana, T<strong>et</strong>raria bromoides, Tritoniopsis antholyza, Watsonia schlechteri<br />
and Zyrphelis microceph<strong>al</strong>a. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species known to occur here<br />
are; Acmadenia baileyensis, Argyrolobium harveyanum, Disa arida, Lachnaea glomerata,<br />
Lampranthus scaber and Nivenia argentea,<br />
The <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos is easy to distinguish from the <strong>Klein</strong><br />
Swartberg Arid Proteoid Fynbos as it has species such as Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium,<br />
Leucadendron <strong>al</strong>bum, Protea eximia, Protea magnifica, Protea punctata and Spat<strong>al</strong>la<br />
barbigera present. These species indicate a close relationship with the Groot Swartberg<br />
Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but the proteoid component of the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Mesic<br />
216
Proteoid Fynbos is quite unique in having Protea subvestita present. It is furthermore<br />
distinct in having the following rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present, Brachysiphon<br />
microphyllus, Erica kirstenii, Gladiolus caryophyllaceus, Leucospermum secundifolium,<br />
Moraea exiliflora, Mur<strong>al</strong>tia elsiae, Nivenia parviflora, Nivenia stenosiphon and<br />
Ornithog<strong>al</strong>um rogersii.<br />
The Groot Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos may be confused with the Gamkaskloof<br />
Arid Proteoid Fynbos, but it differs in having species such as Leucadendron<br />
euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Leucadendron <strong>al</strong>bum, Leucadendron spissifolium, Protea eximia, Protea<br />
magnifica, Protea punctata and Spat<strong>al</strong>la barbigera present to loc<strong>al</strong>ly dominant. This unit<br />
is <strong>al</strong>so somewhat similar to the <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, but it differs<br />
greatly in the rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present, such as Cyclopia burtonii, Disa<br />
harveiana, Disa lineata, Geissorhiza nigromontana, Gladiolus nigromontanus, Liparia<br />
myrtifolia, Liparia racemosa, Otholobium swartbergense, Phylica costata and<br />
Tritoniopsis apiculata var. minor.<br />
The Doornrivier Mesic Proteoid Fynbos unit is most similar to the Attaquas Mesic<br />
Proteoid Fynbos in having Leucadendron euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium, Mim<strong>et</strong>es cucullatus, Protea<br />
aurea, Protea eximia, Protea neriifolia and Serruria fasciflora prominent in the proteoid<br />
component, but it differs very much in the rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present.<br />
Here the rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present include species such as Acmadenia<br />
gracilis, Acrolophia barbata, Acrolophia ustulata, Agathosma blaerioides, Cyclopia<br />
bowieana, Cyrthanthus debilis, Erica brachycentra, Erica elsiana, Erica inflatic<strong>al</strong>yx, Erica<br />
outeniquae, Leucadendron ericifolium, Leucadendron olens, Leucospermum hamatum,<br />
Prismatocarpus cliffortioides, Prismatocarpus rogersii, Protea grandiceps, Rafnia vlokii<br />
and Spat<strong>al</strong>la barbigera.<br />
The Tsitsikamma Mesic Proteoid Fynbos unit is mostly dominated by Leucadendron<br />
euc<strong>al</strong>yptifolium and Protea mundii, with Protea neriifolia and Leucadendron uliginosum<br />
ssp. glabratum more common on north facing slopes. It is thus most easily recognized<br />
from the more western Mesic Proteoid Fynbos units by the presence of Protea mundii in<br />
217
w<strong>et</strong> sites and Leucadendron uliginosum ssp. glabratum in more arid sites. Another feature<br />
is the often super-abundance of Cannamois virgata on south facing slopes. Sm<strong>al</strong>l forest<br />
patches often occur in fire-protected ravines, usu<strong>al</strong>ly with Laurophyllus capensis and<br />
Virgilia divaricata abundant on the ecotone. A number of fynbos species, such as<br />
Gladiolus carneus, reach their easternmost distribution in this unit. Rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized<br />
endemics present include Acrolophia barbata, Erica trachysantha, Gladiolus sempervirens<br />
and Protea vogtsiae.<br />
The Gamkaberg Waboom-Mesic Proteoid Fynbos unit is somewhat unique in having<br />
both Waboomveld and Mesic Proteoid Fynbos present. Here the Waboomveld,<br />
characterized by presence of Protea nitida, occurs mostly on the north-facing slope, with<br />
the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos mostly restricted to south facing slopes. Protea neriifolia and<br />
Protea repens are both abundant in the Mesic Proteoid Fynbos, <strong>al</strong>ong with Ericas (e.g.<br />
Erica cerinthoides, Erica demissa, Erica melanthera, <strong>et</strong>c.) and Restios (Cannamois<br />
scirpoides, Hypodiscus striatus, Thamnochortus cinereus, <strong>et</strong>c.). Grasses, including swe<strong>et</strong><br />
grasses such as Themeda triandra, are mostly abundant in the Waboomveld. Rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species known from this unit include Erica sp. nov. Gladiolus emiliae,<br />
Liparia latifolia, Phylica meyeri and an unusu<strong>al</strong> form of Paranomus spathulatus.<br />
5.3.4.6 Ericaceous Fynbos<br />
Only sm<strong>al</strong>l sections of the Montagu Ericaceous Fynbos veg<strong>et</strong>ation occur in the Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> domain, but it is much more abundant westwards. Ericas and Restios dominate this<br />
fairly w<strong>et</strong> Fynbos unit with t<strong>al</strong>l Proteas not very prominent, but Protea cynaroides, Protea<br />
grandiceps and Protea speciosa is present. Sever<strong>al</strong> rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species<br />
occur here, including C<strong>al</strong>opsis monostylis, Erica chlorosep<strong>al</strong>a, Leucadendron<br />
spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Nivenia fruticosa and Rasp<strong>al</strong>ia barnardii.<br />
The veg<strong>et</strong>ation of the Lemoenshoek Ericaceous Fynbos unit is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by Ericas<br />
and Restios with Proteas not very prominent, but sever<strong>al</strong> Proteaceae are present including<br />
218
Leucadendron s<strong>al</strong>ignum, Leucadendron spissifolium ssp. spissifolium, Leucadendron<br />
tinctum, Protea acaulos, Protea amplexicaulis, Protea cordata, Protea cynaroides, Protea<br />
grandiceps and Protea speciosa. Other species prominent and typic<strong>al</strong> of this unit are;<br />
Agathosma bifida, Agathosma cerefolium, Anthospermum g<strong>al</strong>ioiides, Aristea racemosa,<br />
Brunia <strong>al</strong>opecuroides, Corymbium glabrum, Cyclopia sessiliflora, Ehrharta dura,<br />
Ehrharta s<strong>et</strong>acea, Elegia filacea, Elegia juncea, Epischoenus quadrangularis, Erica<br />
conferta, Erica dianthifolia, Erica hispidula, Erica longimontana, Erica regerminans,<br />
Helichrysum felinum. Helichrysum oxyphyllum, Hippia intergifolia, Hypodiscus <strong>al</strong>bo-<br />
aristatus, Hypodiscus aristatus, Indigofera langebergensis, Ischyrolepis ocreata, Lanaria<br />
lanata, Langebergia canescens, Merxmuelera rufa, M<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>asia pungens, Othonna<br />
quenquedentata. Penaea cneorum, Pentashistis colorata, Platycaulus anceps and Spat<strong>al</strong>la<br />
parilis. A number of rare and loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species occur here, including Agathosma<br />
umbonata, Bobartia parva, Grammitis poeppigiana, Leucadendron radiatum, Spat<strong>al</strong>la<br />
colorata and Spat<strong>al</strong>la nubicola.<br />
The structure and most of the common species present in the Kan<strong>et</strong>berg Ericaceous<br />
Fynbos unit are similar to those of the Lemoenshoek Ericaceous Fynbos. It differs,<br />
however, in only sharing Leucadendron radiatum as a rare species, with other rare and<br />
loc<strong>al</strong>ized endemic species present such as Acrolophia barbata, Erica miniscula and Erica<br />
v<strong>al</strong>lis-fluminis.<br />
5.3.4.7 Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos<br />
As in <strong>al</strong>l the other Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos units, the Kamanassie Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos unit<br />
is dominated by Restios, Ericas and short (less than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er) Proteoid shrubs. It<br />
share some of its rare species with the Groot Swartberg - and Kouga Sub<strong>al</strong>pine<br />
Fynbos, but can be recognized by the loc<strong>al</strong> combination of rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic<br />
species, that includes Alepidea delicatula, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus patens, Disa neglecta, Disa<br />
pillansii, Elegia <strong>al</strong>tigena, Erica inordinata, Erica montis-hominis, Erica v<strong>al</strong>ida,<br />
Leucadendron singulare, Protea venusta and Syncarpha montana.<br />
219
The Groot Swartberg Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by Restios, Ericas and<br />
short (less than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er) Proteas. It share some of its rare species with the <strong>Klein</strong><br />
Swartberg Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos unit, but can quite easily distinguished by the loc<strong>al</strong><br />
combination of rare species and many loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species restricted to this unit.<br />
They include Acrolophia ustulata, Agathosma purpurea, Agathosma<br />
zwartbergensis, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus congesta, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus patens, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus ramosissima,<br />
Cliffortia crassinervis, Cliffortia cymbifolia, Crassula peculiaris, Cyclopia<br />
<strong>al</strong>opecuroides, Cyclopia bolusii, Erica atromontana, Erica blesbergensis, Erica<br />
costatisep<strong>al</strong>a, Erica gossypioides, Erica lignosa, Erica tayloriana, Helichrysum<br />
saxicola, Leucadendron dregei, Lighfootia tenella var. montana, Liparia confusa,<br />
Phylica nigromontana, Protea pruinosa, Protea venusta, Psor<strong>al</strong>ea<br />
sp.nov.(cf.implexa), Staberoha stokoei, Syncarpha montana and Watsonia emiliae.<br />
The Rooiberg Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos unit is <strong>al</strong>so easy to recognize as it is dominated<br />
by Restios, Ericas and short (less than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er) Proteas. It share some of its rare<br />
species with the Groot Swartberg - and <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos, but can<br />
be recognized by the loc<strong>al</strong> combination of rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species, that<br />
includes Acmadenia baileyensis, Erica melanomontana, Erica recta, Harveya<br />
bolusii, Leucadendron dregei, Nivenia argentea and Spat<strong>al</strong>la confusa. An unusu<strong>al</strong><br />
prostrate form of Leucadendron <strong>al</strong>bum present in this unit may be a distinct taxon<br />
endemic to this unit.<br />
The <strong>Klein</strong> Swartberg Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos unit is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by Restios, Ericas<br />
and short (less than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er) Proteas. It share some of its rare species with the Groot<br />
Swartberg Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos, but can easily be recognized by the loc<strong>al</strong> combination<br />
of rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species present, that includes species such as Agathosma<br />
purpurea, Alepidea delicatula, Asp<strong>al</strong>athus patens, Caesia capensis, Cromidon<br />
gracile, Cyclopia aurescens, Erica constantia, Erica costatip<strong>et</strong><strong>al</strong>a, Erica inamoena,<br />
Erica roseoloba, Erica toringbergensis, Euryops glutinosus, Felicia oleosa,<br />
Heliophila rimicola, Leucadendron dregei, Leucospermum secundifolium, Liparia<br />
220
capitata, Pentameris glaci<strong>al</strong>is, Pentameris swartbergensis, Phylica costata, Phylica<br />
stokoei, Protea convexa, Protea pruinosa, Protea venusta, Pseudoselago prostrata,<br />
Restio papyraceus, Restio rarus, Staberoha stokoei, Tittmania laxa and Tittmania<br />
sp.nov (cf.Pseudobaeckia teres).<br />
The Kouga Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos is <strong>al</strong>so dominated by Restios, Ericas and short (less<br />
than 1 m<strong>et</strong>er) Proteas, but here the grass component is often <strong>al</strong>so prominent. It share<br />
some of its rare species with the Kamanassie Sub<strong>al</strong>pine Fynbos, but can be<br />
recognized by the loc<strong>al</strong> combination of rare and loc<strong>al</strong> endemic species present, that<br />
includes Erica angulosa, Erica inordinata, Erica kougabergensis, Erica saptouensis,<br />
Leucadendron soroceph<strong>al</strong>odes and Protea grandiceps.<br />
221
6. The Way Forward - as indicated by stakeholders in the region.<br />
The results of this study were presented to stakeholders in the region. Delegates were<br />
given the opportunity to indicate how they believe the results of this study should be<br />
processed further and how it should be disseminated to ensure that the information<br />
attained will be used maxim<strong>al</strong>ly to the benefit of the loc<strong>al</strong> communities and the<br />
environment. The minutes of this me<strong>et</strong>ing and workshop is provided in Appendix One.<br />
Here, I will briefly provide the main outcomes of the discussions of the day and<br />
summarize the recommendations of the 63 delegates that attended the workshop.<br />
During the workshop delegates grouped themselves into five “groups of interest”. The<br />
groups were; agriculture, environment<strong>al</strong> conservation, game farming, land-use planning<br />
and tourism and education. The groups were given approximately 90 minutes to discuss<br />
their needs and to list their findings. The listed discussions were then briefly presented to<br />
the full audience for further comments, but no attempt was made to prioritize any of the<br />
recommendations. The audience felt that requirements noted by sever<strong>al</strong> of the “groups of<br />
interest”, would natur<strong>al</strong>ly indicate which aspects are the highest priorities to be<br />
addressed. The requirements and comments of the five groups are as follows;<br />
Agriculture<br />
1. Require a document in which plant species are listed for each habitat type, as this<br />
is the level they prefer to work at. Indicate <strong>al</strong>so important plant-plant interactions<br />
(e.g. nurse-patient) and recommendations for rehabilitation per habitat type.<br />
2. Revise current domestic stock carrying capacity map (how many hectares per<br />
large stock unit) in relation to current condition of veg<strong>et</strong>ation. Also indicate which<br />
domestic anim<strong>al</strong>s can utilize different habitat types.<br />
3. A road show is required to capacitate soci<strong>et</strong>y to read map at 1:50 000 sc<strong>al</strong>e. Visit<br />
farmer associations, upcoming farming communities and municip<strong>al</strong>ities. This will<br />
require at least 10-15 presentations in region.<br />
222
4. Provide ecologic<strong>al</strong> guidelines for management of different habitat types,<br />
especi<strong>al</strong>ly in relation to fire management and restoration work required.<br />
5. Provide a map of sensitive sites, due to occurrence of speci<strong>al</strong> biodiversity.<br />
6. Provide an<strong>al</strong>yses of how much of each habitat type and the veg<strong>et</strong>ation units have<br />
been transformed and a map to show where remaining near-pristine areas are.<br />
7. Also map veg<strong>et</strong>ation of adjacent areas in a similar format. Priorities are; (a) north<br />
of current domain the Koup <strong>Karoo</strong> (Laingsburg to Beaufort West) and link up<br />
with map currently prepared by Helga Rosch for Tanqua-Roggeveld; (b) south of<br />
current domain, Riversd<strong>al</strong>e plains (Great Brak River to Breede River).<br />
8. Prepare about 100 CD’s that have the fin<strong>al</strong> reports and three main maps (biome,<br />
habitat type and veg<strong>et</strong>ation units). These should be made available to Agricultur<strong>al</strong><br />
Extension officers to distribute to landowners and –managers that cannot<br />
download files from the Intern<strong>et</strong>.<br />
9. D<strong>et</strong>ermine the minimum flow required by environment (i.e. ecologic<strong>al</strong> reserve)<br />
and current water use of <strong>al</strong>ien veg<strong>et</strong>ation in river systems for each irrigation board<br />
in the area.<br />
10. All the fin<strong>al</strong> reports and map data (as projects) must be provided in electronic<br />
format as soon as possible to Elsenburg. They will put it on their website<br />
(www.elsenburg.com).<br />
Environment<strong>al</strong> Conservation<br />
1. Urgently require fire management map for Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region to guide fire<br />
management plans. Use veg<strong>et</strong>ation data and link it to natur<strong>al</strong> fire frequency.<br />
2. Require a conservation plan for Little <strong>Karoo</strong> region. Indicate clearly biodiversity<br />
hotspots (sites of endemism) in relation to current transformation (what is left<br />
where); indicate conservation needs in relation to new biodiversity act; indicate<br />
corridors required for 5-year stewardship plan; indicate which areas need<br />
restoration/rehabilitation; provide an irreplacibility map.<br />
3. Provide ideas and recommendations for restoration-rehabilitation of the different<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation types.<br />
223
4. Develop domestic stock and game carrying capacity map (how many hectares per<br />
anim<strong>al</strong>) in relation to current condition of veld. Also indicate which anim<strong>al</strong>s are<br />
most suitable for the different habitat types.<br />
5. Link <strong>al</strong>l the available geology-soils maps to veg<strong>et</strong>ation map in GIS data.<br />
6. Provide b<strong>et</strong>ter description of what transformed condition of veg<strong>et</strong>ation looks like.<br />
7. Identify threatened ecosystems and ensure data are incorporated into loc<strong>al</strong> SDF’s.<br />
8. Extend veg<strong>et</strong>ation map to north of Swartberg mountain range.<br />
Game Farming<br />
1. Provide lists of species indicating degradation of different habitat types.<br />
2. Provide cadastr<strong>al</strong> data (farm boundaries) with map.<br />
3. Provide recommendations on carrying capacity of different habitat types in<br />
relation to degree of transformation of veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
4. Veg<strong>et</strong>ation maps should be available for individu<strong>al</strong> properties.<br />
5. Data must be available on sever<strong>al</strong> websites, on CD’s and in hard copy format.<br />
6. Conservation plan is required to indicate conservation v<strong>al</strong>ue of each veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
unit.<br />
Land Use Planning<br />
1. Capacity building and awareness raising campaign is required to inform sever<strong>al</strong><br />
sectors of the biodiversity importance and sensitivity of Little <strong>Karoo</strong> environment.<br />
Sectors that should be included are Dept. of Environment Affairs and<br />
Development Planning and the six affected municip<strong>al</strong>ities.<br />
2. A conservation plan is required that will <strong>al</strong>so integrate recommendations of<br />
CAPE, SKEP and STEP for the region. The outcomes must <strong>al</strong>so be useful to<br />
Landcare Area Wide Planning project and six loc<strong>al</strong> municip<strong>al</strong>ities. One of the<br />
products must be a simple map that shows areas that are sensitive and why they<br />
are sensitive.<br />
224
3. Digit<strong>al</strong> data must be freely available in GIS format. Both on Intern<strong>et</strong> and on CD<br />
for individu<strong>al</strong> use.<br />
4. Provide information to and capacitate landowners to read map.<br />
5. Provide information to and capacitate Western Cape Provinci<strong>al</strong> Standing<br />
Committee on Environment and Agriculture to read map.<br />
6. Identify areas that are priority for rehabilitation projects.<br />
Tourism & Education<br />
1. Require a book and training sessions to capacitate tourist guides to know where<br />
interesting sites are and what is interesting at site. The book must be written in<br />
such a style that it can <strong>al</strong>so act as a self-guide for tourists.<br />
2. Biodiversity of Little <strong>Karoo</strong> must be mark<strong>et</strong>ed b<strong>et</strong>ter to nation<strong>al</strong> and internation<strong>al</strong><br />
tourists.<br />
3. Road show required to targ<strong>et</strong> schools and loc<strong>al</strong> communities to present the<br />
veg<strong>et</strong>ation map. The data must <strong>al</strong>so be provided to them on a CD and they must<br />
be capacitated to be able to read the map, <strong>et</strong>c.<br />
4. Require a field guide for Little <strong>Karoo</strong> flora to understand the loc<strong>al</strong> flora b<strong>et</strong>ter.<br />
Book must <strong>al</strong>so have data on geology and soils to help explain environment.<br />
The ten top priority actions identified by the delegates are thus as follows;<br />
1. The fin<strong>al</strong> reports and three main maps (biome, habitat type and veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
units) must be made freely available on sever<strong>al</strong> websites and on individu<strong>al</strong> CD’s<br />
that can be distributed to landowners and –managers by inter <strong>al</strong>ia Agricultur<strong>al</strong><br />
Extension Officers. (Recommendation by <strong>al</strong>l 5 groups).<br />
2. Go on a road show to capacitate soci<strong>et</strong>y to read the maps and documents.<br />
Targ<strong>et</strong> school groups, farmer associations and game farmers, PAWC: DEADP,<br />
the six affected municip<strong>al</strong>ities and tourist associations. Also present data to the<br />
Standing Committee on Environment and Agriculture of the Western Cape<br />
Province. Also prepare hard copies of the maps and relevant sections of the fin<strong>al</strong><br />
225
eports that should be availed to interested parties that cannot access data in<br />
electronic format. (Recommendation by <strong>al</strong>l 5 groups).<br />
3. Prepare a field guide for the different habitat types in which lists of plant<br />
species present (including the species that are indicators of disturbance) are listed<br />
and basic management and restoration recommendations are provided that would<br />
be useful to both stock and game farmers. (Recommendation by agriculture,<br />
conservation, game farming and tourism groups).<br />
4. Prepare a conservation plan for the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> that will <strong>al</strong>so integrate<br />
recommendations of CAPE, SKEP and STEP for the region. The outcomes must<br />
be presented in a format that will <strong>al</strong>so be useful to Landcare Area Wide Planning<br />
and the six loc<strong>al</strong> municip<strong>al</strong>ities, e.g. a map that shows environment<strong>al</strong> sensitivity at<br />
three levels (red, orange and green), with information why the sites are sensitive.<br />
Also indicate clearly biodiversity hotspots (sites of endemism that would be of<br />
particular interest to tourists), identify threatened ecosystems, indicate what<br />
conservation actions are required with reference to new Biodiversity Act; indicate<br />
corridors required for 5-year stewardship plan; indicate which areas need<br />
restoration/rehabilitation and provide an irreplacibility map. Ensure that outcomes<br />
are captured in future spati<strong>al</strong> development frameworks of the loc<strong>al</strong> municip<strong>al</strong>ities.<br />
(Recommendation by agriculture, conservation, game farming and land-use<br />
planning groups).<br />
5. Revise the current carrying capacity map of Department of Agriculture for the<br />
region, show data as number of hectares required per large stock unit and adjust<br />
recommendations according to current veld condition (degree of transformation).<br />
Also indicate which domestic anim<strong>al</strong>s and game species are recommended for the<br />
different habitat types. (Recommendation by agriculture, conservation and game<br />
farming groups).<br />
6. Prepare a fire risk and fire protection plan map by linking natur<strong>al</strong> fire frequency<br />
of veg<strong>et</strong>ation to the current map. Indicate where firebreaks are required on a 1:50<br />
226
000 sc<strong>al</strong>e for region to guide fire management plans in region now required by<br />
legislation. (Recommendation by agriculture and conservation groups).<br />
7. Extend veg<strong>et</strong>ation map to adjacent areas and follow a similar procedure.<br />
Priorities are; (a) north of current domain to include the Koup <strong>Karoo</strong> (Laingsburg<br />
to Beaufort West), linking up with Tanqua-Roggeveld map; (b) south of Little<br />
<strong>Karoo</strong> to cover the Riversd<strong>al</strong>e plains (Great Brak River to Breede River).<br />
(Recommendation by agriculture and conservation groups).<br />
8. D<strong>et</strong>ermine environment<strong>al</strong> water requirements of the loc<strong>al</strong> aquatic systems, as<br />
well as the water use of current dense infestations by <strong>al</strong>ien veg<strong>et</strong>ation in the river<br />
systems. Present results in a format that will be useful to <strong>al</strong>l the loc<strong>al</strong> irrigation<br />
boards. (Recommendation by agriculture group).<br />
9. Prepare a field guide on the flora of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> that includes as much as<br />
possible information on the ecology of the loc<strong>al</strong> environment that <strong>al</strong>l the<br />
interested and affected parties (including tourists) can develop a b<strong>et</strong>ter<br />
understanding of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> environment. This field guide differs from the<br />
one in recommendation 3 as the latter one should focus more on management of<br />
the different habitat types. (Recommendation by tourism group).<br />
10. Mark<strong>et</strong> the biodiversity of the Little <strong>Karoo</strong> environment b<strong>et</strong>ter to nation<strong>al</strong> and<br />
internation<strong>al</strong> tourists and indicate where sites of interest are. (Recommendation by<br />
tourism group).<br />
227
APPENDIX ONE:<br />
NOTES MADE AT SKEP FINE SCALE MAPPING OUTPUT PRESENTATION<br />
WORKSHOP – 22 NOVEMBER 2004, OUDTSHOORN AGRICULTURAL FARM<br />
Document prepared by Susan Botha, SKEP/GI office, Oudtshoorn.<br />
Welcome<br />
Jan welcoms everyone present. Gives background on fine sc<strong>al</strong>e mapping. Will be<br />
compl<strong>et</strong>e by March next year. Purpose of today to find out what users of these<br />
maps need.<br />
Program of day:<br />
Cowling – background of Little <strong>Karoo</strong><br />
<strong>Vlok</strong> – how he did this map<br />
Trevor Wolf – show what products look and how to manipulate<br />
<strong>Vlok</strong> – how to use this info<br />
Thompson – how far with transformation map<br />
Lunch – pupp<strong>et</strong> theatre<br />
Way forward – groups (sectors)<br />
After compl<strong>et</strong>ion of project, will be given to CPU to be put on website.<br />
Veg map <strong>al</strong>ready available. Can burn CD’s for those needing it.<br />
Present<br />
The d<strong>et</strong>ails of the 63 delegates that attended the workshop are provided at the end<br />
of this document.<br />
Richard Cowling presentation<br />
Presents map – William Smit - about ground layers. Maps important.<br />
Jan’s map can change Little <strong>Karoo</strong> – reconcyle lifestyles with nature.<br />
Background about SKEP – 9 priority areas, Little <strong>Karoo</strong> one of them<br />
Information as part of priority map – not enough to enable us to make right choices.<br />
Jan’s map integrates space and time, can make informed decisions.<br />
Why important – 300 species, 20% enemic. Floristic we<strong>al</strong>th.<br />
How do you tie down spati<strong>al</strong> issues, how do you map.<br />
Jan mapped veld types – surrogate of where species are. We have to safeguard %<br />
of veld types (not fence, but use wisely). (Plaasvervanger). Tells us about space.<br />
Also tells about time – extent of transformation. Some of the veld typs are cruci<strong>al</strong><br />
for surviv<strong>al</strong>. If destroyed, transformed, will die.<br />
Map gives us what critic<strong>al</strong> features are that we need to safeguard to keep ecosystem<br />
going.<br />
Also tells about ancient landscapes, where you find remnant plants. Co-existing<br />
b<strong>et</strong>ween old and new – diversity.<br />
228
Jan’s map provides us with opportunity to make right choices. Choices made by<br />
stakeholders.<br />
Plenary<br />
No questions.<br />
Jan presentation<br />
SKEP identified project funded by CEPF.<br />
Project supervisor – Richard. Planning needed to be done carefully. Needed to be<br />
consistent. Level of d<strong>et</strong>ail d<strong>et</strong>ermined. Digitising done by Trevor Wolf.<br />
How map was created – complexity of Little <strong>Karoo</strong>!!<br />
Plan on how to capture information: GIS <strong>al</strong>lows us to g<strong>et</strong> to more d<strong>et</strong>ail and to<br />
isolate information for specific users.<br />
First level: Aquatic and Terrestri<strong>al</strong><br />
Second: Biome level – water drainage, water sources, STEP, SKEP, Renosterveld,<br />
Fynbos<br />
Third: Habitat type<br />
Fourth: Region (biogeographic<strong>al</strong>)<br />
Fifth: Sector<br />
Sixth: Habitat unit<br />
Also used Landsat image 1:50 000. Now find veg types and draw in.<br />
Captured info in ArcView format – Trevor digitised.<br />
369 veg types in Little <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
56 habitat types<br />
Plenary<br />
Mandy Lombard – mosaics often change, thick<strong>et</strong> fairly same. Why? JV – LK used<br />
to be thick<strong>et</strong> veg<strong>et</strong>ation – ancient. With r<strong>et</strong>racting of summer rainf<strong>al</strong>l component,<br />
thick<strong>et</strong> burnt out. Bush clumps remained. Thick<strong>et</strong> ancient remnants. Will later<br />
show how landscape eroded. Thick<strong>et</strong> <strong>al</strong>most withdrawing in area.<br />
Donovan – what will happen with veg map? Biome level to be taken to nation<strong>al</strong>.<br />
Trevor presentation<br />
Jan’s map was captured in ArcView.<br />
Trevor shows how map can be ussed in ArcView.<br />
Polygons linked to database file – Jan’s description on each of these polygons.<br />
Various levels that can be looked at.<br />
NB how end products are delivered. Maps can be used by norm<strong>al</strong> users, not<br />
necessary to be GIS speci<strong>al</strong>ist.<br />
Links to pictures and description of veg types. (hot links). Can be pasted on<br />
website.<br />
229
Plenary<br />
Niel Jonker –downloaded – is there a plan to make a website? This workshop will<br />
decide that.<br />
Will be incorporated through CPU.<br />
NB – please tell in what format this info be made available to stakeholders – this<br />
afternoon.<br />
Mandy – Jan and Trevor have produced the best veg map ever. Reason: because<br />
they sat down and planned tog<strong>et</strong>her at the beginning. Process – working tog<strong>et</strong>her<br />
excellent lesson learnt. Jan acknowledges CEPF for funding.<br />
Jan presentation<br />
Names of habitat: ending tells you where it is. First name – farm/well-known<br />
place near place where type was seen first time.<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> is natur<strong>al</strong> unit. Rivers are like veins. Everything is well connected.<br />
Look at hand – sm<strong>al</strong>l finger linked to thumb. Have to have both to make it<br />
function<strong>al</strong>.<br />
OF WHAT USE IS THIS MAP?<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> Economy: Agriculture and Tourism<br />
Agriculture: water, soil, veg<strong>et</strong>ation<br />
Water – volume quaity<br />
Soil – stability s<strong>al</strong>inity<br />
Veg<strong>et</strong>ation – foder v<strong>al</strong>ue, productivity<br />
Tourism: scnery, unsu<strong>al</strong> biot<strong>al</strong><br />
Scenery – unspoilt, accessible<br />
Unusu<strong>al</strong> biot: information accessible<br />
Little <strong>Karoo</strong> Economy<br />
Agriculture Tourism<br />
Water Soil Veg<strong>et</strong>ation Scenery Unusu<strong>al</strong> biota<br />
Volume<br />
Qu<strong>al</strong>ity<br />
Stability<br />
S<strong>al</strong>inity<br />
Fodder v<strong>al</strong>ue<br />
Productivity<br />
Unspoilt<br />
Accessible<br />
Information<br />
Accessible<br />
Map can help us understand veg<strong>et</strong>ation b<strong>et</strong>ter.<br />
Utilise veg<strong>et</strong>ation on farms b<strong>et</strong>ter (carrying capacity – veg types) – farmers can g<strong>et</strong><br />
veg type map of own farm for free. Fodder v<strong>al</strong>ue can be seen. Town planners – use<br />
information to change boundaries, <strong>et</strong>c.<br />
Can see where restoration work needs to be done.<br />
Fire breaks – can now see where it is appropriate<br />
230
Tourism: Why didn’t they tell me????? Should work hard to preserve scenic<br />
beauty.<br />
BIODIVERSITY: need to capit<strong>al</strong>ise on that<br />
Help to attain sustainable utilization o resources and develop new opportunities<br />
6.1 Plenary<br />
Margie: rare and speci<strong>al</strong> plants – should there be put up sign posts for Japannese?<br />
Info can be abused. Risk of new people finding things and abusing should not<br />
outweigh the benefit it has.<br />
Derrick – needs to communicate this info to Organised Agriculture. ODN Tourism<br />
– Nic Barrow is now chairperson. Plan to, at Tourism Indaba, not only mark<strong>et</strong><br />
Oudtshoorn, but mark<strong>et</strong> <strong>Klein</strong> <strong>Karoo</strong>. We must incorporate with that. GI must be<br />
part of mark<strong>et</strong>ing of <strong>Klein</strong> <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Louis Jordaan – Margies question: if landowners are aware of what is speci<strong>al</strong> –<br />
more policemen to keep eye on veg<strong>et</strong>ation.<br />
Dennis Laidler: rehabilitation takes such a long time (example of forest in CT).<br />
Prevention is b<strong>et</strong>ter than cure. Can do so much damage in such a short time.<br />
Annemarie – ons eie mense is so onkunding. Mo<strong>et</strong> ons nie kyk na spesi<strong>al</strong>e<br />
succulent/geomorpholic<strong>al</strong> indaba nie? Celebrate our biodiversity to g<strong>et</strong> them on<br />
board. Biodiversity Fest.<br />
Mark Thompson presentation<br />
Using satellite imagery to map transformation.<br />
First cut – still busy.<br />
Objective of transformation mapping: mapping extent of veg<strong>et</strong>ation chante: loss ot<br />
tot<strong>al</strong> vegatative cover, or loss of..<br />
Take existing veg map – changes inside boundaries. Veg map is “potenti<strong>al</strong>” map to<br />
see how things were if humans were not there.<br />
Define 4 levels of transformation: pristing, moderately transformed, severely<br />
transformed, lost (tot<strong>al</strong>ly transformed)<br />
M<strong>et</strong>hodology: satellite imagery to model transformation levels. 2 types: Landsat<br />
TM (Tematic Mapper) 1:50 000, Terra MODiS (Moderate Resolution Imaging<br />
Spectroradiom<strong>et</strong>er) 1:160 000. Look at combination of different times (2002-2003,<br />
pictures per month) and different seasons.<br />
Results: (landsat): <strong>al</strong>ien veg<strong>et</strong>ation on mountains, rivers, agric activities, urban.<br />
Results (MODIS): come up with model – transformation to 5 habitat types<br />
Results so far were presented:<br />
What can be expected: single map, current levels of veg<strong>et</strong>ation transformation in<br />
terms of pristine, moderate, severe and tot<strong>al</strong>ly lost categories. To be done end Feb<br />
<strong>2005</strong><br />
231
Plenary<br />
Donovan: Will it pick up kra<strong>al</strong>bos? JV - The more stabilised, the less<br />
change/fluctuation. With kra<strong>al</strong>bos, quite a lot of annu<strong>al</strong>s in them. NB: not one<br />
snapshot – issue of loking at variance over more than one image. The more stable<br />
things are, the closer it is to pristine (assumption).<br />
Jan Smit: Manier van ground truthing? MT – we’ll produce first cut, Jan to do<br />
ground truthing. Still decide on how to do that. Need to t<strong>al</strong>k to stakeholders.<br />
Paul Bucholz – effect of fires? MT - Fires might be included as particular category.<br />
Still deciding on how to integrate that. What will model indicate: sudden change –<br />
cover to nothing – fire scar. When veg type starts coming back, more problematic.<br />
Can’t map, will have to model. Assumption: look at rate of recovery. Split to g<strong>et</strong><br />
fire dependent and non-fire dependent models. Other models for ie spekboom.<br />
Models and assumption for key habitat types. Model won’t distinguish b<strong>et</strong>ween<br />
<strong>al</strong>ien types. Infested with dense woody types; not identifiable.<br />
AV – impact on quartz gravels – same model, re-adapt to g<strong>et</strong> benchmarks.<br />
Stability model – should derive index of 10 – pristine to severely transformed.<br />
Paul – controlled plot in pristine – will be benchmark. Move from there. C<strong>al</strong>ibrate<br />
for each veg type.<br />
Niel Jonker: Landsat 1: 10:000? No 1:50 000. Data access expensive if you go<br />
lower than Landsat.<br />
Roughly 25 ha plot level = planning level. Don’t expect to do field by field<br />
assessments with this data.<br />
Distribution of data? Shapefile, compatible to Arcview data. Part of same project,<br />
available through CPU.<br />
Donovan: marrying data to do conservation plan for Litttle <strong>Karoo</strong>.<br />
Ivan: with GI certain core areas have been identified based on veg types <strong>et</strong>c. Map<br />
will assist with fine tuning to farm level.<br />
Pupp<strong>et</strong> theatre<br />
Background: ME – started with Dept Agriculture – LandCare. Funded pilot. Hope<br />
to take it further.<br />
Way forward<br />
Divide into 5 groups: agriculture, game farming, conservation, land use planning and<br />
tourism/education<br />
Conservation<br />
1 Map of burnable veg<strong>et</strong>ation – fire rating an<strong>al</strong>ysis<br />
2 Areas that are farmed (agricultur<strong>al</strong>) / drainage areas - % of<br />
transformation<br />
3 Conservation plan – bioiversity hoposts – linkages<br />
232
4 5 year stewardship plan – critic<strong>al</strong> landholdings/habitats<br />
5 ID areas for restoration and priority<br />
6 M<strong>et</strong>hods an ideas for restoration<br />
7 Types of veg endemic to area<br />
8 Vulnerable/irreplaceable<br />
9 Geology/soils<br />
10 Incorporation into SDF<br />
11 Habitat and species level – threatened ecosystems<br />
12 Information to right people<br />
Game farming<br />
1 Indicators – backwards<br />
2 Private land boundaries – game farms, conservancies <strong>et</strong>c<br />
3 Ecologic<strong>al</strong> caacity (recommended and updated)<br />
4 Individu<strong>al</strong> property veg map – user friendly enough<br />
5 Availability – many web sites, hard copy, discs<br />
6 Conservation v<strong>al</strong>ue per veg unit<br />
Tourism/education<br />
1 Flipfile with pages of pictures and description – to plot route.<br />
Tour guides. Number <strong>al</strong>ong road, corresponding with infor page.<br />
Need to train guides, site guides, mark<strong>et</strong> biodiversity tourism<br />
IE capacitate people to use product<br />
2 Focus on specific area/school/community – map and CD<br />
Schools to find out more about what is in their area. Become<br />
familiar with richness in their area<br />
3 Maps: need to educate in drawing/reading/using maps<br />
4 Satour website? Bookl<strong>et</strong> for existing tourguides<br />
5 Bookl<strong>et</strong> per town for schools<br />
6 Updated field guide on plants of the Little<strong>Karoo</strong><br />
7 Veg map book<br />
Agriculture<br />
233
1 Habitat level – species list – prioneer plants, nurse plants <strong>et</strong>c. Also<br />
indicators of disturbance <strong>et</strong>c<br />
2 Weidingskapasiteit – what anim<strong>al</strong>s into what habitat types. Make<br />
recommendations. Link to carrying capacity<br />
3 Road show – information to right people. Linked to education<strong>al</strong><br />
process where we tell Boereverenigings, ver<strong>al</strong> opkomende boere<br />
en municip<strong>al</strong>ities. B<strong>et</strong>ween 10 – 15 presentations<br />
4 Ecologic<strong>al</strong> guidelines of what should happen ito ecologic<strong>al</strong><br />
processes. Burning regimes. What does environment need<br />
5 Biodiversity sensitivity – where do we have speci<strong>al</strong> plants. Per<br />
habitat type<br />
6 How much has been transformed of what habitat type. Know in<br />
terms of restoration plannning<br />
7 Extend domain<br />
8 Distribute CD’s with data<br />
9 River drainage systems – d<strong>et</strong>ermine minimum flow for these<br />
systems. Link <strong>al</strong>ien densities to amount of water they use<br />
10 Shapefiles to agric to put on website agric.com<br />
11 Geology soils and contours. DEM for area. Rainf<strong>al</strong>l distribution<br />
Land use planning<br />
1 Capacity building – presentations – road show to different<br />
stakeholders DEATP forward planning section – about 6 me<strong>et</strong>ings,<br />
in in each DM, one in each loc<strong>al</strong> mun, one for DEATP prov<br />
2 No-go areas. Sensitivity anaylsis. Fragmentations, corridors.<br />
Fine sc<strong>al</strong>e conservation plan<br />
3 Maps of sensitivity to different impacts<br />
4 Digit<strong>al</strong> data to Agric, prov, CPU. CD with viewer.<br />
5 Visit to agric people<br />
6 Visit politic<strong>al</strong> decision makers and on nation<strong>al</strong> level<br />
7 Ask land use planners what they need<br />
234
8 ID areas of priority<br />
Dennis Laidler – provinci<strong>al</strong> requirement to use latest data....<br />
HG – municip<strong>al</strong>ities need to know first before taking it to private sector. Presentation<br />
to DM Board, then at AGM of Tourism.<br />
235
Name Organisation e-mail Phone<br />
1 Adam Welz UCT awelz@botzoo.uct.ac.za 073 162 3887<br />
2 Alan Wheeler CN <strong>al</strong>anwheeler@mweb.co.za 044 203 6300<br />
3 Annelene Swanepoel Agri WC annelenes@elsenburg.com 021 808 5320<br />
4 Anne-Lise <strong>Vlok</strong> CapeNature scapeimu@mweb.co.za 044 203 6316<br />
5 Anita Wheeler CN <strong>al</strong>anwheeler@mweb.co.za 044 203 6300<br />
6 Annemarie Gebhardt WCED angebhar@pgwc.gov.za 083 301 3248<br />
7 Arné Purves CN apurves@pgwc.gov.za 044-802 5323<br />
8 C Koopman Eden Pimms Claudia.pimss@edendm.co.za 044 874 2858<br />
9 Charl du Plessis Dept Agri WC dh<strong>al</strong>rdp@agri.wcape.gov.za 023 551 1034<br />
10 Charles Adams CN kknatser@mweb.co.za 044 241 2077<br />
11 Clement Cupido Dept Agri WC clementc@elsenburg.com 021-808 5323<br />
12 Coll<strong>et</strong>te van Deventer CN anysberg@mweb.co.za 023 551 1922<br />
13 Danie Swanepoel DEA&DP dswanepo@pgwc.gov.za 044 874 2160<br />
14 Dawie De Villiers Agri dawiedev@elsenburg.com 082 924 1048<br />
15 Dennis Laidler DEA&DP dlaidler@pgwc.gov.za 021 483 3925<br />
16 Deon Haasbroek DWAF dhaasbroek@mweb.co.za 044 272 4634<br />
17 Derrick Engelbrecht Agri <strong>Klein</strong> <strong>Karoo</strong> lucern@mweb.co.za 044 272 2991<br />
18 Donovan Kirkwood CN dkirkwood@cncjnk.wcape.go 082 333 1661<br />
19 Gerhard van Deventer Sandberg Fynbos<br />
20 Glynnis Barodien<br />
Reserve (Aghulhas<br />
Plain)<br />
barodien@nbi.ac.z<br />
v.za<br />
proteapermaculture@webmail.<br />
co.za<br />
028 482 1616<br />
CP (CPU) 021 799 8794<br />
21 Hannes Botha<br />
a<br />
Agri WC hannesb@elsenburg.com 023 347 1121<br />
22 Hazel Jonker Saag Jonker Groep hazel@opsa.co.za 044 272 7415<br />
23 Hein Gerstner Cango Caves infor@cangocaves.co.za 044 272 7410<br />
24 Helen de Klerk CN hdeklerk@cncjnk.wcape.gov.z<br />
a<br />
021 866 8024<br />
25 Helen Farmer hfarmer@botzoo.u Fitzpatrick Institute, UCT, 072 459 6736<br />
ct.ac.za<br />
Anysberg<br />
26 Hennis Germishuys Landbou hennisg@elsenburg.com 021 808 5093<br />
27 Ivan Donian CN idonian@mweb.co.za 044 802 1513<br />
28 Jan Nel Van Zylsdamme VZD@mweb.co.za 028 551 2114<br />
29 Jan Smit<br />
Boerdery<br />
Agri WC jans@elsenburg.com 082 907 1138<br />
30 Jan <strong>Vlok</strong> Reg<strong>al</strong>is<br />
Environment<strong>al</strong><br />
Services<br />
janvlok@mweb.co.za 044 279 1987<br />
31 Jane Green Rooiberg<br />
Conservancy<br />
028 581 2404<br />
32 Jean de Souza SKEP skep@mweb.co.za 044 203 6302<br />
33 Ken Co<strong>et</strong>zee Conservation<br />
Management<br />
Systems<br />
consken@cybertrade.co.za 044 870 8472<br />
34 Kobus Nel Agri WC kobusn@elsenburg.com 044 272 6077<br />
082 651 7463<br />
35 Liezl Landman Agri WC liezlL@elsenburg.com 021 808 5081<br />
36 Lluwellyn Co<strong>et</strong>zee Oudtshoorn<br />
Municip<strong>al</strong>ity<br />
co<strong>et</strong>zee@oudtmun.co.za 044 203 3000<br />
37 Lorraine McGibbon GREEN Wessa.sc@mweb.co.za 044 874 1249<br />
38 Louis Jordaan Agriculture minwater@absamail.co.za 044 279 1285<br />
236
Name Organisation e-mail Phone<br />
39 Mandy Lombard Conservation<br />
Systems<br />
gemsbok@mweb.co.za 044 343 1856<br />
40 Marbé Herbst Sanbona Marbe_herbst@yahoo.uk 028 572 1827<br />
41 Margar<strong>et</strong> Herron Botanic<strong>al</strong> Gardens<br />
George<br />
herron@telkomsa.n<strong>et</strong> 044 884 0091<br />
42 Marina Eilers GI gouritzm@wol.co.za 082 267 1012<br />
43 Mark Thompson GT Mark.thompson@geoterraima<br />
ge.com<br />
012 349 0055<br />
44 Mathieu Roug<strong>et</strong> NBI roug<strong>et</strong>@nbi.ac.za 021 799 8749<br />
45 Nelmarie Visser Agri WC nelmarie@elsenburg.com 021 808 5330<br />
46 Niel Jonker Private<br />
47 Niel Lambrechts DEA&DP dlambrec@pgwc.gov.za 044 874 2160<br />
48 Nina Marsh<strong>al</strong>l CEPF nmarsh<strong>al</strong>l@conservation.org<br />
49 Ockie Conradie Laingsburg<br />
Bewaringskomitee<br />
023 551 1821<br />
50 Paul Buchholz CN pbuchholz@mweb.co.za 044<br />
8323/5<br />
870<br />
51 Paul Eilers Private Paulfm@absamail.co.za 044 279 2214<br />
52 P<strong>et</strong>er Chadwick CN kammanas@mweb.co.za 044 752 1110<br />
53 Phyllis Pienaar Agri phyllisp@elsenburg.com 044 272 6077<br />
54 Richard Cowling UPE rmc@kingsley.co.za 042 298 0239<br />
55 Ryno Erasmus Sanbona Ryno.erasmus@sanbona.com 028 572 1822<br />
56 Sarah Frazee Conservation<br />
Internation<strong>al</strong><br />
sfrazee@conservation.org 082 738 8283<br />
57 Selwyn Willoughby CN willoughby@nbi.ac.za 021 799 8695<br />
58 Susan Botha SKEP skep@mweb.co.za 044 203 6302<br />
59 Therese Forsyth CN therese@cncjnk.wcape.gov.za 021 866 8026<br />
60 Tony Marsh<strong>al</strong>l Swartberg NR kkarea@mweb.co.za 082 784 1784<br />
61 Trevor Wolf<br />
62 Wenzel Botha Landou/toerisme wenzelb@absamail.co.za 082 376 7939<br />
63 Wim Film<strong>al</strong>ter Agri riversd<strong>al</strong>@xsin<strong>et</strong>.co.za 082 909 3956<br />
237